Mastering Regular Expressions - Table of Contents

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Recall that the match operator returns different values based upon the particular combination of context and /g. The substitution operator, however, has none of these complexities—it returns the same type of information regardless of either concern. The return value is either the number of substitutions performed or, if none were done, an empty string.[18 308] When interpreted as a Boolean (such as for the * My thanks to Hans Mulder for providing the historical background for this section, and for Randal for being Just Another Perl Hacker with a sense of humor. ** If you, too, would like to see how many days are left until my birthday, just load http://omrongw.wg.omron.co.jp/cgi-bin/j-e/jfriedl.html or perhaps one of its mirrors (see Appendix A).
conditional of an if), the return value conveniently interprets as true if any substitutions were done, false if not. Using /g with a Regex That Can Match Nothingness Page 259 The earlier section on the match operator presented a detailed look at the special concerns when using a regex that can match nothingness. Different versions of Perl act differently, which muddies the water considerably. Fortunately, all versions' substitution works the same in this respect. Everything presented earlier in Table 7-9 ( 250) applies to how s/…/…/g matches as well, but the entries marked "Perl5" are for the match operator only. The entries marked "Perl4" apply to Perl4's match operator, and all versions' substitution operator. The Split Operator The multifaceted split operator (often called a function in casual conversation) is commonly used as the converse of a list-context m/…/g ( 253). The latter returns text matched by the regex, while a split with the same regex returns text separated by matches. The normal match $text =~ m/:/g applied against a $text of 'IO.SYS:225558:95-10-03:-a-sh:optional', returns the four-element list (':', ':', ':', ':') which doesn't seem useful. On the other hand, split(/:/, $text) returns the five-element list: ('IO.SYS', '225558', '95-10-03', '-a-sh', 'optional') Both examples reflect that : matches four times. With split, those four matches partition a copy of the target into five chunks which are returned as a list of five strings. In its most simple form with simple data like this, split is as easy to understand as it is useful. However, when the use of split or the data are complicated, understanding is less clear-cut. First, I'll quickly cover some of the basics.
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Mastering Regular Expressions - Tab
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Mastering Regular Expressions by Je
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Optional Items 16 Other Quantifiers
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A Casual Stroll Across the Regex La
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Page vii Alternation 84 Guide to th
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POSIX and the Longest-Leftmost Rule
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More Work for a POSIX NFA 147 Work
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Page ix The Real "Unrolling the Loo
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A Chapter, a Chicken, and The Perl
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The Match Operator 246 Match-Operan
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Page xi The Efficiency Penalty of t
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6-5 GNU Emacs's Search-Related Prim
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Preface This book is about a powerf
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Anyone who uses GNU Emacs or vi, or
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This book tells a story, but one wi
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• Chapter 2, Extended Introductor
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• Chapter 7, Perl Regular Express
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To make this useful, we can wrap Su
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Knowing I would have to write about
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The work of many reviewers has help
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I'd like to thank my company, Omron
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1 Introduction to Regular Expressio
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Page 2 remove, isolate, and general
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an editor would have been truly ard
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Regular Expressions as a Language P
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The Language Analogy Page 5 Full re
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The goal of this book Page 6 The ch
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Searching Text Files: Egrep Page 7
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ytes and lines in a file, but it ge
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Character Classes Matching any one
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Answers to the questions on page 8.
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With 07.04.76 , the dots are metach
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*Once, in fourth grade, I was leadi
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As you can see, the alternation hap
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Figure 1-2: Start and end of "word"
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Optional Items Page 16 Let's look a
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Other Quantifiers: Repetition Page
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Page 18 This leaves us with , whic
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easier to tell egrep to ignore case
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Answer to the question on page 18.
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Page 21 The metasequence to match a
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Page 22 Also, while egrep doesn't c
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Dollar amount (with optional cents)
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"Subexpression" The term subexpress
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When it comes down to it, regular e
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• Regular expression features—S
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• A negated character class is st
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Remember, though, that a backslash
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2 Extended Introductory Examples In
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About the Examples Page 32 Perl all
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A Short Introduction to Perl Page 3
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Here's how it looks: % perl -w temp
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Page 35 Note that a test such as $r
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Toward a More Real-World Example Pa
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Page 37 To keep the example unclutt
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Figure 2-2: Temperature-conversion
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Negated matches Our program logic h
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Page 40 ostensibly used only to gro
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A short aside—metacharacters galo
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How do [ ] * and ( *| *) compare? A
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Page 43 Oops! Did you notice that i
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Modifying Text with Regular Express
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Just what does $var = s/\bJeff\b/Je
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Page 47 I boiled down my needs to '
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Page 48 Although I applied this to
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Page 49 Let's analyze this. To prin
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the end of the string. * We can't u
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A Warning about .* The expression .
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Page 52 header, we'll overwrite $re
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Page 53 The substitute searches for
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The "real" real world Page 54 Email
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Double-word example in modern Perl
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Page 56 The next unless before the
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There's nothing special about Perl
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Page 58 Another interesting thing i
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It didn't make sense to talk about
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* "A logical calculus of the ideas
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Along the way, AT&T Bell Labs added
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Multiply this by the passage of tim
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Many issues must be kept in mind, e
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Page: Page 65 implementation, befor
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Page: Page 66 standard C library fu
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Doing Something with the Matched Te
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Page 68 The early versions of awk d
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Page 69 expression for finding doub
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You can guess that the string with
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Page 71 in every decision the drive
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Page 72 Some tools add a lot of new
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Table 3-3: A Few Utilities and Some
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Octal escape \ num Page 74 Some imp
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Are these escapes literal? Page 75
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Page 76 metacharacters take precede
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Page 77 within a class, [^\"] must
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Emacs syntax classes Page 78 As an
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In many tools, the only metacharact
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POSIX bracket-expression "character
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POSIX bracket-expression "collating
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Table 3-4. String/Line Anchors, and
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Page 83 Each tool has its own idea
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Intervals {min,max} or \{min,max\}
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Page 85 happens is different for mo
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Page 86 an expert to solve Fermat's
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Well, what if you had an electric c
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Both engine types have been around
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On the other hand, egrep, awk, and
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About the Examples Page 91 This cha
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attempted at each position all the
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Engine Pieces and Parts Page 93 An
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Page 94 they are irrelevant to an e
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Page 95 If it turns out that the on
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So, with a variable $line holding a
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You might even imagine something li
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Page 98 first try to take as much a
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Regex-Directed vs. Text-Directed Th
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DFA Engine: Text-Directed Contrast
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Page 101 lady sings." in this parag
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Page 102 The regex-directed nature
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Page 103 regex from the second posi
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NFA: Theory vs. Reality The true ma
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that had been saved as the untried
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a num a num a num a num These repre
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A few observations: first, the back
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Page 109 Actually, since we underst
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Laziness? Page 110 This whole probl
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I then noted: Anything matched so f
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Is Alternation Greedy? Page 112 The
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Is Alternation Greedy? Page 112 The
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Uses for Non-Greedy Alternation Pag
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Let me repeat: when the transmissio
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To match continuation lines, you mi
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(to|top)(o|polo)?(gical|o?logical)
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Differences in match speed For simp
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* I have seen two tools employ slig
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Simple, however, does not necessari
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Page 122 Even in a script, efficien
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Page 123 The problem with (\\\n|[^\
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Page 124 simple expression he used
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Page 125 worth the trouble to be mo
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with the … example from page 109.
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Indeed, this matches such examples
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The solution is to add an alternati
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3. match the ending delimiter As I
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This is not a problem when using a
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One practical problem is that our r
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Stating problems in a way that make
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The transmission kicks in and retri
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This is a good time to point out th
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if [regexp -indices .*/ $WholePath
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One overriding rule regardless of e
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Constructing a regex for a specific
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Toward arming you well, this chapte
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Let's start by looking at an exampl
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More Advanced—Localizing the Gree
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Figure 5-2: Effects of an added plu
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Well, you get the idea—there are
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On a local level, backtracking is r
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The remembered states accumulated w
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As a comparison, let's replace the
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Figure 5-4: Failing attempt to matc
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As we see with alternation (among o
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The differences lie in what is matc
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Example #3 involves much less overh
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The explanation lies in another rea
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One moral to learn from all this is
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GNU Emacs performs very few of the
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Somewhat related to a fixed-string
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Finally, how do we explain the resu
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If a regex is used in a situation w
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The compiled form can be used multi
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Page 160 keeps a cache of the inter
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Page 161 The doublequotes are for t
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Page 162 If the engine had the matc
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possible, but we can still identify
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First, the special and normal subex
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+ \{[^}]*\} Plugging this into the
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• ( *\$[0-9]+)* , to match space-
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If a subdomain is [a-z]+ and we wan
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• more speed The regex "flows" we
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Our pseudo comments, with /x and x/
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Let's try to fix these regexes. Wit
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For efficiency's sake, let's look a
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Other Quantifiers: Repetition Page
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The Freeflowing Regex Page 173 We j
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Consider: set COMMENT {/\*[^*]*\*+(
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Page 175 So rather than letting the
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These changes yield "($OTHER+|$DOUB
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Think! Figure 5-9: Well-guided opti
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Page 178 On the other hand, if the
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Page 179 the string where [cdsuw] c
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Page 180 When it comes down to it,
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Yes, even something as simple as gr
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The -i command-line option seems to
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Page 184 string when a regex matche
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With versions of awk that support h
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Some implementations have limitatio
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string = "awk" gsub(/(nothing)*/, "
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Tcl* uses Henry Spencer's NFA regex
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How Tcl parses a script is one of t
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Here, the -nocase is an option that
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Despite the documentation to the co
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Emacs has long used a Traditional N
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Table 6-6: GNU Emacs's String Metac
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Page 195 The syntax influences the
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Page 196 For example, during a POSI
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Page 197 The match-string and repla
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Code for Emacs function for Chapter
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7 Perl Regular Expressions In this
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Page 200 Perhaps more important tha
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The Perl Way Page 201 Table 7-1 sum
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The richness of variety and options
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In the same article, Larry also wro
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Perl's full toolbox offers many sol
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Page 206 These are easy enough to u
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Page 207 Well, almost all the field
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Page 208 Of course, being able to s
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Page 209 Those comments are actuall
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Regex-Related Perlisms Page 210 The
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Page 211 Sometimes, the type of an
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Dynamically scoped values Page 212
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Page 213 An automatic save and rest
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Page 214 You'd get the same effect
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Dynamic Scope Example # Process "th
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Page 216 The benefits of dynamic sc
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Page 217 Perlmaster.) This code cou
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$1, $2, $3, etc. Page 218 The text
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Using $1 within a regex? Page 219 T
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The doublequotes are really operato
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Page 221 Thus, you might consider ^
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Page 222 once when the script is fi
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Figure 7-1: Perl parsing, from prog
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the operand this is different from
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Perl's Regex Flavor Page 225 Now th
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Let's say you want to specially pro
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• The possibility of greater inte
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Matches a number if not followed by
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Using capturing parentheses within
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Page 485 and 486: To allow greater flexibility, Perl5
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Page 489 and 490: Keeping the match in synch with exp
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Page 499 and 500: If compiled with appropriate librar
Page 501 and 502: Perl's class sublanguage is unique
Page 503 and 504: Sorting is a practical use of this
Page 505 and 506: Second-class metacharacters As far
Page 507 and 508: Match-Operand Delimiters Page 247 I
Page 509 and 510: Page 248 This can be useful if you
Page 511 and 512: Match Modifiers Page 249 The match
Page 513 and 514: Page 250 Except when used with the
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Page 517 and 518: Match Operator Return Value Page 25
Page 519 and 520: List context, with the /g modifier
Page 521 and 522: Outside Influences on the Match Ope
Page 523 and 524: The Substitution Operator Page 255
Page 525 and 526: Answer to the question on page 254.
Page 527 and 528: The /e Modifier Page 257 Only the s
Page 529: eieio Page 258 Perhaps useful only
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Page 535 and 536: Advanced Split Page 261 Because spl
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Page 543 and 544: lems as the full regex becomes some
Page 545 and 546: choices. Page 266 • Interpolation
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Page 549 and 550: Regex Compilation, the /o Modifier,
Page 551 and 552: Now, let's consider the following s
Page 553 and 554: Page 270 Unfortunately, it's usuall
Page 555 and 556: Page 271 This example takes advanta
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Page 559 and 560: Page 273 It's a nice idea, but ther
Page 561 and 562: Answer to the question on page 273.
Page 563 and 564: Particularly with the /e modifier,
Page 565 and 566: Recall that the match operator retu
Page 567 and 568: Basic Split split is an operator th
Page 569 and 570: Perl must make a copy to support an
Page 571 and 572: On the other hand, in true worst-ca
Page 573 and 574: If you can be sure these variables
Page 575 and 576: The result of these two steps is a
Page 577 and 578: Page 280 By the way, I forgot to me
Page 579 and 580: Final words about the /i penalty Pa
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is then computed ('100C' in this ca
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Figure 7-2: Applying s//Tom/ to 'De
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Page 284 Any substitution using the
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Page 285 The biggest change is that
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Literal text cognizance Page 286 Ma
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stclass ':kind' plus Page 287 Indic
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Page 288 When you study a string, P
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When study can help Page 289 study
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Along with the CSV question, many o
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Adding Commas to a Number People of
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It's challenging to see how crisply
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With the same tests as Chapter 5's
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ut it's not so easy. While evaluati
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$username = '\w+'; $hostname = '\w+
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That last item, $atom, might need s
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You'll not find comment, item 22, e
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aperiod >; # Item 2: addr-spec is l
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Unlike all the other constructs so
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$esc . (?: com | edu | gov | … |
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$sep = qq< (?: [$space$tab + # for
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Back in $route, after the first $do
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^Subject|From|Date: (.*) is very di
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Another feature I've found an occas
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Page 217 The special variables $&,
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Perl4 Note #10 Page 247 With Perl4,
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Perl4 Note #10 Page 247 With Perl4,
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Page 255 Although Perl4's match ope
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Page 264 With Perl4, the default op
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O'Reilly & Associates Page 310 O'Re
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http://www.cs.umd.edu/users/dfs/jav
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http://www.python.org/ The Python L
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; (?: $quoted_pair | $Cnested ) # s
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# Item 9. sub-domain is a domain-re
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; )* $phrase_char * # more "normal"
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Enjoy!
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xx, 40, 42, 187, 197 (see also \t (
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introduction 42 equivalence to char
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i (see Perl, modifier: case insensi
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. (see dot) ? (see question mark) [
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analogy backtracking bread crumbs 1
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anchor (see line anchor; word ancho
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line anchors 82 mawk 90, 161, 185 o
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POSIX NFA example 147 pseudo-backtr
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ignoring differences (see case-inse
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character, encoding (cont'd) ISO-20
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CheckNaughtiness 279 checkpoint (se
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non-greedy vs. negated character cl
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delimiter (see regex delimiter) Del
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doublequoted string allowing escape
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efficiency (cont'd) egrep 7 substit
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email for MacOs 312 match-data 196-
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errata (for this book) 309 escape 2
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a*((ab)*|b*) 113 [a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0
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'M.I.T.' 83 [.\n] 131 'NE14AD8' 83
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ExtUtils::Liblist module 278 ExtUti
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patterns (globs) 4 prepending to li
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freeflowing regex 173-174 free-form
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GNU (cont'd) egrep 120 and backrefe
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H in awk 68, 187 Haertel, Mike 90 H
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shortest branch first 39 vs. while
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Japanese character encoding 26 font
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ignoring case (see case-insensitive
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list context 210 literal text 5 mat
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Masuda, Keith xxiii match (see Perl
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neverending 144, 160, 162, 175, 296
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doublequoted string in Emacs 76 ema
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Perl, line mode) modifier (see Perl
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newgetopt.pl package 278 newline an
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nonregular sets 104 normal (see unr
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first-character discrimination 151,
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O'Reilly & Associates lex & yacc 8
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Pascal 32, 54, 120 format 35 matchi
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people (cont'd) Hietaniemi, Jarkko
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Spencer, Henry xxii-xxiii, 62, 120-
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s/…/…/ (see Perl, substitution)
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$0 218 $1 216-219, 257, 282-283 ?
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processing 221 variables appearing
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Perl (cont'd) line mode and /m 231-
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modifier: case insensitive (/i) 42,
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Text:: ParseWords module 207, 278 m
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-n 32 -p 47 -w 34, 213, 285 parenth
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s/…/…/ (see Perl, substitution)
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Perl, substitution (cont'd) other m
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acket expressions 79 C library supp
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Communications of the ACM 60 Compil
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Q group(1) 58, 70, 83, 96 gsub 58 h
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x{0,0} 84 minimal matching 83 multi
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questions (cont'd) slicing a 24-hou
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listing of programs and types 90 te
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Python in Tcl 75, 189, 193 named su
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efficiency 118 essence 102 and gree
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scalar context (see Perl, context)
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single-line mode (see Perl, modifie
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string (cont'd) in Emacs 69, 75 in
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chart of shorthands 73 flavor chart
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Test::Harness module 278 testlib mo
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unmatching (see backtracking) unrol
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while vs. foreach vs. if 256 whites
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About the Author Page 343 Jeffrey F
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Page 344 their prey in dim or dark
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