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<strong>ASTRONOMY</strong> <strong>CONTRAILS</strong> <strong>JET</strong> <strong>AVIATION</strong> CIRRUS GLOBAL WARMING AIR ...<br />
1. A seal colony at Cold Island / Carbery Island, Ireland: "Even overhead air traffic is so high that you will only see vapour trail": http://www.westcorkweb.ie/...<br />
2. Contrails (???) mentioned in an Irish text: http://193.1.228.3/...<br />
3. Contrails west <strong>of</strong> Ireland: http://www.tech-pro.freeserve.co.uk/... with the contrails seen on: click - and click<br />
NORWEGIAN ... up<br />
1. A Norwegian site with a contrail photo: http://www.nilu.no/... from click<br />
2. Elementary weather site, explaining contrails: http://home.newmedia.no/...<br />
3. Science: "Contrails trigger the formation <strong>of</strong> high cirrus clouds. The radiative influence <strong>of</strong> these clouds is not yet fully understood. Today, the global mean coverage by<br />
line-shaped contrails is estimated to be about 0.1%. Scenarios for 2050 project an increase <strong>of</strong> this number to 0.<strong>47</strong>%. A problem with determining the potential impact <strong>of</strong><br />
air traffic induced clouds is the inability to compare them to undisturbed conditions. Due to transport from the major air routes, vast areas <strong>of</strong> the upper troposphere are<br />
already influenced": http://www.ge<strong>of</strong>ysikk.uio.no/...<br />
4. A Norwegian text on global warming: http://www.apollon.uio.no/...<br />
RUSSIAN ... up<br />
1. A DLR investigation mirred from a Russian site: Thomas Gerz: "Large Eddy Simulation <strong>of</strong> Aircraft-Induced Vortices in the Atmosphere": http://www.ipme.ru/...<br />
2. Olga Popovitcheva: "Growing evidences from the field observations [hint] that a perennial soot aerosol layer [originating] from air traffic exists at 10-11 km altitudes.<br />
Soot particles are recognized as playing possibly important role in a global atmosphere phenomena such as cloud formation, radiation Earth's balance, chemical<br />
transformation <strong>of</strong> the gas composition clearly implicated in the stratospheric ozone depletion. Recent studies hint that engine soot aerosols as small as 20 nm are<br />
responsible for ice formation in the aircraft contrail": http://www.crmc2.univ-mrs.fr/...<br />
SOUTH AFRICAN ... up<br />
1. Contrails over South Africa: http://www.capetownskies.com/... - from click<br />
2. At my petition, the proprietor <strong>of</strong> the former site, Mr. Gordon Richardson <strong>of</strong> Cape Town, has kindly supplied these comments and links: "Cape Town does not have any<br />
overflights (it is not en-route to anywhere else in the world), and I have only a handful <strong>of</strong> contrails in my photos. Here are the most recent ones:<br />
http://www.capetownskies.com/... - and - click . On that day the airport was closed due to fog, and the planes were circling overhead before diverting to alternate landing<br />
zones. We also had some during the Rugby World cup in 1995 when the airport was busy: click . Here is one taken by a friend <strong>of</strong> mine: click . When I was in Europe I<br />
was amazed at the number <strong>of</strong> contrails! click . Some natural phenomena can look like contrails, or shadows <strong>of</strong> contrails. This photo I took in 1995 is almost certainly<br />
natural: click . This photo I took in July is also natural IMO: click<br />
SWEDISH ... up<br />
1. A Swedish site, with a contrail photo: http://www.lp.se/...<br />
2. Contrails are not UFOs: http://home.swipnet.se/...<br />
SWISS ... up<br />
1. A technical site, on Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing applied to contrails: http://www.geod.ethz.ch/...<br />
2. Climate Press: "Mehr Luftverkehr bringt wachsende Umweltfolgen mit sich": http://130.92.225.40/...<br />
3. CH-FORSCHUNG (a printed publication?): "Stark wachsender Flugverkehr beeinflusst zunehmend das Klima": http://www.ch-forschung.ch/...<br />
4. Weathermen should not forecast high clouds but say 'contrails': "Darum wäre es sehr wünschenswert, wenn am Meteodienst nicht von 'hohen Wolkenfeldern' oder<br />
'harmlosen Schleierwolken' gesprochen wird, sondern im Klartext, von Flugzeugkondensstreifen! "Oft überziehen ja die Kondensstreifen ganze Landesteile und<br />
verschleiern den Himmel europaweit": http://www.flugemissionen.ch/...<br />
5. Tages-anzeiger (February 9, 1996): Letter from a reader: "Bewölkung durch Flugzeuge: ...Das Wichtigste, was uns schon lange direkt betrifft, sind sonnenverdeckende<br />
Himmelsbewölkungen, wenn bei schönem Wetter die Kondensstreifen von Flugzeugen hängenbleiben, sich vergrössern, verdichten und schliesslich die Sonne<br />
verdecken": http://tages-anzeiger.ch/...<br />
6. Tages-anzeiger (January 7, 1999): "Mehr Wolken wegen der Jets" (quoting O.Boucher's paper in Nature): http://tages-anzeiger.ch/...<br />
7. Swiss search for contrails (21 hits on July 18, 2000): http://www.sear.ch/...<br />
8. Swiss worries about contrails (much numeric data): http://www.sun21.ch/...<br />
9. Swissair's environmental concern: http://www.swissair.com/...<br />
TAIWANESE ... up<br />
1. TAO Journal volume 12, issue no. 1 has several papers on contrails: http://tao.gcc.ntu.edu.tw/<br />
THAI ... up<br />
1. Summary <strong>of</strong> Minnis' paper in Geophysical Research Letters, 1 July 1999: http://einstein.sc.mahidol.ac.th/...<br />
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS ... top <strong>of</strong> document<br />
Page 15 <strong>of</strong> <strong>47</strong><br />
1. IATA - The International Air Transport Association: no mention <strong>of</strong> 'contrails', 'environment', etc., in the site index, October 1999) http://www.iata.org/...<br />
2. ICAO Journal vol.56 May 2001 has a discussion on environmental problems, mostly noise issues: http://www.icao.int/...<br />
3. ICAO: On the number <strong>of</strong> passengers carried: http://www.icao.int/...<br />
4. ICAO: Civil Aircraft Emissions are only regulated what regards taxiing, take-<strong>of</strong>f and landing, not during cruise, and only what regards CO, NOx, and unburned fuel:<br />
http://www.icao.int/...<br />
5. OECD: On fuel taxation as a means <strong>of</strong> controlling contrail formation (pdf): http://www.oecd.org/...<br />
6. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "Aviation and the Global Atmosphere", ed. J.E.Penner et al., Cambridge University Press, 1999. This is the major work on<br />
the influence <strong>of</strong> aviation, on the atmosphere, and expected to become a standard reference work for years to come. The physics <strong>of</strong> contrails is described in great detail.<br />
The 'Summary for Policy Makers': can be retrieved as a pdf-document from: http://www.ipcc.ch/ - for a translation to Danish, see Luftfart og den Globale Atmosfaere<br />
7. United Nations Environment Programme, discussion <strong>of</strong> the IPCC report "Aviation and the Global Atmosphere", in relation to ozone emissions: http://www.unep.ch/...<br />
8. "The Ozone Secretariat" under UNEP discussing contrails triggering cirrus cloudiness and thereby climate change: http://www.unep.org/...<br />
9. IPCC report press release http://www.ipcc.ch/...<br />
10. IPCC WGI Newsletter: http://www.meto.govt.uk/...<br />
http://www.astro.ku.dk/~holger/IDA/notes.html<br />
12/11/2008
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