Paumarí Derivational Affixes

Finally, ni can function as a full-fledged verb stem meaning 'say'.
ni-hi 'ida gamo
say-narra dem woman
'The woman said.'
The suffix -'a can apply to each of the above intransitive clauses with ni, changing it to
a transitive clause by adding a new participant as object1. The role of this new participant
depends on the verb stem involved.
The object1 may be patient.
Okojoa-a bada bi-ni-'a-ha ada abaisana
Okojoa-subj work she-pro=verb-transer-narra dem fish
'Okojoa worked the fish.' i.e. 'She prepared it for cooking.'
The object1 may be beneficiary.
ho-ra ni-'a-hi ida gamo
me-obj1 say-transer-narra dem woman
'The woman said to me.'
vara ho-ra ni-'a-hi ida kodi-isai
converse me-obj1 pro=verb-transer-narra dem my-child
'My child conversed with me.'
Most verbs of speech have a beneficiary as object1.
Finally, the object1 may be source.
mitha 'o-ni-'a-hi ida saani
listen I-pro=verb-transer-narra dem noise
'I listened to the noise.'
3.3. Transitiviser ka-
Whereas -'a occurs with +Actor subjects, ka- occurs with +Receiver subjects. Both
affixes add another role as object1 to produce a transitive clause.
When the prefix ka- can be applied to intransitive clauses that have actor as experiencer,
an object1 is added with the role of source, as in the following three pairs of examples.
a) ihamahi-ha ada isai
angry-narra dem child
'The child was angry.'
ho-ra ka-ihamahi-ha ada isai
me-obj1 transer-angry-narra dem child
'The child was angry with me.'
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