Mastering Regular Expressions - Table of Contents

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• After a successful match, the variables $1, $2, $3, etc., are available and hold the text matched by their respective parenthesized subexpressions in the regex. Subexpressions are numbered by counting open parentheses from the left, starting with one. The subexpressions can be nested, such as with (United States( of America)?) . Parentheses can be intended for grouping only, but as a byproduct they still match into one of the special variables. On the other hand, they are often inserted specifically to fill a numbered variable. This technique allows you to use a regex to pluck information from a string.
Modifying Text with Regular Expressions Page 45 So far, the examples have centered on finding, and at times, "plucking out" information from a string. Now we will take a look at substitution, or search and replace, a regex feature that Perl and many tools offer. As we have seen, $var =~ m/regex/ attempts to match the given regular expression to the text in the given variable, and returns true or false appropriately. The similar construct $var =~ s/regex/replacement/ takes it a step further: if the regex is able to match the string in $var, the text actually matched will be replaced by replacement. The regex is the same as with m/…/, but the replacement (between the middle and final slash) is treated the same as a doublequoted string. This means that you can include references to variables (including, as is particularly useful, $1, $2, and so on to refer to parts of what was just matched). Thus, with $var =~ s/…/…/ the value of the variable is actually changed (but if there is no match to begin with, no replacement is made and the variable is left unchanged). For example, if $var contained Jeff Friedl and we ran $var =~ s/Jeff/Jeffrey/; $var would end up with Jeffrey Friedl. But if $var held Jeffrey Friedl to begin with, it would end up with Jeffreyrey Friedl after running the snippet. Perhaps we should use a word-boundary metacharacter. As mentioned in the first chapter, some versions of egrep support \< and \> for their start-of-word and end-of-word metacharacters. Perl, however, provides the catch-all \b to match either: $var =~ s/\bJeff\b/Jeffrey/; Here's a slightly tricky quiz: like m/…/, the s/…/…/ operation can use modifiers such as /i. Practically speaking, what does $var =~ s/\bJeff\b/Jeff/i;
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Mastering Regular Expressions - Tab
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Mastering Regular Expressions by Je
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Optional Items 16 Other Quantifiers
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A Casual Stroll Across the Regex La
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Page vii Alternation 84 Guide to th
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POSIX and the Longest-Leftmost Rule
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More Work for a POSIX NFA 147 Work
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Page ix The Real "Unrolling the Loo
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A Chapter, a Chicken, and The Perl
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The Match Operator 246 Match-Operan
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Page xi The Efficiency Penalty of t
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6-5 GNU Emacs's Search-Related Prim
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Preface This book is about a powerf
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Anyone who uses GNU Emacs or vi, or
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This book tells a story, but one wi
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• Chapter 2, Extended Introductor
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• Chapter 7, Perl Regular Express
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To make this useful, we can wrap Su
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Knowing I would have to write about
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The work of many reviewers has help
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I'd like to thank my company, Omron
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1 Introduction to Regular Expressio
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Page 2 remove, isolate, and general
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an editor would have been truly ard
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Regular Expressions as a Language P
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The Language Analogy Page 5 Full re
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The goal of this book Page 6 The ch
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Searching Text Files: Egrep Page 7
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ytes and lines in a file, but it ge
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Character Classes Matching any one
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Answers to the questions on page 8.
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With 07.04.76 , the dots are metach
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*Once, in fourth grade, I was leadi
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As you can see, the alternation hap
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Figure 1-2: Start and end of "word"
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Optional Items Page 16 Let's look a
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Other Quantifiers: Repetition Page
Page 75 and 76: Page 18 This leaves us with , whic
Page 77 and 78: easier to tell egrep to ignore case
Page 79 and 80: Answer to the question on page 18.
Page 81 and 82: Page 21 The metasequence to match a
Page 83 and 84: Page 22 Also, while egrep doesn't c
Page 85 and 86: Dollar amount (with optional cents)
Page 87 and 88: Answer to the question on page 23.
Page 89 and 90: "Subexpression" The term subexpress
Page 91 and 92: When it comes down to it, regular e
Page 93 and 94: • Regular expression features—S
Page 95 and 96: • A negated character class is st
Page 97 and 98: Remember, though, that a backslash
Page 99 and 100: 2 Extended Introductory Examples In
Page 101 and 102: About the Examples Page 32 Perl all
Page 103 and 104: A Short Introduction to Perl Page 3
Page 105 and 106: Here's how it looks: % perl -w temp
Page 107 and 108: Page 35 Note that a test such as $r
Page 109 and 110: Toward a More Real-World Example Pa
Page 111 and 112: Page 37 To keep the example unclutt
Page 113 and 114: Figure 2-2: Temperature-conversion
Page 115 and 116: Negated matches Our program logic h
Page 117 and 118: Page 40 ostensibly used only to gro
Page 119 and 120: A short aside—metacharacters galo
Page 121 and 122: How do [ ] * and ( *| *) compare? A
Page 123 and 124: Page 43 Oops! Did you notice that i
Page 125: Answer to the question on page 43.
Page 129 and 130: Just what does $var = s/\bJeff\b/Je
Page 131 and 132: Page 47 I boiled down my needs to '
Page 133 and 134: Page 48 Although I applied this to
Page 135 and 136: Page 49 Let's analyze this. To prin
Page 137 and 138: the end of the string. * We can't u
Page 139 and 140: A Warning about .* The expression .
Page 141 and 142: Page 52 header, we'll overwrite $re
Page 143 and 144: Page 53 The substitute searches for
Page 145 and 146: The "real" real world Page 54 Email
Page 147 and 148: Double-word example in modern Perl
Page 149 and 150: Page 56 The next unless before the
Page 151 and 152: There's nothing special about Perl
Page 153 and 154: Page 58 Another interesting thing i
Page 155 and 156: It didn't make sense to talk about
Page 157 and 158: * "A logical calculus of the ideas
Page 159 and 160: Along the way, AT&T Bell Labs added
Page 161 and 162: Multiply this by the passage of tim
Page 163 and 164: Many issues must be kept in mind, e
Page 165 and 166: Page: Page 65 implementation, befor
Page 167 and 168: Page: Page 66 standard C library fu
Page 169 and 170: Doing Something with the Matched Te
Page 171 and 172: Page 68 The early versions of awk d
Page 173 and 174: Page 69 expression for finding doub
Page 175 and 176: You can guess that the string with
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Page 71 in every decision the drive
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Page 72 Some tools add a lot of new
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Table 3-3: A Few Utilities and Some
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Octal escape \ num Page 74 Some imp
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Are these escapes literal? Page 75
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Page 76 metacharacters take precede
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Page 77 within a class, [^\"] must
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Emacs syntax classes Page 78 As an
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In many tools, the only metacharact
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POSIX bracket-expression "character
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POSIX bracket-expression "collating
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Table 3-4. String/Line Anchors, and
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Page 83 Each tool has its own idea
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Intervals {min,max} or \{min,max\}
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Page 85 happens is different for mo
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Page 86 an expert to solve Fermat's
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Well, what if you had an electric c
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Both engine types have been around
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On the other hand, egrep, awk, and
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About the Examples Page 91 This cha
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attempted at each position all the
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Engine Pieces and Parts Page 93 An
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Page 94 they are irrelevant to an e
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Page 95 If it turns out that the on
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So, with a variable $line holding a
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You might even imagine something li
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Page 98 first try to take as much a
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Regex-Directed vs. Text-Directed Th
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DFA Engine: Text-Directed Contrast
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Page 101 lady sings." in this parag
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Page 102 The regex-directed nature
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Page 103 regex from the second posi
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NFA: Theory vs. Reality The true ma
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that had been saved as the untried
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a num a num a num a num These repre
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A few observations: first, the back
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Page 109 Actually, since we underst
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Laziness? Page 110 This whole probl
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I then noted: Anything matched so f
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Is Alternation Greedy? Page 112 The
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Is Alternation Greedy? Page 112 The
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Uses for Non-Greedy Alternation Pag
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Answer to the question on page 112.
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Let me repeat: when the transmissio
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To match continuation lines, you mi
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(to|top)(o|polo)?(gical|o?logical)
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Differences in match speed For simp
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* I have seen two tools employ slig
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Simple, however, does not necessari
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Page 122 Even in a script, efficien
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Page 123 The problem with (\\\n|[^\
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Page 124 simple expression he used
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Page 125 worth the trouble to be mo
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with the … example from page 109.
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Indeed, this matches such examples
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The solution is to add an alternati
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3. match the ending delimiter As I
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This is not a problem when using a
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One practical problem is that our r
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Stating problems in a way that make
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The transmission kicks in and retri
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This is a good time to point out th
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if [regexp -indices .*/ $WholePath
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One overriding rule regardless of e
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Constructing a regex for a specific
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Toward arming you well, this chapte
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Let's start by looking at an exampl
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More Advanced—Localizing the Gree
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Figure 5-2: Effects of an added plu
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Well, you get the idea—there are
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On a local level, backtracking is r
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The remembered states accumulated w
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As a comparison, let's replace the
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Figure 5-4: Failing attempt to matc
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As we see with alternation (among o
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The differences lie in what is matc
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Example #3 involves much less overh
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The explanation lies in another rea
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One moral to learn from all this is
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GNU Emacs performs very few of the
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Somewhat related to a fixed-string
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Finally, how do we explain the resu
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If a regex is used in a situation w
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The compiled form can be used multi
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Page 160 keeps a cache of the inter
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Page 161 The doublequotes are for t
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Page 162 If the engine had the matc
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possible, but we can still identify
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First, the special and normal subex
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+ \{[^}]*\} Plugging this into the
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• ( *\$[0-9]+)* , to match space-
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If a subdomain is [a-z]+ and we wan
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• more speed The regex "flows" we
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Our pseudo comments, with /x and x/
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Let's try to fix these regexes. Wit
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For efficiency's sake, let's look a
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Other Quantifiers: Repetition Page
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The Freeflowing Regex Page 173 We j
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Consider: set COMMENT {/\*[^*]*\*+(
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Page 175 So rather than letting the
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These changes yield "($OTHER+|$DOUB
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Think! Figure 5-9: Well-guided opti
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Page 178 On the other hand, if the
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Page 179 the string where [cdsuw] c
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Page 180 When it comes down to it,
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Yes, even something as simple as gr
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The -i command-line option seems to
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Page 184 string when a regex matche
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With versions of awk that support h
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Some implementations have limitatio
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string = "awk" gsub(/(nothing)*/, "
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Tcl* uses Henry Spencer's NFA regex
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How Tcl parses a script is one of t
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Here, the -nocase is an option that
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Despite the documentation to the co
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Emacs has long used a Traditional N
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Table 6-6: GNU Emacs's String Metac
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Page 195 The syntax influences the
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Page 196 For example, during a POSI
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Page 197 The match-string and repla
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Code for Emacs function for Chapter
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7 Perl Regular Expressions In this
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Page 200 Perhaps more important tha
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The Perl Way Page 201 Table 7-1 sum
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The richness of variety and options
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In the same article, Larry also wro
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Perl's full toolbox offers many sol
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Page 206 These are easy enough to u
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Page 207 Well, almost all the field
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Page 208 Of course, being able to s
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Page 209 Those comments are actuall
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Regex-Related Perlisms Page 210 The
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Page 211 Sometimes, the type of an
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Dynamically scoped values Page 212
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Page 213 An automatic save and rest
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Page 214 You'd get the same effect
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Dynamic Scope Example # Process "th
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Page 216 The benefits of dynamic sc
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Page 217 Perlmaster.) This code cou
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$1, $2, $3, etc. Page 218 The text
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Using $1 within a regex? Page 219 T
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The doublequotes are really operato
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Page 221 Thus, you might consider ^
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Page 222 once when the script is fi
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Figure 7-1: Perl parsing, from prog
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the operand this is different from
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Perl's Regex Flavor Page 225 Now th
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Let's say you want to specially pro
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• The possibility of greater inte
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Matches a number if not followed by
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Using capturing parentheses within
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Page 231 (?#…) appeared in versio
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String Anchors Anchors are indispen
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• Whether you can work with data
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To allow greater flexibility, Perl5
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Combining both /s and /m has /m tak
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Keeping the match in synch with exp
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Page 238 bump-along-and-retry happe
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Page 239 These methods work, but fr
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Page 240 This example is simple, bu
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a \W character). For example, an $i
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If compiled with appropriate librar
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Perl's class sublanguage is unique
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Sorting is a practical use of this
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Second-class metacharacters As far
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Match-Operand Delimiters Page 247 I
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Page 248 This can be useful if you
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Match Modifiers Page 249 The match
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Page 250 Except when used with the
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Page 251 true or false value that i
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Match Operator Return Value Page 25
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List context, with the /g modifier
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Outside Influences on the Match Ope
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The Substitution Operator Page 255
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The /e Modifier Page 257 Only the s
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eieio Page 258 Perhaps useful only
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conditional of an if), the return v
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Page 260 rather than m/…/ is used
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Advanced Split Page 261 Because spl
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Page 262 list are stripped; others
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Page 263 nothingness at the end of
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Any general scalar expression as th
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lems as the full regex becomes some
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choices. Page 266 • Interpolation
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and not very "interesting" in and o
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Regex Compilation, the /o Modifier,
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Now, let's consider the following s
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Page 270 Unfortunately, it's usuall
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Page 271 This example takes advanta
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# Create a function to check a bunc
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Page 273 It's a nice idea, but ther
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Particularly with the /e modifier,
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Recall that the match operator retu
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Basic Split split is an operator th
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Perl must make a copy to support an
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On the other hand, in true worst-ca
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If you can be sure these variables
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The result of these two steps is a
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Page 280 By the way, I forgot to me
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Final words about the /i penalty Pa
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is then computed ('100C' in this ca
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Figure 7-2: Applying s//Tom/ to 'De
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Page 284 Any substitution using the
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Page 285 The biggest change is that
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Literal text cognizance Page 286 Ma
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stclass ':kind' plus Page 287 Indic
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Page 288 When you study a string, P
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When study can help Page 289 study
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Along with the CSV question, many o
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Adding Commas to a Number People of
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It's challenging to see how crisply
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With the same tests as Chapter 5's
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ut it's not so easy. While evaluati
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$username = '\w+'; $hostname = '\w+
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That last item, $atom, might need s
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You'll not find comment, item 22, e
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aperiod >; # Item 2: addr-spec is l
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Unlike all the other constructs so
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$esc . (?: com | edu | gov | … |
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$sep = qq< (?: [$space$tab + # for
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Back in $route, after the first $do
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^Subject|From|Date: (.*) is very di
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Another feature I've found an occas
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Page 217 The special variables $&,
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Perl4 Note #10 Page 247 With Perl4,
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Perl4 Note #10 Page 247 With Perl4,
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Page 255 Although Perl4's match ope
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Page 264 With Perl4, the default op
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O'Reilly & Associates Page 310 O'Re
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http://www.cs.umd.edu/users/dfs/jav
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http://www.python.org/ The Python L
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; (?: $quoted_pair | $Cnested ) # s
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# Item 9. sub-domain is a domain-re
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; )* $phrase_char * # more "normal"
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Enjoy!
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xx, 40, 42, 187, 197 (see also \t (
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introduction 42 equivalence to char
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i (see Perl, modifier: case insensi
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. (see dot) ? (see question mark) [
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analogy backtracking bread crumbs 1
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anchor (see line anchor; word ancho
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line anchors 82 mawk 90, 161, 185 o
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POSIX NFA example 147 pseudo-backtr
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ignoring differences (see case-inse
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character, encoding (cont'd) ISO-20
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CheckNaughtiness 279 checkpoint (se
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non-greedy vs. negated character cl
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delimiter (see regex delimiter) Del
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doublequoted string allowing escape
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efficiency (cont'd) egrep 7 substit
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email for MacOs 312 match-data 196-
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errata (for this book) 309 escape 2
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a*((ab)*|b*) 113 [a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0
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'M.I.T.' 83 [.\n] 131 'NE14AD8' 83
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ExtUtils::Liblist module 278 ExtUti
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patterns (globs) 4 prepending to li
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freeflowing regex 173-174 free-form
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GNU (cont'd) egrep 120 and backrefe
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H in awk 68, 187 Haertel, Mike 90 H
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shortest branch first 39 vs. while
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Japanese character encoding 26 font
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ignoring case (see case-insensitive
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list context 210 literal text 5 mat
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Masuda, Keith xxiii match (see Perl
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neverending 144, 160, 162, 175, 296
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doublequoted string in Emacs 76 ema
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Perl, line mode) modifier (see Perl
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newgetopt.pl package 278 newline an
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nonregular sets 104 normal (see unr
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first-character discrimination 151,
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O'Reilly & Associates lex & yacc 8
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Pascal 32, 54, 120 format 35 matchi
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people (cont'd) Hietaniemi, Jarkko
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Spencer, Henry xxii-xxiii, 62, 120-
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s/…/…/ (see Perl, substitution)
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$0 218 $1 216-219, 257, 282-283 ?
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processing 221 variables appearing
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Perl (cont'd) line mode and /m 231-
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modifier: case insensitive (/i) 42,
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Text:: ParseWords module 207, 278 m
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-n 32 -p 47 -w 34, 213, 285 parenth
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s/…/…/ (see Perl, substitution)
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Perl, substitution (cont'd) other m
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acket expressions 79 C library supp
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Communications of the ACM 60 Compil
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Q group(1) 58, 70, 83, 96 gsub 58 h
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x{0,0} 84 minimal matching 83 multi
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questions (cont'd) slicing a 24-hou
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listing of programs and types 90 te
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Python in Tcl 75, 189, 193 named su
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efficiency 118 essence 102 and gree
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scalar context (see Perl, context)
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single-line mode (see Perl, modifie
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string (cont'd) in Emacs 69, 75 in
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chart of shorthands 73 flavor chart
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Test::Harness module 278 testlib mo
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unmatching (see backtracking) unrol
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while vs. foreach vs. if 256 whites
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About the Author Page 343 Jeffrey F
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Page 344 their prey in dim or dark
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