Mastering Regular Expressions - Table of Contents

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3. slates the variable to have the original value restored when execution runs off the end of the block enclosing the local. This means that "local" refers only to how long any changes to the variable will last. The global variable whose value you've copied is still visible from anywhere within the program—if you make a subroutine call after creating a new dynamic scope, that subroutine (wherever it might be located in the script) will see any changes you've made. This is just like any normal global variable. The difference here is that when execution of the enclosing block finally ends, the previous value is automatically restored.
Page 213 An automatic save and restore of a global variable's value—that's pretty much all there is to local. For all the misunderstanding that has accompanied local, it's no more complex than the snippet on the right of Table 7-3 illustrates. Table 7-3: The meaning of local { Normal Perl Equivalent Meaning local($SomeVar); # save copy $SomeVar = 'My Value'; { my $TempCopy = $SomeVar; $SomeVar = undef; $SomeVar = 'My Value'; } # automatically restore $SomeVar } $SomeVar = $TempCopy; (As a matter of convenience, you can assign a value to local($SomeVar), which is exactly the same as assigning to $SomeVar in place of the undef assignment. Also, the parentheses can be omitted to force a scalar context.) References to $SomeVar while within the block, or within a subroutine called from the block, or within a signal handler invoked while within the block—any reference from the time the local is called to the time the block is exited—references 'My Value'. If the code in the block (or anyone else, for that matter) modifies $Somevar, everyone (including the code in the block) sees the modification, but it is lost when the block exits and the original copy is automatically restored. As a practical example, consider having to call a function in a poorly written library that generates a lot of Use of uninitialized value warnings. You use Perl's -w option, as all good Perl programmers should, but the library author apparently didn't. You are exceedingly annoyed by the warnings, but if you can't change the library, what can you do short of stop using -w altogether? Well, you could set a local value of $^W, the in-code debugging flag (the variable name ^W can be either the two characters, caret and 'W', or an actual control-W character): { local $^W = 0; # ensure debugging is off. &unruly_function(…); } # exiting the block restores the original value of $^W
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Mastering Regular Expressions - Tab
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Mastering Regular Expressions by Je
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Optional Items 16 Other Quantifiers
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A Casual Stroll Across the Regex La
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Page vii Alternation 84 Guide to th
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POSIX and the Longest-Leftmost Rule
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More Work for a POSIX NFA 147 Work
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Page ix The Real "Unrolling the Loo
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A Chapter, a Chicken, and The Perl
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The Match Operator 246 Match-Operan
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Page xi The Efficiency Penalty of t
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6-5 GNU Emacs's Search-Related Prim
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Preface This book is about a powerf
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Anyone who uses GNU Emacs or vi, or
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This book tells a story, but one wi
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• Chapter 2, Extended Introductor
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• Chapter 7, Perl Regular Express
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To make this useful, we can wrap Su
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Knowing I would have to write about
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The work of many reviewers has help
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I'd like to thank my company, Omron
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1 Introduction to Regular Expressio
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Page 2 remove, isolate, and general
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an editor would have been truly ard
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Regular Expressions as a Language P
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The Language Analogy Page 5 Full re
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The goal of this book Page 6 The ch
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Searching Text Files: Egrep Page 7
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ytes and lines in a file, but it ge
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Character Classes Matching any one
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Answers to the questions on page 8.
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With 07.04.76 , the dots are metach
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*Once, in fourth grade, I was leadi
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As you can see, the alternation hap
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Figure 1-2: Start and end of "word"
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Optional Items Page 16 Let's look a
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Other Quantifiers: Repetition Page
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Page 18 This leaves us with , whic
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easier to tell egrep to ignore case
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Answer to the question on page 18.
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Page 21 The metasequence to match a
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Page 22 Also, while egrep doesn't c
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Dollar amount (with optional cents)
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"Subexpression" The term subexpress
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When it comes down to it, regular e
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• Regular expression features—S
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• A negated character class is st
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Remember, though, that a backslash
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2 Extended Introductory Examples In
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About the Examples Page 32 Perl all
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A Short Introduction to Perl Page 3
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Here's how it looks: % perl -w temp
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Page 35 Note that a test such as $r
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Toward a More Real-World Example Pa
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Page 37 To keep the example unclutt
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Figure 2-2: Temperature-conversion
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Negated matches Our program logic h
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Page 40 ostensibly used only to gro
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A short aside—metacharacters galo
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How do [ ] * and ( *| *) compare? A
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Page 43 Oops! Did you notice that i
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Modifying Text with Regular Express
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Just what does $var = s/\bJeff\b/Je
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Page 47 I boiled down my needs to '
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Page 48 Although I applied this to
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Page 49 Let's analyze this. To prin
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the end of the string. * We can't u
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A Warning about .* The expression .
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Page 52 header, we'll overwrite $re
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Page 53 The substitute searches for
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The "real" real world Page 54 Email
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Double-word example in modern Perl
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Page 56 The next unless before the
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There's nothing special about Perl
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Page 58 Another interesting thing i
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It didn't make sense to talk about
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* "A logical calculus of the ideas
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Along the way, AT&T Bell Labs added
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Multiply this by the passage of tim
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Many issues must be kept in mind, e
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Page: Page 65 implementation, befor
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Page: Page 66 standard C library fu
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Doing Something with the Matched Te
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Page 68 The early versions of awk d
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Page 69 expression for finding doub
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You can guess that the string with
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Page 71 in every decision the drive
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Page 72 Some tools add a lot of new
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Table 3-3: A Few Utilities and Some
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Octal escape \ num Page 74 Some imp
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Are these escapes literal? Page 75
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Page 76 metacharacters take precede
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Page 77 within a class, [^\"] must
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Emacs syntax classes Page 78 As an
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In many tools, the only metacharact
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POSIX bracket-expression "character
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POSIX bracket-expression "collating
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Table 3-4. String/Line Anchors, and
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Page 83 Each tool has its own idea
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Intervals {min,max} or \{min,max\}
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Page 85 happens is different for mo
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Page 86 an expert to solve Fermat's
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Well, what if you had an electric c
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Both engine types have been around
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On the other hand, egrep, awk, and
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About the Examples Page 91 This cha
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attempted at each position all the
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Engine Pieces and Parts Page 93 An
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Page 94 they are irrelevant to an e
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Page 95 If it turns out that the on
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So, with a variable $line holding a
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You might even imagine something li
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Page 98 first try to take as much a
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Regex-Directed vs. Text-Directed Th
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DFA Engine: Text-Directed Contrast
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Page 101 lady sings." in this parag
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Page 102 The regex-directed nature
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Page 103 regex from the second posi
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NFA: Theory vs. Reality The true ma
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that had been saved as the untried
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a num a num a num a num These repre
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A few observations: first, the back
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Page 109 Actually, since we underst
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Laziness? Page 110 This whole probl
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I then noted: Anything matched so f
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Is Alternation Greedy? Page 112 The
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Is Alternation Greedy? Page 112 The
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Uses for Non-Greedy Alternation Pag
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Let me repeat: when the transmissio
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To match continuation lines, you mi
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(to|top)(o|polo)?(gical|o?logical)
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Differences in match speed For simp
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* I have seen two tools employ slig
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Simple, however, does not necessari
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Page 122 Even in a script, efficien
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Page 123 The problem with (\\\n|[^\
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Page 124 simple expression he used
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Page 125 worth the trouble to be mo
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with the … example from page 109.
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Indeed, this matches such examples
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The solution is to add an alternati
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3. match the ending delimiter As I
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This is not a problem when using a
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One practical problem is that our r
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Stating problems in a way that make
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The transmission kicks in and retri
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This is a good time to point out th
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if [regexp -indices .*/ $WholePath
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One overriding rule regardless of e
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Constructing a regex for a specific
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Toward arming you well, this chapte
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Let's start by looking at an exampl
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More Advanced—Localizing the Gree
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Figure 5-2: Effects of an added plu
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Well, you get the idea—there are
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On a local level, backtracking is r
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The remembered states accumulated w
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As a comparison, let's replace the
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Figure 5-4: Failing attempt to matc
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As we see with alternation (among o
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The differences lie in what is matc
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Example #3 involves much less overh
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The explanation lies in another rea
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One moral to learn from all this is
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GNU Emacs performs very few of the
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Somewhat related to a fixed-string
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Finally, how do we explain the resu
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If a regex is used in a situation w
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The compiled form can be used multi
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Page 160 keeps a cache of the inter
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Page 161 The doublequotes are for t
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Page 162 If the engine had the matc
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possible, but we can still identify
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First, the special and normal subex
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+ \{[^}]*\} Plugging this into the
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• ( *\$[0-9]+)* , to match space-
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If a subdomain is [a-z]+ and we wan
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• more speed The regex "flows" we
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Our pseudo comments, with /x and x/
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Let's try to fix these regexes. Wit
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For efficiency's sake, let's look a
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Other Quantifiers: Repetition Page
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The Freeflowing Regex Page 173 We j
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Consider: set COMMENT {/\*[^*]*\*+(
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Page 175 So rather than letting the
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These changes yield "($OTHER+|$DOUB
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Think! Figure 5-9: Well-guided opti
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Page 178 On the other hand, if the
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Page 179 the string where [cdsuw] c
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Page 180 When it comes down to it,
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Yes, even something as simple as gr
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The -i command-line option seems to
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Page 184 string when a regex matche
Page 393 and 394: With versions of awk that support h
Page 395 and 396: Some implementations have limitatio
Page 397 and 398: string = "awk" gsub(/(nothing)*/, "
Page 399 and 400: Tcl* uses Henry Spencer's NFA regex
Page 401 and 402: How Tcl parses a script is one of t
Page 403 and 404: Here, the -nocase is an option that
Page 405 and 406: Despite the documentation to the co
Page 407 and 408: Emacs has long used a Traditional N
Page 409 and 410: Table 6-6: GNU Emacs's String Metac
Page 411 and 412: Page 195 The syntax influences the
Page 413 and 414: Page 196 For example, during a POSI
Page 415 and 416: Page 197 The match-string and repla
Page 417 and 418: Code for Emacs function for Chapter
Page 419 and 420: 7 Perl Regular Expressions In this
Page 421 and 422: Page 200 Perhaps more important tha
Page 423 and 424: The Perl Way Page 201 Table 7-1 sum
Page 425 and 426: The richness of variety and options
Page 427 and 428: In the same article, Larry also wro
Page 429 and 430: Perl's full toolbox offers many sol
Page 431 and 432: Page 206 These are easy enough to u
Page 433 and 434: Page 207 Well, almost all the field
Page 435 and 436: Page 208 Of course, being able to s
Page 437 and 438: Page 209 Those comments are actuall
Page 439 and 440: Regex-Related Perlisms Page 210 The
Page 441 and 442: Page 211 Sometimes, the type of an
Page 443: Dynamically scoped values Page 212
Page 447 and 448: Page 214 You'd get the same effect
Page 449 and 450: Dynamic Scope Example # Process "th
Page 451 and 452: Page 216 The benefits of dynamic sc
Page 453 and 454: Page 217 Perlmaster.) This code cou
Page 455 and 456: $1, $2, $3, etc. Page 218 The text
Page 457 and 458: Using $1 within a regex? Page 219 T
Page 459 and 460: The doublequotes are really operato
Page 461 and 462: Page 221 Thus, you might consider ^
Page 463 and 464: Page 222 once when the script is fi
Page 465 and 466: Figure 7-1: Perl parsing, from prog
Page 467 and 468: the operand this is different from
Page 469 and 470: Perl's Regex Flavor Page 225 Now th
Page 471 and 472: Let's say you want to specially pro
Page 473 and 474: • The possibility of greater inte
Page 475 and 476: Matches a number if not followed by
Page 477 and 478: Using capturing parentheses within
Page 479 and 480: Page 231 (?#…) appeared in versio
Page 481 and 482: String Anchors Anchors are indispen
Page 483 and 484: • Whether you can work with data
Page 485 and 486: To allow greater flexibility, Perl5
Page 487 and 488: Combining both /s and /m has /m tak
Page 489 and 490: Keeping the match in synch with exp
Page 491 and 492: Page 238 bump-along-and-retry happe
Page 493 and 494: Page 239 These methods work, but fr
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Page 240 This example is simple, bu
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a \W character). For example, an $i
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If compiled with appropriate librar
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Perl's class sublanguage is unique
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Sorting is a practical use of this
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Second-class metacharacters As far
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Match-Operand Delimiters Page 247 I
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Page 248 This can be useful if you
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Match Modifiers Page 249 The match
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Page 250 Except when used with the
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Page 251 true or false value that i
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Match Operator Return Value Page 25
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List context, with the /g modifier
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Outside Influences on the Match Ope
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The Substitution Operator Page 255
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The /e Modifier Page 257 Only the s
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eieio Page 258 Perhaps useful only
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conditional of an if), the return v
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Page 260 rather than m/…/ is used
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Advanced Split Page 261 Because spl
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Page 262 list are stripped; others
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Page 263 nothingness at the end of
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Any general scalar expression as th
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lems as the full regex becomes some
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choices. Page 266 • Interpolation
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and not very "interesting" in and o
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Regex Compilation, the /o Modifier,
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Now, let's consider the following s
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Page 270 Unfortunately, it's usuall
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Page 271 This example takes advanta
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# Create a function to check a bunc
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Page 273 It's a nice idea, but ther
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Particularly with the /e modifier,
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Recall that the match operator retu
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Basic Split split is an operator th
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Perl must make a copy to support an
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On the other hand, in true worst-ca
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If you can be sure these variables
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The result of these two steps is a
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Page 280 By the way, I forgot to me
Page 579 and 580:
Final words about the /i penalty Pa
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is then computed ('100C' in this ca
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Figure 7-2: Applying s//Tom/ to 'De
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Page 284 Any substitution using the
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Page 285 The biggest change is that
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Literal text cognizance Page 286 Ma
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stclass ':kind' plus Page 287 Indic
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Page 288 When you study a string, P
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When study can help Page 289 study
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Along with the CSV question, many o
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Adding Commas to a Number People of
Page 601 and 602:
It's challenging to see how crisply
Page 603 and 604:
With the same tests as Chapter 5's
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ut it's not so easy. While evaluati
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$username = '\w+'; $hostname = '\w+
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That last item, $atom, might need s
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You'll not find comment, item 22, e
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aperiod >; # Item 2: addr-spec is l
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Unlike all the other constructs so
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$esc . (?: com | edu | gov | … |
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$sep = qq< (?: [$space$tab + # for
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Back in $route, after the first $do
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^Subject|From|Date: (.*) is very di
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Another feature I've found an occas
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Page 217 The special variables $&,
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Perl4 Note #10 Page 247 With Perl4,
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Perl4 Note #10 Page 247 With Perl4,
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Page 255 Although Perl4's match ope
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Page 264 With Perl4, the default op
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O'Reilly & Associates Page 310 O'Re
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http://www.cs.umd.edu/users/dfs/jav
Page 641 and 642:
http://www.python.org/ The Python L
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; (?: $quoted_pair | $Cnested ) # s
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# Item 9. sub-domain is a domain-re
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; )* $phrase_char * # more "normal"
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Enjoy!
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xx, 40, 42, 187, 197 (see also \t (
Page 653 and 654:
introduction 42 equivalence to char
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i (see Perl, modifier: case insensi
Page 657 and 658:
. (see dot) ? (see question mark) [
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analogy backtracking bread crumbs 1
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anchor (see line anchor; word ancho
Page 663 and 664:
line anchors 82 mawk 90, 161, 185 o
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POSIX NFA example 147 pseudo-backtr
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ignoring differences (see case-inse
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character, encoding (cont'd) ISO-20
Page 671 and 672:
CheckNaughtiness 279 checkpoint (se
Page 673 and 674:
non-greedy vs. negated character cl
Page 675 and 676:
delimiter (see regex delimiter) Del
Page 677 and 678:
doublequoted string allowing escape
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efficiency (cont'd) egrep 7 substit
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email for MacOs 312 match-data 196-
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errata (for this book) 309 escape 2
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a*((ab)*|b*) 113 [a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0
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'M.I.T.' 83 [.\n] 131 'NE14AD8' 83
Page 689 and 690:
ExtUtils::Liblist module 278 ExtUti
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patterns (globs) 4 prepending to li
Page 693 and 694:
freeflowing regex 173-174 free-form
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GNU (cont'd) egrep 120 and backrefe
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H in awk 68, 187 Haertel, Mike 90 H
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shortest branch first 39 vs. while
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Japanese character encoding 26 font
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ignoring case (see case-insensitive
Page 705 and 706:
list context 210 literal text 5 mat
Page 707 and 708:
Masuda, Keith xxiii match (see Perl
Page 709 and 710:
neverending 144, 160, 162, 175, 296
Page 711 and 712:
doublequoted string in Emacs 76 ema
Page 713 and 714:
Perl, line mode) modifier (see Perl
Page 715 and 716:
newgetopt.pl package 278 newline an
Page 717 and 718:
nonregular sets 104 normal (see unr
Page 719 and 720:
first-character discrimination 151,
Page 721 and 722:
O'Reilly & Associates lex & yacc 8
Page 723 and 724:
Pascal 32, 54, 120 format 35 matchi
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people (cont'd) Hietaniemi, Jarkko
Page 727 and 728:
Spencer, Henry xxii-xxiii, 62, 120-
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s/…/…/ (see Perl, substitution)
Page 731 and 732:
$0 218 $1 216-219, 257, 282-283 ?
Page 733 and 734:
processing 221 variables appearing
Page 735 and 736:
Perl (cont'd) line mode and /m 231-
Page 737 and 738:
modifier: case insensitive (/i) 42,
Page 739 and 740:
Text:: ParseWords module 207, 278 m
Page 741 and 742:
-n 32 -p 47 -w 34, 213, 285 parenth
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s/…/…/ (see Perl, substitution)
Page 745 and 746:
Perl, substitution (cont'd) other m
Page 747 and 748:
acket expressions 79 C library supp
Page 749 and 750:
Communications of the ACM 60 Compil
Page 751 and 752:
Q group(1) 58, 70, 83, 96 gsub 58 h
Page 753 and 754:
x{0,0} 84 minimal matching 83 multi
Page 755 and 756:
questions (cont'd) slicing a 24-hou
Page 757 and 758:
listing of programs and types 90 te
Page 759 and 760:
Python in Tcl 75, 189, 193 named su
Page 761 and 762:
efficiency 118 essence 102 and gree
Page 763 and 764:
scalar context (see Perl, context)
Page 765 and 766:
single-line mode (see Perl, modifie
Page 767 and 768:
string (cont'd) in Emacs 69, 75 in
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chart of shorthands 73 flavor chart
Page 771 and 772:
Test::Harness module 278 testlib mo
Page 773 and 774:
unmatching (see backtracking) unrol
Page 775 and 776:
while vs. foreach vs. if 256 whites
Page 777 and 778:
About the Author Page 343 Jeffrey F
Page 779 and 780:
Page 344 their prey in dim or dark
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