Limpopo Leader - Spring 2005 - University of Limpopo
Limpopo Leader - Spring 2005 - University of Limpopo
Limpopo Leader - Spring 2005 - University of Limpopo
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LIMPOPO<br />
NUMBER 5<br />
SPRING <strong>2005</strong><br />
LIMPOPO<br />
Ieader<br />
DISPATCHES FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPO<br />
THE CASE OF THE<br />
MARGINALISED CHICKENS<br />
Genetic research on Southern Africa’s<br />
tough indigenous poultry<br />
LIMPOPO: THE AFRICA<br />
CONNECTION<br />
Examining the linkages<br />
between a major university<br />
and the rest <strong>of</strong> the continent
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LIMPOPO LEADER<br />
the province's most dynamic publication from the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong>
News flash:<br />
THE LATEST ON MEDUNSA<br />
AND THE MEDIA<br />
o<br />
ON 12 JUNE <strong>2005</strong> THE TV<br />
PROGRAMME CARTE BLANCHE<br />
PRESENTED AN ‘EXPOSE’ OF<br />
CERTAIN ALLEGED WRONG-<br />
DOINGS ON THE MEDUNSA<br />
CAMPUS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF<br />
LIMPOPO. In particular, attention<br />
was focused on irregularities in<br />
student entrance and exit<br />
procedures, as well as certain<br />
questionable managerial<br />
practices.<br />
It is important that this<br />
response <strong>of</strong> senior <strong>Limpopo</strong><br />
<strong>University</strong> management is seen<br />
in the context <strong>of</strong> the merger, on<br />
1 January <strong>2005</strong>, between the old<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> the North and<br />
Medunsa. Such mergers are never<br />
easy. Nevertheless, the <strong>Limpopo</strong><br />
merger has been characterised by<br />
serious attempts to harmonise the<br />
two institutions and to establish a<br />
common high standard both in the<br />
academic and ethical spheres.<br />
Details <strong>of</strong> the management<br />
response to the Carte Blanche<br />
accusations are as follows:<br />
• Entrance procedures.<br />
Carte Blanche detailed a<br />
specific case where the<br />
established entrance criteria<br />
appeared to have been<br />
ignored. What was not stated<br />
was that the <strong>University</strong> Council<br />
had decided to reverse its<br />
ruling to admit the student in<br />
question BEFORE the case was<br />
aired on Carte Blanche. The<br />
Council’s decision has<br />
subsequently been contested<br />
in court, which means that the<br />
matter is now sub judice.<br />
• Exit procedures. Carte<br />
Blanche exposed the case <strong>of</strong><br />
a Medunsa medical student<br />
who had entered into an<br />
internship before passing<br />
certain examinations.<br />
<strong>University</strong> management points<br />
out that the student in question<br />
does not hold a medical<br />
degree – a situation that<br />
applies to all medical interns.<br />
• Management irregularities.<br />
The accusations relating to<br />
inappropriate fringe benefits<br />
and procurement irregularities<br />
are immediately admitted by<br />
<strong>University</strong> management.<br />
However, it is pointed out that<br />
soon after the merger had<br />
taken effect, and months<br />
BEFORE the Carte Blanche<br />
expose, the <strong>University</strong> had<br />
ordered an investigation by<br />
a firm <strong>of</strong> external auditors as<br />
part <strong>of</strong> efforts to harmonise<br />
the two campuses. This<br />
investigation had uncovered<br />
several irregularities that<br />
were reported to the national<br />
Minister <strong>of</strong> Education and<br />
immediately addressed. It is<br />
certainly true that some senior<br />
administrators at Medunsa<br />
were not flattered by the<br />
investigation.<br />
In the broader context <strong>of</strong> the<br />
merger and <strong>Limpopo</strong> <strong>University</strong>’s<br />
determination to couple two<br />
vibrant institutions to a single<br />
strategic vision, it is not surprising<br />
that heads could roll. Indeed, the<br />
<strong>University</strong> has recently parted<br />
company with two senior<br />
Medunsa staff members who<br />
appeared to be operating outside<br />
the new vision. At this stage,<br />
<strong>University</strong> management has no<br />
intention <strong>of</strong> elaborating on the<br />
details <strong>of</strong> their departure.<br />
The strategic vision <strong>of</strong> the new<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> is to build<br />
on the multiple strengths <strong>of</strong> both<br />
institutions to establish what two<br />
successive national Ministers<br />
<strong>of</strong> Education have called ‘the<br />
premier African university’. This<br />
institution will be wholly situated<br />
in <strong>Limpopo</strong> province. Medunsa’s<br />
health focus will be a huge<br />
contribution to the powerful<br />
new university, as will the many<br />
centres <strong>of</strong> excellence already<br />
existing on both campuses ...<br />
Read about plenty <strong>of</strong> these<br />
centres in this edition <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Limpopo</strong> <strong>Leader</strong>.<br />
The letters page has been moved to page 32 for this edition <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> <strong>Leader</strong>.<br />
P A G E 1
<strong>Limpopo</strong> <strong>Leader</strong> is<br />
published by the Marketing and<br />
Communications Department<br />
UNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPO<br />
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EDITOR:<br />
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Tel: (011) 792-9951 or<br />
082-7878099<br />
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Tel: (011) 792-9951 or<br />
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EDITORIAL COMMITTEE:<br />
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David Robbins<br />
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PHOTOGRAPHS:<br />
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pages front and back covers,<br />
pages 3 (middle to bottom), 7, 8,<br />
11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20<br />
21, 22, 23, 27, 29, 30<br />
David Robbins –<br />
pages 3 (top two), 5, 6, 9<br />
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pages 26, 28<br />
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ARTICLES MAY BE REPRINTED<br />
WITH ACKNOWLEDGEMENT<br />
ISSN: 1812-5468<br />
P A G E 2<br />
EDITORIAL tTHE<br />
MERGER BETWEEN MEDUNSA AND THE OLD UNIVERSITY OF THE<br />
NORTH TO CREATE THE NEW UNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPO IS NEVER FAR<br />
FROM THE NEWS. Most readers will be aware <strong>of</strong> the publicity that<br />
recently shone an uncompromising light onto activities on the Medunsa<br />
campus. <strong>University</strong> leadership has dealt decisively and honestly with this<br />
situation, as can be seen from the statement published on page 1.<br />
Of more lasting import, the merger process is beginning to create an<br />
institution that will contain the very best available from both campuses.<br />
The current Minister <strong>of</strong> Education, as well as her predecessor, have both<br />
at various times referred to the new <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> as ‘a premier<br />
African university’ in the making. This is exactly what is happening.<br />
And what better place for such an activity to be taking place than in<br />
South Africa’s most northerly province – <strong>Limpopo</strong> – that takes pride in<br />
styling itself the ‘gateway to Africa’?<br />
This edition <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> <strong>Leader</strong> takes pride therefore in looking<br />
in some detail at the Africa connection. An exciting picture emerges.<br />
The merged <strong>University</strong> is moving rapidly to fulfil the expectations <strong>of</strong><br />
Minister Naledi Pandor and ex-Minister Kader Asmal – and to pull in<br />
the same direction as its outward-looking provincial home.<br />
Read about Medunsa’s remarkable National School <strong>of</strong> Public Health,<br />
most successful institution <strong>of</strong> its type in the whole country. Through<br />
sophisticated online s<strong>of</strong>tware the School is teaching postgraduate<br />
students from many SADC countries as well as plenty <strong>of</strong> South Africans<br />
as well. Or consider the networking efforts <strong>of</strong> Turfloop’s Centre for Rural<br />
Community Empowerment that has linked many <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong>’s small-scale<br />
farmers to their counterparts in Southern, Central and East Africa.<br />
Direct Africa linkages aside, there’s plenty to grab the attention.<br />
Turfloop has taken a significant step towards the establishment <strong>of</strong> a<br />
Cultural Centre, complete with theatre and collections <strong>of</strong> provincial<br />
fine art, literature both written and oral, and music. On the Medunsa<br />
campus, on the other hand, the work <strong>of</strong> the South African Vaccination<br />
and Immunisation Centre underscores the government’s Expanded<br />
Programme on Immunisation. Even these two widely differing centres<br />
have African connections. The first speaks powerfully <strong>of</strong> the cultural<br />
roots <strong>of</strong> South Africa’s most rural and traditional province. The second<br />
is planning to extend its reach into other Southern African countries in<br />
the next few years.<br />
Read and enjoy – and don’t forget to encourage your friends to<br />
subscribe to a university publication that deals with real issues and<br />
a premier tertiary institution’s engagement in them.<br />
NEXT ISSUE<br />
IT’S A TRUISM TO SAY THAT ONE OF THE BIGGEST THREATS FACING<br />
SUSTAINABLE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA IS<br />
THE HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC. The statistics are depressing, and ironically the most<br />
advanced country in the region – South Africa – is the worst affected. But it’s not<br />
all doom and gloom. For some better news emanating from the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Limpopo</strong> – and don’t forget that this institution represents a merging <strong>of</strong> the old<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> the North and the old Medical <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Southern Africa – read<br />
the Summer issue <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> <strong>Leader</strong> due out in early December. Once<br />
again, you’ll see a powerful institution working hand in glove with the provincial<br />
government – and with an assortment <strong>of</strong> national bodies – to curb the country’s<br />
biggest ever public health threat.
IN THIS ISSUE<br />
cover picture:<br />
Genetic Research on indigenous Southern African poultry breeds takes <strong>of</strong>f<br />
under the guiding hand <strong>of</strong> Dr David Norris <strong>of</strong> the School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture on<br />
the Turfloop campus <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong>. See story on page 14<br />
page 1:<br />
The latest on Medunsa and the Media<br />
page 4:<br />
<strong>Limpopo</strong>: the Africa Connection. The province styles itself the ‘gateway to<br />
Africa’, and the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> the same name is working to become a<br />
‘premier African institution’<br />
page 6:<br />
Setting the African Scene on both campuses <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong><br />
page 11:<br />
Crashing aeroplanes and Hong Kong Racehorses. An ophthalmologist has<br />
given Medunsa pride <strong>of</strong> international place in the treatment <strong>of</strong> cataracts and<br />
glaucoma<br />
page 14:<br />
The Case <strong>of</strong> the Marginalised Chickens. A geneticist takes a fresh took at<br />
indigenous Southern African poultry<br />
Page 16:<br />
Biotechnology Collaborations. Useful links exist between some Southern<br />
African universities and the Turfloop Department <strong>of</strong> Biochemistry, Molecular<br />
Biology & Biotechnology<br />
page 17:<br />
Small Versus Big: An Important Agricultural Debate. The case for the smallscale<br />
farmer as espoused by Turfloop’s Centre for Rural Community<br />
Empowerment<br />
page 20:<br />
A Passion for Doing Hands. The story <strong>of</strong> an orthopaedic surgeon who has<br />
placed Medunsa on the world map <strong>of</strong> hand surgery<br />
page 22:<br />
Securing the Health <strong>of</strong> Future Generations. Read how Medunsa’s SAVIC is<br />
helping the state with its Expanded Programme on Immunisation<br />
page 24:<br />
Online Postgraduate Studies for Africa. The National School <strong>of</strong> Public<br />
Health on the Medunsa campus is the most successful institution <strong>of</strong> its kind<br />
in the country<br />
page 27:<br />
The Legacy <strong>of</strong> Ants. ATurfloop pr<strong>of</strong>essor is involved in studying the remains<br />
<strong>of</strong> 25 000 year old anthills in Namaqualand<br />
page 29:<br />
A Permanent Home at Last for Turfloop’s drama students and a growing<br />
collection <strong>of</strong> local art<br />
page 32:<br />
Letters to the Editor
INEA<br />
SSAU<br />
LIMPOPO:<br />
THE AFRICA CONNECTION<br />
WESTERN SAHARA<br />
MAURITANIA<br />
MALI<br />
P A G E 4<br />
ALGERIA<br />
• SENEGAL<br />
BURKINA FASO<br />
GUINEA<br />
• BENIN<br />
• SIERRA LEONE<br />
IVORY COAST<br />
• NIGERIA<br />
• GHANA<br />
• CAMEROON<br />
LIBERIA<br />
MOROCCO<br />
TOGO<br />
NIGER<br />
EQUATORIAL<br />
GUINEA<br />
TUNISIA<br />
GABON<br />
LIBYA<br />
CONGO<br />
CHAD<br />
• ANGOLA<br />
• NAMIBIA<br />
CENTRAL<br />
AFRICAN REP.<br />
• DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC<br />
OF CONGO (ZAIRE)<br />
• ZAMBIA<br />
• BOTSWANA<br />
• SOUTH AFRICA<br />
EGYPT<br />
SUDAN<br />
• MALAWI<br />
• ZIMBABWE • MADAGASCAR<br />
• LESOTHO<br />
• UGANDA<br />
• RWANDA<br />
• TANZANIA<br />
• MOZAMBIQUE<br />
• SWAZILAND<br />
ETHIOPIA<br />
• KENYA<br />
SOMALI REP.<br />
• MAURITIUS<br />
South Africa’s <strong>Limpopo</strong> Province<br />
(marked in orange on this map)<br />
calls itself the ‘Gateway to Africa’.<br />
In support <strong>of</strong> this perception, the<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> acknowledges<br />
its position in the continental thick<br />
<strong>of</strong> things when it asserts in its<br />
slogan: ‘African excellence – global<br />
leadership’. But perhaps the real surprise<br />
is just how intricate the<br />
relationships are becoming between<br />
<strong>Limpopo</strong> and the rest <strong>of</strong> the<br />
continent. For a start, there’s our<br />
SADC neighbours (marked in green<br />
on this map). But the network <strong>of</strong><br />
relationships extends far beyond this<br />
growing regionalism. Look at the red<br />
bullet points adorning so many parts<br />
<strong>of</strong> the map. These are just some <strong>of</strong><br />
the linkages between Africa and the<br />
<strong>University</strong> that have been covered in<br />
<strong>Limpopo</strong> <strong>Leader</strong> in this and<br />
previous issues.
iIN THE 1980S THERE WERE<br />
MACHINEGUNS MOUNTED<br />
UNDER BEIT BRIDGE AND LITTLE<br />
THOUGHT OF A CONTINENTAL<br />
CONTEXT FOR A SOUTH AFRICA<br />
UNDER SELF-IMPOSED SIEGE.<br />
Even in the1990s, as the borders<br />
were demilitarised and the<br />
country engaged with democracy<br />
for the first time, there was little<br />
appreciation <strong>of</strong> the rest <strong>of</strong> Africa<br />
– except as a worrying source <strong>of</strong><br />
illegal immigrants. Only in the<br />
early 2000s did the sense <strong>of</strong><br />
isolation crumble sufficiently for<br />
a clearer understanding to<br />
emerge <strong>of</strong> how close the rest <strong>of</strong><br />
Africa actually was.<br />
Not surprisingly, the northern<br />
parts <strong>of</strong> the country were earliest<br />
influenced. From <strong>Limpopo</strong><br />
province’s Mapungubwe hill, the<br />
slow meanderings <strong>of</strong> the Shashi<br />
River mark the dividing line<br />
between Botswana and<br />
Zimbabwe. Further east, in the far<br />
north <strong>of</strong> the Kruger National Park,<br />
one encounters a strong fence<br />
that separates <strong>Limpopo</strong> from<br />
Mozambique. The very proximity<br />
<strong>of</strong> these other countries, once<br />
a cause for concern and the<br />
presence <strong>of</strong> the military, now<br />
serves to free the imagination.<br />
<strong>Limpopo</strong> province is, by its own<br />
admission, the ‘gateway to Africa’.<br />
But what does this mean? It<br />
means an end to the old isolation.<br />
It suggests collaborations and<br />
partnerships, trade and regionalism,<br />
common challenges and common<br />
cause. But what is the reality?<br />
Are the suggestions beginning to<br />
come true?<br />
Without doubt. In the Premier’s<br />
Office in Polokwane there’s an<br />
important document doing the<br />
rounds. It’s the Draft Framework<br />
Towards Implementation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
New Partnership for Africa’s<br />
Development (Nepad) Through<br />
<strong>Limpopo</strong>, in the Context <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Region. It’s a cumbersome title,<br />
but the document has a straightforward<br />
intent: to prepare the<br />
ground for large cross-border<br />
projects linked to <strong>Limpopo</strong>’s<br />
Provincial Growth and<br />
Development Strategy, as well as<br />
to the overall development aims<br />
<strong>of</strong> Nepad. What are these large<br />
cross-border projects? Nothing<br />
concrete has been announced, but<br />
persistent whispers are emerging<br />
around a railway project, a water<br />
pipeline project, and even a harbour<br />
project in northern Mozambique<br />
that could have massive implications<br />
for agricultural downstreaming<br />
and exportation from the northern<br />
regions <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> province.<br />
Not unexpectedly, the Draft<br />
Framework document makes<br />
frequent reference to ‘human<br />
skills’, to the idea that development<br />
is ‘about people’, to ‘human<br />
resource development’, and to<br />
‘science, research and technology’.<br />
So the big ideas in circulation in<br />
the Premier’s <strong>of</strong>fice will need to<br />
be matched by big ideas inside<br />
the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong>, an<br />
institution that increasingly sees<br />
for itself a regional role.<br />
But just how African is the<br />
<strong>University</strong>? In the pages that<br />
follow, a rich and surprising<br />
picture emerges.<br />
P A G E 5
SETTING THE AFRICAN SCENE<br />
AT LIMPOPO UNIVERSITY<br />
P A G E 6<br />
bBOTH CAMPUSES OF LIMPOPO UNIVERSITY LOOK<br />
UNMISTAKABLY AFRICAN.<br />
The Medunsa campus sits in the middle <strong>of</strong> the<br />
teeming peri-urban sprawl <strong>of</strong> what used to be a piece<br />
<strong>of</strong> the old Bophuthatswana Bantustan. Turfloop is built<br />
around rock protrusions as big as hills and covered<br />
with lavish Southern African vegetation. It too is<br />
surrounded by the noise and flamboyance <strong>of</strong> old<br />
homelands. There’s dust and blue skies on these<br />
campuses – and you could hardly be further, visually<br />
at any rate, from Oxbridge or the American Ivy League.<br />
What about the students and staff?<br />
The students on both campuses are largely but not<br />
exclusively black, and some <strong>of</strong> them are from other<br />
African countries. Around 350 <strong>of</strong> them are, in fact,<br />
out <strong>of</strong> a total student body exceeding 13 000. This is<br />
a lot less than the 5% provided for in the SADC<br />
protocol, but the numbers are growing. Many <strong>of</strong> them<br />
represent neighbouring countries like Zimbabwe,<br />
Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho and Namibia. Then<br />
there are others from Mozambique and Angola.<br />
Some have come from even further afield, from<br />
countries such as Zambia, Malawi, Kenya, Uganda,<br />
Nigeria, Ghana, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and the island <strong>of</strong><br />
Mauritius.<br />
When Medunsa was established in 1976, it was<br />
named the Medical <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Southern (not South)<br />
Africa. Part <strong>of</strong> this was a reflection <strong>of</strong> the <strong>of</strong>ficial<br />
apartheid desire for the emerging homelands to be<br />
taken seriously as independent countries. But even<br />
from those early days, foreign African medical<br />
students were present on campus, as foreign students<br />
found their way onto Turfloop.<br />
On the Turfloop campus there’s a <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Limpopo</strong> International Students Association. The<br />
chairperson <strong>of</strong> UNILISA (as it’s called) is a third-year<br />
BSc computer science student from Zimbabwe, Tapiwa<br />
Zvenyika. His deputy is Mozambican Sky Mkuti who’s
Sky Mkuti, Goldmarks Makamure, Tapiwa Zvenyika<br />
majoring in international politics. Third member <strong>of</strong><br />
UNILISA’s executive is treasurer Goldmarks Makamure,<br />
a final-year psychology student from Masvingo in<br />
Zimbabwe.<br />
‘We found,’ they said, ‘that there were many issues<br />
where international students needed to be<br />
represented. There was no organisation to do this,<br />
so we formed one.’<br />
So UNILISA came into being in 2004 to assist with<br />
the integration <strong>of</strong> international students into the local<br />
scene, both socially and academically. The<br />
Association organises gatherings and social functions,<br />
as well as independence-day celebrations for each <strong>of</strong><br />
the countries represented on campus. There are moves<br />
afoot to make contact with international students on<br />
the Medunsa campus soon.<br />
‘We’re proud to be here at <strong>Limpopo</strong>,’ the UNILISA<br />
executive said. ‘The university has good academic<br />
standards and infrastructure. Particularly the libraries<br />
and the computer equipment,’ they added.<br />
The various academic staffs on the two <strong>Limpopo</strong><br />
campuses have been drawn from as many parts <strong>of</strong> the<br />
continent as the students. The best way <strong>of</strong> finding this<br />
out is to become a regular reader <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong><br />
<strong>Leader</strong>, but listen to just two academics talking<br />
about themselves and the <strong>University</strong>’s many-sided<br />
African connections.<br />
At Medunsa, here’s Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Gboyega<br />
Ogunbanjo, a smiling and friendly man from Nigeria<br />
(now a naturalised South African) who is currently the<br />
Deputy Dean (research) in the Faculty <strong>of</strong> Medicine.<br />
His speciality is Family Medicine, and he talks<br />
enthusiastically about initiatives in this field in the<br />
Democratic Republic <strong>of</strong> Congo (DRC) and Kenya.<br />
Four family physicians from the DRC have qualified<br />
with the Family Medicine master’s degree from<br />
Medunsa The Family Medicine training programme<br />
was initiated by the evangelical churches operating in<br />
the DRC with input from the Department <strong>of</strong> Family<br />
Medicine and Primary Health Care at Medunsa.<br />
The churches run the mission hospitals where most<br />
rural doctors work. This relationship hopefully will lead<br />
to the establishment <strong>of</strong> family medicine postgraduate<br />
courses being <strong>of</strong>fered at the Kisangani and Kinshasa<br />
medical schools. The present relationship between<br />
Medunsa and the DRC evangelical churches is<br />
supported by funding from the Belgian government.<br />
Medunsa has also helped to establish a Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Family Medicine at Moi <strong>University</strong> in the west<br />
Kenyan city <strong>of</strong> Eldoret.<br />
Ogunbanjo shakes his head when asked about<br />
joint research projects with these East and Central<br />
African institutions. ‘The main problem has been lack<br />
<strong>of</strong> resources for research in most parts <strong>of</strong> Africa. That’s<br />
why these linkages with Medunsa are so important.<br />
‘It’s a similar situation at Medunsa with its recent<br />
merger with the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> the North. I see real<br />
opportunities developing through the cross-pollination<br />
<strong>of</strong> ideas and projects between the various faculties<br />
and disciplines. Medunsa was the only medical<br />
university in the whole <strong>of</strong> Africa. We have suffered<br />
from this alienation and from the influence <strong>of</strong> other<br />
faculties. So the merger makes good sense – even<br />
though the distance between the two campuses<br />
presents a real challenge at this stage.’<br />
Ogunbanjo was born in Lagos in 1958. He did his<br />
undergraduate training and internship at the <strong>University</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> Lagos, and then completed his one-year national<br />
service at Badagry General Hospital, a rural hospital<br />
near the Benin border. This experience opened his<br />
eyes to rural realities and needs. After four years,<br />
Nigeria launched their Technical Aid Programme to<br />
Africa and the Caribbean. Ogunbanjo jumped at the<br />
opportunity <strong>of</strong> working abroad, and very soon found<br />
himself doctoring in war-torn Mozambique.<br />
‘I was based in Maputo,’ he recalls. ‘It was pretty<br />
P A G E 7
SETTING THE AFRICAN SCENE AT LIMPOPO UNIVERSITY<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Gboyega Ogunbanjo<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Norman Nyazema<br />
P A G E 8<br />
tough. I remember that fresh milk was a real luxury.<br />
I had to learn Portuguese. There was lots <strong>of</strong> fighting<br />
One year, the Frelimo national conference was<br />
interrupted when Renamo fighters came into the city<br />
- we saw them fighting from the windows <strong>of</strong> our<br />
accommodation.’<br />
Later, he went to Lesotho under his own steam,<br />
where he worked at Queen Elizabeth II Hospital in<br />
Maseru. He had begun his postgraduate studies in<br />
family medicine and primary health care while still in<br />
Nigeria. After the interruption caused by working in<br />
Mozambique and Lesotho, he recommenced and<br />
completed his training with Medunsa. He found his<br />
way onto the teaching staff at Medunsa in 1992.<br />
‘Yes, I’m fully committed to this place,’ he<br />
acknowledges. ‘It has huge potential. The merger<br />
has huge potential. The <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> can<br />
become a real force in the SADC region and in the<br />
rest <strong>of</strong> Africa.’<br />
Norman Nyazema is Pr<strong>of</strong>essor <strong>of</strong> Pharmacology<br />
on the Turfloop campus, and he tends to agree. ‘It’s<br />
happening, yes,’ he says, referring to the African<br />
focus emerging at the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong>. ‘It may<br />
not be absolutely discernible yet, or at the correct<br />
level, but its definitely taking shape.<br />
Nyazema recalls the meetings held in connection<br />
with the choice <strong>of</strong> a name for the merged institution.<br />
<strong>Limpopo</strong> was settled on because the <strong>Limpopo</strong> River<br />
runs through several Southern African countries. So the<br />
name – <strong>Limpopo</strong> <strong>University</strong> – brings an immediate<br />
international flavour to activities on both campuses.<br />
‘When we talk about being a ‘gateway to Africa’<br />
we should be putting a certain viewpoint into action.<br />
We should consciously be the institution that is pulling<br />
up the expertise and influence <strong>of</strong> the South African<br />
universities to the south <strong>of</strong> us and channelling it into<br />
the rest <strong>of</strong> the continent. In the same way, the realities<br />
from the north should be penetrating through us down<br />
into the institutions to the south. We should be the<br />
conduit, the gateway.’<br />
Nyazema came to South Africa in 2002 from<br />
the College <strong>of</strong> Health Sciences at the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Zimbabwe in Harare. He was the director <strong>of</strong><br />
postgraduate training there. Indeed, Nyazema was
orn in Harare (then Salisbury) in 1951.<br />
‘I always say that I has born in Southern Rhodesia,<br />
started school in the Federation <strong>of</strong> Rhodesia and<br />
Nyasaland, finished high school in UDI Rhodesia,<br />
went into exile for ten years, and then returned to<br />
work in Zimbabwe.’<br />
Nyazema’s political career began in 1971 when,<br />
as a prefect at school, he was arrested for helping to<br />
organise a march in Salisbury in protest against the<br />
two different teacher salary scales, one for whites and<br />
one for blacks, then in operation. He was stripped <strong>of</strong><br />
his prefect status and compelled to hand back the<br />
school tie he had received on becoming a prefect in<br />
the first place. Nevertheless he completed his A levels<br />
and went to the then <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Rhodesia. But after<br />
a year, he left for England. He saw few opportunities<br />
for real study in the isolated UDI country that was<br />
being torn apart by internal politics and finally civil<br />
war. He lived and studied in Liverpool for ten years,<br />
finally gaining his doctorate in pharmacology there.<br />
During his time in England, he served as chairman <strong>of</strong><br />
the student Patriotic Front movement on Merseyside.<br />
‘No, I wasn’t a Liverpool supporter. No, not<br />
Everton either. Actually, Notts Forest was my team,’<br />
he admits with the same liveliness that he brings to<br />
everything he does.<br />
On returning to Africa in 1981, he worked for<br />
more than 20 years at the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Zimbabwe.<br />
He remembers, in 1985, being invited to UCT as a<br />
visiting lecturer and sponsored by a multinational<br />
pharmaceutical company. They flew him business<br />
class. But during the South African leg <strong>of</strong> the flight,<br />
the steward placed a curtain directly in front <strong>of</strong> his<br />
seat to protect other business class passengers<br />
(who were all white) from his presence.<br />
He laughs at the memory. ‘But things have changed<br />
now, <strong>of</strong> course. Why did I come to South Africa?<br />
Maybe because I received only a thousand Zim dollars<br />
as my 20-year-long service award in 2001!’ He<br />
smiles in his lively way. ‘And why did I come specifically<br />
to <strong>Limpopo</strong>? I could have gone to UCT or Wits,<br />
yes. But I wanted to be in the thick <strong>of</strong> African realities<br />
while at the same time being at a real university.<br />
Make no mistake, that’s what the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Limpopo</strong> is: it’s a vibrant African institution with<br />
significant achievements and enormous potential.’<br />
Then Nyazema had to hurry away to catch a<br />
plane to Blantyre in Malawi. He’s on the World Health<br />
Organisation Africa Region Technical Board on antiretrovirals,<br />
and the board was having a meeting there.<br />
Both Nyazema and Ogunbanjo are academics<br />
from other parts <strong>of</strong> Africa who have found their way<br />
onto the staff <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong>. They and<br />
others like them enrich the fabric <strong>of</strong> both campuses.<br />
They recognise the ‘gateway’ potential <strong>of</strong> the<br />
combined <strong>University</strong>. They can also see what is<br />
happening at the moment, and what has happened in<br />
the past, that makes <strong>of</strong> their <strong>University</strong> a living example<br />
<strong>of</strong> the ‘gateway’ theme. Most <strong>of</strong> the stories that follow<br />
were suggested by these two <strong>Limpopo</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essors.<br />
P A G E 9
SETTING THE AFRICAN SCENE AT LIMPOPO UNIVERSITY<br />
SOUTHERN AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES<br />
JOIN FORCES<br />
FORTY-SIX SADC UNIVERSITIES HAVE JOINED<br />
FORCES TO ADVANCE THE DEVELOPMENT AGENDA<br />
OF AFRICAN HIGHER EDUCATION. A new association<br />
– the Southern African Regional Universities<br />
Association (SARUA) – was launched at a function in<br />
Cape Town earlier this year.<br />
The publicity material at the time claimed it was the<br />
first association <strong>of</strong> its kind in Africa to do two crucially<br />
important things simultaneously. Both are in line with<br />
the ideals <strong>of</strong> the SADC protocol and <strong>of</strong> Nepad ideals.<br />
• The first is to address the capacity and research<br />
needs <strong>of</strong> SADC higher education institutions<br />
• The second is to address the social, cultural and<br />
economic development priorities <strong>of</strong> the region.<br />
SARUA is the product <strong>of</strong> an intensive research and<br />
consultation exercise that took longer than a year. The<br />
exercise was driven by the South African Universities<br />
Vice-Chancellors Association (SAUVCA) after receiving<br />
a mandate at a meeting <strong>of</strong> the Vice-Chancellors <strong>of</strong> the<br />
46 SADC universities in October 2003. SAUVCA<br />
(which has now been superseded by HESA – Higher<br />
Education South Africa – and incorporates the old<br />
technikons with the old universities under a single<br />
umbrella) has now been given the task <strong>of</strong> managing<br />
the new southern African organisation.<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Njabulo Ndebele, who was Vice-<br />
Chancellor <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> the North (at Turfloop)<br />
before moving to the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Cape Town, was<br />
elected first chairperson <strong>of</strong> SARUA.<br />
The new organisation, under the direct leadership<br />
<strong>of</strong> SAUVCA’s CEO Piyushi Kotecha, is already working<br />
in four programme areas: information technology<br />
preparedness; institutional governance and leadership;<br />
science and technology; HIV/AIDS.<br />
At the SARUA launch, chairman <strong>of</strong> the Nepad<br />
steering committee Wiseman Nkuhlu said that the<br />
time was ripe for this kind <strong>of</strong> regional collaboration.<br />
‘The strengthening <strong>of</strong> the structures within the African<br />
Union and the growing support for the continent from<br />
the G8 countries means that Africa has a window <strong>of</strong><br />
P A G E 1 0<br />
Njabulo Ndebele<br />
opportunity that we must not miss,’ he said. ‘African<br />
higher education has a crucially important role in<br />
creating the capacity that is able to use the opportunity<br />
currently being presented.’<br />
‘The development <strong>of</strong> leaders for trade and industry,<br />
government, and public sectors such as the judiciary,<br />
security, science and technology, education and<br />
health, is critical for Africa if it is to break out <strong>of</strong> its<br />
cycles <strong>of</strong> poverty, war and chronic under-development,’<br />
Kotecha said. ‘And regional collaborations between<br />
universities are the surest way <strong>of</strong> rising to this<br />
challenge.’
Ophthalmology:<br />
CRASHING AEROPLANES AND<br />
HONG KONG RACEHORSES<br />
hHE’LL BE RETIRING IN A FEW YEARS – HE TURNS 63<br />
THIS NOVEMBER – BUT THE IMPACT OF HIS WORK<br />
AT MEDUNSA WILL LIVE ON AND ON.<br />
He’s Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Robert Stegman, ophthalmologist,<br />
whose work on the surgical treatment <strong>of</strong> cataracts<br />
and glaucoma has saved thousands from blindness.<br />
‘I came to Medunsa from Harvard <strong>University</strong>,’ he<br />
recalls. ‘I planned to stay for six months to do some<br />
trials. I’ve stayed for 27 years.’<br />
The trials were on a new substance that Stegman<br />
wanted to use in cataract operations. The South<br />
African Medicines Control Council had given its<br />
blessing. The substance was hyaluronic acid. It<br />
worked like a charm when it came to simplifying<br />
the implanting <strong>of</strong> intraocular lenses to counteract the<br />
degenerative effects <strong>of</strong> cataracts.<br />
But let’s go slowly with all these facts. Let’s start<br />
at the beginning.<br />
Stegman was born in Pretoria and did his first<br />
degree, as he says, at Tukkies. He then went to the<br />
United States, to Boston in fact, and in 1972 ‘gate<br />
crashed’ into Harvard Medical School where he<br />
specialised in ophthalmology. It was during his<br />
six-year stint at this most prestigious <strong>of</strong> American<br />
universities that his attention was directed to cataracts<br />
and their treatment.<br />
‘Intraocular lenses were just coming into their own,’<br />
Stegman explained. ‘It had been found during World<br />
War II that Royal Air Force crews experienced no<br />
major rejection symptoms from pieces <strong>of</strong> shattered<br />
cockpit windscreens that entered their eyes during<br />
combat or crashes. The windscreens were made <strong>of</strong><br />
Perspex (polymethylmethacrylate), and so medical<br />
scientists turned to this same material to manufacture<br />
intraocular lenses. But the first results were erratic,<br />
dogged with a lot <strong>of</strong> stability complications.<br />
‘Our idea at Harvard was to use hyaluronic acid.<br />
This was a naturally occurring material that lends<br />
substance or body to our tissues. It’s found in<br />
abundance in the combs <strong>of</strong> roosters: it’s what makes<br />
the combs stand upright. The acid had been<br />
discovered by a German scientist in the late 1930s,<br />
but a use for it was not found until 30 years later<br />
when it was tried, but with discouraging results, in<br />
a few retinal operations.<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Robert Stegman<br />
P A G E 1 1
Ophthalmology:<br />
CRASHING AEROPLANES AND HONG KONG RACEHORSES<br />
‘Then British and Hungarian biochemists put it<br />
through a refining process whereupon it found a use<br />
in veterinary surgery. Racehorses in Hong Kong were<br />
found to be very prone to inflammation <strong>of</strong> the knees<br />
because <strong>of</strong> the hard tracks encountered in that part <strong>of</strong><br />
the world. The pounding resulted in a molecular<br />
breakdown <strong>of</strong> the shock absorber lubricants in the<br />
knee. Injecting hyaluronic acid into the inflamed knees<br />
brought about miraculous recoveries,’ Stegman said.<br />
Some time later an orthopaedic surgeon in Cape<br />
Town tried it for the treatment <strong>of</strong> arthritis, but it didn’t<br />
work – perhaps because it was tried on rheumatoid<br />
rather than the degenerative type. At Harvard, meanwhile,<br />
Stegman and his colleagues were experiencing<br />
some disconcerting complications with intraocular lens<br />
implants.<br />
‘The Perspex material was highly inert on the<br />
surface,’ he explained, ‘but underneath an<br />
electromagnetic charge damaged the delicate cells<br />
inside the cornea, causing significant damage and<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten severe complications.’<br />
So Stegman began to search for something that<br />
would prevent this. ‘A substance that was thick, clear,<br />
non-inflammatory and would retain the shape <strong>of</strong> the<br />
eye. I managed to get hold <strong>of</strong> six ampoules <strong>of</strong><br />
hyaluronic acid, and ran some animal studies. It<br />
worked wonderfully.’<br />
The next step was to find a place to conduct the<br />
human trials. The year was 1978. He had heard <strong>of</strong><br />
the establishment <strong>of</strong> Medunsa two years before. He<br />
got the necessary permissions. So the human trials<br />
were carried out at South Africa’s fledgling black<br />
medical school.<br />
‘The results removed the last hurdle to unrestricted<br />
use <strong>of</strong> intraocular lenses. Today, 200-million people<br />
have them in their eyes – and Medunsa played a<br />
central role.’<br />
Why had he not returned to Harvard?<br />
Stegman shrugged his shoulders, an unregretful<br />
gesture. ‘The status attached to being a Harvard<br />
specialist was less important to me than being in the<br />
operating theatre. That was my first love. The<br />
competition in America was fierce. The opportunities<br />
at Medunsa seemed limitless. I spoke to my Harvard<br />
P A G E 1 2<br />
mentor, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor David Miller. He agreed. He said:<br />
how can I help? The result <strong>of</strong> that <strong>of</strong>fer was that he<br />
came once a year to Medunsa as the external<br />
ophthalmology examiner. The examinations were set<br />
to Harvard standard. The motivation in this for my<br />
students and staff was absolutely fabulous in those<br />
early years.’<br />
There were other advantages in staying at<br />
Medunsa. During the 1980s, as Stegman described it,<br />
‘we were ringed around by civil wars’. Soldiers and<br />
civilians were being blown up by landmines and<br />
mortars and bombs at alarming rates.<br />
‘Modern weaponry seems to be designed on the<br />
premise that disablement costs the enemy more than<br />
outright death,’ he said. ‘Consequently, the subcontinent<br />
was full <strong>of</strong> people with frightful eye injuries;<br />
and the military flew down these patients, 30 at a<br />
time, to the ophthalmology department at Medunsa.<br />
Our expertise grew accordingly.’<br />
With this growth, came an international reputation.<br />
Medunsa was recognised as world leaders not only in<br />
eye trauma but also in congenital defects. People from<br />
all over the world began to come to the ‘bush<br />
hospital’ attached to Medunsa to have their eyes seen<br />
to. South Africans as well: the wife <strong>of</strong> a prominent<br />
Afrikaner politician came, as did the managing<br />
director <strong>of</strong> a giant insurance company. And with this<br />
reputation came money: from the Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Health, from the university itself, and from the private<br />
sector, most notably from First National Bank.<br />
‘Without this funding we couldn’t have done what<br />
we did,’ Stegman declared. ‘First National was<br />
fantastic. Their annual contribution kept us in the<br />
forefront <strong>of</strong> world ophthalmology.’<br />
The generosity <strong>of</strong> funders certainly provided<br />
Stegman with the opportunity to tackle glaucoma, the<br />
second largest cause <strong>of</strong> blindness in the world and a<br />
major scourge in Africa. Glaucoma is characterised<br />
by a gradual build up <strong>of</strong> pressure caused by an<br />
imbalance between the manufacture and excretion <strong>of</strong><br />
the aqueous humour fluid that lubricates the eye.<br />
Stegman knew that the current surgical treatment<br />
was unacceptable, with high failure and complication<br />
rates. ‘I had been working for years with Grieshaber,
the Swiss instrument makers. They became interested<br />
in what I was trying to do. They made me the<br />
instrumentation to do it. The procedure was to go into<br />
a small canal with an inside diameter as thick as a<br />
human hair. With the Swiss equipment we led the<br />
world in this radically new direction.’<br />
Stegman has been working on the glaucoma<br />
procedure for 16 years. The failure rate has been<br />
reduced to 10% and the complication rate to virtually<br />
zero. At first, the medical fraternity said the procedure<br />
was too complicated, but gradually it’s being accepted.<br />
Meanwhile, the work <strong>of</strong> perfecting the operation goes<br />
on – despite a dramatic fall in outside funding.<br />
‘Many children are born with glaucoma,’ says<br />
Stegman. ‘Most end up in our blind schools. And most<br />
<strong>of</strong> these are black. We’re operating as fast as we can.<br />
We’ve also had patients from the United States, from<br />
South America and Greece. But the procedure should<br />
be more widely practised in Southern Africa where the<br />
need is so great.’<br />
Stegman’s contribution is colossal – and it’s<br />
happened at Medunsa. At one point he was on call<br />
24 hours a day seven days a week for seven years<br />
without a break. But, insists Stegman, he wouldn’t<br />
have wanted it any other way. Upstairs in his house is<br />
one <strong>of</strong> the biggest video libraries <strong>of</strong> eye surgery in the<br />
world. He’s given over 300 lectures at international<br />
conferences around the world. He’s operated in<br />
countries in Europe and in America, but he keeps<br />
returning to Medunsa. ‘Nowhere else in the world<br />
could I have done what I’ve done.’<br />
When you ask why this was the case, Stegman<br />
answers without hesitation. ‘There are three reasons.<br />
First, the positioning <strong>of</strong> Medunsa in Southern Africa<br />
has provided huge opportunities. Second, some <strong>of</strong> my<br />
theatre sisters have worked for me for 20 years:<br />
they’re better than any other theatre staff I’ve<br />
encountered anywhere in the world. Third, the support<br />
both internally and externally, has been generous and<br />
regular, and it’s kept us going.’<br />
For how long can these reasons remain valid?<br />
Stegman is not altogether optimistic. So we must add<br />
another question: what will replace his distinguished<br />
regime when he finally retires?<br />
P A G E 1 3
Genetics:<br />
THE CASE OF THE MARGINALISED<br />
CHICKENS<br />
P A G E 1 4
Dr David Norris<br />
tTO WATCH DR DAVID NORRIS WORKING WITH HIS<br />
CHICKENS IS TO CATCH SIGHT OF A SCIENTIFIC<br />
INTEREST BORDERING ON OBSESSION. He laughs<br />
a lot. He’s an easy man to be around. Yet his focus is<br />
very firmly on his chickens.<br />
‘All these are indigenous African chickens,’ he<br />
says, indicating the scruffy scratching poultry in<br />
several pens on the School <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and<br />
Environmental Science’s experimental farm not far<br />
from the Turfloop campus <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong>.<br />
‘Those on that side are naked-necked chickens, and<br />
they’re found all over South Africa. These here – the<br />
black and white speckled ones – are called Venda<br />
chickens.’<br />
Nothing much to look at, these indigenous chickens.<br />
A few <strong>of</strong> the roosters have most <strong>of</strong> their tail feathers<br />
missing, and the naked-necked bunch seems vaguely<br />
reminiscent <strong>of</strong> vultures. Yet they have one huge<br />
strength. They’re adapted to local conditions. In other<br />
words, they have developed physiological and<br />
anatomical systems that make any exotic breeds look<br />
positively puny.<br />
‘The imported breeds are especially engineered for<br />
high egg or meat production,’ explains Norris, ‘but in<br />
Southern African conditions they need high inputs –<br />
inoculations, special feeds, and so on – and mortality<br />
rates are high. In other words, they’re expensive -<br />
much too expensive for local conditions. On the other<br />
hand, the indigenous chickens represent a huge<br />
genetic resource. If we’re serious about poverty<br />
alleviation, let’s work with the local stock. That’s the<br />
thinking behind my research.’<br />
Although an estimated 75% <strong>of</strong> South African chicken<br />
production is from local breeds, most scientists are<br />
marginalising the indigenous strains. But not Norris,<br />
who’s a quantitative geneticist at Turfloop. The initial<br />
phase <strong>of</strong> his research was to do a ‘phenotypic characterisation’<br />
study that examined such elements as size,<br />
growth rate, feeding requirements, egg size and output.<br />
‘Because <strong>of</strong> the wholesale neglect <strong>of</strong> the past,’ says<br />
Norris, ‘we know nothing <strong>of</strong> the respective breeds. So<br />
it’s been important to carry out genetic characterisation<br />
that begins to match the external characteristics<br />
with the genetic types. It’s important for another<br />
reason as well. Conservation. We are identifying<br />
and conserving African breeds that have been around<br />
for a very long time but that have almost become<br />
extinct.’<br />
Norris was born and grew up in Botswana, doing<br />
his undergraduate studies at the university in<br />
Gaberone. He then moved to the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Reading (in the United Kingdom) and Michigan State<br />
<strong>University</strong> (USA) where he completed his master’s and<br />
PhD degrees respectively. His doctoral thesis dealt<br />
with ‘the dominance effects in genetic variation’.<br />
Norris has also done special courses in quantitative<br />
genetics in the United States (Michigan) and Canada,<br />
and he taught for a period <strong>of</strong> two years at Austin Peay<br />
State <strong>University</strong> in Tennessee. ‘I really loved the Deep<br />
South,’ he recalls. ‘It was so much warmer than<br />
Michigan or Canada – much more suitable for<br />
someone from Southern Africa.’<br />
Norris returned to Botswana in 2000 and made<br />
the move to Turfloop a year later. Asked why, he<br />
replies: ‘I loved the opportunity to combine teaching<br />
and research that Turfloop <strong>of</strong>fered.’<br />
And the marginalised indigenous chickens all over<br />
Southern Africa have benefited. Norris has established<br />
linkages with the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Venda, as well as tertiary<br />
institutions in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe.<br />
Relationships are also in the pipeline with Swaziland<br />
and Botswana. ‘These links enable us to exchange<br />
information and research findings on indigenous poultry.<br />
I have also made personal visits. I’m now looking for<br />
funding to more formally establish the international<br />
interactions to cover the whole <strong>of</strong> the SADC region.<br />
This will enrich our understanding <strong>of</strong> a significant<br />
regional resource and improve its utility in our fight<br />
against poverty and under-development.’<br />
Next step in Norris’s indigenous chicken research<br />
is a programme <strong>of</strong> selective breeding to improve the<br />
productivity <strong>of</strong> the chickens without damaging their<br />
adaptability to the environment. At the same time, a<br />
genuine African livestock resource will be conserved<br />
and used as a realistic alternative to much more<br />
vulnerable and expensive breeds imported from<br />
America and Europe.<br />
P A G E 1 5
BIOTECHNOLOGY COLLABORATIONS<br />
yYOU CAN’T AVOID THE<br />
AFRICAN CONNECTION AT<br />
TURFLOOP FOR LONG. Try the<br />
Biochemistry, Microbiology and<br />
Biotechnology Department in the<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Molecular and Life<br />
Sciences. The Programme has<br />
linkages with the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Zimbabwe and the National<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Science and<br />
Technology (NUST), also situated<br />
in Bulawayo, and this special<br />
relationship is being extended to<br />
involve the universities <strong>of</strong> Nairobi<br />
and Zambia as well.<br />
But that’s not all. Meet the<br />
head <strong>of</strong> the Turfloop Department,<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Ignatius Ncube. He’s a<br />
Zimbabwean. And meet the<br />
charming Associate Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
Emil Abotsi, born in Ghana,<br />
and a staff member at Turfloop<br />
since 1991.<br />
Ncube spoke about the<br />
academic links into Africa.<br />
They’re sponsored by the<br />
Southern African Regional<br />
Corporation in Biochemistry,<br />
Molecular Biology and<br />
Biotechnology (SARBIO), which in<br />
turn is funded by the International<br />
Programme <strong>of</strong> Chemical Sciences<br />
based in Sweden. SABRIO is coordinated<br />
by Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Yogi Naik<br />
at NUST.<br />
‘The link programme began in<br />
July 1995,’ said Ncube, ‘and its<br />
initial objectives were to foster<br />
academic co-operation between<br />
the participating institutions.<br />
This comes in the form <strong>of</strong> student<br />
and staff exchanges, research,<br />
capacity building and training<br />
workshops.’<br />
P A G E 1 6<br />
‘It’s brought the participating<br />
universities closer together,’<br />
remarked Abotsi. ‘Students are<br />
exposed to much more than their<br />
own campus and laboratory.<br />
We’ve been able to establish<br />
areas <strong>of</strong> research that are<br />
common to the participating<br />
institutions.<br />
Examples <strong>of</strong> these are:<br />
• Biotechnology work for the<br />
paper and pulp industry by the<br />
universities <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> and<br />
Zimbabwe. In a nutshell, the<br />
research is seeking to replace<br />
hazardous chemicals with<br />
suitable microbial enzymes for<br />
use in the process <strong>of</strong> turning<br />
timber into paper. Both<br />
universities are involved in<br />
research that will show the<br />
relative effectiveness <strong>of</strong><br />
selected enzymes.<br />
• A comprehensive examination<br />
<strong>of</strong> indigenous medicinal plants<br />
in the region, testing their<br />
effectiveness against cancer<br />
and other human maladies<br />
– and the possible side effects<br />
– <strong>of</strong> the traditionally used<br />
plants. This is done by<br />
establishing via an extraction<br />
process the chemical<br />
compounds, and then by<br />
isolating the bio-active<br />
ingredients that actually<br />
perform the medicinal function.<br />
Collaboration between several<br />
universities is enriching this<br />
research process which, at the<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong>, is being<br />
led by Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Leseilane<br />
Mampuru.<br />
Ncube was born in Bulawayo<br />
and did most <strong>of</strong> his studying at<br />
the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Zimbabwe in<br />
Harare. His doctorate was<br />
undertaken on a specialised<br />
aspect <strong>of</strong> enzyme technology with<br />
a part <strong>of</strong> his research undertaken<br />
at Lund <strong>University</strong> in Sweden.<br />
Abotsi studied first at the<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Science and<br />
Technology at Kumasi (Ghana).<br />
He then went to the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
Strathclyde in Scotland where he<br />
was awarded his doctorate in<br />
fermentation technology in 1981.<br />
He then returned to Ghana for six<br />
years before heading south – first<br />
to Zambia and finally to Turfloop.<br />
Sechene Gololo and Matlou Mogkotho with the piece <strong>of</strong> equipment called a rotavapour that is part <strong>of</strong> an<br />
extraction process for bio-active compounds
Rural Community Empowerment:<br />
SMALL VERSUS BIG –<br />
AN IMPORTANT AGRICULTURAL DEBATE<br />
iIN THE POST-1994 CLIMATE,<br />
SOUTH AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES<br />
WERE BEING CHALLENGED AS<br />
NEVER BEFORE TO FOCUS THEIR<br />
ATTENTION MUCH MORE<br />
SPECIFICALLY INTO THE COM-<br />
MUNITIES LIVING IMMEDIATELY<br />
BEYOND THEIR CAMPUS GATES.<br />
Thanks to the long impact <strong>of</strong><br />
apartheid, some confusion<br />
seemed to exist in academic<br />
circles between the notion <strong>of</strong><br />
‘pure’ scientific research<br />
and research related to actual<br />
African realities.<br />
As a result <strong>of</strong> such debates,<br />
and under the guidance <strong>of</strong><br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Naftali Mollel who is<br />
acting Dean <strong>of</strong> the Turfloop<br />
Faculty <strong>of</strong> Sciences, Health and<br />
Agriculture, the then <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
the North (now <strong>Limpopo</strong>) did<br />
something about the challenge.<br />
They established the Centre for<br />
Rural Community Empowerment<br />
(CRCE) as the outreach arm <strong>of</strong><br />
the School <strong>of</strong> Agricultural and<br />
Environmental Sciences.<br />
That was in the year 2000.<br />
Two years later, French-born<br />
Thierry Lassalle arrived. He<br />
had accumulated extensive rural<br />
developmental experience in<br />
Africa. His first 10 years were<br />
spent in Tanzania (from 1988<br />
to1998), working in the field <strong>of</strong><br />
rural market development. He<br />
then consulted more generally in<br />
Tanzania, as well as in Rwanda,<br />
Kenya and Madagascar. And in<br />
2002 he came south to advise<br />
the CRCE’s newly appointed<br />
co-ordinator, Mr Ernest Letsoalo,<br />
who had just graduated from the<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> with a<br />
Masters in Agricultural Extension.<br />
‘I think the debate is no longer<br />
so much about pure versus<br />
African research, not in agriculture<br />
at any rate, as about commercial<br />
versus small-scale agriculture,’<br />
Lassalle says. ‘It’s important that<br />
we legitimise the debate in the<br />
academic arena. It’s crucially<br />
important, I believe, that a<br />
university like <strong>Limpopo</strong> should be<br />
engaged in the challenge <strong>of</strong> how<br />
to shape the future, and how to<br />
bring a better share for everyone.<br />
That’s certainly what the CRCE is<br />
doing – working to legitimise the<br />
debate.’<br />
Lassalle points out that eight<br />
out <strong>of</strong> ten farmers throughout<br />
the world are community-based<br />
small-scale farmers serving the<br />
needs <strong>of</strong> the majority <strong>of</strong> the<br />
developing world’s population.<br />
Their development is therefore<br />
<strong>of</strong> primary concern.<br />
‘A lot <strong>of</strong> commercial farming is<br />
moving in the direction <strong>of</strong> genetic<br />
modification,’ Lassalle observes.<br />
‘But this is proving to be highly<br />
detrimental to development.<br />
Everyone in agriculture<br />
remembers the so-called green<br />
revolution <strong>of</strong> the 1970s. Hybrids<br />
were supposed to eradicate<br />
hunger, but the economics <strong>of</strong> seed<br />
production prevented that. Now,<br />
too, genetically modified seeds<br />
are very definitely the property<br />
<strong>of</strong> the seed companies. So much<br />
so that in some cases the<br />
reproducibility <strong>of</strong> the seeds<br />
developing on the plants has<br />
been removed by the<br />
biotechnologists. The idea is that<br />
new seeds have to be purchased<br />
every year.<br />
‘Where does that leave the<br />
small-scale farmer who operates<br />
on or just above the subsistence<br />
level?’ he adds with real concern.<br />
In response to these<br />
challenges, the CRCE has three<br />
main areas <strong>of</strong> activity: action<br />
research, documenting and<br />
networking.<br />
Action research can be<br />
defined as a combination <strong>of</strong><br />
active assistance and postgraduate<br />
research in several<br />
defined pilot sites around the<br />
Turfloop campus. The first site<br />
involves the Ga-Mothiba<br />
community where dry-land<br />
agriculture and the sustainable<br />
management <strong>of</strong> natural resources<br />
are the main focuses. The second<br />
site involves the Ga-Mampa<br />
community that is situated within<br />
a traditional surface irrigation<br />
P A G E 1 7
Ernest Letsoalo and Thierry Lassalle<br />
Thierry Lassalle and Ga-Mothiba community members<br />
P A G E 1 8
SMALL VERSUS BIG – AN IMPORTANT AGRICULTURAL DEBATE<br />
scheme where a diversification <strong>of</strong><br />
livelihoods (including dairy goats<br />
and eco-tourism) is being<br />
developed. The third site is the<br />
Makg<strong>of</strong>e Trust Farm on which<br />
emerging small-scale farmers are<br />
working on redistributed land with<br />
broiler chickens and vegetables.<br />
The research is carried out<br />
by CRCE interns who are postgraduate<br />
students working<br />
towards their higher degrees.<br />
There are eight such interns for <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Much <strong>of</strong> the documentation<br />
comes from the interns. The CRCE<br />
has a publishing programme that<br />
makes known the results <strong>of</strong> the<br />
research. The CRCE also<br />
produces regular video material<br />
on aspects <strong>of</strong> its work. These<br />
videos are used not only as an<br />
extension tool but are also aired<br />
at national and international<br />
forums. The CRCE is now widely<br />
recognised as an authority in<br />
this field, and the training <strong>of</strong><br />
agricultural extension <strong>of</strong>ficers<br />
as executive producers <strong>of</strong> TV<br />
programmes regularly takes place.<br />
Networking is <strong>of</strong> fundamental<br />
importance to the work <strong>of</strong> the<br />
CRCE. Relationships have been<br />
built up with many national and<br />
provincial bodies, and the<br />
international links reach deep<br />
into Africa. In October last year,<br />
a memorandum <strong>of</strong> understanding<br />
was signed between the<br />
universities <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> and<br />
Tanzania that focuses particularly<br />
on animal science and<br />
agricultural economics and<br />
promotes joint activities and<br />
joint research between the two<br />
institutions.<br />
Other African linkages include:<br />
• One with Pelum (Participatory<br />
Ecological Land-Use<br />
Management), a civil society<br />
network in East, Central and<br />
Southern Africa promoting<br />
sustainable communities.<br />
• Another one with Prolinnova,<br />
(Promoting Local Innovation)<br />
a network <strong>of</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essionals<br />
from research, academic and<br />
development circles aimed<br />
at supporting genuine local<br />
innovations that improve rural<br />
livelihoods.<br />
• And another with the East and<br />
Southern African Farmers’<br />
Forum, an organisation<br />
committed to enabling small<br />
farmers in the region ‘to speak<br />
as a united voice so that<br />
the issues, concerns and<br />
recommendations <strong>of</strong> farmers<br />
becomes an integral part <strong>of</strong><br />
policies and practices at<br />
national, regional and<br />
international levels’.<br />
One <strong>of</strong> the CRCE interns is<br />
currently doing postgraduate<br />
research on the process <strong>of</strong><br />
networking among small-scale<br />
farmers. What functions do the<br />
networking processes fulfil? How<br />
effective are they in breaking<br />
through the restrictions <strong>of</strong> localised<br />
groups? Does horizontal communication<br />
at the local or district level<br />
help with the central issues <strong>of</strong><br />
efficiency and sustainability?<br />
‘Essentially,’ says Lassalle, ‘we<br />
are concerned with promoting<br />
innovation in small-scale agriculture<br />
because it is this branch <strong>of</strong> farming<br />
– much more than huge endeav-<br />
ours with inputs measured in millions<br />
<strong>of</strong> rands – that describes the<br />
sustainable future <strong>of</strong> the developing<br />
world. There are plenty <strong>of</strong><br />
examples <strong>of</strong> large endeavours<br />
ruining the sustainability <strong>of</strong> the<br />
land and breaking the viability <strong>of</strong><br />
a region’s small farmers.<br />
Agriculture should be about the<br />
people on the land, and not only<br />
about outputs measured in tons.’<br />
So the future is going to be<br />
dominated by small-scale farming<br />
concepts like organic, humanbased,<br />
ecologically sustainable,<br />
and so on. And these are the<br />
concepts that the CRCE is seeking<br />
to bring into the mainstream<br />
academic debates at the<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> as it<br />
increasingly focuses attention on<br />
the communities it serves – and<br />
indeed on the basic rural realities<br />
<strong>of</strong> the entire SADC region.<br />
P A G E 1 9
Orthopaedics:<br />
A PASSION FOR DOING HANDS<br />
P A G E 2 0<br />
pPROFESSOR ULRICH MENNEN IS IN PRIVATE<br />
PRACTICE NOW. But he can still be found on some<br />
days a week in his <strong>of</strong>fice as Head <strong>of</strong> the Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Hand and Microsurgery on Medunsa campus.<br />
‘Doing hands,’ as he calls his speciality, is his ruling<br />
passion. But that hasn’t kept him at the <strong>University</strong><br />
which gained a world reputation thanks to his<br />
research, expertise and efforts.<br />
‘It’s teaching. It’s the students. Isn’t this the most<br />
essential thing at an academic institution? And I must<br />
confess I love working with the postgrads. It’s very<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten highly rewarding. No, I no longer operate at the<br />
Dr George Mukhari Hospital. It’s much too frustrating<br />
– all the delays. I do all my operating at a private<br />
hospital now.’<br />
Yet Mennen’s contribution to Medunsa’s reputation<br />
has been substantial. He was undergoing his specialist<br />
training in orthopaedics at Pretoria <strong>University</strong> when he<br />
was headhunted to the fledgling new university ‘in the<br />
bush’ to the north <strong>of</strong> the city. He is one <strong>of</strong> the few<br />
orthopaedic surgeons in the country with a doctorate;<br />
and he’s published over 200 articles and books.<br />
He has lectured in more than 35 countries, introduced<br />
innovative new surgical procedures and developed<br />
a number <strong>of</strong> new surgical implants.<br />
In 1985 he started a fullyfledged Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Hand and Microsurgery, the second such department<br />
in the world after Cuba. This department was<br />
independent from the Department <strong>of</strong> Orthopaedic<br />
Surgery. He was also acting head <strong>of</strong> the latter for two<br />
years, during which time the Orthopaedic Department<br />
was subdivided into five specialist units.<br />
‘In our heyday, during the late 1980s, we were<br />
performing 2 500 hand operations a year here at<br />
Ga-Rankuwa (Dr George Mukhari) Hospital. We<br />
developed a ‘hand team’ comprising doctors, nurses,<br />
physiotherapists, occupational therapists,
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Ulrich Mennen<br />
a psychologist and even a local minister <strong>of</strong> religion.<br />
And the doctor wasn’t necessarily the boss.<br />
The concept worked spectacularly well. It was<br />
partly what made us world famous.’<br />
Today, Mennen is the secretary-general <strong>of</strong> the<br />
prestigious International Federation <strong>of</strong> Societies for<br />
Surgery <strong>of</strong> the Hand. It’s a position he’s held for the<br />
past two years, but he’s been on the Federation’s<br />
executive council for the past eight.<br />
‘The aim <strong>of</strong> the Federation is to encourage<br />
countries to establish their own national societies.<br />
Then the Federation provides them with a home – and<br />
with contact with others working in the same field.’<br />
Mennen explained that the Federation comprised<br />
no fewer than 35 specialist committees looking at such<br />
subjects as hand anatomy, congenital deformities, the<br />
skin, bones and joints <strong>of</strong> hands, tumours and<br />
infections, training centres and outreach. ‘This last<br />
committee – the outreach one – we call our Handsaround-the-World<br />
Committee. Isn’t that nice?’ he<br />
added with a smile.<br />
‘I have made it a special aim <strong>of</strong> my tenure as<br />
secretary-general to encourage much more outreach<br />
into Africa. The potential is huge and attitudes in<br />
Africa are generally so positive. Usually, when I come<br />
back from conferences or workshops in Africa I feel so<br />
refreshed. Let me tell you about some <strong>of</strong> my African<br />
experiences.’<br />
He detailed three.<br />
The first concerned an Ethiopian postgraduate<br />
student – a man by the name <strong>of</strong> Dr Asrat Mengiste –<br />
who still invites Mennen to lead hand workshops in<br />
East Africa. Mengiste himself now operates an air<br />
service specialising in hand surgery to 11 countries.<br />
The second occured at the end <strong>of</strong> one such<br />
workshop in Moshi on the first slopes <strong>of</strong> Mount<br />
Kilimanjaro, Mennen was presented with a gift and<br />
with a sincere vote <strong>of</strong> thanks. In fact, the speaker told<br />
the 25 surgeons attending from various different<br />
countries that the workshop proved that Africans could<br />
do these things for themselves, without the help and<br />
advice <strong>of</strong> Europeans or Americans. Eveyone had<br />
clapped. ‘As a white South African, this was the<br />
greatest compliment I have ever received in my life,’<br />
he said.<br />
And once Mennen had been invited to speak at the<br />
inaugural meeting <strong>of</strong> the Botswana Orthopaedic<br />
Association. He flew to Gaborone to find the venue<br />
packed with people. He asked who they all were<br />
because they couldn’t all be surgeons. His hosts<br />
laughed. ‘No, no, not all surgeons,’ they explained,<br />
‘but nurses and GPs and physiotherapists and health<br />
<strong>of</strong>ficials and interested members <strong>of</strong> the public’ – and<br />
they had come from all over that huge country to hear<br />
the expert from South Africa – the expert from<br />
Medunsa – speak.<br />
As he related this, it seemed to be from a position<br />
characterised by some vague sense <strong>of</strong> loss, or a<br />
wasting <strong>of</strong> opportunity perhaps.<br />
‘The Medunsa heydays are over,’ was all he said.<br />
But later, he added: ‘The opportunity for Medunsa – or<br />
should I now say the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> – to<br />
assume a leadership role in Africa remains enormous.<br />
It’s a matter <strong>of</strong> grabbing the opportunity and<br />
harnessing the huge goodwill and enthusiasm that<br />
exists on the continent. The <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> can<br />
certainly become the ‘Medical Gateway’ to Africa.’<br />
P A G E 2 1
Immunisation:<br />
SECURING THE HEALTH OF FUTURE<br />
GENERATIONS<br />
w<br />
WHAT’S THE BEST WAY TO<br />
SECURE THE HEALTH OF FUTURE<br />
GENERATIONS? There are plenty<br />
<strong>of</strong> answers to this vital question –<br />
many <strong>of</strong> them ecologically and<br />
politically fashionable – but one<br />
<strong>of</strong> the most direct and obvious<br />
must relate to the strengthening <strong>of</strong><br />
immunisation programmes and<br />
services.<br />
That’s certainly what’s happening<br />
in South Africa through the<br />
Expanded Programme <strong>of</strong><br />
Immunisation (EPI) that <strong>of</strong>fers<br />
comprehensive protection for the<br />
nation’s children. (see the box on<br />
the next page for details) against<br />
all the major preventable diseases.<br />
It was adopted in South<br />
Africa according to World Health<br />
Organisation recommendations<br />
in 1995, with specific protection<br />
against hepatitis B added during<br />
the same year, and against<br />
Haemophilus influenzae type b in<br />
1999.<br />
But there are challenges to the<br />
full success <strong>of</strong> the EPI. These<br />
include a lack <strong>of</strong> public knowledge<br />
<strong>of</strong> the programme, some<br />
complacency among health workers<br />
because the EPI has been so<br />
successful over the past decade,<br />
and also an under-utilisation <strong>of</strong><br />
immunisation programmes in the<br />
face <strong>of</strong> competing health priorities<br />
like HIV/AIDS.<br />
This was realised some time<br />
ago by academics at Medunsa<br />
P A G E 2 2<br />
Dr Jeffrey Mphahlele<br />
Campus. Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Anwar<br />
Hoosen, head <strong>of</strong> the Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Microbiology, and Dr Jeffrey<br />
Mphahlele, head <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Department <strong>of</strong> Virology, in<br />
particular wanted to do something<br />
to support the government’s<br />
initiative. In the early 2000s,<br />
therefore, in partnership with<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Andre Meheus from the<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Antwerp, funding<br />
from the Flemish Inter-<strong>University</strong><br />
Council was secured and the<br />
Own Initiative Project (OIP) at<br />
Medunsa campus launched..<br />
The intention was generally to<br />
support the government’s EPI<br />
through research, curriculum<br />
development, epidemiological<br />
studies on the impact <strong>of</strong> the EPI,<br />
and most importantly to establish<br />
at Medunsa campus an<br />
immunisation and vaccination<br />
‘centre <strong>of</strong> excellence’ that would<br />
outlive the funded life <strong>of</strong> the OIP.<br />
The result was the establishment<br />
<strong>of</strong> the South African Vaccination<br />
and Immunisation Centre (SAVIC)<br />
which has as its specific objectives:<br />
• To promote synergies between<br />
the Department <strong>of</strong> Health and<br />
health scientists at academic<br />
institutions.<br />
• To disseminate to health <strong>of</strong>ficials<br />
and workers, academics and<br />
scientists, as well as to the<br />
vaccine industry and the general<br />
public, up-to-date South<br />
African information about<br />
vaccine-preventable diseases.<br />
• And to collaborate and share<br />
resources with local, regional<br />
and global partners.<br />
Project manager for SAVIC and<br />
OIP, Rose Burnett, says that at the
end <strong>of</strong> the life <strong>of</strong> OIP early in<br />
2007, a large meeting for<br />
representatives from the whole <strong>of</strong><br />
Southern Africa is being planned<br />
with the express purpose <strong>of</strong><br />
extending SAVIC services into the<br />
rest <strong>of</strong> the continent. ‘Already, our<br />
website carries reports and<br />
research results from other African<br />
countries,’ she adds.<br />
The SAVIC website, which is<br />
populated and managed at<br />
Medunsa campus by Turflooptrained<br />
medical scientist<br />
Avhashoni Tshatsinde, came<br />
on-stream a few months ago, and<br />
carries high-quality information on<br />
preventable diseases, on the EPI<br />
programme and on related<br />
research topics.<br />
‘Our website,’ says Burnett,<br />
who holds a Masters in Public<br />
Health and lectures in<br />
epidemiology at the National<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Public Health (NSPH)<br />
on the Medunsa campus, ‘aims to<br />
be the prime source <strong>of</strong><br />
information for promoting<br />
awareness <strong>of</strong> vaccine-preventable<br />
diseases, supporting local and<br />
regional immunisation initiatives,<br />
and promoting the use and<br />
benefits <strong>of</strong> vaccines. It’s an<br />
invaluable tool. But that’s not all<br />
we do.’<br />
Research is currently being<br />
undertaken in health systems<br />
management and policy, and a<br />
behavioural and social study is<br />
Avhashoni Tshatsinde<br />
examining the nature <strong>of</strong> resistance<br />
to immunisation by some mothers<br />
and communities. On the curriculum<br />
development side, work has<br />
already been completed on a<br />
postgraduate diploma in the control<br />
<strong>of</strong> infectious diseases, as well<br />
as a Masters in Public Health that<br />
will concentrate on the same field.<br />
As Burnett says: ‘We want to<br />
produce health graduates at the<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> and elsewhere<br />
who are up-to-date with<br />
what is being practised in the EPI<br />
clinics.’<br />
SAVIC, which incorporates the<br />
OIP, has established several subcommittees<br />
to look at such specialinterest<br />
areas as behavioural<br />
sciences (led by Dr Kebogile<br />
Mokwena, Acting Dean <strong>of</strong> the<br />
NSPH); health systems management<br />
and policy (led by Enoch Peprah,<br />
Dean <strong>of</strong> Academic Affairs at<br />
NSPH); curriculum development<br />
(led by Baile Selaledi, a lecturer<br />
in nursing science); and epidemiology<br />
(led by Dr Mphahlele). Other<br />
prominent Medunsa campus<br />
academics involved on the SAVIC<br />
committees include Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
Gboyega Ogunbanjo, Deputy<br />
Dean (Research) in the powerful<br />
Faculty <strong>of</strong> Medicine, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
Hoosen, and Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Andries<br />
Gous from the School <strong>of</strong> Pharmacy.<br />
To find out more about SAVIC<br />
log on to:<br />
http://www.savic.ac.za.<br />
EXPANDED<br />
PROGRAMME OF<br />
IMMUNISATION (EPI) IN<br />
SOUTH AFRICA<br />
Here are the details <strong>of</strong> what every<br />
child in the country is entitled to,<br />
and can receive free <strong>of</strong> charge at<br />
any public health clinic.<br />
At birth:<br />
• BCG by intradermal injection<br />
• OPV by oral drops<br />
At 6 weeks:<br />
• OPV by oral drops<br />
• DTP + Hib by injection to left thigh<br />
• Hepatitis B by injection to right thigh<br />
At 10 weeks:<br />
• OPV by oral drops<br />
• DTP + Hib by injection to left thigh<br />
• Hepatitis B by injection to right thigh<br />
At 14 weeks:<br />
• OPV by oral drops<br />
• DTP + Hib by injection to left thigh<br />
• Hepatitis B by injection to right thigh<br />
At 9 months:<br />
• Measles by injection to right thigh<br />
At 18 months:<br />
• OPV by oral drops<br />
• DTP by injection to left arm<br />
• Measles by injection to right arm<br />
At five years:<br />
• OPV by oral drops<br />
• DT by injection to left arm<br />
BCG = Bacilli Calmete-Guerin<br />
(administered to immunise against tuberculosis)<br />
OPV = Oral polio vaccine<br />
DTP = Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis<br />
(whooping cough)<br />
DT = Diphtheria and tetanus<br />
Hib = Haemophilus influenzae type b<br />
P A G E 2 3
Public Health:<br />
ONLINE POSTGRADUATE STUDIES<br />
FOR AFRICA<br />
mMEDUNSA’S NATIONAL<br />
SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH<br />
(NSPH) IS DEFINITELY AHEAD OF<br />
THE GAME. Established in 1998<br />
with an initial student intake <strong>of</strong><br />
42 postgraduate students, it’s<br />
produced more public health<br />
graduates since then than all<br />
other equitable institutions in<br />
South Africa put together.<br />
Current student numbers are in<br />
the region <strong>of</strong> 240, <strong>of</strong> which 142<br />
are Masters students and 11 are<br />
working towards their doctorates.<br />
The balance is doing postgraduate<br />
diplomas.<br />
‘A characteristic <strong>of</strong> our student<br />
body,’ says Dr Kebogile<br />
Mokwena, director <strong>of</strong> the NSPH,<br />
‘is that so many <strong>of</strong> them are from<br />
other African countries.<br />
Swaziland, Lesotho, Botswana<br />
and Namibia mostly, but also<br />
some from Zimbabwe and West<br />
Africa. Being a postgraduate<br />
school means that most <strong>of</strong> our<br />
students are already in jobs.<br />
What makes our reach so broad,<br />
in spite <strong>of</strong> this and in spite <strong>of</strong> the<br />
geographical spread <strong>of</strong> our<br />
students, is that we do distance<br />
learning – but it’s distance learning<br />
with a real difference.’<br />
The difference is that the NSPH<br />
uses a sophisticated Canadian<br />
model <strong>of</strong> computer-based learning.<br />
It’s called EMBANET; it costs in<br />
the region <strong>of</strong> R500 000 a year<br />
P A G E 2 4<br />
(but is based on the number <strong>of</strong><br />
student enrolments); ‘and it’s<br />
worth every penny – there’s no<br />
doubt about that’, adds Mokwena.<br />
She demonstrates the s<strong>of</strong>tware<br />
on the computer on her desk. The<br />
main menu comprises several<br />
special functions:<br />
• There’s an ordinary e-mail<br />
facility where students can<br />
communicate with other<br />
students or with lecturers, and<br />
vice versa.<br />
• There’s an NSPH library with<br />
online access to journals,<br />
books, research documents<br />
and other written material.<br />
• There’s a notice board available<br />
to all. On this is posted news<br />
<strong>of</strong> public health events (academic<br />
meetings, conferences, international<br />
gatherings), and also<br />
movements and availability <strong>of</strong><br />
lecturers and other in-school<br />
information.<br />
• Then there are the courses<br />
themselves. Three subheadings<br />
in this function are: About the<br />
Course which provides a<br />
summary <strong>of</strong> requirements,<br />
objectives and content; News<br />
Flash which contains relevant<br />
subsidiary material that might<br />
become available during the<br />
course, such as printed articles<br />
and upcoming television<br />
programmes; and finally the<br />
Course Material, which is<br />
divided into units, each focusing<br />
on a theme and dealt with in<br />
several lessons. (The course<br />
material has been developed<br />
and written at Medunsa.)<br />
• All submissions <strong>of</strong> course work<br />
are made and assessed<br />
electronically via a device<br />
called the ‘white board’ or<br />
virtual lecture room. Essays<br />
and tests by individual students,<br />
as well as comments from the<br />
responsible lecturer, are posted<br />
here where access is given to<br />
other students in the group.<br />
This interactive process, which<br />
frequently includes group<br />
discussions via a customised<br />
chat room, enriches the<br />
teaching/learning process.<br />
• A pre-designed course<br />
schedule provides details <strong>of</strong><br />
course timelines and due dates<br />
for assignments and gives an<br />
accurate picture <strong>of</strong> the time<br />
given to complete each<br />
element <strong>of</strong> the course. In<br />
addition, details <strong>of</strong> how<br />
students are to be evaluated<br />
and marked are provided.<br />
‘As you can imagine, it’s a<br />
teaching-intensive method,’ says<br />
Mokwena. ‘But for this reason,<br />
dropout rates are low. Even<br />
though it’s not easy to replace the<br />
potential for human interaction<br />
that can be got in an actual
lecture room, the great advantage<br />
<strong>of</strong> this method is that it is<br />
accessible to so many who would<br />
otherwise be denied the<br />
opportunity <strong>of</strong> postgraduate study.<br />
This broadened reach is <strong>of</strong> utmost<br />
importance in Africa.’<br />
The high level <strong>of</strong> students from<br />
other countries can be attributed<br />
to initial funding from the<br />
pharmaceutical giant Bristol-<br />
Myers Squibb, who provided<br />
bursaries across the sub-Saharan<br />
region for the first five years <strong>of</strong><br />
the NSPH’s life.<br />
‘But even when the funding<br />
came to an end,’ explains<br />
Mokwena, ‘the foreign students<br />
kept on coming. We had generated<br />
a reputation, and our only<br />
marketing has been word-<strong>of</strong>mouth.<br />
It’s obvious there is a<br />
need for what we <strong>of</strong>fer.’<br />
Mokwena defined public<br />
health as ‘a discipline that deals<br />
with the health <strong>of</strong> groups and<br />
populations (rather than<br />
individuals) and that rests on a<br />
foundation <strong>of</strong> five core elements.<br />
These are social/behavioural<br />
issues, health systems management,<br />
epidemiology, bio-statistics which<br />
puts the numbers into epidemiology,<br />
environmental/occupational<br />
health. Masters students major in<br />
one <strong>of</strong> these specialities.<br />
NSPH students are drawn from<br />
the ranks <strong>of</strong> existing nurses,<br />
doctors, pharmacists, dentists,<br />
health inspectors, social workers,<br />
managers from health departments<br />
or any other sphere where<br />
a health focus is required.<br />
‘Our students have included<br />
Dr Kebogile Mokwena, director <strong>of</strong> Medunsa’s<br />
National School <strong>of</strong> Public Health, trained as a<br />
physiotherapist at Medunsa, gaining both her first<br />
and Master’s degrees at that university. She then<br />
spent two years in America where she obtained her<br />
doctorate in Public Health from the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
South Carolina. She also completed a Higher<br />
Education Diploma from Unisa. Now she’s passing<br />
on her knowledge to hundreds <strong>of</strong> postgraduate<br />
students from South Africa and other Southern<br />
African countries.<br />
the Swaziland Minister <strong>of</strong> Health,<br />
the Health MEC in Gauteng and<br />
other top government people,<br />
hospital managers and World<br />
Health Organisation personnel,’<br />
says Mokwena. She adds with<br />
obvious pride that Medunsa’s<br />
NSPH is the first public health<br />
school in South Africa to produce<br />
a doctoral graduate.<br />
So successful has the NSPH<br />
been that the public health courses<br />
on the Turfloop campus <strong>of</strong> the<br />
newly-merged <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Limpopo</strong> have been absorbed into<br />
the NSPH. It’s certainly one <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ways that the merger is helping to<br />
maintain the quality <strong>of</strong> tuition on<br />
both campuses.<br />
P A G E 2 5
P A G E 2 6
Ecology:<br />
THE LEGACY OF ANTS<br />
fFEW TRAVELLERS TO THE FAMOUS FLOWERS OF<br />
NAMAQUALAND KNOW OF THE EXISTENCE OF<br />
THE UNIQUE AGE-OLD TERMITE NESTS TO BE<br />
FOUND IN THIS BEAUTIFUL AREA OF SOUTH<br />
AFRICA.<br />
According to scientists, some <strong>of</strong> the older <strong>of</strong><br />
these inactive termite nests are between 25 000 and<br />
30 000 years old. The termites, scientifically known<br />
as Microhodotermis viator, built amazingly huge nests<br />
with an average height <strong>of</strong> one metre and a diameter<br />
<strong>of</strong> up to 30 metres. It is, therefore, quite apt that these<br />
nests are known as heuweltjies (hillocks) among the<br />
residents <strong>of</strong> Namaqualand. Millions <strong>of</strong> these<br />
heuweltjies are found on the West Coast from the<br />
Piketberg area up to the border with Namibia.<br />
Research shows that the Cape climate at the time<br />
<strong>of</strong> the building <strong>of</strong> the termite heuweltjies supported an<br />
open savannah area, more suited to the prevalence<br />
<strong>of</strong> termites. The current semi-desert heuweltjie-studded<br />
landscape is, therefore, a telling example <strong>of</strong> the results<br />
<strong>of</strong> climate change.<br />
But there’s a lot more to the heuweltjies than this.<br />
They’re easily recognisable by the unique vegetation<br />
to be found on them. This vegetation differs from the<br />
surrounding vegetation and is the result <strong>of</strong> changed<br />
soil and other characteristics that are connected with<br />
the termite nests. As the plant species that grow on<br />
the heuweltjies are, according to livestock farmers in<br />
the area, tasty to the livestock that is farmed in<br />
Namaqualand, heuweltjies form an important<br />
management component <strong>of</strong> the small-animal industry in<br />
the area. Not only are the heuweltjies important to the<br />
livestock farmers for management purposes, but the<br />
grain farmers in the area are also affected by the<br />
changing characteristics <strong>of</strong> the soil as a result <strong>of</strong> the<br />
prevalence <strong>of</strong> heuweltjies.<br />
Little scientifically-founded knowledge on<br />
heuweltjies is available and even the recommended<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Dirk Wessels<br />
carrying capacity <strong>of</strong> heuweltjie veld is still<br />
scientifically unfounded at present.<br />
Research on Namaqualand’s heuweltjies now forms<br />
part <strong>of</strong> an interdisciplinary, international research<br />
project known as ‘BIOTA South’, funded primarily<br />
by the German government. This ambitious project<br />
comprises a research trajectory from the southern tip<br />
<strong>of</strong> South Africa to the border <strong>of</strong> Angola, with a branch<br />
<strong>of</strong>f to the lichen fields <strong>of</strong> the central Namib desert.<br />
Here, research is being done on a number <strong>of</strong> subjects<br />
ranging from lichens, soil fungi, plants and animals, to<br />
agricultural and socio-economic aspects <strong>of</strong> farmers<br />
and other communities in the trajectory.<br />
Scientists from a number <strong>of</strong> universities and other<br />
institutions in Germany, as well as universities and<br />
government departments in South Africa and Namibia,<br />
are participating. Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Dirk Wessels <strong>of</strong> the<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong>, an expert on the lichen fields<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Namib, is part <strong>of</strong> a specialist group <strong>of</strong><br />
international scientists led by Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Burkhard Büdel<br />
<strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Kaiserslautern in Germany doing<br />
research on the biological soil crust <strong>of</strong> heuweltjies and<br />
other areas in the research trajectory.<br />
P A G E 2 7
Ecology: THE LEGACY OF ANTS<br />
Biological soil crusts comprise <strong>of</strong> micro-organisms<br />
that attach to grains <strong>of</strong> soil in the surface layer to form<br />
a dense crust on the surface that in Namaqualand and<br />
Namibia could be as large as several hectares.<br />
Biological soil crusts also occur frequently in <strong>Limpopo</strong><br />
Province. Several species <strong>of</strong> cyano bacteria<br />
(commonly referred to as ‘black algae’ in swimming<br />
pools), algae, bacteria, fungi, and crust-like<br />
earthbound lichen species form part <strong>of</strong> such biological<br />
soil crusts. According to scientists, centimetre-deep<br />
layers <strong>of</strong> biological soil crusts may take more than<br />
100 years to develop<br />
Cyano bacteria are ancient residents <strong>of</strong> our planet<br />
and the first species occurred 3.9 billion years ago.<br />
Lichens are commonly known as rock flowers or<br />
stonecrop [korsmosse] and consist <strong>of</strong> a fungus and<br />
species <strong>of</strong> algal that live together in a symbiotic and<br />
mutually beneficial relationship. More than a thousand<br />
lichen species that can live to ages <strong>of</strong> six thousand<br />
years or more are found in South Africa and Namibia.<br />
There can be no doubt that biological soil crusts<br />
are <strong>of</strong> international ecological importance. They<br />
prevent erosion, retard desiccation, contribute to<br />
organic sound material and the large-scale fixation<br />
<strong>of</strong> atmospheric nitrogen.<br />
‘During the course <strong>of</strong> the team’s work on the<br />
biological soil crusts,’ says Wessels from his Turfloop<br />
<strong>of</strong>fice, ‘we were surprised to discover that the<br />
chlorophyll concentration in some <strong>of</strong> the crusts is<br />
comparable to chlorophyll concentrations in the<br />
Atlantic Ocean.’ He explained that chlorophyll is the<br />
green colouring found in plant leaves that is essential<br />
for photosynthesis, a light-driven process by which<br />
atmospheric carbon dioxide and water are transformed<br />
into sugars that are used as building blocks by plants.<br />
‘The absorption <strong>of</strong> atmospheric carbon dioxide by<br />
biological soil crusts are <strong>of</strong> specific importance in<br />
P A G E 2 8<br />
Douw Venter<br />
today’s world <strong>of</strong> higher carbon dioxide levels in the<br />
atmosphere that cause the greenhouse effect. The<br />
greenhouse effect leads to higher temperatures that, in<br />
turn, can lead to large-scale climate change,’ Wessels<br />
points out.<br />
The rate at which Namaqualand’s soil crusts bind<br />
atmospheric carbon dioxide through photosynthesis is<br />
being researched by Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Büdel and his group.<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Wessels, on the other hand, is researching<br />
the ecology <strong>of</strong> biological soil crusts.<br />
This is done by an automatic weather station that<br />
monitors the microclimate <strong>of</strong> individual heuweltjies.<br />
Variations in soil temperature, soil moisture, total<br />
rainfall, rainfall intensity, light intensity, air<br />
temperature, air moisture and fog precipitation are<br />
measured every half hour on a continuous basis.<br />
The information is gathered and stored electronically,<br />
using a custom-made data logger designed and built<br />
by Douw Venter <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong>. Eight<br />
months’ data were recently successfully downloaded<br />
from the data logger.<br />
This unique information will enable scientists<br />
accurately to clarify the complex ecological role <strong>of</strong><br />
biological soil crusts on heuweltjies. They’ll also be<br />
able to compile a management plan for heuweltjie<br />
country that will ensure the conservation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
biodiversity <strong>of</strong> the veld type as well as better use <strong>of</strong><br />
the veld by stock farmers in the future.<br />
So when next you marvel at the lavish springtime<br />
spectacle <strong>of</strong> the Namaqualand flowers, spare a<br />
thought for the termites and what they started<br />
underneath those normally arid landscapes up to thirty<br />
thousand years ago.<br />
• This article is closely based on a paper supplied by<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Dirk Wessels.
Visual and dramatic arts:<br />
A PERMANENT HOME AT LAST<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Salomi Louw<br />
tTHERE’S A PARTIALLY EMPTY OLD STOREROOM<br />
ON THE TURFLOOP CAMPUS THAT HAS BEEN<br />
EARMARKED FOR REINCARNATION AS A CULTURAL<br />
CENTRE. Indeed, very recently, a small ceremony was<br />
held on campus when the keys to the building were<br />
handed over to Pr<strong>of</strong>essor Salomi Louw, Director <strong>of</strong> the<br />
School <strong>of</strong> Languages and Communication Studies.<br />
‘The project is now <strong>of</strong>ficially under way,’ says<br />
a jubilant Louw. ‘My first proposal for such a centre<br />
was dated 1983. So I can hardly believe that we are<br />
moving at last.’<br />
The Cultural Centre will house a 220-seat theatre<br />
with ample back-stage facilities and storage. The<br />
seating will be moveable which means the theatre can<br />
be configured to suit the production – including an<br />
opportunity to present theatre-in-the-round. Leading <strong>of</strong>f<br />
the foyer will be space to house indigenous music and<br />
oral literature collections – as well as local <strong>Limpopo</strong><br />
Province art. In fact, there’ll be sculptures and<br />
paintings and other art objects everywhere.<br />
‘We’ve been collecting for years,’ says Louw,<br />
indicating many beautiful pieces currently adorning<br />
her <strong>of</strong>fice and reception area. ‘Now we can give them<br />
all a permanent home and concentrate on enlarging<br />
our collection into something that people will travel<br />
long distances to come and see.’<br />
Louw is now looking for sponsors who will buy<br />
individual pieces for a collection that aims fully to<br />
represent the rich artistic heritage existing in the<br />
province. ‘We are convinced that our fine art<br />
collection – not to mention the other activities and<br />
collections in the Cultural Centre – will attract not only<br />
students and researchers but also significant numbers<br />
<strong>of</strong> tourists onto the Turfloop campus.<br />
Although funding is still being sought for this<br />
exciting addition to university infrastructure, Louw is<br />
confident that interested parties will not be in short<br />
supply. She points to a recent visit by a deputation<br />
P A G E 2 9
P A G E 3 0
Visual and dramatic arts:<br />
A PERMANENT HOME AT LAST<br />
from the national Department <strong>of</strong> Arts and Culture,<br />
including representatives <strong>of</strong> the SA-Flemish Partnership<br />
for arts and culture education and training. In<br />
addition, the DAC <strong>of</strong>ficials were keen for the<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> to embark on a comprehensive<br />
training programme for artists and cultural workers.<br />
‘We have been informed,’ says Louw, ‘that if we<br />
embark on the training, funds are available for<br />
support <strong>of</strong> the materials needed. Hopefully this will<br />
translate into support for the establishment <strong>of</strong> our<br />
Cultural Centre.’<br />
Preliminary plans have already been drawn up by<br />
a Polokwane firm <strong>of</strong> architects, and Louw lists the full<br />
range <strong>of</strong> objectives <strong>of</strong> the completed Cultural Centre:<br />
• To collect and exhibit indigenous arts and crafts,<br />
and other cultural objects.<br />
• To provide rehearsal and performance space for<br />
plays, poetery readings, music and dance, and to<br />
undertake training in these fields.<br />
• To house a permanent exhibition <strong>of</strong> creative<br />
writing, including oral literature.<br />
• To make exhibition space (and short-term working<br />
space) available to <strong>Limpopo</strong> artists and crafters.<br />
• To encourage tourism to <strong>Limpopo</strong> province.<br />
• To emphasise the role <strong>of</strong> the <strong>University</strong> in shaping<br />
the history <strong>of</strong> the province by housing a permanent<br />
collection <strong>of</strong> photographs, media productions and<br />
archives.<br />
Louw says that the cleaning <strong>of</strong> the building and<br />
its immediate surroundings will begin with immediate<br />
effect.<br />
P A G E 3 1
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR<br />
pPREFERENCE WILL BE GIVEN TO SHORT LETTERS. Aim for<br />
a maximum <strong>of</strong> 100 to 150 words or expect your epistle to<br />
be edited. Please give contact details when writing to us.<br />
No pseudonyms or anonymous letters will be published.<br />
MISPLACED MAP<br />
I must point out that in <strong>Limpopo</strong> <strong>Leader</strong> 4,<br />
at the end <strong>of</strong> your article on <strong>Limpopo</strong>’s Growth<br />
and Development Strategy, the map reproduced<br />
on page 11 is not a map <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> as stated,<br />
but only a tiny part <strong>of</strong> the province.<br />
Joseph Mamabolo<br />
Senior Manager <strong>of</strong> Planning Co-ordination<br />
Office <strong>of</strong> the Premier<br />
<strong>Limpopo</strong> Province<br />
We apologise for the vague and misleading caption attached to the<br />
photograph referred to above and reproduced here. In fact, what we are<br />
looking at is an infrared satellite image <strong>of</strong> the Olifants River irrigation scheme<br />
mentioned on page 26 <strong>of</strong> LIMPOPO LEADER 4.<br />
GET THAT USAGE RIGHT<br />
ADDRESS YOUR LETTERS TO:<br />
The Editor<br />
<strong>Limpopo</strong> <strong>Leader</strong><br />
PO Box 96306<br />
Brixton 2019<br />
South Africa<br />
Fax: (011)792-7140<br />
E-mail: dgrwrite@iafrica.com<br />
The Tshivenda National Language Body was established through Act <strong>of</strong> V<br />
Parliament with a mandate to<br />
develop and promote Tshivenda as a language through development <strong>of</strong> V<br />
literature and other writings.<br />
The body is concerned about the wrong usage <strong>of</strong> Tshivenda in your magazine V<br />
(<strong>Limpopo</strong> <strong>Leader</strong> 4).<br />
You have spelt Tsireledzani as Tsireledzani which is not acceptable in Tshivenda. In case V<br />
you V<br />
need<br />
assistance in Tshivenda you could contact Pr<strong>of</strong>essor RN Madadzhe at <strong>Limpopo</strong> <strong>University</strong> or any<br />
V<br />
V<br />
member <strong>of</strong> Tshivenda National Language Body.<br />
V<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor MJ Mafela<br />
Deputy Chairperson, TNLB<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> Venda for Science and Technology<br />
Thohoyandou.
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Cut out this form and send to Ms Nozipho Kwenaite on fax (015) 267-0485, or post to her at<br />
<strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong> Private Bag X1106 Sovenga 0727. For further information about your<br />
contributions contact her on tel: (015) 268-2625.<br />
ALL DONATIONS OR PLEDGES WILL BE ACKNOWLEDGED. R emember: donations are tax deductible.<br />
A tax certificate will be sent to you within 14 days <strong>of</strong> receipt <strong>of</strong> your contribution ... and<br />
KEEP ABREAST OF UNIVERSITY ACTIVITIES ... a year’s free subscription to L impopo <strong>Leader</strong> to everyone<br />
donating R250 or more.<br />
SUBSCRIPTION<br />
P A G E 3 2<br />
SUBSCRIBE TO <strong>Limpopo</strong> <strong>Leader</strong> NOW!<br />
PAY YOUR R50 DIRECTLY INTO THE UNIVERSITY’S BANK ACCOUNT OR PAY BY CHEQUE.<br />
Either way, we’ll need your particulars: your name and postal address and occupation (so we can see who<br />
is reading the magazine); and pro<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> deposit if you’re paying directly into our account, the details <strong>of</strong> which<br />
are given here.<br />
Bank: Standard Bank<br />
Branch: Polokwane<br />
Branch code: 52548<br />
Account name: <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Limpopo</strong><br />
Account number: 03 013 140 5<br />
Reference: LLsubs(+ your name)<br />
Our contact details are:<br />
Tel: (011) 792-9951 Fax: (011) 792-7140 E-mail: dgrwrite@iafrica.com PO Box 96306 Brixton 2019
Secure your future<br />
Tsireledzani vhumatshelo hanu<br />
Tihlayiseleni vumundzuku bya n’wina<br />
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Sireletsa bokamoso bja gago<br />
Verseker jou toekoms<br />
Vikela ikusasa lakho<br />
UNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPO<br />
Telephone: (015) 268 3211<br />
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