Africa and the Geopolitics of the Indian Ocean

EMERgINg POwERS ANd gLOBAL ChALLENgES PROgRAMME
23 Kearney M, The Indian Ocean in World History. New York: Routledge, 2003, p. 1.
24 Ghosh PK, op. cit., p. 3.
25 Hoge JF (Jr), ‘Global power shift from West to East in making: growing economy turns into
political military power’, The Seoul Times, 9 October 2009.
26 Part I: Security Environment Surrounding Japan. General Situation, p. 5, http://www.mod.
go.jp/e/publ/w_paper/2010.html, accessed 18 December 2010.
27 BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/europe/10382470.stm, accessed 13 July 2010.
28 Admiral Edouard Guillaud, ‘India and France share common objectives in Indian Ocean and
Afghanistan’, press conference in New Delhi, 19 October 2010, http://www.indiandefencereview.
com/military-and-space/India-and-France-share-common-objectives-in-Indian-Ocean-and-
Afghanistan.html, accessed 17 December 2010.
29 Christian la Miere, naval expert at the London-based International Institute for Strategic
Studies, quoted in ‘Piracy not only game in Indian Ocean naval build-up’, Reuters, 12 October
2010, http://alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE69A1YT.htm, accessed 29 October 2010.
30 US government, ‘Overview of National Security Strategy’, National Security Strategy, May 2010,
p. 1, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy.pdf,
accessed 14 December 2010.
31 ‘The national strategy forum review: conclusion: national security management’, National
Security Journal, 19, 1, Winter 2009, Chapter 15, pp. 1–3, http://nationalstrategy.com/Portals/0/
documents/Winter%202009%20NSFR/Chapter%2015.pdf, accessed 14 December 2010.
32 Ibid.
33 Patterson R, Conduct Unbecoming: How Barack Obama is Destroying the Military and
Endangering our Security. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2010, p. 234.
34 ‘Fact sheet: United States Africa command’, http://www.africom.mil/getArticle.asp?art=16>,
accessed 14 December 2010.
35 Harris B & M Levy, ‘African voices on AFRICOM’, Africa Action, 22 February 2008, http://
apic.igc.org/resources/page.php?op=read&documentid=2826&type=6, accessed 14 December
2010.
36 Klare MT, ‘Oil, Iraq, and American foreign policy: the continuing salience of the Carter
Doctrine’, International Journal, 62, 1, 2006, pp. 31 (Canadian Institute of International Affairs).
The Carter Doctrine was first enunciated in President Jimmy Carter’s State of the Union address
of 23 January 1980, in which he informed Congress and the American people that access to the
Persian Gulf’s oilfields was essential to the health of the US economy and so any hostile effort
to block such access would be considered an assault on America’s ‘vital interests’ and would be
resisted by ‘any means necessary, including military force’.
37 See ‘Introduction’, p. 5, to the ‘Co-operative Strategy’, at http://www.navy.mil/maritime/
MaritimeStrategy.pdf, accessed 4 February 2011.
38 Holmes J & T Yoshihara, ‘US navy’s Indian Ocean folly?’ The Diplomat, 4 January 2011, http://
the-diplomat.com/2011/01/04/us-navy%E2%80%99s-indian-ocean-folly/, accessed 17 January
2011.
39 ‘A co-operative strategy for 21 st century seapower’, October 2007, http://www.navy.mil/
maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf, accessed 9 December 2010.
40 The American military vocabulary has adopted the ‘lily pad’ to mean an outpost, an advance
camp, a foreign base, or staging area, only one in a series of stops, a scaled-down military
facility with theoretically few permanent personnel, often used as a staging ground for Special
Forces and Intelligence operations. Soldiers may then leapfrog from one lily pad to the next,
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