Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying Protocols, Second Edition

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x Contributors SHARON J. PAYNTER • Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK DAVID E. PEGG • Medical Cryobiology Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK HUGH W. PRITCHARD • Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, UK MATTHEW J. RYAN • Genetic Resources Collection, CABI Bioscience, Egham, Surrey, UK DAVID SMITH • Genetic Resources Collection, CABI Bioscience, Egham, Surrey, UK GLYN N. STACEY • Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK JOOST A. STALPERS • Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands ANDREAS SPUTTEK • Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Hamburg, Germany C. SHUI-HUI TAN • Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands PAULA M. TIMMONS • UK Stem Cell Bank, Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK BRIAN J. TINDALL • DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany COR W. VAN INGEN • Netherlands Vaccin Institute, AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands SUZANNE M. WATT • National Blood Service-Oxford and Manchester, NHS Blood and Transplant Authority, Oxford, UK GRAHAM J. WISHART • School of Contemporary Sciences, University of Abertay Dundee, Dundee, UK TIANTIAN ZHANG • Luton Institute of Research in the Applied Natural Sciences, University of Luton, Luton, Bedfordshire, UK
Glossary of Specialized Terms Cell Packing Effect: The effect on the survival of cells when frozen at a high, rather than a low, packing density. Chilling Injury: Injury that occurs as a result of a reduction in temperature. Colligative Effect: A physical property of a system that depends on the number of molecules and not their nature. Cryopreservation: The storage of a living organism, or a portion thereof, at an ultralow temperature (typically colder than –130°C) such that it remains capable of survival upon thawing. Cryoinjury: Damage caused by reduction in temperature irrespective of the mechanism. Cryoprotectant or Cryoprotective Agent (CPA): A substance that protects a living system against injury due to reduction in temperature. Cryostorage: The storage of a living organism, or a portion thereof, at an ultra-low temperature (typically colder than –130°C) such that it remains capable of survival upon thawing. Eutectic Temperature: The lowest temperature (for a crystallizing solute) at which the existence of a liquid phase for a given system is possible. Freezing: The crystallization of liquid water to form ice. Freeze-Drying: A controllable method of dehydrating labile products by vacuum desiccation (also termed as lyophilization). Glass Transition Temperature (Tg'): The temperature (for an amorphous solute) where the residual liquid vitrifies in the presence of ice. Intracellular Freezing: The formation of ice crystals within cells. Lyophilization: A controllable method of dehydrating labile products by vacuum desiccation (also termed “freeze-drying”). Melting Point: The temperature during the warming of an aqueous system at which the last ice melts. This temperature is equal to the equilibrium freezing point. Nucleation: The formation of a nucleus upon which an ice crystal can grow; this may be an appropriate arrangement of water molecules or a foreign particle. Solution Effects: Damage to cells that is a result of the increase in solute concentration that occurs as a secondary effect of freezing. Super-Cooling: Reduction of temperature below the equilibrium freezing point but without freezing, hence, an unstable situation. Note: supercooling is often not hyphenated. Vitrification: The conversion of an aqueous system to an amorphous, noncrystalline solid solely by increase in viscosity. xi
Page 1: METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 368 C
Page 5: M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R
Page 8 and 9: © 2007 Humana Press Inc. 999 River
Page 11 and 12: Contents Preface ..................
Page 13: Contributors SUE ARMITAGE • Natio
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Page 32 and 33: 16 Adams inactivation, and is more
Page 34 and 35: 18 Adams However, freeze-drying is
Page 36 and 37: 20 Adams chambered vials, and prefi
Page 38 and 39: 22 Adams 2.3.1. Shelf-Cooling Rate
Page 40 and 41: 24 Adams Although heat annealing wi
Page 42 and 43: 26 Adams noncrystalline, glass. Whe
Page 44 and 45: 28 Adams system, or (2) isolating t
Page 46 and 47: 30 Adams moisture, is converted int
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Page 50 and 51: 34 Adams 1. Temperature. Whereas a
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Page 56 and 57: 40 Pegg of diffusion and osmosis ha
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48 Pegg solutes. Biological systems
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50 Pegg reach their final volume. T
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52 Pegg is frozen is outside the sy
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54 Pegg Fig. 10. Diagram constructe
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56 Pegg 5. Pegg, D. E. (1972) Cryob
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4 Lyophilization of Proteins Paul M
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Lyophilization of Proteins 61 In or
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Lyophilization of Proteins 63 Fig.1
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Lyophilization of Proteins 65 A num
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Lyophilization of Proteins 67 Fig.
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Lyophilization of Proteins 69 Large
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Lyophilization of Proteins 71 The t
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5 Vacuum-Drying and Cryopreservatio
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Cryopreservation of Prokaryotes 75
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100 Bond The removed water vapor is
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102 Bond Fig. 1. Centrifuge head wi
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104 Bond Fig. 3. 8. Removal of ampo
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106 Bond 5. Both lyoprotectants lis
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7 Cryopreservation of Yeast Culture
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Cryopreservation of Yeast Cultures
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120 Tan, van Ingen, and Stalpers is
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122 Tan, van Ingen, and Stalpers Ta
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124 Tan, van Ingen, and Stalpers an
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9 Cryopreservation and Freeze-Dryin
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Centrifugal and Shelf Freeze-Drying
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10 Cryopreservation of Microalgae a
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Cryopreservation of Microalgae and
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154 Grout 2. The production of spec
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156 Grout must undergo a similar tr
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158 Grout 9. To recover the cells,
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160 Grout 13. Mohamed, S. V., Sung,
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12 Cryopreservation of Shoot Tips a
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Cryopreservation of Shoot Tips and
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186 Pritchard or other nonconventio
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188 Pritchard Table 1 Examples of S
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190 Pritchard 3.1.2.1. MOIST SEEDS
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192 Pritchard 2. Assume that the mo
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194 Pritchard 4. Manipulation of se
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196 Pritchard (see Note 9). Lipid-r
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198 Pritchard 10. Daws, M. I., Clel
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200 Pritchard 41. Vasquez, N., Sala
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14 Cryopreservation of Fish Sperm E
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Cryopreservation of Fish Sperm 205
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220 Wishart outlined previously. Fu
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222 Wishart pellets that move aroun
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224 Wishart 7. The original method
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16 Cryopreservation of Animal and H
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Animal and Human Cell Lines 229 4.
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Animal and Human Cell Lines 231 equ
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Animal and Human Cell Lines 233 A b
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Animal and Human Cell Lines 235 3.
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17 Cryopreservation of Hematopoieti
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HSC/HPC for Therapeutic Use 239 num
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HSC/HPC for Therapeutic Use 241 26.
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HSC/HPC for Therapeutic Use 247 Tab
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HSC/HPC for Therapeutic Use 249 UCB
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HSC/HPC for Therapeutic Use 251 3.2
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HSC/HPC for Therapeutic Use 253 the
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HSC/HPC for Therapeutic Use 257 (se
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262 Hunt and Timmons Methods for th
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264 Hunt and Timmons straws for ope
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266 Hunt and Timmons 8. Place the v
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268 Hunt and Timmons However, this
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270 Hunt and Timmons 6. Heng, B. C.
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272 Stacey and Dowall tissue by cry
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274 Stacey and Dowall 5. Humidified
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276 Stacey and Dowall 2. Inspect an
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278 Stacey and Dowall liquid nitrog
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280 Stacey and Dowall but to try to
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20 Cryopreservation of Red Blood Ce
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Cryopreservation of RBCs and PLT 28
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304 Curry semen cryopreservation ha
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306 Curry The problems encountered
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308 Curry 4. Notes 1. In some speci
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310 Curry into the liquid nitrogen
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22 Cryopreservation of Mammalian Oo
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Cryopreservation of Mammalian Oocyt
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23 Cryopreservation of Mammalian Em
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Mammalian Embryos 327 Fig. 1. Micro
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Mammalian Embryos 329 requirement t
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Mammalian Embryos 331 3. Methods Th
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Mammalian Embryos 333 7. Initiate t
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Mammalian Embryos 335 4. Notes Some
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Mammalian Embryos 337 numerical ID
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Mammalian Embryos 339 14. Rall, W.
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342 Index microscopic analysis, 229
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344 Index red blood cell cryopreser
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346 Index hydroxyethyl starch-rapid
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METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY • 3
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