Greece1959 - Workspace

~'~thcns for a.s little 3~; E22 return per head. Flnally a 

reviscd applj-cation was z~lbrni tted to the Imj~~>s.rlal College 

Exgloratic~r! ;>OFT< for the ex,;edition to be re-routed to 

Xetoukhian, a smzxl iiio~~ntaix village in C~strnl Eulboea, This 

apglicat i on received su:?port allo~vf ng thz expedition to continue 

with the mfnimlzm or rc-or~ani~at,kon+ 

As a result of' ,L;liaelilili~ary enquiries we were put in touch 

with F , PoeI-S~-,ker Eaq,, ld,F. who has interests f n Eubocz ~-nd 

considerable knomle?i;e of' the arca. On his advice the actual 

siting of the base on:.:p was 21tered .to Flrraracla, a sr~n11 villa,:e 

to the north of' Me'coul~hian where locd conditions with regard 

to ~vztcr nnd rood ~~culd be Settcr. This villaz{c vas axso 

served by 2 rou,y)j. .bra&, suf-ficiently VJ~C 2 'c' ?-: o'-' l.ay'-i' : 

to pass in the drier aeather. q7ith the help oP 2T?r, Yosl Baker, 

the arrangenents in rilxlt?cce snr! our dealing^ with the Greek 

I*Luthoritics in Londori m:re zps~tly S ~ C C ~ O11p Q nnd in fact arter 

a soc.ewhat w1pro!:lis i;?p start;, tha dctnilcd organisation, d~ scribed 

below, sect5.cn by aect40s;, ,;rogreased snoothlv. 

The Scixt'LPic F~o[~;rsrnl;e IJJE:~ z'i:l;clised as out lined below and 

rcemkers of the t;x;i)er!ition visitzc the Eogal " uot~~ic GarCens 

Library and Kerbari~:;,! ?.t Ke~v to oktoin ~encr~~2 ides or the flora 

14kely to be cncou;~-L;r/, Help ~ lth f Ect(:ileG preparctinns wzs 

elso frc:~ly ;'ive:~.l by Dr, K. H, Rcchinzcr of the Matural 1:istory 

Museun, Vicnna , V, ::, 5cyviard, Liv~~pool Cniv~rs ity nnd ti:e 

staff at Irn;~eri~.l College, to 211 of l:?ho-: ~vo sre most )patcful.

The pro[;rnlrufia v:;:~ puryosely c'esizncd to covEr a ,grest+.?r ran.iZa 

tlla-2 would bc poszible so that ho.;~cvcr much the local condillons 

us~ful wo~k. 

BOT!'J? LC& 0 

--_I_ 

C ,\TT I 5 F 73 0 P- :'. VTJJTT 

L- 

:L :-~lj~:: ~JOPC (~!:cF-.~~_scJ JG:T~E of Z . Y I V ~ T O Lfor L ~ ~ the ~ ~ 

'h;cLck:>xlnr L I ~ aould h~vc bc ;I ;repared to ccrry out 

? . The coll ectio;? md drginz of' specilnens for iGcntif lcation a t 

the I!erbarfnn, lJ?~e Royal 3otanic Gzrc7.ens, Kzw, 

2. R compu~~issn of tbe mourLtn3n Plo~a witb that Geecribcd by 

the Irnpcrl21 College Sorlr~ay Ex;>cdikion, 1958, I 

3. The descri>"t.on af t3c ~arious G.Y'~~F.S ofl veCet:.?tiorl. 

4. 1 Lhe invssti~~~tTc~a znti descsiptisn 05 the 2g~icultu~~l nethods 

and ecwnc~oicnllg u~cful plants, 

5, An inv~st5.g:~tian of cFop disc~scs presext in th~ nrca. 

?3t L stat ia:ic~.l invcstig.~.tion Tnto plnnt perform- 

a s~-:it~b1c< plmt couL5 l-e found, 

7 T'he investi.jin.'~ion of' inv2siol: snoK plent communities. 

Ilc n ;Tu?-cr~LJ+ ~.ccount or the larger animals living 

islr~~d a 

2. To nake F~ SU~~VZ:? of the insects srescnt with em~hzsis on 

mzncc tt-ial sith ccononic~.lly irn~>ort~nt crops and in 

lc?r t11c c ~ l p!.v~t* i ~ ~ ~ 

3 To survey t3e littgr21 crusl~.cim forss ~:it?i :>%rticulsr 

rerarence Lo the i.cologicnl. ractors nceociztecl vlth tbcjz 

2istrlbutton.

custom fornalities, the channel ste~rner was boerded, 

ed. zrter FLn va2ventFul hour 3nQ a hp.lf, nnGa settled ourselves in 

the ts~in 1~1hiclh ms Cue to lenvr: for Ps~j s nlmoat z-,L once, 

PTT~G, O ~ r e de Lyon, was rcnchccl on tins :~.t 7 p,m. ~nd 2s 

rerreskment. At 9 pea, precisely the trfi3.n pulled out; 

couchettcs In~c; hc;;n "booked for the first ni,qht and xre settled 

(S~~J,) end Domodossol?. (st,), nlI Cusing tho emlg hours of the 

moraing. 

At 10 2,n, on T3:~rsi :y, only klzirteon tlours aPter 12nving 

Pcris , 1:e rezcbe2 Veblicc, her,> we were obliget, to chcnge to the 

the ends o?' tmo czrrial;es nnd tbc corru~atcf. section betwen. 1

intcr~uptions fron coffee-vtndors, ticket-punchers, customs 

ofYici~~ls, ?nC pi0,~1e tryin: to rcl3ch the i;',S, 

At 3 2,m. the Yucps1a-v fro:qtier w-,s ronched, and after 

le-:;thy decler~tii.n ~OF~IS ?GP?. i:czn fill& ia - in dmplicr,te, we 

sc5 off ,gt a sncil" s~cc ,i3/YLj.ckl -tms t3 be 1~nilztqizlc2 cntil tbc 

Grwk borCer, 

- r-, 

iu. 

The tz

could scc , SuiL'l~mrer and Idulrtri. ze wi"~: Frrown qul 'ce oxtens ivclg and. 

cere,:l Yields were exc~erjingly iilr,=e, No sign oT mechauisztion 

mas to be sckn, vhole fnnilics cutting, bint~iq anG shockin2 the 

corn by h:.nL, 

?one of us ',:xlow :;!hat to cqcct in BeL;::raG.a> aa'-'r' rincc me had 

Cz d~vi.ral Eio.ui~ t,.: wv.f.t :;~eo;,)j.e w?.xCcred roufid tke tow2 nfter a r.ather 

a??r-i.ni: 'hsc,~kf'asu in I.;.-; s ~ 2.t ?.on ' restzu~z~nt' 

. After crossing 

L' 

b.1~ cu3bled 3aix strcL:t aitL ttkc occesionel clntteerin$ trazs 292 

cn enorrzons cone-et~ '?~...:?n tyi-s S~l.ildinc; on one siCe { the relic or 

R Peop2ef s 3~alkitioi:L l~ossibljr, 3~t bei:ri~ put t~ little cse zt 

present) x;;: ,%rrivc-< ~.t til,: ;.::nrlrst plnce. In r:n si;t,en?t to find 

som i'resk., Trzrit 1.e visited a l ~~l)z2 nmber sf stzlls, d l of 

qi'i'krZch :.I.?.X;. ~l;;?os t iCc;?ti c~.l sro::.uce r'.3.s?l:,:y EF znd 211 et exc?c-bly 

"~ze s-ce pice per c~~fi::;oC!.ity. ?lo doubt, z eco~qet~-tive price 

could hcae ?.,r;e~ nbtz!ei;le~:! bzd. a5 kna-r?~ thc: lt~.nsnnge Fut th~ irnase 

cf the zarkct epitomize6. tbz octvrnrC chz.rricter of the country, 

2-s thc trnin j?zesc4 thPovgh wiGe,f lat plains el?cl rug;:ed: 

nau-itelns Lhc hr;bl"ce:tion -becaxae aorc: squalic?. and more dspressing. 

Slcopje stallon, lloelever, i?ed baskets or flovre~s suspended from 

the roof, the i'irst n~n-utilitarj.~n signs in Yugoslavin. A 

Greek, stuCyinc s;71;~builcl.ing c.,t t.i yard in fiun?.er3_ai16. ax2leined. 

t!xt the ai;mospherl;? in this pt-;~.t of the country lrans unreco,znFz- 

rhlg f recr than. ;ahu;? he :jans=fi tk~o~.~~h on his nny to i"reat Briknin 

i:~ q 9511.~ 

To a SpUckclo.l;h a:? nountg.j.n.s nncl a zpecJ~?~cu.lar elcctric storm 

we pulled up at thr:: :7c;i-cicr check po1n.t ~n the YLI~OFI~V zide 

Just Fero~e d~irk, Ilq?ing to stretch our IF-?,^, we opc;rLefi tF-e

trint n;:e) to d c:?~,rt, Yicen we ~..li~,;ht oel ~t IC.?i:ith~s aft cr some 

two clzc', 3 half! hours jau.rn~y over ulmade ~T.OF,

Gener~lly it lT~..s hotter and drier in iithezls than in Phsracla 

and since the;! ~,;p,,>r:zrr;d to be tc2king u2 every gpnvetxnt at the 

same the, the rLir was usually filled with Cust as the mid-day 

sind spyene; up. Thn 'new topmt wkicb co~sisted of' the quite 

large shops cnd rcs t uurant s I"l7,:dens has few comn~nicatin~: roses and most a? 

ths zluneroun I.~r;;c, Amirican cars a:7-6 I:l?xis vlhich cl-ov;;deG the city 

IFLYL T~relg socn I'~,P outsicl~, 

Pntur~..l.ly l;hc ol{; city qvith numerous inzr5:s of both Romen :4nd 

Lt:le;ls C i-ty S'tn%z culf,ux.e prcv~d f'csc: AIF Lincm i!'Jhil~ the Rorcan 

rernzins ??{ere o Xcn im.jrscsivc for size, %he sirnplc clegc~nce of tk.? 

Greek monunents :.lit:; tl-c P-?,rthenon supreme gnve 2 b2l.t~~ idea of 

bggo~c nrclii tectzlrf.1 :;!;ill* :?ith the exception of thr: Athcaim 

Agora or ole 3~si;lcss m1e5 allich lies below the Acropolis, fev 

arcas OF builc'lnzs h?;,e hr, ,n ~-:nlly sxr,n!i;zed an(=, userul guirle 

hooks 2-96 r.t?ps vere c:i ,.'f'icult .to ebt ?,in. A2.zrt fron 'spivs' 

selli~r ~atbsr ~3or ,'I:v~c:c 'UOOICB thr:rc ;~rv;re few intc~est and 

v::.c- lrvbuld hnvc donc better to h~vt; 'Cou:{ht .ci f'ew in Lollcon before ' 

h-?.;ld a KOP~CVC'Y the Son ct L;lll;~iere yrror!ncnce which took place 

on thc S;c~o;;)oJ is nrd xas viewe? from t;zc Pryx T~J::LS probably the

most mcmor:.kle cx2er.i encc, Once a ~r,ttr,ek perfor;lanc cs aere Qiveil 

.in Enl:lish, or .",m~rj.can qs ~yc WCYC car-rected, ;mci the atory of' 

the Ci.-ty Stg.-te of Athclzs depf ctec?. The windin.; climb th~ough 

A~zrc r:ccti "L -the cixrtll ch~~rzkr i~:'r,~rr: 2 constant vir;il is kept 

on tkn au_rr::.it of t%c, :yci?F.et.us, yr;:s ?ls;ost 25 1;z"Liguing aftfir 

dmk 

Lnnguap,e 2rks~nt~cl no l~robloms r.~ most o? ,'ici~l o~genisations 

h?d 3iic;l is;: s; cnkia::; crrplogass ?nG Frcnci.1 was 4'2i rly vrrlbes k~rced 8s 

wcll. 

The chmr2cter or .hth-~~s was nore z,o$~:~enf; fn the past than 

in the future, elthou:

c r accy r m~-c, ;To ma;i.tlc o!' ~'~ize trbes herc, just ba~ren 

rocky slopes inith onl;~ the valley Ploars cultivatzd, 

L:.evaCis~ :,:orx?l-~t Pnr~xsscs, 8,067 f't. , could be sccil in the 

dissclnca im;'lers%d i ll cl.oziC, 70 rc,ncF. Dclphi the road had t o 

wind in c naver-elx:.inr; seriis of' hrirpin %en& through the 

mount-ins. Dclphi itself wne set on 5h~ top of n cliff' at 

the foot of 2nrn ssos, Below t>v to~m vast oliv? ~rovcs 

st~etchcd t o tnc Gulr of Corinth. BehinC the town towered 

the rocky lopes or F~..r_rl~.s.sos, Gur*i.ng our stny lsre made c mg 

in a aan-made cnve ncns t h Ad ~ Stadium on3 only lanrnt later 

that it vas an old tomb, Our vigil for the L~mer&cier 

lasted until 24th Au:;ust ivithout reward, although n pa2r of 

Black V~lturcs vrl-:rc scene L~3vir~z Delj3hi 5y bus we had 

trwelled twenty-lour kiZorn~tres tomrarCs Levadia whea the bird 

ve Lzd becn k-urttin~, -t!ii= xr~rcst vultu~clr in Europe, flew along- 

sifie t11e bus. ,c!.t Levadiz SrLrx returned to Phzrakla whilst 

Walkcr and :?Yelc% tur-?cd 8orth throuf~lz mope rnounteinous Gcsert, 

steadily risinz: until just south of La-~ina the road dsoppcd 

sene 3,000 ft, in r series oS hzirgj-n bends all~to the river 

valley ia ?.-!~ich Lsvi:la is situeted, PJartt- sf Lcvina the ro~d 

rose ~:;aix into tlic ~~~ountnin~, but thirty-five kilometres fkrtlier 

09 they ce~,.,scd in r! ::lgrupt l.i;*~s the road drogixd onto the 

plqin3 of Thess~ly ~r~llicb stretch

tovi-71 of F.:.ranl;:, tltitl: it G cl5,mu;gs bcdoclced with old stork's 

nos.i;s. 'fhc ;zf:x-t drlzr l;ic ,~p-ssed on through L?.-..ris,? a ~ out 6 of 

tht; f:'cr.hil~ I:)lc;i,as ui?d cljm'3ed k?.ck into the nnonteinous 

descrt ~rlzcse tLr: on12 i'crtilr; t::rcr~nd \-:.is narrow strip sitkz~ 

side of (7. d~rg xAZ.vbr tcaJ.3e:r. At o m rsrnote viliz.Cc in the 

aidcle of nl~u,!~c;rc '1 3yi:~k ,poli~r:l-!n;l t~::~-b6 c~:;:il a lorr;~ r;zd 

oskec;" tllc Qriv6~ 'GO ;ivc !!:! pQOy Sn:lls?;n?.:l c. liilt, ta~l?ich he cl'sfi* 

So~th--?vcst~ 17-? ZJ,::s:;oj~ v-c y.:::!jcG thkrou

nbol.~.L half n million people, 3y cvenins, .if% r thrcc d?,ys 

an hr3~Ps v-r:Llk f'mn L;-lc; vi JIa:\:r-: of E?.valapi nil? the ile:lpcst 

fresh. v:rnter. :Be c;uil;;jor? ail 3 smcl1. sfii~.y cclts of .- 1ap~;e 

~7hich cixterei':, -L?:

19. 

3nCL Yellovlr ;';,i~.~tails rcsc in ckouis ?:.rhci~ C:.ist~:%e2~ ~ Q my Y 0.n~ 

since it ttrg.s Ci;'flczl'c to -sick out any tyw "clifit >Ifere identical. 

T?~E local poop3.e -:-ho c1-7.~ai_. the c;l

held ~.fiy rese_n_tr.e:;";to7~rrc,rdn -th~ Sritish. as a result of tha 

dis tuz.b~.nces in C;y,~rus . To 3-11 ochers, vihsnfwer :;?:I ncntioned 

fin;rt;?ifig for you. 

. ) ---- F:':,c ,,! q s 

Orl:.inr?.llg 1ve 12,7.f. SIC i9ters't;ion of visiting Rhodes , but, 

Dr, Cztsirnhns, t?!;;: ]?l.:.?nt i~:.ithologist at At!?ens University, 

had offcrcd to tnkz +,$::a of us, lA?rg?ret T.g!oodht?rn ?,ad XO~;!.:~T 

Sticklnnd ts the isL~.n3, o? Porog. Ee was to t~>ke a South 

.I:'rica.n pathc>l,-,qist roun3 tSic orange ?;raves tkcrc axle? 

su(rpest.;C 

C S - t?~aL v:e join the: y arty. u-xi'orhtuinatclj7 ;*:hen 

crri-t-ed :it t2.s Universit;. to ncct bPin we .?tiscov~ro

enc-h for the singlc,C.eck cless jovri~eg, We bo?.rdec' tY:e ship 

slow with t2;e $ess,sj..r.~t ;nro.ncil ygit21 their bnskcts of chickens, 

Greek solclicrs, R T~rZcjsh. t?.xi-driver sncl Gi;rz:,an stuGents, md 

sailed in t11e lnte zftzmooi*~. The eveaing was fix and the 

sea calm, so vie clcc-tcc' t;; ~ l~cj? 03 the o:;Jlsn. ,f.eclc rztl'rcr than 

the covered one 1:.:3ich :I;:nc very crrjwlrled ~.nd melt ~pnlling, 

pealisc

doinin::,"t? bb;'jr the .r-'-,lnce of tl:.e Gpr;nfllV~st~~s ec.n!o into view, 

':!a 1e:iideG fi,?r: -:::;-,u5.eyed into t;;e old tonrn ngt hol;?ing hov 

7. 

. m 

v~f: oaulc2~ TfinC ss!r;zrv?ierz cI:ien~ to stay. S, drunlc shoutscl c.-l; us 

.-I ,+ .q L.- ..,. c1v.t rr.:.;2 : younr_r Ti',cr.k t:, R;,~o~I?;;~::G fi?~~ hlln, This boy EPO~C 

?- ?ct:..t . c:i.c:s of' "387r--3isi; 

< -Q nvld 1st' 17.s to n hcusc: in "tine olC clw-artor 

I-throu,h cni?blcC. .?.llzy~,,.-::.ys -,:l;?,ere we cculc?. stay for 150ut half 

c? crown .?t nizhJG ecch, 770 our surprinc ~YC; :?OILTIC. the luxury of 

ru::ming ~v:?.tcr i~ the; ;,;ass arlc ::me, ever1 elee tx'ic Iigb-t :r;kich no 

deliixhte6. 11s t1a.t r;rc :::r21y nut ice6 thc ::;ock~occSes which 

SCU-'s~!_& :l.lTay ~i~l:~,:n ii 7Ar::B ~~/iit~!?~?~ 

Onr 

'fie .r.~r3.vec". nt ~17;o~s.t 4;h~cc:.--bhirt~- in the af.bernoon so 

Lhc~?e ~7.s tine tklet tL,:.g to ~ c c3~z.z c c ~f tha 016 totm nn?~ to visit 

2 TurBish nosguc :.iiith the g~~icl.nnce ooi" msr f'riewz6, T::J~C: w?.s able 

to tell 1:s r. 1ii;tL~ r.bont it. TTcxt C.ny we visited the 13~z"r~os 

i~ottery where 21r.t.3sg vcsbn :me. ornnmests wre bein:; ;w,Ce in the 

s-~ne pnttcrns as v:erc used in :;ncient tines. 

-1 

.I? yon tb.ere sve 

irtcnt or! to Xc1i:thc-, r, r;:,rnterifir J _. >lace by the s ~ en r routc for the 

Acro2ol-j~ ;?t T,i;l~:~.t?s, On thy w::y y ; ! ~ :wrt. bcP:iisnC:c< by n Greek 

Americr.n sl;~?ilen-t al5o -;lcixtcd out to us ";Be little cou~tyards 

autsiZe solllc 0::' t3.2 ]>i:lil.~es li;l?ich zyc prl.rrerl ait8h, ti:^ ,yrcjr ?-..nB 

31:ck ljc'ahles s~'; ii-i i.a*l;ricatt: ;jztte:-;7s, r~~nfi tole us how villa~es 

used to 7x2 'olzllt 3:; 30~7 ~I.Y~~SI:S tn bowls ii?~ tt'lc hills ?.wr.y from 

tha sea so thy.?, they s?~-L~E~C bc invisible to mmrbrsudPny corsqirs. 

kt Iri.nQo 5: IVC 3 M.v~ tllG f..ncien?> PU~.:LIE ivhj.c~i wer; incredfbly beaut- 

iful cgainst t3c ~th,srcel ljluc sea, .?.nC the reacins of a castle 

;?nC 9th:;~ 5nilii,im[;r; ~c!::..ick. shorsc

- 

bulldin;; mnCc:~izl 27s 

- - 

I~,L cn uscc3. in success Fve agcs to ~ ~cons truck 

on tha 32.C foun.?.n%ions, 'jl'c S~VJ il,siee ;r he~vily C~corcted 

Byznntlnc cllurch too. 

As well 2.g seo3-n;:: the ~ l ~ c of e a archaeolo~iczl 2nd historic 

i;dxrest on the i~~~.:!r:l IF-c -~gcye able to ,,et soz~ iCe.7. of the 

vc.z%tzt$ o:l t?~?~zgL ~ ot o of $be is l,?.r!c: t1-rr.t we sc~w IVZS inteizs ively 

cultivnle6.. O_TIGJ:G ,I!~*OYOS y!cYe tkzi-z ~r~ith tile oran~;es just 

be~i:x~in:; to turn colnl:;r :L?.< of' ,1072I'Si t;h~ iacvitzhle ~Ificya~C!~ 

olive zroves n:i~k p1:7.-..;-Z~.tions oi" fizz covereC. the hilLsides, As 

v:a3.1 as Irui'c f;r..,:s t l : r . - ~ ~ W ~ P C P~IZCS, 90712~~~ cypresses mi Tn 

occ~>sion:-.i ,3l,?nz troc; . The g,;enesr.l nppccrance of the vegetntion 

of t?!!7 isl:-.;zf 7xzs rcthcr loss arirl thn.12 wc expected zftcr szeiw 

the ot?;":l?r i~jl.gnC ~ 7 t-tF!i; 2 I:,rr,g f TOLL Athens At cne t inc tile islnnd 

325 heen de:.lse9y ~fooded XI< t3.e n~tionr~l ci:-lble:?i comes Yrc!n ti?-zt 

.;?cried, VIe wrc curious to knot;? tbe ~urgosc of an @rex ne?-P 

-tPL@ sez vhicit -:rcs Civir;'eZ. -v_p into sns21 squares by sonf: sort of 

wattle :encin,r: 3x4 were tolC 3hp.t tllc l'ences provid-, shelter For 

not only in hnviw; lo-,:er Laxt;s than t!;e r-:inln;lC that Rhoees 

re3 cxhles .by: c S!:z;?nel Is lfunds , Ut?-,r jslrlilt s th2.t crnc cc.3 hzrdly 

?.A; hi'niscns arlllc11 trail ovcr n2;zg of' t;:2 olC b~:ilCin,,s rL:l..akiq? c. 

Cotsvrold Stone. 

Thcrc 7.-:r:s ?sldortu:antcly no t ime tc! visit tho valley oz' the

I 

nFhtl~r,:l vegatfitioi? mip:ht hnvz 3c;-;:n ohse~v~c? , bef ope vfe h2C 710 

set snil ?!pin for Pir~~eus. Tk-,c te:np-tntion to renain on -this 

S~;zu.tirul is 1::nd. p r ~ s v~ry SLPO~~E, qilr', the ir;~?. of' cuntimin,!; 

I ?:~th~r Enst to see how the s t7.c:es or tr~~nsition v~hich x~:a hzd 

::l;Y;".G.g ~~GETVCG. :. : 7 4 ~ 

AO~G 

~ ~ j ! ~ j ~ ~ [ ~ ~ h ( ; ~ . ' . 

, de~2lopkC. as the 

?os+9-iorus !;iy;ls c C:,SS 96 L,:;;^S -?,2:~0 [;:it f YFCS i~ t ?.bl~ 8oya~vcr, we 

fclt tl-mt i.t wag ti-;^ 'LO j-~t;.ilry~ $0 P ~ ~ T R c T3e ~ B VoyP.ge ~ b2ck 

vj,ir?s vcry sifiil~r to t:-~.-.!rkt zzlii'l;: ?...:1d we nrrived in Athens ct 

about 4 p. Ti. 0*r 2;-t12 >*u~;LPs~ four* dsys nfter lent-?-.ufi, ,-J'L~ 

conJciilv.ed GUY journey to Ph?racia aeict

i - 3TP27ITIo;; >';;Fy 

A detailed diary was kept, th~ nore intorestlng points Being 

Chris Ryan and Roger Sticklaad, zfter an t?neventPul- trip from 

Inoi, arrived at Challris soon r^f ter 1-ch cn 78th July, RP. Noel 

Saker had previously mads zr-rangcmcnts f'cr +.hem to be t;?k~a by a 

Mr. S'xZas Prom Cha1kl.s to Pharacla and 1-l; only rmained for them 

to find thcir drivcr. Zloweacr, in r: conparntivcly lzrgz town 

with no knar~ledge of Grcak t3is seemed t'ornid~ble, but having 

crossed the swing bridgc over the rlnrrcw sea sepa~~tin~: the mainland 

from the town centre and enquiring as bcst they cculd at a kiosk 

and Pram seve~al chaps, two or threc small. 50ys C:rT:le to their 

rescue and lea them through the back stxoets to a gs-ragc. There, 

after glasses of' water 711 pound, a heavy lorry mas produced so 

that the t ~ of ~ o them could sGueezc in beside the drfvcr in relntive 

~ornfort. An hour later they were hi~h up on a mo~l~tain road >.-rhich 

had wound steadily up th~ough the pin. vrnoas cvcr since leaving thc 

small plain behind C'I~alkis, vhen t ~ d~iver c suddcnly pu1le:d into 

the side at a walcoms spring, Thc tcrnpsrnture, only 80 degrccs in 

the shaae 2nd t!le t-t-~:o? "E 1 clouds of red dust from thc road had 

taken thcir toll, Going dovyln ::ins little hcttezl, 5ut aft~r a further 

hour the Piclds in (7 r3vor valley ripe vith maiz~ introduced them 

to Achmetaga, n very plcasarlt sna.11 town in the heart of yuboea, 

From this point the rond followed an int~rnittmt rivcr, byp~ ssed 

Mazzdoudhion rnd continuedTTorth. nzy Icf't thc rozdat; Klrint2os 

and rradu off axon2 a track just -firidc c.nough f c l ~ tha lorry, up and 

th~oupa a very smell villnge, eventually pne~ing undar warn2 Plnnc

I 

trcea, bcforc, untorin~ thc village a(.,uaro at PA~~rncla. 

After : meal of' 1oc;;l tomatoes, 3rt:ad -.-ti oczo (thrir first 2nd 

not vcry c;ncournging in'crocluc-tion to tlqc I.oc.1 resinatcd 7:;rinc) 

pracurcd by Chrlstophol: j!achoncchi, z.n englncczl with ??T. XoaS aalicr, 

they settled dom ;o wit .For thc frcight, 

O~ly one third OF *,he crates arrivsd when anoi;lzer lo~ry drew up 

I in a cloud of dust lat~r on in the afternoon an& it n.w llearnod for 

the first time over the antique telephone in the villngc ;hat 

custoins dif'ficultics har? 3ccn c.up.;ric,ncoG - (rc_t"~~rcd to in dctnil 

under 'BreiglidT ). EIawevcr, thcy wcre by .then too tircd t o worry 

about sums o r 30,090 d.rachmae hufnz rncntionad 2s dues and tht:: 

~clativcly cheap inctbod of' obtaining the rest of the freight, ,w.mely 

by n "little c onciclern tLonqt, Thc ~?t:.xl; morning af t or a vcry qocd 

night in sleeping 5ags dcspftc thu kaat, they set cbout constructing 

z fire, iv~shing p2:?ce, ctc. azd checking the g~ivilc~cd storcs vialch 

werc Ln ~easom31c shape daspito the broken cases, 

In the mid-afternoon I,hc romcind~r 01' the party a~ri~cd and 

Rogm Stickland rcturncd aith th;; lorry to PPctmbtag~ to try and arrang-: 

customs claawbnnce for ths rc;naining freight. After u trip to tho 

Church of St. Joh~ of Russin and a wander ~ound thc Turkish Rcfugeo 

R,uarter he was entcrtainsd by Yrs, ETo:l ELqkcr- z-~ring the succccdinf 

tvro days contact by telophonc zr'd Icttcr vrss maintaincd rith th2 

British Embassy with no positive results. On returning to 

Pharncla plans merc mad(: to aprccd the zxisiting stores over n 

longcrpcrjcdznd to nurchnsc nore Z'oodlocally. The scientific 

proprammc was started and sy-necimcns coJIcctcd and w~esscd. Apart 

I 

1 

I 

I

I 

from a very hcavy rain storm which fi llcd the d.ry river bed outside 

the aillage, ccnvcrting it t o n torrent and explaining the use of 

the p~ecsrious f oo tbridgc, norinal rout in? proc eeded snoo thly . 

3ev:sal "wooding sessionsH t-rerc egba?kcd upon to th:: obt-~OUS ;joy 

of' tho local 'boys, who were only. 'coo willing to ca.r-ry thc: desd pine 

t~unks to the villsgc and exhibit thir strength. with n. cross-cut. 

n 7 

l'_.tl Ynis po-int the practice 1~:-C been to burn, cx.usk snrj, qavry used 

tins, but alter seeing the villz~e~s viatc!.ling with obious anmis'n 

n2 took to Lr,aving thcm outside the c~mp, VJ~PFC they soon vanished. 

At na tirne did we colfic across the xli~;htest a-l;.tempt; to touch or 

remove any thf ng no t obvious 1.y given a:r,rag. 

In spitc of tht, rou$h country and t;",~ teclpcraturc, nrany trrks 

3sd SeeF nadc to thc nounlair? t'oothills and the "Hogs Eazk" ha3 

been climbed on ~evernl occa~ions. Ry the 27th July most of the 

1 membcrs ha& beeoms ecclirnatiacd -to tho heat and it wns Becided to 

i climb Oros dc Kandili, abaut t;i:;lvc milca away and apprcxirnatcly 

4,000 f'cct ~bove see Xcvcl, At 5.3C a,%, five mcnbars, i~cludine; 

0r.e girl, ~ eout t along a vallegr rursl:ing due South ~hich cnnl?lcd 

them to cover scvernl miles in the sl~iido~v O the hill l~cfore tile 

sun rosc: too htgh, .Althoxgh thoyc livere levbls for pnrt of the way 

running from tiz~ disused nagnnsitl:; pines, the tracks vlere fau: from 

easy afi3 a? tcr- arriving hi@ UF on ''K '', the :3zrty 1'13s oblig5~1. to 

2 

drop do-JL~ onto the col separa.ting then from K~ndili, Tile sid2-t 

of Golden Eagles and Egg~tian 'irulturc8 snaring overhead and pan~2nc 

over the surrounding countrys Ldz was j.r~ itself -r!oy.bh the ,journey.

:I 

irv 

I1 I 

7rom the col, v~hc-re the pinc 1;rcce ~:ppar.cntly hem cut do~n 

and left som-2 years zgo, and r~ge~eration had bcr.:n. grcvznted partly 

by goats and pertly by thc climste, thi; scruk cover>ed limestone 

!i rose steoply ~C)~T:;TY'.~S thc sunzit some EAQP Tc~t 

1 

. ' 

sbovc. Aftsr some 

fifty feet of this prickly oak alid rug(:ach~d about nid-day. Strangely 

enoughnstrongcl~~npo~tin~ingncLtlesd.ominntcd-thca~ea. TG 

the West wa$ the ;~zinlnn.dt, se,?tjral;ed by s f e~?i miles of sea the ;=d,gc 

of which was 3.bou-k 200 yards ?may end l!., COO fcet bclo:;~, v~bile the 

intensely 7~1lzito surn:i~its cf' tno ncigh-oouring ueaks contrnated with 

thc grey appearsnck or" thc pine i-roods bzck :long thc v:ag the party 

had travelled, 

The n5xt morning the butchtr .'l,izd bilildcr arrivcd ct the village. 

Thc but chi,^ on his mule ~ l r i t thrm ~ goats trailing behind. rode round 

the viZla,yo squ.are arid stopped undcr a very leafy rig tree, Af tcr 

i 

n ,good deal of shouting a clilster of :-.-oncn pthcred round thc tree 

nnd proceeded to hagglc. Not long z.P-Ll:r -thc group dispersed to the 

Ticlds to ~wrk and thf; bu-tcher slit thr, thm::tr-; of tro goat^;, sl.riu~ns 

them and hung up tho vario~~s 'kcutcs' on -the Srsnchcs of thc tree, 

The entrails dispos~d of by thc Siags, t11c SUtcher then set to to 

clean t%c skins, havi, 5is l~mh znd sdjo~:.rn to thr:! local i~-q, of 

which Pharacla had thret:, to cater for a pop~xlntion of' about two 

hundlreC, and f imlly to s 1-ccp. ',;%en the women retmned from "Uic 

fields they took Acray their meat and 2ung it up prior to soastixg

it in R C ~ ~ P C Obee-hive R ~ oven, Thc butche~ deperted considerzbly 

the better for his oozo end with one g o ~ behind t him, 

The brz!.lder set up under a largc walnut t ~ e e nizd -i;rocef!ded to ~I2r.e lzsgc Llen~ths of tirnber j.n p~cparation for the construction 

of' a house at the ',o> snd of the vill~ge. 

Towards midnlpht of' the same day 9 fantsstic nolse broke out 

in the village, ta the nccompan+iment of tkc ringing of' the church 

bells. A lean-to, the hen. and pig artera era beside a house, had 

cauglht fire, Yrit:3 the lar~e expznses of forest ar-d the very d ~ y 

climate, fires nre cxcaed2ng hsz~rdous 3.n ;he area znd the greaLest 

grocautions aye taken. On this occnsion ?;he wonen wmt to fetch 

loose earth, arld water Yrom the spriGys, ahrile the men gulled out 

lvooaen posts and roof tilea frm the shed, Othsrs clarnbe~ed on 

neipjtlksuring roofs to ,got a better view, Eveztaally the fire warn; 

snothered acd the house-o~mer ~c5~il.t hi:; lem-to the next day, 

Several of the ~L:S~Y hzd by then visited other pzrts of the 

isl~.:?nd, including porioda spent rrenrl kc tmeta ga, Kiarlsi ar?_d Kironia, 

Q 

Xot 1o-n~;: ~rtsr the tempe~atwe re:.ched A15 F in the shade, which 

successfuliy halted cvcryboc7,y and rcaulted in a dey swimming and 

reJaxLn[,: in Limni, This del_iglltfuI town five miles away, but over 

3. 2000 feet mountain range, had not besn visited by the majority of 

villagers in Phoracla, many of whom had never seen the sea. 

Towards tbc: middle of l~up~t. n epidemic of rood poisoning hit 

the camp, lvhich was ~vsnt~xtl1:~ traced to mice sgrcadj.ng Snlmonell8 sp 

amongst thc food, Although nost ?eople Treyre a?f cc tea at one time 

or another, en'cero-vloror:n usually nrovided n better and quicker

cure tha~ the vil3cgers' nethod of 2- overdosc of' oozo accompanied 

Sy after-efl'ects r;.:hich c?de onc forget the csxac of the trouble. 

Bjr no^; two or three of tCc rorc scLf conscious men 011 tl'l~ 

expedition t5ought it r=~s tire to h:*v:: 9 hair-cut, After th.2 

rat he^ amateurish ai;tmpl;s or other m?mh(:rs, two decided to risk 

thelocal 'ibarl~ervs. Yavinc 3becn succcssP~CLlg ,?arbtzL fro^. his 

occupation or tu~nin~ ~~aizc cobs in thc sun, th!: barber set to mith 

an anc lent pnir of' S C ~ S S C~,nci P ~ ~ n very sharp cut- throat razor, and 

made cxceptiomlly ~ood jobs fozl a price that IV~S r"nti;z~~ leas than 

L?ecost of n glass of oozo, About this time tha pzrarfin sugply 

began to get low, and n tour of the village seropling znd smelling 

. - 

all 2ilcely lic&u:l,ds, Pint skied up m ith a trip ;c .:~sfi2oudlhin to Tur- 

chase a furthcr supply, 3J'~e;it benzene of'fzred to the expd%tion 

by an enterprising lnd with a m~to~-cycl~ was n ~ ziich t we, zs x1as 

shown him when A@ hecanc over i~sist-)fit, 

On. j7th J~ugust four members visited Lithens ::nd stzy-?& there 

for a few day^ to be accompanied back by the ether omithol~pis~~ 

Ted Green, I V~O rcplaced Ian VlTalkcr, by tIzcn on his ?:Jay b3ck to 

";gland, 

The chicf conctrn thci~ v r ~ s not so much food, thc rcmr2.ining 

crates 11a~ing arrived aftfi~ :, anon-th producing 311 unfortunnt~ surplus, 

but r~ater. Three of' the four villnge s.yring;'s ?zed dried up end 

the sur~ounding villages :irt.ru in a ainilnr plicht, on^ villzpc: 

3aving moved out altogsthcr. In spit;;: of this, thc villagefs 

always insisted th~t the exp~dition should k ~vc first d.rnw on thi: 

wter v!hszevcr thc spring v~ns vi sj. tcd, t;'lr~ich cwusccl much firn'barruss- 

2ent end at one tine t3c thought of 3 novs-out to nnothor sit$.

I 

Kooever, this wzs solved, by Gorc people having thcir visit t o 

Athens nt one %ime thm w?s plarxnee a~f. eeeonoaising 73rith the 

I e i 

p Soon 2Ttcr cne or the sprixs flowed again 

1 when the pipea h?.d bt?cn unhlockcd , 

I1 

I Accordiq to i;~eelr L~nr ; ' -:7 :hE- 1 a '- 

* " 

t-+,>'"- 

with the police ~:fter onc montht s stay in Greece. Ho;vi?ver, 

this :aas easier ;;~.i

?in. Although no doubt some of our lct tevle were a little over 

t?;? n ~rk one or t:vo BritisP. S ~ ~ ~ Igiven I ~ J S to a local bog suPf icient- 

lg distracted the postn!an; who t~en sccincd 7erf;:ctly srLlisf tee, 

Dvrinz this i~eriod scienlif ic work hnd co:~tinue?. rind. nsny 

of the vill~~~ze l.?.?-z b2aough'~ ij:~ speciu:egs ran(:inz frcn r, little 

owl and miilute beetles "t ccultivntcd melons ?nd unusu~,l ;;r.zsses, 

Althou;{h rncily sgeci~cns were C?-rn~,rri;d . .:'.- ::r.ire 33lc to record 

the finds EAG. ux-~til birds with broker; ~vinzs 5k.r?22 to peer vT 

of i'eracl t PAt-,ern evcrg encor~.r~,gcnen-t. To*7:~.r?s the ene of' kuwst, 

~ftcr avcry'oody ?lad visitkd Athens >relicimr;~ a~rangern~nts for 

thc rcturn journey TjIc1.e :TF.C.C. mst 3f tbc speciinen~ ~ackcd 

a.Avay, Onc PurtPrcr cxci:rr-sioa by four mem3ers to Krinvisi, thr: 

only mmsh re2lo:l ~llcountercd in the viciniQ7, provide6 rnorc 

specimens o:C a tyj3c di,;fering nrrkedly from the rest of the islnnd, 

A deliqhtf'ul 'lil,;r\%11:~ four fc\;t ilz height fin? becrim no 

leaves Gornin~.ted pzr4t.s af t h marsh, ~ During the night a st~on,R 

Zc?.stmly wine ahi,o$?:Ja u:) tha sea end ~1rncls-L swarqeb their slee2- 

ing guzrtcra hiyh UT 7.t the h~ck of the beach Sut the re'c~rn 

journey to Phnrncln jjr~drlccQ an unustasl si,Tht, ~ iz,>pl;;! z anfi :>ear 

'orcher~' close to c. smsrJ.1 cl~r~ell ii~g. 

Thc early. days in Se;L3ti:mbcr v,rrere -f;uk~i~ up -,r:ith rounCin5 0:: 

the scicntif ic groGr?:izfies cnrl. P,ltcns ive r;ci < collecti:--g, *rb-hich 

resulted in many diW2rent S ~ ~ C C ~ of' C S seed nnfi 5uIb bein?: packed 

for later ge~mination, 

Food and cquip~ic;-lt I~.~)PF; so~ted out n~~d grovj-sions fos the 

return journey packed, %ith the sxcsy).tion oC tht. seientif ic 

instruzent s , !;:wch 070 'the e~1yi;)ment, inclus' inc tooh s?.s sold loc,?.l1;!

v3ere it T;as vi~tzally ux~obtainzblc. 3~cb~rbljr one of "the most 

astonishing nnd unf ~rtu;~::.tely real ai@k~'t.s of ? : e,:t irc stay 

accureZ 1:~h.m 7'; :,-ilve -. nwzy : surplus f'ood fin6 ~c~ckj-n,.; cnses 

to 'the vi1la;;ers. In fact a tin of' cookins Pnt v~.s ~.lmcct ~~3-ezrd 

of 3.nd sc;i:e oP thz villazers zslccd 1;: wl~fit it W:.F far' p.ne hoir~ to 

use it. I t r7ves not u.ntill. ' s3.w the joy in the eyEs oY" a 

villaze~ who bnfi virJ~~i::!1~y noibin;.~, when civan a s~;all 'luxury.', 

tl~?,~ L , 1:r' , 3 be;i;r.n to ag~;~*eciate LOUT 'nzcessities t . 

Tha aight of the 6th Segtzzbcr produced hervy r?.Lns 75,-hfch 

apart fro:: lcyi.;~,, the ?.ast; tlisnc6. t3z trr-tics illto quamircs. Two 

of t!le ~;irls los"i, ;;th~;-ns C~pizg the EF.~, cu.stoms lists fvcre 

drrmn up for the: ;?rzi.:-::-::t ailG t-r'i~ of tke villagers appro~.chad with 

reg:!rd 20 ttx lonn of t:inlc:; for thz tri2 to Strophilia. aext norning, 

Gc82r!' kit o~to the 

~ules nil3 set out r~.lo:;~;-i the jjm:r'?y track to Stroj?hilia ju-st bef'ore 

da~r!m on 7th 3ept?i:15~~ Xftcr nrri'vizlg rizud.Gg but dry at the 

villr.;;e centre P,oorr,-c 

r 5 ~:;?'usccl t ~? rcc::.ept ~:111ythixg but n f'e~~v. 

~ig;~retkes for his tj:~au.blo rmc: ri.j-~:?~~j?c~~ed brick the m?j hs bed come 

Xeadiw; the i;lules v!lt;l, him to a:~d :-: very ple:y.sant ?rIendchip. 

Lookin:; ;: littlz score civili~z? qPtcr F. quick change, and 

~i ti"i the sun now rxrcl?. ~ ?p , , - SO:!,TC~ cr?. t!l*c b?:~ Tor ~!.~~.l~kli s 

A-theizs . The few hours 3,eP-t tc! . :' 9~1 i,thc;ns groved alrnost too 

hot r.:.i~d it v::.;s -::,;i ti1 wixeC P:;;:eli;~;;::'s th2t , 

... .. 

- .', brz. pried the 

Orimt Ex;~reos 2% R,45 p *m, ~ i I--::tchcd. 5 the I'loodlit :":cropolis 

. I.,.' 

disnppcz..r Isto the $.~:r';ness ss . , he:22ad Wortlz. 

:., - . :, ., > "

F!'ITX P ZTT REPORT 

The provision of ~3qu.ipment was based on the 2oZlowin.E 

envisaged arrangements. 

A reasonably accessible perm nb:.nt base cmp would be 

established from which smaller garties muld move out for 

varying Lengths of time, The base CaJilp would depend pri- 

mawlily on timber for fuel although %t5is~i~~cIprobably need 

suppll'mentilzg with pasni'f in stores. A11 other carngs would 

reqvire paraffin fuel, Wate~ would 'be scarce, r~~ould need 

to be stored and possibly hezt purified. A11 items must 

be sufi'iciently light and sinall to man handle over rough 

country if necessary, 

-4 list of equigment taken out by the expedition is set 

out below with an indication of the 60uPCe of &upply. 

1 Arctic Guinea (2-nen) 

Equipment Origin 

1 Three man t ~nt 1 

2 two man tents I 

1 Repair kit + spare pegs -c spare 

nylon ,guylines, I 

i 

Exploration Board.

I 

I 

E qu 1pmen-G 

1 ?ifate? Container with lid, 

3 Polytbeme bolrls 

I Corkscrev~, Bottle o?encr, 

T,o%1sI 

Z L-arzs pick axe 

1 Small pick axe 

1 Spade 

1 Shovel 

2 51;:all tromels 

1 Pelling ;:xe 

I 1 File 

2 Small axes 

1 C ; . , P O stonc 

2 Yaliets 

I ?ol$ ci~isel 

,i -;, y;,: ? 

3 Jexrty bcr 

1 3rn~~l1 bov~ saw 

Ropes 

2 Glixbing ropes 

i Purchase" 

Origin 

or 

Tersonal Equipment 

Vrtrious sources, 

mainly Personal, 

i Exploration Bonrd,

5 RITIC~R 

2 Pkunxlels 

5 Hanks roge 

String 

Equipment 

Origin 

ExploraL ion 

r. ri 

..!. 

1 Cornpt~ss (~rism>!t ic) Exploration Board. 

2 Doz. cnndlcs 

3 ~olls mire v!ool 

2 Tixis a%~~.sive gormder 

Detergent. 

1 Purchased, 

The items listed 83ove i~roved sufficient and the 

only chortzge occured in the su2ply 02 zandles, This, hov- 

ever, could easily hnv? beea avoided by an alteration in 

sleeping hours, Polythene bowls and buckets, although 

bullcy were more than an nsset with the intermittent 

~ild gene~i~I shortage of vrater. General smnll grimus stores 

anrl sct.s of b iLZie cans were taken, all of which were 

utif ised by the ~~arious trips away from camp. 

Y.13 were very fortunRte aith timber fuel, Thc 

extersivc pine f~reste on the islmd, in contrcst to the 

barfen tracts on the r;ainland, provide2 ampls fuel very 

cluse to the camp, The fire risk T ~ S , however, very

I r ( ~ ~ ~ :bpi- 5 . i 

Y . - and a hut in the villnge van burnt down 

one night, Vz~iouo cro~scut s~ws lonned to us by the 

vill~gers were very usef'ul Tor cu-Lti~, up tree 'trunks and 

an expedition to this type of country wou1.d he well 

advlscd to include at l cnst a cecond large toothed saw 

?.nong its equipmenl . 

IT possible the "local or at lemt nationnl'' nanes 

far such itsm as parafrin kind riiethylnted spirit should he 

discovered prior to novin2 off'. HL .2 ' , known that 

parzff'in is 'rpetrols', or the Greek equivalent, we shr 17.3-11 ~AVE 

saved several hours of mfsu~Cierstandlng sad frustration, 

The scuipment wqs pclcked amongst thr: focd to give maxi- 

mum protection pmd save any waste packazing ater rial. Yith 

the intention of setting up 3 bzse camp we 2acked to re- 

duce Iulk to a minimum without worrying too much :?Bout 

the ccntents of any one crate, Naturally, semi-perishables 

and other relntively susceptible items weye sepnrated. An 

alter~~fitive method, of gnckin: food for one week in e crnte 

or groug or cr?:tes rx~d le8ving the ~ est uno2ened twLs not 

thouzht suitzbls for this tyge of cxgedi'cion sglittiaz i::'i;o 

small parties. 

The contents, cubic ccpicity and weight of ench crate 

aas recorded Tor shipaing and customs clearance. 

For thc rcturn journc;y :.'f..:> -:qujl~m~:nt made tq3 ;?llmosL 

thr, ciztire frei;&t and despite the somevhnt im~~rovised 

crntca r.11 tl:-3-: .~uigment 

reached Great 3ritain snfely. .!!in

4:~.0r! n.' .: blc: hammer and mils provei! essential f o this ~ 

The equipment, both in qumtity 2nd kind w?.s 

1 adequate for this particular expcdi t ion.

The j?brsonal tr~a~zspor'l; tvas arranged thxough 1,Yessrs. 

SetveZ1. & CrowLhcr of South Kencixlgton. From them we dis- 

covered that to tr3v~l to Greece by train would be cheaper 

-1;han to go by plnne or by a combinntion or train nnd boat, 

nnd it; would 'be a lot cy,~ickcr than ,rain> by bo~t $111 the 

way. Wc found too th3t chcap rnil ftres wery avzilable to 

~s 3s me weFe n ~~lna-ty of' elav~r, studunts, this bcin; the 

smnllest slumnbsr eligible For the reduced rates. The only 

remaining decision as F'nr r.s trcvel to Athens was con- 

ccrncd vrzs then which train to tekc - th: T::ucrn Exgress, 

or the S.inplon Orient Ex,3ress. The forln~r follows n raute 

from Ostend throuGh Beli;iwo and Ger~n.r.rly, while the llttc-r 

t~.kes a more aouthcrly coursc through Frnnce and Svitzer- 

Land; both roalol~r the stilile tracks aPter reaching Italy. 

Vie deciQed on the Simplon Orient Exgress as it m:?s very 

sli,htly cheaper mnd there seemed no s2ecinl :>.dv~i~t~&~ in 

taking the Tauern 3xpress, though later vre '--ofideye& if it 

The journey to Athens ,..as 'to tcke three .jays snd thrse 

nibh.ts which is a long time to sit up in 2 trzin, so me 

with tb~ trnin as fzr 35 Venice on the viqy out, ~ nd from 

Vcnicc to C?.13.i~ or- the mg back. If" one tr~vels as I'ET 

ns Venice by cocchette one cannot reserve n seat from 

tllcre to Athens. Scats are only reserved from Longon or

t'?-5-. Paris ., on the outgoin;; journey. We decided to 

risk not Fzi= able to find seats at Veilice for the sake 

of bcii~g aBlc to atart with one good ni;h$s rest, This 

we Zctcr discovered was the bi~gzst rnistakc v~s made on the 

t.savel.lln2 ::Lrr~ngemeats, For rq 2 pnly wcrc we completely 

un;ri~le to fii~d B single sent at Venice or indccd until .we 

h1.6 rret?.cbed Thessnlonikt.,,, but our Tigood night% sleep'h~as 

mything but pesceful, on account of' the customs checks, 

1 the ttcket col.lcctors and thz passport control men, vho 

seemed to have spaced their visits veyy c-refully to give 

~!~stxinurn sleep dis tur;b~.nce. fl rurthcr dr?.wbnck to %his 

mode of trnvcl across Europe turned out to be that we 

could not gut my of our I.u&

1 

I 

LtLm t' '~7.~0 people should drop off the Exprcss nt the 

>unction of Inoi and mnke thcir way strsight to Ph~raclc 

to be~ia setting up such thin;;:^ 2s R firs and wzshin,: anc?. 

draining fncililies, At Athens the main ;?arty w:cs net 

b:! zn n~ent of Xr. Francis Nool Baker and F. lorry. Most 

or" the 73n~;'~ge vent orf to Pbzrncla on thc lorry, ~?:hile 

:p1c :>nd the ngen-t went in search of? our sup~osedly rcservcd 

tyros, and t3ere ny,>enred to bc no reservations, but 

%orLunatJ..y v~e msnazcd to find beds cr plfices on thz floor 

fit sn F.imexe, and there, in stiflin,~ly hot room we sle;>t 

the slxp of the decd. The r~serv~tions had been confirmed 

by lctter at lenst 2 month i~reviously but as we aere to 

.?i.nd out lctes, this wns only one instance of "efficiencys' 

in forei:,n parts. 

Next morninp; at eight o'clock we learnt, the folly of 

not chccking over our tickets in dctnil while still in 

Londan, for mc found thnt they hgd no-t; bcen mu-de out via 

Athens so, after a long nrstur~cnt in French, ye hzd to p?.y 

ngain to 50 on the next lap of the journey to Chzlkis. 

It ahav.l.d be mcntioncd here- bowrvevcr, that vte vrcr% un.?.hlc- 

%o obtq,j-n aus tickcto until tks ??g prior tc Icmi+in~ 

. .- 

? ;jr:ctiee not ' 17-6 ?c.:nrarlcndzd. ,,a nrrived rrt C.h--.lkis 

.-.t ~3.;-ut elr;~eil thy rty ill tF.c r,lor;linT, this sn7-11 toin 

.j " 

, .' 

straddlin; tl~c chg,nnel 3etwcc11 thi: r,!,-.inl~-nd znC thc is2 end 

O? Z~hoc-, 3c;in; tho n~nr~st yoint to Ph.arnc1.p. Lth-t .tBe

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 43. 

I 

I :-,ill;17 

-t,r recches. There we were met by cnothcy of' ~JT. 

i 

Yoel Beker' s mcn who had boolced seats on the bus from 

I Chalkis t o Klrinthos . A hair -rq.ising bus journky 3cross 

I 

the ncuntnins or1 7. v!in5ia~, unmetallad road, crarn:aed in, 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I lv~rc 

three to n eat -pith mp,r4y peopli3 standing and 2s many illper 

bags Cis-tributed p.s on z Channel Do~,t In :.i ,. ~?,le, After a. 

f2w more r!liles or Tlnt-Ler road ICE ~ o t out or the bus and 

C Z ~ 

by hjrs Noel Uakor, with e lorz>y and n Land Rover, 

who took 11.5 on the l?.st 122, evcr r: ~ough cart track to 

Phcrzcla where we re joined Chris Hym and Roger StjicklRnd a 

I The return journ~y was rathcr casier, except thot ths 

I 

mqln p~.?ty left PharocZ~ before dnvm the mornin2 :?fter a 

torrential rninstorn, znd had to contcnd wlth tlrick mud 

on thz tslac:: i'rom Pharacla to Strofilia l*thcre they were to 

I cztch the bus, Eo~r~rev~r, they vrere helped by the loan of 

I 

I 

some mules Prom the villagers vhich ctrrricd some of' the 

bcg,;age. The tr~in journcy IVZS relatIv:~1y luxurious as ms 

hnd beejl able to Sook seots from Athens to Venice, b~causc 

Athens is the terminus for one pxrt of the Simplon Orient 

Express, nnd from Vcnicu O ~ W R v~c ~ ~ hzd G eouchettz-s once 

egnin. UmTort,ungtely, the carri~,,,*e in which our s~ats wcrc 

booked wcs infested with lice, and our D.q,T. powder had 

long since been i~xhnusted - there rn?.s nothin, for it but 

to submit to being enten alive until we reached Enzl?ad.

I 

1, e . 8 r. :L n,r England; secondly, to rn~kc ~,bsclut~~ly certain 

of' se,?.t reservations; thirdly, to meke sure or ~dequate 

su~~slies of D,D,T, or even 'h3tt.i:~ some more rsapid'ly work- 

Ing inssclicide, Pfirhsi~s a fourth thin2 xvhich micht 

hpve donc would have been to innkc sornt: mguiries about 

r?.cilities POP stoping lucsa;_;'e on the trein, though shethr:~ 

this would havo donc ni;? ,:ood I &onv t knoiri. 

On xlcflection, skvernl points, which inzy be of use 

Exprcss on the outr~~ard journey a;zd thc Siaplon Clriez~t 

Ex2rc~ ..s f'cr the retun journey. 112 th~u-;hc'-~'- bngd,n;$c wzs 

restricled to @ mclrsnc 2nd n sil:.cll baz for food per person 

R pice?, this proved to be excessive where peopls think 

notlails-. of' stcnding irz n corridor for 48 hours and baggage 

wEEc;ons don' t exist, apparently. A sleeping bnc; however 

more thnn proved itself esl~~:cially for slee2ing on corridor 

floors in prefaranct- to licc ridden seats. 

Thc overcll cost or 2ersonaL t~ansport wzs ~267.6.0, 

which al.though higher tk:an cstimclted rn3s accspt~ble. This 

excess eqcnditure ~ tzs caused by the hizh cost of trcvcl 

lr~ Greece z.nd tho 3ggsrent absence of tb~ student r~,Lcs 

quoted by the Greek Luthorlt ics in Grcnt Britzin,

I 

i Incone $ s d, Expenditure G ~ o d n 

Personal eontri- 

, but ions 400, 0, 0, Travel outwnrds and 

I ($b0 x 10) return 267. 6 0 0, 

I 

I 

I 

Fisuns Ltd, 20, 0. 0, Freight to Athens 20.l9. 0, 

Thompson B Morgnn Freight to LonCan 11,124 3. 

Ltd. 20, 0, 0. rl 

~rel.l:ht within Gr:;ece 12,lU. 0, 

Jcel~nd Xxg'n 10, 0. 0, 

(?l7ood) --- TT~VFI within Greece 7.LOo 0, 

Visas, Eauii~rnent, 

~ood in--Greece 25.16. 0. 

I Custonls Dues in Greece 32,lO. 0. 

I 

Ex,rl7n, Board 78,X7, 3. ~x~enaes(~ostage etc,) 2. 0, 0. 

£528,17* 3* G528.17. 3. 

Orh'i@nnl estirn~,les of' cost were drarivn up after some 

i.avcstii;ation and n7ere as follows : - 

P5rsonnl Trcvel g220 

Food 160 

Fzlei~ht 120 

Sundrics 2 2 

$550 

Personel contributions or ~1,.0 per person were decided 

upon and efforts were nlsde to re.ise the b~.lance of' rEl5O.

1 

I 

I 

Applications were made to the Imperial College Exploration 

33~6, the Royal Gcoyraphical Sc ziety and cconsiGcrable 

I number aP industrial concerns and organizatianz. PLs a 

I 

result 2335 wns raised including ,$75 from the lmperinl 

I 

College Fxploration Board ~ h o also agreed to cover a11 

I nccessasy insurnncc. Thc generosity of ZI slumher of rood 

I d3' 

L ~ P ~ acknovl.efi~eC S , 

elsm;here, ensbled us to keep within 

I 

01131 e~timr?ted C C S ~ f01 -G'~is itexm The above positionw~s 

cunsirl-ered to be ont~nhactory and the planninz of the 

exgedition was put on a i'irm footing. 

The plan to restrict expcciitiono in Greccc to a 

mtnimum vfas rather disrapted by the dlrficultics cxperienccd 

I 

I vitk the custoxs end Lhe t "aai tional custom of ' tipping' 

I 

I( 

I 

necessary t o have aqything done outside the cour,+,ry 

districts, Ifire had hoped to tr2vel. zL reduced c o ~ ir, t 

Greece by virtue of our being s tudentfi, as nontioned in 

some of the Grezk Inf'o~mntion Of'flce Zite~ature. However, 

although this!:X 'L' *Delieve the reduction of 20$& applied 

on rail and raz&, the sctuzl concessicns were limited 

entirely t o thc railvrag and fcr journc;ys costjng over 

11.0 dr. I / - OfTicizZ. Student Cards issued by the 

I authorities in Athens proved to be usc+lesa, 

Loc~l food rvns ver;r cheap and fslcsh food wss purchased 

to s:rpplement the eiet ;=?i thaut enbar~assring tl-r e account. 

The cost of transport m?.s reduced by using a party 

ticket, which i~rorked out at less than g25 per head, rcturn, 

LC*

I 

I 

j.;z~.>~32 ',,g 

trzvel 'by 'bus' in Euboea, Generosity on the 

gsrt of two ship2ing lines en~Bled us to move our fraizht 

OF ~g~roxirztcly 1 ton to Greecc and back for apprnx3mately 

I I S3U. It is unlikely thnt thc transport costs could have 

I 

heen redv.ce2 b~ usin2 our ollln trrnsport 2nd t J1.3~ did in 

fact fall well within cur cstimz.tz. 

I Fron the f3np;lcicl 2oint of vii;w the exg~cdttio;,~ ~ 1 s 

very satisfectory.

I 

The Pood ps2gra;;ne was base? on sqp-~lyin~ eleven 

eople ;"or sixty days with breakfast, a packed lunch and an 

cveili;~g meal, allowance being ~nar3.e for the hot climate ~nd 

tke :lee6 to provide supplies Por numerous short exreditions 

tc 0th~ loc~1ities. Three of these days were to include the 

hone-mrd journey. Duc to the diL'f icu7.t~ in determinrin~ the 

exact fooa situation in Pharacln and to the 2rohnble in- 

9.B-Llitg of e villaze to sup2ort eleven people Tor two months 

it was decided to "Lake frola Emglnnd a complete diet which 

could 'ce suppl+n~nt@$ hy local fruit ni~d veset?.bles if these 

I mre available. 

3ith the aid of the 8osway Expeditio~z Report and f"!''i?Cm'5 

J:; ? L ~ , T . received ~ ~ ; ~ ~ rrom Miss B. Fallringham, a list of 

sn.?$lies :r,:e-re drawn up, costea and ordered. This was kept 

within an overall allocation of El50 reasonably easily, 

l;j.Pf icul-ties in obtaining dehydrntcd meat forced us to order 

ixorc tiimcd meat, n very expensive iten. Agparently the 

I dehydrated Tiah and meat were only nn e~perlment~l product 

xnniruPactu~er', for a 'few yea rbs . 

The majority of' the rood hed arrived by mid-June and 

was packed into tea chests together vrith the equipment to 

produce the least possible hulk, Ll;+lorlW ~ 1 other 1 con- 

sirl~mtions with exception of an attempt to balance the 

weight and pxlevent contamination of perish~Ssles. As a 

preczution two small crates of food were pecked sepnrately

i 

1 

1 

I 

- A, ' carried with the party to Greece, TSzse ccntained 

trrro days rations Tor the whole ~dsty, 

Unforturnately, we ha-d trouble 1vil;h the customs at 

Pir'neus and ha1.f of our aupplios ware held up for two wzeks. 

This caused en initial perloa of restricted rations, anfi a 

sur,pluc 'LO 'auilC up w3en the remainder nrrlve8. Partly for 

thts remon cnd also to ov~r-est lmotin,~ the initi~l qu~ntities 

a d heme to snrre financially. One or two tins of cooking 

fat were far more valuable to the villngert: then the equiv- 

A weekly check cf the rations vT%s rl?aQe and Kenus adjust- 

ed accordingly. Thi~ was made neczssary 5y the initial hold- 

up cf food a1-d the nmerous small. parties 13eving the base 

camp from two days 

of the quantity directions on the packets proved to 'be un- 

nv.it~.'olo for camp cookin$; nn? ~P~ould anyone be plaming a 

similar trip they rni,ht do worse than to tcst some of' the 

proCucts vi thoct the aiC or refri&;erztors, ovens, etc. 

Soliie fresh food was purchased rrom various -5rndesmen 

t~rho Is~:.:u_ht their food etc, ,to the village on thz back of 

donl.; :JR. Amons the items purchlrsed were tomatoes, melons, 

i,*rapcs, r ,- 

., 

-8 , t s' and ~oats' meat. The 'hutches' arrived 

1eaQiil; thr~:e SOX~S mC! set up under a lar~e Ti,? tree in 

the villsge. izhen h? had sufficient oreers he slaughtered

I .nd. hug up the goat, leaving the ent~ails f o the ~ 

i village dogs and set about cleaning the skin. Sometime 

late^ he portioned off the meat and weighed it out, On 

I 

the occasions r;"?n we purchaseci goats mest we were fortu- 

I 

nate enough t3 have the aid of a villager both in select- 

ing and cooking a cut, As is usually the caRe meat and 

l'ish proved relatively expezsive compa~ed ir7ith fmit and 

vegetables, 

The normal caq: cooki~ig rvas cnrried out on an open 

fire supplemented 5y griwc;ls stotres. Local pine and plane 

provided good Fuel as there was ample fallen timber in the 

forests. Green timber was absolutely useless in bath 

1 ccses, The length of' the dcy gove~ned meal times with 

t ~ COO~S 3 each day preparing breakPast Tor 6adm. and. an 

ev~i-~f~?g ~eal for 6 porn, Sandwiches FOP a packed lunch 

weye prepared by the cooks each evening for the rollo~~~ing 

day, Generally some rorm of drink was made at &out 

8 p.m. By the end of the stay the evening meal had been 

advanced to 5.30 porn, so that clearing uy could be 

completed in daylight, by a%out 7 p.m. 

A few usef'ul comments on the menus may prove helpful, 

Even though the climate was hot, porrid.ge was populer at 

breakfast and in fact cooked rood was appreciated quite 

as much 30 cold alternatives, Generally speaking, the 

snack meal was less necessary thsn in Norway nnd o+:e 

could easily s~bsist on n 1ittI.c fruit, water 2nd perhaps

I 

I 

~,ingle ~:mLtz sandsich 3& mid-day. The total 

gunitity of food neccssmy In the II~FO very Gifferexlt 

climates p~ovec. to bc very similar under similar coxditions 

of activity and it was only on narticularly bot(or cold 

a-ays, ~onv!rn~) that any siggificant change in api14/'~."' '7 .- 

came apparent, 

Apart from several lo~ves of 'ceremonial breaG1 givsn 

to us by the villagers, no bread ~rms u.seeo The l ocd bre~d 

vras exceedingly dense and haavy and z. tvro inch cube proved 

more than suPfieicnt for the lnrge~t zpL>etlte at one me~l. 

As usual, veriety rnras the difll"ic7~ltg and such items as 

sultanas and peanut buttc~ were welcomed. Roney, although 

po~ulcs, was too runny to bc useful and instnnt pudding 

proved. to be more difficultto prepare than inslant whip, 

K8,caroni and rice, though very popular w h ~ properly : ~ ~ cooked 

sre a:fficalt to prepme ~,vithout const,mt care, The a%sence 

of dehyd~ntzd meat, cvailable to previous expeditions, was 

never* pmperly overcome and had a reasoncble range of 

=armed rnea.3 md fish been gurchasec2 the costs would have 

See11 3ut of' nll proportion. 

Once zans vere opene3 the food soon ''went offir especially 

ve~etables, Margr.rine ~ n cooking 3 fat, however, proved 

excellent, imintnining their consist~ncy and remaining in 

very good condition cvcn R 7,~leeB nf ter opening, 

Quite a 10% of water 1~2s drunk in thc? first twu weeks 

'but prcdu~.l xcllrnntisat icn recuced the nee6. Lemonade 

51

I 

I 

I 

-;WL .- proved excellent for making the water more 

palatable but caused more wake?? to bo drunk tlz~n was 

L. L 

I a 

necesssry. Most local villages had n reasonnble supply of' 

fresh vrater but the high goat delrsity in the island made 

most o- the^ water unfit for drill?c?~x, although .:n a rev 

occasions some w:-IS used with purLfyilIg tablets having 

I ag2arently no ndverse results 

I 

I 

I 

Ado:: cal end Rico~biil vitamin pills were taken by 

some members a? the party, elthough they vrere prob::,bly not 

neccssnsy, in addition to the loczl BruTt and vegetables. 

"1 poiat which rnw be of' interest - 'PI& were in thc 

habit of burning, flattening md burying empty cans rind 

tins , ar1.d it li:as not until we had been there twe Greeks 

that we r~alized that even the smallest baked bean tin mas 

of Vne utmost value to the villagers, and in fact vhen 

we left at least thirty momec gathered .round and almost 

fought over e. few smnlL empty tins, 

The local food. sup>l.y turned outtto be more plen-tii"u1 

than ?lire hac? anti.cipated, an$" !.a. consequence more rood Y!ZS 

purchcsed locally than ~.v:~.s really necessary to suppl ment 

our rations, 

In co;zclusion sevellnl poi,~tsfor and against taking a 

com~lete set of rations may %e m~de. dirstly h3.d we 

cecided on the infcrxntfon nvailable, to purchase z sub- 

/ stzntial proportion of our subjslien locclly scvercl 

I 

I 

:' iTYl culties would hsve beei? ei~court ered, ?Jea t was very

:;,; 7) ,;qs ivf.? -, only perishables bvero available and the 

supply was erratic, Foraging trips at least every two 

days would have been necessary, LakTng up at lesst two 

members' time; and trips away from camp for more than 

two days would have been d.irfj_cult to supply, Bowever, 

by taking our own food we saved a considerable waste of 

time cnd energy, but incurred more expense as a ~esult. 

On balance, the cost of the rood could have been reduced 

by more experianccd estimating, but the practice af taking 

the expeditiofis own food to uncertain amas would seem to 

be both advisable and prudent, 

A list of food, including quantitiy, origin, cost and 

comments, together with specimen menus and n table o f 

cquivglents is set out below.

hA.L-4 0 Cd 

rrc carp 

rl-24 E

,--I d I t-! rldd CU 

0 I-! LC rirlr' 

0 0 

0 

cfl wow 0 

e a M n a . 

0 03 m ma 0 

m m - m 0

2 .d 

3 

X 

r-! 

0 

r-l 

m 

0 

r-! m rl 

rl u 

-PA O 

VP m 

0 43 p o X 

OP Q 

?i 03

d 

al a 

PIP 

& SIPcd 

0 S 

?Id

Sugrr Purrs each of: 

$cr~.~?bJ.ed .e,j, + baked hems Cheese Biscuits 

Veg. nalcd Sartana/fruit bar 

Sugar P df s, 

SgaghettS 

3ovril Oval tine biscuits 

2esnut bueter Sultanss 

Porridge Chease Cake 

Luncheon meat-sbnked bezns Jan 9anana/frui t bar 

Sugar Puffs 

Scrhmble6. egg-bluncheon meat 

Shredded i87.%eat 

Corned becf+baked beans 

S u?, a r Puff' s 

Scrarnblet. egg+bzked beans 

Porridge 

S;p ~-2he t t i 

Luncheon-meat Kendzl Xint Cskc 

Peanut butter Biscuits 

Bovri.1 Cake 

Veg,snlad Sultanas 

Cheese Biscuits 

Jarn ~?nana/Yruit BFLT 

3ovril Cake 

J ari! Biscuits 

Ever;y Cay - tez, ryvitp-, crispbread, marrnnl.ade, janphoney 

& *I. 

r.Lid, - local Prosh fruit,

%"*Y

Day 1 

SAMPLE A E Z cont'd. 

hk.cnroni Cheese Pancakes Omelette RTce Pudding 

Peas, Carrots Carrots ,veg, 

macedoine 

Corned beef hesh Tinned Fried luncheon Apricots & 

Deb . c aabnge Fruit 8 meat Tnst.Pudding 

Inst ,Pudd- Deh a onion, heans 

ZW Ceh.cabbnge. 

Cheese omelette 

Peas, beans 

Timed flsh 

Veg,salad, beans 

I Chcese 

Cnrrots ,G-&,nixed 

'iiice Pudd- Xacaroni cheese Tinned or 

in: @?"rro ts ,paas fresh fr~~it Xi-ilas Pudd- Cornet: beef Rice Puddin;; 

kng,custard Beans,veg.sal~d, 

Apricots- Omelette Xmas PuCding, 

& Inst,Pudd- & custard. 

ing Beanst peas 

C~r~ied Bunchemeat Rice Pudd- Timed Fish Tnst .Pufiding 

Riee,deh ,onion, 1 ns Peas ,carrots 

maeedoiile 

Omelette 

Deh,mixed, peas 

Timed S~uit Corned beef 

h custard hash 

Deh,mixed 

veg, 

Apricots & 

inst .pudding 

- E V- T d-a2 - socpg 813.61 porn with main course. Coffee or tea 

afternards , depeneing on the cooks,

I 

SUPPER 

c- 

Choice of coff'ee, ovaltine, horlicks - noat pcople 

conservative end stuck to one $.rink most of the time, 

Biscuits, occaeionally cake. 

JOURKEY HOluE (3 days) 

Cheese, Marnite, IM~rrnalade 

S~ltanas, Bfscuits, Bars and Kcndal FZint cake. 

Unless othur~;;ise stated, quantities are ?or a nezl 

.h.'or 11 people. 

Baked beans - 5 tins 

Cheese - 2 tins 

Cereals - Sugar Puffs - 1 pkt 

ShreBded lrb%cmt - l*pkts (12 per plct) 

quaker Oats - $pkt, 

Egg powder - I.$ roundet tblespaJgcraon 

Fish - 2 tins, frcsh rizh - 1 kilo 

3 

Pruit - F3 , tins - 8 tins, 

-fruit snlzd - 4 tias 

I Instant Pudding - Gpints 

Meat - 2 tin~/rneal, 1 tin:20 sztizdwiches 

hqacsroni - 1 pkt. 

Nilk - l& tblesp:lpi~t, much less thai~ Gfrectioi~ on tin 

I Rice Putding - 3 tins

I 

Spaghetti - 3 tins 

Vegetables - pan - 2 tins 

EQUTVALE37TS cont ' d 

X-- 

I tinned veg-3 tix, less if Ceh.veg.use8- zs 

Xmas Pudding - 2. 

8 . - 

'-3 .

FPTiIGST PZPOPT 

fin. 

As a result of oar policy to take a basic diet ~5th 

us from Great Britain the freight mounted to thirty three 

pieces, totalling 85.5 cu.ft. and weighing approximately 

1 ton 8c&s, A personal zlpprocch WRS made to shipping firms 

in the City, who offered quotations much lo~rfer than estimatas 

obtained for alternative forms of transport, The only d~aw- 

back to this form of transport being the necessity to 

despatch the freight six wee!cs to one month before our 

arrival date an4 labour problems prevelaiat at London Docks 

at the critical time. W,F, Henry Van Dee Zee & Co 'W 

agreed to take the freight on the outward journey to Pfraeus 

but declined to return the stores ~ n d specimens as their 

ships only plyca around the Medlter~~nean in one dfrcction, 

calling at various ports in Le:-anon, Eygpt, Llbya, etc. on 

the return journey to London. They kknGly arranged however 

for our return freight, ten cases nnc'; two bales o~cupp?~?~ 

30.Ocu.ft. and weighing 525 Kilo to be shipped bcck by a 

sirni1r.r company vith cnrgo bonts plying in the opposite 

Birection - Vestcott & Law-ence Line Ltd. Both these 

comp,?.nies mere very helpful p.nd most generous p.t a11 times. 

Packing m s c~.rried out in the College bnsement, slnd 

n complete l iat of the contents of ezch cnse was compiled, 

The majority of the eescs vere te~. chests, supplenented 

with o few smaller boxed ?nd 2 bnle n~.de UQ or tools

55. 

T~T~(, 7; p ~?fi in sacks, Each item was bnn6ed with steel tape. 

s;eig,efi ?:rLd the cubic capacity estimntcd. The contents 

list, 2nd volume Sat2 wns re3roduced for shi2ping. 

end customs Yornslities. 

On 20th June the freight wns collected m.nd moved t o 

thc London Docks by lccal. c.c.rrier ~nd shippea on bonrd 

S .SA'%enzeeU bound for Eiraeus. P~11 2 eteils of all the 

freixht was supplied t o She Greek Embcssg a t the sme tin;,e 

to ease customs Tormnlities at Pireeus. Arrangements 

were made to move the f reiglt from Piraeus tcl Pharncla by 

lorry through an agent of F,HoeL B ~ker ESG. , n 

Mr. Gnrdikil.)tZs. 

When the ~dva~~ce pnrty firrived nt Pheracla no freimt 

had arrifred although the sme should hp-ve beciz therc for 

tvro dnys. The next day eleven ~ieces slrrivca all h~.vin.s 

been opened an& some of the contents pilferei! aria destroyed. 

Represent~tic:: r ;x made to the British 4mbas8y f rorn horn 

it was lcarnt that t5c Piraeus customs had decided to 

"inventigatc" our freight and suspected that the fooa v ~ s 

for s23e on the "black rnfirket". A11 this occured in spite 

of our contect w1th thc Gs5ek Emt3ascy in London nnd the 

lodgiw of cornprchcnsive pzpers. Due to the ePf3rts of 

Mr. Noel Baker 2nd his agent In Piraeus thz remcining 

cases errived two veeks Inter in a similar battered 

conCition, one case being smothered in ?.raolin, Unfortmate- 

Ly the BritFsh Embassy . unsble to help us with the

I 

custorlts clearance which was eventually obt nined '!for 

a little cons16esationf', or LOOGFDr. This 6.clrty affected 

the pluming of trips nw7.y from camp, increased the 

exgenditurc in food, nnd left rc surplus nt the end of 

the st~.y. Some Too& and equipment was cerried 5y the 

pcrsofi .as this st~.tt: of af'fcirs ~ mnot s atirely Wor- 

seen. On consideration these seems thet little else could 

hzve been done with the exception of shipping the freight 

orr Irom Piraeus t o 2 smaller port suck as Calchis or 

L?.mni tvhc~? MDT~ personal contact with the customs mny 

have reduced the duty 2nd the delay. 

55 * 

Peeking the equipmznt on :he return journey ~ ~ rcther 2 s 

difficult 2s no banding 14ms possible 2nd tho cases were 

consider~~bly battered, The freight left Pharncla on 7th 

Se~ternber in a lorry bamd for Pirzrcusrbut agnin ran in- 

to trouble lvith the customs, despite previous assurances 

f~om the Greek Embaasy in Loncion. The cnses eventually 

arrived back in London late in Octabc-I. ~fter having been 

taken board the TRENTTHO on 25th September, No lmublc 

wzs e~~~crienced at this end although n representative of 

the ex--edition rent to the docks to clear the customs, as 

the del7.y there w2s causing specimens to decay. 

Apart ffrom customs difficuJties the whole operation 

went smoothly with the help of the two shipping lines znd 

Mr. Noel Baker,

I 

11, '4ELj"-< T, 'r'3:?rJQT 

At the outset a list of medic91 sup2lies was drawn up to 

meet the f 0310:irii., possible troubles: - 

(2) Scne~al 7oad Poisoning 

(ii) Accidents including Surns, cuts end br~aks. 

(ifi) 3ti-n~';~ Bites FxLjosure ctc. 

The medical supplies listee 3ela.t~ .;,rere thought to be 

adequate for this yurgose. 

Triangular Bzi:dal.;es. Lfircc 51 I f x 36" 

Medicated i'l:ound Drcssirzg. llarGe 

t l II 11 Small 

02en ':.'cave Band~,go 3&" x 4 yds 

I? tt 11 x 3 Y ~ S 

Lint, packet 

Eoracic Powder, Tin 

I Talcur~, ?owd-e r , 

Adhesive Ta,ge Roll 

Elastoplast, 1;" x .1 yd 

tt .Assorted picces Tin 

I I 1!/atcss,3r& f pieces Tin 

YaPety pinn 

Crepe Bandage Roll 

Cotton Vool Cornk7ressed Blocks 

Burn Dross lngs , Largo 

II II h9edIum 

t 1

Burnol Tu5es 

S!?1 Volxtila Small Bottle 

Tinctu1+~2 or Xo?.2.n~ Phinls i r plestic ~ covers 

Snterovi Term Tnhlctz 

Sulphurtriz.d Tablets 

Thalazolc "'ablcts 

Shloroquininc P?os;~~i~.tt' Teblets 

Balnzonc 'I'r+blcts 

Disprin Eol;tLe 

Cascr.ra Sejiradn Bottle 

Knolin Ounccs 

His toPnx 

Soltzn crenm 

tt 

Optpex Eyc >~;.,-tl-. ?.nd WJr;?;l e 

Potassium pcrmnn~~natc cryctxls 

SyrinSe 

Si-slre Zitc run, Cercstes 

It iI I8 C ;.;: rn 

lt iI It !3cini s 

Tubes 

Hottles 

Tube 

Bottle 

Tube 

Ampules 

11 

6 -) Insect 

I 

63 repe1lc::t

Each r~znbcr 0' -i;l?e ;~rty WZS ~zccin2t0d ~ 3 8 b i l ~ Sins11g0x 

t 

2nd Lie2 injectians to covcr Typhoid, P:~.ratyphoic? anc3. T~ct,rlmus 

.- s e -$;re r c c c?.pi.& ouhat - 3j;ospital A;-: ,. 7" -1 

mq, -iA~ 

' 32: 37-77. 

2nd ~.,.J_tko~gh t;:_c. ,1r3:;~r;:1111e ?iffir lapset i~ 2 959 XI nosgudtoos lvere 

cncountorcG, 

Portu;l::tely ;ic? sarious nccLcl,unts occurred; perhaps the rno~'" 

painful bc:Lnf; tbc plic;:t of Chris 2yr.n c;zG I:J.c?n Splcer who rwrc 

tkrovm to:;a3har l~!rL-t?, the hc~,vy szddle irom Lhc 5?.clc 0s" "I mule 

illto z sj~in; tTxiclici. 

Althoui;h poisonous v::,ricties of swkes were fnirly common 

and scorpions *reyc ?l~l~nCzrlt in pl,?...ces them :vr;re no czscs of 

serious bites o r stin,qs, Ants oftc:; in formiG-..ble nuxbcrs and 

m,-Lnly of' tl,c lzrk-c 't;.rgc (;?Id hotb-ever, 'oite when $;,.-ivcn s chrnce , 

By f r thc ~ ~ o s cornmoll t ttrouble w.?s a rnkher vague type of 

focd yoisoiling t,r~I '?,Lif.x~h~v; y:hich p,t eae tinlc or other al'fected 

?Iaast cvzryhody. Sousccs or inPoction IncludcC mice, vectors 

~f z Sr.lnane_!ln tyL~e Szcterizl - dineasc ::;l:ich psob-bly cause? 

most cf tl!c trot;"-.le, Entero-.vioi'orn: tablets ->roved eltf ective 

3-2 every e-se but c:?ken lcf-L the patimt vsry $;reek for two or 

three 62ys. 'T3e vi:~ l..n::ess, 5i'ii~ re,xlnrlg sur'f cred fron this 

ccrlg3~.int useC -be t::'re an overdose of Oczo (their equivalent to 

whisky) zs 2 cure, hut althhoug!?, this -~.~urked !rcll u7Tth them even 

the most brrdy menbcrs dcclii~ed to TolLouf sllit,

Strpngcly eno~;;~ the eGny ot'ner conplzint wzs tr~~vo1 s ickcess 

vhich nff acteG sevwal rnernhers on he Zaurth Cay of the out7:ic~d 

trr?,ilz journey 2nc1& :!on thc: vcry overcro!vcied buses ~hicl: rnn two OF 

threc tines T. Cey over the fifty niles oS' un~ndc rclsd between 

ChaLchis ~ nd Strojhiliz-r, In both cases tl-LZ heat ~liZC3. stufri~~ess 

?rob??bly cruscd most 3; the trou5lc ?ut thz psychological side m2y 

havc cntcrel into it esp0~1..dly when Fruvn;~ paper bags were hanfied 

out as OilC ci1tcsc3 t h bus. ~ The Loczl 2coslc wcre zfZected 

cc~:~rlly ant1 uscd the universal Qvzo cure, :ivanin~ tablets were 

very cfrcctive ?.,:~d the * rilln~~r~ who took ther nerc equally fit. 

Tho s tr nC?.rC 0: -hygicne 2nd zonit~~y a~-ra~cfilcn"cs lrrss lo?:; 

throughout thc zrens vLcited inclucia:; Athens and scver2l saal'l 

passelnger ships, A.s in nnng otb~r parts cf Europe r'zcilities 

aere few and poor ciM aodesty ha~dly existed, 

As wns to hnvc 3een ex;jactcd the heat effcctcd people in 

different ;.rays, TIx Zi~ect eS'Fects, such cs loss of ensrgy, 

sle~~ynsss, sunburn g ~ ~ mild d foms of sunstroke c~~uscd little 

trou5le cfter ?.bout tcn days cf ncclirnatiz:.~tion ?,nC no member of 

the c ~ i ~ tion ~ d ?.:I i -,ecr 2d t~ suf'i'er any ndverse ePfcct s , Indirect 

efY'cc ts inclu$.inc 'i?~cct s;)otsf' troublel sonc ::xo3ers oftx pen?-in- 

ing with tlicrr; unti I. the ct;oX,,~ l;.l:qt:i~ia coi.~.~~ nc~d, Tht C?s ire 

for vlrcter coll2r2 c',' kcctively 51: rCr'.uct;c. furi-ng n~cli~aa-tizction and 

after tk*.'~ wceks scvcrnl. II,C;~~EPS ca ~ j . 1 carricd ~ x-t nome1 r!utics 

in the sun ri!i-Li-~oct ?,n*;r tprr.ter Setwccn bsenk?;'ast ?-TI?. the evel?in~ nec?l 

Som3 monbers hc~vever, required comidc~:?~ole auantitiza cv~rgdsy 

thr3ughout the stny. Sufficient s dts and vitamins $verc sug;jlic&

g the normal Ciet ?,~Ic?. no extr~ salt a-L~pe~,rcr' to be necd~d 

71. 

- 7 

gre yrc~f~lti :IS 2nd mefiic7.l su,~->lics aere takcn than wcrc 

replly nicesscpy, :hA~isi: fc,r$unntely ie usu;llg tha c:lse Frith SUZ~ 

intergrises. 

.

Thames Rice Yillirse; Co, Ltd, 

Lipton & Go. Ltd, 

(b} At seduced p~ices:- 

H, J. Heinz Co, ttd, 

Huntley 2, Palmer Ltd. 

V:=n den B',rgh & Jungcns Ltd, 

Carrs of Carlislc Ltd, 

CI , ^)~-c; (-'I 1F31ack;~elI. Ltd, 

J. & J, Colrnan, Ztd, 

The Nestle Co, Ltd, 

Brown & Polson Ltd, 

JvIxconochie Bros, Ltd. 

6, ffquipment, Medical Supplies, Photographic Supplies- 

Unicyeam Ltd, 

Mapletons, Ltd, 

Chivers k Sons Ltd, 

G, Romney Ltd. 

Wilts Led, 

Kraft Foods 3td. 

Cadbury Bros, Ltd- 

Ryvlta Co. Ltd, 

0x0 Ltd* 

(~ree of charge and at reduced prices) 

Prestigu Ltd, Ilford Ltd, 

Flay & Bzker Ltd, 

Kodak Ltd,

Thd Sotanical objects of the cxydition nerc nll attempted ax1 

a usefxl degree of succe::s obtained. Frogramrne of work is set 

out below together 1:viLh the section !zmbers coveuling the relevant 

topic. 

. Th9 c01Ie~tl0~ of dried specl.mens to be lodgcd in the Yerbar-ium 

mt: Royal notanic GErden, JC6!rj, and with the (r01lt:ge Betan77 

2, A camparison 01: Lhe moun'La1;l fl6r.a with that obtnincd by the 

Impcri~l Collegc Zorwsy Fxp?dition, 795?, 

3, To compile dgtalled descriptions CII" reg~2scntative types oS 

vegetation, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6* 

bP The investigation ar~d dcsc ~?ig tion of' the varf oua agricul tul-a1 

r~e~lads snd economically useful plants, 

50 The j,nvesti(;ntion or ccrop diseascs present in tkc area, 

6. To attern>";,;n investigatioa into plant pcrforamance if a sv,?t?';le 

species could be found, 

Thc most GiTf :cult, task IFIS the idcntif ication of spc:c imms, 

Unlcs~ sono 'Ian tbc spot', idcntif ication systcm ie avnilable, 

spccimcns ara ususlly rluplicctted or I~ntLvertcntly rejcctcd as ilu?li+- 

cates, Wit3 the excepTion of a f book^, VEP~ little has bcen 

?ubli$bcd on tkc are5 n.n& very 3c.i specific bot~inical visits havc 

hem p.356 to Xuboen, Thz bibliography illustrates our difficulty, 

In an attempt t o overcome this dirt iculty, ncmbars visited the 

Library at Tho Royal Eotmic Garden, Sew, on sevzral occ:~sions nt-.;n- 

tc~ setting out and studied pictures of tlzc E3?.lkzR species,

Jlthough this enabled rncrnbe~s to g5j.r. a useful Icnollrledge or the flor?. 

likely ta be encountered, species naming on that Sasin was most 

unreliable. Generally sge~king it enabled ozle to place the p1zn.b 

inafnmilyaadusually 2 genera. Species identlficationnas 

carrj.cd out by the Iirrbarlxa Depnrtmerlt at Row on fiur r~turn, 

Dr, K.3, Reckingcr, Director of the Botany Depzrtment , 

:Taturhistorisches Jluseum, Vienna, who has -~risited Cuhoea on four 

occasions stuqying the florzt, invited. uo to visit him in Vienna. on 

our way to Greece. Unfortunately with tho funds at oup disposal 

we were unable to take up this gcnsrouc ofT:'or, 

The programme was ar~anged so thnh botanists aired up and 

tackled different problems, with. all contributing t o the specimen 

collection. Thc aim was to cover as many cogmunities as possible 

which w ith the exception of' the very limitod number of moist 

hnbi ta ts ::v-as Fairly trri&ely achieved, Unfortu~a tely suitable pl?rts 

for perfermsnce study were difficult to select, but E short vegcta- 

tive structure investigation was made w ith a species nf Allysum, 

k secticn on Agricultural methods and crops has been included 

to illustrate thz type of arricultural communities cxioting in the

PI?!? TS'CODc 7p. 

- 

The most typZc~l forn of v~zetati~n an thc Zowlznd 

and hi13 nreas around th~ villagc 2.nC on the ohher near- 

by parts of the island surveyed, was pinc forest with a 

v~cll dcv~lo~~ed under layer 02 evcrgrecn shruBs. The 

-L~infs faul-16 in tkiase forests rJrreTt: Pims halapensis m9d 

P->inen wFth the Alepgo pins being thz dorlln~.nt spp. and 

at hiacr zltilufles the only pinc prescat. In nearly 

evcsg crse these v:aods v:el)e tay;3ed for resin by men who 

o.?ten frc..vellcd several niles from the nearest -fillage tc 

czrry out their iriork, 

A study wns mnde oT the shrub leyer in th2se Sorests 

and it rR;p..s found that thc majority or the spccies 7.;-ere 

hasd leaved ev5rZrecn shr12bs 2nd thzt the shrubs secrned 

to be definite in number and althaugh the list differed 

slightly fron nrea t o aren slnost a ll the species could 

bc round in any one loczlity. 

The hcrb flora vcrie6. mLth the light intensity of the 

woods, boing more afsundant i2 the more open IVOO~S~ but at 

this time of yzar v ~ poor ~ s in numbers of pl,znts in flotlrrar; 

the gre?t mrjsrity hzving cdled br!ck after flowering 

e~.rlier in the yens- 

" ??' The &omin nt or rnos.1; frequent members of the herb 

n~li. ahrub florc differee grsatly even over a short 

dist~.i~cc p.2 can he seen from the followinc lists of 

plr>~~'ts collected from Cii'rorent, 1ocal.ities within n mile

q,ueveus coccif~rn (F), Q,cerris (R) , Junigerus sp. R, 

Pruni:s spinosn R, Daphne gridiun R, 3~1Slzx nspera R, 

Cctinus coggygria 0, Carcis siliguastrum A, 

The sgnibols R,O,F,A and D werc ussd to signify that 

the plants wsre either rnre, occcsionzl, frcqumt, ,?bundant 

The herb florn associateC with thc 3bzvc. sh~u3.- 

, - _ . - , . _ *.-__-* ._ _IC_C_Cl"---"-r.-.-- 

consisted of:- 

Delghlniulr! paregrinurn F, Scabiosa sp. F, Cnrf)tina 

though on thc tops of the hills, foxastcd with pine, 

the hzrb flora w~,s much poorer in thFs area. 

Thc following lldt cf shrubs and herb:: obtzined 

&rum beneztl? pinco in thc sonc r.rca ns thnt nbove but on 

a slope racing West tn the oppositc di~ection denonetrat

As twis -us aquaticus 0, 

Ail these species were noted in a3dition to t50se notee 

cbove on th2 Eg~jt Pz,cins slope, 

On ~.~~othcr, South-E2st fc,cj.nc alo132, the shrubs 

rr,unC: 51 'ch~ ?pinewool lucre: - 

Arhutus cneco F, Phillyrc2 zc2j-n 3, 2uercus coccireraF , 

Ccrcis si1ir~~~si;ru.x F, Myrtus cors.:iimis 8, Snllzx nspera 0, 

Gistus uicnnus 0, Quercus ccrris R, Golute? ~.rFOrescnns R 

DP-phne Lvidium B, 

and in this ~ ood th~re WeYE no herbs p~escnt, 

The shrubs found in these pinev~o3ds Ere those round 

in the well defined plcnt comnunity, the nnccbie, which 

Ts n typical Xoditerrznenn co~munity. The rnacchic is not 

2 cliinatic climax but occurs wiilcly 2nd of ten ss the 

resillt of deforestation. 

Two arens of deforsst2tion mere studisd to acc 

whether a ch~~ngo in florfi Setl.r~e~n the forwstsd s.~b 

;~,djacent derorested nrcr,s ccjuld be detected. In '02th 

nrcx thz pfnks had been fellzfi recantly (within 5 yoars?), 

Thc first area u~z.,s on higher ground, 2a milcs south 

a 

oP Ph~rccle, 

Th, pincs 7,twrr: vcry s2~,,rsc tkz sh~uhs incluccd' 

Myrtua cornmunis F, Potcrlm~. spines3 F, Cistus 

iuc?.nus D, Arbutus uncda 0, Quercus eoccifern 0, Evicel

:-.*~,+~-~t-j:~, 

+-. (:I) Erica a~borea 0, &niporus sp. R, 

Gistus eveticus R, Cercis siliqdnctrum B, and Arbutus 

andrachnc R. 

Tn the ?fJ jp.cent 7,p.j , f, 3fe ;";'I *? ' ::L. ;'>j.5:;'!3 5 ',>I :JT ') 

all becn felled, and filnes hud busn2; do;m t h ve~otatioll 

~ 

leaving charred stumps of Arbutus, {~hich did not s~ccrn to b~ regenerntinz. T ~ c pln-tnts fcunc; on this 'ope-n h~atb' 

?=lcre: - 

Cistus lucanus 21, 14yr-t;~~ co~~.inunis P, Burnt Arbutus 

79. 

uncdo ..;', Erica vf;xticillata F, Poterium spinosa F, 

CalZun?. s?, F, 

.- 

r.4.:-pericum e~petrifoliurn 0, Qusrcus ilex 0, 

Gsnista s2, 0, Zuniperus sp. R, Cistus creticus R, Cercis 

s iliqu~.strum 5, Sagcther vith pine sscdlings well 

est~blished, 

It can be scen Yrom a comparison of thesc: two lists 

thaC in tht: 2bscnce of thc pines the Arbutus, Xric.- '1. 

Hypzricum Secame more abundant, but the hc3.r'o flor;., was 

poor in both communitlca? ths cunsplcuous herbs bciW 

Tcucrium poliurn . X; f;ichusz 32. 

The seconc area studicd v~rhich incluzcc? an erza oT 

deforestation vms the Yog's S~.ck (gp to 1700') 2 miles 

Wcst of' Phnracla. 

e 

This wns a jagged Iifiestone ~idgc 146th pinewooas 

03 the gentler slogcs at its besc. Par* of th3se pim- 

~vooCdls ha6 %,,en fcllcc? a ~ a d com~ririson w;ls m~ric of the 

3l:?nts qn thc open land 80 formed with those in thc

;) i. rza$:~!!lo o ,' s ~~d j went, 

The arsns of :3ine1vooC nt Lhe sme altitu3e Izvel 

ae tha clezred area contained: - 

,::Lrbutus uneC.o A, Cis tus incanus F , Hypericwrn 

eapetrifol3um F, Erlcn verticill~.ta P, Myrtus cornrnunis F, 

0,uercus coccifera 3, Cistus cretfcus 0, an& Daphne 

zriGim R. 

The clenred pinsw~o3 s r 7jrs~'rs ~ ~ chernctt'rized by 

such species as:- 

Arbutus uneflo D, Quercus coc:if.zr? A, Cistus 

inemus Y, Cistus c?cticus ?', Thymus teTr~:l.'*i.;ides F, 

Myrtus cornnunis 0, Poterium syinosa 0, Qenistn sp. R, 

HyyerLcurn empetrlfsliu R, L +*,& . - j ;>: " - ~ u Z c-or'ymho:: 

, , ; 'rr + 1-37 ?- r? ,z":.~:, ;nf -3 '7~2)i.:1y. 

>-I' 

The i~rbutus an2 Quercu.?, cocclf'orz. in this cleared 

area increescd in quantity ~elat-ive to the mount fouild 

in the pinc~~:oods but in compnrix this cle~.red men with 

the other nnalysec? i.t shoulc be noted th~t the abundant 

sl~ecies cre clifferent in the two nrcas, enC. !.hat the 

s~~eclzs which cre domina~t ur al~unclant in the clcnred 

.c areas zre those which were frequent in the unfelled 

pine ~.~~oocl ?~eviously existin? on the site. 

T h i ~ vari-tion sf relfltivc: ?3uai:cmce c;f thc sbsubs 

in a locality is 2 tyL3icsl ch~,~c~tzristic of the 

rnacchie nnd it seems thnt there is 3 delicate bnlznce

.:xist:.c,.; .between species and that a slizht change 

in environmental f'acto~s will ~ put s the carayetiti: 

balance in favouur of certain species, 

To continue the description of the limestone ridge, 

fi730ve the pinewnods thsre wzs n shrub region on steep 

slo?zs, rorming F~ well develcped limestone pavement, 

with little sail 'oetvrcen thz rnuch rcteathessC rocks, 

Here Quercus coccifer( :'- 7 zbundaizt, iln~i other 

speci~s includeQ: - 

A~butus and rachne F , Bype~icum cmpetrirclium F , 

Cistus Lir? ~12.5 F, Myrtus conrnunis P, Cistus F1 eticus 0, 

cuercus ilex 0, 

This co:;munity was similar to thnt on the clcnred 

slopes belo.; except thnt thc prickly onk GJ,cocciPera 

was doninant on the steeg roce slopes- 

On the uppermost slopes the floFe wns somswhat 

richer 2nd the dominmt s2ecics were:- 

guercus coccirern A M ~ T ~ Ucommunis S A, 

and Pistachia Lentiseus 0, Quercus ilex 0, Arbutus 

nndr~ch-ne 0, Juniperus sp.0, 2nd Bypcricum empetrifolium 

0, were present vri'ch rare trees 0T Pinus halepensis. 

Thc herb flora wgs quite rich md contninee. several 

0 spcciLs round orlly in that loczlityz- 

Stschys spa F, Ceterach orficinarum F, Pteridim 

aquiliizum F, Sedurn album F, StcclLys ballota 0, 

Carlina corymhosa 0, Briza nadin 0, Ecrnnium purpur6um 0,

macedonica 9, Scrophulariz lucid^ ssp, filicifolin B. 

The gen12ral ap-pesrnnca of the jaine ~~~ond pUnC the 

species present would indic~te that! this aren of the 

island f least, enjoys a rather less extreme clirnnte

I 

' @,I 

z;ryu 

-- t,. 

-- 

The heath areas described consisted of' g.11 areas not covered, 

3y mature stands of pine, high mowltzin zones, fields ~ n d nssaclateC 

!r:ayside places, but including i'elled or burned f o ~est where 

regeneration had not modified the eEvirc;rlmcni; too severely. 

Two Lines of ajproach 17,~ere taken, qualitative description 

of characteristic hcath areas lm.o recosdcd a ~ a ~ more d detailed 

study carried out in a selected ar-ea, This second area had been 

cut down and xdep;eceration of' a Pinus halanensis community aspeared 

to be in process. 

(a) Characteristic ?Tenth Communities. 

-- .+.-. - 

The dominant hesth species vere Rrica arborea and 

Srica verticillate in the lowland areas which gFtve wajr to 

Pinus halapensis, young trees, and Cistus species in the higher 

zones. In a tnical area dominated by heather the follo~ving 

species wsually occurred: 

Xrlca verticillata Cistus incanus 

Pinus halapensis (young trees) 

The plant cover rarely exce;ded 8~;$ at that time of the yew; 

all monocotyledonous herbs hav- in^ die& back by July, The heather 

was usually dominant - abunbnt with Cistus and Eelianthernm 

bushss usually much shorter z.cd sornet~1ha-L croaded. Pine seedlings 

weps usually present and Arbutus unedo contributed to almo~t 211 

heath areas but rarely exceeded three foet in height. Occasionally

o:curr.i;?lf *

At the ma~gFi7~ of the established Pine woods a fairly 

Iistinc t chnnge I n rrego'cation was ~~ppclrcnt. Smilax aeper, 

laliumo cptna-christi, Piatac?'.a tcrcbinthua, Calycotome villost7.s 

md Cotinus coggigrTc r:.rcxe rarely far from thc shadc and a m~ll 

.xbelli-fer, 311slsurun scrni

Cistus crcticus 47 Tfi 

Erica nrborea 2 3 70 

Pin~~n h.nlzpennis 8% 

. 

:110 co7rcr 2 OyLl 

Othcr spec i cs? princ igzlally Piel ich~gsurn :ferc m?.pped out, rcm~rkzbly co~s tent 

rntio of pel-centa~r, covcr occupicd by the thr~;r: princi~al spccics 

cmcrged from thcsc: ~csults, Pinuc hzlzpensis re;3.rcscr+tcd sn 85 

covcr, :i Tigurc thet rr~ould 2ggl:r.r to bc r::th~-r lw-er t3zn 3, visual 

cstir.3.t~ y~%ilc: no clozr cut picture cnn be cxnected to occur 

from so fctv ~T~TZE~?C ts, it \7~::s notj-c enble that Pinus in&ividu~.ls 

occurred. more TrequcntZy on thc Zolrrer slopes. Youngcr tr~es 

forrncd :l grcatcr perceni;?zge of tbc trccs on the higher slopes of' 

the hill thcln of the Zolvcr stands. 

A trend towards rccolonisxtion of these hi113 by 

Pinus hzlapensis v;rould a~>ccn to bc indicated, but the small 

perccntngc of yomg individug.ls of any spccics suggcats that nny 

':fl~ture change in the corn!nwity b?lr,ncc: r::rill b~ .cjlo~~i~

4. if;Gc:I;'' & ,8'lfiTJI(';Tj; :l'zOy> - Co2Fl-Q 7"mlT-y 'CT1'- 2 -! 

Plne Woods anfl Open Heath cxtcnded somc 3000 ft. 

up the sides of Urns de Kandhili. The pjni woods often 

enbcd abruptly and an area o r dca5 2incs np;~~.rently 

f~llid ?,nd left, usually bcinz recr.~loniscd by Pinus 

h~l~pcnsis formzG an intern~dinte bmd with the high 

Juniyer R;ath and Fir Woods nbove. The i'ir waods 

occurc:d in crcas, cornplctcly colonisfng the 'li2per 

slopcs and summit of Kandbilf, but giving way to a 

relztively barren rocicy area -long The summlts of other 

88. 

. * . r , fa'-, . . , '- '' 

. 1 . 

2 0aIc~ i3: 3:': -, ;, . ;iz . " :L*- , , b , 1 +, !'>d u . . CI. . oa .:,:,st & 

Kcst facing slopes. 

The upper five-hundr~d feet and the sumrnits of 

Knndhili and uK,'f illustrntcrl the va~ietg of mountain 

flora found at these nltitudcs, and is Ccscribed below. 

Fir !Vooods and Summits of Iinndhili, -- 

The various summits don~ the Or;s Ce Kanehili 

varied consiGernbly, those to the South bein?; vivid 

white and tr~aless with a 8.i~tinctly alkalinz, dcrk 

soil sparsely distributed between linestons rocks. 

,

me 

-..- 

j :+,?I the dark soll. No st~uctural changes or strata 

Cif f c,rence lvns obscrve2, the or!~y z,~;>arent in?.ic?.tiorz 

bei~~g the presence of a shallow col. The ~vhole rmge 

hnd steep, sbnrg slopes i'zlling l:iestwarc3 into the sez, 

usually thc 1~ihole 4000 ft, in about 100 yes. horizontal 

dlstmce. 

Thk tree layer consisted of almost pure st~nds of 

A'niea cephalonic~ from the col. to the summit, oP Kzndhili 

with little shrub lxyer p~es~nt, The fcw shrubs 

prcscat , ;~rincipally Quercus ilex, vcre usu?lly spaseo 

?.nd ss>ernteC by thz dense st:.n-~ cf fir. Under the 

c~.rpct cT needles few hzrbs were obsorvte although 3 

~7,:hite roxglove (~igitatis ferruginea) an? e species or 

Eelibraine , past flowering, rorrnec-d isolclted ptches. 

?hre trscs had fnllen liancs mil . . aspern pad 

Cl~ns.tis fl~mmula) covered the light facing trces end 

very often thirty species of' herb colonised thc groune. 

nlost noticeable of these were Scnbiosa cr~n~.tn, Viola sp. 

Fragaria sp. Polygala cnlcnrea, Gersnli~~fl purpureurn 

and Kypericum empstrirolium, 

Outcrop :; 3"*' rock occurs3 - - qd becn~nc more frcqucnt 

to7x:;.:arc?s the s~wi.t, These were uau21ly floraless with 

thu cxcc-st ion of scvcrnl sisal1 f ems, Asplenizi: marina T, 

a short form of Dry opt 2;- , r~ villarsi 2 ant a iflint r!denthn 

micro;3hylln which nlthcugh in pzrtial shz.de anE expse2 

to the sun -mre able to conserve wzter, An identical 

59 -

JL 

t' -' 0 . was found in stvrm g~19ies high up cn th~ 

3102~s 07 I*-': . 

2 

Two plants were surprisingly aksent, Pinus 

speclcs viere never focncZ ass~cinted wikh the fir and 

Buplcu~~urn sentC+::,inph,-lm~m so cgnrs,on under thc shaec or 

the pines also fqils to sppenrr 

Thc partially open summit 01:' KandhiLi sup~ortc? 

a very 7rzrieCL Yloi?a many S ~ ~ C C ~ aP C S aKzich OCCU? at 

sea I.evc1 in the higher lntitudcs. Probnb31y t2c wcst 

striking plants scen on the swnr~it wcre pztches of 

sdlngfrg nettles ( ~r~icfi dioica) ad Ragwort (senecia 

cu3ocus), But n range of common English tme~ v'y 

~lsc scattered over the forty ynrd raaiuw boulcer 

stre:m sumnit; mow ~~EIII, Bracken (Pteric~iua 

I,@, 

epiiinun) , Aruri lily rum sp.) , ~orget-me-not(~~~osot~s 

s;., .L 9ivc.t (~ornicie sy .) n~ith Mistlatoe (~icum album) 

in the fir* $rYe3 Severql Lpfsses (I3rum:js . :terilis 

~ 2 d Air? c~?~yophyle.~) ?ad. docks alsa occured, 

Ecvcral rn-zss me. licbon~ ccvcred parts of the 

t~,:es 3rounC. con t3c uy2er slopes ineluding 

,(ken?? il;m 9 911~s cu:~, 3ryuT5 ca2illare, Evcr :%a sg ~.nd 

Tsillendairt sp. J!o!rc7~cr, no S ~ T ~ O Uattempt S was mnde 

to collect these gr:aup es the rznge oS habitntc was 

very lirnitcd anQL ?.rcl~fficiel?-L; literature knfi b2sn 

?~vailnblc, 

.A list of' glnnts from the 5igher re:

As will be rnentioncc? elsewhere, the irregular an-2 

surprising appearance on the islmQ UP Pteridiurn 

aquilims, e strict cnlcifuge especially amongst out- 

croTs of lin~stone nrns difficult to explain, 

Slo-aesan5. Summit ---- a? "X,". - 

Ap2rcxinately five :?,wn$red fszt belo-n! the sumit 

of "K," r) har? b?nd of Linestznc held 52ck 3 flzt pl't~au 

of s.>%ter lin~esione. Norn~.l erosion v,-.llcys continued 

dotvn -Lo the pine v~cjods snC a ~TF~E~E'SS u:~13e1, sloge with 

reayovm soil rnn up to thc sumnit from. this p l~tcau~ 

i 

vrL2ich itself slopefi gently North before converging -nto 

a n?,,r'r.cvll steep sided mrge rum~ing to the sen nnd float- 

ing the lzst thousand feet onr en almost sheer wall, 

The community ,. ructurs w8.s b?s~d on ~ezttt rice 

vert i cillata) two oaks (c.uercus coccifera) thrx speci~s 

cf Juniper (~uniperus spp,) md twc specles of' Arbutus 

(~rbutus unedo), Occasional pines (~.ha~a~ensis) cccured 

?.nd thi~ constituted thclr n.ltituds lisit ''>t this 

1;;ltituCe. Several Ash trefi~ (~raximas spa ) were y {a - +, +- ,?? , ?A- 

:r~*oun? mostly rcducod to ths 5inern.l ~~~-p'!~t of the 

vf?gctatlon, a30u-L eisht feet for thc t ~ces mi two to 

6 

L Jlwee ?cat for thc shrubs. The majority of r,? ' ?''OUni' 

."or> t.ms .ini;n:c My1 : .t.rCc:: ;: r- i!l? .i? ;- pTr Y: ~-11 .: 3-fi J-:pr: 

ycm to leavc lmgs b2re pntches -cveral Weli ~ nhemurr, t 

specics, CisZus s2kcies an? Tiggeri:un specics rve~e in

C ' 

f . Clumps of Carex S;)CC~BS wer-e EYC. A6 the 

gorge nnrromed rnurt: trces ap,:js~.reC! in the protcctcd 

gullies, and intcrLstins ssecids included Accr creticm, 

G?l?.!;linthe s ~ . 

fl 

2ornus $2, Tsucrium f1a1'un, :,utcracl~ 

4.- 7 

aL~ici:-?,-lls, zn6 'Et-iurus no2ilis. 

Nuch of thz exposed, Wot, E?.st facing slopc of 

K, c~r~t?~ii~cG. monocyla~ons an8 E very cttrnctivc: pink 

lily (.kl lium cuy~;ni) , ab-ut r'cur inches hi ~h uws in 

recorded frequently in 2inc ~voods ct sEa lcvcl. As 

with t3e summit of Kandbili tempcrate species wzrc ~~leo 

rccordzd but the~c: wcre cntirely different rrom those 

rccordcd on the higher su1mit, 2nd include$. Flax 

(~inum c?bth~rtium) s cvera9 s~xifr:?,q~s, a fern of 

T ~ 5xcecdingly L 

stecL> scnrp wn3 not stuCicd, but 

a sinil~~r habitat, tha ''liogP c Back" , although 

1500ft. above scn lcve19 :yavc: 2n intermefiiztc typc 

of flora, 

m mhe "Hog's Bcck'i nmcd after its vary strilcing 

i 7 s cxcccdingly ~tccp on thrcs sic'es "nut the 

in^ 7r~oods rcnched far uy, the lVestcrn slope from o 

saddle. The smc strcnge bnncl of dt.-.d pines sep~rato6 

th: s~mrnit fr3n the Strn~.vberry tr.;es (~r~utus sp2a ) 

fl?.nking t h 2inc ~ woods. Thz rather flnt find

. ? , , > r . , i ; + ; 

s ., , .- summit consisted of 2 limestsnz: Invment in 

an advanced stagc of formnti~n with lzrze j~int2d 

gullies s ~~~porting Oak, (~uercus coccifern) , Q.ileg, 

Arbutus s?. end Junipr (~unipcrus sp. ) which gqve the 

appenr?ncc of -. 9rickly bed, Beth fir nnC pinc species 

wcrc r!bsent 5ut srn~.li p?tchea of less developei! pave- 

incluC!irg.t"ss.chjrs gcrrs.nnics, T .ucriun fl" :-urn and 

Cel~mintha 82. Twc ferns, %si>leniu~trtcloT Zez ~n2 

Ccternch ol'ficinn~um occupicd many of the crevices, 

zrcns mith grass, (~riz? '-! JO~) ssrrrroun2ed by 

Stom cro;] (~edwn ~.15um) occur^^^ on the srnsll ?.rsns of 

rock de3ris present togather w ith n strsngc smelling 

UrnSellif'er, 

When these threc surnaits rlcscribed ?.re consiCared, 

the variation in thc h.'cbit~.t nn6 s2ccics ?resent is 

surp-~.isingI y grr:. , t; .It; is unlikely th~-lt clim~.t ic 

concitions could v2ry to such .?a axtent ns to explqin 

thc results. Thi; abssncc of' >in? mi! Fir tr~es Prom 

the surnnit of' the "Hog's Back" couulC bc attri%uted to 

l~.clc of doi~th for rootiw, and thc extreme csrnpctition 

C ?rim ocks for thi pzvcx~nt ~ullies. This is cortninlg 

- - 

?.,~pnror:tly does nut differ from K.indhili, The ?..istri- 

Sui,ion of other s ~~cics czn in p~rt be attrlbutcd to 

9?, .

- 1 

, ,q -: resulting shade factor for in the c.tsence of 

trees, thc herbs ?&re ~xi.oscC7 nf~t ~ i ~ t3 l y intense heat, 

?nS CVI~C, but zlso to thc srx?in[ ngants, especinlly 

rzin a d wind, The fact tbzt gozts vrer? obscrve2. 

Com,~~.rr.tive species lists, 9nFZ oJchcr r32t3, giucn belovr 

lndicete thc extent of the v~rintion, 

- Hag's Back 

Bock Zi~nes tme 1,irncs tonc Lincstonc 

~og's Back 

Senacio Z2nchys germinicn Quercus cocciSerc 

ne19r 02 ens i s 

c Geranium Junipe~us sp. Pistaciz lentiscus 

puppureurn 

9t. . 

3yesctis s;~. Que~eus coccifcr~. Cctcraeh ~fficinarurn 

(very small)

Czternch s2- 

ptepidium equili;%m 

C RTCIIYJS 

sp . 

Cteridiun molluscum 

Cre7is ncglcct?. 

Scc*?insa crennt?. 

Percent-ge of &FUU~C without plant cover 

sl,:,l! 7. - 

- * 

7 L 4 .--- . .: 

- 

-'-I 

," . . ." 7..'T' LL Noorw~y, 20' lntituea to 

thc North were very different as th~; followi~ specizs 

C erex blglo~v~ Lichens

Ueschnmpaia alpina 

PO^ ali~in'. 

Erc~,izoruin 32. 

Fhylodoce c:rul a n 

Cassiape hyr xides 

Pcrc e:rt cgc ol' grc8unC' wi Shl3u-b plant covcr 95 

Percen'cncc of ground mith ;7crnlcn~nt snow cover 80 

Lichens rvhicl-~ cc}lonF. -'i much of tbc exposed rack 

nccountcd for more than 90 purcent of the plmt cover 

at these ~ltitudus. 

When coml>erad with Korway the Greck hebitlts, 

nlthough fit a similnr ~ltltude, supjorte2 different 

communities. Although nxy close cmparison moulfi be 

erroneous, thc! summits describ-t have Eune factors 

in comnon with limestone pnvem2at ares in Britain, 

where plants nlso tend t? colmisc tho 9311 Setween thc 

limestone 'blocks for shcltcr nnd motin?. Tn both c-ses 

mmy of' tho typcs of tre? rc;3re~t-?rted 0.r~ stuntcC 2.nd 

occugy protected gullies, Aaies cephalonicz w,os the 

only tr~e observed in Grecce ~Sle to 

coloizise the higher mountr~in slopes ?.nQ sunpits :uc~:?;lsfull7. 

In fict tJhe nltitude cffzct wns e9nplctely 

mzskc? by the climctic conditions prev~.iling in :he two 

nr>?.s, wlth the hgkit~.ts in Euboo~. sugqorting many of 

ttic s-jcci~s char?.ctsrist.ic of Karstic SC~~CTY.

7 

WcysiCe h?.bitats included such rreas ns stu'r7ble 

fields prior to plou~hing, F~.riks, rocd sides patches 

cf uncul'&i7'.. '-"'- sr: r7& -\ which could not csn~er~ientlg be 

ciescri3e:d in pine wood or heath vezatnt ion. 

Stubble Jields contni~~ecl b-~irt:cds wlzj.ch h,zd grown with 

the c~o2 r:i:ch as Rlcbxi~ sspu~i:!, Echinops micros phalus 

Eu?hor'hi 7. zle;,spicr? ~ 26 Censc: 2rzs5 $-A~?.F?S of Cw' CI -O:1 

Czctylol-~ I" h7ctbct;n taa short at the time or'ber.vl=sli~, 

end more r9pidly dev~lopi~ s%.:dlings. Among the most 

comll.an oi the l~tter was Eeliotrop .>urn europeun with its 

second spik~ of rr'lhitc 210; crs zl.nC. grey green leaves ?,vl=ich 

~P-VC the f'ic3.d~ z distinct hue just prior So ploughing. 

This 71fr:.s n ccornmon sight . 

Ma]-y of thc wnste patchss round the village vere 

ccmpletcly covercc-1 high nitro;sn arcas an

pin..n;rt.Gm, 

Eyagrostis cilie.nensis aith such striking 

99. 

species as Dracunculus sg. Echim plantaginem and ReseCa 

lutea, 

Probably the most cormnon sgecies present as vrzyside 

plants were T~ibuLus terrestris wnd Potcriun spinosum 

but the large number collected, idei~tirid and set out in 

the plant list indicatzd the v~~riety to be seen 3.t th~t 

rzthes poor time of the year.

1'- 

Durfng the summer months little natural water occured 

in tke surface and hence commm-ities of aquatic and serni- 

nqu.:'.tic species were rayem Several diflerent 'types of 

::j+~"urcourse mere present hornever, a d P cur were selected 

for stu.C:.y: 

1, a mouniailz stream running tl0i-n from the Xhmdili range, 

2, a river rm~ing south f ~om StroTili~~ v~hi~h s ~ o T ~ ~ C 

connider~ble variation in vidth and rrater content, 

3. a vide river bed holding little wate~ nea~ P$araBla, 

4. a sirnrler river 50 (3) near Ach.m$taga, about twelve 

miles itway. The species of plents found in the mster, at 

tho ::laterside, on the banks and on the dry river Sed vere 

collected, identified, end suitzble specimens pressed to 

bring back to Zngland. !;rhr:re pos slble , collections were 

c.lso mace of the f*n~its anfi seeds. The habit of the 

plsilts, their habitat znB its relation to their h?.bFt, a'ili' 

their frequency of occurrencc were noted. Line trnnsects 

wre ~1ad.e I-V to give a general inlpr$nsion of Ihe rvidth of 

the rivers nrtd the p2c';lt coverage. 

One very important f ~ctor governing the river vegeta- 

tion was "che irregularity of v:zter suply to most sf the 

vrzter channels on the islai14, The higher streams ;?rere the 

only watexl-wzys 05sesved to be continually full of water 

vhich drained dovm from the mountainso These g-radually 

petere6 out in the plains, an6 ran gently along sixall 

channels s?rhieh were pzrt of much v~idzr dry rivc~ beds, 

C? 53

1 ( 1 ;." ' 

oft en f-arty to sixty yards wide. After a cleufiburst one 

evening, tirkich lasted for about an hour, the rivers near 

Acbnet,.cz and Pharnclc. were found to contain much ,>ore ;;:ater 

thail ilusu2.1. These ran for severr.l d~ys, leaving a lnye~ of 

mud th~ae to four inches thick before nlaost completely 

drying oat, 

Consicl~rzble snwv falls i-n. the ?printer, find on melting, 

m l l the ri.vsrs, even the rrridest nre filled to capacity for 

a coasiCerable time, Foot bridges consisting of 

suspended betv.een trees with Q rough wooden slatting were 

found suspen'.edacross the wiGer rivers and evidence of the 

flood height was Sound with debris lodgcd five and six feet 

&ove the bank, ORl-:

L C pc:rm~ne-ntchmps of Schoenuo nigricans were fomcJ~ 

zbuxdrratly nt thc woteIls ed;{e. The tips of all. the shoots 

wer? foui?d to be grczed, probably by goats. Plants found 

in the damp g~avel beside %he wrrater included 

X4a~.idenhair f cm - very abundant in damp sha2y pleces 

- 

Snmolus valeranGI 

Bl~ckstonia perfoliata 

Anzgalli s nrvens ts 

under averhanging rocks- 

Species of viol^^, Ssdurn, an

3 

a) In running water - Cladophorn sp. 

Spi~ogyra - two sp, 

FontinnlL~ 

7 ! : , 

b) At watcrk edge - Xnrge ~~errnanent clumps, often three to 

Sour feetin diameter an6 :i"i:t to six feet high debris being 

collected bqtwcen the stems to 2 heigb: of on5 to t ~ feet- o 

Cyperus major 

Juncus gl? ~'cusl 

c) In s;aGcnt pools ane al~o colonising s~nk m3 silt. 

Usu~lly by means of an extensive ~gstem of rhizomes up to 

b long, spreadi~g through th~ shzllow r~rrater md rooting 

at the nodes, Yhsre conditZons T!:-:re f avourable dense rafts 

of floating vegetation mere rorrnec 

Agrostis serniuerticillata 

Mentha aquaticz 

As te~icus squad icus 

Alismc. sp- 

All these plsnts acre found ubznC.antly by tYe 7,-step, snd 

gave the river a character'stic apk7enrRnce. 

d) Plants fow~d ner.r water in sha6.e and damp condit iona- 

Mnrchantia Juncus ~rticul~tus 

Lunularia Lythrun! salicnri~ 

S~.molws vclerrndi Cyper-us lo~-&us 

Equisetum -fLuviat,ile and other spp, 

Selazinelln sp.

e) Other plants also near v:nter 

Blackstonia perPoli~tc ' Centaurium sp. 

Calanimthe aacendens 

Rubus fruticosa 

Anngallis arvens is 

Spp.of Plantago 

Nasturtium 

Fragirerum Gallium mollugo 

f) Plants on river banks YAY;!'. ,- conei tions were dr.fer. 

Substrat? finer - silt or sand - 

Tencrim scorodonia 

Spp. of Senecio 

Sonchus 

Descha~ psis 

,G R U ~ ~ X 

T.ycospcrsic~~Tl 

Shrubs & trees- 

Nerim ole~.nGu,?3 

- - 

Tamari nnglica 

E) -, . Plents found associated rarith river b~rrks. 2nd orten 

interspersed rvith group (e) but 

oi~en habitats- 

also t:y-pical of wayside 

. ' . : ' "

Centas:;:um minus Cas tanen S ati~n 

Anngallis arvens is 

Delphinium junceun 

Lathyrus prate-%is 

Pnllenis spinosc 

Clematis vitnlba 

Echinoclea crus-golli 

Spp.of Sc2,bis c::. , Pteridiunl, 

r 

1) Plants found on tr~idz dry river beck. hese were mzinly 

herbs, found in isolated patches sane znd grnvel poor 

in nutrients, Tap xoots !rbere foune to bc vsry long, an6 

maw plants -:!ere joincd by tough rhizoxe systems bcrcly 

hidden und.~,r the surfzce - 

Kicksin spuria Lotus ~bngustissimus 

S colymus hisp anicus Da; cus camta 

Ve~bas cum unCulatum 

Trifolium cnmpest~e Seedlings of P1e.f '7.Y: 

orientzlis(ma1e 8 female) 

Ephedra CanpylopoC,a 

Veronica ss~itellata Chamaeneriwn sp, 

bledic~.go minima Myosotis sp. 

Lotus c ;mpestre Scrophularia lucid3 

Echium plznt~gineum entnuriun minus

Hypercimn perforaturn Anagallis spinosn 

Dip,nthus armer i~ Poterium snngdiso:, 

Prunell.7. vulgnris 

Pi7:e tr~nsects were studied across v~.rious zrc-as of 

the river beds, In the upper reaches v~hcre the strcnrn 

sullies vrere exc~e2 ingl;: ,.. '. Y ril:n& IP.~POTI; l~rith very little 

lvet*2r9 the vesetatioa 3f th? surrdou~din[: type usu~.lly 

3.7': , 

p-:."1::tt2c' to %he anterrs edge. It wnT; not until thc stream 

ha8 ~~idcncd to form a definite bed thnt any other species 

became ~.pparzslt, The first trel3sec.t was taken rrhere the 

river mrlr,?s about for?^^ feet vide at b~,nE: top, v~hick in most 

cmes m s ~~rrcll down illto ths p3nIn areas. All above this 

point is described under thc Mountain 9kre?rr: paragrzph. 

The trznsects ?re Fllustratcd -, . 

. * + 1 

corresponding type of river bed nnt:riql i~ shown on the 

s2me diagram. 

Trznsect I. This dingram illustrates the p . ~ c i ! ~ of 

, . 

vegetation especially in the water 2nd also::'7~ 

.--, . - C 

.... ... . the complete shade zffordedby the Plane 

trees hinders coZonisatioa of the river ba~k. 

3 As nentioneC elsc-:-here in this report, gosts 

grazed almost ell vcget~tion aild the effects 

arc even sho1~rn by this trmscct. 

11, 7iTuch the same effects nrc appnrent here, 

especiclly the sbado effect, but the general

C 

- * ,,. A " -. 

ICF." 

. .,.A L;r of water ia less. Ac'cual color< river bcds and sho~ tbc tenacity 

:~rith ~13ich ce~tsia plants arc ale to or-sizt . 

irL usu:;ll.y parched condi.tions; but also ~TIdcr 

feet of water nnd in a strong cur~ent 6uricg 

f 100Cl. SCRCOIIS 

TIZ* A larger num%er of species begin to occur as 

the river 'bed 'o5comcs wider due to the grenter 

sta'bility 2nd nore even conditions. The pl~nts 

'cowsrds the bznkr; of this region ere ;lot ffb?ct-- 

ed Sy noderate rninf'nll. An intcrcsting po-int 

2s thz presence of both Br~lrzn (~te'.diun ~p.) 

anC Tmr : -.i f4 Bugl-sss 

(~dhiw; sp, ) close togsther, 

In the predcrrrin,--.r:? :; alkalzne soil it wns nost 

unusual $0 rind F ~ake11. 

ZV k 77. These tAL-r;ns ec-Ls , Ti>i~h cove7 increzs ingLy 

large styetches uf dry rjver bed show the 

decrensT:.lg effect o f the water, With the 

reduction in the effect af the mnter 

Ra_uiscl;u ; spccles tend Go disappear and 

relatively rapidly gcrminntlng seedlings,.

'-, 

-.J'~r::': mope ~~oxin~nt e ,g.Pla2e seedlings. 

Then tile extreme conditions ?>re borne in 

mint it 1.s~ hsrdly ~urprisi3~ that the river bee w?,s 

very spp.rsely covcre5 and $7 mzny resrects r~scmbla3 z 

dcacrt. Except in. vcry damp ?.reas comp~t ition for epacc 

was ncn-exist-:nt and the normnl prinax-y, secondary colon- 

f2i.n~ species ~rougir-gs z.~J~~c~;P to he *sent.. By fcr the 

most important fzctor is the ability of the particular 

~1~w-t to rap'dly geminate, root cnd establish itself 

before extrene conditions of draught sne flood erfect the 

h~bitat, On the dry river bed tyro of the most successful 

p~rel~lials ::rere Ephedra sp, and Cistus sp, ~n~ltll Juncus sp - 

succcssftil along La? rnzrgins. 

TPe areas studied during the months of our stay 

in6iceted that wete~ depen3enl vegetatiox can easily 

est~klish itsell close to pern 1:en-t !r:ater, Had the sane 

area been studied in May undoubtedly more species vrould 

bzve bee2 ~ssociate:-a vith the damper habitats. IIowuvcr, 

Even during the most favourzblo ,cried thts type of 

vegetation Formed only a sl.r,all part or thc general pictu~e 

0 

md nns by no means chnrac-~eristic of tl--e island,

7. zCO:$TO 7': TOT; >.'?T 

Many or the crops grown !:rere used by the villcgers 

themselves although tha products derived Trcm the local 

pine forests TfTere uzuelly transported to other rsgions, 

T 1 I&BER PBODUC T S. 

Much of the island was covered by pjne forcst, which 

p~ovided employment for a large number of men 2nd ~lso m 

considerable fire haz.?rd, Tho two predominant species 

were the Allep o Pine (pinus hzl~~-p~n~is) and the Stone Pine 

(pinus pinea) 30th of which were used I)RCSL~ Tapping 

~)~esj-n T 2pping 

2)~imber 

3)~harcoal, 

Besal inciGiams were made in the trunk &out a foot 

ribove ground level and a strip of barlc and tvood cut to 

form a vertical channel. A metal cup was nailed into the 

besal incision and the ~ csin n1lov:ed to bleed into the 

cups, 1; tree might have three cups with vertical. chsnnels 

rising above them for one to t ~n feet depcncing on the 

age a d the size of the tree, About evcry three veeks 

th~ C$~E were cmptied inta drums and c fre~sh extczlslon 

cut rrom the strip, The drums resembli~q lr.rge panfer 

baskets T.:;cre ticd, one either side t o a mule - 'The resin 

tapper would climb on top, sn3 set off for the village. 

A large concrete resin pit in the villsge w2s Tilled with 

this crude form of resin, each panier hsing weighed before

!-09. 

oL:. s ng emptied, Gradually the pit, about ten feet deep 

mas filled up and the liquid scparatcd Trom the sticky 

sedimcat. At intervnls tlia pi$ was cmptled into large 

drums by hend md trmsported by lorry t c a locnl re- 

f in?~~, A srnall ref in';ry at Limni rumorred r?rood. chips, 

nine neeeles, etc., and rnn thc ~ e s u l t viscous i ~ liquid 

into wooden c ~sks or steel d~ums, ir?hich were exported by 

see Turpentines (olcoresins) were obteined rrorn the 

crude rcsin, which were re-distilled to give the ecs~ntinl 

oil. spirits of turpentine fine resin. The crude rcsin 

forner tb~ most import?-nt expart of the islznd but 2 

small perccnt~ge (1%) was in the prcpzrfltion of the 

local greek wine - RetzLne. 

2) Timber 

Thc pine was also used as R sourcz of timhcr, much 

of' which w ~ s used as Tucl. Tvro other trees I~JCTC tended Tor 

the timbcr they yrovidc, the plcne (Platenus orientzlis) 

and Lhz oak (~ucrcue c.;rris 2nd ~.robuzl), The plme wss 

fz.irly ~ibund~nt in the river v?.lleyn anC some of 5hc wood 

u:ns uscf. locnllg, the rcrnzindt?r being? sent to Athcns by 

tinber lorry. Much of thc locd construction w ~.s based 

0 

on poles strippee 0% bnrk End sornctirnes squ~rd. off with zn pLdzc bxt ceiling slats and furniture mc~c m~de fram 

local tirriber s. wn om thz spot. Osk was scares, and lerge 

trees seen in Britain wsrc ~bsunt. As a result all tb@ 

oak was taksn into Athens where a better price could be

L ?, 1:; . 

0 ~ - t ~ , 5 ~ ~ Falnut ; ~ ~ (~ug~rla.rs regia) was only occasionallg 

present and was cultivated i~sincipally for its fruit, the 

tirn3sr qualities being unused, 

ili) Charcoal 

All the cooking in the Is Jan6 T7T~=s ccrrieti out in "bee- 

hfve'' charcoel ovens or over chzrconl open fires. Large 

charcoal burnin: kilns Tape built in late summer entirely 

of mod md aLl0tt:ed to burn 610~1~ vrithout any coverlnE of 

soil, Tbc draught was controlled onlg by the very accur~te 

vay cach pLece of timber wag cut nnd thc finishe2 kiln 

look& rather like EIT- inverted baskett;, Then the fire had 

renc3.eS the ~ ter skin znd flames %?:an tc appear the kiln 

was pulled apart rapidly so that the cen"ta1 co* e of Char- 

coal VTRS pkevented Prom burning out. Both pine and plane 

were uecd us raw mmater-iel , but fn each case orily la ~;)ed 

side branches or off cuts lvere render& c?owa. 

';'(-jC?'> - ;.xC""; 

Two majoy Pood crops were gromm, maize and saga bean, 

rind these supplemented. with fish. an$. occa84onally goatsq 

neat formed the stzgle G.et or thc villa,;ers. The 

m~Szc was a rich sccrce of esrbekyercte anC the soy*= beans 

cant-ained more protein than my 0th~~ vegetnble crop; bwth 

also ccntaiiied rztu, vitarn,ins ai~e certain essential 

minerals, find so were ideally suited to be the basis of 

any diet,

A variet~f of fllnt maize was sovx in the early spring 

ai2c: bv -9ugust h9.d grown to an Everage height of Five f cet o 

In the 1 t-ter pert o? the month, 'the crop was ha~vested, 

the ~3733 ( S O M C ~ ~ t:7,0 ~ ~ on S a plant) 3eing cut by ha~~d. 

They .ujcrc lo~.tiecl oxto nules en2 taken to "Le village xrhere 

they were ha116 chucl:sC arL sprea? cut to Crjr in thc sun 

for about tventg-fc,-~~ :hours, The set? v ~ then s th:''.;' - 

from thz co'us with an old fashiol-ied mechanical thresher 

which visited all the villages in the loca-' :"lt PLC? laid 

on I~rge sheets to dry, being tvrnee regulzrly '0 that 

. .. . 

the whole crop TWS exposed, The majority of the crop was 

stored for vrlxter use; the sced for flour an21 hrr+nd 2nd 

the fcliLx-e as fodder for livestock, 

S~qyly~~~f:f:cl.;2s--~ls~in~~ 

~2.xj 8% 

TSe see

I ,- 2 .- tho rvhit~ beans wimowcd from the remaining debris. 

:'ihere:ts the foling~ was stored 2n bzrns for winter cattle 

feeC., the beans mre shavclleG up, sieved from the J-oose 

earth antL stored in conc~etc floorea cheds. 

A small proportion of thc crop was harvested green, 

an?; the ;,oung poCs cooked whole RS a green vegetzble. 

Cotton - Gossy i~il.:m'~i: sutnm - Upland Cotton 

The northem l imit of economic growth of this crop 

is normally considered to be 37ON EuboeaUes between 

Latitudes 38' and 39'~ and cotton was not extensively 

grown, The type used wns n vnriety of Upland Cotton - 

A major difficulty supply the 

crop with sufficient water during the growinc and fruit- 

ing season. Altho1:"h very tolerant of the poor soil 

conditions which existed, the cot ton never really flour- 

ished* Gim~ing and baling i7as carried out Loc~lly and the 

cotton transported t o the mainland fos export. 

-- Srognclorn --- - Sorgharn vulgnre technicuin 

3roomcorn ;Tas 2. rapidly growing emual often reach- 

ing ten feet in height and having a loose, much branched 

penicle type of infloL aecence. It is particularly 

drought resistant, 2nd thererore well suited to the 

prevailing dry condit ions the summer months . The

... 7 7-.. . 

?,nicl,~.. of branches, often two feet in length was used 

to make simple braoms and brushes, whereas the remainder 

or thc crop was used as stock feed. Sorghum brooms were 

in fact the only brooms Jcnor~n to county districts in 

Greece and Yugoslavia. 

Sesame - Sesamum indicum 

-=- 

This aixzual herb xra5 cultivated for its ~mi-drying 

oil; the seeds containing n'bout 5% oil, which was 

extmcted 5y cold pressure and used fop cooking, in- 

corporation into cattle-rood. an$ clso expartee to Yrance, 

Certain other crogs wePe grown to a limited extent 

and most of these^^'!^- for local village consumption as 

a supnlenent to the normal diet, 

Sunflower - Helianthus annus 

These plants grew to six to eight feet, producing 

large flowers often more than twelve Inches in dicmeter, 

The seec~s, vskich were black, were the useful part and 

these were either cruahcd to produce oil or used as 

9) 

poultry reed in thc winter, They suffered very baely 

with Turns diseasas and often more than 5% of" the field 

was ccv~,stnlted, 

- Okra - Bibicus esculentus 

Though a native of tropical Africa, this plant has

2acn #Trorp,n in Soutkern Europe for ceilturies. The plant, 

-: 2ich 173s G short, stout stemaed anllurl prduced seed poc's 

three Lo six inches long 7d~~hich v,rere used as a green 

veg~tz'nle en? kna9;n locally ss "Ladies Fingers" 

Tomatoes - Lycogersicun sp, 

-, 

Almost a.11 the ~iila~ysrs grew their otm fev ro-.?!s of 

tosntoes, the large seg~ente6 type, most of which were 

affected by Vcrticilliurn Kilt,, The fruit 7;iaG eaten as 

It became ripe and some wss split open and the seeds drlec? 

TOT the next season. 

Amon& the other crops grown occasion~lly were 

Aubergincs, Pep~ers, an6 EKr,rrovvs. These were also eaten 

vihe~i rige 3s E fresh vegetable, no means or to ring br-:irig 

. 

klza V~YI 

G~algcs - Vitis vinifera 

All the vines in thi~ ~~g1012 v7ere cut back to hush 

form for ease or picking as in most areas vhe~e grapes 

\:%e grow-= and plnntctions ixre us~ally on the hi1 1.siees 

Sue to thsir res-uirenents for a v7el.l drained soil, Most 

of the ylnntations were infectee with both insect and 

rungus pests, end although aerisl spraying with CO>P?Y 

sulglnnte was pr?cti sed thjs vrns sot, nt surf'i~iently

fr.9. :?.;at intervals to prevent diseases taking a hold, 

Nothj.ng vws a-~parently don.+ to c01132t insset pests. So 

far tha area has escaped Phyloxnra. 

Va.rieZies of black an6 r~,rhil;e grapes were grown 

indiccrirni~zntcly in nixed plsrr,tntions, thc: Inttera beiw 

rlS, 

used in th2 gre,ar.ra- ion of Retzina, the Orcek EationaL 

. t 

:,lne air;,

l.lt? - 

ruins 09 nob57 dead villages mil &!firellings were to be found 

close by, 

TbVater Melon - Citra? lus vulpsris 

This am~unl crop w: s extensively grown, ripening fson 

July onwerds. The Zruits vvere crlllovred to d..evelop on the 

soil sur:l'ace, not4 resting" material being p rovic5cC.. l~lost 

of the rwter-oelons ;lere grown for local consumption but 

a rev! were carri:d to othcr vi1la;;es for sale, The outer 

skin varied in colour from vhite to dzrk ,reen with a pith 

lixe interior of' reddish pulp enc1osi.n.~ blzck or ~vl~ite 

seeds . 

Pesch - Prunus persfcn 

,.--- 

The 2ench ~nd quince (~~iioni~, oblonga) occured dottec. 

through vincgarc-s, cornf'ielCs an6 olive grwes, the fruits 

bc:.. 11:, , vscC solely by the growzrs. The trees urerc hetween 

fi::tz~n sat tvlrcnty feet in h~k2h-L~ 

Zxtensive peach groves V~.'TE seen on the mainland qvhere 

these constituhd :n inportant erport crop. 

O1.ive - Olea europneo. 

These rather silve~y green evergreen trzes varied in 

height between about twelve and forty feet. They ruere 

cultivated in groves, alon,? retaining ,rills and beside 

roads and very few aress of the ha'bitated locelitics 

laclced substantid numbers. Olivc 011, a >reserving,

cockinz and. edible oil v ~ \widely s used nne is usually 

t3e ordy oil availsble; Suttt-;r, hrrd and othcr a nim~l 

fats belw completely absent in nost plnct?e, Olive trees 

tnls.:: seven yea-rs to matu~e beforc the slanll green fruits 

n>pr:ar. These 7r:ere cit'r~r eaten rv; ;-or crushed to proviGe 

oil -.s6. fcv! were left te riper- t o tke Lark colour o5tain- 

2L ill late S~pt~mbe'r an6 emly Octc'oer.

- A~;ricull;ur nl Methods and 1mplernc:nts 

Agricultural methoe-s ane implcm~nts t ent.~:d to be 

prirnitivz throughout, although in certain circurnstaiices 

onc could see the old and the ncrv r!:orkin,g siae by side, 

r? ,g. rfioce'rn ITRC~OPG 

n'longsiae horse-drawn ploughs. The 

letta~ v~ill, I. think, 53e useC for r!:zny SeaJ's to cone, if 

silly on nccount of thc iriacc~ssi'tsility of scl~ze of the laid 

USCL: for C FOgEe 

.ere 

T7;:o of the grectest gro3lerns f'~cTn5 the villngers 

i) !vat er-supply, 

ii) diseqsed crops. 

There is con~idarzble rainfall during ths vintcr 

nortlx, but very little exring the SUL:~J~P, an? most c'? 

the ~vater ncaded for the crops ~rgs p~11peC? f'ronl hrtesinn 

wells using petrol pups or horse ~ n wheel ? methods ~nd. 

fed into met21 irrigzt,ion tubes .I yi= on the soil 

surface, leaCii7~ t.2 ~h.~Xiels cut into the soil to guide 

the vratcr. Ch:'.ilren often usc4c' to 1;md t,his irrigation 

system, 

hTulc11ing night possibly h ~vz helped to conscrvc 

xzt~r, but the~c were no nulchee crops In eviaence. 

Very little sgstfinz.tic ett~~ck was mcdc on luq-;a1 

ar~d insect pssts which reduceC both quantity 2nd quality 

oi" crep -J6?ry ccnsidersbl.y. It TPJOUIC~ ap2ear that rcwlzr

X i ;? 1 rj. in. the U,S,A. which often agjroeches fifteen cobs 

2cr plni~t) ?.nd a pl?..n.t breedin;, scheme 1~1th r2s~30c-t to 

naizc, olives, peFLches, grapes end rilai?y othe~ crops is 

i??et ec:! , kt present th~:r e p.1-5 only t.:lo Agricul 2v.rnl 

-. 

'ji=search nn5 Tpzining Centres in Greece, a stotc t h ~ t 

cannot 27,:: s33ved until the ccu-lomlc structure of Greece 

I. + 8

The fungi vhicb mere founC on Euboe~, were nearly a11 

psrasitic. As one might have expected in vielr- of the hot 

dry weather conditioas , rusts and ~muts nu& a feiv milde~vs 

were the most commonly found types. Only tq~io Agarics were 

found, an6 these were growiw in the forcst at a f'airly 

high altitude, where the rcst or the flora was different 

rrom thzt seen in most of the area and norc closely 

reseable2 that found in n temperate climate, 

Many of tlztl crop plants were disease.: and almost 

10Vc infection was frequext. nearly cvery tonato plrnt 

Toui~r? wns s501ving symptoms of Vert icillium w ilt Cisease, 

although the plants were still lerge cornpnzled 7:;~ith the 

0x8 gr07i.m in England and aspeared to be cropping quite 

well. Idany of the runner beans ahoaed the brotrm 1ez.f' 

s>ots, caus~d by the rust, Uromyces pkasealus, and the 

vines had nearly all been attacked by the ntldew Plasmopnra 

viticoln. One of the most spectacular diaenses was that 

causec by the smut Ustilago xeae on the stems of maize 

plants, where it profiuced huge black fruiting bodie~ as 

much as six inches long and three to Tour inches across, 

packed nit9 tens of thousands of spores. 

Amongat the trees, Quercuc ilex and Platnnus occident- 

elis were nost conaonly found to be diseasei; tbz former 

sufferln~ Pro12 a leaf' txilCiew diseese enus;?. by a s peeies 

of - P?yll?ctinia snd tho Iztter showing black ILRO spots 

causzd by Sti~~,;lina plt t. ~1.30 finzi were observed on any

a l' 1;1~ olive trees. 

111 contrast Go the cultivated plants, the vila 

s2ccies nppeqret: to be rema~kcely dise~se free, This 

might hi:^^, Seen because nay of the wild plants weye 

very dried up by Gh.2 ",PI? xe arrived, Irrh2reas ths 

cul-tivated cnes .::ere still quiL~ lush a,* green due to 

1 ,'Y ,: , 

Irrigatlox, P5rhaps a msra 7robsblz explmation is th~t 

they were rxs7mlly E-i.o1firn in solid stancls of one spsclc~s 

~vherzzrs thr;. vild pSai-,ts were us~ally di r,;)erst.b among 

othe~ specizs and therePore a more effective spare 

dltspersal rnecls~ifiism ~mi;lil be rcq~alred to si-:cure the same 

hegrce of infection, The latter hypothesis io suppor-keC. 

To GOUre extun% by the fact that certain specLes of wild 

pl,~.~it rfirhich tcn&~$. to r4: Ir~~:~t:;r 5-:n.,.v!t it; 

fiistribution, especle 11y ~e~ennials, tznCeC1 to - b ~ heavily 

inJTilctcc: -76th onc perliiculnr discase. Exnmles of this 

7T:spr- il'lalvn sglvzstris which was ne-rly ~lvays i~ifected 

7'1th Puccinia nnlvacecrua and %%US f rut;iccsus TrrY~ich wes; 

"gq~enily infected Sg PhrzzmZ3-ium violac~arnn~ It is 

?er?:rq.,s of intt?rsst thzt t,!~cse t."~ pathc:;.;ens ?.ye comP:on 

In tke 3ritish Isles, 

m... s o mc;r,bi:rs 0;''

;he degartriient an2 those in Great Britain was 

the general. Lack or facilit3.e~ end equipment avail~hZe, 

hi;,h too f'e-r geople were avnildble for the tasRs ir, hmd, 

An 2cco:itpanied tcur of e citrcs f'zrfi on one of the Aezean 

Iel~~.nPc9ki~~3.1g arranged r o us ~ by the department, 

A collection of disea-sed nlmt mataria1 was nade anfi 

Orobmche crenatn 

iI 

S? 

guteli 

+ F s ? ---- Z Parasites 

---+-- 

Vicia faba 

Lens esculentwn 

Peroaospora pcrasitlca S i sgmbr ium sg * 

H t,ri Pol-Fsrufi lfelilotus officinalis 

TV 

Polygonurn aviculnre

Brenia laetucae 

ASCOTiIYGETL3S 

Cagsella bursa-pastoris 

Taphrina dcf ormms Prunus perslcae 

11 cichoracearum 

Rosa spa 

Pltis vinifera 

Polystigmz ochraccum P~unus arnygdal is 

-4v~na sat iva 

Rordcurr, sp, 

it zeee Zen rn~~ys

Uromgees behenla 

Pucciniz. 3hlci pra;casis 

II d ispcrsa 

:T &yaminis hordei 

: 7 t 7 tsitici, 

:1 :I 

(1 coslorzat n 

Gyrnncspor,r~ngium s ab inac 

Melnnpsor? heli~ .?copi~.e 

VI lint 

P,-~ngrn i.di~m tuberculatvn 

21 violacearum 

I! dlsciflorufi 

PbXG3 I. :FESIFE7TI 

Aacochgta pinodolls 

Septorin pg?icola 

t I apii gravcolentis 

11 sp " 

S~~EL~!~JLF: ~~1z:tnnl 

Silene sp. 

Pis1 sp. cultae 

Pyrus co!cmunis 

Apiur: gr~veolcntls 

T~iticu~~l spm 

Flat ?.i?us 2ccieent~-lis

, 2OTJ ~ J~C/,~, Sc7JIP 's:':z;\J 

-. r 

I P 1 * 

- 

The majority of the work undertrken was of' a qualitative mture 

requiring no spec ialised equipment. Ssmpling and auantitati~re 

techniques made uae oP the equipment listed below which was 

sdf icient for the programme, 

f Metre Scale 

2 Z f t, Q,uadrats 

7 Bottle Thymol Blue Soil Indicator 

? Rcttle )?ethyl Red Soil Indicator 

I Bottle B,D,H, Universel Soil 

xndicafio~ 

1 ,3011 p olous Chart 

2 fi In, Quadrats pH Inaicator Papers 

1 Pin Qund~xn t -I Bottle 3nriun Sulphete 

I -$ in. Au:;er -I doz. Test Tubes and Corks 

7 FrLsmatic C~mpass f Test Tube Rrus5 

I Travelling+ ?'lieroscopc 2 %ttles Absolute Alcohol 

2 Dissecting h~i.croscopes 4 Bottles Distilled Water 

I Bottle Cotton Blne Glass Slidee, Cover Slips, Labels. 

? Sattle Lactophenol 4 $0~. Polythenc sad Glass empling 

u es 

Rattle Phloroglucin 2 Rolls String 

.1 Bottle IIy drochloric Aeid

1 rw~~.on~~c~so~ 

A~nang thc eleven nel;iD~rs ~f the ex:$edi^Jiojn .--ere t-go 

Zoolcy:is"is. Their tcsk :-:cr, to carry out a survey of the 

I-c:I,-. o: 3u50esa On arrir~l at Kuboen, it; +aecarfie quite 

O?-.7- 2 o:.?s ti-~~t, coasiderin~ the rich*~ess or the insect fauna, 

7. -Ltxorou,.h survey of 3-11 the phylo in 3s mnlm.y ecolo~~ical 

l~ehitats as 7oasible would be $.ikPicult if not :'Lnj?ossiblc 

in thc time avnilpble to us. :!!e th~refore, cane to the 

par-ticul:.?~ nttentJ_os'sc one or t . 3 ~ polJps of th? fsung 

y;?kilc 2-t -the snim time nrlci~: ;,e'n,rzl notes on the oti?$r 

ne!?,'nc~s 0% the fauna, The gr3ups t3et ~e chose to nake R 

pa~t icu1zrl;r thcrou:;:: study or IF: :-,.: the Orthoptera , 

the will 

out hcrc thnt our choice 0.f the thrce orders of the cl3.a~ 

ind1.i cat ion the of' three 

orcdera over the other orG?rs but .;ras merely R nmitea? O 

inclination. OSs~rsat ions last 

TTEE!; ill July to the first .=:eej. iin Se;jtcnbc;r nl>d thE notzs 

ecc1o::icnl hz'oitats as possible -re .iouiz5 +I;h~.t ?:e h?.d 

bczch nnd scnE Cunc 

rocky ;~.c:~int,ncc s 

salt marsh 

frcsh v:ntsr streams 

;razed zncl un~r~zed plni 1s 

17izld nnd i'ollov~ 

dried river heCs 

pine rirauds 

y&fuso9g~fi,

, TTCTJ;~ C'" C;i7;7F L F:Uyh 

1- -*. 

The fKuna ns n whole is a contineAit~l islnnd tyl)e zad 

consists mainly 03" nni:~.~l.s typical of tjhz 1771editerr.niicen 

rcsion. This is ns5 su~,~-isi?, cocslScrin5; the geo , r.?.+;1* icl;l 

;7ositlon of' the islrlnd r,nd its flccrness to the cl~inlcnd 

contineLlt. Perh~ps the inost conspicuoue aria vrcll re,~res\?nt- 

66 clxs of 7Lnimzls w2.s tPe ir-sects* ?To 0r.e COUI? fnil t3 

A 

: h e , They ~-3ouniled or the ground s.na occ~?'.:~in e 

v-rlety of ccolo;ic~,l niches ~nd were nssocinted sn n 

r7.ri.ctg or pl~nts. Tielf s mi; f r.l.lorrr ~,r~ere very rrrrell 

,~o,?t. l~.tt.?~ ith rcC ?..rlC ?-B!JS ~-ing2:: 2:ras sbop;?ers (~,?,lli~t,z~us 

s,>~ci -s .-nfi Oe

1 '0. 

1 r . numbers asking their subterranenn nests hi11 

slopcs , in f iclds, nnonz POC!~T creviccs an? bel2-F, fzllen 

tree trunk$, Not every holc in tYc ;,rrourrd ns 3ccu3i4zd by 

-.llzts and it I.-7s ~fssorvcd .that xl~ny o?' tl-cr:- hwbmree 2nt- 

lions, 

Tkc hr.:.ci-,-lids :rc>ruLd: s ;~~t c? 

nurJ5f:r or 31-ck s~iny okjects. These sen, urchiizs wre 

ixt~c-aely ColiLtnon ?.lonl: tho shore at Linnl but were ncvcr 

observcd on tkc eastern shop;, of the island, at Kiavisi, 

where the 8hore is very snnC.y ?&n?. fqczs the liege-n Se2. 

Ka Preshvaatcr fish wre rocorcled, This is m~.inly 

due td the fnct that most of t2-i~ strenms ~.nd rivers wsre 

suasonzl :-:nd dry durine tl~o cum;: lr incnths- Tki-s ~73s 

ex3ectcd 2nd hmce icisufficien-t equipneat w>s tzken to 

groduce ally gositivc resulte. In tbe few deeg pools en2 

stre~ss orly the occ~.si~r-hcl :vaLcr snzkc ms seen. 

-mL~hibir: ?ere ~=L;JPZSL~~L~C~! by DUlTliTOUS frogs, ~rqbnhly 

sll 5:lon: irqr; to 2 siil&ie sp~cics ::nd by z lcli-y~ tond

?G rc :. 3* ,, he frogs arere ccnfincd to pcls in the dry river 

bcd, irri;;~~t,tnn di-tchcs incluc',in~ those in rn~~ize fields 

and short streams oi~lcrying :f'ron s2ris~s. '3cmale ~ YOSS wrt: 

z ligllt grcyisl; br:~-;.A colour, ivl.t? c'xrk 3rot.m blotcF-es on 

the he7.2 -nS bn:k. Thc m-le, ~Ltli?~~'yb 3?.vin, th.3 sc~~e 

hm.sir :,rculaC colourin~, pi?? T. b!?i;:h-L ;r,: :-?_ hc~?. wit11 n preen 

and yellow stripe clown tlii:: centre of t5, back, Pc'r some 

ti~e tl~esc, wcrc though-t to hp s~peratd sjcci.cs, ns tile 

ril~.les :FieyC nvch less cslnconly scec n:d uppe2r~"d tc 37 

sn:Llclp. IIot;'ever, nrt cr l;r:.cking do~,v~ the cr7sking mnle 

i-L rrr~.s se::n fiisplp,ying before the fzmnlc, Thc innl~ vrcul-d 

ztnrt @~:_7'rki-~g i~i th~ IIGIC~F~~ rrivG?eT hcfo~e a setl!er in- 

6:i'i'Cc. ent i%r-sr le, After scmetimc, it vr2s clbs~rvec' to 

i:.vfilntc its ~ 3 s 'CS ~ 2t ~ thc 3 S ~ ~ C~'f S its he?-?. '~~23. 

alv~it :, hi:,L-.er pitched note, 1 nfl~:kir?n c?? the; @?cs 

~(3ntifll~ed ~i'ltil R very shpi?l note 7:as obtained. This 

pztti;Yn elf' ~C~:V~QUT :-r,?.s repeztcd ccvcr dvcr a~r;in -:ith 

sl-.,>rt pzrloS. 025s t , beforc ~n 2pp~estly in2ifrerent 

-#'erne l r.. P4nt.inrj;, h07:revz~ ~,.t ,>bs cpvcd , T? d l ~ ~ l c s 

some G n lofig ~ r"ls three r;~~~rtr,rs OP an inc: sv7rln in seve~al 

OT tbc p2ols ovcn ~s lnte :n thi: jrs-r n.s .T~ll.g, The 

toad ap,~zsrred to he m: re .:b~+?dt nt wcu-.;:: XcYbl-!ctcgc"l tYJa~ 

in nrzy oths~ Clstrict clad! sgl-~e rd1;7cllrl;fi fpvr C ~ F hrlf 

inches i~z le,~;:th, They a2:?cnsed to bd cvc-1 lnx-~,~~~ 

tqrhen hanllcd due to their h?%.~it sf ~ui'rin,r theaselves 

Us a 

,

jmons the vertel.3ratea, the reptilcs wero by f7.r 

$hc bcse represented both in nurnbers ?.a?. in apccies, 

, r 

Tortoises, Tcrr:,pins, Lizn~ds, Lanil rind ur.tzr Sr,nkes 

occured in q,u i t c: lf.~1&'-3 n1~:lt3~ Y'S . Thi 13 t 7rrzlll;in; through 

tl,: u;?Ceryrowth 02 3 pine v~co,^ i -t; :$IPS nclt ?PL UIIC.?~..'~~ 

1.: n 

sight t~ see c. tcrtoise lu-r.beri:?~: long, QT tu came rLGI'OSS 

n shcll conteining p7rtly rlev~urkd csrccss. These were 

the I ~nrg,ined "cat,oisc: (~ostudo ln:lr:;in?tus) 2nd ~zst the so- 

c~llsd G~eelc Tartzise of the ;~et sl~eps, -1:41ich in fnct come 

f porn North Xrrica, Ti.~t~fl~ !*L:-:.P_ iilrt Lts lvr 5 p; ~ticu Y 

nbu-tdsL~t in ;>inL i.,~ooc s , Erage vincs :j3c1- olive GPC~:".TC!S 

3c in:; recordea nro-~nC Ph,clrac l.~, S trqhi 1 in, Li~ni, J~clxnetc.;-r! 

n T i 

Tht lnr~e~t s ; scic1~11. ssen was nenr Stro;.hilia 

rz7?~ich lurr, nine i;zchcs lcLl z.l.nd Ir~yd t r , ' ~ ? cxtr~mely veil 

dcvelopud n?rpinal Pi~~rss to the posterios ;?iving th? 

toitLlisc i1 chnr:!cteristic sh -41~. Thts sr1al2tsst sgecixen 

',:r?rnv;-cS. ciiac i7oin-L tvo Pnch,,s in 1;n~th ani ----s observ& 

- - . r-, - 

en ~57,: -dfTIL,~:- j .?>* ;:;:-; 7- , ~:.o..:~oi; ~n 

,;GO!-.$ znC s tre?:.#s, 5ei2,; reco~dad in a str*ar81 nr;zr 

SLro.lhili~., ill ~ivtr ncrr Ki;.visi and fn Lnkc Lraf-zd.h2s 

~ L I nor'chc~n GI)CCC~~ 

fmo* the re2tiles, liec~Cs vTere by f ?.~ the most 

conmon nlofll,: t?~c rz?rgims of the ginc v~ooc's but 7:icrc 3.155 

obscrvce on thc lo1;rln,ic'? plqins +,xd ki,r'r up aountzins well 

over 4000 feet zSovc scr L~vcl, T7;?g werz ext-cnclg timid 

d i s ~ 7 ~ into 7 1 cl, bush gi" Potdrriul~i s-?inqsv~i; or up a tree

yf ; t?.e sli~lntzst Cistu~3:;-:cc. They vfere ;nost oZtsn 

2lssel'veil in ;~,?;cl:.,cc cj? sun ?.ad ;;~ny rwye ~rrj.th?ut;lt tc.ilr,, 

2res1~labl~ lost r?t SOI~IC tic!> 7.~6 xzny otb:rg hnC. tails in 

v?.rious st~.zes. DB rczpoi;.rth, This qnrg,~ t?~:.xght to 5c $.u.e 

to t?le .?hua?anzc ;j.r.cd ~ ~ O T;~~.~ti~u.lr,rly S 

Birdds, nlthouch 

none li!Giqe ?.c t'~xr.113- i.:-:~i? bein:: ?,t-Lsck~C, This nay accoun"u 

for Shc fact ti?:t lizzrds 11acrc: E,ore c,r;~imon, neFbr Innbitation 

where 3irds of -,~.3rc:; -,:iau.l.6 ~elC.um 8.t rag , IPS].:; ~rclt cct ion 

+ " - 

zi':!'nrcled hy a sjincg Sush LiKt, loturium spinoaurn pro'b?bly 

e,pl?.im thi-, crjrreZct ion bdtv~oen the tvlro. 

Se~er~q.1 snnk~s lJ;ePs saen on oce?.sions Sut Oils cs~mc 

ZC~~OC;S -i;bcz by chc.ncc hid in f::ct tklil;~ WZZG rather rare or 

2.t lez~t vcry wel,l dlsguisud, The xont common specics s,?en 

:.::.?s -i,';t,:- Tcsscllnted 7,:,L~Rtcr Sn?.ke, v~i?lck. rcpi(jlly 0.ivefi forp 

cover whe:il. Gistur'hed. Nost ol' the sn~~kes seen rvere olive 

'nroal:n - olive grey cnf r~.thcr i~~consplcuous 

On t3.a r.holi? tlic mnmin?linn fmnn T?S 7309~ znr? most of 

- 

those o'hservad prcre noctilrnnl. Thfs mcy bi flu:.: to the un- 

favourn'ble clim~.ttc cc?ndit:~TC?~C sectisn hes bsen 

devoted to them. 

.

fl. 7fl- 

3, C3.;land is 

1. 

~ h 2~ct s thzt nost mc'choCs usad in Enl;l~:G Ere congletely 

inapr~~ct i3.3lc in Gyezce , as r:r~~u-nC vegetnt ion could 

nor-the?? 73e tcn;red '"lush:' ,z.t this tima of thc yr?r it scor.scl 

likely thnt the bcetlos be more concentr~t;d ymon~st the 

$lci~ts prescnt, However, sweeping proved n ratl-ICY 

hnznrdous husinessa Preetically cvery plant -vas xcra- 

phyti-c iiz om, rznd passes t:qcrc no%r:here ::hunc?.?.nt. Ls 

e result oix .trrp.s contfmously Pr~eing the sv~cepet from 

c. ttnglcd ficss or thorns. Hovrevar, even once thc beetl~s 

hnd b,:en nettec' one v7? 6 EZCC~ 14 th 2" nerft :>xoblorn, lL3 

soon ns tli~ nct p:r~.s opcncQ ~.1aost every bcctls t~sk to 

flig,P.t, Girnilnsly Lfl hc~~tisy trees nn?- shrubs, Felore 

the bcetl~s hit thc net thog hrd tak~n v ~ r i ; .znd ~ ~ f l ~ r m ofr, 

Eubocc ~12.s by no necbns tFgicnl of Greece due to its 

well tlzi'uered hills 7,~hicr -cro rarc SF,-kt cn tb-c, rn?.inbad 

rihzre war desert conditions pr~vnilcC71. L ~ E I: result 

bcc-bles ~~rith rma -rC-r. r_nrin, 3. I T, c were n fgirly co~xon 

si:=ht on the is1:'nd yet none were sccn nny~~rhere durix

v-r 

,a . LrCn.vcls on t h m~~inlr-nci. ~ 

rFhe majority of these 

3.35, 

bc~?tle~ were pc~ts of th;. lr:r;,e Plrine trees that or;currsi 

x- inly ?long t2e rivcr banks, ;'.>tlLrer thnsl thc ,::arc 

~~.3u.nS.ant ;>incs. L-rvac tulmels, in dead trses , up to hnlf 

:>AI inch i3 dicmeter nere cLxmion, -'& nunbcr of the cults 

weri: cnught 011 t3.c :~,in,y, flyis?;: lc~rr r.lon, pathrcys on the 

eS::e oP ~acods ?.t dusk, These nostly consisted of 1,ucsnvs 

cervun el16 ~13. ~;;)~:cim;ns thus enu~ht li~ere nclcs, iL si~~zlc 

Dorcus ppr~lle~opipcdus was found in a dcc~qec. pine log. 

Mr,i-~f neabzrs of thc F-:~ily Ceramhycid~e wcre men ~t rest, 

or flyin5 in the wzoded n-rens, Pnr 3~re were seen than 

acre ever cnu~ht since, 1ll7h.cn Cisturhed. they v~cul? f'ly up 

ovl-r t3e tr$c tops out r?? si7ht. I.mong "thcse collected 

werc Ccrnrihyx heros, JKyZotypcs bn julus ?nC! L~ptura sp. 

SevcraL lnrge memb~rs of thc i'mily Cuprc~;ti?ze rr:rerz 

czugh.t on the ving in clivc graves nens the CQES~ and 

three or four sm2ller s2ecios were collected in pineixooZs 

cr~und thc villagee 

"'iith r(s-;?.trS to thc ~rcu_~t. r~~xs~n, the islc7.nd wms -.ore 

ty~ical of tse ccuntrly :>S C! pubole9 with Car~.l>iCee mcl 

7 

:. eizehrioniC~; bkin,", the most yo2rescn?,p.t-ivk Tanilius. 

?,lc:r:1'Jeys of tkz rcmzr f-+r:ily corlsisteZ of 2 TIT ufikncrq 

Gcllcrz, but the rm?inCer ,211 bcloz?,-cd to the sv'c rqciily 

Ecl-jr.binae, which includcd Chalacnius spp . 3e1?bridicn $22. 

and Pteros-tidus sp. The Tcnc%rionide, with the exception 

of tb~ !3ccnsi~mol 3l::gs sp, n7erc -11 oT var. Driti~h Genera.

mP iLIG - %_rYlirnt cclourcd ct--feys of Lbc S~li!iiSy 

Sczr::Sidg.c: vere r: cuio:mn silhe on Plan'- trces rvhere lar~c 

::.-k,h;rin~s 02 thoin T8?:!ould radi&ly T E ~ U C ths ~ Scnvcs to 

'r,l?uir rnc~l1-1 ribso Til~30 chaf'cy~ Y?=~c& in colour f~om 

:2ri,,ht ,r;ail, i;hr;ugb Cnrkc;? ','Tc~;~s, nni blut:z to nezr 

bkek YJC csns13tsC a:xinly oP Ze+,nnl? ~ 7 ~ , 3 , Oyythyrcn s2. 

-. .- .!, C= _aoas_lL- 

sp, In the spilc f'?iily ?.?e the Dung Bectllcs 

... 7. ' , ~cll I:rzl-r, rc,lrc;sbL~tr,$ on tli? isl?.li Fy O~lth~pha~y~ 3;3j3 

,lllC Oni'cicellus s:p, Thcsc be~-f;lc:.s wre seen only lrery 

occ0siol?c:11y but vhc;; grcscnt thcy vcre nlways in larce 

~ L U Q ~ C ~ This S dui: t:; thc: f~ct t;'~:tt t7;zy C O U Peed ~ ~ ~ 

2i~ly Dn frcshly .dcpositec? c?zl;12 ,;41lc3 s~>n 5ccm1e d-4 ~d 

out in thc sun cnc? af little nla n3 f: 3d V:~UC to thea. 

On the f'lo'~'~:r5e~6$ c i' 2llrnts ~r~rrin;. by the ~.a~.clsidc 

~7.nd on vT1.ste lqncl nulncrous closoly alliecl bectlca or i 5.~ 

I 

f:u=,ily Hcter:jlzer:~ ;;crL ~o be seen d.uri,:g 77uly and i,u,,ust. 

Thesc bectl%:z were ,rZp.in of F. non-3ritish Gems znc h2,G 7 

vT>riety rf nzrkin;s in s?rniA3-, c3l:urption: :vltk citbq:r 

O~--n~~-y~ll~~~t 

strigcs or sp~ts on a Claclc gr~und colour. 

TIT-t, scsne ornnc;c c32~'11r T ~ F ; ~"cgl';c~C by 2 deep red 21- 

t h v:;h ~ ot,hcn~:ise the !~cE;-L~~;s ~7pj~r.~eC;, very siailar, 

Ti~crti wns nl not2ccrblc lack of CurculioniLnc 2nd snly 

~~1:tiv~ly fcl?. dki3ion ;pp Stroghosonus s;~, r:nd oti:,ers 

l:zcjae CZ!. l,-ct~A, Rl.ql~ciny then, tz n zest~-in dcspee, 

-ircrs 'tl-ic! ';ruchif:,?~ *Lrliich wrc c~npar?tively comnon. 

'These ;~resumnhl$ fcd ofi the v?ric.l;y fit becns rllrh-ich vJ:rspe

commonly grown ns a scccnd crop to~~;cthaswithmnize* 

1~ few nsnbcrs of the family Chrysonelid~e were also 

collected on mr,ysidc Plorsrers incl?rdilqs,y e;3ccies from 'the 

genera; Cryrolina, 3art ica, Lc'lbidos tomis, Crmtoce2halus

;,-.z\r .-,lli 

. . 

y ,,-, , '., ,i - ,r: -iiY,,::.:y y', ,. , ,.., - 

., : -. -.. , , , ,, >-, ,- 1 ,! 1 :1 . Ty IT i, 4 

On ::voodeC. s1o;les of' Kandhilion 27th August nac? near 

Delphi 21st 1%~ pst, 

i euyhrc :i;;z:

Lycaena phlee~s - Sn~.ll Copper 

Gomcn in oi~ei? ;700cll: nd and at cd,;e of vroof.5 3.~13~ 

Se,ten%e-r. 3 1sr::e -cr,.-.riety of' colour forus --:Ere scen iil 

this species. 

Common in fields , pnrt ic~sl:.rly in Lucerne and woodland 

glades, July - *'iu@.st. 

Common in cultivated arezs es2ecially r;~nize i'iields , 

July - :,utei;17rser. 

Thecln qucrcus - Purple Ficirstreak 

Pjr:r;,uc: -- mrlv?e - Grizzled 3kiyjcr 

He~~~l?rly recordet", by roedsiflus ond on przthvay~ :Au,zzst- 

September , 

T3ynelicus sylvcstris --- - - Sma 11 Skipi~er 

ember, 

Sever~l recorCed by roads 2nd 2rLt'r_;.j-sys, ;:urnst - Sept- 

-

O~.hl.~~Cies t-r:ilate - Laz?:':,a Slri?$sr 

Occ~sionally on wayside r'lot.:ers m ~A~~~sio 

Polj~go;zi~ - c-~.lbun -- Colllme 

Reco~lded ?illy ne?r coast, Zi~nl 4th ~'~ugust, Pilli 

9th -u:-Qs~, 

Due to the loss in trensit Tron Greece of vi~tu?lly all 

the butterfly sl?ecimens the x%ovc list hfls Zreen cc)lx~il::d 

from Tielf notes, Seves~.l of tlx butt~rflies cau~ht on 

&'uboea Y

:t :,rea?: s>-.c?c?. S:~urrl?< on 7;.y its successful rout of' the 

:-rzrhler, the butterfly novr gluclred uii~ encm

~p;:;:l'Jf - 7-,7!x!:: 

6. -- - 

klthou;~h no ~~,rticuLa.r stucly IA~E iirnee DP the sizakes 

on the islnn.3. sever? A :",:- , csi,.; -. ' ,Ti , J 1 * 

account fif' each sgctcies recorded r'ollov-s belovr: 

Tro;~idunotus - tesselLatus --- - Tesscll;lc? :,a;er Sncke 

3ssen2;ially an a~uctie 5 ,~ecizs ~eLZom founZ f ~ s"-om r 

.1..,oyt 

-rf=.ter, an[: rnosC conlrfionly seen in ~,li?.ll fnst f'lov-iug sJi,reams 

or irri_,etion c13 tches , .:in cxcellei--t sirrirtlxcr , clivin~ for 

sl-..e?.tcr heil clis tur1~sc?. !. Olive, olive-grey orb 'brovm ab3vc 

lm;i-l;h rkrk si~ota u su nl ly arrr.n;eC guincunci~~lly on t4e back. 

.'- norc QL' less sh~ped dnrk Fni.1Cl lriv s f3unCL on tki_ 2 n3.p :, ~nr: 

",he lotrrcr ;>nst~ nere rn~pblet or c4eckercr': v~iti~ blnek. In. 

sow specimens the loarer ;~~.r-i;s ;-;ere entirely 5lack. 

Zamerns is gemolzensi s - Furope2,n Phi? S x k ~ 

Usuclly snen e~mning itself' on a 2~th or clearinz in 

3ry scrub lona or on the ~?\,;es 02 "III)O?.G. The U3;3CF L~RY~S 

were pnle clivs or gello-~lah Fr~-;~n nit17 blackish crossbars 

bshinc! thc her,r~IZo.rrPsh-:;rey to La~k brol m rifi-tk the lorver ,~-rt s a 

~i2iT0~ri ~~cle ycllom. The uAjler li~s trrere yuLlo~:f 7-iic'enin~ 

i-1% 7 t.rin;~_~-ilar 2a:ch bchjnc the cyz --:it3 g dark bmC,

I!..??. 

0 -2 "the tem2le anO'LS z11C G l':tL.172l 9lte~- 

i.l~.t:i~-;?, ser-jzs 02 -;- ,,n,.,ller , Ggrk s;>o,Ls. The l01-:er ~~?.rts vzrc 

checkerec ~;.iitll blzck ZQI; ;.,;l~itc ~~1f:! a CL-?!< -~!iapeC !2zrkli?& 

~.gpearuC on the nayJe. 

$~ronell:,,~~:&~-'&rier:n -- Smr.oth S':~.;kr? 

-'s vit5 the previous sysc:ies tlzis ~i!.~kc 'ir?S 2.~~6. 33 

~toney tvasteln.rz0, flbry P ~VCL~ heG~, x?i1 l-rooCe?~ ~102~6 Thc 

colourri n: WP.S grey or 'nro;amisb above -7ith R series of 

paireZ d~s~~1-c bro;:m or %lack q~ots, The bsck of the bezd 7!a17.5 

covercc:. yi'clz FI b13cl; ;?r?tc?h ant' a aark streak passed elon:? 

zhe side of the head, rron the nostril to the m ~ l c of She 

mouth, passin:; throu,::l~ the sye. The ~~Ccl-sicle v.7.s hro-7.n. or 

;;regish-black. 

Colcop~~~Ai;_m.~pss~~e~s~~l_r_rrl;~ 

- T~Innf;~~f:llier Snak~ 

Thi s sisrlf't rc~ovi i-t-; sndw oceureC in the pinr;~i,roods P 

ens:: ci;;llj~ v!1-~e~e thc under.,,ro~!!!.th srlrs tiiiclres t , The ui?j=evl 

Q E ~ ~ 5:~~3:2e 

G ;;rcyiuh or olivc 7ifiLh dark ;;l-cpkiny;s FL g(,":?. iir, 

part :=iJ~h. ye1 lo:i( contr~:stinz ~~v.ith -t1:e yellor~,rLsll Iloyrer 

j?~.~ts :?C!.ich hi76 OCC'::ID~O~~~~ dp.~k SPO~B.

A consicierable mn~her oP iizr,rLs TTerc secn on the 

6 

islc!nct nnci ,3n?sbably as wan$ 2; unc,-?tg z>ccics were 

1°C 

o'aserved, Cue to our Ic.ek o: !fcno~l~

7. .]f),:..'::T; . ,-A. ;I!!".' :: Lz 

There was n p;eneral. pucity of rnmm~lin!':. species 

to 5e loun?, on Eub oe?. rind several of thcse observ?c! 

are usually nssoc intee. ::~ltk inore te,r,:~e~etc regions. 

Observations have been 1is"csd b~lo-:: tapther with rernarlcs 

in sev~raL cases: 

Zrinacerus euroaneu3- - HpSr.'-e 

U s 

Yo-.* - t i 

Three young hedge hogs wept brou_;ht into the villaqe 

on 22ad Auzust en6 rearel on decayint fruit especially 

over-ripe y~~j~es, X mature mnlc hed,l,pe ho;; WT*S seen on 

';he outskirts of the villaze on 27th Auzust, 

Sorcx minutus - Pigmy Shrew 

iA younG pigmy shrew wns Pounl amongst loose esrth 

on n flry river bed one mile So7::, of Pharacl~ on 17th 

Myotis nathemri - Ncthererts 7 at 

PSpistrellus_nl .+ ~st~cI3u_s~ - Pipistrelle 9at 

Eptesicus serotinus - Scrotine 3at 

Nytalus noctul~ - Noctul~ 3nt 

iLll the b ~ts vere obscrvc:;d, ~xsunlly et dusk in 2i1C 

around Ph~rscla during the months oP 3111y pad Au.wst, 

T::lpz. ?:.,.:--cpaea - Molt 

i- single specimen w9.s f'ol.~;zb $eo.d on F. pz-th ifv.r?iLx 

iiu&xste Mole runs -xrers observed in stuh>le field al- 

thouch 'nole sills ' were rarely recordoC, 

Lepus timidus - 3rov:n Hare 

L'L single specimen yes observcd on hills North of

! r>-Y?.-.p: r,> 

, .:1 -1 

d -. in early iLuGzs t , 

our stay. 

Baths no~vcgicus - 2rown 'Rat 

Comon in the vill~g~ in ;:rali~ stores nn2 around. CLI-f 

. 

ou~houses 

Vulpes fulva - Red Box 

.'. sin~le vixen w7.s l?_a~xd vras hct.?rcl c~1Lin:; *zt n1;-ht 

or1 S L ; V , ~ T E L I OCCAS~O~S durin,, ~~n,,ust near Lchneta2~:~ 

;;ostelr - ilivnlis - 1,iJe~lsel 

One s;~eciyr:n wcis seen,cl.ose to, zt I(hroni3 in early 

~LIJZIIS~, doclqirlg nmonpst rocks nrittin ei::kt f:,c.t of the sen, 

$lvstel?. e~rn.tica - -??-t 

One sp5:inen wrs recoded nezr e dry river be2 ~,t 

Pharncln an6. :mother nrrs O~~SCTYCC on the slopes or _',it, 

Pnrn~ssus, D el ,,hi, bot1-1 in ,",ugvst. 

lJt2~tc-s Ifizr.tes_ Fartcs - Pfnx Ilzrten 

A single pine mnrten ,ns abscrv~cl ~n=n,zst plnc t.tr::es 

?.t DelaI-~i~ 

At 110 time w2i.s th? fecain:, ur vcrj.-,rcness;' to be 

i'ouil5 in the ;~,IOOC~S; ~o~~ihly 011~ to 1,hc -3.hsence of I ess 

shy ZniK?Lls sucll 3s the squirrzl.

C:&:-.i - , 

-:r-; 7 7 y - 

,- -. .- 

- 

.rr ?%.- 

-. L2 

The account or bird life obse~ved durinc the 

exA?e6ition is divided into three ya~ts. 

1 ;:, ;:, . 

Part I A 2eneraL inpression o 3he 9irds seen r--bile 

on the journey zn? arouac the c:~mp. 

Part 31 girds ensenic to Eu'qoea 

Part 111 A detzilee recorc'. of fielC 3bservations. 

It v:as not until we haC passed through F, storm in 

Yu~oslnvia an< vere iE the Skoplje rezion that birc's very 

fimifferent to our ovm Ine~an to sholrr ther!iselves *Great :'[hihe 

Reroas stood in the sb~llotys like isol~:teb statues beside 

the 3iver V~,rdcr ;::hick cut its !:icy t;hrou::h the mountains 

into Uarthern Greece. In tlie iilore hospiJrJ?hle snr' culti- 

vate? areas turquoise blue and brown Rollers perch':: :on 

tclezraph srires, while %ri, :htly coloursi See-Zaters s::;oop- 

ed ~rounZ 2isdjlayi-% $heir unusunlly shaped tail feathers. 

Occus10~1a3_1y Golden Orioln wore Flu-shed From the :wyside 

bushes by the train t o fly of? ncross the Yields. Soon 

04- 'r -- 

.L,LL L~~viiq tha VcrC~r River IT~11sy snC euterii~y tb~ 

Greek i\Jouatnins these cons~l icuous Sirds Zcve way to Hooded 

CTo-;rs, of'ten flyin:? a3.ong i.n consi2ernble numbers. I 

suA;>ose thzt for nost of US OUT 3rst yliirpse of c txlture 

occure?. in th.e PinGus l@ount~.ii~s , 1;lrhere thc occasionnl 

E~yptian Vu3buse soarec? hi~h. overrhead, Very little else of

in!,!.:. :5 t was notice6 therelfter xntil ta3 reacked 

Pharr::clc, possibly due to three ni :hts with lit'tle slew,. 

Re< Zunped Sra;allov,rs v7ell.e comri~on, around. the berns 

n-xi outhouses in ths vill-;.-e an2 one elnbornte nud nest 

we6 212-stere2 to n bean oP n frequently us& 5?.m, vith 

the pr?ir ri~gl\.reiltZg undisturbed hy the eonstrntl:~ r'lutter- 

in-, chicknns 9nf- nunerous r,rrts. h Hoopoe with a IarGr: 

crest often rose fron gnon:: crickets an

i 1:' 3lnckbirScs. Hooded Crows .:-ere f requentljr ;)resent 

?.non;,st the stubble together 374 tb a fen Turtle Doves. 

klgine and Co:-imon Sviir'ts circleC ~?IOVF occasionally, 

l:rI-ile Red Rumi2eG. Common Sv~allowi L~lastere~l their 

nests uncizr beams in outhouses and bnrns. ~"i tni:;ht the 

inaize I'ielcls rwould be ?live ~r+i'ch the calls 02 QunTl ane 

P!i;;h%jzrs althouch only thc latter :%ere seen regularly, 

I"lyin& 101rlr ig the m?ize. Both Tmmy and. Little Owls 

were resident in the vicinity of the vLll?.>e, 

In the L~ ine ~~ools Loi~:zt :tiled Tits , Green17inche s , 

Crossbills , JoclcGems nnc! n Short Toed Trcecreeper *:rere 

occasionally observed. Thc stubble nearer the vi212.h~ks, Pcre;

Ruzaards ant :~leonora's ?'R~co~~s we?e also 

observee on nur;~erous occasions, 

Writh the ~nset 0;" the Autumn migration different 

Sirds ;Ja.sseC tkrou,h the village daily* Various Buntings 

and Wnrblcrs 2iti not linger lon" but nmierous Shrikes often 

rrvaitedl tT.vo or three ciays to TeeC before flyZng South again, 

The occasional Slocks of waCLers, " ;3

Podiceps cristatus - Great Crested Grebe. 

Tvm were seen at Lake Lnnczdas cn 29th Aq-pst, 

Podiceps rrli'icollis - Litt,le Grebe, 

A pair at GZd Ki~inthos, 29th L~ust to 5th Segtenber. 

Procellnria purf inun -- - 1,Ianx Shearwater. 

??E? have records fro13 5th Auast t~ 5th Septenber of 

small numbers at Khronia, Limni an* 01fi Ririnthos with a 

maximum or thirty bi-, .:I off Rhrolnia on 6th 'ugnst* 

Procellarie dionedea - ~ o ~ ySheamatern ' s 

Less camon than P,puffknus but we have records from 

kt5 Auzdst to 5th Ssptefiber, -~,.itlz n nnxixnum of six at 

Linni on 25th Au~ust, 

Pelecnnus - onocrotaLus - 17r'hite Pelican. 

Setween seven 2nd. sixteen werz seen os Lake Langadns 

from 26th to 29th Ausvst, Bumbtars fluctuntec Cnily RIIS 

incluclee same immature bir6s. Each afternoon they WOUZG. 

assemble togethey with many herons, terns 2n8 ~~ulls to 

feed on scx3nps of ofynl thrmfirn Into the lzke by the local 

Fl sherrnal-k- 

Ardea species 

Eighteen unidentifiec' herons Tlyiw south in V- 

farnation early in the moryr,ing of 18th !ku~ast, at Achmetaga. 

The only previous record tq~s cm fin? of this behaviour fs 

7%untf'ort (1958). 

LrGea cinerea . - Heron, 

.A Zlnck af thirty at Lake Lan[

. 29th Aumst ~ppeared to be stationary, but between 

31st August and 5th September numbers at Old Kirinthos 

fluctuated from six to a maximum of eighty-nfne on 4th 

September as migration gat under WRY. 

Ardea ?urpurea - Purple Heron 

Up to four seen at Lake Langada 5 26th t o 29th AugusP;. 

On the latter date a flock of over five hundred were seen 

on gassage at Old Kirinthos , on subsequent days numbers 

of migrants dropped until 4th September when a hunfired 

and twenty-three passed dom the coast. 

Egretta garzetta - L ittle Egret 

- +- 

A maximum of thirteen at Lake Langadas, 29th August. 

The passage of egrets at Old Kirinthos coincided vrith the 

movement of herons and ibises, and nore than a huncred 

egrets were seen on 2nd September, 

- Grdeola ralloides - Squacco Heron 

-. . . - . .- 

fi single bird at Lake Langadas, 28th and 29th August, 

Eight at Old Klrinthos on jlst August and 31-d September, 

anG a flock of over thirty on 2nd Septerober, 

Rycticorax ~ ~ c ? i c o ~ a ~ 

- Night Heron, 

One, Lake Lnngadas, 28th. hup,ust. Seven to ten, Old 

Ririnthos, jlst August. 

CLconia : -r.iconia .- - White Stork, 

Ldults were ~till feeding fledged young in nests in 

northern Greece ss we trzvelled so~lfh~nr~rds on 18th July 

On 6th Aues l; h5 7'3 vv, U + ~ y + ~ 174q 2; a mapificent Plo~~,

of between a thousand and fifteen hundred of these 

aa6 I ?ilo~h~~sti on 25th August, and the only subsequent 

sight records are of single birds at Farsala and Lake 

Langadas, the l~.tter on 26th i~ugust. 

Platalea leucorodin - Spoonbill. 

Two, Lake Lalzp.das, 28th August* One, Old Kirinthos, 

jlst Jku~;ust. 

A 11unCired an6 sixty, 31st LWst; three, 1st Segtenaer; 

fifty-two, 3rd September; sixty-seven, 4th Septe;31ber, and 

a single bird nt OlG Kirinthos, 5th Septenber. 

rvater lake nt LZmRadn~ - where the ma;jority of fowl were 

to 29th August, 

A few pairs nt Lsngadas, 26th to 29th August. 

A couple on 27th fu~nst, and thrc~ on 29th August at 

Lnke Lawadas, 

Phfrteen flying down the coast at Old Kirinthes, 5th 

September, - 

Aythya ferina - Pochp-rd 

One male, I.c?ke Longadas, 28th I;u,pst. 

169. 

birds on migration, Vie SRW seve~al empty nests at Farsala 

Plewadls falcinellus - Glassy Ibis, 

hnas wlatyrilvnohos - Mallard. 

All our records of duck except one are from the fresh- 

mallard of which there were upwards of a thousand from 26th 

.!inas crecca - Teal. 

Znas querqueduln - Gnrgraey* 

Anas penelope - Tigeon.

Neophron percnopterus - E ~~pti -n Vulture. 

lliidespread th~oughout the island an?. Greece. The 

largest flock was obsesved at Kozani where me saw nine- 

teen on 25th Aucust. 

Gyps fulvus - Griffon Vulture, 

Not so widely distributed as the Egyptil n ulture 

but occurs in large num5ers, twenty five being the naximm, 

ne0.r The'aes. 

Aecmiushus - Black Vulture. 

Our only record is or two birds soaring over the 

crac of Hyarnpein at Delghi, on 22nG August with several 

griffons. 

Gnwetus b- - Lammergeier, 

V?e searched Tor three days for this Cistin~ulshed 

bird at Delphi and we finally rewarded by the sight o f a 

single bird flyiw close to our bus, near the slopes of? 

l~lount K iqhis on 24th Au&{ust. A mountain guide told us 

that there was a pair of L,anrner~eiers resident in the 

area. 

AquilLa chrgsaetos - Golden Eagle. 

Tvr~ imrnxtures were seen on KandhS.Lion Oros on 27th 

July, and a single inmature was present at Pilli on 10th 

Aup;ust, 

Bieraetus pematus - - 3ooted Eagle. 

A single light phased adult was mo5hee by n hooded 

crow at Lake Langxdas, 27th August. One at ?'%rakla, 28th 

August.

Suteo buteo - Suzzard. 

Rumerous on the islane particulnrly oo near $trmfilia 

an"?. Acbmetaga, v;Plerz they often take chickens, 

A rzre winter viaitor t o Greece, 5ut we have a 

recorZ of one seen near Strae'ilia, 24th July. We ere 

faailear with the 51rd and hacl excellent view3 or it which 

left ZJ doubts as to it's iclentity- 

Buteo ~ui'inus - - Long Legged Duzji;;rrd, 

Tvm, Old Kirinthas, from 29th ,4uWat until we left 

JsC -Urnst* 

Accipiter nisus - Sparrow E-Iawk. 

V!e have severs1 records of the species from the 

islan8 but none Prom the nninlznd. It is possible that 

at P: arai la on 30th August, and two birds seen there the 

following day nay hnve been A-brevipes (~evant Sparrow 

Uawk), but there records are not fully documents&. 

Accip L!."~, rs-ent illic, - Goshawk, 

One atP:-:ara~ln, 26th an$. 29tb July; an? one at 

Acbmetaga, 18th August; two nt Old Kirinthos, 29th August 

and one, 3rd September arc the only recor'.~ v~hich we heve 

f~om the Island, Two rtt Delph.i, 22nd August, and one at 

Dbomokos on 24th ,%ugust are the retorts from the meinland. 

Pernls npivorua - Honey Buzzard. 

A pair atP":ara~la, 6th August, and a single bird 

theye 28th August.

Clrcus asruginosus - Marsh Hami er . 

One male vahich flew in from the sea at PilZI, early 

in the morning of 11th August w ~ s prob&Jy a migrant. An 

immature bird mas present at Lanz2dcs cn 27th ant! 28th 

August, and mas seen recdiri3 on a little 913 or black 

tern, One, Old Kirinthoa , 29th August. 

Cirous species 

ge havs four recores of irmature or Smale har~iers 

which could have been either C ,cyaneus, C,nacrourus os 

C,pygar$;us, hut since it is aif'ficult Go separate then in 

the field we have Seen cautious and called them all Circua 

sp. One, Lzngzdes, 27th August and three, Old Kirinthos, 

3rG $e,~tem5er, 

Circzetus gallicus - Short-toe3 Eagle, 

Kot uncomnon on the islnnfl, XF hpve nine records frc; 

29th July to 5th September. One, Delphi, 22nd AuPst; one 

L~ngsdas, 27th Au~ust. 

Falco Subuteo - EoSbyl 

Less common thzn we expected, wc hav-9 only four re- 

cords of singlc birds as follow^ - Kekhriss, 24th July, 

Achmetnga , 9th Aumst and Eelphi, 23rd ,A.u:f,ust, an

3rd Se9tembcr and two %here the i'ollowin~ dw- 

Falco biarmicus - Lanner Falcon. 

Our only record is of one z.t Delghi on 22nd August, 

Falco elaonoree - - ~leonore' s Falcon. 

A p?,ir over the ~trofilic$%a~acla ridge most days 

between 18th md 24th ,&ugur,-t. T~io at Old Kirinthos, 

31st Rumst and 2nd September. 

Falco - vesp~rtinus 

- Red-footed Falcon. 

Scnrce, One on the rondside w ith lesser kestrels 

near Levadia on 21st and 24th August, The only bi~d seen 

on Euboez vas seen at 012 Ki~linthos on 3s2 September, 

F~lco ?Taunumi - Lesse~ Kestrel, 

Numerous on the plains neer Thebes nnC Fzrsnla vrherc 

it wEs not unusue.1 to see ul3 to sixty feeding on insects 

which weye c3fsturbod by the fires lit by She peasants 

v~hile Surning stubble, Thcre was a large~oost near 

Farsala. Our only racord from the island is of single 

hirds at Old. Kirinthos, 3lst August an

2nlco timunculus - - Kestrel, 

Widespread throughout the ialanfi ail2 inninland 

Perdix - perdix - Partu.idy;e, 

A rare bird iin Greece, Ip.ie heard them calling at dusk 

ane at sunrise at Kozani, and saw convoys of up to tventy 

birds at Lan$a&as, 25th and 26th liugust. 

Coturnix coturnix - Quail, 

Heard calliN day and ai[{ht at P:hra ',la throughout OUT 

shy, an6 also at Lai~gadzs, 28th an2 29th -4ugust. Five 

seen at; Tl-ra.+fiJa, 30th August. 

Rzllus aquaticus - TJater Rail. 

TTTU, Langadas, 28th ~ugust; heard at Old Kirinthos, 

Porzana porzana - Spotted Crake, 

One at 016- KKZtrinthos, 29th August. 

Gellinula chloropus - 14oorehen, 

The only recosEs arc from Old Ririnthos, tv;o 29th 

an?. single birds 

Fulica atre - Coot, 

A flock of several hw.n&red on Lake Lnwadas, 26th to 

29th flutrust. 

Vanellus :- anellus - Lagvirg, 

One nt Lake Lan$adas, 26th August . 

Charadruis -- hiatf ---- cul-% - Ringed Plovcr. 

Up to ten at Langadn~, 27th and 28th August,

. . 

Parties of over tmnty a'; L?rl,,-.~z.,s, ;C iIi ~d L; 2;: 

l~uzust; several 2t 01C Kirintbos, 29th AuSuat to 5th 

Se~'cember. 

i~x>ezmrria - Int erpres -- - Turnctone, 

One, 016 Kirinthos, 1st to 4th S2ptember. 

Caj?el1a-~~,ll~~.,~g,o - Snipe, 

A -Pew ?-I; Lan~adas, anC one reeo:ild frnm the islanll at 

01 i K-irinthos , jrf f:eL~ternber, 

;?u'usznius s,:ecies, 

Oi?e ant? five at I7Aroniz on 4th and 5t3 kupst 

respectively :..ere psabebly N. arwata, Th2 birds were 

f lyLn;< off' shore in the Atlanta channel ~nfi specific 

idc;ltiSic~.tton wzs impossible. Since there is e 

po~sibility that birGs mpg have Seen N* phzcop~s or N, 

tenuirostris we have included these records un?.er the 

generic name. 

Euneniushaeopus 

--- - l?!himbrel. 

Cne or tlvo present daily ? ~om 29th f%u~i;ust to 4th 

Se2teaher at Old K5rtnthoso 

Naximun 'hvelve et Langndas, and seven at Olb Kirinthos, 

28th and 31st Aurmst. 

S~ell 1iu~lbers on passzge at Langadns end Old Kirinthos 

du~inz last days of flugust and the hcgismln&; of September.

i; ccom..oner species than the Intte~ oil passsge, cccorG- 

fl 

1-q to our reco~fis. Eei30~, sew n pereg~ine type s7:~oop at 

n floe!: of twenty unsuccessfully, on top or the cliffs 

north of' Randhil.ion Oms, Twenty at LangaCas , 26th ;~ugYist, 

I,aFze Tlock uf over u Ilundrcd nt 016 Kirinthos, 3rd 

Septen7aey, grid smaller numbers on p~eceedinz ane subsequent 

rix-a hyyoleucos - Gonmon Sandpiper. 

3rnnll p~.rties of up to eig9t seen from 6th to 31st 

;L~l:4-~~~t :it Khronie, Pilli znd 01C Klrinthos. Heard at 

Lnlzcadas, 26th Au@.sst, 

Trinxa-tot3r~s - Bedshnnk, 

!faxinun twelve at LanznZas, 29th fue;ust where small 

:_u~3~r*s pzsse6. through on migration froin 26th ~ W ~ a A t , 

cclu~le 3t Olfi Kirintbos, 29th iiLuLust. 

---- T~in,c?~ - eryk\ro-p_u& - Sgotted ReCshallL,, 

Zisht and two at Sangadas on 26th w d 28th I~ugust 

re~;pecti*~.ely, One ~.t Old Kirinthos on 29th i-u~ust. 

-- Trlnrp neeuul?ri,-. - Creermhank. 

-, -- --- 

Zevcsel rc?ccrGz Tron I angadas, 26th to 29th Auwst, 

t ~ o to ?cur at Old KZrinthos, 29tk August to 5th September, 

Tying3 - -- S t ~ . ~ ~ - ~ Lamb t i ScaGpiyer. 

l ~ 

-- - 

A11 our recor?k of this bir6 are outside the dctes 

' d 

;;ivert by Lm'tler; LOT nutu-mn passage, One at Langadas, 

27th -ra^rlC 28th i'iu,wst, a ~ one d Old KJ.rint,hos, 3lst Au~ust

Cnlidris minuta - L ittle Stint. 

7 W T 

i s . 

Three, Lnngn&s, 27th August. Two, Old Kirinthos, 

5th Sept~m3er~ 

Cali~ris tem:sinckii - ~eriminck's Stint. 

- - 

,'hree 8nC. fou~teen, L~ngeQ~s, 27th and 28th August, 

Cclidris zlpPina - Dunlin, 

Eeard calling on rnigrntion G-u~ia;; hours of Carkr-ess 

e'c L~nz:~,das. One, Old Kirintbas, 4th Sei~ternber. 

G:Lidris tcstacea - Curlew Snndpipcr. 

Tlrc , Lant?zi?~s, 27th .',uguzt, Onc, Old Kirinthos , 4th 

Se,~tcmber. 

PhiJ.oriinchus pum~x 

- Ruff', 

Three, Lan~edas, 27th Xu~ust. ?%ve, Old Kirinthm , 

31st L'Lu~ust and a sinp;:.lc Plird there on 3rC 9ei3tcmher. 

T~.curvlrostra avo~et~ta - Avocet. 

X couple flying high over Lake L~,ngadas, emly in the 

mornin:, 28th hu[:uat, %re the only ones recorded, 

Eiimantopus himmto;~us- - Black-vringed Stilt , 

A small -;.?t;v of seven rt Lsn,s;zC?.s, 25th August, 

Blzreol~ pratincols - Pratinc~l~. 

Two, Lmia, 24;h i~ugust. Between forty mE sixty c ~ t 

Lnngadrs , whepe the p~?scnce of rn--.ny inrnzture birZls 

sUt+Zcstcd th?t the Sirfl had had c successPui hrec3.in; 

scason, sesn 26th to 29th Jiu:

5 i . n ~ ~ the bird's tnrneness and unsuspecting n ~ture n~lw 

Thilst a: Old Kirinthos, E,E,G, nnc? Go::%, , saw ~~ha: was 

probably a seconc summer bird of this species flying d3.m:~ 

the co~st ia e southerly direction. It Itran vwy close in 

sbcre ~nc: they h ~ d gcoZ vizws cs it setSled n~mcntarily on 

the ~vnter within fifty yzr5.s cr thcrl. ',;e call TinG iio 

p~cvious recnrd of this species in Greece, 3rG Segtenibes. 

L ~ U S ~'UGCUS - Lesse~l Black-bi?.ck.rcC Gull, 

On 5th an.' 6th AuWot nt, Khronin, T i v ~ and. two birds 

Lnrus nrgcnatus - Herring; 3~11, 

:A Pm: 2ai~s ~"t isolr-ted plnccs >long ths const of 

ZuBoe~. during July and Lupxst. 74aximum of' twenty-two at 

Leiig??daa, 29th August, 

Larus audouinii - 217~.douin's Gull. 

One, adult nnd an iminture ~t 01Q Kirinthos, 29th 

s,umst unti 1 5th Ss?temhc:r, 

Lams genei - - Slendar-billed Gull, 

Six at Old Kirinthos, 31st Ilu&ust, sinsle Sirds 1st 

and 3r?1 Segt ,?mber, 

Lzrus melanocephnlus - TiTedite~rznear~ Gull, 

.-A,.- 

C? to three seen off' Lnhboea at ~ h a l . N ~ ~ Psrre, R ~ ? 

ICb~:,lizia rns? Linni Setwceg 19th July ani 25th .lu&~us+Y, 

Larus nilmtus - L ittle Gull, 

-- 

Six ?.t Liaai, 25th Lugust. Up to forty 2% Loi~ .3rl~s,

Coluinbo livia - Rock Dove. 

Single birds st Delghi, 21st to 24th hnpst, Six, 

Ole. l(irTnthas, 1st Septembera 

Streptopelin - tur':ur - Turtle Dove, 

\Tidespread throughout the island, Thc Pirst si~ns of' 

passnge were G;- 20th Aucust ~~:l~en a

-

.:s cornazrn RS LL.Z.~US throu;:;kout the islnnd. Peak 

paes?.ge occuring frAom 17th .to 20th August, when n flock of 

cvcr cl hunbr3C. was sem on the lT-tl? zt Lc?xnet~.gb ./- 

smalls~. poz!lc occurcd 2t thc ??e(_rl.nnin&< oS S~?p%ernb~~ when the 

2lr::est ~u~5er I:as ? flock cf fLfty zt Old Xlrinthos. 

~,lcedo attlnxg- - Kingfisher. 

One, 45 the coast at Im-ronia, 6th August, Tsro :t Oli! 

Kirinthos 29th Auyust an6 1st Se;?t~mbe~; one there, 3rd 

SeA~tember. We snm none in the rivzr v ~llcys wherc the 

waterccurses had ~ 1 dried 1 mt, 

Xeroi~s np, astcr - Bee-eatcp, 

Uy to ten flying high over K~touniz, 17th i~ti-i,u~t. SIX 

:t Elasson 25th ;.,ugust. Fdfty flying in a nortilcrly 

iL1rac-t; ion atP'....srac ln, 27th Au,ust, and seve~ty thcre cn 

2nS Segt exS~r. 

Coraelm .~?~-mlus - Rolle~. 

See9 on pzss?.,ge on the nainlcnd from 37th August, ALS 

77e %r2uvr.:ILe2 slovrly up the country T ~om Levadin to Salonikn, 

from 24th Au&xst to the 265h tve s.w ss:i!ell numbers on the 

teleg~~~~h vrlres .?,,lonzsic c tlzc rozG.- hlaxirnu~il cf' Pive to- 

gether r,t Dhrepanon ane Llanzcdas on 25th i ~ug~t, Thz only 

recores from Ghc: islanC :,are of sing1.e birds at Strofilir-, 

znd 012. Ri~intho~~ 29th Lu;.uut tc 1st Sc,;texber. 

Upupa epops - Hfiopoe. 

Sma1.l nunibcrs OF birds on pess3gc a$je~o,red on the

I?;:' * 

al,.l-. 5 from 18th ,PL~p.st, and continu~d until 29th *"LuLgUst* 

On the matnland ve saw srfiall nuribers os passzze Pron 22st. 

Tlze maximum bclnc ei,cht zt Lnn?~adas, 2cth ,",ups t . 

Dcnc~rocopus nsdi us - Iliddle-spott ed ~Toodpecker a 

ftylo in jlane trees ne~r 016 Kininthos 31st : a~:~'J.~jt~ 

J?/ilx Torquills - T~gneck, 

One sur~rlsingly enou~h IJFS seen about 3000 rt. above 

sea level, on the stony plctenu nec,r bhe Coryci.m Grotto, 

ak Delphi, There mere vcry fev Lroes st this heizht, bet 

we sa>v this hirS in the only T'ruit tree in si~ht, 

~!elmoco~ha .- caLznQra - C alandm Lcrk 

One 3n the rondsic?,c south of Chclkis, 31at Julyo 

-- Czlnnd~c,lla brac21,ydactglll - Short-toed Lark . 

A small pnrtg of over eighteen ~.t Lri.n?;aiins, 29th 

ixugust; and thraee c"ck.raflla, Znc? Se2temF,cr. 

gale rid^ cristata - Crested Lcrk, 

Shundant thrcru~hout th~; islmd and ths malnlnnd, 

Lu32ula zs;Sorea - 'i:ood Lcrk. 

Small flocks of up to ten at P kr,2c1~, and sc;aller 

nu.mbers on thy landwar2 sjde of the sea cliff3 between 

Kanshilion O~os and Limni. 

Alauda orvensis - Skylark. 

TTWQ records only of this sp2cies. On2 on the plyin 

o'l" 3T7rnthon, 51s t July, en6 one et -'?!er~ la , 19th Auwst, 

Eirunclo rus:iga - Scellon. 

.'sbundan"J 3~reeds at .-chmet2~iz and! .RTEI?~E~. TWO

'' 

,! L~X;.~.? resting on teleg~aph wircs on the coast near 

-jFE. 

Chnlkis, cerly in t5e fiorninz Iooke9 to be arrivclc Trom 

+,he nzr-tk,,, LL ler~;e passnze rncvem~nt Ens taking place on 

thc ;;l?-inlancl cn 24th August v~h?n :+re SEW several flocks or' 

over a hunProcl birds on thc wircn. The largest single 

f'loclr bci.~:; Tcur hundree~ birds on the wires, near Lariaszl., 

25'tP. r:u~7;1s t 0 

Hi runfirs finurica - Red.-rur~pcd. Swallow, 

+Jifiespread. fldults feeding young 3% Pnrakla, 25th 

Ju1.y.. 30th this s2ecies onC liorusticz spent the hottcot 

hours of the day resting on the joists cf n Szrn &ove tbe 

resin 2i-k ct ?grckLa; cr3 amidst the shRdy brznchcs of 

the pezs f secs on thc outskirts of the vi.ll.:-tge, 

Delichor, urbica - House ?.Tartin, 

Only two records of this specl-2s. Three or Pour at 

!Achetags were on passagc, lJtii ~.~u;ust. Pif ty , Salonikn, 

26th i'mgust, 

- 

R?arin riparia - Sand. I:lartln, 

i~rn ex-treccly lapse ?,'lock of well over r: thousand birds 

W ~ S Seen nt Lai~z2dns, 26th gust, This number gr~Gu~lLy 

decrc~.sefi until 29th kug,xst 1~hen th~re verc less than hzlf 

the original number presento 

Ptmo;3~,~p~-.rypPg-s-tt~J1s - Crfig ?,l~rtin 

Br:lieved to Isc breef'.iiy~ with Pirundo a-nuricn, on the 

sex cli!Pfs nezr Pilli, v~here we RF~TEI bout ten pzirs, 10th 

..hLup?st. Up Lo twelve seen at Delphi, 22nd Lugust. One, 

Kirinthos, 3sd Septenber.

Orin1.u~ oriolus- - Colden Oriole. 

7 F< r 

., - I 

Passege begm on 20th bZucust when we sr:e: onc mele c?.nc? 

three feznllF;s or irnmatu~ao c?t P'-nra ?la. Singlc birC.s were 

~Lso observ~d there on 20tP1, 25th 2nd 30th i;u~-st* Tlzree 

L'ein~les or irnnctures at Zan?JaCc~, 27th i ~u~pst* 

Curves cczax - Rnven, 

Coni~ion cn the island enC x?,inlsndo T3cre was a roost 

nI' uptvards of tllevcn birds in an olive !;rc)ve between 

P.IZ.PI?. ELe znc? St~ofilia. 

Corvus COFII~X- - Hoodcd Crow. 

Aibundnnt throui;haut the count~y where it la Looked 

upon as a pest, Sorty, ,ichnct~&a, 93h l~u~.ust, 

l-l~~~zCred+ to a thousane zt LEII~~RS, 27th Au;=uste 

Corvys rnonedcu - Jnekd-clw, 

-.- -- - -- 

~ J O T local ~ than the fore:;oing taro s,>acies0 T~enty 

x"thcbmeta;a, lc3~h .~hlgust, Over n hunerdc?. ppicking insects 

off thc basks or ~ rnter buf5'aIo ,~t, Lnnc;aAas. 

-- Pica riccs- - ?+lz~pie. 

None seen on the islc.nC but the SirC is nu~erous on 

the n~inlan5. Huiz6.recil; Plying into s roost ne2r Roz~..ni, 

GRPFUIUS 

- - . vlnndarius 

. -- - - . - - Jey, 

immature on the slopes oi' Kandhilion Oros, 27th 

J-2x3;. Six to ?ight Spathart, 30th July, Twcp ~ a ~ h ~ ~ t c 

9th ,'-up:ust. Six, Li~ni, 25th August, 

- Parus rncjor - GFCR~ Tit. 

Very corninon at Pkrnr lco

Com.on ?tF::~razla :-here snzll mixed _"lacks of' tits 

7arus - ater - Ccal Tit, .',l~~ ,ust , one atF'r?.a-n???lx, 2nd Segt ember, 

1~~~~1itlzn3os car~Cn.tus - Lo,q~;-tnilcd Tit, 

at _Icheetarj~., a maximum of tmonty, 27th -*iu&~st. 

FPnurua biazlrnlcus - 3cxrZed Tit, 

Hear6 at Old Hirirrthos, 29th i~u~usst and. 1st September, 

QiGta. neunngcr - Eoclc Nuth.tch. 

thoir shrill calls in the eerly norning. Also seen at 

Old Kirinthas, 29;h August nne 1st September, 

Certhia br~chydac.G.yI8 - Shos>toed Trec-c~eeper, 

!r?idcs;r cad 3.t 9::arasIe Zn the pine vreods . 

'TFOKI-CCY~~S t roi ;lacl,yts~ 

- -- 

71- - ,V rzn, 

One, Old"-~ra?lz, 27th July,

Manticola saxatilis - Rock Thrush, 

X pnir on Kandhilion Oros, 23rd July, k femal? or 

i~mature at Delghi, 22nd ii'tzgust, 

18:onticols. solitnrius - Blue Rock Thrush* 

U.p -t;o six seen at Pilli, five at Delphi, 22nd August, 

two, OkS Kirinthos, 1st and 3rd September, 

Oenanthe - oennnthe - 7?!heate~,r, 

f~'ount1 ant , 

Oenanthe - hi sgani.cn - Slack-eared 'J!heat ear. 

One jnvenile, P'r~ra'zla, 23~0. July. One, Kekhrias , 24th 

July, Cornn~on at Delphi, 22ne to 24th August. Three, 

y-*s~~:la, 19th August. Also seen at Old Kirinthos. 

Saxicola tarquata - Stonechat 

Two, Delihi, 221-d Aug~st, on the plateau near the 

Corycian Grotto, 

Saxicola rmbetrg - Yhinchnt, 

One female, Dhrep~non, 26th :,ul;ust, An irm.ature, 

- Phocnicums phc3enicurus - Redstart. 

Pai~,~~?-.ara~la, 20th August, Dne male, 27th an

- -- . 1-10 mention of this sL>ecics. 

Zettiu cetti - Cetti's ~JJ~r5ler. 

One, 01< Kiri;~thos, 2nC 9r~c7 31-2 Septeabcx. 

Lucciniol?. -- n~elmopo~s - Mous t?.:.claed H ~..rhler 

Present ~.t Old Kirinthos, 29th Au,rl:ust, 

dLu:nsr,. One, F-~.re.:la, 2:ir. 3ej-t erL>sy 

1, rw.1 e, ,,chmt:t?.,.~ , 1Stl1. ,:u 1- st, .,lso seenY"p..r?,F'l~~, 

2Lth Au;:,ust, 

7.5, 

Tmo, ?'3r7r.l?1a9 9th 2nT lath _,u..yu.st. One, arnyls , 20th 

Lu;us t end 2nT S eL;t en3 e s

3ylvi~ ru~);~Lli - 2u22ellt s ':ts~Flcr, 

- 

0.~(= mele~.arr^r'~la, 19:h ,Lu::ust. One Semz le, Delphi, 

22nr' ,,~;,.unt. 

S,ylvic --- - :.melnnoceghn!,a - Ssrdini ?,n Via~b1i.r~ 

Dsl2hi. 

;F~inf.snt resicknt an the i~lnnd, Connon also st 

Sglvir c~ilt ill-afls - Suh-?ldin- '.lerhlc:-r. 

One, Pilli , 11th ;~u,:us t , several, '~ra."la, I-lth a d 

20th !,u,-us t . 

- 

-',.'Tob~tes l ~z.lp~t~t r s - fi~ovm-'r;eckeC ( RU~US) 

rt~er. 

Firsf, cjyeare-.: on :3cssa e 6i,h -&c.l-;us I, cllic_' s;:!-711 numl?ers 

see11 42i3.y at ,',chlsctn. n znr Pilli until. 12-U- 1,u;ust. 

Cistic012 juncTCi6 - Fnn-taiLec. \,carhlcrc 

T-?IC, Old Kirinthos , 4th Septeriitscr. 

?l-$~lloscogos trocllilug - ; i l E ~ 3q~r31sr 

l ~ ~ 

Swll n~nr3ers on ,~ass.>,'e 3021 20th .,u,ust, 

Phyllos.;o,sus coL1ybi-t - n - ChifTch2i?f. 

Sevzr[:l, OML Kiriathoo , 1st Sejtem%er, 

T:jllosco,sus --- hone31L - 3onclli's ;t;ar%l~r, 

0i1~ qt p' 2.p-r --la, 2Pl"c 'r!~~l ,135f;, Six there9 2nC SeptcqSer. 

P.iusuicapn s-t~ir,tcl - Si70tte?. Yyc?. tc3er. 

2oirl;y cui:in!uil ~ir.o~:izd E' ;I ra - 13 7.. 

knth~r; coin-~estris - T~tvny Pipit, 

One imneture, X ~ n - i ~ i s 5th , ,,v.rust. Five to seven, 

20th x'.uf'ust, R'zC: onep 2nC Se,,tc.xScr e.t"'~'r.r-r:'l:, Three, 

22nci, md one Z3rd ,lu;,ust nt Del2hi, Four, Zan,yC.~s,

: ,. , -,u;u_st. T:?e Pislf G-3iG.e ~ives thi: le;; colourfn:; 

of this sgccies ?..s bein: jrellowish, ba.t nlI the -?irrjs we 

sew n.9 sinkish lc:~. 

-~-~.th-lis -- triviE15s" - Tre~ 2iL~it 

Osc,r :,.r~:.l~~ 20th July anC, two, 19th ,:~et1r;reei1 Z ~ lki F s 

=.nc'Pkew?z.lrla, 305h .'~u*xsz, 

I.:02;acill~. ciult?re;-? - Grey 1~~a:'cr al, 

Tihl~~ Kek'riilsp 24;h .JUl;fm T":o, S$rofili?, 21st 3 ;ust 

an?. 2,rt ?cpt?ml=er. Three, Xclmetr;:a, 2lsL Au5xste 

1'Totncilla f11va - Ye1 l31nl V~;tzil. 

-- 

Several EII; Del~hi, 22nC ad. Z3rd I;u;ust, Lt Lcke 

Lm1~2rd~is we ssuv a thousa,12 on 26th ,*-~;.;ust, The follovr5-1:; 

dcy thoy were all s2enCin; the sicst:- in z Tiel< oI' lucerne, 

Li? the evening r~vhen tPe hcrr:s of she~2 ;3s;1d water kuf F?..lc! 

were driveil down to tke kkeb e2;e tc d~i,-k we estim?"i.c 

5000 yellow ~r~.cteil f;~r,3cc acco~.~~ciny.in,: S,hfis, i"zor3in; on 

'the ~~umerous inscctr; rr;hich the cattle r'isturbe;. , It was 

r. i;:c;:sorf.l~lr; si~ht siflce in ai? i tion to thc clouc's of' -6raZ- 

GzLls ~."eed l.;l~ on the inscc-,s vcre ,,13ny siln?~ ;TI~T%.~~s. The 

~lir --I+-- , -.o tnick erith 1~irC~~ .:*l thou_.:h the rn3 jority of birds 

r5salfil;lcC tne so call~c Jlury-hsnclec?. 'iJp.;.tail it rvzs i?ltz~"est- 

I_?" to set, so n7ny varia'tions in ylu;.~ !7 : - of thc L'smalzs 

r-nd irn,n:-tures, am?. %to thi~!r: holi~ so rna:Xy o~nitholo--ists at 

h3me ~lih'?: nssi~n 31rdls aho:s:rilaz so~nc insly_nifLcmt 

1 A-, '> 

.

-' :> 7 , 

. f , in Enr;lnnd :o one mce or alzother, 

1 . L. ., . 

0% 

them i;,r;llc ililve ?ou.n6. it -vepF c ~ r 1c:klt ~ i i2 tbls :I'loc?r 

:r:h.cre it ?),!zs gifficult 'il3 :'ifif. tri70 3j.rls ?>like, sofie EVeil 

lots ;;zP 3.3 sa;~Gy as iav~iay pi,? it% . 

Lenius excu3itor - Qpest G~sjr 5hr3,ke0 

----- 

Ail adult c"c;pm.p~.::lc". 

, 19,t;h &':TJ, U S ? ~ ~n :!.~cIoB-;: certarn 

Iri:7.-5uue ;-'i V l ~ i Ki~ii'lLllu~~ 2ni Sb>j?tcmba~. 

L.~aius minor - - Le~ser Grcg Shrik?, 

;'+nother sl3ecies ~krhic.h took r !;.!,:,jo:r :$r.l-lt in ';he 

mi,; ;-rrtlon vhich cam9 vritll z T U S ~ ~il 17th AU>~;ES~. i* m9xi- 

jnun of elevc11 ct, ?: -.r~!:l~, 20th ..a-;us t . 'ie co~rttecl 

Lri?isss on thz ~?o~.,-iin:: ai' th,e 2Lth ....u:.I:s~, !:hc-:n -7e ,?ls~ 

nstice5 l~.,r;.e mabeys or' :,r,,e:;s;r:r T'est-rel$ a ?ex: :'?12ers. 

' T l 3 . i ~ TU.S~ of shyikcs haf (~c',-*~~,cker' S>..rikz, 

Sin~le bj.~.c'.a vere s::en at ,'.c:w.etnya on 3th ,'-w.:r.?t 

at Pilli on th';.: llth, but ~~s firit3 other shrikes -q!;~3,ich 

arrived on Eulsoea it *:?as the 17th v:hich ree1l:j hcrcISc-.r?

2-F::. 1 7 q,~rival, Sli;;htly more numezlou.s than the wood- 

c'i~at '~ut, not as nuncrouo nc th,~ IPSS~P 

fl 

:irego L~NC Firc?.s 

:;jc-e rels.~.se

Loxia curvirostra - Crosskill. 

12;:. . 

Small ilarties nct exc?edinpT el~ht b2r?s rvere seen at 

i,c3in~~~.aga, ~&:ra.~la aac? Delghi , betseen 18 th :.urgusl :mil 2n6 

Se,3tembsr, 

Frin;illa co?lex - Chaf'fineh. 

Very conmon on the islnnd, 

EmBerPza - cnZ~.ndrn - - Zasn 3untisy, 

Ten, Dhrepanon, 26th August. Two, Old Kfrinthcs, 29th 

to 3.rd Se,~tenber, 

Emberiza ---- melnnocepheln - Black-beadee Buntin;;, 

Septem-at-r. 

Up to five ~tP"iarnnla, 19th znd 20th ,~~-st, nncl 2nd 

Emberiza -. cirlus - G i r l 3untlw. 

Very cgrnron in tke pin2 aoob on the fringe of 

cult ivnted lane aroun2Ph~-ra'zle a>?. I;~hmet;~gn. f: male mras 

seen carrying food near Kekhrias 24th July, and nt Fillip 

11th Lu,y~st. Often nssocintes in flock8 with black-heeded 

builtiX',s ~nd ortol.ans, 3i:;aximum, sixtze:~ ntPinraT1~ 2nd 

Se~tenb~r~ 

Emberize hortulp,nc -- - Ortolan 3unting, 

5cyer21 rvith cirl hunlir,;s ntP'kra."lc?, 19th :"+~~st. 

Two there on 30th Lugust,, nnd an aciult with nn imn~atu~e on 

2nd Septenber. 

Errbc~iz~~ C 8 m i ~ - Cr*etzsok;nnrt s 3unt ing, 

Tvm, ???a ?la, 13th; one male, 20th ..,uyst ~nc? 2ni 

SeptzmBer. IL nolc at; Celphi, 22nd iLu5;us-t.

T,mSeriza Schoeniclus - Reed Bunting. 

Tm imnaturzs st Langc2dzsp 27th i ~gust. 

Pssscr - Donesticus -- - Nousc Spar~ow, 

Common. 

P~sser ~ISECITI~O~C"~S~S - Spnish Sparro~v. 

.r', male ?,t Elasson, 25th Au~ot. One at Olc" Kirinthos, 

3rd Se?tember, 

Summary, 

Durlnz our short viait to Greecc we atteapted t o visit 

mn12y differing habitats in order to zel; 3 setisfcctory 

picture of its birds. IVe were wna3le Lo choose the time of 

our visit to Greece and July is not to 5e recomv3nCe6 un- 

less one can cloo inclufie .f,ugnst an6 pert of September. 

Our disagpcintment ~t the lack of 9ird life c?uring July was 

amply cornpsnsated for by the sur;j,e of migrzting birds which 

hit the island &rut the 18th ,iugust. Most of 0-r~ intereat- 

ii~; records cone fro^? Lake L~n~adcs an6 Old Kirinthos where 

thcre v ~.s v!?.ter during the hottest ~conzhs. It is interest- 

ing? to surmise whnt we rni~ht have seen if we haC aincover- 

ed these plnccs during July; ~nfl 21: vre could have steged 

%here fnr longer >eriod, 

At First we sqerfenced n ccrtqin amount of difficulty 

;?rith. resard to the war3lers, but this VRS soon resolved; 

ho~vevez?, we do ndvocntt? thzt future visitors to Greece 

slloulcl f ook out for the Thrush Nf phtf~gale on p%ss~..ge*

i f ? 

I?+: e 

were also encountered w ith sane of the 

lnr,er rcy bores. T9cae diffic~l!.ties were never completely 

cvercone ?&nd csrtnin SR~R r+c~:mdkng thasc species has been 

oi~itted in order to present a true reporto 

One hundred and seventy-f ive species hnve been recorded 

ln thi ~ ' t . ~ ~ j ~ ~ ~ 

'Tho highliqhts of the visit were the discovery of a 

Pomarine Skun which spccies haC not .>rcviously been re- 

corded Tor Greece; 2nd of cou~sc tbz breeding of the 

Pallid Swift at Limni, l?Je shz~LZ also nec6 to go s. long 

way fo hnve such s rn2gnificent aiew oT? n LL,ner&isr as we 

had :?c.lr ,",TRC~~VGX 

i3ib1ic):;rn2hyv 

L; LI,T~ZRT , A , 2'~ Specific Check List of tho 3i;?ds of 

Greece, Ibis, I957 pp o 43-68. 

JI!QU~\V.?ORT, G. Portrait of a Wilderness. London 1955. 

PETERSON, MOUT?TPO!?T & ROLLOM. S- Fi5ld Gu3de to the Birds 

of 3rltain and Western Curbope, 19%, Locdon. 

',A71THElTri3Y et 31, The HznCbook of Eritish Birds.

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