2005 MINWARA Conference on Sea Mine Warfare

Presented to 

<strong>2005</strong> <strong>MINWARA</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on 

Sea Mine Warfare 

23-26 23 26 May <strong>2005</strong> 

Brian Almquist 

Office of Naval Research 

Voice: (703) 696-3351 Fax: (703) 696-2710 almquib@onr.navy.mil

Surf Zone / Beach Zone Breaching 

Weapon System Program Elements 

DEPLOY 

• Focus: Utilize Existing Navy / 

AF Systems for Deployment 

and Employment of CMCO 

Warheads 

• Key Technology 

Challenges: Warhead 

Effectiveness and Dispense 

Mechanisms 

(Organic Supportability) 

EMPLOY 

(Stand-off, In-stride) 

• Mainstream Assault 

Breaching MCM 

• Assault Breaching 

Becomes Part of Air 

and Surface Strike 

Mission Areas 

HIT 

(Targeting, Guidance, 

& Control) 

KILL 

(Warheads) 

<strong>MINWARA</strong> <strong>Conference</strong>_Breaching 2-5May05.ppt

Mine & Obstacle Breaching 

S&T Strategy 

Develop a Precision Mine and Obstacle Breaching Capability 

• Enabled by ISR and Weapon Precision Guidance 

• Delivery by Naval TACAIR, USAF Bombers, and Naval Guns 

Strategy Based on Concept of Spiral Development 

• JDAM Assault Breaching System (JABS): Exploit existing precision 

guided (JDAM) bombs 

• Advanced Warhead Development: Develop countermine darts with 

greater kill radius & effectiveness against buried mines in water and 

on land. 

Rapid Transition to System Level Demonstrations: Reduces risk 

and shortens acquisition timeline. 

USN and USAF MOA for Delivery of Breaching Warheads (Signed) 

• Response to OMCM FNC technology developments 


JDAM Assault Breaching System 

(JABS) 

Objective: 

• Characterize the tactical performance 

of existing precision guided bombs 

Program Description: 

• 18-Month Test & Evaluation Period 

• Phase I: BZ low tide Demo (Completed) 

• Phase II: SZ / BZ Demo (Completed) 

• Mission Planner 

Systems Effectiveness Issues: 

• Lethality vs. Mines / Obstacles 

(Tactical, as delivered) 

• Fuze (HOB, detonation in water) 

• Deployment Tactics 

• Integrated CONOPS 

AT mines at 6 m spacing 

Target Set for JABS Surface Mines & Light Obstacles 

10 m 

5m 15 m 

10 m 

174.21 m 

Goal is to Enable an Operational Capability by FY 2006 

10 m 

30 m 

50 m 

AT mines (A, B, F, G, H) 

4 strand fence 

Tanglefoot 0.3 

2.0 

AP mines (K) 

AL Mine, (E, L) 

0.6 0.9 1.1 

Water Depth (m) 

Triple Strand Concertina Wire 

Type 2 AL Mines (J, M) w/AP mines 

Sea Urchins 

Profile At Mean Tide. 6-8 ft Tidal Variations 

(+3-4 ft about mean tide) 

10 m 

Team: 

• Boeing Phantom Works 

• NSWC-PC 

• NAWC-CL 

• Northrop Grumman Corporation 

• USAF 49 th T&E Squadron - Barksdale 

10 m 

<strong>MINWARA</strong> <strong>Conference</strong>_Breaching 2-5May05.ppt 

50 X yds

B-52 

MK-84 

Standoff Delivery Platform 

GBU-31(V)2/B 

Precision Guidance 

JDAM Assault Breaching 

System (JABS) 

JDAM 

Tail Kit 

Mission Planner Screen Capture 

Target Damage 


AT mines at 6 m spacing 

10 m 

30 m 

AL Mine, (E, L) 

10 m 

5m 15 m 

10 m 

AT mines (A, B, F, G, H) 

4 strand fence 

Tanglefoot 0.3 

0.6 0.9 1.1 

AP mines (K) 

Type 2 AL Mines (J, M) 

MCIA Threat 

50 m 

174.21 m 

Water Depth (m) 

Triple Strand Concertina Wire 

w/AP mines 

Profile At Mean Tide. 6-8 ft Tidal Variations 

(+3-4 ft about mean tide) 

Sea Urchins 

10 m 

2.0 

10 m 

60 50 yds 


MCIA Threat Laydown 

Mines & Light Obstacles 

• Tactical threat laydown provided by MCIA 

• Obstacle barriers consist of four-strand barb wire fence (cattle 

fence), tanglefoot, triple standard concertina (TSC) wire, and 

sea urchins 

• Includes anti-tank and anti-landing mines 


JABS Phase I 

Beach Zone Lane Clearance 

• Beach Effects Testing to Characterize Weapon Lethality at 

Tactical Impact Burial / Height of Detonation (Static); Completed 

- Beach arena test 

- Bombs detonated above and into ground (0”, -22”, -36”, +36”, +96”) 

- Tactical mines & light obstacles 

- USAF MK-84 bombs 

• BZ Lane Clearance Demo to Prepare for Flight Demo (Static); 

Completed 

- 10 bombs tactically positioned and detonated 



• BZ Lane Clearance Demo to Characterize Weapon Lethality 

(Flight); China Lake / NAWC, CA; Completed 

- USAF B-52 will deploy 10 MK-84 bombs 


- Low tide conditions 


JABS BZ Lane Clearance Demo 

NAWC-CL Flight Test - 13 Jan 2004 

0900 – B-52H Left Barksdale AFB, LA 

1330 – Cold Pass 

1345 – Hot Pass 

VIDEO 

Before 

SLIDE 


January 13, 2004 

• Met All Objectives 

Beach Zone Demonstration 

Observations & Results 

• Successfully Employed 10 of 10 Weapons from 1 USAF B-52 

• Craters can be Avoided with Appropriate Fuze Settings 


JABS Phase II 

Combined SZ / BZ Lane Clearance 

• Water Effects Testing to Characterize Fuze Performance in the 

Water Column (Flight); Completed 

- USN F-18 aircraft drop of 2 inert MK-84 bombs 

• Water Effects Testing to Characterize Weapon Lethality at Tactical 

Impact / Height of Detonation (Static); Completed 

- Water arena test 



- Parameters: Water depth, depth of weapon detonation, seabed penetration, 

cavity formation 

• SZ / BZ Lane Clearance Demo to Prepare for Flight Demo (Static); 

Completed 

- Several bombs tactically positioned and detonated 



• SZ / BZ Lane Clearance Demo to Characterize Weapon Lethality 

(Flight); Completed 

- Four USAF B-52 aircraft to drop multiple MK-84 bombs 

- Tactical mines & light obstacles arrayed on land and in water 


JABS Water Effects Testing 

VIDEO (Flight) 

Field Test Slide 

VIDEO (Model) 

VIDEO (Test) 


JABS Combined SZ/BZ Demo 

NAWC-CL Flight Test - 9 Sept 2004 

0900 – 4 B-52Hs Left Barksdale AFB, LA 

1400 – Hot Pass 

VIDEO 

Before 


JABS Combined SZ / BZ Demo 

Preliminary Observations & Results 

• Met All Objectives 

• Successfully Employed 40 of 42 Weapons from 4 USAF 

B-52s 

- Aircraft Malfunction Caused One Weapon Failure 

- Tail Kit Malfunction Caused One Weapon to Fall Short 

• Water Depth Plays a Key Role in Determining the 

Correct Weapon Configuration 


JABS Mission Planner 

Mission 

Planner 

Desired Point of Impact (DPI) Locations 

Allows Expeditionary Strike Group to Plan a JABS Breaching Mission 


JABS Status 

• Transitioned to PMS-495 

• Initiated Independent Statistical Assessment 

of Results 

- Determine Confidence Levels 

- Identify Critical Areas for Acquisition Testing 

• Initiated Testing Against Buried Mines & Mines 

in 10’ Water Depth 

• Stand-Alone Mission Planner 

- Initiated Integration with MEDAL 


Strategy: 

• Precision Guided CMCO 

Warheads Delivered by Naval 

TACAIR, USAF Bombers and 

Naval Guns 

- Countermine Darts 

- Continuous Rod Warhead 

Concepts: 

• Best Buy Projectile (NGFS) 

• TMD / Guided Munitions (Hydra-7) 

• BLU-109 / JDAM Tail Kit (MODS) 

Effectiveness Issues: 

• Lethality vs. Mines / Obstacles 

• Dart Dispensing 

• Integrated CONOPS 

Advanced Warhead Development 

High Threat Scenario 

Team: 

• Boeing Phantom Works 

• Lockheed Martin Adv Projects 

• SAIC 

Demonstrate Technology by FY 2007 

•NSWC -IHD 

•NSWC -PC 

•NAWC -CL 


Countermine Darts 

Chemical Dart Detonating Dart 

� Mass 38.5 grams (21g 

subpenetrator) 

� 7.5 mL of DETA 

2.5 mL DETA 

5 mL DETA 

Slots added to improve 

performance against proud 

mines 

VIDEO (Chemical Dart vs. Mine in Water) 

35 CAL DART 

� Primer: M42C2 

� Free Volume: .22 cm3 

� Delay : LEAD SALT 

� Main Fill: PBXN-5 

VIDEO (HE Dart Test) 

VIDEO (HYDRA-7 Dart Test) 


Countermine Darts 

MODS Dispenser 

Packed Canister of Darts 

Controlled Dispense of Countermine Darts 


Dart Dispenser Concepts 

MODS Forward Ejection NGFS Timed Tangential Release 

VIDEO (Sled Test) 

VIDEO (Dispense) 

VIDEO (Target) 


MODS Flight Test 

MODS 

Mine/Obstacle Defeat System 



Status 

• Reactive material dart put on the shelf; Focus investment 

on chemical and detonating darts 

• CRW put on shelf; Focus investment on precision guided 

bombs for obstacle clearance 

• Initiated Live System Demonstration 


FY 05 

• Conduct MODS Inert Flight Test with Dispense 

• Complete Chemical Dart (BZ Only) 

• Down-select Dart for Live Demonstration 

• Initiate Live Demonstration Effort 

FY 06 

• Conduct Live Demonstration 

FY 07 


Plans 

• Complete Transition to Acquisition (PMS – 495) 


Summary 

• System Technologies Transform Assault Breaching to 

a Strike Mission 

• JABS Provides a Contingency Capability 

• Integration of Mission Planner with MEDAL provides 

an Initial Fielded Capability 

- Spiral to include countermine darts 

• Combination of Countermine Darts & JABS will Enable 

a Full Operational Capability 


Presented to 







JABS Combined SZ / BZ Threat 

Laydown NAWC China Lake 


Beach Zone Test 

Eglin AFB 

12 September 2002 

BZ Field Test vs. Threat Laydown (Static) 

Demonstrated: 

• Effectiveness against light obstacles 

• Effectiveness against mines 


OBSTACLE TYPES 

MINIMUM NEAR-TERM 

REQUIREMENT 

THRESHOLD OBJECTIVE 

ANTI-LANDING MINES, TYPE 2 P 

ANTI-LANDING MINES C 

ANTI-PERSONNEL MINES (PLASTIC OR STEEL CASE) R 

ANTI-TANK MINES, PLASTIC C 

JDAM ASSAULT BREACHING SYSTEM NEAR-TERM 

SURF ZONE / BEACH ZONE REQUIREMENTS 

MINES 

ANTI-TANK MINES, STEEL CASED C 

CONCRETE CUBES (4’ x 4’ x 4’) R 

H E A V Y 

CONCRETE TETRAHEDRONS (DRAGON’S TEETH) 

CONCRETE JERSEY BARRIERS 

(REINFORCED CONCRETE – 12’ LENGTH x 2.75’ HT) 

R 

R 

STEEL HEDGEHOG (SH) 

(4’ x 4’ x 3/8” ANGLE IRON) 

R 

M E D I U M 

STEEL TETRAHEDRON (ST) 

(4’ x 4’ x 5/8” ANGLE IRON) 

R 

LOG POSTS (LP) 

(16” DIA / BURIED 5’ DEEP / 30” – 48” ABOVE GROUND) 

R 

SEA URCHINS (SU) C 

L I G H T 

TRIPLE-STRAND CONCERTINA WIRE (TSC) 

(36” DIAMETER / ENGINEER STAKES @ 12’) 

TANGLEFOOT WIRE (TF) 

4-STRAND BARBED WIRE FENCE (BW) 

C 

C 

C 

COMBINED ANTI-PERSONNEL MINES WITH TANGLEFOOT R 

10’ WATER DEPTH PLUS 6” OVERBURDEN P 

10’ WATER DEPTH P 

6’ WATER DEPTH C 

3’ WATER DEPTH PLUS 6” OVERBURDEN P 

3’ WATER DEPTH C 

ON BEACH (PROUD) C 

ON BEACH PLUS 6” OVERBURDEN P 

ENVIRONMENT 

JABS 

Performance Parameters Matrix 

Reference: JDAM Assault Breaching System (JABS) Interim Requirements Letter dated 1 Dec 04 signed by OPNAV N75 

P – Pending ONR FY05 Test; R – Requirement; C - Completed 


Arena Tests (Static) 

Mk 84 Test, Summer 99 Mk 83 Test, Spring 01 Mk 83 Water Test 

Arena Tests are Used to Characterize Weapon Lethality 


Regression analysis used 

to evaluate kill / no kill data 

1.2 

1 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0 

Kill - All Mechanisms 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

JABS BZ Lethality Data 

Type A 

Type B 

Type F 

Type G 

Type H 

1.2 

1 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0 

1.2 

1 

0.8 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

0 

Fragment KIlls 

0 20 40 60 80 100 

Pressure Kills 

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 

Type A 

Type B 

Type F 

Type G 

Type H 

Type A 

Type B 

Type F 

Type H 


Compilation of JABS Test Data 

Example 

0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 >50 

A 1/1 1/1 2/2 2/3 5/8 10/10 4/4 3/4* 0/2 62 

B 1/1 1/1 2/2 5/5 7/7 3/3 1/2 4/4 1/1 66 

F 1/1 0/0 0/0 2/2 2/2 6/6 4/5 2/2 2/2 1/1 72 

G 1/1 0/0 0/0 5/5 3/3 4/4 3/4 2/4 1/1 1/1 63 

H 1/1 0/0 0/0 3/3 3/3 4/4 1/1 4/4 5/5 1/1 72 

BZ A F 

BZSZ B 

* Upper end of bin 

3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 15-18 18-21 21-24 24-27 27-30 30-33 33-36 

E(0.6m) 0ms 2/2 1/1 1/3 2/2 1/2 1/1 0/0 0/1 0/1 0/0 0/1 

E(1.1m) 0ms 2/2 3/3 2/3 0/2 0/1 0/0 0/0 0/1 

E(2.0m) 10ms 0/0 0/0 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 0/1 1/1 


• Joint Air Force / Navy Program 

• GPS – Aided Guidance 

JDAM 

- Guidance commands provided by INS; GPS aids INS 

- 2.5 meter CEP without target location error 

• Affordable, Adverse Weather, Accurate Guidance Kit 

- Attaches to the existing 500, 1,000 and 2,000-lb 

general purpose bombs 

- Uses controlled tail fin movements to guide the weapon 

• Production Began May 1998 

- Current production rate is 3000 kits / month 


Beach Zone Test 

Eglin AFB - 12 September 2002 

BZ Field Test vs. Threat Laydown (Static) 

Staggered 

Column 

The effects against this target lay-down 

were sufficient for a cleared lane for an 

AAV equipped unit. 


JABS Mission Planner / OBSCLR 

Sequence of Planning Events: 

• MP Predicted 50 Weapons 

- Lethality from Single Weapon Arena Tests 

- Conservative Estimate 

• OBSCLR Predicted 42 Weapons 

- Monte Carlo Analysis 

- Accounts for Effects from Multiple Weapons 

• Flight Demo Estimate 

- Based on Experience to Reduce Uncertainty 

• Adjusted Weapon Laydown Due to Lower Water Levels 

- No Time to Run the MP or OBSCLR 

• Dropped 42 Weapons 


Presented to 







BZ Lane Clearance Demo 

NAWC-CL Flight Test - 13 Jan 2004 

After 

Back 


Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) 

Unitary Warhead 

Back 


BZ 3 

Back 


JABS SZ Flight Test 

BACK 


3 FT Fill 

BACK 


Model 

BACK 


JABS BZ/SZ Lane Clearance Demo 

NAWC-CL Flight Test - 9 Sept 2004 

Back 


SZ Field Test vs. Threat Laydown (Static) 

Back 


Chemical Dart vs. Mine in Water 

Back 


HE Dart Test 

Back 


MODS Sled Test 

Back 


NGFS Timed Tangential Release 

Back 


NGFS Timed Tangential Release 

Darts on Target 

Back 


MODS First Flight Test 

December 16, 2004 

Back 


HYDRA-7 Dart Test 

Back

2005 MINWARA Conference on Sea Mine Warfare

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