Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002-2010 Conservation - IUCN

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these areas of knowledge are always marked by uncertainty, and that the usefulness of science in guiding conservation action depends upon open channels of communication with non-specialists and on the ability to create and maintain the political will to effect change. 31
Chapter 4 Status of Cetacean Species and Selected Populations This section has been updated and revised to reflect new information that has become available since publication of the previous Cetacean Action Plan in 1994. Further details on some of the species and populations are available through the IUCN Red List (Hilton-Taylor 2000 or website at www.redlist.org). A note about referencing in this chapter: We have sought to achieve a balance between the extremes of (a) providing a thorough review of the relevant literature (which is beyond the scope of this publication) versus (b) providing no citations to justify statements and direct readers to sources. We have placed a premium on authoritative sources published since 1994 and on review documents that themselves cite the important primary literature on a species or topic. Readers with access to the 1994 Cetacean Action Plan (Reeves and Leatherwood 1994a) may find it useful to check it for pre-1995 references that have been left out here to save space. 4.1 Right whales Bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus The IWC recognizes five stocks of this Arctic species. Range-wide abundance is thought to be in the order of 10,000 individuals, with 8200 (7200–9400) in the Bering- Chukchi-Beaufort Seas (IWC 1996, based on Zeh et al. 1995), at least 350 in Davis Strait-Baffin Bay (Zeh et al. 1993), 284 ± 49 in Hudson Bay-Foxe Basin (Cosens et al. 1997), 100 or less in Svalbard-Barents Sea (Zeh et al. 1993), and 150–200 in the Okhotsk Sea (Zeh et al. 1993). All bowhead populations were severely depleted by commercial whaling, which began in the north-eastern Atlantic in the 1600s. While the species is not listed as Endangered globally, the Svalbard-Barents Sea (Spitsbergen) stock is classified as Critically Endangered, and the Okhotsk Sea and Davis Strait-Baffin Bay stocks as Endangered. The Hudson Bay-Foxe Basin stock is listed as Vulnerable. The Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort stock continues to be hunted by indigenous people in Alaska, western Canada, and the Russian Far East (Chukotka). The Davis Strait-Baffin Bay and Hudson Bay-Foxe Basin stocks are hunted by Inuit of eastern Canada. The hunting in Alaska and Russia is regulated by the IWC in close collaboration with national agencies and regional co-management bodies, while that in Canada is co-managed by the national government and regional bodies created under land-claim agreements 33 (Canada withdrew from the IWC in 1982). The Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort population has been monitored intensively for more than 20 years and was increasing in the 1980s and early 1990s at a rate of about 2–3% per year in spite of the removals by hunting (Zeh et al. 1995). No data are available on trends in the other bowhead populations, but if they are growing, they are doing so only very slowly. Right whales, Eubalaena spp. Taxonomy and nomenclature of the right whales are in flux, but there is no doubt that the populations in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans are completely isolated from each other and from the population(s) in the Southern Ocean. Recent genetic evidence supports the recognition of three species (Rosenbaum et al. 2000). The North Atlantic population (Eubalaena glacialis) consists of a remnant of about 300–350 individuals off the east coast of North America. Some members of this population migrate annually to a near-shore winter calving ground off northern Florida and Georgia and then back northward through New England waters and on to summer feeding areas off south-eastern Canada. Right whales are occasionally seen in European waters, but the species is close to extinction in the eastern North Atlantic (Notarbartolo di Sciara et al. 1998). An intensive long-term effort, based primarily at the New England Aquarium in Boston and the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service laboratory in Woods Hole, is underway to monitor the North Atlantic right whale population, identify risk factors, and develop and implement measures to reduce human-induced mortality and injury (Katona and Kraus 1999; Right Whale Recovery Team 2000). Recent evidence of decreased survival and reproductive rates indicates that the population may be declining (Caswell et al. 1999). The right whale population in the North Pacific (E. japonica) is also only a tiny fraction of what it was in the mid-19th century (Scarff 2001; Brownell et al. 2001). On the east side, the few animals observed are usually alone and in scattered locations. The only exception is an area of the south-eastern Bering Sea where small groups of right whales (but no calves) have been seen in several successive years. In the western Pacific, a few hundred right whales spend the summer in the Sea of Okhotsk between Sakhalin Island and Kamchatka (Miyashita and Kato 1998). Large unreported kills by Soviet whalers in the 1950s and 1960s may have destroyed any chance of the right whale’s
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Page 5 and 6: The designation of geographical ent
Page 7 and 8: False killer whale, Pseudorca crass
Page 9 and 10: Dedication Steve Leatherwood served
Page 11 and 12: We are indebted to Bill Perrin (NOA
Page 13 and 14: Conserving cetaceans (and other wil
Page 15 and 16: Atlantic; bowhead whales in the Ber
Page 17 and 18: Table 1.1 Classification of the liv
Page 19 and 20: Table 1.1 ... continued. Classifica
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1. The hump-backed dolphins
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2 Threats Faced by Cetacean
Page 25 and 26: Figure 4. Risso’s dolphin is one
Page 27 and 28: dolphins and finless porpoises in H
Page 29 and 30: Figure 9. Dolphins are attracted to
Page 31 and 32: Disease and exposure to biotoxins R
Page 33 and 34: procedure for aboriginal subsistenc
Page 35 and 36: 3.2 Habitat protection and restorat
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Page 39: concerning Specially Protected Area
Page 43 and 44: eeding areas are thought to be rela
Page 45 and 46: time), they had not yet attained 80
Page 47 and 48: Long-beaked common dolphin, Delphin
Page 49 and 50: are taken by driving in some years.
Page 51 and 52: Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella breviro
Page 53 and 54: may have concentrations of these do
Page 55 and 56: around the world. There are estimat
Page 57 and 58: Harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena
Page 59 and 60: For example, in the Mediterranean S
Page 61 and 62: Franciscana (La Plata dolphin), Pon
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 5 Recommended Research and
Page 65 and 66: Figure 25. A sperm whale lifts its
Page 67 and 68: Figure 27. A male finless porpoise
Page 69 and 70: side of the Sundarbans, as a result
Page 71 and 72: 16. Assess the impacts of reduced w
Page 73 and 74: much like those elsewhere in the wo
Page 75 and 76: Silva 1998; Di Beneditto et al. 199
Page 77 and 78: stock assessment surveys, and troph
Page 79 and 80: 1996). Even at the bottom end of th
Page 81 and 82: in some areas urgently needed to be
Page 83 and 84: vessels are registered in several c
Page 85 and 86: appears to be limited to dolphins i
Page 87 and 88: 50. Conduct a basin-wide assessment
Page 89 and 90: 54. Investigate the status of narwh
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Chapter 6 Recommended Conservation
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The CSG strongly recommends that if
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effort, imposing spatial and/or tem
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population. Therefore, no exception
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Adams, J.E. 1994. Last of the Carib
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Bearzi, G. 2000. First report of a
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Brownell Jr., R.L. and Clapham, P.J
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Crespo, E.A., Koen Alonso, M., Dans
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Forcada, J. 1995. Abundance of comm
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Heyning, J.E. 1989. Cuvier’s beak
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Kannan, K., Sinha, R.K., Tanabe, S.
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Laist, D.W., Knowlton, A.R., Mead,
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document submitted to Workshop on t
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Parra, G.J., Azuma, C., Preen, A.R.
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Reeves, R.R. 1988. Exploitation of
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humpback whale breeding ground in B
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cetaceans, 26-28 February 1997, Raj
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Van Waerebeek, K. and Reyes, J.C. 1
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Zavala-González, A., Urbán-Ramír
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Barbara L. Taylor (Chair, CITES/Red
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List of Threatened Animals (Baillie
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criteria. Mapping at finer scales r
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10. Area of occupancy (Criteria A,
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. Continuing decline, observed, inf
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(v) number of mature individuals. c
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Annex 2: Citation of the IUCN Red L
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If a range of plausible categories
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Dolphins, Porpoises, and Whales. 19
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IUCN Species Survival Commission Th
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Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002-2010 Conservation - IUCN

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