Brushstrokes - October 2011 - Surface Coatings Association of New ...

www.scanz.org.nz 

OCTOBER 2011 

Crystals of Anatase Titanium Dioxide

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This edition was intended to have Titanium 

dioxide as its theme but as usual following 

the conference, there is some spill over in this 

issue and for the next. In this edition we have the full 

transcript of Adam Berry’s article kindly given to us by 

Nuplex Industries Ltd. Adam has joined Rocket Lab 

Ltd, a new Zealand based company that is developing 

niche technologies in electronics and propulsion 

system for rockets. Who would have believed that paint 

technology could lead to Rocket Science? Of course 

some would say that Rocket Science is no longer 

Rocket Science! NASA are planning to hand launch 

capability over to the private sector on the grounds 

that rocket science has become common science. I 

think there may be some pain ahead. 

Speaking of rocket science, we see from Peter’s 

painted memories, that early titanium dioxide started 

life as a coprecipitated anatase and barium sulphate 

and eventually to uncoated grades in the early 1940’s. 

Uncoated titanium dioxide has highly catalytic 

effect on any organic binding resins and must have 

produced some fierce chalking. The advent of surface 

treated grades greatly improved the performance as 

we see today. Couple that with the improvements in 

additives and titanium almost stirs straight into many 

paint formulations without the need for prolonged 

dispersion. When I started in the paint industry, 

everything was done in a ball mill, even laboratory 

samples. How many people even remember how to 

formulate for a ball mill? 

Throughout the time that I have been associated with 

the paint industry, the titanium dioxide producers 

have been threatening short supply and high prices as 

the cost of production and the market price squeezed 

profits, or so we were always lead to believe. We even 

had some Japanese suppliers use the New Zealand 

market to get established and then “turn off the tap” 

so to speak. Titanium is probably better value in real 

dollar terms than it has ever been and with a rebound 

recession predicted, the paint industry will no doubt 

feel the effects very early in the cycle, resulting in less 

pressure on prices. Let’s hope our own paint industry 

will be in position to take advantage of it. 

Brushstrokes 

Editorial 

The committee is in the advanced stages of planning 

for a seminar to be held in mid October, similar to the 

very successful one held back in 2004. The theme 

is basic paint technology, intended fort technicians, 

people in sales that think they know it all but often 

don’t, old hand like me that have forgotten it or have 

holes in their knowledge they don’t even know about, 

or anyone else that is interested to learn, or re learn, 

some of the fundamentals again. With the changes 

that have taken place in the last 10 years or so, there 

is always something new to be learnt. Look out for the 

notice later in the journal. 

In that regard, the Coatings and Polymer Science 

course is still available at the University of Auckland. 

It is administered by Neil Edmonds and run at 

Tamaki Campus in Glen Innes. The course has 

been amalgamated into the polymers and plastics 

program and run in conjunction between the School 

of Chemical Sciences and Engineering and Materials 

Science. More details next issue for those that would 

like to take their knowledge to a higher level with a 

recognised qualification. 

CJB. 

The theme of the next issue is 

Roof Coatings. 

Any technical, historical or market oriented 

articles to do with the paint for roofs, painting 

roofs or the substrates that roofs are made 

from, will be gratefully accepted. 

Please send any ideas, articles 

or suggestions to the editor. 

Email: cbolt@xtra.co.nz 

Phone: 021 897 844. 

or by mail to PO Box 1282, Pukekohe 2340 

Advertising enquires: Marina on 

021 781 968 or marina@apconz.co.nz 

Visit the SCANZ website 

www.scanz.org.nz 

SURFACE COATINGS ASSOCIATION OF NEW ZEALAND 1

Painted Memories 

A selection of Historical Paint References compiled by Peter Walters 

Titanium Dioxide, the theme of this edition of Brushstrokes, is, 

in spite of its now almost universal use as the white opacifying 

pigment in most industries, a very recent addition to our 

formulating armoury. Titanium Dioxide has only been produced 

commercially since 1919, initially by two companies, sharing 

technology and development efforts, in Fredrikstad, Norway & 

Niagara Falls, USA. 

The first Titanium Dioxide products consisted of 25% anatase 

TiO2 co-precipitated with 75% barium or calcium sulphate. 

These pigments gave between three and four times as much 

hiding as the then commonly used white lead. This quantum 

leap in performance sounded the death knell of white lead as 

an effective opacifying pigment. However initial cost of these 

‘high performance’ pigments relegated their early use to quality 

and specialised paints, providing the white lead industry with 

breathing space. 

The crucial dates in the adoption of TiO2 as our preferred 

white opacifying pigment are 1920, the first commercial TiO2 

composite products became available for purchase, 1928, 

‘Pure’ anatase pigments, 1940, ‘Pure’ rutile pigments and 1951 

the first surface treated TiO2 products became commercially 

available. During the 1950’s TiO2 replaced most previous white 

opacifiers as the pigment of choice. 

This timeline is reflected in the historic texts in my personal 

library. The Certain-teed Paints Varnishes handbook of 1928 

mentions Titanox, a 30% titanium oxide co-precipitated 

with 70% barium sulphate, and Titanolith, a very new coprecipitated 

three component pigment consisting of 15% 

titanium oxide, 25% zinc sulphide and 60% barium sulphate. 

The handbook contains the comment “Titanium oxide itself 

is a very excellent pigment but it is so expensive that it could 

not be put to general use.” Even the article on Titanox states 

that “Its relatively high cost causes it to be replaced whenever 

possible by combinations of other pigments which possess 

equally good properties.” 

By 1935 The Modern Painter and Decorator stated, under an 

entry for Titanium Oxide, that it was a “comparatively new 

addition to the range of white pigments” that had the chief 

disadvantage of an “expense which has prevented it from being 

so widely employed as it deserves to be.” 

My extract for our theme is from von Fischer’s comprehensive 

textbook “Paint and Varnish Technology” published in 1948 by 

the Reinhold Publishing Company. I have chosen to reproduce 

the first part of Chapter 5 as it comprehensively contrasts and 

compares all white opacifying pigments used in the coatings 

2 SURFACE COATINGS ASSOCIATION OF NEW ZEALAND 

industry at a point in time when Titanium Dioxide was just 

coming to dominate this field. A coatings text, therefore, had to 

compare TiO2 with the existing technologies that the coatings 

technologists at the time would have been familiar with. This 

textbook was also published prior to the introduction of surface 

treated grades of TiO2 and at a time when anatase TiO2 was 

considered the appropriate choice for exterior white house 

paints because of the “self-cleaning” properties brought about 

by its free-chalking characteristics. 

White Hiding Pigments 

By W. H. Madson 

Pigments Department, E.I. duPont deNemours & Co., Inc., 

Wilmington, Delaware 

In this chapter there will be a general consideration of the 

various white hiding pigments in common use. This subject 

is a very large one; therefore it will not be covered completely 

but only the more important points will be considered. There 

isn’t any good short definition of what we mean by a white 

hiding pigment. However, it may be defined as a material which 

“tends to color something white.” 

In order to clarify the topic under consideration it is best to list 

the white hiding pigments which will be taken up. The following 

are included: 

White lead (basic carbonate) Titanium dioxide (Rutile) 

White lead (basic sulfate) Titanated Lithopone 

Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide-barium 

Leaded zinc oxide Zinc sulfide-calcium 

Lithopone Zinc sulfide-magnesium 

Zinc sulfide Antimony Oxide 

Titanium-barium pigment Lead titanate 

Titanium-calcium pigment Basic lead silicate 

Titanium-magnesium pigment Zirconium oxide 

Titanium dioxide (Anatase) Lead tetra-phosphate 

Of these 20 white pigments, white lead is the oldest, while 

titanium dioxide (pure and extended) is the most important 

today. The last three are relatively new in the pigment field. 

Probably more will be learned about these in future years. 

Figures 2 and 3 summarize the production figures of 

three important pigments. A study of these graphs reveals 

interesting information on the production of these materials. 

Attention is called to the effect of the depression years and 

how the introduction of a new pigment tends to affect one 

already in production.

Fig. 2 Some white pigment sales. 

Fig. 3 

As mentioned above White lead is the oldest white pigment 

in use today. It was known at least 400 B.C. The first plant 

in America was built in 1804 by Samuel Wetherill & Sons 

in Philadelphia. There have been recent advances in the 

improvement of manufacture which is enabling the industry 

to make better white lead pigment. It is manufactured by 

five different processes. These vary primarily in the type of 

raw material used. 

The oldest process is probably the Dutch process, which 

uses refined metallic lead in the form of perforated discs. It 

takes about three months to make the white lead. The Carter 

process dates from 1885. It uses powdered lead in revolving 

wooden cylinders and takes only 12 days. The Euston process 

puts the refined lead in solution and precipitates the white 

lead. Feathered lead is used as the raw material, which is 

made by running molten lead into water. The Sperry process 

is the electric process using a lead anode and iron cathode. 

The electrolytes, sodium acetate and sodium carbonate, are 

separated by a membrane. The Thompson-Stewart process is 

a recent development similar to the Carter process in that lead 

oxide is formed. However, all the lead oxide is first formed; 

then carbon-dioxide is added and controlled to form a definite 

chemical compound: 4PbC03.2Pb(OH)2.PbO. 

Basic carbonate white lead has the ability to impart adhesion, 

toughness, elasticity, and durability to a paint. It is used in 

various types of paint, principally in exterior paints. Basic 

carbonate white lead is the only white pigment which will 

produce a durable exterior paint if used alone without other 

pigments. A large proportion of the total white-lead production 

is used in white-lead pastes, which are thinned to paint form 

by the painter or other consumer. The two types of commercial 

white-lead paste are heavy paste and soft paste. The first is 

composed of about 91 per cent white lead and 9 per cent 

linseed oil, while the latter contains about 89 per cent white 

lead, 9 per cent linseed oil, and 2 per cent turpentine. The 

linseed oil used is refined oil with an acid number of 6 to 12. 

About 95 per cent of the total production of white lead is 

consumed by the paint industry, with a small amount used in 

putty and by the ceramic and other industries. 

Basic lead sulfate is quite widely used as a paint pigment. 

It is called white basic lead sulfate, basic sulfate white lead 

or “sublimed white lead.” White basic lead sulfate is a quite 

recent pigment in comparison to basic carbonate white lead. 

It was originated in 1855 by E. O. Bartlett. He was at that 

time making zinc oxide directly from zinc ores by the American 

process. Applying the same principles to the production of a 

lead pigment from lead ore, he found that it was possible to 

produce a white powder having pigment properties. 

The first plant was built in 1876 in Joplin, Missouri, where lead 

ore deposits were sufficiently free from other metals for the 

production of white basic lead sulfate. It is manufactured by two 

processes, called the fume process and the chemical process; 

these are self-explanatory as far as manufacturing is concerned. 

Almost the entire production of white basic lead sulfate goes into 

mixed-pigment exterior paints, either directly or as the basic lead 

sulfate portion of blended leaded zinc oxides. 

White basic lead sulfate, like basic carbonate white lead, has 

the ability to impart to paints adhesion, toughness, elasticity, 

and durability, but is not as effective in this respect as is the 

basic carbonate. In exterior mixed-pigment paints, it is used 

principally as a substitute for basic carbonate white lead. 

White basic lead sulfate may be used for the “white lead” 

content of many specification paints, such as Federal 

Specification paints TT-P-40 and TT-P-81. White basic lead 

sulfate is a less expensive pigment than basic carbonate 

white lead, and this has been an influencing factor in its 

use. White basic lead sulfate is not generally used for singlepigment 

paints or pastes but is used in conjunction with 

other pigments in ready-mixed exterior paints. Ninety-seven 

per cent of the total production of this material is used in 

the paint industry, the remaining 3 per cent being used in 

the rubber and other industries. 

Zinc oxide pigments are made primarily by either the American 

or French process. In both these processes the characteristics 

of the pigment are determined by: 

1. The temperature of the oxidation of the fume; 

2. The time the zinc oxide is held at a high temperature; 

3. The composition of the gases; 

4. The rate of cooling. 


The French process uses purified metal which is melted and 

vaporized at 1650 to 1850°F under controlled conditions. The 

main difference in the American process is that this process 

uses ore instead of refined metal. 

However, the effects for which it is used in paints can be 

summarized, together with the known or suggested explanations 

for the results: 

“Use of Zinc Oxide in Paints (Nelson-Mattiello) 

To aid mixing and grinding - Consistency control - Penetration 

control and sealing - Drying - Hardening or solidifying the film 

Gloss and gloss retention - To minimize discoloration and 

yellowing - Reduced chalking - Color and tint retention 

Dirt shedding (self-cleansing), washability, and ease of 

polishing - Mildew control - Resistance to moisture and to 

blistering under moist conditions - Neutralizing and inhibiting” 

Leaded zinc oxide was first introduced into the paint industry 

about 1896 as a result of developments on smelting Colorado 

complex zinc and lead ores. With improvements in the 

manufacturing process the product was standardized. Several 

grades were developed containing 5, 20 and 35 per cent lead 

sulfate and basic lead sulfate, the remainder being zinc oxide. 

The more recent developments have been the introduction of 

a 50 per cent grade of leaded zinc and the manufacture of 

leaded zinc oxides by blending white basic lead sulfate and 

lead-free zinc oxide. A considerable portion of the leaded zinc 

oxide on the market today is entirely or in part a mechanical 

mixture. Practically the entire production of leaded zinc oxide 

is used by the paint industry. It is used in conjunction with 

other white pigments in exterior house paints. When leaded 

zinc oxide is used in a paint it usually furnishes the entire 

amount of zinc oxide required in the particular paint. 

Co-fumed leaded zinc is made in the same general manner as 

American process lead-free zinc oxide. Dry-mixing zinc oxide 

and basic lead sulfate in the proper proportions yields blended 

leaded zinc oxide. 

Lithopone was not very important for some time after its 

introduction. This is often characteristic, and some attribute this 

condition to the fact that people do not like to make changes. 

However, the fact that lithopone was not light-stable prior to 

about 1920 no doubt had a definite effect on its acceptance. The 

improvement in lithopone at this time was very marked and made 

it possible for the material to be used much more widely than 

previously. Lithopone is primarily used in paints, rubber, textiles, 

paper and printing inks. It is receiving very stiff competition from 

titanium dioxide and extended titanium dioxide. 

High strength lithopones are made by blending lithopone with 

zinc sulfide or titanium dioxide. The former are made in several 

“strengths,” the 50 to 55 per cent zinc sulfide grade being 

the most popular. This is also known as zinc sulfide-barium 

pigment. Blends with titanium dioxide are called “titanated 

lithopones,” and usually contain about 15 per cent of titanium 

dioxide. Also in this same class are the zinc sulfide-calcium 

and zinc sulfide-magnesium pigments; these are blends of zinc 

sulfide with calcium sulfate or magnesium silicate. 


Zinc sulfide is a relatively high-strength pigment, but it has not 

been used as widely as the blends with lithopone or extenders. 

Extended titanium pigments were introduced shortly after World 

War I. First to be produced was titanium-barium pigment, 

consisting of 25 per cent titanium dioxide and 75 per cent 

barium sulfate. Later came titanium-calcium pigment, with 30 

per cent titanium dioxide, and a 30 per cent titanium-barium 

pigment. Relatively recently, titanium-magnesium pigment (30 

per cent titanium dioxide and 70 per cent magnesium silicate) 

was made for use in house paints. 

These pigments, particularly straight titanium dioxide, met 

great resistance because of their relatively high price per 

pound, and a long educational program was required to 

convince the pigment users that these prices were really low 

when considered on the basis of cost per unit of hiding power 

developed in the finished product. 

Fig. 4 Titanium dioxide pigment 

Titanium dioxide has the highest hiding power of any of the 

white pigments, but its manufacture is more complicated and 

more expensive than any of the other pigments which have been 

considered. Figure 4 shows the manufacture of titanium dioxide 

pigment. Examination of this flow sheet shows how complicated 

the manufacture of this pigment really is. In order to 

manufacture pigment of a high quality today, extreme care must 

be taken in all steps, and impurities controlled very accurately. 

Previously the subject of hiding power was mentioned. It is 

this quality of titanium dioxide that makes it very important in 

the paint field. The comparison of the hiding power of various 

pigments is given in Figure 5. There may be some disagreement 

in the actual values of hiding power. This disagreement is 

due primarily to the fact that different conditions are used in 

measuring it. However, in general, the order given in Figure 5 

will be found under usual conditions. 

Fig. 5 Comparison of hiding power of various pigments.

A Naturally Occurring Sub-Micron Titanium 

Dioxide Extender for Decorative Paints 

Introduction 

By Simon Bussell*, Technical Sales Manager, Sibelco Speciality Minerals Europe * Corresponding author 

Mart Verheijen, Application Development Manager, Sibelco Speciality Minerals Europe 

In the first quarter of 2009 the price of titanium dioxide (TiO2) 

stood at $2,400/tonne for the US and Asia. Since that time 

regular increases have seen the price increase dramatically 

to $2,750-2,950/tonne by the end of 2010. Prices are even 

higher in Europe at up to €2,780/tonne.‚ At the same time 

supply has been severely limited with manufacturers rationing 

deliveries to customers. There are several causes for this, 

shortages of titanium ores such as ilmenite and rutile as well 

as other raw materials such as sulphuric acid, increased energy 

costs, increased demand from Asia and capacity reduction by 

suppliers. This situation has forced formulators to look again 

at the level of TiO2 in their coatings and consider options for 

reducing the quantities used. One such option is a complex 

carbonate extender produced by the Sibelco Group company 

Ankerpoort based a mixture of calcium and magnesium 

carbonates and hydrated carbonates. The material is marketed 

by Sibelco Speciality Minerals Europe (SSME) a new 

commercial group focused on the supply of functional fillers for 

coatings, polymers and adhesives. This work will show that the 

mixture, which occurs naturally as sub-micron, platy crystals, 

is an ideal TiO2 extender, maintaining and improving brightness 

and hiding power in comparison to other ultrafine extenders. 

Experimental 

Titanium Dioxide is responsible for two principle features of 

paints and coatings, whiteness and opacity. TiO2 is the best 

pigment for these properties because of its high refractive 

index (2.75). This gives the highest level of scattering when 

light crosses the boundary between binder and TiO2 particle or 

air and TiO2 particle. Reduction of TiO2 content is a balancing 

act between the need to reduce cost and the need to maintain 

quality. To be effective a TiO2 extender must allow TiO2 levels to 

be reduced while maintaining whiteness and opacity levels. 

In the 1970’s a wall paint could contain more than 18% TiO2 by 

volume. 3 This has been steadily reduced since that time, typically 

by improving the dispersion and separation of TiO2 particles in the 

film. Figure 1 shows diagrammatically how this can be done by 

reducing the average particle size of the filler material. 

There is a limit to how effective this method can be. Beyond 

a certain particle size suitable finely ground fillers may not be 

available, and if they are binder demand, dispersant levels and 

dispersion time would all be increased. An alternative method 

is to use ultrafine particles to space the TiO2 particles in the 

interstitial voids between large filler particles (figure 2). Typically 

Figure 1 – improved TiO2 distribution by reduction of filler particle size 

(not to scale). 

particles of around twice the diameter of TiO2 particles (0.5- 

0.6µm) are found to be most effective. 

The purpose of this work was 

to determine how effective this 

complex carbonate mineral 

is as a TiO2 extender. To do 

this it was compared with four 

other materials commonly 

used for TiO2 extension, finely 

ground calcite, precipitated 

calcium carbonate, fine 

hydrous kaolin and calcined 

kaolin at two different TiO2 

volume concentrations. 

Figure 2 - TiO2 spacing by ultrafine extender (not to scale) 

Materials 

This work was undertaken at the SSME paint lab in Maastricht 

using a formulation (table 1) based on a styrene-acrylic 

emulsion. Initially two coatings were prepared using 7% TiO2 by 

volume and 3.5% TiO2 by volume. Selected coatings from these 

trials were repeated using a higher binder level. With the PVC 

above critical and a low level of TiO2 these coatings were felt to 

represent a general use interior wall paint. 

Fillers 

The complex carbonate extender is a mixed alkaline earth 

carbonate with the general formula Mg3Ca(CO3)4. It is formed 

by the weathering of magnesite or dolomite and subsequent 

deposition. Ankerpoort mine and partially process the material 

in Greece (figure 3) where the raw material is screened and 

beneficiated to provide a reasonably pure feedstock for further 

processing. The material is then shipped to The Netherlands 

where Ankerpoort have developed proprietary processing 


Table 1 – interior wall paint formulation 

techniques to achieve the optimum particle size distribution without 

affecting the unique morphology. The deposit is fine and white with 

a high carbonate content and an iron content of only 0.03%. 

Details of the morphology and physical properties can be seen in 

figure 1 and table 1. It occurs naturally as an aggregate of platy 

crystals with sides of ≈ 0.5 – 1.0µm and an aspect ratio of 10:1. 

The defining properties are the high brightness, low particle size 

and the high oil absorption/ surface area. The advantages of 

these properties will be shown in the following work. 

The properties of the other test fillers (as measured by SSME) 

are summarised in table 3. Where quoted, the manufacturers 

D50 particle size is also given. Measurements were made using 

the Sedigraph technique which is useful for platy materials 

such as hydrous kaolin, but can give discrepancies for round 

or needle shaped particles such as PCC. A lower value would 

be expected for the calcined kaolin suggesting this sample was 

highly agglomerated. 

Methods 

7% TiO2 

7% TiO2 

+ 20% 

Binder 

3.5% TiO2 

Dispersion - All coatings were produced using a high speed 

disperser with a toothed blade. The water, dispersants, calcium 

scavenger, biocide, antifoam and thickener were dispersed at 


3.5% TiO2 

+ 10% 

Binder 

Water 270 270 270 270 

Dispersant A 4 4 4 4 

Na HMP 1 1 1 1 

Dispersant B 1 1 1 1 

Biocide 3 3 3 3 

Antifoam 2 2 2 2 

Cellulose thickener 3 3 3 3 

TiO2 80 80 40 40 

5µm GCC 290 290 290 290 

Test extender 100 100 140 140 

Talc 80 80 80 80 

Styrene Acrylic 

binder 

160 192 160 176 

Thickener 3 3 3 3 

TiO2 PVC 7 6.7 3.5 3.4 

Total PVC 72.2 68.4 72.7 70.8 

Figure 3 Ankerpoort mine in Greece 

Figure 4 (left) - Morphology of complex carbonate extender 

Table 2 - Physical properties of complex carbonate extender 

Density 2.7g/cm3 

Mohs Hardness 2 - 3 

Refractive index 1.61 – 1.64 

D50 (Sedigraph) 0.56µm 

Oil Absn 55-60g/100g 

BET 18m2/g 

Brightness (Ry) 95 

Brightness (ISO) 92.3 

pH 10 

Table 3 – physical properties of competitive test extenders 

Fine GCC PCC 

low speed until fully dissolved. The pigment, fillers and extender 

were added and dispersed at high speed for 30 minutes until a 

grind of 5 or better was achieved. Following this the binder and 

thickener were added and dispersed at low speed for a further 

30 minutes until a uniform dispersion was achieved. 

Brightness and contrast ratio - The coatings were drawn 

down onto a Leneta No. 2 opacity chart using a bird type 

applicator to give a 150µm wet film thickness and allowed 

to dry for 7 days. Brightness was measured as L* using a 

spectrophotometer. Contrast ratio was measured as the ratio 

of reflected light from the coating over the black and white 

portions of the card (RB/RW) expressed as a percentage. 

Viscosity measurement - Viscosity was measured using a 

Brookfield viscometer fitted with spindle 5. High and low shear 

measurements were made at 100rpm and 10rpm. 

Results and discussion 

Hydrous 

Kaolin 

Calcined 

Kaolin 

Density 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 

D50 (Sedigraph) 1.1 1.38 0.62 6.6 

D50 (TDS) 0.2 - 0.3 0.7 

Oil Absn 30.5 37.5 42.0 74.5 

Brightness (ISO) 91.0 95.5 85.5 90.9 

The results for all test measurements are shown in table 4a and 

4b. There was no significant difference in the brightness measured 

for all formulations, being in the range 95.0 ± 0.6 although it 

should be mentioned that the highest brightness for each series

Table 4a – test results for 7% TiO2 formulation 

7% Titan 

7% Titan 

+ 20% 

Binder 

was given by the complex carbonate extender. As may be expected 

the brightness of the coatings containing 7% TiO2 was higher than 

those containing 3.5% TiO2, although in reality the difference was 

on average only half a point. Gloss measurements were also very 

similar for all samples ranging from 2.4 to 3.8. All coating would 

be suitable for low sheen applications. 

The variation in contrast ratio was far greater, ranging from 

a low of 90.1 to a high of 96.2. Once again the complex 

carbonate formulations had the highest value in all test series, 

in some cases by a significant margin, being at least two points 

above the average value for each series of tests. The results 

for the fine GCC and the PCC were very similar and it would be 

difficult to place one above the other in terms of contrast ratio. 

The lowest contrast ratio was given by the hydrous and calcined 

kaolins which were also very similar. In terms of particle size 

and shape the hydrous kaolin was closest in morphology to 

the complex carbonate, however the results show it is not as 

effective as the complex carbonate as a TiO2 extender. 

There was some variation between the contrast ratio of the 

higher and lower TiO2 contents. Increasing the level of extender 

and reducing the level of TiO2 gave a higher contrast ratio for 

the complex carbonate, fine GCC and hydrous kaolin while a 

lower value for PCC and calcined kaolin. 

The area which showed the greatest difference between the 

complex carbonate and the other extenders was viscosity. 

The GCC, PCC and hydrous kaolin give reasonably similar 

viscosities, however the complex carbonate gives a noticeably 

higher viscosity and the calcined kaolin a noticeably lower 

viscosity. The highly thixotropic nature of dispersions 

containing the complex carbonate can be an advantage in that 

settling is less pronounced and thickener levels can reduced. If 

lower viscosities are required then subsequent work has shown 

that alternative combinations of dispersant and thickener are 

Portafill H5 Fine GCC PCC Hydrous Kaolin Calcined Kaolin 

Brightness L* 95.8 95.0 95.4 94.9 95.4 

CR/% 96.4 92.4 92.5 92.4 90.1 

Gloss 85° 2.8 2.4 3.2 2.5 2.6 

Viscosity100rpm/cP 2640 1880 2040 1680 1240 


Brightness L* 95.8 95.3 

CR/% 95.9 94.9 

Gloss 85° 2.6 2.7 

Table 4b – test results for 3.5% TiO2 formulation 

3.5% Titan 

3.5% Titan 

+ 10% 

Binder 

Portafill H5 Fine GCC PCC Hydrous Kaolin Calcined Kaolin 

Brightness L* 95.6 94.5 95.1 94.4 94.8 

CR/% 95.2 94.3 91.1 92.2 92.0 

Gloss 85° 3.6 3.4 3.8 2.9 2.9 



Brightness L* 93.2 94.4 94.4 94.1 

CR/% 94.5 92.0 90.3 91.5 

Gloss 85° 3.2 3.1 2.8 3.1 

effective in controlling the rheological behaviour. 

The relatively low viscosity of the mixes containing the calcined 

kaolin, despite the highest oil absorption, may be further 

evidence of the difficulty in deagglomerating the material and 

achieving a fine dispersion. This in turn would account for the 

poor performance in terms of contrast ratio. 

Conclusions 

SSME’s complex carbonate extender is an ultrafine, platy 

extender and has been compared in this series of tests against 

ultrafine carbonate extenders and ultrafine platy extenders. 

Overall the results show that it works well as a TiO2 extender, 

brightness in the test formulations was slightly better than 

the competitive materials however the most important result 

was contrast ratio. In formulations above critical PVC it is 

relatively easy to achieve a good brightness using white fillers 

but dry hiding power can be difficult to maintain as TiO2 

levels are reduced. This work shows that increasing the level 

of the complex carbonate extender in a formulation allows 

the TiO2 level to be reduced while actually increasing the 

dry hiding power to a level not achieved by other fillers. This 

has advantages both in terms of cost reduction and quality 

improvement. In addition the rheological behaviour makes this 

extender highly suitable for viscous materials such as sealants, 

underbody coatings and putties. 

References 

1. Titanium dioxide price pressure, Industrial Minerals, March 2009 

2. Titanium dioxide market most “buoyant” for a decade, Industrial 

Minerals, Jan 2011 

3. The Effect of Fine Particle Size Extenders and Entrapped Air on TiO2 

in Emulsion Paints, Paul F. Dietz, PCI Magazine, September 2003. 

Contact details 

Simon Bussell, Sibelco Europe, Brookside Hall, Sandbach, 

Cheshire, UK. Contact: Simon.bussell@sibelco.com, 

Ph: +44 1270 752914, +44 7889 057206 


Formulating for the Future 

New open-time binder for the Australasian Market 

Summary 

By S.B. Browning and A. Berry - Nuplex Resins, Australasia 

In Australasia, the open time of current water borne enamels 

is limited by the binder system, which in gloss systems is 

about three minutes. Incremental gains in open time may be 

made from changing the rheological profile and/or with certain 

additives, but the open time will still be significantly shorter 

than solvent borne systems. In addition these additives have 

the potential to compromise the chemical and mechanical 

properties of the coating and significantly reduce the coverage. 

Nuplex Industries acknowledges this fact and has developed an 

experimental binder using proprietary binder technology that 

gives coatings two and a half times the open time of commercial 

water borne trim enamels with improved early water resistance. 

Introduction 

Over the past 15 years, the trim enamel market has undergone 

a dramatic shift from solvent borne alkyds to waterborne 

acrylic systems. A number of reasons have been given for 

this including the perceived environmentally friendliness to 

hazard mitigation. This transformation has lead to a number of 

advantages, such as water wash up and fast curing times. 

However, this transition has exposed the weaknesses 

of waterborne acrylic trim enamels. Due to their drying 

behaviour, the open time and gloss are poorer than the older 

solvent borne technologies, whilst their lower solids deliver 

poor telegraphing resistance. 

To resolve these deficiencies Nuplex Resins embarked on 

a project to understand the rheological parameters that 

determine open time with the intention of developing a series 

of binders with better application properties without increasing 

the concentrations of surfactants or solvents. This is important 

as the desired improvement in open time should not be at the 

expense of dry film properties. 

What is open time? 

Open time is many things to many people. However a good 

definition of this property was put forward by Reuvers in 1999: 

“the period of time during curing when small corrections can 

be made without leaving clearly visible brush strokes” 

This definition covers the time in which a painter can repair 

any deformations in the film (the repair time) and the time 

when painter can re-brush (the wet edge or lapping time.) 

One must bear in mind that this is not only the time when 

surface imperfections can flow out of the coating but also 

when sagging, slumping and runs can occur (Akkerman et al, 


2009.) All of these properties are to do with flow and hence 

are related. 

Whilst it is generally acknowledged that the high shear viscosity 

will determine how much paint is applied and hence wet film 

thickness, Bosma et al. found by manipulation of the Orchard 

equation that a paint will cease flow, levelling and hence 

open time once it has reached a certain low shear viscosity 

and from this concluded that paints with a high degree of 

pseudoplasticity will always have poor open times. 

The differences between solvent borne and 

water borne coatings. 

There are number of reasons why the open times of solvent 

borne coatings are superior to those of their water borne 

cousins, but the main reason is the relationship between 

fluidity (inverse viscosity) and solids content. Dispersions and 

waterborne dispersions in particular decrease their fluidity with 

increasing solids at a much faster rate than solutions regardless 

of solvent content. As a result water borne binders have 

virtually no flow above 50%, whilst solvent borne alkyds still 

have a degree of fluidity at 75% solids. This allows the painter 

significantly longer period to work with the coating, hence 

better open times, and thus better dry film appearance. 

This fluidity effect is exacerbated by the different levelling 

mechanisms between water borne and solvent borne coatings. 

In the initial phase of curing, the evaporate rate is constant 

regardless of local layer thickness. In solvent based paints 

this leads to an increase in surface tension in areas of low 

film build - as white spirits has a surface tension of 24 dynes/ 

cm whilst the final coatings typically have a surface tension of 

45 dynes/cm. As the surface tension tries to equilibrate, that 

is the surface area reduces, material is forced to flow from 

locations of low surface tension to areas where the surface 

tension is higher. This results in a surface tension gradient that 

promotes levelling, but this phenomena is opposite for water 

based coatings as water has a surface tension of 72 dynes/cm. 

This factor can be minimized by the addition of surfactants 

and solvents, but this has a negative effect on hardness 

development, water resistance and in the case of solvents, an 

increase in VOC. 

Another reason why waterborne coatings are observed to be 

inferior to solvent borne coatings is telegraphing resistance, 

the transmission of substrate defects from the substrate to the 

surface. In the absence of surface tension gradients (as occurs 

at initial application of the coating) the telegraphed amplitude 

only depends on the initial solids content (also known as

the shrinkage factor) and is thus irrespective of rheological 

properties, thickness, applied surface profile or surface tension. 

The shrinkage factor can thus be modelled as: 

where ρ solids is density of solids and SC-0 is initial solids 

content. Using this formula we can ascertain that by either 

increasing the solids content or by decreasing the density of 

the solid, the degree of shrinkage can be reduced (See graph 

below) In solvent borne coatings, both the solids content is 

higher, and due to the higher resin component, the density of 

the solids is lower, hence much better telegraphing resistance. 

The Development of an Experimental Open 

Time Binder 

As we have seen, the application and appearance of self 

cross linking acrylics are inferior to their solvent borne alkyd 

predecessors. To try and minimize the shortfall in open-time, 

paint chemists commonly add humectants such as glycols or 

surfactants; with conventional logic being that these will hold 

back water and therefore extend open time. 

However propylene glycol does not form an azeotrope 1 with 

water, and it is the belief of the authors that propylene glycol 

only improves the wet edge of the paint and not the ability for 

a paint to flow out after brush/roller corrections. Significantly 

greater gains in open time have been found by slightly reducing 

the volume solids content rather than by increasing the 

surfactant and solvent concentrations, with only a minimal 

reduction in telegraphing resistance. 

1 An Azeotropic mixture is defined as a liquid mixture of two or more 

substances, that when mixed behave as a single species as the 

vapour produced from partial evaporation of the liquid has the same 

composition as the liquid (Turner, 1950.) Whilst propylene glycol is 

infinitely dissolvable in water, the resulting liquid exhibits two distinct 

boiling points. 

Even when the volume solids of a coating with a Newtonian 

rheology profile is around 35%, the open time using the Nuplex 

Cross Open Time (COT) method will be at best between three 

and four minutes. This is because the curing mechanism of the 

resin is the overriding factor in determining the open time in 

waterborne acrylic enamel systems. 

The self cross-linking acrylic polymers commonly used in the 

manufacture of trim enamels are classified as dispersions. 

In the wet state these resins exist as semi solid particles 

suspended in water, and film for through deformation or 

coalescence of these polymer particles. The dry film retains 

some of the structure of the polymer particles which reduces 

the gloss, particularly at 20°. In general the acrylic polymer 

particles are high molecular weight and cannot easily move 

past one another, so the viscosity increases rapidly on drying, 

hence the short open times. These polymers get the majority of 

their performance properties from their high molecular weight 

and not from cross-linking, which is why they appear to cure 

at a much faster rate than alkyd systems. It is also why acrylic 

systems need to have higher glass transition temperatures than 

alkyd systems to get the same blocking resistance. 

There are two other waterborne technologies that are currently 

available for use in the waterborne trim enamel market; alkyd 

emulsions and solutions. 

Alkyd emulsions are supplied as alkyd droplets in water (an oil 

in water or o/w emulsion.) As water evaporates, the viscosity 

increases until the resin inverts from an oil in water emulsion to 

a water in oil (w/o) emulsion, and the viscosity decreases. The 

dry time of alkyd emulsions is similar to solvent borne alkyds, 

as they both require oxidative cross-linking for chemical and 

mechanical properties. 

Unlike acrylic dispersions, the resin droplets in alkyd emulsions 

are liquid, which gives these binders a higher degree of fluidity 

at the same solids content, and as alkyd emulsions do not 

coalesce, they do not require a coalescing solvent and they 

contain renewable (but yellowing) oils. This yellowing and the 

slow dry times are two reasons why this technology has fallen 

from favour in the Australasian trim market. 

Currently the only other technologies that can be utilised are 

water soluble polymers. Traditionally the trim market was 

dominated by (alkyd solvent borne) solutions, which have 

issues with odour, dry time VOCs and yellowing, but have good 

open time and telegraphing resistance (due to being able to 

flow above 70% volume solids.) Water soluble polymers also 

have excellent gloss and open time but perform very poorly 

when exposed to water, often re-dissolving within two minutes. 

They mostly have poor mechanical properties. 

The Experimental Binder EM8683 

These deficiencies in current resin technology have led Nuplex 

to develop EM8683, an experimental polymer designed to 

have much better open time than current technologies on the 

market. As we have already seen, the open time of the current 

waterborne self cross-linking acrylics is limited by the binder 

system. Nuplex have addressed this by developing a fast curing 

acrylic copolymer emulsion. Unlike traditional self cross-linking 

acrylics, this system is oil modified and oxidatively cross-links, 

hence the MFFT is significantly reduced without compromising 

mechanical properties. 

To ensure that the performance of this experimental polymer is 


similar to current market standards, paints made on EM8683 

have been evaluated and compared to six commercially 

available paints; three high gloss solvent borne alkyd trim 

enamels, two high gloss waterborne trim enamels and a water 

based trim enamel based on an alkyd emulsion. 

The open time was tested using a standardised method very 

similar to ASTM D7488-10, and evaluated a number of 

properties including how long the open time is in the wet (open 

time a’) and dry (open time b) films. It was found that the open 

time of EM8683 was nearly as long as the waterborne alkyd 

and 250% longer than a commercial waterborne acrylic market 

standards. Significantly, and unlike paints based on self crosslinking 

acrylics, the open time in the wet film was identical to 

that in the dry film. 

As previously mentioned, EM8683 utilises oxidative crosslinking 

technology. There have been a number of advantages 

in doing this, such as reducing the coalescent demand and 

improving the resistances to water and hydrophilic stains. 

To ensure that the coating did not suffer from loss of dry, 

it was placed in the oven at 60°C for seven and 42 days 

(1000 hours.) In this test it was found that EM8683 had dry 

times longer than acrylics but still shorter than solvent borne 

enamels. It was also found that the dry time of the heat aged 

samples was similar to the un-aged sample, unlike three 

commercial solvent borne standards. 

To observe the mechanical properties of the coatings; block 

resistance and pendulum (Koenig) hardness tests were 

undertaken. Block resistance was carried out using a method 

based upon ASTM D4946-89 (2003.) In this test EM8683 

had a block resistance within the solvent borne and waterborne 

market standards, even though the MFFT of EM8683 is much 

lower than the self cross-linking acrylics, and a pendulum 

hardness akin to the solvent borne alkyds. 

Finally the 20° gloss of the coating based in EM8683 was 

67%. This is a step improvement from the current technology 

as it places it roughly half way between the solvent borne 

Coatings that Michelman has successfully tested for repulpability 

and their applications include: 

VaporCoat® 330C – a wax replacement solution typically used on roll wrap, produce boxes, poultry boxes and 

anywhere packaged goods require protection from water and/or moisture vapor. 

Michem® Coat 40EAF - another wax replacement coating that is water resistant and also demonstrates some 

grease resistance. Typically used on fruit, vegetable and protein/meat boxes. 

Nomar 70AF - a water based, abrasion resistant coating, generally used to provide abrasion protection for gas 

flushed food packaging or small appliances. 

Coating X300AF - another waterborne coating that provides a high level of water resistance and good moisture 

resistance on kraft paper. It is used to protect food products from excessive moisture, freezer burn and sticking. 

MaxWhite 17 - a decorative white coating that provides excellent brightness before and after wax applications. 


alkyds and the water borne self cross-linking acrylics. 

Conclusion 

With commercial pressures from the marketplace and our 

share holders, environmental pressures from legislators, 

specifiers and consumers and performance pressures from all 

of the above, we are all continually trying to formulate for the 

future. One of the last bastions of solvent borne technology 

in architectural coatings is gloss trim paints. To overcome the 

limitations of acrylic water borne enamels in both open time 

and telegraphing, Nuplex has developed a new binder resin. 

Whilst the ultimate parameters of this resin are currently being 

finalised, the results, thus far, look very promising. 

It is anticipated that this binder will be utilised in one of two 

ways, either in coatings with the same volume solids but much 

better open time; or in coatings with higher volume solids to 

minimise telegraphing. This second route may be a way of 

reducing TiO2 demand as coverage will be better with the higher 

film build. Either way, the coalescent demand will be lower 

which may lead to lower formulation costs, reduced VOC’s and 

due to the low MFFT and hydrophobic nature of this resin, it is 

believed that it will be a good candidate for DTS applications as 

it is expected have good tannin bleed resistance. 

While this polymer is being commercialised we will still be 

formulating for the future – working on the next generation 

of polymers which will give even longer open times and emit 

even less VOC’s and having physical and chemical properties in 

advance of those already achieved. 

Acknowledgements: 

Nuplex Technical team in Australia and New Zealand 

Nuplex Technical Team in Holland and Adam Berry 

References: 

1. Akkerman, J. Bosma, M. Berry, A. Fallani, F. Adolphs, R. Mestach, 

D. “New developments op open time resins for waterborne 

decorative coatings” European Coatings Congress, 2009 

2. Turner (ed) “The Condensed Chemical Dictionary” Forth Edition, 

Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1950

Bridging the gap in performance deficiency of 

eco-friendly waterborne coatings by making use 

of a nanoparticle containing additive 

Eco-friendly waterborne paints and coatings already gained 

considerable interest and market shares compared to traditional 

solvent borne systems driven by stricter legislation as well as 

the general environmental awareness. Nevertheless waterbornes 

have well known limitation in overall performance compared to 

classical solvent borne systems. 

A innovative concept based on metal oxide nanoparticle 

technology potentially improving waterborne coatings will be 

introduced. With a chemo-mechanical milling process particles 

with tailored surface properties were generated. A overall good 

compatibility of the particles with a broad variety of binders 

was observed. Especially acrylic binders and copolymers with 

acrylic compartments are very well suited for the use with 

Oxylink. This also includes acrylic modified alkyds and PUDs. 

MEK double 

rubs 

[#] 

120 

80 

40 

0 

? = 85 

0.00 1.00 2.00 

wt.-% Oxylink 3101 (solids on solids) 

Figure 1: Concentration of Oxylink 3101 in transparent wood stain 

formulation based on Primal AC 337ER versus the 

MEK rub resistance 

The particles in the additive improve the overall coating 

performance due to direct particle-to-resin interaction. This 

effect closely depends on the high degree of dispersion as 

well as on the high surface area of the nanoparticles. We 

recommend a usage level of 1.0 % additive for first formulation 

experiments (see. Fig. 1). 

In particular the MEK rub stability, drying time, blocking 

resistance and stability against humidity will be improved. 

Detailed test results for a wood stain and a direct-to-metal 

By Marc Herold and Frank Tabellion 

Figure 2: Performance charts of a transparent Coating for wood based 

on Primal AC-337 ER (top) and a white DTM formulation based on 

Neocryl XK 86 (bottom). 

coating are depicted in Figure 2. The main performance benefit 

for the wood coating by the additive is a reduced drying time 

and a higher blocking resistance. The humidity resistance and 

the MEK-double rub resistance are the main effects for the 

direct-to-metal coating. 

The above shown results demonstrate that a nanoparticle 

based additive like Oxylink can significantly improve the overall 

properties of waterborne coatings. With steadily improving the 

properties of waterborne coatings, the gap between waterbornes 

and solvent borne coatings becomes narrower and the hurdles 

for using waterbornes become lower. As a consequence, 

nanotechnology can play an important role in bringing greener 

coatings forward. 

Bühler PARTEC GmbH 

Science Park 2 

66123 Saarbrücken 

Phone: +49 681 394 6550 

oxylink@buhlergroup.com 


Introduction 

To brush or not to brush. 

Formulating hand applied waterborne high performance 

two pack polyurethane coatings 

By Adriaan Sanderse, Jan Goossen, Jaap Akkerman, Dirk Mestach - Nuplex Industries. 

Progress made over the last years in the design of waterborne 

acrylic polyols and polyisocyanates for two pack polyurethane 

coatings has enabled the coatings formulator to overcome 

the drawbacks that were associated with the first generation 

of water-borne polyurethanes. Consequently waterborne two 

pack (WB2K) technology has gained a strong foothold in the 

industrial coatings market, meeting all of the requirements to 

offer a true alternative for solventborne coatings. 

In addition to offering reduced emissions of volatile organic 

compounds (VOC) during application of the coating resulting 

in reduced exposure of the painter to organic vapours, these 

coatings reduce risk of fire and are easier to clean up (creating 

less hazardous waste to dispose of). 

Most WB2K coatings have been optimized for application by 

means of spraying, either airless or air assisted or electrostatic. 

Until now, not much work was done to develop formulation 

guideline for WB2K systems that can be hand applied, by 

roller or brush. However if it would be possible to hand apply 

WB2K systems with final aesthetical and film-properties that 

are equivalent to spray applied WB2K would open up a number 

of new end-use applications where properties such as high 

durability and excellent resistance properties are of prime 

importance. Typical examples of such end-use applications 

are highly durable clear and pigmented exterior woodcoatings, 

yacht coatings, site-applied flooring coatings and coatings to 

repair or refinish interior wood. 

Water-borne two component 

polyurethane technology 

As for all paint formulation work, the right selection of the base 

resin components is crucial to obtain a satisfactory end result. 

In a WB2K coating system for hand application, component 

A is a polyol binder, consisting of small colloidal polyol 

particles that are suspended in water. Because of the fact that 

most waterborne acrylic polyols can not sufficiently emulsify 

hydrophobic isocyanates to achieve proper homogeneous film 

formation 2,1 , component B is preferably a water dispersible 

polyisocyanate hardener. Water dispersible hydrophylic 

polyisocyanates can be prepared by reacting isocyanate 

trimers with mono-functional polyethers 2 . Most suitable 

polyisocyanate hardners for this application are based on 

hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) trimers, however in order to 

optimize properties such as hardness development, also water 


dispersible polyisocyanates based on isophoronediisocyanate 

(IPDI) trimers can be used in combination with HDI-types. 

Just before application the polyol component is mixed with 

the polyisocyanate hardener. After application onto the 

substrate, the coating cures through the hydroxyl-isocyanate 

reaction resulting in the formation of urethane crosslinks. In 

waterborne systems a important side-reaction occurs when 

isocyanate reacts with water. Some of the polyisocyanate 

groups are sacrificed because of this reaction forming the 

unstable carbamic acid which immediately decomposes and 

releases CO2 gas and a primary amine. The amine can then 

react with the isocyanate forming polyurea. Because of the 

water side-reaction, the NCO:OH ratio will have a significant 

impact on the coating properties: dry times, sanding, pot 

life, hardness development and chemical resistance. The 

competition between urethane versus urea reaction is 

governed by a number of parameters such as the surface area/ 

particle size of the polyisocyanate emulsion, the emulsion 

stabilization mechanism3 , neutralizing agents and the time 

between mixing components A and B and the application of 

the coating. Publications by Urban et al. 4,5 discuss in great 

detail the mechanisms and the influence of the ratio between 

hydrophobic / hydrophilic isocyanates and the curing conditions 

such as relative humidity on film-properties. 

Binder selection 

Most waterborne polyol emulsions are stabilized by either 

anionic or non-ionic stabilizing groups or a combination thereof. 

Anionic groups are required for fine particle size emulsions. 

Generally there is a relation between the acid value of the 

polyol and the particle size of the emulsion. Most commonly 

the anionic groups are introduced by the copolymerization 

with carboxylic acid functional (meth)acrylic monomers such 

as acrylic or methacrylic acid. The carboxylic acid groups are 

converted in the salts using a volatile amine before or during 

emulsification in water. The problem associated with the 

presence of amines in the coating system is the catalytic action 

towards the isocyanate-water reaction. In order to decouple the 

emulsion particle size with the negative catalytic influence of 

the neutralizing amine, the resin chemists at Nuplex Resins 

developed a proprietary technology to replace part of the 

carboxyl acid groups in the polyol by sulfonate-functional 

groups. The advantage of the sulfonate functionality is the 

fact that these acid groups are neutralized with an inorganic 

base that has no unfavourable catalytic action. As a result the 

curing of the WB2K coating become more controllable and

the flow and levelling properties are positively influenced. Also 

the risk of CO2 bubbles getting trapped in the drying coating 

is reduced. In Table 1 the main properties of the waterborne 

acrylic polyol used in this study are given. 

Table 1. Resin properties. 

Hydroxyl value 4.2 % OH 

Solids content 47 % 

pH 8 

Acid value (on solids) 16 mg KOH g mixed 

carboxylic and sulfonic 

Particle size ± 100 nm 

Co-solvent Butyl glycol (approx. 2 %) 

Rheology of hand applied WB2K coatings 

The paint rheology is one of the most important parameters 

for brush or roller application. When comparing the flow-curve 

of a conventional solvent-borne 2K paint formulated for hand 

application (VOC of ± 500 g/l) with that of a WB2K system, the 

initial flow curves immediately after mixing are quite different 

(figure 1). 

Figure 1. Flow curve of SB 2K and WB 2K paints. 

The flow curves also change in a different way as a function of 

the time after mixing (graph 2). 

Figure 2. Changes in rheology during the pot-life of WB and SB 2K 

formulations. 

At high shear the viscosity of WB2K paint is much lower, 

resulting in an initial brush resistance that is far too low. 

Furthermore the viscosity decreases during the pot-life, so 

application properties become worse after mixing of the paint. 

Under low shear on the other side, the viscosity is much higher, 

with relatively poor flow as a consequence. Because of this 

rheological behaviour defoaming of the paint after application 

also becomes difficult. 

In order to adjust the rheological behaviour of the WB2K paint 

a high shear a polyurethane thickener is used to increase 

the ICI viscosity to a level of 1.6 Poise, similar to that of 

the solventborne paint. By adding the thickener the solids 

content of the paint could be lowered in order to reduce the 

low shear viscosity. This results in adequate brush resistance 

in combination with acceptable levelling, flow and defoaming 

properties. Most waterborne two pack systems still require the 

use of some co-solvent and the influence on the rheological 

profile needs to be taken into account. With this specific polyol 

it was found that a mixture of butyl acetate, dipropylene glycol 

dimethyl ether and butyldiglycol acetate offered the best 

results regarding the balance between gloss and levelling. The 

flow-curves as function of time after mixing for the adjusted 

formulation are given in figure 3. 

Figure 3. Time dependant flow-curves of adjusted formulations. 

Formulation parameters for clear and 

pigmented coatings 

A basic formulation for a hand applied WB2K formulation (both 

pigmented and clear) is given in Table 2. The white mill base 

used in the pigmented formulation was prepared by dispersing 

in a pearl mill 20.12 parts of titanium dioxide with 1.03 grams 

of a dispersant, 0.16 grams of thickener and 5.8 grams of 

demineralized water until a Hegmann fineness of less than 10 

microns was obtained. 

During this work it was found that proper selection of the high 

shear thickener and defoamer is essential to formulate a paint 

with a good balance of aesthetical and performance properties. 

How to achieve proper defoaming 

When formulating without a defoamer, the paint, after brush 

or roller application will contain at lot of foam. After drying 

of the paint this will result in surface defects such as pinholes 

and foam. The selection of a defoamer however is 

not straight forward as it should ensure proper defoaming 

during application without affecting gloss, flow and levelling. 

Preferably the defoamer should be easily introduced into the 

base without excessive shear. 


Table 2. WB2K formulations. 

Component Raw material Weight 

Clear varnish White paint 

Polyol 

emulsion 

51.41 36.37 

Wetting 

additives 

0.52 0.36 

Base 

High shear 

thickener 

2.70 1.91 

Defoamer variable variable 

Hardener 

Diluents 

Properties 

Demineralized 

water 

13.73 11.86 

Mill base 

HDI/IPDI 

- 27.11 

based 

hydrophilic 

isocyanate 

HDI based 

9.85 6.97 

hydrophilic 

isocyanate 

8.66 6.12 

Co-solvents* 5.82 4.12 

Demineralized 

water 

7.31 5.18 

Density (kg/l) 1.04 1.22 

Volume solids 

(%) 

38.9 38.9 

Weight solids 

(%) 

42.3 50.5 

VOC ready to 

use (g/l) 

87 73 

NCO/OH ratio 1.25 1.25 

* co-solvent mixture consisting of butyl acetate:dipropylene glycol 

dimethyl ether:butyldiglycol acetate in a ratio of 13/74/13. 

In the base for the clear varnish formulation given in table 2, 

a number of different defoamer types were added at different 

concentration levels. 

All varnish samples were subjected to a foam test that is 

carried out as follows: the coating is applied with a pipette to 

the white part of a black-white paper contrast chart. After that, 

Table 3. Results for the foam test in a clear varnish. 


coating is applied to half of the black part of the chart using a 

brush. The varnish on the white chart is stipulated intensively 

with the brush to incorporate a lot of air. This varnish is then 

brushed over the second half of the black part of the chart. The 

amount of foam in the two black parts of the chart is judged 

after drying overnight according to a scale of one (bad) to five 

(good). Also the clarity of the varnish applied onto glass was 

judged after drying. The results are given in table 3. 

In the foaming test the defoamers based on a mixture of 

hydrophobic solids and polysiloxanes and the polyether siloxane 

defoamer perform well both at high and low addition levels. 

However the first type does introduce a strong orange peel 

effect in the dried film, even at low concentrations. Also this 

defoamer has a negative influence on the clarity of the film. 

The polyether siloxane defoamer also introduces a slight orange 

peel effect, but at low concentrations this is judged to be 

acceptable. The defoamer based on the mixture of polymers 

and hydrophobic solids is somewhat less effective but has 

no effect on gloss and haze. At the lower addition level, no 

negative effect on the leveling properties was observed. 

In order to verify if these defoamers also worked in pigmented 

systems, additional tests were performed using the defoamers 

at the lowest addition level. Gloss and haze values were 

measured for both brush and roller application and are given in 

Defoamer Addition level Before After Orange peel Clarity on glass Gloss* 

(20°) 

None none 2 1 none OK 84 24 

Mixture of hydrophobic solids 

and polysiloxanes 

Mixture of polymers and 

hydrophobic solids 

Polyether siloxane copolymer 

* applied by brush low=0,17 wt%, high=0,34 wt% 

Figure 4. Gloss and haze values for different defoamer types. 

Haze* 

low 5 5 yes NOK 76 93 

high 5 5 yes NOK 82 39 

low 4 4 none OK 84 20 

high 5 4.5 none OK 83 28 

low 5 5 slight OK 84 22 

high 5 5 yes OK 84 24

figure 4. Based on these result a final selection was made for 

the defoamer based on the polyether siloxane copolymer. 

Additional tests have been performed on the final clear varnish 

and white paint formulations. The coatings were applied on 

glass panels at a wet film thickness of 120 microns and dried 

at 22 °C and 50% relative humidity: drying and hardness 

development were measured. Household chemical resistance 

according to the DIN 68861-1A (on oak veneered panels two 

coats of respectively 175 and 125 microns wet film thickness) 

and resistance against methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) were 

measured after 1 week of drying. Results are given in table 4. 

Results at a glance 

Waterborne acrylic polyols having mixed carboxylic and sulfonic 

stabilization can be used to formulate hand applied two pack 

varnishes and paint that show good esthetical properties (gloss, 

flow and levelling). 

Proper selection of the defoamer in the formulation is 

essential to get smooth, defect free coatings. Evaluation of 

drying time, hardness build-up and resistance properties show 

that these are on the same level of conventional solventborne 

polyurethane coatings. 

These products open up a whole new range of end-use 

applications for environmentally friendly high performance 

coatings where previously only the use of high VOC-systems was 

a viable option. 

Email address: adriaan.sanderse@nuplexresins.com 

References 

1. M. Melchiors, C. Kobusch, K. Noble, M. Sonntag, H. Casselmann. 

‘Aqueous Two-Component Polyurethane (2C-PUR) Coatings: An 

Evolving Technology’, presented at the International Waterborne, 

High Solids and Powder Coatings Symposium, New Orleans, LA, 

February 10, 1999. 

2. R. Hombach, H. Reiff, M. Dollhausen, US4663377 to Bayer AG. 

3. J. Akkerman, R. Hall, D. Mestach and P. Vandevoorde, sixth 

Nürnberg Conference, 2001, 17. 

4. D. Otts, M. Urban, Polymer 46 (2005), 2699. 

5. D. Otts, K. Pereira, W. Jarret and M. Urban, Polymer 46 (2005), 

4600. 

Table 4. Testing of optimized clear varnish and white paint. Clear Varnish White Paint 

Persoz hardness (s) 1 day 107 105 

7 days 284 234 

BK drying (min) phase I 15 15 

phase II 195 210 

phase III 360 270 

phase IV 570 810 

MEK resistance double rubs 68 57 

Household chemical resistance (according to DIN 68861-1A) Exposure 

5 = no visual damage, 0 = severe damage 

ammonia (25 %) 16 h 3 5 

ammonia (25 %) 2 m 5 5 

50 % ethanol 16 h 5 5 

red wine 16 h 5 2 

coffee 16 h 5 3 

water 16 h 5 5 

acetone 16 h 5 5 

olive oil 16 h 5 5 

mustard 16 h 5 3 

black ink 16 h 5 3 

cleaning solution 16 h 5 3 


We invite papers that deliver new perspectives on 

· Smarter Manufacturing – Choosing The Right Equipment 

· Environmentally Sustainable Manufacturing In NZ 

· NZ Made Vs Imports – Keeping NZ Customers Loyal 

· The NZ Way – Specific Technical Demands For The NZ Market 

· Innovation In NZ 

· The Future Of Manufacturing In NZ 

· Challenges Of “Economy of Scale” And How To Overcome These 

· R & D Successful Studies 

· Freight Companies Challenges For Import/Export 

PAPERS 

Oral presentations will be scheduled to suit the final programme and will be delivered as 

presentations of 35 minutes with 5 minutes question time. There is also the opportunity 

for panel and combination presentations to provide a range of perspective on an issue 

or a cluster of related topics in a shorter format. All papers will be evaluated by the 

conference committee. Papers accepted will be published in the conference proceedings 

exactly as submitted. A short resumé and photo of the presenter is required to be sent 

with the abstract. 

CONDITIONS 

Speakers will be provided with registration for the day of their presentation allowing 

them to attend other sessions and network with the industry participants. Travel, 

accommodation and any additional registration costs associated with the 

conference are not included. 

ABSRACT FORMAT 

• An abstract must be no more than 300 words 

• The abstract must include the title of the presentation 

• Please include all authors of the submission, indicating the 

author presenting the paper 

• The abstract should not include graphics or tables 

• Papers should reflect the highest professional standard 

• The use of trade names is discouraged 

CONTACT DETAILS 

If you would like to present an oral paper at the SCANZ 

conference 2012 please email your abstract, resumé and photo to: 

Sue Peck, SP Conference Management, Email: suepeck@xtra.co.nz, 

Phone: 64 6 3571466 


SURFACE COATINGS ASSOCIATION NZ 

2012 CONFERENCE 

CALL FOR PAPERS 

In 2012 the Surface Coatings Association 

of New Zealand will be hosting ‘Made 

in NZ’ in Blenheim, New Zealand. This is 

New Zealand’s leading technical event for 

the surface coatings industry attracting key 

participants from established and emerging 

companies. 

19-21 July 2012 

Marlborough Convention 

Centre, Blenheim 

KEY DATES 

Expressions of interest by: 31 October 2011 

Closing Date for Abstracts: 29 February 2012 

Final Paper Closing date: 31 May 2012 

Final Presentation Closing date: 30 June 2012

FRANK JOSEPH AITKEN-SMITH 

One of the hardest tasks in life is to write an obituary for a 

friend whom one has known for a great many years. Frank was a 

workmate and friend whose principles and integrity were of the 

highest order and he will be missed by friends and colleagues alike. 

Franks career in the Paint Industry started in 1947 when, 

using his own words, “I had no idea as to what I should do for 

a living other than it had to be in a laboratory”. He obtained 

a job with Fleetwood Paints in Deptford, South London and 

was introduced to the industry by an elderly chemist who was 

making paint in an equally elderly edge-runner. Varnishes were 

cooked in large mobile pots over sunken gas rings in an open 

lean-to attached to the office building. In Winter the varnish 

makers dressed in overcoats and scarves were carefully watching 

the “string” from the paddle. 

From here he moved on to Sherwood Paints in Barking, Essex 

when a tram, ferry and bus ride eventually got him to work 

each morning. Work was a large barn with a concrete floor and 

long wooden benches with nowhere to sit. Frank remarked “ in 

winter, with snow on the ground, we stood at our bench wearing 

overcoats and scarves under our lab coats” They did not make 

their own mill-bases as a man made them all on triple and single 

roll mills. Sherwood made a range of good decorative paints and 

Frank admitted he learned a good deal of his knowledge there. 

In about 1950 he joined Pinchin Johnson & Associates 

in Silvertown, a large modern paint factory with various 

sections dealing with Development, Raw Material Testing and 

Government Specification Training. He eventually obtained his 

A.R.I.C. with PJA. Frank always said that, at that time, they 

were expected to call their superiors “Sir” and to wear a suit and 

tie under their lab coats. Frank was very happy working for PJA 

but in 1953, for various reasons, he transferred to Taubmans 

Paints in Miramar, Wellington. 

His move to Wellington was significant as it was here in 1954 

he met and married Valerie, his wife, a partnership which was 

to last 57 years. Frank’s workmates were Jock Mandeno ( Willie 

Mandeno’s Father) and Keith Furneaux who was Frank’s Best 

Man at the wedding. 

Frank joined the O.C.C.A. N.Z. Section in 1953 a couple of 

weeks after he joined the Taubmans lab. 

Two years later Frank was transferred to the Taubmans plant 

in Auckland and worked there until it closed down in 1959. He 

then joined Hill & Plumber on Federal and Hobson Streets 

when, although they were only a paint distributor, they purpose 

built a laboratory for Frank on its premises. Noel Frykberg was 

the Representative and identified customer needs while Frank 

formulated the necessary paints and sent it to Wellington where 

the paint was manufactured. 

Frank was also a Founder member of the Auckland Branch 

of the O.C.C.A N.Z. Section., and has maintained his 

20TH February 1930 - 21st August 2011 

membership throughout his career, being a regular attendee at 

Technical evenings, Past Chairman’s Dinners and Conferences 

etc. (Frank was Chairman of the Auckland Section between 

1963 and 1965) 

Noel then bought a company in Penrose Auckland with a 

nominee shareholder in David Levene and changed its name to 

Oregon Paints. The writer was the company chemist and the 

company eventually became Levene Paint Manufacturing Ltd. 

In 1962 Frank moved to B.I.P and, in 1970, to Goldex Paints, 

subsequently bought out by Samson Paints. When James 

Hardie bought Samson Paints, Frank retired - for the first time. 

In 1983 Frank joined the D.S.I.R. and worked at the Naval 

Dockyards Laboratory for the Dept. of Defence. 

Frank then joined Levene Paint Manufacturing in 1985 in a 

part-time position, which is where the Writer got to know and 

respect more of Frank, who became a very valued member of the 

L.P.M. Lab. Staff. 

In 1994 Frank retired for the second time, devoting his time to 

his own company. 

Way back in 1974 Frank and Valerie had started a company 

of their own called Fine Arts Supplies Ltd and expanded it to 

a very successful supplier of art paints when Bruce Clegg and 

Peter Ellis became involved. Frank subsequently sold his share 

in F.A.S. and formed Multicraft Manufacturing where, right 

up until his death, he and his associates were supplying photosensitive 

and screen blocking lacquers for screen printing as well 

as fabric dyes and chemicals. 

Frank was a humble man and it was very easy to underestimate 

his capabilities, which were enormous. Certainly of strong will, 

stubborn and forthright, he did not display his knowledge in an 

arrogant manner, rather he would quietly go on learning and not 

making the same mistakes twice. Frank is survived by his wife 

Valerie, his children and there families and a large number of 

friends and colleagues. 

Tom Hackney 


SURFACE 

COATINGS 

ASSOCIATION 

NEW 

ZEALAND 

Seminar: 17th November 2011 

Venue: The University of Auckland, Tamaki Campus 

SCANZ is planning to run a full day seminar on basic paint parameters, similar 

to the very successful seminar a few years ago. This is aimed at new chemists 

and plant personnel with a penchant for understanding the chemistry behind 

their products. A degree in Chemistry is not essential. 

Provisional Program: 

• General introduction - what is paint ? Where and why it is used ? 

• HSNO – documentation, MSDS 

• Morning tea 

• Binders (resins / polymers) 

• Pigments 

• Solvents 

• Additives 

• Lunch 

• Paint Formulating 

• Rheology 

• Paint Production, processing 

• Afternoon tea 

• Quality / Paint Testing 

• Paint Defects / Trouble shooting 

Costs: These have not been finalised at print deadline but will be minimal to cover the 

overheads only. Further notice by email shortly. 

For more information or to express an interest, contact Phil Coveny on: 

Ph: 09 580 0851 Mob: 021 748 167 Email: philc@nuplex.co.nz. 


Binders 

Rhodoline Defoamers 

Rhodoline Dispersants 

Extenders: Tixosil & Tixolex 

Upcoming Event 

The professional body of chemists in the oil and chemical coatings industry 

Surfactants 

Water Repellents 

Wetting Agents 

Gensil Silicones 

New Zealand Manufacturer backed by Global Innovation 

For more information contact: 

Kevin Osten Ph (0274) 577 417 • kevin.osten@ap.rhodia.com • Customer Services: Ph (06) 368 9372 • Fax (06) 368 2071

Evonik Tego wins 

“Ringier Technology 

Innovation Award 

2011 for Coatings 

Industry” 

TEGO ® Twin 4100 is an innovative product that 

combines properties often seemingly contradicting 

in one molecule. This enables coating and ink 

customers to formulate environmentally friendly 

solutions by using an APE-free, solvent-free and 

isocyanate-free product. TEGO ® Twin 4100 is a good 

example of a product that Tego is utilizing based on 

its innovation technologies. This is exemplified not 

only by benchmarking existing technology but also 

by entering new chemical fields in the coatings and 

ink markets, especially in environmental friendly 

systems like water, UV and High Solids systems. 

Ringier Trade Media Ltd. is a leading B2B 

industrial information provider of technical 

information, solutions and applications for 

industrial leaders in China, Asia Pacific and the 

Middle East. The Ringier Technology Innovation 

Award is to recognize those who have made 

significant contributions for the advancement 

of the industry through technical innovation, 

productivity increase, economic efficiency and 

market opportunity creation. Ringier Technology 

Innovation Awards are regarded as one of the most 

important awards in China’s coating industry. 

David tells me that Twin 4100 ® is a Gemini 

surfactant that effectively lowers surface tension 

and improves wetting and flow even at very low 

concentrations. Its Gemini structure reduces 

foaming even in highly dynamic processes 

and application methods. The product’s good 

compatibility and long-term activity also impress 

in problematic binder systems. The solvent-free 

TEGO Twin 4100 ® has proven itself particularly in 

waterborne formulations for wood and industrial 

finishes as well as printing inks and lacquers …ED 

SITUATION WANTED 

Experienced coatings chemist seeks 

full time position at any coatings 

manufacturer in New Zealand. 

I am a qualified paint chemist from Zimbabwe with 

vast knowledge and technical expertise in paint 

systems, formulations and production mechanisms. 

I hold Bachelor’s degree (honours) in chemistry 

and South Africa Paint Technology course and have 

received four awards for being the best student. 

In 2010 I received the ‘Kekwick Award’ for being 

the most outstanding student during the Paint 

Technology course, presented to me by Brenda 

Peters the Oil & Colour Chemists Association 

(OCCA) President of which I am a member of. 

I have 5 years experience in the coatings industry 

and have knowledge with domestic, industrial and 

automotive coatings. My duties and responsibilities 

involve the following: 

Research and development on new products, 

Formulation optimization, in process control of 

unfinished and finished paint in production, Quality 

control of incoming raw materials, evaluating 

competitors’ products, Offering technical assistance 

to internal and external customers, customer 

complaints resolution. 

Contact: Patience Sameke Email: patiek8@gmail.com 

Cell: +263 772747301 


Random and Disordered Thoughts - By Jetsam 

Once again we are blessed with a wonderful article by Peter 

Walters tracing the history of perhaps our most important 

single paint ingredient, certainly our most important white 

pigment in the modern age. 

When you look back at things like white lead, one is able to 

imagine that white paint, or even orange paint, was a toxic 

nasty that could poison us and make us all sterile. A bit like the 

ancient Romans with their lead water pipes. Titanium dioxide 

is completely the opposite, a potential environmental life saver. 

We have even been sent an article that extols the virtues of 

cleaning the atmosphere using nano-sized titanium dioxide. 

In this age of global warming and carbon tax, I note that 

the scientific community has determined that growing trees 

is contributing more to global warming because of the dark 

colour than the benefit from adsorbing carbon dioxide. Maybe 

our government could fund research into growing white trees. 

IMCD New Zealand Ltd is a leading supplier of specialty and commodity chemicals into the 

New Zealand Coatings, Inks, Construction, Adhesive and related markets. 

Some of our key agencies include… 

Dow Chemicals - Glycols, Epoxy resins, Glycol Ethers, 

Amines, PEGs, Surfactants and Water Treatment systems. 

Troy - Wet/Dry film Biocides and Additives. 

AkzoNobel - Organic Peroxides. 

Sasol - Surfactants and Olefins. 


That raises the question of white houses with white roofs. Some 

scientists worked out the positive contribution to climate cooling 

if every roof was painted white. 

But there are a growing number of local bodies, or the 

remnants of them if you live in Auckland, that are specifying 

light reflectance values of no more than 55%, medium to 

dark coloured houses with, presumably, correspondingly dark 

coloured roofs. With the huge potential of titanium dioxide to 

save the planet, or at least us from ourselves more likely, you 

have to wonder about the commitment or the intelligence of 

the politicians that make up these rules, or are they just paying 

lip service to global warming? After all, carbon is easy to tax 

and as we all seem to have forgotten in the euphoria of the 

rugby world cup, so are people. 

I bet most of you did not realise how political titanium 

dioxide really is. 

DuPont - Capstone Fluoro-Additives and Micro Powders. 

Wacker - EVA Polymer Emulsions and Powders, 

Silicones, Silanes, Siloxanes and Fumed Silica. 

New Supplier: http://www.dow.com/ Eagle Chemicals - Solvent based 

resins (Alkyds, Polyester and Acrylics). 

RECREATE PMS 

Our contact details: 

Paul Armistead and Warren Strickett • 09 582 0250 • imcdcs@imcd.co.nz • www.imcd.co.nz 

Head Office 

5 Lockhart Place, Mt Wellington, Auckland 1060, New Zealand 

P.O. Box 62274, Mt Wellington, Auckland 1641, New Zealand 

Tel +64 9 914 7010 Fax +64 9 914 7014 

Email: sibelconz@sibelco.co.nz 

Nationwide Stockists of: Barytes, Calcite, Cement, Clay, Diatomaceous Earth, 

Feldspar, Gypsum, Iron Oxide Pigment, Magnesium Oxide, Mica, Miclay, 

Nepheline Syenite, Pumice, Pyrophyllite, Silica, Slate, Talc & Wollastonite 

www.sibelco.co.nz

Rohm and Haas New Zealand Ltd 

• Paraloid ® Thermoplastic/Thermosetting 

Acrylics 

• Primal ® Acrylic Copolymers 

• Acrysol ® , Orotan ® , Kathon ® , Ropaque ® , 

Skane ® , Rocima ® , Additives 

• Acumer ® , Acusol® Dispersants/Detergent 

Polymers 

Rhodia 

• Rhodoline ® Defoamers, Dispersants, Wetting 

Agents 

• Abex ® , Alkamuls ® , Antarox ® , Geropon ® , 

Igepal ® , Rhodasurf ® , Soprophor ® Surfactants 

“TECHNOLOGY AND COLOURS 

FOR COATINGS” 

• Organic /Inorganic Pigments (DIC, Sudarshan, Sun E.C. Pigments) 

• Fiesta Fluorescent Colours (Swada, NovaGlo, Glowbug) 

• Ultramarine Pigments 

• Gasil Matting Silicas, Silica gels, Freeflow (PQ Corp) 

• Pigment Dispersions (DIC Group) 

• Coating & Composite Resins (Reichhold & DIC Group) 

• Epoxy Curing Agents/Resins (Reichhold & DIC Group) 

• Polyisocyanates/Polyurethanes (Reichhold & DIC Group) 

• Aluminium Pastes/Powder (Benda Lutz) 

• Solvent Dyes (Rathi) 

DIC New Zealand 

PO Box 12-748, Penrose, Auckland 1642 

Telephone 09 636 2947 • Fax 09 636 5522 

email: penny.meads@dic.co.nz • website: www.dic.co.nz 

CONNELL BROS COMPANY AUSTRALASIA LIMITED 

(formerly Wilbur-Ellis Connell Bros) 

3rd Floor, 19 Great South Road, Newmarket, Auckland 

PO Box 9956, Newmarket, Auckland 

( +64 9 984 4700 7 +64 9 921 3391 

www.connellbros.com 

Aditya Birla Chemicals 

• Epotec ® Epoxy Resins, Reactive Diluents & 

Curatives 

Columbian Chemicals Company 

• Raven ® Carbon Black Pigments 

Dynasol 

• Calprene ® and Solprene ® Elastomers 

Huber Engineered Materials 

• Calcium carbonate, Silica/silicate, Kaolin 

clay, Alumina trihydrate, Barium sulphate, 

Engineered composites 

General Chemicals 

• Glycols, Coalescents, D-Limonene, EDTA, Iron 

Oxides, Surfactants, Hot Polymerised SBR 

Rubbers, Various Commodities 

AArbor International Corporation 

• Silverking ® Aluminium Pigment Pastes 

Alberdingk Boley Gmbh 

• Refined Linseed Oils 

Sherwin Williams Chemicals 

• Moly-White ® Corrosion Inhibitors 

Bayer New Zealand Ltd 

PO Box 2825 

Auckland 

Phone 64 9 441 8595 

www.lanxess.com

• Alkyd Resins 

• Polyester Polyols 

• Solution Acrylics 

• Polyester Gelcoats 

I N D U S T R 

I E S 

Manufacturers & Suppliers of: 

L I M I T E D 

• Aqueous Polymer 

Dispersions 

• Polyurethane Dispersions 

• M/C Urethanes 

Proud 

Supporters 

of SCANZ 

• Waterborne Alkyds 

• T RAcrylic/Alkyd 

I E S L I M I T E D Hybrid Resins 

• Speciality Resins 

• Acrylic Polyols 

P O Box 12-841, Penrose, Auckland. Phone: 0-9-579 2029. Fax: 0-9-571 0542. Toll Free: 0800 803 000 

T h e 

QC 

Building the Future Together 

W o r l d o f A d d i t i v e s 

Proud supporter of SCANZ 

Solution 

s for 

Coatings 

and 

Plastics 

C o o k s C o m p o s i t e s 

Tronox Titanium Dioxide 

Nubiola anti-corrosives, ultramarine blue 

Shamrock micronised waxes 

Dynoadd coatings additives 

Microbeads surface modifiers 

Industrial Copolymers resins and Oxazolidines 

Jayant Oil Castor oil and derivatives 

Nippon Polyurethane 

Worlee Chemie resins 

Spolchemie Epoxies 

Silanes, chlorinated paraffins, zinc oxide 

Organic pigments and lead chrome replacements 

Iron oxide, talc, barium sulphate, silica flour, mica 

Metal powders and pastes, pigment preparations 

D-Limonene, methylene chloride, caustic soda 

Building Building the Future the Future Together Together 

T h e 

Contact: Heather Smith, Richard Calvin, Dave Perano, Steve Parlane, 

John Gilbert, Sean Winter, Michael Behr, Anne Day, Tracy Taylor, 

Taryn Rabie, Gray Gilbert 

Ph (09) 486 6637 • Fax (09) 486 6286 

www.rebain.com 

Offices in Auckland, Palmerston North, Melbourne, Barcelona, Rotterdam & Venezuela 

T h e W o r l d o f A d d i t i v e s 

W o r l d o f A d d i t i v e s 

QC 

Solution 

s for 


and 

Plastics 

& P 

Q 

o 

C 

l 

S 

y 

o 

m 

lu 

e 

tio 

r 

n 

s 

s for 


and 

Plastics 

Supplier of brand Titanium Dioxide 

I N D U S 

I N D U S T R I E S L I M I T E D 

C o o k s C o m p o s i t e s & P o l y m e r s 

C o o k s C o m p o s i t e s & P o l y m e r s 

PO Box 5175 

Rotorua West, Rotorua 3044 

Toll Free NZ only: 

0800 4 TIONA (0800 484 662) 

Phone +64 7 346 2225 

Fax +64 7 346 2224 

Mobile: 021 643 192 

www.cristalglobal.com

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