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An Introduction to Determining Optimum Quadrat Size and Shape

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LITERATURE CITED<br />

Bormann, F.H. 1953. The statistical efficiency of sample plot size <strong>and</strong> shape in forest ecology.<br />

Ecology 34:474-487.<br />

Clapham, A. R. 1932. The form of the observational unit in quantitative ecology. Journal of<br />

Ecology 20:192-197.<br />

Goldsmith, F.B., C.M. Harrison, <strong>and</strong> A.J. Mor<strong>to</strong>n. 1986. Description <strong>and</strong> analysis of vegetation.<br />

Pages 437-524 in P.D. Moore <strong>and</strong> S.B. Chapman, edi<strong>to</strong>rs. Methods in plant ecology.<br />

Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, Engl<strong>and</strong>.<br />

Krebs, C.J. 1999. Ecological methodology. Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc., Menlo<br />

Park, CA. 620 pp.<br />

Pringle, J.D. 1984. Efficiency estimates for various quadrat sizes used in benthic sampling.<br />

Canadian Journal of Fisheries <strong>and</strong> Aquatic Sciences 41:1485-1489.<br />

Wiegert, R.G. 1962. The selection of an optimum quadrat size for sampling the st<strong>and</strong>ing crop of<br />

grasses <strong>and</strong> forbs. Ecology 43:125-129.<br />

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