Against the Wind - National Air Traffic Controllers Association

Against the Wind
The History of the National Air Traffic Controllers Association
by Paul McElroy
All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2002 by the National Air Traffic Controllers Association.
Cover art copyright © 2002 by the National Air Traffic Controllers Association.
Aeronautical charts courtesy of the National Aeronautical Charting Office of the U.S.
Department of Transportation.
Memorabilia courtesy of Mike Palumbo.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
National Air Traffic Controllers Association.
For information address:
National Air Traffic Controllers Association
1325 Massachusetts Avenue NW
Washington, D.C. 20005
www.natca.org
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Table of Contents
Author’s Note 1
Introduction 2
Chapter 1 10
Chapter 2 30
Chapter 3 44
Chapter 4 92
Chapter 5 124
Chapter 6 172
Chapter 7 220
NATCA at a Glance 234
The NATCA Family 236
Glossary 250
Bibliography 252
Index 253

To the men and women of the
National Air Traffic Controllers Association,
whose ceaseless efforts help keep the world’s
largest, most complex, and safest aviation system aloft.

Author’s Note
During the mid-1980s, a visionary
group of air traffic controllers
sought to augment their words on
the airwaves with a critically needed
voice in the workplace. Ignoring personal considerations
and threats to their careers, they
courageously embarked on a mission that blossomed
into the influential and respected labor
organization called NATCA.
I’ve been privileged to discover their spirit
and dedication, and glimpse corners of their
profession that remain hidden to the world at
large. What you hold in your hands represents
the story of the first fifteen years of this vibrant
union.
Over the course of nine months, I digested
reams of archives and traveled 50,000 miles to
interview some 175 people. Even as NATCA
committed generous resources to produce a
high-quality work, it entrusted an outside observer
to document its history while giving me
the freedom to do so with honesty and balance.
Necessarily, this book consists of a series
of snapshots recording the dreams and deeds
of a cast of thousands. I’m frustrated by space
limitations that prevent me from mentioning
the untold activists—and their families—who
selflessly strive to ensure the safety of nearly
two million air travelers a day and improve
working conditions for some 20,000 federal
employees. That I could not recognize them all
by name in no way diminishes their contributions,
which command my lasting admiration.
To the scores who graciously and patiently
assisted me throughout this project, I offer my
heartfelt appreciation.
With apologies for not being able to acknowledge
everyone individually, Atlanta
Center controller Don Brown and Howie Barte
from Providence Tower/TRACON deserve a
very special thanks. They had the foresight
to conceive of this project two years ago. They
also played a key role, along with eight other
union members who reviewed the manuscript,
in making this book as comprehensive and accurate
as possible.
NATCA’s story is far from over. Each day
forms unwritten chapters. May Against the Wind
honor those now and in the union’s past, and
inspire the legions yet to carry on the dream.
P.M. / June 2002

“
You can’t organize
happy people.
— Axiom among labor organizers
NATCA headquarters: In 2000, the union
moved into its own seven-story building
on the northern edge of downtown Washington,
D.C. The national office is known
as the Barry Krasner Building in honor of
NATCA’s second president. / Japphire

Introduction
Union Rising
Sitting amid the darkness of Washington Center in Leesburg, Virginia,
an air traffic controller spoke incessantly into the tiny microphone of
his headset. His accent revealed the soft twang of the West Virginian
hills, but his strong, confident voice cut through the air like the boom of a
howitzer.
Despite his cocky demeanor, his restless eyes
darted repeatedly across the radarscope before him,
its round screen lit up like a pinball machine in the
dazzling throes of a bonus round. Twenty-two green
blips flashed and danced on the glass while two stacks
of airplanes pirouetted in unison over Woodstown in
southwestern New Jersey and Yardley, Pennsylvania,
near Philadelphia. The aerial ballet formed the swirling
headwaters of a river that streamed northeast
across his scope—and through his mind—before
flowing on to New York’s LaGuardia Airport.
Jerry Tierney’s hands were full on this day in
1984. Besides the rush of planes, he was grappling
with the aftershocks of a cataclysmic strike that
wiped out three-quarters of the air traffic control
work force in August 1981. Chronic low staffing
frequently forced controllers to juggle more than
one portion of airspace at a time. Tierney was riding
herd over the Woodstown and Dupont sectors. Like
many of his brethren, he was also toiling through yet
another grueling six-day workweek.
Sporting a bushy head of dark brown hair,
neatly cropped above the ears, and wearing his usual
button-down shirt and slacks, the medium-built
Tierney had earned a well-deserved reputation as one
of Washington Center’s finest controllers. Colleagues
respected his honest, sincere attitude and strong
work ethic, and they cheered his zero tolerance for
nonsensical edicts from management.
In his largely unseen world, where professionals
balance the science of physics with the art
of choreography, a thin line separates chaos from
Courtesy of Jerry Tierney
Jerry Tierney: Now retired, the West
Virginia native began his air traffic control
career in 1968 at Washington Center.

4
Against the Wind
Inside Washington Center: The overnight
solitude of this area gives way to frenetic
activity after daybreak. The M-1 control
room that Jerry Tierney and his colleagues
worked in was replaced by this remodeled
version during the late 1990s. / Paul Williams
control. Good controllers know their limits. They
can sense when one more plane will propel them
into the abyss and scatter their concentration like a
collapsing house of cards. Tierney had been pushing
tin for sixteen years and could tell he was nearing the
edge of the precipice. There was nowhere else to stack
planes in the north while they waited for their turn
to land. He called another controller at the center to
briefly shut off the relentless streams from Maryland
and Virginia in the south.
Seated behind him, a supervisor snapped to
attention and leaned forward. “We’ve got to get them
in,” he said.
“I’m not taking them,” Tierney responded, his
eyes raking over the scope as he plotted his next several
moves.
The supervisor’s voice grew edgy. “You have to
accept those aircraft.”
Under pressure from Congress and the airlines,
the Federal Aviation Administration was publicly
proclaiming that the air traffic system had fully
recovered from the strike. After enduring a period
of cutbacks, the airlines published thicker timetables
month by month, testing the limits of a largely inexperienced
work force only half as big as in 1981. This
was where the rubber met the runway.

“No,” Tierney said firmly. “I can’t.”
“Why not?”
“Because it’s not safe. I know how many aircraft
I can handle.”
Preoccupied with
the twenty-two targets
hopping across his scope,
Tierney did not notice the
supervisor slide over to
the keyboard at the data
position next to him. His
superior typed the computer
ID codes for two or
three more planes from
the south and pressed
ENTER after each number,
transferring responsibility
for them to Tierney.
One by one, the pilots
checked in on his radio
frequency.
Suddenly realizing what was happening, Tierney
exclaimed, “Hey, why am I talking to these guys?” 1
Fortunately, no near misses occurred.
Incidents like this, although more serious than
most at the time, typified the tumultuous culture of
an air traffic system staggering back to its feet after a
reeling blow. The Reagan administration’s dismissal
of more than 11,000 federal employees—who broke
the law by walking off the job—ranks as one of the
most regrettable chapters in aviation history. Careers,
families, even a few lives were lost in a complex
showdown of egos, greed, and legitimate air safety
and workplace issues.
For those who stayed on the job and the le-
gions of replacement controllers who joined them,
an unfortunate sequel awaited. More than half the
world’s air traffic flew in the United States, creating
an immense challenge for the FAA to restore its decimated
work force.
Aside from the
sheer numbers of people
involved, time pressures
“
weighed heavily on the
system. New controllers
typically spent several
months at the FAA Academy
in Oklahoma City,
followed by two or more
years of on-the-job training
before they were considered
fully qualified.
Even then, the seasoning
process had barely
begun.
But adversity also
presented a singular possibility.
“The FAA had a golden
opportunity to treat
the new group of controllers
well and never
have to face organization,”
says Alexander
“Doc” Cullison, former
president of the
Marine Engineers
Beneficial Association,
a labor union that
has supported air traffic
controllers. “They had a
The FAA had a golden
opportunity to treat the
new group of controllers
well and never have to face
organization.
— Alexander “Doc” Cullison,
former president of the
Marine Engineers Beneficial Association
Introduction: Union Rising
Alexander “Doc” Cullison: A marine
engineer who became a union representative
for MEBA, Cullison helped to organize
controllers in 1986-87. / NATCA archives
5

6
Against the Wind
Ed Mullin: A longtime tower controller
at Dallas Love Field and an early NATCA
activist, Mullin faced special challenges in
the Southwest, where strong anti-union
attitudes are prevalent. / NATCA archives
malleable, optimistic work force that they could have
done anything in the world with if they had treated
them properly.”
It was not to be.
During a brief honeymoon, managers
and rank and file worked side by side in a
heroic effort to keep the traffic moving.
The harmony was short-lived, however,
with an agency that could not
shake off its past habits.
As the turbulence subsided
for the transition force, too many
autocratic managers reverted to
their former roles. Controllers’
complaints about excessive time on
position, inadequate staffing, hasty
training, and unreliable equipment
were, for the most part, dismissed as
whining. Suggestions on operational procedures
and new equipment were rarely solicited and
usually ignored. Yelling, intimidation, and a fundamental
lack of respect became commonplace. Once
again, managers relegated the front-line crew to the
status of hired hands rather than acknowledging
them as partners in providing air safety.
By refusing to accept any responsibility for
conditions that led to the strike and allowing the
same problems to fester, the agency sowed new seeds
of discontent that inevitably blossomed into another
union.
Howie Barte, a founder of the National Air
Traffic Controllers Association, notes that many people
were involved in the grass-roots effort to form the
new organization. But, he adds, “No one could hold a
candle to the best organizer we ever had—the FAA.”
NATCA Takes Flight
On the morning of May 6, 1987, a single-engine
plane towing a white banner with black lettering
droned above the vast Dallas Metroplex.
The cryptic inscription on the banner—
“Vote NATCA”—left many who saw it
scratching their heads. But its intended
audience understood the message
and stood proud. Ballots had just
been mailed across the country to
more than 12,500 controllers, who
would decide whether to officially
sanction a labor organization that
had been in the making for more
than three years.
At Love Field in Dallas, the control
tower manager expressed astonishment
as he peered through binoculars at the
streaming pennant. Standing nearby in the cramped
glassed-in cab, where water leaked through the ceiling
tiles when it rained, controller Ed Mullin could
not resist chuckling. As a regional representative for
the fledgling group, Mullin had devised the banner
ploy to boost voter turnout in the decidedly antiunion
state of Texas. If controllers saw their name in
lights, so to speak, the recognition might convince
them that NATCA had a chance to succeed. A satisfied
smile played on Mullin’s lips while he watched
the plane disappear to the south for a pass over Redbird
Airport.
The hour-long flight also called for appearances
above Addison Airport, Fort Worth Meacham
Airport, the perimeter of Dallas-Fort Worth Airport,
Fort Worth Center, and the FAA Regional Office

south of DFW. Although weather precluded flying
over a few of the destinations, the banner scored a hit
with controllers.
Five weeks later, their sentiments were quantified
when the government tallied ballots from 86
percent of the work force.
Seventy percent approved
NATCA as their exclusive
bargaining agent. The new
union, formed while President
Reagan still occupied
the White House, allowed
air traffic controllers to
reclaim their voice in the
workplace and provided
organized labor with a
much-needed comeback
victory.
John Leyden, the
long time president of the
Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization
who was ousted in a coup before the strike, believes
the achievement is a testament to the FAA and labor
in general. “If you could have a union—like the
phoenix—rebuilt, it was a great sign for the need for
unions,” he says.
A Walk in the Woods
Eleven years later, in early July 1998, four
people gathered around a table in a Montréal hotel
conference room. NATCA President Michael McNally
and his predecessor, Barry Krasner, sat on one side.
FAA Administrator Jane Garvey and Tony Herman,
a high-powered Washington, D.C., attorney, faced
“
If you could have a union—
like the phoenix—rebuilt, it
was a great sign for the need
for unions.
them on the other side.
The 20-minute meeting, aimed at closing the
deal on the union’s third contract with the agency,
represented the culmination of a momentous journey.
The groundwork for this gathering included eighteen
months of bargaining
preparations and talks, an
exhaustive seven-year project
to reclassify all air traffic
— Former PATCO President
John Leyden
control facility rankings and
their accompanying salary
scales, and a concerted
legislative effort by the
union that enabled NATCA
and the FAA to abandon
the traditional government
compensation schedule and
negotiate pay.
This crowning achievement
would shortly put the
federal-sector union and its employer in the ranks of
a very select group that included such agencies as the
U.S. Postal Service and Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation.
At issue this morning was the amount of money
the FAA would pay 15,000 controllers under the new
facility classification system. McNally and Herman
haggled over millions of dollars while Krasner and
Garvey observed in silence. Finally, Herman offered
$200 million.
The two NATCA negotiators briefly consulted
before McNally turned to the administrator and said,
“You’ve got a deal, Jane.”
NATCA’s five-year contract with the agency resulted
in substantial pay raises for controllers. More
Introduction: Union Rising
7

8
Against the Wind
NATCA archives
Signing on the dotted line: NATCA President Michael McNally and FAA
Administrator Jane Garvey formally seal the 1998 contract. The agreement
marked the first time the union and its employer negotiated wages.
* The ranking is from 1999 figures based on
information from the AFL-CIO, Almanac of
Federal PACs, Federal Election Commission,
and union-sponsored Web sites.
significantly, it was the first time they were compensated
for the complexity of their work—not just
simple traffic counts—while other provisions bound
them ever more tightly as partners with the FAA to
ensure air safety and boost productivity.
“We had to change the relationship between
management and labor in order to meet the challenges,”
Garvey says. Acknowledging that some
trust issues still need to
be resolved in light of
the agency’s difficult history
with its controller
work force, she adds, “On
balance, there are more
places where the relationship
is more positive than
negative.”
The 1998 contract
also represented another
highlight in the union’s
relatively short but noteworthy
history.
Earlier in the year,
the AFL-CIO granted
NATCA a direct charter.
The powerful labor
organization preferred
to consolidate its vast array
of affiliates and had
reserved this honor for a
mere handful since NATCA was certified. The union
cherished the recognition, vindicating the oncetarnished
reputation of controllers in the house of
organized labor.
Founded on the premise of gaining a voice in
the workplace, NATCA has evolved into what controllers
like to think of as a white-collar union that
shuns strong-arm tactics. Top officers enjoy regular
access to the agency’s administrator—a hard-won
victory that finally ensures the union’s issues are
clearly communicated to the upper echelon. And
while equipment and procedures historically have
been implemented with little or no controller input,
twenty-nine union liaisons and technical representatives
now work full time—virtually all of them at
agency headquarters—on about sixty-five projects.
NATCA’s role extends beyond the aviation community
and the nation’s borders. Members contribute
about $1 million every election cycle to a Political
Action Committee fund—the second-highest average
per member of all union PACs—that is passed along
to both sides of the aisle on Capitol Hill. * One of its
former National Executive Board members serves as
deputy president of the International Federation of
Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations, an influential
body that deals with the profession’s issues on a
global level. Two other union members serve on IF-
ATCA committees.
Taking its charge of organizing the unorganized
seriously, NATCA has affiliated nineteen new
bargaining units beyond its controller ranks and now
represents about 20,000 FAA workers—including engineers
and architects, computer specialists, inspectors,
nurses, staff support personnel, and others—as
well as some controllers in the Defense Department
and at towers run by private companies. Seventy-five
percent of represented workers are union members
(including 82 percent of FAA controllers), an exceedingly
high level in the federal sector.
At its core, a thousand or more dedicated

activists serve as facility representatives, on local
executive boards, regional and national committees,
and in numerous other capacities to guide NATCA
on aviation and workplace safety issues, legislative
affairs, finance, communications, constitutional matters,
and such.
“It is on their shoulders that we have built our
successes,” Executive Vice President Ruth Marlin says.
NATCA’s first national president and executive
vice president walked into a largely empty office,
hired staff members, bought furnishings and fax
machines, and launched the union into flight. As the
organization grew, its leadership evolved, too. Each
subsequent administration adroitly adapted to the
times and carried NATCA forward.
In 2000, the union moved into its own seven-
floor headquarters in Washington. The spacious
building is a far cry from the cramped quarters it had
leased across town at the offices of the Marine Engineers
Beneficial Association in 1987. Working conditions
there were so tight that NATCA’s director of
labor relations conducted business from a converted
closet in the president’s office.
While NATCA rose from the ashes of its predecessor,
the new union has charted its own course
and achieved unique successes. Even so, both organizations
trace their roots to very similar motivations
and ideals.
1. Related by Jerry Tierney and Paul Williams during interviews in February
2002 and March 2001, respectively.
Introduction: Union Rising
9

“
We forget all those
who died before us.
— Former President
Barry Krasner
Era of automation: Center controllers
hunched over flattop radarscopes to monitor
aircraft circa 1970. Flight information
appeared next to each target, thanks to
a long-awaited computer modernization
under way by the FAA. / NATCA archives

Chapter 1
ATC Comes of Age
The sun would rise in several more hours over Chicago. Rooftops across
the slumbering city belched plumes of smoke into the dark, frigid air.
On the Northwest Side, solitary cars occasionally whooshed past the
cylindrical glass towers of the Hyatt Regency O’Hare, ruffling the pre-dawn
stillness.
But inside the hotel on this morning of January
8, 1980, a feverish atmosphere rippled through the
expansive atrium lobby like waves shimmering off a
runway baking in the summer heat. A few hundred
controllers—key activists of the Professional Air
Traffic Controllers Organization—anxiously milled
about waiting to hear the outcome of a meeting that
could radically change the course of their union.
In a nearby conference room, PATCO Executive
Board members had been wrangling interminably
through the night. John F. Leyden, the stocky,
Irish-American president of PATCO, debated with
longtime Executive Vice President Robert E. Poli, the
union’s director of operations, and all but one of its
seven regional vice presidents.
Leyden’s tenure stretched back for a decade.
Many controllers respected his vision, knowledge,
and sophistication. They credited
their second president with transforming
PATCO from a disjointed organization
that was deeply in debt into a
powerful, highly visible union.
During Leyden’s reign, PAT-
CO had blazed a trail for the profession.
Using slowdowns, sickouts,
and hard-nosed bargaining,
it won many benefits, some of which
NATCA would have to fight to regain
after the strike: a negotiated contract;
higher pay at certain busy facilities; early
re tirement and a second-career training program;
cockpit jump seat privileges that enabled controllers
John Leyden: The distinguished PATCO
president led the union’s fight to achieve
many gains for controllers. / NATCA archives

12
Against the Wind
* Early retirement and the second-career
training program were embodied in law and
remained in force after the strike. However,
Congress canceled funding for the secondcareer
program and has never restored it.
1980
8
Jan.
to observe pilot procedures; controller representation
in National Transportation Safety Board accident
investigations; and creation of a program in which
controllers (and pilots) could report errors without
penalty to help solve common mistakes. *
Other goals, however, had eluded PATCO’s
grasp: higher pay for all controllers; a shorter workweek;
better staffing and equipment. Since 1978, an
increasingly vocal chorus of union members—led by
a cadre of brawny and rebellious activists known as
“the choirboys”—had grown weary of the slowdowns
and sickouts. Believing that only a strike would lead
them to more contract gains, they dismissed Leyden
as a dove afraid to take that final step. Poli was seen
as the decisive hawk willing to go to the mat against
the FAA.
Now, during the board meeting at the Hyatt,
unhappiness boiled over. Leyden’s detractors leveled
a litany of accusations at him. He was too conservative.
He’d lost touch with the membership and
seemed aloof. He lived in a Florida condominium
bought with union money. He flew around the country
in a Gulfstream jet.
Leyden bristled over the allegations. The union
was like his family, so their barbs stung deeply. The
condo and Gulfstream were figments of their imagination,
he snapped, his accent betraying a childhood
in Queens. Sure, he piloted a twin Beech or King Air
to union functions periodically, but the rental planes
In a dramatic coup, the Executive Board of the Professional Air Traffic
Controllers Organization ousts union President John Leyden and replaces
him with Executive Vice President Robert Poli. Leyden’s reign spanned ten
saved PATCO money. And Poli or other board members
always accompanied him on the trips.
Leyden gazed at the strapping, bearded Poli—
Caesar appraising Brutus. A few days earlier, Poli had
appeared in Leyden’s office at PATCO headquarters
to say he intended to run against him for president
in the election that spring. Previously, Poli had never
expressed interest in higher office, and the two men
exchanged harsh words. A shocked Leyden later discovered
that Poli had quietly cultivated support from
many board members and the choirboys.
“Why didn’t you say anything about this beforehand?”
Leyden asked now.
Citing the alleged transgressions, Poli responded
that he could no longer work for Leyden. It
was why he wanted to be president. He abruptly announced
his resignation and left the room. Later, Poli
would tell The New York Times that his dispute with
Leyden was “a difference in philosophy. I guess I’m
more a militant than he is.” 1
The board members pressed Leyden to explain
his differences with Poli. Leyden refused, saying only
that they were personal issues beyond the board’s
purview. However, he acknowledged that he planned
to make some personnel changes in the national and
regional offices based on a consultant’s study conducted
at his behest. Finally, he cautioned them that
the divisiveness was factionalizing the union.
“The best thing that can happen is to have
years and was founded on a theme of collaboration with the FAA. Poli appealed
to more militant union members who had become dissatisfied with
Leyden’s perceived inability to improve their working conditions.

completely new leadership,” he said reluctantly. With
that, Leyden announced he was stepping down, too,
an action he hadn’t contemplated before the meeting.
Angry, frustrated and hurt, he walked out and rode
a glassed-in elevator up to his room. He grabbed his
bag and began to pack.
Meanwhile, the
board voted 6-1 to accept
his resignation, closing
the curtain on an era and
steering PATCO toward
labor infamy. Eastern
Region Vice President
George Kerr stood alone
in supporting Leyden.
“To this day, I still wonder
if they really thought
about it and understood
the implications,” Kerr
says. “We all had our fellow
travelers and our loyalists and our politics.”
Several minutes later, Kerr knocked on the
door to Leyden’s room. A pained expression was
etched on Kerr’s face. Poli had returned to the meeting
and withdrawn his resignation at the board’s
urging, he said.
“Go back and pull yours.”
Leyden refused. “When I say something, that’s
it. My word is my bond.”
15
Apr.
“
That was the end of it. My
organization was my life. I
was a basket case for months
afterward.
In a few more minutes Leyden heard another
knock. PATCO General Counsel William Peer stood
in the doorway this time. The resignations had been
orchestrated so that Poli could take over, Peer told
him. “You got sandbagged.”
Wayne Preston,
head of the local at Chicago
Center, showed up
next and pleaded with
— Former PATCO President
John Leyden
PATCO distributes an “educational package” to its members that outlines
how to establish communication networks and committees on security,
welfare, and picketing. Information also includes advice on financial prepa-
Leyden not to walk away.
The ousted president
struggled over the
fate of the union he’d devoted
much of his adult
life to, but he remained
steadfast.
“When I’m gone,
I’m gone,” he said.
The Executive Board
named Poli interim presi-
dent and the membership elected him to a three-year
term in April 1980.
Poli and the board offered Leyden the salaried
position of president emeritus but he declined.
Instead, he spent several difficult weeks at PATCO
headquarters in Washington, D.C., tying up loose
ends.
“That was the end of it,” he says. “My organization
was my life. I was a basket case for months afterward.” 2
Chapter 1: ATC Comes of Age
rations in case of lost wages during a job action, and how union locals can
arrange bond and other legal services. Many in the FAA consider this a
strike plan.
13

John F.
Leyden
Op e r a t i n g in i t i a l s: XL
Courtesy of Howie Barte
HOm e t O w n : Queens, New York
sp O u s e / CHildre n:
Mary / John, Carol Ann
Ot Her tr i v i a:
Avid handicapper
in t e r e s t s:
Golf
Retired
2001 — Pre s e n t
ATC FACiliTies
Cu r r e n t:
pr e v i O u s: ZNY Center
John F. Leyden, a father of organized labor in air
traffic control, learned about the profession as an
Air Force radio and radar operator in Korea. When
he became a civilian controller at New York Center
in early 1959, the World War II-vintage radarscopes
failed regularly, testing his ability to “put
the scrambled egg back together again” by instantly
recalling the positions of all his planes.
Leyden’s interest in a union stemmed from a
desire that would later prove to be all too familiar
to NATCA organizers. “You were not supposed to
have a voice,” he says. “You were supposed to follow
blindly what [management] told you to do.”
He became president of the New York Center
local and was elected president of the Professional
Air Traffic Controllers Organization in 1970. During
his ten-year reign, PATCO achieved many gains
in benefits and working conditions for controllers.
Progress sometimes came from slowdowns and
sickouts that landed Leyden in court, but the law
could be kind.
To avoid arrest stemming from a job action,
he temporarily resided in a Long Island hotel.
The ploy failed. Federal marshals burst into his
room one evening, surprising several visitors and
Leyden, his face lathered with shaving cream.
He nervously identified himself using the name
of another controller standing nearby. Seemingly
satisfied, the marshals left.
Pr e v i o u s PATCo Po s iT i o n s / AC h i e v e m e n T s
National president 1970-80
FAA Employee of the Year 1969
New York Center local president
hir e d
1959
Two years later, an airline security official at
Kennedy Airport approached Leyden, who recognized
the former agent.
“If you thought you fooled me that night
when I broke into the room and had the warrant
for you, we knew who you were,” the man said.
“But I also knew you had to go to court the next
day for the other thing.”
Leyden nodded gratefully. The other thing
was an adoption hearing for one of two children
that he and his wife, Mary, raised. They now have
three grandchildren. The oldest was born a dwarf.
For the past seven years, Leyden has organized a
golf tournament for the Little People’s Research
Fund, raising $750,000, and also serves as chairman
of the board for the charity.
After his ouster from PATCO in 1980,
Leyden worked as director of the Public Employee
Department of the AFL-CIO until 1998. Before
retiring, he spent two years as chairman of the
Federal Prevailing Rate Advisory Committee in the
Office of Personnel Management, which sets pay
scales for blue-collar government workers.
Leyden has also stood by NATCA’s side
throughout its evolution: organizing, lobbying
MEBA to underwrite the new union, helping draft
its constitution, lending contract guidance, and
supporting its successful bid for direct affiliation to
the AFL-CIO.

Emerging from the Dark Ages
Leyden and Poli held diametrically opposing
views on the union’s path to success, but they were
driven by identical goals. Those same strong sentiments
had stirred controllers for decades and created
a cohesive sense of purpose that prompted Leyden,
Poli, and their colleagues to seek the protection of a
union. The motivation was so powerful that it survived
PATCO’s subsequent dismemberment and fueled
a second organizing effort a mere two years later
among a predominantly different work force.
Leyden had served in the military before entering
the private sector, a typical career path for many
controllers in his day. After the Federal Aviation
Agency hired him in early 1959, he received basic
training at the FAA Academy in Oklahoma City and
then settled in at New York Center, located in Hangar
11 at Idlewild Airport (now Kennedy).
Federal-sector unions did not exist yet. Leyden
and his Hangar 11 crew even worked some sectors
without the benefit of flattop radarscopes, let alone
computerized flight information.
Instead, they used small plastic “shrimp
boats”—so named because of their resemblance
to fishing vessels—which contained slips of paper
about each flight. Controllers pushed the shrimp
boats on the scopes as the targets for their planes
inched across the glass. Coordination with approach
1980
15
Aug.
controllers was handled by telephone.
They separated traffic by 1,000 feet vertically
and relied on pilot time estimates for arriving at
navigational fixes to maintain lateral distances of
10 minutes, an inefficiency that translated into
more than ten times the horizontal spacing used
today. The reliance on estimates also led to frequent
separation errors.
Chapter 1: ATC Comes of Age
National Archives
Pushing plastic: Washington Center controllers in 1955 monitored aircraft with surplus radarscopes built for Navy
battleships in World War II. They identified each target using a plastic “shrimp boat” that contained flight information.
PATCO controllers stage a one-day slowdown at O’Hare International
Airport that causes 616 delays of thirty minutes or more and costs the airlines
more than $1 million in wasted fuel. The slowdown follows the FAA’s
15
refusal to pay O’Hare controllers an annual tax-free bonus of $7,500 and
upgrade the tower to Level V. All other control towers are classified as
Level IV. The agency calls the O’Hare demand “non-negotiable.”

16
Against the Wind
* Controllers refer to operational errors, which
involve loss of required separation between
aircraft, as “deals.”
1980
20
Oct.
National Archives
Big Blue: The prototype of the IBM 9020 computer, which provided real-time flight
data information on radarscopes, was installed at Jacksonville Center in 1967.
“You had one or two ‘deals’ on almost every
single watch,” Leyden recalls. * For the most part,
managers and pilots looked the other way.
Shortly before Leyden arrived at the center,
BOAC (now British Airways) began flying the de
Havilland Comet between London and New York in
October 1958. Days later, Pan American World Airways
inaugurated Boeing 707 service across the Atlantic
to Paris. In December, National Airlines started
operating the Douglas DC-8 between New York and
Miami. The commercial jet age had dawned.
Yet Leyden and his brethren dwelled in the
Dark Ages of air traffic control. The system was
stagnating from two decades of neglect, largely
Presidential candidate Ronald Reagan writes to PATCO President
Robert Poli, stating that, if elected, he will work to ensure
adequate staffing and new equipment for controllers.
23
Oct.
due to inadequate congressional funding
and bureaucratic infighting within
the Commerce Department, which had
governed the former Civil Aeronautics
Administration.
Many changes loomed, however,
spurred in part by two highly publicized
midair collisions, over the Grand Canyon
in 1956 and New York City in 1960.
On the heels of the first accident,
Democratic Senators Mike Monroney from
Oklahoma and Warren Magnuson from
Washington spent two years shepherding
a bill through Congress to create the
Federal Aviation Agency, predecessor to
today’s FAA. The new organization, run by a Cabinetlevel
administrator, opened its doors in late 1958. It was
charged with taking over development and operation of
the air traffic control system from the CAA, regulating
aviation safety, and promoting air travel.
The New York collision helped to expedite
equipment modernization. Shortly after his inauguration
in 1961, President Kennedy issued an executive
order that led to a task force called Project Beacon.
Based on nearly a year of study, the panel echoed
controller sentiment for upgrading radar equipment
so that all flights nationwide could be monitored continuously
from takeoff to landing.
At the time, vast chunks of U.S. airspace re-
PATCO’s Executive Board publicly endorses Reagan and charges
that President Jimmy Carter is ignoring serious safety problems
that are jeopardizing the nation’s ATC system.

mained invisible to controllers.
Project Beacon also urged development of a
computerized system to display aircraft identifications,
altitudes, and airspeeds directly on radarscopes—eliminating
the need for shrimp boats. Another
computer system would automatically print out
13
The back room (above): Sperry Univac Corporation
developed a system for TRACONs, similar to computers
at centers, that displayed flight information from
aircraft transponders on radarscopes. / Japphire
Nov.
The front line (right): Controllers used the system,
called ARTS, for more than three decades. A new system
known as STARS is replacing ARTS. / National Archives
The Federal Register publishes a 23-page contingency plan drafted by
the FAA outlining how it would respond to a potential air traffic controller
strike. Among other things, the plan would forbid commercial flights
flight strips and continuously distribute information
to controllers for better coordination.
The task force envisioned one common system.
However, en route centers handle high-speed,
high-altitude traffic over a broad area while terminal
environments deal with a mix of planes converging
Chapter 1: ATC Comes of Age
shorter than 500 miles. In August 1981, the agency develops a different
plan to deal with the strike.
17

18
Against the Wind
President Kennedy
issued an executive
order in 1962 granting
federal employees the
right to form unions.
* TRACON is an acronym for Terminal Radar
Approach Control. In these dark, windowless
radar rooms, controllers sequence planes for
landing before handing them off to airport
towers. They also guide planes shortly after
takeoff until controllers at en route centers
assume responsibility.
1981
10
Jan.
around airports. To accommodate these diverse needs,
the FAA worked with Sperry Univac Corporation to
develop the Automated Radar Terminal System—
ARTS—that accepted information from a single radar
site for its approach control facilities. The prototype
was installed at Atlanta TRACON in 1965. *
Two years later, the agency implemented a different
system at Jacksonville Center in Florida. Run
by IBM’s 9020 computer, this one was capable of
gathering data from multiple radar sites. The software
contained more than 475,000 instructions, relatively
small by today’s standards but larger than any other
program of its time. The complexity created
a coding nightmare.
David Thomas, then-deputy administrator
of the FAA, recalled that one frustrated
IBM worker “complained that all the aircraft
flew at different speeds, and if we could only
get them to fly at the same velocity the programming
difficulties could be overcome.” 3
Eventually, the problems were largely
solved. All twenty centers across the continental
United States and sixty-three TRACONs were using
the computerized systems by 1975.
About the time Project Beacon released its recommendations,
Kennedy issued another executive
order in January 1962 granting federal employees the
right to form unions. His action elated government
workers. Their counterparts in the private sector had
New York TRACON becomes operational in Westbury, Long Island.
The facility replaces the “Common IFR Room” at Kennedy International
enjoyed similar rights under the Wagner Act and
other national and state labor laws for more than a
quarter century. Kennedy’s order and a subsequent
one signed by President Nixon were codified into law
when Congress passed the Civil Service Reform Act
of 1978.
From the beginning, two provisions were key:
Federal-sector strikes were illegal and unions could
not force individuals to join—a concept known as an
“open shop.”
Before Kennedy’s edict, the sole option for
controllers seeking a voice on issues was the Air
Traffic Control Association. Formed in
1956, this professional group welcomed
members from all segments of the aviation
industry. Instructors at the FAA Academy
encouraged trainees to join and some
even implied that those who didn’t risked
washing out. But ATCA lacked the legal
authority to represent workers. Many
controllers also discovered that managers
dominated the group’s elected offices and
delegate ranks at conventions, setting a decidedly
anti-union tone.
Kennedy’s mandate gave the rank and file new
choices. Soon afterward, under the auspices of the
National Association of Government Employees and
the National Association of Air Traffic Specialists, facility-based
locals representing about 5,000 control-
Airport. Serving Kennedy, LaGuardia, and Newark airports, it is slated to
assume operations for several smaller airports.

lers formed in New York, Washington, Minneapolis,
at LAX Airport and Los Angeles Center in Palmdale,
and elsewhere.
A Union is Born
The local unions exercised little power, limited
by their size, relative isolation, and an agency loath
to take them seriously. Controllers continued to eat
lunch on position much of the time. If someone needed
to visit the restroom and no one was available to
step in, another controller worked two positions during
the interim. Guaranteed breaks were unheard of.
Unless supervisors authorized time off, controllers
guided planes continuously throughout the day—in
white shirts and black ties, dark dress slacks, and
leather shoes.
Two aspects of the FAA’s culture exacerbated
discontent over these conditions.
At towers, TRACONs and centers, large and
small, many managers ruled with a militaristic, command-control
style. They largely ignored the partnership
role that controllers could play in developing
operational procedures, improving equipment, and
generally ensuring air safety.
“We were lectured to rather than consulted
with,” says Dave Landry, who spent most of his career
at a small tower in Lebanon, New Hampshire.
“The people who made the rules never pushed tin.”
23
Jan.
Transportation Secretary Drew Lewis takes over from Neil E. Goldschmidt,
who resigned after eighteen months in office when Ronald Reagan
was inaugurated as president on January 20, 1981. Lewis, a business
Overbearing managers sometimes dwelled on
seemingly inconsequential issues, such as the dress
code, which could lead to regrettable outcomes. An
Oakland Center controller reported for work one day
in 1968 wearing a pastel yellow shirt. Managers told
him to go home, change into a white one, and put on
a different pair of leather shoes.
“These shoes cost more than the suit you’re
wearing,” retorted the controller, who believed his
attire was appropriately professional.
“That’s it,” the manager shot back. “You’re fired
for insubordination.” 4
Without an established grievance procedure,
the controller had little recourse and never retrieved
his job.
“It was the reason I got involved,” says Domenic
Torchia, who went on to serve as a PATCO
regional vice president, was fired in the strike, and
joined NATCA after the agency rehired him in the
late 1990s.
A second cultural aspect also affected working
conditions. The doors to many facilities revolved
every year or two with new managers who were
working their way up the hierarchy. Too often, career
motivations overshadowed a facility’s long-term
interests, allowing many problems to fester. Fred Gilbert
encountered that philosophy when he started at
Chicago Center in 1970.
“There was no interest in what controllers’
Chapter 1: ATC Comes of Age
management specialist from Philadelphia, ran unsuccessfully for governor
of Pennsylvania in 1974. He later became deputy chairman of the Republican
National Committee.
19

20
1981
Against the Wind
2
Feb.
needs were. It was all in personal needs as far as careers,”
he says. “The most enjoyable times were when
we were without a manager.”
Fifteen years later, the same issues would
motivate Landry, Gilbert, and many others to form
NATCA, and offer persuasive arguments for attracting
widespread interest in the new union.
Back in 1967, frustration
finally led to action.
O’Hare Tower/TRACON
controllers were exhausted
from working manda-
tory overtime and angry
that premium pay was
based on a lower scale,
meaning they earned less
than normal for the extra
hours.
After the FAA denied
their request for a special
raise, the controllers staged
a work-to-rule slowdown
by strictly adhering to legal separation standards,
which they often winked at with management’s tacit
approval to minimize traffic backups. Chicago’s central
location and its status as an airline hub caused
delays to radiate nationwide.
Chastened, the FAA granted the controllers
three step-increases on the government’s GS—Gen-
The FAA commissions the first Direct Access Radar Channel at Salt Lake
Center. Raytheon Company developed DARC as a backup system to
eral Schedule—pay scale, equal to a $1,100 annual
raise. To stave off requests at other facilities, the
agency maintained that only O’Hare merited the extra
money because of Chicago’s high cost of living, its
staff shortage, and difficulty in attracting transfers.
Controllers elsewhere objected to the distinction.
They argued for a comprehensive policy change
that became a battle cry
for PATCO and NATCA
over the next thirty years.
Namely, that compensation
should be based
“
on complexity of operations
and not merely the
number of takeoffs and
landings.
Atlanta and Chicago
controllers jointly
crafted a formula to reclassify
all facilities and
sought signatures from
a majority of the work
force to pressure the FAA into upgrading salaries
across the board—a plan they dubbed “Operation
Snowman.”
Although the petition drive fizzled, the effort
ignited a desire to create a national group to represent
controllers’ interests. In the fall of 1967, two
NAGE local presidents—Jack Maher at New York
We were lectured to rather
than consulted with. The
people who made the rules
never pushed tin.
— Lebanon Tower controller Dave Landry
be used during failures and scheduled maintenance of the primary radar
system.

Center and Mike Rock at LaGuardia Tower—formed
the Metropolitan Controllers Association, which also
included Kennedy and Newark towers.
Quickly realizing that NAGE could not provide
enough support to help them expand, Maher
and Rock looked for a public personality who might
champion their cause. They were ecstatic when the
flamboyant, well-known attorney F. Lee Bailey, a private
pilot, agreed to head their budding group.
More than 700 people from twenty-two states
attended the first meeting of the Professional Air
Traffic Controllers Organization on January 11, 1968.
Bailey brought the cheering crowd to its feet eleven
times by endorsing their concerns and pledging to
highlight them before Congress and the news media.
Within a month, more than 4,000 controllers joined
PATCO, submitting their dues voluntarily since the
agency had no provision to collect the money by payroll
deduction.
‘Sicking’ It Out
Born at the end of a decade plagued by civil
unrest and a divisive war, PATCO’s rough and tumble
character was shaped by the times as much as
its close-knit, fervent membership. Before PATCO
was barely two years old, it scraped through another
work-to-rule slowdown and two sickouts with
mixed results.
15
Mar.
The three-year labor agreement between PATCO and the FAA lapses.
All provisions remain in force until a new agreement is negotiated, except
immunity under NASA’s Aviation Safety Reporting System. This program,
Following a nationwide slowdown in the summer
of 1968, unprecedented talks with the FAA
enabled jubilant PATCO members to claim a Triple
Crown victory that fall.
The FAA upgraded pay scales in Atlanta, Chicago,
Cleveland, Los Angeles, New York, and Washington.
Thanks to a law passed by Congress, controllers began
earning time-and-a-half
at their regular pay
grade for overtime.
Capitol Hill also
appropriated
$14 million in
new money to
permit the FAA
to dust off its
training facility,
which had been
closed for seven years,
and hire 1,000 controllers
over the next few years.
Two subsequent job actions, however, showered
trouble on the growing union.
On June 17, 1969, television host Johnny Carson
invited Bailey on his program to talk about air
traffic control problems. Confusion plagued an accompanying
sickout aimed at pressuring the FAA
into further concessions and only 477 controllers
took part.
Chapter 1: ATC Comes of Age
which former FAA Administrator Langhorne M. Bond unilaterally canceled
for controllers in 1980, enabled them to report mistakes without the risk
of penalty in an attempt to solve common problems.
21

22
1981
Against the Wind
22
Apr.
To PATCO’s dismay, the agency disavowed
an immunity deal that Bailey brokered with Transportation
Secretary John Volpe and suspended the
participants.
The following spring, the agency issued transfer
orders to four controller activists in Baton Rouge,
Louisiana. PATCO worried
that other involuntary
moves would wreck
the union and announced
its intention to stage another
sickout. For the second
time, Bailey declined
to insist on signatures to
document a four-point
deal he negotiated with
the FAA. Once again,
the agency reneged on
the gentlemen’s agreement. Outraged, nearly 3,300
controllers—about one in four—called in sick over
twenty days starting on March 25, 1970.
The FAA responded by withholding paychecks
and serving subpoenas on all the participants. Although
federal courts ordered the controllers back
to work under judicial protection, the FAA later suspended
many of them and fired 114 that it identified
as leaders.
Another public-sector job action in March 1970
ended far differently. About 152,000 postal workers
FAA Administrator J. Lynn Helms takes over from Langhorne M. Bond,
who resigned after nearly four years in office when Ronald Reagan was
inaugurated as president. Helms served as an instructor and test pilot in
“
I want all those people put
back to work.
walked out for eight days. The illegal strikers won
amnesty, and Congress passed the Postal Reorganization
Act, which enabled the new, quasi-governmental
U.S. Postal Service to negotiate substantial pay raises
with its unions.
The disparity left a lasting impression on John
Leyden, who was among
the “ill” controllers. Thereafter,
he contended, “The
only illegal strike is the
— President Nixon
one that’s lost.”
From the Doghouse
to the White House
One month after
the sickout, Leyden flew
to Las Vegas to attend
PATCO’s third national convention. He was dissatisfied
with F. Lee Bailey’s leadership and unhappy
about the recent setbacks his union had suffered.
Many of the other 200 delegates felt the same way
and elected Leyden to succeed Jimmy Hays as their
new president.
Leyden wasted no time trying to rebuild the
organization. He persuaded convention delegates to
revise the constitution and transform PATCO from a
corporate orientation run by attorneys, which Bailey
had established, to a union structure that put power
the Marines during World War II. He later held top executive positions at
Bendix Corporation, the Norden Division of United Aircraft, and Piper
Aircraft Corporation. He was General Aviation Man of the Year in 1978.

exclusively in the hands of controllers. At an emotional
meeting two months later, the Executive Board
agreed with Leyden’s recommendation to ask for
Bailey’s resignation.
Finances presented another serious issue, but
help was at hand. Various
unions had been courting
PATCO, including one of
the oldest—the powerful
Marine Engineers
Beneficial Association,
an AFL-CIO affiliate
with 10,000 members
that was founded in
1875. MEBA offered the
controllers money, influential
political contacts,
and office space around
the country. In a vote of the membership, 92 percent
approved affiliating with MEBA.
PATCO’s new relationship soon paid off
handsomely.
For twenty years, MEBA’s longshoremen had
refused to handle Russian ships and cargo. President
Nixon now sought to change their position so the
Soviet Union could receive badly needed U.S. wheat.
MEBA President Jesse Calhoon suggested that Leyden
use the issue as a bargaining chip to win reinstatement
of the 114 controllers dismissed in the 1970 sickout.
“
If they [the FAA] do not come
to their senses, I vow to you
that the skies will be silent.
Leyden brokered the deal in a phone call to the
White House. After explaining that the fired controllers
were “all good people” who should get their jobs
back, he said, “Mr. Calhoon has had discussion with
you on an issue of vital importance.” The message
was clear. During a brief
meeting late one evening
in the Oval Office, Leyden
joined Nixon, top aides
H.R. “Bob” Haldeman
— PATCO President Robert Poli
Apr. May
28
PATCO representatives walk out of contract talks with the FAA
after thirty-seven bargaining sessions. Union demands for a 32hour
workweek and separate pay scale meet stiff resistance.
23
and John Ehrlichman,
a White House counsel,
and representatives from
the FAA and Transportation
Department.
“I want all those
people put back to work,”
Nixon said simply before
leaving the room.
The men from the FAA and Transportation
Department filed out, too, while Leyden stayed behind.
The White House counsel turned to him and
advised: “Now just remember, John. If you have any
problems, if this doesn’t work the way we’ve agreed
here today, you call me and let me know.”
Leyden thanked him and walked out into the
hallway. The voices of the two transportation officials,
who were farther ahead, echoed down the
corridor. “That crazy bastard thinks he’s going to get
Chapter 1: ATC Comes of Age
At its annual convention in New Orleans, PATCO sets June 22
as the deadline for agreeing on a new contract with the FAA.
23
Courtesy of Dave Landry
PATCO pin: Choirboys, who led the call for
a strike, wore this distinctive trinket.

24
Against the Wind
1978 PATCO contract: Ten years later,
NATCA would rely on parts of its predecessor’s
last agreement with the FAA as a
foundation for new bargaining talks.
1981
22
June
them all back to work,” one said.
“If you have a problem with that, let’s go back
in there now,” Leyden shouted.
He watched with glee as they scurried away.
Although no public announcement was made, all of
the fired controllers were gradually reinstated.
Decade of Progress
By September 1972, PATCO was
back on solid footing and had gained official
recognition as a trade union representing
all controllers—not just its members.
That same year, PATCO successfully
lobbied for congressional passage of its Second-Career
Retirement Bill. This landmark
law established the precedent that controllers
experienced more debilitating stress than other
workers. On that basis, Congress stipulated
they could retire on half their base salary at age
50 with twenty years of service or at any age
with twenty-five years of service. The law also
enabled controllers who could no longer work because
of physical or psychological reasons to collect
full salary and benefits for two years while they
received vocational retraining.
Leyden considers this “one of the crowning
achievements of my term in office,” despite his disappointment
that Congress later canceled funding for
Telephone polling of union halls across the nation conducted in the early
hours of the morning indicates that less than 80 percent of PATCO
controllers have voted to strike. About 5 a.m. Eastern time, Robert Poli
the retraining program.
The union racked up other gains throughout
the decade and signed its second contract with the
FAA in 1978. One notable provision included an annual
overseas familiarization trip (FAM trips enable
controllers to observe pilots from the cockpit jump
seat). But when the Air Transport Association told
Leyden it wouldn’t honor the FAM
provision, he called for another
slowdown.
He viewed it as a matter
of principle. “If they’re going
to make that clause invalid,
then that opens up the whole
contract and everything else is
subject to review and change.
This was my mistake,” Leyden
acknowledges now.
Controllers in New
York, Chicago, and elsewhere,
who were more interested
in financial gains,
offered only lukewarm support
for two-day slowdowns in May and
June.
Leyden’s second key error stemmed from a proactive
move that backfired. Realizing that another job
action would have to entail a strike, he reviewed other
public walkouts. Borrowing an idea from a teach-
tentatively agrees to the FAA’s “final” contract offer from Transportation
Secretary Drew Lewis, despite knowing there is little union support for its
provisions.

ers’ strike in St. Louis, he formed a special group
of controllers who could be counted
on to deliver the vote. These “choirboys,”
chosen by local and regional
vice presidents, operated with their
own budget administered by Robert
Poli, a Cleveland Center controller
who’d been elected executive vice
president in 1973.
Over time, the choirboys
“pretty much ran around uncontrolled,”
recalls George Kerr, the
Eastern Region vice president.
Leyden agrees that the renegade
group “led to my downfall.”
‘The Skies will be Silent’
Talk of a strike gathered
momentum with the
advent of the choirboys.
Many were Vietnam veterans.
Treated poorly when
they came home after the
war and fed up with the FAA’s militaristic
management style, they were spoiling for a fight.
“It was like the proverbial locomotive on the
track,” Kerr says. “Once you get a head of steam up
23
June
The FAA announces it will proceed with testing and deploying the Traffic
Alert/Collision Avoidance System. The basic version of the computerized
equipment, installed onboard airplanes, would work in conjunction with
and you get her pointed in a direction, the object now
becomes how do we stop it?”
Not everyone was
onboard the
train. A sizable
segment
of the work
force took seriously
their
signed oath not
to strike. Many
controllers also
thought they were
re latively well off.
More money and
a shorter workweek
sounded appealing,
but they believed the
public wouldn’t sympathize
with such demands
while inflation
raged at an average of
14.7 percent throughout
1980.
However, others in
PATCO believed they were
invincible. Part of their
confidence stemmed from a letter written in October
1980 by presidential candidate Ronald Reagan. Among
Chapter 1: ATC Comes of Age
25
A politician’s promise: While campaigning
for president in 1980, Ronald Reagan
vowed to support air traffic controllers.
the air traffic control radar beacon system to alert pilots to nearby traffic.
Advanced versions would tell pilots to climb or descend in a coordinated
maneuver to avoid each other in the event of potential collisions.

26
1981
Against the Wind
28
other things, Reagan stated, “You can rest assured that
if I am elected president, I will take whatever steps
are necessary to provide our air traffic controllers
with the most modern equipment available and to
adjust staff levels and workdays so that they are commensurate
with achieving
a maximum degree of
public safety.”
Armed with this
apparent support, Poli
and his contract team
started negotiations with
the FAA in February
1981 demanding three
key items (along with
ninety-three others): an
across-the-board annual
raise of $10,000, plus
sem iannual
cost-of-living
raises
1½ times the rate of inflation; a 32-hour
workweek (controllers elsewhere in the
world labored 29 to 38 hours a week); and
retirement after twenty years at 75 percent
of base salary.
When contract talks continued with
little progress, Poli turned up the heat at PAT-
CO’s national convention in May by announc-
June July
The FAA commissions the twentieth DARC system at Minneapolis
Center.
“
It was like the proverbial
locomotive on the track. Once
you get a head of steam up,
how do we stop it?
ing a strike deadline of June 22. “If they [the FAA] do
not come to their senses, I vow to you that the skies
will be silent,” he declared to a thunderous standing
ovation. 5
Three hours before the threatened walkout,
Transportation Secretary
Drew Lewis made
the FAA’s final $40 million
offer. It included
a $4,000 pay increase
— George Kerr,
former PATCO Eastern Region VP
2
(equal to 11.4 percent,
although 4.8 percent represented
a raise that all
federal workers would receive)
and overtime when
controllers worked more
than 36 hours a week.
Having just been
informed that PATCO’s
membership strike vote
fell short of the required
80 percent, Poli accepted the offer. But after vocal
arguing, the union’s Executive Board recommended
that the membership turn down the proposal. Local
presidents asked controllers for their vote in public,
an intimidation tactic that helped overcome some reluctance
and boosted the rejection rate to 95 percent.
When the Reagan administration steadfastly opposed
further concessions, Poli declared a second strike
PATCO’s Executive Board unanimously recommends that controllers
turn down the FAA’s “final” offer. The board believes
the level of militancy will never be higher to achieve its goals.

deadline of August 3, 1981.
The night before, controllers showed up at
union halls across the nation for a head count. Doors
were sometimes locked to guard against those whose
second thoughts might prompt them to leave,
helping to ensure a paper-thin strike authorization
of 80.5 percent. Several
hours later, at 7 o’clock on that
fateful Monday morning, nearly
13,000 controllers—about 79
percent of the work force—
honored the picket line. 6
Former MEBA President
Doc Cullison believes that
PATCO’s vocal “chest-pounding
stage” drove the FAA to intensively
prepare for the strike. “The
FAA almost felt challenged. Bring it on,”
he says. “Both of them had loaded pistols and they were
ready to go.”
Agency staff specialists working with airline
representatives created a contingency plan called
“Flow Control 50.” Half the peak-hour flights at
twenty-two major airports were abolished, alleviating
traffic rushes. En route centers increased horizontal
spacing between aircraft from the normal 10 miles to
as much as 100 miles. Even so, airlines flew about 65
percent of their normal schedules on that first day.
While the effect of the walkout was significant, the
29
July
PATCO announces that more than 95 percent of its members rejected the
FAA’s proposed agreement by a vote of 13,495 to 616. Controllers voted
publicly rather than by secret mail-in ballot.
skies were far from silent as Poli had predicted.
Instrument flights were prohibited for smaller
private planes. The FAA required other general aviation
pilots to reserve flight plans on a first-come,
first-served basis until the end of 1983. No pilots
could enter airspace around major
airports, known as Terminal Control
Areas, unless they were flying
under instrument flight rules.
Eighty small control towers
were closed and twenty-seven
remained shuttered two years
later. The agency began contracting
with private firms to
operate many of them, leading
to a longstanding battle with
NATCA.
Four hours into the walkout, President
Reagan appeared in the Rose Garden and ordered
the strikers to return to their jobs within two
days or face dismissal. Federal judges moved swiftly
to impound PATCO’s $3.5 million strike fund and
impose fines of $100,000 an hour for defying an injunction
against job actions, which arose from the
1970 sickout.
About 875 controllers—whom strikers disdainfully
called “sprinters”—reported back to their
facilities within Reagan’s deadline. The remaining
picketers, accounting for three-quarters of the work
Chapter 1: ATC Comes of Age
27
Gary Eads: PATCO’s last president, elected
in January 1982, took over a decertified
union facing bankruptcy. Six months later,
he announced: “It is over for PATCO. The
union is gone.” / NATCA archives

28
1981
Against the Wind
31
July
What’s in a Name?
Robert Poli announces PATCO will go on strike August 3 unless its demands
are met. Eleventh-hour talks begin between the union and the FAA.
Japphire
�
Built on the mudflats of the Potomac River,
two miles south of The Mall, Washington
National Airport memorialized the nation’s
first president.
In 1998, to the outrage of controllers
across the country, Congress passed a law
renaming the airport in honor of the president
responsible for firing more than 11,000 of
their brethren.
Speaking against the proposal while
lawmakers were considering the action, former
NATCA Executive Vice President Randy
Schwitz said: “To name a major U.S. airport
after Reagan would be a slap in the face to
today’s controllers and the many thousands
terminated still on the street waiting to be rehired
by the Federal Aviation Administration.
I’d rather have a hot poker in my eye than
have an airport named after him.”
To this day, many controllers refuse to
call DCA by its new name.

force, were fired. Most appealed their dismissal to the
Merit Systems Protection Board, but only 440 were
reinstated during the next two-and-a-half years. 7
When the dust finally settled, more than 11,000
workers no longer had a career in air traffic control.
The Federal Labor Relations Authority decertified
the 13-year-old PATCO on October 17. For the
first time, a union representing U.S. government
workers had been stripped of its legal standing.
On the last day of 1981, Poli resigned, persuaded
by other board members that the union could
not move forward until he stepped aside. According
to PATCO members who kept in touch, Poli later ran
several car dealerships along the East Coast. Executive
Vice President Robert Meyer also quit. Central
Region Vice President Gary Eads and Western Region
VP Domenic Torchia were elected president and vice
3
Aug.
1. Fuerbringer, Jonathan. 1981. Militant controller chief: Robert Edmond Poli.
The New York Times. 4 August, late city final edition.
2. Much of the material about the January 1980 PATCO meeting is based on
interviews with John Leyden and George Kerr in September and November
2001, respectively.
3. Garonzik, Joseph. 1986. Aviation’s Indispensable Partner Turns 50. U.S. Department
of Transportation.
4. Related by Domenic Torchia during an interview in July 2001.
5. 1981. Air traffic controllers set a June 22 strike deadline. The New York Times.
24 May.
6. PATCO figures.
7. Transportation Department figures.
The walkout starts at 7 a.m. Eastern time. Nearly 13,000 controllers—
about 79 percent of the work force—honor the picket line. President Reagan
announces the controllers must return to their jobs within forty-eight
president, respectively.
They took over a mortally wounded organization.
Stripped of its charter and facing claims of
about $40 million, the union filed for bankruptcy on
July 2, 1982. “It is over for PATCO,” Eads told reporters.
“The union is gone.” 8
8. Shifrin, Carole. 1982. PATCO goes bankrupt 11 months after strike. The
Washington Post. 3 July, final edition.
Chapter 1: ATC Comes of Age
hours or they’ll be fired. Supervisors, staff specialists, and military controllers
step in to help handle traffic. Even so, airlines cancel more than 6,000
flights. A federal court impounds PATCO’s $3.5 million strike fund.
29

“ We did not
rebuild the system.
We re-staffed it.
— Anonymous air traffic controller
Fallout from the strike: The FAA hired
thousands of controllers throughout
the 1980s, yet understaffing persistently
plagued Washington Center. / NATCA archives

Chapter 2
Opportunity Lost
As the clock ticked toward seven on the morning of the strike, John
Gilbert drove along the two-lane road approaching Albuquerque
Center. Across the street, a group of picketers huddled in front of a
vast expanse of land dotted with gray sagebrush. They recognized Gilbert’s
truck—a classic, cherry red 1966 Chevy pickup—and began waving at him.
Gilbert noticed several members of his crew,
including the secretary and treasurer of the PATCO
local. Friendly shouts drifted through his open driver’s
side window.
“You’re on the wrong side,” they hollered.
“Come over with us. It’s not too late.”
Gilbert glanced at them and then resolutely
turned right to head past a guard shack toward the
center’s parking lot.
Sixteen months earlier, the tall, slender Houston
native had left a low-paying job selling telephone
gear to join the FAA as a controller. He later discovered
the center’s switching equipment was so antiquated
that it no longer appeared in the catalogs he’d
used at the phone company.
Nevertheless, Gilbert was happy to have a ca-
reer with potential. He believed the strikers were demanding
too much. Still certifying as a journeyman
controller, he was too new to fully understand their
frustrations. That would come later.
Several weeks earlier, his crewmates
had asked him whether he
planned to join the picket line. “Hypothetically,”
Gilbert asked, “say we
all walk and the FAA says: ‘Okay,
we concede to your demands. You
can all go back to work—except the
trainees.’ What then? Will you stay
out with us?”
“Let me think about it,” one of
them said. Many journeymen controllers held
developmentals at arm’s length until they certified
Driving on: John Gilbert began working at
Albuquerque Center in 1980 and steered
clear of the strike. / Courtesy of John Gilbert

32
Against the Wind
John Gilbert: A colleague awarded the
young controller a gold star for working
on August 3, 1981. Gilbert, who later
transferred to Houston, still wears the
star on his ID badge. / Courtesy of John Gilbert
1981
5
Aug.
because the washout rate was so high. As a trainee,
Gilbert was not yet part of the inner circle.
“If you’ve got to stop and think about it, that’s
answer enough for me,” Gilbert replied. “So much for
solidarity. I’m not striking with you guys.”
They threatened to make his life miserable
when the walkout ended, but Gilbert shrugged it off.
“Misery is a two-way street,” he retorted.
Leaving his car, Gilbert ambled inside the facility
under the watchful eyes of his colleagues and
friends standing in the New Mexico heat across the
street. His supervisor, Chuck Tuberville, one of the
few people on his crew to show up, greeted him. Sally
Lane, a fellow controller, had just finished the midnight
shift. She sauntered up to Gilbert holding a card
of gold stars, peeled one off, and stuck it on the ID
badge dangling from his neck.
“This is your gold
star,” Lane said. “It’s the
only thing you’re going
to get out of the
agency for coming in
to work.”
Gilbert chuckled
and gazed around
the control room.
Only a few sectors
were open. Controllers
were joined by supervisors
About 875 controllers return to work. More than 11,000 lose their jobs.
The ranks of journeymen and developmental controllers drop 74 percent.
The FAA institutes “Flow Control 50,” which requires the airlines to
and staff specialists, some of
whom had untangled
head set cords
that morning for
the first time in
several years and
looked nervous facing
the scopes again.
Normally, they’d be
required to train and
re-certify after such a
lengthy absence. But
today’s unique event
forced them to jump
back in cold.
I r o n i c a l l y ,
Gilbert realized he was better qualified to control
airplanes than many others present. He wished he
could help, but he wasn’t authorized to work without
an instructor. Having nothing else to do, he teased
Tuberville about handling the traffic.
The Honeymoon
Nearly 3,400 controllers reported for duty that
August 3 rd and in the following days, augmented by
roughly 500 military controllers and the 875 FAA
workers who returned within Reagan’s 48-hour
deadline. They encountered similar scenes.
cancel about half of their peak-hour flights at twenty-two major airports.
In-trail restrictions increase to as much as 100 miles. IFR flights are prohibited
for general aviation planes weighing 12,500 pounds or less.

Picketers congregated on the driveway of the
fire station across the street from Chicago Center in
suburban Aurora, Illinois, shouting at co-workers
and running out to kick the tires of their cars. At
Houston Center, some 140 strikers yelled and waved
signs while clustered along the grassy median of busy
JFK Boulevard in front of the facility. At Salt Lake
Center, managers stood on the roof, peered through
binoculars, and wrote down picketers’ names.
The tension outside yielded to different, yet
equally charged, emotions inside. Some strikebreakers
fretted about dealing with their colleagues
when they came back. Others were glad to be rid of
them—even if only temporarily. The stress during
the preceding months, fueled by peer pressure and
uncertainty, had swelled like a volcano on the verge
of eruption.
Yet, the strike resulted in one very pleasant
consequence for those on the job. As never before,
controllers, managers, staff specialists, and Airways
Facilities technicians set aside antagonism, pettiness,
and class distinctions. Instead, they banded together
with a sorely needed esprit de corps to keep the traffic
moving.
“For the first week, people were just operating
on guts,” says Howie Barte, a controller at Quonset
TRACON, south of Providence, Rhode Island. “It was
the Alamo and we were loving it.”
Initially, traffic was relatively light, leading one
4
Sep.
The FAA announces it will hire about 1,500 temporary workers, including
furloughed airline pilots, to serve as flight data assistants and perform
other controller support functions.
wag to declare: “We’re going to have one-state separation
between airplanes.”
To handle the gradual resumption of flights,
bosses turned pragmatic and abandoned cumbersome
operating procedures. Rather than haranguing
controllers about phraseology errors, managers did
whatever they could to help, even ordering in food.
Indeed, coffee and snacks were verboten in control
rooms before the strike. Now they were a necessity.
The only breaks the skeletal work force enjoyed were
dashes to the restroom. Other rules were relaxed and
Chapter 2: Opportunity Lost
Japphire
Houston Center: Nearly all of the FAA’s en route centers were built from the same cookie-cutter blueprint. The agency
opted for a different design at its Houston facility, however, due to the influence of Lady Bird Johnson.
33

34
Against the Wind
Fred Gilbert: The Chicago Center veteran
organized a conference for controllers
from all of the FAA’s en route centers
some eighteen months after the strike.
However, agency managers pressured him
to cancel the event. / Courtesy of Howie Barte
1981
30
Sep.
compliments from managers flowed freely.
Traffic gradually resumed as summer faded
into fall. Meanwhile, the strikers’ hopes of getting
rehired waned and their resentment mounted toward
those still wearing headsets. Picketers grew more vocal
and telephoned threats to controllers’ homes. Cars
were splattered with paint and tires were slashed.
Onetime friends wordlessly walked away when they
saw each other at supermarkets and shopping malls,
a bitterness that lingered for years.
“The division of loyalty was huge,” recalls
Barte, who burned his PATCO membership card in
an ashtray in the TRACON a week after the strike. “If
you were in, you hated PATCO. If you were out, you
hated the people who were in.”
Controllers embraced the challenge of the
job itself, however, and relished their honeymoon
with management. Joe O’Brien, a lanky
former Navy controller who started at New
York TRACON in February 1982, has fond
memories of the period and his decision to
enter the profession. “It was the best thing I
ever did in my life,” he says.
Energetic and all of 22, O’Brien joined about
fifty other controllers in a facility built for 200. They
had to keep planes separated by the legal minimums,
of course, but exercised some latitude in doing so.
Gulping coffee and smoking cigarettes, screaming
and cursing at each other to coordinate traffic, they
During the preceding year, the FAA has added two key capabilities to
equipment at the nation’s twenty-one en route centers: minimum safe
altitude warning, already in use at TRACONs; and arrival metering, which
somehow got it done. “It was like the Wild West,”
he says.
Farther east on Long Island from O’Brien, Michael
McNally enjoyed the same sense of exhilaration
on the scopes at New York Center. “I was young. I was
cocky. I was on the top of my game,” he says. “They
wanted us to become tin junkies and that’s what we
became. We kept running, running, running.”
It would take awhile for O’Brien, McNally, and
others to recognize the negative long-term effects of
their frenetic pace. Much sooner, their post-strike rapport
with management would turn sour, like blissful
newlyweds lapsing into an abusive
marriage.
One morning about
six months after the
walkout, Fred Gilbert
strolled into Chicago
Center and passed the
cafeteria on his way
to the control room.
Darkness shrouded
the food line, as it had
since August 3 rd . Diners
used to fight for seats; these days,
they occupied a mere handful of tables at lunchtime.
Gilbert’s foot steps echoed along the largely deserted
halls. Inside the control room, the formerly vibrant,
noisy atmosphere had softened to a hush, much like
provides controllers with computerized advisories to help manage traffic
flows into major airports.

a midnight shift. Less than half the normal complement
of controllers sat along the four rows of radarscopes.
So few workers remained that several coffee
funds had dwindled into one. The solitary pot was
located in an outer office of the administrative wing
on the second floor. Though not a coffee drinker, Gilbert
listened in disbelief as an astonished colleague
told him about a sign that had appeared overnight
next to the pot. From now on, the coffee was for
managers only.
The honeymoon was over.
Power Plays
From Anchorage to
Miami, controllers faced the
same rude awakening during
the next few years. Many supervisors,
who wielded little
real authority yet were pressured
from above to restore
the system to normal, flexed
their muscles where they could.
Unilaterally, they adjusted work
schedules and granted or denied
leave on the basis of personal relationships.
Operating procedures
and work rules were changed by
1
Oct.
FAA operations are reduced from eleven regions to nine. Western and
Pacific-Asia regions consolidate into a new Western-Pacific Region, with
headquarters in Los Angeles. Rocky Mountain and Northwest regions
fiat, often with little apparent planning and virtually
no controller input.
At Denver Center, four areas were being expanded
into five. One key change occurred overnight.
Mike Fellows arrived for work the next day and saw a
line drawn with a grease pencil across his scope that
split one sector into two. “We weren’t briefed on the
frequency, what the procedures were, nothing,” Fellows
says. “They just said, ‘plug in.’ ” Such incidents
fueled worries about safety.
Some managers solicited comment and then ignored
it. The facility chief at Quonset TRACON
posted a notice about a proposal to revert to
unwieldy operating procedures put in place
years earlier. The announcement included
“yes” and “no” columns. No checkmarks appeared
in the “yes” column, yet the plan was
implemented anyway.
“It was like somebody flipped a
switch,” Atlanta Center controller Don
Brown remembers. The attitude became:
“ ‘Okay, we don’t need you anymore. We
won.’ And they went back to managing.”
In the absence of a union contract,
the FAA published a 30-page “Handbook
for Air Traffic Employees in Centers
and Towers.” Commonly referred to
as the Green Book, the manual spelled
out scheduling and disciplinary proce-
Chapter 2: Opportunity Lost
consolidate into the Northwest Mountain Region, with headquarters in
Renton, Washington. The states of North and South Dakota are reassigned
from Rocky Mountain to Great Lakes Region.
35
The Green Book: FAA managers and controllers
created this 30-page guide, which
was used in the absence of a collective
bargaining agreement after the strike.

36
1981
Against the Wind
2
Oct.
dures and the like. Although four controllers were
involved in creating the guide, some disparagingly
referred to it as “management’s rights and controllers’
responsibilities.”
Once again, the dress code became a bone of
contention. The Green
Book left the policy up
to the discretion of facility
managers, many of
whom held firm to the
agency’s traditional IBMstyle
uniform.
In Monroe, Louisiana,
a graduate fresh
from the FAA Academy
named Phil Barbarello
showed up for his first
day of work without a
belt. He was sent home
to find one. Three Atlanta
Center controllers
arrived at the facility
one hot July day wearing
officially sanctioned sandals but no socks, which
were required. They, too, were ordered home on
administrative leave (which is not deducted from an
employee’s allotment of annual leave).
“Instead of working,” says Lee Riley, “I was at
home sitting in the sun on the porch getting paid by
The FAA awards a $10 million contract to the University of Oklahoma to
provide certified instructors to the FAA Academy to help the agency train
new controllers.
the federal government because some idiot is worried
about whether I have socks on—in a place where the
public doesn’t even show up.”
Inevitably, hostilities resurfaced. Yelling at controllers
and trainees became part of the culture. The
contentious environment
affected the ability of
some developmentals to
learn critical job skills.
Craig Guensch
“
arrived at Minneapolis
Tower six months after
the strike, and survived
as the only one of his
group of five from the
academy to certify as
a journeyman. Each
month, four or five
more graduates arrived
and usually just one
checked out. Guensch
credits his success to an
understanding supervisor
named Nick Conom, who led by example rather
than shouting. When Guensch transferred to Miami
Tower three years later, he walked into an even more
rancorous atmosphere.
“I saw a supervisor take a strip holder and
throw it across the tower off the window because
Instead of working, I was at
home sitting in the sun on
the porch getting paid by the
federal government because
some idiot is worried about
whether I have socks on.
— Atlanta Center controller Lee Riley

somebody taxied an airplane down the wrong taxiway,”
says Guensch, who is now the NATCA local
vice president at the FAA Command Center in Herndon,
Virginia. “I’ve seen them throw chairs across the
room and push controllers across the room in their
chairs because they were in the way.”
While filling out the sign-off log, Miami controllers
would mutter with relief, “I made it through
another one with my ticket intact.”
Two weeks after the strike, Transportation
Secretary Drew Lewis appointed an independent
task force to study labor-management relations in the
FAA. President Lawrence M. Jones of The Coleman
Company, a manufacturer of camping and outdoor
recreation products, headed the three-member panel.
In March 1982, the Jones Committee released a detailed
report documenting what controllers already
knew. Despite the massive upheaval of the walkout,
little had changed.
“Morale of most employees at all levels in the
FAA is poor,” the report stated. The committee attributed
this to incompetent and poorly trained managers.
Noting that autocratic supervisors made controllers
believe the agency did not care about them, the
145-page report warned of recurring problems with
employee relations.
Lewis conceded the situation had been deteriorating
for years, but told reporters he saw no “immediate
solution.” However, he vowed to “begin as
17
Oct.
soon as possible the job of improving the working
environment.” 1
Controllers summarized the issue more succinctly
with a frequent refrain: “They fired the wrong
half of the work force.”
Boot Camp
AFL-CIO President Lane Kirkland tells Robert Poli and John Leyden that
the Reagan administration will allow striking controllers to return to work
if PATCO calls off the walkout and its leadership acknowledges respon-
Craig Guensch was part of the “new breed,”
one of thousands of controllers hired to rebuild the
system. The FAA allowed a lucky few with military
experience and the right entrance exam scores to
report directly to a tower, radar room, or center.
But the vast majority of new-hires formed their first
impression of the agency during several months of
intensive, boot camp-like training at the revitalized
FAA Academy, which is part of the Mike Monroney
Aeronautical Center in Oklahoma City.
Among those in the first class, which began
one week after the strike, was a friendly, soft-spoken
man named John Tune. Growing up on a farm in
southern Missouri, two miles from his grandparents,
Tune was drawn by the open horizon and developed
an interest in aviation. After high school, he enlisted
in the Air Force for six years with the understanding
that he could become an air traffic controller.
“I didn’t entirely know what an air traffic controller
was back then. I’d just heard descriptions from
other people,” Tune says, echoing a lack of knowledge
Chapter 2: Opportunity Lost
37
In March 1982, the
Jones Committee
released a detailed
report documenting
continued laborrelations
problems
within the FAA.
The report cited
incompetent and
poorly trained
managers.
sibility. Some PATCO members dispute the deal’s authenticity. Five days
later, PATCO’s Executive Board votes 7-2 to reject the terms, insisting any
agreement should also include the resignation of FAA chief J. Lynn Helms.

38
Against the Wind
John Tune: After working as as a controller
in the Air Force, the Missouri native
underwent FAA training in the first class at
the academy after the strike. / NATCA archives
1981
22
Oct.
common to newcomers in the profession.
Tune was overwhelmed by the unfamiliar
equipment and terminology when he first walked into
the control tower at Dyess Air Force Base in Abilene,
Texas. Fortunately, he was paired with a patient
supervisor, six months from
retirement.
“If you want to be a controller
and have questions, I’ll
be happy to answer them,”
the supervisor said. “But I’m
not going to motivate you to
do the job. That’s something
you have to do yourself.”
Tune took the advice
to heart, hit the books, and
peppered his supervisor with
queries. He became adept at
working T-37s, T-38s, and numerous
B-52 training missions before moving on to Keesler
Air Force Base in Biloxi, Mississippi. Meanwhile, he
applied to the FAA to get a head start on joining the
agency when he went back to civilian life since it often
took months or even years before job openings
occurred.
The FAA wasn’t hiring when Tune left the service
in September 1980, so he returned to southern
Missouri and busied himself driving forklifts at a
lumber mill, working on the mill equipment, and
The FLRA decertifies PATCO, and the union files suit to appeal the action.
On December 3, Anthony “Skip” Skirlick from Los Angeles Center
testifies before the U.S. Court of Appeals. He agrees the government has
fixing semi-trailer trucks while he waited for the
call. He could barely contain his excitement when
the phone rang late in the afternoon of August 5 th ,
Reagan’s deadline.
“It was a goal,” Tune says, “and I’d worked for
peanuts long enough.”
But the strike concerned him. Although Tune
didn’t know much about unions, he understood
that crossing a picket line could be dangerous.
He called his former supervisor in the Air Force,
who was now working for the FAA, and several
other buddies in the agency. “Don’t worry
about it,” they told him. “They won’t fire us all.
Go ahead and take the job.”
Tune and his wife, Faye, drove to the FAA
Regional Office in Kansas City for an orientation
session on Friday. Then they returned home to
pick up their 2½-year-old son and some belongings
before heading west to Oklahoma City. Armed with
a list of apartments that the Regional Office had supplied,
they quickly found a place to live.
On Tuesday, August 11, Tune arrived at the
academy feeling apprehensive. He didn’t know what
to expect as he walked past numerous television news
cameras and into a large auditorium filled with about
sixty people. Among them was Tom Rucker, whom
Tune now describes as “probably the best controller
I’ve ever known.” During opening remarks, the man
at the podium asked everyone in the audience with
a legal right to fire the strikers, but argues that it serves no purpose to
disband a union still numbering several thousand members who are active
controllers. However, the court rules in favor of the FLRA in June 1982.

military training to raise their hand.
“You’ll probably make it,” he announced somberly.
“The rest of you, good luck. You might be able
to get recycled.”
Subsequent classes heard a variation on the
theme. “Turn to your left. Turn to your right,” they
were told. “By the time
we’re done, one of you
won’t be here.”
Typically, stu-
dents watched at least
half of their colleagues
wash out. While some
trainees viewed the
academy’s curriculum
as unrealistic, the need
for rigorous standards
was understandable. As
former academy Deputy
Superintendent Doug
Murphy once explained:
“A controller has to make
thousands of life-anddeath
decisions. The only thing we require is that he
make the right decision every time.” 2
The strike added a less obvious hurdle for the
new-hires. After dividing into several classes, they
faced instructors who were strong strike supporters.
Many trainers were PATCO members who had
9
Dec.
taken temporary leave from the boards to work at the
academy. Looking askance at the new breed, several
intimated that the training would be very difficult. In
one class, nine of the ten students failed to graduate.
There was little time to worry about it.
During their first week, Rucker and other
students destined for en
route centers immersed
themselves in the formidable
task of studying a
“
map called Aero Center,
which they would be
required to draw from
memory. Depicting a
fictitious center, the map
included twenty-one
named intersections, sixteen
airways, and more
than 300 radio frequencies,
altitudes, compass
bearings, and mileages.
Copies of the map were
plastered across the walls
of apartments, on bedroom ceilings, doors, refrigerators,
even in the laundry room of one complex.
Those who survived the map challenge
sweated through several more weeks of classroom
instruction. Every night except Saturday, they studied
together at someone’s apartment. After a pass/fail
A controller has to make
thousands of life-and-death
decisions. The only thing we
require is that he make the
right decision every time.
— Former FAA Academy
Deputy Superintendent Doug Murphy
President Reagan rescinds an order banning fired controllers from seeking
federal work for three years. However, they are still barred from returning
to the FAA. Many controllers who subsequently apply for jobs in other
Chapter 2: Opportunity Lost
government agencies and at overseas air traffic control facilities claim they
have been blacklisted because it’s nearly impossible to get hired.
39

40
1981
Against the Wind
31
Dec.
exam, the lucky survivors moved on to simulated
non-radar problems.
In an unadorned lab, lined with masonry walls
and checkered green linoleum, they were tested
on their ability to think in three dimensions. The
room also contained several
chalkboards and two
rows of beige consoles.
Each console included
a microphone, several
intercom switches, and
a rack for flight strips.
Students sitting along
one row practiced being
controllers while the
other row acted as pilots,
following a detailed
script to simulate various
flights. Some trainees
were so intimidated that they simply quit.
Looming at the end of the grueling course was
a two-hour, 100-question exam. Only those who
scored at least seventy out of a possible 100 for all of
their work in the program would graduate.
“You’d dream about airplanes and crossing
restrictions all night long,” recalls Don Brown, who
entered the academy in November 1981. His half-apack-a-day
smoking habit billowed to three packs
by graduation. Ironically, he encountered problems
Robert Poli reluctantly resigns as president of PATCO after a late-evening
conference call among PATCO leaders. They maintain that the administration
will not alter its stance toward the union until its leadership changes.
even with a background in aviation. Brown knew airplanes
like the back of his hand, having been a “ramp
rat” since age 16 at the airport in Spartanburg, South
Carolina. Yet he failed the aircraft identification test
because the agency mislabeled the planes.
When the trainees
weren’t studying,
they blew off steam at
parties in each other’s
apartments and at local
“
hangouts. A favorite was
Chi Chi’s, which served
gargantuan margaritas
in fish bowls and sold
three drinks for the price
of one during happy
hour. Waiters at Molly
Murphy’s dressed in odd
clothes, purposely acted
rude, and lay across the table while taking customers’
orders. Salad bar patrons stepped up to a low-slung
Jaguar XKE with holes cut into the hood to accommodate
bowls of lettuce and garnishes. Many students
also frequented the Red Dog Saloon, renowned
for the best indoor motorcycle parking in the state.
Customers were warned that anyone without a firearm
would be issued one at the door.
“It was a life of excess,” says one trainee. The
pressure cooker atmosphere also encouraged a cul-
You’d dream about airplanes
and crossing restrictions all
night long.
— Atlanta Center controller Don Brown
Vice President Robert Meyer steps down, as well. In a close election the
next day, Central Region Vice President Gary Eads succeeds Poli and
Western Region VP Domenic Torchia is elected executive vice president.

ture of easy morals. “No one was married there, not
even married couples,” says another.
The trainees felt a close-knit camaraderie that
spilled over into John Tune’s family life. When Halloween
rolled around, he and his wife felt uncomfortable
dressing up their young son as a trick-or-treater
and taking him to strangers’ houses. Not wanting the
tot to miss one of the little pleasures of childhood,
several trainees stopped by the Tune apartment wearing
masks and bearing bags of candy. Their home
overflowed again on Thanksgiving, when fellow
students watched football, drank beer, and enjoyed a
holiday feast that Faye Tune prepared.
After taking the final exam in early December
1981, hopeful trainees spent an anxious night awaiting
their scores, which were posted on a board the
next day. Tom Rucker was the only one of his class of
ten to graduate.
For many who survived the boot camp, their
joy was often cut short when the realities of the job
sank in after arriving at their assigned facility.
Tune received a cordial reception at Wichita
Tower, but Rucker confronted his biggest test yet. The
day he reported to Kansas City Center, he learned the
facility hadn’t checked out a trainee in six years and
was told they didn’t plan to start with him. Rucker
viewed the odds as a challenge. He certified eighteen
months later.
Graduates watched many of their academy
31
Dec.
The FLRA certifies the Professional Airways Systems Specialists to represent
the FAA’s electronics technicians.
brethren wash out for no apparent reason other than
personality conflicts with journeymen controllers
and FAA managers. Some endured what amounted
to an initiation rite.
“I’ll let you make coffee for a week and then
we’ll see if you can put a headset on straight,”
John Carr’s trainer told him at Kansas City Tower/
TRACON.
“If coffee is part of the job, you can just wash
my ass out right now,” Carr responded with his usual
forthrightness.
The peeved instructor replied, “I’m not going to
tell the supervisor, but I’ll make you a project that I
can wash out myself.”
Carr, who’d spent two years as a Navy controller
in Corpus Christi, Texas, and another two on the
USS Eisenhower aircraft carrier, checked out with
relative ease.
Lack of staffing sometimes resulted in hasty
training, particularly at control towers and TRA-
CONs. Controllers who certified on a position—many
referred to this as a “pencil whipping”—immediately
began training others. Some struggled as traffic volumes
continued to mount. In a follow-up report issued
by the Jones Committee in November 1984, one
controller noted: “We’re moving them up too fast.
Usually, a check ride is taken in average traffic. That’s
what they’re qualified for—average traffic.”
Although the FAA publicly maintained that
Chapter 2: Opportunity Lost
41
Lack of staffing
sometimes resulted
in hasty training.
Controllers who
certified on a position
immediately began
training others.

42
Against the Wind
Sign of the times: This warning is posted
at all FAA centers, towers, and TRA-
CONs. After the September 11, 2001,
terrorist attacks, the agency has been
improving security at its facilities. / Japphire
1982
28
Jan.
the skies had never been safer, the agency reported
589 near midair collisions during 1984, a 64 percent
increase over 1981. While rookies poured out
of the academy’s doors and spent several years earning
their stripes, near misses climbed another 80
percent to a peak of 1,058 in 1987 before declining
steadily thereafter. Despite the soaring number of
close calls, however, no major accidents occurred
that involved controller error.
Seeds of Discontent
In an effort to improve its relations with employees,
the FAA formed groups of managers and
controllers in early 1982 to address
local issues. With the right
people, these Facility Advisory
Boards and Human Relations
Councils—known as FABs and
HRCs—could give controllers
a voice and effect real change.
Too often, however, they focused
on inconsequential concerns
and management ignored the
committee’s recommendations.
As a result, the initiative proved
largely futile and piled on another
frustration for controllers.
A supervisor named Fred-
The FAA announces the National Airspace System Plan, which outlines
a twenty-year blueprint. Key elements include: Replacing the aging and
unreliable IBM 9020 mainframe computers and developing “sector suites”
die Fisher ran the FAB in Lincoln, Nebraska. Controllers
would submit suggestions for consideration,
yet he’d typically hand them right back, asserting
they wouldn’t go anyplace. Dan Brandt, a husky Midwesterner
who spent 8½ years in the Air Force before
joining the FAA after the strike, objected one day.
“Wait a minute,” he said. “Isn’t this a group
decision?”
“I’m chairman of the board,” Fisher replied
crisply. “If I say it doesn’t go, it doesn’t go.”
Controller Fred Gilbert served as the FAB
chairman at Chicago Center. “We took the order at
face value,” he says, and became proactive on airspace,
personnel, and other issues. During monthly
telephone conferences among all
four centers in the Great Lakes
Region, Gilbert and his colleagues
realized they faced the
same problems. They quickly realized
that a meeting of all center
FABs made sense.
Gilbert crafted a questionnaire
to query controllers about
work issues and whether a national
meeting should be held.
The FABs from all twenty-four
centers and center-approach
controls—CERAPs—from Guam
to Puerto Rico responded with a
at the agency’s en route centers; consolidating facilities; implementing
Mode S transponders, which ultimately will enable e-mail communications
between controllers and pilots; and installing Doppler weather radar.

esounding yes, although two indicated they could
not afford the trip.
Knowing that it could take several years for the
FAA to fund such a gathering, Gilbert planned an affair
for the spring of 1983 that would be economical
enough for controllers to pay their own way. Then
he approached management to ask for their input.
The facility chief, acting on orders from the Regional
Office, summoned Gilbert soon after and told him
to kill the meeting. Other managers also browbeat
Gilbert and intimidated members of the Chicago
Center FAB. Gilbert finally capitulated and canceled
the event.
Later that summer, Gilbert was asked to testify
at a congressional hearing on controller stress. The
FAA’s notoriety extended beyond the Jones Committee
report, and Capitol Hill continued to monitor the
industry. Gilbert appeared with half a dozen other
controllers and managers. Obviously prepped in
advance, committee members asked him a series of
pointed questions about the canceled FAB conference.
One congressman wanted to know whether management’s
intimidation had been stressful.
“For the rest of my life, this will define what
stress is,” Gilbert replied.
The agency gradually phased out FABs by 1990.
2
July
PATCO files for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. President Gary Eads says the union
has $5 million in assets but owes $40 million, including $33.4 million to
airlines for violating a 1970 injunction against striking.
NATCA and the FAA had signed their first contract
by this time, and the committees were in violation of
Articles 7 and 48, which concerned negotiations over
changes in the workplace.
“The opportunity was here to improve the situation
tremendously and the opportunity was lost,”
says Jack Crouse, a Washington Center controller
who chose not to strike and later helped lead the effort
to form a new union at the facility. “The FAA did
not take advantage of it.”
Instead, the agency turned a deaf ear to complaints
from its work force and a blind eye to the
Jones Committee reports and General Accounting
Office studies that documented the FAA’s abysmal
employee-management relations. Staggering under
the weight of so many autocratic managers, the
agency found itself incapable of significant change.
Just as the PATCO strike had evolved into a fait accompli,
so, too, did these new seeds of discontent inevitably
blossom into the desire for regaining union
representation.
1. 1982. Incompetent management found to be a factor in low morale among
controllers. Daily Labor Reporter. 17 March (No. 52).
2. Chiles, Jim. 1990. The rigors of air traffic control school. Smithsonian Magazine.
January.
Chapter 2: Opportunity Lost
43

“ We wanted a
greater voice
because we knew
what happened
when we didn’t
have one.
— President John Carr
Day of reckoning: NATCA provisional
regional reps and others listen to national
organizer John Thornton, right, on June 11,
1987, when the FLRA tallied votes that resulted
in union certification. / NATCA archives

Chapter 3
A Long and Winding Road
The day shift had ended at Washington Center, a squat, oblong building
clad in red brick and white corrugated metal siding on the outskirts
of Leesburg, Virginia. Many of the controllers trudging across
the parking lot were exhausted. Washington Center handles traffic over eight
states, including the congested New York-D.C. corridor.
Since 1981, the number of flights had increased
20 percent to an average of 6,000 a day, yet
the ranks of radar controllers had rebounded to only
about half their pre-strike levels. On this afternoon in
the fall of 1983, twelve to fifteen controllers chose not
to go directly home. Alerted by word of mouth to a
special meeting, they gathered around a large conference
table in a training room on the second floor of
the facility. Many of them, including a well-liked man
named Rick Jones, were veterans who had stayed on
the job in 1981.
Jones stood up and began talking about a new
program the FAA planned to implement at all of its
centers called Structured Staffing. The agency intended
to limit the number of full-performance level
radar controllers. New-hires could not move up until
there was a vacancy. It appeared no relief was in sight
for FPLs weary of six-day weeks that resulted from
short staffing.
“My head, my stomach, my
whole body is spinning around,”
one controller said at the time. “I
can’t keep up with the workload.
You either need more people to do
the work or you need less work—
it’s a simple equation.” 1
Another aspect of Structured
Staffing, which the FAA put
into effect soon after the Washington
Center meeting, gave priority
for on-the-job training to developmentals with college
credits, regardless of previous air traffic control
Paul Williams
Birthplace: Frustrated by short-staffing,
air traffic controllers at Washington Center
formed a facility-based organization
called NATCA during the fall of 1983.

46
1982
Against the Wind
9
July
experience. On the surface, the policy appeared to be
profiling. It favored new-hires with more education,
a group that might be less likely to harbor pro-union
sentiments.
But, rather than
quell another uprising,
the agency sparked a
fire. Angry trainees with
more seniority watched
helplessly as they were
passed over. Ex-military
controllers in the
FAA were particularly
incensed. Despite their
years at military air bases
or onboard aircraft carriers,
they were relegated to
passing out flight strips
and assisting radar controllers.
Meanwhile, less
experienced colleagues,
many of whom had no
aviation background,
advanced in the training program and enjoyed accompanying
pay raises.
“The academy was tough enough,” says Atlanta
Center controller Don Brown, whose class in Oklahoma
City lost 65 percent. “Once we got back, we had
to do just about as much work all over again before
A Pan American World Airways 727 departing from New Orleans International
Airport encounters wind shear and crashes, killing all 145 aboard
and eight on the ground. A subsequent study recommends wider use of
we got on the floor. And then we got on the floor and
that was tough. But we survived this process—where
you had to be superhuman to do it because the vast
majority of us didn’t make it—and what was our
reward? They held us up
six months.”
The issue involved
more than money. For
“
academy graduates who’d
been told they could check
out at their en route center
in two years and two
days—an impractical goal
for such a complex job,
they realized later—this
constituted the “first big
lie” from their employer.
The FAA also proposed
a variation of Structured
— Washington Center controller Staffing for towers and
TRACONs, but never
implemented it.
For the Washington
Center controllers who had gathered after work,
the mere prospect of Structured Staffing was the last
straw. Most of them had been fully trained long ago.
But the center dearly needed more radar controllers
so they could cut back on their overtime hours. Nor
did the old guard like how the program would delay
My head, my stomach, my
whole body is spinning
around. I can’t keep up with
the workload. You either need
more people to do the work
or you need less work—it’s a
simple equation.
Low-Level Wind Shear Alert Systems at airports, and in October 1983 the
FAA orders fifty-one more systems. By October 1991, LLWAS units are
installed at 110 airports across the country.

timely advancement of new-hires. Rick Jones and
others in the room agreed that the only way they
could try to change the new policy, along with other
issues, was through a labor union.
Philosophical deliberation quickly turned tactical:
Who could lead their embryonic group? For
president, Jones suggested Jack Crouse, an Air Force
veteran who had worked at Rochester Tower and
Baltimore Approach before transferring to the center
about six weeks before the strike. Easygoing and
articulate, Crouse seemed like a good choice and the
controllers appointed him without
bothering to vote.
They also agreed on Charlie
Bolling for vice president and a
tall, heavyset controller named Mike
Scott, who’d previously worked at
Chicago Center, for treasurer. For secretary,
they prevailed on John Bentley,
a Washington Center mainstay since
1970 who was perfectly suited for the
position. He owned a key tool of the
trade—a RadioShack TRS-80 ® computer.
With that settled, a new question arose: What
should they call themselves? Someone suggested
PATCA, replacing “Organization” with “Association.”
Crouse shook his head. Too close to PATCO, he said.
Someone else proposed NATCO, and the wheels be-
5
Nov.
The FAA announces it will consider specially qualified air traffic controller
applicants who are 31 to 35 years old, waiving the previous age limit of
gan turning. The Air Traffic Control Association still
existed, so ATCA was ruled out. But what if they added
the word “National” in front of it?
The group made no decision that day, but they
soon adopted the name National Air Traffic Controllers
Association, despite their intention to form a
single-facility union. The organizers created simple
membership cards and those who joined contributed
whatever they could afford each month. NATCA’s
founders wanted to get back with the AFL-CIO, as
their predecessor
union had
been. But they
learned the
vast labor organization
was
not accepting
unions
directly. Instead,
NAT-
CA would
need to join
through an AFL-CIO affiliate.
Undeterred, NATCA contacted the American
Federation of Government Employees, which represented
about 750,000 workers employed by sixtyseven
agencies and the District of Columbia. The controllers’
issues were all too familiar to organizer John
Thornton, whom AFGE had hired a year earlier.
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
31. The change applies to the November 8-30 application period and any
other application periods through 1984.
47
New union: Within six months of its
founding, two-thirds of Washington Center
controllers had signed a petition supporting
the proposed labor organization.

48
1983
Against the Wind
4
Jan.
A fired striker, Thornton had been out of work
until early 1982. He and his family survived on his
wife’s nursing salary until he picked up a job selling
insurance, although he continued to lobby Capitol
Hill to get the strikers rehired. Several months later,
John Leyden told Thornton about the job at AFGE
and he soon found himself working happily for the
largest federal employee union in the country.
But when his boss approached him about
organizing the Washington Center controllers—he
was the only PATCO member on staff—Thornton
resisted.
“I didn’t want to do it,” he says. “These were
people who had replaced me. I had a lot of baggage
to get over.” Wrestling with his emotions, Thornton
finally recognized the wisdom of helping after Leyden
said to him, “There’s no way the government will
allow fired controllers to be rehired unless they’re
unionized.”
One evening in December 1983, as Thornton
headed toward the door at AFGE headquarters on his
way to meet some of the Leesburg organizers, union
President Ken Blaylock caught his eye and stopped
him. “Now, John, when you get there, you tell those
people that AFGE was the only union to support
PATCO. Make sure they know that,” Blaylock said.
Thornton nodded politely. He knew the NAT-
CA contingent would never respond to that type of
message and suddenly realized how little the clerical
The FAA increases requirements for on-the-job instructors.
They must be certified on the position they are training, worked
it for at least 30 solo hours, and been certified as an instructor.
A Face from the Past
After serving as a controller in the Air
Force for eight years—including a year at
Phan Rang Air Base in Vietnam—John Thornton
joined the FAA in 1973 at Washington
National Tower/TRACON.
He ran for president of the PATCO local
three years later while still a trainee. His
brother-in-law, Victor Padgett, an FPL at the
facility, tossed his name in the ring, too, telling
Thornton, “I didn’t think anyone should
run unopposed.”
But Padgett cast his ballot for Thornton,
who won by a single vote.
Tall, soft-spoken, and professional,
Thornton distinguished himself as a union
leader at the facility and as a voting representative
at several PATCO conventions, speaking
for towers and TRACONs from Pittsburgh
south to Richmond and Roanoke, Virginia.
With a young daughter at home, the
36-year-old father worried about the health
consequences of his job. He couldn’t bear to
endure the same fate as a friend a few years
older who’d suffered a heart attack and was no
longer able to pick up his children. Thornton
joined the chorus for a strike in hopes of gaining
a better retirement and shorter workweek.
Like other notables in PATCO, his
activism attracted unwanted attention. He

was singled out with
five other controllers
in Washington,
D.C., and Virginia
and arrested on felony
charges of striking
against the government.
Kenneth Conklin,
the attorney who
represented Thornton
and two other defendants,
negotiated a
settlement with the
Justice Department
in which they would
plead no contest to
misdemeanor contempt
charges and pay
a small fine.
But two weeks
before Christmas in
1981, the final court
hearing took an unexpected turn.
“The government has made its
point, but the court’s point is a little different:
the integrity of its orders,” District
Judge Albert Bryan Jr. told Conklin and
his clients. 2
“They made one mistake,” Conk-
Courtesy of Howie Barte
John Thornton: The former PATCO controller
found himself organizing a largely
new work force two years after the strike.
�
lin argued in their
defense. “They didn’t
go back to work.” 3
Unmoved, the
judge ignored the plea
bargain agreement
and sentenced the
defendants to ten days
in the Fairfax County
Jail.
Thornton, Tom
Galloway, who had
been the PATCO
president at Washington
Center, and another
center controller
named Bill Lombardi
Jr. glanced at each
other in shock. When
the hearing concluded,
federal marshals
handcuffed the three
nervous men, secured their legs with
shackles, and shuffled them out the back
door of the courthouse to an official car.
In a conciliatory gesture, another
judge reduced the $5,000 fines levied
against Thornton and Galloway to $1,000
each later that day. *
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
To their relief, the three controllers
were locked up together in the same
cellblock with older, non-violent inmates.
For ten sobering days, they slept fitfully
on mattresses on the floor and listened as
guards regularly broke up fights among
younger convicts across the hall. The
worst moment for Thornton came that
first night when he faced his wife and
daughter through the thick glass separating
him from the visitors’ room.
Ginny had been present at all previous
hearings, but on Thornton’s advice
she skipped the final court appearance on
the assumption that it would be routine.
Alerted by his attorney, she quickly called
relatives before they watched the evening
news. Eleven-year-old Michelle handled it
well, too, though Thornton still worried
that the experience would frighten her.
When the trio was released, 200
controllers and their families massed
outside the jailhouse to greet them in a
touching show of support.
* Fines were also reduced for the PATCO presidents from
Dulles Tower/TRACON and Newport News, Virginia. Stephen
Wallaert of Norfolk Tower/TRACON was not fined,
but spent a week in jail in August 1981.
49

50
Against the Wind
union understood his former profession. The key, he
believed, was to focus on controller issues.
Outlining the process of forming a union, he
explained to the group that they had to collect signatures
calling for an election from at least 30 percent of
the work force. The petition would then be filed with
the Federal Labor Relations Authority. Then, once an
Brian Fallon
Expanding interest: The strike wiped out much of the work force at New York TRACON. Heavy traffic, understaffing,
and a difficult certification process for trainees prompted controllers to discuss organizing a new union in early 1984.
1983
Feb. Feb.
Transportation Secretary Drew Lewis leaves office after serving
since January 23, 1981.
1
7
election was scheduled, a majority would have to vote
in favor of the union.
The next month, President Reagan recited the
oath of office for his second term. At AFGE, Thornton’s
phone began ringing with calls from controllers
in New York, Atlanta, several cities in Florida, and
elsewhere.
The Pressure Cooker
Situated along bustling Stewart Avenue in the
Long Island suburb of Westbury is New York TRA-
CON. The boxy white building contains a cavernous
dark room with radarscopes lining all four walls and
rows of lockers that stand upright like sentries behind
the scopes. In the center of the room are more scopes,
plus desks for supervisors and other personnel.
From here, controllers juggle thousands of arrivals
and departures every day from seventeen airport
towers crowded into some of the most congested
airspace in the world. Aside from the big three—Kennedy,
LaGuardia, and Newark—Teterboro in New
Jersey ranks as one of the busiest general aviation
airports in the country. Controllers also coordinate
en route traffic crossing over the metropolitan area
with Boston, New York, and Washington centers.
Formerly known as the “Common IFR Room,”
the facility earned a notorious reputation in the wake
of the strike for its heavy traffic and harsh manage-
Elizabeth Dole takes over from Lewis. Dole, most recently
assistant to President Reagan for public liaison, had served in
government posts as far back as the Johnson administration.

ment, which increasingly leaned on the decimated
work force to move more metal.
The pressure cooker atmosphere was often brutal
for trainees, half of whom washed out. Walking on
eggshells trying to please their instructors, they frequented
the local T.G.I. Friday’s and other watering
holes, hoping to pass muster with the FPLs in an
initiation rite to certification.
The atmosphere also helped spawn close
friendships and a hotbed of unionism that
brought together such activists as Phil Barbarello,
Steve Bell, Joe Fruscella, Steve Kelley, and
Joe O’Brien, all of whom worked in the Newark
sector, and Barry Krasner over in the LaGuardia
area. *
George Kerr was now on the boards at the TRA-
CON, too, working in the Islip sector. After losing his
re-election bid as the Eastern Region vice president
for PATCO, he left office a month before the strike.
Kerr suffered from hepatitis A, a condition that prevented
him from passing the FAA’s medical exam, his
ticket back to the boards. Consequently, he watched
sadly from home as thousands of fellow union members
forfeited their careers.
By the time he recuperated, PATCO had been
decertified. With the help of the FAA Eastern Region
director and the agency’s head of labor relations, who
respected Kerr’s honesty and even-handedness, he
was rehired in September 1982.
Fall
The FAA institutes Structured Staffing at its centers. The program limits
the number of radar controllers, which delays training for new-hires and
increases overtime for journeymen. Structured Staffing also gives priority
Kerr immediately saw that little had changed
within the FAA. He also felt a certain debt over getting
his job back. “I’m a trade unionist and I do believe
in this thing called the brotherhood,” he says.
When new controllers sought his advice
on workplace issues, he offered
it freely.
Krasner, O’Brien, and others
had learned about NATCA
at Washington Center. Frustrated
by the ineffectiveness
of the TRACON’s Human Relations
Council, they heeded
Kerr’s whispered suggestions
about organizing and held a meeting
for controllers in early 1984 at the
Westbury Holiday Inn. Only a handful of people
showed up, but the group was determined to move
forward. They appointed O’Brien and Krasner as
president and vice president, respectively, of an organization
with no formal name.
Krasner, who grew up in Flushing, New York,
had quit high school five months before graduation
(he later earned his GED) and served as a surveillance
radar controller on a guided missile frigate in
the Atlantic. After his discharge from the Navy, he
attended electronics school and opened a shop with
a friend. But the business relationship soured and he
drifted along selling electronics parts. By the time of
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
for on-the-job training to controllers with college credits regardless of
previous ATC experience. The FAA dissolves Structured Staffing in June
1984, but it leads some frustrated controllers to thoughts of a union.
51
Joe O’Brien: The former Navy controller
was 22 when he started at New York
TRACON in February 1982. Two years
later, he was appointed the facility’s first
local president. / Courtesy of Howie Barte
* In spring 2002, New York TRACON boasted
100 percent membership in NATCA. With
250 controllers and fourteen traffic management
specialists, it was the largest such local
in the country. Chicago Center ranked as the
local with the most members—400.

52
Against the Wind
the strike, Krasner was on the brink of turning 29,
and realized he and his wife needed more financial
security. Air traffic control seemed like a good bet.
He took the FAA’s entrance exam and the agency
soon called to offer him a job.
Despite his experience in the Navy, Krasner
didn’t know much about air traffic control, least of all
the distinction between centers and TRACONs. When
the FAA asked him where he wanted to work, he inquired,
“What’s the highest-paying place closest to my
house?” New York TRACON, the agency said. Krasner
promptly told them the TRACON was his choice. At
the academy, though, he began to question his decision.
Instructors who heard where he was headed after
Japphire
Atlanta Center: Organizing began here in spring 1984 after controllers heard about efforts in Washington and New
York. Despite fear of management reprisals, 30 percent of the center’s controllers signed a petition within one week.
1983
Fall
Controllers at Washington Center talk about creating an independent
union at their facility. Veterans Jack Crouse, Charlie Bolling, John Bentley,
and Mike Scott lead the effort, which they call the National Air Traffic
graduation would often ask, “Who did you piss off?”
Krasner’s interest in the union was an anomaly
for his family, which only knew about organized labor
from word of mouth. When he called home to announce
his intentions and seek advice, the response
reflected that culture.
“Don’t do it. Just walk away,” said his father,
a chiropractor. “You’re going to be fired just like the
rest of them.”
Krasner shrugged off his concerns. He and the
other activists met with John Thornton and went
about the process of gathering signatures for an election
petition. To fund their venture, they instituted
voluntary dues of $5 a pay period. More than half
of the controllers supported the effort, coughing up
money to crew reps who came around to collect.
A Daunting Task
Atlanta Center lies tucked away off Highway
19/41, across the road from the Atlanta Motor Speedway
in rural Hampton, Georgia, a half-hour’s drive
south of the city. During a midnight shift, controller
Lee Riley leaned back in his chair, propped both feet
up on the console, and chatted on the phone with a
colleague in Leesburg.
Riley, who had all of two years of experience
in the FAA, was commiserating about a software program
installed recently at the centers. Traditionally,
Controllers Association. Other facilities also launch organizing efforts
soon after, including New York Center and TRACON, and control towers
in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and Bradley, Connecticut.

center controllers visually estimated the horizontal
separation minimum of five miles between planes.
The new program—called the Operational Error Detection
Patch—automatically documented instances
when Riley and his colleagues underestimated
five miles by as
little as 528 feet. Controllers
were suffering
deals left and
right while they
grew used to the
software, which
they scornfully
referred to as “the
Snitch” and “Squeal-a-
Deal.”
Riley’s ears perked up
when he heard about the formation of NATCA in Leesburg.
He passed the word on to several Atlanta Center
controllers, including his brother, Bill, who owned a
trucking business with Lee on the side and had been
hired immediately after the strike. Galvanized by the
activity at Washington Center, the group held a meeting
in April 1984 at a nearby Holiday Inn to gauge
union interest at their facility.
They kept the gathering secret from management
in hopes of attracting a larger turnout, but only
a dozen or so controllers attended. Among them was
a crew member from Bill Riley’s area named Randy
23
Dec.
A Korean Air Lines cargo DC-10 attempting to take off in fog from Anchorage
International Airport collides on the runway with a Piper Navajo.
The accident injures three people and destroys both planes. Subsequently,
Carter. Hard working and low-key, Carter represented
the antithesis of unionism, and to Riley his presence
spoke volumes about frustration among the rank and
file. Despite the fear of retaliation from management,
the controllers formed a research committee. Tom
Allen, Al Damalas, and Bob Hoffman were appointed
to check out their options.
Damalas called his old friend, John
Leyden, who put the Atlanta group in
touch with George Kerr and NATCA.
Kerr told Damalas about the AFGEsponsored
petition drive at New York
TRACON, as well as another one at
New York Center. In late spring, the
Atlanta Center contingent decided to
align itself with AFGE, too, and started to
gather signatures.
Riley and company faced a daunting task in the
South. Widespread textile mill strikes earlier in the
century—as many as 400,000 walked out in 1934—
had cultivated a deep-rooted aversion to labor unions.
Wounds were still fresh for those who endured the
upheaval in 1981. And many new-hires turned a cold
shoulder to anything resembling a “PATCO II” organization.
Controllers who stood still long enough to
listen to the pitch about signing a petition fretted over
the vast wasteland of trainee washouts, management
clampdowns on phraseology mistakes, and a general
fear of the unknown. More than a few who signed
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
53
Lee Riley: Along with his brother, Bill, he
was an early advocate for a new controllers’
union. Riley later became Southern
regional representative. / NATCA archives
ground radar known as Airport Surface Detection Equipment undergoing
testing at the FAA Technical Center is transferred to Anchorage. On
October 10, 1985, the agency orders thirteen more ASDE-3 units.

54
Against the Wind
1983/84
31
Dec.
sheepishly approached organizers later and asked
them to scratch their name off the list.
“I never saw any management retribution,”
Bill Riley says. “But the
fear was there.” Nevertheless,
30 percent of Atlanta
Center controllers signed
within the first week of
their drive.
The numbers were
mounting elsewhere, too.
In late May 1984, AFGE
filed a petition with the
Federal Labor Relations
Authority for an independent,
facility-only union
at Washington Center.
NATCA’s petition included
signatures from twothirds
of the 320 controllers
in Leesburg.
In June, AFGE filed
petitions from New York
Center and TRACON
and Atlanta Center, the
first salvos in a nationwide
drive. Although the eventual union would be
relatively small, organizing presented a monumental
challenge. The FAA’s 12,000 controllers staffed about
The FAA cancels its General Aviation Reservation system,
which had been in effect for private pilots wishing to fly IFR
since the PATCO strike 2½ years earlier.
450 facilities scattered across all fifty states and several
U.S. territories. Hoping to obtain faster results,
AFGE planned to separately organize each of the
agency’s nine regions before
combining them into
a national unit.
The union would
be designated a council
“
of AFGE rather than a
full affiliate. As such, it
was called the American
Air Traffic Controllers
Council—or AATCC.
Meanwhile, another
government union
known as the National
Federation of Federal
Employees submitted
— ALPA President Henry A. Duffy
petitions from control
towers in Atlantic City,
New Jersey, and Bradley-
Windsor Locks in Connecticut.
Whether the
combined activity influenced
the FAA is unclear,
but the agency suspended
its Structured Staffing program that same month.
The controllers’ efforts also attracted outside attention
and gained significant credibility when the influ-
Controllers must be recognized
by their employers as
the professional group that
they are, and must be provided
with the work rules
needed to exercise their judgments
free of fatigue and
overburdened working
conditions.
31
Jan.
FAA Administrator J. Lynn Helms leaves office after serving
since April 22, 1981.

ential Air Line Pilots Association endorsed their cause.
“We don’t wish to see a return to old attitudes,”
ALPA President Henry A. Duffy said. “To prevent
that, the controllers must be recognized by their
employers as the professional group that they are,
and must be provided with the work rules needed to
exercise their judgments free of fatigue and overburdened
working conditions.” 4
Like sparks from a prairie fire, pockets of interest
ignited rapidly. Drives sponsored by AFGE spread
south into West Virginia, Tennessee, and Florida,
where former PATCO controller Art Joseph at Miami
Center was collecting signatures. They took flight in
the Midwest under Fred Gilbert’s stewardship at Chicago
Center and at Indianapolis Center, where Mike
Ford—one of the strikers who’d successfully appealed
his firing—formed a loose-knit group with
some colleagues called the Professional Controllers
Alliance. Out West, veterans Phil Greer at
Oakland Center and Anthony “Skip” Skirlick
at Los Angeles Center sounded the call.
In New England, Howie Barte, who’d
refused to strike in Rhode Island, heard about
the Washington Center effort earlier in the
spring. Barte, with warm green eyes punctuated
by dark eyebrows and a face framed in a Dutch boy
haircut, was no stranger to union activism.
A former pilot for three air taxi outfits in
Puerto Rico, he joined the FAA during a hiring binge
1984
10
Apr.
in 1970 and later served for eighteen months as the
local PATCO president at the tower in New Bedford,
Massachusetts. Barte transferred to Quonset TRA-
CON in 1978. After barely finishing classroom training,
he demonstrated his characteristic feistiness by
successfully challenging management’s decision to
reschedule developmentals who were supposed to
work on Labor Day, robbing them of holiday pay. He
later became editor of the Quonset TRACON Tabloid, a
PATCO newsletter.
Now, however, Barte was reluctant to jump into
the fray again. “I really didn’t want to have anything
to do with unions because of the fear and anguish
that PATCO put me through,” he says. “But the FAA
made me realize how shortsighted that was.”
He, too, phoned Kerr and
subsequently received a call
from John Thornton. At a
meeting in May, Thornton
met Barte, Donna Gropper,
who was a controller at
Providence Tower, and eight
or so others from Quonset,
Providence, New Bedford,
and Groton, Connecticut. Once
again, Thornton mapped out the road to a union.
After returning to Washington, Thornton called
Barte to ask if he’d serve as the New England organizing
representative. With 8- and 11-year-old daugh-
Retired Navy Vice Adm. Donald D. Engen takes over as FAA administrator
from J. Lynn Helms, who resigned two months earlier. Engen received
twenty-nine decorations for flying in World War II. He also flew combat
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
55
Dynamic duo: Controllers Donna Gropper
and Howie Barte led the drive to
organize facilities throughout New England
during the summer of 1984. / NATCA archives
missions in the Korean War. After retiring from the Navy in 1978, he
worked for Piper Aircraft Corporation and the consulting firm Kentron
before becoming a member of the National Transportation Safety Board.

56
Against the Wind
Donna Gropper: Since the FAA hired her
in 1975, Gropper has worked in numerous
union and management positions. She is
now air traffic manager at Orlando Tower/
TRACON. Workers and management laud
her collaborative philosophy. / Japphire
* PATCO’s bargaining unit included automation
specialists, who maintain the software
programs that run radarscopes and other
equipment at FAA facilities. They logically
became involved in efforts for a new union.
1984
May
ters who kept him on the go and a half-built addition
in the back of his home waiting to be finished, Barte
declined. “All I wanted was a contract,” he says. “I
didn’t want to be a leader. I didn’t have time to get
involved.”
Thornton then asked Gropper, who agreed.
Like Barte, she had been involved in
PATCO as the secretary and vice
president of the union local at
Mac Arthur TRACAB (a combined
tower and TRACON)
on Long Island. However,
Barte, a passionate, driven
individual who could
not stand idly on the
sidelines, called Thornton
back. “We’ll give
you two for the price of
one,” he said. “We’ll be
co-reps.”
Throughout the
summer, the two arduously
mounted their drive
for signatures, quickly turning
petitions over to AFGE from the
four facilities that attended the May meeting as well
as others in New England. During all of their spare
time, Barte burned up the phone lines making contacts
while Gropper tapped a staccato beat on their
AFGE files a petition with the FLRA to form NATCA at Washington Center.
The petition is signed by 214 controllers, about two-thirds of those
working in Leesburg, Virginia. In June, AFGE also files petitions for Atlanta
Royal typewriter crafting a monthly newsletter to
spread the gospel.
On October 22, 1984, AFGE filed a petition on
behalf of all facilities in New England, making it the
first region to seek an election for a union. The bargaining
unit would represent about 665 controllers,
automation specialists, and air traffic assistants. *
“It really took fire in the Northeast,” recalls
Gropper, who later moved into several management
positions along the Eastern Seaboard
before assuming her current job as air traffic
manager at Orlando Tower/TRACON. “But I
was amazed by how the rest of the country
came through pretty quickly, too. It
was a grass-roots effort.”
By this time, AFGE had filed petitions
from twenty-eight facilities and organizing
had branched out into Kansas,
Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and as far
away as Alaska.
A Damaging Rift
Even as the controllers celebrated reaching
a major milestone in New England, several brewing
problems threatened their momentum.
In Atlanta, the Riley brothers disliked AFGE’s
policy of making their proposed union a council
rather than a separate affiliate. “We have different
Center, and New York Center and TRACON for a union called the
American Air Traffic Controllers Council (AATCC). NFFE files for unions
at control towers in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and Bradley, Connecticut.

needs. We wanted to be our own game,” Lee Riley
says. How could the controllers expect AFGE to
negotiate on their behalf for a straight 20-year retirement,
extra sick leave, and a major pay raise when its
legions of office workers could not justify the same
consideration because of the less stressful nature of
their jobs?
Other controllers agreed—up to a point. Yes,
their profession faced unique issues that were foreign
to AFGE’s membership. But they did not believe the
union’s policy on councils was a showstopper. If
AFGE failed to serve them adequately, the controllers
could affiliate with another union after they were
certified as a bargaining unit.
The Rileys disagreed, however, and withdrew
their support for AATCC. * The brothers did not
speak officially for the Southern Region, but their
actions affected the organizing. Only 24 percent of
the region’s 2,700 controllers had signed AATCC petitions
by December 1984.
In a yearend status report, AFGE organizing
director David Kushner noted that the rift “hurt us
quite badly and spilled over to Southwest, Central,
and Western-Pacific regions.” At a just-concluded
meeting in Chicago, he wrote, several AATCC regional
representatives talked about the difficulty in
attracting younger controllers. The new-hires echoed
the Rileys’ contention that a union of clerical workers
didn’t understand their profession well enough to
22
Oct.
AFGE files a petition for AATCC New England. More than 40 percent
of controllers have signed petition cards. The FLRA holds hearings on
AATCC’s petition November 27-30. The FAA challenges the proposed
help them effectively. Even in the Eastern Region, anchored
by the labor stronghold of New York, Kushner
warned that support for AFGE was waning.
Predictably, AATCC also faced resistance from
its employer, which did not welcome the prospect
of another union regardless of its affiliation. Retired
Navy Adm. Donald Engen, who had taken over as
FAA administrator from J. Lynn Helms in April 1984,
publicly acknowledged that the agency “never really
resolved” its labor problems. But he said he preferred
to work with controllers individually. 5
That July, the FAA moved to derail the organizers.
In a motion filed with the FLRA, the agency
sought to consolidate all the facility petitions into
a single national bargaining unit. “The employees
covered by the petitions do not have a community of
interest separate and distinct” from controllers elsewhere,
the FAA argued. The FLRA scheduled hearings
in November to consider the issue.
Ironically, the FAA had taken the opposite stance
in 1970 when it demanded that PATCO form single-facility
unions. As a result of the agency’s current tactic,
controllers would have to invest significantly more
time and money to collect signatures from 30 percent
of the entire work force before an election could be
held. The outlook was even gloomier at Washington
Center, where the agency’s action appeared to doom
the independent NATCA. In September, Jack Crouse
and company decided to merge their effort with
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
union on the grounds that it is regional rather than national and includes
data systems specialists (they were included in PATCO’s bargaining unit).
A regional FLRA director rules in AATCC’s favor, but the FAA appeals.
57
The darkest cloud
overshadowing the
organizing effort
was money. AFGE
had serious financial
difficulties.
* In March 1985, Lee Riley and Anthony “Skip”
Skirlick formed an organization called the
United Air Traffic Controllers Lobby in hopes
of affiliating directly with ALPA. However, the
group never got off the ground.

58
Against the Wind
AATCC and the NATCA name was dropped.
The darkest cloud overshadowing the effort
was money. AFGE membership had plummeted
during the early 1980s, creating serious financial
difficulties. In his report, Kushner proposed a conservative
budget of $675,000 to continue organizing
the controllers in 1985. He conceded it would
take another twelve to fifteen months before AFGE
could expect enough money in dues from AATCC
to cover its costs. Kushner also worried about the
“shallow support” for the effort among AFGE’s
national vice presidents, given its financial constraints
and the challenges of organizing a different
Japphire
800 Independence Avenue: In its appeal against petitions for regional unions, the FAA argued that it ran the air traffic
control system from headquarters in Washington and, therefore, the new bargaining unit should be nationwide.
1984
2
Nov.
At an AATCC New England meeting, controllers elect Howie Barte from
Quonset TRACON in Rhode Island as their regional representative. Several
other regions also have reps by this time: Eastern, Joe D’Alessio, later
type of work force.
The movement at Washington Center, which
began a mere two years after the strike, had sparked
regional activity and coalesced into a promising
takeoff. But as AATCC ended 1984 on a tenuous
note, the flight toward a national union was in danger
of stalling.
Controllers Win a Round
A badly needed victory lifted spirits on February
28, 1985, when the FLRA approved the New
England petition. The ruling followed three days
of hearings the previous November, when the FAA
reiterated its objection to the proposed single-facility
unions in Atlantic City and Bradley-Windsor Locks
as well as the regional unit in New England.
The agency argued that it directed air traffic
operations and employee relations from its headquarters
at 800 Independence Avenue in Washington—not
from its nine regional offices. Therefore,
any union should be national in scope. The FAA also
maintained that automation specialists were part of
management and should not be included in any bargaining
unit.
FLRA Regional Director S. Jesse Reuben partially
agreed and dismissed petitions for the singlefacility
unions. But he allowed the New England unit
by noting that FAA regional directors “have broad au-
replaced by Joe O’Brien, both from New York TRACON; Great Lakes,
Fred Gilbert from Chicago Center; Northwest Mountain, Gary Molen
from Salt Lake Center.

thority concerning day-to-day conditions of employment.”
Reuben also agreed with AATCC’s inclusion of
automation specialists and air traffic assistants in the
union since employees in both jobs worked closely
with controllers. Traffic assistants even reported
to the same supervisors and personnel office.
The FAA had sixty days to appeal, until
which time the election for a union in
New England remained on hold. Nevertheless,
the ruling thrilled AATCC’s organizers.
They were also encouraged that the
FLRA’s regional director understood the
FAA’s inconsistent management policies.
All controllers knew that the FAA was not
the cohesive, nationwide entity it purported
to be. Substantial differences in work rules,
terminology, and even some operating procedures
existed among the regions, giving rise to the term
“the Nine Kingdoms.”
Shortly after the ruling, Eastern Region gathered
enough signatures to petition the FLRA for a
second regional unit. By the spring of 1985, AATCC
had submitted sixty-four petitions—more than double
the number from the previous October—from
facilities in twenty states and Puerto Rico, thanks
to dogged efforts by Thornton, two organizers he’d
hired, and numerous controllers. Discontent was
so pervasive at the San Juan CERAP that Barte and
Gropper signed up most of the controllers during a
30
Nov.
The United States Air Traffic Control Organization disbands due to a lack
of money. USATCO was created in April 1982 and included about 800
members at its peak in 1983. Existing without a contract or an employer,
three-day trip to Puerto Rico.
AFGE’s Eastern states organizer was Beth Thomas.
A former operating room nurse turned controller,
Thomas had firsthand experience
with the issues and was steeped in
union culture. She had grown
up in Altoona, Pennsylvania,
where her grandfather
sloshed through knee-deep,
icy water in the state’s coal
mines. His descriptions
of the hazardous working
conditions—miners carried
a canary with them through
the dark, dank tunnels to
warn of toxic gases—left a lasting
impression about the important
protections that unions can provide.
Thomas’s mother worked for the city and belonged
to a union, as did several uncles who held railroad
jobs.
Her husband, Chuck, was a fired controller
in Tampa. Beth Thomas had applied to the agency
in the 1970s and was waiting to be hired when the
strike hit. The FAA offered her a job soon after, but
she declined. However, she accepted a second offer
in December 1981 and was assigned to small control
towers in Hagerstown, Maryland, and Binghamton,
New York. Unable to transfer back to Tampa, where
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
USATCO focused on reinstating the fired controllers. Membership continually
dwindled, however, in the face of a May 1984 federal court ruling
against reinstatement and President Reagan’s re-election in the fall.
59
Beth Thomas: The controller turned labor
organizer understood the pressures of
her former profession. Even so, Thomas
fought an uphill battle persuading controllers
to support a new union. / NATCA archives

Beth
Thomas
Traffic Management
Specialist
2001 — Pre s e n t
Op e r a t i n g in i t i a l s: ET
NATCA archives
HOm e t O w n : Altoona, Pennsylvania
Ot Her tr i v i a:
Completed the Boston Marathon in
3 hours, 15 minutes
in t e r e s t s:
Running
ATC FACiliTies
Cu r r e n t:
pr e v i O u s: HGR, BGM
TMB, FLL,
AAT-120
ATCSCC Command Ctr.
Towers
Evaluations
In the chess game of life, Beth Thomas has landed
on many squares across the board: operating
room nurse, air traffic controller, labor organizer,
manager. While she usually plays on the side of
rank-and-file workers, her eclectic background
drives the benevolent Thomas to seek strategies
where everyone wins.
Her union orientation was grounded in
the hills of Pennsylvania, where family members
mined coal and kept the railroads running.
Her management philosophy was influenced by
Maslow’s theory of satisfying the hierarchy of
human needs. Those views have been honed by
professional experience.
A better retirement plan prompted her to
leave nursing and join the FAA. She also realized
it would be easier to help her former husband,
Chuck, and his colleagues, who were all fired
PATCO strikers, from within the agency. Despite
four years in the Air Force, the FAA’s autocratic
rule still turned her off. “There are better ways of
doing business that involve common, decent courtesy,”
she says.
Thomas quit 3½ years later after tiring of the
commute between upstate New York and her home
in Tampa, Florida. Yet her desire to improve workers’
rights still burned bright. As an organizer for
AFGE and MEBA, she traveled almost constantly
from the summer of 1985 until NATCA was certified
in July 1987.
Facing antagonism, apprehension and apa-
Pr e v i o u s NATCA Po s iT i oN s / AC h i e v e m e N T s
1988 contract team; national chairwoman for
Employee Assistance Program and Critical Incident
Stress Mgmt. Team; Southern Region QTP coord.
hir e d
Dec.
1981
thy, the diminutive Thomas stood firm and won
over many skeptical controllers.
“You have to have a union,” she has always
maintained. “There isn’t another avenue, as one
person, to have your voice heard and be recognized.”
After certification, she organized nurses at
four hospitals in South Florida before the FAA
rehired her at Tamiami Tower. When Quality
Through Partnership came into vogue, Thomas
went back on the road again as the Southern Region
coordinator and discovered that collaboration
sessions could be testier than organizing meetings.
“People don’t want to give up their territory,” she
says.
Encouraged by QTP’s potential, Thomas
became air traffic manager at Tamiami for two
years, an experience that reminded her people—
not programs—cultivate successful relationships.
She moved on to Air Traffic Evaluations and
transferred again to the FAA Command Center in
December 2001.
Through it all, Thomas has steadfastly maintained
her relationship with NATCA, either as a
full member or an associate. Her long-distance run
with the union reflects another passion. She has
competed four times in the Boston Marathon, as
well as others. But Thomas frequently slows down
long enough to savor life, spending free time with
her non-NATCA family: a mother, sisters, nieces
and nephews, and their children.

her husband was still living, Thomas quit the agency
in May 1985. But she wanted to remain active in the
movement. A month later, she began working out of
her home for AFGE and Thornton, whom she knew
casually from PATCO days.
Chuck Thomas was a handy carpenter and
crafted an office for his wife in a spare bedroom.
She quickly plastered the walls with organizational
charts, contact names at facilities,
travel plans, and signature tallies, which
grew slowly with the fragmented organizing
effort. As an outsider, one of her biggest
challenges was spreading the word to the
rank and file on the inside.
“Not too many people were willing to
go out on a limb and post stuff on the bulletin
board,” Thomas recalls. “It wasn’t readily
accepted in a lot of places. I give a lot of credit to
the people who were actively campaigning.”
Even her affable personality couldn’t break
through the ice at first in the labor-wary South. During
a swing through Florida with Bill Riley, the two
camped out for a day in the back of a franchise steakhouse,
yet spoke to a mere ten controllers from nearby
Jacksonville Center. Only two showed up to hear
their pitch in Orlando.
“I had a lot of tough meetings,” Thomas says. “A
lot of people hung up on me.”
More organizing activity occurred west of the
1985
7
Mar.
Mississippi River.
Gary Molen, a plain-spoken veteran at Salt
Lake Center, was one of many who picked up the
torch. His penchant for boots and wide belt buckles,
reminiscent of his Montana upbringing,
earned him a reputation
as a cowboy with a headset.
After joining the FAA
in 1968, Molen suffered
through a year of humidity
and crowds in Houston
while working at the center
before eagerly transferring
to a small en route center
back in his hometown of
Great Falls.
The center handled
traffic all across Montana east to
Fargo, North Dakota, and south to
Sheridan, Wyoming. When it closed in
1976 and operations were transferred to Minneapolis
and Salt Lake centers, Molen moved to Utah.
Growing up with a father who worked as a
union switchman and brakeman for the Great Northern
Railway, Molen understood the value of labor organizations.
He joined PATCO while still training in
Great Falls, but had to leave the bargaining unit once
he became a classroom instructor. When the strike
hit, Molen wrestled over his own good fortune and
Howie Barte presents a graphic containing a control tower and radar
sweep bearing the letters AATCC as the proposed logo for the group
at an organizing meeting in Boston. AATCC declines to adopt the logo,
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
61
Gary Molen: During the 1970s, he worked
at an en route center in his hometown of
Great Falls, Montana. Molen was NATCA’s
Northwest Mountain regional rep from
1985 to 1993. / Courtesy of Howie Barte
which Barte and controller Kim Kochis collaborated on, due to concerns
that it favors terminal controllers. However, Barte uses it for organizing
efforts in New England.

62
Against the Wind
Kelly Candaele: The organizer for AFGE
(and later MEBA) covered the West,
where laid-back attitudes and a rightto-work
culture challenged his ability to
inspire interest in a labor union. / Japphire
1985
29
Apr.
the pain of watching friends lose their jobs. Returning
to the scopes was an eye-opener.
“Everybody was pulling together. Many, many
people commented that this was the way it was supposed
to be,” he says. Then the honeymoon between
controllers and management ended. “It reverted
back to the same old crap. Very little
changed from the time of the strike
until we formed a new union.”
One night Molen listened
to a colleague talking on the
phone with Skip Skirlick
from Los Angeles Center.
Molen got on the line, heard
about the organizing efforts,
and before long was talking
up a union in Salt Lake. Soon
after, AFGE’s Western states
organizer, Kelly Candaele, visited
the center.
The AFGE position was the tall,
thoughtful Irishman’s first union job. Initially,
Candaele was ambivalent toward the controllers
based on his strong feelings about people who cross
picket lines. But he knew a lot was at stake in air traffic
control, making the workers vulnerable without
a union. He also realized it would be symbolic for
the labor movement if several thousand controllers
organized again.
The Air Line Pilots Association announces the possibility of organizing
controllers. ALPA and AFGE discuss the proposition throughout the summer,
but in late August ALPA’s Master Executive Council votes against the
Molen’s philosophical outlook appealed to Candaele
and they hit it off. Selling AATCC was tough in
the West, though, given the region’s laid-back culture
and right-to-work ethic. Molen and Candaele also
found it hard to interest new-hires in their 20s, who
were earning good money and had little job experience
to put the working conditions in perspective.
The two traveled extensively together across
Utah and Colorado. Candaele knew that certain
personality traits and communication skills
were critical in the people who waved the organizing
flag. The upheaval from PATCO had
colored many controllers’ views of organized
labor. Candaele understood that the AFGEfinanced
team had to tread lightly, focus on
issues, and allay anxieties before they could
gain the trust of controllers.
He believed that Molen’s reflective, sincere
nature and “cowboy wisdom” fit the mold perfectly.
The covert nature of their efforts could turn
anxiety into anger for potential recruits at meetings,
some of whom felt trapped by poor working conditions
yet frightened of the potential consequences of
organizing. Molen was patient and calm.
One fateful incident helped to shape Candaele’s
view of the Montana native. Snow was falling while
they drove south along Interstate 25 back to Stapleton
Airport from Denver Center in Longmont. Candaele
nervously gripped the steering wheel whenever the
move. During the fall, John Thornton and Howie Barte seek interest from
other unions, including the Marine Engineers Beneficial Association, which
had organized PATCO.

car skidded along the slippery highway. As a resident
of Los Angeles, he was not accustomed to winter
driving. Suddenly, a semi-trailer truck passed by,
throwing up a wave of slush that cascaded across the
windshield and obliterated the road ahead.
Candaele hit the brakes.
The car spun around.
Sparks flew as the passenger
side scraped against
the guardrail along the
median. The car pulled
away, then banged
against the railing several
times, flinging more
orange embers into the
air before skidding to a
stop. Both men silently
thanked the presence
of the guardrail, which
prevented them from
careening into oncoming
traffic. Candaele looked
over at Molen.
“Gary was just as calm as could be—with a
kind of smirk on his face. Almost like, what did you
do that for?” Candaele recalls.
Neither man was hurt. Unfortunately, Candaele
had neglected to take out insurance and his bosses at
AFGE weren’t pleased about paying for the damage.
Other controllers joined Candaele as he ranged
farther afield in the West, including Dave Bottini, an
organizer from San Francisco Tower.
Bottini became involved after the tower chief
changed the seniority policy, denying him credit for
the time he’d spent at SFO while on loan from the
Defense Department.
Lack of job security for
a largely inexperienced
work force also con-
“
cerned him.
“If management
decid ed to look for technical
faults, they could find
things wrong. They could
make life miserable for an
individual,” he says. “You
always knew you could be
fired. That wasn’t fair.”
Bottini joined
Candaele and Skirlick
on a winter trip to visit
Albuquerque Center.
They had advertised two meetings at a nearby hotel.
The morning dragged by while they waited in a
conference room for someone to show up. Finally, a
lone controller appeared in the afternoon and warily
asked a few questions. No, we’re not here to get you
fired, the organizers stressed. We can’t strike. The
If management decided to
look for technical faults, they
could find things wrong. They
could make life miserable
for an individual. You always
knew you could be fired.
— O’Hare Tower controller Dave Bottini
June July
Citing financial constraints, AFGE lays off fourteen staff members,
including John Thornton and the rest of its organizing staff
except for the department’s director.
26
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
The FAA awards a contract to IBM to replace the 9020 computers
at en route centers with new 3083-BX1 “Host” computers.
The 9020s were installed starting in 1967.
63

64
Against the Wind
Some controllers
regarded professional
organizations such as
ALPA and the AMA as
the perfect role models
for their budding
union.
1985
2
Aug.
controller relaxed and listened while they explained
his labor rights under the law.
A knock sounded at the door. They all looked
over and saw a reporter and TV cameraman peeking
into the room. “Is this the group of controllers who
are trying to organize a union?” the reporter asked.
“Can we come in and
film?”
“No,” the organizers
replied in unison.
But the edgy controller
was already hustling
out the door.
Interest from
an Interloper
On April 26, 1985,
the day before the deadline
for the FAA to appeal
the ruling that authorized
regional unions, the agency filed a two-page
statement. This predictable move further delayed an
election until the full FLRA reviewed the case.
The following Monday, however, controllers
and AFGE organizers awoke to surprising
news. ALPA President Henry A. Duffy announced
that his union, an AFL-CIO affiliate representing
34,000 pilots at forty-eight airlines, planned to
A Delta Air Lines L-1011 crashes after encountering wind shear during
final approach to Dallas-Fort Worth Airport. The accident kills 134 of the
163 people aboard the plane and one on the ground. DFW’s Low-Level
“
The AFGE effort is dead in the
water, it is not moving, and
time is of the essence.
organize the controllers.
ALPA First Vice President Thomas Ashwood
said the pilots were keen on accelerating the drive
because they wanted the controllers’ input on a
$10 billion program to overhaul the air traffic control
system.
“The AFGE effort is
dead in the water, it is not
moving, and time is of the
essence,” Ashwood said. 6
— ALPA First Vice President
Thomas Ashwood
Some controllers
regarded professional organizations
such as ALPA
and the American Medical
Association as the perfect
role models for their budding
union. They admired
how the organizations
emphasized brains over
brawn and cooperation
rather than conflict.
But while ALPA was financially sound, well
organized, and exercised significant influence in the
industry, fundamental disputes periodically erupted
between controllers and airline pilots. Many worried
about how the disagreements could be resolved
within the same organization.
ALPA’s interest also raised a legal issue. Article
20 of the AFL-CIO constitution frowned upon com-
Wind Shear Alert System did not record the turbulence until after the
crash, demonstrating its limitations. Raytheon Company develops Terminal
Doppler Weather Radar to provide improved alert capability.

petition among its affiliates. If a second union tried to
organize the same group of workers, the original affiliate
could seek mediation to determine which one
should retain exclusive rights.
While AFGE publicly vowed to continue the
drive, it quietly held talks with ALPA throughout
the summer of 1985 about transferring the campaign.
AFGE’s ongoing money problems served as a
catalyst. In June, it laid off fourteen staff members,
including Thornton, Thomas, and Candaele.
Like a broken summer romance, ALPA ended
its flirtation in late August when its Master Executive
Council voted against the proposal. Insiders
believe it is likely that MEBA was a factor in
their decision.
The Marine Engineers Beneficial
Association had formally ceded its
rights to organize the controllers to
AFGE in the spring of 1984. When it
appeared that AFGE might try to sell
those rights to the pilots’ union, MEBA
strongly opposed the move.
Most controllers merely shrugged,
given their worries about dealing with ALPA as
a union. But they were bitterly disappointed, though
not too surprised, in September when the full FLRA
overruled its Washington regional director and disallowed
New England’s bid for a regional union.
The authority agreed with the FAA’s conten-
20
Sep.
Overruling its regional director, the full FLRA disallows New England’s bid
for a regional union. Citing PATCO and a similar FLRA ruling concerning
tion that it administered a nationwide air traffic
system primarily from headquarters. To support its
decision, the authority cited PATCO’s national bargaining
unit and a similar FLRA ruling concerning
the Agriculture Department’s Food and Nutrition
Service as precedents. In light of its decision, the
authority declined to rule on whether automation
specialists and air traffic assistants were entitled to
be a part of AATCC.
The determination, which came eleven months
after AFGE filed for a New England unit, sounded a
death knell for its stagnating effort. Layoffs
had wiped out AFGE’s organizing
department and the union appeared
disinclined to spend
much more money on
the controllers, who now
needed to obtain all new
signatures on petitions
calling for a national
union.
Heading for a Fall
Since June 1984, Barte had been holding
monthly telephone conferences among activists
in New England and other regions as they joined
AATCC. By now, the calls were about the only thread
holding the effort together and represented AFGE’s
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
65
Gene DeFries: The MEBA president
repeated history by committing his union’s
resources to the controllers. MEBA also
organized PATCO. / NATCA archives
the Agriculture Department’s Food and Nutrition Service as precedents,
the authority mandates that only a national bargaining unit is appropriate.

Howie
Barte
PVD Local President
New England Alt. RVP
ANE-540 Liaison
1990 / ’93 / ’97 — Pr e s e n t
Op e r a t i n g in i t i a l s: RJ
HOm e t O w n : New York City
CHildre n:
Laura, Susan
Ot Her tr i v i a:
Courtesy of Howie Barte
Rebuilt a Korean War-era Jeep
in t e r e s t s:
Science, electronics, computers,
space exploration, sushi
ATC FACiliTies
Cu r r e n t:
pr e v i O u s: OQU
EWB
ZSU
PVD Tower/TRACON
TRACON
Tower
Center
Born in the Bronx, Howie Barte spent part of his
childhood in Madrid, Spain, Caracas, Venezuela,
and San Juan, Puerto Rico, while his parents
followed various professional pursuits. But it
wasn’t until he saw the world from inside cramped
airplane cockpits above the azure seas of the Caribbean
that Barte developed an appreciation for
unions. His first air taxi outfit pressured him to fly
despite bad weather, excess payloads, and without
water survival gear. The next airline, whose pilots
belonged to ALPA, rated safety much higher.
“It was very much akin to working in a
sweatshop and then realizing it doesn’t have to be
this way,” he says.
Nor did the shoestring carriers offer much
job security. After being furloughed twice, Barte
applied to the FAA and started as a controller at
San Juan Center in 1970. Two months later, he
heard familiar voices on the radio as his pilot
friends confronted a nasty thunderstorm. Grateful
to be on terra firma, Barte recalls, “They got out of
it, but it was scary.”
He joined PATCO, retained his membership
as an associate while a controller for four years in
the Navy, then was drafted to be facility rep six
months after arriving at New Bedford Tower in
Massachusetts. “I wasn’t afraid to speak up,” he
says. Barte stayed involved when he transferred
Pr e v i o u s NATCA Po s iT i oN s / AC h i e v e m e N T s
New England provisional regional rep 1984-88;
parliamentarian at NATCA national conventions
since 1992.
hir e d
Nov.
1970
to Quonset TRACON in Rhode Island by editing
the local union newsletter. However, he viewed
the mounting drumbeat to walk out as “corporate
hysteria,” resigned from PATCO the day after the
first strike vote, and stayed on the job.
Barte soon realized controllers needed another
union and, in 1984, became a founder of the
movement to form NATCA. His goal was to regain
a contract. “I had no idea this thing would become
my life,” he says.
After playing a central role in NATCA’s drive
to certification, Barte endured a heartbreaking loss
in the union’s national election in 1988. He could
not ignore the call of activism for long. During
the past dozen years, he has served as the local
president at Providence Tower/TRACON, alternate
New England Region vice president, and NATCA
regional liaison to the FAA’s Resource Management
Branch (ANE-540), all while maintaining his certification
as a controller. He serves as parliamentarian
at every union convention, a role he assumed
in 1992, and is known as NATCA’s “unofficial
historian.”
Somehow, Barte has also found time to raise
two daughters, feed his craving for “Star Trek,” and
restore a military Jeep that he inscribed with the
serial number NCC-1701-NATCA, a reference, of
course, to the Starship Enterprise.

sole financial commitment to the campaign (in addition
to Barte’s regular long-distance phone bill). Fed
up with the lack of support and its effect on the pace
of organizing, Barte began contacting other unions to
solicit their backing. Thornton, who stayed in touch
with key activists while collecting unemployment,
worked the phone, too.
The Communications
Workers of America
sounded eager to help,
but would offer funding
only after controllers had
collected the requisite
30 percent of signatures.
With a work force of
about 12,500 controllers,
that amounted to 3,750
names, an expensive
proposition.
Officials at the
American Federation of
State, County and Municipal
Employees, the
American Federation of Teachers, and the Teamsters
all responded, “We’ll get back to you,” and never did.
MEBA President Clayton E. “Gene” DeFries sounded
the same refrain. Growing despondent, Barte wrote
off the former PATCO organizer.
In late October 1985, leaf-peeping season had
1985
13
Nov.
come and gone in New England, and winter coats
were in style again. The white and scrub pine tree
needles carpeting Barte’s back yard seemed to symbolize
more than a passing season. Barte gloomily
figured the frost that had stalled the organizing effort
was about to kill it in a deep freeze.
Suddenly, there was
a thaw. At three o’clock one
afternoon, his phone rang.
DeFries informed him that
“
MEBA would organize the
controllers, but the news
could not be made public
until December 2. An ecstatic
Barte agreed to keep quiet.
In mid-November,
Thornton and ten activists
met with AFGE’s David
— MEBA President Gene DeFries Kushner in Alexandria,
Virginia. AFGE had spent
about $250,000 and was
limited in how much more it
could do, Kushner warned.
He talked about a national organizing committee and
another mailing. But the withering support prompted
growing disenchantment from several people sitting
around the table, including Barte, who knew this
would be AFGE’s last meeting with them.
The curtain was coming down.
Let me emphasize that this
new air traffic controllers’
organization will indeed be
new. It will not be a disguised
rebirth of the old PATCO.
ABC News devotes its program “Nightline” to ATC, representing the first
major TV broadcast about the topic since the strike ended. Howie Barte
challenges FAA Administrator Donald Engen’s contention that the FAA is
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
67
sufficiently staffed with controllers and says management hasn’t changed
since the strike. Joe O’Brien from New York TRACON and two unidentified
controllers also appear on the program, along with Rep. Guy Molinari.

68
Against the Wind
Howie Barte: His appearance on ABC’s
“Nightline” in November 1985 helped
draw attention to controller understaffing
and poor morale. / Courtesy of Howie Barte
1985
As promised, MEBA publicly announced its
intentions in early December. Taking pains to clarify
the initiative for the public and controllers, DeFries
said: “Let me emphasize that this new air traffic controllers’
organization will indeed be new. It will not
be a disguised rebirth of the old PATCO. The new
union will be effectively and responsively geared to
serving the needs of this new generation of air traffic
controllers.” 7
Barte flew to Washington again to meet De-
Fries on December 5 and chart the new campaign. At
Barte’s request, two other key activists joined them:
Joe O’Brien from New York
TRACON, representing the
Eastern Region, and Dan
Keeney from Daytona
Beach Tower/TRACON
in the Southern Region.
The difference
from the AFGE meeting
was like night and day.
DeFries promised solid financial
backing and pointed
out an important distinction: The controllers would be
a full affiliate of the engineers’ union. Unlike AFGE’s
council arrangement, the new union would establish
its own structure and decide on policies without competing
against the interests of other workers.
“What do you want in return?” Barte asked.
Nov. Dec.
16
AFGE outlines further organizing activities, which solidifies the
belief among several controllers that the union does not intend
to commit adequate resources to finish the AATCC campaign. 2
“We don’t want anything,” DeFries said. “We just
want to see you guys organized. It’s good for labor.”
DeFries then asked Barte to quit the FAA and
become national coordinator for the new union.
“I’m an air traffic controller,” Barte replied. “My
goal is to get a contract—not a job.” He suggested
that DeFries ask John Thornton, whose controller
background and organizing experience made him a
perfect candidate.
Barte, Keeney, and O’Brien left MEBA headquarters
feeling elated. Much work lay ahead, but
the drive for a new union had been revitalized. Part
of their optimism stemmed from another helpful
boost three weeks earlier when ABC-TV highlighted
the controllers’ cause on its popular news program
“Nightline.”
The segment aired near the end of a year in
which 1,500 people had died in plane crashes around
the world. The worst in the United States occurred
on August 2 nd , when a Delta Air Lines L-1011 plummeted
to the ground after encountering wind shear
on final approach to Dallas-Fort Worth Airport, killing
137. Ten days later, a Japan Air Lines 747 suffered
mechanical problems and limped along for thirty
minutes before plunging into Mount Ogura outside
Tokyo. All but four of the 524 aboard perished, making
it the deadliest single-plane accident in history.
The “Nightline” broadcast was prompted by a
midair collision three days earlier between a Nabisco
MEBA President Gene DeFries announces that the union will
organize controllers. In October, DeFries notified Howie Barte,
who had contacted the union for help, of MEBA’s intentions.

Brands corporate jet and a Piper Archer over Cliffside
Park, New Jersey, which killed six and injured
several others.
Controllers were not initially implicated in any
of the accidents, but “Nightline” called into question
President Reagan’s actions in 1981. * Reporter Jack
Smith noted that the ranks of journeymen controllers
had dropped by 5,000 since the strike yet they
were handling 1,000 more flights a day. Reported
near misses had soared an alarming 65 percent. Inexperienced
controllers were training others and sick
leave was being denied because there weren’t enough
replacements.
In a taped interview, Joe O’Brien said employee
relations committees had failed because FAA management
simply took the groups’ recommendations
“into consideration” and did nothing more. FAA Associate
Administrator Quentin Taylor brushed off the
problem, contending the complaints came from “an
extreme minority” of controllers.
FAA Administrator Donald Engen, New York
Republican congressman Guy Molinari, and Barte
appeared live on the program. Barte spoke from
ABC’s studios in Boston. When a technician attached
a microphone to his lapel, he could hear his heart
thumping in an earpiece. His nervousness vanished
as he listened to Taylor’s assessment.
Barte noted that 2,500 controllers had signed a
petition to form a new union, even though organizers
5
Dec.
MEBA President Gene DeFries invites Howie Barte to Washington,
D.C., to discuss organizing, and agrees to Barte’s request to include two
other controllers: Joe O’Brien and Dan Keeney, representing Eastern and
had not reached all parts of the country, and said,
“Management within the FAA, in reality, has not
changed at all since 1981.”
“Nightline” also ran a video clip of Engen in
Congress—one week after the strike—testifying that
the FAA did not need more controllers. “I’m full up.
I have everything I need right now,” he said. “If I had
more controllers today, I literally couldn’t use them.”
The clip prompted a spirited debate about continuing
staff shortages between Engen, Barte and Molinari,
who said he planned to give President Reagan a letter
signed by seventy members of the House urging that
he rehire some of the fired controllers.
During commercial breaks in the Boston studio,
Donna Gropper jumped excitedly in the shadows
behind the cameraman while flashing Barte a
thumbs-up sign.
On the way home in a rented limo, courtesy of
ABC, they decided to stop for a drink to watch the
program, which had been taped an hour beforehand.
While they searched for a tavern, Barte schemed that
he’d tell the bartender he was about to appear on TV,
then wager for a free round, figuring the bartender
wouldn’t believe him. As the minutes ticked down to
broadcast time, they found a bar at last. Barte, Gropper,
and the driver rushed inside, only to discover it
had no television.
The broadcast piqued the interest of many air
travelers and galvanized controllers who watched
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
Southern regions, respectively. DeFries asks Barte to serve as national
coordinator, but he declines and recommends John Thornton, who accepts
the job.
69
The ranks of
journeymen controllers
had dropped by 5,000
since the strike yet
they were handling
1,000 more flights a
day. Reported near
misses had soared an
alarming 65 percent.
* In its accident report issued in May 1987, the
National Transportation Safety Board cited a
breakdown in coordination among Teterboro
Tower controllers as a contributing cause to
the midair collision. Several controllers were
also named in a civil lawsuit, leading NATCA
to lobby for immunity from tort actions.

70
Against the Wind
New acronym: When MEBA took over
the organizing effort in December 1985,
the union resurrected the name created at
Washington Center two years earlier.
1985
16
Dec.
with a sense of vindication as one of their ranks successfully
debated the FAA administrator in a national
forum. Engen ignored the facts and seemed out of
touch with the realities of his work force.
Barte’s appearance “was one of our biggest
tools,” says Dave Landry from Lebanon Tower in
New Hampshire.
“The
i n t e r v i e w
pushed people
who were
sitting on the
fence.”
In mid-
D e c e m b e r
1985, Engen
fulfilled a
promise he
made on
“Nightline”
and met with
five controllers
at FAA
headquarters in Washington, away from the intimidating
presence of facility managers. Among those
at the unprecedented 2½-hour meeting were Barte
and Washington Center controller Walt Simpkins,
who had taken over as president from Jack Crouse
and also served as the alternate Eastern regional
Five controllers meet with FAA Administrator Donald Engen to discuss
the state of the ATC system and controller morale. The gathering is a result
of the “Nightline” program. Afterward, Howie Barte and John Thorn-
representative on the controllers’ provisional Executive
Board.
Following up on the “Nightline” debate, both
controllers drove home the point that continued
understaffing translated into excessive overtime.
Simpkins acknowledged they were able to take summer
leave, but stressed that their colleagues suffered
as a result.
“While we were on leave, we knew that someone
at the facility was working overtime so we could
be off,” he said. Simpkins had not enjoyed two consecutive
days off during the past ten months.
After the meeting, Barte hopped in a cab for the
ride across The Mall to MEBA headquarters on North
Capitol Street to talk about the organizing campaign
with Thornton, who had been hired as national coordinator.
Once again, the question arose over a name for
the new group. This time, there was little discussion.
Thornton had prepared a list of possibilities and they
quickly agreed to resurrect the National Air Traffic
Controllers Association.
Back on Track
The new year dawned on a bright, if confusing,
note for controllers. AFGE and MEBA each vied for
their loyalty and the all-important signatures on election
petitions in letters mailed nationwide. Although
ton agree to change the name of the proposed union to NATCA, which
Washington Center controllers used during organizing. They also agree to
adopt the AATCC logo used in New England as the new NATCA logo.

A Logo is Born
Like many of NATCA’s founders, the
union’s logo traced its heritage to
AATCC. In the fall of 1984, Howie Barte
took a break from
drumming up support
on the phone
one day to sketch
out a logo for New England’s
monthly newslet- ters.
The circular
artwork paid hom- age
to centers and
TRACONs with its
dotted and crosshatched
lines and
other markings representing
a radarscope, and was anchored
by a control tower near the bottom.
Influenced by his interest in “Star Trek,”
he selected a computer-style typeface for
the initials AATCC in the center.
After the logo’s debut in the October
edition of the New England AATCC
Update, Barte collaborated with Kim
Kochis, another controller on his crew at
Quonset TRACON. *
Kochis, who loved to draw and
�
paint, relied on graphic design skills she
developed in high school. By the time
Barte and Kochis were finished, concentric
circles with a radar sweep
had replaced the radar
map. A tower cab rested
atop the “T” in a series of
simple block letters spelling
AATCC.
Barte presented
the finished product for
formal adoption at an
AATCC regional representatives
meeting in
March 1985. But a few
controllers argued that
it didn’t adequately represent en route
centers.
Unwilling to change the design,
Barte used it throughout the year in
New England. When MEBA entered the
picture, he gave a copy to Thornton, who
turned it over to the union’s graphic artist.
The resulting logo, with red letters
and blue lines, made Barte swell with
pride when he saw it at NATCA’s first
national meeting.
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
The logo was subsequently trademarked
in 1993, and in 2000 then-President
Michael McNally presented Barte
with a plaque recognizing
him for his efforts
in creating the
union’s longstanding
symbol.
Noting that
many companies
change their visual
identity as they
mature, Kochis says,
“I’m surprised it’s
held all these years.”
Two unsuccessful
attempts to redesign the logo
were made during the 1990s. To help
ensure its enduring look, NATCA convention
delegates in 2000 mandated
that any changes must be approved by a
majority vote at a convention.
* Kochis later transferred to two other New England facilities
before settling in at Raleigh-Durham Tower/TRACON in
North Carolina in May 1995.
71

72
Against the Wind
Helping hand: When the FAA instituted
random drug testing in 1986, NATCA educated
the work force about its rights. In
the fall of 1987, a few months after certification,
the union signed an agreement with
the agency outlining testing procedures.
1985/86
m o s t
activists quickly jumped aboard
MEBA’s deck, a handful clung to AATCC’s sinking
ship. AFGE cranked out a handful of newsletters
during the spring trying to retain support, but its
limited efforts foundered.
Unwilling to go down quietly and keen to re-
Dec. Jan.
First NATCA organizing letter is sent via U.S. mail from
NATCA New England to activists across the country.
31
3
coup its organizing investment through future dues,
AFGE forced the issue of organizing rights for
the controllers at an Article 20 hearing before
the AFL-CIO in June. It soon became a moot
point. Still struggling with money problems,
AFGE convention delegates voted later that summer
to stop funding the AATCC drive, opting
instead to focus on the organization’s existing
unions.
By contrast, NATCA hit the ground running
and never looked back. MEBA’s support
breathed life back into the smoldering effort and
soon stoked a roaring blaze.
Many familiar faces were on hand at its first
national organizing meeting on January 11, 1986,
including several who had been nominally elected
to represent their regions in AATCC: Barte from
New England, Dan Keeney from Southern, Gary
Molen from Northwest Mountain—who endured
ribbing for wearing cowboy boots and a belt buckle
with his suit—and O’Brien from Eastern. Walt Simpkins
also attended, along with representatives from
Boston, Denver, Los Angeles and Miami centers, and
elsewhere.
Notably, the president and vice president of the
Professional Airways Systems Specialists were among
the crowd. PASS, which became a union at the end
of 1981, represented workers in the FAA’s Airways
Facilities, Flight Standards, and Office of Aviation
First NATCA organizing letter is sent to all controllers in the
country from NATCA/MEBA headquarters in Washington, D.C.

Standards branches. After PASS President Howard
Johanssen stood up and offered to lend guidance on
establishing locals, post information about NATCA,
and file grievances on their behalf, a grateful audience
applauded him warmly.
An ebullient John Thornton directed the proceedings.
His high spirits stemmed from more than
being gainfully employed again. After watching
AFGE run out of money and one union after another
decline to help, he had worried that the controllers
might never get organized. MEBA’s deep pockets and
powerful political contacts came as a major relief.
The sense of history was also not lost on
Thornton. Aside from its long tradition of representing
seafaring workers, MEBA had backed PATCO.
Now, it seemed only right that the same union should
stand beside the controllers once more as they fought
to restore their place in organized labor.
Joining Thornton on the dais were Beth Thomas
and Kelly Candaele, whom he’d hired to resume
their roles as organizers. Hanging behind them was
a banner bearing NATCA’s new logo and the inscription
MEBA/AFL-CIO.
Even at this early stage, the controllers expressed
their desire to become more than a trade
union. They envisioned a professional organization
that would exercise clout in such matters as their retirement,
stress reduction, and restoring the immunity
program for controllers who reported operational
1986
11
Jan.
errors. Former FAA Administrator Langhorne Bond
had unilaterally canceled the program in 1980.
NATCA did not waste time developing strength
and finding its voice.
Budding Influence
About 7:30 on the morning of March 3, 1986, a
lanky controller named Michael Sheedy sped across
the double-decker Verrazano Narrows Bridge on his
way to New Brunswick, New Jersey. Sheedy, whose
deep voice was familiar to pilots on New York TRA-
CON frequencies, had been selected by his colleagues
to testify at a congressional field hearing about airspace
congestion, jurisdiction, and procedures. After
the hearing, Sheedy had to race back to Long Island
in time to start his 3 o’clock shift.
Such was the frenetic pace of NATCA activists,
many of whom still worked six-day weeks and
spent their free day hustling to get the new union
off the ground. Even with MEBA’s help, they had to
use annual leave, FAM trip privileges, and sometimes
spend their own money to visit other facilities, attend
organizing meetings and, at long last, publicly air
their issues.
The House Subcommittee on Aviation hearing,
chaired by California Democrat Norman Mineta,
marked another milestone. For the first time since
the strike, an organization representing controllers
About two dozen controller activists, MEBA organizers, and representatives
from across the nation attend NATCA’s first national organizing
meeting in Alexandria, Virginia. The AATCC logo, which MEBA graphic
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
artists converted to the name NATCA, is used officially for the first time.
The same logo is still used today.
73

74
Against the Wind
Norman Mineta: The California Democrat
attended a one-day NATCA conference in
March 1986, while he was chairman of the
House Subcommittee on Aviation. President
Bush appointed him transportation
secretary in 2001. / Transportation Department
1986
3
Mar.
was testifying to Congress. Joining Sheedy were fellow
Newark sector controllers Steve Bell and Joel
Hicks. As a General Accounting Office representative
presented testimony about serious
staffing problems, Bell,
Hicks, and Sheedy nodded
in agreement. They
worked in an area with
just half the number of
controllers authorized
by the FAA.
The hearing attracted
news coverage,
prompting an enthusiastic
reaction from controllers at
the TRACON. When Bell walked into work the next
day, “it was like I’d just hit a home run at Yankee
Stadium,” he recalls. The attention helped their organizing
efforts, too. Meetings that previously attracted
six or seven people began pulling in forty to sixty
participants.
Several weeks after the hearing, more than thirty
NATCA activists from every region except Alaskan
gathered in San Francisco. Congressman Mineta, a
renowned speaker on aviation issues, also attended
the one-day conference. MEBA’s political contacts led
to his presence, which further legitimized NATCA’s
increasingly public role on behalf of controllers.
In June, Fred Gilbert and John Thornton tes-
For the first time since 1981, an organization representing
working controllers testifies before Congress. Steve Bell, Joel
Hicks, and Michael Sheedy speak on behalf of NATCA.
An Activist Finds His Voice
Steve Bell, a newcomer to the blossoming
union, quickly moved into its leadership.
The oldest of three children, he grew up in
Baltimore and moved to Omaha when he was
15. During nine years as a controller in the Air
Force, Bell and his buddies dreamed of hitting
the big time with the FAA after they got out of
the service.
The agency hired one of Bell’s friends,
who became the PATCO representative at
Litchfield Tower (now Goodyear) in west
suburban Phoenix. Bell was astonished when
the friend refused to accede to Reagan’s ultimatum.
Another ex-military friend was also
fired, giving Bell his first inkling of the strong
sentiments boiling within.
The FAA shut down all of the small towers
in the Phoenix Valley and began contracting
with private firms to operate them. Several
months later, Barton ATC Incorporated hired
Bell to work at Falcon Field in Mesa. By the
time the FAA called him the following spring,
PATCO had been decertified. Worried that
he might never get another chance to join the
agency, Bell accepted their job offer.
He hadn’t understood the issues in
August 1981. But they immediately became
apparent when his first instructor sat down
to talk to him at Ontario TRACON in South-

ern California.
“Steve, we don’t
want you here,”
the trainer said.
“Your chances
of making it are
slim to none.”
Bell survived
training,
however, and by
December 1984
found himself
at New York
TRACON after
a brief stopover
at Omaha Approach.
One of
Bell’s instructors
was Joe O’Brien,
who occasionally
talked about the union. One day, O’Brien
asked Bell if he wanted to get involved.
“You’ve got to be kidding me,” Bell
said. “I don’t even know if I’ll be here
next month, let alone help you start a
union.”
“That’s fair,” O’Brien responded.
“I’ll ask when you’re checked out.”
Steve Bell: A preacher’s son, he inherited a gifted tongue.
�
The day
Bell certified
in June 1985,
O’Brien approached
him
again.
After a
swing shift,
Bell and another
controller
joined O’Brien
in his basement
in Selden on
Long Island and
learned about
AATCC.
Reflecting
his penchant
Stan Barough
for history, Bell
sought out more
information over
the next several months from PATCO cofounder
Mike Rock, John Leyden, and a
few choirboys who’d been fired. He didn’t
see the militancy reoccurring, but knew
the issue would be a major hurdle to
overcome with controllers who distrusted
unions and were anti-PATCO.
The Cliffside Park, New Jersey,
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
midair in November 1985, which led to
several civil lawsuits against controllers,
pushed Bell over the edge into union
activism.
“I saw what happened to my friend
and colleague, Steve Kelley, who had to
go to the NTSB by himself,” Bell says.
“When he got no help from the FAA, I
knew and a lot of other controllers knew
this is not right. We need to organize so
this can never happen again.”
Bell was well suited to the task.
He’d inherited a sense of leadership and
a gifted tongue from his father, a nondenominational
Christian preacher. Bell
soon took over as president of the New
York TRACON local from O’Brien, whose
extensive travels kept him away from his
wife and two young children too often.
More than a few controllers listened to
Bell proselytize and promptly joined the
cause.
“Steve had a gift and his gift was
his ability to speak,” says New York Center
controller Michael McNally, who saw
the light after a two-hour session with
Bell. “By the time I walked out of that
preach, I said, ‘This is something I want
to do.’ He put it all in perspective for me.”
75

76
Against the Wind
Guy Molinari: The New York Republican
congressman advocated rehiring some of
the fired strikers to ease staffing shortages
during the 1980s. / Stan Barough
* Despite 145 co-sponsors, H.R. 4003 never
came to the floor for a vote. Molinari tried
again in the next Congress. Although the
House passed his bill, the Senate never voted
on it.
** The Salt Lake Center election served as a
noteworthy litmus test on the competition
between AFGE and MEBA. Local President
Gary Molen supported NATCA while Vice
President Jim Edmunds preferred to stay
with AFGE (he was voted AATCC national
vice president in a separate election that the
group held in April).
1986
26
Mar.
tified before Congress about continued low staffing
to generate support for a bill that would authorize
rehiring at least 1,000 PATCO
strikers. Reflecting the
polar differences of its
membership, NATCA
walked a fine line on
the emotional rehire
issue.
While Gilbert
and Thornton acknowledged
that the ratio of air
traffic to full-performance level controllers had begun
“to exceed the acceptable, prudent level,” NAT-
CA shied away from formally endorsing the bill.
Nevertheless, Rep. Molinari, the bill’s sponsor,
met privately with Thornton and Gilbert after
the hearing and pledged his support to the NATCA
organizing. *
The following month, NATCA appeared before
a Senate committee to support the creation of the
Aviation Safety Commission. The proposed panel
would be charged with presenting recommendations
to President Reagan on improving air safety.
The four events highlighted a key difference
between AFGE and MEBA. Where AFGE preferred to
focus on organizing and ignored the controllers’ desire
to lobby Congress, MEBA plugged them in right
away on Capitol Hill.
MEBA organizer Kelly Candaele coordinates a NATCA Western-Pacific
conference in San Francisco, which is attended by more than thirty con-
“That was really what was needed,” Thornton
says. “MEBA not only put up money, they put up
some of their political capital.”
The Home Stretch
Meanwhile, the drive to collect 3,750
election petition signatures was in full swing.
Some controllers grumbled over signing for the
third time—once for a regional union, another
for a national AATCC, and now for NATCA. But
sign they did. In February 1986, Salt Lake Center
controllers voted 22-0 to join NATCA. ** In March,
the Professional Controllers Alliance at Indianapolis
Center climbed aboard. Cleveland Center held its
first organizing meeting in April and 140 controllers
signed up in two weeks. By the time Minneapolis
Center got involved, organizers could see the nationwide
movement start to jell.
NATCA had collected more than 3,000 names
when AFGE and MEBA argued their case at the Article
20 hearing in June. After two years of false starts
and stagnation, the numbers were climbing steadily.
The almost constant travel to endless meetings with
controllers, answering familiar questions, and allaying
common fears gave Thornton, Candaele, Thomas,
and a cadre of former AATCC activists a sense of déjà
vu. Joining them during this second national campaign
were new NATCA activists and another MEBA
trollers from all regions except Alaskan. Rep. Norman Mineta, chairman of
the House Subcommittee on Aviation, also attends.

14
Apr.
For Want of a Signature
Ed Mullin took the FAA’s entrance
exam in 1974, but never heard
back from the agency. At the time, he
worked at Philadelphia International
Airport in passenger service and flight
operations for Eastern Airlines, which
contracted with British Airways to
handle their flights, as well.
Several years later, Mullin
planned to use his pass privileges to
enjoy a trip to Ireland with his mother. Unfortunately,
British Airways went on strike the
day before they were scheduled to leave.
Mullin told his mother their vacation
would have to be restricted to the United
States and asked her to pick any destination as
an alternative.
They were soon flying first class to Denver
to see the Rocky Mountains. They rented
a car at the airport and stopped at a motel in
nearby Aurora for the night. Mullin happened
to notice the FAA Regional Office in the town
The FAA reports 758 near midair collisions during 1985, compared with
589 in 1984, a 29 percent increase. FAA Administrator Donald Engen
attributes the higher rate to improved reporting. The previous fall, NTSB
�
(it was later moved to a
suburb of Seattle after
regional consolidations).
Curious, he decided to
inquire about his longlost
job application the
next day. The receptionist
directed Mullin to a man-
NATCA archives
ager down the hall and
he introduced himself.
The man broke into a wide grin, opened
his bottom desk drawer, and pulled out
Mullin’s file. “We’ve been looking for a medical
qualification,” he said. A form needed a
signature.
Mullin shook his head over the circuitous
route his application had taken from
Philadelphia and signed the document. The
manager then consulted some other paperwork
and announced that Mullin could start
work in Lewistown, Montana, in two weeks.
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
Chairman James Burnett told Congress the board was very concerned.
Subsequently, the FAA reports 840 near midair collisions in 1986 and
1,058 in 1987, followed by a steady downward trend to 293 during 1993.
77

Ed
Mullin
Op e r a t i n g in i t i a l s: EM
HOm e t O w n : Philadelphia
CHildre n:
Jennifer Aileen
Ot Her tr i v i a:
Former sky diver
in t e r e s t s:
Retired
2002 — Pr e s e n t
NATCA archives
Arkansas Ozarks, Philadelphia
Eagles, NCAA basketball, Rolling
Rock beer
ATC FACiliTies
Cu r r e n t:
pr e v i O u s: DAL
FAY
Various
Tower
Tower
Flight Ser. Stations
Ed Mullin’s involvement with aviation began
during college, when he worked for Eastern
Airlines and, later, British Airways in passenger
service and flight operations. The experience gave
him a good grounding for air traffic control, but
his formal education proved equally valuable when
he helped organize NATCA. After growing up in
the Philadelphia suburbs and attending a Jesuit
prep school, Mullin graduated from West Chester
University of Pennsylvania with a degree in philosophy
and a concentration in Eastern studies.
“All that ‘philosophy’ helped me quite a bit
and enabled me to frame lucid opinions,” he says.
He needed all available resources. The
FAA hired him in 1977 as a flight service station
specialist in Lewistown, Montana. But by the time
Mullin joined the NATCA movement in early 1986,
he was working at Dallas Love Field Tower. Unionism
in Texas and the Southwest is largely nonexistent—a
world away from Philadelphia, where he
belonged to the United Steelworkers of America as
a teenager.
Dealing with a post-strike work force composed
largely of “Pepsi generation” controllers,
who were often ambivalent about organized labor,
presented another challenge. “Just the fact of certifying
was literally against all odds by anybody’s
calculus,” he says.
Yet Mullin and his fellow organizers pre-
Pr e v i o u s NATCA Po s iT i oN s / AC h i e v e m e N T s
Southwest regional rep 1986-94; Reclassification
Committee; member of NMI Board of Directors;
Southwest Region vice president emeritus.
hir e d
Oct.
1977
vailed and set about shaping their union. During
his six years on the National Executive Board, he
approached many issues with a long-term view, including
his successful campaign to set aside a portion
of dues money for a rainy day fund, a program
that remains in effect.
He also advocated professional standards.
Mullin acknowledges it is a sensitive issue, but
believes the union should police itself like lawyers
and doctors. “If NATCA can deal with it, they will
have really come of age,” he says.
Back in the region, Mullin relied on good
communications to build membership and get
NATCA going. His detailed newsletters did not
escape the attention of FAA management. When
Mullin found out a staff member was assigned to
collect all of his material, he chided the agency for
wasting taxpayer money and promptly added the
Regional Office to his mailing list.
Mullin retired as a controller in January
2002, and his daughter, Jennifer, graduated from
veterinary school at Texas A&M University that
year. He still serves as a member of the NMI Board
of Directors, and hopes to transition into aviation
research on air traffic services and health issues.
Noting that three controllers at the same facility
suffered heart attacks one recent summer, Mullin
says, “We’re hitting effects that no one has ever
studied.”

organizer.
Doc Cullison, a former marine engineer, handled
the Central and Southwest regions. Although his
family included a long line of ship captains, the allure
of the bridge eluded him. After plying the seas for
a few years, Cullison became a MEBA representative
organizing workers and conducting contract
negotiations while PATCO was still an affiliate.
His familiarity with controller issues led MEBA
President Gene DeFries to assign him to the project.
Cullison worked out of his Houston townhouse
and found himself scrambling at all hours to meet
workers engaged in a 24/7 occupation.
Right-to-work states throughout the Southwest
Region and many new-hires who were ambivalent
toward unions presented a difficult challenge. But
Cullison discovered that the controllers’ “independent,
Marvel Man mentality” and a string of broken
promises by the FAA made the new union inevitable.
“The FAA thought that in eliminating PATCO
their problems were solved,” he says. “They refused
to accept any responsibility for any of their labor
problems.” *
His right-hand man in the Southwest was a
reflective, committed controller from Love Field in
Dallas, who held a bachelor’s degree in philosophy
emphasizing Eastern studies. Ed Mullin had joined
the agency in 1977 as a flight service station specialist
1986
12
June
in Lewistown, Montana, along the eastern edge of the
Continental Divide. At the time, Mullin and his estranged
wife were involved in a dispute over custody
of their infant daughter. Mullin’s sister and brotherin-law
took care of young Jennifer in Columbia,
Maryland, leading him to seek
several transfers in an attempt to relocate
closer to his family.
To avoid imperiling his chances
for custody—and sensing political
realities—Mullin chose not to strike.
It was a difficult decision because he believed
in the legitimacy of a number of the issues.
But reuniting with Jennifer was paramount. By now,
his daughter and her surrogate parents lived in Dallas.
Around Christmas 1981, Mullin finally arrived at
Love Field.
He was no stranger to working conditions
within the FAA, but it took a pivotal event for him to
get involved in the new union. As a FAB chairman,
Mullin had been pushing to add a second person to
the midnight shift at the busy airport. Despite his
arguments about the higher level of fatigue (he noted
that the Three Mile Island and Exxon Valdez disasters
occurred during midnight shifts), his proposal
never went anywhere.
One night in late 1985, an elderly private pilot
suffered a heart attack. His wife, who’d logged only
a few hours of flying time, struggled to control the
NATCA national organizer John Thornton and Chicago Center controller
Fred Gilbert testify in Congress. They say the ratio of air traffic to
journeymen controllers has started to “exceed the acceptable, prudent
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
79
* Cullison wrote a thesis on the subject titled
The Forgotten Promise: The Resurgence of
Unionism Among the Air Traffic Controllers,
which he submitted while earning a master’s
degree in labor and policy studies from State
University of New York in 1988.
level.” The hearing is held in conjunction with an ill-fated effort to pass a
bill, introduced the previous fall by Rep. Guy Molinari, R-N.Y., that would
have authorized rehiring at least 1,000 fired PATCO controllers.

80
Against the Wind
Dan Brandt: When the Omaha TRACON
controller organized in America’s heartland,
he had to counter a perception that
unions were violent. / Courtesy of Howie Barte
1986
26
June
plane. The sole controller on duty at Love Field tried
to talk her down while juggling other traffic. But the
plane flew into some clouds, tumbled to the earth near
Dallas-Fort Worth Airport, and the couple perished.
After the crash, the FAA assigned two people to
the midnight shift to adequately staff the tower. When
news media attention dwindled a month later,
however, the schedule was changed back
to one. The experience soured Mullin so
much that he resigned from the FAB
and attended a NATCA meeting several
months later with about ten other
controllers. When the call went out
for someone to lead the effort, Mullin
remembered the accident and figured:
Why not?
“I thought the best thing for this agency
would be a viable internal voice,” he says. In a flash,
he was the de facto Southwest Region representative.
Initially, the soft-spoken Mullin talked to controllers
reluctantly. The crowds, already a tough sell
in a state where “right to work” is a euphemism for
“anti-union,” sensed his timidity and gave him a cool
reception. His home answering machine recorded
several threats of violence and a Bible verse. The cultural
difference from his teenage summers as a union
steelworker in Philadelphia was stark.
Consequently, Mullin avoided the word
“union.” Instead, he used metaphors such as the
The AFL-CIO holds an Article 20 hearing to determine whether AFGE
or MEBA should organize NATCA. MEBA, which had organized PATCO
controllers, ultimately prevails.
American Medical Association, American Bar Association,
and Mothers Against Drunk Driving to
describe the new organization and what it could do.
“The fear factor was sky high,” he recalls.
Omaha TRACON controller Dan Brandt ran
into similar sentiments while helping
to organize in America’s
breadbasket. Many people
equated unions with Jimmy
Hoffa and the Teamsters.
The meat packers
had gone on strike
when Brandt showed
up in Sioux City, Iowa,
and a union member had
just been murdered. The homicide
unnerved the controllers.
“People are getting killed,” they said with
alarm.
“You’re not a meat packer. You’re an air traffic
controller,” Brandt countered. “That’s a big difference.
It all depends on how you run the union.”
Cullison tutored Mullin (and others) on the
phone every night and smiled with satisfaction as
his spokesman matured in front of audiences. “You
could look at people’s eyes and watch to see if they
were persuaded,” Cullison says. “If they believed you
and how credible they believed he was.”
Mullin racked up thousands of miles on his

10-year-old Honda Civic hatchback as spring and
summer 1986 passed in a blur. He met with controllers,
placed leaflets on cars, and tested other, less traditional,
organizing methods, such as renting a bus
to ferry controllers to a horse track in Shreveport,
Louisiana.
Cullison ran into a crowd playing softball one
afternoon in Corpus Christi, Texas. He rented a
pickup, filled the bed with ice and beer, and parked
near the exit gate when the game ended.
Thirsty players happily accepted the refreshments—and
union flyers.
During a meeting in a hotel near
Kansas City Airport, a slender controller
with a quick smile named John Carr
sat in the audience. After Cullison’s presentation,
Carr asked, “At the end of the
day, why should we have a union?”
“Let me tell you a little story,”
Cullison responded. “It’s about a neighborhood.
All the houses in the neighborhood
were just beautiful except for
this one vacant lot. It was overgrown
with weeds and trash and rats. One of
the neighbors decided if we each kick in
a couple of bucks, we could turn it into
a park. Everybody could share.
“He went door to door and everybody
pitched in. They got the trash re-
23
Sep.
Seventy-two delegates attend NATCA’s founding convention at the Chicago-O’Hare
Ramada Hotel, including provisional representatives from
each of NATCA’s nine regions. John Thornton announces that NATCA has
moved. They exterminated the pests. They mowed
the grass. They hauled off the refrigerators and old
tires. They put in playground equipment and a basketball
hoop and some benches for the old people.
Everybody said, ‘This is the most beautiful park
we’ve ever seen.’
“Then a couple of neighbors moved out and a
couple moved in. About a year later, the same neighbor
decides they need to take up another collection
The neighborhood: Doc Cullison’s fable about homeowners who improve a local
park and then let it fall into disrepair perfectly conveyed the essence of solidarity.
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
NATCA archives
collected more than 4,200 signatures calling for an election on whether to
form a union. However, the group plans to gather more signatures before
filing them with the FLRA to help ensure a “big win.”
81

John F.
Thornton
Acting Director
of Free Flight Program
2001 — Pre s e n t
Op e r a t i n g in i t i a l s: JT
HOm e t O w n : Atlantic City, New Jersey
sp O u s e / CHildre n:
Ginny / Michelle (married to Shawn
Daniels); granddaughter: Amanda
Ot Her tr i v i a:
John, Ginny, and Michelle “starred”
in a 1976 PATCO film about a day
in the life of a controller
in t e r e s t s:
Philly sports, reading, the beach
Peter Cutts
ATC FACiliTies
Cu r r e n t:
pr e v i O u s: DCA
FAA Free Flight
Tower/TRACON
John F. Thornton joined the Air Force in 1965
with no intention of becoming an air traffic controller.
Computers were the nouveau wave, leading
him to pester his career counselor about training.
But the waiting list for school meant he’d have to
endure a year of menial tasks such as KP duty and
collecting roadside trash. When Thornton learned
about the alternatives, he promptly “chose” ATC as
a profession.
The newness of it all made him apprehensive
until the intricacies of the job jelled one sunny day
at Little Rock AFB and he realized “it was what I
was deemed to be.” His eight years in the military
also included duty at McGuire and Dover AFBs as
well as Phan Rang Air Base in Vietnam.
As Congress held Watergate hearings in
the summer of 1973, Thornton started as a civilian
controller at Washington National Tower/
TRACON. Still in training when elected facility
rep, he also served as a voting representative at
several PATCO conventions.
He walked out in 1981, hoping to gain a
better retirement and shorter workweek in a profession
where many of his colleagues retired on
medical disability.
Among a handful of controllers who were
jailed for their actions, Thornton credits his family
for helping him survive the ordeal. His wife,
Ginny, was “a rock” and his daughter loyally sup-
Pr e v i o u s uN i oN Po s iT i oN s / AC h i e v e m e N T s
PATCO fac rep at DCA; NATCA nat’l. organizer;
NATCA sr. dir. of legislative affairs 1988-95; helped
avert Russian ATC strike as AFL-CIO special envoy.
hir e d
June
1973
ported him in public. Worried that her classmates
might say something hurtful, Thornton advised
Michelle against wearing a “PATCO on strike”
T-shirt to school in a neighborhood where many
controllers crossed the picket line. “I don’t feel
bad,” she replied. “They feel bad.”
Despite the pain and damage of the walkout,
his association with controllers was far from over.
Two years later, they sought Thornton’s help in
his new role as a labor organizer for the American
Federation of Government Employees. Recognizing
their needs were legitimate, he quietly healed
personal wounds and immersed himself in a nationwide
effort that culminated with a new union.
After certification, Thornton directed NATCA’s
legislative affairs for seven years.
“My work with NATCA was some of the
most rewarding I’ve had in my life,” says Thornton,
who is justifiably proud of the successor that he
helped to create. “NATCA is a very smart organization.
They think everything is possible and they go
after it.”
Thornton left the union in 1995, but continued
to represent controllers’ interests. For the
past five years, he has participated in the FAA’s
Free Flight program, a collection of computerized
tools designed to automate certain ATC functions.
In late 2001, the agency promoted him to acting
director of the program.

to paint the playground equipment and make sure
the lawn gets mowed and the trash gets picked up.
Well, some of the new neighbors said: ‘Why should
I contribute? That park was here when I moved in.
I don’t have to pay for it. It’s always been part of my
life.’ So they didn’t kick
in any money.
“By and by, more
people move in and decide
the park has always
been a part of my life and
is something I’ve got coming
to me. Pretty soon, it
looks just like it was the
very first time they found
it.
“That’s why you
need the union, John. I’m
asking you for ten bucks
to fix the playground,
okay? Do you want to fix
it or don’t you?”
“Where do I sign
up?” Carr said.
As soon as he returned to Kansas City Tower/
TRACON, Carr manned a table in the break room to
hand out pledge cards. Managers followed a typical
pattern and looked askance at his involvement. “You
know when that effort fails, they’re going to fire you,”
1987
5
Jan.
“
You really can’t underestimate
that first step they took
because they were going up
against a government that had
just fired 11,000 people who
did the same job they did.
they’d say. “They’ll find a reason to fire you just like
they fired those other boys.”
Carr wasn’t intimidated nor were others drumming
up support for NATCA, even as they struggled
just to get inside some facilities. Managers usually relented
as soon as the controllers
reminded them
about the Civil Service
Reform Act, which guaranteed
workers the right
— John Thornton
to organize.
O’Hare TRACON
controller Joseph Bellino,
drawing on experience
he gained while serving
in the Army in Vietnam
and as a police officer in
McHenry, Illinois, relied
on another trick.
At facilities that
used numbered keypads
for door locks, Bellino
applied powdered de-
odorant to the keys and waited until someone
punched the code to open the door. The missing
powder on certain keys made it easy to determine
the correct numbers.
“We had a lot of great people step up,” Thornton
says. “You really can’t underestimate that first
NATCA files an election petition with the FLRA to be the sole bargaining
agent for all operational GS-2152 air traffic controllers. The proposed
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
union needed 3,750 signatures—30 percent of the work force—but
submits 5,800, or 46 percent.
83

84
19xx
Against the Wind
1986
Founding Convention
Regional Representatives
Among those attending NATCA’s
founding convention in September
1986 were the nine interim regional representatives,
who had been elected or appointed
during the preceding two years:
Alaskan: Joe Dunigan from
Anchorage Tower/TRACON served as
regional rep and Anchorage Center controller
Will Faville Jr. assisted him as his
alternate. However, Faville, who checked
out as an FPL just three weeks before
the convention, was the only controller
from Alaska to attend. As a result, he
signed the MEBA affiliation agreement
and represented the region on votes for
the interim constitution and initial dues.
He took over officially when Dunigan
stepped down shortly after the union was
certified in 1987.
Central: Like many others in the
region, Jim Poole from Cedar Rapids
Tower/TRACON did not get involved in
organizing until 1986. During the spring
and summer, however, he visited every
facility in the region, often accompanied
by Doc Cullison. Poole was elected
regional representative at a meeting in
August. He knew he’d be transferring to
Chicago Center in October, however, so
�
Dan Brandt from Omaha TRACON was
elected first alternate and Kansas City
Center controller Ray Spickler was voted
second alternate.
Eastern: Joe O’Brien from New
York TRACON served as the original regional
rep during the AATCC organizing
drive, but stepped down due to family
pressures. At a pre-convention caucus in
August 1986, controllers elected Steve
Bell, also from New York TRACON, as
regional rep and Dave Pearson from Harrisburg
Tower/TRACON in Pennsylvania
as his alternate.
Great Lakes: Fred Gilbert, an early
activist from AATCC days at Chicago
Center, served as regional rep. His alternate
was Cleveland Center controller
Scott Lawless.
New England: Howie Barte, who
now worked at Providence Tower, was
elected regional rep in November 1984.
Dave Landry, another PATCO member
who refused to strike at Lebanon Tower
in New Hampshire (believed to be the
only facility in the region where no one
walked out), served as Barte’s alternate.
Northwest Mountain: Gary Molen
from Salt Lake Center had served as re-
gional rep since 1985. Seattle Center controller
David Brown became his alternate
(until he quit the FAA in June 1987 to
publicize his biography of rodeo cowboy
Chris LeDoux, titled Gold Buckle Dreams).
The FAA rehired Brown in 1991.
Southern: Dennis Delaney from
Pensacola Tower/TRACON served as
regional rep after Lee Riley nominated
him for the position. Riley, who helped
start the movement at Atlanta Center, had
taken over as regional rep from Daytona
Beach controller Dan Keeney. When
Delaney was elected, Riley became his
alternate.
Southwest: Ed Mullin from Love
Field in Dallas was named regional rep at
a meeting in early 1986. Houston Center
controller Dennis O’Brien served as
Mullin’s alternate.
Western-Pacific: Jim McCann
from Chino Tower in California served as
the original de facto regional rep. At the
national NATCA meeting in March 1986,
attended by Rep. Mineta, controllers
elected Los Angeles TRACON controller
Karl Grundmann as regional rep and
Richard Bamberger from Lindbergh Field
in San Diego as his alternate.

step they took because they were going up against
a government that had just fired 11,000 people who
did the same job they did.”
Founding Convention
At a ballroom inside the Chicago-
O’Hare Ramada Inn on September 23, 1986,
Thornton stood behind a podium and welcomed
seventy-two controller delegates and
assorted dignitaries to NATCA’s founding
convention. Almost immediately, he roused
the audience by informing them that 4,200
controllers had signed petitions for a national
union—about 33 percent of the work force. In
less than nine months, the new campaign had
met its goal and NATCA would soon file for an
election with the FLRA.
Thornton then articulated what many in
the audience believed about their organization.
“It is clear that, in the FAA’s book, controllers are
to be seen and not heard,” he said. “NATCA is a
new union. It is not a reincarnation of the past. Our
goals and methods are different, and despite what
our critics say, we are not condemned to repeat the
mistakes of the past.” 8
Determined to chart a different course from its
more militant predecessor, the preamble of NATCA’s
proposed constitution explicitly vowed to abide “by
1987
30
Jan.
lawful means” in carrying out its mission. The clause
formalized a no-strike pledge that the union had adopted
two months earlier. The constitution included
two other key differences.
First, every controller would receive a
ballot in national elections.
And every facility was entitled
to send a proportional
number of delegates
to conventions to vote on
constitutional amendments
and participate in
other business. * PATCO
had elected voting representatives
to speak for
large blocs of members
when electing officers
and changing the constitution.
“You had a
cadre of kingmakers
out there who could really play
politics and force the union perhaps to do things it
might not have done,” Thornton says now. “By having
direct election of officers by the membership, you
curb some of that.”
Secondly, NATCA conventions would be held
every two years. That way, the new union would reduce
the amount of political fallout that influenced
NATCA Southern Regional Representative Dennis Delaney, New England
Regional Rep Howie Barte, and national organizer John Thornton testify
before the Senate Subcommittee on Aviation. They urge Congress to re-
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
store immunity for controllers who report operational errors. They also
urge Congress to release money in the Airport and Airway Trust Fund to
hire more controllers and replace outdated equipment and software.
85
Founding convention program: Delegates
to NATCA’s gathering in Chicago in
September 1986 adopted an interim constitution.
The preamble stated the union’s
intention to abide “by lawful means.”
* The formula stipulated one delegate for each
facility with up to 100 union members. Larger
facilities were entitled to another delegate for
every additional fifty members.

86
1987
Against the Wind
June 11, 1987
This day in history: The culmination of NATCA’s campaign to represent air traffic controllers captured the attention of
journalists from around the world. After the Federal Labor Relations Authority tallied the ballots—the vote passed by a
70 percent margin—the news was announced at MEBA headquarters in Washington.
Right: Confident of victory, regional reps filled out NATCA membership applications and FAA form 1187, which authorized
payroll deductions for union dues, in the morning before the votes were counted. / NATCA archives
2
Feb.
About thirty-five Eastern Region controllers discuss NATCA organizing
and certification election strategy. Former PATCO President John Leyden
tells the group that controllers need an organization to speak for them on
Capitol Hill. He says Congress wants to hear from the rank and file, not
just managers. Howard Johannssen, president of the Professional Airways
Systems Specialists, urges the group not to relax its campaign drive.

24
Mar.
The FLRA schedules an election for May 6 through June 10 to decide
whether NATCA will represent the nation’s controllers. The move comes
after a consent meeting attended by NATCA, the FAA, and the FLRA.
PATCO for several months before and after
its annual gatherings.
Later that morning, a bespectacled
Gene DeFries offered encouragement that
appealed to the independent-minded controllers.
“MEBA is going to fill your tank
with gasoline and send you on your way,
and we’ll follow you for a while with a tow
truck in case you break down,” he said. “But
we want you to run your organization.” 9
NATCA took two formal steps that
afternoon. Delegates unanimously approved
an interim constitution and adopted
initial membership dues of 1 percent
of base pay.
Many of the delegates were unaware
that MEBA had tried to exert some influence
already by mandating that Thornton
be named executive director of NATCA in
the draft constitution. Thornton had high
hopes of leading NATCA, but the misstep
was embarrassing for him. When MEBA
lawyers drafted the constitution at headquarters
before the convention, Thornton,
Beth Thomas, and John Leyden all objected
to including his name, telling DeFries the
move was heavy-handed.
“If they don’t want you, maybe we
don’t want them,” DeFries countered.
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
87

88
Against the Wind
For the record: John Thornton, left, and
MEBA President Gene DeFries announce
the favorable vote for the new union. At
a reception that evening, a congressman
put the event in perspective: “You people
have no idea what you did. They [the FAA]
never saw this coming.” / NATCA archives
1987
After Thornton explained the background to the
board members in Chicago, several walked off for a
private discussion with DeFries. Some felt MEBA was
acting presumptuously. Others worried that Thornton’s
PATCO background would send the wrong message
to the FAA and
other organizations.
There was also
strong sentiment to
have an active controller
lead the new
union.
D e F r i e s
agreed to remove
Thornton’s name
from the constitution
as director.
Instead, the board
added a clause retaining
Thornton as national coordinator until
NATCA held a formal election for officers.
On the second day of the convention, NATCA
legally cemented its relationship with MEBA—but not
without a surprise.
After lunch, board members were told to report
to a conference room. Thornton, DeFries, and another
individual stood near a table with documents
spread out on it.
“Before we can go any further, we need to take
May May
17
The FAA begins using the Aircraft Situation Display at its Central
Flow Control Facility. The equipment provides a real-time
visual display of all aircraft flying IFR in the nation.
29
a minute so you guys can sign these affiliation agreements,”
DeFries said.
As he explained the resources that MEBA
could offer, the controllers read the papers and
their eyes widened. A promissory note obligated
the union to reimburse
MEBA for organizing expenses
when its finances
permitted. By that point,
the loan amounted to
$500,000 (it would climb
to $1.5 million within the
next year). The second
agreement stipulated a
quarterly affiliation fee
amounting to a steep 15
percent of the dues that
NATCA collected from
each member—double
the industry average.
Most board members had been under the impression
that NATCA would not have to repay the
money. They were also surprised that the affiliation
fee would be so high, although MEBA assured them
the 15 percent would be reduced as NATCA membership
increased.
The provisions so angered Eastern Regional
Representative Steve Bell that he stormed out of
the room.
The FAA commissions the first Host computer system at
Seattle Center. The new equipment replaces IBM’s aging 9020
mainframe computers.

Shaking his head, Gary Molen signed the papers,
commenting, “Well, it’s their money.”
“What’s the big deal?” Dan Brandt said with
a shrug.
One by one, they each stepped up and scribbled
their name, including Bell after he cooled down
and returned to the room a few minutes later. But the
incident left some of the controllers with a lingering
mistrust of MEBA and Thornton.
Even as NATCA held its convention, FAA Administrator
Engen steadfastly maintained that few
controllers were unhappy. “I have been to every air
traffic facility ... and I haven’t found strong support
for a union,” he told USA Today. “This is a very vocal
minority that probably stems from PATCO.” 10
Yet signatures continued to pour in. When
NATCA filed its national petition with the FLRA on
January 5, 1987, they totaled 5,800, far more than the
3,750 needed.
The final tally represented 46 percent of the
work force. New England outpaced the other regions
with signatures from more than 71 percent of its
controllers. Reflecting the region’s strong anti-union
sentiment, a mere 18 percent had signed petitions in
the Southwest.
The solid showing in the Northeast was due in
large measure to Howie Barte’s efforts marshaling his
contacts in the field. Barte was so relentless in pursuing
the new union that he once called another con-
11
June
troller on Thanksgiving, forgetting it was a holiday.
When the controller reminded him, Barte quickly
apologized and hung up.
The FLRA approved the petition in March
and scheduled a mail-in vote for all controllers during
May and early
June. This time,
the FAA did not
appeal the decision.
A Union
at Last
More than 80 percent of all controllers vote in NATCA’s certification
election. Seventy percent approve the union as their sole bargaining agent.
MEBA President Gene DeFries characterizes the results as a “victory for
Washington, D.C., awoke to warm, sunny
skies on the morning of Thursday, June 11, 1987. The
pleasant, though humid, weather matched the upbeat
mood of NATCA’s regional representatives as they
bantered at MEBA headquarters. A few bloodshot
eyes betrayed early revelers who’d begun celebrating
the night before.
John Thornton had told a reporter he estimated
that 70 percent of controllers would vote in favor of
the union. The accuracy of his prediction would be
tested shortly when ballot counting commenced.
Confident of victory, the nine board members filled
out a NATCA membership application and FAA form
1187 to authorize payroll deductions for union dues.
They piled into taxicabs, rode to FLRA head-
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
NATCA archives
all air traffic controllers who have carried the nation’s air traffic system on
their backs for nearly six years with excessive overtime and stress.” Charter
members begin signing membership and dues deduction forms.
89

90
Against the Wind
Special recognition: NATCA issued gold
cards and charter member pins to the
more than 3,000 controllers who joined in
the first year after union certification.
1987
19
quarters not far across town, and gathered with FAA
officials in a large conference room. Numerous large
bags stuffed with ballots were clustered around several
tables occupied by FLRA staff members. As the
tabulating began, agency and union volunteers removed
the ballots from their envelopes using electric
letter openers supplied by MEBA to expedite
the process. Repeated murmurs
of “yes” and “no” started rebounding
throughout the
room. Once counted, the
workers bundled the ballots
in packets of fifty and
stacked them on two tables
at one end of the room.
Watching from
the sidelines, Gary Molen
paced while puffing
nervously on a cigarette.
A comment from his facil- i -
ty manager, who’d spoken with Molen just before he
flew to Washington, came to mind: “When you guys
lose it, I want to be sure we have an all-hands meeting
and we’ll shake hands. There’s no hard feelings
and we’ll try to work things out.”
But Molen knew it was an empty gesture and
he dreaded a difficult relationship should the vote
for a union fail. He listened to the FLRA workers at
the closest table and winced while they repeated “no”
June July
more often than “yes.”
“This doesn’t look good,” he said. Still pacing,
Molen lit another cigarette. “Oh, God, this doesn’t
look good.”
Standing nearby, Karl Grundmann finally snapped:
“Would you shut up. You’re driving me crazy.”
Ed Mullin was preoccupied with similar
thoughts. An anonymous telephone caller had told
him before he left for D.C., “It’s going to be a long ride
home if this doesn’t work out.” Mullin responded:
“You’ve been wrong every step of the way. My bet is
you’re wrong now.” Nevertheless, he felt unsettled as
he watched the counting proceed.
Morning edged into afternoon without a formal
lunch break and the stacks on the “yes” table gradually
mounted. In time, they dwarfed those on the
“no” table. The controllers smiled and nudged each
other while the FAA managers grew increasingly
subdued. Eighty-four percent of the work force cast
ballots. After the last one was counted, the tally stood
at 7,494 to 3,275—a margin of 70 percent, exactly as
Thornton had predicted.
Thornton and the board members shook
hands, hugged each other, and tried to keep mum
about the victory as they shouldered past a thicket of
reporters outside the building. The official announcement
would be made at MEBA headquarters. But they
couldn’t contain their ear-to-ear grins and Barte discreetly
gave one reporter a thumbs-up signal.
The FLRA officially certifies NATCA as a union. FAA Administrator Donald Engen leaves office after serving
since April 10, 1984.
2

Back at MEBA’s offices, they joined other controllers
who’d been anxiously awaiting the results.
DeFries and Thornton each spoke into a forest of
microphones to announce the historic news to a mob
of reporters and television camera crews. Afterward,
controllers, FAA officials, other dignitaries, and journalists
milled about a reception on the second floor.
The FAA managers wore gold NATCA pins in a show
of respect but, privately, they were stunned the union
had garnered so much support.
During the celebration, a member of Congress
approached an exhausted Mullin, who was sitting in
a corner nursing a drink. “You people have no idea
what you did,” the politician said. “They never saw
this coming.” Reflecting on the accomplishment now,
Mullin agrees. “To do it after an apocalyptic event but
before Reagan left the White House, and during an
anti-union decade with Pepsi-generation people was
quite astounding,” he says.
8
July
NTSB Chairman Jim Burnett tells the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee
on Transportation that the FAA should implement an improved controller
feedback program. He says operational errors for April and May
The FLRA certified the election results on
June 19. Donald Engen, who presided over the FAA
throughout NATCA’s formation, had announced
the previous March that he intended to return to
the private sector. Two weeks after certification, he
left office. President Reagan and his administration
would occupy the White House for another nineteen
months. Once again, they had to deal with a labor
organization representing air traffic controllers, less
than six years after crushing its predecessor.
1. Hockstader, Lee. 1984. Controllers seek new union at Leesburg center. The
Washington Post. 30 May, final edition.
2. Smith, Philip. 1981. Three in PATCO given 10-day terms. The Washington
Post. 12 December, final edition.
3. Ibid.
4. Shifrin, Carole. 1984. Union launches program to organize controllers. Aviation
Week & Space Technology. 9 July.
5. Ibid.
6. Witkin, Richard. 1985. Pilots planning to form union for controllers. The New
York Times. 29 April.
7. MEBA archives.
8. NATCA archives. Founding convention transcript.
9. Ibid.
10. Adams, Marilyn, and Spahn, Holly. 1986. Air controllers see if union revival
will fly. USA Today. 23 September.
Chapter 3: A Long and Winding Road
1987 were 10 percent higher than 1986. Reports of near midair collisions
for the first five months of 1987 rose 39 percent.
91

“
Imagine walking
into an empty office
space. That’s where
they started.
— Former MEBA President
Alexander “Doc” Cullison
Labor of love: Adell Humphreys, NAT-
CA’s director of administration, pieced
together sixty-two logos to create a wallsized
quilt, which hangs in the local union
office at Oakland Center. / Steve Tuttle

Chapter 4
The House That NATCA Built
Nearly 300 delegates packed the Phoenix Ballroom of the Hyatt Regency
Atlanta, seated in nine regional clusters. Among those on the
dais at NATCA’s second national convention in late January 1988
was John Thornton. Once again, he found himself in a swirl of debate about
his role with the union.
Hoping to preserve a place for Thornton, New
England Regional Representative Howie Barte had
introduced a constitutional amendment to create a
chief executive officer position. Barte argued that hiring
a professionally qualified CEO would eliminate
the specter of national politics, which had already
permeated the convention. The CEO—PATCO started
with a similar corporate-type structure—would
be answerable to the National Executive Board, ensuring
that controllers established the union’s goals
and policies.
Thornton was a natural candidate for the position.
He’d held the job under the title of national
organizer since MEBA hired him in December 1985
and had been involved in the organizing campaign
since the earliest days with AFGE. Thornton also
racked up sixteen years of experience as a controller
with the Air Force and FAA before he was fired in
the strike.
But many delegates believed NATCA
would have more credibility if its members
ran their union. “We want an organization
of, by, and for air traffic controllers,”
Western-Pacific Regional Rep
Karl Grundmann said, a sentiment that
struck a chord throughout the ballroom.
Those who applauded Grundmann’s
stance wanted to completely disassociate
from PATCO. Many feared that NAT-
CA would become another radical organization
and were adamantly opposed to Thornton running
their new union.
Deciding their destiny: Karl Grundmann
spoke for many by arguing that controllers
should run the new union. / NATCA archives

94
Against the Wind
NATCA archives
Legacy of the strike: John Thornton, left, confers with MEBA President Gene De-
Fries, right, and NATCA General Counsel Bill Osborne at the union’s Atlanta convention
in 1988. Thornton’s PATCO background dashed his hopes of becoming president.
* NATCA retained a professional parliamentarian
to monitor its proceedings in Atlanta.
Central Regional Representative Dan Brandt
handled the duties during the 1990 convention
and Howie Barte has served as parliamentarian
at every subsequent gathering.
1987
22
July
“John’s loyalty
and his contribution
to NATCA were unparalleled.
Nobody
can deny that,” says
Steve Bell, the Eastern
regional rep at
the time. “But there
was no way, no way
we could campaign
and build a union
by electing a PAT-
CO guy as the new
president.”
A healthy dose
of wariness about
Thornton’s relationship
with MEBA also
existed. For the contingent
from New
York, parochialism came into play, as well. Bell had
emerged as a leading candidate for president in the
upcoming national election.
After delegates voted down Barte’s CEO proposal,
Barry Krasner introduced two constitutional
amendments aimed at barring Thornton from the
presidency he sought. One resolution defined an
active member as a certified controller or a developmental
in a training program. The second limited the
The Aviation Safety Commission, created by Congress in 1986 to develop
recommendations on improving air safety, holds its first day of hearings.
NATCA national organizer John Thornton presents a six-point improve-
right to vote or hold office to active members.
Krasner, who had taken over as the local
president at New York TRACON from Bell, was very
familiar with Robert’s Rules of Order and would later
earn a reputation for running conventions with a deft
hand. * But he became tongue-tied while simultaneously
trying to write and announce one of the resolutions.
“Wait, wait, wait,” he stammered, trying to be
diplomatic. “What I’m trying to do—”
Thornton leaned toward a microphone and
remarked, “Barry, we all know what you’re trying
to do.”
The measures passed, but some felt badly for
Thornton. Northwest Mountain Regional Rep Gary
Molen, who dismissed the anti-PATCO sentiment as
pettiness, nearly came to tears watching the drama
play out. “He’s the one who got us going and we owed
him something,” Molen says now.
To that end, the Atlanta delegates bestowed
Thornton with the union’s first honorary lifetime
membership in appreciation of his contributions.
Their recognition moved Thornton and he understood
the controllers’ desire to run NATCA. But the
snub over the presidency still hurt.
During the four-day convention, delegates wrestled
over a variety of organizational issues and came
to grips with politics. One proposal would establish a
weighted scale for National Executive Board members,
giving two votes each to the four largest regions and
ment plan. Key elements include immunity for controllers who report
operational errors, increasing FPL controller ranks, addressing equipment
problems, and ending the FAA’s contract tower program.

one each to the remaining five. In a fiery speech to the
delegates, Kansas City Center controller Ray Spickler,
from the four-state Central Region, contended the
divisive move would pit large facilities and regions
against small ones. Delegates rejected the measure.
They also considered a Southern Region resolution
to consolidate NATCA’s nine regions, which
mirrored the FAA’s, into seven, as PATCO had done. *
“We were really looking for an efficient organization.
It didn’t make sense to have nine regions and it still
doesn’t,” Krasner says now.
Today, many agree that NATCA and the FAA
would be better off with just three or four matching
regions—or even a single national entity—to reduce
overhead costs and foster more unity. “We’ve perfected
the FAA model to an art form and we really need
to stop doing that,” says Carol Branaman, who was
elected Northwest Mountain Region vice president in
2000. “If I had my way, we wouldn’t have a bunch of
regional anything. It would be different.”
But in 1988 in Atlanta, some delegates viewed
the move as a power play among the larger regions.
Representatives from Alaskan, Central, and New England—they
were loosely known as the Small Region
Coalition—sent letters opposing the proposal to all facilities.
“We feel that by limiting NATCA to only a few
regions, all controllers will not get the proper representation
they deserve, and that there will exist certain
internal power structures that helped destroy PATCO,”
22
July
T. Allan McArtor takes over as FAA administrator from Donald Engen,
who resigned twenty days earlier. McArtor logged 200 combat missions
in Vietnam, winning the Silver Star and Distinguished Flying Cross. He also
Alaskan Regional Rep Will Faville Jr. wrote.
The proposed amendment was withdrawn,
though not before Barte threatened to pull New England
delegates out of the convention.
The First National Election
Heavy lobbying ensued in the hotel’s bars and
regional “war rooms,” which were making their first
appearance at a NATCA function. The Small Region
Chapter 4: The House that NATCA Built
Honorary Lifetime Members
FYI
John F. Thornton 1988 NATCA nat’l. organizer, sr. leg. affairs director
John F. Leyden 1992 PATCO president 1970-80
James Breen 1994 New England regional representative 1988-92
Robert D. Taylor 1994 Director of labor relations
Richard Swauger 1996 National technology coordinator
Cathy Meachum 2000 NATCA Charitable Foundation co-founder
Emeritus Members
Gary Molen 1994 Northwest Mountain Region VP emeritus
Ed Mullin 1994 Southwest Region VP emeritus
Barry Krasner 1996 National president emeritus
Michael McNally 2000 National president emeritus
flew with the Air Force Thunderbirds for two years. McArtor worked
for Federal Express Corporation for eight years until his appointment as
administrator.
95
* Under the proposal, New England Region
would be consolidated into Eastern. Central
and a renamed Western Region would absorb
Northwest Mountain states, and several
other realignments would occur west of the
Mississippi River. A new Pacific Region would
include Alaska, Hawaii, and U.S. territories in
the South Pacific.

96
1987
Against the Wind
7
Sep.
Coalition, joined by Northwest Mountain, hosted a
combined hospitality suite. A fully stocked bar covered
a credenza that ran the length of one wall. After
the convention, Central Regional Rep Dan Brandt
paid the hefty room and bar tab with a credit card.
Thornton, who approved expense reports, gulped
deeply before reimbursing Brandt.
The upcoming national election dominated
conversations in the war rooms. Nominations
opened in another week, voting would take place in
the spring, and results would be tallied in July.
Many union members viewed Steve Bell as the
heir apparent for president. Seven months before,
on the day the FLRA tabulated the votes to certify
NATCA, he’d announced his candidacy to the others
on the board. The 35-year-old preacher’s son was an
inspirational speaker, had gained visibility during
NATCA’s formation, and enjoyed a powerful political
base rooted at New York TRACON.
Karl Grundmann from Los Angeles TRACON
had been perceived as a contender for political office
as far back as NATCA’s founding convention.
Tall, astute, and at ease in front of a crowd, 34-yearold
Grundmann became Kelly Candaele’s leading
spokesman during organizing on the West Coast.
He was seen as a natural candidate for executive
vice president.
Fred Gilbert, an early NATCA stalwart from
Chicago Center, and Ray Spickler, the Kansas City
Eastern Regional Representative Steve Bell and other controllers
in the New York area appear on behalf of NATCA in the
city’s traditional Labor Day parade.
The Bell / Grundmann Ticket
native of Maryland, Karl Grundmann
A quit high school—”before I got asked to
leave”—to join the Navy in 1977. He served as
an aviation bosun’s mate at Lemoore Naval Air
Station, south of Fresno, where he befriended
the tower crew and then trained as an air
traffic controller. After the FAA hired him two
years later, he worked briefly at Sacramento
Tower and was certifying at Burbank Tower/
TRACON when the strike countdown began.
As luck would have it, Lemoore needed
radar controllers. Grundmann’s old commander
called to offer him a civilian transfer
to the Defense Department, a five-level bump
on the GS pay scale if he accepted the job.
Grundmann took the offer and subsequently
sidestepped the difficult decision of whether
to strike. Three weeks after the walkout, the
FAA rehired him at Burbank.
“It was very uncomfortable for a while
to walk past the picket line,” Grundmann
says. “But I believed the FAA. All I heard was
‘we’re going to take care of you.’ ”
Before long, though, the ten-hour, sixday
weeks began to grate. Grundmann also
took exception to the FAA’s public pronouncements
that the air traffic system was returning
to normal. “All it would have taken would
have been one major accident, one controller

Courtesy of Howie Barte
Bicoastal running mates: Steve Bell, right, never formally
acknowledged his unofficial ticket with Karl Grundmann.
screw-up, and the whole thing would have
come down. It was a house of cards.”
Despite these issues, Grundmann
hadn’t seriously thought about organizing
given that federal-sector unions were not
permitted to strike. But when he transferred
to Los Angeles TRACON in 1984,
another controller named George Stevens
persuaded him to take a closer look.
Kelly Candaele still recalls his first
encounter with Grundmann at an organizing
meeting in Anaheim. “He was a longhaired
guy full of piss and vinegar,” Candaele
says. “Reminded me of—not exactly a
biker type. I came walking in the door and
�
he said, ‘Who are you?’ I had a tie on, so he
knew I wasn’t a controller.”
Grundmann listened to Candaele
explain that controllers should think about
organizing because their jobs involved
high stakes. If a mistake occurred, a union
would define a hierarchy of responsibility
to help protect the workers. Candaele
was quick to point out, though, that it was
a decision the controllers needed to make
on their own. “I knew that it was so tender
during the initial period that I couldn’t
come in and just say we’ll give you protection,”
Candaele says.
His words won Grundmann over.
Not long after, NATCA held its March 1986
national meeting in San Francisco. Though
Grundmann had joined the NATCA drive
only recently, the controllers elected him as
Western-Pacific regional rep over Jim Mc-
Cann from Chino Tower, who had served
as the de facto rep.
Under Candaele’s gentle tutelage,
Grundmann trimmed his shoulder-length
hair, replaced his jeans with a coat and tie,
and quickly demonstrated a natural savvy
in responding to controllers’ concerns
about the new union.
Before NATCA’s certification, Grund-
Chapter 4: The House that NATCA Built
mann and Bell befriended each other and
forged an alliance. MEBA had assigned a
member of its staff named Walter Browne
to keep tabs on its fledgling affiliate.
“Everybody felt he was there as MEBA’s
hit man,” Barry Krasner recalls. After the
disagreement over MEBA’s promissory note
and steep affiliation fee, Browne’s appearance
further frayed the controllers’ faith in
their funding organization.
That lack of trust came to bear when
Browne asked the interim regional reps
whether they could guarantee the vote
for a union and if anyone was willing to
quit the FAA and join MEBA as a full-time
organizer. Bell and Grundmann talked
about it, decided to offer their services, and
met with Gene DeFries. When word of the
meeting reached the other NATCA board
members, they exchanged heated phone
calls that were charged with political accusations.
Very quickly, Bell and Grundmann
abandoned the idea.
Now, as Grundmann launched a
campaign for executive vice president, he
and Bell were widely regarded as a ticket.
However, the New Yorker never formally
acknowledged his West Coast counterpart
as a running mate.
97

98
19xx
Against the Wind
The Gilbert / Spickler Ticket
Fred Gilbert joined the FAA in 1969
and encountered his “first big lie”
from the agency during orientation at
Chicago Center. The academy in Oklahoma
City, he was told, would teach Gilbert
and the other new-hires how to think,
speak, and act exactly alike. In Gilbert’s
first class, however, he watched with
incredulity and unease when two instructors
nearly came to blows arguing about
phraseology.
After working as a controller for
seven years, he was promoted to the
Great Lakes Regional Office and soon
became associate administrator of the
Air Traffic and Airway Facilities National
Task Force.
Gilbert returned to the boards
after the strike, where his wariness over
unions waned as he endured his ill-fated
attempt to convene a national FAB conference
and realized the committees were an
FAA ploy “to placate Congress and controllers.”
Seeing that little had changed,
he joined the movement, was elected
Great Lakes regional rep, and traveled
extensively during organizing.
Hoping to steer NATCA toward
a more professional orientation than a
�
traditional labor bent, Gilbert threw
his hat in the ring for president. Fellow
Midwesterner Ray Spickler—who
regarded Gilbert as being level-headed,
decent, and likable—backed his candidacy.
The youngest of the four top contenders,
29-year-old Spickler grew up in
Kansas City, attended Catholic schools,
and studied chemistry for a while at
Rockhurst University, a Jesuit institution.
His chosen specialty did not inspire him,
however, and the strike turned his attention
to air traffic control. Spickler had no
qualms about applying to the FAA several
days after the walkout. He believed the
picketers broke the law and would not get
their jobs back.
By the summer of 1986, controllers
at Kansas City Center were talking
about a union, but only Spickler attended
an organizing meeting near the
airport. Among the handful of others
present were Jim Poole and Dan Brandt.
The group elected Poole as regional rep
and Brandt as his alternate. Poole was
transferring from Cedar Rapids Tower/
TRACON to Chicago Center that fall,
however, so Spickler was named second
Gilbert / Courtesy of Howie Barte Spickler / NATCA archives
alternate to prepare for the upcoming
vacancy.
After certification, talk turned to
NATCA’s first national election. Spickler
inherently distrusted Bell and Grundmann.
The two men from the coasts
“just hit me wrong,” Spickler says now,
though he adds: “I came to view New
Yorkers with a great deal of love and
respect. They supply the union with a lot
of energy.” He has also since resolved his
differences with Grundmann.
But others shared Spickler’s suspicions
at the time and fretted in particular
about the Eastern Region’s influence.
Spickler’s thoughts about running for executive
vice president solidified in Atlanta
after his speech opposing weighted voting
on the National Executive Board attracted
attention from delegates. Looking for a
vice presidential candidate to give the
Midwest and smaller regions a greater
voice, they encouraged him to run.
A week later, Spickler and Gilbert
agreed to form a ticket.

Center controller who gained attention with his
pointed speech about competition among regions,
ran together in opposition. They hoped their Midwestern
roots would appeal to members as a more
balanced ticket.
However, Gilbert’s link to PATCO, his emphasis
on professional issues over labor problems,
and possibly his age—he was 42—worked against
his bid for president. Another factor may have been
a joint campaign mailing. To save money, Spickler
relied on third-class postage and the literature did
not arrive in time for balloting. When the results
were announced on July 18, 1988, Bell outpolled
Gilbert nearly two-to-one out of more than 3,200
votes cast.
Likewise, Spickler trailed Grundmann
in the race for executive vice
president by about 200 votes. Neither
won a majority, however, because
of candidacies by two other
controllers.
Spickler campaigned hard
in a runoff while Grundmann
was hampered by a serious bicycle
accident that knocked out
all his teeth. He also suffered embarrassment,
if not voter backlash, from a letter claiming
Bell’s endorsement sent out by an overzealous
campaign worker. Bell quickly disavowed the en-
1987
10
dorsement and Spickler went on to win 63 percent
of the runoff vote.
First Steps
Even before the Atlanta convention, NATCA
began publicly asserting itself as a labor organization.
Shortly after certification, the union joined AFGE in
a lawsuit to prevent the Transportation Department
from implementing random drug testing. Both unions
contended the program violated Fourth Amendment
protection from unreasonable search and seizure.
Meanwhile, newly retained general counsel William
Osborne demanded talks with the FAA to negotiate
the rules based on NATCA’s rights under federal labor
laws.
Although a U.S. District Court denied an injunction
sought by the unions against drug testing,
NATCA immediately signed its first Memorandum
of Understanding with the agency in
October 1987. The agreement, which outlined
testing and grievance procedures, would be included
in the union’s first contract whenever it
was negotiated.
By the time Steve Bell arrived at NATCA
headquarters in August 1988, the union was in the
midst of lobbying Congress on a key issue that had
helped fuel the organizing effort. A bill by Rep. Barney
Frank, a Democrat from Massachusetts, would
Sep. Oct.
The Senate Aviation Subcommittee begins the first of at least
four hearings on an ill-fated bill that would remove the FAA
from the Transportation Department.
1
Chapter 4: The House that NATCA Built
FYI
NATCA retained
William W. Osborne Jr. as
its first general counsel in
August 1987. Osborne had
been in private practice
representing labor unions
for eleven years.
He also taught labor
law at Georgetown
University, The George
Washington University and
The Catholic University of
America in Washington, as
well as the George Meany
Center for Labor Studies in
Silver Spring, Maryland.
“I’m very proud to have
been on the 1989 union
negotiating team that bargained
the first post-PATCO
agreement with the FAA
and to have been one of the
signatories,” Osborne says.
99
Ray Spickler: The Kansas City Center
delegate attracted attention at the Atlanta
convention by speaking out against competition
among the regions. / NATCA archives
Transportation Secretary Elizabeth Dole leaves office after
serving since February 7, 1983.

100
1987
Against the Wind
1988
The First National Executive Board
Although several interim regional representatives
retained their seats, the
1988 election brought five new faces to the
board:
Alaskan: Incumbent Will Faville Jr.
from Anchorage Center handily beat Gordon
Jones from Kodiak Tower.
Central: Incumbent Dan Brandt from
Omaha TRACON easily defeated Larry
Clementz from St. Louis TRACON.
Eastern: Steve Bell’s presidential bid
left the field open in the region. New York
TRACON controller Barry Krasner won a
runoff election against Steve Van Houten
from New York Center after cultivating the
support of voters who had backed Dave
Pearson from Harrisburg Tower/TRACON
in the first round.
Great Lakes: Joseph Bellino, the first
developmental at O’Hare Tower/TRACON
to join PATCO and a longtime NATCA
9
Oct.
�
NATCA archives
Band of brothers: NATCA’s first elected board took office in September 1988. The top two executives and nine regional
representatives included, from left: Will Faville Jr., Alaskan; President Steve Bell; Jim Breen, New England; Joseph Bellino,
Great Lakes; Barry Krasner, Eastern; Dan Brandt, Central; Executive Vice President Ray Spickler; Lee Riley, Southern; Ed
Mullin, Southwest; Gary Molen, Northwest Mountain. Not pictured: Western-Pacific Regional Rep Richard Bamberger.
organizer, had taken over as alternate rep
from Cleveland Center’s Scott Lawless before
the election. He beat Mark Ward from
Indianapolis Center and David Shuler from
O’Hare Tower with 61 percent of the vote.
New England: Providence Tower
NATCA and FAA representatives sign an agreement regarding random
drug testing. The Memorandum of Understanding provides for a grievance
and arbitration procedure for controllers who are forced to undergo test-
controller Howie Barte, who had served as
the regional rep for nearly four years, lost
to Jim Breen from Bradley Tower/TRACON.
A former state trooper who helped establish
the Connecticut State Police Union,
Breen edged out Barte by seventeen votes
ing. The signing follows a U.S. District Court ruling denying an injunction
against testing sought by NATCA and AFGE.

with heavy support from Boston Center, the
region’s largest facility.
Northwest Mountain: Incumbent Gary
Molen from Salt Lake Center easily withstood
a challenge by Robert Fletcher from Denver
Center.
Southern: Pensacola Tower/TRACON
controller Dennis Delaney was unable to win
a majority over challengers Lee Riley from
Atlanta Center and Tim Leonard from Miami
Center. Riley, who served as Delaney’s alternate
on the provisional board, triumphed in
a runoff election thanks to healthy backing
from his facility.
Southwest: Incumbent Ed Mullin from
Dallas Love Field ran unopposed.
Western-Pacific: Karl Grundmann’s
alternate, Richard Bamberger from San Diego
Lindbergh Tower, held back challenges from
three other candidates.
immediately substitute the government for federal
employees as the defendant in civil lawsuits.
For years, accident victims’ next of kin had
periodically sued controllers, costing them thousands
of dollars in legal fees and hampering their
ability to buy and sell real estate and obtain loans
until the government stepped in.
Many controllers signed petitions for NATCA
after five of their colleagues at New York TRACON
were named in a lawsuit stemming from the midair
collision over Cliffside Park, New Jersey, in 1985.
In a concerted lobbying campaign, John
Thornton spoke with Frank’s staff several times and
enlisted support from
MEBA, which earmarked
political action committee
money for the tort
reform bill.
NATCA welcomed
the financial help. Although
the union had
formed constitution,
finance and safety committees,
no PAC existed
yet. NATCA also joined
a coalition of federal-sector
unions formed by the
Public Employees Department
of the AFL-CIO
Nov. Dec.
18
NATCA’s provisional Executive Board votes to hold national
elections. February 1, 1988, is the opening date for nominations
for president, vice president, and regional representatives.
3
Chapter 4: The House that NATCA Built
101
NATCA archives
Leading the PAC: NATCA retained John Thornton as senior director of legislative
affairs and, in 1989, director of its new Political Action Committee.
James H. Burnley takes over as transportation secretary. Burnley,
former deputy secretary, also served as general counsel and
as associate deputy attorney general in the Justice Department.

102
1987
Against the Wind
1988 Election
Results
�
Incumbents served on the
provisional Executive Board
9
Dec.
President
Votes Percent
Steve Bell Eastern New York TRACON 1,948 60.4
Fred Gilbert Great Lakes Chicago Center 1,138 35.3
Joseph Perrone New England Bradley Twr./TRACON 94 2.9
John Saludin Eastern Albany Twr./TRACON 46 1.4
Executive Vice President
Ray L. Spickler Central Kansas City Center 1,163 36.6 1,828 63.2
Karl Grundmann Western-Pacific L.A. TRACON 1,375 43.2 1,065 36.8
Richard Bolton Southwest Okla. City Twr./TRA. 427 13.4
Timothy Stinson New England Boston Center 218 6.8
Regional Representatives
Alaskan
Will Faville Jr. / incumbent Anchorage Center 60 85.7
Gordon P. Jones
Central
Kodiak Tower 10 14.3
Dan Brandt / incumbent Omaha TRACON 111 66.5
Larry Clementz
Eastern
St. Louis TRACON 56 33.5
Barry Krasner New York TRACON 245 36.2 330 56.2
Steve Van Houten New York Center 256 37.8 257 43.8
Dave Pearson Harrisburg Twr./TRA. 176 26.0
Union representatives from all fifty-three Southwest Region facilities meet
in Dallas to share experiences and initiate a regional “self-training mode.”
Runoff
Votes
Runoff
Percent
FAA representatives from Air Traffic, Labor Management Relations, and
Human Resources also attend.

Great Lakes
Joseph M. Bellino Chicago TRACON 303 61.1
Mark Ward Indianapolis Center 127 25.6
David A. Shuler
New England
Chicago O’Hare Tower 66 13.3
James Breen Bradley Tower/TRACON 119 53.8
Howie Barte / incumbent
Northwest Mountain
Providence Tower 102 46.2
Gary Molen / incumbent Salt Lake Center 165 68.2
Robert Fletcher
Southern
Denver Center 77 31.8
F. Lee Riley Atlanta Center 192 29.6 355 56.6
Dennis Delaney / incumbent Pensacola Tower 277 42.7 273 43.4
Tim Leonard
Southwest
Miami Center 180 27.7
Ed Mullin / incumbent Dallas Love Field Tower 293 99.1
Write-ins
Western-Pacific
Various 3 0.9
Richard Bamberger San Diego Tower 213 53.1
Owen Bridgeman Phoenix TRACON 78 19.4
Kenneth Moen Reno Tower/TRACON 62 15.4
Benjamin Pappa Jr. Los Angeles Center 49 12.1
1988
26
Jan.
Votes Percent
Nearly 300 delegates attend NATCA’s second biennial convention at the
Hyatt Regency Hotel in Atlanta. Major issues adopted include: establishing
Constitution, Finance, and Safety committees, composed of one member
Runoff
Votes
Chapter 4: The House that NATCA Built
Runoff
Percent
103
from each region; defining an “active” member as a controller who has
been certified in the preceding two years or a developmental in a training
program; limiting the right to vote or hold office to “active” members.

R. Steve
Bell
Training Specialist
1998 — Pr e s e n t
Op e r a t i n g in i t i a l s: SB, RB, BS
HO m e t O w n : Baltimore
sp O u s e / CHildre n:
Carrie / Jeff, Randy, Tim,
Colleen, Christin, Shawn
Ot Her tr i v i a:
Lives in a house built circa 1765
in t e r e s t s:
History, sailing
Stan Barough
ATC FACiliTies
Cu r r e n t:
pr e v i O u s: P50, N90
OFF
ONT
ATCSCC Command Ctr.
TRACONs
TRACON
Tower/TRACON
Steve Bell’s vision of NATCA has always hovered
on the horizon. “That vision is the creation of
a twenty-first century labor organization,” he says.
“A union that understands systemic approaches,
understands the complexities of systems, and one
that truly does collaborate to the greatest extent
possible to reach consensus with management.
That’s what we organized this union on.”
Even as Bell preached the need for NATCA
in the early days, he advocated collaboration with
the FAA and embraced Quality Through Partnership
during his presidency. Since transferring to
the Command Center in October 1998, he is often
on the road trying to motivate people to think outside
the box and see labor-management relations in
a new light.
“The problem has never been people in the
FAA. The problem has always been the structure,”
he says. “The paramilitary structure comes to us
from Rome and has primary dysfunctions built
into it that don’t allow people at the bottom of the
pyramid to bubble up good ideas into the organization.”
Part of Bell’s perception of the agency stems
from his diverse ATC experience. After nine years
as a controller in the Air Force, he worked at a privately
run tower in Mesa, Arizona, before the FAA
hired him at Ontario Tower/TRACON in 1982. He
then worked in radar rooms in Omaha and New
Pr e v i o u s NATCA Po s iT i oN s / AC h i e v e m e N T s
National president 1988-91; Eastern provisional
regional rep 1986-88; Western-Pacific Region QTP
coordinator; New York TRACON local president.
hir e d
April
1982
York, before his election as president, and in Phoenix
from 1991 to 1998.
Bell discovered a new world at the Command
Center. Acknowledging that he previously
gave little thought to airplanes beyond the range of
his scope, he now regards traffic management as
“the wave of the future.”
While Bell keeps looking forward in the
profession, the past also fascinates him. A Civil
War history buff, he walks across the battlefields of
Antietam and Gettysburg with the same familiarity
as Gen. Grant and Robert E. Lee.
He and his wife, Carrie, live in the rolling
hills outside Charles Town, West Virginia, in a
colonial-style house built about the time the British
Parliament passed the Stamp Act of 1765, infuriating
American colonists. In the barn behind their
home—and elsewhere on the property—a variety
of animals claim residence, including eleven head
of sheep, a donkey, golden retriever, miniature
schnauzer, and two cats. The couple also owns
a sailboat, which they someday hope to steer
through the Panama Canal and along the West
Coast.
Meanwhile, Bell remains passionate about
his vision for NATCA. “How else will we get
there?” he says. “Until I die or I leave the FAA or
I leave the union, I’m going to keep plugging that
way.”

to campaign for the bill. By fall, the Senate passed
a companion measure, which President Reagan
signed into law a month later.
NATCA’s first significant legislative victory
came as Bell and Spickler joined a skeletal national
office staff on the eighth floor of MEBA headquarters
at 444 North Capitol Street in Washington.
Besides Thornton and Osborne, Richard
Gordon Jr. served as director of labor relations
and Tony Dresden handled public
affairs.
“They had to create new space where
none had been as far as developing the
whole organization. Their space at MEBA
headquarters grew as they grew,” Doc Cullison
says. “But that was the sort of thankless job that
Steve and Ray did—to create the environment. The
things you take for granted.”
Such as hiring a bookkeeper, receptionist, secretaries,
and other staff members, leasing and buying
office equipment, establishing lines of communication
with union members and the FAA, and negotiating
with the agency. Indeed, Bell and Spickler were
forced to spend a good deal of time and energy on
infrastructure during their three-year reign.
With President Bell on the scene, Thornton’s
title of executive director posed a dilemma for outsiders
who might be confused about the group’s
leadership. Joe Kilgallon, a consultant whom NATCA
1988
Apr.
and PATCO retained periodically, devised a solution.
Thornton was named to the newly created position of
senior director for legislative affairs.
Among the new faces appearing at the national
office was a stylishly dressed, fun-loving woman
named Frances Alsop,
whom Spickler hired as
the union’s comptroller
in May 1989. NATCA
had seen two previous
bookkeepers come
and go, but Alsop
would remain with the
union for twelve years
until she passed away in
August 2001.
Fellow employees and NATCA members were
largely unaware of Alsop’s lengthy illness until her
death, which took away a vibrant personality and a
gold mine of institutional history.
A year after Alsop joined NATCA, Adell Humphreys,
a tall woman with flowing blonde hair and
an easy smile, came onboard. More than a decade
earlier, Humphreys had been secretary for PATCO’s
director of operations until she moved on when the
job lost its challenge. Humphreys had met Thornton
during her PATCO days and they kept in touch
throughout the Eighties.
In April 1990, he called to let her know about
A joint NATCA-FAA labor-management training course, called “Partners
in Problem Solving,” begins. Three-day sessions are held in the regions
throughout the spring and summer.
Chapter 4: The House that NATCA Built
105
Frances Alsop: The union’s longtime
comptroller was a vivacious presence at
NATCA headquarters until she passed
away in August 2001. / NATCA archives

Adell
Humphreys
Director of
Administration
niC k n a m e : Adelli
1992 — Pr e s e n t
HO m e t O w n : Quantico, Virginia
Ot Her tr i v i a:
Attended more National Execu-
tive Board meetings than anyone in
NATCA
in t e r e s t s:
Peter Cutts
Quilting, sewing, gourmet cooking,
music
NATCA FACiliTies
Cu r r e n t:
pr e v i O u s:
NO National Office
While the National Executive Board is in flux
every three years and has evolved through
five administrations, one of the few constants
at headquarters is Adell Humphreys. Officially
known as the union’s director of administration,
her professional touch graces everything from the
prosaic to the strategic.
Humphreys learned about the nuances of air
traffic controllers when she worked for PATCO’s
director of operations. More than a decade later,
NATCA astutely grasped the benefits of her skills
and knowledge. “Adell’s qualifications were outstanding,”
former Executive Vice President Ray
Spickler says.
With lightning-fast fingers, Humphreys
has documented the deliberations at monthly
NEB meetings since 1990. As the union grew, her
responsibilities did, too. They were secretarial in
nature at first—she earned the nickname “Adelli”
for faithfully ordering in lunch at NEB gatherings—but
Humphreys deftly demonstrated her
ability to manage executive affairs.
She has coordinated schedules for all of
NATCA’s presidents, from the era of Day-Timers
to the latest PalmPilot. Convention delegates vote
on which cities to hold the union’s biennial gatherings,
but Humphreys oversees the selection of hotel
and meeting sites.
And she inherited the “title” of landlord
with the purchase of the Krasner Building in
2000, supervising initial renovations and ongoing
Pr e v i o u s NATCA Po s iT i oN s / AC h i e v e m e N T s
Received the Barry Krasner Award for Distinguished
Service, presented by New York TRACON,
in 2000.
hir e d
May
1990
maintenance.
Juggling the move to the new headquarters
while preparing for the Anchorage convention
made the first three months of 2000 a chaotic time
for Humphreys. Yet she handled the additional
workload like a veteran controller expertly reeling
in planes during an arrival rush. Little wonder,
perhaps, given that she devotes much of her life to
NATCA.
She considers the union her family—aside
from doting on two nieces, Ashley and Kendall.
The lasting association contrasts with a
childhood marked by fleeting friendships as Humphreys
moved among various Marine Corps bases
across the country, a time when playing the flute
and violin cultivated an early love of music. These
days, her tastes favor Bruce Springsteen, who she
believes “is truly the king of all music.”
The union has even benefited from her
primary recreational passion. In 1998, she lovingly
quilted an attractive potpourri of sixty-two NAT-
CA logos taken from various shirts. Controllers
contributed several thousand dollars to a Political
Action Fund raffle for the privilege of owning the
quilt, which now hangs in the local union office at
Oakland Center.
Other wall-sized quilts grace Humphreys’ office
at headquarters, along with the Barry Krasner
Award for Distinguished Service. “It meant so very,
very much to me to be honored by the men and
women I work for,” she says.

a job at NATCA. By this time, she was happily employed
as the administration manager for the data
processing department of a bank in Alexandria,
Virginia.
But the position of executive assistant to the
president sounded appealing, too. Sitting once again
in PATCO’s old offices, adorned with the same garish
metallic wallpaper and red plush carpet, she felt comfortable
enough to advise Bell and Spickler against
running a newspaper ad for the job.
“You’ll get a ton of applications,” Humphreys
warned. Then she pitched her strengths. “I know the
kind of people that we’re talking about. I’ve worked
with air traffic controllers. I know what I’m getting
into here.”
Afterward, she chatted with a friend about
her interview. Exhibiting a characteristic sense of
fairness, Humphreys noted that it was bad business
practice to hire the first person to walk through the
door for a job without talking to more candidates.
“If they offer it to me, I’ll tell them they
should consider other applicants,
too,” she told her friend.
“Are you nuts?” he exclaimed.
“If they call you up
and offer the job, you take it!
You don’t tell them to interview
more people.”
The phone rang within an
1988
22
June
hour and Humphreys took her friend’s advice—as
well as NATCA’s offer. Three months later, a colleague
left to have a baby and Humphreys added office manager
and assistant to the executive vice president to
her responsibilities.
Today, her title is director of administration, a
generic description that masks the far reach of her
involvement in everything from responding to distressed
members on the telephone to booking several
hundred hotel rooms for conventions and other union
functions. Regardless of the title, union members and
the rest of the national office staff simply consider her
the all-knowing, ever-capable Adell.
Barry Krasner describes Humphreys as “the
beginning and the end of NATCA. She’s the one constant.
She holds it all together.” Krasner remains in
awe of her many talents, least of all a more pedestrian
skill. “Adell types faster than you can talk. We
would finish a five-day board meeting and as I said,
‘This meeting is adjourned,’ she would hand me the
minutes. Finished. Including, ‘This meeting is
adjourned.’ ”
By the end of 1990, NATCA’s
headquarters staff numbered a dozen
or so, including two full-time lawyers
to help Bill Osborne handle the mounting
pile of grievances and other legal
issues. James Morin, a PATCO controller
from LaGuardia Tower, earned a law
John Thornton, NATCA’s senior director of legislative affairs, testifies
before the House Aviation Subcommittee in favor of an independent FAA.
Although Thornton credits the agency with making progress under Admin-
Chapter 4: The House that NATCA Built
107
Tool of the trade (above): Adell Humphreys’
five-year anniversary plaque is
framed by a gift from President Barry
Krasner when he left office. / Japphire
James Morin (left): Hired in 1989, the former
LaGuardia Tower controller served
as general counsel for NATCA throughout
the 1990s. / Courtesy of Howie Barte
istrator T. Allan McArtor, he says, “There is no reason that the FAA must
carry the DoT’s bureaucratic anchor around its neck forever.”

108
Against the Wind
Susan Tsui Grundmann (right): When
NATCA’s current general counsel joined
the union’s staff in 1990, she recalls that
“we were like a small family.” / NATCA archives
Cheryl Cannon (far right): She has
handled the union’s growing switchboard
while watching the national office staff
triple in the past decade. / Peter Cutts
1988
23
degree from Hofstra University in Hempstead, New
York, after the strike and practiced with a private firm
specializing in aviation law until he joined NATCA in
1989. He would serve as
the union’s general
counsel for a decade.
Susan Tsui, a graduate
of the Georgetown
University
Law Center, came
to the union in December
1990 from
the Sheet Metal
Workers National
Benefit Fund.
Early in 1991,
NATCA hired a part-time
receptionist named Cheryl Cannon. She eventually
switched to full time and remains the first NATCA
employee that most visitors see when they walk
into headquarters. The growing staff also included
NATCA’s first director of safety and technology. Joel
Hicks, who’d worked at TRACONs in New York, Chicago
and Oakland, California, had been one of the
activists involved in organizing NATCA during the
mid-1980s.
Since then, NATCA’s national office staff has
tripled in response to the evolving needs of the union.
Where Tony Dresden once grappled single-handedly
June Aug.
The FAA commissions the twentieth Host computer system at
Salt Lake Center.
15
with the monthly newslet- t e r
and media inquiries,
C om mu n ic a t ion s
Director Courtney
Portner and three
other people handle
that work and
much more now.
Richard Gordon,
the union’s first director
of labor relations,
enjoyed the help
of an assistant. But with
the mushrooming growth in
bargaining units, the Labor Relations Department has
swelled to nine people, plus a full-time liaison, under
the direction of Bob Taylor. (Gordon left NATCA
in 1996 to start a consulting firm, working with the
FAA, The MITRE Corporation, and other clients.)
Like Humphreys, Tsui has grown up with the
union personally and professionally. She married
Karl Grundmann in 1994 and was promoted to general
counsel in 2000. Tsui Grundmann recalls that in
those early days “we were like a small family.” E-mail
and the Web were not in the public realm yet and
few committees existed. As a result, members in need
often turned to headquarters, where the phones rang
almost nonstop.
“You had to do it all. It was exhausting,” she
President Steve Bell announces the establishment of a ten-member
contract negotiation team for the union.

says. But the employees were happy “doing their best
to keep the child alive.”
While the lack of personnel made every day
a scramble, it created a close-knit atmosphere that
included moments of whimsy. One favorite activity
involved a visit to Wilma Gisala in the Membership
Department. Gisala read palms and had a knack
for accurate predictions, including one premonition
about a union member who won a car and Tsui’s
impending marriage to a controller. A few diehards
called in for daily readings.
Out in the field, regional representatives
and the union’s locals
faced the same daunting task of
starting from scratch. “Watching
the whole system develop
was like watching a tree
come to life,” says Christine
Neumeier, who worked with
Ed Mullin during NATCA’s
organizing days and has been
the administrative assistant
for the Southwest Region office
since 1992.
When Neumeier signed on,
the office consisted of a small, windowless
space in one of Dallas Love Field’s largely
empty terminals. Only later did NATCA expand its
quarters to include a bathroom and badly needed
Sep. Sep.
12
NATCA’s new National Executive Board meets for the first
time since the election in its offices on the eighth floor of MEBA
headquarters in Washington, D.C.
29
storage areas. “We were so covered up with file cabinets,”
Neumeier says, adding that the furniture “was
one step above a garage sale.”
As with headquarters, the telephone served as
a primary communications link in the field. “There
was no e-mail, pagers, cell phones, etcetera,” says
Terri Jeffries, who also joined NATCA in 1992 as administrative
assistant for the Southern Region office.
Simply obtaining a bulletin board to post union
material in FAA facilities was often a fight. Many
controllers set up offices in their homes because
managers refused to give them space at work. The
first Atlanta Center union office consisted of a
tiny desk and wall phone in the men’s locker
room. Files for the New York Center local
resided in the trunk of Michael McNally’s
red Toyota Corolla hatchback. Members
held meetings in their living rooms and
basements until management ceded the
second guard shack at the center, which
was spacious enough for three people.
“They gave me that because it leaked
like a sieve,” McNally recalls. “But it did have
a bathroom, so I was excited.”
For a couple of years before and after certification,
the local at New York TRACON enjoyed
the use of a room at the Public Employees Federation
branch office in Hauppauge on Long Island. The largess
came through Michael Sheedy’s father, a union
Chapter 4: The House that NATCA Built
NATCA presents the union’s first contract proposal to the
FAA. The proposed agreement contains about eighty articles.
109
Richard Gordon: NATCA’s first labor relations
director left the union in 1996 and
formed a consulting firm. / NATCA archives

110
1989
Against the Wind
FYI
officer. When TRACON management finally permitted
NATCA an office at the facility, they stationed
a beat-up desk behind a radarscope in the control
room with a phone shared by all controllers. Local
President Joe Fruscella had to buy a lamp and light
bulbs.
Today, NATCA occupies two offices: one for the
membership and another for its ten-member Executive
Board. Virtually every other local in the country
also has an office and at least one computer.
As the locals established themselves, membership
edged upward. About 6,000 controllers—44
percent of the work force—belonged to the union
when the first National Executive Board took office.
By early 1989, membership exceeded 50 percent. David
C. Abbott from Billings Tower/TRACON in Montana
put NATCA over the halfway mark by becoming
its 6,859 th member.
Membership milestones during NATCA’s early years
Date Members No. in Unit Percent
October 31, 1988 6,000 13,200 45
February 2, 1989 6,859 13,717 51
July 26, 1990 8,610 14,000 62
October 19, 1990 10,600 14,000 75
13
Jan. Feb.
NATCA and the FAA reach tentative agreement on their first
contract. The three-year pact includes seventy-seven articles.
2
About 2,000 more
joined during the
summer of 1990,
thanks to concerted
efforts from an
organizing committee
headed by
Atlanta Center’s
Rick Woolbright,
before the union instituted
an initiation fee.
The fee—equal to one year of dues, or 1 percent of a
controller’s base pay—was temporarily waived during
a few other organizing drives during the 1990s.
Membership broke the 10,000 mark within three
years of certification and gradually increased to 82
percent by 2002.
In its eagerness to attract recruits, NATCA
stumbled early on with a program designed to refund
a member’s lifetime dues upon retirement. Trish Gilbert,
a newly hired Houston Center controller, had
no union background but joined NATCA because
the innovative program called the O.N.E. Dues Back
Trust appealed to her.
Executive Board member Ed Mullin, ever on the
lookout for ways to boost membership in his difficult
Southwest Region, proposed the plan after hearing
that seven other unions participated in it. Skeptical
that it sounded too good to be true, he sought advice
Tower controller David C. Abbott in Billings, Montana,
becomes the union’s 6,859 th member. For the first time since
NATCA was certified, membership exceeds 50 percent.

from a couple of associates who declared the trust to
be sound. Other board members were leery. Several
thought it sounded like a pyramid scheme. But they
nevertheless approved it as a membership benefit in
the fall of 1988.
Their fears proved correct a year later. The
plan’s promoters claimed that NATCA’s initial contribution
would be 5.35 percent of dues and never
exceed 10 percent. However, consultant Joe Kilgallon
discovered the union would need to allocate at
least 20 percent to make the plan financially viable.
An embarrassed NATCA sued and was able to recover
all contributions as well as most of its legal
and actuarial costs.
Another Mullin proposal has lived a long and
useful life. Early on, he successfully persuaded the
board to set aside 6 percent of income as a contingency
fund. Known as the “Southwest Rule,” Mullin’s
budgetary foresight proved invaluable in 1998. By
then, the fund had swelled to $800,000 and enabled
NATCA to avoid going into debt as it spent heavily to
finish a facility reclassification project and complete
its third contract with the agency. That same year, the
Southwest Rule was reduced to 4 percent of income.
Although dues revenue grew as membership
climbed, NATCA’s first two years were awash in red
ink, forcing the union to borrow another $400,000
from MEBA in July 1989. Regional reps using a common
credit card occasionally had to dig for other
6
means of payment when merchants rejected the
union plastic.
Spickler, who was in charge of finances, grew
so concerned about expenses that he finally told Bell,
“Nobody can buy a paper clip in this office unless I
approve it.” Bell instituted “mini-minutes”—summaries
of National Executive Board meetings reduced
on a photocopier to save paper. Those with less than
perfect eyesight could barely read them.
Aside from the additional loan, MEBA agreed
to halve its 15 percent affiliation fee for six months
shortly after the first National Executive Board took
Feb. Feb.
Samuel Skinner takes over as transportation secretary from
James H. Burnley. Skinner, an Illinois lawyer, served as chairman
of the state’s Regional Transportation Authority.
17
Chapter 4: The House that NATCA Built
NATCA archives
Paying off the debt: Strapped for cash in its early years, NATCA’s finances quickly improved. In October 1995, President
Barry Krasner, right, and Executive Vice President Michael McNally presented MEBA with a final loan payment.
111
FAA Administrator T. Allan McArtor leaves office after serving
since July 22, 1987.

Ray
Spickler
Air Traffic Control
Specialist
1982 — Pr e s e n t
niC k n a m e / Op e r a t i n g in i t i a l s:
Maj. Ksang / SP
ho m e T o w N : Kansas City
FO r m e r sp O u s e / CHildre n:
Jayne / Shannon, Stevie
Ot Her tr i v i a:
NATCA archives
Owns a Harley-Davidson Fat Boy ®
in t e r e s t s:
Guitar, Little League baseball coach,
active in church
ATC FACiliTies
Cu r r e n t:
pr e v i O u s: MCI
IAD
ZKC Center
Tower
Tower/TRACON
Ray Spickler dreamed of being a “top gun” pilot
while growing up in Kansas City. When the
U.S. Naval Academy did not accept him and he
could not obtain an ROTC scholarship, he studied
chemistry in college. Meanwhile, his interest in
aviation simmered beneath the surface.
Spickler applied to be a controller after the
strike and jumped at the chance to attend the
academy in 1982. He was assigned to Kansas City
Center, where working conditions were better
than many facilities. Nevertheless, talk about a
new union blossomed when managers implemented
a major reorganization with little worker input.
It was an eye-opening experience for Spickler,
who soon found himself attending organizing
meetings and serving as alternate Central regional
representative.
After certification, Spickler mounted a successful
campaign for executive vice president,
and subsequently relocated to Washington. His
wife, Jayne, accompanied him and they quickly
found an apartment—albeit a little too hastily, in
retrospect.
Enchanted by the bucolic campus of The
Catholic University of America, the couple didn’t
notice the “war zone” a few blocks away. The two
Midwesterners were taken aback that the neighborhood
grocery checker worked the cash register
from behind bulletproof glass. They moved again a
short while later.
Pr e v i o u s NATCA Po s iT i oN s / AC h i e v e m e N T s
Executive vice president 1988-91; Central provisional
alt. regional rep 1986-88; Nat’l. QTP Steering
Committee member; first ZKC local president.
hir e d
April
1982
Spickler’s new duties left him little personal
time. He and President Steve Bell had the substantial
task of setting up NATCA’s national office
virtually from scratch while juggling other pressing
issues, such as the union’s first contract. They
were also cognizant of the PATCO legacy. Spickler
recalls having to “walk a tight line” to represent
members while not appearing overly strident. “We
both really did believe in trying to collaborate with
the agency.”
Although Spickler lost his bid for re-election
in 1991, his disappointment was short-lived. “It’s
hard to turn around and walk away from that,” he
says. But the change enabled him to enjoy more
time with his children. Shannon was born four
months before he left office and Stevie arrived in
January 1993.
Spickler went to work at Dulles Tower/
TRACON and transferred to Kansas City Tower
in 1994 before returning to Kansas City Center
two years later. While he has stayed involved by
participating in various local positions and a work
group on Article 87/88 issues, he also believes in
balancing work with his private life. Active in his
church, he coaches his son’s Little League team
and plays guitar, a self-taught skill.
“I’m proud to have been a part of NATCA’s
history and to play a small role,” Spickler says.
“Thanks to the members who gave me the opportunity.”

office. In March 1990, Bell and Spickler approached
MEBA again and negotiated the fee down to 7.5 percent
permanently, saving NATCA $200,000 a year.
MEBA also agreed to forgive about $250,000 in debts
and consolidated eight other loans into one promissory
note to be paid at 6 percent interest instead of
the previous average of 8.8 percent. The restructured
debt represented another $50,000 in annual savings.
“They were good to us,” Spickler says. “They
just wanted to see us get organized again. They
wanted to be able to say they were the ones who did
it again.”
MEBA’s accommodating attitude continued
with Spickler’s successor, Joseph Bellino, who renegotiated
the $1.9 million loan once more for a threeyear
term at 3 percent interest. By October 1995,
NATCA wrote a final check for $34,975.09 to close
out the debt, having saved nearly $1 million in interest
and accelerated repayment by ten years.
Spreading the Word
The strike had ended seven years earlier and a
different generation of controllers stood at the helm
of the new union. But it took time for NATCA to
break the ice with the agency’s top-level managers,
some of whom regarded the upstart group warily.
“The FAA people they were dealing with had been
there when PATCO was there,” Doc Cullison notes.
1989
18
“So, this wasn’t exactly the most conducive environment
for labor relations.”
As with all relationships, personalities were
key. Bell preached collaboration. Spickler’s philosophy
was to believe in someone until they betrayed his
trust. The agency’s deputy associate administrator for
air traffic, Norbert “Nobby” Owens, believed in collaboration,
too, and was helping to start an innovative
program called Success Through Partnership at
New York Center. Joseph Noonan, the FAA’s director
of labor and employee relations, could be hard-nosed
but he preferred dealing with a single entity rather
than thousands of individual controllers.
Collectively, those attitudes began to thaw a
chilly divide of contentiousness.
But even as NATCA took its first tentative
steps with the agency, union members struggled over
the direction of their organization. When NATCA
formed a steering committee to develop a joint labormanagement
cooperative with the FAA, it proved to
be a seminal charge for the group.
“This steering committee brought out some big
differences within NATCA on what our basic issues
should be—traditional LMR or ‘new’ initiatives,” says
committee member Anthony Coiro from South Bend
Tower/TRACON in Indiana.
Collaboration was a hard sell in those early
days. After the agency denied NATCA’s proposed
memorandum to provide 100 percent official time for
Apr. Apr.
NATCA members ratify their first contract with the FAA by a
vote of 3,920 to 748, more than a 5-to-1 ratio.
19
Chapter 4: The House that NATCA Built
113
The strike had ended
seven years earlier and
a different generation
of controllers stood at
the helm of the new
union. But it took time
for NATCA to break the
ice with the agency’s
top-level managers.
According to NATCA’s first financial report, the union had assets
of $319,772 and liabilities of $1,941,564, including principal
and interest of $1.7 million owed to MEBA, on August 31, 1988.

114
Against the Wind
Getting to yes: Labor Relations Director
Bob Taylor developed a different procedure
for settling disputes that has saved
NATCA and the FAA money while also
cutting down on arbitrations. / Japphire
1989
1
regional representatives to carry out their union duties,
Bell urged the committee not to “jump ship and
become a strictly confrontational union.”
When Bell and Spickler ran for re-election in
1991, they cited the regional representatives’ request
for $200,000 to clear up a backlog of arbitrations
and noted that some wanted to spend even more.
They urged less emphasis on grievances and “greater
employee involvement in management decisions and
resolution of problems at the facility level.” They
argued this was a way to save money that could be
May June
NATCA President Steve Bell and FAA Acting Administrator
Robert E. Whittington sign the union’s first collective bargaining
agreement, which takes effect immediately.
18
put back into studying facility reclassification, safety
and technology issues, legislative action, and member
benefits.
Such lofty goals competed with reality for the
young union. In the field, controllers were still growing
accustomed to their new roles as union representatives
while dealing with facility managers who did
not always subscribe to the notion of collaboration.
In that regard, the local reps were clamoring
for help. Some schooled themselves in labor law, but
there was a clear need for formal training. Central
Regional Representative Dan Brandt approached FAA
Division Manager Ed Newburn, who suggested they
attend joint classes conducted by the FLRA. At least
two sessions were held, although some in the FAA
feared it would set a precedent for contract negotiations
scheduled to begin soon.
Using instructional materials from the classes,
Brandt and Kansas City Center controllers Mark
Kutch and Michael Putzier held training sessions for
other reps. Joseph Bellino conducted similar classes
in the Great Lakes Region, as did others elsewhere.
NATCA launched an official program in October
1989 under a contract with the George Meany
Center for Labor Studies in Silver Spring, Maryland.
The weeklong course covered federal-sector labor
relations, management rights, unfair labor practices,
disciplinary and adverse actions, grievance and arbitration
preparation, and a briefing on the union’s first
The FAA launches a five-year Pay Demonstration Project providing
a bonus of up to 20 percent at eleven hard-to-staff facilities
in the New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Oakland areas.

Chapter 4: The House that NATCA Built
Training the Troops Greg Llafet / Peter Cutts
�
The three dozen controllers seated in
a Las Vegas hotel meeting room were
ready to relax. They’d spent the past
week poring over a ream of information
about labor-management relations and
the union’s contract with the FAA. Weariness
from the intense training session
competed with a desire to race back to
their facilities and put this newfound
knowledge into practice. Conversations
buzzed at tables throughout the room.
Several participants impatiently eyed the
exit doors, yearning for a cocktail and
one more crack at the casinos.
Rising from his chair, a longtime
facility representative announced with
conviction: “I’m glad you’ve all learned
the contract. But I’m here to tell you that
being a fac rep will present you with
moral choices. It is a moral issue.”
Everyone fell silent while they
absorbed the import of his hard-earned
wisdom. The contract might be black and
white, but the day-to-day process of carrying
out its provisions could lead them
into a gray morass.
Labor Relations Director Bob Taylor,
primary instructor at the weeklong
Facility Representative and Leadership
Training course, addressed the dilemma
with a philosophy he espouses
at every seminar: “Be honest, be fair, but
firm. Good, bad or indifferent, if you say
you will do something, see it through, no
matter how politically incorrect it may
be. On the other hand, when the employer
makes a commitment, make them
deliver. With that, you can walk away
knowing you did your best with respect
and dignity. Always have the courage to
stand tall, to do it right.”
The facility rep course, which has
been available to NATCA members up to
eight times a year since 1989, forms the
bedrock of educating the union’s local
presidents and other activists. The curriculum
covers the gamut of labor-management
relations: workers’ rights under
federal law; unfair labor practice charges;
grievance procedures; conduct and discipline;
midterm bargaining; leadership
survival skills; and more.
Taylor and a variety of NATCA
activists and staff members taught the
course through the 1990s. When NATCA
hired Greg Llafet as its training coordinator
(now director of training) in 1999,
he took over responsibility for schedul-
ing, course materials, hotel
arrangements, all on-site
duties, and teaching the leadership
module. Llafet held a similar position
with the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association
Air Safety Foundation and has
a background in adult education and
corporate training.
Four people now augment Taylor
and Llafet to offer specialized knowledge
on different sections of the curriculum.
President John Carr typically provides an
overview and encourages the audience
to conduct themselves with trust, honor,
and integrity—sentiments codified in the
preamble of the union’s 1998 contract
with the FAA. Summarizing NATCA’s
growth and accomplishments, he drives
home the point that “without labor relations
all the rest of this is a club.”
Taylor covers that realm using a
no-nonsense, street-smart style he acquired
from working in several positions
with the International Association of Machinists
and Aerospace Workers, including
Southern Region general chairman,
before joining NATCA in 1991. Quoting
chapter and verse from the United States
Code and labor authority rulings, he
115

116
Against the Wind
contract, which had been adopted the previous May.
The training also included mock negotiating sessions,
an invaluable component for new union reps,
many of whom had little relevant experience other
than haggling over the price of a car or house.
Classes were also held at MEBA’s training
facilities in Easton, Maryland, until the mid-1990s,
Japphire
Fac rep training: NATCA conducts up to eight weeklong sessions a year to teach its rank and file about labor-management
relations and leadership skills. The union also offers several advanced courses and has begun Web-based training.
1989
30
June
Retired Navy Adm. James B. Busey IV takes over as FAA administrator
from T. Allan McArtor, who resigned 4½ months earlier. Busey won the
Navy Cross for combat missions in Vietnam. During his 37-year military
when NATCA assumed responsibility. Staff members
from headquarters initially taught the course, which
was expanded to include sections on local finances,
organizing, safety and technology, National Transportation
Safety Board issues, and such. A year later,
the regions began teaching the class with help from
the national office.
Meanwhile, Labor Relations Director Bob
Taylor and David Sandbach, a recent addition to
his staff, worked with Cary R. Singletary, a Florida
attorney who specialized in mediation, to develop
basic and advanced arbitration courses. To help convey
concepts of arbitration advocacy, they wrote and
produced a 40-minute video that is still used today.
Several years later, they inaugurated an advanced
facility rep course that included another video on
negotiations.
In late 1997, labor relations training was transferred
back to headquarters. Controllers James “Ajax”
Kidd, Chris Sutherland, and Rodney Turner—with
help from other activists and Heather Timme at headquarters—developed
a basic facility rep curriculum
using material they’d been teaching in the Eastern
and Southern regions for years. Shortly after they
launched the new national course in the spring of
1998, which was more comprehensive and consistent
than various classes conducted by the regions, the
Labor Relations Department took the reins and has
been teaching it ever since.
career, he also served as vice chief of naval operations, commander-inchief
of U.S. Naval Forces in Europe, and commander-in-chief of Allied
Forces in Southern Europe.

Training the Troops (continued)
translates legal jargon into plain English,
provides a liberal dose of practical tips,
and often exhorts the students, “Do not
fear this, people.”
Andy Cantwell, considered a guru
on the 1998 contract, explains every article
of the agreement. Finance Committee
Chairman Dale Wright covers money
matters and Mike Hull, the current Air
Traffic Resources (ATX) liaison, brings
the class up to date on ongoing negotiations,
human resource issues, and technical
projects.
“They are true experts in their
fields,” Llafet says. “No one talks to my
class unless they have worn the shoes.”
Since Llafet took over training,
NATCA revived its Advanced Representation
course. The union also offers a oneday
seminar for liaisons and technical
representatives who deal with the FAA,
training for leaders of new bargaining
units that don’t yet have a contract with
the agency, and two arbitration advocacy
courses. The overall curriculum represented
a $300,000 investment in 2001.
NATCA also created an external
�
program in cooperation with the George
Meany Center National Labor College in
Silver Spring, Maryland. Participants can
earn a bachelor’s degree by completing
five courses that supplement their work
and union leadership experience, and
technical and labor training.
In early 2002, Llafet launched an
initiative to provide Web-based instruction
by posting the Formal Discussions
module on NATCA’s site. Many segments
of the basic facility rep course are also
available online for reference.
Although the training provides a
firm grounding in traditional labor-management
procedures, it also emphasizes
working relationships with the FAA. This
philosophy, coupled with a new process
called Alternate Dispute Resolution, has
helped to significantly reduce grievance
arbitrations.
During 1998 contract negotiations,
more than 900 grievances were pending.
Typically, most are resolved before going
to arbitration. Even so, Taylor successfully
pushed for an expedited arbitration
process, which was written into the
Chapter 4: The House that NATCA Built
contract. He also sought a way to settle
disputes under less adversarial conditions
by inventing procedures for ADR.
Aside from faster resolution of
grievances, Taylor lauds the program for
providing substantial cost savings. Arbitrations
usually cost $5,000 to $8,000
or more, depending on the length of
the hearing. With ADR, a mediator can
handle five to eight grievances a day for
about $2,000.
The savings stem from ADR’s accelerated
and simplified procedures. At
traditional arbitration hearings, witnesses
representing the union and management
may testify for days. Under ADR, each
side receives about fifteen minutes to
present its case. Based on the testimony,
a mediator renders an advisory opinion
that both sides are encouraged to accept.
If either party forces the issue to arbitration,
the ultimate loser pays all expenses
arising from the dispute.
Since NATCA and the agency
formally adopted ADR three years ago,
arbitrations have declined 44 percent to
just ten cases in 2001.
117

118
1989
Against the Wind
The NATCA Voice
When Bryan Thompson transferred to
Chicago TRACON around Thanksgiving
1993, he heard the standard directive
issued to all new arrivals: Don’t talk to
the journeymen controllers.
“There’s nothing you can say about
what it is we do that will have any impact
or that they want to hear,” management told
him. “If it looks like you might get checked
out and get to stay here, then they’ll probably
want to get to know you. In the meantime,
you’re probably not going to make it
so don’t bother.”
Thompson, who’d worked as a controller
for more than eleven years in Lafayette,
Louisiana, and at the Marine Corps
Air Station in Beaufort, South Carolina,
bristled over the outcast treatment. He
also brushed it off. Thompson had been
involved with the union in Lafayette, where
he served as the NATCA facility rep, and
12
July
�
did not intend to sit on the sidelines in
Chicago.
Instead, he approached Ray Gibbons
and John Carr, the local’s president
and vice president, respectively, to
offer his photography and design skills.
Coincidentally, the union was resurrecting
a facility newsletter called Intentionally
Left Blank. Articles in previous issues
had been cobbled together with scissors
and paste, and duplicated on a photocopier.
Gibbons and Carr, who wanted a
more professional appearance, welcomed
Thompson’s help.
During the next year, Thompson
edited and published Intentionally Left
Blank every two months or so. The issues
contained an eclectic mix of news articles,
soapbox columns, historical perspectives,
cartoons, top ten lists, and other offbeat
tidbits. Thompson designed the pages using
An arbitrator rules that NATCA local presidents may leave the facility on
official time to perform representational duties. The decision grew out of
three cases in which facility reps had been denied such permission.
an Amiga computer, and worked with a local
shop to duplicate and collate them into
a newsletter.
“If I had to move or some big event
was taking place, the publishing got pushed
back a bit because there was nobody to
slough it off on,” he says.
The experience provided a firm foundation
for Thompson’s next venture. In the
fall of 1994, Great Lakes Vice President Jim
Poole decided to launch a regional newsletter.
Veronica Green from Flint Tower/
TRACON in Michigan volunteered to lead
the effort, but she had no background in
print production and gratefully accepted
Thompson’s help.
From the beginning, the co-editors
sought to create a publication written
entirely by controllers. Their philosophy
was embodied in the title of the inaugural
32-page issue in March 1995: The NATCA

Voice. Thompson’s involvement
fulfilled an artistic craving (he
also plays the baritone and
tenor saxophone).
“Air traffic control is
an art form,” he says. “But
it’s an art form that, when
you’re done, there isn’t
anything for you to see. I
like the creativeness of the
other stuff.”
Each monthly edition
was sent to every
facility in the nation with
the goal of sharing information
about common issues. By
August, Green had transferred
to Tamiami, Florida, leaving
more of the editing to Thompson. Funding
was also in jeopardy. Far from letting
The NATCA Voice fold, however, Thompson
19
July
Bryan Thompson / Frank Flavin
envisioned even broader national
distribution to provide
an alternative forum to
the officially sanctioned
newsletter produced at
headquarters.
Executive Vice
President Michael Mc-
Nally saw the merit and
provided money that enabled
Thompson and his
crew to publish the first
grass-roots national edition
in February 1996. The
union funding was unusual
given that some of the articles
in The Voice attacked NATCA’s
leadership as well as the FAA.
“It has allowed the membership a
place to voice their opinions,” Thompson
says. “The NATCA Voice has issues in it that
A United Airlines DC-10 suffers total hydraulic failure after one of its engine
fans breaks apart and damages the aircraft’s control system. Capt. Al
Haynes and his crew fly the plane to the airport in Sioux City, Iowa, where
Chapter 4: The House that NATCA Built
are important to them.”
Plagued by several years of budget
battles, The Voice enjoyed firmer financial
footing after delegates at the 1998 convention
voted to allocate $44,000 annually
for the newsletter. Even that amount
has become insufficient in the face of
the union’s growing family of bargaining
units. Circulation has climbed to 7,500,
with distribution to some 385 air traffic
control facilities and other interested parties
around the world.
Income has been supplemented with
advertisements, which are coordinated by
longtime Voice staff member Jeff Parrish.
Money is also derived from The NATCA
Shop, an online venture that stemmed from
a desire among some controllers for quality
jackets bearing the union’s logo.
“People liked them and wanted
them,” Thompson says. “Next thing you
a crash landing kills 110 of the 269 people onboard. Canadian controllers
help their U.S. colleagues deal with traumatic stress, which ultimately
leads to a formal program known as Critical Incident Stress Debriefing.
119

120
1989
Against the Wind
The NATCA Voice (continued)
know, we started selling a couple of polo
shirts.” Over time, the shop’s
inventory has expanded
to include a variety
of clothing and
accessories.
In the fall
of 1996, The NAT-
CA Voice launched
a Web site to augment
its print edition,
and both efforts have
received several awards
from the International
Labor Communications Association.
The Voice has also supported
unions outside the
profession, such as raising thousands
of dollars for workers who
staged a 5½-year strike at Detroit’s two
28
�
Cutting edge: Stories in The NATCA Voice take
the FAA and the union’s leadership to task. The
alternative publication began as a Great Lakes
Region newsletter in March 1995 (center).
Sep. Oct.
NATCA creates a Political Action Committee, which collects
$21,163 in contributions during its first election cycle.
metropolitan newspapers.
But at its core are the articles—and
cartoons from Brian Fallon and
Mike “Iggy” Irving—that
may run counter to
conventional wisdom.
Although a committee
composed of three
National Executive Board
members and the union’s
general counsel reviews each
edition, Thompson has never
been told to withdraw an article.
“My job is to print the stuff
that nobody else is getting to see,”
he says. “We’re an alternative news
source.”
The union holds its first weeklong facility representative training
class at the George Meany Center for Labor Studies in Silver
Spring, Maryland.

NATCA hired a training coordinator in 1999
and has continued to refine and expand its educational
program. Some 400 participants annually take
advantage of seven different courses offered multiple
times a year. Many more benefit from other classes
taught at the regional and local level using instructional
material from headquarters.
The union’s commitment to ongoing education
has resulted in a platoon of activists so well versed in
labor law and negotiating tactics that “the FAA is very
envious,” Kidd says. “I’ve been told directly by managers
at the local, regional, and headquarters level
that our training is so much better than theirs.
They would die to get ours.”
As NATCA took shape, getting the word
out to members proved to be another challenge.
Most regions and several facilities published
newsletters, but pagers for local and
regional representatives buzzed and beeped
constantly. After returning home from dining
out with his wife, Linda, Brandt would
walk straight to an answering machine loaded
with a backlog of messages. He realized a computer
bulletin board would be a boon to cutting
down on unnecessary communication.
Brandt hooked up with the late Scott Davies, a
San Diego controller who was savvy with computers,
and they looked around for a place to host their textbased
bulletin board service. The late John Galipault,
17
Oct.
A 7.1-magnitude earthquake strikes the Bay Area during a
World Series game. Tower cab windows break at San Francisco
and San Jose airports, but controllers remain on position.
who founded the respected Aviation Safety Institute,
agreed to give them computer space on an aging 8088
PC. In time, they moved to CompuServe and formed
an aviation special interest group for the union.
Several years later, the controllers temporarily
transferred their online activities to Genie before returning
to the AFL-CIO section on CompuServe in
1996. In September, Chicago Center’s Doug Holland
and Tim Kuhl from Springfield, Illinois, Tower/TRA-
CON provided the first comprehensive online coverage
of a convention. Transcripts of the
discussions, online live chats, and
photos were posted throughout
the proceedings in Pittsburgh.
With Internet usage
starting to explode, Holland
spearheaded a move
to create a BBS on the
Web. Other activists aided
the effort, including Gordon
Baker, Bryan Thompson,
and Ed Morris, an Omaha
Tower controller who had
formed another e-mail listserv. The
group lacked funding, but New York Center controller
Leo Kremer came to the rescue by providing space
on his Internet hosting company’s servers.
At the time, the union’s online community
1990
8
Jan.
Chapter 4: The House that NATCA Built
121
Rodney Turner: The Southern Region VP,
who is renowned for sharing information
with members, helped activists gain NEB
approval for a National Communications
Committee in 1999. / NATCA archives
Randy Schwitz from Atlanta Center takes over as Southern regional
representative from Lee Riley, who steps down to devote
attention to his ATC duties and a trucking business he owns.

122
1990
Against the Wind
FYI
Heard on the Airwaves
Controllers are rarely at a loss for words and their sharp wit can lead to interesting
exchanges on the radio. The following actual transmissions appeared as part
of an occasional feature in the Chicago TRACON newsletter Intentionally Left Blank
during the mid-1990s:
Controller: “The traffic at nine o’clock is gonna do a little Linda Ronstadt on you.”
Pilot: “Linda Ronstadt? What’s that?”
Controller: “Well, sir, they’re gonna ‘Blue Bayou.’ ”
� � �
Controller: “Sure you can have eight miles behind the heavy—there’ll be a United
trijet between you and him.”
� � �
Pilot: “The first officer says he’s got you in sight.”
Controller: “Roger. The first officer’s cleared for a visual approach runway two-seven
right. You continue on that one-eighty heading and descend to three thousand.”
� � �
Pilot: “Approach, what’s the tower [radio frequency]?”
Controller: “A big, tall building with glass all around it, but that’s not important
right now.”
25
Jan.
An Avianca 707 crashes on Long Island, New York, after running out of
fuel while waiting to land at Kennedy Airport. The accident kills seventythree
of the 158 people onboard the plane. In its probable cause report,
remained minuscule compared with a membership
numbering close to 12,000 (though its activity
outpaced larger unions in the AFL-CIO). On a
busy day, perhaps twenty users would exchange
messages on NATCAnet. One of those who logged
on was Doug Laughter from Salt Lake Center, who
quickly joined the move to expand the union’s Web
presence.
Initially, the communications activists were
stymied by a lack of support from the national office.
Financial backing was nonexistent, even though
nearly 1,000 members were using the Web site and
BBS by the end of 1998.
Limited technical knowledge at headquarters
also hindered their plans. At the convention in September,
two computers were sent to Seattle to disseminate
information for controllers who couldn’t
attend. Unfortunately, the PCs lacked modems.
Laughter unwittingly saved the day by bringing his
PC from home as a backup.
The activists grew increasingly frustrated. “All
the people in the field who were doing communications
work didn’t have a voice in communications,”
Thompson says.
They found an influential ally in Rodney
Turner, who was serving his first term as Southern
Region vice president and embraced open communication
with the membership. His detailed weekly
updates of union activities, which he dubbed “Rod-
the NTSB cites the flight crew’s failure to manage the plane’s fuel load and
declare an emergency to controllers. The board also notes that lack of
standardized terminology for fuel emergencies was a contributing cause.

ney Vision,” were widely read by NATCA members
and FAA managers.
“I’ve always been one who told my membership
that what I knew, they would know,” he says. “Communication
is one of the most important things that
we need to continually improve upon.”
With Turner’s support, the activists now had
the ear of the Executive Board and they crafted a
proposal to create a National Communications Committee.
In February 1999, Thompson and Morris attended
an NEB meeting to make their pitch. Board
members agreed with their recommendation and
empowered the new group with oversight on most
communications issues between the national office
and the membership. *
This included merging the Web-based BBS and
a very active listserv—a boon to bringing the union’s
Mar.
MEBA agrees to lower the union’s affiliation fee from 15 percent to 7.5
percent of dues income—an annual savings of $200,000. MEBA also
forgives about $250,000 in debts and consolidates eight other debts into
members and leadership together in a consolidated
online venue—and further development of the Web
site, which national office staff members had been
working on with help from an outside contractor.
“We felt we could build a better product at no cost to
NATCA,” says Laughter, who by now served as NAT-
CAnet administrator.
Thompson, a Chicago TRACON controller
who is also managing editor of an alternative newsletter
called The NATCA Voice, redesigned the site by
creating public and members-only areas. By early
2002, union information available on the Web had
multiplied exponentially and about 2,200 members
were exchanging an average of 125 messages a day on
more than seventy-five forums.
Plans were also under way to unveil a completely
revamped site in the summer.
Chapter 4: The House that NATCA Built
one promissory note to be paid at 6 percent interest instead of the previous
average of 8.8 percent. The restructured debt saves the union about
$4,200 a month in interest.
123
* A previous standing Communications Committee
was disbanded in late 1997 after the
union acted on most of its recommendations
and transferred ongoing duties to NATCA
headquarters.

“Never
leave anything
on the table if you
can get it now.
— Barry Krasner,
the negotiator
It’s a deal: President Steve Bell, right, and
chief FAA negotiator Ray Thoman tentatively
agreed on NATCA’s first contract in
January 1989. / Courtesy of Anthony Coiro

Chapter 5
The Art of the Deal
Seated on one side of a long table in a narrow hotel conference room in
Washington, D.C., Ray Thoman, the FAA’s deputy director of labor and
employee relations, slid a proposed collective bargaining agreement
across to a clean-shaven, fair-haired man with wire-rimmed glasses.
NATCA President Steve Bell let the proposal
rest on the table and looked Thoman in the eye. Barry
Krasner and union contract team Co-Chairman Mark
Kutch, who flanked Bell, watched and waited. This
meeting on November 16, 1988, represented the first
bargaining talks between a controllers’ union and the
agency in more than seven years. NATCA had rehearsed
this moment, and Bell responded on cue.
“Thank you very much,” he said. “We know
how hard you must have worked on this. We’d like
to work off ours.” Bell then slid a thicker document
across the table.
Thoman, broad-shouldered with black hair
and a graying beard, smiled politely. “I thank you for
your efforts. It was obviously a lot of work,” he said.
“But it is a sophomoric attempt because of your lack
of expertise in this area.” 1
Thoman’s comment was not entirely off the
mark. The NATCA reps in the room, including Bell,
were controllers—not businessmen. Nevertheless,
they clearly understood the historic nature of this
gathering and their responsibility of helping to ensure
the well being of more than 13,000 families.
They’d prepared as if this were the Super Bowl.
The union’s ten-member contract team had
been carefully chosen to represent a balance of terminals
and centers across the regions. They’d attended
a two-day seminar on negotiating skills conducted
by the American Arbitration Association. They’d
also spent two intensive weeks at MEBA’s expansive,
colonial-style training facility in Easton, Maryland,
working up proposals.
NATCA’s first contract: Built on the
foundation of PATCO’s last agreement, the
1989 pact also broke new ground.

126
1990
Against the Wind
16
Apr.
Nearly 500 delegates attend NATCA’s third biennial convention at The
Desert Inn in Las Vegas. After an emotional debate, delegates overwhelmingly
approve a resolution asking President Bush to allow fired controllers
Courtesy of Anthony Coiro (upper left); NATCA archives (lower left, above)
Setting the stage: NATCA’s first contract team spent two weeks at MEBA’s
training facility in Easton, Maryland, preparing for negotiations. Kansas City
Center controller Mark Kutch, left, and President Steve Bell, above, cochaired
the ten-member team. Eight others served as resource specialists.
to apply for new positions in the FAA, which Bush refuses to do. A resolution
to increase union dues by one-half percent is voted down.

While they were there, they listened to advice
from PATCO’s ousted president, John Leyden.
Unrealistic expectations from the last contract
proposal, which Robert Poli and company
shared with the membership, had led to widespread
discontent, Leyden told them. Determined not to
repeat history, the NATCA team solicited suggestions
from members, but did not reveal its starting
position.
Aided by eight resource specialists, the contract
team spent many a late night digging through
PATCO archives, Office of Personnel Management
regulations, FAA orders, grievance files and arbitration
transcripts, private-sector entitlements, and
federal-sector contracts for all bargaining units.
Their voluminous research culminated in a
comprehensive proposal containing eightytwo
articles. Team members then ranked
them numerically by importance and plotted
the articles on a grid.
Sitting at the negotiating table, Bell remained
confident and poised. Ignoring Thoman’s remark, he
began to outline the union’s proposal. Parts of the
document traced their roots to PATCO’s 1978 contract,
including provisions for mandatory breaks after
two hours on position, reinstatement of immunity
for controllers who reported operational errors,
and official release of union representatives for NTSB
accident investigations.
May July
10
The FAA announces that Hampton University in Virginia has
been awarded a contract to develop a controller training program.
Graduates can apply to the FAA as developmentals.
10
Other sections were new, such as the union’s
right to conduct midterm bargaining—a significant
enhancement—and guaranteed leave for prenatal
care. Workplace articles related to prime time leave
(during summers and holidays) and a
uniform dress code were aimed at addressing
inconsistent policies. *
The agency forbade tape recordings
of the negotiations. As a
result, team member Anthony Coiro
filled a hefty stack of yellow legal
pads with scribbled notes to
create a “bargaining history.”
In the event of subsequent
grievance arbitrations, the
notes could prove invaluable
in establishing the parties’ intentions
while they were formulating
the contract language.
One notable gain for the
union involved reporting immunity.
NASA created the Aviation
Safety Reporting System in 1975
to allow controllers, pilots, and
others to document errors within
ten days of an incident without
fear of penalty (except in cases of gross negligence
or criminal activity). The system was designed to
document common mistakes, which could help lead
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
127
Hard-won victory: Beth Thomas, who
helped organize controllers, rejoined the
FAA after certification and was a contract
team resource person. / NATCA archives
* The final contract included all of these provisions.
Ruling on a lawsuit originally filed by NATCA, the Ninth U.S.
Circuit Court of Appeals upholds the FAA’s random drug testing
program for the aviation industry.

128
Against the Wind
Signed, sealed, and delivered: FAA and union representatives are
all smiles after adopting the contract. Controllers worked without
a formal pact for nearly eight years until NATCA’s first agreement
became effective May 1, 1989. Union members on the team included:
President Steve Bell; Co-Chairman Mark Kutch, Kansas City Center;
1990
NATCA archives
Richard Bamberger, San Diego Tower; Don Carlisle, Washington
Center; Paul Cascio, Seattle TRACON; Anthony Coiro, South Bend
Tower/TRACON; Art Joseph, Miami Center; Lonnie Kramer, Corpus
Christi Tower/TRACON; Barry Krasner, New York TRACON; William
Osborne Jr., general counsel; and eight resource specialists.
to procedures to avoid them. Controllers, who could
lose their jobs if they were involved in three operational
errors—“deals”—within 2½ years, considered
the program critical because various managers handled
mistakes differently.
NATCA and the agency had been working to
Aug. Sep.
3
In a “Walk for Safety,” NATCA national office staff members
and more than 120 controllers from around the nation picket in
front of Washington Center to protest continued low staffing. 1
reinstate the policy for controllers,
which FAA Administrator
Langhorne Bond had canceled in
1980, before negotiations began.
However, Thoman insisted the
provision was non-negotiable
and did not belong in the contract.
Barry Krasner suggested
they include it “for educational
purposes.” Thoman ultimately
agreed, which ensured that the
agency could not unilaterally
change or abolish the policy because
the union could contest
the move by filing a grievance.
The two sides reached tentative
agreement by mid-January
1989. NATCA members spent
most of the grueling two months
during negotiations in the Washington
area, far from their families.
Yet, the process went easier
than expected. Coiro recalls that
it was “tentative and strangely predetermined. We all
needed a good contract. No one was able to bring
their ‘side’ to a showdown and we knew it.”
NATCA’s first effort differed from PATCO’s
final contract in several ways. The agency negotiated
the right to change controllers’ schedules within one
A new Transportation Department policy takes effect, banning
smoking at FAA facilities, although designated smoking areas are
permitted.

week. Under PATCO, it had been three weeks. And
developmentals had to check out on at least two control
positions before receiving FAM trip privileges;
PATCO trainees received the benefit immediately.
NATCA made one significant improvement
over PATCO. The FAA
agreed to grant regional
representatives 50 percent
of official time off
to conduct their duties.
PATCO board members
who took leave to serve
the union did so without
pay from the agency.
“The contract is not
a panacea. However, it goes
well beyond a start,” Great
Lakes Regional Representative
Joseph Bellino said. 2
Half of the union
contract team joined Bell and Spickler on different segments
of a tour to twenty-three cities to sell the pact to
the rank and file. The group found itself repeatedly defending
a clause that appeared frequently throughout
the document: “if operational conditions permit.” Controllers
worried that the phrase diluted their rights. But
without it—in connection with guaranteed breaks, for
example—an arbitrator could rule that the article in
question was unenforceable and, therefore, void.
“
The contract is not
a panacea. However, it goes
well beyond a start.
— Great Lakes Regional Rep Joseph Bellino
The costly briefing tour helped educate the members.
But with little cash to spare in the union, it drew
criticism from some who accused NATCA’s top officers
of wasting thousands of dollars on what they dubbed
“Steve and Ray’s Excellent Adventure,” paraphrasing the
title from a popular Hollywood
film that year.
Regardless, union
members overwhelmingly
approved of the
contract. The three-year
pact took effect May 1,
1989, after they ratified
it by a vote of 3,920 to
748—a margin of 84
percent. Subsequent contracts
would strengthen
and expand controllers’
rights. For now, NATCA
founders and activists
who’d spent more than five years creating their union
and securing its first collective bargaining agreement
basked in an enormous sense of accomplishment.
Power Struggles
“Steve and Ray’s Excellent Adventure” was one
of many skirmishes over money and control that
beset the first National Executive Board. Having run
Oct. Jan.
An initiation fee takes effect after a major organizing drive in
which more than 2,000 controllers join NATCA. Membership is 1991
19
about 10,600—or more than 70 percent of the work force.
13
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
129
The negotiators: President Steve Bell,
right, and Ray Thoman, the FAA’s deputy
director of labor and employee relations,
went head to head during talks on the
union’s first contract. / Stan Barough
An 8 percent pay raise called an “interim geographic adjustment”
is given to 5,933 FAA employees at facilities in the New
York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco areas.

130
Against the Wind
New NATCA logo (above): Steve Bell’s
move to redesign the union’s visual identity
riled regional reps and members.
Steve and Ray (right): Executive Vice
President Ray Spickler, left, stood by Steve
Bell when the president came under criticism.
Spickler’s loyalty derailed his bid for
re-election in 1991. / NATCA archives
1991
1
Feb.
their regions largely autonomously, board members
now had to adjust to a different power structure.
“We were all new,” says Gary Molen, the Northwest
Mountain regional rep. “We wanted Bell and those
guys to jump.”
They took Bell to task for having little or no say
on everything from hiring new employees to buying
fax machines for each region (the reps couldn’t live
without them after a few months) to retaining an elderly
woman as parliamentarian at a board meeting
(a one-time appearance stemming from Bell’s impatience
with Robert’s Rules of Order).
A history buff, Bell maintained that the most
successful U.S. presidents were those who led decisively.
He defends his style by pointing out he was
elected to get NATCA up and running. The board’s
time was better spent on addressing regional and
national issues rather than focusing on infrastructure.
“If we’d sat there
and argued,” he
says now, “we’d
never have gotten
anything
done.”
Several
board members
gave Bell
more latitude
than others. But
A USAir 737 landing at LAX Airport crashes into a Sky West Metroliner
positioned on the runway awaiting takeoff clearance. The nighttime accident
kills all twelve aboard the commuter plane and twenty-two aboard
when they discovered that NATCA had paid a public
relations firm about $20,000 to revamp the union’s
logo, they all revolted.
The new look, which appeared on promotional
materials for the 1990 convention, consisted solely of
the word “NATCA” in a streamlined typeface. The letter
“A” was positioned above the others, which some
observers referred to as “the excited A.” While a few
controllers considered the original old-fashioned,
most regarded any changes akin to redesigning the
U.S. flag.
The board and members at large believed the
logo was their identity and quickly called for
its reinstatement. A subsequent board also
toyed with updating the logo and failed.
Changing it was “like the third rail of
NATCA politics,” President John Carr
says now. The original logo remains to
this day.
National Executive Board members
were also perturbed when Bell and Spickler
borrowed another $400,000 from MEBA in
the USAir flight. Two weeks later, the FAA amends procedures to prohibit
planes from holding at runway/taxiway intersections at night or when the
intersection is not visible from the tower.

July 1989 to tide the union over. While
they understood the financial need, the
lack of consultation was a sore spot. Even
so, the clashes amounted to little more
than an inevitable byproduct of a young
association finding its sea legs.
“None of us had either the experience
or the wherewithal to get the job
done,” Bell says. “We all came from a
controller background and were well
versed in moving airplanes, not an infant
organization in the birth-pangs of its
evolution.”
Power struggles and politics were
not Bell’s only problems. Just as the Las
Vegas convention began in April 1990,
Karin Bell informed her husband she
wanted a divorce.
“It kicked the legs right out from under him,”
Spickler recalls.
So much so that Bell did not feel up to chairing
the proceedings. As soon as the opening session ended,
he turned to a friend from New York TRACON,
whom he perceived to be “a gifted negotiator and a
gifted communicator”—Barry Krasner. Speaking privately
in Krasner’s room, Bell asked him to run the
convention, sidestepping his second-in-command.
Despite Krasner’s position as Eastern regional
representative and his work on the contract team, he
Apr. May
4
The FAA finishes transferring more than 600,000 square miles
of oceanic airspace from Miami and Boston centers to New
York Center.
1
NATCA archives
1990 convention: President Bell passed over Ray Spickler and asked Barry Krasner
to conduct most of the proceedings. Dan Brandt, right, served as parliamentarian.
was “scared to death” of the podium. But he warmed
to the task nicely during the first two days before
handing the gavel to Spickler, who’d approached Bell
and insisted that the executive vice president should
rightfully conduct the proceedings.
Krasner’s skill came from a mixture of street
smarts he learned while growing up in Flushing,
New York—“you take out the biggest guy first”—and
a keen familiarity with Robert’s Rules of Order. He
first read the book when New York TRACON formed
a constitution and continued to review it before every
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
Aviation safety inspectors vote to organize as a bargaining unit
of the Professional Airways Systems Specialists. On May 10,
PASS is certified for the 1,913 FAA workers.
131

Barry
Krasner
Air Traffic Control
Specialist
1982 — Pr e s e n t
Op e r a t i n g in i t i a l s: XO
HOm e t O w n : New York City
sp O u s e / CHildre n:
Sallie / Michael, Bryan
Mindy; grandson: Drew
Ot Her tr i v i a:
Owns an extensive collection of
stuffed frogs
in t e r e s t s:
Wine, trout fishing
NATCA archives
ATC FACiliTies
Cu r r e n t:
pr e v i O u s:
N90 TRACON
After six years at NATCA’s helm, Barry Krasner
dismayed many members by going back to the
boards. One controller lamented that the union’s
second president had been the best they would
ever elect. Krasner shook his head and responded:
“If that’s the case, we might as well fold our doors
right now. Everybody after me should be better
than me. Otherwise, we’ve learned nothing.”
His down-to-earth attitude comes from contemplating
life at 35,000 feet. “I spend a lot of time
on airplanes looking out the window and seeing
nothing but clouds,” he says. “You start thinking
on a different level.”
Growing up with NATCA has also framed
his outlook. While serving as Eastern regional rep
in the late 1980s, Krasner frequently stretched the
telephone cord out of his cramped office—space
donated by another union—to pace in a hallway
during conversations.
“That’s when you really had to believe and
fight. There was no luxury then,” he says. Today,
NATCA’s seven-story headquarters in Washington,
D.C., bears his name.
Like many union activists, Krasner’s commitment
involved significant personal sacrifice.
The demands extended to his new wife, Sallie
Sullivan, a veteran bank manager who works in
NATCA’s Eastern Region office now. His presidency
began just eight months after their wedding.
Pr e v i o u s NATCA Po s iT i oN s / AC h i e v e m e N T s
National president 1991-97; Eastern regional rep
1988-91; chief contract negotiator; NMI president;
nat’l. president emeritus; N.Y. TRACON president.
hir e d
Jan.
1982
Throughout his tenure, she lived in New York to be
near her son and family while he commuted home
on weekends.
On the job, Krasner’s razor-sharp negotiating
skills were tempered by an offbeat sense of
humor. A stuffed armadillo stared down visitors to
his office from atop a curio cabinet. Softening his
sentry’s demeanor one year, he transformed the
stubby creature into the Pope-adillo. The next year
the animal evolved into a Santa-dillo. An exotic
collection of more than two-dozen stuffed frogs
rounded out the menagerie.
After leaving office in 1997, Krasner returned
to the birthplace of his FAA career: New York
TRACON’s LaGuardia sector. He now spends most
nights at the couple’s home on a peaceful two acres
in central Long Island, where the armadillo and
stuffed frogs have been quarantined to a recreation
room to preserve decorum elsewhere in the house.
NATCA still benefits from Krasner’s talents.
As the union’s chief negotiator, he has spent the
past few years wrapping up numerous contracts for
a growing roster of bargaining units.
Once asked what inscription he’d prefer on
his tombstone, Krasner said simply, “He made a
difference.” While content with his NATCA accomplishments,
he remains restless. “When you jump
the last hurdle, your only two choices are to find
another hurdle or die.”

convention. His mastery of handling the proceedings
earned him such fame that he began to hold seminars
for delegates.
On stage, Krasner was in his element. “I like
arguing with a thousand people at a time,” he says
with his characteristic laugh.
There was plenty of opportunity. Convention
delegates considered some 100 constitutional
amendments and resolutions. Despite backing from
a majority of the National Executive Board, they declined
to increase dues by a half percent. However,
delegates agreed to impose an initiation fee for new
members equal to one year of dues, which took effect
the following October. Newly hired trainees were
granted a six-month grace period.
After listening to a heartfelt speech by John
Leyden, the delegates also voted by more than a
three-to-one margin to urge the Bush administration
to allow controllers fired in the 1981 strike to reapply
for new positions in the FAA.
Krasner had gone to Las Vegas intending to
announce his candidacy for executive vice president.
He and his campaign manager, Bernie Reed from Bay
TRACON, had prepared buttons and printed flyers to
slip beneath the doors to delegates’ rooms.
After Bell approached him, however, Krasner
hid the paraphernalia beneath the bed in his room,
fearing it would look like a setup. As it turned out,
his exposure on the podium may have been Krasner’s
1991
20
May
most effective campaign tool.
“There’s a really good possibility Barry would
never have become president of this union had that
not happened,” Spickler maintains.
When Krasner hit the campaign trail the following
January—during a honeymoon in Las Vegas
with his second wife, Sallie—he sought the presidency.
A changing of the guard seemed likely.
By now, the board’s frustration had been compounded
by Bell’s long absences the previous summer
while he tried
to mend fences with
Karin. For Krasner,
the decision to run
against his friend
was a difficult one.
His change of heart
arose over a separate
financial matter
stemming from
a dinner with Bell
and Leyden that
occurred before the
Vegas convention.
During an
Eastern Region pre-
convention caucus
in Atlantic City,
Bell invited Barry
NATCA and the FAA reach agreement on alternative work schedules,
which enable controllers to complete an 80-hour work period in less than
ten days.
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
133
NATCA archives
Friends and foes: Barry Krasner, left, and Steve Bell formed a personal bond at New
York TRACON during the mid-1980s. Dissatisfaction with Bell’s leadership, however,
drove Krasner to campaign for president in the 1991 election and defeat Bell.

134
Against the Wind
Tallying the vote: Controllers cast ballots by mail in NATCA’s national
elections, held every three years. The union pays a salary to its
1991
23
Oct.
and Sallie Krasner to the casual get-together with the
former PATCO president, who was a speaker at the
day’s event. The Krasners had another commitment
and stopped by just long enough for drinks. Later,
Construction begins on Southern California TRACON in San Diego,
which will consolidate five approach control facilities, including Los
Angeles, San Diego, Burbank, Ontario, and Coast (covering the Pacific
NATCA archives
president and executive vice president, who serve on leave from the
FAA without pay. Regional VPs conduct their duties on official time.
when the National Executive Board questioned Bell’s
expensive tab, he claimed the meeting involved NAT-
CA business and asked Krasner for confirmation. Put
on the spot, Krasner agreed.
“When I realized that I’d
blindly stood behind him so
he could explain himself to the
Executive Board I couldn’t live
with myself anymore,” Krasner
says, adding it was “the defining
moment when I decided to run
against him.”
Executive Vice President
Spickler sympathized with
some of the unhappiness over
Bell, but he remained loyal to
his partner. “I just felt that Steve
was really the best guy for the
job and I was going to hang with
what I believed, regardless of the
political cost,” he says now.
The two formed a ticket,
which many believe killed
Spickler’s chances for re-election
against a challenge by
Joseph Bellino, the Great Lakes
regional rep.
Bellino became a controller
at O’Hare Tower in 1968.
coast north to San Luis Obispo). The new facility will become the nation’s
third consolidated TRACON. Two others—New York TRACON on Long
Island and Bay TRACON at Oakland Airport—have operated for years.

When John Leyden visited O’Hare looking for members
to join the newly formed PATCO, Bellino was the
first trainee to sign up. But he was forced to retire a
few years before the strike on medical disability. He
believed the agency acted without just cause and spent
seven years fighting on
his own for reinstatement.
When he wasn’t working
as a McHenry, Illinois, po-
liceman or at other jobs,
he spent hours in the library
researching the law
on employees’ rights.
Bellino hit a breakthrough
in his case when
he wrote to the American
Medical Association
to prepare for a hearing
with the FAA and discovered
that the doctor
who’d issued his medical
disqualification was not
board certified at the time. After Bellino informed
the agency, he was quickly allowed back on the job
in 1984 with full seniority.
He soon joined the drive for election petition
signatures and mounted an effort to obtain extra
money for understaffed O’Hare Tower/TRACON,
which culminated with the Pay Demonstration
Nov.
Project in 1989 that covered seven air traffic control
facilities. He also served as the Great Lakes alternate
regional rep under Jim Poole before his election to the
National Executive Board in 1988.
In the election of 1991, seven board members
endorsed Krasner, helping
him defeat Bell with
60 percent of the vote.
Bellino beat Spickler by
“
an equally large margin.
Afterward, Bell transferred
to Phoenix TRA-
CON, where he raised
eyebrows by quitting the
union for a few weeks
over a travel voucher dispute.
He later moved to
the FAA Command Center
in Herndon, Virginia,
as a traffic management
specialist and trainer.
“His leadership
qualities were strong-willed,” says former New England
Regional Rep Jim Breen. “He was what the union needed
to get started. Beyond the first term, we needed to get out
of an organizational mode and into an operating mode.”
Spickler went to Dulles Tower/TRACON and
later transferred to Kansas City Tower as a supervisor
(the only way the agency would pay for his move)
Everybody wanted the world.
In two-and-a-half years, you
can’t deliver that. We didn’t
even have an office staff.
[Bell] started this and got
everything going.
— Former President Michael McNally
NATCA and the FAA formally agree to implement Quality Through Partnership.
This program is intended as a collaborative labor-management
relationship that creates “an environment where employees are empow-
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
ered to participate in decisions that affect their work lives.” QTP National
Coordinator Michael McNally initially oversees the program for NATCA,
followed by Bill Murphy from Kansas City Center.
135

136
Against the Wind
Labor-management training: The FAA
and union members initially attended classes
that evolved into an ongoing program
known as Quality Through Partnership.
1991
to live near his extended family. But he grew disenchanted
with management and returned to Kansas
City Center about eighteen months later.
Michael McNally, who later served as executive
vice president and president, believes NATCA’s
first two top officers were “doomed to go down. The
first ones out of the box always are. The expectations
are too high. They’re green. They’re brand new. It’s
just coming at them too fast. Everybody wanted the
world. In two-and-a-half years, you can’t deliver that.
We were barely a union. We didn’t even have an office
staff. Steve built the office staff. He hired the
talent. He got us an office. He started this and got
everything going.”
The Age of Collaboration
Even before Bell became president, he and
others in NATCA advocated collaboration with the
agency, eschewing traditional, contentious labor-management
relations in favor of a partnership philosophy
that was permeating many organizations at the time.
Despite the FAA’s steadfastly intolerant reputation, a
notable segment in the agency hoped to avoid a repeat
of 1981 and embraced cooperation, too.
With backing from T. Allan McArtor, who’d
taken over as FAA administrator from Donald Engen,
those attitudes dovetailed in March 1988 with
a training course called “Labor and Management:
Dec. Dec.
FAA Administrator James B. Busey IV leaves office after serving
since June 30, 1989.
4
16
Partners in Problem Solving.” The curriculum was
designed to jointly teach facility managers and union
representatives about their rights and responsibilities
as well as techniques in communicating and resolving
differences.
During the three-day classes, controllers and
managers switched roles to better understand problems
and perspectives from the other side. Controllers
learned what it was like to defend policies they
did not personally support, while managers found
reasons to file grievances. About 1,000 managers
and facility reps attended the course throughout the
spring and summer.
The one-time sessions paved the way for a
more formal, ongoing program whose path began
at New York Center. Like some others, local President
Michael McNally worried about a PATCO II. “I
didn’t want to be involved in a union if it was going
to be radical,” he says.
He, too, saw the need to “stop butting heads”
and encourage more harmonious relationships.
McNally approached the facility’s deputy manager,
Jim Buckles, and the two developed a collaborative,
committee-oriented program called Success Through
Partnership.
Initially, both sides were resistant. “Management
hated it,” McNally recalls. “To them, it was a
raid on their authority. They thought it was all going
downhill. Letting the monkeys run the zoo.” Union
Transportation Secretary Samuel Skinner leaves office after
serving since February 6, 1989.

1992
1991
The Second National Executive Board
Mirroring the first election, five
new members joined the board
in 1991:
Alaskan: Sam Rich beat incumbent
Will Faville Jr. (both were
from Anchorage Center). Faville
went on to become NATCA’s third
safety and technology director.
Central: Incumbent Dan
Brandt from Omaha TRACON did
not win a majority and waived a
runoff against Michael Putzier from
Kansas City Center.
Eastern: Incumbent Barry
Krasner’s run for president left
the field open. Although Michael
McNally from New York Center
outpolled Tim Haines from Pittsburgh
Tower, neither won a majority.
Haines edged past McNally in a
runoff.
Great Lakes: In the absence
of incumbent Joseph Bellino, who
won election for executive vice
president, Jim Poole from Chicago
Center beat Chuck Owens from
Bismarck Tower/TRACON in North
Dakota. Poole had briefly served as
Central regional rep on the interim
board.
New England: Incumbent
Jim Breen from Bradley Tower/
TRACON withstood a second challenge
by Howie Barte from Providence
Tower to retain his seat for
another term.
Northwest Mountain: Incumbent
Gary Molen from Salt Lake
Center retained his seat for a second
term against challenges by contract
team member Paul Cascio from
Seattle TRACON and James Brawner
Feb. Feb.
5
President Barry Krasner, Contract Committee Co-Chairman
Bernie Reed, and Labor Relations Director Richard Gordon
present the union’s second contract proposal to the FAA.
24
�
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
from Denver TRACON.
Southern: Incumbent Randy
Schwitz ran unopposed. Schwitz,
from Atlanta Center, took over from
fellow center controller Lee Riley
when he stepped down in January
1990 to devote more attention to a
trucking business he owned with
his brother, Bill.
Southwest: Incumbent Ed
Mullin from Dallas Love Field ran
unopposed for a second term.
Western-Pacific: Rick Bamberger
from Lindbergh Field in
San Diego lost his re-election bid.
Karl Grundmann from Los Angeles
TRACON, who was defeated by Ray
Spickler for executive vice president
in the union’s 1988 election, beat
Owen Bridgeman from Phoenix
TRACON in a runoff.
137
Andrew H. Card Jr. takes over as transportation secretary from
Samuel Skinner. Card, who served in the Massachusetts Legislature,
was deputy chief of staff under President Bush.

138
1992
Against the Wind
1991 Election
Results
�
* Brandt waived a runoff election to
Putzier.
** Schwitz joined the NEB in January
1990 after Lee Riley stepped down.
27
May
President
Barry Krasner Eastern Regional representative 3,720 59.9
Steve Bell / incumbent Eastern New York TRACON 2,494 40.1
Executive Vice President
Joseph M. Bellino Great Lakes Regional representative 3,803 61.6
Ray L. Spickler / incumbent Central Kansas City Center 2,370 38.4
Regional Representatives
Votes Percent
Alaskan
Sam Rich Anchorage Center 87 64.9
Will Faville Jr. / incumbent
Central
Anchorage Center 47 35.1
Michael Putzier Kansas City Center 134 40.8
Dan Brandt * / incumbent Omaha TRACON 113 34.3
Mark Kutch
Eastern
Kansas City Center 82 24.9
Tim Haines Pittsburgh Tower 397 36.8 576 54.0
Michael McNally New York Center 449 41.6 490 46.0
Deborah Ann Katz Washington Center 234 21.6
NATCA’s fourth biennial convention is held at the Hilton Palacio del Rio in
San Antonio. Delegates vote to modify Article IX, Section 7, of the union’s
constitution to allow a majority attending conventions to change dues
Runoff
Votes
Runoff
Percent
rather than a majority of the membership; they then approve raising dues
to 1.5 percent. Delegates also approve an honorary lifetime membership
for former PATCO President John F. Leyden.

Votes Percent
Great Lakes
Jim Poole Chicago Center 594 52.6
Chuck Owens
New England
Bismarck TRACAB 536 47.4
Jim Breen / incumbent Bradley Tower/TRACON 212 55.6
Howie Barte
Northwest Mountain
Providence Tower 169 44.4
Gary Molen / incumbent Salt Lake Center 262 56.0
Paul Cascio Seattle TRACON 135 28.8
James Brawner
Southern
Denver TRACON 71 15.2
Randy Schwitz / incumb. **
Southwest
Atlanta Center 1,189 100.0
Ed Mullin / incumbent
Western-Pacific
Dallas Love Field Tower 581 100.0
Karl Grundmann Los Angeles TRACON 332 45.1 424 56.9
Owen Bridgeman Phoenix TRACON 230 31.2 321 43.1
Rick Bamberger / incumbent San Diego Tower 175 23.7
June Aug.
27
Thomas C. Richards takes over as FAA administrator. Richards
served in the Korean and Vietnam wars. He later served on the
President’s Commission on Aviation Security and Terrorism.
24
Runoff
Votes
Runoff
Percent
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
In its sweep through southern Florida, Hurricane Andrew forces
Miami International, Fort Lauderdale Executive, West Palm
Beach, Tamiami, and Key West airports to temporarily close.
139

Joseph M.
Bellino
Air Traffic Control
Specialist
1968 — Pr e s e n t
Op e r a t i n g in i t i a l s: MB, NC
HOm e t O w n : Chicago; McHenry, Illinois
CHildre n:
Anna; granddaughter: Marissa
Ot Her tr i v i a:
Vietnamese interpreter and sign
language interpreter in the past
in t e r e s t s:
Stan Barough
Blue-green water, white sand
beaches, Internet business, rental
properties
ATC FACiliTies
Cu r r e n t:
pr e v i O u s: ORD
RFD
C90 TRACON
Tower
Tower
Joseph M. Bellino has always lived life on the
front lines. Before starting as a controller at
O’Hare Tower in 1968, he served in the Army’s
125th ATC Company in Vietnam. He was also assigned
to the 101st Airborne and 1st Infantry setting
up landing and drop zones. Shrewdly, he bought a
monkey named Johnny to guard him.
“When you sleep in the jungle with a monkey
tied to your wrist, not even the invisible man
can sneak up on you,” Bellino says. Johnny had a
mischievous streak, however, such as the time he
picked Gen. William Westmoreland’s pocket.
Bellino’s tenacity and ethical nature have
characterized his involvement in organized labor
for more than three decades. During a seven-year
fight to overturn his forced medical disability
retirement, he learned enough about the law to
become an astute negotiator who could cite federal
regulations as fluently as sports fans reel off statistics
for their favorite team. Whether he was testifying
before Congress, bargaining with the FAA or
filing an insurance claim for a controller injured in
an auto accident, Bellino always relied on stacks of
documentation and sound oral arguments.
He is motivated by an “eternal” distrust of
the government. After the birth of his daughter,
Anna, Bellino discovered he’d been contaminated
with Agent Orange in Vietnam. Medical prob-
Pr e v i o u s NATCA Po s iT i oN s / AC h i e v e m e N T s
Executive vice president 1991-94; Great Lakes
regional rep 1988-91; O’Hare Tower and TRACON
local president (multiple terms).
hir e d
Sept.
1968
lems that could be attributed to the toxic defoliant
prevented him from having more children.
“The government knew the dangers of dioxin.
We didn’t,” he says. “My continuing lack of trust
in governmental activities has never proven to be
without merit.”
After the FAA reinstated him in 1984 as if
he never left the agency, Bellino did not intend to
re-enlist in the labor movement. “I was so happy
to have my job back,” he says. “But the agency
had become even more of an ogre than before. I
couldn’t stand it.”
Life as an activist can entail protracted
discussions in bars, but Bellino does not drink
alcohol. Instead, he prefers to read or research issues
online, often into the wee hours. Despite his
preference for such low-key activities, “colorful” is
the word most often used by those who know him.
Colleagues rib Bellino about his height—he
stands just 5 feet, 4 inches—yet an equally toughnosed
“adversary” at the FAA measured him differently.
Joseph Noonan, the agency’s director of
labor and employee relations when Bellino served
as executive vice president, once introduced him to
a group of managers, eliciting a comment about his
stature.
“You think Bellino’s short?” Noonan responded.
“The longer he talks, the taller he gets.”

Course on cooperation: NATCA and the FAA underwent recurrent
training on Quality Through Partnership. This class included four re-
members believed the program diluted their power
as a labor organization.
But, over time, people saw benefits to STP
and it eventually caught the attention of high-ranking
managers at headquarters. The experiment migrated
to New York TRACON and by 1991 evolved
into Quality Through Partnership, which McNally
directed as the union’s national QTP coordinator.
Under the program, groups of managers and union
members had to agree on issues before they could be
implemented. Decisions were binding; neither side
1992
Oct.
NATCA archives
gional vice presidents, from left: Michael Putzier, Central; Jim Poole,
Great Lakes; Rich Phillips, Southwest; and Joe Fruscella, Eastern.
could appeal to the FLRA.
The agency created a training video to introduce
QTP and committed substantial money for sessions
at all of its facilities. Acceptance came slowly for
some—and not at all for others—who were uncomfortable
with this “new” way of thinking. Referring to
QTP as “drinking the Kool-Aid,” participants on both
sides felt it undermined their authority.
“I always viewed the agency as the enemy, not
a friend. I didn’t see the collaborative thing working,”
says Bill Otto, a controller at St. Louis TRACON who
NATCA’s recently formed Reclassification Committee, chaired by Eastern
Region Vice President Tim Haines, meets for the first time to discuss ways
to change the classification system for air traffic facilities. The union hires
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
141
Dick Swauger, a former PATCO member, and consultant Joe Kilgallon to
work on the project. Both men were involved in PATCO’s reclassification
effort in the mid-1970s, which resulted in higher pay for busy facilities.

142
Against the Wind
1992/93
later served as Central Region vice president. “QTP
gave us a façade of working together, but tough issues
we never really worked on together.”
Paul Williams, a former facility rep at Washington
Center, says QTP
“took away one of our
biggest weapons.”
Williams acknowledges
that cooperative
relationships are possible.
But he also believes
“consensus negates
leadership.” Under QTP’s
committee structure,
one person—either in
management or with the
union—could undermine
a decision everyone else
thought was fine. “It’s led
to a lot of weak decisions,
watered-down decisions,
half-hearted language.”
Others looked at collaboration differently.
Carol Branaman, who served in leadership roles
with PATCO and was elected NATCA’s Northwest
Mountain Region vice president in 2000, contends
the program opened doors for the union.
“Everyone maligns QTP, but it was a huge leap
for the FAA,” she says. “In many ways, it gave the
Nov. Jan.
T. Craig Lasker from Boston Center takes over as New England
Region vice president for Jim Breen, who retired as a controller
after suffering a mild stroke and vision loss.
“
Everyone maligns QTP, but it
was a huge leap for the FAA.
In many ways, it gave the
union tremendous influence
that it never had before.
union tremendous influence that it never had before.
It was the first time they acknowledged the union
had a role in everything that affected the facility.”
Barry Krasner notes that the law allows both
sides to engage in protracted
disputes over grievances
that can take years to resolve.
QTP provided a way
to settle them faster. Bill
— Northwest Mountain Region
VP Carol Branaman
20
Murphy from Kansas City
Center, who succeeded Mc-
Nally as national QTP coordinator
in 1994, says it came
down to common sense. “If
you beat up someone, what
are you going to get back?
You’ll get beat up.”
Aided by follow-up
training sessions, the tenor
of labor relations in the
FAA gradually improved—
though not everywhere.
But in 1996, QTP was among nine agency programs
totaling $29 million that were cut by the Republicancontrolled
Congress as part of its “Contract With
America” to balance the budget.
“QTP was not a failure. It left its mark,” says
Howie Barte, who continues to believe in collaboration.
“Where it was successful, it’s still successful.
FAA Administrator Thomas C. Richards leaves after serving
since June 27, 1992. Transportation Secretary Andrew H. Card
Jr. resigns after serving since February 24, 1992.

Where it wasn’t successful, it
never had a chance.”
The program is carried on
in practice at some facilities.
The Second Contract
While QTP gathered
steam and Krasner and Bellino
took up residence in Washington
as the union’s second
president and executive vice
president in September 1991,
preparations were already under
way for negotiations on the second
contract.
Before leaving office, Bell
had appointed Bernie Reed from
Bay TRACON as team chairman
(he’d served as a resource
person on the first contract).
Washington Center’s Paul Williams
and Rodney Turner from Nashville Metro
Tower/TRACON, both of whom had helped Bell with
his unsuccessful campaign, were also on the team.
After the election, the members gathered at
Airlie Center, a retreat in eastern Virginia, to brief
the new administration. Reed, Turner, and Williams
assumed Krasner would ask them to step aside so
Jan. Apr.
21
Federico F. Peña takes over as transportation secretary. A chief
booster behind the new Denver Airport, Peña served as the
city’s mayor and was also elected to the Colorado Legislature. 5
that he could appoint his own people. Turner offered
to resign.
But in a move indicative of Krasner’s sense of
cooperation and political savvy, he asked everyone to
stay. Reed was particularly astonished. Due to a miscommunication,
he’d dropped his support for Krasner
during the campaign and joined the Bell camp. Kras-
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
143
NATCA archives
The 1993 contract team: Presidents Bell
and Krasner both selected members, who
included, bottom row from left: Bruce
Means; Mike Motta; Jay Keeling; Rob
Stephenson; Co-Chairman Bernie Reed;
and Ken Brissenden. Top row from left:
Lonnie Kramer; Joe Fruscella; Mark Kutch;
President Barry Krasner; Paul Williams;
Rodney Turner; Labor Relations Director
Richard Gordon; and Duane Dupon.
The union relocates from suite 845 at MEBA headquarters, 444
North Capitol Street, to its own leased offices in suite 701 at
1150 17 th Street NW, both in Washington, D.C.

144
Against the Wind
Team building: President Krasner favored
the exercises to help contract teams and
National Executive Boards form a bond
and learn to work together. / NATCA archives
1993
ner then set a tone of partnership by arranging teambuilding
exercises at Airlie Center to help the group
forge a bond before negotiations started, a particularly
effective way to get the Bell and Krasner supporters
working together.
Like their counterparts three years earlier, the
contract team knew all too well how much was riding
on their efforts and grasped the enormity of the
task ahead. Their commitment played out in distinct
contrast to the FAA negotiators.
While union members toiled sixteen hours a
day and spent two weeks a month on the road during
bargaining talks, the agency’s representatives largely
regarded the process as a 9-5 job. At hotels where the
two teams met, the walls of NATCA’s caucus room
were papered with lists of contract provisions and
proposals, broken down into those they absolutely
needed, ones that would be nice to have, and giveaways.
Paul Williams regularly collected the trash
and took it home to prevent the FAA team from scavenging
hints about their strategy. The agency rarely
used its caucus room.
“We’re volunteer workers,” Krasner says. “It’s a
whole lot easier to work airplanes than it is to do this
union stuff. We do it because we believe. And, if you
believe, you don’t walk away at five o’clock.”
Bargaining talks began in March 1992 and ended
with tentative agreement fourteen months later.
During the latter part of the year, as the FAA fought
Apr. Aug.
28
NATCA begins briefing the membership on its tentative, fouryear
contract with the FAA. Article 83 of the new pact gives
locals the right to determine their own seniority policy.
1
NATCA’s second contract with the FAA takes effect after 92
percent of voting members approve it.

Congress over the budget, its negotiators told NATCA
they weren’t sure when they’d be able to meet again
due to cost cutting. Relishing the chance to show the
union’s foresight, Krasner told them: “Look, we just
got a half percent dues increase. If you want, we can
lend you money to continue to negotiate.”
Federal law prohibited the two sides from
Aug. Aug.
10
David Hinson takes over as FAA administrator. A Navy pilot,
Hinson flew for Northwest Airlines and was an instructor for
United Airlines. He was also a founder of Midway Airlines.
12
bargaining over salary and benefits, but the second
contract included language guaranteeing a 5 percent
“operational differential.” Congress had established
the premium in 1982 to recognize the efforts of controllers
who stayed on the job during the strike. Other
provisions strengthened and expanded the first
contract, such as mandating split urine specimens
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
President Clinton announces that controllers fired for participating
in the 1981 PATCO strike may reapply for employment
with the FAA.
145
Contract caucus: The walls of hotel
rooms where the NATCA team met during
negotiations were plastered with prospective
provisions. / Courtesy of Bernie Reed

146
Against the Wind
NATCA’s second contract: Among other
provisions, the 1993 agreement guaranteed
the 5 percent operational differential
paid to controllers, which had been at the
whim of Congress. / NATCA archives
* During a visit to Barnstable Tower in Hyannis,
Massachusetts, a highly desirable area of
Cape Cod not far from the Kennedy family’s
summer home, Bellino discovered that
housing costs forced controllers to commute
long distances to work. He vowed to obtain
pay demo for Hyannis, too, but the site was
dropped when Congress got involved.
1993
20
Sep.
for drug testing to allow rechecks in
case of false positive results. One new
article outlined critical incident stress
debriefing procedures for controllers
involved in a traumatic event.
“Collective bargaining has
changed over the last twelve years. It
is no longer a game of unions going
to management, asking for more, and
receiving it,” Krasner said at the time.
“Nowadays, unions have to fight to
maintain the rights they currently
have, in addition to making gains.” 3
Members took that sentiment
to heart with a ratification vote of 92
percent. The four-year contract became
effective on August 1, 1993.
The U.S. Postal Service and Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation negotiated with their federal-sector
unions over pay, but otherwise bargaining
talks about money were extremely rare. Yet, to a certain
degree, NATCA had successfully circumvented
that limitation. In addition to the congressionally
mandated 5 percent operational differential that
the union built into its latest contract, about 2,100
controllers enjoyed a 20 percent bonus as part of a
five-year Pay Demonstration Project.
The premium was designed to attract and retain
controllers at hard-to-staff facilities known in
More than 250 members participate in “Lobby Week”—the union’s
inaugural effort to educate the rank and file about working with Congress.
As a result of controller lobbying, the number of sponsors for H.R. 2663
the profession as “the Magnificent
Seven:” Chicago Center;
O’Hare Tower/TRACON; New
York Center and TRACON; Los
Angeles Tower/TRACON; Coast
TRACON in Santa Ana; and Bay
TRACON in Northern California.
Flight Standards district offices in
Los Angeles, Teterboro, New Jersey,
and Farmingdale and Valley
Stream, New York, also received
the bonus. 4
The campaign for pay
demo, as it was commonly
known, began in Chicago before
NATCA was even certified
as a union. Joseph Bellino, who
was reinstated at O’Hare in 1984 following wrongful
dismissal for a medical issue, returned to find
just twenty-seven journeymen controllers. That was
down from about forty who staffed the facility in the
late 1970s. His frustration over working conditions
soon launched him on a mission to garner extra pay
to compensate the O’Hare controllers for forced overtime
and provide a carrot that would attract others. *
Bellino found a receptive ear in the office of
Democratic Illinois Sen. Paul Simon. After a series
of calls between Simon and FAA officials, a meeting
was arranged in October 1985 between Jerry McDer-
increases from ten to forty-one. The Air Traffic Controller Incentive and
Retention Act includes premium pay for working Sundays and boosts the
controller operational differential from 5 percent to 15 percent.

Follow the Money
During the early 1990s, a grievance
filed by Cleveland Center facility rep
Pat Forrey involving Sunday premium
pay led to a settlement of more than $20
million, the largest with the FAA to date.
The issue involved controllers who
arrived for work at 11:45 p.m. Sunday for
a midnight shift. The agency maintained
that the controllers chose to start work
early for their Monday shift under flexible
scheduling rules and did not deserve the
extra pay. However, the Comptroller General,
the head of the General Accounting
Office, concluded that the flexible schedule
issue was irrelevant. The employees
worked part of Sunday and, according to
the union’s contract, were entitled to the
differential, which amounted to about
$650,000.
As the case evolved, NATCA’s
grievance expanded to include controllers
who’d been denied the premium pay for
taking annual and sick leave on Sundays.
The $19.5 million settlement covered
nearly seven years dating to November
1986 (Congress later passed a law prohibiting
the extra pay).
When the FAA’s hefty check arrived
at union headquarters, it was en-
�
dorsed to Executive Vice President Joseph
Bellino rather than to NATCA. The check
also posed another issue: It was well
above federal deposit insurance limits.
Bellino and comptroller Frances Alsop
agreed they’d have to parcel the money
out in different bank accounts across the
country until NATCA calculated how
much each controller should receive.
Demonstrating his characteristic
sense of humor, Bellino created fictitious
names for the accounts: Grand Cayman
Local 1, Grand Cayman Local 2,
etc. An auditor who stumbled across the
wealthy Caribbean “local” immediately
approached Bellino.
“Are there controllers in the Grand
Cayman Islands?” he asked suspiciously.
Unable to resist, Bellino deadpanned:
“No, I don’t think there are. But
we’ve got a local there.”
The auditor appeared confused.
“Well, we’ve got some $19.5 million in
these Grand Cayman locals.”
“It’s a pretty rich local,” Bellino
acknowledged.
“What do you mean? Where did it
come from?”
“I don’t know.”
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
NATCA archives
Up his sleeve: When NATCA won a back pay settlement
and banked the money before disbursing it to
controllers, Joseph Bellino unnerved an auditor by
creating a fictitious local in the Cayman Islands.
The auditor persisted. “Who’s in
this local?”
“Barry Krasner is the VP. I’m
the president. He’s the president of the
union. I’m the president of the local. John
Thornton is the secretary-treasurer. We
have one member and that’s Will Faville.”
“Where’d you get this money?”
“I don’t know. Does it matter?”
The auditor was not amused and
insisted that Bellino transfer the money
out of the accounts as soon as possible.
NATCA planned to do just that, of
course, and mailed the entire $19.5 million
to controllers a few months later.
147

148
Against the Wind
Joseph Bellino: The O’Hare TRACON
controller led a campaign that resulted
in 20 percent more pay for controllers at
seven hard-to-staff facilities. / Stan Barough
1993
29
Sep.
mott, who was a member of the senator’s staff, and Ed
Bears from agency headquarters. Bellino was invited
to present the controllers’ proposal, which essentially
amounted to a request for more money.
For Bellino, that posed one critical question:
How much? On the flight from Chicago
to Washington, figures swirled in his
head. The controllers wanted 5 percent,
so should he ask for 9 percent, hoping to
split the difference? What about 7 percent
or 8 percent? His uncertainty kept him
awake that night at the hotel.
At the meeting the next day, McDermott
laid it out to Bears. “What we’re looking for
here, Ed, is something for O’Hare.”
“If you controllers wanted more money, you
should never have taken jobs in the government sector,”
Bears snapped irritably. Then he turned to Bellino
and demanded to know the bottom line.
“We want twenty percent more,” Bellino
blurted. Realizing he’d responded impulsively—Bellino
swears he doesn’t know where the figure came
from—he quickly adopted a poker face.
Bears looked shocked. “You know about it,
don’t you?”
Bellino fought back a look of puzzlement. He had
no idea what Bears meant. Instead, he bluffed. “Yeah,
of course we know about it, Ed. What do you think
we’re doing here? Just because you’re at headquarters
The FAA agrees to pay $19.5 million in back premium pay to controllers
who took annual and sick leave on Sundays. The grievance, filed Novem-
doesn’t mean the rest of the country is stupid.”
McDermott interjected and asked what they
were talking about. Bears proceeded to describe a relatively
new Pay Demonstration Project
that compensated scientists with a
20 percent bonus for working at
the China Lake Naval Weapons
Center in the Mojave
Desert, a hard-to-staff facility
like O’Hare.
It took Congress until
1989 to enact the same differential
for controllers. By then, Michael
McNally in New York, Bernie Reed
on the West Coast, and others had gotten involved to
help expand the list of facilities to the Magnificent
Seven. Bay TRACON controllers particularly appreciated
the extra money due to the area’s exorbitant cost
of living, and they joined NATCA in droves.
“People saw that the union was doing something
for them,” Reed says. When he later stepped
down as facility rep, the membership presented him
with what remains a prized possession—a gavel with
the inscription: “To Bernie Reed. You accomplished
100 plus 20 percent.”
Even though controllers at the Magnificent
Seven were happy, pay demo rankled many others
and created an awkward dilemma for the union.
NATCA’s leadership warily embraced the hefty pre-
ber 20, 1992, covered nearly a seven-year period beginning November 20,
1986. Subsequently, Congress passes a law outlawing the extra pay.

mium while pointing out its drawbacks. Testifying
at an Office of Personnel Management hearing before
the FAA implemented pay demo, then-Executive Vice
President Ray Spickler acknowledged that the chosen
facilities deserved the extra money. But he also raised
the issue of divisiveness.
Thousands of other controllers “have been left
out in the cold. The perception at these facilities is
that they were not selected because they lack the
visibility or political clout to get them on the FAA’s
‘A List,’ ” he said. “We trust that Congress and the
American public do not believe for one moment that
the Pay Demonstration Project is anything more than
a Band-Aid on a hemorrhage.” 5
Pay demo was extended by Congress in 1994
and was later replaced by a program known as Controller
Incentive Pay that provided variable differentials
to facilities based upon the local cost of living.
Going for the Gold
Oct. Oct.
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office issues a full federal registration
for the NATCA logo, with its distinctive control tower
and radar sweep.
2
Despite the significance of pay demo, the program
was far from comprehensive and its longevity
hinged on the whims of Congress. The 5 percent operational
differential also landed in the cross hairs
when Capitol Hill took aim at balancing the budget
during the mid-1990s. * These issues prompted
NATCA more than ever to pursue an agenda of negotiating
pay with the agency.
The goal had eluded unionized
controllers for a quarter century. But
several factors came into play throughout
the Nineties that put the brass ring
within reach.
Other than legislative action by
Congress, the only way the union could
change pay for all controllers was through
an appeal to the Office of Personnel
Management, which had the authority to
declare government occupations unique
and remove them from the standard
General Schedule—or GS scale. But persuading
the agency and OPM to agree to
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
* In what became an annual rite for several
years, heavy NATCA lobbying helped to
preserve the 5 percent premium.
149
Bay TRACON: Given the Bay Area’s steep
cost of living, facility rep Bernie Reed
worked to ensure that the TRACON was
included among pay demo sites. / Japphire
Longtime NATCA activist and Northwest Mountain Region Vice
President Gary Molen retires from the FAA. James Ferguson of
Salt Lake Center replaces Molen on the Executive Board.

150
Against the Wind
Tim Haines: NATCA tapped him in 1990
to head a comprehensive facility and pay
reclassification project, which was put into
effect in the 1998 contract. / Peter Cutts
* Van Nuys ranked as the fifteenth-busiest
control tower in the nation during 2000.
Controllers handled 483,000 takeoffs and
landings—more than San Francisco (23 rd ),
LaGuardia (25 th ), and Kennedy (35 th ), among
others.
1993
31
Dec.
such a momentous change would be difficult, at best,
and proposing an alternative pay system represented
a Herculean task.
The FAA linked the GS scale to a five-tier facility
ranking based solely on traffic volume. High-density
TRACONs were rated Level V while small VFR
towers were considered Level I. However, several
inequities plagued the system.
Controllers at en route centers, which adhered
to a separate three-tier scale, could
earn no more money than
those at the busiest terminal
facilities. Most towers
were capped at Level IV,
regardless of how much
traffic they handled. Van
Nuys Tower in Southern
California, which
swarmed with general
aviation traffic, was
limited to Level II and
ranked lower than some
radar towers that were not
as busy. * A few towers, such
as San Francisco and the three
New York airports, had been elevated
to Level V due to political influence and the
difficulty of staffing them, even though their traffic
did not justify the higher ranking.
Five years after its first financial statement, NATCA reports assets of $2.5
million and liabilities of $1.6 million, including principal and interest of
$747,765 owed to MEBA.
In the fall of 1990, President Steve Bell and
Barry Krasner, then the Eastern regional rep, approached
Tim Haines and directed him to create a
classification standard that would eliminate the disparities.
“It was an unsaid thing, though, that somehow
pay would be attached to it,” says Haines, who was the
Pittsburgh Tower facility rep at the time and would win
election as Eastern regional rep the next year.
Lack of money stalled progress for a while as
did lack of interest. When the union invited the FAA
to join its effort, agency managers declined. Even
many controllers dismissed the project, thinking
the FAA would never agree to a new standard or
find the money to pay for it. “Probably the biggest
problem throughout this whole thing was
the general feeling that it would never happen,”
Haines recalls.
But in the fall of 1992, the National Executive
Board allowed Haines to appoint one person
from each region and committed enough
money to retain consultant Joe Kilgallon and
Dick Swauger, a controller who’d been fired in
the strike. Both men had worked on PATCO’s
reclassification project in the 1970s. Committee
members were selected to create an equal representation
of large and small terminal facilities and centers.
From the start, everyone agreed the current standard
was overly simplistic.
“We wanted to make it more realistic and in-

corporate volume, complexities, knowledge, skills,
and ability to do the job,” says committee member Pat
Forrey, who was the facility rep at Cleveland Center.
For the next eighteen months, the group traveled
every three to four weeks to more than 200
sites to observe air traffic
operations and collect
mountains of information.
They interviewed
more than a thousand
controllers about runway
configurations, the types
of planes they handled,
and facility-specific issues.
They gathered traffic
counts, studied aeronautical
charts, and reviewed
Letters of Agreement that
outlined procedures with
other facilities.
Notebooks containing
all the data filled
several long shelves at the national office. Heeding
a suggestion from Kilgallon and Swauger, the group
purposefully waited to review PATCO’s reclassification
project to avoid being swayed by its conclusions.
“It was some of the best advice we got,” says
committee member Mike Coulter, the facility rep at
Denver Tower. “We didn’t fall into the trap of just
31
Dec.
“
We wanted to make it more
realistic and incorporate
volume, complexities,
knowledge, skills, and ability
to do the job.
taking over where PATCO left off, although our findings
were very similar. The issues hadn’t changed.”
The wearisome process of acquiring information
was relatively easy compared with the challenge
of devising a standard that included myriad complex
factors. After producing a
document that ran more
than 100 pages, the committee
then had to decide
— Reclassification Committee
member Pat Forrey
All airliners with more than thirty passenger seats flying in U.S. airspace
must now be equipped with the Traffic Alert/Collision Avoidance System.
Early on, TCAS suffers from many false alerts that cause numerous near
how to weight the factors
to rank the facilities fairly.
While Coulter taught himself
how to use a spreadsheet
program and plugged in the
numbers, Haines, Forrey,
and Cam Maltby from Nantucket
Tower wrangled for
hours over the formula.
“We were operating in
a pure environment,” Maltby
says. “We didn’t really know
what putting a facility into a
particular grouping would do to their pay. We were
working on the concept that we had the ‘right’ facilities
together.”
At the 1994 convention in Tampa, Florida, the
committee unveiled a proposal that assigned facilities
to one of seven categories and expanded the FAA’s
five-tier scale to fourteen levels. The first three grades
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
misses due to pilot unfamiliarity and lack of controller involvement during
product development. The incidents subside as pilots become familiar with
TCAS and controllers help programmers working on software updates.
151

152
1994
Against the Wind
1994
The Third National Executive Board
Along with Executive Vice President Michael
McNally, four new regional vice
presidents joined the board in 1994:
Alaskan: Jerry Whittaker from
Anchorage TRACON beat incumbent Sam
Rich from Anchorage Center.
Central: Incumbent Michael Putzier
from Kansas City Center ran unopposed for
a second term.
Eastern: Incumbent Tim Haines
from Pittsburgh Tower, who was now leading
the union’s Reclassification Committee,
chose not to run for re-election. Joe Fruscella,
president of the local at New York
TRACON for the past six years, ran unopposed.
Great Lakes: Incumbent Jim Poole
from Chicago Center held back a challenge
by Cleveland Center facility rep Pat Forrey
to retain his seat for a second term.
New England: Incumbent T. Craig
17
Jan.
Lasker ran unopposed.
Lasker,
from Boston
Center, took over
for Jim Breen
after he suffered
a mild stroke
and accompanying
vision loss in
the fall of 1992,
which forced
him to retire
as a controller
and leave the
bargaining unit.
Breen contin-
�
ued to work for the FAA as an automation
specialist, a category of workers he helped
to organize as a new NATCA bargaining
unit in 2000.
Northwest Mountain: Incumbent
A 6.6-magnitude earthquake in Southern California briefly closes Los
Angeles International Airport. Windows in the Van Nuys tower cab break,
but the airport continues to operate until a temporary tower is activated.
NATCA archives
The new regime: President Krasner’s second board, which took office in September 1994,
included, front row from left: James Ferguson, Northwest Mountain; Joe Fruscella, Eastern;
Jim Poole, Great Lakes; Rich Phillips, Southwest; and Randy Schwitz, Southern. Back row
from left: Jerry Whittaker, Alaskan; Owen Bridgeman, Western-Pacific; Krasner; Michael
Putzier, Central; Executive Vice President Michael McNally; and Craig Lasker, New England.
James Ferguson ran unopposed. Ferguson,
from Salt Lake Center, took over for Gary
Molen when he retired in the fall of 1993.
Molen’s involvement on the board spanned
more than eight years, dating back to the

days of AATCC organizing.
Southern: Incumbent Randy Schwitz
from Atlanta Center ran unopposed for his
second full term.
Southwest: Ed Mullin, who had served
on the board since joining the NATCA organizing
drive in 1986, chose not to run
for re-election. Mullin’s two alternates campaigned
for his seat—along with Tulsa Tower
controller Dennis Hartney, who garnered just
9.5 percent of the vote. In a runoff vote, Rich
Phillips from Houston Center narrowly won
a majority over longtime Fort Worth Center
President Bill Shedden.
Western-Pacific: Incumbent Karl
Grundmann from Los Angeles TRACON
chose not to run for re-election. After losing
a runoff vote to Grundmann in 1991, Owen
Bridgeman from Phoenix TRACON campaigned
again and defeated Bernie Reed from
Bay TRACON.
2
Feb.
The FAA announces that twenty-five Level I VFR control towers will be
contracted out per year in 1994, 1995 and 1996, plus several more in 1997.
The agency has been contracting out towers since 1982. By the end of
covered controllers in training. Facilities were ranked
ATC-4 through -12, leaving two higher grade-levels
for future air travel growth. Soon after the convention,
several FAA managers came onboard to form a
joint workgroup. Although the two sides would refine
the standard over the next two years, it remained essentially
true to NATCA’s original proposal.
The agency’s interest was piqued when the
Clinton administration announced a plan in May
1993 to create a quasi-governmental entity called the
U.S. Air Traffic Services Corporation. The nonprofit
USATS, the latest in a series of proposals to reform
the FAA, would derive its income from fees paid by
airlines and other commercial users rather than relying
on Congress for funding.
Two elements of the USATS proposal appealed
to NATCA. The union hoped that removing the Airport
and Airway Trust Fund from the general budget
would ease the FAA’s financial constraints. That, in
turn, could help expedite long-awaited modernization
projects and eliminate what had become an annual
union fight in Congress to retain the 5 percent
operational differential. NATCA also liked USATS
provisions allowing for a personnel and pay system
that was not locked to the GS scale.
USATS never got off the ground. However,
parts of the plan resurfaced two years later, when
NATCA found itself confronting a historic opportunity
and the most serious threat to its existence since
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
1993, private firms were running thirty facilities. In 1994, NATCA and the
FAA agree to implement the Direct Placement Program, which ensures
that affected controllers can transfer to the facility of their choice.
153

154
1994
Against the Wind
1994 Election
Results
�
* Lasker joined the NEB in November
1992 after Jim Breen retired.
** Ferguson joined the NEB in October
1993 after Gary Molen retired.
15
Apr.
President
Barry Krasner / incumbent Eastern New York TRACON 4,868 70.9
F. Lee Riley Southern Atlanta Center 1,966 28.7
Write-ins Various Various 26 0.4
Executive Vice President
Michael McNally Eastern New York Center 5,401 82.3
Clayton J. Hanninen Great Lakes DuPage Tower 1,098 16.7
Write-ins Various Various 65 1.0
Regional Vice Presidents
Votes Percent
Alaskan
Jerry Whittaker Anchorage TRACON 60 44.2 73 51.4
Sam Rich / incumbent Anchorage Center 58 42.6 69 48.6
Richard H. Potzger
Central
Anchorage Center 18 13.2
Michael Putzier / incumbent Kansas City Center 235 83.0
Write-ins
Eastern
Various 48 17.0
Joe Fruscella New York TRACON 1,200 96.0
Write-ins Various 50 4.0
The Air Traffic Control System Command Center begins operations at
a new facility in Herndon, Virginia. Size and technological constraints
prompted the move from FAA headquarters in Washington, D.C.
Runoff
Votes
Runoff
Percent

Great Lakes
Jim Poole / incumbent Chicago Center 683 52.8
Pat Forrey Cleveland Center 600 46.4
Write-ins
New England
Various 10 0.8
T. Craig Lasker / incumb. * Boston Center 315 93.0
Write-ins
Northwest Mountain
Various 24 7.0
James Ferguson / incumb. ** Salt Lake Center 415 95.2
Write-ins
Southern
Various 21 4.8
Randy Schwitz / incumbent Atlanta Center 1,221 92.9
Write-ins
Southwest
Various 94 7.1
Rich Phillips Houston Center 381 50.1
Bill Shedden Fort Worth Center 302 39.7
Dennis Hartney Tulsa Tower 72 9.5
Write-ins
Western-Pacific
Various 5 0.7
Owen Bridgeman Phoenix TRACON 451 52.6
Bernie Reed Bay TRACON 400 46.7
Write-ins Various 6 0.7
19
Apr.
More than 400 delegates attend NATCA’s fifth biennial convention at the
Hyatt Regency Westshore in Tampa. A proposal to establish a national
seniority system is defeated. The delegates approve honorary lifetime
Votes Percent
Runoff
Votes
Runoff
Percent
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
memberships—the union’s third and fourth—for former New England
Region Vice President Jim Breen and Labor Relations Director Robert D.
Taylor.
155

156
Against the Wind
Fighting for its life: NATCA hired Ken
Montoya as its second legislative affairs director.
The union’s fate hinged on his first
mission: lobbying Congress to restore key
workers’ rights. Stacy Trigler, left, later
became his assistant. / NATCA archives
1994
3
May
certification.
The Double-Edged Sword
In mid-November 1995, Congress passed an
annual appropriations act for the FAA that required
the agency to implement a new personnel system and
procurement procedures by April 1, 1996. To give the
FAA freedom to reinvent itself, Congress exempted it
from the vast majority of a thicket of regulations
contained in Title 5 of the United States
Code. As a result, the agency could
legally negotiate pay for the first
time, among many other potential
changes.
However, part of the
statutes that vanished included
Chapter 71 of Title
5, a crucial section granting
federal workers the right to
union representation and
collective bargaining. “Chapter
71 is the heart and soul
of employee rights,” says Bob
Taylor, director of labor relations.
“Without that, we wouldn’t exist.”
In a one-two punch, Congress stripped away
what little remaining authority the agency’s unions
had to negotiate by directing the FAA to work “in
The Clinton administration announces a plan to create the United States
Air Traffic Services corporation to operate, maintain, and modernize the
air traffic control system. The nonprofit concern, covering 38,000 FAA
consultation” with them. This deceptively simple
phrase gave the agency a free rein to merely announce
sweeping changes before unilaterally implementing
them, unfettered by the wishes of its workers.
The dichotomy reflected conflicting agendas
in Washington. The Democratic Clinton administration
was pleased to salvage a portion of its USATS
plan with “FAA reform.” Republicans, who had just
won majorities in both houses of Congress, took
the opportunity to severely limit the power of the
agency’s unions.
“The Republicans were looking for something
and the administration was looking for something,
but they were coming at it from two different points
of view,” says Ken Montoya, a former aide to Sen. Paul
Simon who joined NATCA as its legislative affairs director
in January 1996.
Now, unless the unions could persuade Congress
to reinstate Chapter 71 rights before the April 1
deadline for FAA reform, they would lose their raison
d’être. Although FAA management assured NATCA
that it would continue to bargain in good faith, the
union was taking no chances. “We do not exist because
they allow us to exist,” then-President Krasner
says. “We exist because we have a right to exist.”
Just when NATCA was hitting its stride in the
workplace and the aviation community at large, its
fate rested on the ability of Montoya and others to
lobby Congress and the White House.
employees, would bring in revenue by levying fees on commercial aviation.
NATCA supports the proposal, but it is never implemented.

As Washingtonians shivered through the first
few months of 1996, NATCA fought two battles. On
one front, the union sought to include language restoring
workers’ rights in a continuing resolution, the
only way it could get legislation enacted in time. Congress
was passing a series
of the bills to prevent the
government from shutting
down while it ar-
gued over balancing the
budget.
The other front entailed
strengthening the
“in consultation” phraseology
to “shall negotiate.”
Even if Chapter 71 rights
were reinstated, the FAA
could still develop procedures
before bargaining
with its unions over
putting them into effect.
The new language would
obligate the agency to involve its workers throughout
the process.
To expand its lobbying fight, NATCA joined
forces with the FAA’s two other major unions—the
National Association of Air Traffic Specialists and
the Professional Airways Systems Specialists—to
form the Aviation Labor Coalition. At the same time,
3
June
“
We’re scabs in some of your
eyes … but, by God, we are
a union again. Good, bad or
indifferent. And they’re about
to kill us one more time.
Michael McNally, who’d won election as executive
vice president in 1994, launched another offensive
by turning to the AFL-CIO for help.
Occupying MEBA’s seat at the mid-February
meeting of the Executive Council in Bal Harbour,
Florida, McNally faced the
eighty members and their
staffs gathered around a
long, rectangular table.
— Executive Vice President
Michael McNally
Citing lengthy delays and cost overruns of about $1.5 billion, FAA Administrator
David Hinson cancels most of the Advanced Automation System
project. However, he allows the Display System Replacement project to
Technically, as a MEBA affiliate,
NATCA did not have
the authority to speak at the
proceedings. Breaking protocol,
he introduced himself,
spelled out the threat to the
FAA’s unions, and asked for
help. The council members
were surprised; this had not
been on the agenda. McNally
was whisked away to speak
with Richard Trumka, the
AFL-CIO’s newly elected
secretary-treasurer.
Walking down a hall, Trumka said, “We have
to find a room.” They pushed open a door and stepped
inside the hotel kitchen. To the accompaniment of
clanging pots and pans, McNally outlined again what
was happening in Washington. Vice President Linda
Chavez-Thompson showed up and escorted McNally
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
157
In a one-two punch,
Congress stripped
away what little
remaining authority
the agency’s unions
had to negotiate.
move forward at the nation’s twenty-one en route centers. DSR consists
of 20-inch-square color monitors powered by IBM RISC-6000 computers,
but it does not offer new functionality.

158
Against the Wind
Working the Hill: Grass-roots legislative
activism helped save the union during
NATCA’s battle to regain key rights taken
away by Congress in 1995. / NATCA archives
1994
back into the meeting.
President John Sweeney stopped the proceedings
and McNally explained once more. “We’re scabs
in some of your eyes. I understand that’s what we
look like to you,” he said. “But, by God, we are a
union again. Good, bad or indifferent. And they’re
about to kill us one more time. And if they kill us this
time, whether we’re scabs or not, others in this room
are going to go down, as well.”
Sweeney said: “We will take care of this, Mr.
McNally.”
For the first time since the strike in 1981, a
U.S. president became involved in an air traffic control
labor issue. During a White House
meeting brokered by the Clinton administration,
Montoya and Krasner pleaded
their case with the secretary of the Cabinet
and representatives from the FAA,
Transportation Department, and Office of
Management and Budget.
Although the Clinton administration
agreed to insist on reinstating the workers’
rights, NATCA then ran into a stumbling
block with the chairman of the Senate Appropriations
Committee. Oregon Republican
Mark Hatfield refused to include Chapter
71 language in a continuing resolution
without the approval of Sen. John McCain,
an Arizona Republican who chaired the
June Sep.
15
The FAA commissions twin control towers at Dallas-Fort
Worth International Airport, making DFW the only airport in
the world to have three working towers.
26
Commerce Committee.
This presented yet another dilemma—as well
as the chance for victory on NATCA’s second front.
McCain was drafting the FAA Reauthorization Act
of 1996, which outlined the parameters of agency
reform, and he demanded union support for his bill
before giving Hatfield the green light. NATCA liked
many provisions of the act—with one key exception.
It included the same “in consultation” provision as
the FAA reform measure that Congress had passed
the previous fall.
After McCain’s staff verbally agreed to change
the language to “shall negotiate,” Montoya and the
union’s National Legislative
Committee endorsed
the reauthorization
bill. But as the
April 1 deadline loomed
ever closer, McCain had
still not given Hatfield
his approval to include
Chapter 71 rights in a
continuing resolution.
By mid-March,
Krasner decided time
was running out and
turned up the heat. In
a page sent to the nine
regional vice presidents,
More than 250 participants attend the union’s second annual
“Lobby Week.”

he instructed them to “let McCain feel the pain.” Krasner
included McCain’s phone and fax numbers. Board
members forwarded the information to hundreds of
facility representatives. The local union presidents, reinforced
by an army of grass-roots activists organized
by the National Legislative Committee, quickly jammed
the senator’s phone lines.
“They shut down McCain’s office with incoming
calls,” Montoya recalls.
At the eleventh hour, McCain gave his okay to
Hatfield. On the afternoon of Friday, March 29, the
last business day before NATCA would lose its very
essence, Congress passed a continuing resolution that
included three special items: aid for Bosnia, Midwest
flood relief, and restoration of Chapter 71 rights.
Montoya awaited the outcome while pacing in
a staff room in the Hart Senate Office Building. The
moment he saw a fax showing the approved resolution,
he called Krasner.
“It’s done,” he said.
Shortly after, NATCA pagers across the nation
started beeping.
“It was the most beautiful of all beautiful turns
of events,” says Ruth Marlin, who served as chairwoman
of the National Legislative Committee in
1996 and was later elected executive vice president.
“We effectively used the legislation designed to cripple
us to get everything we ever wanted.”
McCain’s FAA Reauthorization Act became
Oct. Oct.
The FAA develops a structured system for implementing Critical
Incident Stress Debriefing, which was provided for under
Article 74 of the 1993 NATCA/FAA contract.
law the following October. As his staff members had
promised, it included the “shall negotiate” language.
During the four months that NATCA fought for
its survival on Capitol Hill, the union simultaneously
engaged in another massive effort to help reinvent
the FAA under the congressionally mandated reform.
Along with NAATS and PASS—the other two groups
in the Aviation Labor Coalition—NATCA and the
agency created task forces to discuss virtually every
aspect of personnel procedures, from pay and leave
policies to training to disciplinary actions.
Information from these meetings at agency
headquarters flowed into a command post at the
end of a maze of corridors on the second floor of
the Mayflower Hotel, two blocks from the national
office. The “back room” was crammed with tables,
computers, a photocopier, and a crew consisting of
NATCA members Carol Branaman, Jon Ramsden,
Joe Trainor, and then-Labor Relations Director
Richard Gordon.
They consolidated the data, researched employee
practices at other companies, and prepared
proposals for a new FAA. All of their material was
collected in a thick, black notebook known as “the
football,” which someone monitored at all times. The
football never left the room.
The group submitted several dozen suggested
reforms to the union and disbanded on April 1. Krasner,
McNally, and Montoya spent the summer hag-
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
159
NATCA members
prepared proposals
for a new FAA. All
of their material was
collected in a thick
black notebook known
as “the football,” which
someone monitored at
all times.
Former Western-Pacific Region Vice President Karl Grundmann
starts work as a liaison at FAA headquarters. This new program
enables NATCA to better represent its interests in the agency.

160
Against the Wind
NATCA archives
A fortuitous pairing: President Michael McNally and FAA
Administrator Jane Garvey both took office in 1997. They developed
a good relationship that resulted in an unprecedented pay
agreement and improved worker-management cooperation.
1994
Oct.
The Stars Align
gling with the agency over which
proposals to include in McCain’s
FAA Reauthorization Act.
More than thirty were adopted,
but the most significant by
far enabled the FAA to abandon the
standard GS pay scale, negotiate with
NATCA, and implement its own pay
system.
“Removing themselves from
the GS scale was a quantum step
forward,” says John Leyden, who
had tried to attain the same goal for
PATCO two decades earlier.
With the legal framework in
place at last, NATCA and the FAA
now had to translate the momentous
reform into reality. Two individuals
were about to emerge who would
prove to be key in closing the deal
of a lifetime.
In 1994, Barry Krasner ran for re-election as
president and easily fended off a challenge from
Lee Riley, the Southern regional rep who served
on the first National Executive Board for about
eighteen months before stepping down. During
At the FAA’s request, RTCA Inc. begins to study a concept known as Free
Flight. By using new technology and procedures, this concept would enable
pilots at high altitudes to fly to their destination more directly rather
Krasner’s second term, NATCA racked up a number
of major accomplishments.
The union paid off its debt to MEBA, instituted
full-time liaisons at FAA headquarters to participate
in safety and technical projects, asserted its political
influence to dodge the Chapter 71 bullet and retain
the 5 percent operational differential, and was now
heading into contract talks involving pay. Krasner
was widely revered among the rank and file for his
eloquence, savvy, and sharp negotiating skills. Many
believed he would run for office again.
But having spent the first six years of his marriage
to Sallie away from home, Krasner was ready
to return to New York. He made his decision public
in a poignant speech at the 1996 convention in
Pittsburgh, telling New York TRACON facility rep
Phil Barbarello to “dust off my headset” and warning
Sallie, who was sitting in the audience, to “get your
clothes out of my closet because I’m coming home.”
The following spring, McNally, Riley, Joseph
Bellino, and Bill “Blackie” Blackmer from Washington
Center all sought the top office. During his term
as executive vice president, Bellino had successfully
pushed for higher salaries for the union’s top two
officers and, consequently, had chosen not to run
again in 1994 to avoid charges of impropriety. Now,
Bellino, McNally, and Riley each received about onethird
of the vote while Blackmer trailed far behind.
In a runoff election, McNally picked up many Riley
than following established airways. Controllers would provide clearances
only to ensure safety and prevent congestion.

supporters and won.
One month before McNally took over the helm
from Krasner in September 1997, the FAA’s fourteenth
administrator moved into her office at agency
headquarters. Ending a revolving door policy that
had afflicted the FAA’s executive suite since its inception
in 1958, the Senate appointed Jane Garvey to an
unprecedented five-year term.
A former director of Logan International Airport
in Boston, Garvey came to the FAA after serving
in the two top positions at the Federal Highway
Administration for more than four years. Bright and
sincere, she was a firm believer in collaboration and
soon endeared herself to controllers by listening to
their concerns and demonstrating that the agency
valued their input. The sharp difference from previous
administrators floored the work force, which
considered Garvey a breath of fresh air.
Houston Center controller Trish Gilbert, who
sits on the National Legislative Committee and has
actively organized new members and other bargaining
units, echoes a widely held sentiment when she
says Garvey “realizes that you can get more from
people when you respect them rather than try to
control them.”
Garvey credits her parents for instilling that
attitude. “My mom was a great teacher and she listened
to people, brought them forward through persuasion
rather than coercion,” she says. Garvey also
28
Nov.
U.S. District Court Judge Ann Aldrich dismisses NATCA’s lawsuit to
prevent the contracting out of 111 Level I VFR towers. The judge cites case
law supporting government contracts to private employers—essentially
understands her limitations in technical knowledge
and isn’t shy about seeking guidance from others. “I
always think I have something I can learn.”
The new administrator and McNally met for
the first time that fall. Over the next few years, they
established a lasting rapport and an unparalleled
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
Fourteen administrators have directed the FAA since its inception in 1958
1 Elwood R. Quesada Nov. 1, 1958 – Jan. 20, 1961
2 Najeeb E. Halaby March 3, 1961 – July l, 1965
3 William F. McKee July l, 1965 – July 31, 1968
4 John H. Shaffer March 24, 1969 – March 14, 1973
5 Alexander P. Butterfield March 14, 1973 – March 31, 1975
6 John L. McLucas Nov. 24, 1975 – April l, 1977
7 Langhorne M. Bond May 4, 1977 – Jan. 20, 1981
8 J. Lynn Helms April 22, 1981 – Jan. 31, 1984
9 Donald D. Engen April 10, 1984 – July 2, 1987
10 T. Allan McArtor July 22, 1987 – Feb. 17, 1989
11 James B. Busey IV June 30, 1989 – Dec. 4, 1991
12 Thomas C. Richards June 27, 1992 – Jan. 20, 1993
13 David R. Hinson Aug. 10, 1993 – Nov. 9, 1996
14 Jane F. Garvey Aug. 4, 1997 – Aug. 4, 2002 *
FYI
* Appointed to a five-year term
agreeing that air traffic control is not “inherently governmental”—and
rules that the union lacks standing to press its claim against the FAA and
Transportation Department. NATCA appeals the decision.
161

Michael
McNally
Air Traffic Control
Specialist
1982 — Pr e s e n t
Op e r a t i n g in i t i a l s: XO
HOm e t O w n : New York City
CHildre n:
Shannon, Erin
NATCA archives
ATC FACiliTies
Cu r r e n t:
pr e v i O u s:
ZNY Center
Michael McNally always had his eyes in the
sky. He graduated from the specialized Aviation
High School in Queens, New York, and joined
the Air Force. He wanted to become a military
controller, but was stymied by a ten-month waiting
list. Instead, he learned electronics and applied to
the FAA after leaving the service. Hired in 1982,
McNally found the academy exciting and hoped to
settle in happily at New York Center.
Realities of the post-strike workplace soon
tempered his dream. Training became an ordeal
when a supervisor sexually harassed a married
woman at the facility. McNally verified her allegations
and endured harsh reprisals from the supe.
He survived after another manager took McNally
under his wing and certified him as a journeyman.
Like his colleagues, however, McNally then grew
weary of working six-day weeks to keep pace with
skyrocketing traffic.
Consequently, he willingly heeded the call
when former PATCO controller Ed Day, newcomer
Steve Bell, and others talked about another union.
After NATCA was certified, McNally served for
four years as New York Center’s first elected president.
His union perspective was founded on a
desire to work cooperatively with management. A
receptive manager agreed with that philosophy,
and the two laid the groundwork for what became
a major labor-management initiative in the early
Pr e v i o u s NATCA Po s iT i oN s / AC h i e v e m e N T s
National president 1997-2000; executive vice president
1994-97; national QTP coordinator; national
president emeritus; N.Y. Center local president.
hir e d
Jan.
1982
1990s known as Quality Through Partnership.
McNally’s vision of collaboration continued
during his term as executive vice president. He encouraged
expansion of a budding roster of NATCA
liaisons and technical representatives, which
boosted controller influence in FAA projects while
saving the agency time and money.
His election as president in 1997 came shortly
after NATCA won the right to legally bargain
over pay. The union was also finishing a massive
project to restructure facility and pay classifications.
Hoping to negotiate a compensation package
that fairly represented controller workloads,
McNally understood the need for cooperation more
than ever. His successful talks with FAA Administrator
Jane Garvey further solidified the labor-management
partnership in a contract that rewarded
controllers with substantially larger paychecks.
Although some union members accused
McNally of not communicating enough, he defends
his style as a necessary strategy. “I would have
tipped my hand,” he says. “I had to keep things
close to the vest.”
After nine years away from home, McNally
left office in 2000 to spend more time with his
wife, Maria, and two daughters. Coming on the
heels of the historic contract and direct affiliation
with the AFL-CIO, he remains wistful about stepping
down. “It’s the best job I ever did,” he says.
“The hardest job I ever did.”

level of respect and trust between the agency and the
controller community.
When President Krasner assembled the third
contract team in early 1997, the chief negotiator
turned to Bernie Reed again to serve as chairman.
Like the previous group, the ten members who
joined Krasner, Reed, and Labor Relations Director
Bob Taylor engaged in team-building exercises before
immersing themselves in research and bargaining
preparations. The pile of materials they accumulated
measured roughly five feet high by ten feet wide and
was trucked to each meeting location.
As in 1993, the walls of the NATCA hotel caucus
room were plastered with lists of contract goals,
proposed articles, and pending tasks. This time,
laptop computers littered the tables. Team members
took along a mini-refrigerator and brought in a pallet
of soft drinks. During one negotiating stint, they survived
on pizzas from a nearby restaurant that offered
a magnet with each delivery. By the time the controllers
checked out of the hotel two weeks later, magnets
blanketed the fridge.
Although the lack of Title 5 restrictions enabled
the two sides to talk about pay, existing law still prevented
them from negotiating health and retirement
benefits. A new memorandum from the FLRA also
imposed a significant burden—chiefly on the union.
The parties were now subject to the FLRA’s “covered
by” doctrine, which determined the validity of unfair
1995
labor practice charges based on one of three prongs.
The most far-reaching prong stipulated that no
charge could be filed if the parties “reasonably should
have contemplated” the subject, even when it wasn’t
explicitly spelled out in the contract. Given the vast
array of workplace issues, this language sent shivers
up the controllers’ spines.
“Can you imagine having to reasonably contemplate
everything?”
team member
John Carr says.
“We were doing
a contract
literally with
no net.”
To protect
the union, NAT-
CA proposed to the
agency that they abide
by just one of the three prongs: If the contract “expressly
contained” a subject in question, an unfair
labor practice charge could not be filed. For anything
not spelled out in the bargaining agreement, the
union would still be able to file charges.
The agency’s Ray Thoman, who postured
against Steve Bell and the first negotiating team, initially
refused to sign the Memorandum of Understanding.
But the FAA was interested in modifying
the union’s national seniority policy, which had been
Jan. Feb.
10
Ballots are counted in the election to organize traffic management
coordinators, who vote 279 to 169 against joining NAT-
CA. In May 2000, they vote in favor of union representation.
28
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
163
Round Three: Bernie Reed, left, served as
contract team chairman for a second time
in 1997-98 while Barry Krasner assumed
the role of chief negotiator. / NATCA archives
Denver International Airport, occupying 53 square miles, begins
operations during a snowstorm. The last major airport to open
in the United States was Dallas-Fort Worth in 1974.

164
1995
Against the Wind
1997
The Fourth National Executive Board
With Michael McNally running
for president, several candidates stepped
forward to campaign for executive vice
president in the 1997 election.
They included: James R. “Randy”
Schwitz, who’d represented the Southern
Region on the National Executive Board
since 1990; James “Ajax” Kidd, a longtime
Washington Center facility rep who
helped lead the fight to increase staffing
at the center, wrote the Eastern Region’s
strategic plan in the early 1990s, and was
a member of an FAA reform task force;
Will Faville Jr., a former Alaskan regional
rep and safety and technology director at
headquarters who was working as a controller
again at Muskegon Tower/TRACON
in Michigan; and Larry “Bubba” Watson,
an Atlanta Center controller.
Schwitz outpolled Kidd by a mere
eight votes. As with the presidential race,
6
Mar.
�
however, neither
candidate attained a
majority due to significant
support for
Faville. In a runoff,
Schwitz pulled further
ahead to collect
nearly 53 percent of
the vote.
Among the
regional vice presidents,
six new faces
joined the board:
Alaskan:
Incumbent Jerry
Whittaker from Anchorage TRACON
chose not to run for re-election. Ricky
Thompson from Anchorage Center ran
unopposed.
Central: Bill Otto from St. Louis
TRACON defeated incumbent Michael
More than 400 participants attend NATCA’s third annual “Lobby Week.”
NATCA archives
Changing of the guard: In July 2000, the fourth National Executive Board dedicated
NATCA’s new headquarters in Washington. The board included, from left: James
Ferguson, Northwest Mountain; Gus Guerra, Western-Pacific; Jim D’Agati, Engineers &
Architects; Ricky Thompson, Alaskan; Jim Poole, Great Lakes; Executive Vice President
Randy Schwitz; President Michael McNally; Bill Otto, Central; Joe Fruscella, Eastern;
Mike Blake, New England; Mark Pallone, Southwest; and Rodney Turner, Southern.
Putzier from Kansas City Center.
Eastern: Incumbent Joe Fruscella
from New York TRACON ran unopposed
for a second term.
Great Lakes: Incumbent Jim Poole
from Chicago Center withstood a sig-

nificant challenge from the center’s longtime
facility rep, Mark Scholl, and retained his seat
for a third term.
New England: Incumbent T. Craig
Lasker from Boston Center chose not to run
for re-election. Mike Blake, the facility rep at
the center, ran unopposed.
Northwest Mountain: Incumbent
James Ferguson from Salt Lake Center held
back a challenge by Reclassification Committee
member Mike Coulter from Denver Tower
to retain his seat for a second full term.
Southern: Rodney Turner from Nashville
Metro Tower/TRACON beat Tim Leonard
from Miami Center.
Southwest: Mark Pallone from Dallas-Fort
Worth TRACON defeated incumbent
Rich Phillips from Houston Center.
Western-Pacific: Gus Guerra from Oakland
Center beat incumbent Owen Bridgeman
from Phoenix TRACON.
1
May
NATCA starts a program to award five $2,000 scholarships annually. May
1 is the deadline for children of active members to submit a 500-word
essay. NATCA subsequently announces the inaugural winners to be: Karen
adopted a year before contract talks began. To remove
a stumbling block—and avoid the potential of
negotiating over the contract ad nauseam with the
union—Thoman agreed to the single-prong test after
Krasner pledged to review the seniority issue at NAT-
CA’s 1998 convention.
“The doc trine was
extremely damaging
to unions
in their effort to
conduct midterm
bargaining,” says
Andy Cantwell,
another member
of the team who
helps te ach cont r act pro - visions
at facility rep training sessions. “It’s my belief
that this was one of the most significant achievements
in the 1998 contract.”
One of the union’s proposals prohibited contract
team members from leaving the bargaining
unit and going into management for the duration of
the agreement. After the FAA rejected the article on
the grounds that it concerned union business, the
members decided to affirm their allegiance another
way. Carr wrote the pledge on a cloth napkin at dinner
one night. Each of the members then scrawled
their signatures on “the shroud” as it was passed
around the table. *
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
Blittersdorf, Margaret L. Bullard, Melissa Lee Hambrick, Laura Caroline
Hightower, and Brandy L. Smith. Chalmer Detling is recognized for best
essay.
165
* Mark Hood from New York TRACON,
keeper of “the shroud,” noted in 2000 that
John Carr technically—and unwittingly—
violated its precept when he was elected
president. The union’s top two officers serve
their terms while on leave without pay from
the FAA.

166
19xx
Against the Wind
1997 Election
Results
�
President
Michael McNally Eastern Executive VP 2,233 35.6 3,465 61.4
Joseph M. Bellino Great Lakes Chicago TRACON 1,994 31.7 2,175 38.6
F. Lee Riley Southern Atlanta Center 1,837 29.2
Bill “Blackie” Blackmer Eastern Washington Center 183 2.9
Write-ins Various Various 37 0.6
Executive Vice President
Randy Schwitz Southern Regional VP 2,149 35.0 2,956 52.7
James “Ajax” Kidd Eastern Washington Center 2,141 34.9 2,654 47.3
Will Faville Jr. Great Lakes Muskegon Twr./TRACON 1,441 23.5
Bubba Watson Southern Atlanta Center 305 5.0
Write-ins Various Various 96 1.6
Regional Vice Presidents
Votes Percent
Alaskan
Ricky Thompson Anchorage Center 90 92.8
Write-ins
Central
Various 7 7.2
Bill Otto St. Louis TRACON 180 65.2
Michael Putzier / incumbent Kansas City Center 85 30.8
Write-ins
Eastern
Various 11 4.0
Joe Fruscella / incumbent New York TRACON 979 88.4
Write-ins Various 129 11.6
Runoff
Votes
Runoff
Percent

Votes Percent
Great Lakes
Jim Poole / incumbent Chicago Center 507 45.9 644 56.3
Mark Scholl Chicago Center 321 29.0 499 43.7
Jim Green Detroit TRACON 269 24.3
Write-ins
New England
Various 9 0.8
Mike Blake Boston Center 193 79.4
Write-ins
Northwest Mountain
Various 50 20.6
James Ferguson / incumbent Salt Lake Center 289 63.0
Mike Coulter Denver Tower 168 36.6
Write-ins
Southern
Various 2 0.4
Rodney Turner Nashville Met. Twr./TRA. 758 53.8
Tim Leonard Miami Center 617 43.8
Write-ins
Southwest
Various 34 2.4
Mark Pallone DFW TRACON 339 51.0
Rich Phillips / incumbent Houston Center 315 47.4
Write-ins
Western-Pacific
Various 11 1.6
Gus Guerra Oakland Center 431 51.8
Howie Rifas John Wayne Tower 229 27.5
Owen Bridgeman / incumbent Phoenix TRACON 164 19.7
Write-ins Various 8 1.0
Runoff
Votes
Runoff
Percent
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
167

168
1995
Against the Wind
Third contract team: NATCA spent a year negotiating with the FAA.
Union members included, from left: Tim Kuhl; Labor Relations Director
Bob Taylor; Phil Barbarello; Bruce Means; Eric Owens; Chris
While the two sides hammered out 106 articles
from the summer of 1997 to the summer of 1998,
McNally worked on the pay component of the contract,
which NATCA and the agency agreed to handle
separately. By now, the Reclassification Committee
had enlisted the help of Ed Mullin to provide economic
justification for a raise. Mullin tracked airline
stocks—“I knew what each of them was worth to the
penny”—and gathered other diverse information on
aviation’s economic impact.
“It’s actually the easiest argument I’ve ever
made in my life,” he says. Although NATCA is one
of the smallest federal-sector unions—representing
just 15,000 controllers and 1,200 engineers and
July Oct.
21
The FAA and Qantas finish the first test of the satellite-based
Future Air Navigation System, designed to improve communications
between controllers and pilots flying oceanic routes.
1
NATCA archives
Boughn; President Michael McNally; Dan Fitas; FAA Administrator
Jane Garvey; chief negotiator Barry Krasner; team Chairman Bernie
Reed; Mark Hood; Carol Branaman; John Carr; and Andy Cantwell.
architects at the time—its members “spin gold” by
helping to support an industry that contributes $3.5
trillion to the world’s economy, or 12 percent of its
total gross output.
Based on Mullin’s research and other factors,
the committee established 5 percent as the minimum
raise. Armed with this information, McNally approached
staff members on the key Appropriations
and Authorizing committees in Congress to let them
know the union’s bottom line. He and Legislative Affairs
Director Ken Montoya also lobbied the White
House to push reclassification along.
Throughout the spring of 1998, McNally and
Tony Herman, an attorney retained by the FAA
NATCA pays off its loan to MEBA with a final check of
$34,975.09. Overall, the union saved about $982,000 in interest
and accelerated repayment by ten years.

from the prestigious firm of Covington & Burling,
dickered over money. Although some union members
argued in favor of an across-the-board raise for
everyone, McNally refused to turn his back on the
concept of pay for performance and years of work by
the Reclassification Committee.
“There are a lot of controllers in the system today
who believe that a controller is a controller
is a controller. No matter how hard you
work, no matter how difficult the job you
do, we should all make the same amount of
money,” McNally says. “I don’t believe that.
I believe there are logical steps of progression
and of difficulty that should separate
the different levels of work we do, and commensurate
with that should be pay. I also believe
there are different parts of the country
that have higher costs of living that should be
recognized in order to drive people to those
parts of the country. I don’t have the magical
answer. But I know reclassification and CIP is
a start in that direction.” *
Many endorse McNally’s beliefs, including
Haines, Forrey and John Leyden, who
fought a similar battle with his PATCO brethren
in the 1970s.
“I always was a believer, and paid a heavy political
price for it, that a controller is not a controller
is a controller,” he says. When those who worked at
15
Nov.
The appropriations bill funding the Transportation Department for fiscal
1996 becomes law. Two sections of the bill mandate that the agency institute
new personnel and procurement systems. To help the FAA imple-
smaller facilities debated him on the issue, Leyden
told them to transfer to Chicago or New York, where
they could earn more money. “No one ever took me
up on my offer,” he says, because they “didn’t want to
go to the pressure cooker.”
Further talks about money between NATCA
a n d the FAA culminated one morning
in early July at a hotel in
Montréal. Seated in a glasswalled
meeting room off the
lobby, McNally and Herman
countered back and forth
while Krasner and Garvey
watched in silence. Herman
offered $140 million in new
money for pay raises. Saying
they couldn’t accept it, the
two union officials left the
room for a break.
“I never in my life believed
that someone would
offer me $140 million and
we would tell them to take
a walk,” Krasner said while
strolling toward the lobby. They wandered
into the gift shop, where Krasner bought a Cuban
cigar, before returning to the meeting. Herman
asked about the cigar as Krasner set it on the table.
“That’s for when the fat lady sings,” he explained.
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
169
NATCA’s third contract: The 1998 agreement
was the first time a controllers’
union negotiated pay with its employer.
The new system tied wages to operational
complexity as well as traffic counts.
* CIP is a cost-of-living premium known as
Controller Incentive Pay, which is awarded to
some facilities based on their ranking in studies
conducted by Runzheimer International.
ment these reforms, the bill exempts agency employees from key workers
rights under Title 5 of the United States Code, effective April 1, 1996,
which would strip the union of its powers as a labor group.

170
1996
Against the Wind
1
McNally and Herman argued some more until
the agency’s offer was up to $190 million and Mc-
Nally had come down to $210 million.
“Look, it’s $200 million,” Herman said at last.
“That’s all there is.”
McNally finally
agreed. After everyone
shook hands, Krasner lit
his cigar. “The fat lady
has sung,” he said. In less
than twenty minutes, the
historic deal had been
closed, one that would
compound into $1.6 billion
over the life of the
five-year contract.
The amount of
money sparked some
criticism in Congress, but
Garvey is unapologetic.
Noting that controllers
work around the clock in
the world’s most complicated
air traffic system,
she says, “I’m glad we’re
paying them that.”
More importantly, Garvey wanted to send a
clear message to controllers. Faced with concerns
over the year 2000 computer bug and a pressing
Jan. Mar.
need to expedite the FAA’s lagging modernization
program, she did not want contract negotiations to
linger as a distracting issue.
“We wanted the union in full partnership
with us,” she says. “We wanted a common message
that both sides could deliver
to the Hill each year
and that would provide
predictability in budget-
“
ing—that would be costavoidance.”
To help pay for
the package, NATCA
agreed to assume more
duties that would enable
the agency to whittle
its supervisory ranks
— FAA Administrator Jane Garvey
through attrition for an
estimated savings of $70
million. Disbanding alternate
work schedules,
commonly known as
AWS, was projected to
save another $60 million.
Kansas City Center
controllers led the drive
for compressed workweeks and won a court ruling in
1991 that permitted them. However, the agency contended
AWS cost more than regular scheduling, and
We wanted the union in
full partnership with us. We
wanted a common message
that both sides could deliver
to the Hill each year and that
would provide predictability
in budgeting—that would be
cost-avoidance.
NATCA begins depositing $33,000 a month into a building fund. President Clinton signs a continuing resolution bill providing aid
to Bosnia, Midwest flood relief, and restoration of Chapter 71
29
rights for air traffic controllers.

NATCA agreed to give it up at 24-hour facilities.
The two sides also agreed on a controller
work force of 15,000 in the first three years of the
contract, with growth of 2 percent in
each of the last two years.
Garvey considered the
contract historic in terms
of the partnership it created.
“We had to change
the relationship between
management and labor
in order to meet the challenges,”
she says. “It had
been so adversarial and not
productive.”
Unlike the first two contracts,
there was no briefing trip to the regions to sell this
one. It wasn’t necessary. The agreement took effect
on September 1, 1998, after a 92 percent ratification
vote. Pay reclassification did not kick in until
the following summer because of the complexity
of recalculating salaries for 15,000 controllers.
However, NATCA released information in the fall
of 1998 about the increases, which ranged up to
30 percent.
While most controllers were very pleased, a
vocal minority tied up special phone lines at headquarters
for a few weeks. McNally, Haines, Coulter,
Forrey, and others spent twelve to fourteen hours
a day trying to explain the new scales and placate
controllers who felt they weren’t being compensated
fairly.
“When we turned the switch on, I
felt I was the most hated individual in
the country,” Haines says. “Everybody
was measuring themselves against each
other.”
McNally was dismayed by the reaction,
too. But the complaints could not diminish
his pride over the union’s enormous
accomplishment. “We rocked their world,” he
says. “And we did it in a way that I believe everybody
gained. Everybody won.”
1. Related by Anthony Coiro during an interview in January 2002.
2. 1989. Executive Board applauds the tentative agreement. NATCA Newsletter.
February.
3. 1993. NATCA and FAA reach tentative contract agreement. NATCA News.
May.
4. Schmidt, William. 1989. Controllers at busy airports get 20 percent bonus.
The New York Times. 19 June.
5. 1988. NATCA testifies on DoT/FAA pay demonstration project. NATCA
Newsletter. December.
Chapter 5: The Art of the Deal
171
Michael McNally: NATCA’s third president
closed the deal on a significant pay raise
for controllers in the 1998 contract. “We
rocked their world,” he says. / Steve Schneider
May July
Twenty-four participants attend a “mini” Lobby Week. NARI, a nonprofit offshoot of NATCA, holds kickoff ceremonies.
This new group was created to ensure that human factors
1
30
are considered in ATC research and development projects.

“ The easy stuff
is over. Now
the union has to
look inside itself.
— Former Southwest Region
Vice President Ed Mullin
A voice of one: During the latter half of
the 1990s, NATCA expanded its presence
on Capitol Hill with more lobbying and
an annual legislative session attended by
several hundred activists. / NATCA archives

Chapter 6
Spreading Its Wings
One day in the spring of 1989, an Airways Facilities technician approached
Mark Scholl and said simply, “I want to show you this.”
Scholl, an area representative at Chicago Center, nodded and followed
his colleague through the control room. A buzz of murmuring voices
surrounded them while they passed controllers seated along four rows of
radarscopes.
The hubbub diminished as the two men ascended
a stairway to the top of the two-story room.
They opened a door to a dark chamber and the technician
flipped a switch. Fluorescent lights flickered
on, casting a ghostly glare over a maze of water pipes
and ventilation ducts.
The two men climbed more stairs and stepped
onto a catwalk. Below them, gray heaps of asbestos
fibers, twelve to eighteen inches high, carpeted
sections of ductwork and the control room ceiling.
Overhead, they could see bare sections of the metal
roof where the toxic insulation material had flaked
off. Sobered by the sight, Scholl returned later to take
photographs and collect samples.
When Scholl and facility rep Jim Poole alerted
management, they contended the building was safe
and declined to do anything. NATCA’s first collective
bargaining agreement would not be signed for
another few months and the young union was still
learning how best to resolve its issues. Resorting to
tactics that had proven effective in the past, Scholl
and Poole turned to the news media and Congress.
Local newspapers ran several articles about the
health hazard. Sen. Paul Simon, who’d helped institute
the Pay Demonstration Project for controllers,
and Rep. Dennis Hastert, a Republican from Illinois,
got involved, too.
“We learned that the agency was at the whim of
NATCA archives
Sen. Paul Simon: The Illinois Democrat
aided controllers on pay and health issues.

174
Against the Wind
Brian Fallon
Drawing a perspective: New York TRACON controller Brian Fallon has highlighted many issues with his cartoons,
which have appeared regularly in The NATCA Voice. He also draws a poster-sized illustration for most conventions.
1996
9
Sep.
Congress and the public, and that we could use that
to our advantage,” Scholl says.
Even with congressional interest, it took another
three years before the FAA formally agreed
to remove the asbestos—an expensive, complicated
NATCA holds its sixth biennial convention at the Pittsburgh Hilton and
Towers. Delegates institute a national seniority policy and vote to allow
NATCA to expand representation to other employee groups. MEBA Pres-
project in a building where hundreds of employees
worked around the clock handling about 6,000
flights a day. Contractors built a steel superstructure
to support a second dropped ceiling in the control
room. Crews also erected a plastic canopy to shield
workers during construction and set up monitoring
equipment to issue warnings when air quality
dropped below safe levels. Controllers on position
wore breathing apparatus several times while the
second ceiling was installed.
Asbestos affected all twenty-one of the agency’s
en route centers, which had been built three decades
earlier. Picketers outside Boston Center in Nashua,
New Hampshire, wore protective suits and masks to
call attention to the hazard. In Boston, Chicago and
elsewhere, mold grew around air vents. Drip pans for
air conditioning units leaked water onto radarscopes
and supervisors’ desks.
NATCA and the agency signed a Memorandum
of Understanding in 1992 mandating the removal of
asbestos from all the centers. The 1993 contract extended
that same directive to terminal facilities. Before
the work was completed at the centers, however,
different control rooms were created in other parts of
the buildings to accommodate the installation of new
radarscopes during the latter part of the Nineties.
The asbestos incident proved to be an object
lesson for the Chicago Center controllers—and others.
They realized how much the news media could
ident Alex Shandrowsky urges NATCA to stay with the union that helped
the controllers organize. However, delegates vote to allow NATCA to
consider affiliation with another union.

help the public understand this hidden world and that
Capitol Hill had the power to resolve their issues.
A year after the asbestos discovery, the controllers
relied on the media again
to call attention to a less serious,
yet annoying, problem:
lack of chairs.
Ironically, the FAA
had recently replaced its
old chairs. But the new
ones, which were not as
durable, frequently broke.
Atlanta Center was thirtyone
short of the number required
for a normal day shift.
At Chicago Center, Poole snared a supervisor’s
chair to sit in front of a radarscope, which
prompted a heated argument with his boss. Other
controllers perched on boxes and atop wastebaskets
that were turned upside down.
Alerted by Poole, USA Today ran a story. In
response, furniture manufacturers offered to donate
several hundred chairs and a local radio station conducted
a “chair-a-thon.” 1
CNN broadcast live from Chicago Center several
years later on Thanksgiving Day and the weekly
news magazines began printing stories about equipment
breakdowns. The growing coverage “pushed
the union into the realm of a player,” Scholl says.
16
Sep.
The FAA awards a contract to Raytheon Company to develop and build
the Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System for approach control
facilities. STARS consists of color radar monitors, similar to the DSR
Beyond these disparate efforts, the concept of
formalized lobbying crystallized in 1992 when two
visionary controllers, Dee Green and Debbie Cunningham,
recognized that the union’s ultimate boss
was Congress—not the FAA. At the San Antonio
convention, they spoke passionately about the
need for grass-roots involvement in legislative
affairs. Thus was born a far-reaching structure
of facility legislative representatives, state coordinators,
and a National Legislative Committee
with an elected representative from
each region. Green and Cunningham, respectively,
served as the first two chairwomen of the
committee.
“It wasn’t sufficient to have one or two people
in Washington lobbying our cause,” says Alan Clendenin,
who was chairman from 1997 to 2000.
Indeed, the well-organized legion of activists
responded immediately and overwhelmingly
when Krasner issued his “let McCain feel the pain”
directive during the Chapter 71 battle. The union’s
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
displays used in en route centers, as well as replacement computers and
updated software. The new equipment will replace the aging Automated
Radar Terminal System, which had been installed starting in 1965.
175
Lobby Week: The union launched an
annual, weeklong program in 1993 to
raise legislative awareness and provide an
opportunity for members to meet their
congressional representatives.

176
1996
Against the Wind
FYI
One of the most celebrated and enduring trinkets that
permeates NATCA’s biennial conventions concerns the union’s
highest calling. Since Las Vegas in 1990, Alaskan controllers
have populated each gathering with condoms as a reminder
about safety.
growing legislative savvy and influence also helped
it close the deal on reclassification. “When we got
down to crunch time, it was political pressure that
turned those tides in our favor,” Clendenin says.
In addition to creating the army of foot soldiers,
Cunningham saw the need to teach them how the
political system works. In 1993, she helped launch an
annual “Lobby Week.” This effective program teaches
the rank and file about the legislative process, introduces
them to their local representatives, and
promotes ongoing activism. The face-to-face contact
has proven to be extremely effective in cultivating
relationships with Congress and opening doors in
districts across the
country.
Lobby Week,
which attracts
as many as 350
controllers, was renamed
NATCA in
Washington in 1997
when it evolved
into a lobbying and
training opportunity
and, significantly,
a high-profile political
event. Key members
of the House
and Senate appear
Nov. Dec.
FAA Administrator David Hinson leaves office after serving
since August 10, 1993.
9
5
as guest speakers, influential staff members attend
the congressional reception, and news organizations
such as CNN and Aviation Daily cover the proceedings.
The annual gathering also serves to educate
participants about the union’s Political Action Committee
fund. By spring 2002, nearly 5,000 members
were contributing some $1 million to the fund every
election cycle. “That shines just as bright as any of
those specific legislative victories,” Clendenin says.
“We’ve built it from nothing to one of the most influential
in a labor organization in D.C.”
Safety Above All
As the decade progressed, NATCA expanded its
influence in other arenas. Since its organizing days,
one of the union’s missions had been to increase its
voice in workplace issues, operating procedures, and
new equipment to help ensure air safety. Controllers
were expected to deliver perfection on the job,
yet they often had little say in matters that affected
their ability to meet such a high standard. Many who
joined NATCA considered it a professional association
as much as a labor union and worked to push it
in that direction.
By the early 1990s, controllers had highlighted
staffing shortages and equipment problems to the
agency, Congress, and the news media on numerous
The FAA installs the first Display System Replacement at Seattle
Center.

occasions. In a yearlong effort, the safety committee
at Dallas-Fort Worth Tower and TRACON documented
numerous problems with the ARTS software,
which displayed aircraft information on radarscopes.
A contract provision entitled union members to join
other industry representatives in NTSB accident investigations.
NATCA had also established review
committees to help oversee training and performance
standards.
But its role in the research and development
of new technology remained
slim to nonexistent.
A classic example involved a
computer onboard airliners known
as the Traffic Alert/Collision Avoidance
System. TCAS monitors traffic
and instructs pilots to climb or descend
if it senses a potential collision.
Before TCAS was deployed in
the late 1980s and early ’90s, however,
controllers had very little input
in its design and operation, even though
the computer inserted a third element in the
critical equation of communications between pilots
and controllers.
With the advent of TCAS, cockpit crews sometimes
received conflicting instructions from controllers
and the computer. Early versions of the software
generated targets for nonexistent planes on radar-
1997
14
Feb.
scopes. Other problems resulted in frequent false
alerts. Some of these led to dangerous near misses
when pilots deviated from their assigned altitude by
as much as 1,000 feet. During a 4½-month period in
1991, deviations occurred in 70 percent of the 590
incidents that were reported. 2
“It is like a puppy walking over a game of chess,
destroying the board’s composition,” Executive Vice
President Joseph Bellino
said. “Every controller
is executing a plan.
When one plane
deviates from its
assigned space,
it affects all the
aircraft under the
controller’s plan,
making the controller
scramble
to develop another
plan in seconds.” 3
NATCA was unable to
halt deployment of the new equipment until the
bugs were fixed. But extensive field documentation
by safety representatives helped TCAS manufacturers
fine-tune the software and problems gradually
diminished.
The experience was not lost on the FAA. As
frustrations mounted over poor communication, a
Transportation Secretary Federico F. Peña leaves office after serving
since January 21, 1993. Rodney E. Slater takes over. Slater, who previously
directed the Federal Highway Administration, also served as assistant
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
177
Traffic alert: NATCA Safety and Technology
Director Will Faville Jr., left, and Ray
Gibbons from Chicago TRACON testified
at an international symposium in 1992
(and before Congress a year earlier) about
TCAS deployment problems. Gibbons, the
union’s national TCAS representative for
terminals, and Greg Meyer, his counterpart
for centers, led the effort to gather
compelling statistics showing that early
versions of the collision avoidance system
adversely affected safety. / NATCA archives
attorney general of Arkansas and as a member of then-Gov. Bill Clinton’s
staff.

178
1997
Against the Wind
Hurricane Andrew
After the storm: The ferocious hurricane that slammed into
southern Florida and Louisiana on August 24, 1992, packed
sustained winds of 125 knots, leaving fifteen people dead and
250,000 homeless. NATCA members quickly donated food,
clothing, generators, financial assistance, and more to help the
affected controllers and their families. / NATCA archives
Feb. Feb.
The National Labor Relations Board certifies NATCA as the
exclusive bargaining representative for its first contract tower.
21
27
significant change occurred—
albeit slowly. In the fall of 1994,
the FAA invited a union liaison
to work full time at agency
headquarters on a trial basis to
provide controller perspectives
on technology and equipment.
Never before had a NATCA
member occupied an office at
800 Independence Avenue. Several
union technical representatives
also became involved in
projects full time.
Karl Grundmann, who’d
chosen not to run for re-election
as Western-Pacific Region
vice president, hung out the first
shingle as a liaison. Working
with Neil Planzer in the agency’s
Air Traffic Requirements branch,
Grundmann found himself privy
to key budget information and
attended meetings with Administrator
David Hinson and other
top-level managers that were
previously off-limits to NATCA.
“I was in places the FAA
had never let the union in before,”
he says.
NATCA President Barry Krasner meets with MEBA President
Alex Shandrowsky, notifying him of the union’s intent to terminate
affiliation.

Both sides were feeling their way in the experiment.
Grundmann essentially made up his job day
by day. The agency’s longstanding top-down culture
spawned a cool reception and a conference room of
managers often drowned out Grundmann’s objections
at meetings. Attitudes had not changed appreciably
by the summer of 1996, when Darrell Meachum
began working as a liaison with Planzer.
“We felt a lot like window dressing,” says
Meachum, who served as one of the original
technology representatives in 1994 and is now
the facility rep at Fort Worth Center. “We had
to force ourselves into dialogues and discussions
within the culture of the FAA and it
wasn’t easy.”
Part of the difficulty stemmed from a lack of
formal recognition. Neither the union’s contract nor
a Memorandum of Understanding with the agency
covered the work of liaisons and technical representatives.
“As a fac rep, you’re basically enforcing the
rules. As a liaison, there are no rules to enforce,” Meachum
says. “It was all about trying to influence decisions
that would affect us for the next ten to twelve
years.”
Relationships slowly improved when it became
apparent that union input during the development
phase of projects could save time and money. Other
managers at headquarters voiced interest in having
liaisons and technical representatives. Despite the
Apr. May
20
NATCA holds its annual “Lobby Week.” The gathering, which
has evolved into a lobbying and training opportunity and highprofile
political event, is renamed to “NATCA in Washington.” 28
initial difficulties and ongoing differences of opinions,
Meachum lauds Planzer for helping to ensure
the survival of NATCA’s involvement.
“If Neil had not stepped out there and made a
commitment to the union,” he says, “not
only would the program not have existed,
it would not have been successful.”
The first major project in
which NATCA members were
centrally involved was called
the Display System Replacement.
DSR consisted of 20-inchsquare
color radar displays and
newer computers to replace antiquated
scopes and mainframes at
the en route centers. The equipment had
been developed for the Advanced Automation System,
an ambitious and enormously complicated venture
started by the FAA in the early 1980s to overhaul
its air traffic operations. Citing delays, multibilliondollar
cost overruns and “seriously flawed” software,
Administrator Hinson scrapped most of the program
in June 1994. 4
Yet aging equipment was older than some
of the people using it and growing increasingly
unreliable. The agency hoped to salvage some of
its investment and partially modernize its centers
by deploying the newer displays and computers
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
The union files a lawsuit against MEBA, seeking the right to
disaffiliate. The action follows a letter from MEBA opposing
disaffiliation and threatening legal action against NATCA.
179
Karl Grundmann: As NATCA’s first fulltime
liaison to the FAA, he blazed the trail
for providing union input on technology
and equipment issues to management at
agency headquarters. / NATCA archives

180
Against the Wind
NATCA archives
Controller involvement: Darrell Meachum from Fort Worth
Center worked with the FAA to ensure the feasibility of deploying
new radarscope displays in the agency’s en route centers.
The displays were salvaged from a costly project known as AAS.
1997
17
June
without the software, which would have made flight
strips obsolete. This presented a problem. The existing
design of the new workstation, called the “sector
suite,” now had to accommodate racks to hold flight
strips—known as strip bays.
That fall, while Grundmann began work as the
first liaison, the agency invited two controllers to its
William J. Hughes Technical Center in Atlantic City,
New Jersey, to evaluate a slightly modified sector
suite. When Meachum and Scott Hanley from Kansas
City Center saw a cardboard mockup, they realized
the strip bay would obscure controllers’ views of the
radar display.
Working with the center’s engineers, Meachum
and Hanley suggested redesigning the bay to reduce
its size and make it curve like a ski
slope so it could hold more strips.
They also recommended repositioning
the bay to avoid any visual obstructions.
The modifications were
minor enough that the basic sector
suite would not have to be radically
redesigned.
As engineers set about making
the changes, NATCA tried to
persuade the agency to involve more
controllers in this early development
of DSR. The FAA declined, however,
and when DSR arrived at Seattle
NATCA files a petition with the FLRA to hold an election on whether
the union can represent FAA engineers and architects. This would be
NATCA’s first bargaining unit for non-controllers since it was established.
Center in late 1996 the union realized it still wasn’t
ready for prime time. One notable flaw involved
drop-down menus that had been incorporated into
the display. The menus covered up targets and aircraft
information, which controllers needed to see at
all times.
A thirteen-member “Tiger Team” formed by
NATCA created a punch list of items requiring attention.
Before DSR was installed at the agency’s other
twenty centers, most of the items were resolved.
DSR’s successful deployment provided a significant
boost to the FAA, which was under heavy
fire for its creeping pace of modernization. The project
showed what was possible when the agency and
NATCA worked together. With support from Michael
McNally and Jane Garvey, both of whom embraced
collaboration, the liaison program snowballed.
Garvey’s building block approach to implementing
components of new equipment, as opposed to
the agency’s traditional method of waiting years to
deploy one huge system, also spurred the growth of
liaisons and technical reps.
By spring 2002, twenty-eight people were involved
full time in about sixty-five projects. Their
participation ranged from strategic planning to design
factors as detailed as the placement of a control
button or the height of a shelf, which can have a
significant effect on the ability of controllers to do
their jobs.

19
DSR brought new scopes and supporting
PCs to en route centers.
However, the programming language
that relays information to controllers from
radar sites and aircraft transponders remains
etched in the Stone Age of computing.
Ever since the FAA installed radar data
processing computers at its centers in 1967,
they have run on a venerable, but obscure,
language known as JOVIAL.
Jules Schwartz, a programmer for
System Development Corporation, wrote the
language for the U.S. Air Force. He dubbed it
Our Own Version of the International Algebraic
Language, but his moniker presented a
problem.
“In the late 1950s, society wasn’t quite
as free thinking as it is today,” Schwartz wrote
years later. “The name OVIAL seemed to have
June
From Sanskrit to Silicon
NATCA holds a ten-year anniversary celebration, including a party at
the U.S. Capitol. Florida Gov. Lawton Chiles declares June 19 Air Traffic
Control Day, as does Manassas, Virginia, Miami, Milwaukee, New York
�
a connotation relative to the birth process that
did not seem acceptable to some people.” 6
A colleague at System Development Corporation
suggested JOVIAL as an alternative in
honor of its inventor, Jules, and the name stuck.
Aside from FAA computers, JOVIAL is
used on a variety of weapons systems, including
the B-52 Stratofortess, F/A-18 Hornet, UH-
60 Blackhawk helicopter, and the advanced
cruise missile. Work on replacing JOVIAL at
the FAA’s en route centers was under way in
2002.
The ARTS system in TRACONs runs
on another arcane language called ULTRA.
Programming is done painstakingly at the bit
level—akin to using toothpicks to create each
stroke of every letter in a sentence.
ULTRA will fade into history when
Unix-based STARS is deployed.
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
City, and Spokane, Washington. Many facilities hold open houses and
other festivities.
181

182
1997
Against the Wind
The level of manpower was a world away from
the days when Joel Hicks, Amy Kaufman, and Will
Faville Jr.—the union’s first three safety and technology
directors—grappled with scores of projects.
“We found that with every rock we turned
over, we had many more issues scurry out from underneath,”
Faville says.
Brian Fallon
Advanced Automation System: The FAA wasted about $1.5 billion in its ambitious plan to overhaul ATC.
27
June
Eighteen controllers from radar towers across the nation meet in Chicago
and form the NATCA Radar Tower Coalition to address common issues.
During Faville’s tenure in the early 1990s,
NATCA hired veteran Washington Center controller
Jerry Tierney and former PATCO member Dick
Swauger to help. Many facility safety representatives
pitched in, too. But not until the liaison and technical
rep program took hold within the agency, accompanied
by a collaborative spirit, did the union begin to
exercise real influence on equipment issues.
Garvey sees no other choice. “We have a job to
do that is so fundamentally important and critical to
the economy and the American people that nothing
short of our best efforts will do,” she says. Garvey
credits the union with being a catalyst in keeping
key projects on track, including a counterpart to
DSR known as the Standard Terminal Automation
Replacement System.
Like its cousin at the centers, STARS includes
a full-color display bright enough to be used in a
lighted room and provides TRACON controllers with
more than 200 digital maps (older scopes contained
just five). The equipment can also accept information
from multiple radar sites, a boon to facilities plagued
by blind spots from mountainous terrain.
In a repeat of DSR’s evolution, however, controllers
were not involved until development was well under
way. The union’s technical team on the STARS project
had to argue for changes that, necessarily, delayed implementation.
Among other issues, pop-up menus once
again obscured critical information on the display.

In late 1999 and early 2000, STARS became
operational at TRACONs in El Paso, Texas, and
Syracuse, New York. Unlike previous FAA projects,
controllers at the two test radar rooms worked
closely with Raytheon Company and the union’s
Computer-Human Interface
workgroup to finish
developing the product
before it was to be in-
stalled at some 185 other
TRACONs.
“NATCA took
something that was
unworkable and has
brought about a piece
of equipment that the
average controller can
use with just three days
of training,” says Doug
Wicker, the project lead
in El Paso.
At the same time
controllers gained influence
at FAA headquarters, they extended their
reach globally by joining the International Federation
of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations in 1994.
Composed of group membership from more than
100 nations, IFATCA is a professional entity that
represents air traffic controller issues to the Inter-
4
Aug.
“
NATCA took something that
was unworkable and has
brought about a piece of
equipment that the average
controller can use with just
three days of training.
national Civil Aviation Organization, which sets
worldwide policies.
The union’s interest in affiliating with IF-
ATCA germinated over time. Executive Vice President
Ray Spickler and Fernando Ospina from Fort
Worth Center attended
the group’s annual meeting
in May 1989.
“The most striking
— Doug Wicker,
STARS project lead at El Paso TRACON
Jane Garvey takes over as FAA administrator. For the first time, the Senate
appoints the agency’s chief to a five-year term, ending a revolving-door
policy that had been in effect since the PATCO strike. Garvey has held a
thing to me was the commonality
of problems all
controllers are facing,”
Spickler wrote after the
gathering in Frankfurt,
Germany. “There is as
much we can learn from
them as they from us.” 7
A few years later,
Safety and Technology
Director Will Faville Jr.
attended another IFATCA
meeting and applauded
the group’s philosophy
on computer issues. While the FAA and U.S. controllers
worked on Computer-Human Interface—or
CHI—problems, IFATCA reversed the emphasis.
“They put the human before the computer,”
Faville says. “It was clear to me that we needed that
international help and support.”
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
number of public positions, including commissioner of the Massachusetts
Department of Public Works, director of Logan International Airport in
Boston, and acting administrator of the Federal Highway Administration.
183

184
1997
Against the Wind
13
Japphire
Atlanta TRACON: The facility became operational in April 2001, and is one of a half
dozen TRACONs that consolidate operations from several radar rooms.
Martin Cole, a Washington Center controller
who served as executive vice president technical of
IFATCA from 1997 to 1999, agrees. “We work a predominant
amount of the world’s air traffic,” he says.
“To not have a voice in the global scene for aviation is
something that wouldn’t sit well.”
But the international association’s per capita
dues structure was cost-prohibitive to NATCA, which
represented the largest group of controllers in the
world. IFATCA was interested in having the United
States onboard, however, and agreed to the union’s
Aug. Aug.
Ballots are counted from NATCA members, who vote 5,984 to
60 in favor of breaking away from MEBA. The effective date is
May 30, 1997, based on an out-of-court settlement with MEBA.
15
request to re-evaluate its dues. After a
temporary cap was imposed, NATCA
joined and helped the group create a
three-tier scale based on a United Nations
model.
Cole’s involvement began after
he was assigned to the FAA as one of
NATCA’s original technical representatives.
His project involved Data Link,
which enables controllers and pilots to
exchange text messages and other digital
information.
“I had no idea what Data Link
was,” Cole recalls. When he arrived at
FAA headquarters, his agency counterpart
showed him two file cabinets of
information and suggested he start reading.
Over time, Cole became an expert
and was the obvious choice to represent
the United States on Data Link issues after the union
joined IFATCA.
The second meeting he attended nearly convinced
him he’d made a mistake. Poverty in Dakar,
Senegal, was prevalent and he confronted sanitation
problems with the water and food during the twoweek
conference.
After waking up one morning at the Ngor
Diarama Hotel, he heard a commotion and looked
out the window of his room on the sixth floor. Armed
About fifty controllers picket outside Boston Center to call
attention to asbestos problems at the facility.

FYI
NATCA formed the National Aviation Research
Institute in 1996 as another way to ensure
that the union could exercise some influence in the
development of air traffic control technology.
Mike Connor, the union’s former director of
external operations, spearheaded the move to create
the private, nonprofit group to give controllers
a voice before functionality and design considerations
of new systems are set in stone. Among
its board of directors was former Rep. Norman
Mineta.
Within a year of its founding, five organizations
had committed more than $1 million
in grants to NARI, including the NASA Ames
Research Center, Lockheed Martin, The MITRE
Corporation, The Catholic University of America,
and Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. NARI
and these organizations have focused on advanced
air traffic control systems and Free Flight, an FAA
project aimed at automating certain air traffic functions
by using computerized tools.
“Today, controllers are given a piece of equipment
and told, ‘Make this work,’ ” Connor said at
the time. “NARI will change this mindset by placing
human factors at the top of the priority list.” 5
Sep. Nov.
NATCA submits a written request to the AFL-CIO for direct
affiliation with the labor organization.
18
10
soldiers were spilling out of numerous trucks lined
up in front of the building.
Some ran into the lobby while others formed
a perimeter around the hotel. Cole, whose pounding
heart took awhile to settle down, learned later that the
troops constituted security for a meeting of high-level
government officials.
At the end
of his stay, Cole
and a colleague,
Delta Air Lines
Capt. Terry Hanson,
discovered
that airlines serving
Dakar overbook
flights even more heavily than their U.S. counterparts.
Several exasperating days passed while they vainly
tried to get home. When they heard that an Air France
charter flight was arriving to pick up Club Med patrons,
the two dashed to the airport and pleaded for
a pair of seats. But everyone from ticket agents to the
airline’s station manager shook their heads.
Not long before the flight was scheduled
to leave, Hanson noticed an attractive Senegalese
woman near the ticket counter wearing a Club Med
name-tag that read “Aby.” Hanson approached her
and smiled. “Aren’t you named for the fourth wife of
the prophet Mohammed, the youngest one, the most
beautiful one, the one he loved the best?” he asked.
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
The FLRA certifies NATCA as the exclusive bargaining representative
for 1,150 FAA engineers and architects. In October,
the employees voted 498 to 141 in favor of joining NATCA.
185
Global connections: Randy Schwitz, left,
and Jim Poole attended IFATCA’s conference
in Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1995.
NATCA member James Ferguson was
elected deputy president of the international
organization in 2001. / NATCA archives

186
Against the Wind
Martin Cole: The Washington Center controller
was a technical rep on Data Link,
which led to his election as vice president
technical of IFATCA. / Courtesy of Martin Cole
1998
The woman beamed. “Yes, I am. How could
you possibly know that?”
“I’ve read the Koran,” Hanson replied. He then
explained their plight and Aby excused herself to
speak with the station manager. Minutes later, Hanson
and Cole were sinking into their seats on the
flight and breathing long sighs of relief.
A subsequent trip to Taipei, Taiwan, where
Cole was elected executive vice president technical,
went much smoother. In his new role, he once
again endured a steep learning curve to absorb information
about a wealth of projects besides Data
Link. He also felt an added obligation to represent
NATCA at its best to help set the stage for future
U.S. involvement in the group.
Although some members from other nations
worried about the United States dominating decisions,
their fears were allayed by
Cole’s knowledgeable and
even-handed manner.
In 2001, James Ferguson,
the former Northwest
Mountain Region vice
president, was elected deputy
president of IFATCA.
Two other union members
serve on IFATCA committees.
Barry Krasner is chairman
of Standing Committee 6, which deals with con-
Feb. Feb.
19
President Michael McNally, Executive VP Randy Schwitz and
former General Counsel William Osborne Jr. appear before the
AFL-CIO Executive Council to request direct affiliation.
22
stitution and administrative policy. Southwest Region
Vice President Mark Pallone is a member of Standing
Committee 3, which is responsible for finance.
NATCA sees its continuing representation in
the international organization as an
important element of its mission
to help shape aviation policy.
“If our voice isn’t heard
out there in the world, we’re
going to have to bear the
brunt of these ICAO regulations
when they come back
though the FAA,” Cole says.
“The U.S. view of air traffic
control needs to be out there.”
Breaking Away
While the union’s reputation and influence
propelled it to new heights in the aviation industry,
NATCA felt the weight of a ball and chain gripping its
ankles in the house of labor. The union was growing
increasingly disenchanted over its affiliation with the
Marine Engineers Beneficial Association.
The union that had provided NATCA with
manpower, political contacts, and $1.9 million to organize
and prosper after certification was now sinking
under dwindling membership, serious financial
problems, and fallout from a racketeering trial. Five
More than 250 participants attend “NATCA in Washington.”

top former officers, including Gene DeFries and Doc
Cullison, were accused of collecting more than $2
million in severance pay after MEBA merged with the
National Maritime Union
in 1988. *
These simmering issues
pushed NATCA into
action, but the indepen-
dent-minded controllers
had long set their sights
on affiliating directly with
the AFL-CIO. In their capacity
as a MEBA affiliate,
they could not submit
resolutions at AFL-CIO
conventions without the
parent union’s permission.
Money was another
issue. NATCA continued
to pay 7.5 percent of its
members’ dues to MEBA
and didn’t believe it was
getting much, if anything,
in return.
“NATCA’s always
had this ego thing, and part of the ego thing is we stand
on our own two feet,” Krasner says. “We always wanted
to be directly affiliated with AFL-CIO.”
Aware of NATCA’s dissatisfaction, MEBA Presi-
Mar.
“
If our voice isn’t heard out
there in the world, we’re
going to have to bear
the brunt of these ICAO
regulations when they come
back through the FAA. The
U.S. view of air traffic control
needs to be out there.
— Martin Cole,
former vice president technical of IFATCA
The U.S. District Court vacates its decision from 1994 allowing the FAA to
contract out Level I towers. The FAA does not appeal this decision. Subsequently,
NATCA seeks a court order requiring the agency to dismantle its
dent Alex Shandrowsky spoke at the September 1996
convention in Pittsburgh, urging the union not to
jump ship. But the delegates were not swayed and
voted to allow NATCA
to consider aligning with
another union.
Krasner and William
Osborne, NATCA’s
outside counsel, met one
last time with MEBA
in late February 1997
to fulfill the requirements
of their affiliation
agreement. Worried that
MEBA would retaliate by
putting the controllers’
union in trusteeship and
seize its assets, Osborne
had already prepared a
court injunction to prevent
such action.
The meeting ended
badly after Shandrowsky
announced that MEBA
had unilaterally modi-
fied its agreement with NATCA to make disaffiliation
nearly impossible and to ensure that the controllers’
union would forfeit its assets in the event it
successfully broke away. Krasner replied that NATCA
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
187
* DeFries, Cullison, and two others were convicted
of racketeering in July 1995. Cullison
cooperated with authorities and received one
year of unsupervised probation. DeFries was
sentenced to sixty-three months in prison
and fined $600,000 in January 1996, but his
conviction was overturned on appeal. 8
contract program. The court denies the union’s motion, but it orders the
agency to determine whether ATC services are “inherently governmental”
or a “commercial activity,” in which case they can be contracted out.

188
1998
Against the Wind
20
Mar.
intended to do so with or without MEBA’s approval
and, on the way out of the meeting, directed Osborne
to file the injunction immediately.
Despite the protections afforded by the injunction,
a cautious Krasner
hired 24-hour armed
guards to protect the national
office in case MEBA
decided to launch a raid.
He also told employees
to take home
critical files. “I want
nothing in this office that
you think you’re going to
need in case they’re actually
successful,” he said.
“This union has to keep
running.” About $3 million
was shifted to different
accounts to make it
harder for MEBA to find.
“Walking around
my last days in office with armed guards and money
spread out across the country was kind of spooky,”
Krasner says now.
During this time, AFL-CIO general counsel
Jon Hiatt advised Osborne that the labor association
would not be inclined to grant NATCA direct affiliation
if the union broke away from MEBA. At Krasner’s
The AFL-CIO Executive Council votes unanimously to accept NATCA as
a direct affiliate to the union. Since the American Federation of Labor and
direction, Osborne replied that NATCA intended to
achieve independence and it believed direct AFL-
CIO affiliation was best for both organizations. He
added that, if NATCA was turned down, the union
was prepared to live with
that outcome.
But the tense period
passed without incident.
As part of a court-
“
ordered settlement in
— Former President Barry Krasner
June 1997, NATCA asked
its members to vote on the
issue of affiliation. Out of
the 6,044 ballots cast, 99
percent favored breaking
away from MEBA.
Having gained independence,
NATCA now
faced the formidable task
of persuading the mighty
AFL-CIO, which represented
some thirteen million
workers, to accept a union with less than 11,000
members as a direct affiliate.
Since the merger of the American Federation
of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations
in 1955, only twenty or so unions had achieved that
honor. Indeed, AFL-CIO policy discouraged direct
affiliations and there were just sixty-two by the time
Walking around my last
days in office with armed
guards and money spread
out across the country was
kind of spooky.
Congress of Industrial Organizations merged in 1955, it has accepted just
twenty direct affiliates.

NATCA approached the organization in early 1998.
“The entire direction of the council and the AF
of L-CIO was to bring existing organizations into bigger
organizations, so this flew in the face of all of those
resolutions that had been passed previously,” says John
Leyden, who was director of the organization’s Public
Employee Department and sat on its Executive Council.
History provided both an obstacle for NATCA
to overcome and a persuasive argument in favor of its
recognition. A three-member special committee on
AFL-CIO national charters expressed concern about
the PATCO strike and its effect on organized labor.
They wanted assurances from President McNally, Executive
Vice President Randy Schwitz, and Osborne
that NATCA did not intend to repeat history. But the
committee was also mindful of what NATCA had
achieved during its short tenure.
“Unquestionably, the mass discharge of the
PATCO strikers near the beginning of Ronald Reagan’s
administration represented one of the most
shameful acts of union-busting by our federal government
in the past several decades,” the committee
stated in its report.
The panel credited NATCA and MEBA with
helping to ensure that “the air traffic controllers’
legacy has not been quietly forgotten, that it remains
a symbol warning the labor movement against complacency
and against forgetting that an attack on
one union is an attack on all.”
28
Aug.
NATCA and the FAA sign an unprecedented five-year, $1.6 billion collective
bargaining agreement after negotiating for nearly a year. The new pact
includes a ten-tier pay reclassification system that had been under devel-
A month after NATCA appeared before the
committee to present its case, the AFL-CIO Executive
Council agreed to accept the union as a direct
affiliate. “It was the right thing to do. I think [AFL-
CIO President John] Sweeney saw the wisdom,” says
Leyden, who lobbied on NATCA’s behalf. “That’s going
to be a monumental step for them to stay in the
house of labor.”
Bob Taylor, a frequent visitor at the George
Meany Center for Labor Studies when NATCA held
its facility rep training there, often watched workers
from other unions nearly come to blows with controllers
over misunderstandings about PATCO and its
successor.
“With the direct affiliation,
the distinction of NATCA
as a scab union has been laid
to rest,” he says.
At a meeting later that
spring in Las Vegas, the AFL-
CIO presented NATCA with its
cherished independent charter.
McNally approached the podium to accept it
and told Sweeney, “You understand how much this
means to us.”
“I understand,” Sweeney responded. “But I’ve
got a big agenda, Mike. Make it quick.”
McNally thanked the audience and said: “I understand
you have a lot of important work to do here.
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
opment since 1992. Members voted 8,219 to 747 in favor of the contract, a
92 percent margin. The contract takes effect September 15, 1998.
189

James R.
Schwitz
Air Traffic Control
Specialist
1982 — Pr e s e n t
Op e r a t i n g in i t i a l s: RV
HOm e t O w n : Fayetteville, Georgia
NATCA archives
sp O u s e / CHildre n:
Pamela / Taylor, Sam, Chad, Nicole
Grandchildren: Breanna, Michael
Ot Her tr i v i a:
Longest-serving member of the
National Executive Board
in t e r e s t s:
Golf, skiing, riding his Harley
ATC FACiliTies
Cu r r e n t:
pr e v i O u s:
ZTL Center
Randy Schwitz developed a kinship with aviation
as a boy when he accompanied his dad, a
controller, to work and discovered the challenging
variety of the job. At home, he sat on a swing set
watching planes thunder overhead after taking off
from Hartsfield Airport in Atlanta. The family’s
home bordered the south side of the field, leading
to another diversion when jetliners began flying.
Scared by the screaming turbine engines, rats
scurried from airport property into the back yard,
where Schwitz and his father picked them off with
.22-gauge rifles.
As he grew older, Schwitz set his sights on
becoming an orthodontist. But his career plans
took a detour when he quit Georgia State University
temporarily to earn money at a local General
Motors plant in the early 1970s. Assembling
Chevrolet trucks and Pontiac Grand Prix and Le
Mans cars during the South’s sweltering summers
opened his eyes to the need and value of labor
unions. Four months after he was hired, the plant
installed fans following a wildcat strike, providing
welcome relief for the workers.
Schwitz promptly joined the UAW and was
soon elected steward of the body shop. The plant
closed a few years later and he transferred to another
GM facility, where he continued as a union
rep. However, the job’s mindless repetition eventually
drove him to apply to the FAA and he
Pr e v i o u s NATCA Po s iT i oN s / AC h i e v e m e N T s
Exec. VP 1997-2000; Southern Region VP 1990-97;
ZTL fac rep 1988-90; negotiated liaisons and tech
rep positions; spearheaded STARS, DSR programs.
hir e d
1982
attended the academy in 1982 before starting work
at Atlanta Center.
By now, his father was an assistant manager
at Hartsfield. “They’re going to run all over you
unless you form a new union,” he advised his son.
Schwitz heeded the warning, participated in organizing,
and became the center’s second facility rep
after certification.
In late 1989, he was appointed Southern
regional rep when his colleague, Lee Riley, stepped
down.
Schwitz traveled extensively during two
more elected terms and lived in Washington while
serving as executive vice president from 1997 to
2000, earning recognition as a low-key manager
with a sharp eye for finances. During his tenure
with President Michael McNally, NATCA signed
its historic 1998 contract and was granted direct
affiliation with the AFL-CIO.
The union also launched a public relations
campaign that included a television commercial
showing controllers at work. Schwitz and his
young daughter, Taylor, appeared at the end of the
spot, along with the tag line, “We guide you home.”
He rediscovered life back home after narrowly
losing his bid for re-election. Besides spending
much more time with his wife, Pamela, and their
children, Schwitz has been able to enjoy regular
rounds of golf with his father.

1998
5
Sep.
I want you to understand how important
this is to us. In order to show how much
it means to us, I guarantee that when
your business is done your flights home
are going to get out on time.”
A Growing Family
NATCA holds its seventh biennial convention at the Westin Hotel in Seattle.
Delegates revise the national seniority system. Previously, members
who went into staff or management positions lost all seniority; now, they
The direct affiliation came as NAT-
CA began to embrace other FAA workers
in the union. Interest in expanding
membership dated
to 1990, when
NATCA unionizedcontrollers
at Cherry
Point Marine
Corps Air Station.
It had also
recently started to reorganize towers run
by private contractors. In 1994, NATCA
stepped outside its active controller
ranks for the first time by seeking to organize
traffic management coordinators.
Although 62 percent of the TMCs who
voted rejected the move, they later reconsidered
and joined in May 2000. *
The formal decision to expand representation
occurred at the 1996 conven-
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
191
Bob Taylor: NATCA’s labor relations director,
a former Eastern Airlines employee
and official with the International Association
of Machinists and Aerospace Workers,
has seen the union’s bargaining units
grow from two to twenty. / NATCA archives
AFL-CIO charter: The labor organization
prefers to absorb new unions as affiliates
of existing entities. However, it granted
NATCA direct affiliation in 1998. / Japphire
* Traffic management coordinators are
controllers who work in centers, TRACONs,
towers, and the FAA’s Command Center.
Their mission is to minimize airborne delays
by monitoring the weather, runway capacity
at major hub airports, and other factors.
When necessary, the coordinators adjust
traffic flows by temporarily holding planes at
their point of departure, which is known as a
“ground stop,” and through other means.
will lose only the amount of time they spend outside the bargaining unit.
Delegates also allow the engineers and architects a seat on the National
Executive Board, and authorize the board to buy an office building.

192
1998
Against the Wind
NATCA archives
Engineers and architects: NATCA’s second-largest bargaining unit joined the union in November 1997. Among
the activists were, front row from left: Mike Martin; Mark McLauren; Curt Howe; and Pete Healy. Back row from
left: controller/organizer Kevin Christy; Jim D’Agati; Tom Bayone; Jim Frascone; and Doug Hintz.
30
Oct.
tion. By this time, the agency’s engineers and architects
had broached the subject of affiliation with NATCA
and the Professional Airways Systems Specialists, which
represents more than 11,000 technicians, safety inspectors,
and other FAA workers. The engineers’ motivation
sounded very familiar to NATCA.
“We felt left out of most of the decision-making
President Michael McNally and Rick White, NATCA technical representative
on the STARS modernization program, testify in Congress. They say
that, until recently, controllers were not consulted on the program and
processes,” says Doug Hintz, who spent a decade with
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers before joining the FAA
in 1991. “Most of us were becoming disenchanted.”
Initial interest sprouted in the New England,
Northwest Mountain, Southern, and Southwest regions.
Five engineers—Floyd Majors from Seattle,
Mark McLauren from Boston, Hintz from Atlanta,
and James Frascone and Garlon Jordan from Fort
Worth—met NATCA and PASS representatives in
the summer of 1995. On the basis of those encounters,
the organizing group decided NATCA was their
union of choice.
“NATCA was much better organized,” Hintz
says. The engineers also believed that their issues
were less likely to conflict with those of a group composed
predominantly of controllers.
A year later, many other engineers began
clamoring for union representation when the agency
implemented a PASS proposal to reclassify those who
did not wish to transfer to a regional office. This new
job—called a GS-2101 engineering technician—represented
a technical generalist position rather than
an engineering specialty such as electronics or the
environment.
The new position was aimed at enabling field
engineers to move into management. But it rankled
many who historically had served as technical managers
and now faced the prospect of forfeiting their
state licenses because they would no longer be prac-
the equipment is not suited to the way TRACON controllers do their job.
STARS consists of color monitors, similar to the DSR displays in en route
centers, which will replace aging radarscopes.

ticing engineers.
With help from NATCA Southwest Region
Vice President Rich Phillips, Great Lakes Region
VP Jim Poole and Chicago Center controller
Kevin Christy, the engineers mounted
a nationwide organizing drive. In November
1997, little more than a decade after NATCA
was certified, the FAA’s 1,150 engineers and
architects voted overwhelmingly to become the
union’s second major bargaining unit.
Their decision led to the first expansion of
NATCA’s National Executive Board. Pete Healy was
appointed the first engineers vice president and invited
to sit on the board as a non-voting member.
After delegates at the 1998 convention approved a
voting position, Jim D’Agati, the Great Lakes Region
local president, won election to
the NEB the next year.
Some controllers
feared the growth in
representation would
dilute their organization,
but most saw it
as a necessary evolution.
“Look at China,”
says Phillips, who
also helped to organize
traffic management coor-
15
Dec.
DSR becomes operational at Seattle Center. After the equipment was
installed in 1996, a thirteen-member NATCA “Tiger Team” determined
that DSR was not deployable in its present configuration. Subsequently,
dinators in 2000. “One thousand
years ago, they were the most
advanced culture in the world.
They built a big wall to keep
everyone out. Look where they
are now. They’re still one thousand
years ago and are now trying
to catch up. We could do
that—just be controllers—but
then we’d stagnate.”
That was hardly the case after the
historic 1998 contract. Interest in affiliating with
NATCA suddenly ballooned and the union found itself
representing another 3,500 FAA workers over the
next three years. Controllers continued to dominate
the organization, followed by the engineers and architects.
The FAA’s 950 staff-support specialists voted to
join NATCA in late 2001, becoming its third-largest
bargaining unit.
As union membership and representation
grew, so, too, did the national office in Washington.
During NATCA’s first six years of existence,
it occupied the same suite that PATCO
had used at MEBA headquarters on North Capitol
Street, near Union Station. To liven up the
offices, President Steve Bell brought in several
brass lamps with pink shades and hanging beads
evocative of the Civil War era.
When Barry Krasner took over, the lamps gave
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
193
Direct AFL-CIO
affiliation came as
NATCA began to
embrace other workers
in the union. In 1997,
NATCA stepped
outside its controller
ranks for the first time.
the union and the FAA corrected a punch list of issues before allowing the
system to go live.

194
1998
Against the Wind
FYI
Besides representing 15,300 air traffic controllers,
NATCA’s twenty bargaining units include some 4,700 other FAA and Defense
Department workers and privately employed controllers (as of June 2002).
Bargaining Unit Workers Certification Date
Air Traffic Control Specialists 15,300 June 19, 1987
Cherry Point Marine Corps Air Station 30 September 6, 1990
Privately Employed ATC Specialists 110 February 21, 1997, and later
Engineers and Architects 1,200 November 10, 1997
Notice to Airmen Office 10 March 23, 1999
Budget and Financial Analysis 101 February 7, 2000
Logistics, Finance, Acc’t., Info. Services Division 518 April 26, 2000
Engineers (Oklahoma City / Atlantic City) 124 May 22 / July 14 / Sept. 28, 2000
Traffic Management Coordinators 605 May 25, 2000
31
Automation Specialists 175 June 1, 2000
Aerospace Medicine 30 August 23, 2000
Airports Division 263 August 31, 2000
Airworthiness Engineers 13 September 8, 2000
Aircraft Certification 532 September 12, 2000
Hawaii Department of Defense 12 October 26, 2000
Dec.
Hawaii National Guard 10 October 26, 2000
Regional Counsel’s Office 50 January 4, 2001
Staff Support Specialists 950 January 7, 2002
Ten years after its first financial statement, NATCA reported assets of
$2.7 million and liabilities of $1.3 million.
way to a large bearskin rug strategically positioned
so that visitors entering the president’s office looked
directly into a mouth full of bared teeth. Krasner’s
motif also included a stuffed armadillo, which he’d
haggled over for forty-five minutes in Tijuana, Mexico,
and an exotic collection of more than two-dozen
stuffed frogs in strikingly authentic poses: shooting
pool, strumming a ukulele, tending bar. A frog dancing
atop a charred picnic table—a gift from Joseph
Bellino—mimicked Krasner’s antics at a party.
By April 1993, employees at headquarters were
stumbling over each other. Space was so limited that
Labor Relations Director Richard Gordon worked
out of a converted closet in Krasner’s office. To gain
breathing room, NATCA moved to much larger leased
offices at 17 th and M streets on the northern edge of
downtown. Although ten-year leases were the norm,
Krasner had his eye on the future and insisted on a
seven-year term. He and many others in the union
envisioned owning a building.
Delegates at the 1994 convention in Tampa
took a step toward making their dream come true
when they agreed to transfer MEBA payments to a
building fund after the loan was paid off. Starting in
January 1996, they deposited about $33,000 a month
into the fund. Just two-and-a-half years later, convention
delegates in Seattle approved releasing the
money to buy a building. The challenge was finding
an affordable structure that provided enough space to

suit the union’s needs.
Working with a real estate broker, Executive
Vice President Randy Schwitz and Finance Committee
Chairman Dale Wright scouted different
sites. Given President Michael McNally’s belief that
NATCA archives (left); Japphire (right)
The menagerie: President Krasner’s office included an exotic collection
of stuffed animals. An armadillo greeted visitors from atop a
curio cabinet. A dancing frog mimicked Krasner’s antics at a party.
1999
23
Feb.
NATCA would not be taken as seriously with an address
outside D.C., they decided to concentrate their
search within the capital.
Nevertheless, a vacant lot at King Street and
Diagonal Road in Alexandria, Virginia, first caught
their eye because of its proximity to the Metro, a
nearby hotel, and Old Town. However, another buyer
stepped in before NATCA could put down a deposit.
Several older buildings were available in D.C., but
they were priced in the
$15 million range—out of
the union’s reach.
While walking
around on his lunch hour
one day in the summer of
1999, Schwitz saw a “for
sale” sign in front of a seven-story,
white brick structure
at 1325 Massachusetts
Avenue. Located just
off Thomas Circle, it was
a mere three blocks from
the union’s current offices.
The American Society for
Microbiology owned the building, which seemed
perfect in terms of size and location, and NATCA
bought it for $8.1 million. In a sense, the controllers
were coming home. AFGE owned the offices during
the mid-1980s while it directed the organizing drive
On the basis of a court order, the FAA notifies NATCA that it has determined
VFR control tower operations are a commercial activity that can
be provided by private firms. The union files a second lawsuit and the two
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
195
parties agree that no more towers will be contracted out until the courts
resolve the matter.

196
1999
Against the Wind
23
Mar.
for AATCC.
Schwitz, who handled many of the purchase
decisions, says it was “probably the most scary thing I
ever did.” The union had to wait until another buyer’s
purchase option expired
before moving forward.
Financing then became
an issue. Three banks
that were vying for NAT-
CA’s business repeatedly
undercut each other’s offer.
With the deadline to
close the deal looming,
Schwitz finally called the
banks’ representatives together
in his office.
“Y’all sit in here
together and decide who
wants our business,” he
told them. “I’m going to
go outside and smoke
a cigarette and drink a
Pepsi. When I come back
in, you tell me which one
of you is going to do business
with us because I’m not going to go back and
forth between you anymore.” By the time Schwitz returned,
a decision had been made.
The union occupies the first, third, fourth, and
The FLRA certifies NATCA as the exclusive bargaining representative for
ten FAA workers who issue Notices to Airmen.
“
Y’all sit in here together
and decide who wants
our business. I’m going to
go outside and smoke a
cigarette. When I come
back in, you tell me which
one of you is going to do
business with us.
fifth floors of its headquarters, and has leased all the remaining
space. Before occupying the building in February
2000, NATCA spent two frenetic months and about
$580,000 on renovations, including carpeting, dropped
ceilings, telephones, and
office furniture. New desks
and other items for McNally
and Schwitz did not arrive
until the day before an
— Executive Vice President
Randy Schwitz
open house in mid-July.
“The two of them
camped out on tables for
a few months,” recalls
Adell Humphreys.
As director of administration,
she has
overall responsibility for
maintenance of a building
constructed in the
mid-1960s. It is a role, she
says, that makes her “feel
like Bob Vila” as she frets
about replacing the roof
and heating and ventilation
system, and listens
to the wind whistling through the windows.
To avoid liability issues, the union formed a
separate entity called NATCA Membership Investments
Incorporated to act as owner of the building.

29
Apr.
Schwitz, McNally, and Walter J. Boyne—a retired
Air Force colonel, former director of the National Air
and Space Museum at the Smithsonian Institution,
and prolific aviation author—constituted NMI’s first
board of directors. Boyne soon resigned because of
other commitments, and Krasner was appointed in
his place. After McNally and Schwitz left at the end of
their terms in the fall of 2000, Krasner appointed Ed
Mullin and James Ferguson to the board. *
The day after Krasner announced at the Pittsburgh
convention that he would not seek re-election,
delegates voted to dedicate to him any building the
union bought. In April 2000, Anchorage convention
delegates paid homage to Michael McNally by christening
the first-floor conference room with his name.
Both men were moved by the honor. “I can’t think
of a prouder moment than to have a building named
after you while you’re still alive,” Krasner says. “That
was pretty darn cool.”
The Home Front
NATCA and the FAA agree to a revised policy concerning familiarization
trips. The replacement Article 23 provides for: six FAM trips per year,
including one international (down from eight domestic and one interna-
Even as NATCA grew and extended its outside
influence, it grappled with several thorny internal issues
throughout the 1990s. Early on, money created
an intense conflict when the union wrestled over a
second attempt to raise dues from 1 percent to 1.5
percent at its convention in 1992.
Despite the fact that NATCA did not pay off
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
197
* To ensure autonomy, Krasner, Mullin, and
Ferguson adopted a resolution giving the NMI
board sole authority to appoint new members.
The National Executive Board retains
power to confirm appointees.
tional); all FAMs on duty time; no more than two trips to the same airport
(the previous limit was eight); FAMs used toward annual proficiency training
requirements. The new agreement takes effect May 31, 1999.

198
1999
Against the Wind
10
the MEBA loan until October 1995, it was no longer
spending in the red. But its annual income of about $7
million was stretched to the limit. Arbitrations were
piling up, asbestos issues loomed, negotiating the
1993 contract would cost
about $1 million, and the
union was outgrowing its
cramped space at MEBA
headquarters.
NATCA publicized
the need for raising dues
before the convention.
But nearly half of the
controllers back home
sent their delegates to
San Antonio with firm
instructions to oppose
any increase. “We were
against it for the same
reason we’re against taxes.
It wasn’t clear enough
what we were going to do
with the money,” says Bill Otto, facility rep at St. Louis
Tower and TRACON at the time. The issue became
the talk of the convention in hotel bars and elevators,
at Dick’s Last Resort along San Antonio’s famed River
Walk, everywhere.
Aside from membership sentiment, there
were several procedural obstacles. At the Las Vegas
May July
convention in 1990, when delegates first rejected an
increase, they approved Karl Grundmann’s constitutional
amendment requiring a vote of the entire
membership to change the dues structure. And
standing convention
rules stipulated that all
adopted decisions took
effect at the close of the
“
convention. Both had to
be changed before the
delegates could even consider
raising dues.
President Krasner
always believed in an increase
to enable NATCA
“to grow as a union.”
— Former President Barry Krasner He wanted to raise dues
once and never change
them again—up or down.
Deftly applying Robert’s
Rules of Order and taking
care to explain each step
of the process to the delegates, Krasner first tackled
the issue of modifying the standing convention rules
so that amendments and resolutions would take effect
immediately. This required a two-thirds majority.
At virtually every convention, controllers seize
on an issue they believe demands a roll-call vote,
known as a division of the house. In San Antonio,
I can’t think of a prouder
moment than to have a
building named after you
while you’re still alive. That
was pretty darn cool.
Nearly 300 participants attend “NATCA in Washington.” The union signs a purchase agreement with the American Society
for Microbiology to buy its office building at 1325 Massachu-
21
setts Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., for $8.1 million.

changing the standing rules was it. Doors to the convention
floor were locked and no one was allowed to
enter or leave. One by one, delegates stepped up to a
microphone and cast their ballots. The involved procedure
took about an hour.
Krasner, who established the rules for security
and protocol during the vote, says, “I’ve always
made it so painful they never do it a second
time.”
Once the delegates approved the procedural
change, Krasner knew the dues
increase was assured. Next, by voice vote,
they adopted an amendment stating that
dues could be changed by a majority of delegates
attending a convention rather than
the membership as a whole. Finally, they
raised the dues a half percent.
At the convention’s closing banquet,
Richard Gordon announced that he’d called
the national office and told them he wanted
a facility rep training class scheduled for
each month during the next four years. The
room erupted in applause.
“It’s one of the biggest reasons we’ve
been able to do what we’ve done over the
past ten years,” say Pat Forrey, a delegate
who returned to Cleveland Center and wrote a detailed
memo explaining why he voted against his
members’ wishes. Some were upset by the process,
Sep. Dec.
Jim D’Agati beats Pete Healy by a vote of 126 to 93 in a runoff
election for Engineers and Architects vice president. Hurricane
20
Floyd delays the ballot tally for four days.
but most accepted the rationale.
Not all facilities were as understanding. Membership
at Fort Worth Center plunged from 50 percent
to 38 percent, the largest drop of any local in the
country (though it has since rebounded to 80 percent).
Membership elsewhere suffered,
too, but the resentment
soon faded.
The Brotherhood
Aside from the dues
increase, another emotional
issue divided NATCA
virtually from Day One:
the union’s stance on rehiring
the controllers who
struck in 1981.
At an organizing
meeting in the fall of 1984,
New York controllers argued
strenuously in favor
while those from Atlanta
vehemently objected. A
proposal to formally support
rehiring passed by one
vote. The issue came up at other organizing meetings,
too. NATCA founders quickly learned to downplay
the subject to most potential members, who were
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
199
NATCA publicized the
need for raising dues
before the convention.
But nearly half of the
controllers back home
sent their delegates to
San Antonio with firm
instructions to oppose
any increase.
The Early Display Configuration of STARS is installed in El Paso,
Texas, for testing and evaluation. In January 2000, the prototype
is also installed in Syracuse, New York.

200
Against the Wind
PATCO rehires: Valerie and Bob Butterworth
worked in the Bay Area at the time
of the strike. Rehired in 1997, she is now
a controller at San Diego Tower while he
works at Southern California TRACON.
Both are members of NATCA. / Japphire
* This changed when NATCA adopted a
national seniority policy in 1996. Depending
upon their length of service before 1981,
some rehires were more senior than their
post-strike colleagues.
2000
7
Feb.
skittish about another radical union.
After NATCA was certified, John Leyden
attended the Las Vegas convention to speak
on the issue. His presence stirred anew
unease among the new generation of controllers.
While Leyden stood by and listened,
delegates heatedly wrangled over
whether he should be permitted to address
them. Those in opposition largely
respected Leyden, but they were reluctant
to provide him with a forum.
“It measured us on how much the wounds
were still open,” recalls then-Southwest Regional
Rep Ed Mullin, who left Las Vegas feeling unsettled
by “the fragmentation and the degree of rancor.”
Leyden was finally allowed to step up to the
podium after a roll-call vote.
“These individuals are the same
as you are,” he said in an impassioned
speech. “They wanted to
change the system. In many instances,
through no fault of their
own, they lost their jobs.”
Leyden described controllers
who had suffered through
divorces and committed suicide.
Some lost their homes and were
still struggling to make a living.
He explained that the FAA would
The FLRA certifies NATCA as the exclusive bargaining representative for
280 workers in the Budget and Finance divisions at FAA headquarters.
not fire the new breed to rehire
the strikers and
that they wouldn’t
lose their seniority.
* He urged the
NATCA members
to give their
former brethren
a chance.
During a
question-and-answer
period, the toughest
queries came from former PAT-
CO members who had not struck. They spoke about
the threats, acrimony, and confrontations at work
that were common during the PATCO era. Leyden
couldn’t answer point for point, but he said the former
controllers had been in a union and should not
be denied the chance to come back.
After an emotional debate, the delegates voted
by a three-to-one margin to urge President Bush to
allow the fired controllers to apply for new job openings
in the FAA. Like his Republican predecessor,
Bush declined. But on August 12, 1993, Democratic
President Clinton signed an executive order lifting
the ban on the strikers.
That fall, the FAA sent a questionnaire—commonly
known as the ’93 List—to the last known
addresses of the fired controllers. They were given a

limited time to reapply and about 5,000 did so. The
agency responded deliberately, but rehired some 800,
most since 1997. Passing certification again was not
easy for all of them, who were re-entering a young
man’s profession and
confronting traffic that
had doubled since they
left more than fifteen
years earlier.
“I’ve watched PAT-
CO brothers come in that
door and what that did to
them is worse than what
the strike did,” says Bob
Butterworth, who walked
out at Oakland Center
in 1981 and now works
at Southern California
TRACON in San Diego.
“They remembered
themselves as being good
at their jobs, but with
all the additional traffic these days and the fact that
they’re so much older now, it was crushing. They had
to go back to their now-grown children and say they
were failures.”
Even for those who succeeded, checking out
could be a bumpy ride. Many rehires encountered
the same insolent attitudes that first-time trainees
23
Feb.
endured. They also discovered a more reserved work
force shaped by different circumstances and times.
“We were more like family,” says Jim Shearer, a striker
who hired back in at Indianapolis Center and now
works at Indianapolis
Tower/TRACON.
The clash of cultures
and lack of un-
“
derstanding about history
saddens people like
Barry Krasner. “We forget
all those who died before
us,” he says. For controllers
who remain opposed
to rehires, he reminds
them: “They gave all
they had. You may not
have agreed with them
going on strike, but you
couldn’t have the contract
you have, the pay
raise you have, or the job
you have if they hadn’t died so you could live.”
On a Monday morning in mid-September
1995, Krasner found himself in an awkward meeting
with a former PATCO controller—an individual
who, like the rehires, had inspired heated emotions
over the years. The encounter stemmed from a decision
made at a National Executive Board session the
These individuals are the
same as you are. They wanted
to change the system. In
many instances, through no
fault of their own, they lost
their jobs.
— Former PATCO President John Leyden
The union holds its second annual Legislative Conference Committee,
attended by about seventy NATCA activists. Democratic Louisiana Rep.
William Jefferson speaks out against privatization of the FAA.
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
201

202
Against the Wind
Krasner found himself
in an awkward
meeting with a former
PATCO controller—a
man widely regarded
as instrumental in
NATCA’s creation—
John Thornton.
2000
28
Feb.
previous week in Pittsburgh, where a protracted yet
heartfelt discussion ensued concerning a man widely
regarded as instrumental in NATCA’s creation—John
Thornton.
While acknowledging his contributions, several
board members believed Thornton was out of his
element as senior director
of legislative affairs, a
sentiment that had been
growing over the past
year. It culminated with
the feeling that he wasn’t
doing enough to block the
looming loss of Chapter
71 rights. Congress was
talking about stripping
away FAA workers’ rights
to union representation
and collective bargaining
in a Transportation
Department appropriations bill it had introduced in
July and would soon vote on the measure.
The board members harped about his job performance
and accused him of “dropping the ball.”
Legislatively, “people weren’t happy with the direction
we were going in,” Eastern Region Vice President
Joe Fruscella says now.
James Ferguson, the Northwest Mountain Region
VP, agrees: “We felt like it was time for a change.
The union moves into its newly purchased office building at 1325 Massachusetts
Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. AFGE owned the structure
“
When I think of NATCA, I
think of John.
He had done excellent work, but there were some
mistakes being made.”
Another incident that tripped up Thornton and
the 1988-91 National Executive Board concerned
NATCA’s stance on a law known as the Wright
Amendment. Named after former Texas Democratic
Rep. James Wright, the
1979 law prohibited airlines
at Love Field in Dallas
from flying beyond
the four states bordering
— Former Executive Vice President
Ray Spickler
Texas, an anticompetitive
limitation that helped to
ensure success for the
new DFW Airport. Noting
that Love Field and
DFW are just eight miles
apart, supporters justified
the Wright Amendment
on safety grounds.
Their argument incensed Southwest Regional
Rep Ed Mullin. “Chicago’s airports are busier. New
York’s are closer. L.A.’s are more numerous,” he says.
“It was strictly a marketing issue, but they framed it
as a safety issue.”
When Congress considered repealing the
Wright Amendment a decade after it was enacted,
Mullin persuaded the National Executive Board
to publicly support the move. However, the union
during the mid-1980s, and John Thornton briefly worked in the offices
while organizing AATCC.

quickly back-pedaled in the face of irate reactions
from key congressmen. Thornton did not believe
NATCA should be fighting for the
issue, particularly while it was
trying to build a presence on
Capitol Hill. His position
angered Mullin, who left
the board a year before the
discussion about Thornton.
Even so, simmering
dissatisfaction lingered.
U n w i t t i n g l y ,
Thornton had not really
ingratiated himself with Michael
McNally, who had been
elected executive vice president
the previous year. Thornton had developed a close
confidence with President Barry Krasner, a level of
trust that McNally did not yet enjoy. At the meeting
in Pittsburgh, Krasner tried to persuade the board
not to take such drastic action, but a majority voted
to remove Thornton. It was one of the few debates
Krasner has ever lost and lent credence to those who
contend that the union “eats our young.”
“Politics gets involved,” Krasner says now. “You
know that if you don’t have your entire board behind
you, you’re going to fall apart. It’s not just a matter
of removing John. They can remove me. They can
ultimately do what they want if you don’t have your
26
Apr.
The FLRA certifies NATCA as the exclusive bargaining representative for
274 FAA regional office employees in the Logistics, Finance, and Computer
Support divisions.
executive board behind you.”
Krasner went home to Long Island, as he usually
did on weekends, and agonized about what to
do. Early Monday morning, he and McNally drove
to Washington. While they were on the road, Sallie
Krasner awoke in bed, crying, and wrote out a
speech that she paged to both men. “Please reconsider
this,” she said. “Please don’t do this. Please
think about what you’re doing.”
Krasner listened to the page when he arrived
at the national office, but the outcome was
inevitable. The board’s decision astonished many
members. “When I think about NATCA, I think
about John,” says Ray Spickler. Michael Putzier,
Central Region vice president at the time, likens the
action to “firing the founder.”
Thornton was as shocked as anyone. “I thought
it was obvious to them I was doing good work for the
union and I was a believer in all this stuff,” he says.
Over time, the wounds healed and he has grown
philosophical. “You go through things, and if you
don’t get over them, you’ve crippled yourself.”
Two months after Thornton left, NATCA hired
Ken Montoya to lead the fight to regain Chapter 71
rights. MEBA retained Thornton as its deputy director
of legislative affairs, but he was laid off a few months
later in a cost-cutting sweep and moved on to the National
Parks and Conservation Association. In 1997,
he joined the FAA’s Free Flight program, an initiative
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
203
John Thornton: After leaving NATCA, he
became involved with the FAA’s Free Flight
project and was named acting director of
the program in late 2001. / NATCA archives

204
19xx
Against the Wind
NATCA Charitable Foundation
Shortly before Christmas 2000, Darrell
Meachum and a colleague hefted a
dilapidated table up a flight of stairs to a
two-bedroom apartment in a low-income
suburb northeast of Fort Worth, Texas.
Meachum, his wife, Cathy, and their
volunteer helper had driven forty miles to
retrieve the item from the donor’s outdoor
porch. Its weather-beaten condition
made them shake their heads in dismay.
Grime covered the white Formica top
and splotches of rust were corroding the
metal trim and legs.
It belonged in a dump.
But the trio did their best to wipe off
the dirt before setting out to deliver it to a
single mother and her three young boys.
They were one of several families “adopted”
that holiday season by the NATCA
Charitable Foundation, a nonprofit organization
formed by the Meachums.
While maneuvering the table into
the apartment, they noticed that the only
furniture outside the bedrooms consisted
of a shabby couch and a small television
sitting atop a nightstand. They made
three more trips to lug in a donated microwave,
pots and pans, a laundry basket
full of toiletries, and two armloads of
�
holiday gifts—under the ecstatic gazes of
the youngsters and their mother.
As soon as the table and four vinylpadded
chairs were positioned in front
of a window near the kitchen, the boys
jumped onto their newfound seats. Beaming,
they set their hands on the table as if
holding forks and knives.
“Look, ma, a table,” they exclaimed.
“Can we have a meal at our table?”
The mother was speechless.
Such scenes are one of the most
rewarding aspects of the NATCA Charitable
Foundation. Cathy Meachum says
recipients “inevitably are crying because
they’re so happy and we’re just beside
ourselves.”
Darrell Meachum, a Fort Worth
Center controller, hoped to pool the
efforts of many NATCA locals that run
charity fund-raisers and bring recognition
to the profession when NCF was
formed in August 1994. Originally
incorporated in Texas, the organization
expanded to Florida in 2001 and to Georgia
the next year. The long-term goal is to
make it a nationwide entity, but in measured
steps to prevent a good idea from
“crumbling under its own weight due to
Courtesy of Cathy and Darrell Meachum
Darrell and Cathy Meachum: The couple formed their
foundation in 1994 and hope to expand it nationwide.
poor implementation,” Meachum says.
Far-flung expansion is something
the skeptics never imagined possible
when he envisioned the foundation.
“They are amazed at how far we’ve come
and how much we’ve accomplished,”
Cathy Meachum says. “They didn’t think
it was feasible to get a bunch of people to
do all this work by volunteers only.”
The absence of paid staff members
enables NCF to donate nearly 96 percent
of the money it raises. A core group of
about twenty volunteers runs the organization,
including satellite offices in Houston,
Jacksonville, Florida, and Peachtree
City, Georgia. In 2001, the foundation
gave $43,000 to more than two dozen
Continued on page 206

to automate certain air traffic functions through the
use of several computerized tools. Thornton was promoted
to acting director of the program in late 2001.
It’s About Time
Controllers toil in an aroundthe-clock
profession. They refer to
their constantly changing schedule
as “the rattler” because it bounces
them between day and night like a
baby’s toy. Days off, prime time annual
leave, and other matters are determined
by seniority. Consequently,
the issue is dear to the heart of every
controller.
When NATCA organized during
the mid-1980s, the issue of seniority cultivated
interest among controllers who hoped the new
union would give them a say in their work schedules.
At the time, each facility established its own
policy.
Some based seniority on controllers’ length of
service at the facility rather than how long they had
worked for the FAA. The policy discouraged controllers
from transferring to certain high-density operations,
such as Chicago Center, because they would
lose all the time they’d accrued.
As a result, those facilities were chronically
2000
27
Apr.
understaffed and controllers frequently had to work
overtime—although some enjoyed the extra pay and
did not want to see it diminished under a national
seniority policy.
Support for such a change had been
steadily brewing. Although delegates at the
1994 convention defeated a proposal to
abolish local policies, the prickly issue
arose again two years later in Pittsburgh.
Fractious debate raged throughout
the first day. Numerous controllers
lined up at microphones urging
the union to banish a disincentive for
those seeking to move up the ranks
and establish a fair system for everyone.
“We had to stand up and make
one policy for each and every controller
to make it fair. It’s about time we
had one policy,” said Barrett Byrnes, the
facility rep from Poughkeepsie Tower. 9
However, an equally vocal contingent pleaded
to retain control over their local policies. “Seniority
was a tool fac reps were able to use against management,”
New York TRACON facility rep Phil Barbarello
said. “Now, this is a tool I no longer have.” 10
Another contentious issue involved specifics
of the proposed national policy. Reflecting a disdain
More than 800 delegates attend NATCA’s eighth biennial convention at
the Egan Convention Center in Anchorage. Moves to revisit the seniority
plan and dues structure are voted down. The delegates approve an honor-
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
205
Convention credentials: Delegates wear
official badges as well as a potpourri of
other union trinkets. / NATCA archives
ary lifetime membership for Cathy Meachum, a longtime associate member
who created the NATCA Charitable Foundation with her husband,
Darrell. The foundation raises about $17,000 at the convention.

206
2000
Against the Wind
NATCA Charitable Foundation (continued)
�
charities and families. NCF income has
grown steadily since its inception—a total
of $153,575 by the end of 2001—and
focuses on areas that aren’t being met by
other charities.
One recipient has been a Dallasarea
shelter for abused women, which
regularly needs undergarments, towels,
and art supplies for children, who often
use creative outlets to deal with their
emotional trauma. NCF also favors helping
children who are disadvantaged,
disabled and terminally ill, along with
national charities such as the American
Heart Association, Cystic Fibrosis Association,
and Habitat for Humanity.
Visiting terminally ill children and
disadvantaged people surviving on the
edge of poverty can be uncomfortable,
Darrell Meachum says. But, he adds, “You
know that you’ve done something for the
good of the community and that you’ve
given something back in the name of
your profession and your union.”
Cathy Meachum notes that persuading
detail-oriented controllers to
donate is sometimes a challenge. “They
want to know the full picture before they
commit to anything,” she says. “But once
they see it, they jump in full body. They
are overwhelmingly generous.”
Relying on her background running
auctions for the American Cancer
Society, Cathy Meachum planned a similar
event for NCF’s first official function.
Starting in 1996, the organization has
also raised money through silent auctions
at every NATCA convention.
When Darrell was called to the
podium to announce the winner of the
raffle grand prize at the closing banquet
that first year, then-Executive Vice Presi-
May May
22
The FLRA certifies NATCA as the exclusive bargaining representative
for the FAA’s AOS-200/260 engineers in Oklahoma
City.
25
dent Michael McNally introduced him as
“Mr. Cathy Meachum.”
At the biennial gathering in Anchorage
in 2000, where the foundation raised
more than $17,000, the union officially
recognized her ongoing efforts with an
honorary lifetime membership. It was the
first time NATCA bestowed the tribute
on someone wholly outside the air traffic
control profession (fellow lifetime member
Bob Taylor is not a controller, but has
worked for the union since 1991). Cathy
Meachum, who’d been an associate member
for seven years, is a dental hygienist.
“I just couldn’t believe it,” she says.
“That’s an honor beyond expression.”
Web site: http://ncf.natca.net
The FLRA certifies NATCA as the exclusive bargaining representative
for the FAA’s 600 traffic management coordinators.

for management, one clause stated that controllers
who had become temporary supervisors or worked
in staff positions would lose all their seniority unless
they returned to the bargaining unit within a 30-day
grace period.
Nevertheless, a grounds well of support from
smaller facilities helped
pass the resolution for a
national policy by a whisker.
The roll-call vote of
4,706 to 4,573 amounted
to 50.7 percent approval.
In a 5-4 regional split, Alaskan,
Central, Great Lakes,
New England and Southern
favored the change, while
Eastern, Northwest Mountain,
Southwest and Western-Pacific
were opposed.
Kevin Keener, a controller
at Napa Tower in
California, characterizes
the outcome as “monumental”
in terms of the power of small- and mediumsized
facilities. “It was the first time it showed the
body that when you collectively get together as a unit
you have a voice,” he says.
The FAA filed a grievance on the grounds that
the union’s 1993 contract stipulated seniority would
1
June
“
We had to stand up and make
one policy for each and every
controller to make it fair. It’s
about time we had one policy.
be set at the local level. Contending that the locals
were still controlling the policy—under direction
from the national office—Krasner denied the grievance
with great relish. In a rare role reversal, former
Executive Vice President Joseph Bellino testified on
behalf of the agency during an FLRA hearing on
a separate unfair labor
practice charge concerning
the rights of nonmembers.
— Poughkeepsie Tower facility rep
Barrett Byrnes
The FLRA certifies NATCA as the exclusive bargaining representative for
the FAA’s 180 automation specialists (AOS 300/400).
Bellino believed
the NATCA delegates
had adopted the policy
illegally by not stating
they were speaking on
behalf of all controllers
rather than just union
members. He based his
argument on a case involving
another union, in
which a non-member was
prohibited from voting on
the seniority policy.
William Osborne argued for NATCA that the
contract authorized the union to determine seniority,
its national policy was lawful, and that non-members
had no right to vote. The administrative law judge
ruled against NATCA, leaving the union in the difficult
position of having to decide whether to capitu-
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
207

208
Against the Wind
Taking a stand: Beth Thomas weighs in with her views on a proposed
national seniority policy at the 1996 convention in Pittsburgh.
2000
26
June
late or appeal and risk a potentially enormous back
pay liability that continued to mount.
But Krasner believed NATCA’s actions were morally
and legally right, and chose to appeal. Fortunately, the
full FLRA overturned the judge’s decision a year later.
The U.S. District Court rules for the second time that the FAA has not
made a valid decision on whether air traffic control is an “inherently
governmental” function. The court leaves the existing contract tower
NATCA archives
Delegates debated the fractious issue for a day and a half before narrowly
adopting the policy by a vote of 50.7 percent.
Bellino’s actions on behalf of the agency
angered many NATCA members. Aside from his
brief testimony, he sat at the FAA table during the
hearing. Consequently, he lost his bid for president
against McNally in 1997 (and John Carr in 2000).
Soon after, Bellino was removed
as facility rep at Chicago TRA-
CON when he refused to implement
the new policy.
The topic of seniority arose
again at the 1998 convention in
Seattle. Many controllers were
still unhappy. During contract
negotiations the previous spring,
the FAA had pressured NATCA to
soften a punitive aspect of the policy,
which discouraged controllers
from seeking management or staff
positions because they would forfeit
all previously accrued time.
After a day and a half of debate,
delegates modified the policy so
that only time spent outside the
bargaining unit was lost.
The issue was brought up
once more during the Anchorage
convention in 2000, but delegates
voted overwhelmingly against
considering any modifications.
program in place. For the second time, NATCA asks the U.S. Court of
Appeals to discontinue the program.

Breaking the Glass Ceiling
By 2000, President Michael McNally had been
traveling away from home for nearly a decade as national
QTP coordinator, executive vice president, and
president. His two daughters on Long Island were
growing up without him and his wife, Maria, was
unhappy over the lengthy absences. Succumbing to
her wishes, McNally decided not to run for re-election
and publicly endorsed John Carr.
After helping to organize controllers at Kansas
City Tower/TRACON during NATCA’s certification
drive, Carr blazed the trail as facility rep there. He
then moved on to spend ten years at Chicago TRA-
CON, serving in every elected position in the local
and frequently contributing to the facility’s newsletter,
Intentionally Left Blank, an early indication of his
reliance on communication.
Carr was now working at Cleveland Tower/
TRACON to be with his new wife, Jill, who was also a
controller at the facility. Quick-witted and articulate,
he’d gained national visibility as a member of the
1998 contract team and wrote the preamble, which
stated in part, “The true measure of our success will
not be the number of disagreements we resolve, but
rather the trust, honor, and integrity with which the
parties jointly administer this agreement.”
His campaign platform emphasized open
communication, a stark difference from McNally’s
12
July
FAA Administrator Jane Garvey, numerous other agency and union
dignitaries, and rank-and-file members attend a ceremony to dedicate
NATCA’s new headquarters as the Krasner Building. The main conference
close-to-the-vest style, and reflected Carr’s down-toearth,
no-nonsense attitude. He referred to himself
as Johnny the Bull, a nickname he acquired during
negotiations for the collective bargaining agreement.
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
area on the first floor is named the Michael McNally Conference Room.
McNally presents Howie Barte with a plaque honoring him for his role in
creating the NATCA logo.
209
Heading home: President Michael McNally
(shown in a playful moment during the
2000 convention in Anchorage) had
decided not to run for re-election when
he chaired the gathering. He’d been on the
road for NATCA for nine years. / Frank Flavin

210
Against the Wind
John Carr: After NATCA’s fourth
president took office in 2000, he expanded
communication with the membership and
mounted an aggressive PR campaign to
advance the union’s perspective on flight
delays and privatization. / NATCA archives
2000
Although its origin is a closely guarded contract team
secret, the moniker came to typify Carr’s tenaciousness
and his campaign materials often included the
slogan: “Want no bull? Then know Bull.”
Members welcomed the refreshing change and
elected Carr in a landslide over Joseph Bellino, who
was seeking the presidency for
a second time, and Atlanta
Center’s Lee Riley, who
was mounting his third
attempt.
After taking office,
Carr established
himself as the communications
president
in several ways. Taking
a cue from Rodney
Turner, he posted detailed
weekly updates on
the Web to keep the membership
informed about union activities.
He also made it a priority to meet with the editorial
boards of major newspapers such as The New York
Times, The Washington Post, and Chicago Tribune.
As his administration progressed, the Communications
Department underwent a metamorphosis.
Dealings with the news media became more
proactive, the Web site expanded further, and staff
members produced a redesigned newsletter as well
July Aug.
14
The FLRA certifies NATCA as the exclusive bargaining representative
for the FAA’s Aviation Systems Standards specialists
and seventy-five AOS-510 engineers in Oklahoma City.
23
as several other special interest publications for the
membership.
Like McNally, Executive Vice President Randy
Schwitz had spent a decade on the national board
and was ready to go back to Atlanta Center. He still
enjoyed widespread support, however, and says he
“let people talk me into” a bid for re-election. He
faced challenges by Will Faville Jr., the former
Alaskan regional rep and safety and technology
director who was making a second
run for the position, and Ruth Marlin
from Miami Center.
Marlin joined the FAA in 1990
and became actively involved in the
union’s local after checking out as a controller.
She attended NATCA’s second annual
Lobby Week in Washington, saw the
power of political activism, and persuaded
the Miami Center local to establish its own
legislative representative, a position Marlin initially
occupied.
When Congress threatened to abolish the 5
percent differential for controllers, she worked with
Miami Tower controller Andy Cantwell and Barry
Wilson from Fort Lauderdale Executive Tower to
form a group of seven facilities called the South Florida
Legislative Committee to mount a coordinated
lobbying effort. The ongoing success of this group
became a model for similar organizational structures
The FLRA certifies NATCA as the exclusive bargaining representative
for the FAA’s 30 occupational health specialists,
occupational health nurses, and medical program assistants.

NATCA Racing
The red-and-blue NATCA logo, a
visual symbol of the union’s identity
since before certification in 1987, has
appeared on shirts and jackets, pins and
belt buckles, coffee mugs and key rings. It
has graced the walls of air traffic control
facilities and homes, and can be seen on
many members’ cars and trucks.
On Memorial Day weekend 1998,
the logo debuted in a new venue: the Indianapolis
500. Its appearance represented
the union’s sponsorship of a car driven
by Sam Schmidt, a recent contender on
the circuit who placed sixth at Indy and
won the Las Vegas 500K in 1999.
Schmidt had been racing since he
was 5. He owned a car, but needed sponsors
when he met Taylor Koonce, a racing
fan and controller at Indianapolis Tower/
TRACON. Showing the union’s colors at
major spectator sports events appealed to
Koonce, as well as others in the local and
across the field at Indianapolis Center.
They also saw it as a natural pairing given
that controllers frequently work in temporary
towers at races to handle the influx of
drivers, pit crews, and spectators.
The two Indianapolis locals soon
began selling stylish polo shirts with
�
checkered trim, Sam Schmidt’s autograph
and car number—99—and a “NATCA
Racing” logo to help underwrite the cost
of sponsorship. “It’s a win-win situation,”
says Koonce, who spent ten years as a
Navy controller before joining the FAA in
1988. “The more we go to the track, the
more people recognize the shirts. They
get to know controllers.”
NATCA’s involvement took on
new meaning in January 2000 after the
35-year-old Schmidt suffered critical
injuries in an accident at the Walt
Disney World Speedway in Bay Lake,
Florida. Supported by a respirator for
months, he was diagnosed as a quadriplegic.
For the Schmidt family, history
had repeated itself. Sam’s father, Marvin,
remains partially paralyzed from a
racing accident that occurred when his
son was 10.
When the family established the
Sam Schmidt Paralysis Foundation, NAT-
CA Racing proceeds from an expanded
line of clothing sales were redirected
toward spinal cord research. A year later,
the foundation turned over $50,000
in donations from the union and other
sources to the Washington University
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
Japphire
Clothing for a cause: A portion of proceeds from
shirt sales helps underwrite spinal cord research.
School of Medicine in St. Louis.
Schmidt, who hopes to benefit
from that research someday, has not been
content to limit himself to daily physical
therapy. In 2001, he formed a team and
returned to racing. “Sam is not a quitter,”
Koonce says. “He continues to strive for
excellence, and that’s very representative
of NATCA.”
In 2002, the union began sponsoring
NASCAR Winston Cup star
Bobby Labonte, who won the Virginia
500 in April.
211

John
Carr
President
2000 — Pre s e n t
niC k n a m e / Op e r a t i n g in i t i a l s:
Johnny the Bull / CY
HO m e t O w n : Washington, D.C.
sp O u s e / CHildre n:
Jill / Rachael Diana
Ot Her tr i v i a:
NATCA archives
Fluent in Spanish; visited more than
50 nations and 45 states
in t e r e s t s:
Travel, football, sailing, swimming
ATC FACiliTies
Cu r r e n t:
pr e v i O u s: CLE
C90
MCI
NO National Office
Tower/TRACON
TRACON
Tower/TRACON
When John Carr moved to Washington after
his election as NATCA’s fourth president in
2000, it was a homecoming, of sorts. Carr grew up
in the D.C. area, where he delivered The Washington
Post and observed the workings of the Beltway
through his father, a career civil servant who
eschewed unions and regarded his son’s eventual
interest as a hobby.
An understatement, indeed. Carr’s passionate
devotion stems from an overriding concern for
others, a sense of fairness and empathy—he once
equated a woman’s tears at work with men who
kick walls in frustration—tempered with intolerance
for reckless authority.
Carr spent four years as a Navy controller
in Corpus Christi, Texas, and aboard the USS
Eisenhower, including a 152-day deployment at
sea without a port call—a record that stood for
twenty-two years. He turned down a job offer from
the FAA a few days after the strike, but reconsidered
when his brother counseled him on his career
options. Five months later, he joined the agency
and soon certified as a journeyman at Kansas City
Tower/TRACON.
NATCA’s petition drive reached America’s
heartland in 1986, whereupon Carr organized his
facility and became the local’s first president. Two
years later, O’Hare’s renowned traffic drew him to
Chicago TRACON. The joy of serving in a variety
Pr e v i o u s NATCA Po s iT i oN s / AC h i e v e m e N T s
1998 contract team; all elected positions at Chicago
TRACON; first local president at Kansas City
Tower/TRACON; facility rep training instructor.
hir e d
Jan.
1982
of positions, including facility rep, wedded him to
the union. It also contributed to a divorce.
Unlike NATCA’s previous presidents, Carr’s
election to the top office was not predicated on
National Executive Board experience. Instead, he
made the leap using his articulate flair, involvement
with the 1998 contract team, and the consent
of his new wife, Jill, a controller at Cleveland
Hopkins Airport. After the couple married in July
1998, Carr transferred to Cleveland, where the
newlyweds intended to settle down and start a
family.
But union activists had another agenda and
nominated Carr for president. Determined not to
repeat personal history, John ceded 51 percent of
the decision to run to Jill. His wife reminded him
that she was a NATCA member, too, and believed
he was the best candidate.
Taking the reins of a maturing union, Carr
has proven adept at framing public debate on key
issues such as flight delays and privatization while
strengthening communication with the membership.
“I’ve become a huge success in every corner
of my life by giving Jill that 51 percent,” he says.
Part of that good fortune recently paid a dividend.
On March 14, 2002, the couple celebrated the birth
of a blue-eyed, red-haired beauty named Rachael
Diana.

in other metropolitan areas. Marlin later served as
chairwoman of the Southern Region Legislative
Committee for several months before moving on to
lead the National Legislative Committee.
In the wake of the Chapter 71 battle, which she
regarded as a “coming of age” in NATCA’s education
about legislative activism, Marlin set about changing
the nature of Lobby Week. Scheduled in advance, the
annual event might not coincide with a timely issue,
and this could diminish its effectiveness.
Marlin hoped to promote training and
long-term relationships with Congress “that
would enable us to work issues in the district
year round rather than have our grass-roots
legislative success hinge on a few days in
D.C.,” she says. Krasner and McNally agreed,
and the union held its first no-issue “NATCA
in Washington” in 1997.
With other goals in mind and hoping
to avoid being typecast, Marlin decided against
running for a second term as National Legislative
Committee chairwoman. A year later, she worked on
terminal and en route issues as a full-time NATCA
liaison in Air Traffic Requirements at FAA headquarters
before returning to the boards at Miami Center
in the spring of 2000. During this time, she decided
to campaign for executive vice president at the urging
of Jim Poole, the Great Lakes Region vice president.
Like Carr and many other members, Marlin was
2000
frustrated by the recent lack of communication from
headquarters and believed that a top-down attitude
had started to disenfranchise the rank and file.
When the ballots were counted, Faville placed
a distant third. Marlin surpassed Schwitz, but neither
carried a majority. Voters faced a distinct choice.
Schwitz had a strong labor-relations
background, ran the national office
in McNally’s absence, and represented
continuity at headquarters.
Marlin was part of
the younger generation of
controllers hired in the past
decade, someone who embraced
open communication,
and sought to achieve
the union’s goals by influencing
Congress and the
news media.
During a runoff election,
Marlin did not campaign
and continued to focus on re-certifying
at the center to help stay in touch with life in the
field, a decision she now calls “foolishness.” Indeed,
her original 458-vote lead dwindled to just sixteen
votes in the runoff. Ballots were tabulated in the firstfloor
conference room at headquarters using dollarbill
counters and workers conducted several tallies to
verify the results.
Aug. Sep.
31
The FLRA certifies NATCA as the exclusive bargaining representative
for 263 FAA workers in the Airports Division and
airport district offices.
8
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
213
Ruth Marlin: After attending the union’s
Lobby Week in 1994, she became a strong
advocate of maintaining close ties with
lawmakers in Congress. / NATCA archives
The FLRA certifies NATCA as the exclusive bargaining representative
for 13 FAA workers in the Airworthiness Programs
Branch.

214
2000
Against the Wind
12
When Marlin took her place on the National
Executive Board (and began posting weekly updates
on the Web, too), she joined Carol Branaman, the
newly elected Northwest Mountain Region vice
president. It was the first time in NATCA’s history
that women served on
the board.
While Branaman
is happy to see that rep-
resentation in the union’s
leadership, she says it was
not the reason she campaigned
for the position.
“There’s a point at which
an organization has to
decide that it’s a union—
principally, to make it a
union rather than a loosely
knit group of regions,
all of which were going
their own way.”
Branaman had
been a union member
most of her adult life.
The FAA hired her at
Daytona Beach Tower/TRACON in 1975 and she
later became a PATCO facility rep. As one of the
first women in the tower, she encountered unique,
and often petty, issues.
Sep. Sep.
The FLRA certifies NATCA as the exclusive bargaining representative
for 532 FAA workers in the Aircraft Certification
Service.
“
There’s a point at which an
organization has to decide
that it’s a union—principally,
to make it a union rather
than a loosely knit group of
regions, all of which were
going their own way.
The manager’s daughter accompanied Branaman
to lunch on her first day at work because, the
young woman explained, her father didn’t know what
to do with his new female employee. When Branaman
issued clearances to pilots, she often endured long silences
before hearing the
incredulous response, “Is
that a girl talking?”
Branaman trans-
— Northwest Mountain Region
VP Carol Branaman
17
ferred to Denver Centennial
Tower in May
1981 after resolving
not to strike, a decision
prompted by her perception
that the impending
walkout was more about
the leadership than the
membership. Though
not involved in organizing
NATCA, she joined
the union after it was
certified and ultimately
became the facility rep.
She also served on several
projects, including FAA
reform and the 1998 contract team, before running
for the National Executive Board in 2000.
Her campaign manager, Denver Center facility
rep Chris Monaldi, remembers the night Branaman
About 260 participants attend “NATCA in Washington.” Membership
financial contributions during the week push the union’s
PAC over the $1 million mark for the first time.

2000
The Fifth National Executive Board
Four new
faces joined the
board in 2000:
Alaskan:
Incumbent Ricky
Thompson from
Anchorage Center
easily defeated
Doug Holland to
win his second
term.
Holland
worked at Chicago
TRACON and his
candidacy involved
an interesting quirk in the union’s constitution.
Candidates are permitted to run
for vice president in regions other than
where they work; however, controllers
can vote only in their own region.
Central: John Tune from Kansas
City Center beat incumbent Bill Otto
from St. Louis TRACON.
Eastern: Incumbent Joe Fruscella
from New York TRACON ran unopposed
for his third term.
Great Lakes: In his second campaign
for the position, Alternate Regional
Vice President Pat Forrey from Cleveland
�
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
NATCA archives
The current leadership: NATCA’s fifth National Executive Board includes, from left: John Tune; Central; Jim D’Agati; Engineers & Architects; President
John Carr; Rodney Turner, Southern; Carol Branaman; Northwest Mountain; Mark Pallone, Southwest; Pat Forrey, Great Lakes; Mike Blake,
New England; Kevin McGrath, Western-Pacific; Ricky Thompson, Alaskan; Executive Vice President Ruth Marlin; and Joe Fruscella, Eastern.
Center edged out Kevin Christy from
Chicago Center.
New England: Incumbent Mike
Blake from Boston Center ran unopposed
for his second term.
Northwest Mountain: Carol
Branaman from Denver Centennial Tower
defeated Mike Motta from Seattle TRA-
CON.
Southern: Incumbent Rodney
Turner from Nashville Metro Tower/
TRACON won a second term by beating
1998 contract team member Andy
Cantwell from Miami Tower.
Southwest: Eric Owens from
Houston TRACON outpolled incumbent
Mark Pallone from Dallas-Fort Worth
TRACON, but neither earned a majority.
Dennis McGee from DFW Tower also ran
and collected 19.5 percent of the vote. In
a runoff, Pallone retained his seat for a
second term.
Western-Pacific: Kevin McGrath
from Southern California TRACON defeated
incumbent Gus Guerra from Oakland
Center, making this the only region
to select a new vice president in each of
NATCA’s five national elections.
215

216
19xx
Against the Wind
2000 Election
Results
�
President
John Carr Great Lakes Cleveland TRACON 4,446 61.7
Joseph M. Bellino Great Lakes Chicago TRACON 1,396 19.4
F. Lee Riley Southern Atlanta Center 1,369 18.9
Executive Vice President
Ruth Marlin Southern Miami Center 3,401 47.0 3,437 50.1
Randy Schwitz / incumbent Southern Atlanta Center 2,943 40.6 3,421 49.9
Will Faville Jr. Great Lakes Muskegon Twr./TRACON 897 12.4
Regional Vice Presidents
Votes Percent
Alaskan
Ricky Thompson / incumb. Anchorage Center 104 98.1
Doug Holland
Central
Chicago Center 2 1.9
John Tune Kansas City Center 201 54.6
Bill Otto / incumbent
Eastern
St. Louis TRACON 167 45.4
Joe Fruscella / incumbent
Great Lakes
New York TRACON 975 100.0
Pat Forrey Cleveland Center 780 56.0
Kevin Christy
New England
Chicago Center 614 44.0
Mike Blake / incumbent
Northwest Mountain
Boston Center 237 100.0
Carol Branaman Denver Centennial Tower 306 56.1
Mike Motta Seattle TRACON 239 43.9
Runoff
Votes
Runoff
Percent

Southern
Rodney Turner / incumbent Nashville Metro Twr./TRA. 853 56.2
Andy Cantwell
Southwest
Miami Tower 665 43.8
Mark Pallone / incumbent DFW TRACON 304 34.4 474 54.0
Eric Owens Houston TRACON 407 46.1 403 46.0
Dennis McGee
Western-Pacific
DFW Tower 172 19.5
Kevin McGrath Southern Calif. TRACON 398 40.1 621 56.3
Gus Guerra / incumbent Oakland Center 350 35.3 482 43.7
Tony Yushinsky Tucson TRACON 186 18.8
Howie Rifas John Wayne Tower 58 5.8
Engineers and Architects (special election in 1999)
Jim D’Agati Great Lakes 107 47.8 126 57.5
Pete Healy Southwest 108 48.2 93 42.5
James “Ajax” Kidd Washington Center 9 4.0
Engineers and Architects (regular election in 2000)
Votes Percent
Jim D’Agati / incumbent Great Lakes 184 100.0
Runoff
Votes
Runoff
Percent
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
217

Ruth
Marlin
Executive Vice President
2000 — Pre s e n t
Op e r a t i n g in i t i a l s: SL
HOm e t O w n : Joppatowne, Maryland
sp O u s e / CHildre n:
Scott / Sean
Ot Her tr i v i a:
Hiked across the Grand Canyon
in t e r e s t s:
Skiing, art, entertaining
Peter Cutts
ATC FACiliTies
Cu r r e n t:
pr e v i O u s: ZMA
NO National Office
Center
Ruth Marlin stumbled into the profession of air
traffic control, but she quickly developed a
passion for NATCA and a vision for increasing the
union’s influence. While selling ads for the Yellow
Pages in Deerfield Beach, Florida, she heard a radio
commercial about the FAA’s entrance exam for
controllers and took the test one Saturday morning
“because I had nothing better to do.”
By the time the agency hired her eleven
months later, she’d worked at a chiropractor’s office
and maintained the computer network at a venture
capital firm. Although not thrilled about the prospect
of living in Oklahoma City during training,
“I had a really good time at the academy,” Marlin
says, and she soon discovered the exciting challenge
of her new career.
After checking out at Miami Center, she
began lobbying to get involved in the union local
and was appointed treasurer (later elected to two
terms). Then-facility rep Tim Leonard encouraged
Marlin’s activism and she was assigned to attend
Lobby Week. Those four days in Washington in
1994 changed her life in NATCA.
“It was great. It was three hundred people,”
she says. “It was that big NATCA love.”
Rubbing shoulders with so many activists
who shared similar interests energized her. Among
the participants was Trish Gilbert, a former Hous-
Pr e v i o u s NATCA Po s iT i oN s / AC h i e v e m e N T s
Chairwoman of Nat’l. Leg. Comm., Southern Reg.
Leg. Comm.; South Florida leg. rep; liaison to FAA;
earned B.A. and M.A. at George Meany campus.
hir e d
Dec.
1990
ton Center facility rep whom Marlin regarded as
an idol because “she had clearly earned the respect
of her peers with her effortless leadership style.”
Marlin returned to Miami with a heightened sense
of political awareness, became the center’s first
legislative rep, and helped create the South Florida
Legislative Committee to lobby for preserving the 5
percent operational differential paid to controllers.
Like other legislative activists, Marlin viewed
Congress as a needed ally as much, if not more,
than the FAA. To help increase membership awareness
in this regard, she spearheaded a philosophical
shift in Lobby Week, a $200,000 annual event,
to a more educational orientation rather than
focusing on a single issue.
“It’s an open door,” Marlin says. “Fac rep
training is for fac reps. Conventions are for delegates.
But Lobby Week is for anyone who wants to
show up and learn.”
The evolution of the renamed NATCA in
Washington occurred while Marlin served as
chairwoman of the National Legislative Committee,
experience that paved the way to her election
as executive vice president in 2000. Her work in
the legislative arena has attracted accolades from
many members. One of her most cherished compliments
came several years ago from Trish Gilbert,
who told Marlin she was her idol.

expressed interest in running.
“It clicked for me
right away,” he says. “I
felt that the union needed
to promote women
and minorities better.
This was just a middleaged
white guy’s organization.
We needed a
different perspective at
the table.”
Called a visionary by
some of her colleagues, Branaman authored a paper
proposing the adoption of professional standards.
“It’s a theory by which peer assessment is much more
effective than the top-down hierarchy that we’ve
got going,” she says. “You have to function in teams,
teams who care about one another and who are responsible
for one another.”
While some see the value of the proposal,
Branaman thinks it was introduced before its time:
“It takes the union into a gray area. It’s uncomfortable
for people. But it’s where we’re going, where we
have to go.”
2000
11
Oct.
Former Southwest Regional Rep Ed Mullin,
an early proponent of professional standards, agrees.
“We’ve never been good at the inward look. It’s easier
to blame the agency,” he says. “If we’re professional
about it, we need to deal with it. It’s arrogant and
stupid to ignore it.”
1. Sharn, Lori. 1990. Air controllers face long-standing problem. USA Today. 13
April, final edition.
2. 1991. TCAS installation should cease indefinitely until the system’s flaws are
ironed out. NATCA Newsletter. October.
3. 1993. Unnecessary altitude deviations due to TCAS are increasing, wreaking
havoc on the air traffic control environment. NATCA Newsletter. February.
4. Weintraub, Richard. 1994. FAA grounds two key parts of big computer
project. The Washington Post. 4 June, final edition.
5. 1997. NARI receives more than $1 million in grants. The Air Traffic Controller.
September.
6. Miller, John M., and Saffle Jr., Charles F. 1996. The JOVIAL/MIL-STD-1750A
Integrated Tool Set.
7. 1989. IFATCA ’89. NATCA Newsletter. June.
8. Shorrock, Tim. 1996. Ex-MEBA president gets five-year sentence. Journal of
Commerce. 30 January.
9. 1996. 1996 convention propels NATCA into the future. Radar Contact.
October.
10. Ibid.
The FLRA certifies NATCA as the exclusive bargaining representative for
FAA employees in the Logistics, Finance, and Computer Support divisions
in the Alaskan Region.
Chapter 6: Spreading its Wings
219
Carol Branaman: Women served on the
union’s National Executive Board for the
first time in 2000. Branaman, a controller
since 1975, was elected Northwest Mountain
Region vice president. / NATCA archives

“ Safety and
corporate America
do not go
arm in arm.
— Former President
Michael McNally
ATC One: Archie League, the nation’s first
air traffic controller, pioneered his profession
in St. Louis about the time of the
stock market crash of 1929. / National Archives

Chapter 7
The Skies Ahead
When controller Archie League arrived for his day shift at Lambert
Field in St. Louis, he did not don a headset. Radio communication
with pilots was another year off in 1929. The tools of the
trade for League, generally considered to be the first air traffic controller in the
United States, consisted of checkered and red flags, a beach chair, notepad,
water, and his lunch.
Every morning, the former barnstormer and
mechanic piled his equipment in a wheelbarrow
that he’d rigged with an umbrella to protect him
from the sun. Then he trekked across the 170-acre
dirt airfield, positioned himself at the approach end
of the runway, and waved his flags to issue holding
or landing clearances for inbound pilots.
League was employed by the city of St. Louis.
Other large airports followed suit and began hiring
controllers, too. However, pilots had a hard time seeing
them from above and it was nearly impossible for
the controllers to simultaneously direct more than
one arriving plane.
Within several years, flourishing traffic
forced dramatic changes. Twin-engine Boeing
247D and Douglas DC-2 airliners swarmed above
Chicago, Cleveland, and Newark. One airport official
said as many as fifteen planes often circled
overhead, “all of them blind flying and trying to
keep at a different altitude, and some of them low
on gas.” 1 Near misses occurred regularly. Local
officials worried about planes crashing into neighborhoods
and enacted flying restrictions around
major airports.
In response, Congress formed the Bureau of
Air Commerce in 1934 to create and operate an
air traffic control system. But the Great Depression
still gripped the nation and the new agency could
National Archives
Newark control: Earl Ward, left, and R.A.
Eccles track aircraft at the nation’s first
Airway Traffic Control Unit in 1935. Ward
helped to develop the concept of ATC.

222
Against the Wind
National Archives
Privatized ATC: Four airlines operated this first Airway Traffic Control Unit at Newark Airport—plus others in Chicago,
Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and Oakland—for seven months before the Bureau of Air Commerce took over in July 1936.
2000
26
Oct.
not afford to carry out its mission. Accordingly, the
Commerce Department asked the airlines to run the
system until it could take over. American, Eastern,
TWA, and United opened the first Airway Traffic Control
Unit at Newark Airport on December 1, 1935.
The FLRA certifies NATCA as the exclusive bargaining representative for
22 controllers in the Hawaii Air Guard and Defense Department on the
islands. This is the eleventh and last new bargaining unit organized by the
Soon after, the four airlines launched facilities
in Chicago, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and Oakland,
California. Dressed in white shirts and ties, controllers
received position reports from airline dispatchers
and pushed brass shrimp boats tagged with information
about each flight across aeronautical charts to
monitor their progress. They issued clearances by
telephone to the dispatchers, who relayed them to
pilots via primitive radios.
By mid-1936, the Commerce Department was
flush enough to acquire the operations and staff them
with federally certified controllers. Many of the airline
employees joined the Bureau of Air Commerce so
they could continue working at the renamed Airway
Traffic Control Stations.
Except for some very small, municipally
owned towers run by private firms, air traffic control
remained within the province of the federal government
for nearly half a century.
In the wake of the 1981 strike, a hamstrung
FAA turned to the private sector once more. Scrambling
to keep the system running with just one-quarter
of its controller work force, the agency closed
eighty small facilities known as Level I VFR towers.
Two-thirds of the towers were reopened by the fall of
1984, including nine operated by private companies
under contract with the FAA. The towers ranged
from North Myrtle Beach in South Carolina to Laredo,
Texas, to Pendleton, Oregon.
union during the calendar year. NATCA now represents 15,000 controllers,
80 percent of whom are union members, and nearly 4,000 other FAA
employees, whose membership percentage varies.

The contract program expanded to thirty facilities
by late 1993, when the FAA announced that it intended
to privatize the remaining 101 Level I towers
over the next four years.
Concerned about the fate of some 1,150 controllers,
who could be transferred at the agency’s
whim or simply let go, NATCA sued. The union
charged that the FAA failed to comply with rules
requiring government agencies to determine whether
7
FYI
Archie League, the nation’s first air traffic
controller, ultimately graduated to using a radio to
guide aircraft.
He also went on to earn a degree in aeronautical
engineering at Washington University in St. Louis
and flew as a pilot during World War II.
In 1937, League joined the Bureau of Air Commerce,
which evolved into the Civil Aeronautics Authority
and today’s FAA. During his 36-year career,
he served as assistant administrator of the Central
Region, director of the Southwest Region, and
director of Air Traffic Services at FAA headquarters
before retiring in 1973.
League died on October 1, 1986. He was 79.
Dec.
President Clinton signs an executive order mandating the FAA to reorganize
its air traffic control operations into a performance-based Air Traffic
Organization. He defines such services as “inherently governmental.”
services they provide are “inherently governmental”
or a “commercial activity” before awarding a contract.
The law permitted private firms to handle commercial
services only.
At the same time, National Executive Board
member James Ferguson, whose Northwest Mountain
Region stood to lose the most towers, volunteered to
work with the agency on arranging transfers for the affected
controllers. Then-President Barry Krasner hedged
his bet and readily agreed. He believed contracting out
was wholly within the purview of the FAA and doubted
that NATCA would win its case in court. *
While the agency initially contended it knew
best where people were needed, Ferguson successfully
argued that giving employees a say on where
they moved would improve their morale and job performance.
Out of these talks came the Direct Placement
Program, which essentially guaranteed Level I
controllers the right to transfer to the higher-density
facility of their choice.
Krasner viewed the program with mixed emotions.
Although the Level I controllers would be taken
care of, he recognized that the union was establishing
a precedent on contract towers. He also knew that
some Level II and III controllers who’d been trying
to move up the ranks might be frustrated when their
colleagues leapfrogged over them to larger facilities.
Given his pessimism concerning the ongoing
legal battle, however, he reluctantly signed an
Chapter 7: The Skies Ahead
Clinton names five members to a board of directors that will serve as an
oversight committee and directs that a chief operating officer be hired.
223
James Ferguson: When the FAA contracted
with private firms to operate 101 small
towers during the mid-1990s, NATCA’s
Northwest Mountain Region vice president
worked with the agency to ensure
that affected controllers could transfer to
the facility of their choice. / NATCA archives
* In the eight years since NATCA filed its
original lawsuit—as well as a second suit in
1999—the case has remained unresolved
after a series of partial union victories and
appeals. In February 2002, the U.S. Court of
Appeals in Cleveland directed the FAA, once
again, to complete a “final” attempt to bring
its privatization program into compliance
with federal law.

224
Against the Wind
FYI
Until 1998, the FAA
ranked its towers and TRA-
CONs on a five-tier scale
according to traffic volume.
Level V was reserved for
the busiest facilities. En
route centers were ranked
on a different three-level
scale, and controllers at the
busiest facilities were paid
the same as those at Level V
towers and TRACONs.
Level I VFR (Visual
Flight Rules) towers were
not equipped with radar
and handled general aviation
traffic in good weather only.
Under the reclassification
plan adopted by the
FAA in 1998, all facilities are
now ranked from ATC-4 to
ATC-12 based on traffic volume
and operational complexity.
Two higher grades—
ATC-13 and -14—were built
into the scale to accommodate
future growth.
2001
agreement with the FAA
to implement the Direct
Placement Program.
“It was a victory for
the people. It was a loss for
the union,” says Krasner,
who regards the issue as
the one key failure of his
presidency.
A twelve-member
Level I Contracting Committee,
composed equally
of FAA managers and
union representatives, was
formed to carry out the
program. The agency gave
NATCA some latitude by
allowing it to recommend
which facilities would be
transferred to private operators
each year.
Although the program was hailed as a success
for the controllers involved, the overall toll on
the union is represented by what its members call
the “Wall of Shame.” Covering one side of the main
conference room on the fifth floor of NATCA headquarters
are the local charters of 101 towers that were
once unionized but have since been contracted out.
Another thirty-four privately run towers have been
Jan. Jan.
The FLRA certifies NATCA as the exclusive bargaining representative
for the FAA’s 50 regional and center counsel.
4
20
Japphire
Wall of Shame: Union charters from towers that have been contracted out to private firms hang in a
conference room at NATCA headquarters. The union has reorganized thirty-four contract towers.
reorganized by NATCA. Unless it’s absolutely necessary,
Krasner won’t enter the room.
“I just can’t look at it,” he says. “It eats me
alive.”
One of Krasner’s fears about the Direct Placement
Program reared its head not long after the
remaining towers went private, posing a significant
challenge to NATCA’s future. In 1998, Congress directed
the FAA to study the feasibility of expanding
Transportation Secretary Rodney E. Slater leaves office after
serving since February 14, 1997.

its contract program to all non-radar towers, which
would include Level II and III facilities (now rated
ATC-8 and lower). Murmurs also buzzed through
Congress and the airline industry about spinning off
transoceanic flight operations from the FAA, a potentially
lucrative segment of the air traffic system.
Meanwhile, a staunch public policy advocate
named Robert Poole proposed turning all air traffic
operations over to a private entity funded entirely by
user fees. Poole, founder of a think tank called the
Reason Foundation, had advocated the privatization
of many government services for more than two decades.
He based his model for air traffic control on
Nav Canada and similar ATC systems in Australia,
New Zealand, and elsewhere. His views attracted
attention at the end of the millennium as burgeoning
air traffic led to unprecedented flight delays and
Congress grew increasingly frustrated with the FAA’s
laggardly pace of modernization.
Under the current U.S. system, larger airports
assess airlines and general aviation pilots landing
fees to help pay for operational costs and facility
improvements. Money from an airline passenger
ticket tax and a fuel tax assessed on GA pilots goes
into the Airport and Airway Trust Fund, which
Congress appropriates to the FAA for other capital
expenses. However, one-third of the agency’s operating
budget ($6.9 billion in fiscal year 2002) comes
from general tax revenue.
25
Jan.
Norman Y. Mineta takes over as transportation secretary. Mineta served
as a Democratic congressman from California for two decades and as
Commerce Department secretary under President Clinton. In 1997,
Poole and other proponents argued that a selffunded
system would alleviate the congres sional
budget battles that had plagued civil aviation ever
since the Bureau of Air Commerce was formed
nearly seventy years ago. They also contended it
would expedite modernizing air traffic control facilities
and reduce delays, which by the summer of
2001 reached an all-time high of one of every four
commercial flights.
Over the years, NATCA had endorsed two
proposals to create a quasi-governmental body to
operate air traffic control on the premise that such
an agency could free the union from the constraints
of the civil service pay system and potentially hasten
Chapter 7: The Skies Ahead
225
The finances of flying: Privatized ATC
systems charge user fees. In the United
States, landing fees, fuel and ticket taxes,
and general tax revenues pay for operating
and capital expenses. / Brian Fallon
Mineta chaired the National Civil Aviation Review Commission, which recommended
restructuring the FAA into a government-run, performancebased
organization.

226
Against the Wind
The bottom line: NATCA argues that
the drive for profits in a privatized ATC
system competes against safety in terms of
adequate staffing and training.
* Despite fifty-seven co-sponsors, Ford’s bill
never came up for a vote in the Senate.
** The Transportation Trades Department is an
umbrella organization composed of thirtyfour
AFL-CIO unions representing aviation,
rail, transit, trucking, highway, and longshore
workers.
2001
badly needed equipment upgrades. The union supported
Sen. Wendell Ford’s bill for an independent
FAA in 1988 and worked with the Clinton administration
to create its USATS plan in the mid-1990s. *
However, NATCA opposed privatization and
further contracting out. It
also kept a watchful eye
on other proposals. When
the Clinton administration
drafted an executive
order in late 2000 to create
a performance-based
organization, the union’s top two officers and the
Transportation Trades Department’s executive director
attended a White House meeting to help ensure
that the mandate described air traffic control as an
inherently governmental function. **
Saving jobs was not NATCA’s sole concern.
Many members worried about the inevitable tradeoff
between safety and the bottom line. Bill “Blackie”
Blackmer, a former director of safety and technology
for the union, says ever-increasing traffic puts pressure
on controllers, whose adherence to safety margins
can result in delays. “What scares our people
most is the pressure we’d feel in the private world.”
One measure of that influence and the effect of
mounting traffic is the number of near misses on the
ground, referred to as runway incursions. A record
431 incidents were reported in the United States
Jan. Feb.
30
NATCA signs two collective bargaining agreements with the
FAA representing engineers/architects and traffic management
specialists.
28
during 2000—or more than one a day. The National
Transportation Safety Board considered the problem
so acute that it listed prevention of runway incursions
as one of its most-wanted safety improvements.
While many incidents are relatively minor,
the potential for disaster is
always present. Aviation’s
worst accident in history
occurred when two Boeing
747s collided on a
fog-shrouded runway on
Tenerife in the Canary Islands
in 1977, killing 582 people.
NATCA feared, with some justification, that
a privatized system would create an acute staffing
shortage and compromise safety. Its neighbor to the
north provides an example of a privatized model.
Nav Canada, a nonprofit corporation, paid the
Canadian government C$1.5 billion to take over air
traffic control operations in 1996. Airlines and other
users pay Nav Canada fees for its services. The firm
estimated that airlines saved more than C$225 million
in fiscal year 2000 compared with their previous
costs under Canada’s air transportation tax. 2
Although Nav Canada has spent C$500 million
on modernization, the Canadian Air Traffic
Control Association maintains that some of the savings
should have been allocated for further improvements.
Other savings have come from Nav Canada’s
A 6.1-magnitude temblor severely damages the Seattle-Tacoma
International Airport control tower. Ignoring orders to evacuate,
Brian Schimpf clears twelve remaining arrivals to land.

practice of closely matching traffic patterns with
variable work shifts lasting six to eleven hours from
one day to the next to minimize staffing. However,
many of its 2,000 controllers complain about chronic
fatigue.
Former CATCA
President Fazal Bhimji
has said that it’s not
uncommon for many
Canadian controllers to
work nine consecutive
days with one off. “The
extreme variation in shift
lengths and start times,
as the employer tries to
match its anticipated
traffic with staffing, is
creating havoc on our
controllers’ sleep patterns
and their personal lives.”
Bhimji’s successor,
President Rob Thurger,
points out that understaffing is systemic: “Scheduling
practices show that Nav Canada staffs for the
ninetieth percentile of demand. So, at any given time,
the system demand could be at least ten percent over
capacity.” 3
Boston Center controllers experienced that
equation firsthand during the summer of 2000 when
7
they asked Nav Canada for permission to route some
regional jets north of the New York border to avoid
thunderstorms. The Canadians denied the request,
citing insufficient flights to warrant paying another
controller to work overtime.
Those already on
duty could not handle
the overflow and, consequently,
the flights were
“
delayed.
Bad weather typically
accounts for about
70 percent of traffic
holdups. Much of the rest
have been caused by saturated
capacity at major
airports, where runways
cannot physically accommodate
the number
of planes scheduled to
arrive and depart within
a given hour. In the face
of mounting delays during the late 1990s, Congress
and the Air Transport Association became increasingly
critical of the FAA and its beleaguered air traffic
control system.
NATCA President John Carr’s pronouncement
that “delays are on the ground—not in the air” became
a rallying cry for the union in 2001 and formed
The extreme variation in
shift lengths and start times
… is creating havoc on our
controllers’ sleep patterns and
their personal lives.
— Former CATCA President Fazal Bhimji
Apr. May
Atlanta TRACON begins operations in a new consolidated
facility in Peachtree City, Georgia. Macon and Columbus TRA-
CONs are scheduled to move into the building within a year.
14
Chapter 7: The Skies Ahead
About 285 participants attend “NATCA in Washington.”
227

228
Against the Wind
A concrete solution: NATCA President
John Carr, center, and Capt. Andy Deane,
an Air Line Pilots Association member, appeared
in a television commercial in 2001
to convey the message that lack of runway
capacity causes flight delays. / NATCA archives
2001
24
May
part of a public relations campaign that shifted the
focus away from the FAA.
“For anyone under the mistaken impression
that you can add limitless demand to a finite system,
I’ve got a news flash for you—you can’t,” Carr contended.
“Fifty miles of concrete poured at the twentyfive
busiest airports would do more for this country’s
aviation needs than privatization ever will.”
Working with Hill & Knowlton, a worldwide PR
firm, NATCA also produced commercials for CNN’s
Airport Network and ran print ads in AOPA Pilot, Roll
The FAA selects Lockheed Martin Corporation to upgrade the agency’s
Anchorage, New York, and Oakland oceanic control centers. Lockheed’s
system, which is used by privately run Airways New Zealand, will elimi-
Call, and elsewhere to educate the public
about privatization and other air traffic
control issues. The union also created toy
Beanie planes named Roger and Journey
to distribute to members of Congress
during NATCA in Washington.
As the union’s PR campaign gathered
steam, the ATA, a trade group representing
twenty-two domestic airlines
and five international carriers, toned
down its attacks on the FAA and supported
NATCA. ATA President Carol
Hallett also distanced the association
from Poole’s privatization proposal and
acknowledged the need for infrastructure
improvements.
“We must now set real, achievable
priority targets to rapidly address system
inadequacies,” she said. “What we do not need
is another protracted debate among academics and
theoreticians about the merits of a privately run air
traffic control system.” 4
Cataclysm on September 11
Rumblings over privatization and traffic delays
vanished—at least temporarily—in the thick, ominous
smoke that billowed from four plane crashes on
September 11, 2001.
nate the need for controllers to use paper strips and track oceanic flights
with grease pencils on Plexiglas charts. Such rudimentary tools have been
in use since the 1930s.

The day dawned under brilliant blue skies
along the East Coast. By mid-morning, the sun shone
over a nation in shock from ghastly terrorist attacks
carried out by Islamic extremists associated with
Saudi Arabian exile Osama bin Laden. Some
3,000 victims from eighty nations died in
the catastrophe, including Susan Mackay,
the wife of a Boston Center controller.
After American Airlines
flight 11, a Boeing 767 destined
for Los Angeles, slammed into
the north tower of the World
Trade Center in New York at
8:46 a.m., a few broadcast news reporters
speculated about a grievous
air traffic control error. Sixteen minutes
later, a United Airlines 767 barreled
into the south tower, making it painfully
clear the crashes were no accident.
Controllers had already alerted the military that
hijackers commandeered the two aircraft. They’d also
passed along a chilling message from one of the terrorists
aboard American flight 11 who said, “We have
some planes.” 5 The hijacker thought he was speaking
to passengers on the airliner’s public address system.
Instead, his words were transmitted over the radio
frequency, providing controllers with confirmation
that something was terribly wrong.
6
June
The FAA and The Boeing Company’s Air Traffic Management unit each
unveil long-range plans for improving the ATC system. The FAA’s plan,
estimated to cost $11.5 billion, consists of several projects already in de-
But the horrific sequence of events unfolded
too quickly to prevent disaster.
One after the other, the planes raced south over
the Hudson Valley and reached their target before
two F-15 fighter jets from Otis Air National
Guard Base in Falmouth, Massachusetts,
were able to intercept them. The twin
110-story towers, consumed by an inferno
raging at 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit,
collapsed in the next ninety
minutes.
Not long before the second
tower was struck, Indianapolis Center
controllers lost radio contact with
another American jet. The radar target
for Los Angeles-bound flight 77
disappeared, too. At 9:24 a.m. Danielle
O’Brien in the Dulles TRACON
noticed an unidentified blip on her scope
moving rapidly from the southwest toward prohibited
airspace over the White House and Capitol
known as P-56.
Flight 77 had resurfaced. In spite of urgent
warnings from Dulles, the Boeing 757 crashed into
the Pentagon before fighter jets from Langley Air Force
Base in Hampton, Virginia, could arrive to stop it.
Half an hour later, passengers overwhelmed
the hijackers aboard a United Airlines 757 en route
from Newark to San Francisco. During the ensuing
Chapter 7: The Skies Ahead
229
Jane Garvey: The FAA administrator
credited the fast actions of controllers
with preventing more loss of life after the
terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001:
“It was public service at its best.” / FAA
velopment. Boeing’s blueprint relies heavily on satellites to provide navigation
and communication services. Boeing’s John Hayhurst stresses that his
company’s plan would minimize the need for ground-based facilities.

230
Against the Wind
Dick Swauger: NATCA’s national technology
coordinator previously assisted the
union with its comprehensive facility and
pay reclassification project. / NATCA archives
* The National Airspace System was shut down
to commercial and general aviation traffic for
the first time on September 10, 1960, when
the Defense Department conducted a sixhour
air drill known as Operation Sky-Shield.
2001
11
Sep.
struggle, the plane nose-dived into a field about three
miles from the tiny burg of Shanksville in western
Pennsylvania.
Shortly after the two planes hit the World Trade
Center, the FAA Command Center banned all
takeoffs nationwide. As more information
poured in, it became obvious that the
best move was to land the remaining
4,500 aircraft as soon as possible.
Transportation Secretary Norman
Mineta issued the order at 9:45
a.m., shutting down the National
Airspace System for only the second
time in history under a modified implementation
of a plan known as the
Security Control of Air Traffic and
Navigation Aids—or SCATANA—
which was developed in the 1960s to
clear the skies in the event of a nuclear
attack. 6 Controllers guided 700 planes
back to the ground in the first four minutes
and the remainder in another two hours. *
FAA Administrator Garvey credits the extraordinary
actions of controllers with preventing further
loss of life. “The prevailing view—and one that I
share—is that greater tragedies might have occurred
but for their fine actions,” she says. “It was public
service at its best.”
Recognizing the controllers’ efforts, Mineta
Terrorists commandeer four airliners in an attack that kills some 3,000.
The hijackers fly two Boeing 767s into the World Trade Center in New
York, causing both towers to collapse from the ensuing fire. They fly a 757
subsequently presented them with the Transportation
Department’s 2001 Gold Medal for Outstanding
Achievement.
The airspace system remained shut down for
two days to commercial flights. General aviation
traffic was grounded for a week and many
private planes were stranded for several
months due to new flying restrictions
in high-density areas. Controllers
and pilots contended with almost
daily changes in procedures during
the initial weeks after the attack.
Ironically, three-quarters of
the union’s National Executive Board
and facility representatives from five
regions were gathered in New Orleans
for a meeting on September 11
and spent several frustrating days trying
to get home to help controllers on
the front lines.
NATCA’s Critical Incident Stress
Management Team also swung into action. The
specially trained volunteers, who counsel their colleagues
to help them deal with traumatic events,
had their work cut out for them. Like many people
in Manhattan, controllers on position at LaGuardia,
Newark, and Kennedy towers endured a front-row
seat to the smoke rising from the gaping hole in New
York’s skyline for several weeks.
into the Pentagon. A 757 crashes in Pennsylvania after passengers fight
the hijackers to prevent further attacks. All air traffic in the United States,
except for military flights, is grounded for only the second time in history.

Amid a clamor for heightened airport security,
President Bush signed a law to federalize passenger
screeners—though with misgivings. New regulations
on baggage screening were also adopted.
While the attention focused solely on airports,
many air traffic control facilities were still vulnerable.
Security usually consisted of little more than
chain-link fences and a guard stationed at the front
entrance. NATCA urged the FAA to position armed
guards at all control towers and radar facilities, and
to redesign employee identification cards to minimize
the chances of tampering or duplication.
Perfection, Nothing Less
As the tragic events of September 11 jolted the
U.S. aviation industry out of its longstanding complacency
over security, NATCA’s core argument against
privatization—that air traffic control is an inherently
governmental function—took on a new dimension and
affirmed the controllers’ role in homeland defense.
But the passionate dedication of a cadre of
NATCA activists concerned with safety and other issues
has remained constant since the union’s earliest
organizing days. Much of their devotion stems from
the nature of the profession, where perfection is the
minimum performance standard and a momentary
lapse of attention can wreak tragic consequences.
Dick Swauger, a PATCO controller who now
13
Sep.
Limited commercial flights resume, however, passenger traffic declines
dramatically. General aviation planes are permitted to fly IFR on September
15. VFR flights resume four days later, but restrictions near major
works in the union’s Safety and Technology Department,
likens the job to boxing. “The only problem is
you never win and you never lose. You come away
from it and feel good if you didn’t make any mistakes,”
he says. “After that, you need something else
to put those energies into. A lot of controllers feel
very happy that they can do something.”
Those who turn to activism to satisfy their
craving to do more often find themselves pulled into
a vortex of nonstop involvement. National Executive
Board members and facility representatives receive
official time off from the agency to conduct union
business. But NATCA’s evolution and its many accomplishments
have also come at the hands of
countless activists working on their own time
without financial compensation. Their commitment
exacts a toll.
Extensive travel has been a factor in divorces
that have touched nearly every National Executive
Board, along with activists in the field. Several longtime
regional vice presidents have left the board and
returned home to children who’d grown a foot or
more during their extended absences. Contract team
members and those who are assigned to Washington
for a year or more as liaisons and technical representatives
know well the personal cost of participation.
Back home, their spouses shoulder a greater burden,
willingly or not.
Chapter 7: The Skies Ahead
In May 1986, John Thornton visited Howie Barte Courtesy of Mike Hull
airports leave thousands of private planes trapped where they were on the
ground when the attacks occurred. All commercial airports reopen except
National, due to security concerns; limited flights resume on October 4.
231
Steve Schneider
The union label: “NATCAvists” are passionate
about their organization. Above:
Many members demonstrate their allegiance
with special license plates. Below:
Oakland Center controller Mike Hull, a
NATCA liaison to the FAA, shows off his
pride in a more personal manner.

232
2002
Against the Wind
Phil Barbarello: A Pennsylvania police
officer startled the longtime New York
TRACON facility rep by “arresting” him
during a session of the 1996 convention in
Pittsburgh. The officer’s brother, a controller,
concocted the prank. / NATCA archives
at his home in rural Rhode Island and was greeted by
an indignant 10-year-old. “You took my dad,” Susan
Barte said. Thornton nodded with understanding. “My
daughter says the same thing,” he replied.
“The involvement is like a mistress,” says former
Central Region Vice President Michael Putzier.
“You have to be really careful because it can
completely consume all of your time.”
Christine Neumeier, the longtime
Southwest Region office administrative
assistant, regards the members
as her children. It is a sentiment that
explains why she and other dedicated
staff members can often be found
working on NATCA business well
past 5 p.m.
The union’s ongoing successes
and its necessary involvement in
decisions affecting the National Airspace
System continue to lure 5 percent
to 10 percent of its members into
the ring of activism like a narcotic. Legions
of others help by contributing to the union’s
Political Action Committee or simply paying dues.
The net result can be seen in NATCA’s contract
gains with the agency, its significant influence in
the industry and on Capitol Hill, its effective dealings
with the news media, and its recognition by
organized labor.
Jan. May
7
The FLRA certifies NATCA as the exclusive bargaining representative
for 950 FAA staff support specialists. This is the twentieth
bargaining unit organized by NATCA since its inception. 19
Although NATCA is a relatively small union,
Labor Relations Director Bob Taylor notes that its
voice is strong. “No doubt, we lead the way in the
labor movement in the federal government for all bargaining
unit employees and their families,” he says.
Such a string of victories has its downside.
More than a few members worry about the
inevitable serious setback. “Sooner or later,
it’s going to happen and it will be a
major shock. I don’t think the union’s
ready for it,” James Ferguson says.
For the time being, however,
NATCA remains justifiably proud
of its accomplishments and enjoys
a level of partnership with the FAA
that eluded previous generations of
controllers and agency managers.
Many union members are quick to
share the credit.
“Jane Garvey and her immediate
staff are phenomenal,” says Phil Barbarello,
the facility rep at New York TRACON.
“They’ve truly changed the way we think about
the agency. They’re more collaborative. And it’s starting
to trickle down. I don’t think there’s any turning
back. Too many people within the general ranks like
working with each other.”
From Garvey’s perspective, NATCA leadership
has played a big role in turning collaboration into
About 275 participants attend “NATCA in Washington.”

eality.
“I’ve been very lucky to have McNally and
Carr. Both are gifted leaders. Both were right for their
time,” she says. “Mike understood the collaboration
piece and the concepts of productivity and taking
on more responsibility.” As the relationship matures,
Garvey notes, each side must rely on the other for
support, a concept that Carr intuitively grasped. “He
always comes with the notion of problem-solving.”
She also lauds Carr for his exceptional communication
skills. “I don’t think there is anyone better in
Washington at capturing the public’s attention,” Garvey
says. “He’s galvanizing. He says the right thing in
the right way. It’s great fun to watch him.”
The trade publication Aviation Daily echoed that
sentiment when it named Carr the second most-influential
person in aviation for 2001. The honor was bestowed
in recognition of controllers’ efforts on September
11, but it also underscored the great strides NATCA
had made since its inception fourteen years earlier.
Air traffic controllers have always provided a
5
Sep.
NATCA holds its ninth biennial convention at the Cleveland Convention
Center, with the Sheraton City Centre serving as the host hotel.
guiding voice on the radio. Yet they have struggled
for decades to attain one in the workplace. Today,
NATCA and the FAA regard each other as partners
like never before. Despite the unprecedented changes,
though, realists understand that the process will
never be complete.
“We haven’t fully gotten there yet. We’re not
done,” Garvey says. “It’s like any relationship. You
have to constantly work at it.”
1. Komons, Nick. 1986. Aviation’s Indispensable Partner Turns 50. U.S. Department
of Transportation.
2. Flint, Perry. 2000. A towering success. Air Transport World. October.
3. 2001. CATCA says, “Privatization is not justified by Nav Canada example.”
The Air Traffic Controller. July/August.
4. Air Transport Association archives. News release of March 1, 2001.
5. Wald, Matthew, and Sack, Kevin. 2001. “We have some planes,” hijacker told
controller. The New York Times. 16 October.
6. Schwartz, Stephen I. 2001. This is not a test. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
November/December.
Chapter 7: The Skies Ahead
233

Index
Note
Page references in italic type
refer to information contained in
illustrations or photographs.
A
AATCC New England, 57, 58–59,
61, 65
Abbott, David C., 110
activism, of NATCA members,
231–232
Advanced Automation System
project (AAS), 157, 179, 182
Aero Center map, 39
AFL-CIO
accepts NATCA as direct
charter, 8, 188–191
Article 20 hearing on AFGE/
MEBA, 64–65
and NATCA’s Chapter 71 rights
fight, 157–158
Transportation Trades
Department, 226
Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA),
54–55, 57, 62, 64–65
Airport and Airway Trust Fund,
153, 225
Airport Surface Detection
Equipment (ASDE), 53
air traffic assistants, 56, 59
Air Traffic Control Association
(ATCA), 18
air traffic control operations
ARTS system, 17, 18, 175, 181
centers, 17–18
equipment, 10, 15, 16, 17
late 1950s, 15–16
modernizing, 229
origins of, 221–222
post-strike, 35–36
Project Beacon, 16–18
STARS system, 17, 175, 181,
182–183
Air Traffic Organization, 223
Air Transport Association (ATA),
24, 228
Alaskan Region, 176
Albuquerque Center, 31–32
Allen, Tom, 53
Alsop, Frances, 105, 147
Alternate Dispute Resolution, 117
alternate work schedules (AWS),
170–171
American Air Traffic Controllers
Council (AATCC), 54, 72
logo, 71
American Federation of
Government Employees (AFGE)
AATCC organizing efforts, 47,
53, 54, 55, 56–65, 67,
72
drug testing opposition, 99
American Federation of State,
County and Municipal
Employees (AFSCME), 67
American Federation of Teachers
(AFT), 67
American Medical Association
(AMA), 64
Anchorage International Airport,
53
arbitration, 116, 117
arrival metering, 34
asbestos removal, 173–174, 184
Ashwood, Thomas, 64
Atlanta Center, 52–53, 56–57, 175
Atlanta Center local offices, 109
Atlanta TRACON, 184, 227
Atlantic City Tower, 54
Automated Radar Terminal System
(ARTS), 17, 18, 175, 181
automation specialists, 56, 58–59
Aviation Labor Coalition, 157,
159–160
Aviation Safety Commission, 76,
94
Aviation Safety Reporting System,
21, 127
B
Bailey, F. Lee, 21, 22, 23
Baker, Gordon, 121
Bamberger, Richard, 84, 100, 101,
103, 128, 137, 139
Barbarello, Phil, 36, 51, 160, 168,
205, 232
Bargaining units. see also NATCA—
bargaining units within
Aerospace Medicine, 194
Air Traffic Control Specialists,
194
Aircraft Certification, 194
Airports Division, 194
Airworthiness Engineers, 194
Automation Specialists, 194
Budget and Financial Analysis,
194
Cherry Point Marine Corps Air
Index
253
Station, 194
Engineers and Architects, 180,
185, 191-192, 194
Engineers (Oklahoma City/
Atlantic City), 194
Hawaii Department of Defense,
194
Hawaii National Guard, 194
Logistics, Finance, Accounting
Information Services
Division, 194
Notice to Airmen Office, 194,
196
Regional Counsel’s Office, 194
privately employed Air Traffic
Control Specialists, 194
Staff Support Specialists, 194
Traffic Management
Coordinators, 163, 191,
194
Barry Krasner Building, 2, 9, 106,
195–196, 197
Barte, Howie, 1, 6, 84, 100, 103, 137
and AATCC logo, 61, 71
Aviation Subcommittee
testimony, 85
biographical sketch, 66
elected AATCC New England
rep, 55–56, 58
and NATCA certification, 89
and NATCA creation, 65–70
proposes CEO model, 93–94
on strike’s effect on operations,
33, 34
Bayone, Tom, 192
Bay TRACON, 149
Bears, Ed, 146–148
Bell, R. Steve, 73, 84, 100, 128

254
Against the Wind
biographical sketch, 104
elected first president of
NATCA, 95–99, 97, 102
and first contract negotiations
with FAA, 124, 125, 126
and John Thornton, 94
joins union movement, 74–75
at New York TRACON, 51
1991 election, 135
Bellino, Joseph, 100, 103, 113, 114,
137, 138
and Barnstable Tower, 146
biographical sketch, 140
loses 1997 election, 160
and NATCA organizing, 83
and pay demo, 146–148
runs for executive vice
president, 134–135
and seniority policy, 207–208
and Sunday pay settlement, 147
Bentley, John, 47, 52
Bhimji, Fazal, 227
Blackmer, Bill “Blackie,” 160, 166,
226
Blake, Mike, 164, 215
Blaylock, Ken, 48
Blittersdorf, Karen, 165
Bolling, Charlie, 47, 52
Bolton, Richard, 102
Bond, Langhorne M., 21, 22, 73
Boston Center, 174, 184, 227
Bottini, Dave, 63–64
Boughn, Chris, 168
Bradley-Windsor Locks Tower, 54
Branaman, Carol, 95, 142, 159,
168, 214–219, 215
Brandt, Dan, 42, 80, 84, 94, 96, 98,
100, 102, 114, 137, 138
Brawner, James, 137, 139
Breen, James, 95, 100, 103, 137,
139, 152
Bridgeman, Owen, 103, 137, 139,
152, 165
Brissenden, Ken, 143
Brown, David, 84
Brown, Don, 1, 35, 40, 46
Browne, Walter, 97
Buckles, Jim, 136
building fund, NATCA, 170, 194
Bullard, Margaret L., 165
Bureau of Air Commerce, 221–222
Burnett, James, 77, 91
Burnley, James H., 101, 111
Busey, James, B., IV, 116, 136
Butterworth, Valerie and Bob, 200,
201
Byrnes, Barrett, 205
C
Calhoon, Jesse, 23
Canada, ATC operations in, 226–
227
Canadian Air Traffic Control
Association, 226–227
Candaele, Kelly, 62–64, 73, 76, 97
Cannon, Cheryl, 108
Cantwell, Andy, 117, 165, 168, 210,
215
Card, Andrew H., 137, 142
Carlisle, Don, 128
Carr, John, 44, 115, 118, 163, 168
biographical sketch, 212
and Jane Garvey, 233
joins union effort, 81–83
and safety campaign, 228
and “the shroud,” 165
training, 41
2000 election, 209–210
Carson, Johnny, 21
Carter, Jimmy, 16
Carter, Randy, 53
Cascio, Paul, 128, 137, 139
Chapter 71 rights issue, 156–160,
202
Chavez-Thompson, Linda, 157
Cherry Point Marine Corps Air
Station, 191
Chicago Center, 19, 173–174, 175
Chiles, Lawton, 181
China Lake Naval Weapons Center,
148
choirboys, 12, 23, 25
Christy, Kevin, 192, 193, 215
CIP (controller incentive pay), 169
Civil Aeronautics Administration
(CAA), 16
Clementz, Larry, 100, 102
Clendenin, Alan, 175
Clinton, Bill, 145, 158, 171, 223
Coiro, Anthony, 113, 127, 128
Cole, Martin, 184–186
Command Center, 104
committees. see NATCA
committees
Communications Workers of
America, 67
CompuServe aviation special
interest group, 121
computer bulletin boards, 121–123
Conklin, Kenneth, 49
Connor, Mike, 185
Conom, Nick, 36
contracts. see NATCA–FAA
contracts; PATCO–FAA 1981
contract negotiations
contract towers issue, 153, 161,
178, 187, 222–224
Controller Incentive Pay, 149
conventions. see NATCA national
conventions
Coulter, Mike, 151, 165
Critical Incident Stress Debriefing,
159
Critical Incident Stress
Management Team, 230–231
Crouse, Jack, 43, 47, 52, 57, 70
Cullison, Alexander “Doc,” 5–6, 27,
76–79, 80–81, 186–187
Cunningham, Debbie, 175, 176
D
D’Agati, Jim, 164, 192, 193, 215
D’Alessio, Joe, 58
Dallas-Fort Worth International
Airport, 158
Damalas, Al, 53
Data Link, 184
Davies, Scott, 121
Day, Ed, 162
“deals,” 16, 69, 77
Deane, Andy, 228
DeFries, Clayton E. “Gene”, 65, 67,
68, 88, 94, 186–187
Delaney, Dennis, 84, 85, 100, 103
delays, airline, 227–228
Denver Center, 35
Denver International Airport, 163
Detling, Chalmer, 165
Direct Access Radar Channel
(DARC) systems, 20, 26
Direct Placement Program, 223–
224
Display System Replacement
project (DSR), 157, 176, 179–
180
Dole, Elizabeth, 50, 99
Dresden, Tony, 105
dress code, 36
drug testing, 72, 99, 100
dues, 87, 110–111, 198–199
Duffy, Henry A., 55, 64
Dunigan, Joe, 84

Dupon, Duane, 143
Dyess Air Force Base, 38
E
Eads, Gary, 27, 29, 40
Eccles, R.A., 221
Edmunds, Jim, 76
Ehrlichman, John, 23
elections, see under NATCA
national elections
emeritus members, 95
Engen, Donald D., 55, 57, 67, 69,
70, 90, 91, 95
Engineers and Architects
bargaining unit, 180, 185,
191–192
F
FAA. see also NATCA–FAA
contracts; PATCO–FAA 1981
contract negotiations; strike,
1981 controllers’
administrators, since 1958, 161
Advanced Automation System
project (AAS), 157, 179,
182
age limits for controllers, 47
Automated Radar Terminal
System (ARTS), 17, 18,
175, 181
commissions first DARC, 20
contract towers issue, 153, 161,
178, 187, 195, 208,
222–224
Controller Incentive Pay, 149
created, 16
Critical Incident Stress
Debriefing, 159
Direct Placement Program,
223–224
Display System Replacement
project (DSR), 157, 176,
179–180
facilities security, 42, 231
Facility Advisory Boards (FABs),
42–43
“Flow Control 50” implemented,
27, 32
Free Flight program, 82
funding and privatization,
224–226
General Aviation Reservation
system, 54
Human Relations Councils
(HRCs), 42
independence hearings, 99, 107
Jones Committee reports, 37,
41, 43
NATCA liaison position, 177–
179, 180
National Airspace System Plan, 42
Pay Demonstration Projects,
114, 135, 146
reclassification of facilities in
1998, 224
replacement controllers, training
and treatment, 5–6,
34–43
seeks consolidation of AATCC
regional certification
petitions, 57, 58
Standard Terminal Automation
Replacement System
(STARS), 17, 175, 181,
182–183
Structured Staffing program,
45–46, 51
supervision culture of, 19–20
FAA Academy, 18, 21, 36, 37–41
Facility Advisory Boards (FABs),
42–43
Facility Representative and
Leadership Training course,
115–123
Fallon, Brian, 120, 174
FAM trip privileges, 24, 73, 197
Faville, Will, Jr., 84, 100, 102, 137,
147, 164, 177, 182, 183
Federal Labor Relations Authority
(FLRA), 38, 41, 50, 58, 163
Fellows, Mike, 35
Ferguson, James, 149, 152, 164,
185, 186, 202, 223
Fisher, Freddie, 42
Fitas, Dan, 168
Fletcher, Robert, 100, 103
“Flow Control 50,” 27, 32
Ford, Mike, 55
The Forgotten Promise: The
Resurgence of Unionism Among the
Air Traffic Controllers, 79
Forrey, Pat, 147, 151, 152, 199, 215
Frank, Barney, 99
Frascone, Jim, 192
Free Flight program, 82, 160, 205
Fruscella, Joe, 51, 110, 141, 143,
152, 164, 215
Future Air Navigation System, 168
G
Galipault, John, 121
Galloway, Tom, 49
Garvey, Jane, 168, 183
collaboration emphasis, 160,
161, 182, 232–233
credits controllers’ actions on
September 11, 2002, 230
Index
255
1998 contract negotiations, 7–8,
170–171
General Aviation Reservation
system, 54
George Meany Center for Labor
Studies, 114–115, 117
Gibbons, Ray, 118, 177
Gilbert, Fred, 19–20, 55, 58, 84, 87
on controller treatment after
strike, 34–35
and FAB national meeting, 34,
42–43
runs for president of NATCA,
96–99, 98, 102
supports rehiring controllers,
74–76, 79
Gilbert, John, 31–32
Gilbert, Trish, 110, 161
Gisala, Wilma, 109
Goldschmidt, Neil E., 19
Gordon, Richard, Jr., 105, 108, 109,
137, 143, 159, 194, 199
Green, Dee, 175
Green, Veronica, 118, 119
Green, Jim, 167
Green Book, The, 35–36
Greer, Phil, 55
Gropper, Donna, 55, 56, 69
Grundmann, Karl, 84, 90, 100, 102
108, 137, 139, 153
and dues increases, 198
liaison to FAA, 159, 178–179
runs for executive vice
president, 96–99, 97
on union leadership by
controllers, 93
Grundmann, Susan see under Tsui
Grundmann, Susan
Guensch, Craig, 36–37
Guerra, Gus, 164, 215

256
Against the Wind
H
Haines, Tim, 137, 138, 150–153
Haldeman, H.R. “Bob,” 23
Hallett, Carol, 228
Hambrick, Melissa Lee, 165
Hampton University, 127
“Handbook for Air Traffic
Employees in Centers and
Towers,” 35–36
Hanley, Scott, 180
Hanson, Terry, 185–186
Hartney, Dennis, 153
Hastert, Dennis, 173
Hatfield, Mark, 158
Hays, Jimmy, 22
Healy, Pete, 192, 193, 217
Helms, J. Lynn, 22, 37, 54
Herman, Tony, 7–8, 168, 169–170
Hiatt, Jon, 188
Hicks, Joel, 73–74, 108, 182
Hightower, Laura Caroline, 165
Hill & Knowlton, 228
Hinson, David, 145, 176
Hintz, Doug, 192
Hoffman, Bob, 53
Holland, Doug, 121, 215
Hood, Mark, 165
House of Representatives, U.S. see
U.S. Congress
Houston Center, 33
Howe, Curt, 192
H.R. 2663, 146
H.R. 4003, 75–76, 79
Hull, Mike, 117, 231
Human Relations Councils (HRCs),
42
Humphreys Adell, 92, 105–107,
196
biographical sketch, 106
Hurricane Andrew, 178
I
IBM
3083-BXI “Host” computers, 63,
108
9020 computers, 16, 18, 63
RISC-6000 computers, 157
immunity program, operational
error-reporting, 73, 127–128
Intentionally Left Blank, 118
International Civil Aviation
Organization, 183
International Federation of Air
Traffic Controllers’ Associations
(IFATCA), 8, 183–186
Irving, Mike “Iggy,” 120
J
Jacksonville Center, 18
Jeffries, Terri, 109
Johanssen, Howard, 72–73, 86
Jones, Gordon P., 100
Jones, Lawrence M., 37
Jones, Rick, 45, 47
Jones Committee reports, 37, 41, 43
Jordan, Garlon, 192
Joseph, Art, 55, 128
JOVIAL computer language, 181
K
Kansas City Center, 170
Katz, Deborah Ann, 138
Kaufman, Andy, 182
Keeling, Jay, 143
Keener, Kevin, 207
Keeney, Dan, 68, 72, 84
Keesler Air Force Base, 38
Kelley, Steve, 51, 75
Kennedy, John F., 16, 18
Kerr, George, 13, 25, 51, 53, 55
Kidd, James “Ajax,” 115, 116, 121,
164, 166, 217
Kilgallon, Joe, 105, 141, 150
Kirkland, Lane, 37
Kochis, Kim, 61, 71
Koonce, Taylor, 211
Kramer, Lonnie, 128, 143
Krasner, Barry, 100, 102, 128, 143,
152, 168
accomplishments during second
term, 160
biographical sketch, 132
conducts third convention
meetings, 131
and Direct Placement Program,
223–224
and dues increases, 198–199
emeritus member, 95
and IFATCA, 186
introduces constitutional
amendments on
membership, 94
and MEBA disaffiliation, 187–188
1993 contract team, 143–146,
144
1998 contract negotiations, 7–8,
163
office motif, 193–194, 195
organizing at New York
TRACON, 51–52
runs for president, 133–134,
137, 138
Kremer, Leo, 121
Kuhl, Tim, 121, 168
Kushner, David, 57, 58, 67
Kutch, Mark, 114, 125, 126, 128,
138, 143
L
Labonte, Bobby, 211
“Labor and Management: Partners
in Problem-Solving,” 136.
see also Quality Through
Partnership (QTP)
Landry, Dave, 19, 20, 70, 84
Lane, Sally, 32
Lasker, T. Craig, 142, 152, 165
Laughter, Doug, 122, 123
Lawless, Scott, 84, 100
lawsuits, 101, 105
League, Archie, 220, 221, 223
Leonard, Tim, 100, 103, 165
Lewis, Drew, 19, 26, 37, 50
Leyden, John, 7, 22, 86
career highlights, 14
and choirboys, 12, 25
elected PATCO president, 22–23
honorary lifetime membership,
95
and John Thornton, 48
ousted as PATCO president,
11–13
and reclassification, 169
and rehiring of fired controllers,
200
and vocational retraining, 24
liaison and technical representative
program, NATCA, 177–179,
180, 182
lifetime members, honorary, 95
Llafet, Greg, 115–117
lobbying efforts and programs,
NATCA, 156–160, 172, 175–
176, 210–213
“Lobby Week,” 146, 158, 164, 170,
175, 176, 179
Lockheed Martin Corporation, 228
logo, NATCA, 70, 71, 130

logo quilt, 92, 107
Lombardi, Bill, Jr., 49
Low-Level Wind Shear Alert
Systems (LLWAS), 46, 64
M
Mackay, Susan, 229
“Magnificent Seven,” 146
Magnuson, Warren, 16
Maher, Jack, 20, 21
Majors, Floyd, 192
Maltby, Cam, 151
Marine Engineers Beneficial
Association (MEBA)
affiliation agreements/fees, 88–
89, 111–113
and civil lawsuit legislation, 101
final loan payment to, 111, 168
NATCA disaffiliation, 178, 179,
184, 186–188
and NATCA organizing, 62,
65, 67, 68, 70–72, 74,
85–87
and PATCO, 5, 9, 23
training facility, 125, 126
Marlin, Ruth, 9, 159, 210–214, 213,
215
biographical sketch, 218
Martin, Mike, 192
McArtor, T. Allan, 95, 111
McCain, John, 158–159
McCann, Jim, 84, 97
McDermott, Jerry, 146–148
McGee, Dennis, 215
McGrath, Kevin, 215
McLauren, Mark, 192
McNally, Michael, 137, 138, 152,
164, 168
assesses Bell’s performance, 136
biographical sketch, 162
and Chapter 71 rights fight,
157–158
doesn’t run for re-election, 209
emeritus member, 95
and Jane Garvey, 160, 161–162
at New York Center after strike,
34
1998 contract negotiations, 7–8,
168–171
as QTP National Coordinator,
135, 141
and Steve Bell, 75
Meachum, Cathy, 95, 204–206
Meachum, Darrell, 179, 180,
204–206
Means, Bruce, 143, 168
media use, by NATCA, 175
Metropolitan Controllers
Association, 21
Meyer, Greg, 177
Meyer, Robert, 29, 40
Miami Tower, 36–37
midair collisions, 16
Mike Monroney Aeronautical
Center. see FAA Academy
Mineta, Norman, 73–74, 185, 225,
230
minimum safe altitude warnings,
34
Moen, Kenneth, 103
Molen, Gary, 58, 72, 84, 88, 100,
103, 137, 139, 152–153
emeritus member, 95
and John Thornton, 94
and NATCA certifying election,
90
organizing at Salt Lake Center,
61–62, 63
retires, 149
Molinari, Guy, 67, 69, 76
Monaldi, Chris, 214–219
Monroney, Mike, 16
Montoya, Ken, 156, 158–159, 168
Morin, James, 107–108
Morris, Ed, 121, 123
Motta, Mike, 143, 215
Mullin, Ed, 84, 100, 103, 137, 139,
153
biographical sketch, 78
and certification election, 90, 91
emeritus member, 95
joins FAA, 77
O.N.E. Dues Back Trust
program, 110–111
organizing efforts, 6, 79–80
and pay raise negotiations, 168
“Southwest Rule” (contingency
fund), 111
and Wright Amendment, 202–
203
Murphy, Bill, 142
Murphy, Doug, 39
N
NATCA
approved as exclusive
bargaining agent of
controllers, 6–7, 86,
89–91
bargaining units within, 191–
193, 194, 210, 213, 214,
219, 222, 232
building fund, 170, 194
Chapter 71 rights issue, 156–
160, 202
charter member pin, 90
charter members, 236-249
Critical Incident Stress
Management Team,
230–231
Index
257
dues, 87, 110–111, 198–199
emeritus members, 95
employees, 245
Facility Representative and
Leadership Training
course, 115–123
files election petition, 83
finances, and MEBA loans, 88,
111–113, 123, 150, 168,
194
health and working conditions,
173–175
interim constitution, 85, 87
liaison and technical
representative program,
177–179, 180, 182
lifetime members, honorary, 95
lobbying efforts and programs,
156–160, 172, 175–176,
210–213
Logistics, Finance, Accounting,
Information Services
Division bargaining
unit, 203
members, 236–249. see also
individual names
membership milestone figures,
110, 129
name and logo adopted, 70, 71
national office and staff, 2, 9,
105–110, 106, 193–196,
202
O.N.E. Dues Back Trust
program, 110–111
Radar Tower Coalition, 182
regional divisions, 95, 234
safety concerns and initiatives,
176–186, 226–228
seniority issue, debates and
policies, 144, 163–165,
174, 191, 200, 205–208
Small Region Coalition, 95-96

258
Against the Wind
“Southwest Rule” (contingency
fund), 111
training programs, 114–123
“Wall of Shame,” 224
Web site, 117, 122
NATCA Charitable Foundation
(NCF), 204–206
NATCA committees
National Communications
Committee, 121, 123
National Legislative Committee,
175
Political Action Committee, 8,
120, 176
Reclassification Committee
(facility and pay), 141,
150–153, 168, 169, 224
NATCA–FAA contracts
1989, 110, 113, 114, 125–129,
128
1993, 137, 143–149
1998, 7–8, 163–171, 168
NATCA in Washington, 176, 179,
186, 213, 227, 232
NATCA Membership Investments
Incorporated (NMI), 196–197
NATCA national conventions
National Convention Body, 235
founding (1986), 81, 84, 85–89
second (1988), 93–95, 103
third (1990), 126–133, 205
fourth (1992), 138
fifth (1994), 155
sixth (1996), 174
seventh (1998), 191
eighth (2000), 205
ninth (2002), 233
parliamentarians, 94
NATCA national elections
1988, 95–101, 100–101, 102–
103, 109
1991, 133–136, 137–139
1994, 152–153, 154–155, 160
1997, 164–165, 166–167
2000, 213–214, 215–217
NATCAnet, 121–122
NATCA Racing, 211
NATCA Shop, 119–120
NATCAvists, 231–232
The NATCA Voice, 118–120, 174
NATCA (Washington Center),
45–48, 52, 56, 57
National Airport (Washington,
D.C.), 28
National Airspace System Plan, 42
National Association of Air Traffic
Specialists, (NAATS), 18–19,
157, 159–160
National Association of
Government Employees (NAGE)
local controllers’ unions formed,
18–19
O’Hare slowdown and
compensation plans,
20–21
National Aviation Research
Institute (NARI), 171, 185
National Communications
Committee, 121, 123
National Executive Board (NEB).
see also provisional Executive
Board
first (1988), 100-101
second (1991), 137
third (1994), 152-153
fourth (1997), 164-165
fifth (2000), 215
expansion of, 193
family toll of, 231
first woman board member, 214
weighted scale proposal, 94-95
National Federation of Federal
Employees, 54
National Legislative Committee,
175
National Maritime Union, 187
Nav Canada, 226–227
Neumeier, Christine, 109
Newark Airport, 222
Newburn, Ed, 114
New England, organizing in,
55–56
New York Center, 54
New York TRACON, 18, 50–52,
109–110, 141
“Nightline” program on ATC, 67,
68–70
Nixon, Richard, 23
Noonan, Joseph, 113, 140
O
Oakland Center, 19
O’Brien, Danielle, 229
O’Brien, Dennis, 84
O’Brien, Joe, 34, 51, 58, 67, 68, 69,
72, 75, 84
O’Hare International Airport, 15,
20
O.N.E. Dues Back Trust program,
110–111
Operational Error Detection Patch
software, 52–53
operational error-reporting, 73, 91,
127–128
“Operation Snowman,” 20
Osborne, William W., Jr., 94, 99,
128, 187–188, 207
Otto, Bill, 141–142, 164, 198, 215
Owens, Chuck, 137, 138
Owens, Eric, 168, 215
Owens, Norbert “Nobby,” 113
P
Padgett, Victor, 48
Pallone, Mark, 164, 186, 215
Pappa, Benjamin, Jr., 103
Parrish, Jeff, 119
PATCO. see also PATCO–FAA 1981
contract negotiations; strike,
1981 controllers’
accomplishments under Leyden,
11–12
affiliation with MEBA, 23
choirboys, 12, 23, 25
creation of, 18–21
decertified, 29, 38
early negotiated victories, 21
endorses Reagan, 16
files Chapter 7 bankruptcy, 43
1978 agreement with FAA, 24
1970 sickout, retaliation, and
reinstatement, 22–24
Second-Career Retirement Bill,
24
work-to-rule slowdown at
O’Hare International
Airport, 15
PATCO–FAA 1981 contract
negotiations
“educational package”
distributed to members,
13
labor agreement with FAA
lapses in March 1981,
21
Poli agrees to FAA’s “final”
contract offer, 24, 26
representatives walk out of
bargaining sessions, 23
second strike deadline set, 26
strike and aftermath, 27–29
strike deadline set, 23, 26, 31

Pay Demonstration Projects, 114,
135, 146, 149
Pearson, Dave, 84, 100, 102
Peer, William, 13
Peña, Federico F., 143, 177
Perrone, Joseph, 102
Phillips, Rich, 141, 152, 165, 193
plane crashes, 1985, 68–69, 130
Planzer, Neil, 178, 179
Poli, Robert E.
assumes leadership of PATCO,
12–13
and FAA’s “final” contract offer,
24, 26
resigns, 29, 40
strike deadlines set, 23, 26, 31
Political Action Committee, 8, 120,
176
Poole, Jim, 58, 84, 98, 118, 137,
138, 141, 152, 164, 173
Poole, Robert, 225
Portner, Courtney, 108
Potzger, Richard H., 154
Preston, Wayne, 13
privatized ATC systems, 224–226,
225. see also contract towers
issue
Professional Airways Systems
Specialists (PASS), 41, 72–73,
131, 157, 159–160, 192
Professional Controllers Alliance,
55, 76
Project Beacon, 16–18, 18
provisional Executive Board, 44,
72, 84
Putzier, Michael, 114, 137, 138,
141, 152, 164
Q
Quality Through Partnership
(QTP), 60, 104, 135, 136, 137–
143, 162
Quonset TRACON, 35, 55
R
radarscopes, 10, 15
Radar Tower Coalition, 182
rainy day fund, 78
Ramsden, Jon, 159
Raytheon Company, 20, 64, 175
Reagan, Ronald
dismissal of 11,000 striking
controllers, 5, 27–28
pledges support to PATCO, 16,
25–26
rescinds order banning fired
controllers from federal
jobs, 39
Reclassification Committee (facility
and pay), 141, 150–153, 168,
169, 224
Reed, Bernie, 137, 143, 145, 148,
149, 153, 163, 168
rehiring of fired controllers, 75–76,
79, 145, 199–201
Reuben, S. Jesse, 58–59
Rich, Sam, 137, 138, 152
Richards, Thomas C., 142
Rifas, Howie, 167, 217
Riley, Bill, 53, 54, 56-57, 61, 137
Riley, Lee, 36, 52–53, 56–57, 84,
100, 103, 137, 160
Rock, Mike, 21
“Rodney Vision,” 122–123
RTCA, Inc., 160
Rucker, Tom, 38, 41
runway incursions, 226
S
safety concerns and initiatives,
176–186, 226–228
safety statistics, 41–42
Salt Lake Center, 20, 33, 62, 76
Saludin, John, 102
Sam Schmidt Paralysis Foundation,
211
Sandbach, David, 115, 116
San Juan CERAP, 59
Schimpf, Brian, 226
Schmidt, Sam, 211
scholarship program, 165
Scholl, Mark, 164, 173
Schwitz, James R. “Randy,” 28,
121, 137, 139, 152, 164
attends IFATCA conference, 185
biographical sketch, 190
and national office building
purchase, 195–196
2000 election, 210, 213
Scott, Mike, 47, 52
Seattle-Tacoma International
Airport, 226
sector suite design, 180
Security Control of Air Traffic and
Navigation Aids (SCATANA),
230
seniority issue, debates and
policies, 144, 163–165, 174, 191,
200, 205–208
September 11, 2001, terrorist
attacks, 228–231
Shandrowsky, Alex, 174, 187
Shedden, Bill, 153
Sheedy, Michael, 73–74
Index
259
“shrimp boats,” 15
“the shroud,” 165
Shuler, David, 100, 103
sickouts, 21, 22
Simon, Paul, 146–148, 156, 173
Simpkins, Walt, 70, 72
Singletary, Cary R., 115, 116
Skinner, Samuel, 111, 136
Skirlick, Anthony “Skip,” 38, 55,
57, 63–64
Slater, Rodney E., 177, 224
Smith, Brandy L., 165
Southern California TRACON, 134
South Florida Legislative
Committee, 210–213
Southwest Region (NATCA), 102,
109
“Southwest Rule” (contingency
fund), 111
Soviet Union ships/cargo, MEBA
longshoremen and, 23
Sperry Univac Corporation, 17, 18
Spickler, Ray, 84, 100, 102, 135–
136
biographical sketch, 112
bypassed at third convention,
131
elected first executive vice
president, 98, 99
at founding convention, 95
IFATCA meeting, 183
and pay demo, 149
re-election bid in 1991, 130
“sprinters,” 27
Standard Terminal Automation
Replacement System (STARS),
17, 175, 181, 182–183
Stephenson, Rob, 143
Stevens, George, 97
strike, 1981 controllers’, 27–32
Stinson, Timothy, 102
Structured Staffing program,

260
Against the Wind
45–46, 51
Success Through Partnership,
113, 136–141. see also Quality
Through Partnership (QTP)
Sullivan, Sallie, 132
Sutherland, Chris, 115, 116
Swauger, Richard, 95, 141, 150,
182, 230
Sweeney, John, 158, 189
T
Taylor, Quentin, 69
Taylor, Robert D., 95, 114, 115–117,
168, 189, 191
Teamsters, 67
Terminal Doppler Weather Radar,
64
terrorist attacks of September 11,
2001, 228–231
Texas, 80
Thoman, Ray, 124, 125, 163–165
Thomas, Beth, 59–61, 73, 127, 128,
208
biographical sketch, 60
Thomas, Chuck, 59, 61
Thomas, David, 18
Thompson, Bryan, 118–120, 119,
121, 123
Thompson, Ricky, 164, 215
Thornton, John
addresses founding convention,
85
as AFGE organizer, 47–50, 55-
56, 67
Barte recommends to coordinate
NATCA organization
under MEBA, 68, 69
biographical sketch, 82
board removes, 203–205
and certification election, 44,
88-90
honorary lifetime membership,
94, 95
MEBA mandates as executive
director, 87–88
as MEBA organizer, 73
as PATCO president, 49
and rehiring of fired controllers,
74, 79
role determined, at second
national convention,
93–94
as senior director for legislative
affairs, 101, 105, 202
and Wright Amendment repeal,
202–203
Thurger, Rob, 227
Tierney, Jerry, 3–5, 182
Timme, Heather, 115, 116
Torchia, Domenic, 19, 29, 40
Traffic Alert/Collision Avoidance
System (TCAS), 25, 151, 177
training programs, 114–123
Trainor, Joe, 159
trans-Atlantic flights, 16
Transportation Department, 230
Transportation Trades Department,
226
Trigler, Stacy, 156
Trumka, Richard, 157
Tsui Grundmann, Susan, 108–109
Tune, John, 37–39, 38, 41, 215
Turner, Rodney, 116, 121, 122–123,
143, 164, 215
U
ULTRA computer language, 181
understaffing, 30, 69
union formation procedure, 50
United Air Traffic Controllers
Lobby, 57
United States Air Traffic Control
Organization (USATCO), 59
University of Oklahoma, 36
U.S. Air Traffic Services
Corporation (USATS), 153, 156
U.S. Congress. see also individual
congressmen
Air Traffic Controller Incentive
and Retention Act, 146
Chapter 71 rights issue, 156–
160, 202
Civil Service Reform Act, 18
FAA Reauthorization Act,
158–159
hearing on controller stress, 43
House Subcommittee on
Aviation, 73–74, 107
H.R. 2663, 146
H.R. 4003, 75–76, 79
Postal Reorganization Act, 22
Second-Career Retirement Bill,
24
Senate Subcommittee on
Aviation, 85, 99
Wright Amendment, 202–203
U.S. Postal Service, 22
V
Van Houten, Steve, 100, 102
Van Nuys Tower, 150
vocational retraining, 24
Volpe, John, 22
W
Wagner Act, 18
“Wall of Shame,” 224
Ward, Earl, 221
Ward, Mark, 100, 103
Washington Center, 3, 4, 30, 45–
48, 52, 57–58
Washington National Airport, 28
Watson, Larry “Bubba,” 164
Web site, NATCA, 117, 122
Whittaker, Jerry, 152, 154, 164
Wicker, Doug, 183
Williams, Paul, 9, 142, 143
Wilson, Barry, 210
wind shear, 46, 64
Woolbright, Rick, 110
World Wide Web, use of, 117,
122–123
Wright, Dale, 117, 195
Wright, James, 202
Wright Amendment, 202–203
Y
Yushinsky, Tony, 217

234
Against the Wind
NATCA at a Glance
California
Hawaii
Washington
Oregon
Nevada
Western-
Pacific
Alaskan
Idaho
Arizona
Northwest
Mountain
Utah
Alaska
Montana
Wyoming
Colorado
New Mexico
The Nine Regions
Nebraska
Texas
North
Dakota
Central
Kansas
Oklahoma
Southwest
Minnesota
Great Lakes
South
Dakota Wisconsin
Iowa
Arkansas
Louisiana
Missouri
Illinois Indiana
Mississippi
Notes
Kentucky
Tennessee
Southern
Alabama
Michigan
Southern Region includes San Juan and the U.S.
Virgin Islands.
Western-Pacific Region includes Kwajalein and
Marshall Islands, American Samoa, and Guam.
Ohio
Georgia
West
West
Virginia
Virginia
North Carolina
South
Carolina
Florida
Pennsylvania
Eastern
Virginia
New York
New
England
Vermont
New
Hampshire
Delaware
Maryland
Maine
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New Jersey
Additional information
is available on the union’s
Web site: www.natca.org
NATCA
1325 Massachusetts Avenue NW
Washington, D.C. 20005
Voice: 202 / 628-5451
Fax: 202 / 628-5767

Director of
Political &
Legislative Affairs
Legislation
Legislative Rep.
Administrative Asst.
Director of
Administration
Constitution
Elections
Regional
Admin. Asst.
Human Resources
Information Technology
Administrative Asst.
Al A sk An RVP
Ce n t R A l RVP
eAsteRn RVP
GR e At lA k e s RVP
new en G l A n d RVP
Director of
Communications
Communication
Media Relations Mgr.
Publications Specialist
Communications Spec.
Director of
Membership
& Marketing
Benefits
Membership Manager
Marketing Specialist
Member Contact Spec.
Receptionist
National Convention Body
National Executive Board
PR e s i d e n t
ex eCu t i V e ViCe PR e s i d e n t
Liaisons
Comptroller
Finance
Deputy Comptroller
Staff Accountant
Accounting Asst. I/II
noR t h w e s t Mtn. RVP
southwesteRn RVP
so u t h e R n RVP
westeRn-PACif iC RVP
enGineeRs & AR C h i t e C t s VP
Director of
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Safety
Technology
Reps
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Administrative Asst.
Regional
Admin. Asst.
Director of
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& Policy
Director of
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Advocate
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Committee
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L.R. Specialists
Administrative Asst.

The NATCA Family
Bargaining Unit Members (as of January 2002)
Names of charter members are in bold
John Michael Aarhus • John A. Aartman • Mark G. Abbey • James R. Abbott • Robert G. Abbott • Teresa L. Abbott • Todd D. Abbotts • William M. Abdalla • Eric K. Abdullah • John D. Abdul-Malik • Chris J. Abel • L. Roger Abel • Tim G. Abels • Karl Aber • Marc M.
Abeyta • Gary Lee Abplanalp • Dean M. Abraham • Janice O. Abraham • Stephen J. Abraham • Lynn M. Abram • Russell O. Absher • George G. Acampora • Tracey E. Acampora • Dennis J. Accavallo • Joe Accavallo • Juliane W. Accavallo • Terrence R. Accoo • Richard
M. Accorto • Thomas M. Achin • Diane Y. Achterling • Gordon F. Acker • Michael R. Ackerman • Robert Todd Ackerman • George F. Ackley • Andrew G. Acres • James P. Adair • Jeffrey S. Adair • Charles F. Adam • Robert R. Adam • Leonard J. Adamczyk • Michael
Adame • Steve Adamek • Amanda M. Adams • Brad Adams • Charles B. Adams • Derrek J. Adams • Donnie Adams • Glenn E. Adams • Gregory J. Adams • John K. Adams • John R. Adams • Mark A. Adams • Marshall Adams • Michael D. Adams • Michael L.
Adams • Pamela D. Adams • Patrick M. Adams • Philip W. Adams • Raymond M. Adams • Rhonda Adams • Theresa J. Adams • Timothy L. Adams • Warren M. Adams • Ronald J. Adamski • Stephen P. Adamski • Jonathan Lee Adcock • Katherine H. Adcock • Thomas
R. Adcock • Mary Anne Addis • Charles Thomas Addy • Robert Adelizzi • Herbert W. Adkins • James D. Adkins • Abner P. Advincula • Blaine G. Agena • Don R. Aggers • Curtis P. Agnew • Vimala Agrawal • Lourdes D. Aguerre-Bennett • Roberto Aguilera • Alice
H. AhLo • John M. Ahearn • Shane T. Ahern • Donald E. Ahlberg • James F. Ahlers • Michael V. Aiello • Gregory A. Aiken • John D. Aiken • Ernest Akau • Jeffrey Scott Ake • Charlie Akers • Gregory S. Akers • Daniel E. Albanese • Glenn S. Albanese • George K.
Alberer • Joe M. Albers • Jonette M. Albers • Richard W. Albers • Edward W. Albert • Merlyn E. Albert • Steven L. Alberts • Jason T. Albold • Frederic Paul Albrecht • Chris D. Albright • James Albright • Thomas Scott Albright • Glen M. Alcantara • Catherine S.
Alcorn • James A. Alcorn • Jeff R. Alcorn • Larry D. Alcorn • Michael E. Alcorn • Michael D. Alcott • Alain Aldama • Bradley I. Alden • Randal M. Alden • David M. Aldrich • Joy Ann Aldrich • Michael F. Aldrich • Guy Douglas Aldridge • Steve Aldridge • Thomas Jay
Alef • Bobbie Lee Alejandre • Mark Phillip Alessio • Dawn Alewine • Kevin Charles Alewine • Michael P. Alewine • Stephen Alex • Allen B. Alexander • Arnold G. Alexander • Beth Ann Alexander • Brett Robin Alexander • Bruce W. Alexander • Chris V.
Alexander • Daniel A. Alexander • David L. Alexander • Keith D. Alexander • Lynn D. Alexander • Michael Eames Alexander • Richard D. Alexander • Robbie R. Alexander • Roland Lee Alexander • Terry W. Alexander • Todd Alfes • Julie Alger • Alexis Raul Ali • Asif
M. Ali • Melissa Alicea • Joseph Aliperti • John R. Aliperto • Carl Joe Alizio • Robert G. Alker • David T. Allan • Loretta Ann Allberry • Lawrence Joseph Allcott • Scott A. Allegretto • Kevin J. Allegrini • Joseph F. Allegro • Steven M. Allemang • Amy L. Allen • Brenda
G. Allen • Charles C. Allen • Darren J. Allen • David W. Allen • Donald F. Allen • Edward A. Allen • Edward F. Allen • George T. Allen • Jeffry R. Allen • Kerry W. Allen • Lawrence F. Allen • Mark D. Allen • Murriel D. Allen • Scott E. Allen • Steven D. Allen • Tami L.
Allen • Thomas J. Allen • Vernon P. Allen • James K. Allerdice • James R. Alles • Barbara G. Allgood • Glen R. Allgood • Virginia A. Allis • Patricia A. Allison • Brady J. Allred • Kevin L. Allsop • Kenneth D. Almand • Juan Almanzar • Gail C. Almeida • Douglas C.
Alms • Barbara A. Alonzo • Steven E. Alqueza • Marianne C. Als • Aric Sean Alston • Kelley R. Althouse • Jon D. Altieri • Michael N. Altmann • Gregory L. Alumbaugh • Eduardo Q. Alva • Merce Alvarado • Orlando Alvarado • Joseph Alvardo • Armando
Alvarez • Michael Alvarez • Gerald Dale Alvord • Gordon K. Amann • Marie Ann Amato • Michael Samuel Amato • Larry C. Ambrose • John B. Amengual • Pamela S. Amerman • Todd K. Amerman • Stephen J. Ames • Abdul Hafiz Amin • Mohammad R. Amini • Brian
Thomas Amireault • Anthony Amodeo • John L. Amor • Alvin L. Amposta • Gary L. Amy • Jeffrey J. Amy • Donald V. An • Edward Anacleto • Bill Ancheta • Shelby D. Anders • Catherine E. Andersen • Anthony Anderson • Billy T. Anderson • Charles Crouse
Anderson • Christian D. Anderson • David L. Anderson • David P. Anderson • David S. Anderson • Dennis M. Anderson • Dhana Marlene Anderson • Doyle B. Anderson • Drew O. Anderson • Dwight D. Anderson • Eric N. Anderson • Erik C. Anderson • Ernest E.
Anderson • Grant R. Anderson • Greg T. Anderson • Holly Marie Anderson • James C. Anderson • Jeffrey A. Anderson • Jeffrey E. Anderson • John D. Anderson • John E. Anderson • John Stanley Anderson • John Anderson • Kent Thomas Anderson • Lars D.
Anderson • Martin Lee Anderson • Michael A. Anderson • Michael D. Anderson • Nathan Anderson • Ray L. Anderson • Richard N. Anderson • Ronald L. Anderson • Stanley N. Anderson • Stephen E. Anderson • Susan E. Anderson • Susan P. Anderson • Tamara L.
Anderson • Tina L. Anderson • Todd A. Anderson • Wendy S. Anderson • Kenneth A. Andrade • Gary A. Andrae • Raymond R. Andrae • Ronald C. Andre’ • John Andrei • Alan Bruce Andrelezyk • Darrin Andrew • Brad L. Andrews • David L. Andrews • George W.
Andrews • John S Andrews • Kyle R. Andrews • Michael E. Andrews • Nathan Andrews • Sandy Andrews • John W. Andrick • Gregory Andriotis • Paul R. Andrus • Charles Andruskiewicz • Marco Angel • Sherry L. Angeley • Neil Angelotti • Dennis J.
Angerman • Judy C. Angle • Theodore W. Angle • Russell A. Anile • John Robert Ankeny • William T. Anker • John Charles Annino • Dan Lee Ansbaugh • Barry Anshell • Kendle G. Anspach • Taso P. Anthan • John G. Antoine • John Antonakos • Felix T.
Antone • Anthony Antonopoulos • Dina R. Antuna • James A. Anzaldi • Frank J. Apel • William M. Apgar • Andy Applegate • Curtis W. Applegate • Craig Applin • Ron Aquilina • Rodney S. Aquiningoc • Anthony J. Aquino • Majid K. Arab • Craig Y. Arakaki • Morris
K. Arakawa • Joseph D. Aramburu • Roberto V. Aranda • Virginia A. Arata • Alfred K. Arbeiter • Bonny L. Arbuckle • Fred R. Arbuckle • David Arcado • Lourdes Arce • William J. Archbold • Anna M. Archer • Michael A. Archer • Andrew T. Archut • Steven F.
Arcio • Charles E. Ard • Thomas E. Arden • Timothy C. Arden • Katherine E. Arehart • Vivian E. Arendall • Diane E. Arendt • Robert J. Arenholz • Chris P. Argalas • Paul R. Argus • Alexander A. Argyros • Patrick J. Arlt • Stephan J. Armocida • David R.
Armstrong • David W. Armstrong • Denis Armstrong • Jack K. Armstrong • James M. Armstrong • Patrick Michael Armstrong • Peggy J. Armstrong • Steve A. Armstrong • Sheldon C. Arndt • William A. Arnett • Bunny L. Arnold • Eric Neel Arnold • James R.
Arnold • James R. Arnold • James Randell Arnold • Jason Ty Arnold • Joe W. Arnold • John S. Arnold • Kirk Allen Arnold • Mark W. Arnold • Peter R. Arnold • Peter V. Arnold • Richard D. Arnold • Shelly R. Arnold • Thomas W. Arnold • Timothy A. Arnold • John
D. Arntz • Harley Aronson • Wesley Arp • V. Homer Arrington • David J. Arroyo • Margarita Arroyo • Craig R. Arruda • Jeffrey T. Arruda • Richard J. Arsenault • Scott L. Arsenault • Marvin Arshawsky • Krikor Arslanian • Randolph E. Arslanian • Adlai M.
Arthur • Vivian A. Artis • Richard L. Arzate • Thomas E. Asbury • Thomas E. Asby • Gary J. Aschenbrenner • Mike G. Ascherl • David M. Ash • James M. Ash • James Ash • Cassie Susan Ashbury • David L. Ashby • James D. Ashe • Roger Harry Asher • Mary A.
Ashley • Francis A. Ashline • Allen A. Ashlock • Scott C. Ashton • Anthony C. Askew • Terry Askew • William A. Aslaksen • Alan H. Ast • Mark Athas • Girard I. Atherholt • Larry Atkerson • Arthur C. Atkinson • Thomas R. Atkinson • Van D. Atmore • Derrick
L. Aubuchon • Ivens Auchet • Gary P. Audet • Harold A. Auer • Allen E. Augustad • Richard S. Augustin • Gregory Augusto • Peter J. Augustyniak • Rana Aujla • Jeffrey M. Aulbach • Albert W. Aulner • Philip R. Aune • Kevin Aurandt • Andy Auscherman • Bonnie
S. Austin • Daniel B. Austin • Mark A. Austin • Michael J. Austin • Richard A. Austin • Stephen A. Austin • Stephen R. Austin • Thomas Patrick Austin • Timothy A. Austin • Dudley Auzenne • Bart B. Avery • Julia Avery • Robert M. Avery • Fabian I. Avilla • Michael
Avitt • Roy K. Awana • Bejie Aweau • Gary S. Ayers • Larry W. Ayers • John P. Aylward • William D. Aynes • Colleen M. Ayotte • Daniel R. Ayotte • Michael A. Ayotte • David A. Ayres • Clinton D. Aytes • Ann Azevedo • James M. Babcock • Jerry W.
Babcock • Robert L. Babcock • Michael J. Babin • Aaron A. Babino • Secundino O. Baca • Denise M. Bachand • Robin L. Bacher • William Kevin Bachman • Barbara A. Bachus-Saunders • Jennifer Bacon • Matthew W. Bacon • William J. Bacon • Cynthia M. Bacon-
Sturgis • Eric J. Baczenski • David D. Baczkowski • Mark Baden • Charles Bader • Matthew C. Bader • Nancy Lea Bader • Chris Badger • Ky D. Badgley • Karl Bading • Jack L. Baggett • Patrick A. Baggot • Donald R. Bagley • James P. Bagley • Stephen P.
Bagley • James D. Baglieri • Leigh S. Bagnall • Kenneth Bagnasco • Charles E. Bagwell • David A. Bagwell • Jay B. Bagwell • Raymond Bahavar • Roger R. Bahl • Gary C. Bahler • John H. Bahns • Matthew W. Bahnsen • Joel M. Bahr • Randall D. Bahrenfuss • Robert G.
Bahrke • Alethea Michelle Bailey • Debbie A. Bailey • Dennis E. Bailey • Frank C. Bailey • Gregory D. Bailey • Henry Eugene Bailey • Janet L. Bailey • Jay L. Bailey • Jennifer L. Bailey • Patricia E. Bailey • Rick Bailey • Russell E. Bailey • Terry N. Bailey • Roger A.
Baim • Brad H. Bain • Bruce M. Bain • Chris A. Bain • Gloria L. Bain • Kevin E. Bainer • Jimmie O. Bair • Kevin Bair • Clifford Baird • David L. Baird • Steven L. Baird • Susan L. Baird • Timothy J. Bakeman • Angela Lynette Baker • Bryan S. Baker • Charles B.
Baker • Charles W. Baker • Charles W. Baker • Charles Baker • Gary D. Baker • Glenn S. Baker • Gregory L. Baker • Jeffrey W. Baker • John W. Baker • Joseph K. Baker • Kathy L. Baker • Kenneth Eugene Baker • Marshall Louis Baker • Paul M. Baker • Phillip
William Baker • Rex A. Baker • Richard T. Baker • Robert B. Baker • Robert L. Baker • Roger A. Baker • Steven Baker • Thomas E. Baker • Timothy W. Baker • James J. Balachowski • John D. Balachowski • John P. Balberchak • John Balbi • Kenneth A. Balch • Michael
E. Balder • David H. Baldwin • Jacqueline A. Baldwin • Michael W. Baldwin • Raymond S. Baldwin • Sam R. Baldwin • Sharon K. Baldwin • John S. Baldyga • John A. Baleski • David M. Balestreri • Susan Balestrier • Michelle F. Bales-Woods • David L. Balkenbush • Steven
P. Balkevicius • Crystal Ball • Daniel Lee Ball • Luke A. Ball • Randall R. Ball • William W. Ball • Ann Ballard • Christopher J. Ballard • Gary D. Ballard • Kenneth D. Ballard • Michael J. Ballard • Rhonda Lee Ballard • Frank Louis Ballif • Timothy A. Ballog • Darryl Keith
Bally • Howard W. Balmer • Douglas L. Balok • Jeff P. Baltzley • Marc D. Balzac • Bernard J. Banche • Rene Laurance Bancroft • Janice M. Bane • Hans E. Banitt • Carol A. Banks • Clayton Mitchell Banks • James A. Banks • James E. Banks • Shawn R. Banks • Kirk S.
Banner • Kevin James Bannwolf • Michael E. Baptiste • Robert B. Barabasz • Charles A. Baratta • David J. Baratta • Phil M. Barbarello • Richard W. Barbas • James Ray Barbee • Ashley M. Barber • Barry W. Barber • Bobby R. Barber • Chad E. Barber • David A.
Barber • Hugh Barber • John B. Barber • Kirk R. Barber • Robert A. Barber • Joseph Barberia • John R. Barbieri • Jesse R. Barcinas • Don E. Barclay • John J. Barcus • Paul L. Bardwell • Rufus B. Bardwell • Mark John Barger • John R. Bargerhuff • Alan P. Barker • Brett
O. Barker • Bryan Barker • David K. Barker • Ryan B. Barker • Wayne T. Barkfelt • Ronald Jay Barkley • Loretta Barlow • Roger A. Barlow • William K. Barlow • Thomas A. Barnard • Thomas J. Barnard • Alan L. Barnes • Brian J. Barnes • James A. Barnes • Julie A.
Barnes • Lisa D. Barnes • Mark A. Barnes • Morris N. Barnes • Scott S. Barnes • Thomas H. Barnes • Era L. Barnes-Wagner • James R. Barnett • James Richard Barnett • Jodi Lynne Barnett • Maury K. Barnett • Richard E. Barnett • Thomas E. Barnett • John C.
Barnewall • Cindy L. Barnhart • William B. Barnhart • Ramon Barnowski • Anthony J. Baron • Candy L. Barr • Troy L. Barr • Thomas V. Barrale • Anthony J. Barrett • Bruce W. Barrett • Charles E. Barrett • Edward V. Barrett • James Patrick Barrett • John J.
Barrett • Lorraine H. Barrett • Michell J. Barrett • Robert W. Barrett • Susan Barrett • Tim D. Barrett • Stephen Barringer • Bruce R. Barris • Mark P. Barron • Vincent L. Barron • Charles R. Barry • Michael F. Barry • Michael R. Barry • Howie Barte • J a n e t
Bartek • Rodney Bartek • David Alan Bartel • James C. Bartel • Bronson M. Barth • Chris J. Barth • Michael N. Bartholomew • John G. Bartimoccia • Byron M. Bartkiewicz • Gregory J. Bartlett • John Bartlett • William A. Bartlett • Keven Bartness • Eugene Samuel
Barto • Raymond T. Bartolotta • John J. Bartosiewicz • Todd J. Bartoszek • Richard F. Bartow • Patricia Jo Bartz • Michael J. Barutha • Danny R. Basham • John E. Basham • Domingo Basilio • Mohanned A. Basith • Anthony R. Bass • Edward J. Bass • Alan B.
Bassett • Charles Thomas Bastien • Francis Robert Bastis • Stephen M. Batchelder • Robert F. Bateman • Bruce E. Bates • Charles T. Bates • Daniel Dean Bates • John W. Bates • Michael E. Bates • Stanley E. Bates • Steven E. Bates • Susan Bates • William C.
Batie • Rachelle Marie Batista • Laverne Battle • Nicole Battle • Sharon A. Battles • Paul S. Baudanza • Kathleen Sue Bauer • Keith R. Bauer • Troy Bauer • John A. Bauers • Birthland O. Baugh • Jeffrey Lee Baugh • Richard G. Baugh • Randall Lee Baughcum • Benny
W. Baughman • David G. Baum • Stephen M. Baum • Charles K. Bauman • Richard J. Bauman • Stephen R. Bauman • Vincent E. Bauman • Michael D. Baur • Cheryl Ann Bavister • Brett L. Baxter • Kent A. Baxter • Kimberly M. Baxter • Wayne D. Baxter • Thomas J.
Bayalis • Joel Michael Bayes • John Bayone • Thomas F. Bayone • Darrell P. Bazman • Julie Anne Bazman • Pinkney C. Beach • Mark R. Beadle • James E. Beadling • John L. Beall • Mark Richard Beall • Paul D. Beall • Jon A. Bealles • Vicki D. Bealman • David Glenn
Beam • Michael K. Beam • Catherine E. Beard • Dennis H. Beard • Mark William Beard • Marnie Lynn Beard • Nathaniel D. Beard • Ralph J. Beard • Scott E. Beard • Jeffrey R. Beasley • Mary Melissa Beasley • Ronald G. Beasley • Charles Beaton • Mark Anthony
Beaton • Russell C. Beatse • Charles F. Beattie • Thomas R. Beattie • Scott D. Beauchamp • Barbara A. Beauchat • John F. Beauchat • David G. Beauchesne • Bruce M. Beaulieu • Dennis M. Beaulieu • Ann Beauman • William E. Beaumont • Timothy J. Bechtler • Kenneth
Robert Bechtold • Alex L. Beck • Bryan D. Beck • Charles N. Beck • David E. Beck • Douglas D. Beck • Jimmy C. Beck • Karen L. Beck • Michael L. Beck • Robert E. Beck • Robert K. Beck • William M. Beck • Alex H. Becker • Daniel Becker • James R. Becker • Mark
E. Becker • Philip D. Becker • Robert H. Becker • Holly Beckley-Bailey • John N. Beckman • Patricia M. Beckman • Stephen E. Beckmann • Jerald N. Beckner • Donald W. Beckwith • John W. Becoat • David M. Becquet • Howard E. Bedee • James R. Bedient • Theresa
J. Bedner • Theresa A. Bedwell • Lloyd B. Beebe • William B. Beebe • M. Faye Beedles • Michael Beeler • William B. Beeler • Sammy Beene • Robert G. Beer • James L. Beers • Kenneth Beers • Curtis R. Beery • Frank E. Beeton • Larry G. Beggs • Jeffrey Lynn
Begley • Steven B. Begnaud • Andrew Behary • David S. Behney • Jeffrey W. Behrens • Lisa A. Behrens • Thomas R. Behrens • Kevin John Beine • Ana Maria Bejar • Brett C. Belak • Juliann E. Belanger • Marc Belhumeur • Andrew Bell • Clyde A. Bell • Cynthia E.
Bell • Keith O. Bell • Keith W. Bell • Kevin L. Bell • R. Steve Bell • Rebecca G. Bell • Richard A. Bell • Robert L. Bell • Ronald W. Bell • Thomas R. Bell • Jean Darlene Bellamy • Robert J. Bellchambers • Gary W. Beller • Kenneth Bruce Bellesen • Joseph M.
Bellino • Daniel Ross Bellows • Janet G. Bellush • Joseph H. Beltz • Guguie Benabe • Michael A. Bencal • Allen H. Bencker • Lyn Edward Bendall • David C. Bender • Brian L. Bendigo • Paul L. Bendigo • Paul David Benedetto • Janis L. Benell • Doug Benesch • Robert
J. Benetti • Rita D. Benike • Scott Ryan Benish • Mark A. Benner • Charlie Bennett • Chris C. Bennett • David Alan Bennett • Jeffrey A. Bennett • Judy M. Bennett • Mark S. Bennett • Roger L. Bennett • Stephen D. Bennett • Teresa M. Bennett • Thomas J.
Bennett • Craig A. Bennington • Robert J. Benoit • Victoria L. Bensburg • William F. Bensburg • Bruce Benson • Gregory John Benson • Michael A. Benson • Charles Bentley • Robert James Bentley • Carol A. Bento • Benny M. Benton • Richard P. Benton • Terrance
L. Benton • Megan Bents • Chad M. Bentz • Daniel W. Bentz • Edward H. Bentzlin • Victoria L. Benzinger • Juanita Beran • Rebecca Anne Berberich • Gary M. Berblinger • James C. Berbrich • Mark J. Berdahl • Kimberlee Putnam Berens • Gunnar H. Berg • Jeff
Berg • Leah J. Berg • Michael D. Berg • Michael Jon Berg • James W. Bergagna • Ken A. Berge • Mark S. Berger • Patrick Bergin • Thomas G. Bergin • Harry Bergmann • Jonathan H. Bergstrom • Clifford M. Beringer • Lisa C.M. Berkland • James G. Bermant • Antonio
Bermudez • DonRoy A. Bernabe • Yolanda A. Bernal • Alfredo Bernard • Keith Anthony Bernard • Vince Bernard • Deanna L. Bernardino • Brian Bernhardt • Bruce R. Bernstein • Thomas Bernstein • David G. Berrang • Bobby S. Berry • Bryan T. Berry • Chris F.
Berry • Jeffrey L. Berry • Joe Bailey Berry • Michael L. Berry • Mitchel A. Berry • Peter T. Berry • Ransome L. Berry • Robert S. Berry • Thomas Berry • Bret Bersuch • Bruce Bertelsen • Jeffrey T. Bertelsen • Daniel C. Bertrand • Cheryl Kay Berttunen • Dave
Berveiler • Michael L. Besagno • James R. Best • Heidi R. Besters • Phillip E. Bettis • Michael Walter Betz • Thomas E. Beuerlein • Keith J. Beulen • Kerry Beus • Holly A. Bevan • Peter J. Bever • Brent L. BeVier • Stephanie P. Bevins • Audrey L. Beyer • Brian K.
Beyer • Patricia A. Beyer • Robert E. Beyer • Garth C. Beyette • Kevin M. Bianchi • John F. Bica • August H. Bickel • Douglas B. Bickerstaff • John J. Bideganeta • Brian Keith Bidwell • Allen L. Bieber • Andrew Biegel • Stacey L. Bierfeldt • Steven G. Bierfeldt • Mark
C. Bierhaalder • Vernon William Biesecker • Thomas P. Bieszad • Daniel P. Bigelow • Kathleen M. Bigelow • Molly B. Bigelow • Ralph J. Bigelow • Troy L. Bigelow • Francis B. Biggar • Geraldine Biggers • Jack H. Biggers • Michael H. Biggers • Rachael Biggs • Randall
F. Biggs • Michael W. Bigler • Stephen B. Bilger • Michael G. Billinghurst • Jeff A. Billings • Thomas L. Billings • Kevin Billingsly • Scott M. Billups • Gary M. Bilonta • William S. Bing • Michael E. Bingham • Richard V. Bingham • Benjamin E. Biordi • Todd C. Birch • James
A. Birchfield • Randy J. Birchler • Daniel E. Bird • Leslie Sheldon Bird • Lewis M. Bird • Mitchell R. Bird • Pamela S. Bird • Alan S. Birdsall • Janet S. Birkner • Timothy C. Birtcil • Mary J. Birtwistle • George W. Bishop • John K. Bishop • Mark R. Bishop • Reynold W.
Bishop • Rodney C. Bishop • Scott R. Bishop • Ted D. Bishop • Willis A. Bishop • Chris Alan Bishopp • Glenn S. Bishop-Smith • Joseph R. Bisping • Denis Bisson • Kenneth A. Bitgood • Kyle F. Bitters • Charles A. Bittner • Jimmy Bitz • Mark O. Bjorg • M a r k

Names of charter members are in bold
Blaber • Vincent D. Blaber • Albert D. Black • Bernard A. Black • Danielle Starr Black • James M. Black • John C. Black • N. Keith Black • Rodney L. Black • Stephen D. Black • Thomas G. Black • Bernard L. Blackburn • Jeffrey Dean Blackburn • Michael E.
Blackburn • Derek A. Blackford • Jeffrey D. Blackman • Bill A. Blackmer • Aaron Wade Blackmon • Guy S. Blackwell • Walter D. Blackwood • Kristianne K. Blaese • Robert J. Blahut • Scott D. Blain • Allan Blair • Bruce E. Blair • Chris Dean Blair • Doug Blair • Mark
A. Blair • Randy H. Blair • Thomas M. Blair • Michael J. Blais • Bradford M. Blaisdell • Michael F. Blaisuis • Earl W. Blake • Michael I. Blake • Michael J. Blake • Robert A. Blake • Roger T. Blake • John W. Blakeney • Marc David Blam • Andrew S. Blanchard • Mark I.
Blanchard • Peter D. Blanchard • William G. Blanchette • Rene Laurence Blanco • Charles C. Blankenship • Delayna Smith Blankenship • Hank G. Blankenship • Howard L. Blankenship • Steven A. Blankenship • Willis Blankenship • Darrell G. Blanton • Lawrence
M. Blaser • George E. Blash • Jayne B. Blasier • Kurt R. Blasier • Nicky D. Blaylock • David L. Blessinger • Terrence R. Bleuins • Brent Blevins • James Blilie • Stephen E. Blinco • Charles L. Blink • Jeffrey E. Blittersdorf • Kevin Joseph Blixt • Chris J. Block • Maryrose
Block • Suzanne Block-Bauman • Dewey Blocker • Roelof Blok • Jill R. Blomquist • Michael S. Blondin • Edward D. Bloom • John H. Bloomingdale • LaTaunya L. Bloomingdale • Keith P. Bloss • Jeffrey S. Blow • John M. Blue • Carl Bluethgen • David Bluhm • Amy
M. Blume • Michael Blumling • Thomas B. Blunk • Carl L. Blythe • Douglas Blythe • Otto J. Boat • Michael E. Boatright • Thomas A. Boatwright • Cheryl Bobletz • Dominick Bocelli • Brian L. Bochenski • Irvin C. Bockhold • Richard E. Bocook • Rodney S.
Bodart • Jeffrey Bodell • Mark E. Bodine • Robert W. Bodron • Brian Robert Boehne • Craig M. Boehne • Timothy T. Boelter • Brad K. Boese • Roy E. Boffo • Yvonne Bogardus • Michael J. Bogdan • Dean Bogdanowich • Eugene F. Bohl • Daniel F. Bohleber • James
P. Bohleber • Mark R. Bohn • Todd K. Bohrer • Chris Bokowy • Thomas Boland • Gina A. Bolen • Joseph N. Bolen • Richard C. Boles • Kevin Daniel Bolhouse • Douglas Lee Bolkema • Brian L. Bollin • Tonya M. Bolling • Bobby Bolt • Daniel T. Bolt • Lisa M.
Bonczyk • Brian C. Bond • George A. Bond • Howard W. Bond • James O. Bond • Ronald F. Bond • Susann S. Bond • Michele Marie Bonds • Scott W. Bondurant • Bradley W. Bone • Michael D. Bone • Patricia Ann Bonelli • James E. Bonham • Steven R.
Boniberger • Anthony J. Bonic • Matthew L. Bonidie • Edward S. Bonilla • Lance R. Bonin • Donna Bonner • Scott W. Bonnet • Jacqueline K. Bonney • David E. Bono • Steven Bono • Wendell W. Bonta • Mark Richard Bonvouloir • Eric A. Booe • Carol A.
Boome • Deborah L. Boone • Mark A. Boone • Ronald R. Boos • Jack A. Boot • Jack Boot • Jeffrey P. Booth • Melissa G. Booth • Jack Allan Boothby • David J. Borcalli • Greg R. Borchardt • Louise M. Borchardt • Ted A. Borchelt • John C. Bordeaux • Nicholas P.
Bordelon • Robert W. Bordner • Stephen K. Bordner • James W. Bordoni • Martin A. Borg • Michael L. Borga • David W. Borger • Kevin P. Borre • Louis Richard Borrego • Victoria Borrego • Michaab Borrero • Michael Borzym • Michael G. Bosch • Kevin C.
Bosemer • Scott Bosemer • James R. Boshek • James D. Bosley • Kimberly Bostick • Joseph H. Boswell • Timothy N. Bosworth • Terri M. Botkins • Joanne V. Botos • David P. Bottiglia • David T. Bottini • Peter L. Bouchard • Rodney D. Bouchard • Frederick M.
Boucher • Kevin M. Boucher • Scott B. Boucher • Sharon E. Bouchonville • William P. Boudewyns • Chris S. Boughn • Mark Andrew Boumenot • Lynn R. Bounds • Nancy A. Bourn • Jay R. Bourne • Donald J. Bouslaugh • Jeffery H. Bousson • Carrie Lee
Boutivas • Russell F. Boutot • Brian J. Boutte • Christophe P. Boutte • Kerry E. Bowden • Edward J. Bowe • John R. Bowe • Delaine G. Bowen • Joel A. Bowen • Christopher J. Bowers • David William Bowers • Jack E. Bowers • Jay B. Bowers • Jerry O. Bowers • Larry
W. Bowers • Stephen D. Bowers • William M. Bowers • Leo F. Bowersox • Evell D. Bowie • Larry M. Bowles • Chris Shay Bowling • Kimberly Ann Bowling • Bond R. Bowman • Daniel B. Bowman • Joseph E. Bowman • William Blaine Bowman • Erik V. Bowring • Richard
M. Bowser • Douglas Clayton Boyce • Jeffrey J. Boyce • John E. Boyce • A’kin M. Boyd • Andrew F. Boyd • Brian P. Boyd • Bruce J. Boyd • Edward I. Boyd • James A. Boyd • John C. Boyd • Kevin W. Boyd • Richard A. Boyd • Ronald D. Boyd • Ramona C. Boyd-
Brenholdt • Jason F. Boyde • Joanne R. Boyer • Michael Thomas Boyer • Steve R. Boyer • David B. Boyett • Jeff Boyett • Louise Marie Boyett • Conway L. Boyette • Derryl R. Boyette • Joel Vincent Boykin • Daniel P. Boyle • Duane A. Boyle • Joseph D. Boyle • Lynn
D. Boyle • Mark Boyle • Mona J. Boyle • Ronald A. Boyle • Scott C. Boyle • Travis Boyle • Wanda C. Boyle • William R. Boyle • James G. Brabec • Donald C. Bracewell • Cyrus Bracey • Frank M. Bracken • Linda L. Bracken • Jimmy L. Brackery • Sydney P.
Bradfield • Richard S. Bradfisch • Robert I. Bradford • Samuel M. Bradford • Terry Bradford • Bruce James Bradigan • Forrest H. Bradley • Halcott W. Bradley • John R. Bradley • Keith F. Bradley • Matthew P. Bradley • Paquita K. Bradley • Phillip M. Bradley • Robert
K. Bradley • Robin H. Bradley • Gary M. Bradt • Daniel D. Brady • Edward Charles Brady • Jason T. Brady • Wilbert G. Brady • Gary F. Braese • Randy Bragg • Jennifer S. Braid • Michael A. Braid • Frank E. Brakenwagen • Anthony V. Brama • Nora J. Braman • Mark
G. Bramfeld • Erica L. Bramhall • Carol D. Branaman • James O. Branch • Torrance L. Branch • Ralph A. Branche • Sarah C. Brand • Michael D. Brandes • Kevin S. Brandon • Daniel L. Brandt • Lee A. Brandt • Peter L. Brandt • Randal Dean Branham • Tony A.
Branham • Elliot H. Brann • William J. Brann • Thomas L. Brannon • Janelle L. Branower • Carrie J. Branowitzer • Stephanie Marion Branta • Carl E. Brantley • Dick J. Brantley • Daniel J. Brashear • David D. Brasko • Thomas J. Brassard • Glynn E. Braswell • Joseph
Bratovich • Terry O. Braun • William Braun • David Braunius • Douglas R. Braunsroth • Cary R. Brawley • Ray M. Braxton • Charles T. Bray • John L. Bray • Lisa M. Bray • Lance L. Brazeale • Lesa Ann Brazeale • Christophe J. Brazys • James H. Breaker • Mark T.
Bredehoft • Scott L. Breece • Kenneth Paul Breeden • Ken L. Breedlove • James D. Breen • Karen Breen • David W. Breidenbach • Robert S. Breidenbach • Joyce Breiner • Robert D. Breitweg • Randy P. Breland • Andrew B. Brennan • James A. Brennan • James W.
Brennan • Jeffrey S. Brennan • Michael J. Brennan • Terence P. Brennan • Roger A. Brensinger • Richard M. Brent • David L. Bretherick • John A. Brewer • Roger Keith Brewer • Laura K. Brewner • David Bricker • Harley S. Bridgeman • James Robert Bridgeman • Janet
M. Bridges • David B. Bridson • Sven Bridstrup • Brian H. Bridwell • Russell Kent Brier • Peter Brierton • Douglas E. Briggs • Sally A. Briggs • Virginia A. Briggs • Ronald L. Bright • Kevin W. Brill • William L. Brill • Curtis K. Brilz • Randy Brindley • John T.
Brine • Joshua S. Brinegar • Todd P. Brink • Richard M. Brinker • Jon A. Brint • William Brisbane • Steven M. Brisbey • Floyd Grant Brisco • Denzil K. Britt • Gary R. Brittain • Janice Beth Britton • Keith R. Britton • William D. Britton • William W. Broach • Ronald
L. Broadbent • Robert D. Broadwater • William Rolland Broadwell • Terry A. Brockett • Roger M. Brode • Patricia A. Broderick • Timothy I. Broderick • Kenneth L. Brodston • Patrick K. Brogan • Philip P. Brogan • Gordon F. Broich • Barbara A. Broker • Harold F.
Broker • Scott A. Bronger • Richard T. Bronleben • John Steven Brooke • Joseph Brooke • Harold L. Brooker • Vincent Scott Brookins • Alan Wade Brooks • Amy S. Brooks • Christine A. Brooks • David Weeks Brooks • Diana M. Brooks • Joanna Brooks • Patrick
K. Brooks • Rayford H. Brooks • Robert E. Brooks • Robin H. Brooks • Ronald D. Brooks • Thomas C. Brooks • Ken Brookshire • Lester W. Broom • Michelle S. Broom • Charles R. Broome • Joseph T. Brophy • Pamela C. Brophy • George J. Broschart • Maria
Broschart • David C. Bross • Jerry Brother • Thomas Broughall • David B. Broughton • Louis Brouillard • Julia Lee Broussard • James E. Brouwers • Lynn Elizabeth Brouwers • Stephen Browder • Alvin C. Brown • Andrew David Brown • Angela F. Brown • Barbara
A. Brown • Blake R. Brown • Brenda L. Brown • Bruce E. Brown • Byron C. Brown • Calvin R. Brown • Chris W. Brown • Clement Brown • Cydney M. Brown • David G. Brown • David I. Brown • David L. Brown • David Brown • Dean Allan Brown • Dirk G.
Brown • Donald L. Brown • Donald S. Brown • Edward J. Brown • Garry F. Brown • Gary L. Brown • Gene A. Brown • Herbert A. Brown • Herbert Brown • Inger T. Brown • Janice C. Brown • Jeff E. Brown • Jennifer L. Brown • Joel L. Brown • John G. Brown • John
I. Brown • John R. Brown • Joseph E. Brown • Keith S. Brown • Kelly E. Brown • Kenneth Paul Brown • Kent D. Brown • Kevin Grant Brown • Mark A. Brown • Marla M. Brown • Marlow L. Brown • Maurice Brown • Michael G. Brown • Monte Cassidy Brown • Nancy
S. Brown • Noble R. Brown • Noble R. Brown • Norman C. Brown • Patrick E. Brown • Patti L. Brown • Raymond Brown • Richard A. Brown • Richard A. Brown • Richard J. Brown • Richard Jay Brown • Robert O. Brown • Robert T. Brown • Robert Brown • Robert
Brown • Roger Anthony Brown • Roger Douglas Brown • Scott D. Brown • Stephen A. Brown • Tammy S. Brown • Timmy L. Brown • Timothy Jay Brown • Troy A. Brown • Vanna T. Brown • William D. Brown • William K. Brown • Sandra L. Brown-Bisson • Francis
L. Browne • Mark Browning • Micheal W. Browning • Mikel D. Browning • Robert V. Browning • Samuel Robert Browning • James R. Broz • Judith I. Bruce • Larry Ray Bruce • Kenneth S. Bruck • Diemut K. Brugonone • Robert F. Bruhn • Russell M. Bruinsma • Gary
D. Brummett • Michael Brundage • Leroy C. Brune • William K. Brune • Craig J. Bruneault • Donald P. Brunner • Lisa K. Brunner • Glenn R. Bruno • Richard L. Bruno • Angelia R. Brunofsky • Eric C. Bruns • Susan M. Brunson • Ronald W. Brust • P e r r y
Bryan • Alton M. Bryant • Ben Bryant • Gerald D. Bryant • Giovanni D. Bryant • James P. Bryant • Kurt C. Bryant • Donald C. Bryden • Robert J. Bryer • Chris J. Bryja • Pamela A. Brynarsky • Thomas D. Bryska • Elizabeth Bryson • Douglas F. Bubb • Jaideep H.
Buch • Werner F. Buch • William T. Buchanan • Jack J. Buchholz • Laura Lee Buchkovich • Steve Buchkovich • Donald J. Buchner • William Buchwald • Danny Terrell Buck • Doug Buckingham • Linda M. Buckingham • Paul J. Buckingham • Daniel J. Bucklaew • Mary
Buckle • Brian J. Buckley • Bryan Buckley • James E. Buckley • Jeffrey A. Buckley • Peter W. Buckley • Gary D. Buckowsky • Cory M. Buckway • Richard A. Buczyna • Paul R. Buday • Ross S. Budd • Nick Buderus • Pamela L. Buesing • Timothy E. Buffett • Vernon
D. Buffington • Steven A. Buford • Paul L. Bugarin • Dana M. Bugbee • Jerilee E. Buggert • Lawrence L. Buggie • James E. Buhl • Hung Q. Bui • James Bui • Stanley W. Bujnowski • Gary A. Bukovskey • George W. Buley • Shelley Bulkley • Belinda S. Bullard • Stanley
C. Bullard • Ann M. Buller • Allen Bullock • Kevin L. Bullock • Wayne A. Bullock • Steven G. Bullough • Thomas R. Bulzoni • Billy Arthur Bump • Daniel D. Bunce • Michael R. Bunch • Oswald S. Bunda • Brian B. Bunnell • Jennifer L. Buntjer • Darrel Keith
Buntyn • William E. Bupp • Randy Alan Burack • Dennis C. Burch • Jerald W. Burch • Valerie J. Burch • Brent David Burcham • George M. Burd • William R. Burd • Delores C. Burden • J. Brad Burdette • John W. Burdine • Deron L. Burger • John Robert
Burger • Carole A. Burgess • James K. Burgess • Matthew R. Burgess • Ronald G. Burgess • Stacey Leigh Burgesser • Larry P. Burgett • Stacie Burik • Robert G. Burkart • Tracy Burkart • William Robert Burkart • Darryl J. Burke • Doug Burke • Jeffrey A.
Burke • Joseph A. Burke • Kenneth L. Burke • Margaret Joy Burke • Matthew A.W. Burke • Robert A. Burke • Robert K. Burke • Sharon Burkes • Jimmy D. Burkett • Benjamin N. Burkey • Jeffrey D. Burkhart • Margaret Anne Burkhart • Robert G. Burkhart • S. Scott
Burks • Thomas A. Burks • James A. Burleigh • Starlet R. Burleson • Daniel G. Burnett • Elizabeth R. Burnett • Steven D. Burnett • Julie R. Burney • David Robert Burnier • Don B. Burns • Kent W. Burns • Michael L. Burns • Robert S. Burns • Rusty A. Burns • William
K. Burns • Thomas C. Burr • Agnes C. Burrell • Margaret Burrell • Chris A. Burri • Leonard A. Burridge • Jeff Burrill • Lyle Jason Burrington • Charles M. Burroughs • David L. Burrows • Patrick Burrows • James N. Burrus • Allen Burt • Brian F. Burt • Robert
Louis Burt • Bradley L. Burtner • Brad Burton • Danny D. Burton • David L. Burton • David Burton • Jill Terese Burton • Kenneth Burton • Richard M. Burton • Richard W. Burton • Tanja J. Burton • Thomas J. Burton • Meredith W. Burtt • Eric W.
Burwell • Clifford L. Burwick • Michael L. Burye • Craig A. Burzych • Archie Ray Busbee • Russell S. Busbee • Matthew R. Busch • Sonya Holland Busch • Kevin P. Buscio • Charlotte L. Bush • Edward W. Bush • Jason A. Bush • Jeremy D. Bush • Roan C. Bush • Steven
A. Bush • Timothy A. Buso • Judith A. Busse • Rafael E. Bustamante • Sonia Bustamante • Albert E. Butler • Jeffery Dale Butler • Robert A. Butler • Lesley A. Butrymowicz • Robert Butterworth • Valerie N. Butterworth • Michael Butts • William G. Buvens • George
Buxmann • Randall D. Buxton • Mark G. Buzenski • Byron R. Byars • Jeffrey L. Byberg • Theodore C. Bye • Lee T. Bynum • Rhonda Yvette Byran • Brian R. Byrd • Chris D. Byrd • James Chris Byrd • John G. Byrd • Joyce A. Byrd • Lorrania Byrd • Michael Warren
Byrd • Richard B. Byrd • Sheila Byrd • John J. Byrne • Leona J. Byrne • Michael T. Byrne • Richard H. Byrne • Barrett R. Byrnes • Steven Byrnes • Edward B. Byron • Stephen V. Byrum • David L. Bytheway • Ruben Cabalbag • Cynthia E. Cabico • Karen C.
Cabral • Arys Rene Cabrera • Roger L. Cadd • Gregory A. Cade • Latasha B. Cage • Louis J. Caggiano • Mark S. Cagle • Ronald L. Cagle • John P. Cahill • Lawrence D. Cahill • Kevin P. Cahoon • Donna R. Cain • James P. Cain • Kevin Cain • Martin R. Cain • Ralph V.
Cain • Patrick N. Caine • Craig David Cairns • William A. Cairns • Decolino G. Cajigas • Keith Calabro • Jose E. Calderon • Pablo L. Calderon • Christine M. Caldwell • David B. Caldwell • Donald J. Caldwell • Frank M. Caldwell • John A. Caldwell • Michael J.
Caldwell • Stewart D. Caldwell • Terrance Caldwell • William H. Caldwell • Chester A. Calhoun • Terry Calhoun • David Cali • Rick A. Cali • Thomas Cali • Julie D. Call • Gregory A. Callahan • Thomas F. Callahan • Joe Callegari • Roberta L. Calley • Paul J.
Callinan • Kendal C. Callwood • Craig R. Calvert • Jose A. Camacho • Jeffrey D. Camara • Gregory J. Cameron • Jay R. Camp • John W. Camp • Bernard A. Campau • Gregg A. Campayno • Brian R. Campbell • Chandra Gray Campbell • Craig B. Campbell • Craig G.
Campbell • Dani L. Campbell • Derrick N. Campbell • Donald S. Campbell • Edward Scott Campbell • Frederick Lee Campbell • Gregg E. Campbell • Heather Rochelle Campbell • John G. Campbell • Kevin M. Campbell • Oliver S. Campbell • Patrice Ellis
Campbell • Rebecca Campbell • Russell W. Campbell • Walter R. Campbell • Yolanda Campbell • Dale A. Campo • Orlando Campomizzi • Brian A. Campos • Debra J. Campton • Michael S. Canaan • Robert P. Canali • Timothy R. Canan • Donald Candage • Antonio
Canepa • Kevin Dale Canipe • Gary R. Cannady • Terry D. Canney • Bill G. Canning • Kimberlynn M. Cannioto • Michael Cannioto • Curtis W. Cannon • Deborah R. Cannon • Jeremie M. Cannon • Mark E. Cannon • Michael J. Cannon • Philip Cannon • Robert K.
Cannon • Stephen B. Cannon • Timothy S. Cannon • Debra J. Canter • Timothy D. Canter • Rodolfo Cantu • Andrew J. Cantwell • Charles Cantwell • David Edward Cantwell • Edward M. Canyes • Nicholas A. Capaci • Sam A. Capangpangan • Enrique E.
Capati • George P. Capitano • Norman E. Caple • David C. Capobianco • Denise A. Capobianco • Mark E. Caporale • Chris W. Capps • Jeanette C. Caproon • Kevin M. Caproon • Dominick P. Caputo • Francis J. Caputo • Neil M. Caputo • Robert Caradonna • Robert
E. Card • Andrew D. Cardaras • Craig L. Cardell • Anthony M. Carder • John E. Carder • John T. Cardinal • Melanie J. Carender • John H. Carey • Molly Carey • Rodney E. Carey • Rebecca S. Carini • Michael A. Carioscia • Daniel E. Carlberg • John J. Carle • David
I. Carley • Matthew C. Carley • Sandi Carli • Daniel A. Carlins • David J. Carlisle • Steven D. Carlisle • Linda Gail Carlock • Clae Beau Carlson • Eli Carlson • Gregory D. Carlson • Keith E. Carlson • Timothy E. Carlson • Michael W. Carlton • Richard A.
Carlton • Shirlene P. Carlton • Matthew T. Carlyon • Daniel B. Carmack • Eugene F. Carman • Scott J. Carman • David L. Carmichael • Darrell W. Carnes • Tony Carnes • Edward W. Carney • Thomas M. Carnicom • Michael D. Carollo • Jeffery P. Carowan • Charles
W. Carpenter • Ernest L. Carpenter • Gerald D. Carpenter • Jacqueline D. Carpenter • James E. Carpenter • Jeffrey M. Carpentier • George R. Carper • Timothy T. Carper • Daniel P. Carr • Donald R. Carr • Jennifer L. Carr • Jill D. Carr • John S. Carr • Laura M.
Carr • Robert J. Carr • Roy Paul Carr • William B. Carr • David Carrasco • Daniel Carrico • Brian K. Carrier • Nancy P. Carrigan • Jesse Carriger • Edward Carrillo • Yvonne M. Carrillo • Jerry D. Carriveau • Oscar Carrizales • Bobby Lee Carroll • Frank B.
Carroll • Jacqueline Mary Carroll • Jerald P. Carroll • Michael W. Carroll • Paul Carroll • Reba J. Carroll • Richard W. Carroll • Ronald Jay Carroll • John P. Carron • David W. Carruthers • Scott R. Carruthers • Darrell C. Carson • Howard G. Carson • Robert S.
Carson • Rita L. Carstens • Dianne Lynn Carswell • Perry M. Carswell • Damon D. Carter • Daniel E. Carter • Eric Sean Carter • Gary D. Carter • James L. Carter • James R. Carter • John R. Carter • John W. Carter • Lenard L. Carter • Lisa Gail Carter • Norman
Jefferson Carter • Patricia Wilson Carter • Richard C. Carter • Shawn L. Carter • Stephen P. Carter • Wesley H. Carter • William T. Carter • Paul G. Cartier • Theresa M. Cartier • Carl R. Cartwright • Anthony P. Carugno • Peter J. Caruso • Tony H. Caruso • John
L. Carvajal • Brian A. Carver • Jeffery S. Carver • Keith Carver • Salvatore J. Casale • Steven Casarez • Albert John Casari • Paul A. Cascio • Douglas M. Case • Joseph L. Case • Pamela Lee Case • Kathleen A. Casey • Michael L. Casey • Oscar L. Casey • Richard J.
Casey • Robert C. Casey • William Casey • Curtis R. Cash • Monica V. Cash • Richard A. Cash • Vickie S. Cash • Eliot J. Cashdan • Robert W. Cashdollar • John L. Cashin • Tracy Casil • Aileen Casillas • Barry D. Casper • David T. Casper • Kurt Casper • Dennis
Cassalia • Joseph S. Cassara • John M. Cassarly • Robert D. Cassell • Cort D. Cassens • James F. Cassidy • Robert D. Cassidy • Ron Cassidy • Thomas M. Cassidy • Nanci Castellano • Timothy Casten • Albert Castillo • Jorge R. Castillo • Steven A. Castillo • Jon
Mark Castle • Michael L. Casto • Luciano L. Castracane • James H. Castro • Jose T. Castro • Laurance A. Castro • Malinda Castro • Diane M. Cathcart • Caron L. Cathers • Wayne Owen Cathey • Mark R. Catizone • William Clinton Catledge • Marvin C.
Cato • Ralph D. Catoe • Chris J. Catoggio • Norman J. Cattanach • Romaine Catusi • Todd J. Cavanagh • John F. Cavanaugh • Mark G. Cavanaugh • Sandra K. Cavanaugh • Joel J. Cavazos • Lawrence B. Cavender • Racior R. Cavole • Dawn J. Cawrse • Joseph M.
Cazalas • Paul J. Cazares • Jerry L. Cearley • Jon D. Cech • Craig Matthew Cecil • John Lamont Cecil • Ronald Louis Cecil • Jerome James Ceithaml • Trisha L. Celano • David F. Celski • Gregory J. Cenac • Kurt Ceniglio • Gerard J. Censabella • Joseph S. The
NATCA Family

The NATCA Family
Names of charter members are in bold
Cerami • Joseph J. Cerasuolo • Rosemary L. Cerasuolo • Thomas Cercone • Chris J. Cerda • James F. Cergl • George M. Cerillo • Roger M. Cerovsky • Maria H. Cerqueira • Franklin D. Ceruti • Ronald David Cetta • Jorge A. Chades • Ronald E. Chadman • Gary M.
Chadwell • William M. Chadwick • Andrew M. Chalot • Todd J. Chaltry • Stephen P. Chamberlain • Mark John Chamberlin • Joseph T. Chambers • M. Steven Chambers • Michael G. Chambers • Michael L.P. Chambers • Robert W. Chambers • Stephen W.
Chambers • Terrell Chambers • Daryl K. Chambless • Chris L. Chambliss • Henry H. Chambliss • Latifa Chamie • Douglas James Champagne • William G. Champion • Harry L. Champley • Wing T. Chan • Yiu Ming Chan • Michael S. Chance • Dale K. Chandler • Dan
E. Chandler • David K. Chandler • Garry Chandler • Paula A. Chandler • Karen Chaney • Lon D. Chaney • David W. Chang • Sean S. Chaplain • Don Chapman • Kimberly A. Chapman • Ricky K. Chapman • Robert A Chapman • Trina H. Chapman • Troy L.
Chapman • David A. Chapmon • Phillip T. Chappell • Ronald Arthur Chappell • David J. Chappuies • Paul Charapata • Terri L. Charapata • Cortez M. Charles • Wallace C. Charles • Kimberly J. Charlten • John B. Charlton • Michael J. Charmoli • Michael C.
Charton • Nathan D. Chase • Patricia M. Chasse • Jody W. Chastine • Vicki S Chatel • Anita Renee Chatman • Tim P. Chatterley • Edward I. Chau • Shailendra Chaudhari • Scott James Chausee • Paul J. Chavez • Terry A. Chavez • Emilio A. Chaviano • Marc H.
Cheadle • Douglas W. Chee • Michael Chen • William Chen • Annjenet Chennault • Joseph N. Cheravitch • Steven J. Chereson • Christopher Cherioli • Gary M. Chernega • James C. Cherrey • Robert E. Cherry • Theodore J. Cherry • Christine J. Chesak • Leslie
J. Cheshire • Patrick Cheslak • Carl Chesley • Jeffrey W. Chester • Joseph F. Chester • Reggie L. Chester • Richard C. Chester • Sam B. Cheung • Alan Chew • Freddy Chez • Raymond K. Chiang • Robert Chibana • Gary L. Chicoine • Brian Kent Childers • Greg
T. Childers • Ricky F. Childers • Roderick G. Childers • Jacqueline P. Childress • David E. Childs • Mark A. Chiles • David Chilson • William E. Chilson • James Chin • Jeffrey K. Chin • Sam Y. Chin • Chris A. Chiorando • Michael Vincent Chiovari • Michael
Chirillo • Thomas W. Chitwood • Oiming Chiu • Philip D. Chlentzos • Pamela M. Choi • Glenn Chong • Michele M. Chong • Sunny M. Chong • Nick Choporis • Stephen Girard Chorba • Erich John Chouinard • Jamie L. Chouinard • Paul E. Chouinard • Lucy L.
Chow • Keith M.J. Choy • Douglas S. Chrisman • Daniel James Christensen • Eric Christensen • Kenneth D. Christensen • Kenneth Joel Christensen • Mark A. Christensen • Raymond Christensen • Rodney O. Christensen • Susan L. Christensen • Timothy A.
Christensen • Scott D. Christenson • Stuart D. Christenson • Kenneth H. Christgen • Ralph B. Christian • Ralph H. Christian • Carrie R. Christiansen • Peter A. Christianson • Thor E. Christianson • Thomas D. Christie • Deborah L. Christin • Leann R.
Christman • David E. Christmas • Stephen A. Christon • Mark J. Christophel • Chester G. Christopher • George J. Christopher • Paul F. Chrobak • Andrea D. Chrouser • David Chrzanowski • Frank Peter Chuberko • Timothy P. Chun • Phillip Chung • Tracy T.
Chung • Jeffrey Joseph Church • Joel I. Church • Jeffrey A. Churchill • Joseph Ciappa • Leonard P. Ciarnelli • Farol Cilluffo • Kevin M. Cimarusti • Robert Cimino • Darrell J. Cindrich • Richard M. Cinotto • Mark A. Cinquegrana • Albert A. Cipicchio • John
Cirrincione • Jacqueline M. Cissna • John M. Citrola • Chris B. Clack • Dennis E. Clack • Alan W. Clark • Bruce W. Clark • Christina N. Clark • Cynthia L. Clark • Dean C. Clark • Elaine Elise Clark • Jack G. Clark • James R. Clark • Jeffry S. Clark • John A. Clark • Jon
Milton Clark • Kenneth A. Clark • Kenton B. Clark • Lee K. Clark • Lorri E. Clark • Michael D. Clark • Michael L. Clark • Pamla A. Clark • Patrick L. Clark • Patrick W. Clark • Randy L. Clark • Robert E. Clark • Rodney Clark • Ronald B. Clark • Scott F.
Clark • Stephen T. Clark • William A. Clark • William B. Clark • William C. Clark • James S. Clarke • Jerry D. Clarke • Kimberly C. Clarke • Louis W. Clarke • Robert Clarke • Shawn L. Clarke • Warren B. Clarke • James M. Clarkson • James S. Clarry • Michael A.
Clary • James V. Claseman • Raymond N. Claus • William P. Claus • Jonathan N. Clausen • Douglas L. Clausnitzer • Eric M. Clawson • Eric Clawson • Richard Clay • Laurence J. Clayton • Mark Clayton • Scott R. Clayton • Rhett A. Claytor • Gary W. Cleary • James
R. Cleary • Kevin J. Cleary • Charles T. Clemens • Timothy Louis Clemens • Brian Keith Clement • John Clement • William Clement • George M. Clements • Paul J. Clements • Sean M. Clements • Travis Edwin Clementsmith • Charles E. Clemons • Christophe R.
Clemons • Tammy J. Clemons • Alan Clendenin • Howard J. Cleveland • Larry K. Cleveland • Susan Cleveland • Wayne Cleveland • William Wayne Cleveland • Dianna Cliatt • Dale E. Click • Nancy L. Click • Katherine L. Clifton • Michael D. Clifton • Scot V.
Cline • Lyle Alden Clingman • David M. Clinkscale • Howard A. Clodfelter • Troy A. Clogston • Steven L. Cloose • Bruce E. Clough • James E. Clough • Marsha L. Clough • Jack P. Cloughley • Kimberly R. Cloutier • Robert B. Clowney • Jose A. Clue • Christian N.
Cluff • Brenda L. Clyde • Joe W. Clyde • Donald L. Coard • Richard B. Coate • Donald C. Coats • Michael S. Coats • Theron K. Coats • William G. Cobb • Santiago L. Cobos • Jerry W. Cochran • Mark E. Cochran • Keith A. Coddington • Paul A. Codispoti • Douglas
A. Coe • Joseph D. Coelho • Jeffrey A. Coffey • Kathleen Ann Coffey • Gary L. Coffman • Jerry W. Coffman • Norma J. Coffman • Laura Kimberly Coggin • Adam F. Cohen • Jack A. Cohen • Pedro Cohen • Hildred Cohill • Bret A. Coil • Anthony W. Coiro • John W.
Coker • Joseph R. Colagreco • Vincent R. Colaianni • Thomas J. Colarossi • David W. Colasanto • Joseph Colasanto • Carol E. Colbenson • Gregory M. Colclasure • Lisa M. Colclasure • Alan R. Cole • Donna Ann Cole • Ellen S. Cole • Eric R. Cole • Eric Cole • Isabel
A. Cole • Jay Cole • Jeffrey D. Cole • Joel P. Cole • Kelly A. Cole • Kenneth E. Cole • Martin W. Cole • Richard G. Cole • Richard Garcia Cole • Robert A. Cole • Robert B. Cole • Shannadee Cole • Susan M. Cole • Terry L. Cole • Willie G. Cole • James E.
Colella • Scott A. Colella • Catherine M. Coleman • Cynthia M Coleman • Debra S. Coleman • Loyle L. Coleman • Raoul T. Coleman • Robert Scott Coleman • Steven R. Coleman • Thomas M. Coleman • Todd A. Coleman • Jeffrey R. Coley • Richard W. Coley • Steven
L. Colfer • Thomas R. Colgan • Anthony M. Collazo • Michael A. Colle • Jason P. Collette • Jeanne L. Collette • William H. Collette • Donald L. Colley • Paul E. Colley • Ricky W. Colley • Robert E. Colley • Bryan W. Collier • Curtis C. Collier • Daniel J. Collier • Joe
M. Collier • Callen R. Collins • David W. Collins • G. Michael Collins • Gregory T. Collins • Herbert F. Collins • James A. Collins • Mark R. Collins • Mark Collins • Marlena M. Collins • Marsha Ann Collins • Nicholas F. Collins • Pamela Collins • Robert J.
Collins • Ronald R. Collins • Russell B. Collins • William R. Collins • Steven E. Collison • Robert G. Colman • Eligio R. Colon • Luis R. Colon • Marco A. Colon • James D. Colson • Michael Colson • Daniel Stephen Columbus • Gregory W. Colyer • Lisa Coleen
Colyer • Bonny Combs • Dina M. Comeau • John A. Comeau • Brent M. Comeaux • Mark A. Comer • Deborah A. Compel • Angela Compton • Richard K. Compton • William R. Compton • Patrick R. Comte • Charles R. Conant • Mark T. Conaway • Albert
Concha • Scott Chapin Conde • Joseph Fred Condina • Barry L. Condon • Francis T. Condon • Charles Michael Conely • John Conklin • Mark C. Conklin • Ann M. Conley • Mark W. Conley • Mark Conley • Mitchell A. Conley • Richard E. Conley • Susan J.
Conley • Robert F. Connell • Michael J. Connelly • Vincent J. Connelly • Barry D. Conner • Donald P. Conner • Jenny M. Conner • Michael James Conner • Michael T. Conner • Sheila R. Conner • Steven P. Conner • David C. Connett • Brendan J. Connolly • John E.
Connolly • Joseph A. Connolly • Karen M. Connolly • Ronald J. Connolly • Donald Connor • John F. Connors • Eric J. Conrad • Constance J. Conroy • Daniel J. Conroy • John M. Conroy • Barry Eugene Constant • Richard T. Contatore • Thomas J. Conte • Michael
C. Conti • Robert S. Convery • Bruce L. Conze • Beverly A. Cook • Clark G. Cook • Cnthia A. Cook • David W. Cook • Diane Cook • Fulton Cook • Jack E. Cook • Jody D. Cook • John G. Cook • Jonathan Dale Cook • Julian Cook • Kenneth R. Cook • Richard
G. Cook • Ricky A. Cook • Robert S. Cook • Rodney L. Cook • Teresa Y. Cook • William Paul Cook • Mark C. Cooke • Robert R. Cooke • Steven G. Cooke • David A. Cookfair • Jeffrey S. Cooksey • Mark J. Cool • Kimberly Ann Cooley • Michael W. Cooley • Paul A.
Cooley • Sidney W. Cooley • William M. Cooley • Thomas Coolidge • Andrea Lynn Coombs • James Gerald Coon • Mark E. Coon • Joseph Coonce • Gerard L. Cooney • Jay Cooney • Angela Grass Cooper • Clifford J. Cooper • Gloriane M. Cooper • James R.
Cooper • Joseph Bruce Cooper • Lorraine P. Cooper • M. Karen Cooper • Robert N. Cooper • Russell G. Cooper • Sharon S. Cooper • William J.K. Cooper • Kyle Cooperson • Pamela M. Coopwood • Gary A. Coots • Darlene A. Copeland • Marty V.
Copeland • Darrell R. Coplen • B. Dwayne Copley • Michael K. Copp • Michael Coppa • Jeffrey Copping • Dawn Marie Coppock • Joseph Coppola • Richard A. Coppola • Matthew Corak • Stephen M. Corbett • William B. Corbett • Frederick N. Corbin • Angel M.
Corchado • Pedro J. Corcino • Frank Corcoran • Grover E. Corcoran • Patrick Corcoran • Sean M. Corcoran • Stephen J. Corcoran • Kathleen V. Cordaro • Pamela S. Cordell • Joe Corder • Miguel Cordero • Steven F. Cords • Jim L. Corey • Ken K.
Corippo • Victoria E. Corman • John J. Cormier • Todd D. Cormier • James A. Cornbrooks • Richard A. Cornejo • Charles D. Cornelius • Erwin D. Cornelius • Thor B. Cornell • Charles A. Cornett • Eddie R. Cornett • Johnny W. Cornett • Scott Cornett • Walter
Cornett • Douglas R. Cornman • Thomas F. Coronite • Javier Correa • Kevin S. Corson • Lonnie M. Cortese • Deborah A. Cortina • Enri J. Cortina • Joseph Cortina • Victor P. Cortner • John C. Cosgrove • Gordon D. Cosier • Dale J. Cossette • Brian E.
Costa • Michael J. Costanzi • David M. Coste • Jesse L. Costeino • Brian Costello • John Charles Costion • Darrin V. Costlow • Dana J. Cothran • Rick G. Cotrell • Charles A. Cotten • Timothy L. Cotter • David M. Cottingham • Anthony Cottrell • Richard T.
Cottrell • Melody G. Coughenour • Joseph C. Coughlin • Michael R. Coulter • James B. Countess • Todd D. Couper • Darlene Kay Courier • Mark S. Courier • James Courtade • James G. Courtney • Kelvin L. Courtney • Phillip Curtis Cousins • Antonio
Couto • David C. Coutts • Steven M. Couturier • Teddi-Jann Covell • John M. Covino • Stephen J. Covino • Charles Cowan • Jerry A. Cowart • William G. Cowles • John T. Cowne • Brian H. Cox • David Paul Cox • Gregory C. Cox • James B. Cox • James D.
Cox • James J. Cox • Jeffrey Thomas Cox • Jim L. Cox • Matthew G. Cox • Paul S. Cox • Richard S. Cox • Robert A. Cox • Tommy H. Cox • William Paul Cox • Barbara J. Coy • James D. Coy • Thomas W. Coy • Michael J. Coyle • David L. Coyne • John B.
Cozart • John M. Crabtree • Tim L. Crady • Terry L. Craft • Carl D. Craig • Dana L. Craig • Donald R. Craig • Lisa Craig • Michael T. Craighead • Rafael Crame • Daniel L. Cramer • Kevin J. Cramer • Andrew T. Crampton • Kimberly Ann Crandall • Curtis Andrew
Crane • Dara G. Crane • James Derek Crane • Kevin K. Crane • Steven R. Crane • Thomas R. Craner • Spencer R. Cranford • Victor Crant • Davud G. Craven • Ned R. Craver • Andrea Lynne Crawford • Craig A. Crawford • Gregory E. Crawford • Jana K.
Crawford • Jeffrey C. Crawford • John A. Crawford • John K. Crawford • Michael R. Crawford • Robert M. Crawford • William O. Crawford • Aaron Crawley • James E. Crawley • John Craycraft • Michael S. Creager • Patrick M. Crean • Daniel F. Creedon • Brian
G. Creelman • Richard S. Creese • Paul W. Creighton • Alan D. Cress • Larry G. Cribbs • Timothy L. Cripe • Samuel D. Crisp • Dwaine D. Criss • Claire Crist • Matt R. Crist • Tom Roy Crist • Keith M. Criswell • Leigh A. Criswell • William J. Critchfield • Randall
Crnobrnja • Sally Ann Crocker • Thomas R. Crockett • Jennifer R. Croft • Louis F. Cronan • Timothy L. Crone • Albert A. Cronin • Robert F. Cronin • Terrance F. Cronin • Rick Crook • Robert Lee Crook • Mark R. Crooks • Paula S. Crooks • John W. Cropsey • Rick
L. Crose • Autumn Cross • Darren W. Cross • David Cross • Todd Jeffrey Cross • Leonard M. Croteau • George E. Crotts • Paul B. Crotty • Jonathan W. Crouch • Linda M. Crouch • Jack L. Crouse • Tina L. Crouse • Anthony S. Crow • Brian M. Crow • Norman
Harlan Crowder • Sarah Crowder • Timothy H. Crowder • Lloyd G. Crowl • John A. Crowley • Patricia E. Crowley • Timothy A. Crowley • William Dean Crowson • James M. Cruikshank • David R. Crump • Terry W. Crump • Catina Cruz • Wilfredo Cruz • Mark
S. Cucura • Robert K. Cuddy • Steven J. Cudney • Brian S. Cugno • Sean T. Culbert • Chris Paul Culbertson • Wendell Terry Culbreth • Susan L. Culhane • Brian Steven Cull • Amy Lynn Cullen • Steven L. Cullen • Betty L. Cullins • Deborah M. Culver • Regina J.
Culver • David A. Cumberland • Brian P. Cummings • Evongelon Cummings • Glen T. Cummings • Melissa A. Cummings • Michael J. Cummings • Richard Cummings • Wayne R. Cummings • Brian E. Cummins • Leonard M. Cummins • Patrick E. Cummins • James D.
Cumpton • Craig A. Cunningham • Daniel A. Cunningham • Deborah S. Cunningham • James Scott Cunningham • Paul J. Cunningham • Randy J. Cunningham • Steve C. Cunningham • Tonya N. Cunningham • Lloyd A. Cupiccia • Judy A. Cupp • Pamela Curington • James
C. Curl • Robert D. Curlin • William S. Curnias • Dale W. Curran • Edward F. Curran • Michelle A. Curran • Steve Curran • Charles Bradley Currier • David W. Curry • David W. Curry • William C. Curry • Donald R. Curtis • Shad G. Curtis • Marie L. Cusenza • J o h n
Cushman • David J. Cushwa • Jane E. Cuthbertson • Kevin K. Cuthbertson • William Edward Cutts • James H. Cutuli • Scott Cuyler • Philip S. Czervinske • Michael J. Czub • Jeffrey S. Czysz • Chris G. DaCosta • Robert T. D’Addario • James R. D’Agati • Daniel J.
D’Agostino • Bruce L. Dahl • Douglas Dahl • Kristi Lynn Dahl • Chris James Dailey • Randall L. Dailey • David A. Dakins • Michael Daknis • Timothy William Dalbey • Elizabeth L. Dale • Russell E. Dale • Steven L. Dale • Terry M. Dale • Wesley L. Dale • William D.
Dale • Steven D. Dallanegra • Elliot R. Dallavalle • Diosdado D. Dalmacio • Michael G. Dalmaso • William Anthony D’Alo • David P. Dalsanders • Martin J. Daly • Darlene M. Damico • Fred Damico • Julie F. Damico • Sheldon Scott Damron • Kenneth Ray
Dancy • Chad E. Daniel • David W. Daniel • Diana L. Daniel • Robert Glenn Daniel • Terry W. Daniel • Willie J. Daniel • Douglas R. Daniels • Glen F. Daniels • Kinneth Monroe Daniels • L. Daryl Daniels • Troy E. Daniels • Edward A. Daniocek • Jonathan J.
Danko • Daniel A. Danyluk • Camille Danzi • Philip H. Darche • Lawrence W. Darling • Michael E. Darling • Clarice Spencer Darnell • Clayton R. Darr • James Clinton Darr • Dan Daudier • James P. Dauer • William E. Daughtrey • David C. Daum • Gregory A.
Davenport • William Lloyd Davenport • Marilyn K. Davey • Michael J. Davey • Robert A. Davey • Chris B. David • Donny P. David • Monte J. David • Carl W. Davidson • James M. Davidson • John A. Davidson • Ronny D. Davidson • Stephen J. Davidson • Paul
Davied • John Davies • Karen Davies • Carol E. Davila • Kim S. Davila • Allan P. Davis • Andreese Davis • Brian E. Davis • Bruce W. Davis • Cary D. Davis • Charles C. Davis • Clarence Davis • Comodore Davis • Dale T. Davis • Darrell L. Davis • David A.
Davis • Dean E. Davis • Deborah Davis • Douglas W. Davis • Edward F. Davis • Gail Davis • Gary Lee Davis • Harold E. Davis • James Duane Davis • Jeffrey L. Davis • Jennifer Davis • Jerry L. Davis • Joan Davis • Jody L. Davis • John Earl Davis • John P.
Davis • Kathleen A. Davis • Kathleen Marie Davis • Kent B. Davis • Kevin E. Davis • Laurie J. Davis • Lenore D. Davis • Marie Burnette Davis • Melvin Davis • Michael D. Davis • Michael Wade Davis • Michael Davis • Michelle L. Davis • Michelle M. Davis • Perry
Davis • Richard F. Davis • Rick L. Davis • Roberstine H. Davis • Robert A. Davis • Ronald L. Davis • Russell D. Davis • Scott A. Davis • Sean Eric Davis • Seth Davis • Sherri M. Davis • Steven H. Davis • Timothy H. Davis • Todd Owen Davis • Trent D. Davis • Walter
Davis • Donald M. Davison • Gerry S. Davison • Joseph A. Davoust • Darrel K. Dawson • Gary A. Dawson • Michael Eugene Dawson • Richard E. Dawson • Sabrina Y. Dawson • Samuel K. Dawson • Andrea Bolding Day • April L. Day • Craig E. Day • Darren J.
Day • James R. Day • Kathleen Day • Michael J. Day • Stephen R. Day • William Martin Day • James M. Daye • Carol Ann Dayton • Robert G. Dazey • Nancy Eva DeLaCruz • Jay R. DeLosSantos • Monica Lynn DeRojas • Edward G. Deacon • William J. Deacy • Gregory
W. Deagon • David E. Dean • Edward S. Dean • Fred Dean • Joseph R. Dean • W. Clifford Dean • William M. Dean • Willie Richard Dean • Richard E. Deaner • James Whittmann Dear • Terry Deatrick • James C. Deaver • Mark L. DeBack • Dennis DeBello • Kevin
N. DeBenedittis • Randall D. Debnam • Keven K. DeBoard • William Earl DeBolt • Deidra D. DeBorde • Joseph L. DeBrohun • Robert E. DeBrule • David K. DeBusk • Ann Darcy DeCastro • Jesse DeCastro • Kenneth M. Dech • Dennis H. Decker • Dexter
Decker • Donald D. Decker • Robert Guy Decker • Stephani A. Decker • Troy S. Decker • Tim C. Deckert • Eric R. Deckman • Ronald W. DeCost • John A. DeCuir • James L. DeDauw • Hector Emilio DeDominicis • Howard M. Dedow • Susan R. Deegan • Terrell
E. Deering • Brian Dees • Kent L. Dees • Pamela Anne Dees • Robert N. Deese • Scott D. Deeter • Daniel H. Defenderfer • Catherine A. Defilippo/Perry • Heidi DeFor • Herbert M. Degan • Mark P. Degani • Kevin B. DeGarmo • Ralph J. DeGennaro • Robert
DeGennaro • Dennis E. DeGraw • Randall Bret DeHaan • David J. DeHart • William G. Dehler • Jerold R. Dehmer • Robert G. Dehning • Gregg E. Deiboldt • James D. Deignan • Philip O. Deitsch • Nicole Lee DeKlyen • Theodore Louis DelNegri • Edgar
DelValle • Leonel Delamo • Gerald Michael DeLane • Harold L. Delaney • Kevin Timothy Delaney • Elizabeth J. Delano • Steven DeLaurentis • Everett Paul Delay • John A. Delay • Michael F. DelBalzo • Carrie S. DeLeon • Dennis T. DeLeonardis • Leroy
Deleston • Paul M. Delfine • Cherie Delgado • Dwight D. Delgado • Martha M. Delgado • Thomas S. Delgado • Thaddeus Glen DeLille • Gary M. Delise • James E. Delisio • Lawrence R. Delisle • Robert A. DeLisle • Edward John Delius • Brian DellaPorta • David C.
DellaPorte • Darryl Dellarossa • Thomas DellaVecchia • Gerard M. Dellemann • Robert A. Dellicarpini • Lisa A. Dellinger • Chris M. Delnegro • Patrick A. Delozier • David Delshad • Stephen R. Delude • Henry J. DeLugt • Jeb J. Delzer • Kimberly A.
DeMarco • Nicholas J. DeMarco • John C. Demaree • Marcia A. DeMatteo • Marlene M. DeMatteo • Raymond C. DeMatteo • Michael John Demboski • Darryl A. Dembski • Daniel DeMers • Dennis R. DeMers • Lafayette M. Demory • Bruce W. DeMotts • Derrick L.
Dempsey • James Donald Deneweth • Benjamin J. Dengler • Corey M. Denham • Michael R. Denison • Thomas Michael Denison • Larry M. Denmark • Lilliana E. Denneson • Glen R. Denning • Rashell D. Denning • Berlon E. Dennis • Paul K. Dennis • Steve J.

Names of charter members are in bold
Dennis • Steven M. Dennis • Jonathan W. Denny • Wiley D. Denson • Chandra Sargent Denton • David M. Denton • Jay L. Denton • Kathleen Joan Denton • Richard A. Denton • Alan E. Denzer • Sushil Deodhar • John A. DePasquale • Anthony J. DePietto • Thomas
W. Deppmeyer • Vaughn P. DeRamus • Brian K. Deren • Stacie A. Derepentigny • Timothy R. Derepentigny • Camille J. DeRosa • Joseph R. DeRosa • Brent S. Derrick • David T. Derrickson • Larry Vincent Derrickson • James S. DeRuby • Jerry DeSantis • Richard C.
DeSantis • Brent Descalopoulis • Guy K. DeShazo • Mike DeSimone • Raymond E. Deskins • Edward J. Desmond • Raymond Desmond • Norman A. Desnoyer • Craig M. DeSpain • Bruce T. Despommier • Russell A. Desrocher • Walter K. DeTeresa • Edwin L.
Detherage • Brian V. Dethier • Robert Anthony DeThomas • Chalmer E. Detling • Gary Dettloff • William E. Dettwiller • John C. Deutscher • Michael W. Devenport • Kevin J. Devery • Robert Michael Devery • John A. Devine • William T. Devine • Della M.
DevineMonagle • Sandra Joan Devito • Richard J. Devivo • Michael Ray DeVor • Stacy L. DeVorak • Frank DeVries • Edward L. Dewar • Michael O. Deweese • Louis P. Dewenter • William Edward Dewey • Kenneth Lewis DeWitt • Marlene DeWitt • Richard
DeWitt • Sheila R. DeWitt • Paul Richard DeWitte • Terry Lee DeWitte • Bruce A. Dexter • Scott M. DiPiazza • Woody Dias • Edgar Diaz • Jose L. Diaz • Luis Diaz • Paul DiBenedetto • Salvatore DiBetta • Lorna S. Dibkey • Donald E. Dice • Michael R.
Dickason • Ralph A. Dickerman • Simon Gordon Dickerson • Veronique Dickerson • Nicole E. Dickey • Steven S. Dickey • Jason Dickhans • Charles E. Dickinson • Peter J. Dickinson • Ross L. Dickinson • Troy Diedrich • Lawrence A. Diehl • Kurt L. Diemler • Gary
W. Dienhart • Janet L. Dierdorf • Michael A. Dietrich • John R. Dietz • Thomas A. DiFilippo • Stephen M. Dignam • Yolanda Dijkstra • Frank Diliberto • Michael C. DiLisio • Carl Danny Dill • Mark A. Dill • Robert L. Dill • Curtis L. Dillahay • Marilyn Q.
Dillard • Nina Dillard • Keith K.A. Dilliner • Carol Noelle Dillon • James Peter Dillon • Jeffrey S. Dillon • Mark J. Dillon • Mark Dillon • Michael D. Dillon • Michael J. Dillon • William C. Dillon • Joseph B. Dimas • Nunzio A. Dimillo • Wayne E. Dimmic • Daniel P.
DiMura • Michael F. Dinard • Bryan M. Dinello • Emad Dinkha • Mark A. DiPalmo • Tomaso DiPaolo • John F. DiPetta • Giovanni DiPierro • James W. Dippel • Lisa M. Dippel • Andrew P. Diragi • Peter Dirks • Kevin A. Dirrim • Kenneth P. Discoli • Charles M.
Diseker • Frank Rhyan Disher • Tameria J. Dishman • John R. Disney • Ronald W. Disney • Scott Dittamo • Thomas D. Dittmer • Richard Ditto • King A. Divers • Charlie W. Dixon • Chauncey Owen Dixon • Christopher Mark Dixon • Frank O. Dixon • George
Dixon • Harriet A. Dixon • Lawrence N. Dixon • Maurice V. Dixon • Robert J. Dixon • William R. Dixon • Bill Q. Do • Quy T. Do • Trinh Do • Richard A. Doak • Craig A. Doan • Daryl E. Dobbins • Larry D. Dobbins • Mark D. Dobbs • Michael A. Dobens • Christopher
R. Dobinson • Lydia L. Dobis • Michael R. Dobso • Richard S. Dobso • Steven John Docalavich • Eric Lee Dodd • Richard H. Dodd • Jeffrey James Doden • Brent D. Dodge • Danny Dodge • Dennis J. Dodge • Richard Dodge • Stanley R. Dodge • Debra L.
Dodson • Blane S. Doege • Jeffrey Alden Doege • Daniel Eric Doerr • Mike Doerr • Thomas G. Doerr • Adam C. Doescher • Robert W. Dofflemyer • Perry J. Doggrell • Robert L. Dogherty • Daniel N. Doherty • Lonnie N. Doherty • David J. Dohlman • Daniel B.
Dohner • Richard J. Dolan • Andrew G. Dole • Edward J. Dolen • Paul Dolezal • James W. Dolphin • LeeAnne P. Domben • Wayne S. Dombroski • James C. Dombrowski • Mark J. Dombrowski • David C. Dominguez • James D. Dominguez • Todd A. Domini • Tracie
L. Dominy • Scott A. Dommin • Dennis L. Donahue • Michael Donahue • Donald S. Donaldson • Edward B. Donaldson • George L. Donbrosky • Gene C. Dong • Dennis M. Donlon • Brian K. Donnelly • Kevin J. Donnelly • Maureen M. Donnelly • Michael G.
Donnelly • Philip C. Donnelly • Regina R. Donnelly • John Donohue • William A. Donohue • Bryan E. Donovan • Daniel Joseph Donovan • Eugene L. Donovan • Gerard J. Donovan • Paul L. Donovan • Richard E. Donovan • Roger R. Dooley • Vincent B. Doran • John
Daniel Dorgan • Richard M. Doring • Frank E. Dorman • Randall Reed Dorman • Steven Thomas Dorman • Robert C. Dornhagen • Joseph G. Dorr • James I. Dorrance • D. James Doskow • Terry J. Doss • William M. Doss • James E. Dossing • Phillip M.
Dostalik • Michael E. Dostert • Bobby J. Dotson • Joseph H. Dotterer • Robert A. Dotts • Chadwick D. Doty • William Brad Dotzel • James A. Doucet • Richard Doucette • Vincent E. Doud • John M. Dougherty • John Thomas Dougherty • Kenneth Dale
Dougherty • Charles F. Doughty • Lee A. Doughty • Robert D. Doughty • Howard J. Douglas • Marvin S. Douglas • Robert E. Douglas • Jeffrey Alan Douglass • Joseph Michael Doumont • Dennis C. Dover • Brian J. Dowd • David D. Dowd • Kelley J. Dowd • Michael
Dowd • Charles K. Dowell • Evanna A. Dowis • Kathleen Ann Dowling • Kevin Dowling • Ronald N. Downen • Deborah R. Downer • Richard A. Downer • Jack L. Downie • Donald W. Downing • Steven L. Downing • Brian Eric Downs • O. Eartherline Downs • Kenneth
W. Doxey • Vera M. Doy • Donna M. Doyen • Philip E. Doyen • Gene L. Doyle • James T. Doyle • Kevin E. Doyle • Thomas J. Doyle • William M. Doyle • Paul A. Dozois • Roland E. Drabek • Teresa L. Dragonetti • Walter Dragonetti • Karen L. Dragotta • Craig C.
Drake • David M. Drake • Lorna Drake • Terry W. Drake • David E. Drashil • Kathleen M. Draughon • Michael K. Dray • Thomas J. Dray • Michael P. Dreger • Michael W. Drennan • Don W. Drennen • Knute R. Dresden • Keith L. Dresow • Robert Dressler • Jerome
C. Drew • Mark S. Drew • Barbara Jean Drewry • James O. Driggers • Stephen Driggers • Margie Drilling • Matthew R. Drinen • Robert D. Drinkall • Brent Driscoll • Charles F. Driscoll • Sean J. Driscoll • Johnnie K. Driver • Thomas Frank Drop • Randolph William
Drose • Brian Drouillard • Dominika Drozdzal • Tim Druffel • Timothy E. Drumm • Gwin Drummond • Herbert R. Drury • Jean A. Drury • Minh Tan Du • Christopher C. DuPuy • Erik J. Dual • Brian E. Dubay • James A. Dubay • Bradford D. DuBois • Bruce R.
DuBois • James P. DuBois • Kenneth G. Dubois • Chris T. DuBose • Alan B. DuBrow • Barrett D. Duchene • George J. Duckett • Andrew J. Duda • Duke A. Dudley • Elizabeth Anne Dudley • Gerald M. Dudley • John W. Duer • Chris E. Duerden • David N. Duff • Dean
S. Duff • Jon R. Duffett • Timothy Duffrin • Glenn J. Duffy • Kevin M. Duffy • Timothy P. Duffy • Kevin R. Dufour • Daniel A. DuFresne • Renee’ F. DuFresne • Terrance J. Dugan • Jeff L. Duggan • Sheila L. Duhn • James M. Duke • David Dukeman • Gregory J.
Dukeman • Jacek O. Dulczewski • Joseph S. Dulemba • Daniel S. Dumas • John R. DuMiller • Jason S. Dunaway • Michael J. Dunbar • Bradley L. Duncan • Jacq A. Duncan • John W. Duncan • Mark D. Duncan • Michael E. Duncan • Scott A. Duncan • Steven T.
Duncan • David C. Dunham • Michael K. Dunhom • Donald R. Dunivant • Sally Sue Dunivant • John A. Dunkailo • John T. Dunkerly • Diane L. Dunkman • Robert D. Dunlap • Gregory Alan Dunlop • George W. Dunn • Gregory Dunn • Harold T. Dunn • Sherie J.
Dunn • Steven E. Dunn • Peter P. Dunne • Stacey Alan Dunning • Daniel P. Dunphy • Ronald Dupaty • Lonnie C. Dupree • Tommy Dupree • Pamella J. Duquette • Stephanie Durall • Carlos Duran • James T. Duran • Phillip R. Durben • Gregory A. Durbin • Ronald
L. Durbin • Michelle A. Durenberger • Barry S. Durham • Richard J. Durham • Scott R. Durham • T. Glenn Durham • Derek Durkee • Douglas P. Durst • Mark S. Durtschi • Paul R. Duschane • Russell E. Dusenberry • John H. Dutto • Anthony Wayne Dutton • Randell
L. Dutton • Scott Allan Dutton • Jeffrey J. Duttweiler • Andrew Bradley Duvall • David M. Dworek • James T. Dwyer • Mark A. Dwyer • Peter Sean Dwyer • Robert M. Dwyer • Jed Dybvik • Lorraine T. Dycha • James N. Dyckman • Barry C. Dye • Charles B. Dye • Jon
David Dyer • Timothy A. Dyer • John J. Dykema • Christine R. Dykeman • Cindy Dymond • Gregory A. Dyson • Bradley M. Eades • Diane S. Earhart • Portia J. Earl • Kenneth G. Easley • Dennis J. Eason • Joel J. Eason • Lloyd D. Eastburn • Diana J. Easterday • Karen
Eastland • Jeffrey J. Eastlick • Lee Anne Eastlick • Chris J. Eaton • Rosanne Eaton • Eric D. Eberhardt • Kimberly Ann Eberhart • Patrick M. Eberhart • Robert Eberly • Brian L. Ebey • John D. Eby • Leslie D. Echols • Robert J. Eck • John H. Eckert • Joseph L.
Eckert • Jason F. Eckl • Steven C. Eckman • Elizabeth Eddy • Rocky D. Eddy • Larry N. Eden • Roger Ederle • Phillip C. Edgar • Mark A. Edge • Timothy Hughlin Edge • Dwight Dean Edgington • Shawn M. Edlund • Gordon A. Edmiston • John J. Edmonds • Michael E.
Edmonds • Michael Scott Edmonds • Chris W. Edmonson • Amy E. Edmunds • James C. Edmunds • Jeff Edmunds • Martin D. Edo • John P. Edoff • Craig Scott Edwards • Johnny T. Edwards • Kathleen Edwards • Monte W. Edwards • Patrick K. Edwards • Phillip M.
Edwards • Stephen M. Edwards • Steven W. Edwards • Teresa Edwards • Willie J. Edwards • Layne P. Efta • Douglas C. Egan • Michael E. Egan • Alfred G. Eggers • Thomas R. Eggert • Timothy R. Ehler • Dean E. Ehrgott • Donna Jean Ehrgott • Gary M. Ehrhard • Peter
C. Ehrlein • Ralph J. Ehrman • Tyler L. Eichhorn • Duane A. Eidenier • Lisa Eidson • Daniel L. Eifert • Donald K. Eiford • Stacy L. Eisen • Thomas C. Eisenmayer • Joseph R. Eisert • James A. Ekins • John D. Eklund • Yvonne Elder • Bradley D. Eldevick • Lance Lee
Eldredge • Diana J. Eldridge • Catherine L. Elens-Lucero • Janis A. Elia • Andrew C. Elias • Alexander Elijew • Louis Andrew Eliopoulos • Alfred P. Elizondo • Elias Elizondo • Matthew Joseph Elker • James R. Elkins • Tamra J. Elkins • Daniel J. Ellenberger • Carol L.
Elliott • Daniel G. Elliott • Dean L. Elliott • Gerald R. Elliott • John L. Elliott • Karen Elaine Elliott • Lisa Elliott • Michael E. Elliott • Robert M. Elliott • Scott L. Elliott • Adrian P. Ellis • Ben E. Ellis • Brian D. Ellis • Kendall M. Ellis • Kenneth R. Ellis • Lisa Ellis • Mark
Ellis • Michael Lee Ellis • Robert E. Ellis • Sigrid J. Ellis • Beverlyn T. Ellison • Bobbi J. Ellison • Ernest J. Ellison • Raymond G. Ellison • Steven B. Ells • Thomas W. Elmer • Krystal D. Elrod • Frank L. Elsholz • Walter J. Elsmore • Patrick A. Elster • Gregory
Elwood • Karl W. Elwood • Norma J. Ely • Eric K. Elya • Jack S. Emberg • Gregory S. Emberland • Erik B. Embree • Tambra R. Embry • Kelly R. Emde • John M Emerson • Barry S. Emge • Dennice M. Emge • Joseph F. Emilio • Charles H. Emmons • Charles Steven
Enders • Nathan J. Enders • Daniel C. Endres • Paul G. Endres • Todd W. Engebretson • Frederick Engel • Richard J. Engel • Robert E. Engelhardt • Walter E. Engelhardt • Gentri L. Engelke • Steven A. England • Todd Michael England • William D. England • Duane A.
Engle • Jeffrey Lee Engle • Glenn T. Englehart • Diane M. English • Mark I. English • Gary Philip Enis • James J. Ennis • Robert W. Enos • Sean K. Enos • Daniel L. Enright • Patrick A. Enriquez • Albert E. Ensell • Alan Ravon Ensley • Karen L. Ensley • Frank L.
Ent • Steven S. Entis • Kurt R. Erath • Lindsay Ericksen • Timothy Erickson • Todd E. Erickson • Jay S. Ericson • Burton W. Erikson • Larry D. Erland • Michael W. Erlbacher • Robert F. Erlwein • David J. Ermer • Guy L. Ernest • Paul A. Ernhart • Andrew McCue
Ernst • Daniel R. Ernst • Joni Ervin • Carolyn G. Erwin • Thomas G. Erwin • Michael J. Esau • Jesse Thomas Escamilla • Peter R. Escobar • Kevin J. Escribano • Ricci R. Escudero • Frances C. Esmond • Efrain E. Esparza • Harry R. Espey • Leopoldo M. Espino • Ronald
D. Espinosa • Juan J. Espinoza • Brian P. Essenmacher • Joan G. Essex • Craig R. Esslinger • Rafael A. Esteban • Andrew H. Esterly • Darin J. Esterly • Donald L. Estes • James A. Estes • James M. Estes • Robert R. Estes • Stephen Frederick Estes • Bret Etheridge • David
K. Etheridge • David A. Ethington • Jack C. Eubanks • William F. Eubanks • Benet Roger Euler • Jeffrey L. Evagues • Michael L. Evangelista • Barbara J. Evans • Benjamin E. Evans • Benjamin S. Evans • Carter Evans • Donald K. Evans • Gene Kevin Evans • J. Brent
Evans • Jeffrey S. Evans • Kenneth Evans • Lee William Evans • Michael Scott Evans • Michele Lyn Evans • Nancy E. Evans • Rainer L. Evans • Richard D. Evans-Kaplan • John T. Evanusich • Gary Evenson • Jack A. Everett • Sandra L. Everett • Robert J.
Everhart • Paul A. Evermon • Thomas J. Everson • Henry Eviota • Jeffrey D. Ewing • Matt Ewing • Michael L. Ewing • Ralph R. Ewing • Alexander R. Ewings • Charles H. Exline • Marc L. Eyraud • Ellis Randall Ezell • Robert H. Ezzard • Gregory Ezzell • Steve B.
Fabela • Joseph D. Fabian • Philip J. Fabricatore • Brian E. Fabry • Michael H. Fadelici • Jack R. Fader • Stanley Fadrowski • Patrick J. Fagan • Larry Fagerland • Richard H. Fagg • Mary Fahey • Patrick T. Fahey • Timothy L. Faile • William Failor • B o h d a n n a
Fairchild • John A. Fairchild • Kimberly D. Fairman • Lauren J. Faith • Kenneth E. Fajfer • Robert M. Fakouri • Manuel G. Falcon • Christopher C. Falcone • Joseph C. Falcone • Benjamin J. Falen • Jonathan Falen • Christie A. Falkner • Bret Jay Fallers • Walter G.
Fallin • Brian J. Fallon • Edward D. Fallon • Francis J. Fallon • Lillian Fallon • John F. Famularo • Michael Patrick Fannin • David W. Fanning • Steven R. Fanno • Scott G. Fansler • Robert E. Fanucci • Sue Y Farabaugh • Steven E. Faraday • David S. Faramarzpour • Paul
C. Farina • Orlando Farinas • Karen J. Farley • Shannon D. Farley • William A. Farmin • Rupert Andrew Farr • Michael E. Farrell • Raymond P. Farrell • Richard H. Farrell • Chunsei Lee Farren • Lee Farrier • Clifford L. Farrior • Stephen E. Farris • Scott E.
Farrow • James Farslow • Steven T. Fasig • Charles J. Faso • Douglas M. Faucher • Cassandra Y. Faulk • Brett L. Faulkner • Jack G. Faulkner • Jeremy E. Faust • Robert L. Faux • William A. Faville • Debra A. Fay • James R. Fazekas • Cori Lyn Fazio • James T.
Fazio • James Fearn • Mark L. Fears • Mark S. Fearson • Kevin A. Featheringill • Arthur A. Fedak • Aaron Feder • Chris J. Federico • Corina Fedorowicz • Michael J. Fedowitz • James R. Feehan • Brian J. Feeney • David J. Feeney • William R. Feger • Timothy Alan
Fehr • Greg Feige • Bridget Feise • Norman B. Felder • Jon J. Feldt • Albert Feliciano • Stephen L. Felkins • David P. Felling • Michael T. Fellows • Jason Felser • Richard J. Felton • Richard W. Fendley • Larry M. Fennell • Edward C. Fens • Jeremy A. Ferg • Andre’
A. Ferguson • Bruce R. Ferguson • Charles E. Ferguson • Edward L. Ferguson • James M. Ferguson • Joe Ferguson • Linda K. Ferguson • LuAnn Ferguson • Michael James Ferguson • Victor W. Ferguson • Victor Ferguson • Richard Walter Fernald • Wallace L.
Fernandez • Pamela J. Fero • Albert A. Ferranti • James L. Ferrara • Brian P. Ferreira • Jerry L. Ferrell • Michael K. Ferrell • Robert D. Ferrell • Stacy Dean Ferrell • Terry James Ferrell • Spencer W. Ferrington • Sharlene M. Ferrio • Joyce M. Ferris • Richard D.
Ferris • Nicholas J. Ferro • Kevin G. Ferros • Rex D. Fetters • Michael J. Ficarro • William F. Fick • Michael L. Fiddes • William J. Fiedler • John L. Field • Robert M. Field • Carl R. Fields • Floyd D. Fields • Michael A. Fields • Michael Fields • Phillip R. Fields • Shawn
P. Fields • Warren Fields • Luis E. Fierro • Robert S. Fierro • Richard Fiesel • Javier E. Figueroa • John A. Figueroa • Karsten K. Figueroa • Joseph D. Figura • Cailin C. Filhiol • Michael B. Filhiol • Michael J. Filimon • Joyce Filipiak • Mark A. Fillion • Susan A.
Finan • Brad L. Finch • John H. Finch • James J. Fincher • Timothy M. Fincher • Gerald B. Fink • Carl W. Finkbeiner • John J. Finkbeiner • David A. Finkbiner • Brian G. Finlayson • Patrick M. Finn • Steven Finnerty • Lawrence J. Finney • Bruno R. Fiore • John J.
Fiorilli • Raymond E. Firkins • Michael Fischback • Curt Jurgen Fischer • Nathan T. Fischer • Ronald A. Fischer • Steven D. Fischer • Matthew W. Fiscus • Robert K. Fish • Walter C. Fish • Brian P. Fisher • Dale E. Fisher • Dawn A. Fisher • Eric D. Fisher • Frank A.
Fisher • Jeffrey J. Fisher • Jeffrey James Fisher • Jesse L. Fisher • John B. Fisher • Larry Fisher • Paul J. Fisher • Richard J. Fisher • Robert M. Fisher • Aaron Fishman • Linda S. Fisk • Gary M. Fiske • Daniel P. Fitas • Scott William Fitch • Christina A. Fitz • Don E.
Fitzgerald • Donna K. Fitzgerald • John J. Fitzgerald • John K. Fitzgerald • Sean M. Fitzgerald • Thomas W. Fitzgerald • William G. Fitzgerald • John R. Fitzgibbons • Stephen Wade Fitzpatrick • Lawrence J. Fitzsimmons • Patrick Fitzsimmons • Chris L. Fitzwater • Daniel
R. Fiumano • Lorn L. Fjeldstad • Terri A. Fjosne • Colin M. Flaherty • Toye M. Flaherty • Charles M. Flanagan • Joseph E. Flanagan • Michael E. Flanagan • Susan Flanagan • David W. Flatt • Paul E. Fleck • Norman L. Fleek • Gregory A. Fleetwood • Steven D.
Fleetwood • Jayme L. Fleig • Frank J. Fleischer • Steven Fleischer • Becky Jean Fleming • James Hunter Fleming • Kelly E. Fleming • Patricia L. Fleming • Suzanne E. Fleming • Ted R. Fleming • William Lee Fleming • Kent M. Fleshman • Clayton B. Fletcher • Jeffrey E.
Fletcher • Stephen Peter Fletcher • Steven C. Flickinger • David F. Flint • Glenn G. Flint • Charles J. Flood • Billy J. Florence • Glenn Michael Flores • Mario A. Flores • Tim Flores • Lori A. Florian • Robert J. Florian • Stephen M. Flowers • Daniel S. Fly • Cheryl K.
Fly-Edwards • Andrew Flynn • Asela Telorah Flynn • David M. Flynn • Diane M. Flynn • David K. Foddrill • Timothy J. Fodor • Danielle D. Foege • Michael Alan Fogg • Peter B. Fogg • Matthew D. Fogie • Daniel G. Foisy • Ronald Anthony Foley • Ruben Foley • William
J. Foley • Ulises Folh • Kevin J. Follo • Chris M. Followell • Mark D. Folz • Cleighton P. Fong • James V. Fontana • William Fontana • Larry Fontenot • Melissa M. Foote • Michael D. Foote • Edward Eugene Forbes • Ivan Forbes • Gregory W. Ford • James E.
Ford • Kevin M. Ford • Margaret J. Ford • Maria C. Ford • Ouida K. Ford • Sheila Ford • Steven R. Ford • Cynthia M. Fordney • Paul J. Foreman • Frank R. Foresta • Jeffrey M. Forhan • Todd M. Forkey • Michael L. Forman • Wayne H. Formby • Joseph P.
Formoso • Thomas K. Forney • John T. Fornito • Brian E. Forrest • Timothy R. Forrestor • Patrick R. Forrey • David Forsberg • Chris E. Forsythe • David H. Fort • John F. Forte • Victoria A. Forte • James P. Fortenberry • Michelle D. Fortin • Julie F. Fortman • Russell
L. Foss • Chris W. Fossen • Cynthia Foster • Ernest S. Foster • George A. Foster • Jackie B. Foster • James Michael Foster • Jeffrey David Foster • Kendal L. Foster • Michelle Renee Foster • Pamela Foster • Richard Allen Foster • Sharon M. Foster • Stephanie D.
Foster • Stephen F. Foster • Steven Foster • Susan J. Foster • Warren S. Foster • William Foster • Michael R. Fountain • Richard C. Fountain • David A. Fournier • Timothy J. Fournier • Robert J. Foust • David L. Foutch • Maurice E. Fouts • Ingrid A. Fovargue • Cprby
Fowler • John S. Fowler • Lorraine A. Fowler • Mark D. Fowler • Matthew Fowler • Nathaniel E. Fowler • Samuel L. Fowler • Bobby Joe Fox • Guy R. Fox • James E. Fox • Lonnie Lee Fox • Ronald G. Fox • Scott R. Fox • Aarson Foxwell • Curtis J. Foxworth • Robert
H. Fraboni • Gregory S. Fraga • Jennifer L. Fraga • Steve K. Fragas • Larry G. Frailey • Michael Franc • Arden E. Francis • Diane C. Francis • Eric A. Francis • George W. Francis • Harry L. Francis • Robert J. Francis • Carl D. Franco • John F. Franco • Arnold S.
Frank • Mary C. Frank • Richard J. Frank • Richard K. Frank • Drew M. Frankel • Michael L. Frankel • Mark A. Franklin • Paul M. Franklin • Robert G. Franklin • Dale A. Franks • Robert A. Franks • Terry Allen Franseen • David A. Frantz • Frank J. Franze • Debra
Ann Franzen • Randy K. Franzen • Bruce L. Frappied • Daniel Fraschilla • James W. Frascone • Daniel A. Fraser • Michael A. Fraser • Tami L. Fraser • Jeffrey Lee Fray • Austin S. Frazao • Barry D. Frazier • Darrell E. Frazier • Gary F. Frazier • Michael E. Frazier • V. The
NATCA Family

The NATCA Family
Names of charter members are in bold
William Frazier • David W. Frechette • Kathleen D. Frederick • William M. Frederick • Raymond Scott Fredericks • Eric J. Fredricks • George M. Fredricks • Thomas E. Fredrickson • Lucius V. Free • Philip C. Freed • Donald J. Freedenberg • Brett A. Freeman • Donald
L. Freeman • Matthew D. Freeman • Michael E. Freeman • Paul A. Freeman • Scott E. Freeman • Victor W. Freeman • Kevin E. Fregosi • Mark A. Freiburger • Ramona A. Freiburger • Dietrich Freigang • David J. Freitas • Larry D. French • Robin L. French • Scott
Robert French • Stephen T. French • Steven E. French • John Freund • Janice A. Frey • Kenneth W. Frey • Charles F. Frick • Craig J. Fricke • Scott Aaron Friday • Bennett J. Friedman • Sandra Friedrich • John J. Friedrick • Michael R. Friman • Barry Dwayne
Frisbee • Allen R. Fritz • David M. Fritz • John T. Fritz • Karen L. Fritz • William G. Fritz • Scott A. Frizen • Ronald A. Froats • Keith Froebel • Francis Michael Froehlich • Sheri L. Froehlich • Susan A. Frohnhoefer • Gerald R. Frost • Jonathan P. Frost • Rhonda J.
Frost • Joseph S. Fruscella • Larry A. Fry • Jeffrey D. Frye • Michael J. Frye • V. Bryce Fuday • Richard M. Fuga • Joseph C. Fuhrer • Randall T. Fuhrman • Danny T. Fuimoano • Dwayne T. Fukui • Perry R. Fulford • Charles P. Fullen • Bryan Wells Fuller • Felicia L.
Fuller • Jennifer L. Fuller • Marcus Fuller • Nicholas Fuller • Ann J. Fuller-Bazzell • James Ian Fullmer • Gary R. Fulmer • Kimeri C. Fulmer • Dean M. Funk • Erwin D. Funk • Kevin P. Furey • Anthony J. Furman • Joseph M. Furman • Annette Fusco • William M.
Futrell • Michael F. Gaar • Douglas G. Gaasvig • Barbara Ann Gabba • Harold W Gabbard • Mitchell J. Gaboriault • Steven Gaboriault • Michael A. Gabrick • Gregory W. Gabriele • Robert E. Gabrielson • Elaine M. Gachette • George H. Gaddie • Stephanie M.
Gadson • Jeffrey M. Gaffney • Nelson S. Gaffney • Joseph V. Gagliano • Patricia A. Gagliano • Marc Gagne • Daniel J. Gagner • Ronald C. Gagner • Michael L. Gagnon • Thomas J. Gagnon • Michael S. Gaillard • Andre S. Gaines • Darren Todd Gaines • Deborah J.
Gaines • Eric D. Gaines • John W. Gainey • Gary M. Gainley • Alyssa Gainor • Frank Bruce Gaither • Bruno Gaizutis • William A. Galarneau • Debra A. Galassini • Donna Galbraith • James S. Galbraith • Ronald L. Galbraith • John A. Galego • Marc J. Galeski • William
A. Galicic • Kenneth J. Galitsky • Beth A. Gallagher • Brien P. Gallagher • Donald A. Gallagher • Gerard J. Gallagher • John K. Gallagher • Kevin M. Gallagher • Patrick J. Gallagher • Patrick O. Gallagher • Philip F. Gallagher • Thomas A. Gallagher • Mark R.
Gallant • Carlos G. Gallardo • John C. Gallegos • Ronald F. Gallegos • Pamela S. Gallien • Paul J. Galligan • Renette K. Gallo • Stephen Gallo • Tom Gallo • Jack J. Galloway • Jack P. Galloway • John A. Gallucci • James L. Galo • Timothy Paul Galo • David P.
Galuszka • Joseph M. Gambino • Richard W. Gambino • Brian G. Gamble • Patrick M. Gamble • William F. Gamble • Barry J. Gamblin • James R. Gamel • Bernie Games • Matthew Granville Gammon • Patrick W. Gancel • David F. Gandolfo • Carolyn M. Gandy • Ron
Gandy • Troy A. Gandy • Gilbert L. Gann • Ronnie Eugene Gann • Edward J. Gannon • John James Gannon • Kevin Ray Gannon • Michael M. Gannon • Joseph L. Gant • Lance T. Gant • Arthur U. Gapasin • Glenn E. Garasic • Abdulmalik Garba • Charles J.
Garbarino • William R. Garbe • Gary T. Garber • James W. Garber • Alan Garcia • Alfredo E. Garcia • Anthony Garcia • Carleen V. Garcia • Daniel Garcia • David K. Garcia • David Louis Garcia • Eduardo V. Garcia • Edward O. Garcia • Gilbert T. Garcia • Gregory
J. Garcia • Luis G. Garcia • Mary Garcia • Michael E. Garcia • Randolph M. Garcia • Thomas P. Garcia • Vernon J. Garcia • Victor H. Garcia • Robyn M. Garcia-Romero • Jay C. Gard • Marie Kennington Gardiner • Richard W. Gardini • Brian Keith Gardner • Brian Scott
Gardner • Chris Gray Gardner • Dennis Gardner • George N. Gardner • Jere G. Gardner • Larry J. Gardner • Lloyd Gardner • Michael T. Gardner • Russell L. Gardner • Terrence L. Gardner • Deforest V. Garfield • Camille Garibaldi • John Garibay • Brad A.
Garland • Neil M. Garland • David Garner • Jeffrey A. Garner • John P. Garner • Charles Garrett • Cheryl L. Garrett • James A. Garrett • James K. Garrett • James Garrett • Jimmy R. Garrett • Karen L. Garrett • Teri Lea Garrett • Barbara Garside • Richard T.
Garwood • Barton E. Gary • Willard E. Gary • Raul Garza • Troy M. Gascoyne • Gayla A. Gaskin • Kenwyn Gaskin • Manuel A. Gaspar • Gregory J. Gass • James M. Gass • Chad J. Gassmann • Michael B. Gateley • John Gates • Malcolm Joel Gates • Steven R.
Gatewood • Mark Reid Gatzke • Rudy A. Gaubert • Karen Ann Gauby • Kim Michael Gaudette • Carrie R. Gault • William S. Gaunt • James Gausepohl • Michael W. Gavin • Chris Gavriel • Gene M. Gawley • Robert J. Gawrys • Joseph G. Gay • Pamela Gayde • Drew
M. Gaydos • Gilbert Rick Geagan • Roy A. Geary • Thomas A. Geary • Esther Rae Gebhardt-Field • Albert L. Gebrosky • David M. Geddes • Jeffrey David Geddes • Karen L. Geddings • Vernon G. Geddings • Peter W. Geddis • Richard B. Gee • Robert J. Gegen • Jeffery
C. Gehring • Richard W. Gehringer • Ronald R. Gehrman • Daniel W. Gehrmann • Lola L. Gehrt • Eric Geier • John C. Geier • David B. Geiger • Jeffery M. Geiger • Mark D. Geimke • Jenna R. Geiser • Robert W. Geith • Gerard M. Gelardo • Donald R.
Gellerman • Todd C. Gellner • David Joseph Gelmini • Nancy D. Gemmill • Donald Gendreau • Gretchen Ann Gendreau • Michael Gendron • Christophe J. Genoter • William G. Genovese • Deborah Sue Gentry • James A. Gentry • Ronald P. Geoffroy • William
Geoghagan • Daniel G. George • Martin S. George • Sara George • Salvatore G. Geraci • Jeffrey A. Gerber • J. Michael Gercke • Francis Joseph Geremski • Charles Mark Germain • Anthony J. Germann • Vincent Gerry • James M. Gersh • Diana P. Gerwig • Philip
James Gesumaria • Michael J. Getchman • Chad A. Geyer • Lee A. Geyer • Ronald L. Geyer • Gary Alan Gfroerer • Hamid Ghaffari • Damon P. Ghee • Lawrence G. Ghersi • Zulema Ghersi • Wendi M. Ghiloni • Robert V. Giabbai • Thomas P. Giacomini • Robert J.
Giacopasi • George Gianakas • Louis P. Giancamillo • Michael B. Gianfalla • Ronald Giannettino • John J. Giannetto • Pamela E. Giannetto • Patricia L. Gibbons • Raymond J. Gibbons • Steven L. Gibbons • Bill Lee Gibbs • Brenda E. Gibbs • Marc P. Gibbs • Marilyn
Gibbs • Michael R. Gibbs • David B. Giberson • Robert G. Gibney • David R. Gibson • David S. Gibson • Jodi K. Gibson • Kenneth Gibson • Kwame R. Gibson • Lisa A. Gibson • Steven M. Gibson • Leslie I. Gicewicz • Louis J. Giddens • Stephen C. Giddens • Kurt
Gifford • Robert A. Gigeous • Michael L. Giggie • Cheryl D. Gilbert • Colleen M. Gilbert • John K. Gilbert • John Michael Gilbert • John W. Gilbert • Kathy I. Gilbert • Margaret M. Gilbert • Patricia C. Gilbert • Rae Lynn Gilbert • Richard F. Gilbert • Stephen K.
Gilbert • Walter J. Gilbertson • James J. Gilboy • James Gilbride • Jeffery Scott Gilde • Christy A. Giles • Cindy S. Giles • Richard N. Giles • Roger A. Giles • James Vincent Gill • Rex D. Gill • Rick E. Gill • Robert Earl Gill • Robert W. Gill • Mathew T.
Gillespie • Thomas Andrew Gillespie • Jon Gillett • Ronald L. Gillette • James H. Gilliam • Michael D. Gilliam • John E. Gilliard • Robert N. Gilliland • Frank D. Gillingham • Graciela S. Gillis • Jonathan R. Gillis • James R. Gillman • Rex Gillmer • Kara K. Gills • Arthur
N. Gilman • Gregory D. Gilman • Gregory J. Gilman • Timothy E. Gilmartin • Catherine V. Gilmore • Cherye Gilmore • David M. Gilmore • Peter J. Gilmore • Douglas L. Gilomen • Scott C. Gilson • Lynson Gilstrap • William Gin • Russell A. Gindhart • John A.
Gingrich • Scott A. Ginsburg • Susan K. Ginsburg • Keith W. Ginther • David A. Gioffre • Vito Gioia • Joe Giompaolo • James J. Giovengo • Mic Giralte • Peter M. Girard • David A. Gish • Gregory L. Gish • Lee D. Gitlin • Vincent Giuliano • Stephen P.
Given • Valerie Marie Gladitsch • Stephen Blair Glaeser • Daniel J. Glancey • Terry L. Glant • Gregory A. Glaser • William N. Glaser • Richard W. Glass • John Glasserman • Thomas R. Glaze • Rick W. Gleason • William Dean Glen • Gary R. Glenisky • Kenneth G.
Glenn • Jaimeson Glennen • Robert W. Glibowski • Douglas C. Glick • Wayne A. Glifort • George Glock • Steven D. Glore • Barry A. Gloth • Daniel Wayne Glover • Timothy E. Glover • George M. Gmitro • Terry L. Gnepper • Jerry W. Goad • Melvin L.
Goble • Timothy M. Goddard • Craig R. Godfrey • Earnest R. Godfrey • Chandler Godin • Frederick G. Godsey • Walter A. Goebel • Glen Erik Goehrs • Scott A. Goerdt • Keith Goering • Paul Alan Goess • Chris Howard Goff • Jeffrey S. Goff • Patsy W.
Goff • William E. Goins • Chris L. Gokey • Daniel W. Goldberg • Mark D. Goldberg • Wayne Goldberg • Andrew P. Golden • Michael Golden • Judy M. Golder • Peter G. Golder • Greg David Goldfarb • Thomas A. Goldman • Jack H. Goldsberry • Michael A.
Goldschmidt • Mark A. Goldstein • Jose A. Gomez • Robert M. Gomez • Richard L. Gomski • Todd Gonnella • Robert W. Gonyea • Jeffrey R. Gonzales • Minerva Gonzales • Robbie P. Gonzales • Abe L. Gonzalez • Armando M. Gonzalez • Daniel E. Gonzalez • Gary
L. Gonzalez • Jose Juan Gonzalez • Louis A. Gonzalez • Michael A. Gonzalez • Pamela M. Gonzalez • Pedro Gonzalez • Robert Gonzalez • Susan Gonzalez • William E. Gonzalez • Dwayne D. Good • John T. Goodall • John C. Goodin • Jay L. Goodman • Robert T.
Goodman • Tara Goodman • David W. Goodnough • John L. Goodson • Michael L. Goodson • Angela B. Goodwin • Clayton W. Goodwin • Joe Goodwin • Joel B. Goodwin • Eric Paul Goozen • Mark Gordhamer • James L. Gordon • Kenneth Gordon • Lewis M.
Gordon • Mark E. Gordon • Meghan Gordon • Samuel L. Gordon • Marilyn J. Gore • Natalie J. Goren • John F. Goris • Gregory S. Gorlich • David L. Gorman • Mark P. Gorman • Roger A. Gorman • Jason Gose • Jon D. Gosnell • Benjamin Goss • Edward M.
Gosselin • Ronald W. Goudreau • Allan M. Gough • Kathleen Gough • Michael A. Gould • Rick Gould • Brian I. Gouldthorpe • Joseph M. Gouvela • Randy J. Gowin • Brenda K. Grace • William A. Grace • Mark Gradney • Josephine A. Graf • Reubin Graf • Timothy
J. Graf • John W. Gragg • Bradley E. Graham • Devin Graham • Ellen B. Graham • Furman J. Graham • Gerald W. Graham • Jeff S. Graham • John E. Graham • Kevin D. Graham • Tommy A. Graham • William L. Graham • Joseph J. Gramlich • Joseph D. Gramm • Kevin
J. Grammes • Michael S. Grammo • Joseph Paul Granata • Carol A. Granberg • David P. Grandinetti • Paul D. Grandinetti • Charles H. Grandison • James K. Grandy • Kurt B. Granger • Bradley E. Grant • Cary E. Grant • James D. Grant • Julia E. Grant • Rohn K.
Grant • Stanley R. Grant • U.S. Grant • William J. Grant • Gary R. Graswald • John G. Gratys • William D. Gratzke • Daniel J. Gravelle • Timothy C. Gravens • Carl L. Graves • Coolidge M. Graves • Ian Richard Graves • Michael D. Graves • Wade H. Graves • William
E. Graves • Audrey Gray • Danny R. Gray • John Michael Gray • Jon D. Gray • Lisa M. Gray • Mary Beth Gray • Michael T. Gray • Robert S. Gray • Thomas R. Gray • William T. Gray • Terry T. Graybeal • Anita Marie Graziane • Richard L. Greathouse • Peter O.
Grebenschikoff • Bobby L. Green • Charles L. Green • George H. Green • Glenn E. Green • Gordon Green • James B. Green • James S. Green • Jed Green • Jonathan B. Green • Karen R. Green • Richard F. Green • Robert E. Green • Roger N. Green • Roy Lee
Green • Scott Gene Green • Stan Emil Green • Steve L. Green • Susan M. Green • Terry L. Green • Timothy Green • Vernard Green • Yvonne L. Green • Lenard L. Greenberg • David K. Greenburg • John F. Greene • Robert H. Greene • Robert Phillip
Greene • Roman E. Greene • George L. Greenfield • Steven R. Greenhalgh • Stephen Greenheck • Brian L. Greenwald • Robert N. Greenway • Ken Martin Greenwood • Michael L. Greenwood • Cynthia Greer • Donald M. Greer • Thomas A. Gregg • Matthew
Thomas Gregor • Christine E. Gregory • Walt Gregulak • Robin T. Greisen • John Grenert • Gary Gretencort • David E. Grevis • Glenn L. Gribble • Lori M. Gribble • William Todd Gribble • Vivien A. Grice • Joseph F. Gricius • Eric Jason Grider • Joseph A.
Gridley • Daniel J. Grieco • James L. Grieger • Patty A. Grieger • William Griek • Joe D. Grier • Steven W. Grier • Mark S. Gries • Leonard F. Grieser • Denton L. Griest • Joseph L. Grieve • Charles W. Griffin • David W. Griffin • Jay K. Griffin • Mark A.
Griffin • Ryan N. Griffin • Stephen W. Griffin • Wendy L. Griffin • Bruce William Griffiths • John G. Griffiths • James A. Grigg • James W. Griggs • Keafur Grimes • Cynthia J. Grimm • James P. Grimm • William D. Grimm • James W. Griner • Jerry W. Grinnell • Larry
D. Grisham • Gary M. Grissom • Scott Grissom • Chester K. Groce • Darren P. Groce • Robert H. Groce • Mark E. Grocky • Jerry G. Groendyke • Lisa Groene-Brass • Kenneth K. Gronberg • Carolyn S. Groom • Marc Howard Groom • James M. Gropp • Brian
Groseclose • Ira Gross • Maureen E. Gross • Michael P. Gross • Stuart C. Gross • Robert A. Grosse • Bryan D. Grossman • John Grotefend • Bernard Al Groves • Byron R. Grubbs • James Kevin Gruenewald • Robert Grunau • Eric Grundmann • William B.
Grundmann • Patricia J. Gruss • Joseph J. Gryzbek • John A. Guadnola • Donato J. Guaglione • Frank D. Gualillo • Beth A. Gualtieri • Robert F. Guardino • Anthony Guarnieri • Michael Guarnieri • Laura Lynn Guarracino • Debra A. Guarriello • Bryan T. Guasto • Gary
A. Gubbings • Ernest Gubry • Craig Guensch • David F. Guensch • Russell M. Guenther • Gustavo Guerra • Karin L. Guerra • Robert Guerra • Francisco G. Guerrero • Elizabeth Z. Guerrie • David C. Guess • James E. Guess • Kelly M. Guess • Samuel Emmit
Guess • Barry M. Guest • Micaela I. Guetzko • Ernie Guevara • Patrick J. Guider • Douglas W. Guidish • Sonya K. Guidish • Timothy E. Guidish • Bradley W. Guilmino • Richard J. Guisinger • Catherine Guitar • Jason Charles Guitar • Kirk B. Gullach • Ryan D.
Gullett • Robert W. Gulley • Jeffrey Vincent Gullo • Peter M. Gullo • William M. Gumm • James F. Gummerson • Karen N. Gundersen • Geoffey G. Gunderson • Ricky L. Gunn • Edward Alan Gunnels • Fredric Gurman • Lance J. Gurney • Thomas A. Gurule • Charles
R. Gussett • Gene L. Gustad • Bruce S. Gustafson • David H. Gustafson • Gordon H. Gustafson • Jon David Gustafson • Wayne W. Gustafson • Roy E. Gustavson • Randall L. Gustin • John R. Guth • Patrick E. Guthrie • Arturo R. Gutierrez • Baldemar
Gutierrez • Joshua Gutierrez • Shane C. Gutierrez • Xavier D. Gutierrez • Ben Guttery • Gregory M. Guttman • Robert E. Guyton • Mark S. Guzik • John J. Guzman • Kevin D. Guzowski • Carl E. Gysler • Todd R. Haack • Brian J. Haag • Melissa A. Haak • Dale K.
Haas • David W. Habecker • Mark Allen Habecker • Rebecca Haberbush • Thomas L. Haberin • Jeffrey K. Haberland • Leslie B. Habig • Karen S. Hable • Patrick Edward Hable • Ted E. Habuda • Brian C. Hach • Elizabeth G. Hackbart • Timothy D. Hackett • Bruce K.
Hackler • David T. Hackney • Louis R. Haddad • Nancy J. Haddorff • Van A. Haddox • Sara Hadfield • Earl P. Hadler • Anne E. Hadley • Jerry P. Hadley • Jody G. Hadley • John Hadley • Kerry S. Hadley • Kristin K. Haeckel • Robert D. Haefner • Ronald F.
Haegele • Frank Joseph Haelle • David A. Hafner • Larry P. Haftel • Jonathan D. Haga • Terence M. Haggerty • Timothy Alan Hagins • John R. Hagy • Ronald Haig • Timothy W. Haines • William G. Haines • Andrew E. Hale • Greg D. Hale • Harry Hines Hale • Kelvin
E. Hale • Mark A. Hale • Mark T. Hale • Richard Charles Hale • Stanley K. Hale • Timothy C. Hale • Arthur P. Haley • John D. Haley • Andree C. Hall • Barbara A. Hall • Charles C. Hall • Chris E. Hall • Christopher J. Hall • Christopher L. Hall • Deanna C.
Hall • Donald C. Hall • Douglas R. Hall • Glenn Hall • Guy P. Hall • Howard B. Hall • James M. Hall • Jason Hall • Jeffrey M. Hall • Jeffrey Matthew Hall • Jennifer Hall • Jerry D. Hall • John H. Hall • John P. Hall • John Hall • Josiah A. Hall • Leslie L. Hall • Mark E.
Hall • Michael A. Hall • Michael L. Hall • Rice E. Hall • Ronald G. Hall • Thomas A. Hall • Walter Dean Hall • Walter T. Hall • William J. Hall • William L. Hall • Oscar M. Halldorson • Eric R. Haller • Stephen J. Haller • Russell L. Halleran • Perry W. Halls • Roger
W. Hallsell • Lawrence Neal Halpern • Thomas B. Halpin • Tricia Halpin • Terry Halsey • Robert G. Halvorson • Roger J. Halye • Liane Hamamoto • Marie Elizabeth Hamby • Heidi L. Hamel • Steven S. Hamel • Mary G. Hamer • Ross L. Hamer • Daniel M.
Hamilton • Glenn B. Hamilton • James P. Hamilton • Jeff W. Hamilton • Nathaniel Ramsey Hamilton • Richard M. Hamilton • Roger D. Hamilton • Rozie Hamilton • Thomas E. Hamilton • Irvin Lee Hamlet • James C. Hamm • William John Hammel • Brian Robert
Hammerle • Walter C. Hammerle • Gregory B. Hammond • Shawn C. Hammond • Steve M. Hammond • Gregory C. Hammonds • MacDonald J. Hamner • Jeffrey C. Hampson • Arthur L. Hampton • Eddie W. Hampton • Gregory V. Hampton • William T.
Hampton • Steve J. Hamre • Gerald Hamrick • Sun N. Han • Keith A. Hanauer • Gary G. Hancock • Jerry Vick Hancock • Matthew L. Hancuh • Gary Allen Handley • Randy J. Handt • Tony L. Hanel • William T. Hanes • Brandee M. Haney • Daniel K. Haney • David
T. Haney • Donald Kevin Haney • Donald Lynn Haney • Timothy C. Haney • Michael Bryon Haniuk • Richard M. Hanke • James S. Hankins • Robert C. Hankins • Jay N. Hanks • Diana Hanley • Kim R. Hanley • Rhonda C. Hanley • Ronald T. Hanley • Scott J.
Hanley • Brian C. Hanlon • Reginald W. Hanlon • Rory A. Hanlon • Neal A. Hann • Mark L. Hanna • Paul M. Hanna • William Hannan • James W. Hanner • Karl B. Hanner • Daniel P. Hannigan • Clayton J. Hanninen • Kevin Charles Hanning • Stacy M. Hannon • Russell
A. Hannu • William M. Hansard • Brian R. Hansen • Darcy Lynn Hansen • Eric Hansen • JoAnn Lisa Hansen • Paul C. Hansen • Robert H. Hansen • Robin E. Hansen • Scott K. Hansen • Stephen J. Hansen • Steven W. Hansen • Thomas P. Hansen • Roxanne M.
Hanshaw • Ana T. Hansmann • James D. Hansmann • Amy Rebecca Hanson • Douglas W. Hanson • Judy Lynn Hanson • Kirk A. Hanson • Rodney R. Hanson • Gene D. Hapip • Kirk K. Hapke • John T. Harbin • Kami Rene Harcrow • Brian Harcula • Steven J.
Hard • Ronald M. Hardecki • Fred P. Hardee • S. Dale Hardee • Steven R. Hardee • Jack C. Harden • Jeffrey M. Harden • Eddie B. Hardimon • Chris Keith Hardin • Robert V. Hardin • Tommy C. Hardin • Robert W. Harding • William Ray Harding • Charles T.
Hardison • John D. Hardman • Robert C. Hardman • Christopher L. Hardnett • Carlton F. Hardy • Janette Hardy • Karlos M. Hardy • Michael D. Hardy • Paul W. Hardy • James Louis Haren • Emil M. Harenberg • Steven M. Haresnape • Kari Harkey • Brian M.
Harkins • Steven M. Harless • Cynthia A. Harlow • Timothy P. Harman • John Patrick Harmon • Ronald L. Harmon • Rudolf Harmon • Linda J. Harms • Michael L. Harms • Janine R. Harnden • Robert L. Harness • David A. Harp • Duane L. Harpel • David E.
Harper • James R. Harper • Jeffery L. Harper • Ronald K. Harpold • Denise L. Harrell • Harris G. Harrell • William M. Harrell • David P. Harrington • Michael J. Harrington • Terry V. Harrington • Andre Harris • Ann C. Harris • Cynthia S. Harris • David L.
Harris • David R. Harris • Donald R. Harris • Douglas Alan Harris • Douglas M. Harris • Erik M. Harris • Gary A. Harris • Gerome C. Harris • Gregory W. Harris • Jeffrey D. Harris • Joan C. Harris • John R. Harris • Kathleen A. Harris • Kevin J. Harris • Larry
Harris • Mark Joseph Harris • Mark K. Harris • Mark Russell Harris • Phillip C. Harris • Robert T. Harris • Robert W. Harris • Rodney A. Harris • Roy J. Harris • Samuel W. Harris • Stephen L. Harris • Steve R. Harris • Terrance Keith Harris • Timothy R.

Names of charter members are in bold
Harris • Charles C. Harrison • Dean A. Harrison • Deborah A. Harrison • Richard G. Harrison • Richard S. Harrison • Tamara G. Harrison • Thomas Keith Harrison • Troy M. Harrison • Winford J. Harrison • Isadore Harry • Jack L. Harry • Jeffrey S. Harsey • Lynn
A. Harshman • Ivan S. Harstvedt • Douglas A. Hart • Jeffrey Allen Hart • Jodie Rae Hart • Kevin S. Hart • Patrick W. Hart • Randolph John Hart • Ray A. Hart • Richard Hart • Russell C. Hart • Stephen Hart • Thomas D. Hart • Robert W. Hartell • Monica R.
Harten • Patrick Harten • Kenneth D. Hartenstine • Betty Harter • Dorothy E. Hartigan • Steven R. Harting • Roger Hartje • Rick R. Hartley • Thomas H. Hartley • William J. Hartley • John G. Hartling • David W. Hartman • Dennis M. Hartman • Douglas P.
Hartman • Margaret Hartman • Scott D. Hartman • Shelley D. Hartman • John J. Hartnett • Robert Paul Hartnett • Razmik Hartounian • Steven M. Hartsoe • Gary T. Hartsough • Bruce A. Hartt • David Allen Hartung • Mia Hartvikson • Scott N. Hartwig • Harold
Clark Hartzell • Clarence T. Harvey • David D. Harvey • Edward W. Harvey • Eric John Harvey • J. Francois Harvey • James C. Harvey • Marylynn H. Harvey • Randy D. Harvey • Richard J. Harvey • Steven Michael Harvey • Dean J. Hasenpflug • Robert H.
Hashimoto • Mark H. Haskell • Stephen K. Haskell • Russell J. Hasselbach • David R. Hastings • Phillip M. Hata • Danny C. Hatch • Herbert Henry Hatch • Ronald M. Hatch • Deidre A. Hatchard • David Hatcher • John A. Hatcher • Robert L. Hatem • Jeanette E
Hatfield • Melissa Hatfield • Timothy Ray Hatfield • Chuck L. Hathaway • Sean Hathaway • Jacqueline A. Hatheway • George William Hatley • Robert J. Hatmaker • John D. Hatt • Cynthia F. Hatten • Thomas L. Hattori • Toby L. Hauck • John Haugan • Alan D.
Haugen • James Haugen • Matthew R. Haugen • David A. Hauger • Jerry L. Haun • Scott Haupert • John Haupt • David E. Hause • Charles J. Hauser • Mark R. Hauser • Robert L. Hausman • Jeffrey A. Hauth • John A. Haveman • Robert Haveman • Jon R.
Havens • Sharon M. Havers • Chris Haviland • Jon W. Hawbaker • Angela R. Hawkins • Bryan C. Hawkins • Clarence David Hawkins • Devry L. Hawkins • James C. Hawkins • John Lee Hawkins • Kenneth L. Hawkins • Everett E. Hawks • Richard K. Hawks • Alex M.
Hawley • Christine A. Hawley • Elizabeth A. Hawn • Rick G. Hawpe • Yvonne Hawpe • Terrence M. Hay • David S. Hayden • Chris A. Hayes • Dale E. Hayes • Daniel J. Hayes • Daniel R. Hayes • DonnaJean Hayes • George E. Hayes • Gerald B. Hayes • Janis
Hayes • John C. Hayes • Ken Hayes • Matthew W. Hayes • Morey B. Hayes • Thomas J. Hayes • Timothy D. Hayes • Earl L. Haymaker • Desmond L. Haynes • Gail R. Haynes • Gerard S. Haynes • Linda M. Haynes • Lonnie E. Haynes • Mark A. Haynes • Tammy Denae
Haynie • Thomas M. Hays • Christopher S. Hayth • Mickey J. Hayward • Roosevelt H. Haywood • Shawn L. Hazel • Donald Hazelwood • Scott B. Hazelwood • David Chris Head • Donald A. Head • Mark A. Head • Jeffrey A. Heagy • Julie Marie Healey • Peter J.
Healy • John B. Heamstead • Ty B. Hearnsberger • Austin Lee Hearst • Clifford Heart • Horace J. Heath • Michael D. Heath • Steven M. Heath • Wendy L. Heath • Belinda Anne Heaton • William R. Heaton • Cynthia M. Heavrin • Thomas W. Heck • William D.
Heckel • David J. Heckler • Gary C. Heckler • Laura L. Heckman • Richard H. Heckman • John A. Hed • Thomas James Hedeen • Chris J. Heden • Lewis M. Hedgepeth • Kathleen M. Heet • Jeremy J. Heetland • Brenda K. Hefferon • Gerald S. Heffner • Steven A.
Hefley • Joe W. Heflin • Kieron M. Heflin • Mark A. Heflin • Donald M. Heggland • Ryan Hehir • John D. Heidemann • Jesse L. Heier • Andrew C. Heifner • Richard E. Heil • Faith A. Hein • Steven M. Hein • Robert Heintz • Gary Heinz • Martin J.
Heischberg • Christopher L. Heisler • Steven J. Heitstuman • James M. Heitz • John J. Hellander • Charles T. Heller • James D. Heller • Richard T. Hellner • Daniel J. Helm • Alisa Glee Helmer • Lewis E. Helmig • Gary L. Helms • George Eric Helms • Timothy Scott
Helsing • Edward J. Helton • Daniel G. Hemenway • Michael W. Hemmer • Barbara A. Henderson • Barbara J. Henderson • Danny B. Henderson • David R. Henderson • Gregory A. Henderson • Guy David Henderson • James Henderson • Jeffrey S. Henderson • Keith
B. Henderson • Kristin E. Henderson • Pamela B. Henderson • Stephen L. Henderson • William E. Henderson • William L. Henderson • Clarissa H. Hendricks • Cynthia A. Hendricks • Gregory E. Hendricks • James H. Hendrickson • Melodye A. Hendrickson • Brian
Scott Hendrix • John T. Hendrix • Victor C. Hendrix • Mona L. Hendry • Matthew M. Henesy • Guy Heney • Carlos Henley • Phillip W. Henley • Gerald B. Henline • Joseph C. Henn • Patricia E. Henn • David C. Hennequin • Gary F. Hennessey • James J.
Hennessey • Joseph Hennessey • Donald A. Henney • Karl Henning • Michael J. Henning • Todd D. Henning • Stephen H. Henrich • Mark Craig Henricks • Alan L. Henrickson • Nancy J. Henrickson • Lisa A. Henrikson • Julio A. Henriques • Charles K. Henry • Gary
D. Henry • James A. Henry • Joyce A. Henry • Kip M. Henry • Tony L. Henry • William B. Henry • Julie M. Henshaw • John C. Hensley • John R. Hensley • Kaye A. Henson • Stephen C. Henson • William C. Henwood • Kenneth W. Henze • Theresa L. Henze • Robert
David Hepler • Albert E. Herazo • Randall L. Herbert • William H. Herbert • Stephen A. Herbruck • Thomas Grey Herd • Alex J. Herda • Ronald L. Herda • Jared C. Herdey • John Herlien • Gregory Herman • Max J. Herman • Robert Alan Herman • Frank Douglas
Hermann • Stephen Wayne Hermann • Martin G. Hermens • John R. Hermes • Enrique J. Hermosillo • Abel A. Hernandez • Dale A. Hernandez • Edwin Hernandez • Nelsido J. Hernandez • Traian Hernandez • David S. Hernley • Mark A. Herriage • Gary D.
Herrick • J. Mitchell Herrick • James P. Herrin • Frank H. Herring • Jonathan Herring • Laurie Herring • Richard T. Herring • Ricky D. Herring • Harland Blaine Herron • Jeffrey W. Herron • Gary B. Hersh • Preston Todd Hertzler • John Arthur Hertzog • Joseph L.
Hertzog • Robert J. Hertzog • Aaron Michael Herum • Anna M. Herzog • Charles E. Hess • David D. Hess • Gary R. Hess • Sherri L. Hess • Daniel T. Hesse • Paul Andrew Hesse • Heidi L. Hessert • Chris D. Heston • Daniel B. Hetland • Skip Hetterscheidt • Raymond
F. Heustis • Jeffrey M. Hewitt • Kenneth L. Hewitt • Larry E. Hewitt • Rodney A. Hewitt • Steve L. Heying • Lana Hurley Heyns • Patrick Heyob • Steve R. Heywood • Barry W. Hiatt • Bradley J. Hiatt • Shannon M. Hickman • Duane O. Hickok • Anthony C.
Hicks • D’Andre Hicks • Gary D. Hicks • Rodney C. Hicks • Stuart M. Hicks • Edward Hickson • Christine Hiebel • Kurt L. Hiebel • Don E. Hiebert • Paul W. Hiel • Chad William Hiemenz • Rodney W. Hieronymus • Robert Dale Hietala • David T. Higa • Glenn Y.
Higa • Edward W. Higginbotham • Jennifer A. Higginbotham • Joseph L. Higginbotham • Craig Higgins • John J. Higgins • Paul Joseph Higgins • Stan E. Higgins • Kevin D. Higginson • Michael Higgiston • Emilia W. High • George C. High • Jimmie G. High • Donna L.
Hightower • John T. Hightower • Neal Hightower • Roger Hightower • James D. Hildbold • Mark D. Hildebrand • Edward W. Hildenbrand • Marie N. Hiligh • Colleen M. Hill • Daniel F. Hill • Darrin P. Hill • Donald B. Hill • Douglas R. Hill • Garry S. Hill • John A.
Hill • John M. Hill • Lance E. Hill • Lawrence L. Hill • Lawrence P. Hill • Lori J. Hill • Mark L. Hill • Olin T. Hill • Robert C. Hill • Robert Hill • Rodney H. Hill • Timothy J. Hill • Steven J. Hillerud • Jay Hilligrass • William D. Hills • Joseph E. Hillyer • Steven L.
Hillyer • Richard O. Hilmoe • Reed Hiltermann • Jeffrey A. Hilton • Terry L. Hilton • Wendi Jo Hiltwein • Robert O. Hinchliffe • James Hinds • Samantha Hinds • Donald D. Hinebaugh • Charles A. Hines • Deric R. Hines • Mark C. Hines • Laura L. Hinkebein • Mike
Hinkebein • Frank M. Hinman • Carlos R. Hinojosa • Enrique E. Hinojosa • Bruce A. Hinote • Michael P. Hinson • Dennis E. Hinton • James A. Hinton • Douglas R. Hintz • Michael J. Hintz • Shawn N. Hintz • Timothy F. Hipsher • Myles M. Hirahara • Timothy S.
Hirsch • Robert A. Hissom • Rebecca Lyn Hitchcock • Jeffery P. Hitchings • Chris L. Hite • Daniel V. Hittner • Jon A, Hjelm • Tom C. Hjelmgren • John E. Hlavka • Edmund Ho • Deborah E. Hoagland • Mark D. Hoagland • Penny L. Hoban • Timothy M. Hoban • Charles
Hobbs • John E. Hobbs • Kimberly A. Hobbs • Steven Robin Hobbs • Bryan N. Hobgood • Peter M. Hobiger • Fred C. Hochreiter • Delwyn E. Hocker • Robert G. Hocking • Jesse L. Hodel • Eric Hodge • Simpson Craig Hodge • DeWayne Allen Hodges • Philip
Hodges • Richard E. Hodges • William C. Hodges • Benjamin T. Hodgkins • Mark A. Hodgkins • Kelly Jean Hodgson • Lars D.T. Hodgson • Ronald E. Hodowaine • Jeffrey H. Hodsdon • Michael B. Hodson • James R. Hoeksema • John A. Hoelscher • Ferdinand H.
Hoepner • Geoffrey A. Hoertz • George M. Hof • Jessica Lynn Hoffbeck • Allen C. Hoffman • Bobbi S. Hoffman • Brian D. Hoffman • Chris T. Hoffman • Derek L. Hoffman • George Rande Hoffman • Gerald L. Hoffman • Maurice J. Hoffman • Owen Philip
Hoffman • Stephen J. Hoffman • Jill I. Hoffmann • John J. Hoffmann • Mary Lynne Hoffmann • Kathryn I. Hoffsetz • Thomas A. Hofius • Kevin L. Hofmann • Amanda Hogan • Charles C. Hogan • Damon L. Hogan • Gregory Hogan • Mark A. Hogenson • John C.
Hogueisson • Mark David Holben • John Mark Holbrook • Stephen C. Holbrook • Evangeline H. Holcomb • Norval J. Holcomb • Sandra Hope Holcomb • Aaron K. Holden • Edward C. Holden • Gary W. Holden • Robert D. Holderby • Frederick I. Holdgate • Monica
Duran Holguin • Salvador R. Holguin • Brian T. Holgun • David J. Holland • Jeffrey E. Holland • Jeffrey L. Holland • Michael Q. Holland • Terry D. Holland • Walter L. Holland • William T. Holland • Kris P. Hollarbush • Gerald R. Holle • William J. Holley • Kermit B.
Holliday • Rene’ Michael Holliday • Shelley K. Hollingshead • Christopher L. Hollingsworth • Dean Alan Hollingsworth • LouElla A. Hollingsworth • Alan Hollis • William N. Hollis • Derald A. Holloway • Stephanie Aileen Hollowell • Edward K. Holman • Gene A.
Holmes • Melissa Holmes • Neil C. Holmes • Willard P. Holmes • William C. Holmes • David E. Holroyd • G. Bruce Holstad • Byron L. Holt • Don B. Holt • Robert H. Holt • Robert W. Holt • Timothy E. Holt • Valerie J. Holt • James G. Holtz • William L.
Holtzman • Peter C. Holysz • Lester E. Holz • Brett W. Holzschuh • Michael E. Hommowun • Stephen B. Hommowun • Buster Lee Honaker • Joseph Dean Honea • Albert J. Honegger • Robert A. Honey • Wuon Chol Hong • Heath W. Honse • Cindy T.
Hood • Edward R. Hood • John R. Hood • Kathleen Marie Hood • Keith Hood • Mark A. Hood • Alyce V. Hood-Fleming • Dennis R. Hoodlet • Patricia T. Hooge • James Neale Hooker • Todd Hooks • David S. Hooper • Denne Hoover • John M. Hoover • Susan J.
Hoover • Kenneth E. Hopf • Bruce M. Hopkins • Jean M. Hopkins • Linda K. Hopkins • Marty L. Hopkins • Paul M. Hopkins • Robert J. Hopkinson • John Hoppe • William L. Hoppe • Ann-Marie T. Hopper • Dale J. Hopwood • Mitchell Ross Horacek • Thomas R.
Horcher • John R. Hord • Edward Horn • JoAnne Horn • Michael A. Horn • Susan E. Horn • Rueben Robert Hornberg • Gary L. Horne • Gregory A. Horne • Jonathan Horner • Joseph E. Horner • Paul A. Horner • Randal Eugene Horner • William T. Horner • Samuel
I. Horney • Kenneth K. Hornisch • David A. Hornung • David Robert Hornung • Rich T. Horrocks • Chad Horton • David E. Horton • Glenn F. Horton • John D. Horton • Lois J. Horton • Mack P. Horton • Michael J. Horvath • Douglas J. Horwath • Daniel J.
Horwitz • George L. Hosford • Patricia C. Hosier • Janet L. Hoskins • Richard K. Hoskins • Robert E. Host • Fred B. Hostettler • Albert J. Hott • Edward T. Hottman • David M. Houck • Kenneth Alan Hougey • John H. Hough • Daniel J. Houlihan • Ernest
House • Joseph N. House • Jenny B. Householder • Jeff Housend • Lewis V. Houser • R.J. Holt Houser • Ralph B. Houser • Steven W. Houser • Denise J. Houshel • John A. Houston • John S. Houston • Johnny Houston • Andrew P. Houzenga • Stephen M.
Hovis • Alan L. Howard • Charles E. Howard • Davi Howard • David Martin Howard • Gerald M. Howard • Janet M. Howard • John William Howard • Jonathan W. Howard • Mark A. Howard • Michael L. Howard • Robert J. Howard • Roger D. Howard • Russell
Joseph Howard • Susan K. Howard • Dennis A. Howarth • Curtis G. Howe • Jason J. Howe • Barbara A. Howell • Lisa J. Howell • Michael R. Howell • Steve R. Howell • Teddy V. Howell • William Thomas Howell • Melissa J. Howes • Kathleen L. Howeth • Karyn
Howland • Michael D. Howse • Thomas W. Howting • Bruce M. Hoyer • Cheryl A. Hoyt • James M. Hoyt • Nicole Lynn Hradil • Warren A. Hragyil • William L. Hribal • Michael Hrizuk • Jeffrey J. Hruby • David Y.J. Hsu • Son T. Hua • Ruey-Long Huang • James Lee
Hubbard • Jason S. Hubbard • Johnny M. Hubbard • Daniel W. Hubbartt • Harold W. Huber • James F. Huber • James M. Huber • Kathleen F. Huber • Mark A. Huber • Phillip L. Huber • Richard F. Huber • Scott Huber • Jeff B. Hubert • Ronald M. Hubrich • Raymond
Huck • Bryan Shawn Huckaby • Dan Huddleston • Mark Hudgins • Thomas J. Hudnall • Joseph G. Hudson • Rex H. Hudson • Shane Andrew Hudson • Steven C. Hudson • Thomas G. Hudson • John Hudy • Frank E. Hudzinski • Katherine Huebner • Rodrigo J.
Huete • Denise Lynn Huey • Gregory T. Huey • Charles R. Huff • William T. Huff • Douglas W. Huffman • Vernon C. Huffman • Brian D. Hugge • Monte E. Hugget • Gladys J. Huggins • Jeanne M. Huggins • Arthur K. Hughes • Camille D. Hughes • Daniel K.
Hughes • David C. Hughes • Eric K. Hughes • F. James Hughes • James P. Hughes • Jason R. Hughes • Jeffrey Alan Hughes • Jeremy L. Hughes • John R. Hughes • Johnny C. Hughes • Larry R. Hughes • Mark J. Hughes • Patrick L. Hughes • Paul Gregory Hughes • Philip
T. Hughes • Richard Hughes • Susanne M. Hughes • Thomas K. Hughes • Timothy R. Hughes • William E. Hughes • William F. Hughes • William James Hughes • James N. Huhta • William C. Hui • Byron W. Hull • Michael A. Hull • Michael J. Hull • Richard M.
Hull • Terry L. Hull • Edward W. Hulsey • Tod E. Hulsman • Christina Marie Hulsmeyer • Renae Lynn Hultgren • Bradley John Hultquist • Mack H. Humphery • David C. Humphrey • Mark Anthony Humphrey • John W. Humphreys • Sarah M. Humphreys • Stan G.
Humphreys • Kirby R. Humphries • Allen Hundal • Donald M. Huneke • Stephen L. Hungerford • Thomas H. Hungerland • Dennis A. Hunsinger • Donald F. Hunt • Jeffree A. Hunt • Kenneth N. Hunt • Mark A. Hunt • Patrick Lee Hunt • Asia Lynn Hunter • Donald R.
Hunter • Gregory S. Hunter • James E. Hunter • Mark F. Hunter • Morace B. Hunter • Owen W. Hunter • Philip L. Hunter • Alan P. Huntley • Hugh R. Hunton • Greg L. Hurd • Patrick J. Hurd • Deborah Hurley • LeRoy F. Hurley • William J. Hurley • Mark Edward
Hurmence • James Allen Hurst • Jamison Hurst • Janice P. Hurst • Todd Charles Hurta • Jeff W. Huschka • Tim Glen Huseby • Steven R. Huser • Lawrence J. Huskey • Michael J. Huskey • Daryl Hustead • Amy L. Huston • Elena Huston • Amy C. Hutcherson • Royce
B. Hutcherson • Robert W. Hutchins • Fenton Hewes Hutchinson • Jerry F. Hutchinson • Gerald W. Huthoefer • Kim F. Hutnik • Karen K. Hutsell • Michael D. Hutson • Bennie R. Hutto • Harry J. Hyaduck • Michael L. Hyde • Raymond A. Hyde • Robert L.
Hyde • Troy T. Hyder • Kenneth J. Hyer • Todd A. Hyland • Steven R. Hylinski • Tanya L. Hyman • Teal N. Hyman • Zishoni D. Hymes • Samuel D. Hyte • Dean Iacopelli • Charles R. Ibold • Mona L. Iddings • Vincent Ifill • Alex C. Iglesias • Gilberto P.
Iglesias • Rosemary D. Igrec • Larry Ihlen • John V. Ikeda • Jon M. Ikeda • Joyce E. Ikemire • Delroy M. Iles • Jeff Ilich • Jeffrey A. Imel • Michael Imes • Rico F. Imundo • Dawn M. Indrisek • Milan S. Indrisek • Mark B. Ingersoll • R. Allen Inglett • John
Ingman • David R. Ingraham • Charles A. Ingram • William D. Ingram • Jimmy R. Inman • Ken K. Inouye • Russell T. Inouye • Joseph Iovanisci • Mary Irby • Danny L. Ireland • Mark A. Ireson • Jose Angel Irizarry • Thomas L. Ironside • Neil Irvin • Michael S.
Irving • Steven C. Irving • Kenneth L. Irwin • Michael C. Irwin • Marion Isaac • Mark D. Isaacks • George L. Isaacs • Michael Isaacs • Gina Isaak • Jeffrey G. Isbister • Colleen Marie Ishaug • Kathi Naomi Ishimaru • Jayson K. Isler • Dexter R. Ithal • Carlos
Iturbe • Russell Itzkin • Allen W. Ivy • Eva R. Ivy • George P. Ivy • Scott T. Iwamoto • Chris G. Iwanski • George E. Jackman • Bryan Edward Jackson • David J. Jackson • David W. Jackson • Donald R. Jackson • Eric Donald Jackson • Erwin B. Jackson • Gregory Wayne
Jackson • Heather C. Jackson • Leonard A. Jackson • Lora J. Jackson • Mary M. Jackson • Paula A. Jackson • Rexford A. Jackson • Roxanne Jackson • Russel A. Jackson • Stephen R. Jackson • Teronda V. Jackson • Thomas Daniel Jackson • Wayne R. Jackson • William
Neal Jackson • Moni Jacob • Gregory S. Jacobs • Jon H. Jacobs • Kurt A. Jacobs • Steven Earle Jacobs • William T. Jacobs • Joseph D. Jacobsen • Andrea Mary Jacobson • Todd E. Jacobson • Jon R. Jacobus • Susan Lemonds Jaeger • Rodney P. Jaehn • Beverly
Jaffe • Helen Jafolis • Mary W. Jagiello • Chris Joseph Jahn • Andrew Jaimes • Edward L. Jakowski • Belinda Jalilpour • John R. Jamboretz • Dale A. James • Dennis Michael James • Thomas A. James • Charles P. Jamison • John F. Jamison • Robert E. Jamison • Chris
Jamotta • Paul Anthony Jan • Paul C. Janak • Michael Janicke • Jerome J. Janik • Randy A. Janowski • James L. Janssens • Richard J. Janusz • John L. Japez • Alfred Jaramillo • James M. Jarvis • Jeffrey R. Jarvis • Michael P. Jarvis • Mitchell P. Jarvis • Sharon
Jarvis • William Joe Jarvis • Manzoor H. Javed • Stanley J. Jaworski • Charles D. Jaynes • Joseph A. Jeanes • Alan J. Jefferies • Christopher Jeffers • Carol I. Jefferson • Gordon V. Jefferson • Richard K. Jefferson • Larry Michael Jeffs • Goran Jelenic • Tye H.
Jelle • David J. Jenkins • Martin A Jenkins • Robert Jenkins • Sherry K. Jenkins • Thomas H. Jenkins • Dorothy Ann Jenks • Louisa E. Jenks • Charles U. Jennette • Candaisy Jennings • David J. Jennings • Dean G. Jennings • Gerald A. Jennings • Kurt W. Jennings • Victor
F. Jennings • William L. Jennings • Carl M. Jensen • Carl R. Jensen • Harry A. Jensen • James Jay Jensen • James Lawrence Jensen • Karl F. Jensen • Richard L. Jensen • Robert C. Jensen • Mark A. Jernigan • Jillian Jerrolds • Byron Paul Jespersen • David D. Jessen • Robert
B. Jesser • Diana J. Jessop • Charles A. Jetel • Kimberly Jetel • Ricardo Jimenez • Susana Jimenez • Victor Jimenez • Richard Jimonson • Elizabeth H. Jinks • Karl R. Jiricek • John M. Jirschefske • Randall J. Job • Joye L. Jobe • Joseph W. Jochheim • William K.
Johannes • Eric Brian Johansen • Mike Johanson • Clay H. John • Erik J. John • Beary M. Johns • Paul Johns • Randal J. Johns • John T. Johnsen • Vince Johnsen • Chris T. Johnsey • Adam Andrew Johnson • Amy L. Johnson • Andrew R. Johnson • Barry S.
Johnson • Benjamin G. Johnson • Brenda J. Johnson • Brenda Lee Johnson • Brian John Johnson • Brian T. Johnson • Bruce L. Johnson • Chad Noland Johnson • Charles D. Johnson • Chris L. Johnson • Chris S. Johnson • Chris T. Johnson • Christine Johnson • Christopher
H. Johnson • Christopher R. Johnson • Cory W. Johnson • Cristofer L. Johnson • Curtis A. Johnson • Curtis Johnson • Danal R. Johnson • Darrell Lee Johnson • David A. Johnson • David C. Johnson • David M. Johnson • David S. Johnson • David W. Johnson • Debra
K. Johnson • Donald Johnson • Douglas Mark Johnson • Edward S. Johnson • Eric Johnson • Frederick M. Johnson • Gary M. Johnson • Hal P. Johnson • Harry L. Johnson • James David Johnson • James G. Johnson • James Nolen Johnson • James R. Johnson • James The
NATCA Family

The NATCA Family
Names of charter members are in bold
R. Johnson • Jason Johnson • Jayne L. Johnson • Jeffery Lee Johnson • Jeffrey A. Johnson • Jeffrey R. Johnson • Jerry J. Johnson • John E. Johnson • Kathleen M. Johnson • Keith Dwayne Johnson • Keith N. Johnson • Keith W. Johnson • Kelly Robert Johnson • Kenneth
N. Johnson • Kenneth W. Johnson • Kent A. Johnson • Kent J. Johnson • Kevin D. Johnson • Kyle L. Johnson • Lane Donald Johnson • Larry K. Johnson • Louis Thomas Johnson • Mark Allen Johnson • Mark D. Johnson • Mark R. Johnson • Mark S. Johnson •
Marvin B. Johnson • Melvin L. Johnson • Michael B. Johnson • Michael Keith Johnson • Michael R. Johnson • Michael W. Johnson • Michael W. Johnson • Mitchell E. Johnson • Ollie Johnson • Paul A. Johnson • Paul Johnson • Perry D. Johnson • Peter H. Johnson • Phillip
W. Johnson • Randall Brent Johnson • Randol D. Johnson • Rashun Johnson • Regginale E. Johnson • Reginald A. Johnson • Rex A. Johnson • Rhonda A. Johnson • Richard C. Johnson • Richard Johnson • Robert E. Johnson • Robert J. Johnson • Robert L.
Johnson • Robert Johnson • Roger D. Johnson • Ruth E. Johnson • Ruthann Johnson • Samuel J. Johnson • Sasha Rae Johnson • Saundra I. Johnson • Schubert C. Johnson • Sharon A. Johnson • Stefanie Ann Johnson • Stephen C. Johnson • Steven J. Johnson • Steven
M. Johnson • Terry A. Johnson • Thomas A. Johnson • Thomas Francis Johnson • Thomas R. Johnson • Timothy D. Johnson • Timothy L. Johnson • Timothy Johnson • Tony M. Johnson • Tracy L. Johnson • Vernon Johnson • Virgil Lee Johnson • Wade Johnson • Walter
R. Johnson • Wayne D. Johnson • Wayne E. Johnson • William D. Johnson • William G. Johnson • William Pryor Johnson • Allen J. Johnston • David L. Johnston • Diana Johnston • James J. Johnston • James R. Johnston • James R. Johnston • Jerry Lee
Johnston • Roxann Johnston • Scott B. Johnston • William Johnston • Scott A. Johnstone • James Michael Joiner • Gregory S. Jok • David E. Jolley • Robert Jolley • Kevin G. Jolliffe • Juli A. Jonas • Kenneth D. Jonassen • Alan E. Jones • Beverly J. Jones • Brian K.
Jones • Brian W. Jones • Bryan E. Jones • Byron Keith Jones • Carol J. Jones • Casey A. Jones • Charles B. Jones • Dana C. Jones • Daniel W. Jones • Darnell A. Jones • Darrin L. Jones • David M. Jones • David W. Jones • Donald Vann Jones • Douglas M.
Jones • Duncan M. Jones • Durwin W. Jones • Edgar G. Jones • Edward L. Jones • Felicia L. Jones • Frederick A. Jones • George L. Jones • Glen Jones • Gordon B. Jones • Gregory Jones • Jeanne L. Jones • Jeffery D. Jones • Jeffrey A. Jones • Jeffrey T. Jones • John P.
Jones • Katherine S. Jones • Kathy Lee Jones • Kennedy Jones • Kitty A. Jones • Krisleen A. Jones • Leon T. Jones • Lewis A. Jones • Lori A. Jones • Lynn H. Jones • Matthew W. Jones • Melvin B. Jones • Michael E. Jones • Michael P. Jones • Michael Phillip
Jones • Nathaniel T. Jones • Randy T. Jones • Richard Jones • Robert David Jones • Robert L. Jones • Robert L. Jones • Scott A. Jones • Scott Jones • Steven Jones • Thomas S. Jones • Todd M. Jones • Wardell Jones • Warren Bailey Jones • Wayne C. Jones • William
Harold Jones • Jennifer Jones-Smith • Eric H. Jonke • Anthony D. Jopling • Bryan Keith Jordan • Daniel B. Jordan • Douglas A. Jordan • Juanita Jordan • Mark D. Jordan • Peter S. Jordan • Seann P. Jordan • Lynn R. Jorde • Joseph P. Jorge • Kirk R. Jorgensen • Richard
G. Jorgensen • Scott A. Jorgensen • Steven M. Jorgensen • Thomas L. Jorgensen • Terra Ann Jorgenson • John W. Joseph • Kosly Joseph • Malcolm W. Joseph • Ron M. Joshua • Carrie R. Joslin • Mark T. Joswick • Valerie Ann Jovel • Cherie J. Joyal • Thomas E.
Joyce • Timothy K. Joyce • Bobby Anthony Joyner • Gregory D. Joyner • Philip R. Joyner • William C. Joyner • Michelle L. Juarez • Stephen T. Jubb • Tom Juday • Dallas Gene Judkins • David P. Judson • Jason Todd Judy • Dale S. Juhl • John William Julian • Dennis
Julianna • Mary K. June • Jude Juneau • Abraham Jung • Craig M. Jung • Gil Y. Jung • Lisa A. Junkins • Charles Benjamin Justice • Hugh L. Justice • Patricia A. Justice • Wirge Justusson-Rivera • Clarence D. Kabat • Cynthia M. Kacher • Michael J. Kacher • Matthew D.
Kachur • James A. Kadrmas • Robert J. Kaemmer • Sanford K. Kaga • Ayaz G. Kagzi • Cynthia E. Kahl • Mark E. Kahl • Philip J. Kain • Brandon D. Kaiser • Frederick C Kaiser • Sanjeev Kalani • Steven F. Kaldahl • Mark A. Kallio • Alexander Kalmykov • Andrew L.
Kalnoske • Timon A. Kalpaxis • Steven Kalvelage • Bernie Kamali • John M. Kamer • Thomas Kenneth Kamman • Joseph Kammerlocher • Scott Allen Kamph • Matthew S. Kamplain • Walter L. Kamps • Ken Kamrath • Wayne T. Kanagusuku • Edward J.
Kane • Thomas J. Kane • David W. Kangas • Joseph Kenneth Kann • David A. Kannberg • Leanne R. Kannegieter • Glen S. Kanow • Dale I. Kanten • Thomas Stephen Kantola • Tammy Kantorowicz • Michael A. Kanyuh • Mark A. Kapeghian • James Kaping • Eugene
Kapinos • Antonia A. Kaplan • Dennis Keith Kaplan • John T. Kaplun • William L. Kappa • Robert D. Kappel • Daniel W. Kaps • John A. Kaps • Steven Kapsalis • Gail A. Kapusnick • John R. Karafa • Frederick C. Karam • Tim P. Karavas • Greg Kardong • Lisa
Kardos • Robert A. Kareff • Naomi E. Karkanen • Francis R. Karkula • James A. Karlovich • Aaron Karlson • Susan K. Karlson • Kenneth B. Karnath • John M. Karnbach • Christian M. Karns • John C. Karnstedt • Jo A. Karp • Kenton B. Karr • Robert J. Karras • Jerome
A. Karrels • Robert Karsky • Kathleen Ann Karsten • Mary J. Karsten • Thomas E. Karstetter • Sandra L. Karwoski • Timothy J. Karwoski • Jim Kasara • John Michael Kasel • Vincent F. Kashuda • Joseph F. Kashula • Tina M. Kask • Kevin P. Kasparek • Corey J.
Kaster • Janet M. Kath • Randy E. Kath • Larry W. Kattner • Bruce Howard Katz • Steven D. Katz • Martina C. Kauffman • Vance G. Kauffman • Robert E. Kaufman • Rudolf Kaufmann • David A. Kaupp • Richard Kawaguchi • John G. Kay • Dean S. Kaye • Craig E.
Kayler • Brian Kayner • Omid Kayvan • David Allen Kazyaka • Matthew D. Kealy • Patrick Martin Keane • Shawn E. Keane • Kreg A. Kearley • George W. Keaton • Michael F. Keaveney • Glenn R. Keck • James M. Keck • Kevin Patrick Kee • Craig R. Keech • Terence
M. Keefe • Aaron Zackary Keel • Ronald H. Keel • Victor Keela • Jennings D. Keele • Amy Jo Keeler • Tina Keeling • Thomas A. Keenan • Robert M. Keene • Forest J. Keener • Kevin M. Keener • James D. Keeney • Shane Keenley • Ryan Keesecker • James B.
Keesling • Dennis T. Keeton • Jerome W. Keever • Matthew S. Keffer • Ralph H. Kegel • James G. Kehoe • David D. Keifer • Chris Keil • Scott W. Keiling • Clifford J. Keirce • Elmo E. Keirsey • Gerald B. Keiter • Claude Keith • Duane Keith • Gary S. Keith • James
N. Keith • Kenneth K. Keith • Lia M. Keith • Kristin L. Keitzer • David E. Kellar • Bernhard Karl Keller • Cathy Keller • Donald Michael Keller • Douglas Keller • Forrest Keller • Henry Lee Keller • Jesse L. Keller • Richard S. Keller • Scott Keller • Terry D.
Keller • Donald E. Kellett • Eric Kelley • Eugene T. Kelley • Glenn P. Kelley • James M. Kelley • James M. Kelley • James Mike Kelley • John V. Kelley • Kimberly A. Kelley • Mary J. Kelley • Rohn Kelley • Scott L. Kelley • Steven K. Kelley • Thomas W. Kelley • Timothy
C. Kelley • William R. Kelley • Susan M. Kelley-Marino • Brian Frank Kellman • Amy S. Kellogg • Marcey L. Kellogg • Richard Earl Kellogg • James L. Kellum • Anthony Kelly • Clinton L. Kelly • Daniel W. Kelly • Daniel Kelly • David Wade Kelly • Dennis E. Kelly • Hugh
J. Kelly • James J. Kelly • James M. Kelly • James P. Kelly • John David Kelly • Kenneth V. Kelly • Kerry Lynne Kelly • Kevin John Kelly • Kim E. Kelly • Milton Cardell Kelly • Robert D. Kelly • Stephen E. Kelly • Thomas F. Kelly • Michael Keltz • Robert L.
Kelzenberg • Clifford M. Kemler • Michael W. Kemmis • James E. Kemp • Lars W. Kemp • Gary D. Kempe • Kevin Kempton • Douglas P. Kenaga • John F. Kendall • John Glenn Kendall • Kelly B. Kendall • Leonard M. Kendall • Steve Kender • Lamonte M.
Kendzierski • Brian K. Kenemer • Robert John Kenna • E.J. Kennedy • Houston R. Kennedy • John Carroll Kennedy • John J. Kennedy • Josh H. Kennedy • LeAnne Kennedy • Linda C. Kennedy • Michael E. Kennedy • Michael S. Kennedy • Norman O.
Kennedy • Norman T. Kennedy • Randy L. Kennedy • Ronald Edward Kennedy • Steven S. Kennedy • Teah D. Kennedy • Terrence L. Kennedy • Wade A. Kennedy • Warren D. Kennedy • Larry Richard Kennell • Scott S. Kenner • Richard N. Kennington • Roy A.
Kennis • Ryan P. Kennley • Mary Anne Kenny • Alvin D. Kent • James D. Kent • Paul C. Kenward • Kimberly S. Kenyon • Steven D. Kenyon • Phalla Keo • Carl D. Kerby • James M. Kerekes • Todd Michael Kerekes • Paul H. Keriazes • Dennis A. Kern • Gary R.
Kern • Konrad Kern • John L. Kernan • John B. Kerr • Mark W. Kerr • Randolph D. Kerr • Raymond B. Kerr • Robert A. Kerr • Teresa A. Kerr • Wendy Kerr • Robert A. Kersey • Carl A. Kertis • Michael R. Kerwin • Christophe M. Kesler • Robert E. Kesler • Mary
L. Keso • Bruce A. Kessler • Keith H. Kessler • Louis I. Kessler • Ricky Ketchmark • Roy Ketchum • James Donald Kettenhofen • Monica Y. Keyes • Robert C. Keyes • Hani Khalil • Varun Khanna • Paul Khatcherian • Talal Khawatmi • Audrey L. Kidd • David J.
Kidd • Henry J. Kidd • James R. Kidd • Kraig S. Kidd • Paul B. Kidd • Clinton F. Kidwell • William A. Kieffer • Chris J. Kiely • Randy R. Kienitz • Mary R. Kiger • Delisa Kik • Michael E. Kik • Edward F. Kiley • Patrick M. Kiley • Frederick L. Kilgo • David P.
Kilgus • Chris M. Killian • David Killmer • Edward J. Kilroy • Peter Kily • Paul Y. Kim • Tim Kim • Wonbae Kim • LaDonna L. Kimble • Randolph L. Kimble • Paula J. Kimbrell • Janine I. Kimmes • Greg S. Kimzey • James D. Kincaid • Tommy Kincaid • Wilburn
M. Kincaid • Gregory L. Kindred • Lynwood D. Kindt • Sandra A. Kindt • Antoinette King • Benjamin F. King • Chris K. King • David J. King • David L. King • Deborah B. King • Donna G. King • Erwin T. King • Eustace Eugene King • Gregory F. King • Herbert T.
King • Jol R. King • Kevin F. King • Lawrence N. King • Lawrence T. King • Lynn A. King • Michael K. King • Nancy Jean King • Paul Eddie King • Ralph J. King • Richard D. King • Robin C. King • Scott King • Shirley King • Thomas L. King • Gary W. Kingsbury • Mark
C. Kingsbury • Gary Brent Kingsley • Michael Ralph Kingsley • Noel N. Kingston • Cecil Kinion • James L. Kinkelaar • Duane R. Kinney • Mitchell P. Kinney • Patricia K. Kinney • Thomas M. Kinney • Michael E. Kinsella • Debbie D. Kinser • Henry S. Kinsler • Kenneth
E. Kinyon • Susan J. Kinyon • Anthony C. Kirby • LouAnn Kirby • Noel Andrew Kirby • Paul T. Kirby • Scott E. Kirby • Dean R. Kirchoff • Michael Dean Kirk • Michael J. Kirk • Paul M. Kirk • Richard John Kirk • William J. Kirkbride • Michael D. Kirkby • Bruce E.
Kirkendoll • Edmund J. Kirker • Daniel W. Kirkes • Edmund Randall Kirkland • Jimmy D. Kirkland • George N. Kirkpatrick • Kevin F. Kirkpatrick • Eric P. Kirner • Kevin C. Kirsch • Robert L. Kirsch • Robert A. Kirtley • Robert K. Kiser • Wayne A. Kish • Gary L.
Kishbaugh • Chester Kisling • Thomas W. Kisling • Kevin W. Kiss • William A. Kisseadoo • Barbara E. Kissee • Paul E. Kisselburg • Robert M. Kissling • Billy R. Kitchen • Deron J. Kitchen • Edward T. Kitchens • John H. Kitchens • Kevin D. Kitson • Donna Marie
Kitta • David J. Kittle • Michael Albert Kitto • Malcolm Kittrell • Karl D. Kivela • James S. Kizer • Keith L. Kizziar • Anthony Edward Klancher • John A. Klarich • Steven D. Klarich • Catherine B. Klatt • John D. Klatt • James D. Klausing • William K. Klausner • John
E. Klear • Russell E. Klecka • Alan R. Klein • Jeffrey J. Klein • Linda J. Klein • Michael J. Klein • Steven R. Klein • Chris A. Kleine • Scott A. Kleinhaus • Richard J. Kleinheinz • Chris Carl Klevesahl • Robert A. Klier • Diane L. Kline • Michael S. Kline • Bruce Daniel
Klinger • David M. Klinger • Michele Kloft • Cecile M. Kloman • Chris Kloman • Steven J. Klongerbo • Thomas John Kloos • Blair A. Klotzbach • Karla M. Kluesner • Kenneth L. Kluge • Leigh Ann Kluge • Barry W. Klunder • John E. Klunk • Michael R.
Klupenger • Kevin M. Kluver • James C. Kmetz • Mark W. Knabel • Carl W. Knapp • Derek A. Knapp • Gary E. Knapp • Michael G. Knaup • Donald F. Knehr • Richard A. Knepfle • Nick Knezevich • Michael Knezovich • James R. Knickerbocker • Kevin P.
Knickerbocker • Beatrice S. Knight • Deborah J. Knight • Eric J. Knight • James D. Knight • Kelly R. Knight • Leonard R. Knight • Shawn Gerald Knight • Terence A. Knight • Larry M. Knighten • Carey Knoerdel • Joseph B. Knoetgen • Ross Barry Knoll • Andrew J.
Knopp • William P. Knost • Rick Knowles • Robert M. Knowles • Todd M. Knowles • Charles J. Knox • Edward D. Knox • Ingrid D. Knox • Jackie Dale Knox • Jason C. Knudsen • Sharon K. Knudsen • David P. Knuebel • Mark G. Knupp • Jeffrey N. Knutson • Scott
A. Knutson • John J. Knych • David L. Koch • John F.W. Koch • Lisa Marie Koch • Kimberly M. Kochis • Khalil E. Kodsi • George F. Koehler • Edward E. Koehn • Gustave F. Koehn • Keith D. Koenig • Keith M. Koenig • Kristopher Scott Koenig • Steve Koenigseder • Todd
D. Koeppen • Matthew Koester • Julie Koetz • Beverly D. Koffron • John P. Kofler • Louis H. Kohagen • Stanley E. Kohl • Dori S. Kohlberg • Michael E. Kohler • Sherry L. Kohler • William P. Kohler • Michael Kohner • Kelley S. Kohring • Nathan A. Kohring • Becky
Ann Kohut • Adrian T. Koizumi • Kristopher M. Koke • Michael G. Kokes • Wayne Kokiadis • Jackie G. Kolberg • Garth Gene Koleszar • William J. Kollasch • Gloria J. Kollosch • Joseph Michael Kolock • Richard M. Kolodka • Anthony P. Kolonie • Jason
Kolpen • Thomas B. Komer • Lisa Ann Konchar • Robert S. Kondracke • Joseph P. Konietzko • Matthew J. Konig • Roman R. Konowka • Kurt A. Konrad • William D. Konrad • John J. Kontje • Esther J. Kontos • Charles F. Konz • Jeffrey L. Konzal • Mike Koob • Richard
S. Koogle • Mark Douglas Kooiman • Jeffrey W. Koon • Taylor L. Koonce • Mark R. Koos • Christine M. Kooser • Michael C. Koppes • Scott L. Kordes • Henry C. Korecko • Christophe S. Korkowski • Nicole MaryElizabeth Korkowski • Timothy Michael Korody • David
G. Koroscik • John C. Korsman • Donald M. Korzep • Dean R. Kosen • Barry Kosmal • Jennifer L. Kossick • Leigh Ann Kost • Peter A. Kosterman • Daniel S. Koston • Donald E. Kostuck • John Kotlaba • John Kouloumbis • Charles B. Koury • Joseph L.
Kovack • Donald L. Kovacs • Peter Kovalick • David J. Kovarik • Annette K. Kovite • Patrick L. Kowal • Gary M. Kowalski • Thomas F. Kozak • Francis E. Kozar • Arthur Eric Krachenfels • Anne C. Krachey • Glenn M. Krafcik • Janet L. Kraft • Edward F.
Kragh • Thomas A. Krajacic • Lee W. Kramer • Lonnie E. Kramer • Peter F. Kramer • Shawn C. Kramer • William S. Kramer • William C. Kramerick • Brandi Krance • Michael I. Krane • Mary L. Krasky • Barry S. Krasner • John P. Krasnovsky • Ted A.
Kratochvil • Daniel H. Kraus • Dennis H. Kraus • Dean B. Krause • Stephen H. Kravitz • Karrie M. Krear • Ronald L. Krebs • Dayna Rachelle Kreider • Donald R. Kreider • Paul A. Kreinbrink • Leo H. Kremer • Lisa Kremer • Craig Krepps • Nicholas N.
Kresovich • Steven H. Kretsinger • Brandon Kreutel • Timothy J. Krieger • James J. Krimm • Valri J. Kriner • Debra Dee Kring • Gloria J. Krisel • Scott E. Krisher • Troy Kristof • Keith M. Kristufek • Donald T. Krivohlavy • Brian K. Krizek • Tracy L. Kroeten • Billy
Ray Krohne • David Krohnfeldt • Garin M. Kroll • Scott P. Kropelnicki • Gary W. Krouse • Olga Krsinic • Linda S. Krucky • Kurt Krueger • Randall G. Krug • Keith C. Krumwiede • Laurie A. Krumwiede • Gary E. Krupczak • Keith A. Kruse • Michael Leo
Kryszczuk • Paul Krzyznieski • Michael James Kubinski • Terri J. Kubisty • Gerald S. Kubitza • Thomas J. Kubla • Thomas A. Kucala • Aleece Kuchler • Mark Geoffrey Kuck • Jeffrey J. Kudlo • Jennifer L. Kuehn • Gary E. Kueper • Jason J. Kufta • William T.
Kuhar • Cary W. Kuhl • Timothy C. Kuhl • Kenneth S. Kuhlmann • George W.M. Kuhn • Thomas E. Kuhn • Kenneth A. Kula • Chris E. Kulas • Jeffrey R. Kulp • Dean W. Kulwicki • Kirby K. Kump • Michael E. Kunkel • David F. Kunkle • Michael Thomas Kunst • Edward
L. Kunz • Kathryn L. Kuper • Richard Kupfer • Mary Ann Kurle • Karen Kurowski • Todd B. Kurteff • Dragan Kurtin • Margaret Kurtin • Christine M. Kurtz • James I. Kurtz • Kristina M. Kurtz • John R. Kurtzman • James L. Kurz • Michael A. Kurz • Geoffrey Jon
Kusel • Philip C. Kush • Wesley E. Kutch • David M. Kutsch • Thomas E. Kutsch • Tracy A. Kutsch • David Toby Kuykendall • Derk J. Kuypers • Dwight M. Kuzanek • John Kwiecinski • Jerry J.H. Kwock • James M. Kyne • Jonathan Kyser • James B. Laabs • Eric G.
Labardini • Nicole A. Labate • Michael J. Laboi • Charles LaBombard • Raul E. LaBoy • JoAnne M. LaBrecque • John LaBrecque • Ronald W. LaBrecque • Chester W. LaBruyere • Roy A. Laccone • Jason Lacefield • Jeffrey S. Lacey • Steven L. Lachance • Dean S.
Lacharite • Edwin L. Lacher • Augustin D. Lachowsky • Ronald Allen LaCour • Brian LaCross • Mark A. Lacy • Brian J. Ladd • Keith Ladderud • Darryl Alan Ladnier • John LaDonna • Anne Marie Lafave • John L. LaFave • Richard M. Lafferty • Ronald L.
Lafferty • Brian J. LaFleur • Ryan D. LaFramboise • Scott Lagasse • Daniel T. Lage • Neil P. Lageson • Michael C. Lagrange • Cynthia L. Lagrassa • Nicholas Blake LaGrone • Lawrence P. Lahay • Dean W. Laigle • William E. Laing • Gregory S. LaJuene • Jimmy J.
Lake • Arun K. Lal • Craig A. Lallak • Edward Lalputan • Steve Lam • Daniel Wade LaMaster • Darlene M. LaMaster • Cynthia N. Lamb • David M. Lamb • Marvin Robert Lamb • Richard T. Lamb • Ronald G. Lamb • Zaven Lambajian • Brian L. Lambert • Dawn E.
Lambert • Don Lambert • Donna M. Lambert • Jeff M. Lambert • John V. Lambert • Joseph Matthew Lambert • Kempton Lambert • Mary Lou Lambert • Michael H. Lambert • Patrick L. Lambert • Scott R. Lambert • Steven G. Lambert • Vernell J. Lambert • William
J. Lambert • Donald E. Lamoreaux • Kenneth Lamoureux • Theodore J. Lamparty • Bruce A. Lampert • William Lampiris • Steven D. Lampman • Dennis Gerald Lamy • Scott M. Lana • Anthony Jason Lancaster • Kenneth Lee Lancaster • Leslie M. Lancaster • Ronald
L. Lancaster • Douglas L. Lance • Stanley P. Lande • Mark E. Landers • Billy L. Landes • John A. Landi • Bryon L. Landis • Patrick S. Landis • Eric P. Landon • Steven S. Landon • Michael M. Landry • Christopher E. Lane • Jerry R. Lane • Kerry R. Lane • Michael J.
Lane • Robert S. Lane • Stephen M. Lane • Barry R. Lang • David D. Lang • John Lang • Scott H. Lang • Eric L. Langdon • Brent W. Lange • James S. Lange • Jonathan P. Lange • Karen A. Langer • Karl R. Langer • Robert W. Langerveld • Miles H. Langston • Paul D.
Langston • Steven N. Langston • Tod R. Lanham • Kevin Charles Lanier • Richard D. Lanier • Stephen W. Lanier • Bill B. Laningham • Jason D. Lanning • Michele Lee Lanoue • Thomas C. Lanouette • Rand A. Lanterman • Donald W. Lantz • Glenn R. Lantz • James G.
Lanum • Michael Lapan • Thomas A. Lapedota • Mark W. Lapham • Kenneth A. Laponis • Phillip B. Lapp • Steven Lardinois • Cathy A. Larkan • Lonnie E. Larkan • Todd R. Larkee • Salvadore John LaRosa • David M. Larsen • John D. Larsen • Norma C. Larsen • Brent
Alan Larson • Candice G. Larson • Christy J. Larson • David W. Larson • Don M. Larson • Donald C. Larson • Erik M. Larson • James Larson • Jay A. Larson • Jeffrey L. Larson • Karin R. Larson • Kenneth J. Larson • Kenneth W. Larson • Larry C. Larson • Nancy L.
Larson • Nathan A. Larson • Rebecca Larson • Rick E. Larson • Scott Anthony Larson • Chris L. LaRue • Sharon Lynn LaRue • Cindy J. LaRuffa • Chris Allen Laschinger • Warren M. LaSelle • Ernesto Lasen • William C. Lash • Jon E. Lashier • Larry A. Last • Paul L.
Lastrapes • Gerald R. Latessa • Verne O. Latham • Chris J. Latherow • Mary M. Latimer • William A. Latta • Gail Lattrell • David M. Lau • Jerry S. Lau • Robert R. Lau • Robert Lau • Walter C. Lau • Kristen M. Laubach • Marilyn J. Lauber • Louis Lauck • Anita

Names of charter members are in bold
Louise Lauer • Kenneth J. Lauer • Steven Thomas Lauer • Douglas E. Laughter • Jeffrey Alan Lauk • Michael E. Launsby • Thomas W. Lauridsen • Dennis T. Lautenbach • Robert G. Lautenslager • Mark Lauterbock • Jean P. Lavaud • Todd W. Laveen • Todd M.
LaVelle • Terence John Lavery • Tracey L. Lavery • David J. Lavikka • Gary D. Lavimoniere • Brian Leo Lavoie • Donald S. Lawless • James P. Lawless • Richard L. Lawless • Dana M. Lawrence • Daniel J. Lawrence • John R. Lawrence • Joseph Stephen Lawrence • Randal
S. Lawrence • Sheila K. Lawrence • Stuart D. Lawrence • Tony H. Lawrence • Jeffrey Dale Laws • Bruce A. Lawson • Kirsten Noel Lawson • Michael J. Lawson • Paul Lawson • Stephen R. Lawson • Jeff P. Lawton • Dora Lawyer • Lyndon E. Lawyer • Lourdes Maria
Lay • Phillip W. Layman • Corazon G. Layon • Elizabeth M. Layton • Lon Warren Layton • Thomas C. Layton • David C. Lazer • Daniel J. Lazuka • Son T. Le • Tuan M. Le • Stephen W. Lea • Vivian D. Leach • Donald D. Leaf • Kerry Leahy • Michael L. Leahy • Sereiryth
Leandre • Greg A. Leary • Michael T. Leary • Tadd W. Leary • Thomas J. Leary • Laura A. Lease • Frederick M. Leathers • Gregory E. Leathley • Carmen Leavitt • Thomas E. Lebbano • Fred N. Lebhart • Gary J. LeBlanc • Michael R. LeBlanc • Michele E.
LeBlanc • Randall S. LeBlanc • Lisa J. LeBlond • Andrew J. LeBovidge • Kyle D. Lecates • George R. Lechleitner • Dean C. Lechner • Valerie Lechner • John LeClaire • Larry Lederer • Jeffrey W. Ledford • Albert L. Lee • Anthony Stephen Lee • Bradeford Paul
Lee • Carrie M. Lee • Charles Lee • Dong Hun Lee • Jane G. Lee • Janet L. Lee • Karen Marie Lee • Lawrence R. Lee • Leung Lee • Michael A. Lee • Stanley Y. Lee • Stephanie D. Lee • Stephen Lee • Steven Lee • Terry R. Lee • William W. Lee • Gary V.
Leech • Glenn D. Leengran • Charlotte Leeper • Michael E. Leffelman • Charles R. Legee • Timothy Allen Legel • Gregory B. Leger • Albert E. Leggett • Eli K. Leggett • Tim Wayne Leggett • Steven W. LeGrand • Robert C. Legrys • Brett Lehigh • Bryan K.
Lehman • Douglas A. Lehmann • Stephen P. Lehmann • Mark A. LeHosit • Morris Leichter • Stephen R. Leichty • Christopher A. Leigh • Wesley E. Leighton • Scott H. Leininger • David L. Leister • Daniel W. Lekovish • Geoffrey A. Lelliott • Jenny Lelm • Steven R.
LeMaster • William C. LeMay • Dwight C. LeMelle • Gregory J. Lemieux • Ralph T. Lemieux • James K. Leming • Patrick M. Lemire • Gary D. Lemley • Robin B. Lemley • Susan W. Lemley • Gary T. Lemmons • Steven F. Lencioni • Victor A. Lendermon • Roger E.
Lenentine • Steven J. Lenertz • Donna M. Lenhart • Walther Lenk • Joseph M. Lennon • Thomas J. Lennon • Christophe J. Lenox • John P. Lensch • Karl M. Lense • Ronald E. Lent • Thomas A. Lento • Russell W. Lenz • Bruce A. Leonard • Charles L.
Leonard • Charles W. Leonard • Daniel W. Leonard • Donald J. Leonard • Inge M. Leonard • Jody L. Leonard • Kenneth C. Leonard • Samuel J. Leonard • Staci O. Leonard • Timothy M. Leonard • Stephen L. Leone • Frederick K.M. Leong • Geoffrey Alan Lerch • James
R. Lerda • Larry Lescanec • David Leske • Melvin C. Leskinen • Ambrose A. Lesniak • Carol L. Lesniak • Lisa J. Lesperance • Matthew H. Lessor • Pamela J. Lessor • Craig S. Lester • Steven L. Lester • Susan Letcher • Lee J. Letourneau • Randall J. LeVangie • Charles
H. Leverknight • Allan R. Leverone • David B. Levesque • Kenneth A. Levin • Zoltan G. Levister • Peter A. LeVoci • Mark B. Levy • Frank J. Lewandowski • Joseph S. Lewandowski • Jerrell Q. Lewellen • Andrew C. Lewis • Barrett C. Lewis • Carolyn A. Lewis • Charles
David Lewis • Craig A. Lewis • Donald D. Lewis • Douglas C. Lewis • Dwayne R. Lewis • Elza Lewis • Eric Gordon Lewis • Francis Keith Lewis • Gordon P. Lewis • Jeffrey David Lewis • Jeffrey L. Lewis • Jeffrey N. Lewis • Jeffrey T. Lewis • Jerry C. Lewis • Jerry David
Lewis • Jesse A. Lewis • Joseph M. Lewis • Keith C. Lewis • Kimberly C. Lewis • Kreis L. Lewis • Michael Lewis • Raquel Lewis • Rodney N. Lewis • Ronald R. Lewis • Samuel W. Lewis • Sarah L. Lewis • Scottie Lewis • Steven W. Lewis • Thomas A. Lewis • Thomas
Lewis • Timothy R. Lewis • Timothy Russell Lewis • Todd F. Lewis • Trentus Lewis • James M. Lewkowicz • John F. Leyden • Robert L. Lezon • Demetrios J. Liadis • Mark W. Libby • Kevin M. Liber • William H. Liberty • Marina C. Liburdi • Vincent Licata • Michael H.
Licht • Wade C. Lichti • William D. Lichty • Joseph Licini • Mark A. Lickliter • Ruben Licon • Daniel J. Liechti • Guy Lieser • Joseph J. Lieser • Patricia A. Liethen • George S. Liggett • Marjean M. Liggett • Cynthia Light • Jeffery James Light • Robert J.
Lignelli • Ronald W. Liguori • Dana E. Lilja • Laura A. Lilljedahl • Eric M. Lillvis • Gary W. Lilly • Ronald B. Lilly • Wallace K. Lilly • Alfred R. Limatoc • Michelle M. Limber • Anthony Limon • Tammy L. Limon • James I. Limongelli • Audrey S.J. Lin • Isaac J. Lind • John
Henry Lind • Leslee A. Lindahl • Rodney L. Lindbeck • Alan K. Linder • David Eric Lindholm • Steven M. Lindholm • Russell W. Lindman • Scott E. Lindquist • John W. Lindsay • Reginald C. Lindsay • Steven W. Lindsay • William David Lindsay • Claire Lindsey • David
H. Lindsey • Richard A. Lindsey • Roy A. Lindsey • William K. Lindsey • Linda J. Lineweaver • Ferdinand A. Ling • Russell G. Lingafelter • Charles H. Lingle • Robert L. Lingo • Donald L. Lingren • Gregory C. Link • Gregory P. Link • Cameron L. Linn • Matthew A.
Linn • Joseph M. Lipinski • Craig S. Lippert • Thomas G. Lipscomb • James S. Lipsett • Anthony John Lisauckis • Martha J. Lisauckis • Bruce J. Lisicky • Jonathan Liska • Rachel C. Lisle • Anna G. Lissak • Paul C. Litke • Steven C. Litke • William J. Litke • Robert S.
Litman • Roanna M. Littell • Byron F. Little • Laura K. Little • Robert James Little • Timothy R. Little • David A. Littlefield • Gary W. Littlefield • Ronald R. Littlejohn • Laurence Litvin • Frances Liu • Joseph K. Liu • Tyvonne A. Liverman • Gayle Lynne Livesay • Russell
L. Livingston • Michael J. Lizzio • John J. Lizzul • Charles R. Llamas • Gilbert F. Llewellyn • Austin T. Lloyd • Dennis R. Lloyd • George A. Lloyd • Kenneth J. Lloyd • Lawrence W. Lloyd • Penelope Lloyd • Randall L. Lobaugh • Edwin J. Locke • Kenneth A.
Locke • Robert E. Lockwood • Sam L. Lockwood • Dennis F. Lodovici • Jacqueline K. Loeber • Dennis John Loerch • Richard W. Loewen • Michael J. Lofaso • Robert A. Lofaso • Adam P. Lofton • Donald P. Loftus • Robert A. Loftus • Benna T. Logan • Brent A.
Logan • Thomas I. Logan • Tammy J. Logan-Gardner • Gary E. Logelin • Richard F. Logue • Frank R. Logullo • Eric J. Lohrman • Timothy P. Loisel • Mikel J. Lokensgard • John S. Lolio • Laurie M. Lolio • Eric Todd Lomascolo • David B. Lombard • Michael
Lombardi • Robert A. Lombardi • Marc H. London • Charles V. Long • Clinton L. Long • Daniel D. Long • Jill R. Long • Kevin D. Long • Kyle Long • Robert A. Long • Robert Alan Long • Robert J. Long • Victoria J. Long • W. Glenn Long • Albert A. Longo • Jesse A.
Longoria • Jeff R. Longua • Steven M. Longway • Todd R. Longworth • Richard Lonto • Charles E. Lontz • Jonathan H. Look • Lisa Gaye Look • Steven V. Looper • John R. Lopata • David Bryan Loper • Kevin G. Lopes • Arturo Lopez • David A. Lopez • Edward
Lopez • Gregory C. Lopez • Gustavo Lopez • Irma P. Lopez • Jesse Lopez • Joe Lopez • John P. Lopez • Joseph F. Lopez • Miguel A. Lopez • Chad Lord • Michael G. Lorenzo • Poliala Lorenzo • Shawn K. Lorenzo • Gerald F. Lorig • David A. Loring • Douglas A.
Loriz • Richard E. Lorton • John B. Lott • Bettye Y. Lottes • Robert J. Lottman • Mark S. Loudon • Michael Loughman • Jacqueline Y. Loui • Elizabeth Louie • Carla B. Lounsbury • Dennison R. Love • Randy M. Love • Richard A. Lovell • Philip A. Lovesee • Arthur G.
Lovett • John T. Lovett • David William Loving • Charles S. Lowe • Connie H. Lowe • Larry Allen Lowe • Martin H. Lowe • Brian M. Lowery • James X. Lowery • Jason Lowery • John E. Lowery • Robert W. Lowery • Glenn S. Lowrey • David N. Lowry • Julie S.
Lowry • Michael J. Lowry • Shawn B. Lowry • Timothy S. Lowther • Franklin A. Loy • Joseph A. Lozano • Michael A. Lozinski • Carole A. Lozito • Richard L. Lozito • Thomas R. Lozito • Neil A. Luban • Lori O. Lubline • Craig R. Lucarelli • S. Scott Lucas • Gail S.
Lucero • Natasha Jeanne Luch • Robert M. Lucht • Leonard J. Luciano • Louis J. Luciano • Joel R. Lucier • Gregory S. Lucker • Robert C. Luckey • Jeffrie T. Lucore • Melvin C. Ludvigson • Karl D. Ludwig • John R. Luebben • Thomas A. Luebbert • John Scott
Lueckert • Gregory L. Lueke • Todd W. Luepker • James J. Lugowski • Scott J. Luka • Michael W. Lukasik • Sally Anne Luke • Steven R. Lukkes • Richard R. Lukon • William G. Lukos • Vivian M. Lumbard • Kenneth J. Lumetta • Lawrence H. Lund • Rick M.
Lund • Steven Lund • Bruce Lundberg • Tim W. Lundberg • Dorothy Lundy • Robert Lundy • Tristan J. Lundy • Victor Lung • Dennis R. Lunsford • Wade S. Lunsford • Thomas G. Lusch • Gina Luscinski • John R. Lusinger • Anita R. Lutz • John A. Lutz • Kevin
C. Lutz • Erika M. Lux • Nguyen C. Ly • Sandy B. Lyens • Thomas J. Lyens • Kathryn M. Lyman • Daniel J. Lynch • Edward J. Lynch • Geoffrey M. Lynch • Jeffry Dean Lynch • John J. Lynch • Kenneth J. Lynch • Stephen M. Lynch • Thomas R. Lynde • Patrick Lynn • Robert
W. Lynn • James W. Lyon • Timothy M. Lyon • Anthony L. Lyons • Jeffrey Lyons • Brett R. Lystad • Raymond D. Maas • Frederick Maass • Angela Linn Mabardy • Kenneth B. Mabry • Douglas M. Macaulay • John M. Macchiaroli • Dwight D. MacConnell • Alan D.
MacDonald • Arthur M. MacDonald • Chris H. MacDonald • Jeffrey F. MacDonald • Timothy S. MacDonald • Gary L. Mace • Jennifer K. Macejka • James W. Machado • John M. Machado • Scott D. MacHose • George E. Maciulewicz • Charles Mack • Patrick Mack • Paul
K. Mack • Regan R. Mack • Steven R. Mack • Douglas A. MacKay • Lisa Mackertich • Gregory A. MacKey • Louise N. Mackey • Robert M. Mackey • Robert W. Mackey • Stephen E. Mackey • Walter L. Mackey • Joseph T. Mackie • Donald E. MacKnight • Debra Lee
MacNeill • James A. Macomber • Shawn A. MacQueen • Danny R. Madden • David Edwin Maddox • David S. Maddox • Joseph J. Madeja • Paul S. Mader • Robert P. Mader • Shawn Thomas Madera • Shannan M. Madery • Mike M. Madlom • Joseph P. Madonia • Phillip
Madrid • Anna Madsen • Kevin James Madsen • Lyle R. Madsen • Lance Maeda • Bert T. Maekawa • David Maes • Ruth L. Maestre • Martin K. Magana • Isabel Magarino • Charles C. Maggiore • Kevin Maggiore • Richard A. Magill • Bradley A. Magnuson • Richard
W. Magoon • Amy Magstadt • Alan W. Maguire • Darren Maguire • Leslie E. Mahaffey • Terry S. Mahaffey • William B. Mahaffey • Cynthia Jean Mahafkey • Michael S. Mahakian • Joel C. Mahaney • David R. Maher • Dennis E. Maher • Alan G. Mahilo • David H.
Mahler • David E. Mahnke • James R. Mahoney • Margot C. Mahoney • Richard A. Mahoney • Robert B. Mahool • Michael F. Maikowski • Karen K. Mailo • Gregory S. Maitland • Sharon E. Majeski • Harla Major • Richard L. Majoras • Edward L. Majors • Ronald G.
Majtyka • Linnea K. Makela • James P. Makers • Paul J. Makowski • AnaLiza S. Malabanan • Jacques E. Malboeuf • William K. Malchow • Frank M. Maldonado • Raymond D. Maldonado • Erich Malits • James M. Mallaber • James E. Mallett • Andrew D. Mallory • Arthur
J. Malm • Abbey Malmir • David D. Malone • Scott Maloney • Kenneth J. Malott • Mark S. Malott • Cameron Maltby • William Maltese • Robert B. Malthouse • Paul A. Malushizky • Daniel Mamlic • Mark G. Mammini • William T. Mamola • Charles Louis
Manbeck • Richard D. Manchester • Rod J. Manchette • Gordon K. Mandell • Kevin J. Maney • Paulde H. Mange • David Mangene • Elmer L. Mangham • Steven A. Mangiapane • John P. Mangin • Douglas S. Mangrum • Mary E. Manifold • Jennifer L. Manion • Kenneth
J. Manion • Louis N. Maniscalco • Wendell Glenn Mankins • Darron W. Manley • Gerald Brian Manley • Philip A. Manley • Danny J. Mann • Homer E. Mann • Jeffery A. Mann • John J. Mann • Kendall S. Mann • Kenneth S. Mann • Scott William Mann • Terry Max
Mann • Thomas F. Mann • Michael D. Manners • James Eugene Manning • Michael D. Manning • Rob S. Manning • Robert C. Manning • Terry Howard Manning • William C. Manning • Jamie L. Mannon • John J. Manring • Joseph M. Manring • Lisa Mansfield • Thomas P.
Manson • Joseph J. Mantello • James E. Mantz • Laura L. Mantz • Ellis D. Manuel • Anthony Dail Manzione • Bruce A. Manzke • Cynthia E. Mapes • Michael E. Maples • Robert B. Mapp • Kurt T. Mara • Mark A. Marasco • Ernest Marbury • Johnny P. Marceau • Anthony
Richard Marchese • William M. Marcks • Michael J. Marcotte • Ronald Wayne Marcus • Robert L. Mardis • George P. Margetan • Todd A. Mariani • Richard A. Mariano • Sheila I. Mariano • Domenick A. Marinaro • Robert G. Marincic • Carmine Marinilli • James Frank
Marinitti • Anthony L. Marino • Gaetano Paul Marino • Christine A. Markham • Timothy P. Marko • Dale R. Markowski • Aaron Blane Marks • Kenneth A. Marks • Robert L. Marks • William C. Marks • Darren L. Markwardt • Stephen J. Marlar • John D. Marley • Ruth
E. Marlin • Scott P. Marlin • Jose Danilo Marmol • Bruce K. Marolf • Flora L. Maroney • Sol Maroof • Andy Marosvari • Bard A. Marques • Richard J. Marquez • Patrick J. Marr • Mark Marrero • Raul Marrero • Richard T. Marriott • Alfred J. Marro • Claude E
Marsaw • Gary G. Marschheuser • Pauline M. Marsden • G. Elliott Marsh • Nancy H. Marsh • Richard A. Marsh • William A. Marsh • Brian D. Marshall • David P. Marshall • Jerald Marshall • Joseph P. Marshall • Kristopher I. Marshall • Michael L. Marshall • Paul D.
Marshall • Rainee Marshall • Richard A. Marshall • Robert K. Marshall • Sherry Marshall • Thomas Eugene Marshall • Randy W. Marshburn • Todd A. Martenson • Andrew G. Martin • Bryan D. Martin • Carmie F. Martin • Darrell D. Martin • David G. Martin • David
Philip Martin • Dennis E. Martin • Donald A. Martin • Gary H. Martin • George H. Martin • Gregory V. Martin • Jack D. Martin • Jay A. Martin • Jeanette M. Martin • Jeffrey S. Martin • Jerry D. Martin • John L. Martin • Keith D. Martin • Kenneth Martin • Larry D.
Martin • Lisa R. Martin • Marilyn Martin • Mark E. Martin • Mark J. Martin • Michael A. Martin • Michael W. Martin • Michael Martin • Paul W. Martin • Pharaoh O. Martin • Randall J. Martin • Ricky F. Martin • Robert S. Martin • Shannon Martin • Stephen B.
Martin • Stephen D. Martin • Stephen L. Martin • Strand E. Martin • Theodore Rodney Martin • Tom V. Martin • William M. Martin • Adamy Martinez • Corlan J. Martinez • Geoffrey Martinez • Jesse T. Martinez • Oralia Martinez • Ramiro Martinez • Raymundo V.
Martinez • Richard Martinez • Andrea Martin-Foley • Sara E. Martin-Hite • Anthony Paul Martini • Perry D. Martini • Brazalino Martins • Peggy Martinson • Robert L. Martone • Monica Martorano • Troy S. Marty • Conrad A. Martz • James A. Martz • Dale
Maruschak • Kelly L. Marvin • Jeffrey L. Marzula • Gordon T. Marzzacco • Mark Masaitis • Dennis Lynn Mascarenas • Edward J. Maschek • Anton Mascolo • Patrick D. Masin • Bruce R. Mason • Christopher P. Mason • Gary R. Mason • Kalya A. Mason • Pamela Kay
Mason • Robert S. Mason • Shirley Marie Mason • William H. Mason • Ronald Masse • Brendan J. Massett • Buckley D. Massey • Mark Wade Massey • Michael P. Massie • Tiki L. Massie • Sandra Lea Massimino • Linda L. Masters • Robert A. Masters • Tony J.
Masters • Edward J. Mastrangelo • M. Allen Matakovich • Clinton Marvin Matheny • Michael T. Matherne • Gregory L. Mathes • Alex Mathews • Walter Douglas Mathews • Michael A. Mathewson • Roger L. Mathieu • Teresa J. Mathieu • Charles H. Mathis • Gary J.
Mathis • Richard S. Mathis • John R. Matis • Michael F. Matrone • Alan Matsumoto • David J. Mattern • David A. Matthews • Gary J. Matthews • Gerald K. Matthews • Michael J. Matthews • Ted Matthews • Thomas J. Matthews • Donna Marie Mattioli • Robert J.
Mattmann • Lisa Gayle Mattson • Lauren A. Matus • William E. Matus • Brian J. Matyas • Chris J. Mauk • Jerry D. Maune • Tim Maune • Peter G. Maunsell • Vincent A. Mauriello • Amber Mauro • Joseph V. Mauro • Robert R. Maury • Jerry D. Maus • Chris L.
Mautino • Russell Maw • Gregory T. Mawyer • Molly B. Maxton • Charles T. Maxwell • Eric J. Maxwell • George F. Maxwell • Rita J. Maxwell • Steven J. Maxwell • Andrew May • Asa A. May • Charles Edward May • John Cory May • Michele A. May • Robert Alan
May • Rodney Dale May • Stephen T. May • Barbara A. May-Dawes • Michael A. Maye • Richard S. Mayer • Randall C. Mayfield • Paul M. Mayhew • Russell James Mayhew • Joseph S. Mayhoff • Bradley R. Mayhugh • Allen E. Maynard • Mark Maynard • Kurt James
Mayo • Marvin Mayo • Sidney A. Mays • Micah Wesley Maziar • Kevin B. Mazuc • David A. Mazure • Timothy J. Mazurek • Peter J. Mazurowski • Chris R. Mazza • Steven Mazzie • Kenneth R. McVay • Karen E. McAdam • Christina M. McAdams • Charles R.
McAleavy • James F. McAllister • Kurt W. McAninch • Ruth M. McAninch • Jerome D. McArthur • Michael L. McArthur • Ronald E. McAuley • David J. McAuliffe • Edward P. McAuliffe • Michael C. McAvoy • Dorothy A. McBride • Joel L. McBride • Charles P.
McCabe • Kevin J. McCabe • Peter S. McCabe • Betty N. McCain • Dennis J. McCall • Wyman O. McCall • Kevin M. McCallin • Robert R. McCallister • Sundee-Gay B. McCanless • Kimberly P. McCann • Kevin Scott McCarrick • Robert P. McCarron • Donnie K.
McCarter • Dennis J. McCarthy • Francis P. McCarthy • Jerome W. McCarthy • Joseph T. McCarthy • Kevin C. McCarthy • Martin T. McCarthy • Paul J. McCarthy • Thomas F. McCarthy • Jeffrey K. McCarty • Patricia A. McCarty • Michael T. McCarver • Kenneth J.
McChord • Daniel S. McClain • Stephen A. McClain • Terrence L. McClain • Ronnie J. McClanahan • Linda T. McClary • Robert P. McClary • Bernard M. McCloskey • Peter M. McCloskey • Shawn R. McClosky • Dena L. McClung • Andrew P. McClunie • Daniel T.
McClure • John Paul McClure • Mark S. McClure • Matthew L. McCluskey • Russell J. McColl • D. Michael McCollum • Marvin Jay McCombs • Kenneth C. McConahay • Steven C. McConaughy • Judy Gail McConnell • Rosanne McConnell • Walter W. McCord • Michael
C. McCorkell • Brian T. McCormack • Alfred E. McCormick • Charles S. McCormick • Daniel B. McCormick • Jeffery Dean McCormick • John Michael McCormick • Mark K. McCormick • Michael J. McCormick • Patrick J. McCormick • Patrick L. McCormick • Rhonda
Sue McCormick • Lisa M. McCorry • Kevin L. McCown • Robert T. McCown • Charles A. McCoy • Gregory A. McCoy • James A. McCoy • Jason McCoy • Jenifer McCoy • Marsha M. McCoy • Michael K. McCoy • Michael P. McCoy • Michael Patrick McCoy • Richard
L. McCoy • Sheila McCoy • Stephen McCoy • Johnny L. McCracken • Robert J. McCracken • Anthony G. McCray • Brian Charles McCreary • Gary Dale McCreery • Michael A. McCrory • Wilton T. McCrory • John C. McCullough • Karen S. McCullough • Lawrence
W. McCullough • Margaret V. McCullough • Tammy R. McCullough • Vince E. McCullough • Dan McCune • Daniel A. McCurdy • Mark A. McCurdy • Saundra McCurdy • Jerry O. McCurry • David A. McCutchen • Wendy McDade • James A. McDaniel • Jerry Wayne
McDaniel • John P. McDermott • Paul G. McDevitt • Bonnie E. McDonald • Mark S. McDonald • Martin W. McDonald • Mary E. McDonald • Michael D. McDonald • Michael R. McDonald • Patrick J. McDonald • Richard S. McDonald • Sheila D. McDonald • Susan L.
McDonald • Thomas F. McDonald • Jay M. McDonough • Jennifer G. McDonough • Patrick J. McDonough • Patrick Joseph McDonough • Jay C. McDougall • Michael McDowell • Phillip S. McElrath • Dawn M. McElvain • Jeff McElvain • Michael E. McEntee • Patrick
Thomas McEntee • Scott M. McEowen • James T. McEwan • Harold Scott McEwen • Paul A. McEwen • Craig M. McFadden • Sean T. McFadden • Gregory C. McFarland • Hugh A. McFarland • Mark J. McFarland • Walter J. McFarland • Craig S. McFarlen • Thomas W. The
NATCA Family

The NATCA Family
Names of charter members are in bold
McGarr • Deborah L. McGarrity • Mark J. McGarrity • Patrick J. McGarvey • Todd E. McGaughey • Dennis M. McGee • Donald T. McGee • George G. McGee • John T. McGee • Michael C. McGee • James M. McGhee • Joseph McGillicuddy • Michael Gerald
McGinn • Scott Andrew McGinn • Jay C. McGinnis • Paul A. McGinty • David A. McGlauflin • Matthew A. McGovern • Terrance L. McGovern • Brian McGowan • Richard J. McGowan • William A. McGowan • William J. McGowan • Kevin F. McGrath • Kevin J.
McGrath • Johnny W. McGrew • Dan P. McGuane • Kevin E. McGuckian • Michael B. McGuigan • Brian McGuire • Gary Dean McGuire • Dennis A. McHale • Timothy S. McHale • James Frederick McHugh • James R. McHugh • Timothy M. McHugh • Scott I. McIlvain •
Barney J. McIlvaine • Tracey A. McInnis • Chris Dale McIntosh • Franklin J. McIntosh • John W. McIntosh • Joseph M. McIntosh • Raymond E. McIntosh • James W. McIntyre • John R. McIntyre • Charles B. McKay • John V. McKay • John McKay • Keith M. McKay • Patrick
W. McKay • Craig McKeand • Charles B. McKee • David C. McKee • Frank D. McKee • Margit McKee • Christophe McKeever • Mark J. McKelligan • John S. McKelvey • Chris James McKenna • James M. McKenna • Robert A. McKenna • Wayne B. McKenna • Francis
X. McKenney • Douglas B. McKenzie • Gary A. McKenzie • Mark W. McKenzie • Patrick C. McKenzie • Steven P. McKenzie • Thomas P. McKenzie • Michael McKeon • Patrick J. McKeon • Ronald W. McKeska • Keith A. McKinley • Brad McKinney • Gerald Marc
McKinney • David A. McKinnon • Jay I. McKinty • John Lawrence McKinzie • David R. McKissick • Paula M. McKnight • William C. McKnight • Scott B. McLaggan • Patrick V. McLain • Timothy D. McLauchlin • Brian McLaughlin • Charles Brett McLaughlin • Daniel G.
McLaughlin • Garry J. McLaughlin • James P. McLaughlin • Kevin J. McLaughlin • Laura E. McLaughlin • Michael G. McLaughlin • Neil C. McLaughlin • Mark V. McLaurin • Rayton G. McLawhorn • Deborah J. McLean • Dwayne E. McLean • Robert J. McLean • Paul
Anthony McLeod • Raymond W. McLeod • Mark McLernon • William S. McLoughlin • Chris G. McMahon • James McMahon • Stephen J. McMahon • Thomas F. McManus • Dean McMath • Bruce W. McMeans • David L. McMichen • Timothy G. McMillan • Vance M.
McMillan • William J. McMillan • Jefford McMillen • Sean P. McMorris • Andrew T. McMullen • Lee P. McMullen • Ronald Charles McMullen • Shawn McMullen • Dawn Christine McMullin • Dewayne McMurtrey • Terrance M. McNabb • David W. McNally • Michael P.
McNally • David L. McNamara • Kevin F. McNamara • Michael McNamara • David K. McNay • John Leon McNee • David G. McNeel • Michael McNeilly • Herbert McNett • Rodney E. McNutt • Roy N. McPeak • Herbert M. McPherson • David A. McQueen • David
C. McQueen • Duane C. McQuillin • Michael K. McRae • Patricia S. McRae • Henry J. McVeigh • W. Scott McVicker • Patrick Wayne McWhorter • Tamra J. McWhorter • Carrie L. McWilliams • Keith D. McWilliams • Kathryn A. Meacham • Cathy Meachum • Darrell
T. Meachum • Donald Dale Mead • Thomas G. Meade • Walter Meade • Clifford Meadows • Curtis L. Meadows • Donald E. Meadows • Robert R. Meadows • Tiffany T. Meadows • Ryan Lee Meagher • Robert A. Meano • Bruce E. Means • Michael T. Mearkle • Edward
J. Mears • Edwin G. Mears • Steven P. Mechelke • James R. Meckes • Thomas A. Medcalf • Joey L. Medders • Mark E. Medeiros • Miguel A. Medina • Norberto J. Medina • Rodrigo Medina • Mark S. Medlenka • Michael R. Medley • Charles A. Meek • James W.
Meek • John Meekins • Kelly Jean Meeks • Richard A. Meggett • Peter Megna • Richard H. Mehlhoff • Paul R. Mehltretter • James A. Meier • John J. Meier • Barry L. Meierbachtol • Douglas R. Meikle • Steven D. Meinders • Gilmore T. Meise • Thomas C.
Meismer • Richard J. Meitz • Steven G. Meitz • Tito Mejias • James G. Melchior • Michael A. Mele • John R. Melecio • Alfred Roger Melend • Marcos N. Melendez • Nancy Melendez • Jane A. Melle • Douglas G. Melton • Larry D. Melton • Michael S. Melum • Lee
Anthony Melvin • Carl Menard • Angela H. Mencarelli • John J. Menchaca • Marlene Marie Mendel • Matthew P. Mendelsohn • Robert J. Mendelsohn • Jon A. Mendelson • Amy L. Mendenhall • Philip G. Mendenhall • Steven W. Mendenhall • Gerardo Y.
Mendiola • Gilbert Mendoza • Refugio Mendoza • RoseMarie S. Mendoza • Kurtis A. Mengel • Charles Mercado • Mark A. Merced • Eric S. Mercer • Mark Mercer • Theodore R. Mercer • Thom Mercer • Guy Mercier • John J. Merck • William Lee
Mercker • Lawrence F. Mercurio • Michael L. Meredith • Joseph P. Merigold • David T. Merkel • Todd A. Merkel • James P. Merkelz • Stephen J. Merlin • Gary C. Merlino • Aaron D. Merrick • Robert W. Merrilees • Gillian Anne Merrill • Rodney S. Merrill • Carmen P.
Merritt • William Merritt • Timothy G. Merryfield • Paul Mershimer • Jan E. Merva • Dennis Mesa • Eugene H. Messal • David C. Messer • Maria B. Messier • Anthony Messina • Darren A. Messina • Jason P. Messina • Salvatore Messineo • Darren M.
Metcalf • William S. Metzgar • Mark A. Metzmeier • Mark A. Meuwissen • Alvin C. Meyer • Chris Charles Meyer • Dustin B. Meyer • James R. Meyer • Jennifer E. Meyer • Mary E. Meyer • Thomas P. Meyer • Timothy A. Meyer • Jeffrey S. Meyers • Michael L.
Meyers • Richard A. Meyers • William A. Meyers • William J. Meyers • Darian Meza • Tracy Denise Michael • Burke E. Michaels • Chris P. Michaels • James J. Michalak • Theodore Michalakes • Michael Michalik • Cynthia L. Michalski • Walter Michalski • Jason R.
Michaud • Richard Michelini • Robert O. Michels • Genevieve Michelsen • Julie Micholski • Eric L. Mickelsen • Glenda E. Mickens • Timothy A. Micklow • Robert J. Mickolayck • Ian L. Middleton • John E. Middleton • Samuel A. Midkiff • Charles L. Mielke • Karla R.
Mielke • Martin W. Mielke • Anthony J. Miell • Douglas R. Mieth • Larry R. Miffleton • James E. Mignogna • Steve M. Mihalchick • James A. Mihalek • Marc A. Mike • Alex Mikhalek • Gerianne M. Mikols • Charles A. Milan • Thomas M. Milano • Robert F. Milau • Edward
S. Milbradt • James A. Milby • Robert M. Mildice • Claire Ann Mileca • Blair Miles • Carroll B. Miles • Terrance M. Miles • Lawrence P. Milillo • Mark C. Milkie • Donald M. Millard • Alan C. Miller • Angela Fay Miller • Anthony E. Miller • Barry L. Miller • Brenda
Miller • Brian D. Miller • Bruce A. Miller • Caroline D. Miller • Daniel F. Miller • Daniel L. Miller • Danny Lee Miller • Darrin Ray Miller • David A. Miller • David Allen Miller • David Brook Miller • Derrick L. Miller • Diana J. Miller • Diana L. Miller • Donald E.
Miller • Dustin J. Miller • Frances L. Miller • Gizelle A. Miller • Hugh J. Miller • Jerry W. Miller • John Robert Miller • Joseph D. Miller • Joshua J. Miller • Kenneth L. Miller • Kenneth R. Miller • Kevin J. Miller • Kurt T. Miller • Lance Miller • Larry G. Miller • Larry W.
Miller • Laura Christine Miller • Lawrence M. Miller • Lewis M. Miller • Mark G. Miller • Mark W. Miller • Melissa A. Miller • Melissa J. Miller • Michael L. Miller • Natasha O. Miller • Nick Miller • Patricia K. Miller • Pedro Miller • Peter J. Miller • Raymond B.
Miller • Reed T. Miller • Robert L. Miller • Rodney G. Miller • Ronald L. Miller • Russell M. Miller • Sandra Miller • Stephen A. Miller • Steven M. Miller • Terrence E. Miller • Thomas G. Miller • Timmy E. Miller • Timothy W. Miller • Tobin H. Miller • William R.
Miller • William Miller • Anthony W. Milligan • Connie M. Milligan • Frank C. Milling • Kenneth G. Milling • Nancy A. Million • Brandie K. Mills • Donn M. Mills • John Jacob Mills • Michael Mills • Pam Mills • Stephen J. Mills • Walter D. Mills • Kathy J.
Millsaps • Harold Scott Milner • Jeannette Neille Milrot • Wayne D. Mims • Eric W. Miner • Matthew M. Miner • Robert C. Miner • Brian Joseph Mines • Michael J. Ministero • Jeffrey W. Minnich • Marshall D. Minnie • John P. Minnix • Maurice J. Mintzer • Carlos E
Miranda • Julie A. Mirfield • Robert Theodore Mischke • Jonathan Mishler • Gregory Mishloney • Robert M. Misick • Edward S. Misik • Michael A. Mislin • John E. Misner • Edward J. Mistach • AnnaMarie Roth Mitchell • Brian A. Mitchell • Clyde A. Mitchell • David
A. Mitchell • David Allen Mitchell • David S. Mitchell • Erskin Mitchell • Francis J. Mitchell • J. C. Mitchell • Kenneth A. Mitchell • Kenneth C. Mitchell • Kent B. Mitchell • Kent M. Mitchell • Kobi K. Mitchell • Mark D. Mitchell • Michael E. Mitchell • Pamela C.
Mitchell • Robert Adam Mitchell • Robert S. Mitchell • Shad Joseph Mitchell • Stephen D. Mitchell • Steven M. Mitchell • Thomas L. Mitchell • David Chuck Mitchusson • Steven K. Miyamoto • Robert L. Mizell • Nils Sven Moberg • Daniel R. Modglin • James E.
Moellendorf • Marcia J. Moeller • Ronald A. Moen • Ronald T. Moen • Jay Moffat • James Negus Moffett • Amy R.M. Mogil • David Wesley Mohr • Robert Molden • Gary Molen • KeriAnn E. Molfetto • Jose M. Molina • Marco A. Molinar • Ann C. Mollica • Anthony
J. Mollica • Edward P. Molloy • Natalie K. Moloney • Jerold A. Mona • Edward A. Monaghan • Thomas A. Monaghan • Edward J. Monahan • Chris G. Monaldi • Virginia E. Monaldi • Perry Monaster • Jeffrey W. Money • William E. Monfort • Erwin D.
Monhemius • Robert H. Monroe • Richard C. Montague • Francisco Montes • Chris D. Montgomery • Clyde L. Montgomery • Jesse B. Montgomery • Miguel Montgomery • Ralph E. Montgomery • Robert J. Montgomery • Guy A. Montinola • Joseph Montore • John
F. Montoya • John Scott Montroy • J. Craig Moody • Robert Moody • G. Todd Moon • Terri Lee Moon • Brenda M. Mooney • Brian P. Moore • Curtis Scott Moore • Deborah L. Moore • Dennis D. Moore • Dennis Moore • Donald W. Moore • Douglas Edward
Moore • Douglas S. Moore • Gary D. Moore • George Clayton Moore • George E. Moore • Joe R. Moore • John T. Moore • Keith C. Moore • Kenneth C. Moore • Kenneth J. Moore • Kenneth Todd Moore • Marcus L. Moore • Marvin H. Moore • Michael Anthony
Moore • Michael L. Moore • Nitahi Moore • Paula D. Moore • Richard J. Moore • Robert A. Moore • Robert Carter Moore • Robert David Moore • Robert G. Moore • Roger O. Moore • Scott D. Moore • Scott T. Moore • Stephen W. Moore • Susan A.
Moore • Terence E. Moore • Thomas K. Moore • Tia L. Moore • Tina M. Moore • Matthew D. Moorhead • Ronald J. Moorhead • David L. Moosa • Michael A. Moose • Michael E. Moose • Kristine D. Mooso • Lewis Ray Morales • Norman P. Morales • Roberto
Morales • Angela J. Moran • John M. Moran • Maria S. Moran • Patrick J. Moran • Peter J. Moran • William Moran • Michael J. Moravec • Michael R. Moreau • Theresa M. Morehouse • Gary J. Morello • Anthony Moreno • John A. Moreno • Julie Moreno-
Fresquez • Mark R. Moretti • Bruce A. Morey • Jeffrey A. Morfitt • David L. Morgan • Garth S. Morgan • Gary D. Morgan • Greg Morgan • Leslie J. Morgan • Michael J. Morgan • Michael S. Morgan • Patrick J. Morgan • Rickey L. Morgan • Sharon E. Morgan • Steve A.
Morgan • Susan Morgan • Timothy C Morgan • Wayne A. Morgan • Charles D. Morganti • Roger T. Morimoto • Elaine L. Morin • George J. Morin • Michael J. Morin • Richard P. Morin • Thomas M. Morin • Thomas J. Morio • Karen L. Moritz • Kurtis J.
Morley • Michael F. Morley • William K. Morley • Ralph P. Mormile • Kevin James Moro • Brent J. Morris • Brian Ray Morris • Clayton R. Morris • David C. Morris • Earl Morris • Gary J. Morris • Gregory L. Morris • Howard P. Morris • James S. Morris • Jeanie M.
Morris • Lisa A. Morris • Bernard Berl Morrison • Donald H. Morrison • Mable I Morrison • Mark Morrison • Ranee B. Morrison • Scot A. Morrison • Steven G. Morrison • Stuart R. Morrison • Charles Morrow • David N. Morrow • John D. Morrow • Kenneth A.
Morrow • Scott C. Morrow • Thomas L. Morrow • Diane I. Morse • James H. Morse • Linda J. Morse • Charles Peter Mortensen • Matthew R. Morter • James R. Morton • James R. Morton • Victor J. Morton • Marc A. Moscatelli • Augustin A. Moses • Cliff G.
Moses • Colter Hamilton Moses • Leonard Edwin Moses • Melba H. Moses • Donald A. Mosher • Cassandra Moskal • Edward A. Moskal • Mark L. Moskal • Larry D. Mosley • Tyrone B. Mosley • Jacqueline H. Moss • John A. Moss • Patricia L. Moss • Perry L.
Moss • Jeffrey G. Most • James T. Mostrando • Charles R. Mote • Bernard James Motl • Levi K. Motoki • Daniel F. Mott • Michael P. Motta • Lalaoue A. Moulay • Terry L. Moulder • Billy Dewayne Mouliere • Donald S. Moulton • James Thomas Mounce • Heidi L.
Mountain • Timoleon Mouzakis • Susan M. Mowery • Robert W. Moye • Jack L. Moyer • Kenneth N. Moyer • Thomas A. Moyer • Joseph W. Moylan • James T. Moynihan • Daniela Mrejeru • Nathan M. Mrosla • Salvatore Muccio • Benjamin H. Muedeking • Frederick
Muehlen • Francis J. Mueller • Michael H. Mueller • Paul J. Mueller • Raymond J. Mueller • Sean M. Mueller • Stephen John Muenster • Monica J. Muenstermann • Dolores Mugica • Scott J. Muir • Clifford S. Mulbarger • Debra A. Mulder • Mark W. Mulder • John L.
Mulford • Hugh P. Mulholland • Scot R. Mulholland • Corinne A. Mullally • Mark J. Mullane • Daniel F. Mullen • Kenny M. Mullen • Jody A. Mullens • Margaret E. Muller • Timothy D. Mullican • Charles L. Mullick • Diane K. Mulligan • Michael F. Mulligan • Daniel P.
Mullin • Edward F. Mullin • Jeffrey T. Mullins • Stephen E. Mullis • Clare A. Mulvenna • Raymond G. Mulvihill • Randall A. Mumm • Dru A. Munch • William F. Mungo • Charles A. Munoz • Henry W. Munoz • Jose C. Munoz • Randall D. Munoz • Stephen D.
Munroe • Michael Muratore • Matthew D. Murawski • Clifford S. Murdock • Judith M. Murdock • Dan Murdy • Laura E. Murillo • Margaret M. Murillo • Kent K. Murley • Betty J. Murphy • Brian C. Murphy • Brian J. Murphy • Daniel E. Murphy • Daniel F.
Murphy • Daniel R. Murphy • David A. Murphy • David J. Murphy • David M. Murphy • Donald L. Murphy • Eileen M. Murphy • Francis P. Murphy • James T. Murphy • John K. Murphy • Kathryn A. Murphy • Kevin J. Murphy • Kevin James Murphy • Mark A.
Murphy • Michael D. Murphy • Patrick G. Murphy • Patrick J. Murphy • Paul E. Murphy • Richard A. Murphy • Robert J. Murphy • Sean D. Murphy • Thomas A. Murphy • William M. Murr • Arnold B. Murray • Bennie L. Murray • Gaye Y. Murray • Glen R.
Murray • Grady C. Murray • James R. Murray • Kelly P. Murray • Mark Ross Murray • Matthew J. Murray • Rex Larry Murray • Samuel W. Murray • Tamela Jeune Murray • Todd R. Murray • Tricia L. Murray • Sidney L. Murry • John R. Murtha • Philip E. Murtha • Gary
M. Murzyn • Michael A. Muscavage • Deborah F. Muscha • Charles L. Music • Jerry Tigere Muskwe • James Patrick Musone • Wylie R. Musselwhite • David D. Musser • Donald J. Musser • Ramon Edward Muxo • James Stephen Myak • Ken P. Myak • Robert W.
Myer • Deborah Lynn Myers • Derek Evin Myers • James W. Myers • Joseph E. Myers • Mitchell Roger Myers • Ronald B. Myers • Ronald G. Myers • Steven A. Myers • William E. Myers • George C. Mynatt • Roy A. Mynatt • Johnny O. Myrick • Stephen
Myrosh • Richard L. Myrup • Arthur W. Myshrall • Robert A. Naaktgeboren • Larry A. Nabors • Vincent S. Nacin • Stephen Douglas Nadaud • Joseph J. Nadock • Leonard M. Nagata • David P. Nagle • Mark Nagoda • Henry P. Nagy • Scott M. Nagy • Norman
Nahar • Andy Nahle • Michael L. Naiman • Daniel Nakamitsu • Stacey Nakamura • Joe A. Nakanishi • Myron H. Nakano • Clendon S. Nakasone • Michael D. Nall • John S. Nalley • John Francis Nally • Kenneth W. Nance • Ronald Nang • Timothy S. Napier • Serge
Napoleon • JoAnn Napolitano • Patrick Napolitano • Anthony Nappi • Thomas J. Nardozzi • Michael A. Narducci • Mitchell Narzem • Paul J. Nasci • William A. Nascimento • David W. Nase • Charles F. Nash • Gerald M. Nash • James M. Nash • Larry S.
Nash • Michelle M. Nash • Samuel R. Nassar • M. Nashaat Nassr • Richard C. Nastawa • Michael C. Nathan • Peter W. Nathaniel • Dan Naumann • Jose R. Navarro • Manuel DeJesus Naveiras • Michael J. Navrat • Jerald R. Naylor • Robert Naylor • Sandra A.
Nazar • Glenda L. Nazarowski • J. Alan Neace • Bryan A. Neal • Donna E. Neal • James Burt Neal • Larry W. Neal • Robert A. Neal • Willette Yolanda Neal • Queenie Neason • Todd A. Neaveill • Kenneth L. Necochea • Robert Frank Necochea • Roger A.
Necochea • Faye Nedderman • James G. Nedelco • Jean E. Needham • David R. Neef • Emilie Neel • Kenneth R. Neel • Harry T. Neff • Jessica Neff • John P. Neff • Jason Neft • Ramon L. Negron • Leopoldo Negron-Burgos • Anthony Neidecker • Scott A.
Neil • Kyle B. Neilson • Glen I. Neisen • Kenneth E. Nellis • Brian Keith Nelms • Paula G. Nelsen • Brian A. Nelson • David Allen Nelson • David I. Nelson • Douglas B. Nelson • Douglas T. Nelson • Eric A. Nelson • George P. Nelson • Jeffrey R. Nelson • John F.
Nelson • Joseph E. Nelson • Joseph G. Nelson • LeKhanh T. Nelson • Mark D. Nelson • Mark F. Nelson • Matthew F. Nelson • Melissa L. Nelson • Michael A. Nelson • Michael J. Nelson • Michael Paul Nelson • Patricia A. Nelson • Richard A. Nelson • Richard D.
Nelson • Rocky J. Nelson • Sallye D. Nelson • Scott W. Nelson • Timothy T. Nelson • William O. Nelson • Joseph C. Nemec • Chad Nemes • Michael J. Neppl • Allan R. Nesbitt • Dennis G. Nesbitt • Paul H. Nesbitt • Peter Daniel Nesbitt • Mark E. Nesfeder • Michael
R. NeSmith • Kyle D. Ness • William H. Ness • Mary C. Nestell • Brent L. Nesting • George A. Nestojko • Julie K. Netherton • Donald O. Netzke • Beth A. Neu • Randy M. Neu • Daniel R. Neubecker • Randy Joseph Neuberger • Kelly D. Neuhaus • James B.
Neuman • Timothy J. Neuscheler • Lori L. Neville • Carmela Newberry • David B. Newby • William A. Newby • Donald L. Newcomb • Henry Newcomb • Richard S. Newcomb • Allan L. Newell • Mark D. Newell • Melody L. Newell • Michael J. Newell • Beverly K.
Newkirk • Connie M. Newkirk • Ronald D. Newkirk • Larry S. Newlin • Allan Newman • Craig R. Newman • James G. Newman • Mervyn L. Newman • Roberta Catherine Newman • Jerreld L. Newquist • Robert A. Newray • Roy T. Newsom • Lawrence R.
Newsome • Ann M. Newton • Jean A. Newton • Kara L. Newton • Michael L. Newton • Patrick C. Newton • Vernon C. Newton • John J. Ney • Kai Ho Ng • Paul Ng • Chiu M. Ngai • Calvin Ngo • Diep N. Ngo • Ai Van Nguyen • Chong T. Nguyen • Ha A.
Nguyen • Khoat Nguyen • Minha T. Nguyen • Nhan Nguyen • Patrick V. Nguyen • Phillip Nguyen • Ricky A. Nguyen • Thuy T. Nguyen • Keith Francis Nicholas • Robert M. Nicholas • Edward J. Nichols • J. Dan Nichols • Jeffrey Dale Nichols • Leonard A.
Nichols • Martin Nichols • Sue A. Nichols • Velvet K. Nichols • David W. Nicholson • Eleanor D. Nicholson • Ernest L. Nicholson • Kent D. Nicholson • Roderick T. Nicholson • Richard B. Nickeson • Terry Nickisch • Thomas Nicklow • Philip J. Nicola • Philip
Charles Nicoletti • David J. Nicolich • Alan L. Nicoll • James J. Nicosia • Bruce E. Niederriter • Marc S. Niedzwicki • John M. Niehoff • Richard E. Nielsen • Thomas A. Nielson • James M. Niemann • Donald B. Niemiec • Thomas G. Niepoth • Brian G. Nies • Zabdi A.
Nieves • Mark E. Nighswonger • Charles R. Nightingale • Wayne M. Niimi • Mark Nikas • Don Nikolich • Peter G. Nikolich • Paul B. Niles • Stacee L. Nimetz • Lori J. Nims • Manuel Nino • Joey E. Nippert • Jason M. Nishioka • Harold A. Nitowitz • Kevin J.
Nitsche • Karen F. Nitschke • Dennis M. Nitzsche • Donald Gary Nix • Howard W. Nix • Danny Glen Nixon • Anthony A. Nobach • Brian Todd Noble • David K. Noble • Jeremy L. Noble • Michael Kevin Noble • Ralph Noble • Robert C. Noble • William C.
Noble • John M. Noblitt • Ronald E. Noblitt • Michael T. Nodley • Byron V. Noehl • Hugh Noel • Cynthia L. Noeth • Jon M. Noffsinger • Stephen Nogar • Gary L. Nogle • John K. Nolan • Kevin J. Nolan • Richard T. Nolan • Russell T. Nolan • Todd N. Nolan • Matthew

Names of charter members are in bold
Q. Nolin • Herbert Noll • Michael J. Nolle • Charles Norberg • Kenneth A. Norberg • KC Norcross • Mark A. Nordeen • Jeffrey R. Nordell • David R. Norden • Rodger L. Nordlund • Jenifer Lynda Nordstrom • Gary A. Norek • Michael G. Norin • David
Norloff • James M. Norman • Jerry G. Norman • Mark K. Norman • Tammy Lee Norman • David A. Norris • David B. Norris • David T. Norris • Richard A. Norris • Robert D. Norris • Tracy J. Norris • Wayne J. Norris • Tim B. Norrod • Cathleen M. North • Matthew
W. North • Thomas Edward Northam • Gregory D Northcutt • Brian C. Norton • Dale Lee Norton • David M. Norton • Will T. Norton • Tom W. Norwood • Dale L. Noss • Debora G. Nottolini • Anthony Novak • Elisha Novak • John C. Novak • Timothy L.
Novak • George A. Novakowski • Timothy M. Novotny • Gernot D. Nowak • John Nowakowski • Dennis Nowicki • Kenneth R. Nowosatka • Randolph L. Noyes • Mark S. Nullman • Anthony Nunez • Lawrence G. Nuorala • Chris B. Nurding • Dale R. Nuss • Richard
C. Nuss • Carey P. Nussbaum • Colleen M. Nutter • Kerry M. Nutter • Frans F. Nyhuis • Peter T. Nyquist • Sokil O • W. Bryant Oaks • Thomas M. Obarski • Timothy L. Oberdoerster • Ronald J. Oberg • Ronald A. Oberhauser • Daniel H.D. Obert • Danielle L.
O’Brien • Dennis O’Brien • Donald O’Brien • Jack L. O’Brien • James Weston O’Brien • Shannon Marie O’Brien • Sidney L. O’Brien • Timothy P. O’Brien • William Joseph O’Brien • Michael O’Bryan • Paul Jeremy Ochsenreiter • Brenda Ocker-Wozniak • Douglas
E. O’Connell • Kathleen A. O’Connell • Kathleen M. O’Connell • Robert B. O’Connell • William C. O’Connell • Michael J. O’Conner • April O’Connor • Chris Kevin O’Connor • John M. O’Connor • Joshua D. O’Connor • Kristin C. O’Connor • Michael
O’Connor • Robert Keith O’Connor • Wendy L. O’Connor • William G. O’Connor • Cynthia K. O’Conor • Douglas B. O’Dell • Nenita Odesa • Scott E. Odle • Gregory R. Odom • Al O’Donnell • George L. O’Donnell • Lisa Ann O’Donnell • Michael P.
O’Donnell • William John O’Donnell • Michael Odryna • William O’Dwyer • Stephen C. Oeder • Ryan Oelrich • Kathryn B. Oestricher • Merlin R. Oetken • Henry Offermann • Stephanie Offhaus • Matthew C. Ogden • Robert Charles Ogden • Scott J.
Oggeri • Quentin G. Ogilvie • Michael Ogles • Morris T. Ogunleye • Richard Lee O’Hara • Timothy G. O’Hara • Dennis E. Ohlenkamp • Patricia Oien • Chris D. Oines • John A. Ojile • Michael J. O’Kane • Kevin R. O’Keefe • Michael L. O’Keefe • Yvette C.
O’Keefe • Ike K. Okuda • Neil N. Okuna • German Olan • Lars A. Olander • Douglas S. Oldham • Eldon C. Oldnettle • Bruce T. O’Leary • Steve C. Olesen • John N. Olinger • Ramon C. Olivas • Donald M. Oliveira • Bonnie E. Oliver • Brian Oliver • Craig
Oliver • Deborah L. Oliver • Elton Maurice Oliver • Gary M. Oliver • Lisa R. Oliver • William M. Oliver • David L. Olivier • Dennis J. O’Loughlin • Albert H. Olsen • Diane M. Olsen • Karen J. Olsen • Lewis D. Olsen • Steven R. Olsen • Brian H. Olson • Carly
Olson • Darryld Andrew Olson • Elaine Olson • Eric B. Olson • Jeffery B. Olson • Jeffrey D. Olson • Jeffrey W. Olson • John C. Olson • Randall S. Olson • Richard J. Olson • Steven C. Olson • James Donald Olznoi • David C. O’Malley • Katherine T.
O’Malley • Kenneth T. O’Malley • Kevin Michael O’Malley • Michael O’Malley • James M. Oman • Mark T. Ommundsen • James M. O’Neal • Mark O’Neil • William C. O’Neil • Patrick J. O’Neill • Terrance M. O’Neill • Thomas J. O’Neill • John P. Onken • Stephen
Onusko • William J. Ooms • Gregory Paul Oothoudt • Joseph G. Opatovsky • Matthew C Opperman • Ricky Alan Opperman • Gary M. Opseth • Johnny B. O’Quinn • Michael A. Oram • Barbara Ann Orandello • Sheila O’Regan-Bade • Mary O’Reilly • Thomas J.
O’Reilly • Julie K. Orentas • Lisa Marie Orff • James G. Organist • Thomas F. Orlowski • Douglas K. Ormston • Bradford B. Orndorff • Jeffrey Neil Orr • John M. Orr • Jon W. Orr • Mark Duane Orr • Brian A. Orris • Michael W. Ortega • Robert Ortega • Steven E.
Ortega • Ernest Ortiz • Julio A. Ortiz • Saul Ortiz • Van A. Ortiz • Wilfido Ortiz • Jacquelyn K. Osberg • Crystallin Osborne • Jeffrey A. Osborne • Steven T. Osborne • Harry J. Osburn • Michael Ray Osekowski • Barbara R. O’Shea • George M. O’Shea • Stephen
S. Oshiro • Michael P. Osiadacz • Eron K. Osman • David D. Osolnik • Richard C. Ossana • Donald M. Ossinger • David L. Osteen • Dennis W. Osterhage • Michael J. Ostrander • Margaret Oswald • Theresa L. Oswald • Ronald E. Oswill • John S. Oszczakiewicz • Carlos
V. Otero • John D. Otey • Neil F. Otey • Jeffery Paul Otlowski • Gary T. O’Toole • Neil E. O’Toole • J. Scott Otoupal • Melissa Rene Ott • Rodney J. Ott • David R. Otten • David A. Otterblad • Gregory G. Otterson • Bruce E. Otto • Jon P Otto • William B. Otto • Jill
H. Ouellette • Jerry Ouillette • Guy M. Outten • Harold B. Over • Richard H. Overby • Daniel J. Overgaard • Jack B. Overholser • Duane L. Overlid • John F. Overman • Robert S. Overstreet • Larry G. Overton • Chris Owen • Paul R. Owen • Richard M.
Owen • Clifford C. Owens • Dawn M. Owens • Eran A. Owens • Eric K. Owens • Linda J. Owens • Robert A. Owens • Sally Owens • Charles R. Owings • Robert P. Oxenburg • Nancy Eileen Oxford • Carolyn H. Oxley • Kelvin Oya • Gary C. Oyster • David C.
Pace • Ramey G. Pace • Laurie L. Pacheco • Melinda L. Pacheco • Billy J. Pack • Thomas C. Pactol • Gean D. Paden • Christine Padgett • Grady C. Padgett • Robert L. Padgett • Thomas John Padgett • Stacy L. Padhye • Jeffery D. Padia • Cynthia L. Padilla • Jimmy M.
Padilla • Victor A. Padron • Kent E. Pafford • Donna Marie Paffrath • Stephen J. Pagano • Darlene L. Page • Douglas J. Page • Jeffrey J. Page • Leslie Freeman Page • Randell C. Page • Robert J. Page • Susan L. Page • Ralph D. Pagington • Curtis A. Paige • Daniel L.
Paige • Edward V. Paige • Richard W. Paige • Kerry A. Painter • John D. Paiva • Christine Pak • Harvey M. Pake • Robert J. Pakosinski • Cynthia M. Palamara • Daniel Anthony Palermo • Daniel R. Palermo • Cheryl A. Palko • Daniel L. Palko • Mark A. Pallone • Gary
A. Palm • Vincent Charles Palmby • Charles S. Palmer • Jeff C. Palmer • Jeffrey S. Palmer • JoElla Palmer • Kenneth W. Palmer • Lance L. Palmer • Laura Ann Palmer • Marcus J. Palmer • Rick Dane Palmer • Steve Earl Palmer • John M. Palmersheim • Anthony
Palmieri • Michael A. Palmieri • Chris D. Palmisano • Thomas J. Palowitch • Larry D. Pals • Lee F. Pals • John A. Palumbo • Michael J. Palumbo • Charles R. Pampuch • Hongye Pan • Rosalie Panagopoulos • Ramin H. Panahi • Philip W. Panelli • Feliciano Bud
Pangan • Nicholas Panico • Thomas L. Pankow • Kimberly A. Panter • Thomas B. Pantle • Thomas A. Panzarella • Victor Panzica • Sandra Papadimitriou • Andrew C. Papageorge • Vasilios Papageorgiou • Fred T. Paparelli • Michael L. Paplow • Frank N. Papp • Renee
C. Paradis • Nicholas G. Paraskevas • Henry J. Pardo • Johnny W. Pardue • Brian K. Parenteau • Charles Parenteau • George N. Paresa • Luis D. Paret • Todd R. Parham • Richard A. Paris • Donald A. Pariseau • Charles R. Parish • Brian R. Park • Cara Park • Jason
A. Park • Benjamin R. Parker • David Lee Parker • Deborah L. Parker • Gay Ann Parker • Jeffrey A. Parker • Patrick L. Parker • Robert C. Parker • Sandra K. Parker • Todd C. Parker • Wendy Parker • Glenn D. Parks • Michael R. Parks • Timothy L. Parks • Dennis
J. Parman • Kristi Heather Parman • Benjamin L. Parmer • Joseph H. Parnacott • Sue A. Parness • Robert J. Paro • James F. Parr • Timothy Lee Parr • Matthew Parra • Daniel Parrillo • Chris E. Parris • Jeffrey L. Parrish • Steven Parrish • John G. Parsell • Patricia
Marie Parsh • Leon M. Parshook • Larry M. Parsons • Mary Elizabeth Parsons • Richard. J. Parsons • Narzell Partee • Stanley A. Parulski • Mark C. Paschal • Donn G. Pascoe • John R. Pasola • Michael Todd Pasquini • Kenneth D. Pass • Alan J. Passero • James J.
Passiales • Socrates S. Passialis • John Joseph Pastore • John R. Pastorelli • Wesley A. Pate • William A. Pate • Pravin H. Patel • Zoem Patel • Glenn A. Paterson • Marco Patino • George P. Paton • Gary J. Patrician • Brian G. Patrick • Kimberly Ann Patrick • Lawrence
E. Patrick • Marianne Patrick • Robert C. Patrick • William L. Patrick • Melanie L. Patry • Lawrence K. Patt • Allen D. Patterson • C. Duke Patterson • Danny Ray Patterson • David E. Patterson • Kenneth E. Patterson • Michael J. Patterson • Tara M. Patterson • Joel
J. Patti • John E. Pattison • Todd E. Pattison • David J. Patton • Robert Stephen Patton • Randall L. Paul • Robert Marvin Paul • Robert T. Paul • Shannon T. Paul • Krista S. Pauley • Michael P. Pauley • Kristen E. Paulik • Jay J. Paulinski • Kenneth J. Paull • John Mark
Paulus • William S. Pavlik • Jon Pawelkop • Leo J. Pawlowski • Mark L. Pawlowski • Donald J. Paxson • David K. Paxton • Mona S. Payette • Dexter Payne • Douglas E. Payne • Lindsay D. Payne • Mark A. Payne • Michael J. Payne • Raleigh H. Payne • Richard C.
Payne • Thomas J. Payne • Travis C. Payne • William J. Payne • Jeffrey Robert Paynter • Brian Curtis Paysinger • Eddie Peace • Jeffrey K. Peace • Maxine L. Peace • Charles S. Pearce • Gerald L. Pearce • James C. Pearce • Allen L. Pearcy • George T. Pearcy • William
W. Pearman • B. J. Pearson • Douglas Charles Pearson • Gerald S. Pearson • Glen A. Pearson • Roger C. Pearson • Ronald Dale Pearson • Scott H. Pearson • William E. Pease • Renee Peavey • Robert Alan Pebley • Darrell S. Peck • Jonathan Neal Peck • Richard E.
Peck • Russell W. Peck • Thomas W. Peck • Trent D. Peckosh • Richard A. Pecoraro • Charles R. Pedersen • David J. Pedersen • Jeffrey M. Pedersen • Steven J. Pedersen • Noel N. Pederson • James Pedra • Rodney Wayne Peek • Paul G. Pegadiotes • Kory
Pehl • Richard G. Peiffer • William J. Pekarna • Sonja M. Pekarna-Midtbo • Lafe Pelissier • Steven R. Pelissier • Patrick J. Pelkowski • Dean W. Pelland • Alan Pellegrini • Frank Pellegrino • Michael L. Peltier • James F. Pelton • Paul R. Peltonen • Todd A.
Pemberton • Daniel J. Pemrick • Ralph S. Pendlebury • Daniel S. Penfound • Mitchell G. Penfound • Joseph A. Penna • Harrison Pennel • Carl Pennica • Joseph Pennington • Mark L. Pennington • Shawn M. Pennington • Douglas Richard Pennock • Ken J.
Penoyer • Darlene L. Penrose • Gregory T. Peoples • Kenneth J. Peppard • James Thomas Pepper • John Robert Perczak • Dean E. Perdue • Mark Pereira • Alfred Perez • Caroline Perez • Eddie Perez • Franchisco D. Perez • Jaclyn R. Perez • Miquel A. Perez • Moises
Perez • Oscar Perez • Philip G. Perez • Stephen Vince Perez • Frank T. Perino • Ronald A. Perino • Armond Perkins • Earnest W. Perkins • Murray S. Perkins • Peter N. Perkins • Robert D. Perkins • Donald Joseph Permoda • Joseph W. Perrone • William J.
Perrotti • Almetta Perry • Edmond Michael Perry • Jolene M. Perry • K. Douglas Perry • Rene’ L. Perry • Robert J. Perry • Timothy Perry • Wesley F. Perttula • Dean A. Pesato • Cliff Peschansky • Thomas L. Pesnicak • Rick A. Petermann • Bethany A. Peters • Bryant
M. Peters • Donald Peters • Gary L. Peters • Lathaniel Peters • Michael J. Peters • Ronald R. Peters • William T. Peters • Frederick J. Petersen • Jacqueline C. Petersen • Kevin R. Petersen • Linda Jean Petersen • Mark P. Petersen • Thomas K. Petersen • Thomas M.
Petersen • Bradley J. Peterson • Bradley R. Peterson • Brian D. Peterson • Bruce A. Peterson • Cody A. Peterson • David D. Peterson • Dennis Peterson • Donald B. Peterson • Douglas P. Peterson • Eric J. Peterson • Erik O. Peterson • Fay A. Peterson • James Q.
Peterson • John A. Peterson • Joseph E. Peterson • Julie Ann Peterson • Kevin E. Peterson • Ned A. Peterson • Robert L. Peterson • Ronald W. Peterson • Sheila M. Peterson • Laura Iris Petraglia • William J. Petras • Philip J. Petre • Rodger W. Petre • James M.
Petrell • Dominic Petrelli • Mark A. Petri • Ronald I. Petri • Barbara Ann Petricka • Brian A. Petrilla • George Petrovich • Scott H. Petrucha • John Petrulis • Peggy Ann Petry • Walter W. Petry • Nicole R. Petrykowski • Mark Petsche • Gary Pettengill • Kim M.
Pettis • Henry A. Pettway • Darla A. Pettyjohn • Kevin C. Pettyjohn • Joseph Petzel • Richard J. Petzold • Gary G. Peurifoy • Kelly H. Peurifoy • Richard S. Pewthers • Michael J. Peymann • Robert A. Pfeifer • Timothy A. Pforsich • Thomas M. Phan • Natalie Phan-
Tran • Connie Phelan • Joseph R. Phelan • Lisa Marie Phernetton • Harold E. Phifer • Sandy Joseph Philips • Anita M. Phillips • Brian K. Phillips • Calvin D. Phillips • Charles H. Phillips • Chris D. Phillips • David N. Phillips • Donna L. Phillips • Gregory T. Phillips • James
A. Phillips • James H. Phillips • Jeffrey W. Phillips • Jennifer L. Phillips • John P. Phillips • Mark D. Phillips • Mary Ann Phillips • Matthew F. Phillips • Patti L. Phillips • Richard A. Phillips • Ronald Allen Phillips • Stephen G. Phillips • Steve Phillips • Steven L. Phillips • Steven
T. Phillips • Ted Lee Phillips • William T. Phillips • Benjapol Phimsoutham • Kevin L. Phinney • Gary A. Phipps • Heidi Phipps • Scott R. Phipps • William J. Phipps • Edward W. Pianka • Douglas G. Picard • Robert D. Picard • Chris J. Piccola • John Piccola • Ethan D.
Piche • Larry A. Pichoff • Mark L. Pickerel • James H. Pickering • Michael A. Pickering • Timothy W. Pickering • Daniel G. Pickert • Mark Alan Pickett • Thomas N. Pickett • Paul E. Pieper • Anna M. Pierce • Brenda L. Pierce • Harold F. Pierce • John C. Pierce • John
E. Pierce • Ralph E. Pierce • Robert Lowell Pierce • Robert Michael Pierce • Robert S. Pierce • William T. Pierce • Christopher M. Piercy • Leslie E. Piercy • Franco Pieri • Saida O. Pierri • Daniel L. Pierson • David J. Pierson • David L. Pierson • Mark D. Pierson • Tobin
M. Pierson • James S. Pieser • Donald Gene Piet • Steven J. Pietroforte • Robert L. Pietrzak • James R. Pigeon • Lee Patrick Pigford • Kenneth A. Pignotti • Robert H. Pike • Timothy B. Pike • Glen W. Pilant • Joseph L. Pilcher • Joseph B. Pilgrim • Bryan K.
Pilkenton • Jaime Pina • Douglas G. Pincock • John G. Pingol • Mario Z. Pinheiro • Steven Pinkerton • Richard E. Pinkston • George Pirotis • Anthony M. Pisanti • Theodore E. Piskur • David Piszczek • David M. Piteri • Michael M. Pitt • Lori Beth Pittman • Douglas
R. Pitts • Patricia A. Pitts • Terrence L. Pitts • Robert D. Piverotto • Joseph D. Pivonka • Andrew A. Plamondon • Nathaniel B. Plance • John P. Plank • James F. Platt • Paul O. Pleasants • Jeffrey A. Plendl • Eric Bob Plentl • Rebecca L. Plentl • Joseph D. Pleskac • Tim
Plezbert • Jenice N. Plisko • Brian Plona • Douglas C. Plume • Cheryl Z. Plumeri • David A. Plummer • Harry Lee Plummer • Michael J. Plunkett • James L. Plymel • Chris T. Plympton • Melissa L. Poces • Christopher S. Podbielski • Elaine Poe • Lawrence G.
Pogorzala • Caroline G. Pogue • Kerry C. Pohlman • Ronald J. Poindexter • Derek T. Pointer • Martha J. Pointer • Paul G. Poirier • Steve Poirier • Michael H. Poisson • Peter Polakos • Gary J. Pole • Rick Polete • Doris J. Poling • Keith L. Poling • Donna J.
Polinsky • Terence A. Polischeck • Jeff William Polk • Richard Polk • Vince S. Polk • Donald E. Pollard • Edward R. Pollard • James D. Pollard • Stanley A. Pollard • Mark Pollock • Stephen A. Pologruto • Anthony J. Polzin • Jill D. Poma • Glen T. Poncet • Gregory
Pond • Aristotle C. Ponder • Barry H. Ponder • Christina Pond-Lagoski • William R. Pong • Samuel V. Pono • Charles E. Poole • Cynthia Ann Poole • David W. Poole • James S. Poole • Jason Poole • Todd A. Poole • Vanessa L. Poole • Donald R. Poore • Dennis J.
Poorman • Patricia Pope • Ross Pope • Jon M. Popow • Richard Popp • William W. Poppleton • Peter Porcaro • Emanuel N. Porretto • Fredrick R. Port • Gary A. Porta • Carl E. Porter • D.F. Porter • Dale Lance Porter • Donald J. Porter • Glenn Scott
Porter • Lawrence W. Porter • Michael D. Porter • Timothy L. Porter • Neil J. Portner • Jonathan A. Porto • David W. Porzel • Rafael Posadas • Charles L. Posey • John J. Posey • David A. Pospychala • Jackie E. Poss • Stephen R. Post • Morris A. Postlewate • Victor
M. Poston • Jeffrey S. Potash • Marc Potash • Salvatore Potestivo • Joseph J. Potkanowicz • Brian C. Potter • Carrie Lynn Potter • Janne K. Potter • Michael D. Potter • Rodney J. Potter • Daniel H. Potts • Joseph B. Potts • Mariane Potts • Steven C. Potts • Greta
Marie Potzmann • James H. Pouncy • Shawn R. Pound • Alexander A. Powell • Charles A. Powell • David J. Powell • Donald M. Powell • Henry K. Powell • Lawrence F. Powell • Patrick J. Powell • Richard K. Powell • Stephanie Rene Powell • Stephen W. Powell • William
R. Powell • Stephen C. Power • Bret A. Powers • Craig F. Powers • David B. Powers • Jesse J. Powers • Liesl M. Powers • Lynn A. Powers • Patrick E. Powers • Philip V. Powers • Randolph Powers • Sheryl A. Powers • Thomas E. Powers • Timothy J. Powers • Wade
Powers • Mark S. Prairie • Stephen Prater • David E. Pratt • Joel E. Pratt • Gregory M. Pratte • Lisa M. Prentice • Connie L. Presley • Roy F. Presley • Brian W. Preslin • Edward J. Presor • Jeffrey Scott Pressley • Josh Pressley • Thomas J. Prestia • Faro C.
Prestigiacomo • Alvin L. Preston • Brian L. Preston • Roger A. Preston • Mark A. Prestrude • John B. Preuit • Andrew M. Price • Danny F. Price • David James Price • James William Price • Mark F. Price • Peter K. Price • Ralph D. Price • Richard R. Price • Susan C.
Price • Thomas J. Price • Tony R. Price • Troy D. Price • William E. Price • Kevin A. Prickett • Raymond A. Pridemore • David John Pridgen • Angela Priebe • Thomas J. Priebe • Jurgen E. Priester • Bruce Leon Prieur • Steven J. Prigge • Karen E. Prijatel • Charles L.
Prill • Darrell B. Primm • Ross Primm • Nathaniel D. Primus • Christophe A. Prince • Richard K. Prince • Richard Lee Prince • Colleen Marie Pringle • Hugh J. Prior • David A. Pritchard • Byron T. Pritchett • Randall L. Privett • Richard E. Privette • Philip L.
Probert • Lisa M. Procaccini • David G. Prochaska • Dawn M. Prochaska • Jonathan Procter • Stephen W. Proctor • David Scott Proehl • Christa A. Proffit • Noel E. Proffitt • Michael Prokop • Robert A. Prokop • Kevin M. Propheter • Timothy D. Propst • Matt
Proudfit • Scott Roger Proudfoot • David Shawn Prowant • Kevin G. Prude • Paul E. Prue • John R. Pruitt • Kevin A. Pruitt • Kevin M. Pruitt • Edward F. Prusak • Anthony T. Prwivo • Michael Pryor • Robert J. Pryor • Paul J. Pucci • Timothy E. Puckett • Jeffrey A.
Puckey • Dennis W. Pugh • Idalia Pulido • Manuel Pulido • Tonya J. Pullich • William G. Pullich • Kenneth R. Pullis • Richard A. Puloma • Douglas Edward Purdy • Jillian B. Purdy • Rick Purdy • Gordon Purslow • Arlynn E. Purvis • Scott G. Purvis • Daniel M.
Pushic • David M. Pustay • Donna J. Pusterla • John A. Pusztai • Daniel N. Puterbaugh • Edward E. Putz • Michael A. Putzier • Diane M. Puzas • George M. Puzen • Glenn Puzon • Rory Puzon • Richard A. Pyke • Robin Lynn Pyke • Ronald B. Pyron • Mark A.
Qualey • Alfred J. Qualiardi • William J. Qualiardi • Mark I. Quam • John W. Quamme • David A. Quane • Patrick F. Quaranta • Miles D. Quarrington • Scott M. Querry • Jeffrey A. Quest • Chris Stephen Quigley • Timothy M. Quigley • Frank Charles Quinby • Michael
S. Quincey • Timothy Micheal Quinlin • Sean L. Quinlivan • John Quinn • Michael J. Quinn • Norman J. Quinn • Timothy L. Quinn • Gerard David Quiroz • Leroy C. Raap • Violet E. Rabago • William T. Rabek • Jon C. Racine • Mark S. Radabaugh • Curt
Rademaker • Craig W. Rader • Stephen S. Rader • Joseph C. Radocy • Michael A. Radtke • Harry J. Rafferty • Jeanne Rafferty • Alan Raffo • Laura Kaye Ragan • Paul E. Ragan • Howard W. Ragsdale • Robert M. Raikes • Stacey Lee Raines • Ralph Rains • J a m e s
Raio • Dale E. Ralph • Robert D. Ralston • Michael A. Ramaker • Balram Rambrich • James A. Ramey • Alma L. Ramirez • Chris M. Ramirez • Gerardo Ramirez • Irene Ramirez • John B. Ramirez • Maria T. Ramirez • Edward Ramos • Herbert D. Ramos • Jason
Ramos • Jusserand F. Ramos • Richard Ramos • William M. Ramos • Mark Ramp • Jeffrey C. Rampling • Ted E. Ramroth • Richard Allen Ramsdell • Jonathan E. Ramsden • Stephen W. Ramsden • Dennis A. Ramsey • Michael P. Ramsey • Timothy V. Ramsey • Tracy L. The
NATCA Family

The NATCA Family
Names of charter members are in bold
Ramsey • William T. Ramsey • Eric A. Rand • Joseph Rand • Richard A. Rand • Steven Rand • David C. Randal • Jayne L. Randall • William D. Randle • Lois Randley • Jerry D. Raney • Robert A. Raney • Nicholas J. Rangel • Brian Patrick Rankin • Delores F.
Ransom • George Michael Ransom • Curt D. Ranz • Claude R. Rapoza • Frederick P. Rasche • Robert G. Raske • Kerry C. Rasmussen • Ronald M. Rasmussen • Tony A. Rasmussen • Larry J. Rasnake • Barry L. Ratchford • Richard Jean Rathbun • Joseph F.
Rather • James V. Ratkus • Richard Alan Ratliff • Kelly Field Raulerson • Michael D. Raulerson • Owen D. Raulerson • Steven E. Raulston • William James Rauscher • Scott A. Rautio • Kevin S. Rawlings • Ryan P. Rawski • Joe R. Ray • Mark A. Ray • Michael A.
Ray • Richard G. Ray • Ricky S. Ray • Ryan T. Ray • James M. Rayfield • Jamey Raymond • Margaret C. Raymond • Joseph W. Rayter • Thai Rea • Dennis Wayne Read • Kirby C. Read • Michael Read • Richard A. Readdy • Cheryl A. Readio • Bruce R. Reagan • Martin
J. Reaghard • Carmen N. Reale • Patrick J. Ream • John A. Reams • Anthony J. Reando • Elijah B. Rearden • James Reasoner • George Michael Rebello • Steven Scott Reberg • Lori Rebhan • Jason R. Rebmann • Stanley V. Recek • James M. Record • David E.
Rector • Thuhang C. Reddick • Daniel J. Redding • Brian M. Reddy • Yashoda Reddy • James P. Redel • Alan H. Redfern • Raymond C. Redhead • Karl R. Redinger • William H. Redner • John B. Reece • Terry J. Reece • Bernard E. Reed • Joida Reed • Paul D.
Reed • Richard B. Reed • Scott W. Reed • Steve R. Reed • Steven J. Reed • Timothy A. Reed • James D. Reedy • Michael J. Reedy • Michael J. Reese • Robert G. Reese • Ronald W. Reese • Cornelius A. Regan • Gary K. Regan • John R. Regan • Kathleen A.
Regan • Michael J. Regan • Thomas G. Regan • Steven Wayne Regruto • Hassie L. Rehm • Kimberly A. Rehm • James G. Rehrl • Jerome F. Reichenbach • Dallas R. Reid • Harold V. Reid • Lisa A. Reid • Richard A. Reid • Richard S. Reid • Rodger M. Reid • Rudolph
Horatio Reid • Tracy J. Reid • Daniel F. Reigle • Brendan J. Reilly • John F. Reilly • Michael J. Reilly • Nancy Ann Reilly • Nancy C. Reilly • Phillip David Reilly • William J. Reimer • Danny D. Reinders • Kurt A. Reinert • Michael F. Reinhard • Raymond H.
Reinhardt • Charles M. Reininger • Brenda K. Reins • Bruce C. Reins • Gary W. Reising • Laurence A. Reising • Roger D. Reisinger • Steven D. Reiss • Thomas J. Reitano • Nancy S. Reiter • Robert A. Reiter • Richard M. Rejniak • David K. Relyea • Elaine J.
Relyea • Robert J. Rembish • Daniel M. Remer • Arthur A. Remsik • Fred Renault • Joey M. Rendon • Dirk Renner • Ronald D. Renner • Stewart M. Rennie • Russell S. Renton • Dana Lee Reny • Stephen B. Repeta • Matthew William Resciniti • Kenneth R.
Resnick • Dean Alan Ressler • Cory Thomas Retzlaff • Stephen G. Retzloff • Eric P. Reumann • Steve Reutepohler • Fred S. Revels • William R. Revett • Arthur M. Rewinkel • Charles M. Rey • Antonio Reyes • John A. Reyes • Michael D. Reyes • Omar Reyes • Scott
C. Reyna • Beverly Reynolds • Chris M. Reynolds • Craig A. Reynolds • Darius C. Reynolds • George K. Reynolds • James B. Reynolds • Jerry C. Reynolds • Joseph K. Reynolds • Kenneth D. Reynolds • Michael Andrew Reynolds • Rebecca Reynolds • Robert D.
Reynolds • Stanley C. Reynolds • Timothy A. Reynolds • Wesley David Reynolds • Steven Ellis Rhineheimer • Dale M. Rhoads • William T. Rhoads • Birkely Rhodes • Bradley E. Rhodes • Charlotte Gay Rhodes • Gilbert B. Rhodes • Grant R. Rhodes • Jason L.
Rhodes • Melissa D. Rhodes • Patricia H. Rhodes • Sean B. Rhone • Edward S. Ribeiro • Ronald C. Riccadonna • John W. Riccardi • David R. Ricco • Chris J. Rice • Glendon E. Rice • James F. Rice • Judy A. Rice • Patrick Sean Rice • Peter M. Rice • Willard E.
Rice • Brian N. Rich • Ronald E. Rich • Samuel J. Rich • Thomas S. Rich • Charlene L. Richard • Karen S. Richard • Timothy J. Richard • Anthony W. Richards • Dale D. Richards • James C. Richards • Jeffrey D. Richards • Jeffrey L. Richards • John D. Richards • Robert
P. Richards • William L. Richards • Andrew J. Richardson • Beth Anne Richardson • Brian P. Richardson • Cory N. Richardson • Curtis Todd Richardson • Jack W. Richardson • John H. Richardson • Joseph W. Richardson • Mark W. Richardson • Michael B.
Richardson • Michael P. Richardson • Nicholas C. Richardson • Scott J. Richardson • Thomas L. Richardson • Timothy D. Richardson • Willis G. Richardson • Raul Richie • Dale Richmond • Fred B. Richmond • Darla E. Richter • Deborah A. Richter • Frederick G.
Richter • Jason M. Rick • William R. Rickels • Tracy A. Rickey • Daniel E. Ricks • Joseph C. Ricks • Jody L. Riddle • Dana Rider • Stanley D. Ridge • Mark Ridges • David L. Ridgway • Lawrence L. Ridley • Louis C. Ridley • Stephen P. Rief • David L. Riefer • Michael
S. Rieke • Paul T. Riemer • Maureen Riendeau • Howard Rifas • Jeffrey S. Rigdon • Gary W. Rigelman • James Riggins • Gary R. Riggle • Clifford A. Riggs • Andrea C. Rigney • David O. Rigney • Angela Riley • Anthony G. Riley • David C. Riley • David F. Riley • F.
Lee Riley • Gene R. Riley • Hayward M. Riley • Jeff Riley • John B. Riley • John Craig Riley • John Michael Riley • Jon A. Riley • Michael M. Riley • Michael Riley • Tonya S. Riley • William W. Riley • Paul M. Rinaldi • Lance A. Rinck • Michael A. Rinck • John Randolph
Rinehart • Steven Ring • Mark S. Ringham • Sue L. Ringham • Ted E. Ringler • Larry J. Ringwalt • Pablo Riofrio • Gary D. Riolo • Steve Riordan • Anthony L. Rios • Anthony Rios • Seferino Rios • Timothy L. Rios • Lori Michelle Ripple • Jeff R. Rippon • Thomas H.
Risdal • Jan Risheim • Stewart Risher • Greg W. Rising • Michael Risley • Timothy W. Risley • David A. Ritchey • David Ritchey • Stephen W. Ritchey • Constance Ann Ritchie • John M. Ritmiller • John M. Rittenberry • Walter S. Ritter • Richard E. Rittmann • Raul
C. Rivadeneyra • Andrew H. Rivas • Edward Rivas • Albert B. Rivera • Amelia G. Rivera • Camille J. Rivera • Edward E. Rivera • Enrique Rivera • Jorge Rivera • Ruben Rivera • David Rivero • Luis Andres Riverol • Brian L. Rivers • Roger D. Rivers • Charles N.
Riviere • Elissa M. Rix • Thomas E. Rizzardo • Timothy Alan Roach • James J. Roarke • Roger D. Roath • Robert R. Robar • Michael Allan Robbins • Wayne C. Roberson • Anita J. Roberts • Cheryl A. Roberts • Chris E. Roberts • Chris M. Roberts • Gary L.
Roberts • Harry A. Roberts • Jerry C. Roberts • John C. Roberts • John R. Roberts • Kenneth E. Roberts • Kerry E. Roberts • Kirsten Leigh Roberts • Lowell K. Roberts • Marilyn S. Roberts • Mark P. Roberts • Michael L. Roberts • Michael R. Roberts • Neil C.
Roberts • Peter C. Roberts • Peter Roberts • Raymond V. Roberts • Richard K. Roberts • Ross C. Roberts • Scott George Roberts • Shawn Roberts • Thomas L. Roberts • William Darren Roberts • William T. Roberts • Dale Robertson • David M. Robertson • David
P. Robertson • Earle D. Robertson • John J. Robertson • Kirk P. Robertson • Martin P. Robertson • Preston E. Robertson • Timothy W. Robertson • David J. Robichaux • Michael F. Robicheau • Scott Robillard • Billy R. Robinson • Brad J. Robinson • Corey
Robinson • Dana D. Robinson • David W. Robinson • Debra Robinson • Ernest L. Robinson • Esther C. Robinson • Herbert G. Robinson • James R. Robinson • John D. Robinson • Kenneth L. Robinson • Marquitta Robinson • Robert Lamar Robinson • Scott E.
Robinson • Steve Robinson • Thomas D. Robinson • John E. Robison • Ronald J. Robison • Thomas B. Robison • William Robitsek • Monico Robles • Dale E. Robson • Carol A. Roby • James E. Roche • James W. Roche • Kevin P. Roche • Thomas Patrick
Roche • Michael R. Rocheck • Kenneth D. Rochester • Richard Rochester • Michael C. Rockman • Kathleen A. Rockwell • William A. Rodda • Patrick J. Rodden • David J. Roddy • Kyle W. Roddy • Lee A. Rodels • Noreen M. Rodenhurst • William N. Rodenhurst • Mark
O. Roderick • John Craig Rodgers • Philip G. Rodgers • Chris Joseph Rodriguez • Martin T. Rodriguez • Matthew A. Rodriguez • Michael G. Rodriguez • Miguel A. Rodriguez • Orlando Rodriguez • Reynaldo Rodriguez • Richard G. Rodriguez • Ernesto Rodriguez-
Acost • Alex E. Rodriquez • Ellen M. Rodriquez • Holly L. Roe • Joseph William Roe • Rodney D. Roe • Stephen C. Roebuck • Terrence K. Roeder • Kendall W. Roetzel • Rick Edward Roever • Steven Roewer • Bridget C. Rogers • Chris Rogers • Donald R.
Rogers • Edward L. Rogers • Gina M. Rogers • Glenn Rogers • Joseph T. Rogers • Kevin L. Rogers • Kimberly June Rogers • Michael D. Rogers • Michael R. Rogers • Michelle L. Rogers • Richard J. Rogers • William M. Rogers • Tim Rogula • Calvin Rohan • James M.
Rohde • Richard W. Rohde • William H. Rohder • Jeffrey M. Rohlmeier • Kevin L. Rohr • Charles W. Rohrer • Kevin J. Rojek • Matthew Dean Rojohn • Mitchell L. Roland • Paul Rold • Theodore E. Roller • Cory L. Rollins • Herbert T. Rollins • Loretta Rollins • William
Quint Rollo • Richard W. Rolls • Dan H. Rom • John C. Roman • Linda Roman • Patrick J. Roman • Frederic C. Romani • Gerald P. Romaniak • Robert Romano • Alexis Romero • Jorge D. Romero • Juan Romero • Mary L. Romero • Robert A. Romero • Samuel
Romero • Jeffrey G. Romig • Billy J. Romines • Roger L. Rominger • Richard J. Rompala • Ronald C. Romuno • Serge Rondelez • Joshua P. Ronken • Daniel T. Ronning • Wilfredo C. Ronquillo • Bruce L. Rook • Robert J. Rooker • Jason H. Rooks • Brandon
Roop • Kenneth A. Roosa • Chris B. Roppolo • Raoul P. Rosado • Randy R. Rosales • Margaret Rosander • Thomas J. Roscoe • Adam G. Rose • Anthony H. Rose • David L. Rose • Dexter Rose • DonnRae E. Rose • Douglas L. Rose • Ronney G. Rose • Susan F.
Rose • Timothy S. Rose • Thomas R. Roseborrough • Joseph A. Roseman • Steve Rosenbaum • Minerva A. Rosenberg • Steven J. Rosenfeld • Carl R. Rosenow • Bradley K. Rosenthal • Robert G. Rosenthal • Keith Rosequist • Gregory A. Roshel • Curt Alan
Ross • Erle M. Ross • Glyndon Ross • Jeffrey A. Ross • Jeffrey J. Ross • Jenny B. Ross • John E. Ross • Joseph P. Ross • Michael S. Ross • Michael Ross • Scott W. Ross • Sean Allen Ross • Steve Ross • Thomas H. Ross • William E. Ross • Gary B. Rosser • James
Rossi • Daniel M. Rossmango • Debbie Roth • George W. Roth • Robert B. Rothbart • Mark J. Rothdiener • David J. Rothery • Joseph R. Rougeau • Susan J. Round • Gary J. Rounds • Michael V. Roundtree • Keshea L. Rounsaville • Brian Thomas Rountree • Clifton
J. Rouse • Wesley D. Rouse • James R. Rousseau • Robert J. Routzahn • John L. Roux • Dino J. Rovito • Ronald E. Row • Ralph R. Rowand • Alan R. Rowe • Amy Louise Rowe • Jimmy D. Rowe • John L. Rowe • Tina R. Rowe • Kenneth W. Rowland • Ray C.
Rowland • Neil M. Rowlett • Lynn D. Rowley • Brett R. Rowsam • Floyd Kenneth Roy • Kim A. Roy • Michael A. Roy • Rosalind J. Royal • James R. Royer • Michael R. Royer • Wayne E. Royse • Stanley Rozycki • Richard Rubenstahl • David Scott Rubert • Robert P.
Rubertone • Augusto R. Rubia • Mitchell B. Rubin • William W. Rubin • Duane E. Rubino • Samuel J. Rubino • Thomas R. Rubrecht • William S. Ruby • Clarence S. Rucker • Edward F. Rucker • Thomas E. Rucker • Ralph M. Rud • Chinda P. Rudd • Thelma L.
Rudd • James A. Ruddick • Joseph A. Ruddy • Geoffrey D. Rudes • David R. Rudolf • Thomas Rudolph • Johann Rudzitis • Roger W. Ruebush • Robert A. Ruegsegger • Daniel John Ruehl • Cynthia G. Ruenzel • Eric Lee Ruenzel • Robert W. Ruff • Anthony J.
Ruffino • Michael Rufle • Robert T. Ruggiero • Edward D. Ruhbeck • David R. Ruiz • Dawna M. Ruiz • Ismael Ruiz • Luis Antonio Ruiz • James Kelly Rukes • Rosa M. RunsThrough • Ronald J. Runsvold • Mark Dean Rupert • Todd Arthur Rupert • William H.
Rupert • Michael J. Ruple • John D. Rupp • Thomas J. Ruppert • Ralph H. Rupprecht • Harold Dwayne Rush • Heather K. Rush • Martha Ann Rush • Robin Rush • Clifton Rushing • Randolph A. Russ • Carroll G. Russell • Craig E. Russell • Cynthia Ann Russell • David
E. Russell • Debra K. Russell • Donald R. Russell • Gary W. Russell • Jackie W. Russell • Jeffrey Dennis Russell • Joseph A. Russell • Mario C. Russell • Ray Russell • Robert Daniel Russell • Steven A. Russell • William J. Russell • Daniel J. Russo • James J. Russo • Dean
R. Ruther • Peter M. Rutherford • Rickey M. Rutherford • Robin C. Rutherford • Ronald L. Rutherford • Tony F. Rutherford • Robert C. Rutter • Stephen R. Ruttman • Nathan M. Rux • Dan Ryan • Daniel T. Ryan • Erik Carl Ryan • John P. Ryan • Joseph P.
Ryan • Michael Ryan • Patrick G. Ryan • Robert T. Ryan • Shawn K. Ryan • Steven G. Ryan • Terence M. Ryan • Timothy Ryan • William J. Ryan • Joseph W. Ryba • Marion Rybarczyk • Rosanne Ryburn • Steven B. Ryland • Gary A. Ryle • Chris K. Rzeszutko • Kristin
Kay Saari • Alan L. Saber • Gary D. Sabo • Michael Sabutis • Joseph S. Sacco • Maria Sacco • John T. Sachon • Richard T. Sack • John F. Sadatis • Brian K. Sadler • Robert Sadowski • Al Saenz • Patrick Safarian • Kaiwan Safavi • David E. Safdy • Edwin I. Safer • Carl
E. Sagerquist • Mark Saginario • Sean C. Saing • Doyle S. Saito • Ivan S. Sakihara • Linda A. Sakihara • Byron K. Sako • James Joel Sako • Eugene R. Sakrisson • Collin S. Sakuma • John S. Saladin • Brian Patrick Salaway • Erwin Stewart Salazar • Eric William
Saldana • Joseph James Salerno • Aletta A. Salganek • Michael J. Salina • Jennifer Salisbury • Michael G. Salisbury • Richard C. Salmen • William L. Salopek • Charles R. Salvaggione • John A. Samacicia • Samuel J. Sambrano • George C. Sammeth • Andrew J.
Samour • Larry H. Samowitz • Charles Sample • Guy W. Sample • Craig L. Samples • Alexander Sampra • Timothy John Samsel • Dale J. Samson • David L. Samson • Shorn A. Samuel • Dale P. Samuelson • Edwin Sanabia • Chris William Sanborn • A m a n d a
Sanchez • Elena M. Sanchez • Gary Edwin Sanchez • Jacqueline V. Sanchez • Manuel A. Sanchez • Marcelino Sanchez • Micheal Sanchez • Nestor A. Sanchez • Patrick D. Sand • Richard A. Sand • David E. Sandbach • David Brent Sandefur • Robert A. Sander • Collier
H. Sanders • Dan H. Sanders • Douglas A. Sanders • James M. Sanders • Jeffrey W. Sanders • Jere A. Sanders • Joseph Allen Sanders • Joshua B. Sanders • Michael R. Sanders • Terry B. Sanders • Kelly R. Sandfer • Patrick I. Sandorfi • Calen M. Sandoval • Catherine M.
Sandoval • Elena M. Sandoval • Eloy C. Sandoval • Kathleen A. Sandoval • Phillip Sandoval • Clinton Russell Sands • Michael D. Sands • Michele H. Sands • Theodore L. Sandstrom • Rick S. Sandvig • John Sanfelippo • Bryan E. Sanford • Scott M. Sanford • Jayanti R.
Sangani • Amritpal S. Sangha • Surinder S. Sangha • Paul J. Sangl • Peter J. Sanislo • Daniel M. Sanko • Michael H. Sanocki • Jean Garry Sanon • Leslie Susan Sanovich • George E. Sant • Richard T. Santa • Mark D. SantaCruz • Edwin Santiago • Marcos Santiago • Victor
Santore • Jahil Santos • Joseph C. Santos • Ray Y. Santos • James P. Sanzone • Donald W.M. Sapp • Gregory D. Sapp • James G. Sappier • Eric Robert Sarbacker • George P. Sardineer • Sharon Sargeant • David L. Sargent • John Michael Sargent • Kenneth H.
Sargent • Thomas M. Sargent • Jerry T. Sarkady • Mark W. Sarrasin • Eugene M. Sarrels • Patricia F. Sarubbi • John D. Sarver • Kenneth R. Sarver • Joseph M. Sas • Douglas C. Sasserson • Kenton E. Sassmann • Kelly Ann Satterfield • Daniel W. Sauer • Richard F.
Sauer • Chris M. Sauld • Arturo R. SaulsBerry • Bryan T. Saunders • Chris S. Saunders • David M. Saunders • James W. Saunders • Mark F. Saunders • Martin J. Saunders • Timothy E. Saunders • Timothy K. Saunders • Michael J. Saupp • Vincent J. Sauret • Donald
R. Savage • Gregory S. Savage • Sterling Savage • Frank J. Savasta • Latifa J. Saviet • Stephen E. Sawicki • Gary L. Sawyer • James L. Sawyer • Randall L. Sawyer • Robert J. Sawyer • MaryJane YanYi Saxe • Michael H. Saxe • Kay Saxton • Sone Sayamontry • Gary
Nathaniel Saylor • Karen Saylor • Nicholas C. Saylor • Gary C. Saylors • Jeffrey C. Sayre • Stephen R. Sayre • Souradeth H. Saysana • Douglas Warren Scadden • Sean F. Scally • Patrick J. Scanlan • John E. Scanlon • Tandy M. Scantlen • Brian L. Scarbrough • Louis A.
Scarozza • James S. Scarpelli • Anthony Scavone • Kathleen Scavone • Donald P. Schaak • Louise Schachter • Roger L. Schade • Karl W. Schader • Joseph Robert Schaefer • Thomas W. Schaefer • William A. Schaefer • John R. Schafe • Al G. Schafer • Sandra Lynn
Schafer • Dean W. Schahrer • Cynthia H. Schamel • Steven J. Schaming • Margaret C. Scharnow • Paul S. Scharr • Jennifer L. Schaub • Kathryn L. Schauf • Paul E. Schauman • Joseph H. Scheer • Mark A. Scheid • Donald S. Scheie • Michael A. Schelper • Lee
Schenck • Chris L. Schenk • Chester Schenkel • Jason A. Schenkel • Daniel T. Schenkenberger • Barbara Schennum • Paul D. Schennum • Brad Scherff • Mark E. Schermeister • Milton R. Scherotter • Dixie R. Scherzer • Patrick John Schettler • Steven Alan
Scheuble • Richard J. Scheuer • Terry Scheuffele • David H. Schickram • Anthony J. Schifano • Carl J. Schildt • Chanel Marie Schilling • Edward M. Schilling • James E. Schilling • Joachim W. Schilling • Wayne Mark Schilly • Steven M. Schimming • Brian M. Schimpf • Greg
L. Schindler • Gregory A. Schindler • Timothy J. Schindler • Dirk J. Schippers • E. Gordon Schiring • Alan J. Schirtzinger • David J. Schissler • Emil R. Schlabach • Donald E. Schlegel • Michael K. Schlegel • Vincent K. Schlegelmilch • Joseph J. Schleich • Trace
Schlemeyer • Karl Schletzbaum • Allen D. Schlimper • Stephen R. Schmalz • Gregory A. Schmarr • Gerald B. Schmauch • Donald E. Schmeichel • Doug Schmer • Robert F. Schmid • Arthur E. Schmidt • Christopher Schmidt • Daniel John Schmidt • David P.
Schmidt • James M. Schmidt • James Michael Schmidt • John J. Schmidt • Kim R. Schmidt • Michael J. Schmidt • Rick L. Schmidt • David A. Schmied • Mark H. Schmitt • Richard A. Schmitt • John J. Schmitz • Richard Schnedorf • Thomas B. Schneeman • Anita Marie
Schneider • Bret Richard Schneider • Bruce F. Schneider • Chris J. Schneider • Darrell E. Schneider • Donald L. Schneider • Jeffery F. Schneider • John Schneider • Joseph F. Schneider • Penny Schneider • Russell L. Schneider • Wallace G. Schneider • William C.
Schneider • Jimmy W. Schnell • Robert J. Schneller • Gary D. Schneringer • William J. Schnippert • David W. Schnoor • Ronda Joy Schnoor • David M. Schnur • David I. Schoen • Mark R. Schoenbauer • Emily S. Schoenberg • Paul C. Schoenen • Mark R.
Schoenhoff • Matthew Alec Schofield • Mark W. Scholl • Tom W. Schooler • Jesse D. Schools • Kevin W. Schott • Donald Schoux • Carole R. Schrader • David J. Schrader • Donald Lyle Schrader • Stephen J. Schreck • Dorene A. Schreckenghost • Mark D.
Schreier • Casey Schreiner • Michael R. Schrick • Marc Douglas Schrier • John D. Schrock • Michael J. Schrock • Andrew B. Schroeder • Michael Schroeder • Milton E. Schroeder • Randy S. Schroeder • Richard E. Schroeder • Robin M. Schroeder • Thomas J.
Schroeder • Anthony B. Schroedl • Edward J. Schroer • Kenneth J. Schroer • Jennifer Schroll • Karl Arnold Schubert • H. Dwayne Schuck • John Edmund Schuder • David W. Schuerhoff • Dean R. Schuette • Anton F. Schulden • Phillip W. Schuler • Michael J.
Schuller • James C. Schultz • Jeffrey Stephen Schultz • John D. Schultz • Kurt C. Schultz • Paul A. Schultz • Ronald Lee Schultz • Mark S. Schumacher • Brian M. Schumaker • Christine E. Schumaker • Douglas Schunter • Peter H. Schuyler • Martin J. Schwab • Kurt
Schwager • Keith W. Schwallenberg • Rene’ M. Schwanenberger • William F. Schwaner • Michael P. Schwartz • Paul D. Schwein • David Francis Schweitz • Christina Schwenker • Mark R. Schwingshakl • James R. Schwitz • Pamela S. Schwitz • Robert J.
Scibran • Gregory Scoda • Edward P. Scofield • Gregory J. Scofield • John C. Scofield • Robert D. Scoggins • James M. Score • Artis Lee Scott • Barrett O. Scott • Byron C. Scott • Douglas O. Scott • Frederick M. Scott • Glen R. Scott • Glover E. Scott • Jack A.

Names of charter members are in bold
Scott • James W. Scott • Kenji S. Scott • Lester N. Scott • Linda O. Scott • Marcia L. Scott • Mark W. Scott • Priscilla A. Scott • Richard H. Scott • Robert E. Scott • Robin E. Scott • Timothy Bryan Scott • Vincent P. Scott • William F. Scott • Mark Scovel • Maurice
C. Scoville • Anthony V. Scozzafava • Dennis R. Scroggins • Glynn R. Scruggs • Melvin H. Scruggs • Linda Emily Scudder • Rebecca C. Scudder • Joseph F. Scuderi • John E. Scully • Gary D. Seacat • Marc A. Seals • Michael R. Sealy • Charles A. Seaman • Michael J.
Seaner • Andrew P. Searles • Michael R. Seat • Brian M. Seavey • Gerald H. Seavey • William D. Seay • William D. Sebastian • Richard C. Seckinger • Clyde R. Seckler • Douglas E. Secor • Timothy A. Secrist • Peter L. Seddon • Amy Lynn Sedin • Patrick M.
Sedlacek • John A. Sedlak • Lester A. See • Myron Douglas Seefeldt • Robert L. Seeger • Garth E. Seehawer • John W. Segelken • Matthew Y. Segleski • Jose M. Segovia • Hector Segundo • John J. Segura • John L. Seidenspinner • Paul C. Seifert • Chauntel T.
Seiler • Brad W. Seitz • Jadyne M. Seitz • Stephen R. Sekaz • David J. Sekelik • Mike R. Seko • Andrew P. Sekura • Rebecca D. Selesky • Jubran G. Selim • Audie Seljaas • Stephen Lee Selke • Russell C. Sell • Maxwell Alan Sellers • Scott Kevin Sellers • Jan W.
Sellman • Robert H. Selph • Julie Ann Seltsam • James R. Selvey • Susan B. Selvey • Karen L. Selznick • Duane Semcken • Jeffrey D. Seng • Edward C. Senna • James L. Senne • Peter A. Sensenbrenner • Richard J. Sepulveda • Paul J. Serafin • Jerry A. Serafini • Joseph
J. Serafino • Rosa Serai • Joseph T. Serba • Anthony J. Serino • David M. Serna • Merlinda M. Serna • Robert A. Serra • Alfredo J. Serrano • Kevin T. Serratt • Frank R. Servidio • Robert J. Serviss • Melissa L. Sestak • Thomas K. Sestak • Don J. Seth • Anthony E.
Setterfield • James Severin • Barbara Susan Severson • Mark E. Severson • Howard L. Sevey • Richard F. Sevigny • Diane Kelly Sevin • Ron Sevin • Michael A. Sewell • F. Darrell Sexton • Jeffrey L. Sexton • Jerrold W. Sexton • Joseph E. Sexton • Stephen H.
Seybt • Kenneth W. Seymour • Steven A. Sfameni • Robert W. Sgroi • Bruce L. Shackelton • Orrin L. Shackleford • Matthew E. Shafer • Richard L. Shafer • Baxter N. Shaffer • Darwin J. Shaffer • Lloyd M. Shaffer • Gitesh Shah • Jeffery A. Shake • Brian K.
Shallenberger • John A. Shanahan • Patrick T. Shanahan • Michael E. Shanholtzer • Steven M. Shank • John J. Shanks • Robert M. Shanks • Karen Elizabeth Shannon • Shane P. Shannon • Thomas Edward Shannon • Randy L. Sharbonno • Paul J. Sharga • Daniel P.
Sharkey • John A. Sharkey • Lyman R. Sharp • Terry E. Sharp • Kenny B. Sharpton • Richard J. Shavensky • Adrian M. Shaw • Daniel L. Shaw • Dorothy Shaw • Doyle N. Shaw • Gregory W. Shaw • Karla W. Shaw • Mike E. Shaw • Robert Alan Shaw • Sharon C.
Shaw • James W. Shaytar • Brendan J. Shea • Dennis Shea • John M. Shea • Thomas E. Shea • William F. Shea • William John Shead • Lee B. Sheaffer • David Shealy • Jason Richard Shearer • Toby Alan Shedd • Jonathan A. Shedden • Pamela A. Shedden • William A.
Shedden • Michael J. Sheedy • Daniel M. Sheehan • Jon L. Sheehan • Lawrence Sheehan • Mark C. Sheehy • Alan Sheely • Dwayne E. Sheely • Timothy D. Sheffield • Kevin D. Shelar • John A. Shelden • Kimberly L. Sheldon • Scott R. Shelerud • Terry A. Shell • David
L. Shellenbarger • Scott Robert Shelley • Dary G. Shelton • James D. Shelton • Natalie R. Shelton • Richard Gordon Shelton • Ruth E. Shelton • Neale D. Sheneman • Donald C. Shepard • Cory Shepersky • Harry J. Shephard • Robert S. Shephard • Edward E.
Shepherd • Leonard Shepherd • Pamela D. Shepherd • Patrick Shepherd • Michael N. Sheppard • Eric Noel Sherer • John E. Sheridan • Timothy S. Sheridan • Jonathan B. Sherman • William D. Sherrard • Nathan K. Sherrell • John J. Sherry • Mark J. Sherry • Casey
L. Sherwood • J. Kevin Sherwood • Charles Ray Sheufelt • Larry R. Shewmake • Todd Lee Shibata • Kenneth A. Shick • John R. Shields • Joseph A. Shields • Philip C. Shierk • Roy K. Shifflett • William P. Shifflett • Jonathan G. Shinabery • W. Grant Shinn • Raymond C.
Shipley • Margaret M. Shipman • Rodney K. Shipp • Ben J. Shirey • Mark H. Shirley • P. Duncan Shoberg • Teddy B. Shobert • Richard C. Shockley • John T. Shoemaker • Frank R. Shomilak • Barbara Anne Shore • Robert D. Shore • Randy Dean Shorman • Gregory K.
Short • Hope J. Shorten • Wendell N. Shrabel • Larry W. Shriver • David R. Shrout • Michael Richard Shrum • Richard C. Shrum • Stacy C. Shrum • Cindi L. Shubert • Donald W. Shugart • Gina Rae Shuler • James G. Shuler • Douglas E. Shull • Kevin Alan
Shulman • William P. Shultz • Kenneth E. Shuman • David Shumate • Ron S. Shusterman • Gregory W. Shy • Mickey L. Shy • Raymond Sia • Jody M. Sibert • Troy L. Sica • Mark T. Sickle • Richard A. Sickle • James N. Sickler • Robert Edward Sickles • Stephan J.
Sickles • Paul Sickmann • Asif R. Siddiqui • James R. Sidebottom • Roberta Sides • Kenna Sides-Sinclair • Lori P. Siebert • Matthew Scott Siebert • Phillip L. Siebert • James E. Sieffert • Jeffrey S. Siegel • John W. Siegel • R. Curtiss Siegel • Sue Siegle • Alison Kim
Siegmund • Michael R. Siegmund • Robert J. Siegmund • William F. Siegmund • Patricia L. Siegrist • Anthony W. Siejka • Bruce A. Sienko • William J. Siergey • Joseph L. Siesener • Julie M. Siesener • James B. Sigmon • S. John Sigurdsson • William M. Silaghi • Victoria A.
Silberberg • Darold Silcott • Scott James Sill • Garry D. Sills • Joseph A. Silva • Michael P. Silva • Richard A. Silva • Sesario Alex Silva • Anthony Silver • Sharon J. Silvering • Jason Silvertsen • Michael A. Silvestre • Michael Alan Silvius • Klint F. Simmel • Chris Kane
Simmonds • Denzil B. Simmonds • Charles L. Simmons • James E. Simmons • Sandra L. Simmons • Stanley C. Simmons • Stephen Albert Simmons • Wayne O. Simmons • William P. Simmons • James E. Simms • Shawn J. Simms • Dennis Simon • Ralph D.
Simoneau • Darcy J. Simons • Bret Alan Simpkins • Carolyn Michele Simpson • Craig Leigh Simpson • David W. Simpson • Dennis W. Simpson • Jacklyn Simpson • Karl A. Simpson • Paul C. Simpson • Scott F. Simpson • Tracy A. Sims • William M. Sims • Robert D.
Sinclair • Sylvester Sinclair • Kathleen A. Singelyn • Dwight A. Singh • Parveen K. Singh • Annette Singleton • Scott L. Singley • Kimberly R. Siniard • Scott P. Sinkhorn • Richard A. Sinner • Richard Alan Sinner • Beverly Sinnott • Robert J. Siris • Billy S. Sisco • James
Alan Sisco • Bruce D. Sistrunk • Hosea T. Sistrunk • Richard G. Sittig • Michael Charles Sizer • Todd Sjostrand • Allison Michelle Skabo • Steven Gordon Skaggs • Thomas M. Skahen • John Skahill • Felix J. Skarpa • Brett G. Skarstad • Ernest M. Skelton • Bonnie S.
Skiles • Shawn E. Skiles • L. David Skillingstad • Harrison S. Skinner • Kathy A. Skinner • Martin A. Skinner • Michael T. Skinner • Anthony J. Skirlick • Michelle A. Skomars • Michael T. Skoric • Paul Skorniakoff • Richard M. Skotnicky • Michael J. Skubon • George Bias
Skvicalo • Carl M. Slabicki • Kathleen A. Slabicki • Jacqueline C. Slade • William G. Slade • Thomas M. Slane • Trent Jeffrey Slate • Dennis J. Slater • William M. Slater • Charles S. Slaton • Samuel D. Slaton • Peter J. Slattery • Ken Slauson • Frederick K. Slavin • David
N. Slee • Jacqueline Rae Slee • Derek L. Sloan • John S. Sloan • L. Russell Sloan • Richard J. Sloan • George R. Slobodnyak • Earl T. Slocum • Dannie D. Slone • Guy Lee Slone • Eric S. Slota • Dennis L. Slusher • Gary V. Smades • Barbara E. Small • Edward A.
Small • James T. Small • Scott Andrew Small • David E. Smalley • John Hubert Smalley • Lisa Carolyn Smalley • Carl D. Smalls • Shona L. Smalls • James R. Smart • Steve A. Smart • Robert W. Smathers • Keith G. Smedema • Dennis D. Smederovac • Robert N.
Smelley • Raymond S. Smid • Francis T. Smigelski • Alan J. Smith • Alan R. Smith • Alan W. Smith • Andrew C. Smith • Anthony M. Smith • Barry E. Smith • Barry W. Smith • Barry Smith • Brad W. Smith • Breck Ray Smith • Brent A. Smith • Bret A. Smith • Byron
M. Smith • Calvin M. Smith • Carl R. Smith • Charles B. Smith • Charles E. Smith • Chevis Barry Smith • Clyde A. Smith • Craig A. Smith • Cynthia M. Smith • Daniel A. Smith • Daniel R. Smith • Daniel Z. Smith • Darrell G. Smith • David A. Smith • David B.
Smith • David R. Smith • David W. Smith • Dean W. Smith • Deanna R. Smith • Don A. Smith • Donald E. Smith • Douglas Gene Smith • Duane D. Smith • Edward R. Smith • Edward Smith • Elizabeth S. Smith • Eric C. Smith • Fleming E. Smith • Frank E.
Smith • Frederick P. Smith • Garrett R. Smith • Gene E. Smith • George F. Smith • Gerald L. Smith • Gregory James Smith • Gregory L. Smith • Gregory S. Smith • Gregory Smith • Harold C. Smith • Herbert D. Smith • James B. Smith • James B. Smith • James D.
Smith • James E. Smith • James J. Smith • Jean Smith • Jennie Kathleen Smith • Jennifer Ann Smith • John Charles Smith • John E. Smith • John J. Smith • June M. Smith • Karl E. Smith • Kenneth G. Smith • Kevin B. Smith • Kevin R. Smith • Leigh R. Smith • Leonard
R. Smith • Luther K. Smith • Marie R. Smith • Mark Alan Smith • Mark E. Smith • Mark J. Smith • Martin Byron Smith • Marvin E. Smith • Michael A. Smith • Michael D. Smith • Michael F. Smith • Michael L. Smith • Michael Smith • Michelle M. Smith • Mike G.
Smith • Morton GeraldB. Smith • Natalie Ruth Smith • Norman B. Smith • Orville P. Smith • Pamela J. Smith • Patrick S. Smith • Paul Warren Smith • Phillip T. Smith • Rebecca L. Smith • Rebecca Smith • Richard B. Smith • Richard E. Smith • Richard J. Smith • Richard
S. Smith • Richard Smith • Robby A. Smith • Robert A. Smith • Robert Cotting Smith • Robert H. Smith • Robert Hoyt Smith • Robert L. Smith • Robert Smith • Roger James Smith • Ronald W. Smith • Russell P. Smith • Russell W. Smith • Ruth A. Smith • Scott E.
Smith • Shawn A. Smith • Stephen Randall Smith • Stuart K. Smith • Teresa Mae Smith • Terry L. Smith • Terry R. Smith • Thomas J. Smith • Thomas O. Smith • Thomas R. Smith • Timothy Allen Smith • Timothy D. Smith • Tobias D. Smith • Tommie L. Smith • Wayne
E. Smith • William C. Smith • William E. Smith • William M. Smith • William X. Smith • John Michael Smithson • Damon A. Smithwick • Joseph A. Smoak • Curtis E. Smock • Robert M. Smothers • Robin A. Smuda • Timothy P. Smyth • Robert B. Snead • William T.H.
Sneed • Frank E. Snell • Chad Martin Sneve • Joel C. Snider • Kenneth W. Snider • Bruce David Snoddy • Howard J. Snook • Benjamin L. Snow • David W. Snow • Edgar D. Snow • Edward G. Snow • Ernest E. Snow • Robert Snow • Scott Snow • Thomas J.
Snow • Robert F. Snuck • Douglas E. Snyder • Ernest Roy Snyder • Fred J. Snyder • Harold K. Snyder • Leslie M. Snyder • Prescott C. Snyder • Thomas G. Snyder • Thomas Scott Snyder • William M. Snyder • Horace G. Soares • Christine A. Sobczyk • Donald B.
Sobkoviak • Kevan Alan Soderberg • Philip C. Soehl • Gilbert Soerink • Renee D. Soerink • Mary J. Soha • John A. Sohl • Richard P. Sokol • John J. Sokolowski • Steven Martin Soler • Ellen B. Soletti • Charles F. Solie • Richard S. Solimine • Cassandra N. Sollie • Debra
Anne Solomon • Ira D. Solomon • Mark B. Solomon • Paul D. Somerfeldt • Patrick A. Somersall • Keith David Sommer • Andrew Son • Gregory L. Sonnabend • Lu L. Sonnabend • Thor M. Sonoda • Michael Sonognini • Larry D. Sooby • Steve A. Soogrim • Chris
Donald Sorah • Richard A. Sorbo • Dennis A. Sorce • Barbara Sordahl • Eric C. Sorem • Richard W. Sorensen • Steven P. Sorensen • Scott M. Sorenson • Jennifer L. Sorg • Trent Erik Sorheim • Edmund O. Soriano • Reny J. Sorrow • Erika L. Sorum • Ronald D.
Sorum • F. John Soto • Johnny Soto • Jose D. Soto • James P. Soucek • Jeffrey M. Soucek • Richard W. Soucheck • Jeffery K. Soucie • David Soule • Jeffrey T. Soule • Terrell R. South • John W. Southern • Brian Joseph Souza • Milton R. Souza • Michael D. Sova • John
H. Sovis • Timothy B. Sowder • Scott E. Sowers • Charles Spadafore • Richard L. Spalinger • Patrick E. Spann • Kevin R. Spannagel • Frederick F. Sparhawk • John L. Sparks • Robert M. Sparks • Ronald Pat Sparks • Sharon L. Sparks • Jeffrey G. Sparrow • Eric S.
Spaulding • Richard J. Specht • Roxanne M. Speck • Anthony C. Speer • Daniel L. Spence • Brian Henry Spencer • Denise N. Spencer • James A. Spencer • Jesse D. Spencer • Kelly J. Spencer • Kenneth W. Spencer • Melanie R. Spencer • Steven Craig Spencer • Terry
F. Spencer • Thomas Sperellis • Fritz Eric Sperling • Ray L. Spickler • Mark J. Spies • Phillip C. Spikes • James T. Spillane • James Spille • Brelis M. Spiller • Marty L. Spiller • Anthony Spina • Terry G. Spinks • William M. Spinney • Sara L. Spotts • Alicia M.
Spradley • Robert G. Spradlin • Daryl W. Sprague • Colleen N. Spring • Jesse J. Springer • Jude W. Springer • Steven Springer • Michael W. Sproston • Clay A. Sprouse • Chyral Ann Spurbeck • Salvatore A. Squillace • Adrienne W. Squires • Janette E. Sroka • Mark
St.Amand • Frederick F. St.Amour • Robert J. St.George • Jeffrey Paul St.Germain • Jerry C. St.John • Lynne M. St.John • Timothy C. St.John • Michael G. St.Mary • Alan E. Staabs • Michael T. Stabenow • Andrew J. Stachowiak • James G. Stack • Mitchell Sean
Stacy • William J. Stady • Conrad Scott Stafford • Donald E. Stafford • Larry R. Stafford • Mark Scott Stafford • Leslie W. Stafslien • David Stahl • Jason Stahl • Ruth M. Stahl • Richard Frank Stahler • Jennifer Stahley • Randy L. Stahley • Robert I. Stalker • Clyde A.
Stallsmith • Chris C. Stallworth • Jeri B. Stalnaker • Robert B. Stamey • Cheri L. Stamper • Peter M. Stanco • Kyle A. Standow • Wade C. Stanfield • Bryan K. Stanley • Kenneth W. Stanley • Ray E. Stanley • Richard S. Stanley • Robin C. Stanley • Roy L.
Stansell • Charles Blake Stanton • Chris L. Stanton • Heidi D. Stanton • Michael P. Stanton • Raymond S. Stanton • Ronald J. Stanton • William H. Stanton • William R. Staples • Andrea L. Stapleton • Joseph E. Stapleton • Thomas F. Stapleton • Richard Scott
Stapp • Terry W. Starck • Randall G. Stark • Scott A. Stark • Stephen H. Stark • George S. Starkey • Joseph Starks • Chris C. Starleaf • Rickey D. Starr • Victor M. Starr • Stephen Joseph Stasek • Robert J. Stasiek • Andrew R. Stasiuk • Gary L. Statler • Vernell C.
Staton • James G. Staudaher • Deborah Stauffer • Keith J. Stauffer • Matthew C. Stauffer • Todd Andrew Stauffer • Joseph F. Stawash • Leon C. Stebbins • Tiffany L. Stecher • Richard David Steel • David E. Steele • Jenna L. Steele • Richard W. Steele • Tory D.
Steele • William S. Steele • Donald B. Steeples • Michael Stefanick • Gregory Stuart Steffen • Harry W. Steffey • David A. Stefonowicz • Thomas J. Stefursky • Richard M. Stegura • William D. Stehle • Gary Donald Steichele • David V. Steidl • Robert P.
Steidley • Richard Steiger • Deborah Sue Stein • Douglas R. Stein • Eric M. Stein • Gregory M. Stein • Jeffrey Charles Stein • Veronica Lynn Stein • Frederick W. Steinberg • James C. Steinbrecher • Jeffrey Steiner • Thomas J. Steiner • Rico Markus Steinhauff • Brett
Allen Steinle • Leanne D. Steinle • Robert P. Steinwedel • Von Stell • Kathleen R. Stellmach • John Kevin Steltzlen • Mark A. Stempel • Michael J. Stendahl • Karen R. Stengel • Jeffrey R. Stenger • Laura G. Stensland • Timothy M. Stephani • Alfred B. Stephens • Boyd D.
Stephens • Gary L. Stephens • Gregg A. Stephens • Gregory B. Stephens • John G. Stephens • Marie W. Stephens • Michael Scott Stephens • Mitchell R. Stephens • Troy R. Stephens • Bruce J. Stephenson • David C. Stephenson • Janice M. Stephenson • Kelly Lane
Stephenson • Robert A. Stephenson • Robert C. Stephenson • Jason L. Stepp • Donald R. Sterling • Lee A. Sterling • Benjamin Stern • Deborah L. Stern • Jenelle L. Sternitzky • James D. Stetler • Donald S. Stetz • Jason R. Steury • Brian K. Stevens • Diane C.
Stevens • Douglas S. Stevens • Jo-Ann Stevens • Mark Wayne Stevens • Michael S. Stevens • Paul L. Stevens • Richard E. Stevens • Sheila Stevens • Craig R. Stevenson • Neal P. Stevenson • Paul E. Stevenson • Shaun D. Stevenson • Mark M. Steward • Alynn R.
Stewart • Barbara A. Stewart • Brent E. Stewart • Darla S. Stewart • David J. Stewart • James E. Stewart • Julie Lynn Stewart • Kristen K. Stewart • Marvin D. Stewart • Michael J. Stewart • Philip Stewart • Robert A. Stewart • Robert W. Stewart • Susan J.
Stewart • Susan Stewart • Thomas J. Stewart • William S. Stewart • David L. Stice • Paul M. Stieglitz • Joanne M. Stiger • Greg M. Stiles • William B. Stine • Deanna L. Stinnett • Robert D. Stinnett • Kevin J. Stitz • David H. Stock • Thomas C. Stockham • Randal A.
Stockman • Joel D. Stockseth • Veldon Carl Stoddard • Scott O. Stoeckle • David W. Stoehr • Barbara Denise Stoke • Keith E. Stokes • Walter A. Stokes • John P. Stokke • Mark A. Stoll • James R. Stolworthy • Alan J. Stone • David W. Stone • Margaret A.
Stone • Mark R. Stone • Michael E. Stone • Robert J. Stone • Walter W. Stoops • Carlos E. Storch • Persephanie Green Storck • Patricia M. Storey • Jonathan S. Storhoff • Murray L. Storm • Tracy R. Storm • Eric C. Stormfels • Jonathan C. Storr • Leslie A.
Stortz • Leonard N. Story • Catherine A. Stottlemyer • Julia M. Stoudt • James Truitt Stout • Clifton R. Stowe • Donald I. Stowell • James R. Stowers • Kevin M. Stoy • Scott Strader • Jesse L. Straessle • Jessica J. Strahley • Kevin T. Strand • David L. Strang • Robert
M. Strange • Steven M. Strano • James P. Stransky • Melvin D. Strapp • Mark A. Stratmann • Joseph T. Straub • Scott Straub • Thomas J. Straub • Erik R. Strauss • Jeffrey A. Straw • Gary E. Strawderman • Edward P. Strayer • Sarah M. Strayer • Larry L.
Strayhorn • Allen E. Stream • Jason Lee Strebig • Elizabeth A. Streed • Roger L. Streeter • Gary M. Streitman • Dennis Stremick • Carl Eric Strickland • Clois S. Strickland • Curtis W. Strickland • Gilford L. Strickland • Harold Leon Strickland • Louis W.
Strickland • Russell James Strickland • Joseph R. Strietzel • John M. Striner • Renee Striner • Sherry Ann Strizak • Kerry C. Strnad • Richard J. Strnad • William P. Strobel • Karol L. Strommen • Robert L. Strong • Michael Eugene Strother • Derek Strothmann • Kathleen
M. Stroud • John M. Stroup • Michael Matthew Strukel • Robert J. Struthers • John Daniel Stuart • Robert S. Stuart • Jerry H. Stubbs • Kelley M. Stubbs • James L. Stuck • James R. Studstill • Kelly A. Studstill • Jennine M. Stuertz • Paul M. Stuertz • Robert Alan
Stukey • John L. Stultz • William T. Stumbo • Tracey J. Stump • Dennis B. Sturdivan • Chris P. Sturm • Brad E. Sturman • Timothy R Stutts • Michael J. Styer • Alan S. Suarez • Jose M. Suarez • Michael E. Subia • Chris E. Such • Albert W. Suchcicki • Philip R.
Sudano • Calvin George Suechting • Peter W. Sufka • David M. Sugarman • Vincent M. Sugent • Karl W. Suhsen • Brenda J. Sullivan • Craig A. Sullivan • Craig Sullivan • David L. Sullivan • Dylan R. Sullivan • Joseph M. Sullivan • Kevin Thomas Sullivan • Lisa M.
Sullivan • Mark Kenneth Sullivan • Matthew M. Sullivan • Michael D. Sullivan • Michael P. Sullivan • Michael R. Sullivan • Patrick J. Sullivan • Patrick J. Sullivan • Richard M. Sullivan • Richard W. Sullivan • Shaun F. Sullivan • Terence John Sullivan • William Sullivan • Jaime
W. Sultzer • Alan M. Summerhill • Mark R. Summerlin • Margaret E. Summers • Robert B. Summers • Robert V. Summers • Kevin E. Summey • Brendt A. Sundermeier • Donald Sundheimer • Tony Sung • Jerry A. Sunman • Ken Superior • Gregory D. Sur • James
Masten Surber • Richard J. Suren • Jeffrey A. Surette • Michael P. Suriano • William Susa • Steve S. Sutcavage • Chris S. Sutherland • Dennis R. Sutherland • Rhonda Faye Sutherland • Scott Sutphen • Craig Arnord Sutphin • Steve S. Sutphin • Peter P. Sutryk • Daniel
J. Sutton • Marvin Sutton • Steven R. Sutton • Thomas C. Sutton • David Svrcek • Martin A. Swain • Whitmel B. Swain • Sterling W. Swan • Troy A. Swanberg • Blaine R. Swank • Leslie M. Swann • Stephanie R. Swann • Brett R. Swanson • Chris D. Swanson • David
D. Swanson • David Swanson • Davyd R. Swanson • Judy T. Swanson • Larry R. Swanson • Mark S. Swanson • Stephen G. Swanson • Charles R. Sward • Charles E. Swardson • Douglas Swartout • Della Swartz • Ernest Joseph Swartz • James A. Swatek • Richard The
NATCA Family

The NATCA Family
Names of charter members are in bold
Swauger • Cager Swauncy • Mark C. Swearingen • Rhonda Rowland Swearingen • Dennis M. Sweeney • Martin B. Sweeney • Terrance Sweeney • David A. Sweet • Jeffrey A. Sweet • Karl Sweisthal • Richard D. Swetnam • April C. Swetof • Dean Swickard • Charles
Swierczynski • Gailan D. Swift • Michael D. Swift • Barry J. Swinburnson • Steven D. Swinehart • Shannon Walter Swing • Jonathan W. Swingle • Maliesa Ann Swinson • Mark S. Swinson • Steve M. Swisher • Steven A. Switaj • Steven R. Swoboda • Marlene Elisabeth
Swofford • Jerry Swords • Michael R. Sybouts • Melvin H. Sydnor • James P. Sykes • Ivy C. Sylvain • Mark C. Sylvester • Robert M. Syms • Keith O. Syverson • Gabriel T. Szabo • Jeffrey P. Szakacs • Paul Alexander Szalai • Reed Szameitat • Adam Szczawinski • Edward
C. Szczuka • Maureen Szczygielski • James J. Szendrey • Thomas A. Sztochmal • Robert H. Szymkiewicz • Peter V. Ta • Kevin Taaca • Derrick C. Tabb • Eileen M. Tabone • Gregory Francis Taccini • Kenneth B. Tackett • Rodney K. Tadlock • Beverly S. Taggart • Terrill
Lee Taggart • AnnMarie Celeste Taggio • Rocco Taggio • John T. Tague • Lisa R. Tahtinen • James N. Tait • Mari Takahashi • Stan K. Takehara • Allison Talarek • Laurie Turman Talbert • John Tallarovic • Anthony Tallerico • Michael Tallerico • Johnny E. Talley • Judy
M. Talley • Becky M. Tam • Enrique Tamargo • John D. Tambellini • Jawad H. Tamimi • Scheri Tamlyn • Craig A. Tammen • Eric Lee Tandberg • Timothy L. Tandy • Shigeo Tanji • Bruce A. Tanner • James K. Tanner • Linda L. Tanner • Larry A. Tanzie • Abel J.
Tapia • Bruce E. Tarbert • Brian C. Targer • Mitchell S. Tarnoff • Marc W. Tarnosky • Thomas A. Tascone • David M. Tate • Pamela Jean Tate • William Frances Tate • Robert D. Tatosian • T. Rodney Tatum • Ronald H. Taube • John F. Tavano • Thomas P.
Tavino • Anita J. Taylor • Blake W. Taylor • Charles Dempsey Taylor • Chris A. Taylor • Dale J. Taylor • Debra K. Taylor • Gayland W. Taylor • Gregory L. Taylor • James S. Taylor • James Taylor • John M. Taylor • Jonathan E. Taylor • Lawrence B. Taylor • Lee W.
Taylor • Lloyd W. Taylor • Matthew Taylor • Michael C. Taylor • Michael E. Taylor • Michael G. Taylor • Michael S. Taylor • Neil K. Taylor • Pat A. Taylor • Patrick R. Taylor • Raphell P. Taylor • Raymond Taylor • Robert D. Taylor • Robert E. Taylor • Robert M.
Taylor • Robert S. Taylor • Rodney Joseph Taylor • Stephen M. Taylor • Susan M. Taylor • Terence K. Taylor • William F. Taylor • William Lawrence Taylor • Rachelle A. Taylor-Thran • Samuel D. Teague • Garrett C. Teames • Pamela S. Teasley • Maynard E.
Tedder • Donald R. Tedrow • Michael L. Teel • Steven William Tefft • Richard Allan Teixeira • Johnny L. Temple • Joyce D. Temple • Scott Duane Tener • Dale S. Tengan • Andrew R. Tennison • Billy J. Tennison • John D. Terhark • Douglas R. Terhune • R o r i e
Terhune • Frank C. Ternullo • Ronald D. Terpstra • William Forrest Terral • Bobby W. Terry • J. Robert Terry • Judy A. Terry • Nan L. Terry • Michael G. Tesmacher • Johnny R. Testerman • John A. Teuber • James R. Teubert • Eric P. Thacker • Mark D.
Thacker • Charles L. Thackery • Richard F. Thackray • Patrick A. Thawley • Jane J. Thaxton • Terry W. Thayer • Paul E. Theriault • John F. Therrien • Greg M. Thibeault • Steven A. Thiebeault • Andrew J. Thieken • Guy C. Thiel • Rita M. Thiel • Neal C. Thigpen • Alan
Thomas • Charles Andrew Thomas • Charles W. Thomas • Cheryl M. Thomas • Chris S. Thomas • Danny E. Thomas • Donald F. Thomas • Elizabeth A. Thomas • Freddie J. Thomas • Glenn B. Thomas • James J. Thomas • Jay D. Thomas • Jerome Edward Thomas • Julia
M. Thomas • Keith Thomas • Kevin C. Thomas • Matthew R. Thomas • Michael B. Thomas • Michael J. Thomas • Paul D. Thomas • Pauli Anton Thomas • Richard J. Thomas • Richard K. Thomas • Russell K. Thomas • Scott Thomas • Stephen G. Thomas • Tamarra
Thomas • Thomas E. Thomas • Timothy D. Thomas • Trent N. Thomas • Victor P. Thomas • Walter F. Thomas • William C. Thomas • William J. Thomas • Elizabeth Ann Thomason • James Edward Thomason • Charlie W. Thomaston • Aaron D. Thompson • Barry L.
Thompson • Bobby F. Thompson • Brent E. Thompson • Bryan E. Thompson • Candace Jill Thompson • Charles R. Thompson • Cheryl M. Thompson • David S. Thompson • Debra A. Thompson • Donald L. Thompson • Douglas C. Thompson • Douglas S.
Thompson • Glenn W. Thompson • Gordon R. Thompson • John G. Thompson • Kevin L. Thompson • Lisa P. Thompson • Mark A. Thompson • Mark Anthony Thompson • Michael Dennis Thompson • Michael J. Thompson • Michael L. Thompson • Michael Scott
Thompson • Michael T. Thompson • Richard E. Thompson • Richard Kenneth Thompson • Ricky R. Thompson • Robert M. Thompson • Roger Duane Thompson • Roosevelt Thompson • Steven J. Thompson • Terry W. Thompson • Thomas F. Thompson • Tony R.
Thompson • William F. Thompson • Chris G. Thomson • Daniel A.M. Thomson • David M. Thomson • Thomas F. Thomson • Janis E. Thor • Thomas N. Thornbrugh • Greg W. Thorne • Robert L. Thorne • Patrick M. Thornley • Alan M. Thornton • Charles A.
Thornton • Donna E. Thornton • Doyle W. Thornton • Dwayne T. Thornton • John F. Thornton • Richard O. Thornton • Scott A. Thornton • Stephen B. Thorp • Mark E. Thorpe • Dan Thorsen • Arvid Thorsland • Sharon Thrash-Alexander • Beverly A.
Throckmorton • Kim A. Throckmorton • Randy Lee Throckmorton • Robert S. Throckmorton • Robert S. Thrutchley • Lisa Anne Thrysoe • Lane Alan Thuet • Mark A. Thuli • Michael Thummel • Philip Jon Thummel • Donald R. Thunberg • Rockton W.
Thurman • Dean William Thurston • Thomas D. Thurston • Marlynda K. Tibbetts • Theodore J. Tibbetts • Robert J. Tibble • James R. Tice • Jack E. Tidwell • William L. Tidwell • Jerrold N. Tierney • Thomas Tierney • Stacy L. Tiffin • Grace Tighe • Lawrence J.
Tighe • Sandra J. Tighe • Tara L. Tighe • Paul K. Tight • Kathleen A. Tigner • Stephen M. Till • Denise W. Tillack • William M. Tiller • Freddie R. Tillery • Jeffrey L. Tilley • Belinda Tillman • Lloyd C. Tillman • Mark Timken • Francis L. Timme • Charmaine P.
Timmons • John J. Timony • Earl K. Tindall • Brian D. Tindell • Daniel G. Tinderholt • Patricia A. Tiner • William J. Tingler • Robert D. Tinkham • Scott A. Tinman • Kim M. Tinney • Joy L. Tippens • Floyd T. Tipton • Gregory G. Tipton • Larry J. Tipton • William
Tirado • Richard Tishma • Gerald T. Titshaw • James G. Tittle • James Tlapak • Erwin J. Tobey • Kristine Marie Tobin • Devon L. Tobler • Marvin K. Tobosa • Gerald S. Todd • Georgia Lee Tolbert • Edison W. Toles • Eric C Toll • Preston N. Tolliver • James R.
Tolson • Terry Tolster • Wing M. Tom • Jolene M. Toman • Dewayne H. Tomasek • Anthony P. Tomasi • David J. Tomczak • Joseph M. Tomich • Terri Lynn Tomisak • Valerie L. Tomko • Chris K. Tomlin • Marcus L. Tomlin • Samuel C. Tomlin • David L. Toms • Shane
B. Toms • David Morris Toney • James W. Toney • Lai Tong • Paul Toomey • Renee Toone • Samuel Topete • Patrick M. Topham • Lynne B. Torbert • Whitfield Torbert • Domenic V. Torchia • Nancy Toren • S. Eric Torgersen • Jeffrey L. Torgerson • Thomas
Toro • Dennis A. Torrence • Anthony G. Torres • Celso L. Torres • David Torres • Debora Torres • Elias Torres • Jerry Torres • Jesse J. Torres • Jose L. Torres • Lazaro Raul Torres • Phillip C. Torres • Roberto E. Torres • Xavier Torres • Pamela S. Torres-
Synek • Philip Tortorice • Theresa Toscano • Edward M. Totedo • Josef J. Toth • Lawrence D. Toth • Shirley A. Toth • Deborah A. Totin • Robert S. Totman • David Wynn Touchton • Steven Toumanian • Frederick M. Tourin • Scott D. Tourin • Todd M. Tourin • Brian
Tourkin • Ronald J. Tovar • Cheryl Ann Tovsen • Thomas D. Towle • Larry J. Towles • Edward Townend • Michael A. Townsend • Russell P. Townsend • Robert J. Toy • William J. Tracey • Daniel K. Tracy • Donna M. Tracy • Newell Dion Tracy • Robert D.
Trader • Kevin Trafton • W. Scott Trafton • Cynthia E. Trahan • Kerry J. Trahan • Nolan James Trahan • Benjamin Jay Trainor • Joseph M. Trainor • Randy M Trainor • Donna D. Tramble • John L. Tramble • James D. Trame • Cathy D. Trammeli • George E.
Trammell • Terry L. Tramp • Duong C. Tran • Kevin J. Trask • Samuel F. Travis • Timothy J. Travis • Patrick L. Treadway • Jerry W. Tredway • Timothy C. Treece • Ken J. Treglown • Leslie Lee Trejo • Jimmie A. Trekell • Gerard A. Tremblay • Laurel C. Tremblay • Paul
D. Tremblay • James B. Trent • Mark R. Trent • Randall Trent • Russell A. Trester • Carlos G. Trevino • Frederick L. Trevino • Lee J. Trevino • James E. Trezvant • Mark J. Tribby • Thomas R. Tribou • David S. Trigg • Jeff Tripp • Joseph C. Trippy • John J.
Trojanczyk • Cecil J. Trollinger • James M. Tromba • Peter J. Trono • Richard L. Troup • James D. Trout • Robert E. Troutman • Craig Stephen Troxclair • Bradley W. Troy • Timothy S. Truax • Chris Trudeau • Michelle Trudeau • Raymond C. Truelove • Glenn R.
Truesdell • Anthony R. Trujillo • Lawrence Scot Trumbull • Hao P. Truong • Marilyn P. Trussell • Aline J. Trussoni • Steven W. Tryon • Alex Trzebiatowski • David Tsirkin • George J. Tsuchiyama • Geary R. Tubbs • Michael A. Tucciarone • Arthur C. Tucker • Benton
T. Tucker • Charles W. Tucker • Chris B. Tucker • Gary W. Tucker • James E. Tucker • Matthew C. Tucker • Michael F. Tucker • Ronald G. Tucker • James L. Tudor • Jenny Lynne Tudor • Paul N. Tue • Ronald J. Tumminello • Johnny R. Tune • Pierre R. Turcotte • Joseph
John Turecamo • Francis Joseph Turek • Anthony N. Turiano • Steven S. Turk • Kevin Dale Turman • Allan R. Turmelle • Jay E. Turnberg • Gerald E. Turnbull • Alan P. Turner • Carlyle D. Turner • Claude W. Turner • Dale Lee Turner • David L. Turner • Elizabeth Anne
Turner • Gregory Turner • J. Rodney Turner • Jeffery W. Turner • Joseph Turner • Michael K. Turner • Michael M. Turner • Michael Ray Turner • Ronald G. Turner • Russell Keith Turner • Tatchron Turner • John M. Turnquist • Linda M. Turton • Daniel
Tussey • Dale E. Tutterrow • Everett W. Tuttle • Clifford M. Tvede • Sylvia C. Twa • Richard W. Twining • Brian C. Twomey • Bill L. Tyler • Jeff W. Tyler • Robert D. Tyler • Trent N. Tyler • William S. Tyler • James S. Tyler-Wall • John J. Tyndall • Kevin E.
Tyner • Pamela J. Tyree • Duane Tyrell • Albert G. Tyson • David A. Tyson • David Matthew Tyson • Eric Stanley Tyson • Robert Keith Tyus • Gerard S. Tzanetatos • Noel Felix Ugalde • Richard D. Uher • Edward W. Uhrich • Jonathan R. Ulanch • Mark E.
Ulanch • Curtis J. Ulen • Gary Ulin • James A. Ullmann • Richard M. Ulmes • James L. Ulry • Deborah T. Umbaugh • Rusty D. Umbrell • David I. Umeda • Jennifer A. Umphenour • Chris Underhill • Dennis H. Underwood • Mark A. Underwood • Dawn Marie
Unger • MaryAnn Unger • Anna B. Unruh • Jimmy M. Upchurch • Carrie Uphus • David Michael Uptain • Chris J. Upton • Ronald A. Upton • Richard James Urban • Thomas J. Urness • Richard L. Ussery • Karen Elaine Utley • Robert William Utley • Paul G.
Utrata • Edward Vaca • Clifford E. Vacirca • Marcus I. Valdes • Michael Anthony Valencia • Angel E. Valentin • David S. Valentin • Bruce Valentine • Edward A. Valentine • Jeffery S. Valentine • Jeffrey S. Valentino • Valerie C. Valerio • Edgardo Valle • James W.
Vallone • Vinh T. Van • John R. VanAlstine • Andrew T. VanAmburg • Jacqueline A. VanAntwerp • Gary S. VanCleave • Mark D. VanCuren • Brian VanDeBerg • Joseph R. VanDeBogert • Michel G. VanDerLinden • Gregory H. VanDine • Ellen VanEmbden • Richard K.
VanFleet • Robert B. VanHassel • Gerald R. VanHook • Daniel J. VanHorn • Ronald K. VanLent • William VanLoan • John VanMersbergen • Joy E. VanNiel • Kenneth D. VanPelt • Stacey K. VanPelt • Amy J. VanSteenbergan • Ray C. VanTassell • Sandra E.
VanTilburg • Kevin R. VanUden • Arie VanVugt • Bryan A. VanWinkle • Steven G. VanWinkle • James A. VanZee • Bradley S. Vance • Brian K. Vance • Lonnie R. Vance • Robert C. Vance • Scott Allen Vancura • Kathey Lee VanDell • Gerrit D. Vandenberg • George
T. Vandenbosche • Joseph Charles Vanderbeke • Gerald L. Vander-Heyden • Keith G. Vandersteen • Peter Vanderweel • George P. Vanechanos • Edward D. Vanek • Joseph Vangel • Michael D. Vantiger • James B. Vantine • Mark D. Varady • Tony Varda • Ramon
Varela • Ricardo Varela • Mary Vargas • Ann C. Vargo • Daniel Varn • Richard K. Varner • James R. Varney • Stephen W. Varnum • Joseph A. Varradi • Carlos Vasquez • Heriberto Vasquez • Karla S. Vasser • Monica Leigh Vaughan • Frank E. Vaughn • Geoffrey K.
Vaughn • Randy K. Vaughn • Richard L. Vaughn • William T. Vaughn • Anthony C. Vaught • Patrick D. Vaught • Lucy A. Vayo • David Alan Vechik • Gary John Veer • Luis H. Vega • Frank Randal Vegely • Kimberly J. Vela • Leticia B. Vela • Rodolfo R. Vela • Edward
Velardi • Kathryn Ann Velardi • Bobby Velasquez • Fred M. Velasquez • Norfina A. Velasquez • Richard A. Velasquez • John R. Velazquez • Amaury Velez • Anthony C. Vella • Brent T. Veness • Louis Vengilio • Robert E. Venohr • Jonathan D. Ventre • Virgil S.
Venzant • Kenneth F. VerStraten • Robert C. Verburg • Diane M. Vercella • Michael J. Verderamo • William T. Verderose • Susan W. Vereline • Jon W. Verhoev • William Verhoeven • Patrick H. Verhoff • Eric Vermeeren • Donald S. Vernam • Mary A. Verneer • James
N. Veronico • Stephen Noel Verret • Tina Verret • Michael J. Verrett • Erik Verstraete • Troy A. Verville • Jane T. Vescovo • Tommy Darrell Vest • G. Stephen Veurink • Zoelea N. Vey • Deborah A. Vibbert • David Vick • Diane Vickers • Richard E. Vickery • Richard
R. Vicor • Janet M. Victory • Joseph J. Vieau • Claude Anthony Vieira • Franklin S. Viernes • David E. Vigil • Phillip T. Vigil • James P. Vilasuso • Oma Anderson Viles • Richard Vilinsky • Nelson A. Villa • Christophe E. Villafranca • Ian P. Villafuerte • Paul
Villagomez • Guillermo Y. Villalobos • Kenneth M. Villalobos • John J. Villarreal • Donald J. Vincelette • Dudley Vincent • Edwin C. Vincent • Michael D. Vincent • Dale R. Vinzenz • David M. Viparina • Berle E. Vircks • David S. Virden • Shelly K. Virtue • William
Arthur Visconti • Rocco Viselli • Fred S. Visitacion • Paul V. Vitale • Christopher Vitaliti • Loreto A. Vitor • Michael S. Vitti • Douglas E. Voelpel • Wallis L. Vogan • Charles Ralph Vogel • John F. Vogel • Matthew James Vogel • Roger L. Vogel • William I.
Vogelgesang • Frederic H. Vogelpohl • John J. Vogelsang • Scott H. Voigt • Randy R. Voiles • Stephen J. Vollaro • Charles Vomacka • Anna M. VonWerder • Thomas Edward Vonasek • Karen S. VonMann • Neven E. Vos • William C. Voss • Samuel G. Vowels • James J.
Vredenburg • Lai Joseph Vu • Thinh D. Vu • Steven T. Vurture • Evan A. Vutsinas • Melissa Wachal • Dennis H. Wachowski • G. Thomas Wade • James K. Wade • Randolph S. Wadle • William Paul Wadley • Michael S. Wages • Karan M. Waggoner • John A.
Wagman • Carl F. Wagner • D. Scott Wagner • Douglas Wagner • Elizabeth E. Wagner • Floyd B. Wagner • Kenneth J. Wagner • Kurtis J. Wagner • Mark J. Wagner • Neil L. Wagner • Philip A. Wagner • Richard R. Wagner • William Warren Wagner • Barry J.
Wagoner • John G. Wagoner • Keith A. Wahamaki • Mohammed A. Waheed • Raymond K. Wahl • William C. Wahl • Bradley Allan Wahlberg • David G. Wahto • David A. Waite • Anthony J. Wajda • Michael T. Wajda • David Wakefield • Michael Walborn • David
S. Walczak • JefferyStewart Walden • Thomas C. Walden • Michael B. Waldera • Gilbert J. Waldo • George L. Waldrop • Alonzo G. Walker • Barry R. Walker • Bernadette E. Walker • Bonnie J. Walker • Brian Keith Walker • Daniel K. Walker • Daniel N.
Walker • Darrel K. Walker • Elizabeth K. Walker • Elizabeth Walker • Howard E. Walker • James W. Walker • John C. Walker • Kevin Scott Walker • Kurt Walker • Laura Walker • Michael B. Walker • Michael J Walker • Michael S. Walker • Robert J.
Walker • Ronald W. Walker • Russell D. Walker • Timothy H. Walker • Ursula Walker • Wesley Walker • William D. Walker • William E. Walker • Thomas D. Walko • Brian Wall • Dale R. Wallace • Danny M. Wallace • Dennis M. Wallace • Dennis W.
Wallace • Gene Edward Wallace • Jason W. Wallace • Jason Wallace • Paul E. Wallace • Richard A. Wallace • Richard William Wallace • Steven Alexander Wallace • William O. Wallace • Raymond J. Wallach • Jeffrey L. Waller • Thomas S. Waller • William M.
Wallick • Scott A. Wallig • John I. Wallin • Matthew M. Wallitner • Brian E. Walljasper • Eric Robert Walls • Randy V. Walls • Timothy Edward Walls • Steven J. Walrath • Rebecca L. Walser • Anthony J. Walsh • Audrey J. Walsh • Brian J. Walsh • David A.
Walsh • Gregory A. Walsh • Jeffrey H. Walsh • John E. Walsh • John M. Walsh • Michael P. Walsh • Ronald Joseph Walsh • Stephen G. Walsh • Steven M. Walsh • Terrence E. Walsh • William M. Walsh • Lisa A. Walter • Richard H. Walter • Stephen C. Walter • Bradley
D. Walters • Dale L. Walters • Danny L. Walters • Donald G. Walters • James B. Walters • Marcia Walters • Barbara J. Walton • David L. Walton • Chris Scott Waltz • Tonya L. Waltz • Jeffery M. Walukonis • Robin M. Walukonis • Pamela L. Walz • Christopher D.
Wampler • Scott Wampler • Tony Wang • Wego Wang • Larry L. Wanless • Daryl Y. Wannomae • Michael J. Wappelhorst • Anthony Paul Ward • Barry P. Ward • Carolyn A. Ward • Curtis Ward • Frank J. Ward • Gary A. Ward • Gary S. Ward • Lawrence J.
Ward • Michael D. Ward • Michael L. Ward • Ricky J. Ward • William A. Ward • William G. Ward • Brett L. Warden • Buel Thomas Warden • Eric B. Ware • Dennis R. Warfield • Joan M. Warfield • Leslie A. Warfield • Jenniper L. Wargats • Todd E. Wargo • Scott
Jay Waring • Alan D. Warmanen • Timothy A. Warmley • Harold L. Warncke • Cheri Warner • Ronald A. Warness • Bryan M. Warnica • Todd T. Warr • Andrew Scott Warren • Curtis B. Warren • Jack S. Warren • Mark E. Warren • Merle J. Warren • Robert A.
Warren • Robert J. Warren • Tommy R. Warren • Valri L. Warren • Wendy G. Warren • Thomas E. Wartell • Stephen R. Wartenbe • Jeffrey L. Warters • John W. Warwick • Chester E. Waryasz • Sarah Wasbes • R. Scott Wasdin • Victoria A. Wasdin • James P.
Wasgatt • Arthur J. Wash • Gary C. Washburn • Nikole N. Washburn-Cooper • David W. Washington • Marshall D. Washington • Melanie S. Washington • David W. Washino • Janice M. Wasmund • James M. Wassick • Steven H. Wasson • John W. Waterbury • Lisa
Ann Waterbury • Jule Gary Waters • Linda Waters • Robert V. Waters • Billy R. Watkins • John Watkins • Marcella Watkins • Ronald L. Watkins • Keith B. Watness • Daryl W. Watson • David A. Watson • David L. Watson • Edward L. Watson • Gilbert M.
Watson • Gregory Alan Watson • James L. Watson • LaTrice T. Watson • Lee H. Watson • Mark A. Watson • Ozzie Watson • Thomas Wayne Watson • William P. Watson • Benjamin Watters • Allison M. Watts • Conchita D. Watts • Daniel J. Watts • David Alan
Watts • Kevin D. Watts • Paul Watts • William G. Watts • David M. Waudby • John Wawerek • David B. Wawrzynski • Jacqueline G. Wayson • Thomas R. Wayson • Paul J. Wazowicz • Joseph T. Weatherly • Tracy E. Weathers • Bryan T. Weaver • C. Alan
Weaver • Colin M. Weaver • Douglas Weaver • Jeffrey M. Weaver • John H. Weaver • Lisa F. Weaver • Lisa G. Weaver • Richard M. Weaver • Robert N. Weaver • Ronald W. Weaver • Stephen E. Weaver • Timothy J. Weaver • William G. Weaver • Alice J.
Webb • Christine A. Webb • Danny R. Webb • Galen O. Webb • Jerry D. Webb • Loyal F. Webb • Mark E. Webb • Michael J. Webb • Patrick Gordon Webb • Steven Douglas Webb • Wayne H. Webber • William David Webber • Carl M. Weber • Donna J.
Weber • Douglas B. Weber • Edward A. Weber • Glenn Weber • Henry G. Weber • Kurt R. Weber • Michael Weber • Richard Alan Weber • Robert L. Weber • Ronald Anthony Weber • Sabrina G. Weber • Tawnya A. Weber • Alan J. Webster • Chuck

Webster • David T. Webster • Patricia Webster • Paul G. Webster • James M. Wecht • Brent C. Wedderspoon • Eric J. Wedel • Dane R. Wedergren • Eric Jay Weeden • George Weeks • Gregory T. Weeks • John K. Weeks • Daniel D. Weems • Keith D.
Weerheim • Richard J. Weese • James H. Wegner • David A. Wehking • Michael A. Wehrman • Bradley W. Weidner • Leonard M. Weidner • Steven Wayne Weidner • Paul S. Weikel • Edwin F. Weiland • Randall C. Weiland • Joel R. Weiler • Mitchell J.
Weinbeck • Matthew S. Weingart • Kevin M. Weinheimer • Winnie Weinrich • Dale A. Weir • Ann E. Weiss • Geoffrey D. Weiss • Richard J. Weissheier • Brian Anthony Weix • John Arthur Welborn • Dennis K. Welch • James J. Welch • Jeffrey Wesley Welch • Rita
Welch • Abigail Welcyng • Jeffrey D. Weldon • Roger D. Welke • Jeffery D. Wellborn • Christopher S. Wells • Pattie R. Wells • Paul Arthur Wells • Thomas K. Wells • Thomas T. Wells • Jeffrey Jay Welsch • Molly A. Welsh • Ty D. Welsh • James R. Welte • Cydney
A. Welter • David J. Welter • Russell H. Weltzien • Scott Charles Wenberg • Linda Marie Wendland • Chad E. Wendt • Thomas Wenneman • Craig A. Wenrich • Gary L. Wentz • Kirk Werlein • Charles Werner • John N. Werner • Thomas E. Werner • Alan Joseph
Wernert • Larry Werth • Timothy A. Wertz • Jeffrey F. Wesche • Gerard W. Weschler • John R. Wesley • Michael S. Wessley • Christine B. West • David W. West • Dennis M. West • Earl W. West • James Richard West • Kenny West • Marshall West • Michael R.
West • Robert A. West • Stacy M. West • Thomas L. West • William A. West • David E. Westbrook • W. Michael Westbrook • Drew Westendorf • Anthony D. Westfall • Lee A. Westfall • Dana Elizabeth Weston • Daniel A. Weston • Eric M. Weston • Herbert A.
Weston • Mary Rebecca Weston • Penny L. Westphal • Patrick W. Westphall • Robert J. Westra • David F. Wetherell • George A. Wetherell • Richard J. Wetton • Douglas Wetzel • Patrick J. Weyand • Alan Weymouth • David P. Whalen • Melanie L. Whatley • Paul
W. Whatley • Paul Whealan • Bruce A. Wheatley • Richard A. Wheatley • Brian Wheatman • David A. Wheeler • Elvin K. Wheeler • Lynn G. Wheeler • Monica Wheeler • Nelson Lee Wheeler • Steven K. Wheeler • Barry S. Wheeling • Peter D. Whelan • Robert
M. Wherry • Hugh Ed Whicker • Peter John Whidden • Clarence M. Whipple • William M. Whipple • David K. Whisnant • David E. Whitaker • Andrea A. White • Anthony J. White • Antony M. White • Barry A. White • Brian A. White • Chris Dennis White • Donald
G. White • Donovan O. White • Duane T. White • Gary Michael White • Geoffry D. White • Gregg E. White • Henry A. White • Jack White • James D. White • James Howard White • Jerry G. White • Jimmie White • John D. White • John R. White • Jonathan W.
White • Kenneth A. White • L. Burton White • Leander John White • Mark D. White • Mart W. White • Pandora D. White • Philip L. White • Ralph E. White • Randall B. White • Richard J. White • Robert Craig White • Sean A. White • Steven E. White • Thomas
W. White • Tobin White • Tony R. White • Troy White • William H. White • Winfield H. White • David A. Whitehead • Donald R. Whitehead • Harold K. Whitehead • Raymond C. Whitehill • Carrie M. Whiten • Michael A. Whitescarver • Vance E.
Whitesel • Richard A. Whiteside • Michael S. Whitford • William J. Whitford • Brad R. Whitley • Ruth A. Whitley • Guy Joseph Whitlock • Raymond C. Whitlow • Chad M. Whitman • Dana B. Whitman • Edward G. Whitman • Garry Todd Whitman • Stephen S.
Whitman • James Whitmarsh • Mark L. Whitney • Jerry L. Whittaker • Robert Alan Whittemore • Leslie A. Whitten • Scott Whitten • Alan L. Whittern • Mark Whittington • Georgia G Whittington-Hopkins • Craig A. Whitwell • Molly Whorton • Steven M.
Whorton • David M. Wicker • Roger Douglas Wicker • Robert G. Wickman • Leslie E. Widick • Patricia C. Widomski • Paul James Widup • Judith Wiecki • Susan E. Wiedner • Roy D. Wiege • David M. Wiemer • Scott R. Wiening • Darrell J. Wieseler • Heidi
Wiest • Wesley Clark Wiest • Michael R. Wiethorn • Peter D. Wiggin • Edward A. Wiggins • Gary M. Wiggins • Michael Brent Wiggins • Keith A. Wight • Charles Edward Wightman • Daniel M. Wiita • Talmadge Glen Wilbanks • Michael D. Wilcher • Benjamin P.
Wilcox • Brian K. Wilcox • Kelly C. Wilcox • Rodney W. Wilcox • Scott W. Wilcox • Stephen D. Wild • John W. Wilder • Michael E. Wilder • Ricky Wilder • Larry A. Wildman • Michael J. Wiles • Eric Lee Wiley • George Wiley • Kay Frances Wiley • Dirk P.
Wilhelm • Glen Wilhelm • Michael Gene Wilhelm • Todd L. Wilhelm • Jeffrey W. Wilke • Edwin Wilken • Michael A. Wilken • Bruce C. Wilkerson • Dennis Wilkerson • Jay L. Wilkerson • Leslye Oleta Wilkes • Richard W. Wilkes • Sharon E. Wilkins • Errol Anthony
Wilkinson • Gregory M. Wilkinson • James Alan Wilkinson • Lawrence C. Wilkinson • Lavonzell Wilks • Randy O. Wilks • Susan G. Willadsen • Irene Willard • Dale Gerard Willer • Andrew J. Willgruber • Andre’s Williams • Annette M. Williams • Anthony J.
Williams • Anthony Williams • Bruce V. Williams • Carolyn L. Williams • Carolyn Yvonne Williams • Daniel Duellen Williams • Daniel R. Williams • Danielle J. Williams • Darlene Williams • Denise Williams • Diane P. Williams • Erlinda C. Williams • Frank
Williams • Gary A. Williams • Gary N. Williams • Herbert A. Williams • James A Williams • John Arthur Williams • John David Williams • John W. Williams • Leonard E. Williams • Mark C. Williams • Mark D. Williams • Mary I. Williams • Matthew W.
Williams • Michael C. Williams • Michael D. Williams • Michael G. Williams • Michael H. Williams • Nancy Juniel Williams • Nicholas M. Williams • Paul C. Williams • Paul M. Williams • Richard L. Williams • Robert C. Williams • Robert P. Williams • Robert T.
Williams • Ronald D. Williams • Ronnie L. Williams • Rosa Amelia Williams • Sheldon B. Williams • Shirley A. Williams • Stacy Skobel Williams • Ted D. Williams • Timothy C. Williams • Tinamarie Williams • William H. Williams • William P. Williams • Andre G.
Williamson • James J. Williamson • James M. Williamson • Charles E. Willis • Robin Elaine Willis • Sharon M. Willis • Wendell H. Willis • William L. Willis • Douglas A. Willman • Michael E. Willman • Michelle L. Willman • Regan J. Willmore • Jeffrey D. Willms • Cynthia
K. Wills • Stephen D. Willson • Clarence C. Willwerth • Michael W. Wilmore • Angela M. Wilson • Barry A. Wilson • Brian J. Wilson • Carol R. Wilson • Carrie S. Wilson • Chad Prescott Wilson • Curtis L. Wilson • Danielle Wilson • Darrell L. Wilson • Dave H.
Wilson • David L. Wilson • David Wilson • Deanna Wilson • Dennis C. Wilson • Douglas A. Wilson • Edward Wilson • Frank B.F. Wilson • Gregg A. Wilson • Harry Wilson • James N. Wilson • Jerry L. Wilson • Jerry W. Wilson • John H. Wilson • Julie Ann
Wilson • Kathryn J. Wilson • Kelley M. Wilson • Kevin Alan Wilson • Lonnie A. Wilson • Lynden Kit Wilson • Marty D. Wilson • Maurice D. Wilson • Michael J. Wilson • Patricia J. Wilson • Rhonda Kay Wilson • Richard K. Wilson • Richard L. Wilson • Robert J.
Wilson • Robert L. Wilson • Rodney Alan Wilson • Ronald Lee Wilson • Scott M. Wilson • Stephen J. Wilson • Timothy D. Wilson • Timothy Lee Wilson • Tonya M. Wilson • William T. Wilson • Troy L. Wilstead • George D. Wilton • Michael Alan Wimmenaver • David
E. Winborne • Richard L. Wines • Charles D. Winfree • Joseph A. Winfree • James T. Wing • John Wing • Nancy E. Wingert • William Brian Winget • Kevin Wininger • J. Brian Winn • Kevin J. Winn • Thomas Jerome Winn • Dean R. Winslow • Kimberly C.
Winslow • Larry F. Winsor • Gary D. Winsper • Robert Kelly Winston • Walter B. Winston • Jeffrey L. Winter • Mark L. Winter • Matthew A. Winter • Courtney C. Winters • James A. Winters • John P. Winters • James B. Winton • Christina L. Winzer • Jeffrey David
Wirs • Michael R. Wisdom • Melvin A. Wise • William C. Wise • Alec D. Wiseman • James B. Wiser • Dennis R. Wishart • Donald A. Wishowski • Kenneth M. Wisner • John W. Wist • James Withers • Paul M. Withers • Merle J. Withrow • Rosanne E.
Withrow • Michael James Witschen • Ken L. Witt • Donna R. Witte • Michael P. Witte • Bruce R. Wittendorfer • Mark A. Wittman • Mark D. Wittmayer • Jeanne D. Witwer • Larry A. Wixom • Michael J. Wlodychak • Mark T. Wnetrzak • Dana Woeltje • Kevin L.
Woertman • Robert L. Woeste • Jon Wohler • Heather S. Woiciechowski • Leon C. Woiciechowski • Thomas Wojciechowski • Gregory L. Wojcik • Joseph S. Wojcik • Mark S. Wojtulski • Michael L. Wold • Rolf Wold • Ronald Lee Wolf • Sharon J. Wolf • Jalunda
Y. Wolfe • Terry S. Wolfe • Brad L. Wolff • Chris B. Wolfram • Timothy J. Wollenburg • Michael B. Wollert • Joseph R. Wolters • Clark Lewis Wolverton • Michael S. Wolvin • Robert K. Wolvington • Matthew D. Womack • Joel D. Wong • Paul Wong • Peter
Wong • Randall T. Wong • Samuel B. Wong • William D. Wong • Patrick T. Wongsam • James Wonneberger • Jeffrey J. Wonser • Bruce C. Wood • David C. Wood • Glen L. Wood • James Dean Wood • John M. Wood • Michael D. Wood • Richard A. Wood • Richard
D. Wood • Robert D. Wood • Robert L. Wood • Ronald W. Wood • Stanton R. Wood • Wade P. Wood • William J. Wood • Craig L. Woodall • Brenda Woodard • Jimmy L. Woodard • Richard A. Woodbury • Douglas P. Woodcock • Ruth Woodford • Kenneth
Woodham • Jason Daniel Woodin • Scott Ryan Woodley • Eric T. Woodring • Michelle L. Woodrow • Scott D. Woodrow • Kris E. Woodruff • Marceanne L. Woodruff • Alan S. Woods • Brenda L. Woods • Cameron T. Woods • Cecil Woods • Douglas L.
Woods • Gregory Alan Woods • Jeffrey M. Woods • Michael J. Woods • Michael K. Woods • Robert J. Woods • Tena M. Woods • Thurston L. Woods • William E. Woods • Richard S. Woolbright • Annie K. Woolf • William E. Woolfolk • Bernard Woolridge • Steve
Woolridge • Lisa C. Wooten • Steven C. Wooten • Tony E. Wooten • Terry J. Worby • R. Todd Worcester • Dennis M. Worden • Robin P. Worgull • Gayle A. Workman • Stuart Jay Workman • Bill L. Worrell • Joshua Lee Woten • Lorie Kay Woten • Daryl L.
Wray • Abdul J. Wright • Aimee Wright • Barbara I. Wright • Barbara J. Wright • Eddie Wright • Frankland D. Wright • G. Ronald Wright • Geoffrey A. Wright • Herbert Wright • Ira S. Wright • Ivory E. Wright • James L. Wright • James M. Wright • Jane Elizabeth
Wright • Jeff E. Wright • Jeff R. Wright • Jimmy Dale Wright • Joseph W. Wright • Josette L. Wright • Kevin H. Wright • Kevin S. Wright • Kevin Wright • Ronald C. Wright • Stanley W. Wright • Stephen A. Wright • Steven M. Wright • Wallace A. Wright • William
D. Wright • William Joseph Wright • Willie A. Wright • Michelle A. Wrobleski • Gary Wu • Michael F. Wuenstel • Justin Lee Wulf • Mary M. Wunder • Daniel J. Wunrow • Jill E. Wurdell • Michael C. Wurst • Eric Wuttke • William Wuttke • Ronald A.
Wutzke • Jeffery D. Wyatt • Mark W. Wyatt • Paul Richard Wyatt • Russel L. Wyatt • David L. Wyer • James Wygle • Greg Wyland • David Wynkoop • Peter Wynkoop • Robbin L. Wyrick • Gregory J. Wyse • Michael J. Xaver • William E. Xavier • John F.
Xerri • Julius J. Yaeger • Kelly A. Yaeger • Kelly Yamakawa • Marilyn Ruth Yamamoto • Patrick Y. Yamamura • Fernando Yanez • Alban Yankauski • Keith E. Yanke • Joe Yannone • Kristy Yantos • Albert T. Yap • Clinton Yap • Jesse C. Yarbrough • John E.
Yarbrough • Richard H. Yarges • David D. Yarnell • David M. Yates • Renee C. Yates • Ronald C. Yates • Brian T. Yax • Mark S. Yearwood • Aaron V. Yeary • Sheridan T. Yeary • David W. Yee • Patti J. Yennie • Nancy A. Yeomans • Robert W. Yerkes • Dennis F.
Yesenowski • Karen Yeung • Neil P. Yingling • Jeff Yoby • Paula K. Yocum • Stephen L. Yocum • Mark Yogodzinski • Kochukoshy Yohannan • Kenneth C. Yohpe • Robert A. Yokota • Virgilio Q. Yolo • Gary P. Yordy • Warren Yoshizuka • Jeffrey K. Yost • Alan G.
Young • Angela C. Young • Brent David Young • Chung-Der Young • Debbie Lyne Young • Douglas R. Young • Eric R. Young • Ernest Roman Young • Jeffry B. Young • John F. Young • John O. Young • Kali A. Young • Kendall L. Young • Kevin R. Young • Kyle
Young • Marion A. Young • Maura E. Young • Michael J. Young • Nancy A. Young • Paul E. Young • Peter J. Young • Rexel S.L. Young • Richard J. Young • Richard Young • Robert N. Young • Thomas A. Young • Thomas Robert Young • Timothy E. Young • Tome
Young • Travis K. Young • William O. Young • Deeja S. Youngquist • David B. Yount • Gary Yowell • Hanley Yu • James M. Yugovich • Joseph A. Yuhasz • Michael A. Yurasko • Anthony Yushinsky • Victor M. Yvellez • Robert A. Zabel • Alfred J. Zaccagnino • Thomas
F. Zaccheo • Fred N. Zachary • Julie Zachary • Phillip D. Zacker • Felix J. Zaczek • Alfred W. Zadow • Voula Zaharopoulos • Kay A. Zahorik • William Zahul • Randy J. Zak • David C. Zakaski • Peter Alexander Zalewski • Nancy J. Zamoiski • Raul Zamora • Kenneth
J. Zamzow • Lawrence J. Zan • Michael A. Zandi • Alice K. Zang • Mario Zapata • Charles A. Zapf • G. Jeffrey Zarella • Paul B. Zaroba • Harold L. Zarr • Andrew S. Zastrow • Glen Zastrow • Gonzalo D. Zavala • Gregg J. Zavodny • Michael J. Zdroik • Brady J.
Zdrojewski • Scott G. Zeal • Joseph F. Zehren • Les Zeilnhofer • Gary J. Zeis • Philip F. Zelechoski • Alan G. Zeleznik • John Philip Zell • Jeffrey R. Zeman • Robert W. Zeman • Richard J. Zenoble • Robert E. Zepeda • Kenneth W. Zepnick • Charles W. Zerilli • K a r e n
Zibolski • Kraig S. Zibolski • Gregory V. Zichichi • John F. Zickl • Anne Marie Zidar • Barry A. Ziegler • Charles R. Zielinske • John S. Zielinski • Michael Zielinski • Mathew T. Zielsdorf • Dexter J. Zill • Bryan W. Zilonis • Darrell Zimmer • Roddy Mitchell
Zimmer • Mark A. Zimmerlee • James A. Zimmerman • Michael D. Zimmerman • Perry J. Zimmerman • Ryan M. Zimmerman • Ted N. Zimmerman • William B. Zimmerman • Diane E. Zimmermann • Joseph L. Zimmermann • Myron L. Zimpfer • Joseph E. Zine • John
V. Zinkus • David R. Zirkelbach • Dean Alan Zitek • William T. Zittle • Steven A. Zlogar • Patricia A. Zlotocha • Ricka Zobel • Scott E. Zoeckler • Nick Zoerb • Chris Zolton • Anthony Zombek • Dennis K. Zoss • Frederick J. Zotter • Kenneth J. Zufan • Anne M.
Zurhorst • Christopher T. Zurhorst • Eric T. Zwicke • Zachary W. Zwicke • Steve Zwicker • Colleen Joan Zwirble • Mark A. Zwolenski • Edward A. Zydek
National and Regional Office Staff Members
Names of charter members are in bold
Tom Bertelsman • Fran Bowman • Cheryl Cannon • Jose Ceballos • Lorraine Champ • Doug Church • Christine Corcoran • Candi Derr • Mike Doherty • Kathy Fincham • Selma Golding-Forrester • Shannon Grant • Kendal Guinn • Donna Gunter • Cecilia
Harley • Lorri Hayes • Pauline Hines • Adell Humphreys • Terri Jeffries • Suzanne Johnson • Carolyn Kamara • Melinda Kim • Terri Lane • Tracy Levine • Greg Llafet • Pam Lochhead • Nicole Lofing • Maureen Malone • Ken Montoya • Claudia Moreno • Christine
Neumeier • Ed Phipps • Courtney Portner • Dennie Rose • David Sandbach • Sallie Sullivan • Pamala Suttle • Laurelle Swanberg • Dick Swauger • Bob Taylor • Susan Tsui Grundmann • Terri Wayne • Katie Wittig • Lew Zietz The
NATCA Family

250
Against the Wind
Glossary
AAS — Advanced Automation System: Proposed
modernization of the air traffic control system
under development during the 1980s. FAA Administrator
David Hinson canceled most of the
program in 1994, citing delays, multibillion-dollar
cost overruns, and flawed software.
AATCC — American Air Traffic Controllers Council:
Proposed labor organization formed by the American
Federation of Government Employees (see
AFGE) in 1984.
Academy — FAA training facility at the Mike Monroney
Aeronautical Center in Oklahoma City.
AFGE — American Federation of Government Employees:
Labor organization founded in 1932
representing some 600,000 federal and District of
Columbia workers nationwide and overseas.
AFL-CIO — American Federation of Labor – Congress
of Industrial Organizations: Association of unions
representing more than 13 million workers.
Agency — Common term for the Federal Aviation
Administration (see FAA).
ALPA — Air Line Pilots Association: Labor organization
founded in 1931 representing 66,000 airline
pilots at forty-three U.S. and Canadian airlines.
ARTS — Automated Radar Terminal System: Computerized
system used in conjunction with airport
surveillance radar that was first installed at Atlanta
Hartsfield Airport in 1965. A system called STARS
is being deployed to replace ARTS.
ATA — Air Transport Association: Trade group
formed in 1936 representing twenty-two domestic
airlines and four international carriers.
ATCA — Air Traffic Control Association: Nonprofit,
professional organization formed in 1956 to address
air traffic control and aviation infrastructure
issues.
ATCSCC — Air Traffic Control System Command
Center: The FAA manages the flow of air traffic
within the continental United States from this
facility in Herndon, Virginia.
BGM — Binghamton (New York) Airport
C90 — Chicago TRACON
CAA — Civil Aeronautics Administration: Renamed
from the Civil Aeronautics Authority in 1940, this
Commerce Department agency was responsible
for operating air traffic control services as well as
implementing and enforcing aviation regulations.
Center — Air traffic control facility responsible for
separating aircraft in all controlled airspace that
has not been delegated to a tower or TRACON,
generally but not exclusively between 14,000 and
60,000 feet. The FAA operates twenty-one centers
in the United States.
CERAP — Combined Center/Approach control facility:
The FAA operates three CERAPs in Guam,
Hawaii, and Puerto Rico (now referred to as Combined
Control Facilities, or CCFs).
Chapter 71 — A section of Title 5 of the United States
Code granting federal workers the right to union
representation and collective bargaining.
Choirboys — Group of activist PATCO controllers
who were selected in the late 1970s to help ensure
a successful vote in the event of a strike.
CLE — Cleveland Hopkins International Airport
Control tower — See Tower
CPC — Certified Professional Controller: Journeymen
controllers qualified to work at every operating position
within their areas of specialization (formerly
known as an FPL).
DAL — Dallas Love Field
DCA — Washington National Airport
DFW — Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport
Deal — Colloquial term for an operational error, an
event that results in the loss of required separation
between aircraft.
Developmental — Controller who has not been certified
as a journeyman. They are also known as
Certified Professional Controllers in Training, or
CPC-Its.
“D-side” — Data-side: A control position in an en
route center. This position is responsible for maintaining
the data associated with air traffic control
and assists the radar controller position (see “Rside”)
with coordination and communication between
other air traffic controllers and facilities.
DSR — Display System Replacement: Digital radar
display installed in en route centers during the
late 1990s.
En Route Center — See Center
EWB — New Bedford (Massachusetts) Airport
FAA — Federal Aviation Administration: Transportation
Department agency created in 1958 to replace
the Civil Aeronautics Administration (see CAA). It
is responsible for operating the nation’s air traffic
control system, implementing and enforcing aviation
regulations, and promoting air travel.
FAB — Facility Advisory Board: Worker-management
committees formed by the FAA in early 1982 to
help address airspace and procedural issues and
improve employee morale.
FAM — Familiarization trip: Enables controllers to
observe pilots from the cockpit jump seat.
FAY — Fayetteville (Arkansas) Airport
FLL — Fort Lauderdale (Florida) International Airport
FLRA — Federal Labor Relations Authority: Indepen-

dent agency responsible for administering the labor-management
relations program for 1.9 million
U.S. federal employees around the world.
FPL — Full Performance Level: Journeymen controllers
qualified to work at every operating position
within their areas of specialization (now known
as a CPC).
Flight Strip — Paper strips that contain basic information
about flights operating in the National
Airspace System (see NAS).
GS Scale — General Schedule pay scale for federal
employees.
HGR — Hagerstown (Maryland) Airport
HRC — Human Relations Council: Worker-management
committees formed by the FAA in early 1982
to help address workplace issues and improve employee
morale.
IAD — Dulles International Airport
IFATCA — International Federation of Air Traffic
Controllers’ Associations: Formed in 1961, IF-
ATCA is composed of group members from more
than 100 nations and represents controller issues
to the International Civil Aviation Organization,
which sets worldwide policies.
MCI — Kansas City International Airport
MEBA — Marine Engineers Beneficial Association:
Labor organization formed in 1875 representing
engineers and deck officers in commercial shipping.
N90 — New York TRACON
NAATS — National Association of Air Traffic Specialists:
Labor organization formed in 1969 representing
air traffic controllers working in Flight Service
Stations.
NAGE — National Association of Government Employees:
Labor organization formed in 1961 representing
federal, county, and municipal employees.
NAS — National Airspace System: Network of airspace,
airports, navigation aids, and air traffic
control equipment across the United States.
NATCA — National Air Traffic Controllers Association:
Labor organization certified in 1987 representing
some 20,000 FAA and Defense Department
employees as well as some controllers working in
towers contracted out to private companies.
NMI — NATCA Membership Investments Incorporated:
Entity that owns the union headquarters
building in Washington, D.C.
NTSB — National Transportation Safety Board: Independent
federal agency that investigates all major
transportation accidents.
OFF — Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska (location of
Omaha TRACON).
ONT — Ontario (California) Airport
ORD — Chicago O’Hare International Airport
OQU — Quonset (Rhode Island) TRACON
P50 — Phoenix TRACON
PASS — Professional Airways Systems Specialists:
Labor organization formed in 1981 representing
more than 11,000 technicians, safety inspectors,
and other FAA workers.
PATCO — Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization:
Labor group formed in 1968 representing
some 17,000 FAA workers. The FLRA (see FLRA)
decertified PATCO in October 1981 after a nationwide
strike by many of its members.
PVD — Providence (Rhode Island) Airport
QTP — Quality Through Partnership: Program developed
by the FAA and NATCA during the early
1990s to foster collaborative labor-management
relationships. Congress canceled funding for the
program in 1996.
RFD — Rockford (Illinois) Airport
“R-side” — Radar-side: The primary air traffic control
position in an en route center, responsible for
separating air traffic within an area of jurisdiction
(sector). This position uses the radio (hence the
term “R-side”) to issue instructions to pilots. With
Glossary
251
the introduction of radar, it has come to be known
as the “radar-side.” A data controller (see “D-side”)
often assists this position.
Shrimp boats — Small metal or plastic devices containing
flight information. Controllers pushed
these devices around on maps and early radarscopes
to mimic the progress of airplanes under
their responsibility.
“Snitch” — Colloquial term for the Operational Error
Detection Patch, a software program installed at en
route centers during the mid-1980s to document
loss of required separation between aircraft.
“Squeal-a-Deal” — See “Snitch”
STARS — Standard Terminal Automation Replacement
System: Digital radar system designed to
replace radarscopes at TRACONs.
Terminal Environment or Facility — Airport control
tower or TRACON.
TMB — Tamiami (Florida) Airport
Tower — Air traffic control facility responsible for
separating aircraft landing at and departing from
an airport. The FAA operates 352 towers in the
United States.
TRACAB — Approach control facility operating in a
control tower cab.
TRACON — Terminal Radar Approach Control: Air
traffic control facility responsible for separating
aircraft shortly after takeoff and before landing
within some 60 miles of an airport. The FAA operates
185 TRACONs in the United States.
USATS — U.S. Air Traffic Services Corporation: Nonprofit,
quasi-governmental entity proposed by the
Clinton administration in 1993 to operate air traffic
control. The organization was never created.
ZKC — Kansas City Center
ZMA — Miami Center
ZNY — New York Center
ZSU — San Juan (Puerto Rico) Center, which later became
a CERAP (see CERAP) and then a CCF.
ZTL — Atlanta Center

252
Against the Wind
Bibliogr aphy
Books
1. Nolan, Michael S. Fundamentals of Air Traffic Control. 2d ed. Belmont, California: Wadsworth
Publishing, 1994.
2. Nordlund, Willis J. Silent Skies: The Air Traffic Controllers’ Strike. 2d ed. Westport, Connecticut:
Praeger Publishers, 1998.
3. Shostak, Arthur B., Ph.D., and Skocik, David, M.A. The Air Controllers’ Controversy: Lessons
from the PATCO Strike. New York: Human Sciences Press, 1986.
4. Department of Transportation. FAA Historical Chronology, 1926-1996. Washington: U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1996.
5. National Air Traffic Controllers Association. NATCA 2001-2002 Membership Directory &
Guide Book. Washington: NATCA, 2001.
Official Papers
1. American Federation of Government Employees, Washington. Archival material.
2. Marine Engineers Beneficial Association, Washington. Archival material.
3. National Air Traffic Controllers Association, Washington. National Executive Board
minutes, biennial convention transcripts, and other archival material.