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Perry, C. 1991. Manpower management on large broiler farm. Poultry Digest July Issue, pp 20-26. Watt Publishing, Cullman, AL. USDA. 1994. Aquaculture situation and outlook report. AQS-12, March. Economic Research Service, Commodity Economics Division, USDA. USDA. 1996a. Economic Research Service: Poultry Economic Outlook, LDP-P-10. USDA. 1996b. Economic Research Service: Poultry Yearbook, Statistic Bulletin 927. USDA. 1996c. Economic Research Service: Poultry Production and Summary, POU 3-1. Watt Publishing. 1951. Broiler growing statistics. Broiler Grower Magazine. Watt Publishing, Cullman, AL. Table 1. Comparison of tilapia, catfish and broiler production costs for farms with a yearly fish production of approximately 590,000 kg; costs shown on a per unit weight of production and percentage of total cost by category. $ costs per kg produced % of Total Cost tilapia catfish broiler tilapia catfish broiler Ownership costs ($/kg) Depreciation 0.14 0.11 contract 8.6 7.1 -- Interest on investment 0.07 0.10 contract 4.3 6.4 -- Catastrophic fish insurance (3%) 0.07 -- contract 4.3 -- -- Liability insurance + land taxes 0.01 0.01 contract 0.6 0.6 -- Subtotal 0.29 0.22 0.05 17.9% 14.1% 7.7% Costs of goods services ($/kg) Feed 0.55 0.81 0.39 34.0 51.9 60.0 Fingerlings (chicks) 0.10 0.14 0.09 6.2 9.0 13.9 Oxygen 0.14 -- -- 8.6 -- - Subtotal 0.79 0.95 0.48 48.8% 60.9% 73.9% Operating expenses ($/kg) Chemicals -- 0.05 0.06 -- 3.2 9.2 Repairs & maintenance 0.07 0.04 -- 4.3 2.6 -- Heating water 0.02 -- -- 1.2 -- -- Heating air 0.03 -- -- 1.9 -- -- Electric 0.16 -- -- 9.9 -- -- Other utilities -- 0.08 0.02 -- 5.1 3.1 Management labor + fringe 0.19 0.17 0.04 11.7 10.9 6.2 Misc. 0.01 -- -- 0.6 -- - Interest on operating capital 0.06 0.05 -- 3.7 3.2 -- Subtotal 0.54 0.39 0.12 33.3% 25.0% 18.5% Total cost of production ($/kg) 1.62 1.56 0.65 100% 100% 100% Note: Broiler costs are broken down for comparison based upon contract grower payments and allocation of costs between grower and integrator. 8
Twenty-One Years of Commercial Recirculating Aquaculture with Trout and Perch Dr. Dave Smith, Ph.D. President Freshwater Farms of Ohio, Inc. 2624 North U.S. Highway 68 Urbana, Ohio 43078 University Development of Recirculating Systems: The development of commercial recirculating aquaculture has its roots in two different worlds. The first is in biology, and the second is in wastewater engineering. I first became exposed to this new hybrid field in the latter part of the 1970’s when I became a grad student in the Aquaculture Research Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. Here was one example of the type of Sea Grant research funded at that time to help the promise of aquaculture become a reality, and with expectations that it would happen very soon. The program, started by dairy professor Dr. Harold Calbert, was a venture that sought to find supplemental year-round income for dairy farmers who had empty barns sitting around the Midwest. The program got funding to construct three commercial scale recirculating systems inside a leased industrial building on the edge of town. This is where fish biologists and wastewater engineers came together to create something new. The goal was to raise yellow perch indoors under controlled conditions, and to show the world the promise of recirculating aquaculture. The work of the systems was done in three different configurations, involving large circulating pumps, high pressure sand filters, tube settlers, trickling biofilters, and Koch rings. Turbidity, excessive backwashing, and difficult solids removal were the first problems to be discovered. The addition of flocculants such as alum, and new settling areas helped, and yellow perch were raised to market size from fingerlings in 9 to 11 months at 21 degrees C. When the number crunching was done, the cost of production in 1979 was estimated at $8.65/ kg ($3.86/ lb). In today’s dollars that is $20.40/ kg ($9.11/ lb). At the time, the market price for Great Lakes yellow perch was $3.26 to $5.80/ lb in today’s dollars. The price of pioneering comes high. The focus of the Wisconsin aquaculture program quickly changed under the guidance of Dr. Terry Kayes, and my time there was spent studying protein metabolism and carbohydrate tolerance in rainbow trout. Commercial Development of Recirculating Systems: When I finally had an opportunity to start my own aquaculture facility in 1983, it was in a bankrupt chicken farm on the edge of my hometown back in Ohio. It was there, with the help of my engineer father and family, that I sought to develop a farmer approach to recirculating aquaculture. The challenge was to make it simple, make it 1
Page 1 and 2: TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
Page 3 and 4: iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
Page 5 and 6: v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
Page 7 and 8: into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
Page 9 and 10: one above the other, reducing the
Page 11 and 12: nutritional requirements of summer
Page 13 and 14: Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
Page 15 and 16: Introduction Commercial Application
Page 17 and 18: System Performance: Nine of these r
Page 19 and 20: electrical costs reduced by more th
Page 21 and 22: Nitrate, as the final product of th
Page 23 and 24: Culture conditions On August 1, 199
Page 25 and 26: surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
Page 27 and 28: achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
Page 29 and 30: ecomes possible without water repla
Page 31 and 32: tropical countries for tropical fis
Page 33 and 34: fastest absorption of nutrients fro
Page 35 and 36: Recirculation System Design; The KI
Page 37 and 38: The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
Page 39 and 40: Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
Page 41 and 42: Our largest error though was in not
Page 43 and 44: Before You Invest. In my role as a
Page 45: are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
Page 49 and 50: have projects in the planning stage
Page 51 and 52: As the upward trend for seafood dem
Page 53 and 54: and the World Health Organization (
Page 55 and 56: Abstract not available at time of p
Page 57 and 58: increase the potential for bottlene
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
Page 61 and 62: Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
Page 63 and 64: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
Page 65 and 66: and the polyphenol content (Northup
Page 67 and 68: References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
Page 69 and 70: Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
Page 71 and 72: In comparison of gravity separation
Page 73 and 74: NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
Page 75 and 76: O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
Page 78 and 79: The Hatchery The hatchery supports
Page 80 and 81: in crayfish populations, disappeara
Page 82 and 83: Table 2. Summary of average flows a
Page 84 and 85: depth decreases. Improvements in tr
Page 86 and 87: Perspective on the Role of Governme
Page 88 and 89: unprecedented in the growth of a ne
Page 90 and 91: with siting and the special equipme
Page 92 and 93: disease. We need to create environm
Page 94 and 95: Introduction Implications of Total
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The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
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To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
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Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
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Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
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A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
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Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
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Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
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Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
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Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
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carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
Page 364 and 365:
This apparent interaction between t
Page 366:
References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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