Africa and the Geopolitics of the Indian Ocean

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EMERgINg POwERS ANd gLOBAL ChALLENgES PROgRAMME 23 Kearney M, The Indian Ocean in World History. New York: Routledge, 2003, p. 1. 24 Ghosh PK, op. cit., p. 3. 25 Hoge JF (Jr), ‘Global power shift from West to East in making: growing economy turns into political military power’, The Seoul Times, 9 October 2009. 26 Part I: Security Environment Surrounding Japan. General Situation, p. 5, http://www.mod. go.jp/e/publ/w_paper/2010.html, accessed 18 December 2010. 27 BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/europe/10382470.stm, accessed 13 July 2010. 28 Admiral Edouard Guillaud, ‘India and France share common objectives in Indian Ocean and Afghanistan’, press conference in New Delhi, 19 October 2010, http://www.indiandefencereview. com/military-and-space/India-and-France-share-common-objectives-in-Indian-Ocean-and- Afghanistan.html, accessed 17 December 2010. 29 Christian la Miere, naval expert at the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies, quoted in ‘Piracy not only game in Indian Ocean naval build-up’, Reuters, 12 October 2010, http://alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE69A1YT.htm, accessed 29 October 2010. 30 US government, ‘Overview of National Security Strategy’, National Security Strategy, May 2010, p. 1, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy.pdf, accessed 14 December 2010. 31 ‘The national strategy forum review: conclusion: national security management’, National Security Journal, 19, 1, Winter 2009, Chapter 15, pp. 1–3, http://nationalstrategy.com/Portals/0/ documents/Winter%202009%20NSFR/Chapter%2015.pdf, accessed 14 December 2010. 32 Ibid. 33 Patterson R, Conduct Unbecoming: How Barack Obama is Destroying the Military and Endangering our Security. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2010, p. 234. 34 ‘Fact sheet: United States Africa command’, http://www.africom.mil/getArticle.asp?art=16>, accessed 14 December 2010. 35 Harris B & M Levy, ‘African voices on AFRICOM’, Africa Action, 22 February 2008, http:// apic.igc.org/resources/page.php?op=read&documentid=2826&type=6, accessed 14 December 2010. 36 Klare MT, ‘Oil, Iraq, and American foreign policy: the continuing salience of the Carter Doctrine’, International Journal, 62, 1, 2006, pp. 31 (Canadian Institute of International Affairs). The Carter Doctrine was first enunciated in President Jimmy Carter’s State of the Union address of 23 January 1980, in which he informed Congress and the American people that access to the Persian Gulf’s oilfields was essential to the health of the US economy and so any hostile effort to block such access would be considered an assault on America’s ‘vital interests’ and would be resisted by ‘any means necessary, including military force’. 37 See ‘Introduction’, p. 5, to the ‘Co-operative Strategy’, at http://www.navy.mil/maritime/ MaritimeStrategy.pdf, accessed 4 February 2011. 38 Holmes J & T Yoshihara, ‘US navy’s Indian Ocean folly?’ The Diplomat, 4 January 2011, http:// the-diplomat.com/2011/01/04/us-navy%E2%80%99s-indian-ocean-folly/, accessed 17 January 2011. 39 ‘A co-operative strategy for 21 st century seapower’, October 2007, http://www.navy.mil/ maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf, accessed 9 December 2010. 40 The American military vocabulary has adopted the ‘lily pad’ to mean an outpost, an advance camp, a foreign base, or staging area, only one in a series of stops, a scaled-down military facility with theoretically few permanent personnel, often used as a staging ground for Special Forces and Intelligence operations. Soldiers may then leapfrog from one lily pad to the next, SAIIA OCCASIONAL PAPER NUMBER 78 26
AfRICA ANd thE gEOPOLItICS Of thE INdIAN OCEAN http://dandelionsalad.wordpress.com/2010/10/04/just-some-notes-on-lily-pads-by-gaitherstewart/, accessed 28 October 2010. 41 The United States Africa Command, http://www.africom.mil/AfricomFAQs.asp, accessed 17 January 2011. 42 The United States Africa Command, http://www.africom.mil/getArticle.asp?art=5834&, accessed 17 January 2011. 43 Kaplan RD, ‘The geography of Chinese power’, Foreign Affairs, 89, 3, May/June 2010, http:// www.foreignaffairs.com/issues/2010/89/3, accessed 9 December 2010. 44 Ibid. 45 IISS (International Institute of Strategic Studies), ‘China’s three-point naval strategy’, Strategic Comments, 16, 2010, http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-comments/past-issues/ volume-16-2010/october/chinas-three-point-naval-strategy/, accessed 9 December 2010. 46 Council on Foreign Relations, Hanson A, ‘China, Africa and oil’, Backgrounder, 6 June 2008, http://www.cfr.org/publication/9557/china_africa_and_oil.html, accessed 17 January 2011. 47 Human Rights Watch, China’s involvement in Sudan: arms and oil, 2003, http://hrw.org/ reports/2003/sudan1103/26.htm, accessed 17 January 2011. 48 Dingli S, ‘Don’t shun the idea of setting up overseas military bases’, 28 January 2010, http:// www.china.org.cn/opinion/2010-01/28/content_19324522.htm, accessed 9 December 2010. See, also Pant HV, ‘China’s naval expansion in the Indian Ocean and India–China rivalry’, The Asia-Pacific Journal, 18, 4, p. 10. 49 Lamont J, ‘China makes foray into Mauritius’, Financial Times, 25 January 2010, http://www. ft.com/cms/s., accessed 27 January 2010. 50 Lamont J, ‘Dragon ‘aggressively’ pursues Mauritius as Africa hub’, Financial Times, 25 January 2010, http://www.ft.com/cms/s., accessed 27 January 2010. 51 Ibid. 52 http://merln.ndu.edu/whitepapers/China_English2008.pdf, Chapter V (‘The Navy’), p. 34. 53 Chang A, ‘China’s navy projects power across the Indian Ocean’, published 6 March 2009, http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2009/03/06/Chinas-navy-projectspower-across-the-Indian-Ocean/UPI-64651236350689/html. 54 ‘China “seriously” considering building an aircraft carrier’, 23 December 2008, http:// www.spacewar.com/reports/China_seriously_considering_building_an_aircraft_carrier_ spokesman_999.html, accessed 16 December 2008. 55 Chellaney B, ‘Chinese navy aims to challenge India’s pre-eminence in the Indian Ocean: dragon in India’s backyard’, Asian Age, 31 December 2008, http://chellaney.spaces.live.com/Blog/ cns!4913C78A2EA4A30!947.entry, accessed 14 December 2010. 56 Hille K, ‘China reveals aircraft carrier plans’, Financial Times, 17 December 2010, http://www. ft.com/cms/s/0/fa7f5e6a-09cc-11e0-8b29-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1BU6TPQEJ, accessed 19 January 2011. 57 http://merln.ndu.edu/whitepapers/China_English2008.pdf. 58 Brown PJ, ‘China’s navy sails past India’s dock’, Greater China, 22 October 2010, http://www. atimes.com/atimes/China/KJ22Ad02.html, accessed 14 December 2010. 59 IISS, ‘Long march of China’s military reform’, Strategic Comments, 16, Comment 28, September 2010, http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-comments/past-issues/volume-16-2010/ september/long-march-of-chinas-military-reform/, accessed 9 December 2010. 60 Pravda, ‘Russia to restore naval presence in all oceans’, 26 November 2010, http://english.pravda. ru/russia/kremlin/26-11-2010/115948-russia_naval_bases-0/, accessed 17 January 2011. SAIIA OCCASIONAL PAPER NUMBER 78 27
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