What Is Asthma? - Rowland Medical Library - University of ...

What Is Asthma?
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PED-ALL-003-1992
Asthma is a chronic lung disease that lasts a long time. It cannot be cured
– only controlled.
• Airways are inflamed. That is, airway linings are swollen.
• Airways narrow and breathing becomes hard to do. This narrowing
gets better (but not all the way in some patients), sometimes by itself,
sometimes with treatment.
• Airways are super sensitive. They react to many things, such as
cigarette smoke, pollen, or cold air. Coughing, wheezing, tight chest,
difficult breathing, or an asthma episode may result.
What Are the Symptoms of Asthma?
The main symptoms of asthma are:
• Shortness of breath,
• Wheezing,
• Tightness in the chest, and
• Cough lasting more than a week.
Not all people with asthma wheeze. For some, coughing may be the only
symptoms of asthma. Coughing often occurs during the night or after the
exercise.
It’s important to know that treatment can reverse asthma symptoms. And
it’s important to treat even mild symptoms of asthma so that you can keep
the symptoms from getting worse.
Normal Breathing
When you breathe in, air is taken in through the nose and mouth. It goes
down your windpipe, through your airways, and into the air sacs. When you
breathe out, stale air leaves the lungs in the reverse order.

What Happens During an Episode of Asthma?
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Asthma affects the airways in your lungs. During an episode of asthma:
• The lining of the airways becomes swollen (inflamed).
• The airways produce a thick mucus.
• The muscles around the airways tighten and make the airways
narrower.
These changes in the airways block the flow of air, making it hard to
breathe.
You need to know the ways that asthma affects the airways so that you can
understand why it often takes more than one medicine to treat the disease.
Very simply, some medicines relax the airways and others reduce (and
even prevent) the swelling and mucus.
What Causes Asthma?
The basic cause of asthma is not yet known. What we do know is that
asthma is not caused by emotional factors such as troubled parent-child
relationship. In short, asthma is not "all in one’s head". It is instead a
chronic lung disease.
What Causes Asthma Episodes?
People with asthma have airways that are super sensitive to things that do
not bother people who do not have asthma. These things are called
triggers because when you are near or come in contact with them, they
may start an asthma episode. Your airways may become swollen, produce
too much mucus, and tighten up. Common triggers for asthma episodes
include the following:
• Dander (or flakes) from the skin, hair, or feathers of all warm-blooded
pets (including dogs, cats, birds, and small rodents)
• House dust mites
• Cockroaches
• Pollens from grass and trees and mold
• Mold (indoor and outdoor)
• Cigarette smoke; wood smoke; scented products such as hair spray,
cosmetics, and cleaning products; strong odors from fresh paint or
cooking; automobile fumes; and air pollution
• Infections in the upper airway, such as colds (a common trigger for
both children and adults)

• Exercise
• Showing strong feelings (crying, laughing)
• Changes in weather and temperature
Is There a Cure for Asthma?
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Asthma cannot be cured, but it can be controlled. You should expect
nothing less.
How Can Asthma Episodes Be Prevented?
To prevent asthma episodes you will have to work closely with your doctor
to:
• Develop a medicine plan that keeps you from getting symptoms.
• Plan ways to avoid or reduce contact with your triggers.
How Are Asthma Episodes Controlled?
To control asthma episodes when they occur, you will have to work out a
medicine plan with your doctor that includes:
• Treating symptoms early,
• Doing the right things for any changes in symptoms, and
• Knowing when a doctor’s help is needed and seeking help right away.
What Can a Patient with Asthma Expect From
Treatment?
With proper treatment most people with asthma will be
able to:
• Be active without having asthma symptoms. this
includes participating in exercise and sports.
• Sleep through the night without having asthma
symptoms.
• Prevent asthma episodes (attacks).
• Have the best possible peak flow number – lungs
that work well
• Avoid side effects from asthma medicines.

Warning Signs of Asthma Episodes
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Asthma episodes rarely occur without warning. Most people with asthma
have warning signs (physical changes) that occur hours before symptoms
appear. Warning signs are not the same for everyone. You may have
different signs at different times. By knowing your warning signs and acting
on them, you may be able to avoid a serious episode of asthma.
• Think back on your last asthma episode. Did you have any signs
below?
• Check your warning sign(s). Show them to your doctor and family.
• Remember to follow your asthma control plan as soon as these signs
appear.
o Drop in peak flow reading
o Chronic cough, especially at night
o Difficulty breathing
o Chest starts to get tight or hurts
o Breathing faster than normal
o Getting out of breath easily
o Tired
o Itchy, watery, or glassy eyes
o Itchy, scratchy, or sore throat
o Stroking chin or throat
o Sneezing
o Head stopped up
o Headache
o Fever
o Runny nose
o Change in face color
o Dark circles under eyes
o Other:________________________________
My most common warning signs of an asthma episode are:
1. _______________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________

Asthma Trigger Control Plan
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Because you have asthma, your airways are very sensitive. They may
react to things called triggers (stimuli that can cause asthma episodes).
Your airways may become swollen, tighten up, and produce excess mucus
in the presence of one or more of the triggers below. These triggers may
make asthma symptoms worse or keep you from getting better. It’s
important to find out what your asthma triggers are. Learn ways to avoid
them. If you cannot avoid triggers, and your medicine plan does not work
as well as you and your doctor think it should, you both should discuss
allergy shots (immunotherapy).
• Ask your doctor to help you find out what your triggers are.
• Ask your doctor for help in deciding which actions will help the most
to reduce your asthma symptoms.
• Number each action item in order of importance. Carry out these
actions first. Once you have completed these actions, move on to
actions that are of lesser importance.
• Discuss the results of these efforts with your doctor.
Pollens and Molds (Outdoor)
� Stay indoors during the midday and afternoon when the pollen count
is high.
� Use air conditioning, if possible.
� Keep windows closed during seasons when pollen and mold are
highest.
� Avoid sources of molds (wet leaves, garden debris).
House Dust Mites
These are actions you should take to gain control of dust mites:
� Encase your mattress and box spring in an airtight cover.
� Either encase your pillow or wash it once a week every week.
� Avoid sleeping or lying on upholstered furniture.
� Remove carpets that are laid on concrete.
� Wash your bed covers, clothes, and stuffed toys once a week in hot
(130° F) water.

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These actions will also help you gain control of dust mites – but they
are not essential:
� Reduce indoor humidity to less than 50 percent. Use a dehumidifier if
needed.
� Remove carpets from your bedroom.
� Use chemical agents to kill mites or to change mite’s antigens in the
house.
� Avoid using a vacuum, one or more of the following things can be
done to reduce the amount of dust you breathe in.
o Use a dust mask
o Use a central vacuum cleaner with the collecting bag outside the
home.
o Use a vacuum cleaner that has powerful suction.
Animal Dander (or flakes – from the skin, hair, or feathers of all warmblooded
pets including dogs, cats, birds, and rodents). There are no
such things as an allergen-free dog. The length of a pet’s hair does
not matter. The allergen is in the saliva, urine, and dander.
� Remove the animal from the house or school classroom.
� If you must have a pet, keep the pet out of your bedroom at all times.
� If there is a forced-air heating in the home with a pet, close the air
ducts in your bedroom.
� Wash the pet weekly.
� Avoid visits to friends or relatives with pets.
� Take asthma medicine (cromolyn or beta2-agonist ; cromolyn is often
preferred) before visiting homes or sites where animals are present.
� Choose a pet without fur or feathers (such as a fish or a snake).
� Avoid products made with feathers, for example, pillows and
comforters. Also avoid pillows, bedding, and furniture stuffed with
kapok (silky fibers from the seed pods of the silk-cotton tree).
� Use a vacuum cleaner fitted with a HEPA (high-efficiency particulate
air) filter.
Cockroach Allergen
� Use insect sprays; but have someone else spray when you are
outside of the home.
� Air out the home for a few hours after spraying.
� Use roach traps.

Indoor Molds
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� Keep bathrooms, kitchens, and basements well aired.
� Clean bathrooms, kitchens, and basements regularly.
� Do not use humidifiers.
� Use dehumidifiers for damp basement areas, with humidity level set
for less than 50 percent but above 25 percent. Empty and clean unit
regularly.
Tobacco Smoke
� Do not smoke
� Do not allow smoking in the home.
� Have household members smoke outside.
� Do not allow any smoking in your bedroom. Encourage family
members to quit smoking. Their doctor can help them quit.
� Use an indoor air-cleaning device (for smoke, mold, and dander).
Wood Smoke
� Avoid using a wood burning heat stove to heat your home. The
smoke increases lower respiratory symptoms.
� Avoid using kerosene heaters.
Strong Odors and Sprays
� Do not stay in your home when it is being painted. Allow enough time
for the paint to dry.
� Avoid perfume and perfumed cosmetics such as talcum powder and
hair spray.
� Do not use room deodorizers.
� Use nonperfumed household cleaning products whenever possible.
� Reduce strong cooking odors (especially frying) by using a fan and
opening windows.
� Avoid air pollution by staying indoors on days when the pollution
count is high.
Colds and Infections
� Avoid people with colds or the flu.
� Get rest, eat a balanced diet, and exercise regularly.
� Talk to your doctor about flu shots.
� Do not take over-the-counter cold remedies, such as antihistamines
and cough syrup, unless you speak to your doctor first.

Exercise
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� Work out a medicine plan with your doctor that allows you to exercise
without symptoms.
� Take inhaled beta2-agonist or cromolyn medicine before exercising.
� Warm up before doing exercise and cool down afterwards.
Weather
� Wear a scarf over your mouth and nose in cold weather.
� Pull a turtleneck over your nose on windy or cold days.
� Dress warmly in the winter or on windy days.
REMEMBER: Making these changes will help keep asthma episodes
from starting. An asthma trigger control plan is an important part of
controlling asthma.
Summary of Steps to Manage Asthma Episodes
• Know your warning signs and peak flow zones so you can begin
treatment early.
• Take the correct amount of medicine at the times the doctor has
stated. If the asthma control plan includes increased dosage or a
second medicine to be used during episodes, take it as prescribed.
Always call your doctor if you need to take more medicine than the
doctor ordered.
• Remove yourself or the child from the trigger if you know what it
is. Treatment does not work as well if the patient stays around the
trigger.
• Keep calm and relaxed. Family members must stay calm and
relaxed too.
• Rest.
• Observe yourself or the child by noting changes in body signs such
as wheezing, coughing, trouble breathing, and posture. If you have a
peak flow meter, measure peak flow number 5 to 10 minutes after
each treatment to see if peak flow is improving.
• Review the list below for signs to seek emergency medical care
for asthma. They include:
o Your wheeze, cough, or shortness of breath gets worse, even
after the medicine has been given and had time to work. Most

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inhaled bronchodilator medicines produce an effect within 5 to 10
minutes. Discuss the time your medicines take to work with your
doctor.
o Your breathing gets difficult. Signs of this are:
• Your chest and neck are pulled or sucked in with each breath.
• You are hunching over.
• You are struggling to breathe.
o You have trouble walking or talking
o You stop playing or working and cannot start again.
o Your lips or fingernails are gray or blue. If this happens, Go to
the Emergency Room Now!
• Keep your important information for seeking emergency care
handy.
• Call a family member, friend, or neighbor to help you if needed.
• Immediately call a clinic, doctor’s office, or hospital for help if
needed.
Do Not Do the Following:
o Do not drink a lot of water. Just drink normal amounts.
o Do not breathe warm moist air from a shower.
o Do not rebreathe into a paper bag held over the nose.
o Do not use over-the-counter cold remedies without first calling
the doctor.
From:
Teach Your Patients About Asthma: A Clinician's Guide
National Asthma Education Program
National Institutes of Health
1992
Pediatrics Dept. Division of Allergy, The University of Mississippi Medical Center
2500 North State St.
Jackson, MS 39216-4505
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