Air Pollution Engineering Manual Part6 1973 - Bay Area Air Quality ...

CHAPTER 12 

ORGANIC SOLVENT EMITTING EQUIPMENT 

SOLVENTS AND THEIR USES 

STANLEY CAVDEK, Air Pollution Engineer 

SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS 

MILTON COHEN, Air Pollution Engineer 

PAINT BAKING OVENS AND OTHER SOLVENT-EMITTING OVENS 

GEORGE RHETT. Intermediate Air Pollution Engineer 

JULIEN A. VERSSEN, Intermediate Air Pollution Analyst 

SOLVENT DEGREASERS 

SANFORD M. WEISS, Principal Air Pollution Engineer 

DRY CLEANING EQUIPMENT 

WILLIAM C. BAILOR, Air Pollution Engineer 

PAUL G. TALENS, Intermediate Air Pollution Engineer

INTRODUCTION 

SOLVENTS AND THEIR USES 

Organic solvents are some of the most common 

and widely used products of our society. They 

are involved deeply in our daily lives in such ac- 

tivities as making and cleaning the clothes we 

wear, making and coating the vehicles we drive, 

packaging the foods we eat, printing the materi- 

als we read, and finishing the furniture we use. 

The utility and value of organic solvents can he 

recognieedfrom the following listing of their uses, 

classified by the functions and actions they per- 

form (Scheflan and Jacobs, 1953): 

1. Reducing viscosity of liquids as in the 

thinning of paints, enamels, lacquers, 

and other coatings; 

2. plasticizing of resins as in lacquer manu- 

facture to impart toughness and flexibili- 

ty to the film; 

3. forming azeotropic mixtures as a means 

of separating two or more liquids; 

4. extracting one or more substances from 

a mixture by differences in solubility as 

in the extracting of fats and tallows from 

meat packing wastes; 

5. degreasing and removing oils and grease 

from equipment, textiles, and other objects; 

6. dissolving solids as for purifying or refining 

pharmaceuticals by recrystallization 

or as in dissolving waxes; 

CHAPTER 12 


the product is usually not desired and it must be 

removed. In so doing, it may be recovered for 

reuse and recycling. Too often, however, the 

solvent is wasted to the atmosphere by natural 

or'forced evaporation. When architectural coat- 

ings are applied with solvents, the solvents must 

evaporate into the atmosphere so that the coating 

can form a film or barrier. When industrial 

coatings are applied with solvents, the solvents 

are discharged into the atmosphere by forced 

evaporationin ovens. When clothes are cleanedwith 

solvents, the solvents must be removed, usually 

by heat, before the clothes can be worn again. 

Thus. it is found that solvent vapors are emitted 

from paint bake ovens, spray booths, dip tanks, 

flow coaters, roller coaters, degreasers, dry 

cleaning equipment, printing presses, architec- 

tural coating operations, and other equipment 

wherein solvents or materials containing solvents 

are used. These organic emissions may repre- 

sent a substantial portion of all organic vapors 

present in a community's atmosphere. A rule 

of thumb which has been reasonably close for Los 

Angeles County indicates that about 1/6 pound of 

solvent is emitted each day for each person. 

As of 1969, control legislation had been enacted 

in a few California areas for the nuroose of re- 

A 

stricting these emissions. An example of such 

prohibitive requirements is Rule 66 of the Los 

Angeles County Air Pollution Control District. 

RULE 66 

Rule 66 limits organic solvent emissions by applying 

standards to essentially two types of industrial 

operations where organic solvents are present: 

(1) heat curing, baking, heat polymerizing, or 

operations where solvents come into contact with 

flame; (2) other operations using organic solvents 

classified as photochemically reactive. " 

7. producing solutions containing waterproofing 

or fire-retardant agents using the solution 

to impregnate a material with those 

agents; 

8. serving as carriers for some chemicals 

for facilitating chemical reactions. 

For the purposes of Rule 66, organic solvents 

are defined as organic materials which are liquids 

at standard conditions and which are used as 

dissolvers. viscositv reducers, or cleaning " 

agents. Organic materials are defined by the rule 

as chemical compounds of carbon, excluding carbon 

monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, 

In none of the preceding listed uses do the organic 

solvents enter into reactions whereby they are 

metallic carbonates, and ammonium carbonate. 

chemically changed. After an organic solvent Not all solvents have the same photochemical 

has served its purpose, its continued presence in reactivity; hence, all need not be controlled to the

856 ORGANIC SOLVENT EMITTING EQUIPMENT 

same degree. Olefins, generally the most photo- 

chemically reactive, require the most stringent 

restrictions: xylene and other aromatics of equal 

or higher molecular weight require slightly less 

restrictive measures; compounds suchas toluene. 

branched chain ketones, and trichloroethylene re- 

quire still less restriction. Benzene, saturated 

halogenated hydrocarbons, perchlorethylene, 

trichloroethane, saturated aliphatics, and naph- 

thenes are relatively nonreactive. The varying 

photochemical reactivities of solvents are taken 

into account by Rule 66k, which defines solvents 

as photochemically reactive or nonphotochemically 

reactive by the volume percentages of certain 

components. This classification is then used to 

determine the degree of control required by other 

sections of Rule 66. A photochemically reactive 

solvent has been defined as any solvent with an 

aggregate of more than 20 percent of its total 

volume composed of the compounds classified be- 

low or which exceeds any of the following individ- 

ual volume limitations: 

1. A combination of hydrocarbons, alcohols, 

aldehydes, esters, ethers, or ketones 

having an olefinic or cyclo-olefinic type of 

unsaturation. Subclass limitation - 5 per- 

cent. 

2. A combination of aromatic compounds 

with eight or more carbon atoms to the 

molecule, except ethylbenzene. Subclass 

limitation - 8 percent. 

3. A combination of ethylbenzene, ketones 

having branched hydrocarbon structures, 

trichloroethylene, or toluene. Subclass 

limitation - 20 percent. 

The following examples illustrate the use of Rule 

66 to determine 'Lphotochemical reactivity. " In 

addition, Table 229 lists examples of photochemi- 

cally reactive solvents and Table 230 lists non- 

photochemically reactive solvents as defined by 

Rule 66k. 

Given: 

The solvent system for an industrial coating has 

the fnllowing composition: 

Toluene 10. 0% 

Xylene 10.0% 

Isopropyl alcohol 20. 0% 

Saturated aliphatic 60. 0% 

solvents - 

Total 100. 0% by volume 

Problem: 

Determine if the solvent system is photochemically 

reactive as defined by Rule 66. 

Table 229. EXAMPLES OF SOLVENTS 

IN PHOTOCHEMICALLY REACTIVE 

CATEGORIESa 

k(l) 

solvents 

(limited 

to 5% of 

solvent 

system) 

Turpentine 

Isophorone / Tetralin / Diacetone alcohol 

Mesityl 

oxide 

Dipentene 

k(2) 

solvents 

(limited 

to 8% of 

solvent 

system) 

Xylene 

k(3) solventg 

(limited to 20% 

of solvent system) 

Toluene 

Cumene Trichloroethylene 

Methyl isobutyl ketone 

Diisobutyl ketone 

Methyl isoamyl ketone 

Ethyl isoamyl ketone 

a 

The total of the three categories cannot exceed 

20 percent. 

Solution: 

Tabulate the materials in the solvent that may be 

photochemically reactive as follows: 1(1), (2), 

(3) refer to photochemically reactive groupings 

listed above]. 

(1) (2) (3) 

Toluene 0 0 10. 0 

Xylene 0 10.0 0 

Isopropyl alcohol 0 0 0 

Saturated aliphatic 

solvents 

0 0 0 

Total 0 10.0 10.0 

The (2) group is limited to 8 percent by volume; 

the (3) group is limited to 20 percent by volume. 

Since the 8 percent limit of the (2) group has been 

exceeded, the solvent system is photochemically 

reactive. This in spite of the fact that the sum of 

(1). (2). and (3) does not exceed 20 percent. 

Given: 

A coating solvent system has the following composition: 

Toluene 15. 0% 

Xylene 2. 0% 

Methyl isobutyl ketone 7. 0% 

Isophorone 10.0% 

Saturated aliphatic 

solvents 

Total 100. 0% by volume

Solvents and Their Uses 857 

Table 230. EXAMPLES OF SOLVENTS EXEMPT FROM RULE 66 REQUIREMENTS 

Alcohols 

Tetrahydrofurfuryl 

Ethanol 

Propanol 

Isobutanol 

Butanol 

Isopropanol 

Methanol 

sec-butanol 

Methyl amyl alcohol 

Amy1 alcohol 

Hexanol 

2 ethyl butanol 

2 ethyl hexanol 

Isooctanol 

Isodecanol 

Isohexanol 

Esters 

Ethyl acetate 

Isopropyl acetate 

Isobutyl acetate 

n-butyl acetate 

Isobutyl isobutyrate 

2 ethylhexyl acetate 

Methyl amyl acetate 

n-propyl acetate 

sec-butyl acetate 

Amy1 acetate 

Methyl acetate 

2. The group (3) total exceeds the allowable 

20 percent. 

3. The total of all groups (34percent) exceeds 

the allowable total of 20 percent. 

Lirnitotions on the Use of Photochemically 

Reoctive Solvents 

Rule 66 (b) limits the quantity of photochemically 

reactive material which may be discharged. A 

Ketones and 

chlorinated solvents 

Ketones 

Acetone 

Methyl ethyl ketone 

Cyclohexanone 

Chlorinated solvents 

Perchlorethylene 

1, 1, 1 -trichlorethane 

Carbon tetrachloride 

Miscellaneous 

Paraffins 

Naphthenes 

1 -nitropropane 

2-nitropropane 

Tetrahydrofuran 

Dimethyl formamide 

Benzene 

Nitromethane 

Nitroethane 

I 

: Problem: limit of 40 pounds per day is placed on the quan- 

4 

i 

I 

Determine if the solvent system is photochemically 

reactive as defined by Rule 66. 

Solution: 

Tabulate the materials in the solvent that may be 

photochemically reactive as follows: [(I), (2), 

tity of organic material whichmay be discharged 

into the atmosphere in any one day from any one 

article or machine which employs, applies, evaporates. 

or dries such a solvent. Rule 66(c) (effective 

September 1, 1974) limits the discharge of 

nonphotochemically reactive organic solvents to 

no more than 3,000 pounds per day. It is imporj 

3 

' j 

$ 

:I 

i: 

(3) refer to photochemically reactive groupings 

listed above]: 

tant to note that drying does not encompass such 

operations as baking, heat polymerization, or 

Toluene 

(1) 

0 

(2) 

0 

(3) 

15. 0 

heat curing. - In addition, no contact with flame 

is permitted. Operations involving such processes 

are covered below. 

Xylene 0 2. 0 0 

Baking and Curina Operations 

Methyl isobutyl ketone 

Isophorone 

0 

10.0 

0 

0 

7.0 

0 

Emissions resulting from processes where solvent-containing 

materials are heat-cured, baked, 

.; 

'j 

Aliphatic solvents 0 0 0 

or heat-polymerized, or where solvents comein- 

--- to contact with flame, are generally more photo- 

Total 10.0 2.0 22.0 chemically reactive than the raw solvents alone. 

For this reason, Rule 66a limits the discharge 

This solvent system is photochemically reactive from the baking operations listed above to 15 

7 

i 

,! 

for three reasons: 

pounds per day. The limit applies regardless of 

1. The group (1) total exceeds the allowable 

5 percent. 

whether the solvents used in the original material 

are defined as photochemically reactive or nonphotochemically 

reactive. 

. . 

. . 

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES 

If the 15-pound and 40-pound daily limits of Rules 

66a and 66b are exceeded, the total emissions 

must be reduced by at least 85 percent overall 

or to not more than the stated limit. Reduction 

for compliance with Rule 66 can be achieved by 

the use of afterburners or adsorption devices or 

by any other method considered by the Los Angeles 

County Air Pollution Control District as being 

equally effective.

85 8 

Incineration, if employed, must be capable of ox- 

idizing at least 90 percent of the carbon in the or- 

ganic material to carbon dioxide. This require- 

ment is not waived by the 85 percent reduction 

above. Since temperatures of 1400' to 1500 "F 

are sometimes required, heat recovery for use 

elsewhere in the process or for preheating the in- 

coming gases will reduce the costs of the after- 

burner operation. The determination of whether 

90 percent of the carbon in the organic materials 

has been oxidized to carbon dioxide is made by 

chromatographic separation of the components in 

the incoming and exit streams to the afterburner 

and combustion and measurement of the resulting 

carbon dioxide in an infrared spectrophotometer. 


Activated carbon adsorbers that can be regenera- 

ted by the use of steam, with the subsequent 

condensation and separation of solvent and water, 

are also possible alternatives. They are especial- 

ly suitable where solvent recovery is desirable be- 

cause of cost considerations or where incineration 

is impractical as with chlorinated solvents. 

Generally, neither of these methods is feasible 

where large air volumes are involved, as in 

~aint spraying operations. In such instances, it 

has proven more economical to reformulate the 

solvent systems to the extent of making them nonphotochemically 

reactive and thereby removing 

the limitation on the quantity of organic material 

which may be emitted. 

Various problems are encounteredin this approach. 

such as cost considerations, relative solvency, 

evaporation rates, compatibilities, and partial 

solvation of undercoats to name a few. Never- 

theless, since the inception of Rule 66, it has 

been proven that reformulation can almost invari- 

ably be accomplished. In the rare instance where 

a solution cannot be found, a change from one 

basic coating system to another may be required. 

Research is underway to develop solventless 

coatings. Some of these coatings already have 

been developed, including powder coatings, 

plastisols, and electrocoating afld radiation 

curing, which enable low viscosity monomers 

to be used. 

SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS 

INTRODUCTION 

Many manufactured articles receive coatings for 

surface decoration and/or protection before being 

marketed. A number of basic coating operations 

are utilized for this purpose, including spraying, 

dipping, flowcoating, roller coating and electro- 

coating. There are variations and combinations 

of these operations, each designed for a special 

task. For example, articles may be coated by 

spraying with either an air-atomized, airless, 

electrostatic, airless-electrostatic, or hot-spray 'j 

method. The coatings applied in these operations 'i 

vary widely as to composition and physical pro- ;: 

perties. 

TYPES OF EQUIPMENT 

Spray Booths 4 

In spraying operations, a coating from a supply :: 

tank is forced, usually by compressed air, through .j ,$ 

a "gun" which is used to direct the coating as a 

f 

spray upon the article to be coated. Many spray- j 

ing operations are conducted in a booth or enclo- j 

sure vented by a fan to protect the health and safety ,! 

of the spray gun operator by ensuring that explo- f 

sive and toxic concentration levels of solvent va- j 

pors do not develop. Table 231 shows threshold 3. 

? 

limit values of typical coating solvents. These 

values are average concentrations to which work- 1 

ers may be safely exposed for an 8-hour day with- ; 

out adverse effect to their health. j 

Booths used in spraying operations, for conven- 

ience, are referred to as paint spray booths, al- 

though the actual coating sprayed may be other 

than paint. Such booths are discussed in relation 

to particulate removal for ceramic and metal 

deposition equipment in Chapter 7. 

Paint spray booths may have an independent air 

supply delivering heated, filtered, and/or humid- 

ified air. Booths not having a direct independent 

air supply may or may not be equipped to filter 

incoming plant air as well as to remove particu- 

late matter from the exhausted air. Typical 

floor type paint spray booths are shown in Figures 

650,651, and 652. 

Flowcoating Mochines 

In flowcoating operations, such as shown in Fig- 

ures 653 and 654, a coating is fed through over- 

head nozzles so as to flow in a steady stream 

over the article to be coated, which is suspended 

from a conveyor line. Excess paint drains from 

the article to a catch basin from which it is re- 

circulated by a pump back to the flow nozzles. 

Impinging heated air jets aid in the removal of 

superfluous coating and solvent from the coated 

article prior to its entering an oven for baking. 

FIowcoating is used on articles which cannot be 

dipped because of their buoyancy, such as fuel- 

oil tanks, gas cylinders, pressure bottles, etc. 

A new variation of the flowcoating process, elec- 

trophoretic flowcoating, has been developed and 

already has reached production scale in Europe.

Acetone 

Surface Coating Operations 859 

Table 231. THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES OF TYPICAL PAINT SOLVENTS 

Amy1 acetate 

Methyl ethyl ketone 

Butyl acetate 

I I 

Lower explosive 

limit (LEL)a 

1. 1 

1. 81 

1. 7 

25% of 

LEL, 

Cellosolve 1 2.6 / 26,700 1 6,670 1 ZOO 

1 Ethyl acetate 

Cellosolve acetate 

Ethanal 

Naphtha (petroleum) 

2. 18 

1.71 I 22, 300 

17,400 

/ 33, 900 

9,290 

1 

1 

5, 570 

4, 350 

8,470 

2,320 

I 

1 

400 

100 

1.000 

500 

. . ~ . . 

.~ . . 

. . .. 

. Toluene 

Xylene 

1. 27 

1.0 

12,600 

10,100 

3,150 

2,520 

200 

200 

I Mineral spirits 

0.77 

7.760 1,940 

500 

I 

I 

70 

2. 15 

Ppm 

11,100 

18,400 

17, 300 

PPm 

5,500 

2, 770 

4,600 

4, 320 

a Adapted from: Factory Mutual Engineering Division, 1959. 

b~dapted from: American Medical Association, 1956, except as noted. 

C~onexplosive at ordinary temperatures. 

22,000 

Maximum allowance 

concentration, 

P P ~ 

1,000 

d~dapted from: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1960. 

Figure 650. Water-wash spray booth (The Devi lbiss Figure 651. Paint arrestor spray booth (The Devil- 

Co., Toledo, Ohio). biss Co., Toledo, Ohio).


Figure 652. Dry baffle spray booth (The Devi lbiss 

Co., Toledo, Ohio). 

Figure 653. Side view of a flowcoating machine (In- 

dustrial Systems, Inc., South Gate, Calif.). 

The item to be coated is made the anode and the 

flow nozzle is made the cathode. The same prin- 

ciples are applied in electrocoating, or electro- 

phoretic deposition, which is described briefly 

under "Dip Tanks. " 

Figure 654. View of a flowcoating machine showing 

drain decks and enclosures (Industrial Systems, Inc., 

South Gate. Calif.). 

Dip Tanks 

Dip tanks are simple vessels which contain a work- 

ing supply of coating material. They usually are 

equipped with a close-off lid and a drainage res- 

ervoir, which are activated in case of fire. The 

object to be coated is immersed in the coating ma- 

terial long enough to be coated completely and 

then removed from the tank. Provision is made 

to drain the excess coating from the object back 

to the tank, either by suspending the work over 

the tank or by using drain boards that return the 

paint to the dip tank. Some method usually is 

provided for agitation of the coating material in 

the tank, in order to keep it uniformly mixed. 

The most frequently used method consists of 

withdrawing coating by a pump from the tank 

bottom and returning it to a point near the tank 

top but still under the liquid surface. 

Electrocoating, a variation of the ordinary dip 

tank process of coating, is the electrodeposition 

of resinous materials on surfaces. This opera- 

tion is sustained from water solutions, suspen- 

sions, or dispersions. In the electrocoating pro- 

cess, the object being coated is the anode and 

the tank containing the dilute solution, suspension 

or dispersion of film-forming materials usually 

is the cathode. The dilute coating system is con- 

verted from a water soluble or dispersible form 

toadense. water insoluble filmonthe surface be-


ing coated. An advantage of electrocoating com- Table 232. PERCENT OF OVERSPRAY 

pared with dipping, flowcoating, or electrostatic AS A FUNCTION OF SPRAYING METHOD 

spraying is its built-in property of producing uniform 

thickness on all solution-wetted surfaces, 

AND SPRAYED SURFACE 

including sharp edges and remote areas. Method of 

spraying 

Flat 

surfaces 

Table ley - Bird caee 

surface surface 

Roller Coating Machines 

Air atomization 50 85 9 0 

Roller coating machines are similar to printing 

presses in principle. The machines usually 

have three or more power-driven rollers. One 

roller runs partially immersed in the coating and 

transfers the coating to a second, parallel roller. 

The strip or sheet to be coated is run between the 

second and third roller and is coated by transfer 

of coating from the second roller. The quantity of 

coating applied to the sheet or strip is established 

by the distance between the rollers. 

THE AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM 

Air Contaminants from Paint Spray Booths 

The discharge from a paint spray booth consists 

of particulate matter and organic solvent vapors. 

The particulate matter, representing solids in the 

coating, derives from *at portion of the coating 

which does not adhere to the target of the spray- 

ing, the inside of the booth, or its accessories. 

The organic solvent vapors derive from the 

organic solvent, diluent, or thinner which is used 

with the coating and evaporates from coating sus- 

pended in the airstream, on the target of the 

spraying, or ontheinside surfaces of the boothand 

its accessories. The choice of the sprayingmethod, 

air atomization, electrostatic, or other, is a fac- 

tor in determining the amount of overspray, that 

is, the amount of sprayed coating which misses 

the article being coated. The configuration of the 

surface to be sprayed is another factor influencing 

the amount of overspray. Table 232 gives some 

typical overspray percentages. 

The particulate matter consists of fine coating 

particles, whose concentration seldom exceeds 

0.01 grain per scf of unfiltered exhaust. Despite 

this small concentration, the location of the ex- 

haust stack must be carefully selected so as to 

prevent the coating from depositing or spotting on 

neighboring or company property. 

Solvent concentrations in spray booth effluents 

vary from 100 to 200 ppm. Solvent emissions 

from the spray booth stacks vary widely with 

extent of operation, from less than 1 to over 3,000 

pounds per day. Organic solvent vapors, in 

general, take part in atmospheric photochemical 

reactions leading to eye irritation and other photo- 

chemical smog effects. A more detailed discus- 

sion and listing of the principal photochemically 

reactive and nonphotochemically reactive solvents 

Airless 

Electrostatic 

Disc 

Airless 

Air -atomized 

20 to 25 

5 

20 

25 

are foundin the section "Solvents and Their Uses. " 

Solvent odors also may cause localpublicnuisances. 

Essentially, all the solvent in or added to the 

coating mixture eventually is evaporated and 

emitted to the atmosphere, A notable exception. 

however, would be the styrene diluent in a poly- 

ester resin coating mixture. The styrene diluent 

is polymerized along with the polyester resin, 

thus classifying it as a reactant. Although organ- 

ic solvents have different evaporation rates, sol- 

vent emissions by flash-off can be estimated at 

various times following the coating operation from 

the specific composite solvent formulation. Fig- 

ure 655 relates solvent flash-off time with percent 

solvent emission for various classifications of 

coatings. Flash-off can be defined as that quantity 

(in terms of percent or weight) of solvent evapo- 

rated, under ambient or forced conditions, from 

the surfaces of coated parts during a specified 

time period. 

The following examples show some factors to be 

considered in determining the solvent control 

measures required to operate the surface coating 

equipment in compliance with air pollution emis- 

sion standards. Note that the solvent emission 

due to flash-off of solvent in the air space sur- 

rounding the coated article after it leaves a spray 

booth is added to other emissions because of the 

provisions of Rule 66(b) and (c). 

Problem: 

1. Calculate the weight of solvent emitted from a 

spray booth and associated oven. 

90 

5to10 

30 

35 

2. Evaluate spray booth emissions with respect 

to Rule 66. 

Given: 

90 

5to10 

3 0 

35 

A conveyorieed air-atomized electrostatic spray 

booth in which 15 gallons per day of reduced alkyd 

enamel (5 gallons of enamel plus 10 gallons of


20 

10 

- 

1. LACQUER: CLEAR, SEMI-GLOSS, FLAT, PIGMENTED, PRIMERS, PUTTIES, SEALERS - 

VINYL ORGANISOLS. STRIPPABLES, SOLVATED POLYESTERS 

2. SOLVATED VINYL PLASTISOLS 

- 3. STAINS: SPIRIT, OIL - 

0 

1 

I 

2 

I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 0 

minutes 

I 

20 

I 

40 

I 

60 

1 hr 

I 

2hr 

I 

3hr 

I 

4hr 

I I I 

6k a t 12k 16h1 

TIME 

Figure 655. Evaporation curves relatlng percent solvent losses to solvent flash-off times. 

toluene as thinner) are sprayed onto flat surfaces. 

After spraying, solvent is allowed to flash-off 

from the coated parts for 2 minutes before the 

parts enter the bake oven. 

Alkyd enamel: Percent volatiles 53% by weight 

(fictitious) 5 0% by volume 

Solution: 

Weight 9. 7 lblgal 

Xylene 58% by volume of solvent 

in unthinned paint 

Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons 

42% by volume of solvent in un- 

thinned paint 

Toluene thinner 7. 2 %/gal 

1. Solvent emissions from spray booth and oven: 

Total solvent sprayed 

where 

s = (G)(P~)(V) t T (P2) 

S = solvent sprayed, lblday 

% volatiles by weight 

V = volatile fraction = 

100 

G = unthinned paint sprayed, gallday 

p1 = density of unthinned paint, lblgal 

4. VARNISH: CLEAR AND PIGMENTED 

5. ALKYDS, ACRYLICS, POLYURETHANES 

6. EXPOXIES - 

T = thinner added, gallday 

PZ = density of thinner, lblgal. 

- 

- 

- 

Solvent emissions from spray booth and flash- 

off area 

where 

S = solvent sprayed, lblday 

% overspray 

M= overspray fraction = 

100 

(from Table 232) 

% flash-off 

F = flash-off fraction= 

100 

(from Figure 655). 

Table 232 indicates an overspray factor of 

25 percent for flat-surface, air-atomized 

electrostatic spraying. Figure 655, Curve 5, 

indicates a weight loss of 36 percent from the 

coating during a 2-minute flash-off period. 

E= (97.6)(0.25)+(97.6)(1-0.25)(0.36) 

= 50.8 lblday


Solvent emissions from oven reformulating the coating and solvent system to 

make it a nonphotochemically reactive system. 

Oven emission = solvent soraved - sorav 

+ , 

booth and flash-off area emissions 

= 97.6 - 50.8 : 46.8 lb/day 

Spray booth compliance with Rule 66: 

Rule 66b applies to the operation of coating 

equipment of this type and therefore solvent 

photochemical reactivity must be evaluated. 

Solvent from unthinned paint 

= (gallday unthinned paint)(volatile fraction, 

by volume) = (5)(0.5) = 2.5 gallday 

An alkyd enamel having the composition listed in 

Table 233 can be used to eliminate the photochemi- 

cally reactive xylene nonconforming factor. How- 

ever, the added toluene thinner would continue to 

cause the composite solvent system to exceed the 

limitation of 20 percent by volume total photo- 

chemically reactive solvents. A nonphotochemi- 

cally reactive toluene replacement thinner, as 

listed in Table 233, can be used which, in con- 

junction with the conforming alkyd enamel, will 

result in a composite solvent system meeting 

regulatory requirements. 

Saturated hydrocarbons = (2.5)(0.42) 

= 1.05 gallday The emissions from the hake oven in the preceding 

example also violate the provisions of Rule 66. 

Xylene = 2.5 (0.58) = 1.45 gallday Such ovens and their relationship to Rule 66 are 

discussed in a later section. 

Toluene (added) = 10.00 gallday 

Total = 12.50 gallday Air Contaminants from Other Devices 

Volume percent composition of composite 

solvent system 

Saturated hydrocarbons 

1.05 

= -x 

12.50 

100 = 8.40% 

1.45 

Xylene = ----x 100 = 11.60% 

12.50 

Toluene =- '0'0° x 100 = 80.00% 

12.50 

Total 100.00% 

The composite solvent system is classified 

photochemically reactive for the following 

reasons (see also "Solvents and Their Uses"): 

1. Xylene exceeds the 8 percent by volume 

limitation of Rule 66k-2. 

2. Toluene exceeds the 20 percent by volume 

limitation of Rule 66k-3. 

3. The total of the volume percents of photo- 

chemically reactive solvents exceeds the 

20 percent allowed by Rule 66k. 

Since the composite solvent system is photochemi- 

cally reactive, the solvent emissions from the 

spray booth may not exceed 40 lblday under the 

provisions of Rule 66b. The calculations showed 

that the booth emits 50. 8 lbtday, and therefore the 

unit exceeds the limits of Rule 66. Compliance 

with Rule 66 can be achieved by reducing or con- 

trolling the emissions to 40 lbtday or less, or by 

Air contaminants from dipping, flowcoating, and 

roller coating exist only in the form of organic 

solvent vapors since no particulate matter is 

formed. Solvent emission rates from these opera- 

tions maybe estimated by the methods given in the 

spray booth example with the omission of the over- 

spray factor. 

HOODING AND VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS 

Requirements for Paint Spray Booths 

The usual spray booth ventilation rate is 100 to 

150 fpm per square foot of booth opening. In- 

surance standards require that the enclosure for 

spraying operations he designed and maintained 

so that the average velocity over the face of the 

booth during spraying operations is not less than 

100 fpm. Flow into the booth must be adequate to 

maintain capture velocity and overcome opposing 

air currents. Therefore, the booth should enclose 

the operation, and extraneous air motion near 

the booth should be eliminated or minimized. 

Requirements for Other Devices 

Dip tanks, flowcoaters, and roller coaters 

frequently are operated without ventilation hoods. 

When local ventilation at the unit is desirable, 

total enclosure or partial enclosure by a canopy 

hood may be installed. Hoods should encompass 

and be located close to the source of emissions. 

The flow into the hood must be sufficient to 

maintain capture velocity and overcome any 

opposing air currents.


Table 233. EXAMPLES OF SURFACE COATING AND ADDED THINNER FORMULAS 

ON AN AS-PURCHASED BASIS HAVING CONFORMING SOLVENT SYSTEMS 

(See section on "Solvents and Their Uses") 

Type of surface 

coating 

Enamel, air dry 

Enamel, baking 

Enamel, dipping 

Acrylic enamel 

Alkyd enamel 

Primer surfacer 

Primer, epoxy 

Primer, zinc 

chromate 

Primer, vinyl zinc 

chromate 

Epoxy-polyamide 

Varnish, baking 

Lacquer, spraying 

Lacquer, hot spray 

Lacquer, acrylic 

Vinyl, roller coat 

Vinyl 

Vinyl acrylic 

Polyurethane 

Stain 

Glaze 

Wash coat 

Sealer 

7. 0 

Toluene replace - 

17. 5 

ment thinner 

Xylene replacement/ 6.5 / 1 56.5 

(Toluene) 

1 7.5 

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT 

Control of Paint Spray Booth Particulatss 

A considerable quantity of particulate matter 

results from the use of the common air atomization 

spray gun. During coating of flat surfaces, 

a minimum of 50 percent of the coating sprayed 

is not deposited on the surfaces and is called 

overspray. During the spraying of other articles, 

the overspray may be as high as 90 percent, as 

shown in Table 232. Baffle plates, filters, or 

water-spray curtains are used to reduce the 

emissions of particulate matter from paint spray 

booths. Reduction is further enhanced with elec- 

trostatic spraying, which decreases overspray. 

Baffle plates control particulates from enamel 

spraying by adhesion, with removal efficiencies 

of 50 to 90 percent. Baffle plates have very low 

efficiencies in collecting lacquer spray particu- 

lates because of the rapid drying (solvent flash- 

off) of the lacquer and consequent slight adhesion

to the baffles. Figure 655, Curve 1, illustrates 

the rapid drying of lacquer coatings. Filter pads 

satisfactorily remove paint particulates with 

efficiencies as high as y8 percent. The filtering 

velocity should be less than 250 fpm. 

Water curtains and sprays are satisfactory for 

removing paint particulates, and well-designed 

units have efficiencies up to 95 percent. A water 

circulation rate of 10 to 38 gallons per 1000 cubic 

feet of exhaust air is recommended. Surface 

active agents are added to the water to aid in the 

removal of paint from the circulating tank. 

Control of Orgonic Vapors from Surface Coating 

Operations 

Organic solvents used in coatings and thinners 

are not controllable by filters, baffles, or water 

curtains. Solvent vapors can be controlled or 

recovered by the application of condensation, 

compression, absorption, adsorption, or com- 

bustion principles, when necessary for either 

economic or regulatory requirements. 

Paint Baking Ovens and Other Solvent-Emitting Ovens 865 

The composite solvent vapor emissions from 

coating operations are classified either as photo- 

chemically reactive or nonphotochemically reac- 

tive under Rule 66. If the composite emission is 

classified nonphotochemically reactive, its emis- 

sion into the atmosphere is limited by regulatory 

requirements where large quantities are used. If 

the composite emission is classified as photochem- 

ically reactive, then its emission into the atmos- 

phere is limited to small quantities. If it is desir- 

able to recover the solvent for reuse, then, in view 

of the small solvent vapor concentration in the air- 

stream from the spray booth, applicator hood, or 

enclosure, the drily economically feasible solvent 

recovery method is adsorption. 

Control efficiencies of 90 percent or greater are 

possible by adsorption using activated carbon, 

provided particulates are removed from the con- 

taminated airstream by filtration before the air- 

stream enters the carbon bed. An industrial 

illustration of this method is in the application of 

stain or soil repellent chemicals (fluorocarbons) 

to fabrics. The fluorocarbon is dissolved in a 

chlorinated solvent, and the solution is sprayed 

onto the surface of the fabric. The solvent then 

is evaporated from the cloth as it passes through 

a dryer. The effluent from the spray booth and 

dryer is collected and ducted to the activated car- 

bon adsorbers for solvent recovery. 

When the solvent emission is not to be recovered 

and the emission is deemed photochemically reac- 

tive, then incineration would be the practical 

method of control, provided the solvent system 

cannot be reformulated to a nonphotochemically 

reactive system. An industrial illustration of 

this is the roller coater application of a vinyl top. 

coat coating to can body tin plate sheets. The 

roller coater and conveyor are tightly encased to 

capture the solvent emissions, which are in turn 

ducted to an associated oven-afterburner unit for 

incineration. Generally, the vinyl topcoat coat- 

ings contain isophorone, which is a highly photo- 

chemically reactive solvent. General design fea- 

tures of adsorption-type devices and afterburners 

are discussed in Chapter 5. 

PAINT BAKING OVENS AND OTHER 

SOLVENT-EMITTING OVENS 

INTRODUCTION 

The term "paint baking, " as used in this section, 

refers to both the process of drying and the pro- 

cess of baking, curing, or polymerizing coatings. 

In both instances, heat is used to remove residual 

solvents, but in baking, curing, or polymerizing, 

the heat also serves to oroduce desired chemical 

changes in the coatings. These changes result in 

a hardened, toughened, less penetrable coating. 

A rough, not always conclusive, method to dis- 

tinguish a baking process from a drying process 

in the field is to wipe the finished coating with the 

coating solvent or the liquid coating. If the coating 

on the product from the oven wipes off, not abrades 

off, the process was drying; if it does not wipe off, 

the process was baking. 

In its simplest form, paint baking may result only 

in speeding the evaporation of solvents and thin- 

ners which would normally air-dry. In a complex 

system, the following factors may be critical: 

1. There must be sufficient time before heat- 

ing to permit the coated surface to "level" 

and allow highly volatile solvents to evapo- 

rate slowly to prevent the formation of 

bubbles in the coating. 

2. The heated process must start with a low 

temperature to provide for continued slow 

evaporation of residual solvents without 

bubbling. '! 

3. Sufficient time and temperature must be 

provided for full curing of the coating. 

4. The heated process must be ended before 

j 

damage to the coating occurs. I 

I 

5. Volatilized curing products must be re- 

moved from the area of the coated surface 

to prevent interference with.the curing 

process.


Additionally, the design of all systems involving 

the heating of coatings must include, as primary 

considerations, the safety, health, and comfort 

requirements of operating personnel. Concentra- 

tions of organic materials in oven gases must be 

kept well below explosive levels. The exhausting 

of toxic oven gases must be regulated to prevent 

inhalation by operators. Excessive heat, in both 

oven gases and the product, may have to be con- 

trolled to prevent operator discodort or injury. 

BAKE OVEN EQUIPMENT 

Bake ovens are designed for processing on either 

an intermittent batch basis, or on a continuous 

web- or conveyor-fed basis. 

Batch Type Ovens 

Processing on a batch basis is best suited to low 

production rates or to prolonged, complex, or 

critical heating cycles. A common batch type 

oven (Figure 656) consists of an insulated enclo- 

sure with access doors on one end, equipped 

with temperature-regulating, air-circulating, 

and exhaust systems. Coated parts are placed 

on portable shelves or racks which can be easily 

rolled in and out of the oven. Both oven installa- 

tion and heating costs are usually minimal for a 

particular process requirement. Labor costs 

will be high on a per-unit basis. 

N1ITORIL 

ktct~eurrrtxs 

FPW 

F~gure 656. An ~nd~rectly heated gas-f red reclrculatlng 

batch-type paint baking Oven. 

Continuous Ovens 

A continuous conveyor-fed system becomes 

essential to facilitate handling and to reduce 

labor costs where high production rates are in- 

volved. Equipment requirements can range from 

what is essentially a batch oven with a pass-through 

conveyor installed to large structures enclosing 

tens of thousands of cubic feet with provisions for 

maintaining several different temperature levels, 

air circulation rates, and exhaust rates, with air 

curtains at the access openings to control the 

escape of heated, contaminated gases into work 

areas, with equipment to filter and to precondi- 

tion the make-up air supply, and with fire- and 

explosion-prevention devices. A typical continu- 

ous oven is shown in Figure 657. 

Heating of Ovens 

The heat input for an oven process must be 

sdficient to: 

1. Attain the desired temperature in the 

coating material and the substrate, 

2. heat the ventilation air, and 3: 

3. compensate for heat losses from the oven :! 

exterior. 

>{ 

> 

Common methods of oven heating include gas, 

electric, steam, and waste heat from other i 

processes. 

j 

Ovens heated by gaseous fuels may be either '4 

direct- or indirect-fired. In a direct gas-fired 

j 

oven, the products of combustion combine with 

$ 

the process air. Oven burners may use only 

fresh make-up air or recirculated oven gases 

:t 

ihx combined with make-UD air. In the latter ~rocedure, 

organic materials in the recirculated 

oven gases come into contact with flame. The 

flame contact may cause the oven emissions to 

become more photochemically reactive and may 

make them subject to certain air pollution regulations 

such as Rule 66aof the Los Angeles County 

Air Pollution Control District. In an indirectfired 

system, the circulated air is passed 

through a heat exchanger. Combustion products 

pass through the hot side of the exchanger 

and discharge directly to the atmosphere. The 

indirect method of firing is used either when the 

explosion hazard is considered high or when combustion 

products in the circulated oven gases might 

interfere with the chemistry of the baking process. 

Electrically heated ovens are of two types: 

1. Resistance - Fresh make-up air or oven 

gases are passed over electrical resistance 

heaters. The heating system is 

* 

3 

:< 

1


t CONTAMINATED 

GAS EXHAUST 

1 AMBIENT AIR 

CURTAIN 

AIR 

CURTAIN 

AIR 

-1 ------ Y\ ; 

r; 

----- 7- 

..... .. ... . ... .. .. ... .. . ...... .... ;... 

i OUT 

SOLVENT EVAPORATION BAKING ZONE - 

ZONE 2 ZONE 3 - 

I 17 It' I I4 It 1 21 It I 

Figure 657. A direct-heated gas-fired recirculating continuous paint baking oven. 

similar to a direct gas-fired type but elimi- 

nates combustion products. 

2. Infrared - Either bulb, tube, or reflected 

resistance heating elements are used as 

heat sources. The system is practical 

where all coated surfaces can be directly 

exposed to the heat sources. The infrared 

method of heating can reduce the energy 

input requirement because heat absorbed 

by the substrate may be minimal, the oven 

atmosphere absorbs little heat, and exte- 

rior oven surface temperatures may be low. 

Steam heating of ovens is an indirect heating 

method in which oven gases or make-up air is 

heated by passing over steam coils. This method 

normally is used where the fire or explosion 

hazard is high. 

Heat discharged from other processes alsomay be 

used tomeet all or part of the heating requirements of 

a bake oven. If the incoming hot gases contain no 

components which could interfere with the baking 

process, direct heating is practical; otherwise, 

indirect heatingwithheat exchangers can be used. 

Oven Circulating and Exhaust Systems 

- 

mally the highest concentrations of organics in 

the oven gases will occur at the onset of the 

heated process. In batch ovens, the period 

immediately following loading is critical. In 

continuous ovens, the area near the conveyor 

entrance will have Ule highest concentration of 

organics. 

Where a coating material requires drying and 

curing by stages, conveyorized ovens can ini 

clude two or more zones. Each zone is equipped 

for independent control of temperature. Adjacent 

zones are able to function separately through 

careful regulation of exhaust rates and of velo- 

. . , . 

city and direction of circulating oven gases. . -, . 

Air Seals 

"Air seals" or "air curtains" are streams of gases 

circulated at or near conveyor access openings in 

ovens. The air flow is intended to prevent the 

escape of oven gases into work areas. Blowers, 

circulating either oven gases or ambient air, dis- 

charge through slotted plenums or nozzles direct- 

ed across the conveyor openings or into the oven 

chamber near such openings. The moving gas 

streams tend to induce a flow of oven gases in 

the same direction. 

An oven circulating system serves two neces- 

sary functions. It distributes heat uniformly THE AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM 

throughout the enclosure, and it facilitates heat 

transfer to the coating material by disrupting The air pollutants emitted from paint baking 

laminar conditions next to the coated surfaces. ovens are: 

An oven exhaust system must be designed to re- 1. Smoke and products of incomplete combus- 

move the organic materials volatilizing from the tion resulting from the improper operation 

coating and organic solvent at a rate which will of a gas or oil-fired combustion system 

prevent their build-up to explosive levels. Nor- used for heating the oven. 

- 

!.


2. Organic solvent vapors evolved from the 

evaporation of the organic thinners and 

diluents used in the surface coatings. The 

composition of the organic solvent vapors 

emitted from a paint baking oven will differ 

from the composition of the system used in 

the coating material. The proportion of 

high-volatility components will decrease 

because of more rapid evaporation during 

spraying and because of air drying prior to 

the start of the oven process. 

3. Aerosols arising from the partial oxidation 

of organic solvents which are exposed to 

flame and high temperatures and from the 

chemical reactions which occur in the 

resins. 

The air pollutants from paint baking ovens are 

odorous and can be extremely irritating to the 

eyes. When irradiated by sunlight in the presence 

of oxides of nitrogen, even more noxious pro- 

ducts are formed. The emissions from paint 

baking ovens may exceed the limits of local air 

pollution regulations such as solvent and opacity 

limits. 


Fire underwriters' standards require that suffi- 

cient fresh air be adequately mixed with the 

organic-solvent vapors inside the oven so that 

the concentrations of flammable vapor in all parts 

of the oven are well under the lower explosive 

limit (LEL) at all times. The LEL of a gas or 

vapor in air is the minimum concentration at 

which it will burn, expressed in percent by volume. 

As an approximate rule, the vapors produced by 

1 gallon of most organic solvents. when diffused 

in 2,500 cubic feet of air at 70 "F, form the lean- 

est mixture that will explode or flash when exposed 

to a flame or spark. A factor of safety four 

times the LEL usually is provided. For each 

gallon of organic solvent evaporated in a paint 

baking oven, therefore, at least 10,000 cubic 

feet of fresh air (computed at 70 "F) must be sup- 

plied to the oven. 

Additional requirements which normally are 

imposed by insurance and governmental agencies 

include: 

1. The exhaust duct openings must be located 

in the area of the greatest concentration of 

vapors. 

2. The oven must he mechanically ventilated 

with power-driven fans. 

3. Each oven must have a separate exhaust 

system which is not connected to any other 

equipment (there are some exceptions for 

very small units). 

4. Fresh air supplied must he thoroughly 

circulated to all parts of the oven. 

5. Dampers must be so designed that, even 

when fully closed, they permit the entire 

volume of fresh air needed for meeting the 

requirements of safe ventilation to pass 

through the ovens. 

6. A volume of air equal to that of the fresh 

air supplied must be exhausted from the 

oven in order to keep the system in balance. 

7. If a shutdown occurs during which vapors 

could accumulate, the oven must be purged 

for a length of time sufficient to permit at 

least four complete oven volume air 

changes. 

8. Gas firing systems must be provided with 

safety controls to minimize the possibility 

of accidental fire or explosion. 

Where pollution of the atmosphere is a problem, 

the design of an oven is important in achieving 

control of air contaminants. An inadequate de- 

sign may result in emissions from the oven at 

areas other than those vented to air pollution con- 

trol equipment. If effective control of oven emis- 

sions is to be achieved, it is necessary that all 

possible points of emissions be examined. Ade- 

quate regulation of construction, maintenance, and 

repair will minimize all emissions except those 

from conveyor access openings and from the ex- 

haust system. Large conveyor access openings 

which are above the horizontal plane of the oven 

floor are a special problem. Vertical draft effects, 

resulting from differences in density between 

atmospheric and oven gases, can cause the spil- 

lage of uncontrolled contaminants. It is impracti- 

cal to eliminate such emissions by increasing 

the discharge through the exhaust system because 

of increased operating costs. Significant re- 

ductions in emissions can be attained by the use 

of carefully designed air curtains. However, the 

control of contaminants may be impaired by the 

passage of parts through the curtains, diverting 

part of the circulated air to the atmosphere. 

The greatest degree of control is possible where 

conveyor access openings are below the plane of 

the oven floor; parts enter and leave the oven 

either through floor openings or beneath cano- 

pies which extend downward below the floor. 

With this arrangement, it is likely that an exhaust 

system designed to meet minimum ventilation 

requirements will prevent emissions from the 

door, provided there is a measurable indraft at 

such openings.

Estimating the emission rate of organic materials 

from an oven involves consideration of: (1) the 

quantity and composition of coating materials 

used, (2) the method of application, (3) the fact- 

ors affecting solvent evaporation prior to oven 

treatment (ambient temperature, pressure and 

humidity, air movement, surface charateristics 

of the coating, solvent volatility, time), and (4) 

reduction by combustion in the oven heating sys- 

tem. 

The following example illustrates the method 

which can be employed to estimate organic emls- 

sions from paint baking ovens. 


From Figure 655, the solvent evaporation 

from an alkyd coating during the first 15- 

minute interval following coating is 48 percent. 

The solvent evaporated to the atmosphere 

between the spraying and the baking processes 

is 

(0.48)(143) = 68 lb of solvent per day. 

5. Total weight of solvent released in the oven 

per day is the total contained in the coatings 

consumed, less the quantity lost as overspray 

and the quantity evaporated between the spray- 

ing and the baking operations, 220 - (77 + 68) 

= 75 lb per day. 

Given: 

Operation of the oven, as given in the foregoing 

.. . . . 

. .. . . ~. 

. . 

~ . .. . . 

. . .~ 

~ . ~. . ., 

A continuous oven (similar to that shown in Figure 

657) is to be used to bake an alkyd enamel coating 

on steel parts of various shapes for metal 

furniture. The parts are formed and placed on 

problem, would he in violation of Rule 66a of the 

Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District. 

Compliance could be achieved by modifying 

the procedure such that either: 

a conveyor which carries them successively 

1. Oven gases are vented to an air pollution 

through a washing-phosphatizing process, a 

control device as specified in Rules 66a 

water dry-off oven, a spray-coating process, and 

and 66f, 

a bake oven. The time interval between the water 

~ ~.- 

! 

dry-off oven and the spray-coating is sufficient to 

allwee parts to cool to ambient temperature. 

Spraying is done using hand-held, air-atomized, 

electiostatic equipment. Paint is consumed at 

the rate of 40 gallons per 8-hour day. The paint, 

thinned for spraying; contains 5.5 pounds per gal- 

2. the amount of solvent reaching the oven is 

reduced by extending the time interval 

between coating and baking operations or 

by introducing a low-temperature heat 

source to accelerate solvent flashing, or 

lon of organic solvents. The solvent system is 

nonphotochemically reactive as defined by Rule 66k 

of the Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control 

District. The time interval between the spraying 

and entrance into the bake oven is 15 minutes. 

3. coating materials are converted to types 

which do not cure in the oven heating 

process and circulation of solvent contaminated 

oven gases through the oven gasburning 

equipment is prevented. 

Problem: 

Estimate the emission rate of organic materials 

into the atmosphere from the bake oven. 

Solution: 

1. Total solvent contained in the 40 gallons of 

coating materials used in 8 hours: 

(5.5)(40) = 220 lb of solvent per day 

2. Solvents emitted from spraying process: 

From Table 232, the overspray factor for an 

air-atomized, electrostatic spray application 

on table leg surfaces is 35 percent. The 

amount of solvent loss in the spraying opera- 

tion is (0.35)(220) = 77 lb of solvent per day. 

3. The solvent remaining on the parts is 220 - 77 

= 143 lb of solvent per day. 

4. Solvents evaporated to the atmosphere be- 

tween the completion of spraying and the oven 

entrance: 

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT 

Effluent streams from paint baking ovens can 

best be controlled by the use of afterburner 

equipment. Other possible methods of control 

are usually impractical for the following reasons: 

1. The concentration of organic materials is 

too low to permit extraction by condensa- 

tion and compression. 

2. Vaporized resins can rapidly blind activated 

carbon beds. Further, recoverable organic 

materials are likely to have little or no 

value to justify relatively high installation 

and maintenance costs of such equipment. 

3. Where visible oven emissions occur, 

particle sizes are too small for efficient 

removal by filtration or by inertial separa- 

tion. Solvent vapors would not be collected 

by either method nor by electrical precipi- 

tation.


The choice between direct flame and catalytic 

incineration methods must be based on economic 

factors and on the requirements of local air pol- 

lution control agencies. 

OTHER OVENS EMITTING AIR CONTAMINANTS 

There are two common applications for ovens 

that present special air pollution problems. 

These processes include food container litho- 

graphing and printing systems. Some of the 

principles previously mentioned for the control 

of paint baking ovens can be applied, but there 

are other parameters which need to he discussed 

separately. 

Can Lithograph Oven 

Preparation of the sheet metal stock from which 

food containers are made involves the applica- 

tion and baking of coating materials. Following 

coating on one side, the sheets are passed 

through a conveyorized oven. The conveyor is 

made up of metal frames (wickets) which are 

inclined and closely spaced. At a conveyor 

speed of 10 fpm, a feed rate of 80 sheets per 

minute (approximately 36 by 36 inches) can be 

maintained. 

A typical oven, shown in Figure 658, is about 100 

feet long, with a 30- to 40-square foot cross- 

sectional area. Multiple heating zones, as many 

as four to six, are used, each with ar. indepen- 

dently controlled gas-fired heating system. The 

oven chamher is vented by a single exhaust sys- 

tem located near the conveyor entrance. Heating 

zones along the length of the oven vent by cascad- 

ing toward the conveyor entrance end. As the 

conveyor leaves the oven, a large volume of am- 

bient air is passed through it to cool the sheets 

prior to stacking. The empty conveyor is pre- 

heated to oven temperature as it returns below 

the oven chamber. 

Air contaminants from a can lithograph oven are 

primarily organic solvents and vaporized resins. 

Figure 658. Can i i thograph oven (Wagner Litho Machinery Division, National Standard Co.. Secaucus, N.J.)

Control of contaminants is normally accomplished 

by incineration in an afterburner. The design of 

the oven circulating and exhaust systems is criti- 

cal. In order to assure that control can be effec- 

tive, it is necessary that: 

1. An air inflow be established at the convey- 

or entrance, 

2. there be no significant emission of oven 

gases to the cooling zone at the conveyor 

exit, and 

3. the equipment be adequately maintained to 

prevent leakage from the oven housing or 

from the ducting, fans, and other acces- 

sories. 

Printing System Ovens 

High-volume web printing systems can emit sig- 

nificant quantities of air contaminants from 

drying ovens in the form of organic solvents and, 

in some processes, vaporized resins and smoke. 

Rotogravure and flexographic systems normally 

release only solvent vapors. Letterpress and 

lithographic systems, when heat setting inks are 

used, emit both organic solvents and vaporized 

resins. 

A high-speed printing process which functions 

without a heating system, such as one used for 

news print, uses inks which contain small 

amounts of high-boiling-point solvents. The 

emission of air contaminants from such equip- 

ment is small. Capture of emissions from the 

ovens in printing systems can be readily attained 

because exhaust volumes are relatively high, 

providing good indraft velocities at web slots. 

Cost for control of such emissions, if required 

by air pollution control regulations, will be high 

because of high exhaust rates. Incineration 

usually is used for controlling emissions from 

printing ovens. Emissions from printing and 

heating processes in these types of press systems 

can be in excess of that allowed by Rule 66 of Los 

Angeles County Air Pollution Control Regulations 

depending on: 

Solvent Degreasers 871 

INTRODUCTION 

SOLVENT DEGREASERS 

In many industries, articles fabricated from 

metals must be washed or degreased before 

being electroplated, painted, or given another 

surface finishing. Most degreasing operations 

are carried out in packaged degreaser units in 

which a chlorinated organic solvent, either in the 

gaseous or liquid state, is used to wash the parts 

free of grease and oil. Measurable solvent is 

emitted as vapor from even the smallest de- 

greaser, and the sheer number of these units in 

large manufacturing areas makes their combined 

solvent emissions significant to a community' s 

air pollution. 

Design and Operation 

Solvent degreasers vary in size from simple un- 

heated wash basins to large heated conveyorized 

units in which articles are washed in hot solvent 

vapors. The vapor spray unit depicted in Figure 

659 is typical of the majority of industrial de- 

greasers. Solvent is vaporized in the left portion 

of the tank either by electric, steam, or gas 

heat. The vapors diffuse and fill that portion of 

the tank below the water-cooled condenser. At 

the condenser level, a definite interface between 

the vapor and air can be observed from the top 

of the tank. Solvent condensed at this level runs 

into the collection trough and from there to the 

clean-solvent receptacle at the right of the tank. 

Articles to be degreased are lowered in baskets 

into the vapor space of the tank. Solvent vapors 

condense on the cooler metal parts, and the hot 

condensate washes oil and grease from the parts. 

The contaminated condensate drains back into the 

heated tank from which it can be revaporized. 

When necessary, dirty parts are hand sprayed 

with hot solvent by use of a flexible hose and 

spray pump to aid in cleaning. Many degreasers 

are equipped with lip-mounted exhaust hoods 

that draw off the vapors reaching the top of the 

tank and vent them outside the working area. 

Types of Solvent 

Nonflammable chlorinated solvents are used almost 

The of the in the exclusively with degreasers. Because of Rule 

inks applied, under Rule 66k which defines 

66, an estimated 90 percent of the solvent used 

certain types as being photochemically 

in Los Angeles - County is divided equally between 

reactive, 

perchloroethylene (C17C - = CC12) and 1.1. l-trichloroethane 

(CH3CC13); the remaining 10 per- 

2. whether or not the ink resins cure, bake, 

or heat-polymerize in the oven, or 

cent is trichloroethylene (ClHC =CC12). In 

other localities that do not have air pollution 

control laws restricting organic solvent emissions, 

an estimated 90 percent of the solvent used for 

3. whether or not solvent contaminated oven degreasing is trlchloroethylene. Most of the 

gases pass through flame in the oven heat- remaining 10 percent of the solvent is the higher 

ing system. boiling perchloroethylene. Selection of solvent

87 2 

BOILING LlGUlD! 


FINNED COIL 

CONDENSER 

F~gure 659. Vapor-spray degreaser (Baron industries, Los Angeles, Calif.). 

usually is dictated by the operator's temperature 

requirements. Most greases and tars dissolve 

readily at the 189 O F boiling point of trichloro- 

ethylene. Perchloroethylene, which boils at 

249 OF, consequently is used only when higher 

temperatures are required, or when compliance 

with air pollution control legislation is required. 


The only air pollutant emitted from solventdegreasing 

operations is the vaporized organic 

solvent. Trichloroethyle~e vapors are classified 

as photochemically reactive under Rule 66 and 

are limited to 40 pounds per day from each degreaser. 

Perchloroethylene and 1.1, l-trichloroethane 

are not considered photochemically reactive 

under Rule 66 and their emissions are not 

limited by Rule 66 unless large quantities are 

used. Because vapor control is expensive, all 

large degreasers in Los Angeles County now use 

perchloroethylene or trichloroethane. 

Trichloroethylene. perchloroethylene, and 1,1,1- 

trichloroethene are considered toxic. Acute ex- 

posure produces dizziness, severe headaches, 

irritation of the mucous membranes, and intoxi- 

cation (Sax, 1963). 

Daily emissions of solvents from individual 

degreasers vary from a few pounds to as high as 

1, 300 ~ounds (two 55-gallon drums). Total emissions 

in large industrial areas are impressive 

(Lunche, et al. , 1957). 

Solvent escapes from degreaser tanks in essen- 

tially two ways: vapor diffusion or "boil over" 

from the tank, and "carryout" or entrainment 

with degreased articles. About 0. 05 pound of 

solvent leaves the tank by diffusion per hour per 

square foot of open tank area where no appreci- 

able drafts cross the top of the tank. Obviously, 

a much higher quantity of solvent is carried 

away when crossdrafts are strong. 

The quantity df solvent carried out with the pro- 

duct and later evaporated into the atmosphere is 

a function of product shape and the distribution 

of the articles in the basket. In many instances, 

proper alignment in the degreaser's basket can 

greatly reduce these losses. 

The cost of chlorinated solvents often makes it 

desirable to install special equipment to minimize 

diffusion and carryout losses. 


When a control device is used to collect the 

vapors from the top of the tank, a lateral slot 

hood may be used, as shown in Figure 660. Slot 

hoods also are used sometimes without vapor 

recovery devices. In both cases, a minimum 

volume of air is used to prevent excessive loss 

of valuable solvent or to preclude overloading 

the air pollution control device. Slot hood velo- 

cities should not exceed 1, 000 fpm for this ser- 

vice, and in many cases, these velocities may be 

reduced by experimentation. The size of the tank, 

objects degreased, and drafts within the building 

all influence slot velocities.

Figure 660. Vapor degreaser and hooding vented to 

activated carbon unit shown in Figure 662 (General 

Controls Co., Burbank, Calif.). 

The slot hoods discussed above can he used where 

the only consideration is collection and recovery 

of a valuable solvent. Where trichloroethylene 

is emitted in cpantities of 200 pounds per day or 

greater, and air pollution control equipment 

must be used to achieve compliance with Rule 66, 

the slot hoods are not effective enough to provide 

the overall 85 percent collection efficiency re- 

quired by Rule 66b. In this case, it is almost a 

necessity to enclose the entire degreaser plus 

the drying area for the degreased articles so 

that virtually all the vaporized trichloroetbylene 

can be collected and vented to the control system. 

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL METHODS 

Emission of solvent from degreasers can be 

minimized by location, operational methods, and 

tank covers. In a few cases, surface condensers 

and activated-carbon adsorbers have been used to 

to collect solvent vapors. 

Methods of Minimizing Solvent Emissions 

In a discussion of degreaser operation, The 

Metal Finishing-Guidebook-Directory (1957) 

recommends several techniques for reducing 

losses of solvent and, consequently, air pollution: 

"1. A degreaser should always be located in 

a position where it will not be subject to 

drafts from open windows, doors, unit 

Solvent Degreasers 873 

heaters, exhaust fans, and so forth. If 

possible, a 12- to 18-inch-high shield 

should be placed on the windward side 

of the unit to eliminate drafts. 

2. Work items should be placed in the bas 

ket in such a way as to allow efficient 

drainage and thus prevent extensive 

solvent loss. 

3. Metal construction should be used for all 

baskets, hangers, separators, and so 

forth. Use of rope and fabric that adsorbs 

solvent should be avoided. 

4. The speed of work entering and leaving 

the vapor zone should he held to 12 fpm 

or less. The rapid movement of work in 

the vapor zone causes vapor to be lifted 

out of the machine. 

5. Spraying above the vapor level should be 

avoided. The spray nozele should be 

positioned in the vapor space where it 

will not create disturbances in the con- 

tents of the vapor space. 

6. Work should he held in the vapor until it 

reaches the vapor temperature where all 

condensation ceases. Removal before 

condensation has ceased causes the work 

to come out wet with liquid solvent. 

7. When the metal articles are of such con- 

struction that liquid collects in pockets. 

the work should be suspended in the 

free-board area above the tank to allow 

further liquid drainage. 

8. The degreaser tank should he kept 

covered whenever possible. 'I 

Tank Covers 

As operators have become more cognizant of the 

costs of degreaser solvent and of the hazards to 

worker health, the use of tank closures has be- 

come universal. Prior to 1950, most degreasers 

were equipped with relatively heavy one-piece 

metal covers. The weight and unwieldy shape of 

these covers were such that most operators would. 

not place them over the tanks at the end of a work- 

ing day. With modern tank closures operated hy- 

draulically or electrically, workers can easily 

cover tanks, even during short periods of work 

stoppage. There are several varieties of auto- 

matically operated closures, one of which is shown 

in Figure 661. Most are fabricated from plastic- 

impregnated fabrics. Closure is usually by roll


Figure 661. A hydraulically operated screen-type closl Ire: left--cover closed, right--cover open (Baron In 

dustries, Los Angeles, Calif.). 

or gGillotine action, which affords a minimum of 

vapor disturbance. Solid hinged lids should be a- 

voided because air movement entrains the solvent 

vapor. 

The solvent savings and air pollution control that 

can be accomplished with automatic closures is a 

function of prior operating technique. Where de- 

greaser operation has been relatively haphazard, 

covers have been shown to reduce emissions of 

solvent well over 50 percent. On the other hand, 

when a degreaser has been located and operated 

properly, the savings provided by these devices 

has been small. Because of the high cost of chlor- 

inated solvents, however, automatic closures fre- 

quently pay off in short periods even at moderate 

usage of solvent. 

Controlling Vaporized Solvent 

Although most solvent conservation efforts have 

been directed toward prevention of emission at the 

tank, solvent vapors can be removed from a carry- 

ing airstream that otherwise would be exhausted to 

the atmosphere. Practical control methods are 

extremely limited and industrial application of 

chlorinated-solvent controls has been uncommon. 

Adsorption with activated carbon is a currently 

feasible means that can be adapted to most de- 

greasers. Activated carbon has a relatively high 

capacity for trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 

and I, 1,l -trichloroethane, and adsorption unxts 

can recover nearly 100 percent of the solvent va- 

pors in exhaust gases from a degreaser. 

An activated carbon adsorber used to recover 

trichloroethylene is shown in Figure 662. It con- 

sists essentially of two parallel-flow activated car- 

bon chambers that can be operated either separate- 

ly or simultaneously. Solvent-laden air is collect- 

ed at spray degreasing booths, as depicted in Fig- 

ure 663, and at the vapor degreaser, previously 

shown in Figure 660. The solvent-laden airstream 

is directed to both activated carbon chambers ex- 

cept when one chamber is being regenerated. The 

adsorber must be designed to handle the required 

exhaust volume through only one chamber. The 

operator of this particular adsorber reports a 90 

percent reduction in usage of chlorinated solvent 

(1, 100 gallons per month) since its installation 

Carbon adsorption is suitable especially for spray 

degreasing operations where the spray chamber 

must be exhausted to protect the operator. 

When solvent concentrations in exhaust gases are 

relatively large, surface condensers can be used

Figure 662. Two-chamber activated carbon adsorbtion 

unit used to recover trichloroethylene from degreas- 

ing exhaust gases (General Gontrols Co.. Rurbank, 

Calif.). 

Figure 663. Spray degreasing table and hooding vented 

to activated carbon unit shown in Figure 662 (General 

Controls Co., Burbank, Calif.). 

to collect appreciable quantities of solvent. The 

principal deterrent to the use of this type of con- 

trol is the srnall concentration of chlorinated sol- 

vent usually encountered in exhaust gases from de- 

greasers. At the 65 "" operating temperature of 

Dry Cleaning Equipment 875 

most atmospheric water-cooled condensers, the 

trichloroethylene concentration in the escaping 

vapors can be reduced only to 7.4 percent, and 

the perchloroethylene concentration to 2. 4 percent 

Chlorinated-solvent concentrations in exhaust 

gases from degreasers are usually well below these 

values. 

Since degreaser solvents are essentially noncombustible, 

incineration is not a feasible method 

of control. Moreover, the thermal decomposition 

of chlorinated solvents can produce corrosive 

and toxic compounds, such as hydrochloric acid 

and phosgene, which are more objectionable air 

~ontar~inants than the solvents. 

INTRODUCTION 

DRY CLEANING EQUIPMENT 

Dry cleaning is the process of cleaning fabrics by 

washing in a substantially nonaqueous solvent. 

Two classes of organic solvents are used most 

frequently by the dry cleaning industry. One class 

includes petroleum solvents, mostly Stoddard 

solvent or 140-F solvent. The other class in- 

cludes chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents, called 

"synthetic solvents" in the industry, consisting 

almost exclusively of perchloroethylene, also 

known as tetrachlo;oethylene. 

The process of dry cleaning fabrics is performed 

in three steps. The fabric first is cleaned by ag- 

itation in a solvent bath and then rinsed with clean 

solvent. This first step is referred to as "wash- 

ing. " Next, excess solvent is removed by cen- 

trifugal force. This second step is referred to 

as "extraction. " The fabric then is tumbled 

while warm air is passed through it to complete- 

ly vaporize and remove the remaining solvent. 

This third step is referred to as "drying" when 

petroleum solvent is used or "reclaiming" when 

synthetic solvent is used. 

While older petroleum solvent equipment gener- 

ally employs separate machines for each step, 

commercial synthetic solvent equipment and 

modern petroleum mlvent equipment usually em- 

ploy a machine which combines the washing and 

extracting stages with a separate machine for 

drying or reclaiming. Newer equipment employ- 

ing synthetic solvent, which incidentally includes 

most coin-operated machines, combines all 

three steps in one machine. 

Wash Machines 

Dry cleaning washers that perform only the wash 

step consist of a rotating perforated horizontal 

cylinder'inside a vapor-tight housing. Housing 

and drum are each equipped with a door for load-

. . 

.. .. . 

j 

I 

1 


ing and unloading. This type of washer uses only 

petroleum solvent and is shown in Figure 664. 

Figure 664. Petroleum solvent dry cleaning instaliation 

(Century Park Gleaners, Inglewood, Calif.). 

combination Machines 

Machines which perform both washing and extrac- 

tion employ a perforated horizontal rotating drum 

enclosed in a vapor-tight housing. This type of 

machine usually has only one door in the housing 

and is mounted on a flat base solvent tank. Fig- 

ures 665 and 666 illustrate two-step machines. 

This machine slowly agitates the clothes during 

the wash cycle and then, after the washing sol- 

vent is drained, the drum rotates at high speed 

to wring further solvent from the fabrics. Ex- 

tracted solvent drains to the base tank. Fabrics 

then are transferred by hand to a separate tum- 

bler. Exfractors 

Flgure 666. Petroleum solvent comb~nat~on wash-extract 

u n ~ (Washex t Machinery Corp., Plainview, N.Y.). 

A machine designed to perform all three dry 1 

cleaning steps consists of a horizontal rotating 1 i 

drum which is mounted with one door in the vapor-tight 

housing. In this machine, the drum 

rotates slowlv during the wash cycle. After 

1 

- 

washing is completed, the solvent returns to the 

tank, and the drum rotates at high speed to extract 

more solvent, which also is returned to the 

tank. The drum again rotates slowly while heated 

air is blown through the fabrics. This air is 

recycled to the tumbler through a condenser to 

recover the evaporated solvent. The three-step 

machine is used only with synthetic solvent. 

Figures 667 and 668 illustrate coin-operated and 

commercial machines of this type. 

When a single machine performs the wash step, 

a separate centrifuge is used for the extraction 

step. The plant shown in Figure 664 includes a 

centrifuge commonly called an "extractor. " The 

extractor consists of a vertically mounted drum 

with an open top, mounted inside a vapor-tight 

enclosure. A door in the enclosure is used to 

charge the drum and to seal the operation. The 

drum is rotated at high speed to extract the sol- 

vent which drains to a tank. 

Tumblers 

Figure 665. Synthetic solvent dry cleaning plant 

with combination wash-extract unit, reclaim tumbler. 

In installations where the machine does not perform 

all three steps, a separate tumbler is used 

filter, and still (Vic Mfg. Co., Ilinneapolis, Minn.). to dry the fabrics after they leave the extractor.

~ . 

.... , 

Dry Cleaning Equipment 

The tumbler is a revolving perforated cylinder 

through which air is passed after the air has been 

heated by passage through steam-heated coils. 

A few synthetic solvent tumblers use electrical 

resistance heating coils instead of steam. 

In drying tumblers used to dry fabrics cleaned 

with petroleum solvent, the heated air makes a 

single pass through the fabric. The solventvapor-laden 

air then is exhausted to the atmosphere. 

Drying tumblers designed for use in synthetic 

solvent service are called "reclaimers" or 

"reclaiming tun~blers, " and the drying air is reciculated 

in a closed system. 

1 

! 

Figure 667. Synthetic solvent coin-operated dry cleaning 

unit (Norge Sales Corp., Los Angeles, Calif.). 

Heated air vaporizes the solvent in the fabric and 

this vapor-laden mixture is carried through water 

or thraugh refrigerant-cooled coils. Solvent vapor 

is condensed and decanted from water, and is 

returned to the wash machine tank. The air then 

is recirculated through the heater to the tumbling 

fabric. When the concentration of solvent vapor 

in the air stream from the drum drops below its 

dew point and the solvent no longer can be condensed, 

a small amount of solvent will remain in 

the fabric being dried. At this point, the air is 

no longer recirculated to the heater, but is exhausted 

to the atmosphere after one pass. This 

phase of the drying step both cools the fabric and 

deodorizes it bv servine - to evanorate and remove 

.: 

14 .$ 

the final traces of solvent. A synthetic solvent 

reclaim tumbler is shown in Figure 669. 

.i 

Figure 668. Three-function 'dry-to-dry' dry cleaning machine, front and rear views (American Permac, Inc., 1 

i 

Garden City, N.Y.). I 

,


Figure 669. Synthetic solvent dry cleaning unit with 

an activated carbon adsorber (Joseph's Cleaners and 

Dryers, Los Angeles, Calif.). 

Filters 

Filters are installed with all dry cleaning equip- 

ment to remove suspended material from the 

used solvent. The filter medium consists either 

of tubular or flat plate elements of cloth, metal 

woven fabrics, or metal screening. Figure 670 

illustrates one type of filter, mounted over a still, 

used in a synthetic solvent cleaning plant. Filter 

aids, diatomaceous earth, are used to coat the 

cloth or screens for efficient removal of insoluble 

soils. 

Stills 

A still frequently is used in petroleum solvent 

installations and usually is included with the syn- 

thetic solvent installations. It is used to distill 

solvent from higher boiling soluble impurities, 

such as fatty acids. Figure 671 illustrates a still 

used in petroleum plants. Petroleum solvent 

stills are continuous vacuum types. Synthetic 

solvent stills are ahospheric batch-type stills. 

Figure 670. F~lter mounted on combinat~on st111 and cooker, right vlew illustrates woven flex~ble Stainless 

steel tubes (Per Carp., Orange, N.J.).

Muck Reclaimers 

MOISTURE SEPARATOR 


WATEROUT,;? 

CONDENSATING TUBES 

SOLVENT VAPOR 

EXPANDING BELLOW 

HEATERCHAMBER 

DISTILLED SOLVENT LEVELCONTROL 

PUMP' WATER ~k STEAM IN ;TEAM 'SUMP DRAIN 

*CONDENSER 

"*SOLVENT AFTERCOOLER 

CONDENSATE OUT VALVE 

Figure 671. Vacuum still for petroleum solvent plant (Washex ~achinery Corp., Plainview, N.Y.) 

"Muck," which is filter aid containing the dirt 

filtered from the solvent, periodically is removed 

from the filter elements. Muck from petroleum 

solvent filters usually is discarded. A few petro- 

leum solventplants still employ a press to squeeze 

the muck for recovery of some of the solvent. In 

most synthetic solventplants, themuckis "cooked" 

to vaporize the solvent. The solvent vapor is re- 

covered by condensation. "Muck cooking" in most 

modern synthetic plants is performed in the same 

unit used for distillation of the solvent for its pur- 

ification (Figure 670). Very few plants have sep- 

arate vessels for muck cooking. Centrifuges or 

presses for recovery of solvent from the muck 

rarely are found today. This also applies to equip- 

ment for air-blowing muck followed by condensa- 

tion of solvent vapors in the solvent storage tank. 


The operation of dry cleaning equipment causes 

two types of air pollution problems. A local 

nuisance may occur from solvent vapor odors or 

lint. Secondly, the photochemically reactive 

materials used are detrimental to the overall 

quality of the atmosphere. 

Solvents 

The amount of solvent vapors emitted to the atmos- 

phere from any one dry cleaning plant is depen- 

dent upon the type of equipment used, the amount 

of cleaning performed, and the precautions prac- 

ticed by the operating personnel. 

DIRTY SOLVENT IN 

The petroleum solvents used in ios Angeles Coun- 

ty prior to enactment of Rule 66 contained a total 

of 11 to 13 percent by volume of highly reactive 

components. Photochemical reactivity as defined 

in Rule 66 is the "reactivity" referred to here. 

Both the Stoddard solvent and 140-F solvent now 

used in Los Angeles County have been reformu- 

lated to contain no more than 7. 5 percent by 

volume of reactive components and therefore., 

are classed as nonreactive. Table 234 lists the 

properties of dry cleaning solvents. 

Virtually all the synthetic solvents are classed 

as nonreactive. Perchloroethylene is used in al- 

most all synthetic plants, but a few plants employ 

carbon tetrachloride, although its use is in dis- 

favor, or a proprietory brand "Freon" (trichlo- 

rotrifluoroethane). The preceding three solvents 

are nonreactive under Rule 66. Trichloroethylene, 

a reactive solvent, was a major synthetic dry 

cleaning solvent a few years ago but is no longer 

used since perchloroethylene is preferred. 

The average daily emission to the atmosphere 

from synthetic dry cleaning, determined from a 

study of 1,000 plants, is 2.2 gallons or 30 pounds 

of synthetic solvent vapors per plant. Petroleum 

solvent average daily emissions, determined from 

200 plants, are 26.9 gallons or 175 pounds per 

plant. Figure 672 illustrates the distribution of 

solvent emissions by number of plants on a cum- 

ulative basis for the two types of solvents. The 

curve was drawn by plotting the percent of the 

number of plants against the cumulative percent 

of total daily solvent emissions from the plants. 

Data were used representing 200 petroleum plants 

with a total daily solvent emission of 35,000 pounds


Property 

Flash point (TCC), O F 

Initial boiling point, OF 

Dry end point, OF 

API gravity 

Specific gravity at 60 OF 

Weight, lblgal 

Paraffins, volume 70 

Aromatics, volume % 

Naphthenes, volume % 

Olefins, volume 70 

Toluene/ethylbenzene. 

volume 70 

Corrosiveness 

Caution 

Odor 

Color 

Cost (average size 

plant), $/gal 

Table 234. 

140-F 

138. 2 

357.8 

396 

47.9 

0.789 

6.57 

45.7 

12. 1 

42. 2 

None 

Flammable 

Mild 

Water white 

0. 29 

PROPERTIES OF DRY 

Typical 

140-F, 

R 66 

143 

366 

400 

44.0 

0.8063 

6.604 

82. 5 

7.0 

0.5 

None 

~lammahle 

Mild 

Water white 

0. 30 

CLEANING SOLVENTS 

Stoddard 

100 

and 1, 000 synthetic plants with a total daily sol- called "hot" or "dry-to-dry" machine illustrated 

vent loss of 30.000 pounds. The curves should in Figure 668 operates with the lowest emissions 

approximate roughly the distribution of total 

solvent emissions for any other large population 

of solvent vapors to the atmosphere. 

center. Validity of the distribution for petroleum In one coin-operated synthetic solvent dry cleaning 

solvent plants can be affected by one large vol- unit, clothing is washed and extracted in one maume 

plant, particularly in lower population cen- chine and then must be transferred to another maters. 

Caution must be taken when using the curve chine for drying. The vapors driven from the 

in such cases. clothing during the drying operation are not recovered. 

Consequently, solvent emissions to the 

The older type petroleum solvent dry cleaning in- atmosphere are higher than from the coin-operastallation 

is illustrated in Figure 664. Here the ted synthetic solvent unit illustrated in Figure 667. 

fabrics are first washed in solvent, removed, This machine performs washing, extraction, drythen 

placed in a centrifuge for extraction and a- ing, and recovery of solvent vapors all in the same 

gain transferred to a tumbler for drying. This machine. Coin-operated units lose much more solresults 

in a much higher solvent vapor emission vent to the atmosphere than the larger commercial 

than the newer type petroleum plant with a combination 

washer-extractor illustrated in Figure 

units processing the same amount of fabrics. The 

. amount of solvent emitted is more nearly propor- 

666. In the newer plant, fabrics are washed and tional to the number of wash operations than to 

then extracted in the same unit. The extracted the amount of fabric per operation. Five loads of 

fabric then is transferred to a tumbler for final textiles dry cleaned in 8-pound-capacity units will 

drying. result in much more of a solvent emission than 40 

pounds of textiles cleaned in one similar 40-pound- 

The synthetic solvent system illustrated in Figure capacity unit. 

665 washes and extracts the fabrics in one machine.. 

After extraction, the fabrics are hand transferred The operators of plants using synthetic solvents 

to the tumbler for drying. Solvent vapors are re- have a strong incentive to follow good practices 

claimed in the tumbler by condensation. The so- to conserve solvent. Because the solvent costs 

305 

350 

50. 1 

0.779 

6. 49 

46. 5 

11. 6 

41. 9 

None 

Flammable. 

Sweet 

Water white 

0. 28 

Typical 

Stoddard, 

R 66 

108 

316 

356 

48. 1 

0. 788 

6. 56 

88. 3 

5.9 

0. 8 

5. 0 

None 

Flammable 

Sweet 

Water white 

0. 29 

Perchloro- 

ethylene 

Extinguishes 

fire 

250 

254 

1.623 

13. 55 

Slight on metal 

Toxic 

Ether like 

Colorless 

2. 05

100 

INDIVIDUAL DAILY EMISSION, Ib 

PETROLEUM SOLVENT PLANTS 125 175195225 625 

UP TO-- 135(MAXlMUM3000 lb)175 I I l lulJ 

UP TO -SYNTHETIC SOLVENT PLANTS 

110 (MAXIMUM 250 ~b) 1 30 I 501 70 

I I I I I I I I I A 

ALL PLANTS, percent 

Figure 672. Emissions from dry cleaning: cumulative 

curves by number of plants, total loss to atmosphere, 

and amount of individual plant losses. (Basis: 1000 

synthetic and 200 petroleum solvent plants.) 

over $2.00 per gallon, providing high "mileage, " 

or pounds of clothes cleaned per gallon of solvent 

consumed is always a goal in their operatior.. 

A typical small neighborhood synthetic solvent 

plant, processing 1,500 pounds of textiles per 5- 

day week, using a separate combination washer- 

extractor and a separate tumbler reclaimer, will 

average between 5,000 and 7,500 pounds of clothes 

cleaned per 55-gallon drum of solvent (a consump- 

tion of 7.3 to 11 gallons of solvent for each 1,000 

pounds of fabric). This average includes reuse 

of solvent recovered from the filter sludge or 

muck. The small neighborhood cleaning plant 

using the 'Inot" type unit, where all three functions 

are performed in the same machine, will produce 

a mileage figure of from 10,000 to 15,000 pounds 

or higher of textiles cleaned per drum of solvent 

(a consumption of 3. 6 to 5.5 gallons of solvent 

for each 1,000 pounds of fabric). Coin-operated 

units, averaging somewhat less than 8 pounds per 

load but performing all three functions in one unit, 

will average as low as 1,500 pounds of textiles per 

drum of solvent and very rarely achieve 5,000 

pounds of textiles per drum of solvent (a consump- 

tion of 11 to 36 gallons of solvent for each 1,000 

nounds of fabric). 


The low cost of the petroleum solvents provides 

little economic incentive to the operator to con- 

serve solvent and to prevent or control its emis- 

sion to the atmosphere. The solvents driven off 

as they evaporate during the drying of the fabrics 

in the tumbler are all emitted to the atmosphere. 

Large amounts of solvent are emitted in trans- 

ferring wet fabrics from one machine to another, 

especially from a washer to an extractor. Nor- 

mally, the fabrics are placed on a drain board 

within the washing machine and allowed to drain 

for 3 to 5 minutes before being transferred. Fre- 

quently, fabrics are moved almost immediately, 

without draining, and the solvent spilled on the 

floor later evaporates. The muck removed f r~m 

the filter is discarded, with a resultant loss of all 

solvent contained in the muck to the atmosphere. 

Mileage is not too important to the petroleum plant 

operator, and typical mileage is about 24 pounds 

of fabric per gallon of solvent consumed (a con- 

sumption of 42 gallons of solvent for each 1,000 

pounds of fabric). 

Obviously, in similar plants performing the same 

amount of cleaning, the use of petroleum solvents 

can result in the emission to the atmosphere of 

4 to 7 times more solvent (by volume) than the 

emission from operation with synthetic solvent. 

The ratio on a weight basis is different since a 

gallon of synthetic solvent is much heavier than 

a gallon of petroleum solvent (13.6 pounds versus 

6.5 pounds). Thus, petroleum solvent use results 

in two-fold greater emission by weight than if 

synthetic solvent were used for the same level of 

operations in average plants. 

h Los Angeles County, 2.2 gallons of synthetic 

solvents is emitted per day per average plant, 

26.9 gallons of petroleum solvents is emitted 

per day per average plant, and there is a ratio 

of 5 synthetic solvent plants to 1 petroleum sol- 

vent plant. The total solvent emissions by weight 

to the atmosphere on this basis from dry cleaning 

operations in Los Angeles County are almost 

equally divided between chlorinated solvents and 

petroleum solvents. 

Lint 

Whenever fabrics are tumbled to a dry state, 

abrasion and attrition of the fabric produce lint. 

Lint is carried in the air exhausted from the 

tumblers. The tumblers used in petroleum plants 

of recent construction have self-contained lint 

filters of either cloth or metal screening. The 

older design tumblers vent directly to the atmos- 

phere. Tumblers designed for use with synthetic 

solvent are all provided with a built-in lint filter. 

Older tumblers were equipped with a cloth bag, 

and some newer units have wire screening.



tons per day of highly reactive vapors to the atmosphere. 

The presently used petroleum solvents 

Ventilation requirements for dry cleaning equip- result in highly reactive emissions of only 1. 31 

ment installations are established by fire and tons per day. The synthetic solvents now used are 

health codes of the various state and city governmental 

agencies. Equipment using petroleum 

all of low reactivity. 

solvents, whether of the Stoddard or 140-F type, 

is considered hazardous or dangerous equipment. 

Ventilation requirements generally are established 

for the room or building housing this 

require 

that the room air be changed once every 2 to 3 

minutes. No standards are set for ventilation of 

either the washer or extractor using petroleum 

solvents. Washers and extractors generally are 

not equipped for direct ventilation. The drying 

The other problem caused by these emissions 

is local nuisance comnlaints. Odor comolaints 

from operation of synthetic solvent plants very 

rarely occur. Operators of such plants exert 

every effort to prevent solvent emissions because 

of the high cost of chlorinated solvents. Petroleum 

solvent operations also rarely cause odor complaints. 

The dangerous or hazardous nature of 

the solvent vapors requires high rates of ventilation, 

which usually results in their dilution 

i 

2 

.I 

4 

is required be vented that 50 times 

its volume of air is exhausted to the atmosphere 

each minute of its operation. 

below detection threshold levels. Lint discharge 

can cause some local nuisance problems if not 

controlled but should rarely do so since control 

:J 

:: 

Washing, extracting, and drying equipment using 

synthetic solvents is designed with self-contained 

hooding and ventilation provisions. Dry cleaning 

machines which combine washing and extraction 

functions must be vented to the atmosphere 

whenever the charge door is opened. They are 

not vented when the charge door is closed and 

washing or extraction is taking place. The tum- 

bler used for drying and reclaiming must be ven- 

ted to the outside atmosphere when it is in opera- 

tion and its door is open. When the charge door 

is closed, the ventilation may be entirely closed- 

circuit, recirculating through the clothes, the 

heat exchanger, and the condenser. The room or 

building housing the synthetic solvent equipment 

must be vented for at least one change of air every 

2 minutes. Such room ventilation must be from 

pickup points not more than 1 foot above the floor 

since the vapors are heavier than air. 

Minimum allowable concentrations (MAC) for 

worker exposure in an 8-hour period for the chlor- 

inated hydrocarbon solvents are much lower than 

those for the petroleum solvents. For petroleum 

solvents, both Stoddard and the 140-F solvent, 

the MAC is 500 pprn; for perchloroethylene, it is 

100 ppm. Carbon tetrachloride. which still is 

used in some establishments, has a MAC, de- 

pending upon authority selected, of between 10 

and 50 ppm. Trichloroethylene, which no longer 

is used, also has a MAC of 100 ppm. 

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL METHODS 

The major problem due to contaminant emissions 

from dry cleaning operations, that of the effect on 

overall atmospheric quality through the contribu- 

tion of photochemically reactive materials, can 

be minimized. The two types of petroleum sol- 

vents can be formulated so that they are nonreac- 

tive under Rule 66. The original solvents of this 

type used in Los Angeles County contributed 2.28 

- 

is relatively easy. 

No attempts have been made at petroleum solvent 

dry cleaning installations to control the emissions 

of solvent vapors. With the fire and health code 

requirements of room ventilation at such high 

levels, the concentration of solvent vapors in the 

exhaust air is very low. The cost of petroleum 

solvent is so low that no economic pressure exists 

to prevent its evaporation to the atmosphere. The 

principal control exercised in the solvent emissions 

is in the detail of the operations performed. 

Where the fabrics are washed in a separate wash- 

er and then removed for extraction, it is impera- 

tive that a drain board be placed within the wash- 

ing machine and the wet fabric be allowed to drain 

for a period of not less than 4 minutes. The pre- 

vention of spillage of solvent on the floor and the 

maintenance of liquid- and vapor-tight equipment 

(required by most fire or health codes) also act 

to prevent air contaminant emissions from these 

operations. Newer equipment installations where 

the washing and extraction is performed in the 

same equipment serve to reduce solvent vapor 

emissions. 

Equipment designed to operate with the synthetic 

solvents lends itself to easy installation of air 

pollution control equipment. Equipment which 

washes and extracts in one drum is provided with 

an exhaust blower and vent. This vent usually is 

extended directly to the atmosphere outside the 

room. The tumbler used for drying the fabric 

and reclaiming some of the solvent vapors driven 

off in the drying operation also is equipped to vent 

to the atmosphere during the final stage of opera- 

tion, at which time the final traces of solvent es- 

cape to the atmosphere during the cooling and de- 

odorizing stage. These ducts may readily be 

connected to a simple exhaust system to convey 

the vapors to control equipment.

Adsorbers 

Adsorption is almost the only practical means 

of controlling synthetic solvent vapors from dry 

cleaning equipment. Incineration is not a likely 

means of control since (1) it results in destruction 

of the vapors rather than recovery of the solvent 

and (2) it will produce toxic gases by incineration 

of the chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents. Economic 

incentive has dictated installation of adsorption 

equipment by operators. Synthetic solvent cost 

is approximately ten times that of petroleum sol- 

vents, and recovery of otherwise wasted solvent 

by adsorption represents a considerable cost re- 

duction. 

Packaged adsorption units employing activated 

carbon, similar to those shown in Figure 673, 

are manufactured in standard sizes and are 

readily available to the operators of synthetic sol- 

vent dry cleaning plants. The package units are 

designed with a separate exhaust fan to overcome 

the additional resistance of the adsorption unit, 

and are easily connected without special system 

balancing to the exhaust vents of the dry cleaning 

equipment. 

Vapor-laden air collected from the washer-ex- 

tractor, tumbler, and floor vents passes through 

a filter for removal of lint and then to a bed of 

activated carbon. The adsorption units are man- 

ufactured with either one or two activated carbon 

containing vessels. Solvent vapors passing through 

the beds are adsorbed at efficiencies approaching 

100 percent until the I%reakpointn of the carbon at 


the particular vapor concentratix and tempera- 

ture is reached (see "Adsorption Equipment, " 

Chapter 5). At that point, the solvent vapors be- 

gin escaping to the atmosphere. Thus, prior to 

reaching the breakpoint, the carbon bed must be 

reactivated. Reactivation of the bed and recovery 

of the solvent are effected by passlng low pres- 

sure steam (usually 5 to 15 psig) through the bed. 

Figure 674 illustrates the cycles of operation. 

The steam causes the solvent to be stripped from 

the bed and to exit from the vessel with the steam- 

vapor mixture. The mixture then is cooled and 

condensed, and the solvent is separated from the 

water by decantation. The solvent either is re- 

covered in a separate container, flows by gravity, 

or is pumped back to the tanks in the dry cleaning 

equipment. 

The adsorption unit using two vessels is arranged 

so that the exhaust vapors and air from the equip- 

ment pass either through both beds in parallel or 

only through one bed. One or both vessels may be 

in the stripping and reactivation cycle. The stan- 

dard operating procedure for determining the 

length of time between stripping operations is to 

measure the amount of solvent reclaimed versns 

the amount of solvent being used in the dry clean- 

ing equipment. Tabulation of solvent recovery 

versus use will determine the point at which the 

adsorption unit stops effecting recovery of sol- 

vent. The stripping schedule then is established 

at some point below this final ultimate point of 

solvent recovery. Some triple-function dry-to- 

dry cleaning machines for commercial operation 

are equipped with integral adsorption units. All 

F~gure 673. Dual vessel carbon adsorber (Hoyt Mfg. Corp., Westport, Mass.).


exhaust air from the machine passes through the 

adsorber before being emitted to the atmosphere. 

Stripping and other operation of the unit is simi- 

lar to the package add-on units. 

At those establishments using a separate tumbler 

for drying the fabric, installation of the adsorp- 

tion unit generally represents a reduction in the 

emission of solvents of about 50 percent. When 

the adsorption unit is used to control the vapor 

emissions from a triple-function dry-to-dry 

machine, savings in solvent emissions of between 

50 and 70 percent are achieved. Despite the high 

efficiency of adsorption and operating methods 

used to prevent the emissions, a reduction of 

more than 70 percent seldom is achieved, when 

calculated on the basis of total solvents purchased 

and used with or without adsorption. In the aver- 

age dry cleaning establishment, the amortization 

of an adsorption unit, considering capital costs 

Solvent vapors 

Solvent 

eumatic dampers 

and operating expenses, occurs in from 1 to 3 

years. 

The control of lint requires very simple equip- 

ment. Tumblers used in the petroleum solvent 

cleaning plants, if they are not equipped with self- 

contained filters, are vented over water tanks in- 

side a fine screen enclosure. The lint particles 

impinge upon the surface of the water in the tank 

and gradually sink to the bottom. Particles which 

are reintrained in the air stream are somewhat 

wetted and cling to the screen enclosure. Fre- 

quent cleaning of the tank and the screen enclosure 

is required. Some newer designs of tumbling 

equipment for petroleum solvent dry cleaning op- 

erations incorporate dry lint traps in the tumbler 

housing which are able to meet fire safety require- 

ments. 

ADSORPTION CYCLE OESORPTION CYCLE 

Figure 674. Adsorption and desorption cycles for carbon adsorhers (Hoyt Mfg. Corp., Westport, Mass.)

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Principles of Chemical Engineering. 3d ed. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.. Inc.. New York, N. Y. 

Walsh, G. W., and P. W. Spaite. 1962. 

An Analysis of Mechanical Shaking in Air Filtration, JAPCA. 12:57-61 (Feb). 

Ward, D.R. 1952. 

Design of Laboratories for Safe Use of Radioisotopes. AECU-2226. U. S. Atomic Energy Com- 

mission Advisory Field Service Branch, Isotopes Division, Oak Ridge, Tenn. (Nov). 

Watts, D. L., and J. F. Higgins. 1962. 

The New Baghouse Installation for Cleaning Smelter Gases at Phelps Dodge Refining Corporation. 

JAPCA. 12:217-20 (May). 

Weisburd. 

See, Griswold, 1962. 

Western Precipitation Corporation, 1952. 

Cottrell Electrical Precipitators. 3d ed. Los Angeles, Calif. 

White, H. J. 1951. 

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White, H. J. 1953. 

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Woodhouse, H. 1957. 

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Woodward, E. R., and E.R. Fenrich. 1952. 

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APPENDICES 

APPENDIX A: RULES AND REGULATIONS 

APPENDIX 0: ODOR-TESTING TECHNIQUES 

KARL D. LUEDTKE, Senior Air Pollution Engineer 

APPENDIX C: HYPOTHETICAL AVAILABLE HEATS FROM NATURAL GAS 

SANFORD M. WEISS, Principal Air Pollution Engineer 

APPENDIX D: MISCELLANEOUS DATA 

APPENDIX E: EMISSION SURVEYS, INVENTORIES, AND FACTORS 

ROBERT G. LUNCHE, Chief Deputy Air Pollution Control Officer 

ERIC E. LEMKE. Director of Engineering 

GEORGE THOMAS, Senior Air Pollution Engineer

APPENDIX A 

The Rules and Regulations of the County of Los Angeles Air Pollution 

Control District are reproduced in this appendix as published by the 

District. These rules were effective as of January 1, 1973.

REGULATION I. GENERAL PROVISIONS 

Rule 1. Title. 

APPENDIX A: RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE AIR POLLUTION 

There rules and regulations shall be known as the ruler of the Air 

Pollution Control District. 

Rule 2. Definitions. 

a. Except as otherwise specifically provided in rhere rules and except 

where the context otherwise indicates, words used in these rules are used 

in exactly the same senre as the same words are used in Chapter 2, Division 

20 of the Health and Safety Code. 

b. Person. "Person" means any person, firm. association, organiza- 

tion. partnership, burinerr trust. corporation, company, contractor, rup- 

plier, installer, user or owner, or any rtate or iocal governmental agency 

or public district 01 any officer or employee thereof. "Person" also meanr 

the United Stater or irr agencies. to the extent authorized by federal law. 

c. & "Board" meanr the Air Pollution Control Board of the 

Air Pollution Control Dirtrict of Lor Angeler County. 

e. m. "Secrlon" meanr section of the Health and Safety Code 

of the State of California unless some other statute is specifically men- 

tioned. 

f. && "Rule" means a rule of the Air Pollution Control District 

of Lor Angeler County. 

g. Air Basim and Geoqraph8cai Areas. Three major "air barins" and 

two "geographical areas" within Lor Angeles County are defined as being 

within the foliowing described boundaries: 

I. LOS Angelei Basin. Beginning at the intersection of the routh- 

CONTROL DISTRICT, COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES 

erly boundary of the Angele3 National Forest with the eastei~ 

ly boundary of the County of Lor Angeler; thence along said 

easterly boundary in a general southwesterly direction to the 

contiguous jurisdictional limit of Lor Angeler County in the 

Pacific Ocean; thence continuing along the boundary of the 

Counry of Los Angeler lin the Pacific Ocean) in a general 

northwesterly and werterly direction to its most westerly 

intersection with the werterly boundary of the County of 

Lor Angeler lin the Pacific Ocean): thence in a general nor- 

therly direction along the generally westerly boundary of 

the County of Lor Angelen to the most norther^ 

ly intersection of said werterly County line with the routh- 

ern boundary of Hydrographic Unit 2 of the South Coastal 

area ar defined by the California Water Resources Board; 

thence earterly along raid southern boundary to its interrec~ 

tion with the westerly boundary of the 4ngeler National 

Forert; thence southerly along the raid boundary of the 

Angeler National Forest to its interrection with the Lor 

Angeies City limifs: thence in a general earterly direction 

along the northerly boundary of said City of Los Angeles to 

the sourhwerterly corner of Section 16. Township 2 North. 

Range 13 Wen. S.B.B. & M.: thence in a general easterly 

direction along raid southerly boundary of the Angeler Na- 

tional Forest to raid easterly boundary of thecounty of Lor 

Angeler. 

907 

2. Upper Santa Ciara River Valley Basin. Beginning at the inter- 

recrion of the northern boundary of Lor Angeler Basin, with 

the western boundary of Lor Angeler County: thence gener- 

ally northerly along the western boundary of the County of 

LOI Angeler to its intersection with the southern bound^ 

arv of the Angeler National Forert: thence generally easter- 

Iv along the southern boundary of the Angeler National 

Forest to its intersection with a line defining the drainage 

reparation between the Santa Clara River Vailey drainage 

area and the Antelope Valley drainage area; thence gener- 

ally easterly along said drainage reparation line to ics inter- 

Section with the northerly boundary of the Angeler Nation. 

ai Forert: thence generally southwesterly along the northern 

boundary of the Angeler National Forest to its intersection 

with the northern boundary of the Lor Angeler Basin; thence 

westward along raid northern boundary of the Lor Angeles 

Basin to the raid westerly boundary of the County of Lor 

Angeler. 

3. Antelope Valley Basin. That portion of Los Angelescounty 

northerly of the Angeles Natioral Forest and the Upper 

Santa Ciara River Valley Basin. 

4. Mountain Area of Lor Angelen County. This area is com- 

posed of the two segments of the Aogeler National Forert 

and adjoining arear not included in an air barin. 

5. Island Area of Lor Angeles County. This area is composed 

of Santa Carilina Island and San Ciemente Island. 

h. Regillaliiln, "Rryulai~on" meanr one of the major rubdivinions 

of the Rules of the Air Pollution Control Dirtrict of Los Angeles County. 

i. Particoli#te Matter. "Parlicr8late Mailer" is any mateiiai, except 

uncombined water. which exists in a finely divided form as a liauid w 

solid at standard conditions. 

j. Process Weight Per Hour. "Piocess Weight" is the total weight of 

all materials introduced into any specific procerr which process may cause 

any discharge into the atmosphere. Solid fuels charged will be considered 

as part of the process weight, but liquid and gaseous fuels and combustion 

air will not. "The Process Weight Per Hour" will be derived by dividing 

the total process weight by the number of hours in one complete opera- 

tion from the beginning of any given process to the completion thereof, 

excluding any time during which the equipment is idle. 

k. & ''DuI~s'' are minute rolid particles released into the air 

by natural forcer or by mechanical processes such ar crushing, grinding 

milling, drilling, demolishing. shoveling, conveying, covering, bagging. rweep- 

ing, etc. 

I. Condensed Fumes. "condensed Fumer" are minute rolid particles 

generated by the condensation of vapors from rolid matter after volatiliza- 

tion from the molten rtate, or may be generated by sublimation, dirtilla- 

tion, calcination. or chemical reaction, when there procerrer create air- 

borne particles. 

m. Comburt~on Conraminants. "Comburt!on Contaminants" are

908 

particuiate matter discharged into the atmosphere from the burning of 

any kind of material containing carbon in a free or combined rtate. 

n. Atmosphere. "Atmosphere" means the air that envelops or sur 

rounds the earth. Where air pallutantr are emitted into a buildinh not 

designed ipecifically as a piece of air pollution control equipment, ruch 

emission into the building shall be considered an emission into the aimor- 

phere. 

o. Comburl~ble Refuse. "Combustible Refuse" is any solid or liquid 

comburtible waste mareriai containing carbon in a free or combined rtate. 

p. Multiple~Chamber Incinerator. "Muitiple-Chamber Incinerator" 

is any article, machine, equipment, contrivance, structure or part of a rtruc- 

ture, used to dispose of combustible refuse by burning, consisting of three 

or more refractory lined comburtion furnaces in series, physically reparated 

by refractory walls, interconnected by gar parrage pars or ducts and em- 

ploying adequate design parameters necessary for maximum comburtion 

of the material to be burned. The refractories rhall have a Pyrometrie 

Cone Equivalent of at ieaot 17, tested according to the method described 

in the American Society for Testing Materials, Method C-24. 

q. Oil-Effluent Water Separator. "OiibEffluent Water Separator" is 

any tank, box, rump or other container in which any petroleum or prod- 

uct thereof, floating on or entrained or contained in water entering such 

tank, box, sump or other container, is physically separated and removed 

from such water prior to outfall, drainage, or recovery of such water. 

Rule 3. Standard Conditions. 

Standard conditions are a gar temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit 

and a gar pressure of 14.7 pounds ber square inch absolute. Rerultr of 

all analyses and tests rhall be calculated or reported at this gas tempera- 

ture and pressure. 

Rule 4 Authority to Arrest. 

The Air Pollution Control Officer and every officer and employee 

of the Lor Angeler County Air Pollution Control District designated by 

him is authorized, during rearonabie hours, to arrest a person without a 

warrant whenever he has reasonable cause to believe that the perran to 

be arrested has committed a misdemeanor in his presence which is a vio- 

lation of Chapter 2. Division 20 of the Health and Safety Code, or any 

provision of the Vehicle Code relating to the emission or control of air 

contaminants, or any order, regulation, or rule adopted pursuant thereto. 

Such authority to arrest is granted in accordance with Penal Code Section 

836.5. 

REGULATION II. PERMITS 

Rule 10. Permits Required. 

a. Authority to Construct. Any perron building, erecting, altering 

or replacing any article, machine, equipment or other contrivance, the 

use of which may cause the issuance of air contaminants or the use of which 

may eliminate or reduce or control the issuance of air contaminants. 

shall firrt obtain authorization for such construction from the Air Pol- 

lurion Control Officer. An authority to construct shall remain in effect 

until the permit to operate the equipment for which the application war 

filed is granted or denied or the application is canceled. 

b. Permit to Owrate. Before any article, machine. equipment or 

other contrivance dercribed in Rule 1.0 la1 may be operated or ured, a 

written permit rhall be obtained from the Air Pollution Control Officer. 

No permit to operate or use shall be granted either by the Air Pollution 

Control Officer or the Hearing Board for any article, machine, equip- 

ment or sontrivance described in Rule 10 la), constructed or installed 

RULES AND REGULATIONS 

without authorization as required by Rule 10 la), until the information 

required is presented to the Air Pollution Control Officer and such ar- 

ticle, machine, equipment or contrivance is altered, if necessary, and 

made to conform to the standards set forth in Rule 20 and elrewhere 

in these Rules and Regulations. 

c. Posting of Permit to Operate. A person who has been granted 

under Rule 10 a permit to operate any article, machine, equipment, or 

other contrivance described in Rule 10 lbl, shall firmly affix ruch permit 

to operate, an approved facsimile, or other approved identification bear- 

ing the permit number upon the article, machine, equipment, or other 

contrivance in such a manner as to be clearly virible and accerrible. In 

the event that the article, machine, equipment, or other contrivance is 

so conrtructed or operated that the permit to operate cannot be $0 placed. 

the permit to operate rhall be mounted so as to be clearly visible in an 

accessible place within 25 feet of the article, machine, equipment, or 

other contrivance, or maintained readily available at all timer on the operat- 

ing premises. 

d. A perron shall not wilfully deface, alter, forge, counterfeit, or falsify 

a permit to operate any article, machine, equipment, or other contrivance. 

f. Permit to Sell or Rent. Any person who sells or rents to another 

perron an incinerator which may be used to dispose of combustible refuse 

by burning within the Los Angele~ Basin and which incinerator is to be 

ured exclurively in connection with any rtructure, which rtructure is d% 

signed for and used exclusively as a dwelling for not more than four fami- 

lies, shall first abtain a permit from the Air Pollution Control Officer to 

sell or rent such incinerator. 

g. 

Permit for Open Burning. A perron $hall not set or permit any 

open outdoor fire without firrt having applied for and been irrueda permit 

for such fire by the Air Pollution Control Officer, except that an application 

for burning permit rhall not be required for recreational firer, cerernoniai 

fires, or cooking firer. 

Rule 11. Exemptions. 

for: 

An authority to construct or a permit to operate rhall not be required 

a. Vehicles as defined by the Vehicle Code of the State of California 

but not including any article, machine, equipment or other contrivance 

mounted on ruch vehicle that would otherwire require a permit under the 

provinions of these Ruler and Regulations. 

b. Vehicles ured to transport passengers or freight. 

C. Equipment utilized enclurively in connection with any structure, 

which structure is designed for and used exclurively as a dwelling for not 

more than four families. 

d. The followingequipment: 

1. Comfort air conditioning or comfort ventilating systems which 

are not designed to remove air contaminants generated by or re 

leased from specific units or equipment. 

2. Refrigeration units except thore used as, or in conjunction 

with, air pollution control equipment. 

3. Piston type internal comburtion engines. 

5. Water cooling towers and water cooling ponds not ured for 

evaporative cooling of process water or not ured for evaporative 

cooling of water from barometric jets or from barometric con- 

densers. 

6. Equipment used enclurively for steam deaning. 

7. Presses ured exclusively for extruding metals. minerals, plar(ice 

or wood. 

8. Porcelain enameling furnaces, porcelain enameling drying ovens,

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'%a 

'913"

910 RULES AND REGULATIONS 

26. Roll mills or calenders for rubber or plastics where no organic 

~olventr, diluentr or thinners are ured. 

27. Vacuum producing dwieer used in laboratory operations or in 

connection with other equipment which is exempt by Rule 11. 

f. Steam generators, steam superheaters, water boilers. water heaters. 

and closed heat transfer systems that have a maximum heat input rate of 

less than 250.000.000 British Thermal Units IBTUI per hour igrarsl. and 

am fired exclusively with one of the following: 

tors. 

g. 

1. Natural gas. 

2. Liquefied petroleum gar. 

3. A combination of natural gar and liquefied petroleum gar. 

Natural draft hoods, natural draft sacks or natural draft ventila- 

h. Containen, reselvoirs, or tanks used exclurively for: 

1. Dipping operations for coaring objects with oilr, waxes or 

greaser where no organic solvents, diluenfr or thinners are 

used. 

2. Dipping operations for applying coatings of natural or synthe- 

tic resins which contain no organic solvents. 

3. Storage of liqudied gases. 

5. Unheated rtorage of organic materials with an initial boiling 

point of 3000F. or greater. 

6. The rtorage of fuel oils with a gravity of 250A.P.I. or lower. 

7. The rtorage of lubricating oilr. 

8. The rtorage of fuel oils with a gravity of 40°A.P.I. or lower and 

having a capacity of 10,000 gallons or less. 

9. The storage of organic liquids, except garoline, normally ured a$ 

rolventr, diluent~ or thinners, inks, colorants, paints, lacquer$, 

enamels, varnishes, liquid resins or other surface coatings, and 

having a capacity of 6,000 gallons or less. 

10. The srorage of liquid roapr, liquid detergents, vegetable oils, 

waxer or wax emulsions. 

11. The storage of asphalt. 

12. Unheated rolvent dispensing containers, unheated "on-comey- 

orized rolvent rinsing containerr or unheated non-conveyorized 

coating dip tankr of 100 gallons capacity or less. 

14. The rtorage of gasoline having a capacity of less than 250 gal- 

lons. 

15. Transporfing materjals on streets or highways. 

i. Equipment used exclurively for heat treating glarr or metals, or 

used exclusively for care hardening, carburizing, cyaniding, nitriding, carbon^ 

itriding, siliconiring or diffusion treating of metal objects. 

j. 

Crucible furnacer, pot furnacer or induction furnaces, with a capa- 

city of 1000 pounds or less each, in which no sweating or distilling ir con- 

ducted and from which only the following metalr are poured or in which 

only the following metals are heldin a molten state: 

1. Aluminum or any alloy containing over 50 per cent aluminum. 

2 Magnesium or any allay containing ovw 50 per cent magnesium 

3. Lead or any alloy containing over 50 per cent lead. 

4. Tin or any alloy containing over 50 per cent tin. 

5. Zinc or any alloy containing over 50 per cent zinc. 

6. Copper. 

7. Precious metals. 

k. Vacuum cleaning systems ured exclusively for industrial, eommer- 

cia1 or residential housekeeping purporer. 

I. Structural changer which cannot change the quality, nature or 

quantity of air contaminant emisrionr. 

m. Repairs or maintenance not involving structural changer to any 

equipment for which a permit has been granted. 

n. Identical replacements in whole or in part of any article, machine, 

equipment or other contrivance where a permit to operate had previously 

been granted for ruch equipment under Rule 10. 

Rule 12. Transfer. 

An author~ty to construct, permit to operate or permit to sell or rent 

shall not be transferable, whether by operation of law or otherw~se, elther 

from one location to another, from one plece of equtpment to another. or 

from one penon to another. 

Rule 14. Applications. 

Every application for an authority to construct, permit to operate or per- 

mit to sell or rent required under Rule 10 shall be filed in the manner and 

form prercribed by the Air Pollution Control Officer, and rhall give all the 

information necwary to enable the Air Pollution Control Officer to make 

the determination required by Rule 20 hereof. 

Rule 17. Cancellation of Applications. 

a. An authority to construct shall expire and the application rhall 

be canceled two years from the date of irruance of the authority to con- 

struct. 

b. An application for permit to operate existing equipment rhall be 

canceled two years from the date of filing of the application. 

Rule 18. Action On Applications. 

The Air Pollution Control Officer rhali act, within a reasonable time. on 

an application for authority to construct, permit to operate or permit to 

sell or rent, and shall notify the applicant in writing of his approval, condi- 

tional approval or denial. I 

Rule 19. provision Of Sampling And Testing Facilities. 

A person operating or using any article, machine, equipment or other con^ 

trivance for which these rules require a permit rhall provide and maintain 

such sampling and testing facilities ar specified in the authority to construct 

or permit to operate. 

Rule 20. Standards For Granting Applications. 

a. The Air Pollution Control Officer shall deny an authority to con- : 

Struct, permit to operate or permit to sell or rent, except as provided in Rule 

21, if the applicant doer not show that every article, machine, equipment 

or other contrivance, the use of which may cause the irruance of air 

contaminants, or the use of which may eliminate or reduce or control ; 

the issuance of air contaminants, is so designed. controlled, or equipped 

with such air pollution control equipment, that it may beexpected to oper- ,~ 

ate without emitting or without causing to be emined air contaminants in 

violation of Sections 24242 or 24243, Health and Safety Code, or of there 

Rules and Regulations. 

b. Before an authority to construct or permit to operate is granted. 

the Air Pollution Control Officer may require the applicant to provide 

and maintain s ch facilities as are necessary far sampling and testing pur- 

poser in order to secure information that will disclose the nature, extent. 

quantity or degree of air contaminants discharged into the atmosphere 

from the article, machine, equipment or other contrivance described in the 

authority to construct or permit to operate. In the went of ruch a require- '. 

ment, the Air Pollution Control Officer shall notify the applicant in writing 

1 

1 

i

of the required size. number and location of sampling holff: the sire and lo- 

cation af the sampling platform: the access to the sampling platform: and 

the utilities for operating the sampling and tening equipment. The platform 

and access shall be constructed in accordance with the General Industry 

Safety Orders of the State of California. 

c. In aeting upon a Permit to Operate, if the Air Pollution Control 

Officer finds that the article, machine, equipment or other contrivance has 

been connructed not in accordance with the Authority to Construct, he 

shall deny the Permit to Operate. The Air Pollution Control Officer rhail 

not accept any further application for Permit to Operate the article, ma- 

chine, equipment or other contrivance so constructed until he finds that 

the article, machine, equipment or other contrivance has been reconstruct- 

ed in accordance with the Authority to Construct. 

Rule 21. Conditional Approval. 

a. The Air Pollution Control Officer may isrue an authorityto con^ 

rtruct or a permit to operate, subjectto conditions whih will bring the 

Operation of any article, machine, equipment or other contrivance within 

the standards of Rule 20, in which care the conditionr shall be rpecified in 

writing. Commencing work under such an authority to construct or opera- 

tion under such a permit to operate shall be deemed acceptance of all the 

conditions ro rpecified. The Air Pollution Control Officer rhall issue an 

authority to construct or a permit to operate with revised conditionr upon 

receipt of a new application, if the applicant demonstrates that the article, 

machine, equipment or other contrivance can operate within the standards 

of Rule 20 under the revised conditionr. 

b. The Air Pollution Control Officer may irsue a permit to sell or 

rent, subject to conditions which will bring the operation of any article, 

machine, equipment or other contrivance within the standards of Rule 20, 

in which care the conditions rhall be rpecified in writing. Selling or renting 

under such a permit to sell or rent rhall be deemed acceptance of all the 

conditionr so rpecified. The Air Pollution Control Officer shall issue a per. 

mit to rell or rent with revised conditions upon receipt of a new application. 

if the applicant demonrrrates that the article, machine. equipmenr or other 

contrivance can operate within the standards of Rule 20 under the revired 

conditions. 

Rule 22. Denial Of Applications. 

In the went of denial of an authority to construct. permit to operate or 

permit to sell or rent, the Air Pollution Control Officer rhall notify the ap- 

plicant in writing of the reasons therefor. Service of this notification may 

be made in person or by mail, and such service may be proved by the writ- 

ten acknowledgment of the persons served or affidavit of the person making 

the service. The Air Pollution Control Officer shall not accept a further ap- 

plication unless the applicant has complied with the objections rpecified by 

the Air Pollution Control Officer as his reaans for denial of the authoriw 

to con~truct, rhe permit to operste or the permitto $ell or rent. 

Rule 23. Further Information, 

Before acting on an application for authority to construct, permit to 

Operate or permit to sell or rent, the Air Pollution Control Officer may rt 

quire the applicant to furnish funher informarion or further plans or rpeci~ 

fications. 

Rule 24. Application$ Deemed Denied. 

The applicant may at his option deem the authority toconstruct, permit 

to operate or permit to sell or rent denied if the Air Pollution Control Offi- 

Rules and Regulations of the Air Pollution Control District 911 

cer fails to act on the application within 30 days after filing, or within 30 

days after applicant furnishes the funher information, plans and rpecifica- 

tions requested by the Air Pollution Control Officer. whichever is later. 

Rule 25. Appeals. 

Within 10 days after notice, by the ,Air Pollution Control Officer, of 

denial or conditional approval of an authority to conrtruct. permit to oper- 

ate or permit to rell or rent, the applicant may petition the Hearing Board, 

in writing, for a public hearing. The Hearing Board, after notice and a pub 

lie hearing held within 30 days after filing the petition, may sustain or re 

verse the action of the Air Pollution Control Officer; such order may be 

made subject to rpecified conditionr. 

REGULATION III. FEES 

Rule 40. Permit Feer. 

Every applicant, except any state or local governme?tal agency or public 

district, for an authority to construct or a permit to operate any article, ma- 

chine, equipment or other contrivance,~for which an authority to construct 

or permit to operate is required by the State law or the Ruler and Regula~ 

tions of the Air Pollution Control District, shall pay a filing fee of $40.00. 

Where an application ir filed for a permit to operate any article, machine, 

equipment or other contrivance by rearan of transfer from one person to 

another, and where a permit to operate had previously been granted under 

Rule 10 and no alteration, addition or transfer of location has been made. 

the applicant shall pay only a $10.00 filing fee. 

Every applicant, except any state or local governmental agency or pub- 

lic dinrict, for a permit to operate. who filer an application with the Air 

Pollution Control Officer, rhall, in addition to the filing feeprezribed here- 

in, pay the fee for thk issuance of a permit to operate in the amount pre- 

xiibed in the following xheduler, provided. however, that the filing fee shall 

be applied to the fee prescribed for the irruance of the permit to operate. 

If an application for an authority to construct or a permit to operate ir 

canceled. or if an authority to construcr or a permit to operate is denied 

and such denial becomes final, the filing fee required herein rhall not be re 

funded nor applied to any rubrequent application. 

Where an application is filed for a permit to operate any article, machine. 

equipment or other contrivance by reason of transfer of location or transfer 

from one person to another, or both, and where a permit to operate had pre- 

viously been granted for such equipment under Rule 10 and an alteration or 

addition har been made, the applicant rhall be asserred a fee based upon the 

increase in total horsepower rating. the increase in total fuel conrumption 

expressed in thousands of British Thermal Unirr (BTUI per hour, the in 

crease in total electrical energy rating, the increase in maximum horizontal 

inside cross sectional area or the increase in total stationary container capac- 

iw resulting from such aiterationr or additions, as described in the fee 

schedules contained herein. Where the application is for transfer of loca~ 

tion and no alteration or addition has been made, the applicant rhall pay 

only a filing fee of $40. 

Where an application is filed for an authority fa conrtruct or a permit 

to operate exclusively involving revisions to the conditions of an existing 

permit to operate or involving alterations or additions resulting in a change 

to any existing article, machine. equipment or other contrivance holding a 

permit under the provisions of Rule 10 of there Ruler and Regulations, the 

applicant rhall be assessed a fee bared upon the increase in total horsepower 

rating, the increase in total fuel consumption expressed in thousands of 

British Thermal Units (BTU) per hour. the increase in total electrical energy

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Schedule 5 

Stationarv Container Schedule 

Any stationary tank, reservoir, or other container rhall be amerred a per- 

mit fee bared an the following schedule of capacities in gallons or cubic 

equivalent: 

GALLONS 

[d up ro andirlduding 4000. ................. .$ 

Ibl grearer than 4000 bur less than 10000. ........ 


......... 

(cl 10000 or greater but less than 40000 

[dl 40000 or grearer bur less ihan 100000. ........ 

....... 

(el 100000 or grearer bur less fhaa 400000 

If1 400000 or greater but less than 1000000. ...... 

IgJ 1000000 or greater bur less than 4000000. ..... 

Ihl 4000000 or greater ....................... 

Schedule 6 

Miscellaneour Schedule 

FEE 

40.00 

60.00 

lOO.00 

200.00 

300.00 

400.00 

500.00 

600.00 

Any article. machine, equipment or other contrivance which is not in^ 

cluded in the preceding schedules shall be assessed a permit fee of $40.00. 

Rule 42. Hearing Board Feer. 

a. Every applicant or petitioner tor variance, or for the extension. revo~ 

cafion or modification of a variance, or for an appeai from a denial or condi~ 

tionai approval of an authority to construct. permit to operafeor permir to 

sell or rent, except any state or local governmental agency or public district. 

shall pay to the Clerk of the Hearing Board. on filing, a fee in the sum of 

$16.50. It is hereby determined that the cost of administration of Article 

5. Chapter 2, Division 20. Health and Safety Code. or Rule 25 of these 

Ruler and Regulations. exceeds $15.50 per petition. 

b. Any person requesting a transcript of the hearing rhail pay the cort 

of such transcript. 

C. This rule shall not apply to petitions filed by the Air Pollution con^ 

trol Officer. 

Rule 43. Analysis Feer. 

Whenever the Air Pollution Control Officer finds that an analysis of the 

emission from any source is necessary to determine the extent and amount 

of pollutant^ being discharged into the atmosphere which cannot be derer- 

mined by visual observations, he may order the collection of rarnpicr and 

the analysis made by qualified personnel of the Air Pollution Control Dis- 

trict. The time required for collecting samples, making the analysis and 

preparing the necessary reports, but excluding time required in going to and 

from ruch premises, shall be charged against rhe owner or operator of raid 

premises in a reasonable sum to be determined by the Air Pollution Control 

Officer. which raid sum is not to exceed the actual cort of ruch work. 

Rule 44. Technical Reports - Charger For. 

Information. circulars, reports of technical work, and ocher reports pre 

pared by the Air Pollution Control Dirtrict when supplied to other govern^ 

mental agencies ot individuals or groups requesting copies of the same may 

be charged for by fhe District in a sum not to exceed the cost of preparation 

and distribution of such documents. All such monies collected shall be 

rurned into the general funds of the said District. 

Rule 45. Permit Feer - Open Burning. 

Every applicant for a permit to conduct an open fire, who flies 

application with the Air Pollution Control Oiiicer. except any stare or iocal 

government agency or public district, shall pay a filing fee of $20.00. 

Where an application is canceled or denied, the filing fee rhall not be re- 

funded nor applied to any rubsequent application. 

REGULATION IV. PROHIBITIONS 

Rule 50 Ringelrnann Chart. 

(Effective until January 1. 1973 for all sources completed and put into 

service before January 6. 1972. See amended Rule below1 

A person shall not dircharge into the atmosphere from any single 

source of emission whatsoever any air contaminants for a periodor 

periods aggregating more than three minuter in any one hour which is: 

a. As dark or darker in shade as that designated as No. 2 on the 

Ringelmsnn Chart, as published by the United States Bureau of Mines, 

or 

b. Of such opacity ar to obrcure an obsewsr'r view to a degree 

*qua1 to or greater than doer smoke described in rubsection (a) of thir 

Ruie. 

Rule 50. Ringelrnann Chart. 

iEfiective January 6. 1972 for any source not completed and put into 

sewice. Effective ior ail sources on January 1, 1973.1 

A person shall not discharge into the atmosphere from any single 

Source of emission whatsoever any air contaminant for a period or perlodr 

aggregating more than three minuter in any one hour which is: 

a. Ar dark or darker in shade as that designated No. 1 on ?he Ringe& 

mann Chart. as published by the United States Bureau of Mines, or 

b. Of such Opacity as to obscure an observer's view to a degree 

equal to or greater than does smoke described in rubsecrion (a) of this 

Rule. 

This amendment rhall be cffect~ve on the date of its adoption for any 

Source of emission not then completed and put into rervice. Ar to all other 

sources 01 emission thir amendment shall be effective on January I, 1973. 

Rule 51. Nuisance. 

A person ~hali not dircharge from any source whatsower ruch quanti~ 

ties of air contaminants or other material which cause injury, detriment, 

nuisance or annoyance to any considerable number of perronr or to rhe 

public or which endanger the comfort. repose, health or safety of any such 

persons or the public or which cause or have a natural tendency to cause 

injury or damage to burinerr or property. 

Rule52. Particulate Matter. 

(Effective until January 1, 1973 for all equipment completed and put 

into rervice before January 5, 1972. See amended Rule below) 

Except as otherwise provided in Ruler 53 and 54. a person rhall not 

dircharge into the atmorphere from any source particulate matter in excess 

of 0.3 grain per cubic foot of gas at standard conditions. 

Rule 52. Particulate Matter - Concentration. 

IEffective January 6. 1972 for any equipment not completed and put 

into service. Effective for all equipment on January 1. 1973.1 

A person rhall not dircharge into the atmosphere from any source par 

ticulale matter in excess of the concentration shown in the following table: 

(See Rule 52 Table)

914 RULES AND R 

Where the volume discharged falls between figurer listed in the table. 

the exact concentration permitted to be dircharged shal! be determined by 

linear interpolation. 

The provirionr of thir rule rhall not apply to emirrionr resulting from 

the combustion of liquid or gaseous fuels in steam generators ai gas turbines. 

For the purposes of this rule "pariiculate matter" includes any material 

which would become particurate matter if cooled to rrandard conditions. 

This amendment shall be effective on the date of its adoption for any 

equipment not rhen completed and pur into service. As to all other equip- 

ment this amendment shall be effective on January 1. 1973. 

Table For Rule 52 

volume ~ i ~ ~ h ~ M~~~~~ r g ~ d conrrntra 

Cubc Faat Per MI~YT~ tion DI Psrt~uIaID M.1- 

Coc~laledrl Dry Gas iar Aliowrd n Dl$voiump 

Dllrnargtd 

Cubic Feel Per Mlnuce 

CalcviarPdar Dry Gar 

~~~i~~~ conrrncrS. 

tion at Pait8eulaca Mar- 

IeiiillDvad n 01%into 

service before January 6. 1972. See amended Rule below) 

A pemn rhall not discharge in any one hour from any source whatros,~tandard~onbcion8 

rh.rgmd~ar~r.rnt PI. arstandrrd~ond,iions chrred ~ a r ~ ~ 

Cvblc Foot of DrVGal 

Cub#. Fool otDrvGar 

~ , ~ ~ ~ e r 

wer dust or fumes in total quantities in excess of the amount rhown in the 

at Blsndaid Condrlons 

aistandard Condiilona 

following table: laee next page) 

7000 ,0949 1000000 .0142 

8000 ,0902 1500000 0122 

10000 ,0828 2000000 .0109 

15000 ,0709 2500000 or more .0100 

Rule 53. Sulfur Compounds - Concentration. 

A perron shall not discharge into the atmosphere sulfur compounds. 

which would exist as a liquid or gas at standard conditions, exceeding in 

concentration at the point of dircharge, 0.2 per cent by volume calculated 

as rulfur dioxide !SO2). 

Rule 53.1. Scavenger Plan*. 

Where a separate source of air pollution ir a scavenger or recovery 

plant, recovering pollutanrr which would otherwise be emitred to the atmor- 

phere. the Air Pollution Control Officer may grant a permit to operate 

where the total emission of pallutanrr is ~brrantially less with the plant in 

operation than when closed, even though the concentrarion exceeds thar 

permitted by Rule 531a). The Air Pollution Control Officer rhall report 

immediately in writing to the Air Pollution Control Board the granting of 

any such permit, together with the facts and reasons therefor. 

Effective July 1, 1973, this Rule is repealed for sulfur recovery units. 

Effective January 1, 1914, thin Rule is repealed for sulfuric acid units. 

Rule 53.2. Sulfur Recovery Unitr. 

A person rhall not. after June 30. 1973. dircharge into the armosphere 

from any rulfur recovery unit producing elemental suifur. effluent proces 

gas containing more than: 

1. 500 partr per million by volume of sulfur compoundr calculated 

as sulfur dioxide. 

2. 10 pans per million by volume of hydrogen sulfide. 

3. 200 pounds per hour of sulfur compounds calculated ar sulfur 

dioxide. 

Any rulfur recovery unit having an effluent process gar discharge con- 

taining less than 10 poundr per hour of sulfur compoundrcalculated ar sul- 

fur dioxide may dilute to meet the provirion of number (11 above. 

Rule 53.3. Sulfuric Acid Unitr. 

A person rhall not. after December 31. 1973. discharge into theatmac 

phere fmm any rulfuiic acid unit. effluenr process gascontaining more rhan: 

1. 500 partr per million by volume of rulfur compoundr calculared 

2. 

as rulfur dioxide. 

200 poundr per hour of sulfur compounds czlculated as sulfur 

dioxide. 

Rule 54. Dust and Fumes. 

(Effective until January 1, 1973 for all equipment campieted and put 

TO use the following table, take the process weight per hour as meh is 

defined in Rule 21j). Then find this figure on the table, opposite which is 

the maximum number of pounds of contaminants which may bedischarged 

into the atmosphere in any one hour. Ar an example, if A has a process 

which emits contaminantr into the atmosphere and which process taker 3 

hours to complete, he will divide the weight of all materials in the specific 

procerr, in thir example. 1.500 lbr. by 3 giving a pracerr weight per hour of 

500 lbs. The table rhowr that A may not discharge mare than 1.77 lbr. in 

any one hour during the procerr. Where the pmcm weight per hour.falir 

between figurer in the left hand column, the exact weight of permined dlr- 

charge may be interpolated. 

(You will find Table far Rule 54 with amended Rule foilowingi 

Rule 54. Solid Particulate Matter - Weight. 

(Effective January 6, 1972 far any equipment not completed and put 

into service. Effective for all equipment an January 1. 1973.1 

A person shall not discharge into the atmorphere from any rource 

solid parriculate matter, including lead and lead compounds, in excerr of 

the rate shown in the following table: [See Rule 54 Table) 

Where the process weight per hour falls between figurer listed in the 

table, the exact weight of permitted discharge shall be determined by linear 

interpolation. 

For the purpose$ of thir rule "solid particulate matter" includes any 

material which would become solid particulate matter if cooled to standard 

conditions. 

Thir amendment rhall be effective on the date of its adoption for any 

equipment not rhen completed and put into service. As to all other equip- 

ment thir amendment rhall be effective on January 1, 1973. 

Rule 55. Exceptianr. 

The provirionr of Rule 50 do not apply to: 

a. Smoke from firer set by or permitted by any public officer 

if such fire is st or permission given in the performance of the official 

duty of such officer, and such fire in the opinion of such officer is 

necessary: 

1. For the purpore of the prevention of a fire hazard 

which cannot be abated by any other means, or 

2. The instruction of public employees in the methods of 

fighting fire. 

b. Smoke from firer set pursuant to permit on property used 

for industrial purposes for the purpose of inSruction of emploveesm

TABLE FOR RULE 64 

R .%urnurn Weight 'Rocem Mrximum Weight 

Wlihi 

methods of fighting fire. 

Rules and Regulations of the Air Pollution Control District 

c. Agricuituralwerationr in the growing of crops, or raising of 

fowls or animals. 

d. The use of an orchard or citrus grove heater which does not 

produce unconsumed solid carbonaceous matter at a rate in exces of 

an411 gram per minute. 

e. The use of other equipment in agricultural operations in the 

growing of crops, or raising of fowls or animals. 

Rule 56. Storage of Petroleum Praductr. 

A person shall not place, stare or hold in any stationary tank, reser- 

voir or other container of mare than 40.000 gallons capacity any gasoline 

or any petroleum distillate having a vapor prerrure of 1.5 pounds per square 

inch absolute or greater under actual storage conditions, unless such tank. 

reservoir or other container is a prerrure tank maintaining working pressures 

sufficient at all times to prevent hydrocarbon vapor or gas loss to the atmor- 

phere, or is derigned and equipped with one of the foliowing vapor iarr con- 

trol devices, properly installed, in good working order and in operation: 

a. A floating roof, conrirting of a pontoon type or doubledeck 

type roof, resting on the surface of the liquid contents and equipped 

'.vith a closure seal, Or seals, to clos the space between the roof edge 

and tank wall. The control equipment provided for in this paragraph 

rhall not be used if the gasaline or petroleum distillate has a vapor prer- 

sure of 11.0 poundr per square inch absolute or greater under actual 

storage conditions. All tank gauging and rampling devices rhall be gar- 

tight except when gauging or sampling is taking place. 

b. A,vapor recoven/ system, consisting of a vapor gathering rys- 

TABLE FOR RULE 54 

(&mended lanvsry 6. 19721 

Mrxlmum Dirrharge Proiea Weight 

Rate iiliawpd h, Solid Par Hour.. 

Prrc."lac. Matter Pounds Per "a", 

IASO"D1tL Diirharled 

From All Pain,$ a, 

Prorcra,Po"nd, 

Per Hour 

400000 24.1 

450000 24.8 

500000 25.4 

600000 26.6 

700000 27.5 

800000 28.4 

900000 29.3 

1000000 or mare 30.0 

915 

tem capable of collecting the hydrocarbon vapors and gases discharged 

and a vapor disposal system capable of processing such hydrocarbon 

vapors and gases so as to prevent their emission to the atmosphere and 

with all tank gauging and sampling devices gas-tight except when gaug- 

ing or sampling is taking place. 

c. Other equipment of equal efficiency. provided ruch equip- 

ment is submitted to and approved by the Air Pollution Control Offi- 

cer. 

Rule 57. Open Firer. 

A Pe(50n Ihaii not burn any comburtibie refuse in any open outdoor 

fire within the Los Angeler Basin, except: 

a. When such fire is set or permission for ruch fire is given in 

the performance of the official duty of any pubiic officer, and such fire 

in the opinion of such officer is necessary: 

1. For the purpose of the prevention of a fire hazard which 

cannot be abated by any other means, or 

2. The instruction of public employees in the methods of 

fighting fire. 

b. When ruch fire is set pursuant to permit on property used for 

industrial purposes for the purpose of instruction of employees in 

methods of fighting fire. 

c. When such fire ir set in the course of any agricuituial opera- 

?ion in the growing of crops, or raising of fowls or animals. 

These exceptions rhall not be effective on any calendar day on which 

the Air Pollution Control Officer determiner that:


1. The inversion base at 4:00 A.M., Pacific Standard Time, 

will be lower than one thousand five hundred feet above 

mean sea level, and 

2. The maximum mining height will not be above three 

thousand five hundred feet, and 

3. The average surface wind speed between 6:OO A.M, and 

12:W Noon. Pacific Standard Time, wiil not exceed 

five miles per hour. 

Rule 57.1. Open Burning - Upper Santa Clara River Valley Barin. 

A person shall not burn any comburtible refure in any open outdoor 

fire within the Upper Santa Clara River Valley Barin ar defined in Ruie 2.9. 

except that he may do so when a written permit for such fire is isued by 

both the Air Pollution Control Officer and a fire protection agency official. 

far any of the following reasons: 

1. Where a fire hazard to life or Droperty is declared by a iire protec~ 

tion agency official and such fire hazard cannot be abated by any 

other meanr, or 

* 2. For the purpore of instructing fire fighting personnel of any 

smte, county, or city iire department, or 

3. Far the purpore of instructing personnel in private industry in 

fire fighting methods, or 

4. In emergency situations where the public heaith ir endangered, or 

5. For the burning of agricultural wastee. 

These exceptions shall not apply in the Upper Santa 

Clara River Valley Basin on any calendar day on which the Air 

Pollution Control Officer determiner that: 

a. The inversion bare at 6:00 A.M.. Pacific StandardTime, will 

be lower than two thousand reven hundred feet above mean 

sea level, and 

b. The maximum mixing height wili be below four thouwnd 

reven hundred feet above mean sea level, and 

c. The average surface wind speed between 6:00 A.M. and 

12:00 Noon. Pacific Standard Time. will not exceed five 

miler per hour. 

This Rulerhall becomeeffectiveon December 31, 1971. 

Rule 57.2. Open Burning - Antelope Valley Basin. 

A person shall not burn any combustible refure in any open outdoor 

fire within the Anteiope Valley Basin as defined in Rule 2.9. except that he 

may do so when a written permit for such fire is issued by both the Air Pol- 

lution control Officer and a fire protection agency official, for any of the 

following reasons: 

1. Where a fire hazard to life or property is declared by a fire pro- 

tection agency official and ruch fire hazard cannot be abated by 

any other means, or 

2. For the purpose of instructing fire fighting personnel of any state. 

county, or city fire deparfment, or 

3. For the purpose of instructing personnel in private industry in fire 

fighting methods, or 

4. In emergency situations where the public health is endangered, or 

5. For the burning of agricuitural wastes. 

These exceptions rhall not apply in the Antelope Valley 

Basin on any calendar day on which the Air Pollution Control 

Officer determines that: 

a. The inversion bare at 6:00 A.M., Pacific Standard Time, will 

be lower than four thousand feet above mean sea level, and 

b. The maximum mixing height wiil be belowsin thousand feet 

above mean sea level, and 

c. The average rurface wind speed between 6:00 A.M. and 

12:00 Noon. Pacific Standard Time, wiil not exceed five 

miles per hour. 

This Rulerhall becomeeffectiveon December 31, 1972. 

Rule 57.3. Open Burning - Mountain Area. 

A person rhall not burn any comburtible refure in any open outdoor 

fire in the Mountain Area of Lor Angeies County as defined in Rule 2.9. 

except that he may do so when a written permit for ruch fire is issued by 

both the Air Pollution Control Officer and a fire protection agency official. 

for any of the following rearone: 

1. Where a fire hazard to life, property or watershed is declared by a 

fire protection agency official and such fire hazard cannot be 

abated b/ any other meanr, or 

2. For the purpore of instructing iire fighting personnel of any 

governmental fire protection agency, or 

3. In emergency situations where the public health is endangered, or 

4. For the burning of agricultural waster. 

These exceptions shall not apply in the Mwntain Area of Lor 

Angeler County on any calendar day on which the Air Pollution 

Control Officer determines that: 

a. The inversion bare at 6:00 A.M., Pacific Standard Time, wili 

be between 2500 feet and 5000 feet above mean sea level, 

and 

b. The manimum mining height will be between 2500 feet and 

6000 feet above mean sea level, and 

c. The average surface wind speed between 6:00 A.M. and 

12:00 Noon. Pacific Standard Time. wiil not exceed five 

miles per hour. 

This Rule shall become effective on December 31. 1971. 

Rule 57.4 Open Burning - lsiand Area. 

A person rhall not burn any combustible refure in any open outdoor 

fire in the lsiand Area of Lor Angeler County ar defined in Rule 2.9. 

except that he may do so when a written permit for such fire is issued by 

both the Air Pollution Control Officer and a fire protection agency oiiiciai. 

for any of the fallowing reasons: 

1. Where a fire hazard to life, property or watershed ir declared by a 

fire protection agency official and such fire hazard cannot be abat~ 

ed by any other meanr, or 

2. For the purpore of instructing fire fighting personnel of any 

governmental fire protection agency, or 

3. in emergency situations where the pubiic health ir endangered, or 

4. For the burning of agricultural waster. 

These exceptions shall not apply in the loland Area of Los Angeier 

County on any calendar day on which the Air Pollution Control 

Officer determines that: 

a. The inversion bare at 6:00 A.M., Pacific Standard Time, 

will be lower than one thousand five hundred feet above 

mean sea lwei, and 

b. The maximum mining height wiil be below three thousand 

iive hundred ieet above mean sea level, and 

c. ~he'aveiage surface wind between 6:00 A.M. and 

12:00 Noon, Pacific Standard Time, will not exceed five 

miler per hour. 

This Ruie shall become effective on December 31, 1971.

Rule 58. Dirporal of Solid and Liquid Waster 

a. A person shall not burn any comburtible refuse in any incinerator 

except in a multiple~chamber incinerator ar described in Rule 2 (pi, or in 

equipment found by the Air Pollution Control Officer in advance of such 

use to be equally effective for the purpose of a8r poliution control as an 

approved multipie-chamber incinecator. Rule 58 (a1 rhall be effective in the 

Los Angeler Basin on the date of its adoption, and in the Upper Santa Clara 

River Valley Basin on January 1. 1972. In all other areas of Lor Angeler 

County. this Rule rhall be effective on January 1, 1973. 

b. A person rhali nor discharge into the atmosphere from any inch 

erator or other equipment used to dispose of combustible refuse by burn- 

ing. having design burning rarer greater than 100 pounds per hour, except 

a% provided in subsection (dl of this rule. particulate matter in excess of 0.i 

grain per cubic foot of gar calculated to 12 per cent of carbon dionide iC021 

at standard conditions. Any carbon dioxide iC02l produced by combustion 

of any liquid or gaseous fuels rhall be excluded from the calculation to 12 

per cent of carbon dioxide (C02). 

C. A person rhall nor discharge into the atmosphere from any equip^ 

ment whatsoever, used to process combustible refuse, except as provided in 

1ub~ecf8on id) of this rule, particulate matter in excess of 0.1 grain per 

cubic foot of gas calculated to 12 per cent of carbon dioxide iCO2l at 

standard conditions. Any carbon dioxide iCO2i produced by comburtion 

of any liquid or gaseous fuels shall be excluded from the calculation to 12 

per cent of carbon dioxide iCO2l. 

d. A person rhall not dircharge into the atmosphere from any incin~ 

erator or other equipment used to dispose of comburtible refuse by burn- 

ing, having design burning rates of 100 pounds per hour or less, or for 

which an application for permit is filed before Janaury 1, 1972. particulate 

matter in excess of 0.3 grain per cubic foot of gascalcviated to 12 per cent 

of carbon dioxide (C02) at standard conditions and rhall not discharge 

particles which are individually large enough to be visible while suspended 

in the atmosphere. Any carbon dioxide iCO2I produced by combustion of 

any liquid or gaseous fuels shall be excluded from the calculation to 12 per 

cent of carbon dioxide iCO2). 

Rule 59. Oil-Effluent Water Separator. 

(Effective until July 1. 1972 for ail equipment operating under permit 

arof June29, 1971. Seeamended Rule on foliowing page) 

A person shall not useany compartment of any singleor multiplecom- 

partment oil-effluent water separator which compartment receives effluent 

water containing 200 gallons a day or more of any petroleum product or 

n~ixture of petroleum products from any equipment processing, refining, 

treating, sraring or handling kerosine or other petroleum product of equai 

or greater volatility than kerosine. unless such compartment is equipped with 

one of the following vapor lorr control devices, properly installed. in goad 

working ordsr and in operation: 

Rules and Regulations of the A ir Pollution Control District 917 

a. A solid cover with all openings sealed and totally enclosing 

the liquid conten-. Ail gauging and sampling devices rhall be gastight 

except when gauging or rampiing is taking place. 

b. A floating roof. consisting of a pontoon typeor double~deck 

type roof. resting on the surface of the iiquid contents and equipped 

with a closure seal, or seals, to close the space between the roof edge 

and container wall. All gauging and sampling devices shall be gas-tight 

except when gauging or rampiing is taking place. 

c. A vapor recoven/ system, conri~ting of a vapor gathering 

n/stem capable of collecting the hydrocarbon vaporr and gases dir 

charged and a vapor disposal system capable of processing such hydro- 

carbon vaporr and gaser ro as to prevent their emission to the atmos- 

phere and with all tank gauging and sampling devices gas-tight except 

when gauging or sampling is taking place. 

d. Other equipmenr of equal efficiency, provided such equip^ 

men1 is submitted to and approved by the Air Pollution Control 

Officer. 

This rule shall not apply to any oii-effluent water separator used ex- 

cluEively in conjunction with the pioduerion of crude oil. 

For the purpose of this rule, "kerosine" is defined as any petroleum 

product which, when distilled by ASTM standard test Method D 86~56, 

will give a temperature of 4010F. or less at the 10 per cent point recovered. 

Rule 59. Effluent Oil Water Separstarr. 

(Effective June 29, 1971 for any equipment not completed and put 

inro service. Effeclive for all equipment after July 1, 1972) 

A person shall not use any compartment of any vessel or device operat- 

ed for the recovery of oil from effluent water which recovers 200 gallons a 

day or more of any petroleum products from any equipment which proc~ 

esrer, refiner. stores or handler hydrocarbons with a Reid vapor pressure 

of 0.5 pound or greater,unless ruch compartment is equipped ~ 8th one of 

the following vapor loss control deuicer. except when yauglng or sampling 

is taking place: 

a. A solid cover with all openings sealed and totally enclosing 

the liquid contents of that compartment. 

b. A floating ponroon or double~deck type cover, equipped 

with closure seals to enclose any space between the cover's edge and 

compartment wail. 

c. A vapor recovery system. which reduces the emirrion of all 

hydrocarbon vapors and gases intothe atmosphere by at ieast 90 per 

cent by weight. 

d. Other equipment of an efficiency equal to or greater than 

a, b. or c, if approved by the Air Pollution Control Officer. 

This rule shall not apply to any oil-effluent water separator used en^ 

elusively in conjunction with rhe production of crude oil. if the water 

fraction of the ail-water effluent entering the Separator contains less than 

5 parts per million hydrogen sulfide, organic sulfides, or a combination 

thereof. 

This amendment shall be effective at the date of its adoption for any 

equipment nor then completed and put into service. As to all other equip^ 

ment thisamendment shall be effecriveon July 1, 1912. 

Rule 60. Circumvention. 

I person rhall not build. erect, install, or use any article, machine, 

equipment or other contrivance, rhe use of which, without resulting in a 

reduction in the total release of air contaminants to the atmorphere, re^ 

duces or conceals an emirrion which would otherwise constitute a violation 

of D8virion 20. Chapter 2 of the Health and Safety Code of the State of 

California or of there Ruler and Regulationr. This Rule rhall not apply to 

carer in which the only violation involved is of Section 24243 of the Health 

and Safety Code of the Stateof California, or of Rule 51 of these Ruler and 

Regulations. 

Rule 61. Gasoline Loading into Tank Trucks and Trailem. 

(Effective until July 1, 1972 for ali equipment operating under permit 

ar of June29, 1971. See amended Rule on following page) 

A person ihail not load gasoline into any tank truck or trailer from any 

loading faciliry unless ruch loading facility is equipped with a vapor collec-


tion and disposal ryrtem or irr equivalent, properly installed, in good work- 

ing order and in operation. 

When loading is effected through the hatches of a tank truck or trailer 

wish a loading arm equipped with a vapor collecting adaptor. a pneumatic. 

hydraulic or other mechanicai means rhall be provided to force a vapor-tight 

real between the adaptor and the hatch. A meanr rhall be provided to pre 

vent liquid gasoline drainage from the loading device when it is removed 

from the hatch of any tank truck or traiier, or to accomplish complete 

drainage before ruch removal. 

When loading is effected through means other than hatcher, all loading 

and vapor liner rhaii be equipped with fittings which make uaportightcon- 

nectionr and which close automatically when disconnected. 

The vapor disporal portion of the system shall conrirt of one of the 

following: 

a. 

A ~~~or-liquid absorber system with a minimum recovery 

efficiency of 90 per cent by weight of all the hydrocarbon vaporr and 

garer entering such disposal rystem. 

b. 

A variable vapor space tank, compressor. and fuel gasryrtem 

of sufficient capacity to receive ali hydrocarbon vaporr and garer dib 

placed from the tank trucks and trailers being loaded. 

c. 

Other equipment of at least 90 per cent efficiency, provided 

W C equipment ~ is submitted to and approved by the Air Pollution 

Control Officer. 

This rule rhall not apply ro the loading of gasoline into tank trucks and 

trailers from any loading facility from which not more than 20.000 gallons 

of gasoline are loaded in any one day. 

For the purpose of this rule, any petroleum distillate having a Reid 

vapor pressure of four pounds or greater rhall be included by the term 

"gasoline". 

For the purpore of thir rule. "loading facility" means any aggregation 

or combination of gasoline loading equipment which is both (1) possessed 

by one person, and (2) located so that ali the garoline loading outlets for 

such aggregation or combination oi loading equipment can be encompassed 

within any circle of 300 feet in diameter. 

Rule 61. Organic Liquid Loading. 

(Effective June 29. 1971 for any equipment not completed and put 

into rervlce. Effective for all equipment after July 1, 19721 

A rhall not load organic liquids having a vapor pressure of 1.5 

psia or greater under actual loading conditions into any tank truck. trailer. 

01 railroad tanl< car from any loading facility unless the loading facility is 

equipped with a vapor collection and disposal rystem or its equivaient ap- 

proved by the Air Pollution Control Officer. 

Loading rhail be accomplished in such a manner that all dirpiaced 

vapor and air wiil be vented only to the vapor collection ryrtem. Measurer 

shall be taken to prevent liquid drainage from rhe loading device when it ir 

not in use or to accomplish complete drainage befole the loading device is 

disconnected. 

The vapor disposal portion of the vapor collect~on and disposal ryrtem 

shall conrirt of one of the following: 

a. 

An absorber ryrrem or condensation rystem which processes 

all vapors and recovers at leart 90 per cent by weight of the organic 

vapors and garer fro811 the rquiprnanr being controlled. 

ryrtem. 

b. A vapor handling rystem which directs all vapors to a fuel gas 

c. Other equipment of an efficiency equai to or greater than a 

or i) if approved by the Air Pollution Control Officer. 

Thtr ruic rhall apply only to the loading of organic liquids having a 

vapor pressure of 1.5 psia or greater under actual ioading conditions at a 

facility from which at leart 20.000 gallons of such organic iiquids are loaded 

in any one day, 

"Loading facility", for the purpore of this rule. shail mean any aggre- 

gation or combination of organic liquid loading equipment which is both 

(1) parrersed by one perron, and 121 located so that all the organic liquid 

loading outlets for such aggregation or combination of loading equipment 

can be encompassed within any circle of 300 feet in diameter. 

This amendment shall be effective at the date of its adoption for any 

equipment not then completed and put inro service. As to all other equip^ 

ment chis amendment rhaii be effectiveon July 1. 1972. 

Rule 62. Sulfur Contents of Fuels. 

A person shall not burn within the Lor Angeler Barin at any time be- 

tween May 1 and September 30. both dater inclusive, during the calendar 

year 1959. and each year thereatter between April 15 and November 15. 

both inclusive, of the same calendar year, any gaseous fuel containing rulfur 

compounds in excess of 50 grains per 100 cubic feet of gareour fuel. calcu~ 

lated as hydrogen sulfide at standard conditions, or any liquid fuel or solid 

fuel having a rulfur content in excess of 0.5 per cent by weight. 

The 

a. 

of this rule rhall nqtapplv to: 

The burning of sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, acid riudge or other 

sulfur compound^ in the manutactuting of rulfur or rulfur compounds. 

b. 

The incinerating of waste gases provided that the gross heat- 

ing value of ruch garer is less than 300 BritishThermai Units per cubic 

toot at standard conditions and the fuel used to incinerate ruch waste 

, gases does not contain sulfur or rulfur compounds in excess of the a- 

mount specified in this ruie. 

c. The use of rolid fuels in any metallurgical process. 

d. The use of fuels where the gaseous products of combustion 

are used as raw materials for other processes. 

e. The use of liquid or rolid fuei to propei or test any vehicle, 

aircraft, missile, locomotive. boat or ship. 

1. The use of liquid fuei whenever the supply of gaseour fuel, 

the burning of which is permitted by this ruie, is not physically avail^ 

able to the user due to accident, act of God. acr of war, act of the 

public enemy, or failure of the ruppiier. 

Ruie 62.1 Sulfur Contents of Fuelr. 

a. A person shall not burn within the Lor Angeler Basin at any 

time between the days of November 16 of any year and April 14 of the 

next iuccecding calendar year. both dates inclusive, any fuel described in the 

1irst.paragraph of Rule 62 of these Ruler and Regulations. 

b. The provisions oi thir Rule do not apply to: 

1. Any use of fuel described in Subrectionr a.b,c,d,e. and f of 

raid Ruie 62 under the conditions and far the user set forth 

in raid Subsections. 

2. The use of liquid fuel during a period for which the supplier 

of gaseous fuel, the burning of which ir not ~rohibited by 

this Rule. interrupts the delivery of gareour fuel to the user. 

C. Every holder of, and wery applicant for a permit to operate fuel- 

burning equipment under there Ruler and Regulations rhall notify the Air 

Poiiurion Control Officer in the manner and farm prescribed by him, of each 

interruption in and rerumprlon of delivery of gareour fuei to his equipment. 

Rule 62.2 Sulfur Contents of Fuels. 

Notwithstanding the oi Section (1) of Rule 62 or any pro^ 

vision of rald section 

lncorporateil into RUI~ 62.1 or any provir~on of

Subsection (21 of Section b of Rule 62.1, a penon rhall not burn within the 

Los Angeles Basin any liquid fuel or solid fuel havinga sulfur content in ex- 

cess of 0.5 per cent by weight. 

It shall not be a violation of this rule to burn ruch fuel for a period of 

not to exceed three calendar days land in addition for that period of time 

necerrary for the Hearing Board to render a decision, provided that an a p 

plication for a variance is promptly filedlvvhfiodw fuel which complier with 

this Rule is not used due to accident. strike, sabotage, or act of God. 

Rule 63. Gasoline Specifications. 

a. A perron shall not. after June 30, 1960, sell or supply for use 

within the District as a fuel for motor vehicles as defined by the Vehicle 

Code of the State of California. gasoline having a degree of unsaturation 

greater than that indicated by a Bromine Number of 30 as determined by 

ASTM Method D1159-57T modified by omission of the mercuric chloride 

catalyst. 

b. For the purpose of this rule. the term "gasoline" means any pe- 

troleum distillate having a Reid vapor pressure of mare than four pounds. 

Rule 64. Reduction of Animal Matter. 

A person shall not operate or use any article, machine, equipment or 

other contrivance for the reduction of animal matter unless all gases, vapors 

and gar-entrained effluents from such an anide, machine, equipment or 

other contrivance are: 


a. Incinerated at temperatures of not less than 1200 degrees 

Fahrenheit for a period of not less than 0.3 second. or 

b. Processed in such a manner determined by the Air Pollution 

Control Officer to be equally. or more, effective for the purpose of air 

pollution control than (a) above. 

A person incinerating or processing gases, vapors or gar-entrained efflu~ 

ents purruam to thir rule hall provide, properly instali and maintain in cali- 

bration, in good working order and in operation devices, as specified in the 

Authority to Construct or Permit to Operate or ar specified by the Air pol^ 

lution Control Officer, for indicating temperature. pressure or other operat 

ing conditions. 

For the purpose of this rule. "reduction" is defined as any heatedproc- 

, including rendering, cooking, drying, dehydrating, digesting, evaporat- 

ing and protein concentrating. 

The provisions of thir rule shall not apply to any article, machine, 

equipment or other contrivance ured exclurively for the processing of food 

for human consumption. 

Rule 65. Gasoline Loading Into Tanks. 

A perron rhall not after January 1, 1965. load or permit the loading of 

gasoline into any nationary tank with a capacity of 250 gallons or more 

from any tank truck or trailer, except through a permanent submerged fili 

pipe. enless such tank is squipped with a vapor loss control dwice a$ de 

rcrikd in Rule 56, or is a pressure tank as described in Rule 56. 

The provisions of the first paragraph of this rule shall not appiy to the 

loading of gasoline into any tank having a capacity of less than 2,000 gallons 

which war installed prior to the date of adoption of this rule nor to any 

underground tank installed prior to the date of adoption of this rule where 

the fill line between the fill connection and tank is offset. 

Any perron operating or using any gasoline tank with a capacity of 

250 gallons or more installed prior to the date of adoption of this rule shall 

apply for a permit to operate such tank before January 1. 1965. The provi- 

siono of Rule 40 shall not apply during the period between the date ot adop~ 

tion of this rule and January 1. 1965, to any gasoline tank installed prior to 

the date of adoption of thir rule provided an application for permit to oper. 

ate is filed before January 1. 1965. 

A perron shall not install any gasoline tank with a capacity of 250gal- 

Ions or more unlerr ruch tank is equipped as described in the fir* paragraph 

of this rule. 

For the purpose of this rule, the term "gasoline" is defined as any p e 

uoleum distillate having a Reid vapor prerrure of 4 poundr or greater. 

For the purpose of this rule, the term "submerged fill pipe" is defined 

as any fill pipe the discharge opening of which is entirely submerged when 

the liquid level lr 6 inches above the bonom of the tank. "Submerged fill 

pipe" when applied to a tank which is loaded from the ride is defined as any 

fill pipe the discharge opening of which is entirely submerged when6e liq- 

uid lwei ir 1s inches abwe the bannm nf ,he tank. 

The provirionr of this rule do not apply to any stationary tank which is 

ured primarily for the fueling of implements of husbandry, as wch vehicles 

are defined in Division 16 (Section 36000, et seq.) of the Vehicle Code. 

Rule 66. Organic Solventr. 

a. A perron rhall not discharge into the atmosphere more than 15 

pounds of organic materials in any one day, nor more than 3 pounds in any 

one hour, from any article, machine, equipment or other contrivance, in 

which any organic solvent or any material containing organic rolvent comer 

into contact with flame or ir baked, heat-cured or heat~po1ymerized.i~ the 

Presence of oxygen, unlerr said discharge has been reduced by at least 85 per 

cent. Those portions of any series of articles, machines, equipment or other 

contrivances designed for processing a continuous web, strip or wire which 

emit organic materials and using operations described in this section shall be 

collectively subject to compiiance with this section. 

b. A perron rhall not dircharge into the atmosphere more than 40 

poundr of organic materials in any one day, nor more than 8 poundr in any 

one hour, from any article, machine, equipment or other contrivance used 

under conditions other than dercribed in rection (a), for employing or ap- 

plying, any photochemically reactive rolvent, as defined in section (k), or 

material containing ruch photochemically reactive solvent, unlerr said dir- 

charge has been reduced by at least 85 par cent. Emissions of organic ma- 

terial~ into the atmosphere resulting from air or heated drying of products 

for the first 12 hours after their removal from any article, machine, equip 

ment, or other contrivance dercribed in this section shall be included in dt 

termining compliance with this rection. Emissions resulting from baking. 

heat-curing, or heat-polymerizing as described in section la) shall be enclud- 

ed from determination of compliance with thir section. Those portions of 

anv Series of articler. machines ~~, eauinment , or other cnnrrivnnces d~sinned 

~ ~ ~~ ~- 

for processing a continuous web, strip or wire which emit organic materials 

and using operations dercribed in thir sectior rhall becollectively subject to 

compiiance with thir section. 

c. A person shall not, after Augurl 31, 1974, discharge into the at- 

mosphere more than 3.000 pounds of organic materials in any one day, nor 

more than 450 poundr in any one hour. from any article, machine, equip- 

ment or other contrivance in which any non-photochemicaliy reactive organ- 

ic solvent or any material containing such solvent is employed or applied. 

unlers raid dircharge has been reduced by at lean 85 per cent. Emissions of 

organic materials into the atmosphere resulting from air or heated drying of 

products for the first 12 hours after their removal from any article, machine. 

equipment, or other contrivance dercribed in thir rection rhall be included 

in determining compliance with thir rection. Emissions resulting from bak- 

ing, heat~curing, or heat.polymerizing as described in rection (a) rhall be ex- 

cluded from determination of compliance with thir section. Thoreportions


of any rerier of articles, machines, equipment or other contrivances designed 

for proeerring a continuour web. strip or wire which emit organic materials 

and using operations described in thir section rhall be collectively subject 

to compliance with thir reetion. 

d. Emirsionr of organic materials to the atmosphere from the clean- 

up with photochemically reactive solvent, ar defined in section (kl, of any 

article, machine, equipment or other contrivance described in sections la). 

Ibl or lcl, rhall be included with the other emissions of organic materials 

from that article, machine, equipment or other contrivance for determining 

compliance with this rule. 

f. Emisnionr of organic materialr into the atmosphere required to be 

controlled by sections (a). (bl or (cl, rhall be reduced by: 

g. 

1. Incineration, provided that 90 per cent or more of the car- 

bon in the organic material being incinerated is oxidized to 

carbon dioxide, or 

2. Adsorption. or 

3. Processing in a manner determined by the Air Pollution Con- 

trol Officer to be not less effective than (11 or 121 above. 

A person incinerating, adsorbing. or otherwise processing organic 

materialr pursuant to thir rule rhall provide, properly install and maintain in 

calibration. in good working order and in operation, devices ar specified in 

the authority to construct or the permit to operate, or ar specified by the 

Air Pollution Control Officer, for indicating temperaturer, preraurer, rater 

of flow or other operating conditions necessary to determine the degreP and 

efffftivenerr of air pollution control. 

h. Any perron using organic solvents or any materialr containing or- 

ganic solvents rhall supply the Air Pollution Control Officer, upon requen 

and in the manner and form prescribed by him, written evidence of the 

chemical com~orition, physical properties and amount consumed for each 

organic solvent "red. 

i. The provisions of this rule rhall not apply to: 

1. The manufacture of organic rolventr. or the transport or 

storage of organic solvents or materials containing organic 

IoIY~"~S. 

2. The use of equipment for which other requirements are 

specified by Ruler 56. 59. 61 or 65 or which are exempt 

from air pollution control requirements by raid rules. 

3. The spraying or other employment of insecticides, pesticides 

or herbicide. 

4. The employment. application, evaporation or drying of satu- 

rated halogenated hydrocarbons or perchloroethylene. 

5. I he use of any material, in any article, machine, equipment 

(il 

(ii) 

(iii) 

(iv] 

or other contrivance described in sections (a), lb), (cl oi (dl. 

if: 

the volat8le content of such material consists only of 

water and organic solvents. and 

the ~rganic solvents comprise not more than 20 per 

cent by voiume of raid volatile content. and 

the volatile content is not photochemically reactive as 

defined in rection iki. and 

the organic rolvent or any material containing organic 

solvent does not come into contact with flame. 

6. The use of any material, in any article, machine, equipment 

or other contrivance described in rectionr (a). (bl. (cl or (dl. 

if: 

lil the organic rolvent content of such material doer not 

exceed 20 per cent by volume of raid material, and 

(iil the volatile content is not photochemically reactive ar 

defined in section (kl, and 

(iiil more than 50 per cent by volume of such volatile 

material is evaporated before entering a chamber heated 

above ambient application temperature, and 

(ivl the organic solvent or any material containing organic 

solvent doer not come into contact with flame. 

7. The use of any material, in any article, machine, equipment 

or other contrivance described in sections la). Ibl, (c) or id), 

if: 

(il the organic rolvent content of ruch material does not 

exceed 5 per cent by volume of raid material. and 

(iil the volatile content is not photochemically reactive as 

defined in section (k), and 

liii) the organic solvent or any material containing organic 

solvent does not come into contact with flame. 

i. For the purposes of this rule, organic solventr include diluentr and 

thinners and are defined as organic materialr which are liquids at standard 

conditions and which are used as dirralverr, viscosity reducers or cleaning 

agents. except that such materials which exhibit a boiling point higher than 

220°F at 0.5 millimeter mercury absolute prerrure or having an equivalent 

vapor prerrure rhall not be considered to be rolvmtr unlers exposed !o tem- 

peratures exceeding 2200F. 

k. For the purporer of this rule, a photochemically reactive rolvent is 

any solvent with an aggregate of more than 20 per cent of its total jolume 

composed of the chemical compounds classified below or which exceeds any 

of the following individual percentage composition limitations. referred to 

the total voiume of solvent: 

1. A combination of hydrocarbonr, alcohols, aldehydes, enerr. 

ethers or ketones having an olefioic or cyclo-oiefinic type of 

unraturation: 5 per cent; 

2. A combination of aromatic compounds with eight or more 

carbon atoms to the molecule except ethylbenzene: 8 per 

cent; 

3. A combination of ethylbenzene, hetoner having branched j 

hydrocarbon structures, trichloraethyleoe or toluene: 20 per j~ 

cent. i' 

i 

Whenever any organic solvent or any conrtituent of an organic solvent 

may be classified from its chemical structure into more than one of the 

above groups of organic compoundr, it rhall be considered as a member 

of the most reactive chemical group, that is, thar group having the leas 

allowable per cent of the total volume of solvents. 

I. 

For the purporer of this rule, organic materials are defined ar 

chem~cal compoundr of carbon excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, 

carbonic acid. metallic carbider, metallic carbonates and ammonium carbon- 

ate. 

Rule 66.1. Architectural Coatings. 

a. A person shall not reil or offer for sale for use in Los Angeles 

Co~nry. in containers of one quart capacity or larger, any architectural 

coating containing photochemically reactive rolvent, as defined in Rule 

661kl. 

b. A perron rhall not employ. apply, evaporate or dry in Lor Angeler ; 

County any architectural coating, 

in containers of one quart 

capacity or larger, containing photochemically reactive rolvent, as defined 

in Rule 66ikl. 

I 

i 

i

. . , 

c. A perron rhall not thin or dilute any architectural coating with a 

photochemically reactive solvent. as defined in Rule 66(k). 

d. For the purposes of thir rule, an architectural coating is defined as 

B coating used for residential or commercial buildings and their appurte- 

nances; or industrial buildings. 

Rule 66.2 Disposal and Evaporation of Solvents. 

A person rhall not during any one day dispose of a total of more than 

. .. 

. . 

. 

, 1% gallonr of any photochemically reactive solvent, ar defined in Rule 66(k), 

.~., 

or of any material containing more than 1% gallons of any such photachemi- 

cally reactive solvent by any means which will permit the evaporation of 

such solvent into the atmosphere. 

Rule 67. Fuel Burning Equipment. 

A perron shall not build, erect. install or expand any non-mobile fuel 

burning equipmenr unit unless the discharge into the atmosphere of mmam 

inants will not and does nor exceed any one or more of the following 

rates: 

1. 200. pounds per hour of rulfur compounds. calculated ar sulfur 

dioxide iS02i; 

2. 140 pounds per hour of nitrogen oxides, calculated as nitrogen 

dioxide iNO2I: 

3. 10 pounds per hour of comburtion contaminants ar defined in 

Rule 2m and derived from the fuel. 

For the purpose of this rule, a fuel burning equipment unit rhall be 

comprised of the minimum number of boilers, furnaces, jet engines or other 

fuel burning equipment, the rimultaneour operations of which are required 

for the product8on of useful heat or power. 

Fuel burning equipment serving primarily as air pollution control 

equipment by using a comburtion process to destroy air contaminants 

shall be exempt from the provisions of thir rule. 

Nothing in this rule shall be construed as preventing the maintenance 

or Dreventing the alteration or modification of an exioting fuel burning 

Equipment unit which wili reduce its mass rate of air contaminant emisrionr. 

Rule 68. Fuel Burning Equipment -- Oxides of Nitrogen. 

~.. . 

. . . . 

A perron rhall not discharge into the atmosphere from any non- 

. . . . ~ 

. . . mobile fuel burning article. machine, equipmem or other contrivance, having 

. ~ 

. . 

. . 

oxides, 

a maximum heat input rate of more than 1775 million British Thermal 

Unitr IBTUi per hour (grossl. flue gar having a concentration of nitrogen 

calculated as nitrogen dioxide IN021 at 3 per cent oxygen, in ex. 

cerr of that shown I" the following table 

NITROGEN OXIDES - PARTS PER MILLION PARTS OF FLUE GAS 

l Rule 68.1 Fuel Burning Equipment - Combu5tion Contaminants. 

', 

Gas 

FUEL 

L~quld or Solid 

A person rhall not discharge into the atmosphere comburtion contanai~ 

"ants exceeding in concentration at the point of discharge, 0.3 grain per 

Cubic foot of gar calculated to 12 per cent of carbon dioxide IC02i at 

standard conditions. 

Rule 69 Vacuum Productng Devlcer or Systems 

A person shall not discharge bnto the atmosphere more than 3 poundr 

of Organic mater~als in any one hour from any vacuum produc~ng dev~cer or 

systems lncludlng hot wells and accumulators, unless raod dlrcharge has been 


EFFECTIVE DATE 

DECEMBER 31, 1971 1 DECEMBER 31.1974 

1 325 225 

225 

125 

reduced by at least 90 per cent. 

This rule rhail be effective at the date of irr adoption for any equip- 

ment not then completed and put into service. As to ail other equipment 

this rule shall be effective on July 1. 1972. 

Rule 70. Asphalt Air Blowing. 

A person shall not operate or use any article. machine. equipment or 

~thei contrivance for the air blowing of asphalt unless all gases, vapor5 and 

garentrained effluents from such an article. machine, equipmenr or other 

contrivance are: 

a. Incinerated at temperatures of not lerr than 1400 degrees 

Fahrenheit for a period of not less than 0.3 second, or 

b. Processed in such a manner determined by the Air Pollution 

Control Officer to be equally. or mare. effective for the purpose of air 

pollution control than (a) above. 

This rule rhall be effective ar the date of its adoption for any equip- 

ment not then completed and put into service, As to all other equipment 

this rule shall be effective on July 1. 1972. 

Rule 71. Carbon Monoxide. 

A person rhall not. after December 31. 1971. discharge into the atmor~ 

pheie carbon monoxide ICOi in concentrationr exceeding 0.2 per cent by 

volume measured on a dry baris. 

The provirionr of thir rule rhall not apply to emissions from internal 

comburrion engines. 

Rule 72. Pump and Comprerron. 

A person shall not. after July 1. 1973. use any pump or compressor 

handling organic materials having a Reid Vapor Pressure of 1.5 poundr or 

Beater unless such pump or compressor ir equipped with a mechanical seal 

or other device of equal or greater efficiency approved by the Air Pollution 


The provisions of this rule shall not apply to any pump or compressor 

which has a dher of lerr than one (1) horsepower motor or equivalent 

rated energy or to any pump or compressor operating at temperatures in 

Rule 73. Safety Pressure Relief Valves. 

A person rhall not. after July 1. 1973, use any safety pressure 

relief valve on any equipment handling organic materials above 15 pounds 

per square inch absolute presrure unless the rafety pressure relief valve ir 

vented to a vapor recovery or disposal system, protected by a rupture disc, 

or is maintained by an inspection system approved by the Air Pollution 


The provisions of this rule rhall not apply to any rafety pressure relief 

valve of one (11 inch pipe sire or leis. 

REGULATION V. PROCEDURE BEFORE THE HEARING 

BOARD 

Rule75. General. 

This regulation rhall apply to all hearings beforethe Hearing Board of the 

Air Pollution Control District. 

Rule 76. Filing Petitions. 

Requests for hearing shall be initiated by the filing of a petition in tripli- 

cate wlth the Clerk of the Hearing Board at Room 433P. 313 N. Figueros 

St.. Los Angeler. Cal~fornia, 90012, and the payment of the fee of $16.50 

provided for in Rule 42 of these Rules and Regulations, after service of a


- 

copy of the petition has been made on the Air Pollution Control Officer at 

434 South San Pedro Street, Lor Angeles, California. 90013. and one copy 

on the holder of the permit or variance, if any, involved. Service may be 

made in person or by mail, and service may be proved by written acknow- 

ledgment of the perron served or by the affidavit of the penon making the 

sewice. 

Rule 77. Contents of Petitions. 

Every petition rhall state: 

a. The name, address and telephone number of the petitioner, or 

othei person authorized to receive rervice of notices. 

b. Whether the petitioner is an individual, co-partnership, corpara- 

tion or other entity, and namer and address of the partners if a co-partner- 

ship, namer and address of the officers, if a corporation. and the namer and 

addrerr of the persons in control, if other entity. 

c. The type of burinerr or activity involved in the application and the 

street address at which it is conducted. 

d. A brief description oi the article, machine, equipment or other 

contrivance, if any, involved in the application. 

e. The rection or mle under which the petition ir filed; that is, 

whether petitioner desires a hearing: 

1. TO determine whether a permit rhail be revoked or rurpend- 

ed permit reinstated under Section 24274, Health and Safety 

-. Code of the State of California; 

. - 

27- For a variance under Section 24292, Health and Safety Code; 

Z To revoke or modify a variance under Section 24298. Health 

and Safety Code; 

4. To review the denial or conditional granting of an authority 

to construct, permit to operate or permit to sell or rent un- 

der Rule 25 of there Ruler and Regulations. 

f. Each petition shall be signed by the petitioner, or by some perron 

an his behalf, and where the perron signing ir not the petitioner it rhall set 

forth his authority to sign. 

g. 

Petitions for revocation of permits shall allege in addition the rule 

under which permit war granted, the rule or section which is alleged to have 

been violated, together with a brief statement of thefactrconstitutingruch 

alleged violation. 

h. Petitions for reinstatement of suspended permits shall allege in ad- 

dition the rule under which the permit war granted, the request and alleged 

refusal which formed the baris far such runpcnsian. together with a brief 

statement a$ to why information requested, if any, war not furnished, 

whether such information is believed by petitioner to be pertinent, and. 

if w, when it will be furnished. 

i. Ail petitions shall be typewritten, double spaced. on legal or let- 

ter sire paper, on one side of the paper only, leaving a margin of at least one 

inch at the too and left ride of each sheet. 

Rule78. Petitions For Variance. 

In addition to the matterr required by Rule 77, petitionr for variances 

shall m te briefly: 

a. The rection, rule or order complained of. 

b. The facts showing why compliance with the section, rule. or order 

is unreasonable. 

c. For what period of time thevariance ir sought and why. 

d. The damage or harm rerulting or which would result to petitioner 

from a compliance with such rectbn, rule or order. 

e. The requirements which petitioner can meet and the date when 

petitioner can comply with such requirements. 

f The advantages and disadvantages to the residents of the district 

resulting from requiring comoiiance or resulting from granting a variance. 

g. 

Whether or not operations under such variance, if granted, would 

conrtitllte a nuirance. 

h. Whether or not any care involving the rame identical equipment 

or process is pending in any court, civil or criminal. 

i. Whether or not the subject equipment or process is covered by a 

permit to operate irrued by the Air Pollutioh Control Officer. 

Rule 79. Appeal From Denial. 

A petition to review a denial or conditional approval of an authority to 

construct, permit lo operate or permit to sell or rent shall, in addition to the 

matterr required by Rule 77, set forth a summary of the application or a 

copy thereof and the alleged reasons for the denial or conditional approval 

and The rearanr for appeal. 

Rule 80. Failure To Comply With Ruler. 

The Clerk of the Hearing Board rhall not accept far filing any petition 

which does not comply with these Rules relating to the form, filing and rer- 

vice of petitions unless the chairman or any two member$ of the Hearing 

Board direct otherwise and confirm such direction in writing. Such direc- 

tion need not be made at a meeting of the Hearing Board. Thechairman or 

any two members, without a meeting, may require the petitioner to state 

further fact$ or reframe a petition so as to disclose clearly the issuer in. 

volved. 

Rule 82. Answers. 

Any person may file an answer within 10 days after service. All an- 

we11 Shall be rewed the rame as petitions under Rule 76. 

Rule 83. Dismissal Of Petition. 

The petitioner may dismiss his petition at any time before rubmirrion 

of the care to the Hearing Board, without a hearing or meeting of the Hear- 

ing Board. The Clerk of the Hearing Board rhall notify all interested per 

ronr of such dirrnisral. 

Rule 84. Place Of Hearmy. 

All hearings shall be held at Room 903, 313 N Flgueroa St. Los 

Angeles, Caltforn~a, 90012, unlw some other place w des~gnatad by the 

Hearlng Board 

Rule 85. Notice Of Hearing. 

The Clerk of the Hearing Board rhail mail or deliver a notice of hearing 

to the petit;oner, the Air Pollution Control Officer, the holder of the pelmit 

or variance involved, if any, and to any perran entitled to notice under Sec- 

tions 24275. 24295 or 24299. Health and Safety Code. 

Rule 86. Evidence. 

a. Oral evidence shall be taken only on oath or affirmation. 

b. Each party rhall have these rights: tocall and examine witnesses; 

to introduce exhibits; to crosr-examine opposing witness on any matter 

relevant to the ipsuer wen though that matter war not covered in the direct 

examination; to impeach any witnprr regardies of which p aw fint called

him to testify; and to rebut the evidence against him. If respondent doer 

not testify in his awn behalf he may be called and examined ar if under 

cross-examination. 

c. The hearing need not be conducted according to technical rules 

relating to evidence and witnerrer. Any relevant evidenceshall be admitted 

if it is the sort of wideme on which responsible persons are accustomed to 

rely in the conduct of serious affairs, regardless of the existence of any com- 

mon law or statutory wle which might make improper the admission of such 

evidence over objection in civil actions. Hearsay evidence may be used for 

the purpose of supplmenting or explaining any direct evidence but&all not 

be sufficient in itself to support a finding unlerr it would be admisibleover 

objection in civil actions. The ruler of privilege shall be effective to the rams 

extent that they are now or hereafter may be recognized in civil actions, and 

irrelevant and unduly repetitious evidence rhall be excluded. 

Rule 87. Preliminary Matters. 

Preliminary manerr such as setting a date for hearing, granriogcanth 

uancer, approving petitions for filing, allowing amendments and other pre 

liminary rulings not determinative of the merits of the care may be made by 

rhe chairman or any two members of the Hearing Board without a hearing 

or meeting of the Hearing Board and without notice. 

Rule 88. Official Notice. 

The Hearing Board may take official notice of any matter which may 

be judic~ally noticed by the coum of this State. 

Rule 89. Continuances. 

The chairman or any two members of the Hearing Board shall grant 

any continuance of 15 days or les, concurred in by petitioner, the Air Pol- 

lution Control Officer and by wery person who has filed an answer in the 

action and may grant any rearonable continuance; in either care such action 

may be ex pane, without a meeting of the Hearing Board and without prior 

notice. 

Rule 90. Decision. 

The decirion rhall be in writing, rerved and filed within 15 days afte: 

submission of the cause by the panier thereto and rhall contain a brief state 

ment of facts found to be true, the determination of the issuer presented 

and the order of the Hearing Board. A copy rhall be mailed or delivered to 

the Air Pollution Control Officer, the petitioner and to every perron who 

has filed an answer or who ha$ appeared as a party in person or by counsel 

at the hearing. 

Rule 91. Effective Date Of Decision. 

The decision shall become effective 15 days after delivering or mailing 

a copy of the decision, as provided in Rule 90, or the Hearing Board may 

order that the decision shall become effective sooner. 

Rule 95. LackOf Permit. 

The Hearing Board shall not receive or accept a petition for avariance 

for the operatiop or use of any article, machine, equipment or other conaiv- 

ance until a permit to operate has been granted or denied by the Air Pollu- 

tion Control Officer; except that an appeal from a denial of a permit to op- 

erate and a petition for a variance may be filed with the Hearing Board in a 

single petition. A variance granted by the Hearing Board after a deniai of a 

Rules and Regulations of the A ir Pollution Control District 923 

permit to operate by the Air Pollution Control Officer may includea permit 

to operate for the duration of thevariance. 

REGULATION VI. ORCHARD OR CITRUS GROVE HEATERS 

Rule 100. Definition. 

"Orchard or citrus grove heater" means any article, machine, equip- 

ment or Other contrivance, burning any type of fuel, capable of emitting 

air contaminants, ured or capable of being ured for the purpose of giving 

protection from frost damage. 

Rule 101. Exceptions. 

Ruler 10, 14, 20, 21, 24. 40. 62. and 62.1 do not apply to orchard or 

citrus grove heaters. 

Rule 102. Permits Required. 

Any perron erecting, altering, replacing, operating or uring any orchard 

or citrus grove heater rhall first obtain a permit from the Air Pollution Con- 

trol Officer to do so. 

Rule 103. Transfer. 

A permit to operate shall not be transferable, whether by operation of 

law or otherwise. either from one location to another. from one piece of 

equipment to another, or from one person to another. 

Rule 105. Application F6r Permits. 

Every application for a permit required under Rule 102 rhall be filed 

in the manner and form required by the Air Pollution Control Officer. Incomplete 

applications will not be accepted. ~ - .- 

Rule 106. Action On Applications. 

. ~- . - 

The Air Pollution Control Officer rhall act~onall applications within a 

reasonable time and rhall notify the applicant in writing of the approval, 

conditional approval or denial of theappliCaion. 

Rule 107. Standards For Granting Permits. 

The Air Pollution Control Officer shall deny a permit if the applicant 

does not show that equipment described in Rules 100 and 102 is so designed 

or controlled that it will not produce unconsumed solid carbonaceous mat- 

ter at the rate in excess of one (1) gram per minute except as prescribed un- 

der Rule 108. 

Rule 108. Conditional Approval. 

a. The Air Pollution Control Officer may issue a permit subject to 

conditions which will bring the orchard or citrur grove heater within the 

standards of Rule 107 in which care theconditionrrhall berpeeified in writ- 

ing. 

b. Erecting, altering, operating or using under conditional permit 

rhall be deemed acceptance of all conditions so specified. 

Rule 109. Denial Of Applicationr. 

In the event of denial of a permit, the Air Pollution Control Officer 

shall notify the applicant in writing of the reasons therefor. Serviceof this 

notification may be made in person or by mail, and such service may be 

proved by the written acknowledgment of the perron served or affidavit of 

the person making the service. The Air Pollution Control Officer shall not 

accept a further application unlerr the applicant has complied with the oh- 

denial.


Rule 110. Appeals. 

Within 10 dayr after notice of denial or conditional approval of a 

permit by the Air Pollution Control Officer, the applicant may petition 

the Hearing Board. in writing, for a public hearing. The Hearing Board, 

after notice and a public hearing held within 30 dayr after filing the peti- 

tion, may sustain or reverse the action of the Air Pollution Control Officer; 

such order may be made subject to specified condition$. 

Rule 120. Fees. 

A request for a duplicate permit for orchard or citrus grove heaters 

shall be made in writing to the Air Pollution Control Officer within 10 days 

after the destruction, lorr or defacement of a permit. The fee for irruinga 

duplicate permit rhall be $1.00. 

Rule 130. Prohibitions. 

a. These rules prohibit the erecting, altering. replacing, operating or 

using any orchard or citrus grove heater which producer uoconrumed rolid 

carbonaceous matter at the rate of more than one 11) gram per minute. ex- 

cept under the conditions as set forth in Rule 108. 

b. Open fires for orchard or citrus grove heating are prohibited. 

c. The use of rubber tires or any rubber products in any combus- 

tion process in connetion with any orchard or citrus grove heating is hereby 

prohibited. 

d. All types of orchard or citrur grove heating equipment commonly 

known or designated ar followr: 

1. Garbage pall 

2. Smith Evans 

3. Citm with Olsen Stack 

4. Canco 5 gallon 

5 Dun" 

6. Hamilton Bread Pan 

7 Wheeling 

8. Canco 3 gallon 

9 Chin" 

70 Baty Cone 

11. Citrus Regular 

12. Stub Stack 

13. Cirrus 15-inch stack 

14. Exchange Model 5%inch 

diameter stack 

15. Exchange Model 6-inch 

diameter stack 

16. Hy-Lo Drum 

17. HY-LO or Blast 

18. Pheysey Beacon 

may not be "red or operated for the purpore of giving protection from frost 

damage. 

e. All types of orchard or citrus grove heating equipment commonly 

known or designated ao followr: 

Name Maximum Primary Air Orifice in Square Inches 

1. Hy-Lo 1929 

2. Hy-Lo 148 

3 Hy-Lo DoubleSrack 

4. Jumbo Cone 

5. Lemr.3 

6. National Double 

Stack 

7 Surplus Chemical 

Warfare Service 

Smoke Generator 

0606leqoivalent to one hole of 7/8in diameter1 

0606lequivalent to one hole of 7/8 in. diameter, 

0606lequivalent to one hole of 7/8in. diamsted 

0196lequivalent to one hole of 1/2 in. diamered 

0606leqoivalenr to one hole of 718 in. diameter, 

0.8021equivalent to one hole of 7/8 in. diameter 

and one hole of 1/2 in. diameter] 

0.802lequivalent to one hole of 718 in. diameter 

and one hole of 1/2 in. diamered 

may not be used or operated for the purpore of giving protection from frost 

damage unless the primary air orificeir) containls) not more than the mani~ 

mum area des~gnated above 

f All types of orchard or cPrur grove heatlng equipment commonly 

known or destgnated as follows 

Name Maximum Primary Air Orifice in Square Inches 

1. Exchange Model 0.606lequivalent to one hole of 718 in. diameter) 

7;". dia. stack 

2. HpLo 148Special 0.6061equivalent to one hole of 7/8 in. diameted 

3. Hy-Lo 230 0.606IequivaIent to one hole of 7/8in. diameter] 

4. Lazy Flame 24 in. 0.606(equivalent to one hole of 7/8 in. diameter) 

stack 

5. Lazy Flame 18in. 1.212/equlvalent to twoholes of 7/8in. diamered 

stack 

6. National Junior 1.212leqoivalent to two holes of 7/8 in. diamsred 

may not be used or operated for the purpore of giving protection from frost 

damage unless the primary air orifice($) is (are) $0 adjusted or regulated to a 

maximum opening of not greater than the area designated above. 

g. 

Any new complete orchard or citrur grove heating equipment of 

the distilling type not listed in rubnection "e" and "f" of this rule must con- 

tain a primary air orifice of such design that not more than one (1) gram per 

minute of unconrumed rolid carbonaceous matter is emitted. 

h. NO heater may be placed, be permitted to be placed or be permit- 

ted to remain in any orchard or citrus grove or in any other place where 

heaters may be fired to furnish protection from frort damage unless a per- 

mit or conditional permit has been issued. 

i. The use or operation of any partial assembly of any type heater 

for the purpose of giving protection from frost damage is hereby prohibited. 

A permit or conditional permit irsued for the use or operation of any type 

orchard or citrus grove healer is for the "re or operation of a complete heat- 

er arrembly. 

REGULATION VII. EMERGENCIES 

This emergency regulation is designed to prevent the excessive buildup 

of air contaminants and to avoid any possibility of a catastrophe caused by 

toxic concentrations of air contaminants. Past history indicates that the 

possibility of such a catastrophe is extremely remote. 

The Air Pollution Control Board deems it desirable to have ready an 

adequate plan to prevent such an occurrence. and in care of the happening 

of this unforeseen event, to provide for adequate actions to protect the 

health of the citizens in the Air Pollution Control District. 

Rule 150. General. 

Notwithrtanding any other provirions of these rules and regulations, 

the provisions of this regulation rhall apDly to each air barin separately for 

the conrml of emirrionr of air contaminants during any "alert" stage as pro 

vided herein. 

Rule 151. Sampling Stations. 

The Air Pollution Control Officer rhall maintain at leas3 twelve (12) 

permanently located atmospheric sampling stations adequately equipped- 

These sampling nations shall be continuously maintained at locations desiw 

nated by the Air Pollution Control Officer after consultation with the Scien- 

tific Committee. At leart ten (lo) of there stations rhall be located in the 

LO$ Angeler Basin, at least one (1) station rhall be located in the Upper 

Santa Clara ~iver Valley asi in and at leart one (11 station rhall be located 

in the ~ntelope valley ~min. he ~ ipa~lution r control Officer may main-

fain ruch additional sampling rtationr as may be necessary. These addition- 

al Stations may be permanent, temporary, fixed. or mobile, and may be ac- 

tivated upon orders of the Air Pollution Control Officer. 

Rule 152. Air Sampling. 

The Air Pollution Control Officer shall establish procedures whereby 

adequate samplings and analyses of air contaminantr will be taken at each 

of the stations established under Rule 151 

Rule 153. Repor*. 

The Air Pollution Control Officer shall make daily summaries of the 

readings required by Rule 152. The summaries shall be in such form as to 

be understandable by the public. There summaries shall be public records 

and immediately after prepararion shall be filed at the main office of the 

Air Pollution Control District and be. available to the public, press, radio, 

television. and other mass media of communication. 

Rule 154. Continuing Program Of Voluntary Cooperation. 

Upon the adoption of this regulation the Air Pollution Control Offier 

rhall inform the public of ways in which air pollution can be reducedand 

shall request voluntary cooperation from all persons in all activities which 

contribute to air pollution. Civic groups $hall be encouraged to undertake 

campaigns of education and voluntary air pollution reduction in their re 

rpective communities. Public officials rhall be urged to take promptly such 

steps as may be helpful to reduce air contamination to a minimum within 

the areas of their authority. Employers rhall be requested to establish car 

pools. Users of automotive vehicler rhall be urged to keep motors in good 

condition and to plan routes and scheduler which will contribute minimum 

contamination to critical areas of pollution. All industrial, commercial and 

burin-r enablirhmentr which emit hydrocarbons or the air contaminants 

named in Rule 156 should critically study their operations from the stand~ 

pint of air contamination and should take appropriate action voluntarily 

to reduce air pollution. 

Rule 154.1. Plans. 

a. If the Air Pollution Control Officer finds that any industrial, buri- 

ners or commercial establishment or activity emits hydrocarbons or any of 

the contaminants named in Rule 156, he may give written notice to the 

owner or operator of such industrial, business or commercial ertablirhment 

or activity to submit to the Air Pollution Control Officer plansfor hmedi- 

ate shutdown or curtailment, in the event of an air pollution emergency, all 

of the murcer of hydrocarbonr or any of the contaminants named in Rule 

156, including vehicler owned or operated by ruch person, his agents or em- 

ployees in the rope of the burinern or operation of wch ertablirhment or 

activity. Such planr rhall include, in addition to theother martersset forth 

in this rule, a list of all such ulurcer of hydrocarbons and any of the con tam^ 

inantr named in Rule 156, and a statement of the minimum time and the 

recommended time to effect a complete shutdown of each source in the 

went of an air pollution emergency. Such notice may be served in the man- 

ner prescribed by law for the service of summons, or by registered or ceni- 

fied mail. Each such person $hall, within sixty I601 days after the receipt 

of ruch notice, or within ruch additional time as the Air Pollution Control 

Officer may specify in writing, rubmit to the Air Pollution Control Officer 

the planr and information described in the notice. 

b. The Air Pollution Control Officer shall prepareappropriateplam 

to be made effective and action to be taken in respect to a Fint or Second 

Alert ar followr: 

In rerpst to a First Alert, the Air Pollution Control Officer rhall de 


velop plans calling for the operation of all privately owned vehicles on a 

pool barie as may be arranged by persons and employers of persons operat- 

ing vehicler from home to work and in the business of such employer. 

In respect to a Second Alert, the Control Officer shall prepare a pro- 

gram of action and steps to be taken under the provisions of Rule 158, 

paragraph c. The general nature of the plans to be made effective upon a 

Second Alert shall be reported to and subject to rwiew and approval by 

the Air Poilution Control Board. 

It shall be the objective of such program to result in bringing about a 

diminution of air contaminants which occasioned the SecondAlertandm 

prevent any increase thereof in order to protect the health of all persons 

within the air basin affected by the alert. It rhall also be the objective of 

such plan* that they may be effective tocurtail theoperations of industrial, 

businerr, commercial and other activities within the barin, but without un~ 

due interference with the operations of public utilities or other productive. 

industrial, business and other activities, which are essential to the health 

and welfare of the community. It is further intended that any raid ~ lan of 

action rhall not jeopardize the welfare of the public or result in irreparable 

injury to any means of production or distribution. 

The Air Pollution Control Officer shall further, by cooperative agree 

ments or in addition to cooperative agreements, prepare planr for action in 

respect to industw. businerr, transportation, hospitals, schools and other 

appropriate public and private inrtitutionr. and the public generally, fo a c~ 

complish the purposes of the Second Alert action as set forth in Rule 158d. 

The general nature of the planr to be made effective upon a Second Alert 

rhall be reported to and subject to review and approval by the Air Pollution 

Control Board. 

All plans and programs of action to make effective the procedures 

prescribed in Rule 158, paragraphs c.. and d. shall be eon4~tent with and 

designed to accomplirh the purposes, and shall be subject to theconditions 

and limitations, set forth in said paragraphs c., and d. 

The Air Pollution Control Officer rhall give, or cause to be given, wide 

publicity in regard to planr for action to be applicable under Rule 158, para- 

graphs c.. and d., in order that all persons within the district rhall be able to 

undernand and be prepared to render compliance therewith in the went of 

the rounding of a Second Alert. 

Rule 155. Declaration Of Alero. 

The Air Pollution Control Officer shall declare the appropriate"a1err' 

in an air barin whenever the concentration of any air contaminant in that 

air basin has been ver~fied to have reached the concentration set forth in 

Rule 156. For the purposes of this regulation "uerfied" means that the per- 

tinent measuring instrument has been checked over the ensuing five minute 

period and found to be operating correctly. 

Rule 155.1. Notification Of Alerts. 

Following the declaration of the appropriate "alert ,"the Air Pollution 

Control Officer shall communicate notification of the declaration of the 

alert to: 

a. The Lor Angeler County Sheriff and the Sheriff rhall broadcast 

the declaration of the "alert" by the Sheriff'$ teletype and radio system to: 

1. All Sheriff's subrtationr. 

7. All city police departments. 

3. California Highway Patrol. 

b. Local public safety perulnnel. who have rffponribilitier or inter- 

ests in air pollution alerts. 

C. Air polluting indunrial plants and processes which require"a1srt"


data in order to effect prearranged plans designed to reduce the output Of Rule 156. Alert Stages For Toxic Air Pollutants* 

air contaminants. 

(In parts per million partsof air) 

d. The general public. First Alert Second Alert Third Alert 

e. Air Pollution Control District personnel. Carbon Monoxide 50 100 150 

Nitrogen Oxidesa 3 5 10 

Sulfur Dioxide 3 5 10 

Rule 155.2 Radio Communication Swtem. 

Ozone 0.5 1.0 

1.5 

The ~i~ Pollution Control Officer shall install and maintain, incantiw a. Sum of nltrogen dioxide and nitric oxide. 

------------------------ 

operation, a radio transmitter with selective calling facilities for the Firrt Alert: Close approach to maximum allowable concentration for the 

purpose of broadcasting the declaration of alerts and information and inpopulatioyat 

large, a point where preventive action is required. 

rrmctiam which may be appropriate to carry out the provisions of this reg 

Second Alert: Air contamination level at which a serious health menace 

exists in a preliminary state. 

ulation. 

Third Alert: Air contamination level at which a dangerour health menace 

Radio receiving equipment with decoding device capable of receiving 

exirtr. 

broadcants from the Air Pollution Control Officer of the declaration of alerts 

and information and instructions thereto rhall be installed and properly 

maintained and operated during all hours of plant operation by any person 

who operates or use3 any: 

a. Petroleum refinery. 

b. 

Bulk gasoline loading facility for tank vehicles, tank cars, or ma- 

rine vessels, from which facility 20,000 gallons or more of gasoline are load- 

ed per day. For purpores of this paragraph. "gasoline" means any petroleum 

dirtillata having a Reid vapor pressure of four pounds or greater, and "facili- 

ty" means all gasoline loading equipment which is both: (11 possessed by 

one permn, and (2) located ro that all the gasoline loading outlets for such 

aggregation or combination of loading equipment can be encompassed with^ 

in any circle of 300 feet in diameter. 

E. 

, d. 

Asphalt raturator. 

Asphalt paving manufacturing piant. 

e. Asphalt manvfacturing plant. 

f. Chemical plant which: 

1. Reacts or producer any organic liquids or gases. 

2. Producer sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, or sulfur. 

4 Paint, enamel. lacquer, or varnish manufacturing plant in which 

10,000 gallons or more per month of organic rolventr, dlluentr or thinners, 

or any combination therqf are combined or manufactured into paint, en- 

amel, lacquer, or varnish. 

h. Rubber tire manufacturing or rubber reclaiming plant. 

i. Automobile assembly or automobile body plant. 

j. 

Metal melting plant requiring molten metal temperatures in en- 

CF of 10000F. or metal refining plant or metel melting plant. This wb. 

paragraph applies only to a plant in which a total of 2.500 pounds or mare 

of metal are in a molten state at any one time or are poured in any one 

hour. 

k Rock wool mmofacarringplant 

I. Glass or frit manufacturing plant in which a total of 4.000 pounds 

or more of glan or frit or both are in a molten Sate at any one time or are 

poured in any one hour. 

m. Fossil fuel fired steam electric generating plant having a total rated 

capacity of 50 megawatt$ or more. 

n. Container manufacturing or decorating plant in which 1,000 gal- 

lons or more per month of organic solvents, diluenfs or thinners, or any 

combinatnon thereof are conrumed. 

a. Fabric dry clean~ng plant in which 1,000 gallons or more Per 

month of organic solvents are consumed. 

p. 

Printbng plant with heated oven enclorurelrl and conwrming more 

than 1,0133 pounds per day ai~nk containing organic solvents. 

I 

- 

'HOW measured: The concentrations of air contaminants rhali be measured 

in accordance with the procedures and recommendations esrablished by the 

Scientific Committee. 

Rule 157. Firrt Alert Action. 

This is a warning alert requiring preventive action and shall be declared 

in an air barin whenever the concentration of an air contaminant has been 

verified to have reached the standards for the "fint alert" set forth in Rule 

156. The following actions shall be taken in the affected air basin upon the 

calling of the Firrt Alert: 

a. A person shall not burn any combustible refuse at any location 

within the affected air basin. 

b. Any penon operating~or maintaining any industrial, commercial 

or business establishment, which ertablirhmentr emit hydrocarbons or any 

of the contaminants named in Rule 156, and any person operating any pri- 

vate noncommercial vehicle, shall, during the First Alert period in the affect- 

ed air barin. take the necessary preliminary steps to the action required 

should a Second Alert be declared. 

C. 

The Air Pollution Control Officer rhall, by the use of all appro 

~~iate marr media of communication, request the public to stop all unerren- 

tial use of vehicles in the affected air basin, and to operate all privately 

owned vehicles on a pool basis, and shall request all employers to activate 

employee car pools. 

d. 

When, after the declaration of the First Alert it appwrs to the Air 

Pollution Control Officer that the concentration of any contaminants in ail 

or any portion of the affected air basin is increasing in such a manner that 

a Second Alert is likely to be called, he rhall take the fallowing actions: 

1. Call into session the Emergency Action Committee and re 

2. 

quest aduice on actions to be taken. 

Give all possible notice to the public by all marr media of 

communication that a Second Alert may be called. 

Rule 158. Second Alert Action. 

This is a serious health hazard alert and rhall be declared in an alr barin 

when the concentration of an air contaminant has been verified to have 

reached the standards set forth far the "Second Alert" in Rule 156. 

Alert: 

The following action rhall be taken upon the calling of the Second 

a. The action set forth in Rule 157. 

b. The Emergency Action Committee, the Air Pollution Control 

Board and the County Counsel, if not already activated, rhall becalled into 

rerrion and rhall remain in senion or reconvene fmm time to time as direct- 

ed by the Air Pollution Control Officer to rmdy all pertinent information 

relating to the emergency and to recommend to the Air Pollution Control

Officer actionr to be taken from time to time as condition$ change. 

c. The Air Pollution Control ORicer shall make effective, upon no- 

tice as provided in Rule 155.1. the program of action to be taken as pre- 

viously developed pursuant to Rule 154.1, paragraph b.. and to carry out 

the policy stated therein. 

Pursuant to this alert, the Air Pollution Control Officer may impose 

iimitationr as to the general operation of vehicles as provided in Rule 154.1, 

permining limited operation essential to accommodate industry, business, 

public utility and other services ar may be necessary in the public welfare. 

d. In the event the control measurer made effective under paragraph 

C. above prove to be inadequate to control the increase in the concentration 

of air contaminants, the Air Poilution Control Officer, with the advice of the 

Emergency Action Committee and with the concurrence of the Air Pollution 

Control Board shall take sueh steps ar he may deem necessary to assure ade- 

quate control of existing air contaminants and to protect the health and 

safety of the public. but, if possible, without employing ruch drastic reme- 

dial measures as to completely disrupt the economic life of thecommunity 

or to result in irreparable injury to any form of production, manufacture 

or business. 

The Air Pollution Control Officer may, with the concurrence of the 

Air Pollution Control Board, order theclosing of any industrial, commercial 

or business establishment and nop vehicular traffic where deemed necessary 

by the Emergency Action Committee. except authorized emergency vehicles 

used in public transportation and vehicles the operation of which is necer 

raw for the protection of the health and welfare of the public, if. in the 

opinion of the Air Pollution Control Officer, the continued operation of 

ruch establishment or vehicle contributes ro the further concentration of 

any air contaminant, the concentration of which caused the declaration of 

the "alert". 

The Air Poflution Control Officer, during a Second Alert, rhall keep 

the public suitably informed of all significant changes in the concentration$ 

Of toxic air contaminants. 

e. In the event that the Air Pollution Control Officer determiner that 

the public health and safety is in danger. the Emergency Action Committee 

and the Air Pollution Control Board may take any action authorized by this 

rule with lerr than a quorum present. A majority voteof the memberrples 

ent is required for any sueh action. 

Rule 159. Third Alert. 

This is a dangerour health hazard alert and shall be declared in an air 

barin when the concenfration of an air contaminant has been verified to 

have reached in that air barin the standards set forth for the "Third Alert" 

in Rule 156. 

The following action rhall be taken upon the calling of theThird Alert: 

a. The actionr set forth in Ruler 157 and 158, and 

b. If it appears that the steps taken by the Air Pollution Control 

Officer will be inadequate to cope with the emergency. the Air Foilurion 

Control Board rhall request the Governor to declare that a state of emer- 

gency exists and to take appropriate actionr ar ret forth in the California 

Emergency Services Act. 

Rule 160. End Of Alert. 

The Air Pollution Control Officer shall declare the termination of the 

appropriate alert whenever the concentration of an air contaminant which 

caused the declaration of ruch alert has been verified to have fallen below 

the standards set fonh in Rule 156 for the calling of such alert and the 

available scientific and maeorological data indicate that the concentration 

Rules and Regulations of the Air Poiluiion Control District 927 

of such air contaminant Will not immediately increase again ra ar ro reach 

the standards ret forth for such alert in Rule 156. The Air Pollution con- 

trol Officer rhall immediately communicate the declaration of the termina- 

tion of the alert in the manner provided in Rule 155.1 for the declaration 

of alerts. The Sheriff shall broadcast the termination of the alert in the 

same manner as provided in Rule 155.1 for the declaration of alerts. 

Rule 161. Enforcement. 

When an "alert" has been declared in an air basin, the Air Pollution 

Control Officer. the Sheriff, their deputies. and all other peace officers with- 

in that air basin rhall enforce the appropriate provisions of thir regulation 

and all orders of the Air Pollution Control Board or the Air Pollution Con- 

trol Officer made pursuant to thir regulation against any person who, having 

knowledge of the declaration of an alert, refuses ro camply with the rules 

set forth in this regulation or any order of the Air Pollution Control Board 

or the Air Pollution Control Officer made pursuant to this regulation. 

Rule 163. Scientific Committee. 

A Scientific Committee rhall be appointed by the Air Pollution Con- 

trol Board. Members rhall be licensed physicians, medical scientists, bialo- 

gists. c he mist^, engineers, or meteorologists, each of whom has had experi- 

ence in air pollution control work, or other experts with scientific training. 

The Air Pollution Control Officer and the County Counsel rhall be ex- 

officio members of the Scientific Committee. 

The term of appointment of all member5 except the ex~officio mem~ 

bere shall be two 12) years. The Scientific Committee shall act through a 

majority. There rhall be at least fifteen 1151 members on the Committee 

The Scientific Committee shall have the following duties: 

a. Studv and recommend. The Scientific Committee rhall study and 

, make recommendations to the Air Pollution Control Board of the most ruic 

able methods for measurement of air contaminants and on any changer lee 

ommendod for the concentrations set forth in Ru!e 156. The Air Pollution 

Control Board may adopt ruch recommended changes for the concentrations 

of toxic air contaminants for each alert stage by amendment to Rule 156. 

b. m. The Scientific Committee rhall serve in aconrultant ad- 

visory capacity to the Air Pollution Control Officer concerning any air pol- 

lution health problem which may arise. Thescientific Committee shall also 

advise the Air Pollution Control Board on any recommended changes in thir 

emergency regulation which will provide greater protection of the health and 

welfare of all persons within the Air Pollution Control District. 

Rule 164. Emwgenol Action Committee. 

An Emergency Action Committee 3hall be appointed by the Air Pollu- 

tion Control Board. The Committeerhall becomposed of ten (101 appoint- 

ed members and of there members twoshall beexpens with scientific train- 

ing or knowledge in air pollution matters, two rhall be licensed physicians. 

two rhall be representatives of industry, two shall be representatives of law 

enforcement, and two shall be members of the public at large. 

The County Health Officer, the Sheriff, and the County Counsel rhall 

be ex-officio memberr of the Committee. In the absence of an ex-officio 

member, his deputy may act for him. 

The term of appointment of appointed members rhall be two years. 

The duties of the Emergency Action Committee shall be to meet with 

the Air Pollution Control Officer when called into reerion, toevaluatedata, 

and to advise the Air Pollution Control Officer as to theappropriate action 

to be taken when the concentration of any of the contaminant$ ret forth in 

Rule 156 has been verified to be approaching thestandards set forth in Rule 

156 for a Second Alert.

CI?Y RULES AND REGIJLATIONS 

The Commitree shall meet when called into session and not less than 

every three months. 

REGULATION VIII. ORDERS FOR ABATEMENT 

Ruie 180. General. 

Notwith~tandirlg Rule 75, thls regulation shall apply to all hearingr on 

orders for abatement before the Hearing Board of the Air Pollution Control 

District. 

Rule 181. Order for Abatement 

In accordance with tlealth and Safety Code Section 24260.5, the 

Hearing Board, whcrl ~er#t~oned as provided herein. is authorized and 

directed to notice and hold hearings for the purpose of issuing orders far 

abatement. The Hearing Board in holding hearingr on the issuance of orders 

for abatement shall have all powers and duties conferred upon it by Health 

and Safety Code Division 20, Chapter 2. 

Rule 182. Filing Petitions. 

Requests by the Air Pollution Control Officer for a hearing on an order 

for abatement shall be initiated by the filing of the originai and two copier 

of the petition with the Clerk of the Hearing Board. One copy of the per& 

tion will then be served upon the person against whom the order for abare~ 

ment 8s rooght Ithe respondent). Service may be made in person or by mail. 

and service may be proved by written acknowledgment of the perron served 

or by the affadavir of the person making the service. 

Rule 183. Contents of Petition. 

The petition for order for abatement rhall contain the following 

information: 

a. The name, address and telephone number of the respondent. 

b. The type of business or activity invoied and the street address 

at which il is conducted. 

c. A brief dercript~on of the article. machine, equipment. or other 

contrivance. if any, involved in the violative emlsrion. 

d. The section or rule which is alleged to have been violated, to^ 

yther with a brief statement of the facts constituting ruch alleged violation. 

The permit status and history of the source sought to be abated may 

be included in the petition. A proposed order for abatement may also be 

included. 

All petitions shall be typewritten. double-spaced. on letter-size paper 

18% inches by 11 inches), on one ride of rhe paper, only. leaving a margin 

of at least one inch at the top and each ride of the paper. 

Rule 184. Scope of Order. 

An order for abatement iswed by the Hearing Board rhall include an 

order to comply with the statute or rule being violated. Such order may 

provide for installation of control equipment and for a schedule of comple~ 

tion and compliance. Ar an alternative to an order to comply, the Hearing 

Board may order the shutdown of any source of emirrionr which violates 

any statute or rule. An order for abatement may also iocludea directive to 

to take other acrlon determined appropriate to accomplish the necessary 

abatement. 

Rule 185. Findings. 

NO order for abatement shall be granted unless the Hearing Board 

makes all of the following findings: 

i. That the respondent is in violation of Section 24242 or 24243, 

Heaith and Safety Code, or of any rule or regulation of the Air Pollution 

Control Board. 

b. That the order of abatement will not constitute a raking of pro- 

perty without due process of iaw. 

C. That if the order for abatemenr results in the cloring or elimi~ 

nation of an otherwise lawful burinerr. ruch closing would not be without 

a coireil~u~~di~ig bclluril in reducing air contanrinalrts. 

Rule 186. Pleadings. 

Any [person may file a written answer, other rerponrlve pleading, 

memorandum, or brlcf not iers than fivc days before the hearing. Said 

documents shall be served the same ar petltionr under Rule 182. 

Rule 187. Evidence 

a. Oral evtdence rhall be taken only on oath or affirmation. 

b. Each party rhall have there rights: tocali and examine witnesses: 

ro introduce exhibits: to cross-examine opposing witnesses on any matter 

relevant to the issuer even though that matter was not covered in thedirect . 

examination: to im~each any witnew regardierr of which party first called 

him to reriify: and to rebut the widence against him. If respondent doer 

not testify in his awn behalf he may be called and examtned as if under 

~r~~~cxaminatio". 

c. The hearing need nor be conducted accord8ng to technical rules 

reiating to evldence and witnesses. Any relevant evidence ihall be admitted 

if it is the sort of evidence on which persons are accustomed to 

rely in the conducr of reriour affairs, regardless of the existence of any 

common law or starufory rule which mlght make improper the adn~isrion of 

such evidenco over objection in civil actions. Hearray evidence may beured 

for the purpose of rupplemenr~ng or cxplabning any direct widence but rhall 

not be rufflcient in itself to support a finding unlerr it would be admissible 

aver objection in civil actions. The ruler of pri~ilegerhall be effective to the 

same extent thal they are now or hereafter may be recognized in civil 

actions. and irrelevant and unduly repetitious evidence shall be exciuded. 

Rule 188. Failure to Comply with Ruler. 

The Clerk of the Hearing Board shall not accept for filing any petition 

whlch does not comply with there Ruler relating to the form, filing and rer~ 

vice of pclllionr unless the chairman or any two members of the Hearins 

Board dlrccr otherwirc and confirm ruch direction in writing. Such direc- 

tion need not bu rnade at e mertbng of the Hearing Board. Thechairman or 

ally two members, without a meeting, may require the petitioner to rtatc 

furth~r facts or reframe a petition so as to disclose clearly the isrues 

involucd. 

Rule 189. Dismissal of Petition. 

The Air Poliution Control Officer may dismiss his petition at any time 

before rubmission of the care to the Board without a hearing or meetingof 

the Hearing Board. The Clerk of the Hearing Board shall notify ail 

interested persons of such dirmirral. 

Ruie 190. Place of Hearing. 

Ail hearings rhall be iheld at Room 903, 313 N. Figueroa St., Los 

Anyelei. California 90012, unlerr some other place is designated by the 

Hearing Board. 

Rule 191. Notice of Hearing. 

The Clerk of the Hearing Board rhall mail or deliver a Notice of 

H~~~~~~ to the and to any person entitled to notice under 

applicable provisions of Divirion 20 of the Health and Safety Code. 

Rule 192. Preliminary Matterr. 

Preliminary matters such as setting a date for hearing. granting 

continuances, approving petitions for filing, allowing amendments and other


prellmcna

APPENDIX B: ODOR-TESTING TECHNIQUES 

Modern technology has not yet produced a precise 

method of analyzing odor concentration or odor 

quality. In some instances, it has been possible 

to measure concentrations of specific odorous 

compounds through chemical or spectroscopic 

analyses. The odors of concern to air pollution 

engineers, however, are usually mixtures of sev- 

eral odorous compounds (McCord and Witheridge, 

1949). Identification and measurement of each 

constituent is usually a tedious, if not impossible, 

task. For this reason, it is more practical to 

measure the aggregate odor concentration or 

detectability of a gas stream in terms of odor 

units. An odor unit is defined as the quantity of 

any odor or mixture of odors that, when dispersed 

in one cubic foot of odor-free air, produces a 

median threshold odor detection response. The 

overall odor measurement techniques to determine 

odor units require that human olfactory organs 

serve as analytical tools. Inasmuch as olfactory 

responses are somewhat transitory, particular 

care must be taken to eliminate extraneous odors 

and false olfactory responses. 

A dilution method has been developed (Fox and 

Gex, 1957) that uses the human nose to measure 

odor concentration. It generally follows the 

American Society for Testing Materials Method 

D1391-57 (standard Method for Measurement of 

Odor in Atmospheres [Dilution Methodfi and in- 

corporates some refinements. The method con- 

sists, in essence, of successively diluting a gas 

sample with odor-free air until a threshold dilu- 

tion is reached, that is, at further dilution no 

odor is detectable by the human nose. To mini- 

mize the effect of variations in olfactory sys- 

tems, a panel of several persons is used. The 

odor concentration is determined by plotting di- 

lution response data on log-probability coordi- 

nates. 

This dilution method serves. principally to mea- 

sure odor concentration. It is a valuable tool 

with which to evaluate the performance of odor 

control equipment, and the quantitative odor 

nuisance potential of a source. The quality 0% 

objectionability of an odor cannot be evaluated 

with the same assurance. While the dilution 

method can be used to measure objectionability 

thresholds, results are not as reproducible as 

detectability measurements are. This is due 

principally to the subjective nature of human 

olfactory responses. The average subject can 

report the presence or absence of an odor with 

more certainty than he can determine objection- 

ability. 

Odor testing is a comparatively recent develop- 

ment. Certain modifications (Mills et al., 1963) 

of the American Society for Testing Mater~als 

static test procedure were developed to accom- 

modate the method to field problems and to ac- 

celerate the testing procedure, at the same time 

maintaining or improving the reproducibility and 

reliability of results. 

For employment of this method for odor evalua- 

tion, a selected group of individuals must be used 

as odor panel members, and an air-conditioned, 

odor-free room must be used for the test. 

THE ODOR PANEL 

The ASTM procedure describes a suitable meth- 

od of screening and selecting members of the 

odor panel. The selectees should be persons who 

are neither the most sensitive to odors nor the 

most inserisitive of those screened. The choice 

of panel members should be limited to those with 

the most generally reliable olfactory perception. 

Consistent and reproducible results have been 

found to be obtained with a panel consisting of at 

least eight persons. Although a panel of six per- 

sons is adequate at times, eight is preferred, 

because the probabilities of inconclusive results 

(with the resultant necessity of rerunning the test) 

are thereby reduced. 

If possible, the panel members should be allowed 

to relax in the odor-free room for 10 to 15 min- 

utes beiore the test. This ensures that their 

olfactory senses are not fatigued or dulled by ex- 

traneous odors. Test periods should be limited 

to 30 minutes or less. If testing is required over 

a longer period, adequate rest periods should be 

scheduled to preclude fatigue. 

THE ODOR EVALUATION ROOM 

A typical plan for an odor evaluation room is 

shown in Figure B1. Essential features are: 

(1) Separation of the work area from the evalua- 

tion area, (2) provision for relatively odor-free 

air at room temperature with moderate humidity 

by use of an air-conditioning unit, and (3) an 

activated-carbon adsorption unit to provide and 

circulate odor-free air to the evaluation area. 

An odor evaluation room should be designed to 

minimize the possibility of extraneous odors in 

the vicinity of the panelists. It should he devoid 

of fabrics, such as carpeting, draperies, or up- 

holstery, that might hold odorous materials. The 

room should be so located in the building that

932 

ODOR-TESTING TECHNIQUES 

there is no introduction of odors into the air con- ture and humidity to reach equilibrium. The area 

ditioner inlet or through doors, cracks, and so of ground glass in contact with the sample should be 

forth. Air circulation should be such that the 

activated-carbon unit discharges air near the 

held to a minimum. 

panelists. All air from the work area should be 

filtered before it comes into contact with panelists. 

Condensation in the tube can introduce a large 

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES 

Representative sampling points are chosen ac- 

cording to standard air-sampling techniques. In 

most instances, 250-milliliter grab samples are 

sufficient. These are collected in gas-sampling 

tubes such as those shown in Figure 82. Possible 

sources of error are foreign odors from the sam- 

pling train, improperly cleaned glassware, and 

condensation in the sample tube. 

The use of rubber or plastic tubing and other 

heat-sensitive materials in the sample probe 

should he avoided, particularly if the gas stream 

is at an elevated temperature. The apparatus of 

Figure B2 is recommended wherein all tubing 

and joints upstream of the sampling tube are con- 

structed of glass. The rubber bulb evacuator is 

on the downstream side of the tube and does not 

contaminate the sample. 

The problems of condensation and adsorption of 

odorous mater4-1 on the inner walls of the sam- 

pling apparatus are the most difficult to over- 

come or even to evaluate. Odor adsorption can 

be minimized by flushing the sampling equipment 

with enough of the gas stream to allow tempera- 

.... 

:. 

. . 

error when the moisture content is much more 

than 20 percent by volume. When the gas stream 

hears a high moisture content, a second sampling 

technique has been devised in which the sample 

is diluted in the sample tube with dry, odor-free 

air. Dilution air is drawn through a cartridge 

charged with activated carbon and a suitable des- 

sicant. This sampling technique provides a di- 

lution of 10:l or greater in the tube. Equipment 

used for dilution sampling is diagrammed in Fig- 

ure B3. The 1-millimeter-outside-diameter 

capillary tube used as a probe is inserted through 

a new, size 000, cork stopper with the aid of an 

18-gage hypodermic needle as a sleeve. The 

sample is obtained by placing the free end of the 

capillary into the gas stream and withdrawing 

the required 5 to 10 milliliters of air from the 

sample tube with the 10-milliliter syringe. The 

volume withdrawn is replaced by an equal volume, 

which enters through the capillary tube. The 

small diameter of the capillary minimizes diffu- 

sion across the tube. 

In both techniques, the stopcock nearest the 

squeeze bulb is closed first. When equilibrium 

conditions are established, the other stopcock 

is closed and the probe removed from the gas 

stream. 

EVALUATION AREA 

... WORK AREA 

. . 

... : 

... 

ACTIVATED CARBON UNIT 

600 TO 1200 CfM INTAKE 

Figure B1. Odor-free room. 

-

Figure 83. Odor sampling equipment for wet gases. 

EVALUATION OF ODOR SAMPLES 

Evaluation of Odor Samples 933 

Figure 82. Odor sampling equipment for dry gases. 

In the work area of the odor evaluation room, 

mercury displacement is used to transfer the 

odorous gases from the sample tube to a 100- 

milliliter glass syringe. Figure B4 shows 

schematically the equipment needed. Ten milli- 

liters is drawn into a syringe, and then 90 milli- 

liters of odor-free air. This provides a 10:l 

dilution. Further dilutions are made in other 

syringes including the panel member's syringe. 

The last dilution (usually 10:l) is performed by 

the panelist, who is furnished with 10 milliliters 

of sample injected into his 100-milliliter syringe. 

He dilutes the sample to 100 milliliters with am- 

bient air before sniffing. Most panelists prefer 

to eject the sample near their noses. Each panel 

member should, however, choose the method of 

smelling the sample by which he feels his results 

are most accurate and reproducible. He records 

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 

Figure 84. Equipment used for transferring and 

di lut.ing odor samples.

934 

a positive or negative detection of odors on a 

tally sheet together with the number of the sample. 

Each panelist purges his syringe with air between 

samples. 

Some compounds such as aldehydes deaden the 

sense of smell and cause erratic results, that 

is, the dilution response data do not plot to a 

straight line on log-probability coordinates. 

While there is no entirely satisfactory method 

of overcoming this effect, it can be at least 

par~lally offset by allowing more time between 

samples for panelists' olfactory systems to recover. 

DETERMINATION OF ODOR CONCENTRATION 

The odor responses of the panel are quantified by 

calculating the percent of the panel members de- 

tecting odors at each dilution, as shown in Table 

B1. The ratio of the diluted volume to the orig- 

inal sample is termed the dilution factor. Odor 

responses are plotted against dilution factors to 

determine odor concentration. 

ODOR-TESTING TECHNIQUES 

Dilution response data follow a cumulative normal I 0' 

distribution curve. If plotted on rectilinear co- 

ordinates, these data produce an s-shaped curve. 

- 

- 

ro' 

ODOR RESPONSE CHART 

I I I - -, 

l l 1 : I, r \ . I 

OFT-GASES FROM FISH MEAL DRIER 

EVALUATED BY THE STATIC MllHOD 

I p . 

Illlll Hm. I . 

PSICENT Or P1NIL liPOlnHG POSIIIYI itS.ONllS 

The points at the extremes of the curve would 

represent panelists who are the most and the 

least sensitive to the particular odors. The area Figure 05. Plot of dilution response data. 

in the middle of the curve would represent average 

olfactory responses. 

When dilution response data are plotted on log- 

arithmic-probability coordinates, they tend to 

follow a straight line. This phenomenon is shown 

in Figure B5, where the test data of Table B1 are 

plotted. The subject gases evaluated were repli- 

cate samples of discharge gases from a fish meal 

trier. The data plot to a reasonably straight line. 

Maximum deviation from a straight line is prin- 

cipally a function of the number of panelists. 

Sample 

No. 

Table B1. DATA FROM A TYPICAL DILUTION TEST 

Dilution 

designation 

Dilution 

factora 

No. of 

panel 

members 

The point at which the plotted line crosses the 

50 percent panel response line is the threshold 

concentration. The dilution factor at the thres- 

hold is the odor concentration, usually stated in 

terms of odor units per scf. The total rate of 

odor emission in odor units per minute may 

then be calculated by multiplying the concen- 

tration by the total volume of the effluent. 

No. of 

panelmembers 

detecting odor 

% of 

panel members 

detecting odor b 

a~he dilution factor is the volume of the diluted sample evaluated by the 

panel members, divided by the volume of the original undiluted sample 

contained therein. 

b~ero and 100 percent responses are considered indeterminate.

APPENDIX C: HYPOTHETICAL AVAILABLE HEATS FROM NATURAL GAS 

Burners zor combustion devices such as after- Let the heat content of an effluent stream, at the 

burners frequently use the oxygen present in the desired final temperature, be H Btullb. Since 

contaminated effluent stream, An example would 10.36 cubic feet of air is required for combus- 

be a natural gas-fired afterburner that takes in tion of 1 cubic foot of natural gas, the weight of 

60 percent of its combustion air from the atmo- air taken from the effluent would be 

sphere, and 40 percent from an air containing 

contaminated effluent stream. W = (10. 36)(1-X)(p) 

One step in checking afterburner design is the cal- The heat contents oi this secondary combustion 

culation of the natural gas flow rate required to air would be 

raise an effluent stream to a given temperature. ' 

A calculation such as this normally makes use of Q = WH = (10. 36)(1-X)(p)(H) (c2) 

the available heat from natural gas. Available 

heat is the amount of heat remaining after the where 

products of combustion from a cubic foot of natural 

gas are raised to the afterburner temperature. W = weight of combustion air from the ef- 

Available heat from natural gas is shown in Table fluent per cubic foot of natural gas, 

D7. 1b/ft3 natural gas 

If the afterburner gas burner takes a portion of H = heat content of the effluent at the re- 

the combustion air from the effluent stream, quired temperature, Btullb 

then the calculation of the gas flow rate becomes 

a trial-and-error procedure. By the method of X = fraction of theoretical combustion air, 

hypothetical available heats given here, the trial- furnished as primary air through burn- 

and-error solution is eliminated. er 

The natural gas used in illustrating this calculation 

procedure requires 10. 36 cubic feet of air 

for theoretical combustion of 1 cubic foot of gas 

(Los Angeles area natural gas). Products of 

complete combustion evolved from this process 

are carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen. If 

the combustion of 1 cubic foot of natural gas is 

thought of as taking place at 60°F, then a portion 

of the heat released by combustion must be used 

to raise the products of comhustion from 60°F to 

the temperature of the device. The remaining 

heat is called available heat. This quantity represenfs 

the heat f r ? natural ~ gas that can be used 

to do useful work in the combustion device, such 

as heating an effluent stream in an afterburner. 

Consider a - gas-fired afterburner adjusted to nrovide 

a fraction, X, of theoretical air through the 

burner. If the contaminated effluent contains air, 

then the remaining air for combustion, 1-X, is 

taken from the effluent stream. This means that 

a smaller quantity of effluent has to be heated by 

the natural gas, since a portion of the effluent is 

involved in the combustion reaction. Thus, a 

burner taking combustion air from an effluent 

stream can be fired to raise the temperature of 

the effluent at a natural gas input lower than that 

of a burner firing with all combustion air taken 

from the atmosphere. 

p = density of air at 60°F 

Since Q Btu per cubic foot of natural gas is not 

required to heat the effluent,. it can be added to 

the available heat, A, at the afterburner tem- 

perature, or 

where 

A' = hypothetical available heat, Btulft 3 

natural gas 

Q = heat content of secondary combustion air 

from equation C2. 

Equation C3 is given in terms of temperature in the 

following equations: 

Temperature, 'F 

Hypothetical available heat, 

~tulft? natural gas

936 HYPOTHETICAL AVAILABLE HEATS FROM NATURAL GAS 

1,200 721 + 227 (I-X) 3. The gases in the afterburner will consist of: 

X = fraction of theoretical air furnished 

as the burner's primary air. 

Hypothetical available heats are given in Table 

C1 for varying temperatures and percentages 

of primary air. 

The use of this concept is illustrated in the follow- 

ing examples. 

Example C1: 

An afterburner is used to heat an effluent stream 

to 1,200°F by using 1 x 106 Btu/hr. The burner 

is installed and adjusted so that 60% of the theoret- 

ical combustion air is furnished through the burner, 

and the remainder is taken from the effluent. De- 

termine the required natural gas rate. 

1. The percent primary air is 6070, the required 

temperature is 1, 200°F, the hypothetical 

available heat from Table C1 is 812 ~ tu/ft~ 

of gas. 

2. Burner flow rate = 106/812 = 1,230 cfh gas. 

Temp, 

" F 

a. Products of combustion from 1,230 cfh 

natural gas with theoretical air - 1, 230 

x 11.45 scfh, 

b. the portion of the effluent not used for 

combustion air = effluent volume rate - 

(1, 230)(10. 36)(1-X). 

Example C2: 

An afterburner is used to heat an effluent stream 

to 1,200"F by using 1 x lo6 Btulhr. The burner 

is installed and adjusted so that all the combustion 

air is taken from the effluent stream. Determine 

the natural gas rate. 

This is equivalent to the burner's operating at 0% 

primary air. 

1. At 1,200°F the hypothetical available heat is 

948 ~tu/ft~ for 0% primary air. 

6 

2. Burner flow rate = 10 1948 = 1,058 cfh. 

3. Gases in afterburner will consist of: 

Table C1. HYPOTHETICAL AVAILABLE HEATS 

600 

700 

800 

900 

1.000 

1, 100 

1,200 

1,300 

1,400 

1,500 

1,600 

1,700 

1,800 

0 

975 

970 

965 

965 

958 

953 

948 

942 

939 

935 

929 

926 

920 

Hypothetical available heats, ~tu/ftj gas 

% primary air through the burner 

10 

965 

958 

950 

948 

939 

933 

926 

917 

912 

906 

897 

892 

885 

20 

954 

945 

936 

931 

921 

912 

903 

892 

885 

976 

866 

859 

949 

30 

944 

933 

922 

915 

902 

891 

880 

867 

858 

847 

834 

825 

813 

40 

933 

921 

907 

898 

884 

871 

858 

842 

831 

818 

803 

791 

777 

50 

923 

908 

893 

881 

865 

850 

835 

818 

804 

789 

772 

758 

741 

a. Combustion products from 1,058 cfh nat- 

ural gas with theoretical air = 1, 058 x 

11. 45, 

b. the portion of the effluent not used for 

secondary combustion air = effluent 

volume - (1,058)(10. 36)(1-X). 

60 

913 

896 

878 

865 

847 

830 

812 

793 

777 

760 

740 

724 

706 

70 

902 

883 

864 

848 

828 

809 

789 

768 

750 

730 

709 

691 

670 

80 

892 

971 

850 

831 

810 

788 

767 

743 

723 

701 

677 

657 

634 

90 

881 

859 

835 

814 

791 

768 

744 

718 

696 

672 

646 

623 

598

Temp, 

OF 

APPENDIX D: MISCELLANEOUS DATA 

Specific heat 

at constant 

pressure (C ), 

Btullb-'F P 

Table Dl. PROPERTLES OF AIR 

Absolute 

viscosity (p), 

lblhr-ft 

Thermal 

conductivity 

(k), 

Btulhr-ft- "F 

60 0.240 0.043 0.0136 

80 0.240 0.045 0.0140 

100 0.240 0.047 0.0145 

120 0.240 0. 047 0.0149 

140 0.240 0.048 0.0153 

160 0.240 0.050 0.0158 

180 0.240 0.051 0.0162 

200 0.240 0.052 0.0166 

250 0.241 0.055 0.0174 

300 0.241 0.058 0.0182 

350 0.241 0.060 0.0191 

400 0.241 0.063 0.0200 

450 0.242 0.065 0.0207 

500 0.242 0.067 0.0214 

600 0.242 0.072 0.0229 

700 0.243 0.076 0.0243 

800 0.244 0.080 0.0257 

900 0.245 0.085 0.0270 

1,000 0.246 0.089 0.0283 

1,200 0.248 0.097 0.0308 

1,400 0.251 0.105 0.0328 

1,600 0.254 0.112 0.0346 

1,800 0.257 0.120 0.0360 

2,000 0.260 0.127 0.0370 

a p taken at pressure of 29.92 lnches of mercury. 

Prandtl No. 

(Cplk), 

(dimensionless) 

Density 

(P), 

lb/ft3 a

938 MISCELLANEOUS DATA 

Table D2. THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES (Copyright, 1966, American Conference of 

Governmental Industrial Hyglenlsts)" 

a 

Substance P P ~ mg/m3 b 

Acetaldehyde 200 

Acetic acid 10 

Acetic anhydride 5 

Acetone 1,000 

Acetonitrile 

Acetylene dichloride, see 1, 

2 Dichloroethylene 

40 

Acetylene tetrabromide 1 

Acrolein 0.1 

Acrylonitr~le-skin 

Aldrin-skin 

2 0 

-- 

Ally1 alcohol-skin 2 

Allyl chloride 1 

C~llyl glycidyl ether (AGE) 10 

Ally1 propyl disulfide 2 

2 Aminoethanol, see 

Ethanolamine 

Ammonia 5 0 

Ammonium sulfamate (Am- 

mate) - - 

n-Amy1 acetate 100 

Aniline -skin 

dA... nls~d~ne (0, p-isomers)- 

5 

skin -- 

Antimony and compounds 

(as Sb) - - 

ANTU (alpha naphthyl thiourea) 

- - 

Arsenic and compounds 

(as As) - - 

Arsine 

Barium (soluble compounds) 

0.05 

-- 

CBenzene (benzo1)-skin 

f~enzidine-skin 

25 

- - 

p-Benzoquinone, see Quinone 

d~enzoyl perox~de -- 

Benzyl chloride 

Beryllium 

1 

- - 

eBiphenyl, see Diphenyl 

Boron oxide 

oron on trifluoride 

- - 

1 

Bromine 0.1 

Butadiene (1, 3-butadiene) 

Butanetbiol, see Butyl 

mercaptan 

1, 000 

2-Butanone 

2-Butoxy ethanol (Butyl 

200 

Cellos o1ve)-skin 

eButyl acetate (n-butyl acetate) 

50 

-- 

Butyl alcohol 100 

tert. Butyl alcohol 100 

C~utylamine-skin 5 

Ctert. Butyl chromate (as 

Cr03)-skin - - 

n-Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) 50 270 

*See Table D2 Footnotes, pages 942 and 944 

Recommended Values 

a 

Substance PPm mg/m3 b 

Butyl mercaptan 10 

p-tert. Butyltoluene 

Cadmium oxide fume 

Calcium arsenate 

Calcium oxide 

Camphor 

d~arbaryl (Sevin) (R) 

10 

- - 

-- 

- - 

-- 

-- 

Carbon dioxide 5,000 

Carbon disulfide -skin 

e~arbon 

2 0 

monoxide - - 

Carbon tetrachloride-skin 10 

Chlordane-skin -- 

Chlorinated camphene, -skin -- 

Chlorinated diphenyl oxide -- 

e~hlorine -- 

Chlorine dioxide 0.1 

'Chlorine trifluoride 0.1 

C~hloroacetaldehyde 1 

Chlorobenzene (mono- 

chlorobenzene) 75 

Chlorobromomethane 200 

2 - Chloro- l,3 butadiene, 

see Chloroprene 

Chlorodiphenyl (42% chlo- 

rine)-skin -- 

Chlorodiphenyl (54% chlo- 

rine)-skin - - 

1, Chloro, 2,3 epoxypropane, 

see Epichlorhydrin 

2, Chloroethanol, see 

Ethylene chlorohydrin 

Chloroethylene, see Vinyl 

chloride 

C~hloroform (trichloro- 

methane) 5 0 

1 -Chloro- 1 -nitropropane 2 0 

Chloropicrin 

Chloroprene (2-chloro- l,3- 

0.1 

butadiene)-skin 25 

Chromic acid and chromates 

(as Cr03) 

eCobalt 

Copper fume 

Dusts and mists 

- - 

-- 

-- 

- - 

d~otton dust (raw) 

Crag (R) herbicide 

-- 

-- 

Cresol (all isomers)-skin 

Cyanide (as CN)-skin 

eCyclohexane 

5 

-- 

- - 

Cyclohexanol 5 0 

Cyclohexanone 

e 

Cyclohexene 

5 0 

-- 

d~yclopentadiene 

2, 4-D 

DDT-skin 

75 

-- 

--

Threshold Limit Values 939 

a a 

Suhstance ppm mg/m3 b 1 Substance PPm rng/m3 b 

DDVP-skin - - 

Decaborane-skin 0. 05 

Demeton (R)-skin - - 

Diacetone alcohol (4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone) 

5 0 

1, 2 Diaminoethane, see 

Ethylenediamine Dihorane 

el, 2-Dihromoethane (ethylene 

dihromide)-skin -- 

Co-~ichlorobenzene 50 

p-Dichlorohenzene 75 

Dichlor odiiluoromethane 1,000 

dl, 3-Dichloro-5-dimethyl 

hydantoin -- 

1, 1, -Dichloroethane 100 

1, 2-Dichloroethane 5 0 

1,2-Dichloroethylene 200 

CDichloroethyl ether-skin 15 

Dichloromethane, see 

Methylenechloride 

Dichlorornonofluoromethane 1, 000 

'1, I-Dichloro- 1-nitroethane 10 

1, 2-Dichloropropane, see 

Propylenedichloride 

Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,000 

Dieldrin-skin -- 

Diethylamine 25 

Diethylether, see Ethyl ether 

Difluorodibromomethane 100 

CDiglycidyl ether (DGE) 0.5 

Dihydroxybenzene, see 

Hydroquinone 

Diisobutyl ketone 5 0 

Dimethoxymethane, see 

Methylal 

Dimethyl acetamide-skin 10 

d~imethylamine 10 

Dimethylaminobenzene, see 

Xylidene 

Dimethylaniline (N-dimethylaniline) 

-skin 5 

Dimethylbenzene, see Xylene 

d~irnethyl l,2-dibro-2, 2- 

dichloroethyl phosphate, 

(Dibrom) (R) - - 

d~imethylformanide-skin 10 

2.6 Dimethylheptanone, see 

Diisobutyl ketone 

1, 1 -Dimethylhydrazhe-skin 0.5 

Dimethylsulfate-skin 1 

Dinitrobenzene (all isomers)- 

skin -- 

Dinitro-o-cresol-skin -- 

Dinitrotoluene-skin - - 

Dioxane (Diethylene dioxide)- 

skin 100 

Dipropylene glycol methyl 

ether-skin 100 

d~i-sec, octyl phthalate (Di- 

2 -ethylhexylphthalate -- 5 

Endrin-skin - - 0.1 

Epichlorhydrin-skin 5 19 

EPN-skin - - 0.5 

1, 2-Epoxypropane, see 

Propyleneoxide 

2,3-Epoxy-I-propanol see 

Glycidol 

Ethanethiol, see Ethyl- 

mercaptan 

Ethanolaminr 3 6 

2 Ethorycthanol-skin 200 740 

2 Ethoxyethylacetate (Cello- 

solve acetate)-sk~n 100 

Ethyl acetate 400 

Kthyl acrylate-skin 2 5 

Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) 1,000 

eEthylamrne - - 

eEthylbenzene -- 

Ethyl bromide 200 

Ethyl chlor~de 1,000 

Ethyl ether 400 

Ethyl formate 100 

'' e~thyl mercaptan -- 

Ethyl sillcate 100 

Ethylene chlorohydrin-skin 5 

Ethylenediamine 10 

Ethylene dibrornide, see 

1,2-Dxbromoethane 

Ethylene dlchloride, see 

1, 2-Dichloroethane 

CEthylene glycol dinitrate- 

skin 0.2 

Ethylene glycol monomethyl 

ether acetate, see Methyl 

cellosolve acetate 

eEthylene imine-skin -- 

Ethylene oxide 50 

Ethylldine chloride, see 

1, 1 -Dichloroethane 

Ferbam - - 

Ferrovanadium dust -- 

Fluoride (as F) - - 

Fluorine 0.1 

Fluorotrichloromethane 1,000 

'Formaldehyde 5 

Freon 11, see Fluorotri- 

chloromethane 

Freon 12, see Dichlorodi- 

fluoromethane 

Freon 13B1, see Trifluoro- 

monobromethane 

Freon 21, see Dichloromono- 

fluoromethane 

Freon 112, see 1,1,2,2- 

Tetrachloro-l,2 difluoro- 

ethane

a 

Substance PPm 

Freon 113, see 1,1,2-Trichloro,l,2,2-trifluoroethane 

Freon 114, see Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 

Furfural-skin 5 

Furfuryl alcohol 

f~asoline 

Glycidol (2,3-Epoxy-1-pro- 

5 0 

-- 

panol) 

Glycol monoethyl ether, see 

2 -Ethoxyethanol 

5 0 

eGuthion, see Azinphosmethyl 

Hafnium 

Heptachlor -skin 

- - 

- - 

Heptane (n-heptane) 500 

d~exachloroethane-skin 1 

Hexane (n-hexane) 500 

2 -Hexanone 100 

Hexone 100 

sec-Hexyl acetate 5 0 

Hydrazine-skin 1 

Hydrogen bromide 3 

CHydrogen chloride 5 

Hydrogen cyanide-skin 10 

Hydrogen fluoride 3 

Hydrogen peroxide, 90% 1 

Hydrogen selenide 0. 05 

d~ydrogen sulfide 10 

Hydroquinone - - 

CIodine 

eIron oxide fume 

0.1 

-- 

Is oamyl alcohol 100 

Isophorone 25 

Isopropyl alcohol 400 

Is opropylamine 5 

Isopropylether 500 

Isopropyl glycidyl ether (IGE) 50 

Ketene 

Lead 

Lead arsenate 

Lindane-skin 

Lithium hydride 

0.5 

- - 

- - 

- - 

- - 

d ~ P. . G. (Liquified petroleum 

gas) 1,000 

Magnesium oxide fume -- 

Malathion-skin - - 

CManganese - - 

Mercury-skin - - 

Mercury (organic compounds)skin 

- - 

Mesityl oxide 25 

Methanethiol, see Methyl 

mercaptan 

Methoxychlor - - 

2-Methoxyethanol, see 

Methyl cellosolve 

Methyl acetate 200 

Methyl acetylene (propyne) 1,000 

MISCELLANEOUS DATA 

mg/m3 

2 0 

200 

A~ 

150 

0.5 

0.5 

2,000 

10 

1,800 

410 

410 

295 

1.3 

10 

7 

11 

2 

1.4 

0.2 

15 

2 

1 

- - 

360 

140 

980 

12 

2,100 

240 

0.9 

0.2 

0. 15 

0.5 

0.025 

1,800 

15 

15 

5 

0.1 

0.01 

100 

15 

610 

1,650 

a 

Substance PPm mg/m3 

d~ethyl acetylene-propadiene 

mixture (MAPP) 1,000 1,800 

Methyl acrylate-skin 10 35 

Methylal (dimethoxymethane) 1,000 3,100 

Methyl alcohol (methanol) 

Methyl amyl alcohol, see 

Methyl isobutyl carbinol 

200 260 

'Methyl bromide -skin 

Methyl butyl ketone, see 

2 -Hexanone 

2 0 80 

Methyl cellosolve-skin 

Methyl cellosolve acetate- 

25 8 0 

s kin 25 120 

'~eth~l chloride 100 210 

Methyl chloroform 350 1,900 

Methylcyclohexane 500 2,000 

Methylcyclohexanol 100 47 0 

o-Methylcyclohexanone-skin 

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), 

see 2-Butanone 

Methyl formate 

100 

100 

46 0 

250 i 

Methyl isobutyl carbinol-skin 

Methyl isobutyl ketone, see 

Hexone 

25 100 

d~/lethyl mercaptan 10 2 0 

d~ethyl methacrylate 

Methyl propyl ketone, see 

2 -Pentanone 

'@Methyl styrene 

'Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate 

(MDI) 

100 

100 

0.02 

410 

48 0 

0.2 

i 

I 

i 

Methylene chloride (dichlo- j 

romethane) 

Molybdenum (solubie com- 

500 1,740 

pounds) - - 5 

(insoluble compounds) - - 15 

Monomethyl aniline-skin 2 9 

d~orpholine-skin 2 0 7 0 

Naphtha (coal tar) 200 800 

Naphtha (petroleum) 500 2,000 

d~iaphthalene 10 5 0 

b-Naphthylamine - - AZ 

Nickel carbonyl 0.001 0.007 

d~ickel, metal and soluble 

compounds - - 1 

Nicotine -skin - - 0.5 

d~itric acid 2 5 

p-Nitroaniline -skin 1 6 

Nitrobenzene-skin 

dp-~itrochloro-benzene-skin 

1 

- - 

5 

1 

Nitroethane 100 310 

CNitrogen dioxide 5 9 

d~itrogen trifluoride 

CNitroglycerin- + EGDN-skin 

10 

0.2 

2 9 

2 

Nitromethane 100 250 

1 -Nitropropane 2 5 90 

2-Nitropropane 

N-Nitrosodimethyl-amine 

2 5 90 

(Di-methyl-nitrosoarnine)skin 

- -


Substance ~ p m mg/m3 ~ I Substance ppma mg/m 3 b 

- ~p 

Nitrotoluene-skin 5 

Nitrotrichloromethane, see 

Chloropicrin 

Octane 500 

Oil mist (mineral) - - 

Osmium tetroxide - - 

d~xygen difluoride 0.05 

Ozone 

Parathion-skin 

0.1 

-- 

Pentaborane 

Pentachlor onaphthalene -skin 

Pentachlorophenol-skin 

0.005 

- - 

-- 

Pentane 1,000 

2 -Pentanone 200 

Perchloroethylene 100 

Perchloromethyl mercaptan 0.1 

Perchloryl fluoride 3 

Phenol-skin 

dp-~henylene diamine-skin 

Phenylethylene, see Styrene 

5 

-- 

Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) 50 

Phenylhydrazine-skin 5 

Phosdrin (Mevinphos) (R)skin 

-- 

d~hosgene (carbonyl chloride) 0.1 

Phosphine 0.3 

Phosphoric acid -- 

Phosphorus (yellow) - - 

Phosphorus pentachloride - - 

Phosphorus pentasulfide -- 

Phosphorus trichloride 0.5 

d~hthalic anhydride 2 

Picric acid-skin -- 

Platinum (Soluble salts) -- 

Polytetrafluoroethylene de- 

composition products -- 

dpropane 1,000 

Propyne, see Methyl- 

acetylene 

BPropiolactone - - 

n-Propyl acetate 200 

n-Propyl nitrate 25 

Propylene dichloride 75 

ePropylene imine-skin -- 

Propylene oxide 100 

Pyrethrum - - 

Pyridine 5 

Quinone 0.1 

Rotenone (commercial) -- 

d~elenium compounds (as Se) -- 

d~ilver, metal and soluble 

compounds - - 

Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) - 

skin -- 

Sodium hydroxide -- 

Stibine 0.1 

Stoddard solvent 500 

Strychnine - - 

%tyrene monomer (phenyl- 

ethylene) 100 

Sulfur dioxide 5 

Sulfur hexafluoride 1,000 

Sulfuric acid - - 

Sulfur monochloride 1 

Sulfur pentafluoride 0.025 

Sulfuryl fluoride 5 

Systox, see Demeton 

2,4,5 T - - 

Tantalum -- 

TEDP - skin - - 

Teflon (R) decomposition 

products - - 

Tellurium - - 

TEPP - skln -- 

dl, 1, I, 2-Tetrachloro-2.2- 

difluoroethane 500 

1, 1,2,2-Tetrachloro-I, 2- 

difluoroethane 500 

1, 1, 2.2-Tetrachloroethane- 

skin 5 

Tetrachloroethylene, see 

Perchloroethylene 

Tetrachloromethane, see 

Carbon tetrachloride 

Tetraethyl lead (as Pb)-skin -- 

Tetrahydrofuran 200 

Tetranitromethane 1 

Tetryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl- 

methylnitramine) -skin - - 

Thallium (soluble compounds)- 

skin -- 

Thiram - - 

Tin (inorganic compounds, 

except oxide) -- 

Tln (organic compounds) -- 

Titanium dioxide - - 

Toluene (toluol) 200 

CToluene-2, 4-diisocyanate 0.02 

o- Toluidine -skin 5 

Toxaphene, see Chlorinated 

camphene 

1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane, see 

Methyl chloroform 

Trlchloroethylene 100 

Tr~chloromethane, see 

Chloroform 

Trichloronaphthalene-skin - - 

1,2,3-Trichloropropane 50 

1, I, 2-Trichloro 1, 2.2-tri- 

fluoroethane 1,000 

Tr iethylamine 25 

Trifluoromonobromomethane 1,000 

2,4, 6-Trinitrophenol see 

Plcric acid 

2,4, 6-Trinitrophenylmethyl- 

nitramine, see Tetryl

942 


Substance ppma mg/m 3 b 

Trinitrotoluene-skin 

Triorthocresyl phosphate 

Triphenyl phosphate 

Turpentine 

Uranium (soluble compounds) 

(insoluble compounds) 

'Vanadium (V205 dust) 

(V205 fume) 

Vinyl benzene, see Styrene 

'Vinyl chloride 

Substance PP~" mg/m 3 b 

- - - 

Vinylcyanide, see Acrylo- 

nitrile 

Vinyl toluene 100 48 0 

Warfarin -- 0.1 

eXylene (xylol) -- - - 

Xylidine-skin 5 25 

d~ttrium -- 1 

Zinc oxide fume .- 5 

Zirconium compounds (as Zr) -- 5 

Radioactivity: For permissible concentrations of radioisotopes in air, see U. S. Department of Commerce, 

National Bureau of Standards, Handbook 69, "Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Max* Permissible 

Concentrat~ons of Radionuclides -k Air and in Water for Occupational Exposure, " Jund 5, 1959. Nso, 

see U. S. Deparhnent of Com~merce National Bureau of Standards, Handbook 59, "Permissible Dose from 

External Sources of Ionizing Radiation," September 24, 1954, and addendum of April 15, 1958. 

Note: Footnotes to Recommended Values. 

a~arts of vapor or gas per million parts of air plus vapor by volume at 25°C and 760 nun. Hg 

pressure. 

b~pproximate milligrams of particulate per cubic meter of air. 

'~ndicates a value that should not be exceeded. 

d1966 addition. 

eSee tentative limits. 

f~ee A values on page 944. 

Xespirable Dusts Evaluated by Count 

Substance mp/ft3 a I Substance mp/ft3 a 

Silica 

Crystalline 

Quartz, threshold limit calculated 250b 

from the formula 

%SiO, t 5 

Cristobalite formula calculated 

Amorphous, including natural 

diatomaceous earth 2 0 

Silicates (less than 1% crystalline silica) 

Asbestos 5 

Mica 2 0 

Soaps tone 2 0 

Note: Footnotes to Respirable Dusts Evaluated by Count. 

Talc 2 0 

Portland Cement 5 0 

~iscellaneous (less than 1% crystalline 

silica) d 

Graphite (natural) 

50 

"Inert" or Nuisance Par- 

3 

ticulate s 50 (or 15 mg/m whichsee 

Appendix D ever is the smaller) 

Conversion factors 

mppcf x 35.3 = million particles per cubic meter 

= particles per c. c. 

a~illions of particles per cubic foot of air, based on irnpinger samples counted by light-field technics. 

b~he percentage of crystalline silica in the formula is the amount determined from air-borne samples, 

except in those instances in which other methods have been shown to be applicable.

e~imethylphthalate 

e~iphenyl 

Ethylamine 

Ethyl sec-amyl ketone (5methyl-3 

-heptanone) 

Ethyl benzene 

Ethyl hutyl ketone (3-Heptanone) 

d~thylene glycol dinitrate and/ 

or nitroelvcerin-skin 

u, 

Ethylene imine-skin 


Tentative Values 

These substances, with their corresponding tentative limits, comprise those for which a limit has been 

assigned for the first time or for which a change in the 'Recommended' listing has been made. In both 

cases, the assigned limits should be considered trial values that will remain in the tentative listing for a 

period of at least two years, during which time difinitive evidence and experience is sought. If acceptable 

at the end of two years, these substances and values will be moved to the RECOMMENDED list. 

Documentation for tentative values are available for each of these substances. 

Substance ppma mg/m3 

Acrylamide-skin -- 0.3 

2 -Aminopyridine 0.5 2 

sec-Amy1 acetate 125 650 

Azinphos -methyl-skin - - 0.2 

Bromoform-skin 0.5 5 

n-Butyl acetate 150. 710. 

sec-Butyl'acetate 200 950 

tert-Butyl acetate 200. 950. 

esec-Butyl alcohol 150. 450. 

Cadmium (metal dust and 

soluble salts) -- 0.2 

Carbon black - - 3.5 

Carbon monoxide 50. 55. 

ea-~hloroacetophenone 

(phena~~chloride) 0.05 0.3 

o-Chlorohenzylidene malono- 

nitrile (OCBM) .05 0.4 

'chlorine 1. 3. 

eChromjum, sol. chromic, 

chromous salts, as Cr - - 0.5 

metallic and insoluble salts - - 1. 

Coal tar pitch volatiles (ben- 

zene soluble fraction) 

(anthracene, BaP, phenan- 

threne, acridine, chrysene, 

pyrene) .- 0.2 

e~obalt, metal fume and dust -- 0.1 

Crotonaldehyde 2. 6. 

Cumene-skin 50. 245. 

Cyclohexane 300. 1,050. 

Cyclohexene 300. 1,015. 

Diazomethane 0.2 0.4 

'1, 2-Dibromo-ethane-skin 25. 190. 

d~ibutyl phosphate 

d~ibutylphthalate 

1. 

-- 

5. 

5. 

Diethylamino ethanol-skin 10. 50. 

eDiisopr opylamine-skin 5. 20. 

Substance ppma mg/m 3 b 

LEthyl mercaptan 10. 25. 

N-Ethylmorpholine-skin 

Fibrous glass 

20. 

-- 

94. 

5. 

Formic acid 5. 9. 

e~asoline A~ 

sec-Hexyl acetate 

e~exachloronaphthalene-skin 

Iron oxide fume 

50. 

-- 

- - 

300. 

0.2 

10. 

Isoarnyl acetate 100. 525. 

Isobutyl acetate 150. 700. 

eIs obutyl alcohol 100. 300. 

Isopropyl acetate 250. 950. 

d~aleic anhydride 0.25 1. 

Methylamine 

Methyl (n-amyl) ketone (2- 

10. 12. 

Heptanone) 

Methyl iodide - skin 

100. 

5. 

465. 

28. 

Methyl isocyanate-skin 0.02 0. 05 

'~onometh~l hydrazine-skin 0.2 0.35 

d~aphtha (coal tar) 100. 400. 

e~itric oxide 

eOctachloronaphthalene-skin 

Oxalic acid 

eParquat-skin 

25. 

- - 

-- 

-- 

30. 

0.1 

1. 

0.5 

Phenyl ether (vapor) 

Phenyl ether-Biphenyl mix- 

1. 7. 

ture (vapor) 1. 7. 

d~henyl glycidyl ether (PGE) 10. 62. 

Pival (2-Pivalyl-I, 3-in- 

dandione) -- 0.1 

ePropyl alcohol 200. 45 0 

Pr opylene imine-skin 2. 5. 

Rhodium, metal fwne and 

dusts -- 0.1 

Soluble salts - - 0.001 

eRomel - - 15. 

Selenium hexafluoride 0.05 0.4 

Tellurium hexafluoride 

C, eTerphenyls 

eTetrachloronaphthalene-skin 

Tetramethyl lead (TML) (as 

lead)-skin 

Tetramethyl succinonitrile- 

skin 

Tremolite 

e~ributyl phosphate 

1, 1,2-Trichloroethane-skin 

Xylene 

eZ~nc chloride 

0.5 

5 mppcf 

- - 

10. 

100. 

--


Note: Footnotes to Tentative Values. 

a~arts of vapor or gas per million parts of air plus vapor by volume at 25°C and 760 mm Hg pressure. 

b~pproximate milligrams of particulate per cubic meter of air. 

'~ndicates a value that should not be exceeded. 

d1966 revision. 

1966 additions. 

f~or intermittent exposures only. 

"A" Values 

A' Benz~dine. Because of high incidence of bladder tumors in man, any exposure, including skin, is 

extremely hazardous. 

AL 6-Naphthylamine. Because of the extremely high incidence of bladder tumors in workers handling 

this compound and the inability to control exposures, 8-naphthylamine has been prohibited from 

manufacture, use and other activities that involve human contact by the State of Pennsylvania. 

N-Nitrosodimethylamine. Because of extremely high toxicity and presumed carcinogenic potential 

of this compound, contact by any route should not be permitted. 

A4 Polytetrafluoroethy1enee6 decomposition products. Thermal decomposition of the fluorocarbon 

chain in air leads to the formation of oxidized products containing carbon, fluorine,and oxygen. 

Because these products decompose by hydrolysis in alkaline solution, they can be quantitatively 

determined in air as fluoride to provide an index of exposure. No TLV is recommended pending 

determination of the toxicity of the products, but air concentrations should be minimal. 

5 

A BPropiolactone. Because of high acute toxicity and demonstrated skin tumor production in animals, 

contact by any route should be avoided. 1 

6 

A Gasoline. The composition of gasoline varies greatly and thus a single TLV for all types of gaso- 1 

line is no longer applicable. In general, the aromatic hydrocarbon content will determine what 

TLV applies. Consequently the content of benzene, other aromatics and additives should be de- 

termined to arrive at the appropriate TLV (Elkins, et al. , A. I. H. A. 3. 24, 99, 1963). 

*Trade Na~mes: Algoflon, Fluon, Halon, Teflon, Tetran 

I 

I 

I

Temp, 

" F 

Enthalpies of Various Gases Expressed in Btullb of Gas 945 

Table D3. ENTHALPIES OF VARIOUS GASES 

EXPRESSED IN Btu/lb OF GAS 

C02 

N2 ~~0~ 

100 5.8 6.4 17.8 8.8 9.6 

150 17.6 20.6 40.3 19.8 21.6 

200 29.3 34.8 62.7 30.9 33.6 

250 40.3 47.7 85.5 42. 1 45.7 

300 51.3 59.8 108.2 53.4 57.8 

350 63.1 73.3 131.3 64.8 70. 0 

400 74.9 84.9 154.3 76.2 82.1 

450 87.0 97.5 177.7 87.8 94. 4 

500 99.1 110.1 201.0 99.5 106.7 

550 111.8 122.9 224.8 111.3 119.2 

600 124.5 135.6 248.7 123.2 131.6 

700 150.2 161.4 297.1 147.2 156.7 

800 176.8 187.4 346.4 171.7 182.2 

900 204.1 213.8 396.7 196.5 211.4 

1,000 231.9 240.5 447.7 221.6 234.1 

1,100 260.2 267.5 499.7 247.0 260.5 

1,200 289.0 294.9 552.9 272.7 287.2 

1,300 318.0 326.1 606.8 298.5 314.2 

1,400 347.6 350.5 661.3 324.6 341.5 

1,500 377.6 378.7 717.6 350.8 369.0 

1,600 407.8 407.3 774.2 377.3 396.8 

1,700 438.2 435.9 831.4 403.7 424.6 

1,800 469.1 464.8 889.8 430.4 452.9 

1,900 500.1 493.7 948.7 457.3 481.2 

2,000 531.4 523.0 1, 003. 1 484.5 509.5 

2,100 562.8 552.7 1, 069.2 511.4 538.1 

2,200 594.3 582.0 1, 130.3 538.6 567.1 

2,300 626.2 612.3 1, 192.6 566.1 596.1 

2,400 658.2 642.3 1, 256.8 593.5 625.0 

2,500 690.2 672.3 1, 318. 1 621.0 654.3 

3,000 852.3 823.8 1,640.2 760.1 802.3 

3,500 1, 017.4 978.0 1,975.4 901.7 950.3 

a~he entbalpies tabulated for H20 represent a gaseous system, and 

the enthalpies do not include the latent heat of vaporization. It is 

recommended that the latent heat of vaporization at 60°F (1,059. 9 

Btullb) be used where necessary. 

O2 

Air


Table D4. ENTHALPLES OF GASES EXPRESSED IN Btu/scf OF GAS, REFERENCE 60°F 

"F 

60 I 

N2 

- I 

02 

- I 

Air 

- I 

H2 

- I 

CO 

- 

77 0. 31 0. 31 0.32 0. 31 0. 32 

100 0. 74 0.74 0.74 0. 73 0.74 

200 2. 58 2. 61 2.58 2.55 2. 58 

300 4. 42 4. 50 4.42 4.40 4.43 

400 6. 27 6. 43 6.29 6. 24 6.29 

500 8. 14 8. 40 8.17 8. 09 8. 18 

600 

700 

800 

900 

1,000 

1,100 

1,200 

1,300 

1,400 

1,500 

1,600 

1,700 

1,800 

1,900 

2,000 

2,100 

2,200 

2,300 

2,400 

2,500 

10.02 

11.93 

13. 85 

15.80 

17.77 

19.78 

21.79 

23.84 

25.90 

27.98 

30. 10 

32.21 

34.34 

36.48 

38.65 

40.84 

43.00 

45.24 

47.46 

49. 67 

10.40 

12.43 

14.49 

16.59 

18.71 

20.85 

23.02 

25.20 

27.40 

29.62 

31.85 

34.10 

36.34 

38.61 

40.90 

43. 17 

45.47 

47.79 

50. 11 

52.43 

10.07 

12.00 

13.95 

15.92 

17.92 

19.94 

21.98 

24.05 

26.13 

28.24 

30.38 

32.50 

34.66 

36.82 

38.99 

41.18 

43.39 

45.61 

47.83 

50.07 

9. 89 

11.77 

13.61 

15.47 

17.36 

19.20 

21.08 

22.95 

24.87 

26.80 

28.70 

30.62 

32.52 

34.45 

36.43 

38.49 

40.57 

42.66 

44.71 

46.82 

10.08 

12.01 

13.96 

15.94 

17.94 

19.97 

22.02 

24. 10 

26.19 

28.31 

30.44 

32.58 

34.74 

36.93 

39.12 

41.31 

43.53 

45.74 

47.99 

50.23 

3,000 60.91 64. 18 61.39 57.22 61.55 

3,500 72.31 76.13 72.87 68. 14 73.00 

4,000 83.79 88.29 84.42 79.38 84.56 

4,500 95.37 100.64 96.11 90.68 96.21 

5,000 107.04 113.20 107.91 102.42 107.93 

5,500 118. 78 125.89 119.78 114.21 119.70 

6,000 132.54 139.74 131.73 126.16 131.52 

6,500 142.37 151.72 143.76 138.35 143.37 

-- - 

a~nthalpies are far a gaseous system, and do not include latent heat 

$ z 1,059.9 Btu/Ib or 50.34 Btu/scf of H20 vapor at 60°F and 14. 

65.35 

69.02 

72. 71 

76.43 

80. 15 

98.96 

118. 15 

137.62 

157.20 

176.93 

196.77 

216. 77 

236.88 

f vaporizal 

96 psia. 

on. 

77.98 

93.92 

110.28 

126.96 

143. 92 

161.07 

178.41 

195.82

Pacific standard No. 

Grade 

Common name 

I Carbon'(C) 

Hydrogen (H) 

Sulfur (s)~ 

Water (HZO) 

Othe: 

( O B e ) 

lblgal 

Sp gr 60'160' 

Approximate 

Btulgal 

Approximate 

Btullb 

Max viscosity 

Flash) Min 

point) Max 

Maw water an, 

sediment 

Max 10% poin 

Combustion Data Based on 1 Pound of Fuel 011 947 

Table DS. TYPICAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FUEL OILS 

PS No. 100 

1 2 

Kerosine 

84.7% 

-l19,\io 1 

Distillate 

18,950 

PS No. 200 

45 sec (100'~)~ 

llO'F 125°F 150'F 

165'Fa 190'F 2 0 0 ' ~ ~ 

40 sec (12Z0F)" 

150'F 

- 

i nl Max 90% iointl - I h2O'F 1 675-F I - 1 - 

3 

Straight-runfuel oil 

85.8% 

-. - - - - 

PS No. 300 

c s 

. & 

Or legal maximum. 

h~ayboit Universal. 

'Saybolt Furol. 

d~ulfur contents are only typical and will vary in different locales. 

Mar endpoint 6OO'F - - - - 

5 

Low-crack feel oil 

87.5% 

Table D6. COMBUSTION DATA BASED ON 1 POUND OF FUEL OLLa. b, c 

PS No. 400 

6 

Heavy-crackfueloil 

88.3% 

300 sec (122'~)~ 

150'F 

- 

a Combustion products calculated for combustion with air 40% saturated at 60°F. All volumes 

measured as gases at 60'F. Moisture in fuel included where indicated. 

bhnaximum accuracy of calculations: 1:1000. 

'~as~d on ~hysical properties in Table D5. 

. ~~ ~~ > 

---

. MISCELLANEOUS DATA 

Table D7. COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL GAS 

Average analysxs, volume Yoa 

c02 0 

N, 5. 15 

3 

Average gross heat, 1,100 Btulft 

Air required for combustion 

3 3 

Theoretical - 10.360 ft Ift gas 

20% excess air - 12. 432 ft3/ft3 gas 

3 

Products of combustionlft of gas 

Theoretical air 20% excess air 

V0l 2 

CO? 1. 134 ft3 0. 132 lb 

0; : 

Total 11.453 ft3 - 

0. 840 lb 

3 

Available heat, Btulft gas,a based on latent heat of vaporization of water at 6O'F 

Temp, 'F 

Btu' 

with theoretical air 

Available heat, Btu, 2070 excess air 

3,000 219.1 94.2 

3,500 70.4 -- 

=Average of two samples analyzed by Southern Calif. Gas Co.. 1956.

Velocity, 

fpm 

Conversion Table of Velocity (V) to Velocity Pressure (VP) 949 

Table D8. CONVERSION TABLE OF VELOCITY (V) TO VELOCITY PRESSURE (VP) 

VP at 70°F 

in. WC 

VPat 6O'F 

in. WC 

Velocity, 

fpm 

VP at7O'F 

in. WC 

VP at 60DF Velocity, 

in. WC fpm 

VPat 70°F 

in. WC 

VS! at 60'F 

in. WC

. . 


Table D9 . DENSITIES OF TYPICAL SOLID MATERIALS AS THEY OCCUR IN 

MATERIAL-HANDLING AND PROCESSING OPERATIONS 

Material 

Densities. 

lb/ft3 

Ashes. dry. loose ............................................... 38 

Ashes. wet. loose ............................................... 47 

Baking powder .................................................. 56 

Bone. ground. dry ............................................... 75 

Borax ....................................................... 105 to 110 

Calcium carbide. crushed 

3-112 in . x 2 in.. loose ......................................... 

2 in . x 112 in.. loose ........................................... 

112 in . x 118 in.. loose ......................................... 

1/23 in . x 0 in.. loose .......................................... 

Carbon. activated. very fine. dry ..................................... 

Cement. Portland. loose ........................................... 

Cement. Portland. clinker ......................................... 

Charcoal. broken. all sizes ......................................... 

Charcoal. broken. 1-1/2 in . x 0 in .................................... 

Charcoal. ground ................................................. 

Chips. wood ................................................... 

Cinders. blast furnace ............................................ 

Cinders. coal. ashes. and clinker ..................................... 

Clay. dry in lumps. loose .......................................... 

Coal. anthracite. broken. loose ...................................... 

Coal. bituminous. broken. loose ..................................... 

Coal. bituminous. 5 in . x 0 in.. dry .................................. 

Coal. bituminous. 112 in . x 0 in.. dry ................................. 

Coal. bituminous. 118 in . x 0 in.. dry ................................. 

Coke. lump. average ............................................. 

Coke. breeze ................................................... 

Coke. petroleum. lump ............................................ 

Cork. solid .................................................... 

Cork. in bales .................................................. 

Cork. ground. 10 in . mesh x 0 in ..................................... 

Cullet. glass. average ............................................ 

Gullet. glass. 314 in . x 0 in ........................................ 

Dolemite. crushed. 2 in x 112 in 

Dolemite. crushed. 112 in x 0 in 

Earth. common loam. dry. loose 

Earth. common loam. moist. loose 

.................................... 

. .................................... 

..................................... 

................................... 

Feldspar. broken. in loose piles ..................................... 

Fluorspar. broken. in loose piles ..................................... 

Fluorspar. ground. 100 mesh x 0 in ................................... 

Flint. pebbles ................................................... 

Fullers Earth. dry ............................................... 

Glassbatch .................................................... 

Gniess. broken. in loose piles ....................................... 

Granite. broken. in loose piles ...................................... 

Granite. crushed. 1-114 in . x 10 mesh ................................. 

Gravel. mixed sizes. loose ......................................... 

Gravel. 2 in . x 114 in.. loose ....................................... 

Gravel. 314 in . x 118 in.. loose ..................................... 

Greenstone. broken. in loose piles 

....................................

. 

Densities of Typical Solid Materials 95 1 

Material 

...................................... 

Densities. 

lblft3 

..... 

Gypsum, broken. in loose piles 90 to 94 

Gyps?. crushed. 1 in x 0 in.. loose ................................. 90 

Gypsum. ground. loose ............................................ 50 to 56 

Iron (cast) borings. fine ........................................... 120 to 155 

Iron ore. loose ................................................. 125 to 150 

Lime. hydrated. -200 mesh ......................................... 

Lime. quick. lump. 1-112 in . x 0 in ................................... 

Lime. quick. lump. 112 in . x 0.i.n. ................................... 

Lime. quick. ground ............................................. 

. . 

Lime. quick. from oyster shells. loose .................................. 

Limestone. broken. in loose piles ....................................... 

Limestone. sized 3 in . x 2 in.. loose .................................. 

Limestone. sized. 2 in . x 112 in.. loose ............................... 

Limestone. sized. 112 in . x 0 in.. loose ............................... 

Limestone. ground. -50 mesh. loose ................................... 

Limestone. ground. -200 mesh. loose .................................. 

Marble. crushed ................................................ 95 

Oyster shells. piled .............................................. 

................................. 

Phosphate rock. broken. in loose piles 

Phosphate rock. pebble ............................................ 

Quartz. broken. in loose piles ................................... 

Rubber. shredded scrap ........................................... 

................................................... 

Salt. coarse 

Salt. fine ..................................................... 

Salt. table .................................................... 

Salt. rock. broken. in loose piles ..................................... 

Salt. cake. coarse ............................................... 

Salt.cake. fine .................................................. 

Sand. dry. loose ................................................ 

Sand. wet. loose ................................................ 

Sand and gravel. dry .............................................. 

Sand and gravel. wet ............................................. 

Sand. molding. prepared and loose .................................... 

Sand. molding. rammed ........................................... 

Sand. molding. shaken out or new .................................... 

Sandstone. broken. in loose piles .................................... 

Sawdust. dry ................................................... 

Scale. rolling mill ............................................... 

Shale. crushed. in loose piles ....................................... 

Slag. bank. crushed .............................................. 

Slag. furnace. granulated .......................................... 

Soda ash. dense ................................................. 

Soda ash. light ................................................. 

Soda. bicarbonate. loose ........................................... 

Starch. granular ................................................ 

Stone. crushed. 1 in . x 0 in ........................................ 

Sugar. granulated. loose ........................................... 

Sugar. brown .................................................. 

Sulphur. ground. - 100 mesh ........................................ 

Sulphur. ground. -200 mesh ........................................ 

..................................... 

Trap rock. broken. in loose piles 

Trap rock. crushed ..............................................

Company 

Pittsburgh Plate 

Glass 

6.5 to 7.5 

Table D10. WEIGHTS AND DILUTIONS OF LACQUERS AND 

ENAMELS USED IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY 

Ferro Enamel 

Paint 17.2 to 7.3 1 7.2 to 7.3 9 to 10 1 25 to 30 1 35 to 40 1 50 150 to 200 1 10 to 20 I 

National Lead 

Company 

Andrew Brown 

Company 

Average 

Lacquer 

8.5 

6.8 to 6.9 

7.4 

Thinner 

Enamel 

6.5 to 7.5 

6.5to7.0 

7.0 

7.0 

a~ased on volume of original paint. 

Wt, lblgal Nonvolatiles 

Thinninga 

Undiluted paints 

70 by wt 

% by vol 

Lac 

(dk) 

8 

8t08.5 

- 

8.6 

Lac 

(It) 

9 

7.5to8 

- 

8.8 

Enamel 

9 to 10 

8t09.5 

8.5 to 10 

9.2 

Lac 

( 4 

2 5 

25 

20 to 25 

25 

Lac 

(~01) 

40 to 45 

40 to 50 

35 to 40 

40 

Enamel 

40 to 50 

50 

45 to 55 

49 

Lacquer 

80 to 100 

100 to 150 

100 

110 

Enamel 

20 to 25 

20 to 25 

20 to 35 

2 2 

ZnCr04 - 60% solids 

thin 1:2 

ZnCr04 - 60% solids 

thin 1:2-112

Figure Dl. The Concentrations of materials in the air (Issued as a pub1 ic service by Mines Safety 

Appl iances Co., 201 N. Braddock Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. Prepared by Southwest Research Institute.).

954 

......... 

* 

..... 

I 

Ult~an~rlarope 

10 


F~gure 02. Limits of particle size-measuring equipment (Issued as a public service 

by Mines Safety Appliances Go., 201 N. i 

Braddock Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. Prepared by 

Southwest Research Institute. ). 

- 

ElrifrOD MICIOPOVP 

6, 23 

. 

UllracenlrllueP 

... 

22 

......... xnay I ulnlaif8an I 

"1 

Ullral#llralioo 

8 

- 

... 

- 

Cenfr8luge 

16 

Mrrorape 

4 

Gas Bulnason 

I. I. 18 

F~gure 03. Slzes of airborne contaminants (Issued as a publlc servlce by Mlnes 

Safety Appl~ances Co., 201 N. Braddock Ave., P~ttsburgh, Pa. Prepared by Southwest 

Research Inst1 tute.). 

. . 

* 

PARTICLE SIZE LiMlTS 

UNDER IIYERAGE CONDITIONS. 

........ + STATED METHOD IS OF 

DOUBTFUL UTILITY IN THESE 

SIZE RANGES. 

VARIATIONS IN THE LIMITS OF EACH 

METHOD ARE POSSIBLE DEPENDING 

ON THE QUALITY OF THE INSTRUMENT. 

SKlLL OF THE OPERATOR, ETC. 

O.OOOS DOOI 0.00s 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 I 5 10 

~ ~ ~ h l *-- 

- ~~!~(~s!+et~~. 

10 100 500 l.ooo 

~ 

5.000 3o.ooo 

Note: The numbers in Figures 

02 and 03 represent bib1 iography 

references that can be 

PARTICLE SIZE (Mlcronr) CONVENTIONS furnished upon request. 

. 

Sierng 

3 

Vlllble I0 

........... 

El' 

12. 24 

1. I / 

~ ~ d & GI~V~IY ~ sstting ~ ~ ~ t . ~ ~ ~ ~ n 

13. 19. 21 

PerrneBblllly 

P. 11, 11 

Tvrbldrmfry 

2. 5 

Ll8"i ScatlDllnB 

IS. 21 

- 

. 

- 

vernei caliper, etcl 

I 

I 

I 

j 

i 

I 

! 

i 

! 

I

The Frank Chart 

Figure 04. The Frank Chart: Size and characteristics of airborne solids. 

It is assumed that the particles are of uniform spherical shape having 

specific gravity 1 and that the dust concentration is 0.6 grain per 

1,000 ft3 of air, the average of metropolitan districts. (Compiled by 

. W.G. Frank, Copyrighted by American Air Filter Co., Inc., Dust Control 

Products, Louisville, Ky.). 

~. . . . , 

. . . 

. . . , 

, 

955


Figure 05. Range of particle sizes, concentrations, and 

collector performance (Compiled by S. Sylvan, April 1952- 

Cooyriaht, 1952, American Air Filter Co., Inc., Louisville, 

Figure 06. Psychrometric chart for humid air based on 1 lb 

dry weight. (Copyright, 1951, American Air Filter Co., Inc., 

Louisville, Ky.).

High-Temperature Psychrometric Chart 957

958 MISCELLANEOUS DATA

APPENDIX E: EMISSION SURVEYS, INVENTORIES, AND FACTORS 

INTRODUCTION 

nuisance potentials, relationships of emissions to 

the overall air polIutian problem, control methods 

The compilation of air burden estimates is an 

important tool in assessing an air pollution problem. 

Used in conjunction with air monitoring 

data. the emission inventorv is instrumental 

or control devices currently in use, controls 

available to meet proposed emission standards, 

and the feasibility of control also are facilitated 

by emission survey data. 

in suggesting direction for a remedial program. 

In the event that a multiphase program is required, 

the emission survey serves to bring the problem 

into focus and thereby helps to set priorities fo? 

planning for clean air. With the publication of 

air quality criteria for specific contaminants and 

the subsequent promulgation of ambient air quality 

standards, local or regional agencies must set 

and enforce emission standards consistent with 

the goals delineated by these air quality standards. 

Emission data from surveys, when comoiled 

into emission inventories, arovide some of 

In combination with air monitoring data, emission 

estimates from emission surveys may give clues 

to reactions occurring in the atmosphere involving 

primary air contaminants. These reactions 

might explain the presence in the atmosphere of 

certain substances or their presence in concentrations 

greater than expected on the basis of 

their direct emissions into the atmosphere. Control 

action then can be directed towards the primary 

contaminant or contaminants responsible 

for the unexpected presence of other substances. 

the information needed to develop plans for the 

attainment of realistic emission standards. 

A study of contaminants emitted at one geographical 

location, the prevailing wind flow patterns, 

and air pollution effects detected at downwind 

VALUES OF SURVEYS 

locations can contribute to an understanding of 

Primarily, emission surveys reveal the identity 

of air contaminant emitters, the contaminants 

emitted, the quantity of contaminants emitted, 

the periods of emissions, and the location of 

emitters. In brief, surveys reveal the 'bho, " 

''what, " "how much, " "when, " and the '%here1' 

of emissions. 

the formation and transport of air pollution. By 

a study of emission data, atmospheric concentrations, 

and irdluential meteorological factors, 

proper relationships may be established between 

emission source areas and air pollution effect 

areas. These relationships then may serve to 

justify imposition, by appropriate legislation, of 

controls on the emission sources. An understand- 

From these basic inputs, it is possible to estimate 

contributions to local air pollution problems by 

activity, industry, operation, and specific contaminant 

or species of contaminant. Variations 

in emissions with time of day, season, and geoing 

of the relative importance of control measures 

and weather conditions to air quality may be 

helped by expanded studies of emissions originating 

from specific areas and air pollution effects downwlnd 

of the sources. 

graphic location also may be learned from the 

data. Emiss~on survey data, when processed, 

can serve to evaluate the progress made by a 

control program, the areas requiring additional 

control emphasis, and the effort required for further 

control progress. These evaluations, in 

turn, can guide in the adoption of new legislation 

and revision of existing legislation as more 

effective control methods become available. 

Evidence provided on hourly, daily, monthly, and 

yearly emissions helps in the understanding of 

diurnal, seasonal, and annual emission variations. 

Knowledge of seasonal changes in emissions may 

help explain the variation of atmospheric contaminant 

concentrations and the occurrence of air 

pollution effects during certain periods of the day 

or year and not during other periods. Conversely, 

knowledge that emission rates have remained 

Information gathered by emission surveys provides 

the technical basis for drawing the line in 

legislation between sources to be controlled and 

sources for which control will not be significantly 

productive or is not feasible. Emission surveys 

essentially unchanged may point out the relative 

importance of meteorological factors when air 

pollution effects are inconsistent with the emission 

rates' 

can reveal the number of sources of air pollution 

to be affected by proposed legislation, the emis- 

NEED FOR CONTINUING SURVEYS 

sions from those sources, and the effect of the Emission surveys must be a continuing activity 

legislation on those emissions. Testifying as to because the geographical areas affected by polluthe 

extent of current air pollution emissions, tion expand and the pollution generated is changed 

959

962 

the community. In some instances, these small 

sources may constitute the majority of emissions 

because of their preponderance in the population. 

The extensive use of organic solvents in dry 

cleaning, printing, degreasing, and in the appli- 

cation of protective coatings from service type 

activities results in widespread solvent vapor 

emissions. 

An essential survey for any community is that of 

fuel usage. Consumption rates of fuels may be 

secured from individual users or from fuel sup- 

pliers. In some communities, fuel suppliers can 

furnish information on fuels used for commercial 

and residential heating and for small industrial 

plants. For railroads, fuel use in a given area 

may be estimated from mileage records and other 

information on train movements and fuel consump- 

tion per mile of travel. In addition to securing 

data on consumption of fuel, fuel compositions 

also should be solicited, particularly with res- 

pect to sulfur contents and ash contents. 

A complete emission inventory should consider 

as many of the preceding activities and industries 

as possible. The compilation should include 

surveys of industrial, public, commercial, and 

private activities with assessment of both sta- 

tionary and mobile sources. 

Since the use of air pollution controls alters the 

emission quantities, data on control efficiencies 

should be incorporated into the emission esti- 

mating process. Housekeeping and maintenance 

practices should be checked so that emission 

factors or estimates can be adjusted to reflect 

sloppy or exceptionally good practices. 

Developing Emission Faclors 

Emission factors can be found in the literature, 

but care must be excercised in using them. The 

emission factors in Table El were determined 

by measuring the contaminants discharged from 

processes and equipment operating in Los Angeles 

County. These factors may not apply to similar 

operations in other areas. For example, the 

combustion factors for fuels depend upon the type 

of fuels burned and the type of boilers or heaters 

in which they are burned. The composition of 

natural gases, manufactured gases, and fuel oils 

varies from one locality to another, and emission 

factors must be determined for the fuels being 

used in the locality being surveyed. 

To use the factors presented, it is necessary to 

compare the operations in Los Angeles County to 

those in the locality under study. If the operations 

and raw materials are not similar, a testing pro- 

gram is needed to obtain proper emission factors. 

EMISSION SURVEYS, INV 'ENTORIES. AND FACTORS 

Determining and Phrasing Appropriate Questions 

The questions to solicit information from the 

surveyee must be phrased in a vocabulary under- 

standable to the surveyee. To accomplish this, 

the engineer conducting the survey should be 

familiar with the operations of the sources being 

surveyed or become familiar by studying reports 

and other literature on the subject. Terms 

should be used in the questions that are commonly 

understood by the surveyee. If special terms are 

used, they should be defined for the surveyee. 

Units or dimensions for expressing data must be 

stated clearly and definitely for the surveyee. A 

sample questionnaire form which has been filled 

out can he helpful to the surveyee in completing 

his questionnaire. 

Without any question, the best assurance of a 

good response to a survey is the legal authority 

of the surveying agency to require the survey in- 

formation, but other factors also are very impor- 

tant. These other factors include an appropriate 

transmittal letter, explicit instructions, sample 

questionnaire form, good form design, and follow- 

up letters or visits when response is lacking. 

Designing Effective Questionnaires 

A good questionnaire form design can reduce work 

for the surveyee and for the surveying agency in 

extracting data. The mental attitude of the sur- 

veyee and his degree of response can be affected 

by the appearance of the questionnaire form as 

well as the length. Whenever possible, design 

the questionnaire form to fit in the average type- 

writer and with proper line spacing for the average 

typewriter. This will make entry of data easier 

for the surveyee. The type face and style for the 

form should he selected for easy reading but with 

the proper weight and blackness so that the data 

entered can be seen and extracted more easily. 

The weight and blackness of lines used to separate 

questions or groups of questions must also be 

selected carefully to yield a good appearance and 

facilitate use of the form by the surveyee. 

The questions on the drafted questionnaire form 

should he checked carefully for clarity and lack 

of ambiguity. Consideration during the design 

stages of the questionnaire form should be given 

to the possibility of using automatic data process- 

ing. If this can be done, then the design of the 

form should make abstraction of the data conven- 

ient. Questions should be as short as possible 

but compatible with intelligibility. The units or 

dimensions to be used for numerical data should 

be specified. It is important to require that the 

form be signed by a responsible company official 

who can be accountable for the data. He must be 

i 

I

Source 

Combustion of fuels 

Fuel oils 

Power plants 

California crude 

Indonesia crude 

Alaskan crude 

Refineries 

Other industries 

Commercial and domestic 

Natural gas 

Power plants 

Refineries 

Other industries 

Commercial and domestic 

Petroleum refineries 

Cooling towers 

Compressor exhausts 

Pressure relief valves 

Catalytic cracking 

Fluid 

Controllede 

Thermofor 

Valves and flanges 

Pump seals* 

Controlledg 

Loading racks 

controlledh 

Blowdowns, turnaro~mds, 

vessel and tank maintenance 

controlledb 

Treating 

Controlledh 

Vacuum jets. 

Controlled1 

Separators and sewers 

ControlledJ 

Filling service station tanks 

~ontrolledk 

Filling automobile tanks 

Incineration 

Open burningl 

Single chamberm 

Multiple chambern 

Metallurgical 

Aluminum furnaces 

Crucible 

Controlled0 

Reverberatory 

Controlled0 

Sweating 

Controlled0 

Chlorination 

ControlledP 

- 

Emission Factors 963 

Table El. EMISSION FACTORS 

1 Emission factorsd 

Partic - 

Emission factor units HC NOx ulates 

so2 co 

lb/103 equivalent bblb 210 

lbI1 o3 equivalent bbl 210 

lb/l03 equivalent bbl 210 

lb/103 equivalent bbl 500 

lb/103 equivalent bbl 127 

lbl lo3 equivalent bbl 112 

lb/ lo3 equivalent bbl 73 

lbi lo3 equivalent bbl 102 

lb1103 equivalent bbl 42 

lb/ 103 equivalent bbl N 

lb/ lo6 gal. cooling water 6 

lb/103 ft3 fuel burned 1.2 

lb/day/valve 3.5 

lb1103 bbl of feed 191 

lb/103 bbl of feed N 

lb/103 bbl of feed 79 

lb/10~bblcrudecapacity 28 

lb1103 bbl crude capacity 125 

lb/103 bbl crude capacity 20 

lb/103 bbl loaded 150 

lb/103 bbl loaded 2 

lb/103 bbl crude capacity 25 

lb/103 bbl crude capacity 


lb/103 bbl crude? capacity 


lb/lo3 hbl crude capacity 



lb1103 gal. delivered 

lb1103 gal. delivered 

lb/103 gal. delivered 

lb/ton refuse 

lblton refuse 

Iblton refuse 

lblton metal charged 

lb/ton metal charged 





lb/ton chlorine

Qh4 EMISSION SURVEYS. INVENTORIES. AND FACTORS 

Source 

Metallurgical (continued) 

Brass furnaces 

Crucible 

Controlled0 

Electric induction 

Controlled0 

Reverberatory 

Controlled0 

Rotary 

Controlled0 

Iron furnaces 

Cupola 

Controlledq 


Controlled0 

Reverberatory 

Controlled0 

Lead furnaces 

Cupola 

Controlled0 

Pot 

Controlled0 

Reverberatory 

Controlled0 

Magnesium furnaces 

Pot 

Steel furnaces 

Electric arc 

Controlled0 


Open hearth 

Controlledr 

Zinc furnaces 

Pot 

Controlled0 

Sweat 

Controlled0 

Calcine 

controlled0 

Sand handling0 

Core ovens 

Core machines 

Coffee processingS 

Roasters 

Indirect fired 

Controlledt 

Direct fired 

controlledt 

Final cleaning system 

Controlled 

Mineral 

Hot asphalt plants 

ControlledU 

Hot asphalt saturators 

Controlledr 

Table El (continued). EMISSION FACTORS 

I 

Emission factor units 


Iblton metal charged 





























lblton calcine charged 

lblton calcine charged 

Iblton sand handled 

lblton cores 

lblton cores 

lblton green beans 





, lblton green beans 

lblton product 

lhlton product 

lblton product 

Iblton product 

Emission factorsa 

Partic- 

ulates

Treating and Evaluating the Data, Reporting Results, and Recommending Action 965 

Table El (continued). EMISSION FACTORS 

7 

Emission factorsa 

Partic - 

Source Emission factor units HC NO, ulates SO2 CO 

Mineral (continued) 

Glass furnaces lblton product 3.4 

Frit furnaces lblton product 9.4 

Controlled lblton product 0. 2 

a HC = hydrocarbons and other organic gases. NOx = oxides of nitrogen measured as nitrogen dioxide. 

SO2 = oxides of sulfur measured as sulfur dioxide. CO = carbon monoxide. 

'An equivalent barrel is that amount of fuel equal in heating value to a fuel oil of 10 API gravity weigh- 

ing 350 pounds per barrel and having a heating value of 6, 300.000 Btu. Approximately 6,000 standard 

cubic feet of natural gas is equal to an equivalent barrel. 

'N = negligible. 

d~ = percent sulfur by weight. 

e~atalyst dust was controlled with a precipitator. The HC and CO were controlled with a waste heat 

boiler. 

f~umps were sealed with packed glands. 

g~echanical seals were used on pumps in light hydrocarbon service. 

h~apor recovery or disposal systems. 

i 

Condensation and incineration of noncondensibles. 

'Separators were either covered or had floating roofs. 

k~ubmerged fill tubes. 

'HC, particulate, and CO based on burning of municipal refuse in Cincinnati, Ohio, prior to 1967 

(Gerstle and Kemnite, 1967). 

m Burning household refuse in Los Angeles, 1950. 

n Burning commercial and industrial refuse in Los Angeles, 1964. 

0 Controlled with a baghouse. 

P~articulates controlled with baghouse, chlorine and hydrogen chloride controlled wlth packed scrubbers 

irrigated with caustic solution. 

'CO controlled with afterburner, particulates with baghouse. 

r Controlled with electric precipitator. 

s From Loquercio, 1967. 

Controlled with cyclone. 

U Controlled with scrubbers. 

informed as to where the completed questionnaire Treating and Evaluating the Data, Reporting 

should be sent and whom to contact in the surveying 

agency if he has questions about the questionnaire. Results, and Recommending Action 

Since it is rare for all surveyees to respond to 

questionnaires, the agency conducting the survey Survey data must be evaluated and digested to 

must be prepared to follow up the original request obtain its meaning and significance. The infor- 

for data by additional contacts. In some cases, mation must be translated into language useful 

personal interrogation must be used to supplement to those responsible for planning the control pro- 

the mail type of emission survey. gram. Treatment of the data includes tabulating,

966 

card punching, graphing, and calculating. The 

reduction of the data to a workable form is a 

laborious task, especially where a large number 

of sources are being surveyed. Technical per- 

sonnel assigned to this portion of the survey 

should be thoroughly trained tounderstand the 

operating details of the sources involved in the 

survey. 

After emission estimates have been prepared, 

they should be presented in a form that easily 

answers questions of the control program plannir ~g 

EMISSION SURVEYS, INVENTORIES, AND FACTORS 

YEAR 

Figure El. Oxides of nitrogen--emissions from all 

sources in Los Angeles County. 

group. There are many such questions of concern, 

such as geographical distribution of contaminants, 

seasonal distribution, daily distribution, trends, 

etc., which can be shown on various charts, 

tables, and graphs. Examples of some of these 

data presentation methods are shown in Table 

E2 and Figures El and E2. Table E2 shows an 

air quaLity profile of air contaminant emissions 

in Los Angeles County. Figures El and E2 

depict the trends in the emissions of oxides of 

nitrogen and hydrocarbons and other organic 

acids from 1940 to 1990. 

YEAR 

Figure E2. Hydrocarbons and other organic gases-- 

emissions from all sources in Los Angeles County.

Treating and Evaluating the Data, Reporting Results, and Recommending Action 967 

Table E2. AIR QUALITY PROFILE OF AIR CONTAMINANT EMISSIONS 

LOS ANGELES COUNTY - JANUARY 1971a

A 

Abrasive Blast Cleaning 397-401 

Abrasive Materials 397 

Equipment Used to Confine the Blast 

398-401 

Methods of Propelling the Abrasive 

397-398 

Absorption, see Gas Absorption Equipment 

Acrolein, Odors from Varnish Cooking 711 

Activated Carbon in Air PoIlution Control 

191-198 

Adsorption of Mixed Vapors 192 

Breakpoint 192 

Carbon Regeneration 193 

Dry Cleaning Equipment 883-884 

Heat of Adsorption 192- 193 

Pressure Drop versus Carbon Bed Depth 

197-199 

Retentivity 192 

Saturation 191 

Additives, Rubber Compounding 375 

Adsorbents, Types of, also see Activated 

Carbon 191 

Adsorption Equipment, also see Gas Adsorption 

Equipment 189- 198 

Continuous Adsorber 197 

Design 193-198 

Fixed-Bed Adsorber 194-197 

Operational Problems 198 

Aerosols 16-18 

Afterburners 171-183 

Boilers Used as 183-189 

Catalytic 179-184 

Chamber 172 

Controls for 175 

Direct Flame 171-172 

Efficiencies of Catalytic 181 

Efficiencies of Direct Flame 175-176 

Emissions from 182 

Gas Burners for 172-174 

SUBJECT INDEX 

969 

Mixing Plate Burners 172 

Multi-Port Burners 172-173 

Nozzle Mixing and Premixing Burners 

173-174 

Oil Firing of 174 

Operation 171. 180-181 

Preheating of Inlet Gases 182-183 

Recommended Operating Temperatures 179 

Recovery of Heat from Exhaust Gases 

181-182 

Sources of Combustion Air for Gas Burners 

174 

Aggregate 

Asphalt Batch Plants 325-333 

Rock and Gravel Plants 340-342 

Airblowing, Petroleum Refining 584, 695 

Airblown Asphalt 685-689 

Air Flow into a Duct 28 

Air, Properties 941 

Alloying, Aluminum Melting 283 

Alloys, Low Melting, Sweating 305-308 

Aluminum Melting, see Secondary Aluminum 

Melting Processes 

Amino Resins 702. 707 

Apartment Incinerators, see Flue-Fed 

Apartment Incinerators 

Architectural Coatings, Rule 66. 1 6 

Asphalt, Airblown 685-689 

Asphalt Paving Batch Plants 325-333 

Dust and Fume Discharge from 328 

Raw Materials 325-327 

Asphalt Roofing Felt Saturators 378-390 

Atmospheric Pressure at Altitudes above Sea 

Level 636 

B 

Baghouses 106-135 

Bag Attachment 123- 124 

Bag Replacement 134 

Clean Cloth Resistance 110 

Cleaning Cycles 130-131

970 Sub'jtect Index - Baghouses 

Baghouses (continued) Blowchamber, Mineral Wool Manufacture 342 

Cleaning of Filters, 124- 131 Blowdown System 581, 586-588 

Construction of 132-134 Blown Oil 709 

Diameter of Tubular Elements 121 Boiled Oil 708 

Diffusion 110 

Direct Interception 108-109 

Disposal of Collected Dust 131 

Dust Mat Resistance 111-115 

Effect of Resistance on Design 115-116 

Electrostatics 110 

Envelope-Type 109, 122 

Fibers 118-120 

Filtering Media 118 

Filtering Velocity 116.118, 130 

Filtration Process 106-110 

Finish 120-121 

Hoppers 132-134 

Impingement 109-110 

Installation of Filters 122-124 

Length of Tubular Bags 121 

Length-to-Diameter Ratio 121- 122 

Maintenance 134- 135 

Multiple- Tube Bags 122 

Precoating the Bags 135 

Pushthrough versus Pullthrough 132 

Recommended Fabric and Maximum 

Filtering Velocity 130 

Resistance 110-116 

Reverse-Jet 109, 128-130 

Service 134 

Size and Shape of Filters 121 -122 

Structural Design 132 

Vibrators and Rappers 133 

Weave 120 

Banbury Mixers 377 

Barton Process. Lead Refining 304 

Belgian Retort Furnace. Zinc Melting 294-295 

Berl Saddles 212, 217 

Bernoulli's Equation 25, 26 

Bessemer Converter 239 

Black Smoke from Combustion of Fuels 537 

Blind Changing, Petroleum Pipelines 695 -696 

Boilers, Heaters, and Steam Generators 

554-577 

Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen from 

564-567 

Firebox 556-558 

Hot Oil Heaters 556 

Industrial Boilers and Water Heaters 553 

Power Plant Steam Generators 554-555 

Refinery Heaters 556 

Soot Blowing 558-560 

Boilers Usedas Afterburners 183-189 

Adaptable Types of Equipment 187 

Advantages and Disadvantages of 185 

Burners for 187 

Conditions for Use 183-184 

Design Procedure 190.192 

Manner of Venting Contaminated Gas 

187-189 

Safety 187 

Test Data on Specific Installations 189 

Brake Shoe Debonding 496-506 

Brass Melting, see Secondary Brass and 

Bronze Melting Processes 

Bronze Melting, see Secondary Brass and 

Bronze Melting Processes 

Bubble Cap Plate Towers 221-227 

Bulk- Loading Facilities. Petroleum, 

see Loading Facilities, Petroleum 

Burners, Gas and Oil 542-554 

Carbon Adsorption, see Activated Carbon 

Catalyst Regeneration 582-584, 662-672 

Carbon Monoxide Waste-Heat Boilers 

670-671 

Catalytic Reformer Units 665-666 

FCC Catalyst Regenerators 664-665 

Loss of Catalyst Activity 664 

TCC Catalyst Regenerators 665

Catalyst Regeneration (continued) 

Types of Catalyst 662-664 

Catalytic Afterburners 179-181 

Efficiencies of 181 

Cement, also see Concrete 

Elevators and Screw Conveyors 340 

Grades 335 

Handling Equipment 339- 340 

Hopper Truck and Car Loading 340 

Receiving 335-336, 339 

Storage and Receiving Bins 339-340 

Weigh Hopper 336 

Centrifugal Pumps 680-683 

Centrifugal Separators, see Inertial Separators 

Ceramic Spraying and Metal Deposition 

421-433 

Ceramic Glaze 421-429 

Deposit Efficiencies, Metalizing 430, 432 

Metalizing 429-433 

Plasma Arc Spraying 431 

Spray Booth 422-429 

Thermal Spraying 430-431 

Chemical Milling 846-85 1 

Etchant Solutions 848-849 

Hooding and Ventilation Requirements 

849-851 

Process 846-847 

Chemical Processing Equipment 699-851 

Chemical Milling 846- 851 

Coffee Processing 791-794 

Deep Fat Frying 799-801 

Edible-Lard and Tallow Rendering 

802-804 

Electroplating 829-832 

Fish Canneries and Fish Reduction Plants 

804-815 

Food Processing Equipment 788-804 

Frit Smelters 782-788 

Glass Manufacture 765-782 

Hazardous Radioactive Materials 838-844 

Insecticide Manufacture 832-838 

Livestock Slaughtering 801-802 

Oil and Solvent Re-Refining 844-846 

Subject Index - Catalyst 971 

Phosphoric Acid Manufacturing 7 34-7 37 

Reduction of Inedible Animal Matter 

815-829 

Resin Kettles 701-708 

Soap, Fatty Acid, and Glycerine 737-749 

Smokehouses 794-799 

Sulfuric Acid Manufacturing 716-722 

Sulfur Scavenger Plants 722-734 

Synthetic Detergents 759-765 

Synthetic Detergent Surfactant 749-765 

Varnish Cookers 708-716 

Chlorosulfuric Acid Sulfation 756-757 


Coke Drum Blowdown System 587-588 

Combustion Equipment 533- 577 

Boilers, Heaters, and Steam Generators 

554-577 

Gas and Oil Burners 542-554 

Gaseous and Liquid Fuels 535-542 

Gaseous Fuels 535-536 

Oil Fuels 536-537 

Compressibility Constants for Hydrocarbons 

595 

Concentrations of Suspended Matter in 

Commercial Gases 142 

Concrete-Batching Plants 334-339 

Central Mix Plants 337-339 

Dry-Concrete-Batching Plants 336-337 

Wet-Concrete-Batching Plants 334-336 

Condensers, see Vapor Condensers 

Contact Condensers 199.201. 203 

Contact Process. Sulfuric Acid Manufacturing 

716-718 

Contaminants 9-21 

Specific, Rule 53 5 

Continuity Equation. Fluid Flow 27 

Control Equipment for Gases and Vapors 

169-229 

Adsorption Equipment 189- 198 

Afterburners 171-189 

Continuous Adsorbers 197 

Fixed-Bed Adsorbers 194-197 

Gas Absorption Equipment 207-229

972 

Control Equipment for Gases and Vapors 

(continued) 

Steam Consumption per Pound of Solvent 

Recovered 193 

Vapor Condensers 198-207 

Control Equipment for Particulates 89-168 

Baghouses 106-135 

Electrical Precipitators 135-166 

Impingement Separators 166-167 

Inertial Separators 91-99 

Panel Filters 167 

Precleaners 168 

Settling Chambers 166 

Wet Collection Devices 99-106 

Coolers, Mineral Wool Manufacture 

343, 345-346 

Cooling of Gaseous Effluents, see Gaseous 

Effluents, Cooling of 

Cooling Towers, Petroleum Equipment 

584, 692-695 

Core Ovens 308-315 

Core Binders 312-315 


Types of Ovens 309-311 

Correction Factors 

Adjustment Factor for Small-Diameter 

Tanks 640 

Altitude, Temperature, Density 58 

Cyclone Separators 97 

Elevation 57 -59 

Hood Volume 58 

Kinetic Energy for Pressure Drop, 

Isothermal Flow 602 

Pitot Tube Calculations 27, 73 

Subsonic Flow 596 

Swinging Vane Velocity Meter 74 

Temperature 57-59 

Cottrell-Type Electrical Precipitator, see 

Electrical Precipitators, Single-Stage 

Crucible Furnace 237-238 

Aluminum Melting 283 

Brass and Bronze Melting 272 

Calculation for Cooling Effluent 76-79 

Pit 238 

Subject Index - Control 

Stationary 238 

Tilting 238 

Crude Oil Production 581 

Breathing Emissions from Fixed-Roof Tanks 

641 

Working Emissions from Fixed-Roof Tanks 

643 

Cupola Furnace 234-236 


Calculation for Cooling Effluent 79-86 

Iron Casting 256-266 

Mineral Wool Manufacture 342-348 

Curing Ovens 

Afterburner Control 347 

Mineral Wool Manufacture 343-349 

Cut Size, Cyclone Separators 95-99 

Cyclones, also see Inertial Separators 

D 

Cyclone-Type Scrubbers 101 

Predicting Efficiencies of 95 

Debonding of Brake Shoes and Reclamation of 

Electrical Equipment 496-506 


Degassing. Aluminum Melting 283 

Degassing Flwes 286 

Demagging, Aluminum Melting 283 

Demagging Flwes 286-287 

Densities of Typical Materials 954 

Detergent Surfactants 749-759 

Detergents, see Synthetic Detergents 

Dew Point as a Function of 503 Concentration 

563 

Dielectric Constants 137 

Diethanolomine (DEA), Removal of H2S from 

Refinery Waste Gas 723-725 

Diffusion Coefficients of Gases and Vapors 

215-216 

Dip Tanks 860-861, 863 

Direct Arc Furnace 236 

Direct Flame Afterburners 171 - 172 

Design Problem 176-179 

Efficiencies 175-176

Direct Flame Afterburners (continued) 

Efficiencies versus Temperatures 181 


Mineral Wool Manufacture 347 

Distillation Retort Furnace, Zinc Melting 

295-297 

Driers 367-372 

Emissions from 371-372 

Flash 368-369 

Rotary 367-368 

Smoke and Odor Emissions from 372 

Solvent Recovery from 371-372 

Spray 369 

Tray 370 

Driers. Fish Meal 806-807. 809-810, 812-813 

Chlorinating and Scrubbing Drier Gases 

812-813 

Dust from 810 

Incinerating Drier Gases 812 

Odors from 809 

Smoke from 810 

Driers, Rendering 

Blood Driers 819 

Emission Rates from 822, 825 

Feather Driers 820 

Odors from Air Driers 822 

Rotary Air Driers 820 

Drum Reclamation Furnaces 506-520 


Adsorbers 883-884 

Combination Machines 876 

Extractors 876 

Filters 878 

Lint 881 

Lint Traps 884 

Muck Reclaimers 879 

Solvents used in 879-881 

Stills 878 

Tumblers 876-877 

Wash Machines 875-876 

Dust and Fumes 


Subject Index - Direct 

Aluminum Sweating 310 

Brass and Bronze Melting 269-273 

Core Ovens 314 

Process Weight 5 

Rule 54 5, 917 

Zinc Sweating 307 

Duct Design 44-60 

Balanced-Duct Method 49-52 

Blast Gate Method 49-52 

Density Corrections 58 

Design Procedures 47-52 

Duct Construction 59-60 

Elevation Corrections 57-59 

Exhaust Volumes and Duct Sizes for Wood 

working Equipment 374 

Hood Volume Corrections 58 

Layout Considerations 44 

Losses, Types of 44-47 

Sample Calculations 5 2-56 

Temperature Corrections 57-59 

Edible-Lard and Tallow Rendering, see 

Rendering 

Efficiencies 

Boilers Used as Afterburners (Apparent) 

190 

Catalytic Afterburner 181 

Cyclone Separators 93, 95-99 

Direct Flame Afterburner 175-176 

Electrical Precipitators 140, 149-150, 

153-154, 160. 162, 164 

Plate or Tray Towers 221-222 

Effluent-Waste Disposal, Refining 564 

Electrical Equipment, Reclamation of 496-506 

Electric Furnace 236-237 



Direct Arc 236 

Glass Manufacture 779 

Indirect Arc 236-237 

Induction 237 


973

974 

Subject Index - Electric 

Electric Furnace (continued) Dust Separation, Theory of 158-159 

Resistance 237 Efficiency 160 

Steel Manufacturing 245-255 

Electrical Precipitators 135-166 

Efficiency versus Gas Velocity I62 

Electrical Requirements 160 

Advantages and Disadvantages of Equipment Selection 165-166 

138-139, 163 

Maintenance 163 

Average Diameter of Particles in Various 

Industrial Applications 143 

Particle Charging 159 

Concentrations of Suspended Matter 

in Commercial Gases 142 

Safety 163 

Special Design 165 

Data on Typical Applications 140 Theoretical Aspects 158-160 

Dielectric Constants for Some Common Electroplating 829-832 

Materials 137 

Emission Surveys, Inventories, and Factors 

Diverse Applicatidns of 141 963-971 

History 135-138 Engineer, Air Pollution, Role of 6-7 

Mechanisms Involved in 139-141 Enthalpies of Gases 945-946 

Pioneer Installations, 1907 to 1920 139 Esterification 709 

Summary of U. S. Installations, 1907 to 1957 

139 

Electrical Precipitators, Single-Stage 135-156 

Construction, Details of 141 - 147 

Cost of Installation 146-147 

Design, Practical Equations for 153-154 

Design Variables, Values for 155 

Drift Velocity 154 

Efficiency, Theoretical 149-150 

Nonuniform Gas Flow, Effects of 154-156 

Operating Voltage 145 - 146 

Performance, Theoretical Analysis of 

147-150 

Reentrainment, Methods of Reducing 

152-153 

Resistivity, Effect of 150-152 

Sparking Potential versus Air Moisture 152 

Sparking Rate 146 

Electrical Precipitators, Two-Stage 156-166 

Exfoliation, Perlite- Expanding Furnace 350 

Exhaust Systems 23 -87 

Calculator 45 

Checking of 72-75 

Cooling of Gaseous Effluents in 76-87 


Fan Design 60-67 

Fluid Flow Fundamentals 25 -27 

Hood Design 27-44 

Requirements for Various Operations 31 

Vapor Compressors 67-72 

Air Capacity 161 Fan Design 60-67 

Exhaust System for Woodworking Equipment 

372-374 

Exhaust Volumes for Woodworking Equipment 

374 

Air Distribution 161 -162 Characteristic Curves 61 

Applications 163- 166 

Assembly 163 

F 

Drives 67 

Auxiliary Controls 162 Laws 63-65 

Fan Curve Calculator 57 

Construction and Operation 163 Multirating Table 66 

Design Factors 160-162 Static Pressure 50 

Drift Velocity 159-160 Feather Processing 820

Subject Index - Feed 975 

Feed and Grain Mills 352-361 Flexitrays, Plate Towers 221 

Feed Manufacturing Processes 354- 361 Floating-Roof Tanks, Petroleum Equipment 

Receiving, Handling and Storage 353-361 

627-628 

Filters. Wet, also see Baghouse 105 Hydrocarbon Emissions from 632-634 

Fireboxes, Boiler 556 -558 Roof Properties of Steel Tanks 627 

Fish Canneries and Fish Reduction Plants Seals for 644 

804-815 Standard Storage Evaporation Emissions 

Cannery Byproducts 806 from 633 

Chlorinating and Scrubbing Drier Gases 812 

Fluoride Emissions from Frit Smelters 

787-788 

Collecting Dust 815 

Flowcoating 858-860, 863 

Controlling Digesters 814 

Flue-Fed Apartment Incinerators 471-484 

Controlling Edible Fish Cookers 815 

Fluid Flow 25-67 

Controlling Evaporators 814 

Bernoulli's Equation 25 

Controlling Fish Meal Driers 812 

Continuity Equation 27 

Controlling Reduction Cookers and 

Auxiliary Equipment 81 3-814 

Correction Factors 27, 73 

Digester Process 809 


Dust from Driers and Conveyors 810 

Fan Design 60-67 

Fish Meal Production 806-807 

Fundamentals 25 -27 

Fish Solubles and Fish Oil Production Hood Design 27-44 

807-809 Pitot Tube for Flow Measurements 25-27 

Incinerating Drier Gases 812 Fluxes. Zinc Galvanizing 402 

Odors from Digesters 811 Fluxing 

Odors from Edibles Cookers 811 Aluminum Melting 285 -288 

Odors from Evaporators 811 Brass, Hood Design Calculation 39-40 

Odors from Fish Meal Driers 809 Foaming Agents, Zinc Galvanizing Equipment 

Odors from Reduction Cookers 811 

402 

Smoke from Driers 810 

Tuna Canning 805-806 

Wet-Fish Canning 805 

Fixed-Roof Tanks, Petroleum Equipment 627 

Breathing Emissions of Gasoline and 

Crude Oil from 641 

Floating Plastic Blankets 644-645 

Hydrocarbon Emissions from 638-642 

Plastic Microspheres 645-647 

Working Emissions of Gasoline and 

Crude Oil from 643 

Flares and Blowdom Systems 581. 586-626 

Design of 623-626 

Measuring Gas Flow 617-618 

Smoke from 604 

Types of Flares 605-613 

Food Processing Equipment 788-804 



Edible-Lard and Tallow Rendering 

802-804 

Fish Canning, see Fish Canneries and 

Fish Reduction Plants 

Livestock Slaughtering 801-802 

Operations Involved 790 


Foundry Sand-Handling Equipment 315-31 9 

Friction Losses 45-47 

Contraction and Expansion 47 

Elbow and Branch Entry 45-47 

Straight Duct 45

976 

Subject Index - Frit 

Frit Smelters 782-788 Plate or Tray Towers 220-227 

Dust and Fume Discharge from 787-788 Spray Towers and Chambers 228 

Fluoride Emissions from 787-788 Venturi Absorbers 228-229 

Raw Materials 782-783 Gas and Oil Burners 542-554 

Types of 783 Emissions from Gas- and Oil-Fired 

Fuels, see Gaseous Fuels and 011 Fuels 

Equipment 553 

Fuel-Fired Furnace, Aluminum Melting 284 

Gas Burners 

Fuel Gas. Combustion Characteristics 536 

For Afterburners 172-174 

Fuel Oils, see Oil Fuels Mixing Plate Burners for Afterburners 172 

Furnaces 

Electric Melting. Glass Manufacture 779 

Frit Smelters 782-788 

Multi-Port Burners for Afterburners 

172-173 

Nozzle Mixing and Premixing Burners for 

Afterburners 173- 174 

Glass Melting 769-781 Gaseous Effluents. Cooling of 76-87 

Metallurgical, see process involved Dilution with Ambient Air 76-79 ! 

Mineral Wool 342-350 Factors in Selecting Devices for 86-87 i 

Perlite-Expanding 350.352 

Forced Draft Cooling 86 

Regenerative, Glass Melting 769-781 

Methods 76-86 

Wire Reclamation 520-531 Natural Convection and Radiation 81-86 i 

Furnaces, Types 235-241 Quenching with Water 79-81 ! i 

Belgian Retort 294-295 

Gaseous Fuels 535-536 i 

I 

Crucible 237-238, 272. 283 

Combustion Characteristics for 536 I 

Cupola 234-236, 256-266, 273 

Distillation Retort 295-297 

Electric 236-237, 245-255, 266-267, 272, 

Combustion Data for Texas Natural Gas 

5 35 

Removal of Sulfur and Ash from Fuels 539 

I 

I 

284 Gases and Vapors i 

Lead Blast 302 

Muffle 297-299 

Open Hearth 235. 240-245. 273-275 

Pit Crucible 238 

Pot Furnace 238-239. 303-304 

Reduction Retort 294-295 

Reverberators 233-234, 267-269, 273-278, 

284, 300-302 

Stationary Crucible 238 

Tilting Crucible 238 

Control of, see Control Equipment for Gases 

and Vapors 

I 

Diffusion Coefficients 215-216 

Gasoline 

Loading into Tanks, Rule 65 6, 919 

1 

i 

Loading Tank Trucks and Trailers, Rule 61 

5, 917-918 

Specifications, Rule 63 6, 919 

Storage, Rule 56 5, 915 

Glass Manufacture 765-782 

Glass-Forming Machines 781-782 

C Glass-Melting Furnaces 769-781 

Gas Absorption Equipment, also see Absorption Process 765-767 

Equipment 207-229 Raw Materials Handling for 767-769 

Comparison of Packed and Plate Towers Types of Glass 765 

227-228 

Glass Wool, see Mineral Wool 

General Types 208 

Grate Loading, Multiple-Chamber Incinerators 

Packed Towers 209-220 443 

1 

I

Subject Index - Gum 977 

Gum Running 709 Hot Oil Heaters and Boilers 556 

Gyratory Crusher, Rock and Gravel Aggregate Hydrocarbons 

Plants 341 

Compressibility Constants for 595 

Emissions, Percent Volume Pumped into 

Tank for Various Vent Settings 639 

Hazardous Radioactive Material 838-844 Emissions from Airblowing 696 

Hazards in the Handling of Radioisotopes Emissions from Cooling Towers 694 

. 

838 

Emissions from Fixed-Roof Tanks 638-642 

Properties of Radioisotopes 795 

Emissions from Floating-Roof Tanks 

Types of Radiation 839 632-634 

Waste Disposal 843-844 

Heat-Bodied Oil 709 

Heat Recovery from Exhaust Gases of 

Afterburner 181-182 

Heat Transfer 76-86, 204-207 

Calculations 76-86. 204-207 

Coefficient of Heat Transfer by Radiation 

8 3 

Emissions from Low-Pressure Tanks 

634-638 

Leakage of Hydrocarbons from Valves 671 

Losses from Pump Seals 684-685 

Paint Factors for Determining Evaporation 

Emissions from Fixed-Roof Tanks 640 

Hydrogen Sulfide Removal from Refinery Waste 

Gases 723-725 

Convection and Radiation 81 

I 

Heat Treating Systems, Metals 320-321 

Heaters, see Boilers, Heaters, and Steam 

Impingement Separators 166-167 

Generators Incineration 435-531 

High-Efficiency Cyclones 91 -94 

High-pressurewater Spray Scrubber 103 

Hood Construction 43 

Hood Design 27-44 

Abrasive Blasting 32 

Air Flow into a Duct 28 

Circular Low Canopy 39-41 

Cold Processes 30 

Construction 43 

Exhaust Requirements for Various 

Operations 31 

Flow Contours into Circular Openings 29 

Hot Processes 34-43 

Leakage from 42-43 

Null Point 28-30 

Rectangular High Canopy 38-39 

Spray Booths 32 

Ventilation Rates for Low Canopy 40-41 

Ventilation Rates for Open Surface Tanks 

34 

Debonding of Brake Shoes and Reclamation 

of Electrical Equipment Windings 496-506 

Drum Reclamation Furnaces 506-520 

Flue-Fed Apartment incinerators 471-404 

General-Refuse Incinerators 443-452 

Mobile Multiple-Chamber Incinerators 

452-459 

Multiple- Chamber Incinerators 437-443 

Multiple-Chamber Incinerators for Burning 

Wood Waste 460-471 

Pathological-Waste Incinerators 484-496 

Rules 57 and 58 5, 915-917 

Wire Reclamation 520-531 

Indirect Arc Furnace 236-237 

Induction Furnace 237 

Inertial Separators 91-99 

Cyclone Diameter versus Cut Size 96 

Cyclone Efficiency versus Particle Size 

Ratio 95 

Diameter Cut Size 95-99 

Ventilation Rates Required for Tanks 33 

High-Efficiency Cyclones 91 -94 

Ventilation Requirements for Blending Dry 

Mechanical, Centrifugal Separators 94 

Powdered Materials 51 Multiple-Cyclone Separators 94

978 Subject Index - Inertial 

Inertial Separators (continued) Marine Terminals 652 

Pressure Drop 93-94 

Vapor Collection for Overhead Loading 

Separation Efficiency 93, 95-99 

655-658 

Single-Cyclone Separators 91-94 

Vapor Collection for Bottom Loading 

658-659 

Theory of Operation 92-94 

Vapor Disposal Methods 660-662 

Inorganic Gases 14-16 

Local Exhaust Systems, see Exhaust Systems 

Insecticide Manufacture 832-838 

Log-Mean Temperature Difference 81, 85 

Liquid-Insecticide Production Methods 

835-836 

Calculation 85 

Production Methods 832-836 

Los Angeles Basin 3 

Solid-Insecticide Production Methods 

Permit System, Accomplishments 6-7 

833-835 Rules and Regulations for 3-6, 907-929 


Intalox Saddle 209, 217 

Iron Casting 256-269 Marketing, Petroleum 585 

Cupola Furnace 256-266 

Electric-Arc Furnace 266-267 

Electric-Induction Furnace 267 

Reverberatory Furnaces 267-269 

Sources and Control of Hydrocarbon Losses 

from 586 

K Mechanical Scrubber 102 

Mechanical, Centrifugal Collector with Water 

Sprays 102-103 j 

Mechanical, Centrifugal Separators 94 

i 

Melting Points of Materials Sprayed by Plasma 

Kinetic Energy Correction for Pressure Drop 

for Isothermal Flow 602 

Arc 431 

Metal Deposition, Metalizing, see Ceramic 

I 

! 

j 

Knockout Drum Sizing 

I 

601 Spraying and Metal Deposition 

Metal Separation Processes 304-308 

i 

i 

! 

Aluminum Sweating 305 

Lacquers, Weights and Dilutions 956 

Zinc, Lead. Tin. Solder and Low-Melting 

Lead Melting. Hood Design Calculation 38-39 

Alloy Sweating 305-308 

Lead Refining 299-304 Meters I 

i 

Barton Process 304 Quantity Meters 72 I 

Blast Furnace 302 Swinging Vane Meters 73-74 1 

i 

Lead Oxide Production 304 Velocity Meters 72 1 

I 

Pot-Type Furnace 303-304 Mineral Wool Furnaces 342-350 ~ 

Reverberatory Furnaces 300-302 Mobile Multiple-Chamber Incinerators 452.459 I 

Sweating 305-308 

Liquid Fuels, see Oil Fuels 

Design Procedure 452-454 

Standards of Construction 454 

Livestock Slaughtering 801-802 Monoethanolamine (MEA), Removal of H2S from 1 

Refinery Waste Gas 723-725 

Loading Facilities, Petroleum 582, 649-666 

Multiple-Chamber Incinerators 437-443. 452-471 

Analysis of Vapors from the Bulk Loading of 

Gasoline into Tank Trucks 655 Arch Height to Grate Area 444 I 

Factors Affecting Design of Vapor Collection Comparison of Emissions with Single 

Apparatus 659-660 Chamber Incinerators 445 

Loading Arm Assemblies 652-653 Design Factors 441-443 

Loading Racks 652 Grate Loading 443 

i 

1 

i

Subject Index - Multiple 979 

Multiple-Chamber Incinerators (continued) Opacity. Ringlemann Chart, Rule 50 4, 913 

Ln-Line 437-438 

Mobile 452-459 Open Fires and Incinerators, Rules 57 and 58 

5, 915-916 

Principles of Combustion 440-441 

Open-Hearth Furnace 235 

Retort - - - - - - - 417 - - . 

Brass and Bronze Melting 273.275 

Wood Waste 460-471 

Steel Manufacturing 240-245 

Multiple-Cyclone Separators 94 

Multirating Tables, Fans 66 

Muffle Furnace 297-299 

N 

Zinc Melting 294-297 

Natural Gas 

Combustion Characteristics 948 

Flow through Orifices 546-547 

Heat from 935-936 

Texas 535 

Nozzle Gas Constant 595 

Nuisance, Rule 51 4, 913 

Null Point, Hood Design 28-30 

Odor and Smoke Emissions from Driers 372 

Odor Testing Techniques 931-934 

Oil and Solvent Re-Refining 844-846 

Oil Breaking 709 

Oil-Effluent Water Separator 672-679 

Rule 59 5, 917 

Oil Fuels 536-537 

Analvsis of Low Sulfur Fuels Used in Los 

Angeles County 538 

Combustion Data for 538 

Commercial Standards for 537 

Production Trends, U.S. Refineries, 1950- 

1969 541 

Properties 947 

Removal of Sulfur and Ash from Fuels 539 

Typical Ash Analysis 539 

Viscosity-Temperature Relation 551 

Oleoresinous Varnish 709 

Oleum Sulfonation 750-752 

Oleum Sulfonation and Sulfation 752 

Open-Top Tanks, Reservoirs, Pits, and Ponds 

631 

Organic Gases 12-14 

Organic Solvent Emitting Equipment 853-884 


Paint Baking Ovens and Other Solvent 

Emitting Ovens 865-871 

Solvent Degreasers 871-875 

Solvents and Their Uses 855-858 

Surface Coating Operations 858-865 

Organic Solvents, also see Solvents 

Disposal 6 

Evaporation 6 

Re-Refining 844-846 

Rule 66 6. 855-857, 919-921 

Orifice-Type Scrubber 101-102 

Overpressure Sizing Factor for Standard Vapor 

Safety Valves 594 

Oxides of Nitrogen 564-567 

Estimating Emissions 567 

Fuel-Burning Equipment, Rule 68 6, 921 

Reduction of in Combustion Equipment 

570-577 

Packed Towers 208-220 

Ammonia-Water Equilibrium 2 17- 2 18 

Capacity 210-211 

Comparison with Plate Towers 227-228 

Cost of 210 


Diameter 211-213 

Height of Transfer Unit 214-215 

Liquid Distribution 209-210 

Number of Transfer Units 213-214 

Packing Materials 209

980 Subiect Index - Packed 

Packed Towers (continued) 

Pressure Drop Through Packing 216 

Scrubbers 104-105 

Paint Baking Ovens and Other Solvent-Emitting 

Ovens 865-871 

Air Seals 867 

Batch Type Ovens 866 

Can Lithograph Ovens 870-871 

Circulating and Exhaust Systems 867 

Continuous Ovens 866 

Equipment 866-867 -!' 

Heating of Ovens 866-877 

Printing System Ovens 871 

Paint Dip Tanks 860-861, 863 

Pall Rings 209 

Panel Filters 167 

Particulate Control Equipment, see Control 

Equipment for Particulates 

Particulates 

Carrier Gas Characteristics 91 

Characteristics of 91 

Mechanism for Wetting the Particle 100-101 

Operational Factors 91 

Process Factors 91 

Rule 52 5, 917 

Size Data 143, 954-956 

Pathological-Waste Incinerators 484-496 



Perlite-Expanding Furnace 350-352 

Permit System, Los Angeles 4, 6-7 

Accomplishments 6-7 

Operation of 4 

Petroleum and Coal Tar Resins 704-705 

Petroleum Equipment 579-698 

Airblowing 584, -695 

Cooling Towers 584, 692-695 

Crude Oil Production 581 

Marketing 585 

Oil-Water Effluent System 672-679 

Operational Difficulties of a Refinery and 

Required Relief Capacities 591 

Overpressure Sizing Factor for Liquid 

Relief Valves 593 

Pumps and Compressors 584, 679-685 

Refining 581-585 

Storage Vessels 581. 626-649 

Tank Cleaning 697 

Vacuum Jets 584, 697 

Valves 689-692 

Waste-Gas Disposal Systems 585-626 

Phenolic Resins 701 

Phosphoric Acid Manufacturing 734-737 

Phosphorous Pentoxide Emissions 735 

Photochemically Reactive Solvents, see Solvents 

and Their Uses 

Pipe-Coating Equipment 390-397 

Pipe Dipping 392 

Pipe Spinning 392 

Pipe Wrapping 392 

Preparation of Enamel 392 

Pipeline Valves and Flanges, Blind Changing, 

Process Drains 584 

Pit Crucible Furnace 238 

Pitot Tube 25-27. 72-76 

Altitude and Temperature Corrections for 

7 3 

Correction Factors 27, 73 

Standard 72 

Static Pressure 26 

Total Pressure 26 

Traversing for Round and Rectangular Ducts 

73 

Airblown Asphalt 685 -689 Velocity Pressure 26 

Blind Changing 695-696 Plasma Arc Spraying 431 

Bulk-Loading Facilities 582. 649 -662 

Plate or Trav Towers 220-227 

Catalyst Regenerators 582-584, 662-672 

Compressor Engine Exhaust 697-698 

Compressibility Constants for Hydrocarbons 

Comparison with Packed Towers 

Efficiency 221-222 

227-228 

595 Flooding 222-223

Plate or Tray Towers (continued) 

Liquid Flow 221 

Liquid Gradient 223-224 

Number of Theoretical Plates 225 

Plate Design and Efficiency 221-222 

Plate Spacing 224 

Tower Design 221-227 

Tower Diameter 224-225 

Types of Plates 220-221 

. -. 

~neumatic:'~on~~~in~ Equipment 362-367 

Design Calculations 365-367 

Types of 362-365 

Velocities for Conveying Various Materials 

366 

Polyester and Alkyd Resins 702-703 

Polystyrene 704 

Polyvinyl Resins 703-704 

Polyurethane 703 

Positive-Displacement Pumps 680 

Pot Furnace 238-239 

Lead Refining 303-304 

Pouring Practices, Aluminum Melting 285 

Power Plant Steam Generators 554-556 

Emissions and Control 560-577 

Precleaners 168 

Preheating of Afterburner Inlet Gases 182-183 

Pressure Drop 

Carbon Bed Adsorber 197-198 

Through Tower Packing 216 

Pressure Relief System. Petroleum Equipment 

588-604 

Discharge Piping for 597. 600 

Knockout Vessels 596-604 

Leakage of Hydrocarbons from Valves 692 

Minimum Rupture Pressures 592 

Subject Index - Plate 981 

Los Angeles County 

Regulation IV, 4 

Pumps and Compressors, Petroleum Equipment 

584, 679-685 

Q 

Hydrocarbon Losses from Seals 684-685 

Seals 681-685 


Quantity Meters 72 

- 

Quench Tanks. Heat Treating 320-321 

Radioactive Materials, see Hazardous Radio- 

active Materials 

Raschig Rings 209-210. 211, 214-215 

Reclamation of Electrical Equipment Windings 

496-506 

Rectangular High-Canopy Hoods 38-39 

Reduction of Animal Matter, Rule 64 6, 919 

Reduction of Inedible Animal Matter, also see 

Rendering 815-829 

Reduction Retort Furnace, Zinc Melting 

294-295 

Refinery Heaters 556 

Refinery Production, Fuel Oils 541 

Refining, Petroleum, also see Petroleum 

Equipment 581 -585 

Refuse Incinerator 443-452 

Regenerative Furnace, Glass Manufacture 

769-781 

Rendering 802-804. 815-829 

Carbon Adsorption of Odors 828-829 

Condensation-Incineration System 827-828 

Condenser Tube Materials 826 

Continuous Dry Rendering 817-818 

Controlling High-Moisture Streams 

825-826 

Overpressure Sizing Factor for 593 Cookers as Prominent Odor Sources 822 

Required Relief Capacities 591 Dry 803, 816-818 

Rupture Discs 590-593, 595-596 Drying Blood 819-820 

Safety Valves 589, 593-596 Edible-Lard and Tallow 802-804 

Valves 581 Emission Rates from Cookers 824-825 

Process Weight, Rule 54 5, 914 Emission Rates from Driers 825 

Prohibitions, also see Rules and Regulations, Feather Processing 820

982 Subject Index - Rendering 

Rendering (continued) 

Interceptors in Cooker Vent Lines 826-827 

Odors and Dusts from Rendered-Product 

Systems 822-823 

Odors from Air Driers 822 

Odors from Grease Processing 823 

Odors from Raw Materials 823 

Odor Masking and Counteraction 829 

Odor Scrubbers 829 

Refined Products of 819 

Rotary Air Driers 820-821 

Subcooling Condensate 826 

Vapor Incineration 827 

Wet 803. 818 

Resins 701-709 

Amino 702 

Kettles 701-708 

Manufacturing Equipment 704 

Natural 704 

Petroleum and Coal Tar 704-705 

Phenolic 701 

Polyester and Alkyd 702-703 

Polystyrene 704 

Polyurethane 703 

Polyvinyl 703-704 

Synthetic 709 

Thermoplastic 703 

Resistance Furnace 237 

Retreading Equipment, see Tire Buffing 

Reverberatory Furnace 233-234 


Brass and Bronze Melting 273-278 

Cylindrical 233 


Lead Refining 300-302 

Open-Hearth 233 

Tilting 233-234 

Renolds Number 82 

Vapor Condenser Calculations 204 

Ringelmann Chart, Rule 50 4, 913 

Rock and Gravel Aggregate Plants 340-342 

Rock Wool, see Mineral Wool 

Roller Coaters 861, 863 

Rubber -Compounding Equipment 375 -378 

Additives 375 

Rueping Process, Wood Treating Equipment 

417 

Rules and Regulations, Los Angeles County 

3-6, 907-929 

Architectural Coatings, Rule 66.1 6, 920-921 

Disposal and Evaporation of Solvents, 

Rule 66. 2 6, 921 

Dust and Fumes, Rule 54 5, 914 

Fuel Burnine Equipment, Rules 67 and 68 

I 

6, 921 I 

Gasoline Loading, Rule 61 5, 917-918 

Gasoline Loading into Tanks, Rule 65 

6, 919 

Gasoline Specification. Rule 63 6, 919 

Nuisance, Rule51 4, 913 

Oil-Effluent Water Separators, Rule 59 

5, 917 

Open Fires and Incinerators, Rules 57 

and 58 5, 915-917 

Organic Solvents, Rule 66 6, 855-857, 

919-921 

Particulate Matter, Rule 52 5, 913-914 

Permits, Regulation I1 4, 908-91 1 

Prohibition, Regulation IV 4, 913-921 

Reduction of Animal Matter, Rule 64 

6, 919 

Ringelmann Chart, Rule 50 4, 913 

Scavenger Plants, Rule 53. 1 5, 914 

Specific Contaminants, Rule 53 5, 914 

Storage of Petroleum Products, Rule 56 

5, 915 

Sulfur Content of Fuels, Rules 62 and 62.1 

6, 918-919 

Rupture Discs, Petroleum Equipment 590-596 



Sizing of 590-596 

Safety Valves, Petroleum Equipment 589 

Overpressure Sizing Factor for 593

Subject Index - Safety 983 

Safety Valves, Petroleum Equipment (continued) Muffle Furnace 297-299 

Required Relief Capacities 591 Reduction Retort Furnaces 294-295 

Schematic Diagram of 590 Sweating 305-308 

Sand Handling Equipment for Foundries 315-319 Zinc Melting 293 

Scavenger Plants, Rule 53. 1 5, 914 Zinc Vaporization 293-294 

Schmidt Number 214-215 

Scrubbers 101-105 

Cyclone-Type 101 

High-Pressure Water Sprays 103 

Mechanical 102 

Mechanical, Centrifugal Collector with 

Water Sprays 102-103 

Orifice Type 101- 102 

Packed Towers 104- 105 

Spray Chamber 101 

Venturi 104 

Wet Filters 105 

Secondary Aluminum-Melting Processes 

283-292 

Separators, Oil-Effluent Water, Rule 59 5, 917 

Settling Chambers 166 

Slag Wool, see Mineral Wool 

Smoke and Odor Emission From Driers 372 


Soap. Fatty Acid, and Glycerine Manufacturing 

Equipment 737-749 

Fatty Acid Production 739-740 

Glycerine Production 740-742 

Raw Materials 738-739 

Soap Finishing 744-745 

Soap Manufacturing 743-744 

Soap and Detergent Production in U. S. 738 

Charging Practices 284 Solder, Sweating 305-308 

Crucible Furnace 283 

Electrically Heated Furnaces 284 

Solvents, see Organic Solvent Emitting Equipment 

Solvent Degreasers 871-875 

Fluxing 285-288 Controlling Vaporized Solvent 874-875 

Fuel-Fired Furnaces 284 Design and Operation 871 

Pouring Practices 285 Emission from 872 

Reverberatory Furnace 284 Method of Minimizing Solvent Emissions 873 

Sweating 305 Tank Covers 873-874 

Types of Processes 283-287 Types of Solvents 871-872 

Secondary Brass- and Bronze-Melting 

Processes 269-283 

Calculations for Cooling Effluent 76-79 

Crucible Furnace 272 

Cupola Furnace 273 

Dust and Fume Discharge 269-272 

Electric Furnace 272 

Furnace Types 269 

Open-Hearth Furnace 273-275 

Reverberatory Furnace 273-278 

Secondary Zinc-Melting Processes 293-299 

Belgian Retort Furnace 294-295 

Distillation Retort Furnace 295-297 

Hood Design Calculation 37-38 

Solvents Emissions, Control of Polar and Non- 

polar Compounds, also see Absorption Equip- 

ment 198 

Solvents, Properties of Dry Cleaning 880 

Solvents and Their Uses 855-858 

Baking and Curing Operations 857, 865-871 

Control Measures 857-858 


Evaporation Curve, Relating Percent Solvent 

Losses to Flashoff Time 862 

Limitations on the Use of Photochemically 

Reactive Solvents 857 

Percent of Overspray as a Function of 

Spraying Method 861 

Rule 66 6, 855-857, 919-921

9 84 

Subject Index - Solvents 

Solvents and Their Uses (continued) Floating-Roof Tanks 627-628 

Solvent Degreasers 871-875 Hydrocarbon Vapor Em~ssions 631-642 

Surface Coating and Added Thinner Formulas Masking Agents 649 

858-865 

Miscellaneous Pollution Control Measures 

Threshold Limit Values 859 648-649 

Solvent Recovery from Drier 879 Odors from 642-643 

Solvents, Re-Refinmg 844-846 Open-Top Tanks, Reservoirs, Plts and 

Sonic Agglomeration 722 

Ponds 631 

Soot Blowing. Boilers 558-560 

Plastic Mlcrospheres 645-647 

Collectors 568 

Pressure Tanks 627 

Sources of Combustion Air for Gas Burners for 

Afterburners 174 

Relative Effectiveness of Paints In Keeping 

Tanks from Warming in the Sun 649 

Seals for Floating-Roof Tanks 644 

Speiss Hole 296 

Spirit Varnish 709 

Spray Booths 858, 861-865 

Air Contaminants from 861-863 

Control of Particulates from 864-865 

Design Calculation 32 

Spray Chamber 101 

Gas Absorption 228 

Standard Conditions. Rule 52 5 

Stationary Crucible Furnace 238 

Steam Generators, see Boilers, Heaters, and 

Steam Generators 

Steam Pipe Sizlng Chart 620 

Steel-Manufacturing Processes 239-255 

Bessemer Converter 239 

Electric-Arc Furnaces 245-254 

Electric-Induction Furnace 254-255 

Open-Hearth Furnaces 240-245 

Oxygen Process 240 

Storage of Petroleum Products. Rule 56 5, 915 

Storage Pressure Required to Eliminate 

Breathing and Boiling Losses 637 

Submerged Filling 633 


Vapor Balance Systems 647 

Vapor Recovery Systems 647-648 

Submerged Filling, Gasoline Tanks 653-654 

Sulfoalkylation 757-759 

Sulfonation 743-744, 755-757 

Sulfur, 

Contaminants, Rule 53 5, 914 

Contents of Fuels, Rules 62 and 62. 1 

5, 918-919 

Scavenger Plants, Rule 53. 1 5, 914 

Sulfur Dioxide-Sulfur Trioxide Equilibrium at 

Various Oxygen Concentrations 562 

Sulfuric Acid Manufacture 716-722 

Contact Process 716-718 

Sulfur in Fuels 539 

Removal of 540-542 

Sulfur Oxides, Collection of from Burning of 

Storage Vessels. Petroleum Equipment 

626-649 

581, Fuels 568-570 

Adjustment Factor for Small-Diameter Tank 

640 

Aerosol Emissions from 642 

Conservation Tanks 628-631 

Cost of 649 

Factors Affecting Hydrocarbon Vapor Emis- 

sions 631-632 

Fixed-Roof Tanks 627 

Floating Plastic Blankets 644-645 

Sulfur Scavenger Plants 722-734 

Effect of Sulfur Compounds During Refining 

723 

Incineration Requirements 727-732 

Incinerator Stack Height 732-733 

Plant Operational Procedures 733 -734 

Removal of H2S from Refinery Waste Gas 

723-725 

Stack Dilution Air 732

Sulfur Scavenger Plants (continued) 

Sulfur in Crude Oil 722 

Tail Gas Treatment 732 

Sulfur Trioxide Liquid Sulfonation 755 

Subject Index - Sulfur 985 

Threshold Limit Values 938-944 

Paint Solvents 859 

Tin, Sweating 305-308 

Tilting Crucible Furnace 238 

Sulfur Trioxide Vapor Sulfonation 743-744 Tire Buffing Equipment 41 0-414 

Sulfur Trioxide from Sulfuric Acid Manufacturing Cost of Control Equipment for 414 

716-722 

Tolylene Diisocyanate, Resin Manufacture 703, 

Surface Coating Operations 858-865 705, 707 

Control of Organic Vapors from 865 Transfer Units, Packed Towers 213-215 

Control of Paint Spray Booth 

864-865 

Dip Tanks 860-861, 863 

Evaporation Curves Relating - Percent Solvent 

Losses to Flash-Off Times 862 

Flowcoating 858-860 

Overspray 861 

Roller Coating Machines 861, 863 

Spray Booths 858, 861-865 

Particulates Tray Towers, see Plate or Tray Towers 

Tuna Canning 805-806 

Turbogrid, Tray Towers 200-221 

11 

U 

Use of this Manual 7 

Surface Coating and Added Thinner Formulas Valves, Petroleum Equipment 689-692 

864 Control 621-622 

Types of Equipment 858-861 

Surface Condensers 199-201, 203-207 

Y 

Leakage of Hydrocarbons from 691 

Safety 589, 593-594 

Surfactant Processes 749-759 Total Emissions from 691 

Sweating 305-308 Vapor Balance Systems, Petroleum Storage 

Aluminum 305 Vessels 647 

Zinc, Lead, Tin, Solder, and Low Melting Vapor Compressors 67-72 

Alloy 305-308 Dynamic Compressors 69 

Swinging Vane Velocity Meter 73-74 Positive-Displacement Compressors 68-69 

Correction Factors 74 

Synthetic Detergents 759-765 

Granule Handling 764-766 

Processes 761 

Reciprocating Compressors 69-72 

Types 67-72 

Use in Air Pollution Control 72 

Vapor Condensers 198-207 

Raw Materials 759-761 Applications 207 

Slurry Preparation 761 -762 Contact Condensers 199-201, 203 

Spray Drying 762-764 Surface Condensers 199-201, 203-207 

Synthetic Detergent Surfactants 749-759 Types of 199-201 

Vapor Pressures 

Crude Oil 636 

Tanks, Petroleum, see Storage Vessels Gasoline and Finished Petroleum Products 

Tellerette 209 

635 

Thermal Spraying 430-431 Vapor Recovery Systems, Petroleum Storage 

647-648 

Powder Gun 431 

Thermoplastic Resins 703 

Varnish Cooking 708-716 

Blown Oil 709

986 Subject Index, - Varnish 

Varnish Cooking (continued) 

Boiled Oil 708-709 

Equipment 709-710 

Esterification 709 

Gum running 709 

Heat-Bodied Oil 709 

Lngredients 709 

Oil Breaking 709 

Oleoresinous Varnish 709, 715 

Open Kettles 709-710 

Products and Processes, 708-709 

Spirit Varnish 709 

Stationary Kettles 710 

Stack Discharge Tests 714 

Thinning 710 

Velocities for Pneumatic Conveying of Various 

Materials 366 

Velocity Measurements 

Circular Stacks 74 

Meters 72-74 

Pitot Tube 25-27, 72-73 

Rectangular Ducts 74 

Swinging Vane Meter 73-74 

Velocity Pressure 26 

Conversion Table, VP to fpm 45 

Conversion Table, fpm to VP 949 

Corrections 27 

Friction Loss Chart 46 

Loss Calculation 52-56 

Loss, Contraction 49 

Loss. Hood Entry 45 

Pitot Tube 26 

Ventilation Rates 

Minimum for Circular Low Canopy Hoods 40 

Minimum for Rectangular Low Canopy Hoods 

41 

Minimum for Tanks 33 

Open-Surface Tanks 34 

Venturi Absorbers 228-229 

Venturi Scrubbers 104 

Control Valves 621-622 

Flares 581, 586-626 

Knockout Vessels 596-598 


Operational Difficulties of a Refinery and 


Overpressure Sizing Factor for Liquid 

Relief Valves 593 

Overpressure Sizing Factor for Vapor 

Safety Valves 594 

Pressure Relief System 588-604 

Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide from 723-725 

Rupture Disc 590-596 

Safety Valves 589. 593-594 

Sizing a Blowdown Line 598-604 

Water Sprays 

High-Pressure Scrubber 103 

Mechanical. Centrifugal Collector with Water 

Sprays 102-103 

Water Vapor 957-958 

Wet Collection Devices 99-106 

Cyclone-Type Scrubbers 101 

High-Pressure Water Sprays 103 

Mechanical. Centrifugal Collector with Water 

Sprays 102-103 

Mechanical Scrubbers 102 

Mechanisms for Wetting the Particle 100-101 

Orifice-Type Scrubbers 101-102 

Packed Towers 104-105 

Spray Chambers 101 

Theory of Collection 100 


Venturi Scrubbers 104 

Wet Filters 105 

White Smoke from Combustion of Fuels 537-538 

Wire Reclamation 520-531 

Equipment Design Factors 525 

Wood Treating Equipment 414-421 

Ammoniacal Copper Arsenite Process 417 

Methods of Treating Wood 415-417 

Rueping Process 417 

Waste-Gas Dlsposal Systems, Petroleum Equip- 

Wood Waste Incinerators 460-471 

ment 585-626 Design Factors for 462

Woodworking Equipment 372-375 

Z 

Disposal of Collected Wastes 374-375 

Exhaust System for 372-374 

Zinc-Galvanizing Equipment 402-410 

Cleaning 402 

Control of Emissions from 405-410 

Cover Fluxes 402 

Dusting Fluxes 402 

Emissions from 403-406 

Foaming Agents 402 

Zinc Melting, see Secondary Zinc Melting Processes 

Zinc Vaporization 293-294 

Subject Index - Woodworking 987

Air Pollution Engineering Manual Part6 1973 - Bay Area Air Quality ...

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