Snap Surveys: 2. Questionnaire Design

2. Questionnaire Design
Should you require any technical support for the Snap survey software, please contact us at the offices listed
on the back of this user guide.
For any assistance with software licences, training and SurveyShop research services, please contact your
local sales offices. Details can be found at www.snapsurveys.com.

Snap
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... 1
Conventions Used in this User Guide ........................................................................................... 2
Introduction to Questionnaire Design ........................................................................................... 3
Questionnaire Window Modes...................................................................................................... 4
Questionnaire Window Toolbar .................................................................................................... 6
Quickstart Guide to Questionnaire Design.................................................................................... 8
Create a New Customer Satisfaction Survey................................................................................. 9
Questionnaire Design Editing Commands .................................................................................. 11
Add a Title and a Sub-Title to your Questionnaire ..................................................................... 12
Create a Multi Choice Question .................................................................................................. 13
Add an "Other Please Specify" Question .................................................................................... 14
Add a Series of Grid Questions................................................................................................... 15
Add an "Open" or "Comments" Question ................................................................................... 16
Access Questions from the Demographics and Lifestyles SurveyPak ........................................ 17
Load Preset Templates onto the Questionnaire ........................................................................... 18
Preview and Print a Questionnaire .............................................................................................. 19
Survey Constructor Wizard......................................................................................................... 20
Your Notes .................................................................................................................................. 24
QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN ............................................................................................................... 25
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 27
Question Styles............................................................................................................................ 28
Questionnaire Title and Sub-title ................................................................................................ 30
Multi Choice Questions............................................................................................................... 32
"Other" Questions........................................................................................................................ 33

Grid Questions ............................................................................................................................ 34
Open Questions........................................................................................................................... 36
Questionnaire Instructions .......................................................................................................... 38
Using the Undo/Redo Facility..................................................................................................... 39
Question Ordering....................................................................................................................... 40
Editing Question Text and Code Labels ..................................................................................... 44
Editing Commands...................................................................................................................... 45
Right Mouse-Button Menus........................................................................................................ 47
Dynamic Question Text .............................................................................................................. 49
Using Style Picker....................................................................................................................... 51
Showing and Hiding Question Elements .................................................................................... 53
Showing Variable Properties....................................................................................................... 54
Changing the Question Numbers ................................................................................................ 57
Changing the Appearance of Questions...................................................................................... 58
Creating New Question Styles .................................................................................................... 59
Applying Font Settings to Questions in Design Mode................................................................ 60
Inserting Images.......................................................................................................................... 62
Altering the Position of Questions and Codes ............................................................................ 68
Setting Up Fields Such As Name and Address........................................................................... 69
Using Page, Column Breaks and Section Breaks........................................................................ 71
Adding Headers and Footers....................................................................................................... 74
Saving the Questionnaire ............................................................................................................ 75
QUESTIONNAIRE ROUTING............................................................................................................ 77
Introduction................................................................................................................................. 78
Routing Rule Types .................................................................................................................... 79
Modifying Routing Within Your Questionnaire ......................................................................... 89
Routing Rules Summary Table ................................................................................................... 90
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Snap
If Condition Syntax ..................................................................................................................... 91
QUESTIONNAIRE STYLES ............................................................................................................... 93
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 94
Default Question Styles............................................................................................................... 95
Using Style Mode to Modify Question Styles............................................................................. 97
Modifying Styles ......................................................................................................................... 98
The Style Selection Box.............................................................................................................. 99
Based on Styles ......................................................................................................................... 103
Style Attributes.......................................................................................................................... 105
The Elements of a Question ...................................................................................................... 107
Using the Style Organiser.......................................................................................................... 109
Renaming a Style ...................................................................................................................... 112
Style Properties ......................................................................................................................... 113
Questionnaire Templates........................................................................................................... 114
QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN TOPICS............................................................................................... 117
Toolbar Topics .......................................................................................................................... 118
Alignment.................................................................................................................................. 119
Background ............................................................................................................................... 120
Boxes......................................................................................................................................... 124
Break ......................................................................................................................................... 126
Columns .................................................................................................................................... 129
Find............................................................................................................................................ 133
Font............................................................................................................................................ 136
Margins...................................................................................................................................... 139
Numbering................................................................................................................................. 140
Positions .................................................................................................................................... 148
Response.................................................................................................................................... 150

Show ......................................................................................................................................... 151
Tabs........................................................................................................................................... 153
REFERENCE WINDOW.................................................................................................................... 155
Reference Window Introduction............................................................................................... 156
Reference Window Buttons and Menu Options........................................................................ 157
Opening the Reference Window ............................................................................................... 158
Opening SurveyPaks ................................................................................................................. 159
Browsing SurveyPaks ............................................................................................................... 161
Using a SurveyPak to Construct a Questionnaire ..................................................................... 162
Dragging Whole Topics ............................................................................................................ 163
Using SurveyPak Code Frames................................................................................................. 164
Searching for Questions in SurveyPaks .................................................................................... 165
Search Expressions ................................................................................................................... 166
Referencing Other Surveys ....................................................................................................... 167
Demographics and Lifestyles SurveyPak.................................................................................. 168
OTHER FEATURES .......................................................................................................................... 175
Zoom ......................................................................................................................................... 176
Page Setup................................................................................................................................. 177
Printing Questionnaires............................................................................................................. 181
Spell Check ............................................................................................................................... 184
Scanning.................................................................................................................................... 187
Exporting a Questionnaire......................................................................................................... 188
VARIABLES ...................................................................................................................................... 193
Why Two Windows, Questionnaire and Variables? ................................................................. 195
Toolbar Buttons......................................................................................................................... 196
Creating New Variables ............................................................................................................ 198
Editing Variables....................................................................................................................... 199
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Snap
Cloning/Copying Variables and Variable Codes ...................................................................... 200
Deleting Variables and Variable Codes .................................................................................... 201
Routing in the Variables Window ............................................................................................. 203
Viewing Routing ....................................................................................................................... 206
Source and Dependents ............................................................................................................. 207
Including Calculations Within the Questionnaire ..................................................................... 208
Tailoring Variables.................................................................................................................... 210
Reporting on Variables.............................................................................................................. 212
Moving Variables/Questions Between Snap Surveys ............................................................... 213
Transferring a Partial Survey from Snap to Another Survey Package ...................................... 215
Transferring a Partial Survey from Snap to SPSS..................................................................... 217
Question Variables .................................................................................................................... 219
Date Formats ............................................................................................................................. 226
Note Variable ............................................................................................................................ 228
Derived and Compound Variables ............................................................................................ 229
Numeric Variables..................................................................................................................... 234
Pre-coded Variables .................................................................................................................. 239
Alphanumeric Variables............................................................................................................ 242
VARIABLES IN DETAIL .................................................................................................................. 245
Name ......................................................................................................................................... 246
Label.......................................................................................................................................... 248
Type........................................................................................................................................... 249
Response.................................................................................................................................... 251
Text............................................................................................................................................ 255
Codes......................................................................................................................................... 257
Code List ................................................................................................................................... 258
Errors......................................................................................................................................... 259

Not Asked ................................................................................................................................. 260
No Reply ................................................................................................................................... 261
Code Label ................................................................................................................................ 262
Value......................................................................................................................................... 264
Counts ....................................................................................................................................... 265
Source ....................................................................................................................................... 266
Sequence ................................................................................................................................... 269
Length ....................................................................................................................................... 270
Coding....................................................................................................................................... 271
Must Answer............................................................................................................................. 272
GLOSSARY........................................................................................................................................ 273
Glossary of Terms..................................................................................................................... 274
Your Notes ................................................................................................................................ 280
INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 281
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Snap

Introduction Snap
INTRODUCTION
This section gives you a general overview of questionnaire design.
Contents
2 Conventions Used in this User Guide
3 Introduction to Questionnaire Design
4 Questionnaire Window Modes
6 Questionnaire Window Toolbar
8 Quickstart Guide to Questionnaire Design
20 Survey Constructor Wizard
1

Snap
Conventions Used in this User Guide
This Snap user guide uses several common conventions to show you how to use the software.
� If a task requires you to choose from a menu, the user guide separates menu commands with a vertical
bar and the commands appear in a bold font. For example, Tailor | Data Entry indicates that you
should open the Tailor menu and choose the Data Entry option.
� If a task requires you to select a key on the keyboard this is indicated by the key description being
enclosed in square brackets. For example, [Enter] indicates that you should use the Enter key on your
keyboard.
In addition to typographical conventions, the following special elements are used to set off various pieces of
information and to make them easily recognisable.
��
Special notes highlight the material you are reading in a section. They clarify concepts and
procedures.
? You will find tips that offer shortcuts and solutions to common problems.
u
Caution sections warn you about pitfalls. Reading them will save you time and trouble.
2

Introduction Snap
Introduction to Questionnaire Design
A questionnaire is essentially a form containing a series of
questions that are to be put to a respondent. Snap provides a
structure into which the text of each of these questions can be
set, along with any codes or answer lists that may be
appropriate.
This structure represents a layout that proves satisfactory for
most situations. However, since all research questionnaires
have different constraints, Snap has been developed to allow
you to create your own questionnaire layouts, choosing from
a full range of fonts, boxes, positioning and column set up.
Snap will enable you to type your question text, followed by a list of up to 2000 codes, and control how each
question appears on the printed page. Snap does this by having 10 basic styles pre-set within the software.
These styles provide you with a design framework in which you can lay out a questionnaire. Should you
wish to change a style, by perhaps adding bold text and round boxes, then all questions in the questionnaire
of the same style can be automatically updated. Should you wish to make major changes to the styles, then
you have the capability in the software to create and store your own Style Templates.
3

Snap
Questionnaire Window Modes
There are three distinct modes for the Questionnaire window. To switch between the different modes, use
the toolbar buttons indicated in the sections below. One of the three buttons will always appear to be
selected; this will indicate the current mode.
It is also possible to switch between the three modes using the keyboard. The first two, Design and Style,
are used when the questionnaire is being created and the shortcut [Ctrl] + [M] will toggle between the two.
The third mode, Data View, is used once data has been collected and entered in to Snap. [Ctrl] + [Shift] +
[D] will switch to Data View mode.
When you are using either Design or Style mode, Snap may switch between the two automatically. This will
happen if you try to make changes to the questionnaire that can only be made in the mode than you are not
in. In this case, Snap will automatically change to the correct mode and make the changes, but will not
switch back to the original mode.
Design Mode
Design Mode is the starting point in Snap and is the mode you work in when setting up the questionnaire.
Design Mode allows you to enter questions, headings and instructions, decide the order in which they will be
asked, apply response types and value limit constraints, create rules to route the respondent and change the
question appearance or ‘style’.The questionnaire will open up in Design Mode and this should be the
starting point when creating a new questionnaire. Formatting of individual questions, elements of questions
and individual words can also be completed in this mode.
? You can customise the start up settings for Snap so that the questionnaire window always opens up
when you open a new survey. To do this, select Tailor | Advanced…, click on the tab marked
General and then select Questionnaire from the Opening Survey drop-down list.
4

Introduction Snap
Style Mode
Style Mode allows you to format the questionnaire in the same way as Design Mode, but is used to make
modifications to larger parts of the questionnaire. Style Mode will allow you to modify the selected style
only, modify all styles related to the selected style or modify every style (all questions) within the
questionnaire. This mode is also used to rename styles or create new styles.
Data View
Data View does not form a part of the questionnaire design process. It allows you to view responses to the
survey, either in summary (counts or percentages) or for individual respondents. There is also a facility to
apply a filter to the data based on responses to one or more questions. This mode is useful to generate a
simple summary of results after the survey has been completed.
For a full explanation of the Data View mode, see User Guide 4, "Analysis/Results Edition".
u
You are advised to avoid making changes to the questionnaire design once case data has been
entered. If this cannot be avoided you should note that Snap may make changes to the variable
definitions to allow for changes to the way case data will be stored. See page 199 for further
details about variable definitions.
5

Snap
Questionnaire Window Toolbar
The questionnaire window has a toolbar to help you to create a questionnaire. The table below gives a brief
explanation of what each button does and provides menu and keyboard alternatives. Subsequent sections in
this chapter provide a more detailed explanation about some of the options.
Button Menu Option Alternative Description
[Ctrl] + [M] Switch to Design mode. The keyboard keys
(Ctrl + M) work as a toggle between Design
mode and Style mode.
[Ctrl] + [M] Switch to Style mode. The keyboard keys (Ctrl
+ M) work as a toggle between Design mode and
Style mode.
[Ctrl] + [Shift]
+ [D]
6
Switch to Data View mode.
Edit | New [Ctrl] + [N] Create a new question. Digits and stops are
allowed, e.g. Q1, Q1.1, Q1a. The name of the
question must be unique within a survey.
Edit | Clone [Ctrl] + [O] Copy the existing question definition to a new
question of a different name.
Edit | Delete [Delete] Delete the current question.
Edit | Undo [Ctrl] + [Z] Undo the last action.
Edit | Redo Redo the last action.
Save the questionnaire but do not close the
Questionnaire window.

Introduction Snap
Button Menu Option Alternative Description
7
Opens the Variable Properties dialog box in
Design Mode. Property values for the selected
variable are changed here. In Style Mode the
Style Properties dialog is opened.
Changes from Style Picker in Design Mode to
Style Organiser in Style Mode.
Opens the Routing Rules dialog box. Different
routing rules can be created here.
Renumber the questionnaire. Double-click to
switch on auto-renumbering.
File | Page Setup… Page set-up to define the number of columns,
portrait / landscape, page size and margins.
File |
Print Report
[Ctrl] + [Shift]
+ [F12]
Produce a preview of the questionnaire with the
option to print a copy.
Edit | Spell check [F9] Spell check the questionnaire.
File | Template Load a Style Template onto the current
questionnaire or save a template of the current
questionnaire layout.
Zoom in or out to change the size of the
questionnaire on the screen.
Define scanning. This button is only displayed
if the scanning module is installed

Snap
Quickstart Guide to Questionnaire Design
This section of the user guide is intended to provide a brief introduction to Questionnaire Design and is
designed as a tutorial. The majority of the Snap user guides use a questionnaire called the Customer
Satisfaction Survey, held in the survey named snCrocodile. The chapter on routing uses a questionnaire
called Activate Leisure Club which is held in the survey named snActivate. In the quickstart guide you will
create a short questionnaire that is based on some of the questions that appear in snCrocodile.
8

Introduction Snap
Create a New Customer Satisfaction Survey
With Snap loaded, you will be presented with the Survey Overview Window, a list of the surveys already
stored in your current working folder (e.g.C:\my documents\Snap 8). The first task is to create the structure
for a new survey.
1. With the snCrocodile survey highlighted, click at
the top of the Survey Overview window and a Survey
Details dialog box will appear.
2. In the field marked Survey, type in a unique identifier,
perhaps Quick, replacing the existing name.
3. Press [Tab] and enter a description in the field marked
Title. Notice that as you tab to the Title field, Snap
automatically prefixes the survey with the letters sn.
Type in a title of "Quickstart Satisfaction Survey".
4. Click to store the survey details.
5. The Survey Details dialog box will close. Depending
on how Snap is currently set up, the Questionnaire
window may appear. If it does not appear, click on the
button.
9

Snap
? You can customise the start up settings for Snap so that the questionnaire window always opens up
when you open a new survey. To do this, select Tailor | Advanced…, click on the tab marked
General and then select Questionnaire from the Opening Survey drop-down list.
6. The software is able to set up "Multi Choice" questions
(sometimes known as "closed" questions) where
respondents tick boxes and "open" questions where you
may wish to record numbers, dates or free-format text or
comments. The software has extensive features to alter
fonts, boxes and text layout, but in these few pages, we
will concentrate on the basics.
10

Introduction Snap
Questionnaire Design Editing Commands
There are six important sets of keys for questionnaire design:
� The [Tab] key is used to create extra codes in the list of answers to a question. When you have
entered your first answer in the list, press [Tab] to create a new line and a new box.
� The [Enter] key is used when you have finished a question and want to create another new question.
After typing the list of possible answers for a question, press [Enter] to begin the next question.
� [Ctrl] + [Enter] is used to create another "part" of a question, rather than an entirely new question. It
is particularly used to create Other questions and Grid Next questions.
� To move from one question to another, use the [Page Up] and [Page Down] keys, or [Ctrl] +
[Home] to move to the top of the questionnaire and [Ctrl] + [End] to move to the bottom of the
questionnaire.
� The button is used to save the questionnaire.
� [Ctrl] + [+] and [Ctrl] + [-] can be used to increase and decrease the size of boxes that are used to
record the replies to Open questions.
There are three areas of a questionnaire design
window:
1. At the top is the Questionnaire Toolbar.
2. Below that is the Settings Toolbar, providing
capability to alter the format of questions and
the layout of the questionnaire.
3. The main body of the window is the area to type
in and edit your questionnaire.
The pages that follow will help you to set up your own questionnaire by entering a few questions, accessing
questions from the Demographics and Lifestyles SurveyPak, loading a Style Template and printing the
completed questionnaire.
11
�
�
�

Snap
Add a Title and a Sub-Title to your Questionnaire
Text can be added to any part of the questionnaire. Two Styles, Title and Sub Title are designed to provide
an introduction to the questionnaire. These Styles can, of course, be modified and used in other areas of the
questionnaire.
1. When you first click on the button you will be
presented with a blank questionnaire showing an area
for the Title of the survey.
2. In the area marked "Click here for text", type
"Satisfaction Survey". Notice that the toolbar at the
top of the window is already showing a Style of
Title. The default layout and font for the title is
black text in Arial font on a white background.
? You can change any of these settings and the procedures are explained in full in the Questionnaire
Design section.
3. Press [Enter] when you have set up your title and an
area for a Sub Title will be displayed. In this area
type "Please help us to continue improving the
standards in our restaurant by answering a few simple
questions." The default setting for Sub Title is Arial
text with all lines of text being centred.
4. Press [Enter] when you have set up your title and
sub-title and Snap will assist you in creating the first
of your Multi Choice questions.
12

Introduction Snap
Create a Multi Choice Question
The first question that we are going to ask relates to items purchased in the restaurant. A list of items is
going to be presented, and the respondent will be able to tick/check as many as they wish. This is termed a
Multi Choice question.
1. Question 1 will be displayed and an area will be marked
"Click here for text". In this area type "Which of the
following items did you order today?" Notice that the
toolbar shows a Style of Multi Choice, so a series of
boxes will be created as answers for this question.
2. Press the [Tab] key on your keyboard and the cursor will
move into an area to the left of the first box. Type
"Hamburgers" and press [Tab] to move to the next line.
3. Continue with the text for the other items and press [Tab]
after each one:-
French fries [Tab]
Pizza [Tab]
Salad [Tab]
Ice cream [Tab]
Coffee/tea [Tab]
4. For the last code (Soft drink) type it in but at the end
instead of pressing [Tab] press [Enter]. This will inform
Snap that you want to start a new question. (If you
accidentally tap [Tab], press [Backspace] or click .
13

Snap
Add an "Other Please Specify" Question
An Open question is used to collect either free format text, numbers or dates, and our second question is to
collect information on any other items ordered other than those already on the list as presented in Question 1.
1. Having pressed [Enter] after completing Question 1, Snap
will now create the structure to set up Question 2.
2. The first step is to inform Snap that you are setting up an
Other question, rather than another Multi Choice question
as in Question 1. Use the button to the right of the
words Multi Choice to display the other style names and
select Other. This will allow you to enter free format text
as a reply, but will move the text of the question up to just
below the previous question. In addition, the question
name will be suppressed, although it will be stored with
the questionnaire when it is saved.
3. Use your mouse and click on the box marked "Click here
for text" and type "Other, please specify."
4. An Other question only needs a single area to record the
reply, but this needs to be large enough to store an
expected reply of perhaps 20-30 characters. The single
line therefore needs to be larger and this is achieved by
holding down the [Ctrl] key and pressing the [+] key to
make the box larger. Press [Ctrl] and [-] to make the box
smaller.
? When you increase the length beyond one line, using the [+] will increase it by a line at a time.
14

Introduction Snap
Add a Series of Grid Questions
A grid is simply a series of single response questions organised in the form of a grid. Their construction and
operation during later stages of data entry and analysis are basically the same as other Multi Choice
questions. However, it is their appearance on the questionnaire that sets them apart from other questions.
1. Having pressed [Enter] after completing Question 1, Snap will now
create the structure to set up Question 2.
2. The first step is to inform Snap that you are setting up a grid
question, rather than another Multi Choice question as in Question
1. Use the button to the right of the words Multi Choice to
display the other style names and select Grid First. This will allow
you to set up the headings for the first of a series of grid questions.
3. Use your mouse and click on the box next to Q2 to highlight it.
Type "How did you rate the following?" Press the [Tab] key on
your keyboard.
4. The cursor will now move to the list of codes across the top of the
first grid question. Type "Good" and press [Tab]. Type "OK" and
press [Tab]. Type "Poor" and since this is the last code to be set up,
press [�] instead of [Tab].
5. The cursor will move to the text of the first grid question. Type
"Service" and press [Tab]. Type "Quality" and press [Tab].
6. For the last question, type "Price" but instead of pressing [Tab],
press [Enter] to move to a new question.
15

Snap
Add an "Open" or "Comments" Question
An Open question is used to collect either free format text or numbers, and our next question is to collect
information on any other comments. We plan to set up this question as Q3.
1. Having pressed [Enter] after completing Question 2, Snap
will now create the structure to set up Question 3.
2. The first step is to inform Snap that you are setting up an
Open question, rather than another Multi Choice question.
Use the button to the right of the words Multi Choice to
display the other Style names and select Open Ended. This
will allow you to enter free format text as a reply.
3. Use your mouse and click on the box next to Q3 to highlight
it. Type "Do you have any other comments?"
4. We are expecting a reply of perhaps 20-30 characters and
the single line needs to be made longer. Hold down the
[Ctrl] key and press the [+] key to make the line longer.
Press [Ctrl] and [-] to make the line shorter.
You have successfully created a short questionnaire, and if you wish to save your work, simply click .
Alternatively, you can carry on and add some questions from one of the SurveyPak libraries, apply a
Template, or see a preview of the questionnaire and then print it.
16

Introduction Snap
Access Questions from the Demographics and Lifestyles SurveyPak
Questions from any of the SurveyPaks (or any other Snap survey) can be accessed and placed onto a
questionnaire. The Reference window is opened by clicking on the button of the main Snap toolbar.
1. The window consists of a control panel which includes buttons on a
toolbar and, initially, the folder and drive being referenced.
2. Below that is a list of available SurveyPaks and/or surveys. Below
that is a description of the highlighted item in the list.
3. You can adjust the amount of space allocated to the list and
description parts by clicking and dragging on the dividing bar.
4. The Tailor button is used to view a list of SurveyPaks
only, a list of surveys only, or a list of both.
5. Double-click on a survey or SurveyPak to open it and browse
around the SurveyPak to identify the required question.
6. Drag the question from the SurveyPak by clicking on the image of
the question and, keeping the left mouse button depressed, moving
the mouse towards the questionnaire.
7. Identify the correct location for the question in the questionnaire.
As the mouse pointer is dragged over the questionnaire it will
change from to one of these three alternatives:
means: Insert the new question before this question
means: Replace this question with the new one
means: Insert the new question after this question
8. When the mouse button is released the new question will be
dropped in the position indicated.
17

Snap
Load Preset Templates onto the Questionnaire
The Template option in Snap allows you to design a questionnaire using existing styles and then apply a
template that represents a particular house style in terms of page set-up, colours and layout. The result is that
professional questionnaires can be produced easily and quickly.
1. With the Questionnaire window open, click on the
button to display the Template dialog box. Use the
button to display the Open dialog box
displaying the list of .qsf files that contain the templates
for the questionnaire.
2. Highlight one of the .qsf files and press to
load the file name into the Template dialog box.
3. The three Options fields relate to Page Setup (portrait/
landscape etc.), Colours (the individual colours for the
background of the questionnaire and the colour of all the
fonts used in the text of the question and the code labels),
and Layout (the arrangement and format of individual
styles of questions). If all three options are selected, then
the entire format of the template will be loaded.
4. Press to load the template over the current
questionnaire. When the template has been loaded, it will
be saved along with the changes, when the window is
closed or the questionnaire is saved.
5. For more information on templates, see page 114.
18

Introduction Snap
Preview and Print a Questionnaire
Click the button to produce a print preview of the questionnaire.
1. Click to see a preview of the questionnaire on the screen.
The appearance will be exactly the same as would be
produced on a printed copy. A report control dialog will also
be presented.
2. All Pages will be selected as the default, but the Current
Page can be selected to print just the page currently shown on
the screen.
3. Multiple copies of the questionnaire can be selected by
selecting .
4. To return to the questionnaire without printing, simply press
.
5. We have now created the series of questions on the
questionnaire together with a title, so click to save them.
6. Close the Questionnaire window and click on the button
to open the Variables window. It will show the 6 questions
that have been created together the notes N1 and N2 that were
set up as the title and sub-title. To re-open the Questionnaire
Window click on .
19

Snap
Survey Constructor Wizard
The Survey Constructor Wizard is a simplified method of creating new surveys within Snap. It allows you
to build a survey based on a Survey Template from a SurveyPak. The purpose of the wizard is to automate
the questionnaire design process, by matching your required content against a pre-set template.
� A
SurveyPak (.wdf) contains a pre-set list of questions which can also include Survey Templates
(these are built into an .mdf file, in Snap). Survey Templates are survey files generated from a list
stored in a SurveyPak file.
You will be prompted to select one of the available surveys and choose a publication method (e.g. Scanning
or Internet). It is designed for users who prefer to work from the finished article or whenever the formatting
of a questionnaire is essential to successful data-entry, making it an ideal tool for users of modules such as
Scanning.
The first step is to select the SurveyPak to be used, followed by a Survey Template prototype. It is called a
Survey Template because although it is a completed survey, it will include details specified as part of the
wizard process. Values typically include text to be inserted into the various fields, but may also comprise
file names for image files. Some Survey Templates allow for the addition and removal of whole sections
from a questionnaire (template), at the survey contents page.
The next step is to choose a publication method. The wizard directs the user to the selection of the Style
Template, to be applied to the survey at the next page.
You are then prompted to a choice of Style Template and to apply a suitable delivery method selected from
a list of options dependent on the publication method that has been chosen. For example, paper
questionnaires would have page orientation, page size and 1/2/3 column options.
The final window will display a summary before the survey is built and then opened in Snap.
u As Survey Templates are supplied as part of a SurveyPak, a SurveyPak must be chosen before a
Survey Template can be selected.
20

Introduction Snap
1. To open the Introduction page, click on File | Survey
Constructor W izard….
2. At the Introduction page, click on the button.
3. The Survey page allows you to enter the name of the survey and
to specify the SurveyPak on which you would like your survey
to be based. Select a SurveyPak from the drop-down menu or
browse your files for one by clicking on . A description of
the chosen SurveyPak is displayed. Choose a template from
the drop-down list of Template Surveys.
4. Having entered a survey name, selected the SurveyPak and
corresponding Survey Template, click on the
button.
5. After the survey title, SurveyPak and Survey Templates have
been selected from the survey page, the Survey Contents page
appears containing a tree view listing the variables in the
survey. Some templates have their questions grouped into
sections and will have check-boxes allowing whole sections to
be removed from the final survey, by removing the tick from
the adjacent check box. Highlighting the section in the lefthand
pane will display its title and summary in the right hand
pane.
6. When the appropriate selections have been made click on the
button.
21

Snap
7. A Fields page displays custom fields for you to enter values
appropriate to your survey. These typically appear in the
survey itself although some may be used in the composition of
the survey description or as headers/footers on pages of the
questionnaire. Should no details be entered in a particular field,
a warning may appear in the finished questionnaire. Click on
the button.
8. The options available for the method of publication include
Internet, PDA, Scanning and Text-based e-mail as well as the
standard paper-based survey. Only those that you have access
to will be displayed in the drop-down list. For example, the
PDA method will only appear if you have installed the PDA
module. Once a publication method has been chosen (in this
case Internet), the Style Template can then be applied to the
questionnaire. Browse to a Style Template (.qsf) by clicking
on the button. The effect of the Style Template can be seen
in the preview pane. Once you are happy with the
questionnaire style, click on the button to
continue.
9. The contents of the options page vary according to the
publication method selected. The options that appear here are
for Internet and PDA publication methods and allow you to
modify the layout of the survey in the following ways:
~ show single questions as drop-down boxes,
~ show multi response questions as list boxes,
~ Must Answer routing questions
22

Introduction Snap
10. The options page for the Normal and Scanning publication
methods allows you to modify the layout of the survey in the
following ways:
~ Orientation (either Portrait or Landscape)
~ Number of columns
~ Remove page background
A preview-image of the changed questionnaire is always
available in the preview pane.
11. If you choose to publish your questionnaire for Text e-mail responses there is no options page.
12. The final page summarises the selections made in the Survey
Constructor Wizard. Click on the button to
complete the dialog.
23

Snap
Your Notes
24

Questionnaire Design Snap
QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN
This section takes you through basic questionnaire design process.
Contents
27 Introduction
28 Question Styles
30 Questionnaire Title and Sub-title
32 Multi Choice Questions
33 "Other" Questions
34 Grid Questions
36 Open Questions
38 Questionnaire Instructions
39 Using the Undo/Redo Facility
40 Question Ordering
44 Editing Question Text and Code Labels
45 Editing Commands
47 Right Mouse-Button Menus
49 Dynamic Question Text
51 Using Style Picker
53 Showing and Hiding Question Elements
54 Showing Variable Properties
25

Snap
57 Changing the Question Numbers
58 Changing the Appearance of Questions
59 Creating New Question Styles
60 Applying Font Settings to Questions in Design Mode
62 Inserting Images
68 Altering the Position of Questions and Codes
69 Setting Up Fields Such As Name and Address
71 Using Page, Column Breaks and Section Breaks
74 Adding Headers and Footers
75 Saving the Questionnaire
26

Questionnaire Design Snap
Introduction
Questionnaire Design in Snap has two distinct parts: the structure and the appearance. Structure includes
which questions should be asked, what form those questions should take and when and of whom they will be
asked. Question routing may also be a necessary component, as the questionnaire may have questions that
are skipped or only asked to certain respondents and the design will have to reflect this. Appearance includes
font colours, styles and layout including customising the questionnaire through the addition of graphics.
The weight of this section of the user guide is on the structure and printing of a paper questionnaire. Once
the questionnaire is printed, Snap can be used to enter the respondents’ answers and analyse the results. The
Variables section (starting on page 155) details the way in which variables are set up. It should be
emphasised that Snap can still be used even if the questionnaire has already been created in other packages.
The questionnaire in the following worksheets is loosely based on
the Snap survey snCrocodile. It relates to a satisfaction survey
carried out amongst customers of a restaurant and it is a selfcompletion
questionnaire. In the first part of this section, we will be
creating this survey using a small number of the questions. In the
remaining part of the section, we will be working with the full
questionnaire as well.
The section on routing is based on the Snap survey snActivate which
is a customer satisfaction questionnaire about a leisure club.
27

Snap
Question Styles
A questionnaire in Snap is made up of a series of questions. There are a number of different question types,
and Snap even considers content such as the title and questionnaire instructions to be types of question,
although no response is permitted.
Altogether there are ten different question styles built in to Snap and the user can add other custom styles.
These styles differ in their appearance and also the type of response, if any, that is permitted.
The table below describes the 10 pre-set Styles in Snap together with an example of how they might appear
on the finished questionnaire.
Style Description Example
Title Notes and headings are regularly
required in a questionnaire, and the
default title style presents text in a bold
format with a white background, ideal
as the title of the questionnaire.
Sub Title Other notes are generally required to
separate sections in a questionnaire or
provide instructions for completion.
Instruction A variation on Title and Sub-title, the
instruction style can be used anywhere
on the questionnaire as notes for the
respondent or the interviewer.
Multi Choice A question with tick or check boxes,
where the respondent can either respond
with a single answer or a number of
answers. This is sometimes described
as a "closed" question.
28

Questionnaire Design Snap
Style Description Example
Grid First Grid questions are variations on Multi
Choice questions, but are laid out in a
different format, with headings for each
of the boxes presented across the page.
Grid Next In a series of grid questions, the
headings across the top are suppressed
for all subsequent questions, and just
the boxes appear.
Open Ended A question with an answer in the form
of free-format text, a number or a date.
Open First To collect series of free format text or
numbers in a series, this style provides
an initial question heading and then a
list of groups, products, services etc.
Open Next The open first questions are continued
as Open Next, leaving out the initial
question name and question text.
Other Many Multi Choice questions have a
list of codes and then an "other please
specify". This style provides free
format text as an addition to an existing
tick box question.
29

Snap
Questionnaire Title and Sub-title
A questionnaire normally starts with a heading together with text to explain its purpose and how it should be
completed. As soon as a new questionnaire is started, Snap will prompt for a title and then a sub-title.
1. To create a new questionnaire, you should first click on in the
Survey Overview window to identify the name and title of your
survey.
2. When you first click on the button you will be presented with a
blank questionnaire showing a highlighted area for the title of the
survey.
3. In the area marked "Click here for text", type "Satisfaction Survey".
Notice that the toolbar at the top of the window is already showing a
style of Title. The default layout and font for the title is black text
in Arial font on a white background.
? You can change any of these settings and the procedures are explained later in this section.
u It is always wise to save your questionnaire on a regular basis by clicking on , particularly
once you are happy with the layout and text of a question. Questions entered in the Questionnaire
window are not stored anywhere until the questionnaire has been saved.
30

Questionnaire Design Snap
4. Press [Enter] when you have set up your title and an
area for a sub-title will be displayed. In this area type
"Please help us with our questionnaire and return it to
the manager as you leave." The default setting for Sub
Title is Arial text with all lines of text being centred.
5. Press [Enter] when you have set up your title and subtitle
and Snap will assist you in creating the first of your
Multi Choice questions.
�� The text of the sub-title will automatically move onto a new line as the first line is completed. If
you want to force a new line as part of the text of the title or sub-title, click on the appropriate
location and press [Shift] and [Enter].
31

Snap
Multi Choice Questions
The first question that we are going to ask relates to items purchased in the restaurant. A list of items is
going to be printed, and the respondent will be able to tick/check as many as they wish. This is termed a
Multi Choice question.
1. Question 1 will be displayed and an area will be marked "Click
here for text". In this area type "Which of the following items
did you order today?" Notice that the toolbar shows a setting
of Multi Choice, so a series of boxes will be created on the
questionnaire.
2. Press the [Tab] key on your keyboard and the cursor will move
into an area to the left of the first box. Type "Hamburgers" and
press [Tab] to move to the next line.
3. Continue with the text for the other items and press [Tab] after
each one:
French fries [Tab]
Pizza [Tab]
Salad [Tab]
Ice cream [Tab]
Coffee/tea [Tab]
4. For the last code (Soft drink) type it in, but at the end, instead
of pressing [Tab], press [Ctrl] + [Enter]. This will inform
Snap that you want to start a new part to the question.
32

Questionnaire Design Snap
"Other" Questions
Many questionnaires contain Multi Choice questions with a list of codes plus an area at the end of the
question to collect "other" answers. Snap has its own style called Other to collect such text, and is designed
in such a way that it appears as part of the main question with its list of codes.
1. Using the command to add another part, [Ctrl] +
[Enter], Snap will automatically follow a Multi Choice
question with an Other. The layout of an Other means
that the question number will not appear, the text of the
question will move up below the code marked "Other"
and the box will be replaced with a short line.
2. In the area marked "Click here for text", type "What else
did you order?"
3. To create a line long enough to hold a response of 20-30
characters, hold down the [Ctrl] key and press the [+]
key on the numeric keypad to make the line longer until
it spreads over 2-3 lines. Press [Ctrl] and [-] to make the
line shorter.
��
The adjustment of the size of the box can be achieved while the cursor is still located in the
question text. It is not necessary to click on the box itself to alter its size.
33

Snap
Grid Questions
We now plan to add a series of five questions relating to the speed of service, cleanliness, parking, quality
and choice of food at the restaurant. These are attitude questions and are simple tick/check boxes, with three
possible replies of "Good", "OK" and "Poor", together with a category for "Don't Know". Although these
are five separate questions, they are displayed as a grid and can be set up in Snap using the styles Grid First
and Grid Next.
1. Having pressed [Enter] after completing Question 1,
Snap will now create the structure to set up Question 2.
2. The first step is to inform Snap that you are setting up a
grid question, rather than another Multi Choice question
as in Question 1. Use the button to change the Style
from Multi Choice to Grid First. This will allow you to
set up the headings for the first of a series of grid
questions.
3. Use your mouse and click on the box next to Q2 to
highlight it. Type "How did you rate the following?"
Press the [�] key on your keyboard.
4. The cursor will now move to the list of codes across the
top of the first grid question. Type "Good" and press
[Tab]. Type "OK" and press [Tab]. Type "Poor" and
since this is the last code to be set up, press [�] instead
of [Tab].
5. The cursor will move to the text of the first grid question.
Type "Speed of service" and press [Tab]. Type
"Cleanliness" and press [Tab]. Type "Parking" and press
[Tab]. Type "Quality of food" and press [Tab].
34

Questionnaire Design Snap
6. For the last question, type "Choice of food" but instead
of pressing [Tab], press [Enter] to move to a new
question.
7. We now wish to add a fourth column to collect a
"Don't know" response. Click on the word "Poor" and
move the cursor to the right of the letter "r".
8. Press [Tab] and a fourth column will be created for
each of the five questions in the grid. Type "Don't
Know" into the new code label.
9. When you have completed the set-up of this question,
click on the last box of the grid and press [Page
Down] to move down to the new question.
35

Snap
Open Questions
An Open question is used to collect either free format text, numbers or dates. There are three alternative
styles to use, Open First, Open Next or Open Ended. We will use the first two styles to collect a series of
numbers presented in a column on the questionnaire. We will cover an open-ended question to collect
comments on the next page.
1. Having pressed [Enter] after completing Question 2,
Snap will now create the structure to set up Question
3.
2. The first step is to inform Snap that you are setting up
an Open First question, rather than a Multi Choice
question, as is the default. Use the button to
change the Style from Multi Choice to Open First.
This will allow you to set up the headings for the first
of a series of questions, each of which can contain
numbers or text.
3. Use your mouse and click on the box next to Q3 to
highlight it. Type "How many people in your group
were adults and how many were children?" Press the
[�] key or the [Tab] key on your keyboard.
4. The cursor will now move to the text of the first of the
questions. Type "Adult." Use [Ctrl] + [+] to make
the box slightly larger.
5. Press [Tab] and type "Children" in the next line of the
question. The size of all subsequent boxes will be
identical to the size of the first box in the question.
36

Questionnaire Design Snap
Open Ended (Literal) Questions
The third form of an Open question, set as a style called Open Ended, is used to collect free format text or
comments, numbers or dates. Unlike the Open First and Open Next which appear in a grid or column, the
Open Ended question simply appears as a new question with an associated box or line, of a size to collect
the largest number expected or the largest amount of text.
1. Press [Enter] after completing Question 3, so that Snap can
create the structure to set up Question 4.
2. The first step is to inform Snap that you are setting up an Open
Ended question, rather than another Multi Choice question.
Use the button to change the Style from Multi Choice to
Open Ended. This will allow you to enter free format text as a
reply.
3. Use your mouse and click on the box next to Q4 to highlight it.
Type "Are there any other comments that you would like to
make?"
4. We are expecting a reply of perhaps 20-30 characters and the
single line needs to be made longer. Hold down the [Ctrl] key
and press the [+] key to make the line longer. Press [Ctrl] and
[-] to make the line shorter.
37

Snap
Questionnaire Instructions
The final style to include is an Instruction, which can appear anywhere in the text and can be a note to an
interviewer or guidelines to a respondent on how to complete the next section of the questionnaire.
1. When you have organised Q4 with sufficient area to
collect the likely comments, press [Enter] to create a
new question.
2. After an Open Ended question, the default for the next
question is another Open Ended. Use the button to
change the style from Open Ended to Instruction.
This will allow you to enter free format text that
appears across the entire column of the questionnaire
and this will be displayed with no associated box or
line.
3. Type "Thank you very much for helping us with our
survey and we look forward to you visiting Crocodile
restaurants again."
You have successfully created a short questionnaire. The following pages will show you how to change the
layout of your questionnaire.
The questionnaires referred to in the remaining part of this section are the Snap survey snCrocodile and the
survey created in the quickstart guide snQuick, plus the questionnaire just created.
38

Questionnaire Design Snap
Using the Undo/Redo Facility
You have the facility to either “undo” or “redo” the last actions caried out in the Questionnaire window.
u
Once you have saved the questionnaire (by clicking on ) the undo/redo options become reset.
This means that you will not be able to undo any changes made before saving the questionnaire.
If you have made a change to your questionnaire and now wish to
undo that last change, click on .
? Holding your mouse over the Undo button (when available) will show what the last action was.
If you wish to repeat your last action, click on .
? As with the Undo button, holding your mouse over the Redo button (when available) will show
what the next action would be.
39

Snap
Question Ordering
Moving Questions within the Questionnaire
Whereas the keyboard options [�] and [�] move the cursor between questions on the questionnaire, the use
of the [Ctrl] key on the keyboard in conjunction with [�] and [�] moves the current question to a new
position of either above or below.
1. Use the cursor to move within the questionnaire to display Question
4. Any part of the question should be selected.
2. Use [Ctrl] and [�] to move Question 4 up the questionnaire, above
Question 3. As Q3 is in two parts, you will need to press [Ctrl] and
[�] twice.
3. When the move is complete, you will note that Snap has
automatically renumbered the questionnaire. If you wish to switch
off the Auto Renumber feature click on the renumber button.
4. Double-click on Auto Renumber button again.
5. Again, we have made a number of alterations, so close the
questionnaire without saving the changes, and then click to
reload it again in its original form.
40

Questionnaire Design Snap
Selecting Consecutive Questions or Codes
Any number of consecutive questions or codes can be selected at a time for copying, deleting or moving. As
an example, the following shows how to move an entire grid of questions.
1. Identify the first question of the block and click anywhere in
it.
2. Then either drag down with the left mouse button depressed,
or use [Shift] + [�] to select the required questions.
3. Finally, select the required operation. In this case, move the
block of questions by using [Ctrl] + [�] to move the
questions further down in the questionnaire.
4. When the move is complete, click on the renumber button
? There is an alternative to using the [Delete] key to remove codes. Click into the code you want to
if required.
delete and select [Ctrl] + [Y]. See page 41 for information about deleting questions.
41

Snap
Inserting and Deleting Questions
The button to insert a new question is . The new question will be inserted before the currently selected
question. The button to delete a question is . Snap will delete the entire question currently selected or
the collection of questions highlighted. In the event of questions being inserted or deleted, you are
recommended to renumber the questionnaire. Use the button, or to automatically renumber the
questionnaire double-click on the button .
1. Move the cursor to the top of the questionnaire and select
Question 1. Click in any part of the question.
2. Click on the button to add a new question before Q1.
(To add a new question after Q1, press [Enter]).
3. Enter a question text of "Are you....?" and press [Tab]
4. Type "Male" and press [Tab] followed by "Female".
5. If automatic numbering is not switched on, click on the
button to renumber the entire questionnaire, with Q2
now becoming Q1. Double-click on to switch on autonumbering.
6. To delete an entire question, click in any part of the
question, in this case, Q1 and click on the button.
7. Click on the button again to renumber the
questionnaire.
u
Selecting a code label and clicking on will remove the entire question, not just that code
label.
42

Questionnaire Design Snap
Cloning or Copying Questions
Cloning questions is achieved by selecting a question and using the toolbar button . Snap will copy the
entire question text plus all code labels and insert the new question after the existing highlighted question.
1. Move the cursor in the questionnaire to display Question
3 and highlight the second part of the question marked
"Children".
2. Use the button to copy the contents of the current
question to a new question immediately after Q3. Snap
will copy all of the same style settings as the highlighted
question and calculate the next available question number
in the sequence. In this case, it will be Q3c, although
with this style of question, the name of the question is not
shown.
3. You are now able to make any modifications to the new
question. For example, you may wish to change the
original grid label from "Children" to "Children under
13", and the cloned grid label from "Children" to
"Children aged 13 and over".
4. It is good practice to click on the button to resequence
the entire questionnaire after inserting or
deleting questions. This is only required if the auto
renumbering button is switched off. Double-click on
to switch on Auto Renumbering.
43

Snap
Editing Question Text and Code Labels
Simply click in the appropriate filed to enter or edit text. To insert new code labels in a question, use the
[Tab] key. It will insert a new code at the point at which you press it. Other useful keys are the
[Backspace] and [Delete] keys.
1. Move the cursor to the top of the questionnaire to
display Question 1 and place it at the end of one of the
code labels, such as "French fries".
2. Press [Tab] and a new code will be inserted. You are
now able to add the text for this extra code of up to
1 000 characters. Type "Ribs".
3. To edit any other part of the text of the question,
simply move the cursor to the point, highlight the area
of the question where a change is required and make
your amendments.
4. In the event of all the text being removed from a code
label, Snap will still retain that code label, simply with
an empty label field. To remove the empty code label
entirely, use [Ctrl] + [Y].
44

Questionnaire Design Snap
Editing Commands
Various editing commands will be used to make changes to the questionnaire. The following is a
comprehensive list of the commands that are regularly used:
Action Commands
Navigating around the
questionnaire
[Page Down] to move to the question below.
[Page Up] to move to the question above.
[Ctrl] + [Home] to move to the beginning of a questionnaire.
[Ctrl] + [End] to move to the end of the questionnaire.
[�] key to move down a line at a time.
[�] key to move up a line at a time.
[�] or [�] key to move across a line of text, one character at a time.
[Ctrl] + [�] to move right a word.
[Ctrl] + [�] to move left a word.
Add a new question Move the cursor to the required location. Press [Enter] to create a new question
Add a new part of a
question
after the current one or click to insert a new question before the current one.
Alternatively, use the menu option Edit | New or simply [Ctrl] + [N].
At the end of a Multi Choice, use [Ctrl] + [Enter] to add a question of style
Other, or to create a Grid Next after a Grid First, or Open Next after Open
First.
Delete a question will delete the question currently highlighted.
Clone a question will copy the currently highlighted question and insert it immediately after
the current question. Use [Ctrl] � and � to move it to the correct location and
click to renumber the questionnaire.
45

Snap
Action Commands
Add new codes Move the cursor to the required location in the list of codes and press [Tab].
Delete existing codes Use [Ctrl] + [Y] and the entire code will be removed. Alternatively use the
[Backspace] key or [Delete] key to remove a character at a time. Do not use
as this will delete the entire question.
Change box size Use [Ctrl] + [+] on the numeric keypad to increase the size of the box and [Ctrl]
+ [-] to decrease the size of the box for Open Ended questions
Add a new line Move the cursor to the required place in the text. Use [Shift] + [Enter] to force a
new line.
Add a page break [Ctrl] + [S] will attach a page break to the "top" of the current question. Highlight
a question and press [Ctrl] + [S] and a will appear above the
current question. Press [Ctrl] + [S] and the page break will be removed.
Add a column break [Ctrl] + [A] will attach a column break to the "top" of the current question.
Highlight a question and press [Ctrl] + [A] and a will appear
above the current question. Press [Ctrl] + [A] again and the column break will be
removed.
Add a section break [Ctrl] + [Shift] + [B] will attach a section break to the "top" of the current
question. A dialog of options will appear. Select numbered or lettered section
breaks and a Section Break will appear above the current question. Press [Ctrl] +
[Shift] + [B] again to remove the section break.
Selecting consecutive
questions/codes
Either drag down with the left mouse button depressed, or use [Shift] + [�] to
select the required questions or codes.
46

Questionnaire Design Snap
Right Mouse-Button Menus
Right-clicking the mouse within the Questionnaire window will give
access to a menu of commands relevant to the current mode and selection.
All of the commands that are provided can be accessed through the use of
the toolbars, the menu bar at the top of the screen or through keyboard
commands, but the right-click menu often provides a faster and easier way
of executing them.
The right-click menus are context-sensitive. That is, the menu that appears
will vary depending on the current mode (Design, Style or Data View) and
on what is selected. Each mode has its own standard menu that will appear
in most cases, but in two of the modes (Design and Style) a shortened
version will appear if one or more entire questions are highlighted.
Entire question selected Question element selected
��
When an entire question is selected, the selection box will enclose the whole question and the area
inside the box will be highlighted.
Menu Item Description
Styles Opens the Style Picker (in Design Mode) or Style Organiser (in Style Mode).
Style Mode Switches to Style mode.
Design Mode Switches to Design mode.
Data View Switches to Data View mode.
47

Snap
Menu Item Description
Edit Leads to a sub-menu choice of Cut, Copy, Paste or Delete.
Cut Cuts the current selection to the clipboard.
Copy Copies the current selection to the clipboard.
Paste Pastes the current selection from the clipboard.
Delete Deletes the current selection.
Variable
Properties
Opens the Variables Properties dialog box.
Routing Rules Displays the Routing Rules dialog box.
Background
Image
Displays the Picture dialog box.
Response Response types can be set for the selected question(s) of either single, multiple, quantity,
literal or date.
Character
Format
Leads to a sub-menu choice containing the options Font…, Bold, Italic or Underline.
Font leads to a dialog box, the other options apply that character format.
Insert Leads to a sub-menu containing the items Image…, Variable Field…, Survey Field…
and HTML Field… each of which leads to an appropriate dialog box. The dialog boxes
contain options similar to those outlined later in this section.
Break A Page Break, Column Break or Section Break can be applied from this menu.
Tools Leads to a sub-menu containing the items Renumber, Spell Check, Template…; the
last of these commands will give a new dialog box allowing the loading or saving of a
Questionnaire Style Template.
48

Questionnaire Design Snap
Dynamic Question Text
Snap has the capability to apply text substitution within a question, for example, the answer to one question
can be fed into the text of a subsequent question. This would apply to CATI, CAPI and other questionnaires
carried out using on-screen interviewing techniques.
1. Insert a new question after Question 4a “What else did you
order?”, using the Open Ended style.
2. In the area marked "Click here for text", type "How much did
you spend in total on ?”
3. Reposition your cursor before the question mark.
4. Select the toolbar topic Font.
5. Click on the button and select Variable Field…
from the menu.
6. Select “Q4” from the Variable menu. Aspect and Modify case
enable you to select how the answers will be displayed in the
question text. The Aspect menu allows you to select either
Reply or Name. Reply will display the answers ticked in Q4
and Name wil just show Q4. Select “Reply” from Aspect and
Modify case to "lower case".
7. Click on the button.
49

Snap
8. Snap will display {Q4} within curly brackets to
indicate that it is a text-substituted field.
(See pages 248, 255 and 262 for further information on text
substitution)
9. To view the text, select the Case Data button on
the main Snap toolbar and select Interview Mode
to enter a test case.
10. Once data has been added, the text substitution can also
be viewed within the Questionnaire Window by
selecting the Data Mode button.
50

Questionnaire Design Snap
Using Style Picker
The Style Picker tool is an easy way of applying a question style to questions in your questionnaire. This
tool is only available in Design Mode . Style Picker allows you to format a question by selecting a style
of your choice and viewing this style in the preview window before applying it to the questionnaire. This
window shows you how the question will look in the questionnaire with the selected style applied. Once you
have selected the style of question you would like, select the button. The changes will then be
applied to the question on the questionnaire. It is a useful and easy tool to use as it allows you to try out
different question styles and see how they would look in a preview window without actually applying it to a
question in the questionnaire. You can select what you would like to view in the preview window by either
selecting, ‘Al Styles’, ‘Al Variables’, ‘Named Styles’, ‘Used Styles’ or ‘Unused Styles’.
This example below explains step by step how to use the Style Picker.
1. Select Q2 ‘How often, on average, do you visit this
restaurant?’This question has been set up as a Multi
choice question.
2. Select More Styles from the drop-down list of style
names.
51

Snap
3. The Style Picker dialog appears with Q2 displayed in the
Preview Window. A list of all of the styles in the current
questionnaire is displayed on the left of the dialog box. To
apply Q2 with a different style, just highlight any Style
Name in the list and the preview window will change
accordingly.
4. You can select what you would like to view in the preview
window by either selecting, ‘Al Styles’, ‘Al Variables’,
‘Named Styles’, ‘Unused Styles’ or ‘Used Styles’ from the
drop-down list at the top of the Styles list.
� Showing ‘Al Variables’ displays all the questions with
style name from the current questionnaire in a list. This
can be useful if you are not really familiar with style
names as it allows you to pick styles by variable rather
than by style name.
� The Fit to Window tick box will fit the question inside the
preview window. This is especially useful for previewing
titles and subtitles which normally fit across the width of
the whole page.
5. Once you have selected the style you wish to apply, e.g.
Open Ended, click on the button.
6. Q2 has now been converted into an Open Ended style of
question and is shown in the Questionnaire Window.
52

Questionnaire Design Snap
Showing and Hiding Question Elements
Each question in a Snap questionnaire has several different elements that can be shown or displayed,
including the question name, the position, values, leading dots, etc. All of these can be altered at the level of
the default style, individual styles or just at the level of individual questions. See page 151 for further
information on Show options or page 107 for more information about the different question elements.
��
On most Windows-based PCs the check box will be marked with a � if it has been selected. On
some systems it will appear as a �.
1. Move the cursor to the top of the questionnaire and select
Question 4 and set the toolbar topic to Show.
2. Change the drop-down toolbar option to the right from
Text to Name. The Show check-box has a � to indicate
that the name of the question will be displayed. Click on
the Show check-box to remove the � and the question
Name for the current style will be hidden.
3. Other elements of a question can be included or excluded.
From the drop-down list, select the option Code Value and
include the � in Show.
4. From the drop-down list, select the option Code Box and
exclude the � in Show. This will now display all
questions of the style Multi Choice to show just the value
number of each code with no associated box.
5. The questionnaire now has quite a different appearance in
terms of code boxes and columns, so it would be advisable
to close the questionnaire without saving it. Then click
to reload it in its original form for use in the next few
worksheets or use to undo the changes.
53

Snap
Showing Variable Properties
Each variable has a set of individual properties that can be changed by selecting the Variable Properties
button which is found on the Questionnaire Design Window. The list of Properties will differ
depending on the type of question style selected. Ensure you are in Design Mode in order to access
Variable Properties.
1. Click anywhere in a question and click on to display
the Variable Properties dialog box for that individual
question.
2. Name: This displays the name of the variable you currently
have selected, for example: Q2.
3. Lock Name: If you do not want the questionnaire to be
renumbered when you select , select No from this dropdown
list.
4. Response: There are five response types, but the response
types shown will depend on the question type selected. The
response will determine the number of replies that are
possible and the way in which they are recorded when data
entry is completed.
� A single response will only allow one answer to be stored.
� A multiple response will allow more than one answer.
� Quantity will allow a number.
� Date a suitable date format, i.e. dd/mm/yy.
� Literal a text answer format.
54

Questionnaire Design Snap
5. Must answer: Yes will force this question to be asked
during data entry. No will allow the question to be kept
blank.
6. Not Asked: Snap has the ability to skip over questions that
are not relevant. In the snCrocodile survey, Q4 asks "What
items did you order?" and Q4a asks "What else did you
order?" Q4a is only relevant if the reply to Q4 was “Other”.
Snap can be set up to skip over Q4a if the respondent failed
to reply “Other”to Q4, by typing UNLESS Q4=8 in the Not
Asked box. This will ensure only respondents that ticked
“Other”are asked Q4a. For more detailed instructions on
routing, see page 78.
7. Ordering: This option is only available for closed question
styles and is used for ordering codes or grids as data is being
entered into Snap. This option is used for web and PDA
surveys. Ordering can also be used in telephone surveys by
clicking on the Tailor button in the Case Data
Window and selecting the Rotate Codes tick box. The
following available options are:
Inverse –the question codes alternate between each case in
normal and reverse order.
Forward –the codes appear in the same order but always
starts forward one.
Backward - the codes appear in the same order but always
starts back one.
Random –the codes appear in a random order.
8. Ordering Count –this allows you to specify the number of
codes to be ordered when the code ordering option is
selected.
55

Snap
The following options apply to the Variable Properties of
Open questions only.
Data Length –the maximum number of characters for open
questions.
Box Length –the size of the answer area for an open question
(in characters).
Valid –the range of valid responses for open questions. For
example, typing in 0 to 99 in the valid box will only allow
entries of 0 to 99 within the answer.
Scanning Validation –this option is only available if you have
the scanning module installed with Snap and is explained in
more detail in User guide 7 –“Scanning Module”.
�� If a group of similar questions are selected, the properties of these combined questions can be
changed within the Variable Properties dialog box. If different types of questions are selected and
the Properties button selected, you will not be able to change their combined properties.
56

Questionnaire Design Snap
Changing the Question Numbers
By default, Snap will automatically number all questions from Q1 and will store these as the variable names.
However, you have complete control as to whether these numbers are displayed on the questionnaire, their
composition and the format of how they are presented. Design Mode allows you to simply select a
different question number from a list of options as well as change the appearance of how the numbers are
presented.
? See page 72 for further information on numbering in sections. Advanced numbering is explained from
page 140 onwards.
1. Ensure that you are in Design Mode .
2. Move the cursor to Q1 and use to alter the toolbar
topic to Numbering. On the right of the toolbar there
are three controls. First, a list of alternative question
forms can be selected by using the drop-down arrow.
The second and third controls show the decoration of
the question Name and Grid Name (the elements of
the numbering system to appear on the questionnaire).
See page 145 for how to show/hide question parts.
3. Click on next to Q1 to select a different question
form. Snap will display a list of the most suitable
question numbers. Select Q1a from the list.
4. Q1a is now displayed next to the first question.
57

Snap
Changing the Appearance of Questions
Snap has a number of features that allow you to customise the appearance of a questionnaire. A full list of
the topics available to use in Snap are explained in detail from page 118 onwards.
There are three different ways in which you can format the questionnaire. The following buttons are
available on the Questionnaire Design toolbar.
1. Use Design Mode to apply formatting after typing in each question. Alternatively, apply
formatting changes after the questionnaire has been completed. Highlight the text to be changed and
select the required font settings. Multiple questions can also be selected with the mouse or keyboard and
formatting then applied. Use the click and drag method to select questions or the [Shift] key when
selections are made using the keyboard. See page 11 for a full list of editing commands.
2. Use Design Mode to apply font settings before typing in the questions. See the following pages on
how to apply font settings in Design Mode.
3. Use Style Mode to modify question styles and make changes across all questions of the same
styles. For example, to change all Multi Choice questions select any Multi Choice question and go into
Style Mode. This mode can also be used to modify all questions within the questionnaire or an
individual question. This is covered in more detail from page 95 onwards. Styles are explained in later
sections of the manual and should be used to ensure a consistent feel to the finished questionnaire.
However, there are times when one small part of the questionnaire needs to have a different look to it
from the rest.
The options available include changing the font size, colour and type for individual characters and adding
graphics, dynamic text and HTML code (for Internet questionnaires). All of these options are explained
fully in the chapter titled Questionnaire Design in Detail.
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Questionnaire Design Snap
Creating New Question Styles
Changes made to a whole element within a question in Design Mode will create a new style called like
followed by the original style name. For example, if you select an Open Ended question and make changes
to that question, the question will be renamed as like Open Ended.
1. Select Question 1 ‘Please enter today's date’.
2. Format the question as follows. Select the Boxes topic
and change the box shape to shadow box.
3. The Style Name menu now displays ‘like Open Ended’.
4. If you wish to select a different style, select the dropdown
menu that contains the style ‘like Open Ended’
and make your choice.
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Snap
Applying Font Settings to Questions in Design Mode
Snap allows considerable flexibility with regard to customising the font of questions and other questionnaire
content; you can alter the font name, size, colour and appearance (bold, italic or underline). These changes
can apply to all of the text in a question or just part of it.
If you wish to change the appearance of individual words, characters or elements within a question (or
question element) then these can be made in Design mode with the toolbar topic set to Font. The toolbar
will include three buttons that can be used to change the font decoration:
Bold text
Italic text
Underlined text
1. Ensure that the Questionnaire Window is in Design
Mode and that the toolbar topic is set to Font.
2. Select (highlight) the text to be altered.
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Questionnaire Design Snap
3. Use the toolbar buttons and drop-down list to change
the font as required. The changes will be reflected in
the Questionnaire window immediately, although
changes to the font colour will only be shown correctly
once the current selection (highlighting) is removed. In
this example, the text colour has been changed to Red
and the font decoration to Italic.
4. Note that if any changes are made to an entire question
element in Design Mode a new style will be created
called like followed by the style name. For example, if
you select a Multi Choice question and make changes to
one or more entire element, the question style will be
renamed as like Multi Choice.
��
You can also use the Font setting to insert images, dynamic text or HTML code. To do this, use the
button. See page 62 for a full explanation of this feature
61

Snap
Inserting Images
The toolbar topic Font allows you to insert images, dynamic text or HTML source code. Clicking the
button will present you with a menu containing four options. The Insert option is only
available for use within Design Mode . The table below contains a brief description of the four menu
items; the following sections provide a detailed explanation of how they can be used.
Menu Option Description
Image… Inserts an image file at the current cursor position
Variable Field… Inserts the response from a specific variable at the current cursor position
Survey Field… Inserts the value of one of the survey settings.
HTML Field… Inserts an HTML tag at the current cursor position (used for web surveys
only).
62

Questionnaire Design Snap
Inserting Images
Graphical images can be placed in any question (or note) on the questionnaire. In Style Mode, images,
including shading/patterns, can be added as a background to a question or a part of a question. If you want to
insert an image on its own, this is best done using the Font toolbar topic in Design Mode. Snap can handle
images with the file extensions .bmp, .jpg and .gif.
1. Click on the Design Mode button and set the toolbar
topic to Font.
2. Place the cursor at the point where you wish to insert the
image. If it is not being included as part of a question then
you may want to create an entirely separate question for this
image. If so, the Title, Sub-title or Instruction question
styles might be most suitable, as they do not require any
response.
3. Click on the button and select Image… from
the menu.
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Snap
4. Choose the image you want to insert. Snap will then display
the image in the Insert Image dialog box (see right).
5. Use the Zoom control to enlarge or reduce the image. This
will affect the size of the image as it will appear in your
Snap questionnaire. For example, setting the zoom to 50%
will mean that the image appears at half the height and half
the width.
6. To select a different image, click the button. This will
reopen the dialog box you saw at step 4, above.
7. When you are happy with the image and the size setting,
click the button. The image will then appear in
the questionnaire.
8. If you wish to change the size of the image, or
the image itself, once you have inserted it,
double click on the image. This will open the
Insert Image dialog box
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Questionnaire Design Snap
Inserting Dynamic Text
Dynamic Text means any written content that changes depending on the context. Dynamic Text appears on
screen enclosed by braces, e.g. {Title}. In this case the braces indicate that rather than display the word
"Title", Snap will display the survey title. In Design mode, Snap splits Dynamic Text into two distinct
categories, Variable Fields and Survey Fields. The example below shows how to add a Survey Field to the
questionnaire. The same method is used to add a Variable Field.
1. Click on the button to switch to Design Mode.
2. Set the toolbar topic to Font
3. Place the cursor at the point where the Dynamic Text should
appear.
4. Click on the button and select Survey Field… from
the menu.
5. Set the Field property to "Title".
6. Set Modify case to "Normal".
7. Click on the OK button.
65

Snap
8. Snap will display {Title} on a pale blue background to
indicate that it is a dynamic text field.
9. To view the text as it will appear, switch to Data View
mode.
The different options available for Survey Fields are shown in the table below, along with a brief description
of what will be displayed when the dynamic text substitution takes place.
Field Description
Name The name of the survey. This is the same as the name given to the survey files, and will begin with
the letters sn, e.g. snCrocodile. The name of the survey will be displayed in the Survey Overview
window in the column labelled Survey.
Title The title of the survey. This is not necessarily the same as the text shown at the start of the
questionnaire. The Survey Title is displayed when you start Snap, in the survey overview
window. It can be changed at any time by opening the survey and then typing the new title in the
Survey Details window that appears.
Page The current page number in the questionnaire.
Case The number of the current case.
Filter Any filter that is applied to the data. If no filter is applied, this field will be blank.
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Questionnaire Design Snap
Inserting HTML Tags
This option is used for publishing questionnaires on the World Wide Web. It is only available if the
Internet Module is installed. See User Guide 5, "Internet Module", for details of how to use it.
67

Snap
Altering the Position of Questions and Codes
The standard setting for questions is to display the list of codes underneath the question text, with the code
boxes to the right of the code labels. The settings for the Question and Code Box can be altered with up to 8
combinations, including Above, Below, Left and Right. For example, you can display the list of codes next
to the question text and with the boxes on the left rather than the right. See page 148 for further information
on the Positions options.
1. Click in Q4 and change the toolbar topic to Column. Set the number
of columns to 1 and the codes in Q4 will be displayed in 1 column.
2. Next, change the toolbar topic to Positions.
3. The toolbar will now show that the Question is above the codes, and
the Code Box is to the right of the labels.
4. Alter the Question to Beside to put the text of the question on the
left and the list of codes on the right.
5. Alter Code Box to Left and the boxes will appear to the left of the
labels. Note that the code leaders (leading dots) have been
automatically suppressed because the Code Label text is left
justified.
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Questionnaire Design Snap
Setting Up Fields Such As Name and Address
Sometimes surveys require personal information about the respondent, such as their name and address.
Often the layout of such questions requires no visible question number. The example below demonstrates
one possible way of setting up the question(s).
1. Start a new question in the Questionnaire window,
either by selecting [Enter] (to insert the question after
the current one) or by clicking on (to insert the
question before the current one), using the Open
Ended style.
2. In the area marked "Click here for text", type "Name:"
3. Set the toolbar topic to Numbering.
4. Change the style of numbering from Q1 to Q0a and
click on to renumber the questionnaire. Note that
Q1 now remains as Q1.
5. If Auto Renumbering is set (the button should be
switched on) the questions will automatically renumber
when moved around the questionnaire.
6. Change the toolbar topic to Show.
7. The drop-down toolbar option to the right currently
shows the field where the cursor is currently located,
Text. Use the drop-down toolbar to alter the setting to
Name.
8. The Show setting will currently be checked. Click on
the Show check-box to remove the check mark and the
question number will no longer be displayed.
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Snap
9. To move the code box to the right of the question
change the toolbar topic to Positions. Change the
question Position from Above to Beside.
10. To move the question to the left, change the toolbar
topic to Tabs and reduce the Name element percentage
to 0%. Reduce the Text element percentage to 13%.
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Questionnaire Design Snap
Using Page, Column Breaks and Section Breaks
Page Break
Introduce a page break at any point in the questionnaire by selecting
the question that is to appear at the top of the page and pressing
[Ctrl] + [S]. A page break mark is placed in the questionnaire and
can be removed again by highlighting the question immediately
below the page break mark and pressing [Ctrl] + [S].
? The Page Break option can also be accessed through the menu displayed by clicking the right
Column Break
button on the mouse. Select a part of the question that should immediately follow the page break,
then click the right mouse button. From the menu, choose Break | Page Break.
Introduce a column break in the questionnaire in a similar manner.
Select the question that is to appear at the top of the column and press
[Ctrl] + [A]. A column break mark is placed in the questionnaire and
can be removed again by highlighting the question immediately below
the page break mark and pressing [Ctrl] + [A].
? The Column Break option can also be accessed through the menu displayed by clicking the right
button on the mouse. Select a part of the question that should immediately follow the column
break, then click the right mouse button. From the menu, choose Break | Column Break.
71

Snap
Section Break
A section break starts a new section on the same page. They are used to divide your questionnaire into
relevant sections so a different numbering system can be displayed in each section.
1. Highlight the question that is to appear at the top of the next
section.
2. Press [Ctrl] + [Shift] + [B] on the keyboard or select Break from
the Topic list and tick the Section Break option.
3. Select “Start using numbered sections”from the dialog box.
This will divide the questionnaire into two sections placing a
section break above the selected question and the questions will
have a new numbering system. For example, the first question in
the first section will be Q1.1, the second question will be Q1.2; the
first question in the second section will be Q2.1 etc.
4. The other option “Start using letered sections”will start a new
numbering system beginning with letters, for example, the
question you have selected will be renamed B1 and the section
above will rename Q1 to A1, A2 etc.
5. Select the button and the questionnaire is updated
with the new sections and numbering system.
6. A section break mark is placed in the questionnaire and can be
removed again by highlighting the question immediately below the
section break and pressing [Ctrl] + [Shift] +[B].
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Questionnaire Design Snap
7. Use the Variables Properties button if you wish to customise
your section breaks. If you wish to change your style of number,
ensure the questionnaire is in Design Mode
and select Specify custom section next to the Section Break
property.
8. In the Section ID value box, type in the new number or letter you
would like to start this section.
9. Select the button to save the changes and update the
questionnaire accordingly.
10. Alternatively, select the button on the Break toolbar
to specify your section break properties.
11. If “Use Custom Name”is selected, type in the number or letter
format to be used in the section. Also ensure either a number or
letter format is selected in the “Type of Sections”box.
12. Click on the button. A dialog will appear asking if
you wish to renumber the questionnaire. If is selected
the questionnaire will be renumbered and the new numbering
system displayed on the questionnaire.
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Snap
Adding Headers and Footers
Additional text and graphics can be added to the header and footer of the first page and, optionally, all
subsequent pages. Considerable control is available over both the content and position of this text and
graphics.
1. Click to display the Page Setup dialog box. The
settings for Header and Footer can be accessed by clicking
on the button to display a Header/Footer
dialog box.
2. The header/footer may contain free format text as well as
keywords (auto text). The contents can be formatted using
the font format buttons to set the font name, size, style and
colour.
3. The header consists of the three areas (left, centre and right),
as does the footer. The font justification is fixed for each of
these areas; it cannot be altered by you.
4. Keywords can be included in the text. They can be added
through the drop-down list in the left-most box in the dialog
toolbar, or by clicking on the button and
selecting Survey Field…; the latter allows additional
flexibility with regard to specifying the case.
5. An image file can be inserted by clicking on the button and selecting Image… from the
menu. Images can be any kind of graphics file, e.g. .jpg, .gif, .bmp.
6. Click into the relevant box(es) to specify whether the headers and footers are to appear on the first
page and/or subsequent pages.
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Questionnaire Design Snap
Saving the Questionnaire
The results of your questionnaire design are held in the Questionnaire window, and the button can be
used at any time to save the questionnaire.
1. Either, use the button (Keep Changes) to save
the questionnaire and keep it open for further
editing.
2. Or close the Questionnaire window, by clicking on
in the top right corner of the window. This will
close the Questionnaire window and you will be
asked if you wish to save the changes to the
questionnaire.
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Snap
Your Notes
76

Questionnaire Routing Snap
QUESTIONNAIRE ROUTING
This section explains how to apply routing to the questionnaire.
Contents
78 Introduction
79 Routing Rule Types
89 Modifying Routing Within Your Questionnaire
90 Routing Rules Summary Table
91 If Condition Syntax
77

Snap
Introduction
Question routing is where respondents are only asked questions relevant to them when completing the
questionnaire. Questions that are not relevant to them are skipped. To set up routing in a Snap questionnaire
Routing Rules are used. These identify which questions are asked along with routing text; which is
displayed on the questionnaire as routing instructions.
The snActivate survey is used on the following pages
to explain routing in detail. This survey is contained
within the Snap 8 folder.
The survey asks about membership within the leisure
club. The example on the right shows the snActivate
questionnaire with routing applied.
“Existing members would be asked Q1, Q2 and Q5;
non-members who are interested in joining would be
asked Q1, Q3, Q4 and Q5, and non-members with no
interest in joining would be asked Q1, Q3 and Q5.”
Routing rules are added to this questionnaire to ensure
respondents are asked the relevant questions.
Routing can be hidden or displayed in any of the publication types, for example, a web questionnaire
containing routing would ensure respondents only view the questions they are asked as long as Always is
selected in the visible list box. This is located in the routing rules dialog. The 3 options available are:
Always –routing is always displayed on the questionnaire in all publication methods.
Never –routing is not shown on the questionnaire in any form of publication method.
Paper only –routing is shown on paper questionnaires, but not web surveys.
? If questions are moved around after routing rules have been set up, the routing will automatically
be updated with the new question numbers. Not asked conditions in the Variables window will
also be updated automatically.
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Questionnaire Routing Snap
Routing Rule Types
There are three types of routing rules that can be used in a Snap questionnaire.
1. Conditionally Ask Question
2. Goto On Answer
3. Goto After Question
A rule can either be added at the beginning of a question, within a question code or at the end of a question.
The rules have different meanings and are explained in full on the following pages.
The example below shows how SnActivate questionnaire looks before any routing is added. The following
pages explain how to set up each type of routing rule in this questionnaire.
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Snap
Setting up a Conditionally Ask Question Routing Rule
The Conditionally Ask Question rule is set up at the beginning of the question and is situated within the
question text. Snap will look at the contents of this rule before the question is asked. The question is asked
depending on whether the conditions are met as stated in the rule. If the conditions of the rule are not met,
Snap will skip this question and move onto the next question. One pre-condition is allowed per question and
can reference more than one question, but not the one in which it appears.
The contents of the rule can only refer to a previously asked question on the questionnaire. If you refer to a
following question, Snap will highlight the rule in red.
The snActivate survey contains, Q4 “Please give your name and addres?”This question only needs to be
asked to respondents who ticked “Yes”to Q3 “ Would you be interested in becoming a member here?”
In order to set up this scenario, a routing rule is created within Q4 to identify who needs to be asked this
question.
The routing rule example for Q4 is set up as follows:
1. The first step is to click anywhere within Q4
“Please give your name and addres”.
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Questionnaire Routing Snap
2. Click on the right mouse button and select
Routing Rules from the menu. Alternatively,
click the button on the Questionnaire
Design toolbar.
3. Select the button to create a new
routing rule. The button allows you
to view the content of existing routing rules that
have already been created. The example on the
right shows that no routing rules have been set up
for Q4 as yet.
4. Select Conditionally Ask Question from the
Type box and click on the button.
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Snap
5. The cursor is located in the If box.
6. Type “Q3=1”. The 1 refers to answer 1 of Q3,
which is answer “yes”. For further information
on routing conditions see page Error!
Bookmark not defined..
7. In the Text box type ‘If "Yes",’
8. This text will be inserted into the contents of the
text field within Q4.
9. The Rule Details section at the bottom of the
Routing Rules dialog has been set up as follows:
For respondents where the If condition is true
(yes is ticked in Q3) the host question (Q4) will
be asked. Where the If condition is false, the host
question will be skipped and a response of Not
Asked will be recorded.
10. Ensure Always is selected in the visible list box
so the routing is displayed in all publication
modes.
11. Select the button. The text you
created within the Routing rules dialog has been
inserted within Q4 and is denoted with an arrow
highlighted in blue. To edit this, double-click
anywhere within the highlighted text.
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Questionnaire Routing Snap
u
? Rich text formatting can be applied to the routing rules. Ensure that the Questionnaire Window is
If an error has been made when compiling the routing rule, Snap will keep the rule but highlight it
in red. A rule highlighted in blue denotes the condition is correct. If questions are renumbered
after routing rules have been set up, Snap will automatically update the routing rule with the new
question number. If a routing rule refers to a question which is subsequently deleted, then the
target will be shown in red. If a rule refers to a question which has been moved and so generated
an invalid sequence, then the question number will also be shown in red.
in Design Mode and that the toolbar topic is set to Font. Select the text you wish to change and
use the toolbar buttons and drop-down list to change the font as required.
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Snap
Seting up a “Goto on Answer” Routing Rule
The Goto on answer rule is quick and easy to set up. A rule is set up within the question codes (answers) of
the question. This rule will direct a respondent to a target question within the questionnaire if they tick a
particular answer code. For example, if they tick yes to Q1 they go to Q2, if no is ticked, they go to Q3.
This routing type can only be used in question codes and should be used with questions containing a small
number of codes. Otherwise, the other two routing rules should be used to determine whether a question is
asked or not.
? Go to on answer rules are normally used for single response questions only. If added to a multiple
response question and more than one code is ticked with each code going to a different question
number, Snap will always jump to the last question. For example, if apples and plums are ticked
in a question, apples go to Q7 and plums go to Q8, Snap will automatically jump to Q8.
In the snActivate survey, Q1 asks respondents ‘Are you a member of Activate leisure club’. Q2 asks ‘For
how long have you been a member’and Q3 asks ‘Would you be interested in becoming a member
here’. We are going to set up a Goto On Answer routing rule on the yes and no codes of Q1 to direct the
respondents to the relevant questions.
1. Click anywhere in the Yes answer code of Q1.
2. Click on the right mouse button and select Routing
Rules from the menu. Alternatively, click the
button on the Questionnaire design toolbar.
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Questionnaire Routing Snap
3. Select the button to create a new
routing rule. The button allows you to
view the content of existing routing rules that have
already been created.
4. Ensure you have Goto On Answer selected in the
Type box and select Answer 1 (Yes) from the On
box and click the button.
5. The next step is to select where you want the
respondent to go if answer 1 (Yes) has been ticked.
Select Q2 (For how long have you been a
member?) from the Goto box.
6. The text box below this automatically displays Goto
Q2. You can edit this text by clicking and typing
inside the box. Q2 is highlighted in blue, which
means you can edit this information, by double
clicking on Q2. A menu will appear with the options
Full Name, Display Name and Grid Name.
Display Name is the default and will display the
name of the question as shown on the questionnaire.
Full Name will display the full name of the question
even if not shown on the questionnaire. Use the
Numbering topic to change the numbering format
shown on your questionnaires. Grid name will
display the full grid name as specified in the
numbering topic.
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7. If the codes are placed in 2 columns, this may cause
the go to text to be squashed together when viewed.
If more space is required, 1 column can be selected
from the code column box.
8. Select the button to create a new
routing rule for the no code on Q1.
9. Ensure Goto On Answer is selected in the Type
box and select Answer 2 (No) from the On box and
click the button.
10. Select where you want the respondent to go if
answer 2 (No) has been ticked. Select Q3 (Would
you be interested in becoming a member here)
from the Goto box.
11. Change the Text box to “Continue at Q3”
12. Select the button. The routing is shown
on the right.
u
Add a Goto on answer rule to every code within a question to make it clear to the respondent
where they are going after ticking an answer. Alternatively, just add 1 or 2 Goto on answers to a
question containing a long list of answers.
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Questionnaire Routing Snap
Seting up a “Goto After Question” Routing Rule
This rule is placed at the end of a question and is used to direct respondents to the next appropriate question.
This rule could also be used to direct respondents to a new section or to the end of the questionnaire. Any
number of Goto After Question rules are allowed per question. Once a question is asked the respondents
will jump to the next relevant question as directed by the contents of the rule and the answer they have given.
In the snActivate survey, Q2 asks respondents “For how long have you been a member?”After they have
answered this question we want those respondents to go straight to Q5.
To set up this example:
1. Click anywhere in Question 2.
2. Click on the right mouse button and select Routing
Rules from the menu. Alternatively, click on the
button on the Questionnaire Design toolbar.
3. Select the button to create a new
routing rule. The button allows you to
view the content of existing routing rules that have
already been created.
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4. Select Goto After Question from the Type box and
select the button.
5. The next step is to select where you want the
respondent to go. Select Q5 “Do you have any
comments you would like to make?” from the
Goto box.
6. Your cursor is located in the If box: this is where
you can type in an IF condition.
7. All of the respondents need to be directed to Q5, so
for this example, leave the If box blank.
8. In the Text box overtype “Go to” with “Continue
at,”
9. This text will be placed in a footnote at the end of
Q2.
10. The Rule Details section at the bottom of the
Routing Rules dialog has been set up as follows. All
respondents who answer Q2 will immediately go to
Q5.
11. Select the button. The routing is set up
as shown in the example on the right.
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Questionnaire Routing Snap
Modifying Routing Within Your Questionnaire
Using the Questionnaire Design Window for adding routing is a very easy way to add and modify routing
rules.
1. A routing rule can be moved around the
questionnaire by clicking and dragging on the
highlighted text. It is also denoted by an arrow.
2. Click and drag to move the rule and drop once
positioned in the right place within the
questionnaire.
3. To edit the rule, double-click anywhere within the
blue shaded area.
4. The routing rules dialog is displayed and the rule
can be edited by selecting the button,
deleted by selecting the button, or a
new rule created by selecting .
5. If questions are moved or copied within the
questionnaire, the routing expression that refers to
that variable will automatically update.
To help you track the routing rules you have set up in the questionnaire, a summary of this information can
be viewed in the Variables Window. For details on this see page 206.
u
Try to ensure a question is answered; if not, your routing may not flow as intended. Qualifying
questions that are referenced in the routing rule must be answered or a don’t know be included as
one of the answers to ensure your questionnaire runs smoothly. To set up a question as Must
Answer, select the Variable Properties button in Design Mode and under the Must
Answer setting, change No to Yes from the drop-down menu. This will ensure the question is
answered during data entry.
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Routing Rules Summary Table
The following table explains where the rules of each type appear in a question and how they relate to other
questions in the questionnaire.
Routing Rule: Appears in: Question(s) referred
to in ‘If’ condition:
Conditionally ask
question
Start of question text Any question before the
90
host
Target ‘Goto’ question:
Goto on answer Code ‘Go to’ NA Any question after the host or
Goto after question Anywhere in the footnote Any question before the
host or the host itself
NA
end of questionnaire
Any question after the host or
end of questionnaire or end of
section
If a question includes a combination of rules, each rule is treated in the order that it appears in the question.
For example, if the first rule asked is a Conditionally Asked Question, only those who meet the condition
are asked the question. If the next rule in the question is a Goto On Answer, those remaining respondents
who match this rule move to their target question. Any remaining respondents are asked the next rule and
this continues until the last rule has been asked. As each condition is met, the respondents are moved to their
target question immediately.
�� An alternative way of creating routing is by setting a Not Asked condition within the individual
Variable Details Window. Double-click on the variable you wish to add routing to in the
Variables Window. See the Data Entry user guide for further information. You will note that when
routing is applied to the Questionnaire Window it will automatically generate a Not Asked
condition in the Variable Window and vice versa. Routing can be edited in either window. This
only applies to a Conditionally Asked Question rule.

Questionnaire Routing Snap
If Condition Syntax
The If condition syntax examples listed in the table below
are typed directly into the If section of the rules details
dialog, as shown in the example on the right.
You only need to type in an If condition if you are setting
up a Goto After Question or Conditionally Ask
Question routing rule.
If condition syntax examples:
If Condition Meaning
Q7=2 Code 2 is ticked in Q7
Q11>1 Code 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 is ticked in Q11
Q11=3 Code 3 or above is ticked in Q3
Q33 Any code above code 3 is ticked in Q3
Q7==2 Only code 2 is ticked in Q7 (Q7 is a multiple response)
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(Q2=2 OR
Q4=1)
(Q2=2 AND
Q4=1)
(Q2=2 OR
Q4=1) AND
Q5>=10)
Q2 NA Q2 is not asked
EITHER code 2 is ticked in Q2 or code 1 is ticked in Q4
BOTH code 2 of Q2 is ticked AND code 1 of Q4 is ticked
EITHER code 2 of Q2 is ticked or code 1 of Q4 is ticked, and also gave an answer of 10
or above to Q5
Q2 OK A valid answer has been given to Q2
Q2 NR An answer has not been recorded to Q2
Num Q2=2 Two answers have been ticked at Q2 (Q2 would be a multi response question)
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Questionnaire Styles Snap
QUESTIONNAIRE STYLES
This section explains how to change the appearance of the questionnaire.
Contents
94 Introduction
95 Default Question Styles
97 Using Style Mode to Modify Question Styles
98 Modifying Styles
99 The Style Selection Box
103 Based on Styles
107 The Elements of a Question
109 Using the Style Organiser
112 Renaming a Style
113 Style Properties
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Introduction
Snap allows you to have control over your questionnaire through the use of Styles. Each question has a
Style that may be one of the ten pre-set styles, may be defined by the user or may be added to the
questionnaire through the use of the Style Templates. Styles define the appearance of the questionnaire
through the setting of Style Attributes such as background colours, fonts and margins.
When the Style Attributes of a question are changed, Style Mode allows you to specify whether you want
the changes to be reflected across the whole questionnaire, just the highlighted question or the highlighted
question plus other similar questions throughout the questionnaire. In addition, Style Attributes can be
changed for individual parts of the question without affecting the overall style of the questionnaire in Design
Mode.
To get the most out of Snap with regards to the appearance of your questionnaire, it is useful to understand
the concepts of Styles, Style Selection Box and Style Attributes (topics). This section explains how to use
Styles effectively. Individual question editing can be undertaken in Design Mode and more advanced
customisation of styles can be undertaken in Style Mode. The same Style Attributes menu is available in
both modes. Design Mode and Style Mode are explained below.
Design Mode
Design Mode is the starting point in Snap and is the mode you work in when setting up the questionnaire.
Design Mode allows you to specify the questions to be asked, the order in which they will be asked, the type
of response that can be expected and the overall layout of the questionnaire. The questionnaire will open up
in Design mode and this should be the starting point when creating a new questionnaire. Formatting of
individual questions, elements of questions and individual words can also be completed in this mode. See
page 60 for applying font changes to individual questions within Design Mode.
Style Mode
Style Mode allows you to format the questionnaire in the same way as Design Mode, but is used to make
modifications to larger parts of the questionnaire. Style Mode will allow you to modify the selected style
only, modify all styles related to the selected style or modify every style (all questions) within the
questionnaire. This mode is also used to rename styles or create new styles.
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Questionnaire Styles Snap
Default Question Styles
Each question in a Snap questionnaire has a Style applied to it. The same is true of other visible
questionnaire content such as titles and interviewer notes. There are ten Styles available with Snap covering
the most commonly used content. The table below describes the 10 pre-set Styles in Snap, together with an
example of how they might appear on the finished questionnaire.
Style Description Example
Title Notes and headings are regularly
required in a questionnaire, and the
default title style presents text in a bold
format with a white background, ideal
as the title of the questionnaire.
Sub Title Other notes are generally required to
separate sections in a questionnaire or
provide instructions for completion.
Instruction A variation on Title and Sub-title, the
instruction style can be used anywhere
on the questionnaire as notes for the
respondent or the interviewer.
Multi Choice A question with tick or check boxes,
where the respondent can either respond
with a single answer or a number of
answers. This is sometimes described
as a "closed" question.
Grid First Grid questions are variations on Multi
Choice questions, but are laid out in a
different format, with headings for each
of the boxes presented across the page.
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Style Description Example
Grid Next In a series of grid questions, the
headings across the top are suppressed
for all subsequent questions, and just
the boxes appear.
Open Ended A question with an answer in the form
of free-format text, a number or a date.
Open First To collect series of free format text or
numbers in a series, this style provides
an initial question heading and then a
list of groups, products, services etc.
Open Next The open first questions are continued
as Open Next, leaving out the initial
question name and question text.
Other Many Multi Choice questions have a
list of codes and then an "other please
specify". This style provides free
format text as an addition to an existing
tick box question.
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Questionnaire Styles Snap
Using Style Mode to Modify Question Styles
Style Mode allows you to format the questionnaire by making modifications to the styles, whereas
Design Mode allows you to modify the individual questions. Style Mode can be used to make consistent
changes to all questions of the same style, without having to make individual question changes.
When you change a style, the changes will be reflected in all questions using that style. The extent to which
other questions will also be changed depends on the Style Selection box setting. In Style Mode, the current
Style Selection Box is shown in the first drop-down list on the Settings toolbar. In the diagram below, the
Style Selection Box is set to All Styles.
The following example refers to a Multi Choice Q2 being selected:
Style Selection Box Description
Multi Choice Changes will apply to the selected question and all other questions that use the
same style as the selected question. In addition, any styles that are derived
from the style of the selected question where settings still remain the same will
adopt the changes. See page 99 for further information.
Al ‘MultiChoice’ styles’ Settings will apply to the selected question and all other questions that use the
same style as the selected question. In addition, the settings will apply to any
questions that use styles derived from the curent style. For example, “like
multi choice” questions wil also change.
All styles Settings will apply to all styles. The settings will be stored as the default style
settings.
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Modifying Styles
The example below demonstrates how to apply style changes to the questionnaire using Style Mode .
The example used is based on the Multi Choice question 2.
1. Click in the question of the style you wish to
change. For example, click in Q2, which is a Multi
Choice question.
2. Select one of the options from the style selection
list, as explained below.
� Modify the selected style only. For example, ‘Multi
Choice’
� Modify all styles related to the selected style. For
example, ‘Al Multiple Styles’
� Modify every style (all questions) within the
questionnaire. For example, ‘Al Styles’
3. Select ‘Multi Choice’from the style list.
4. Select one of the topics from the Style Attributes
list. For example, select the Boxes topic. Select a
shadow box from the list.
5. Note that Snap has changed all Multi Choice style
questions to the shadow box style.
Style Mode allows you to quickly and easily format
styles across the whole questionnaire.
? Use Design Mode to make individual question changes. Select the question you would like to
change and the topic from the Style Attributes list. See pages 59 for more details. New styles can
then be created within Design Mode and renamed in Style Mode.
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Questionnaire Styles Snap
The Style Selection Box
With the Style Selection Box set to the individual style seting, for example, ‘Grid First’, the changes made
may or may not be propagated through to other questions in the questionnaire. The following rules explain
how Snap decides whether or not to make changes to other questions:
� All questions that use the same style as the highlighted question WILL be affected, and all the
attributes that are changed will be passed on to those questions.
� Questions whose Style is a descendent of that highlighted question's style MAY be affected,
depending on the existing settings for the two styles involved. Other styles will only be affected if,
before the change was made, the attribute that was changed had the same value in both styles. For
example, Grid Next is a descendent of Grid First. A Grid First question is selected and the Style
Selection Box is set to Grid First. The Font, Text attribute is changed from Arial 10 Bold to Times
New Roman 11. If the Font, Text setting in Grid Next is also Arial 10 Bold (i.e. the same as that in
Grid First), it will also be changed to Times New Roman 11. If the setting was not the same as that
for Grid First, it will remain unaltered. To summarise, a change made to one style (we will call it
style A) will only be made to another style (style B) if the following conditions apply:
Style B is a child of Style A.
The two styles initially had the same value for the Style Attribute that has been changed.
Note that once the change has been made to Style B it may then be made to Style C if the same
conditions apply, and so on.
� Questions that are not descendants of the Style of the highlighted question will NOT be affected at all.
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Modifying Styles Example
The attributes of the ten pre-set styles can be edited within a questionnaire, although the changes will not
affect other questionnaires or subsequent new questionnaires. If the same changes are needed for other
questionnaires then they can be saved using a Style Template and then applied using the Load Style button
in the Questionnaire Window. See page 114 for more details on Style Templates.
To use Styles effectively, it is useful to understand the concept of the Style Selection Box as it applies to the
style settings. See page 99 for an explanation of the Style Selection Box.
The following example shows how to change the font and background questionnaire subtitle. The same
method can be used for other Styles and Style Attributes.
1. Make sure that the questionnaire mode is set to
Style Mode by clicking on the button if
necessary.
2. Click in the Sub Title within the questionnaire.
Sub Title is displayed in the Style Selection box.
3. Ensuring that the title remains selected (it will
have a box with a coloured border around it),
change the setting in the attribute box to Font.
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Questionnaire Styles Snap
4. Change the font to Tahoma, Bold, Italic and
change the colour to Blue. If Tahoma is not
available, choose any font other than the current
one. The changes will appear on the
questionnaire.
5. Now change the setting in the attribute box to
Background.
6. Select Text from the drop-down list to the right of
the attribute box and click on the text colour
drop-down arrow.
7. Select pale grey from the colour palette.
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8. Click the button and the background
colour for the title will be changed.
The same approach can be used to change other pre-set styles and other style attributes.
��
Changes that are made to the Title will also be reflected in any questions using the Sub Title style.
An explanation is given in the section on the Style Selection box, starting on page 99.
? When a question or a question element is selected it will have a coloured border around it. The
colour of the border can be set for each of the different Questionnaire Window modes. Click on
Tailor | Current W indow… or Tailor | Questionnaire Design…, set the Border Colours mode
to Style and then select a colour.
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Questionnaire Styles Snap
Based on Styles
Not all the Styles will behave in the same way when changes are made; some Styles are based on others.
For example, Grid Next is, to some degree, based on Grid First since it is likely certain aspects of the two
styles will be identical. In this case Grid First can be considered the parent style and Grid Next the child.
In addition to the ten pre-set styles, there is a Default style that is considered the parent style for several of
the pre-set styles.
��
The ten pre-set styles are Grid First, Grid Next, Instruction, Multi Choice, Open Ended, Open
First, Open Next, Other, Sub Title, and Title.
All Styles are derived from the default, either directly or through other styles. The diagram below shows
how each style is derived.
Every Snap questionnaire will have all of the above styles at least. The default settings are defined in the
default.qsf template. There are many more templates available to you as part of the Snap software, allowing
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you to try different layouts, backgrounds, fonts, etc., as well as the ability to create your own customised
templates (see page 114 for further details on Questionnaire Templates).
Five of the pre-set styles are derived directly from the Default style: Multi Choice, Grid First, Open
Ended, Open First, Title and Instruction. In this situation Default is the parent style and each of the other
four is a child of the Default style. In the same way, Title is the parent style for Sub Title, which in turn is
the parent style for Instruction.
��
The settings for the default style are stored in the file default.qsf and cannot be altered. It is
possible to edit these styles within a questionnaire, although a new questionnaire will always start
with the built-in style settings. Additional style names can be created that are based on any of
these 10 styles. (See page 109).
? To set up a custom default style, set all the style attributes as required and save the style as a new
template. The new settings can then be used on another survey by applying that template to the
new questionnaire.
�� Any changes made to a question in Design Mode wil create a new style caled “like followed
by the style name”. For example, if you select a Multi Choice question and make changes to that
question, the question wil be renamed as “like Multi Choice”.If you are going to use the same
layout/format on another question you should give the style a name by clicking on the Style
Properties button on the questionnaire design toolbar. See page 112 for further details..
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Questionnaire Styles Snap
Style Attributes
Each Snap Style has Style Attributes which affects a number of different question elements. You can either
set the value of each attribute, or it can inherit its value from other styles. The table below shows the full list
of Style Attributes.
Attribute Afects…
Alignment Name, Text, Grid Name, Grid Label, Position, Code Label, Code Value, Data, Code Box,
Code Go To, Footnote
Background Question Area, Answer Area, Name, Text, Grid Name, Grid Label, Position, Code Label,
Code Value, Code Box, Box Area, Code Offset, Code Gutter, Code Verge, Code Go To,
Footnote
Boxes Box Style, Check Mark, Force Square, Drop-down
Break Column Break, Page Break, Section Break
Columns Number, Arrangement, Full width
Find Find, Next, Previous, Find and Replace
Font Name, Text, Grid Name, Grid Label, Position, Code Label, Code Value, Data, Check Mark,
Code Go To, Footnote
Margins Name, Text, Grid Name, Grid Label, Position, Code Label, Code Value, Data, Check mark,
Code Go To, Footnote (each attribute has a top, bottom, left and right margin)
Numbering Number Format
Positions Question, Code Box
Response Response Type
Show Name, Text, Grid Name, Grid Label, Position, Code Label, Code Box, Code Leaders, Code
Value, Space Before, Code Go To, Footnote, Line Before, Semantic Scale, Grid Leaders, As
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Snap
Attribute Afects…
Drop-down.
Tabs Name, Text, Grid Label, Code Offset, Code Gutter, Code Verge, Code Values, Code Go To,
Open Label
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Questionnaire Styles Snap
The Elements of a Question
The Style of a question defines its appearance in the questionnaire for each of its different Elements (see
table below) including question name, text and code labels. Each of the Elements can be altered
individually in terms of their location on the questionnaire and their individual format.
The examples below show most of the main Question Elements.
In the diagram on the right, the elements shown are:
Position (237), Text ("How old are you?"), Name (Q9), Code Labels
("Under 18", "18-24", etc.), Code Leaders (the rows of dots), Code
Boxes (in a column on the right hand side), Code Values (1, 2, 3, 4
and 5) and Footnote (text box below question).
The second diagram provides an example of these elements:
Name (Q6), Text ("How do you rate the following?"), Code Labels
("Very Good", "Good", etc.), Grid Names (Q6a, Q6b, etc.), Grid
Labels ("Speed of service", "Cleanliness", etc.), Grid Leaders (the
rows of dots) and Code Boxes (the array of 20 boxes).
Groups of questions that appear as grids have more elements.
The Grid Name that is the equivalent of the question name, the
Grid Label and the Grid Leaders that are the equivalent of the
Code Leaders.
The Question Elements along with a brief description are shown in the table below:
Element Description
Answer Area The background area around the answer box and label. For use with the Background topic.
Box Area The area around the answer code box. For use with the Background topic.
Code Box The box in which a response will be entered either as a tick for a multi- or single-response
closed question or as text for an open-ended question.
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Snap
Element Description
Code GoTo Instructions concerning questionnaire routing based on response to a particular question.
Code Gutter The spacing between columns. For use with Tabs and Background topics.
Code Label The text applicable to a particular potential response for a question.
Code Leader Markings between the Code Label and the Code Box to help show which label is associated
with which box.
Code Offset The space to the left of the answer code. For use with Tabs and Background topics.
Code Value The numerical value assigned to a particular response. This is the value that will be entered
at the data entry phase of the survey if the interviewee gives the response associated with it.
Code Verge The space to the right of the answer code box. For use with Tabs and Background topics.
Footnote A box located below each question, which can be used to display additional text.
Grid Label The text applicable to a sub-question in a series of grid questions.
Grid Leader Markings between the Grid Label and the Grid Box to help show which label is associated
with which box.
Grid Name The number of the sub-question in a series of grid questions.
Line Before A line is inserted before a question. For use with the Show topic.
Name The number of the question within the questionnaire.
Open Label The space used for the code label on open questions. For use with the Show topic.
Position The position in the data stream where the response to this question will be stored (see page
266). There is rarely any reason to show this value on the questionnaire.
Question Area The background area around the question text. For use with the Background topic.
Space Before Space can be added before a question. For use with the Show topic.
Text The question wording that the interviewer will read out to the respondent.
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Questionnaire Styles Snap
Using the Style Organiser
The Style Organiser tool allows you to view the styles you have used within the questionnaire. Style
Organiser is only available in Style Mode and can be used to sort styles, as well as rename and make
copies of styles. Other views of styles are also available in the organiser.
This example below explains step by step how to use the Style Organiser.
1. Click on the Style Organiser button which is
found on the questionnaire design toolbar.
2. The Style Organiser will be displayed as shown on the
right.
3. The options available are detailed below.
4. You can select how you would like to view the styles in
the preview window by either selecting, ‘Al Styles’,
‘Named Styles’, ‘Used Styles’, ‘Unused Styles’, or ‘Al
Variables’ from the drop-down list at the top of the
Styles list.
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5. Showing ‘Al Variables’ wil display al the questions
in the current questionnaire in a list. This can be useful
if you are not really familiar with style names.
6. The Fit to Window tick box will fit the question inside
the preview window. This is especially useful when
previewing titles and subtitles, which normally fit
across the width of the whole page.
7. The button will bring up the Style
Properties dialog box. If a new style is selected whilst
working in Style Mode and the Properties button
is selected, the style can be renamed by typing in a new
name in the top of the dialog box.
8. The button makes a copy of the selected
style and allows you to give it a new name. This option
is only available to named styles. This style is then
available for you to pick from in the Style Selection
box when required.
9. The button is available to use when any
non-standard style is selected. This button is used to re-
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Questionnaire Styles Snap
apply a style back to its original style name.
10. There are two options within the dialog box and the
contents depend on what style is selected in the Style
Organiser. In this example, Q1 ‘like Open Ended’ is
selected.
11. This dialog asks you if you want to:
Make al “Open Ended” variables look like variable Q1
All other Open Ended questions will change to look
like Q1.
Asign the style “Open Ended” to al “like Open
Ended” variables. All versions of the “likeOpen
Ended”questions will be reapplied with the Open
Ended style.
12. The button can be used to delete new
styles that have been created. The ten standard styles
cannot be deleted. The message box on the right will
appear when the delete button is selected.
The Sorting option is used to order styles in the style list.
There are three choices:
By Name lists the styles in alphabetical order.
Most Recently Used lists the styles in most recently used
order.
By family lists the styles in the family they belong to. The
style families are sorted in alphabetical order.
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Renaming a Style
If you make changes to elements within an individual question and are working within Design Mode ,
the new changes will be saved as a new style called (like Grid First). If you have several questions that will
be using the same layout as the (like Grid First) one, then you could choose to rename the style.
1. To rename any of your own styles, switch to Style
Mode
2. Select the Style Properties button. .
3. Click in the Name box at the top of the Style
Properties dialog box.
4. Type in a new name and click on to
save the style name within the current survey
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Questionnaire Styles Snap
Style Properties
With the mode set to Style Mode and the Style Properties button is selected, Style Properties
will be displayed for the currently selected style.
There are four main areas of the dialog box:
The Name of the style for which a summary is displayed and
the name of the style on which it is based.
The Next Object (question) to be created once the current
question is completed.
The Next Part of a question, if appropriate. Applicable for
Grid First and Grid Next, Open First and Open Next, and
Multi Choice.
The Previous Question.
In the example shown for Grid First, then the next part is Grid Next and the Code Labels/Question from the
Grid First will be copied to the Code Labels/Question for the Grid Next question. When the grid is finally
ended and the [Enter] key is pressed, the Next Object (question) will be a Multi Choice. The Previous
question is a Multi Choice.
Use the button to change any of the settings in terms of Next Object, Next Part or Previous. Any
changes that are made to individual style properties remain with that style for the current survey. The
changes are not transferred to other surveys created with Snap.
To alter any of the settings in the copy fields, ensure that the appropriate Clone Next Object, Clone Next
Part or Clone Previous is set with a � or �, at which point the various elements of a question will be
highlighted. At this point, the cursor or the space bar can be used to identify which element is to be copied.
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Questionnaire Templates
The Style Templates option in Snap allows you to design a questionnaire using existing styles and then
apply a Template that represents a particular "housestyle" in terms of page set-up, colours and layout. The
result is that professional questionnaires can be produced easily and quickly.
A number of pre-set Templates are supplied with the software, to provide a range of alternative layouts and
colour schemes. Further Templates can be created by yourself and saved for future use with other
questionnaires.
Loading a Style Template
1. With the Questionnaire window open, click on the button
to display the Template dialog box. Use the
button to display the Open dialog box displaying the list of
.qsf files that contain the available Templates.
2. Highlight one of the .qsf from the list and press
to load the file name into the Template dialog box.
3. The three Options fields relate to Page Setup
(portrait/landscape etc.), Colours (the individual colours for
the background of the questionnaire and the colour of all the
fonts used in the text of the question and the code labels) and
Layout (the arrangement and format of individual styles of
questions). If all three options are selected, then the entire
format of the template will be loaded.
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Questionnaire Styles Snap
4. Press to load the template over the current
questionnaire. The questions will be redrawn using the
new Style settings. Once the template has been loaded,
when you save the questionnaire the new layout/colours
will be saved as well.
Saving a Template
To save a Template, it is first necessary to lay out a questionnaire with the chosen format in terms of the
toolbar topics such as Position, Font, Boxes, Background, etc. With a finished questionnaire presented in
the Questionnaire window, click the button to display the Template dialog box. Select the options
(Page Setup, Colours and Layout) that you wish to save. If you want to save all aspects, leave all three
selected.
Specify the name of the file to store the information, remembering that template files have a suffix of .qsf.
Press to store the template.
? As an alternative, use the button to display the Open dialog box displaying the
current list of .qsf files, enter the file name in that dialog box and press and then
u
u
to store the template.
It should be remembered that the details of the individual questions, in terms of the question text
and codes labels remain with the survey and are not stored with the template.
You cannot save changes to one of the standard Snap templates.
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Your Notes
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Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN TOPICS
This section gives you more details of the technical aspects of questionnaire styles.
Contents
118 Toolbar Topics
119 Alignment
120 Background
124 Boxes
126 Break
129 Columns
133 Find
136 Font
139 Margins
140 Numbering
148 Positions
150 Response
151 Show
153 Tabs
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Toolbar Topics
In Design and Style mode the questionnaire window has (at least) two drop-down lists. The first sets the
Style Selection Box (see page 99) and the second sets the Style Attribute or Toolbar Topic. The other
controls that appear on the toolbar depend on the Style Attribute that is currently selected. In the diagram
below, the Style Selection Box is set to Current Style and the Style Attribute is Alignment.
The table below shows the topics available from the toolbar in Style mode. Subsequent sections of this
chapter give more detail on each of the topics.
Topic Description
Alignment Sets the left, centre or right alignment for each element within a question.
Background Colours, patterns and pictures for the background of each element in a question.
Boxes The shape and size of the boxes for the question codes.
Break Inserts a page break, column break or section break, which forces the next question to
appear onto a new page, in a new column or into a new section as appropriate.
Columns The number of columns to present the question codes.
Find Search facility for quickly finding a particular piece of text in a questionnaire.
Font The font type and size, with settings for bold, italics, underline, capitals and colours.
Margins The setting of left, right, top and bottom margins for each aspect of a question.
Numbering The method of question numbering used for each question.
Positions The position of question text and code boxes, relative to each other.
Response How the answers are to be recorded: single, multiple, literal, quantity or date.
Show The Show option sets which elements are displayed on the questionnaire.
Tabs Specification of the relative spaces apportioned to individual elements within a question.
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Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
Alignment
The Alignment controls the justification of each of the elements of a question. The options are either Left,
Centre or Right and can be applied to (All) elements, Name, Text, Grid Name, Grid Label, Position, Codes,
Code Value, Data, Code Box and Code GoTo.
Changing from Left to Centre to Right is achieved by highlighting the control field on the right of the screen
and using the cursor to drag the word to the correct position. As it moves, the word changes from Left to
Centre to Right.
The default setting is left for all elements except the Code Box, which is right. However each element can
be set individually as left, centre or right. This is achieved by clicking in centre or right of the box, or by
using the mouse to drag the word left to the centre or right. As it is moved, the word changes appropriately.
Example of all elements left-aligned Example of all elements right-aligned
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Background
The Background style attribute controls the appearance of the background on which the text of each element
appears. The initial background setting for most of the question elements is Transparent meaning that
underlying backgrounds will show through.
Most elements of a questionnaire can be adjusted for the background colour and patterns, although individual
elements can be selected. The elements that can be adjusted are (All), Name, Text, Grid Name, Grid Label,
Position, Code Label, Code Value, Data, Check Mark, Code GoTo and Footnote.
Care should be taken when using background variations, either
or , particularly if a black and white
printer is used. Having a coloured or patterned background with a
black font for the text can sometimes prove difficult to read.
The example shown here has a Wafle’s Revenge patern as the
background of the headings. On the screen, it is reasonably
legible but this can get lost when printed.
The Background topic can be used to add graphical images to any area of the questionnaire. Although the
graphical image can appear behind any of the 10 styles available with Snap, the best effects are achieved
when the graphics are used in conjunction with the styles Sub Title, Title and Instruction. Within these
styles there is little or no text and the graphics can be manipulated more easily. With the other 7 styles, the
graphics will alter in appearance as more codes are added to the question, and desired effect may be lost.
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Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
��
It is recommended that the Style Selection Box be changed to Current Question rather than
Current Style. This will ensure that the graphical image only appears in the location required and
is not duplicated through all other questions of the same style.
The area assigned for the selected question determines the size of the
graphics. If two lines of text have been entered, then the graphics will
be resized to fit the two lines. If a third line is added, then the graphics
will be resized. To add graphics with no associated text will result in an
image equivalent to a height of one line. To increase the height of the
graphics, you should use decrease the top and/or bottom Margin setting
(see page 139 for further details).
Select the button to display the Picture dialog box. To
locate a graphical image, select the button to search the
directories for a suitable image. The folder \Snap 8\images is likely to
contain a number of images although you may wish to search other
directories on your computer.
Once selected, the image can be formatted for both horizontal and
vertical settings, and can be made to either Stretch into the space
allocated or Fit into the space allocated keeping the proportions of the
image unaltered.
Graphical images can be loaded as a background to any question or note on the questionnaire. If no text is
associated with the note then the graphical image will appear as the only image in that particular area of the
questionnaire. Snap can handle images will the file extensions .bmp, .jpg and .gif.
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Inserting a Picture
1. Move the cursor to the top of the questionnaire, showing the Sub
Title. Use Design Mode if you wish to only insert a picture
in the question you have selected.
2. Alter the setting to Background.
3. Click on to display the Picture dialog box.
4. Click on the button to display a list of the graphical
images stored in the Images folder. Select tick_icon.gif from the
Icons sub-folder and press .
5. Set the horizontal alignment to Left so that the image of the
peach appears on the left-hand side of the title.
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Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
6. If you wish to colour the image, click on the drop down arrow
next to Colourize Gif to select a colour from the palette.
7. Press and the graphical image will be put in place.
8. To remove the graphical image, repeat the process to display the
Picture dialog box and select and the graphical
image will no longer appear.
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Boxes
The Boxes option on the toolbar controls the box shape in Multi Choice and Open questions.
The choice of boxes for Multi Choice and Grid questions are and
with being the default setting. To adjust the size of these boxes, highlight the question and select
the toolbar option Font. Select Data and the standard size of 10 will be shown. Alter this value and the size
of all the boxes for the question will be adjusted.
The Check box selects the mark that appears on the questionnaire when the toolbar option View | Case
Data is selected. It appears against the codes that have been selected on a Multi Choice, Grid First or Grid
Next question. The choice of boxes for open-ended questions are
.
There are two aspects of size in respect of open-ended boxes: the physical size of the box and the number of
characters that are allocated for the length field:
� The physical size of the box that appears on the questionnaire can be altered in the same way as the
Multi Choice questions, mentioned above, i.e. by altering the setting of Data in the toolbar option
Font.
� The more important aspect of box size is the amount of space allocated to record an open-ended
response. The default setting is one line. To increase the number of characters the keyboard controls
of [Ctrl] and [+] are used. This will progressively increase the number of characters up to a maximum
of 9999.
As the size of open-ended boxes is increased beyond 1 line, each depression of the [+] key will increase the
size of the box by one full line.
If the questionnaire is set to 2 columns in Page Setup, then a box consisting of a full line will allocate a
length of 24 characters of literal text, when the Font is set to Arial 10 for the Data element. If the font is
reduced to Arial 6, the length per line is increased to 40.
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Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
Altering the Boxes for the Question Codes
The standard box used in a questionnaire designed in Snap is a for both Multi Choice question and openended
questions. These can be easily changed at the level of the entire questionnaire, at the level of question
styles, or at the level of individual questions. The range of boxes includes and
. See page 124 for further information on boxes.
1. Move the cursor to Q2 at the top of the questionnaire and
use to alter the toolbar topic to Boxes.
2. Use to display other box shapes other than and try
selecting one of your own choice. As the Style Selection
Box is set to Multi Choice, all questions set to the same
style (Multi Choice) will now have the same boxes.
3. With the cursor on the text of Q2, we will now alter other
question boxes. Use [Page Down] and locate the second
part of Q4, starting “Other please specify?”Alter the current
setting from a box to a line, or if you want to suppress the
box entirely, select .
u
Remember that any changes to boxes will have the same effect on all questions of the same Style.
To alter just one question, you will need to alter the Style Selection Box from Current Style to
Current Question. Also note that scanning requires the box shape.
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Break
Page Break
Introducing a page break at any point in the questionnaire is
achieved by highlighting the question that is to appear at the top of
the next page and pressing [Ctrl] + [S]. A page break mark is
placed in the questionnaire and can be removed again by
highlighting the question immediately below the page break mark
and pressing [Ctrl] + [S].
? The Page Break option can also be accessed through the menu displayed by clicking the right
Column Break
button on the mouse. Select a part of the question that should immediately follow the page break,
then click the right mouse button. From the menu, choose Break | Page Break.
Introducing a column break in the questionnaire is achieved in a
similar manner to the page break. Highlight the question that is to
appear at the top of the next column and press [Ctrl] + [A]. A column
break mark is placed in the questionnaire and can be removed again by
highlighting the question immediately below the page break mark and
pressing [Ctrl] + [A].
? The Column Break option can also be accessed through the menu displayed by clicking the right
button on the mouse. Select a part of the question that should immediately follow the column
break, then click the right mouse button. From the menu, choose Break | Column Break.
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Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
Section Breaks
A section break starts a new section on the same page. They are used to divide your questionnaire into
relevant sections so a different numbering system can be displayed in each section.
1. Highlight the question that is to appear at the top of the next
section.
2. Press [Ctrl] + [Shift] + [B] on the keyboard or select Break from
the Topic list and tick the Section Break option.
3. Select “Start using numbered sections” from the dialog box.
This will divide the questionnaire into two sections placing a
section break above the selected question and the questions will
have a new numbering system. For example, the first question in
the first section will start with Q1.1, the second question will be
Q1.2; the first question in the second section will start with Q2.1
etc.
4. The other option “Start using lettered sections”will start a new
numbering system in the form of letters, for example, the question
you have selected will be renamed B1 and the section above will
rename Q1 to A1, A2 etc.
5. Select the button and the questionnaire is updated
with the new sections and numbering system.
6. A section break mark is placed in the questionnaire and can be
removed again by highlighting the question immediately below the
section break and pressing [Ctrl] + [Shift] + [B].
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Snap
7. Use the Variables Properties button if you wish to customise
your section breaks. If you wish to change your style of number
ensure the questionnaire is in Design Mode
and select Specify custom number next to the Section Break
property.
8. In the Section ID value box, type in the new number or letter you
would like to start this section.
9. Select the button to save the changes and update the
questionnaire accordingly.
10. Alternatively, select the button on the Break toolbar
to specify your section break properties.
11. If “Use Custom Name”is selected, type in the number or letter
prefix to be used in the section. Also ensure either a number or
letter format is selected in the “Type of Sections”box.
12. Click on the button. A dialog will appear asking if
you wish to renumber the questionnaire. If is selected
the questionnaire will be renumbered and the new numbering
system displayed on the questionnaire.
? The Section Break option can also be accessed through the menu displayed by clicking the right
button on the mouse. Select a part of the question that should immediately follow the section
break, then click the right mouse button. From the menu, choose Break | Section Break.
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Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
Columns
The Columns option controls the presentation of the code list of answers to a question in the following
areas:
The number of columns used to present the answer list, with a minimum of 1 column and a
maximum of 20 columns.
The presentation of the codes as a single line across the page, (the number of columns will
always be set to the number of codes).
The presentation of the answer list either in column format as defined in the Page Setup
dialog box (default of 2 columns) or using the full page width, i.e. only 1 column width.
The sequence of presenting the answer list, either starting of the top of the list and listing
down each of the columns, or starting at the top of the list and listing across each of the
rows.
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Column Setting
A column setting of 1 which produces the following
effect:
Increasing the column setting to 2 produces the same
answer list split into 2 columns:
The maximum setting is 20.
Grid
Selecting the option has the effect of
setting the number of columns equal to the number of
codes in the question. When the number of codes is
high, perhaps above 8-10, Snap will no longer be able to
present all of the boxes and all of the text, and will
consequently remove the text of the code labels from
display. At this point, you will need to consider going
to Full Page, reduce the length of text in the code labels,
or organise the question into a number of columns.
The position of the code labels in respect of the boxes
will remain unchanged, but you should be aware that if
you have many codes, you may not be able to see the
code labels. If this is the case, you should select Full
Page, or choose the toolbar topic Position and
reposition the code box to Below so that the box will
appear below the code labels.
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Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
Full page
If the Full Page button is selected, the layout of the question will be organised across the entire
width of the page, and will ignore the columns settings as specified in the Page Setup dialog box.
The result of selecting Full Page would appear as follows with both the question text and answer list spread
across the full width of the page.
Down/Across
If the list of codes is displayed in columns, the order can be determined by the use of the or
buttons. The default is and the order is to present the first code at the top of the
first column, the second code underneath it. This is continued until the column is broken and the next code
is displayed at the top of the next column. This is shown in the example below:
If, however, the button is selected, the order of the codes is changed - the first code appears at
the top of the first column, the second code at the top of the second column. This continues to the maximum
number of columns and then the next code is displayed second in the list of the first column. The example
below shows this:
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Adjusting Columns on a Question
1. Move the cursor to the top of the questionnaire to display
Question 9 and set the toolbar topic to Columns. The toolbar
will now present the number of columns (1) being used for the
current style, together with buttons for Grid, Full Page, Down
and Across.
2. Change the setting from 2 to 1 and the codes for Q9 will be
displayed in one column. Change the setting back to 2
columns. As the Style Selection Box is set to Multi Choice, all
Multi Choice questions will automatically be updated. If
working in Design Mode the selected question only will
change.
3. Click and the sequence of codes will alter. The
second code of 18 –24 now appears at the top of the second
column. Click on and the sequencing will revert
to down the columns.
4. Click and instead of presenting Q9 in a 2-column
mode as defined by the Page Setup dialog box using the
button, it will represent the question across the entire page.
Click on again and the layout will revert back into
columns.
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Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
Find
With the Questionnaire Window open, Snap offers a search facility to allow you to find specific words,
groups of words or individual characters.
1. To use Find, type in the text that you want to look
for in the empty box to the right.
2. Press [Enter]. Snap will search the questionnaire,
from the current cursor position to the end of the
questionnaire, highlighting the first example of the
text being searched for.
3. Press [Enter] again and it will search for the next
example.
4. At the end of the questionnaire, Snap will ask you
if you wish to continue the search from the
beginning of the questionnaire.
5. If the text does not appear anywhere in the
questionnaire, Snap will display a message
confirming that it has searched the entire
questionnaire.
�� The box containing the search text will store any previous searches in a drop-down list, so you can
repeat searches without retyping the text. This list will be cleared when the Questionnaire Window
is closed
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Find Next
Clicking on the Find Next button has the same effect as pressing the Enter button. The questionnaire will be
searched for the text currently displayed, starting from the current cursor position. The search will continue
through the questionnaire to the end and will then prompt you if you wish to continue the search from the
beginning.
Find Previous
Clicking on the Find Previous button will also
search through the questionnaire, but in this case the
search direction will be reversed. Snap will search
from the current cursor position towards the start of
the questionnaire. Once the search has reached the
start, you will be prompted to continue the search
from the end of the questionnaire.
Find/Replace Dialog
Clicking on the Find/Replace button will open up a
separate dialog box as shown on the right. This
offers the same functionality as Find, Find Next and
Find Previous, as well as some additional options.
The "Replace" box allows you to enter the text that
you would like to use instead of the text in the "Find"
box.
? The "Replace" facility can be used to save time when typing a questionnaire. For example, if a
particularly long word or phrase, e.g. "Mercator Research Group”, appears in the questionnaire
in several places, it may be easier to simply type "MRG" instead. Then set "Find" to "MRG" and
set "Replace" to "Mercator Research Group" and click on Replace All. You can use the other
options in the dialog to ensure that Snap does not change instances where those three letters might
happen to appear in the middle of a word and should not be changed.
134

Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
The option to Match whole words only will stop Snap from finding examples where the particular text
appears within a longer word. For example, if the search string is set to "week", and the option to Match
whole words only is selected, Snap will not highlight words such as "weekly" or "weekend".
The option to Match case forces Snap to ensure that the text exactly matches the search text with regard to
upper- and lower-case letters. For example, if the search string is set to "daily" and the option to Match case
is selected, Snap will highlight any instance of the word "daily" but not the word "Daily".
The Search Direction, up or down, specifies which direction Snap will move through the questionnaire.
Down will move from the current cursor position towards the end; up will move towards the beginning.
135

Font
Snap
The Font toolbar topic controls the choice of font, size and colour of the text of the questionnaire. This
option should be considered in conjunction with Background, to avoid the possibility of designing a
questionnaire with the same colour as background and the foreground text, in which case the questionnaire
would appear totally blank.
The font toolbar topic has slightly different options depending on whether you are in Design Mode or Style
Mode. The different toolbars are explained on the following pages.
Style Mode Toolbar
All elements of a questionnaire can be adjusted for font colour, character font, point size and font decoration.
The following font decoration options are available:
Bold text Italic text
Underlined text CAPITAL TEXT
Note if is selected then, although shown in capitals, the underlying text will still be recorded in the
mixture of upper and lower case it was originally entered in.
Font can be applied to one or more of the following question elements: (All), Name, Text, Grid Name, Grid
Label, Position, Codes, Code Value, Data, Check Mark, Code GoTo.
The initial settings of Font for all elements of the question are displayed in a table in this section on how
styles are developed (see page 93 onwards). The standard font for all questions is Arial, but you are free to
make alterations to your own requirements.
There is also an option to enable specification of upper-case only text. This enables a standard method of
presentation to be adopted such as instructions to the interviewer (and not read to the respondent) to be
shown underlined but text to be read to the respondent to be shown in CAPITALS.
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Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
Design Mode Toolbar
The Design Mode toolbar has the same settings as the Style Mode toolbar as explained on the previous
page, but also has an Insert and Reset button.
Clicking the button will present you with a menu containing four options. The Insert option is
only available for use within Design Mode . The table below contains a brief description of the four
menu items.
Menu Option Description
Image… Inserts an image file at the current cursor position
Variable Field… Inserts the response from a specific variable at the current cursor position
Survey Field… Inserts the value of one of the survey settings.
HTML Field… Inserts an HTML tag at the current cursor position (used for web surveys
only).
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Font Example
1. Use [Ctrl] and [Home] to move to the beginning of the
questionnaire. Click in the text of Q4.
2. Use to change the toolbar topic to Font. The toolbar will
alter to show the current settings for Question 4, namely bold
Arial 10 point in black.
3. Click and the question text will be displayed as bold italics
Arial 10. Note that the toolbar is set to Current Style, so all
questions of the same style will also have the question text
displayed as italics.
��
An alternative way of moving between questions is the [Page Up] key to move up one question at a
time and [Page Down] key to move down one question at a time.
4. Select any of the codes, such as Hamburger or French fries,
and the setting on the toolbar will change form from Text to
Codes. Click and all of the codes of Q4 will now be
displayed in CAPS.
5. Changing colours is just as simple. Click to the right of
current setting of Black, and select another colour such as
Navy.
6. Click to the right of current setting of Code Label, and
select (All). Change the colour again and all elements of the
question will be displayed in the new colour.
�� To change the appearance of words, characters or elements within an individual question (or
question element) ensure you are in Design mode with the toolbar topic set to Font. See page
59 for further information.
138

Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
Margins
The Margins determine the amount of space left around individual elements of a question. The elements of
the question that can be altered within Margins are (All), Name, Text, Grid Name, Grid Label, Position,
Codes, Code Value, Data, Check Mark and Code GoTo.
The left, right, top and bottom margins are all pre-set to either 0.00cm for left and right, or 0.05cm for top
and bottom. These can be altered by either using the up and down buttons, or typing in new values.
If (All) is selected, you are able to move the entire question - the name, the text and all of the codes with
their labels. For example, by adjusting the left margin, the entire question will move to the right. If you
increase the top margin, the spacing between the text and codes will increase as will the spacing between the
codes. The effect is to space out the entire question.
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Snap
Numbering
Style Mode Numbering Toolbar
Each of the standard 10 styles has a default numbering style.
For example, a Multi Choice question will automatically be displayed as Q1, Q2, etc; a Grid First will be
Q3a (but the number displayed on the questionnaire will be Q3); a Grid Next will be Q3b, Q3c, etc. (but no
number is displayed).
These are controlled by the Numbering topic.
The Numbering topic displays different options depending on what mode you are working in. Style Mode
allows you to do advanced customisation of numbering styles and the toolbar in this mode is shown
above. The Numbering topic is also available within Design Mode and most numbering changes can
be completed within here. See page 57 onwards for more details.
Design Mode Numbering Toolbar
Using Section Breaks in your document can also be an easy way of implementing a numbering system. See
page 72 for details on this.
140

Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
To view the advanced features within the Numbering
topic, click on the button.
The dialog box as shown on the right is displayed. The
various options contained in this dialog are explained on
the following pages.
To alter the number of a particular question style, click in
the question you wish to change and ensure the question
style name is shown in the style selection box, for example,
“Multi Choice”. By default, individual styles have diferent
number formats, so it is easier to make a change to
individual styles than having “All Styles” selected in the
list and changing all the styles at once.
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Snap
Questionnaire Settings
Prefix
This setting allows you to change the prefix for your
numbering scheme. Type in any number or letter and the
prefix and scheme will be automatically updated. Words of 4
characters or less can also be used.
The Numbering Scheme
The scheme is the arrangement of numbers and letters. Select
the style you would like to apply to the question style by
selecting a number format from the list as shown on the right.
Each number style has up to 4 levels of numbering that can be
shown on the questionnaire. Use the Levels Used option to
display more than 1 level on the questionnaire.
Sections
This drop down box will display Numbers or Letters if
sections have already been inserted into the questionnaire. If
there are no sections in the questionnaire, No sections will be
displayed in this drop-down box. Numbers or Letters can be
selected at this point and section breaks be inserted. The
number scheme in the drop-down above will also change in
accordance with these settings.
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Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
Style Renumber Method
The following settings allow us to display more of the numbering scheme by increasing the number of levels
shown on the questionnaire. The Increment level and Overall settings work together and by changing one
option the other options will automatically change. The sequence of numbers and letters can also be changed.
The following settings allow us to do this.
Levels Used
The number of levels shown within the question scheme
can be changed here. The maximum number of levels for
non sections and lettered sections are 3 and 4 for numbered
sections.
Increment Level
This works in conjunction with the Overall drop-down box
and calculates which number or letter in the number
scheme should be incremented. If increment level is set to
2, the 2 nd number or letter in the number scheme will be
incremented and the Overall drop-down will change to
reflect this. The + will be placed in the 2 nd
number/character position and will be shown in the Overall
box.
The _ underscore will keep the same number as used in the
previous question number format.
The + will increment the number format by one.
143
Overall

Snap
The table below demonstrates different style renumber examples.
Previous
question number
Number scheme
applied to following
question
Levels used Increment level
144
overall
Q6 Q.1.a.1. 2 Increment level 2
Q._.+
Q6 Q.1.a.1 3 Increment level 2
Q._.+. 1
Q2g1 Q.1.a.1 3 Increment level 3
Show Parts
Q _._.+
Question number
Q6a
Q6a1
Q2g2
Below the number settings in the advanced dialog, there are two further control boxes, Name and Grid
Name, which govern the decoration of the question number (Name and/or Grid Name). All characters in
the control box can be turned on or off. If they are greyed out, they are not displayed, if they are in bold then
they are displayed.
~ To turn a character on or off, simply click on it.
~ To reverse the procedure, simply click again on the same character.

Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
This allows you to have various combinations, e.g. Q4), 4., 4). Normally the Grid Name control box would
only be used in conjunction with the Grid First, Grid Next, Open First, Open Next styles or styles based
upon them, but the same principles apply to both boxes.
Displaying Question Numbers
If you don’t want to show the question number
(Name and/or Grid Name) you can turn it off by
choosing Show from the toolbar topic menu,
selecting either Name or Grid Name from the
settings and then de-selecting the Show control
box.
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Snap
Adjusting Question Numbering
By default, Snap will automatically number all questions from Q1 and will store these as the variable names
associated with the questionnaire. However, you have complete control as to whether these numbers are
displayed on the questionnaire, as well as the format of how they are presented. You could, for example,
display Q1 as 1).
? See page 72 for further information on numbering and numbering in sections.
1. Move the cursor to Q1 and use to alter the toolbar
topic to Numbering. On the right of the toolbar there
are three controls. First, the button
where the number scheme and settings are applied.
The second and third controls show the decoration of
the question Name and Grid Name (the elements of
the numbering system to appear on the
questionnaire). Currently this is showing Q and 1,
with the brackets and full-stop showing in grey.
2. In the Name control, click on Q and it will change in
colour from black to grey. On the questionnaire, Q1
will change to 1, with the Q being suppressed.
Similarly, click on ) and Q1 will appear as 1). Click
on Q again and Q1 will reappear.
146

Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
u
Control over the presentation of the numbering of question names does not imply that the names
will be stored differently on the survey. If the Q of Q1 has been suppressed on the questionnaire, it
will still be stored as Q1 in the list of variables.
��
The left-hand control box currently shows Q.1 and control the selection of possible number forms
(schemes) that can be used. For example, questions can be presented as Q1.1, Q1.2, or Q1.A,
Q1.B etc. These features are explained in detail on page 140. If you want to try altering the
numbering of the questions, select any of the options, but be sure to click to instruct Snap to
carry out a renumbering of the questionnaire.
147

Snap
Positions
Position determines the relative position of the
question text and its associated list of codes. Two
settings are available, Question and Code Box.
The Question (text) setting specifies where the text of
the question will appear relative to the list of codes.
The default setting is for the question text to appear
above the list of codes.
If the setting is changed to Beside then the list of
codes is moved up alongside the text of the question
and each is allocated a smaller area.
The Code Box settings for Position can be either
Right, Left, Above or Below and represent the location
of the code boxes in relation to the code label. The
examples above show settings of Right. The example
to the right shows a setting of Left.
148

Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
Two further settings are Above and Below. The following example is set to Above, and may not be
generally applicable for Multi Choice questions.
A better example of the use of Above and Below is to be found in the style of Grid First questions, as in
question 6 of the snCrocodile questionnaire. Here the setting for the codes is Below to place the code box
immediately below its associated code label.
Notice that the labels are aligned centrally above each of the code boxes. This is achieved by setting
Alignment on Code Label to Centre.
149

Snap
Response
You can change the response type for a particular question by selecting that question (or a part of it) and
setting the toolbar topic to Response.
1. Click on the Design Mode button and set the toolbar topics to Response. Note that the
exact appearance of the toolbar will depend on the question currently selected. Selecting a
different question will change the toolbar as appropriate.
2. Select the question required, or a part of the
question required. The toolbar will display the
response types appropriate to that type of
question.
3. Select the response type required by clicking on
the appropriate text or button.
4. If you wish to change the response type for all
questions using the current style, then click the
button. This will also set the
underlying response type for that particular style
so any new questions created with that style
would have the same response type.
For more detailed information about response types see page 251.
150

Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
Show
The Show topic allows individual elements of a question to be displayed on the questionnaire. All elements
are controlled by a simple � in the Show box.
The elements that can be shown on the questionnaire are Name, Text, Grid Name, Grid Label, Position,
Code Label, Code Box, Code Leaders, Code Value, Space Before, Code GoTo, Line Before, Semantic Scale
and Grid Leaders.
It should be appreciated that although certain elements of a question may be excluded from a questionnaire,
such as the question name, these aspects are not totally lost, and can always be displayed at a later time.
The example on the right shows a standard setting
for a multiple-choice question, displaying the Name,
Text, Code Labels, Code Boxes and Code Leaders.
Each of these elements of the question can be
suppressed and the following example now shows
the Text, Code Labels, Code Leaders and Code
Values. The name and code boxes have been
suppressed.
The Code Leaders consist of a line of dots between
the end of the code and the box. This generally
makes completion of the questionnaire easier, but
can be removed, as shown in the example on the
right.
151

Snap
Grid Leaders perform a similar function to the code
leaders, consisting of a line of dots between the end
of the grid label and the box.
Routing instructions/skip patterns can be added to
the questionnaire, by setting a � in the Code GoTo
setting. This will result in the space for the code
labels being reduced and extra space (in a smaller
font) being allocated to the right of the code box.
Free format text can be added that will be printed on
the questionnaire.
There is a limit of 100 characters on a Code GoTo,
but it is recommended that these instructions should
be kept brief.
u
It should be remembered that these instructions do not alter the Not Asked conditions set for
each question. These conditions affect both the data entry and analysis and should be set in the
Variable window, by displaying the Variable Details for the individual variables.
152

Questionnaire Design Topics Snap
Tabs
Individual elements of a question are allocated a percentage of
the area of a question in which the information for that question
is presented. As a default, the settings are Name (10%), Text
(55%), Grid label (25%), Code Offset (10%,) Code Gutter (5%),
Code value (10%), Code GoTo (50%).
If, for example, the value for Name is increased from 10% to
20%, all other elements of the question will be moved to the
right. Increasing the Code Offset from 0% to 30% will move
the list of codes to the right but leave the text of the question in
its original position. It should be noted that the Tabs settings
are influenced by other toolbar topics.
In the examples above, the text of Q9 is set alongside the two
codes of Male and Female. (This has been achieved by setting
the toolbar topic of Position to Question | Beside). Altering
the setting of 55% for Text will reallocate the space allocated
for the question text. However, in the next example of Q3, the
toolbar topic of Position has been set to Question | Above.
Altering the value of Text from 55% will not affect the layout
of the question, as it is automatically allocated as much space
as possible.
153
Name
Name
Code
offset
Grid label
Text
Code
gutter
Code
gutter
Code
values

Snap
Your Notes
154

Reference Window Snap
REFERENCE WINDOW
This section takes you through use of the reference window in questionnaire design.
Contents
156 Reference Window Introduction
157 Reference Window Buttons and Menu Options
158 Opening the Reference Window
159 Opening SurveyPaks
161 Browsing SurveyPaks
162 Using a SurveyPak to Construct a Questionnaire
163 Dragging Whole Topics
164 Using SurveyPak Code Frames
165 Searching for Questions in SurveyPaks
166 Search Expressions
167 Referencing Other Surveys
168 Demographics and Lifestyles SurveyPak
155

Snap
Reference Window Introduction
The Reference Window is designed to simplify the process of creating new questionnaires by offering
facilities to copy questions from two other sources:
� From Snap SurveyPaks. These are pre-assembled collections of questions, headings and code frames
(lists of possible answers to be used in conjunction with multi choice questions), which focus on a
particular subject area. Included, as standard, with every edition of Snap is a copy of the
Demographics and Lifestyles SurveyPak. The questions, headings and code frames available in a
SurveyPak are indexed by sub-topic within topic and a keyword search facility is also built in. Snap
SurveyPaks have the file extension of .wdf, e.g. the file name for the Demographics and Lifestyles
SurveyPak is snDem&Lifestyles.wdf.
� From other surveys that you have already created. You can use the Reference window to copy
individual questions and headings from those surveys into the questionnaire for your current project.
You may also copy individual variables from previous surveys into the Variables (or Questionnaire)
window of your current survey and individual weights from previous surveys into the Weights
window of your new survey.
The following pages describe how to copy items from SurveyPaks and other surveys when constructing a
new questionnaire. The contents of the Demographics and Lifestyles SurveyPak are documented at the
end of this section.
156

Reference Window Snap
Reference Window Buttons and Menu Options
The table below shows all of the menu options relevant to the Reference window.
Button Menu Option Description
File | Reference Open the Reference window.
View | Zoom Out Move a layer further out of the survey/SurveyPak.
Show/hide details of the selected object.
Tailor Reference List to include surveys and/or SurveyPaks in the
reference list..
Copy question/variable/weight to the Clipboard.
Edit | Filter Browse through questions for key word(s).
157

Snap
Opening the Reference Window
The Reference Window is accessed by clicking on the button on the main program toolbar.
1. The window consists of a control panel which includes control
buttons and, initially, the folder and drive being referenced.
2. Below that is a list of available SurveyPaks and/or surveys.
Below that is a description of the highlighted item in the list.
3. You can adjust the amount of space allocated to the list and
description parts by clicking on the dividing bar and dragging it up
or down.
4. The Tailor button is used to view a list of SurveyPaks only,
a list of surveys only, or a list of both.
5. Here, both surveys and SurveyPaks are included in the list. They
can be distinguished by the entry in the Type column of the table.
6. All items included are arranged in alphabetical order by name.
? If you cannot see the description of the SurveyPak or survey highlighted, click on to reveal the
details.
158

Reference Window Snap
Opening SurveyPaks
1. To open a SurveyPak, highlight it in the list and then either use
the Open button or double click on it with the mouse.
2. Within the SurveyPak there are two levels of topics. For details
of the precise contents refer to the documentation for the specific
SurveyPak.
3. As an example, the Demographics and Lifestyles SurveyPak has
at its first level topics such as Personal Information; Household
Information; Socio-economics and so on. The Personal
Information topic, in turn, contains sub-topics of Gender, Age,
Marital status, etc. The questions are contained within each of
these sub-topics.
4. To browse around the topics and sub-topics, select the required
topic/sub-topic and then either use the Open button or double
click with the mouse.
5. To move back out to a list of sub-topics or to a list of topics or
back even to the list of surveys and SurveyPaks, use the Up
button .
159

Snap
6. When questions are being browsed, the selected question
will be shown at the bottom of the window appearing the
same as it would if transferred to a questionnaire. The list in
the upper part of the window shows the response category of
the question.
? If you cannot see the description of the topic or question highlighted, click on to reveal the
details.
7. An alternative method of browsing around
SurveyPaks is to click on the drop-down control to
see a map of the topics and sub-topics within the
SurveyPak. Click on other topics or sub-topics to
change location.
160

Reference Window Snap
Browsing SurveyPaks
Questions and headings in SurveyPaks, when viewed, are shown in the bottom section of the Reference
window. They will be displayed in the style of all questions of that type, as determined by the current
Questionnaire window. Occasionally, space is such that the question or heading is difficult to read. In these
circumstances the zoom control can be used to compensate and adjust the view.
1. View the selected question in the Reference Window.
2. With the mouse pointer over the question view at the bottom of the
window, click on the right mouse button and the zoom control will
appear.
3. Drag the mouse up or down the zoom arrow to select another zoom
setting.
4. When the required setting is reached, release the right mouse button and
the question will be increased in size (if the zoom setting is left greater
than it started) or reduced in size (if the zoom setting is left less than it
started). Once set, the zoom setting will remain in effect.
161

Snap
Using a SurveyPak to Construct a Questionnaire
The following instructions show how to use questions from a SurveyPak in a new questionnaire.
1. It is recommended that the Snap window is maximised on
screen and, within it, the Questionnaire window is
arranged to the right and the Reference window is
arranged to the left.
2. Browse around the SurveyPak to identify the required
question
3. Drag the question from the SurveyPak by clicking on the
image of the question and, keeping the left mouse button
depressed, moving the mouse towards the questionnaire.
4. As an alternative, drag from the entry in the list above.
5. Identify the correct location for the question in the
questionnaire.
6. As the mouse pointer is dragged over the questionnaire it
will change from to one of these three alternatives:
means: Insert the new question before this question.
means: Replace this question with the new one.
means: Insert the new question after this question.
7. When the mouse button is released the new question will
be dropped in the position indicated.
162

Reference Window Snap
Dragging Whole Topics
The contents of entire topics or sub-topics can be dragged onto the questionnaire if required. For example,
the Demographics and Lifestyles SurveyPak includes 29 questions relating to the newspapers and
magazines that the respondent buys and reads.
1. Browse around the SurveyPak until the required topic
or sub-topic has been identified.
2. Click on the entry in the list part and drag the mouse
towards the questionnaire.
3. When the correct position is identified release the
mouse button and the questions and notes within the
topic or sub-topic will all be dropped in place.
4. Note that the cursor will change appearance, as before,
to indicate where the contents of the topic or sub-topic
will be placed.
163

Snap
Using SurveyPak Code Frames
In addition to questions and notes (in the form of headings, sub-headings and instructions), most
SurveyPaks also include sample code frames. These are pre-prepared lists of answers which can be attached
to existing questions.
1. In the questionnaire, identify which question is to have a new (or
replacement) code frame. For example the question here has a 4point
scale going from "Excellent" to "Very Poor".
2. In the SurveyPak, identify the required scale.
3. Use the same drag method used to transfer individual questions
to transfer the selected code frame across to the questionnaire.
4. When over the required question, that is when the cursor appears
as , release the mouse button and the identified question
will have its code frame replaced by the new one.
? The same technique may also be applied to grids of questions. In that case all questions in the grid
will have their code frames replaced by the new one.
164

Reference Window Snap
Searching for Questions in SurveyPaks
In addition to browsing for questions by topic and sub-topic, searches can be made to find all questions
which mention certain words or combinations of words.
1. Identify the topic or topics to which the search is to be
restricted. The search is restricted to the topic shown in the
drop-down control at the top of the Reference window.
2. In the example shown on the right the search will be applied to
the entire Demographics and Lifestyles SurveyPak.
3. Click on the Filter button, and specify the word or words
to be searched for. The example specifies that questions
containing the word ‘shop’ or ‘shopping’ are to be retrieved.
The case of letters is ignored but whole words must be
specified.
4. For example, the search specified here will find questions,
which contain ‘Shop’, but it wil not find questions which
contain ‘shopper’.
5. When the questions matching the criteria have been retrieved
they are presented in the list and the heading changes to reflect
the filter. The example on the right illustrates a wildcard
search on the letters shop (shop*), which will find references to
shop, shops and shopping.
6. To switch the filter off, click on the Filter button, again.
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Snap
Search Expressions
Complex searches can be applied to find questions containing specific combinations of words. The
following table outlines the possibilities:
Specification Searches for ... For example ...
Word Questions which contain word
regardless of case.
Word1OR word2 Questions which include either,
or both, of the two words.
Word1AND word2 Questions which include both
of the specified words,
somewhere.
Word1NEAR word2 Questions which include both
words, in the same piece of text
(that is both in the question text
or both in the same answer
possibility) and within 5 words
of each other.
Word* Use an asterisk, *, to stand for
any number of unspecified
letters.
166
“shop”would find all questions which included
the word ‘shop’ (in either the question text or the
answer text) but not those containing ‘shopping’
or ‘shopper’.
"Shop OR worker" would find all questions
containing the word ‘shop’ or containing the
word ‘worker’ or containing both.
"Shop AND worker" would find all questions,
which contained both words, somewhere.
"Shop NEAR worker" would find questions,
which have occurences of the word ‘shop’
within 5 words of the word ‘worker’. For
example it would find ‘shop worker’ as wel as
‘worker in a shop’.
"Shop*" would find questions containing any
word which began with ‘shop’ such as
‘shopper’, ‘shopping’, as wel as ‘shop’ itself.

Reference Window Snap
Referencing Other Surveys
The Snap Reference window can be used to transfer questions and variables from existing surveys.
1. From the overview level, identify the survey to be used to donate
questions to the one you are working on.
2. If no surveys are visible, use the tailoring option, to make them
available.
3. Open the survey as you would a SurveyPak by either double clicking
on it or by selecting the Open button .
4. Within the survey will be a list of the survey variables, weights and the
survey questionnaire (if the survey contains all these); unlike
SurveyPaks, surveys do not contain any topic or sub-topic information.
5. Open up the list of variables, again by double clicking or by using the
Open button , and identify the required question, variable or
weight.
6. To transfer the question to the current survey, proceed exactly as if
transferring questions from a SurveyPak.
��
Variables and questions from the questionnaire may be dragged into either the Variables or the
Questionnaire window. Weights may only be transferred into the Weights window.
167

Snap
Demographics and Lifestyles SurveyPak
A separate Demographics and Lifestyles SurveyPak disk is included. It contains the following
components:
� The Demographics and Lifestyles SurveyPak, which includes over 600 standard demographic and
lifestyle questions, organised into 9 topics and 75 sub-topics. A copy of this is automatically installed
when the Snap software is installed.
� A sample questionnaire for determining the European Society of Market Researchers (ESOMAR)
standard demographic profile of a respondent.
� Useful lists of contact information for societies and organisations involved with the development of
standards and ethics for conducting survey research work.
� Standard Template Surveys for use with the Survey Constructor Wizard (see page 20).
The Demographics and Lifestyles SurveyPak contains more than 600 questionnaire items ordered into
topic and sub-topic areas designed to be used with Snap’s Reference Window. There are 9 topic areas:
these topics are then split into a number of related sub-topics. The following pages give a brief description
of the contents of this SurveyPak.
Most of the sub-topics contain several different examples of questions on the same theme. For example, the
Age sub-topic contains questions covering age but the questions will be asked slightly differently or the
response categories will vary. This allows you to choose the exact wording and response categories that you
require.
Once the questions have been added to a questionnaire, you can customise them to meet your exact
requirements. This might include changing the question wording or the response categories or deleting the
question altogether.
168

Reference Window Snap
Topic 1: Personal Information
Gender Direct and indirect questions on the gender of the respondent and the
respondent’s children
Age Open and closed questions on the age of the respondent, their date of
birth and those of the respondent’s children
Marital Status Questions on the respondent’s marital status and atitudes toward
marriage
Household Status Questions on the role the respondent holds in the household and his or
her relationship to the head of the household
Education The terminal education age of the respondents, the types of school
attended and the qualifications attained
Religion and Ethnicity The ethnic background and religious beliefs of the respondent and
their regularity of worship
Name and Address Details These questions give the respondent an opportunity to record details of
their name and place of residence
Topic 2: Household Information
Accommodation Questions such as the age and type of housing, number of rooms in the
respondent’s house and the length of time the respondent has lived there.
Ownership Questions related to whether the respondent pays rent, owns their property outright
or has a mortgage
Household
Expenditure
Size and Composition
of Household
Questions about how much money the respondent pays out for household-related
costs
Questions on the number of people in the household, the ages of household
members and the number of family units
Second Home Questions on the ownership of a second place of residence
169

Snap
Demographics and
Household Status
Gender, age, marital status, household status, religion and socio-economic group
for an adult respondent
Household Details Type of housing, home ownership, value and age of property, make up of
household, number in household and monthly mortgage payments.
Topic 3: Socio-Economics
Classifications Official codes for property areas and lifestyle types
Social Status Questions on which social grouping the respondent belongs to and their statusrelated
possessions
Income and Investments Questions on salary, investments and provisions made for retirement
Expenditure Questions on credit and debit card ownership as well as money given to charity
and spent on the National Lottery
Topic 4: Employment and Related Issues
Occupation Questions on such areas as the types of job the respondent does, their occupation,
hours worked per week, length of service and degree of responsibility
Employer’s Business Questions on the type of industry, group and number of employees
Finance Questions related to the income the respondent receives
Other Work Issues Questions about other issues related to the work sphere
Employment Details Employment status, occupation status, professional status, employer's business and
salary.
Topic 5: Goods and Services
Newspapers and Magazines Questions on which Sunday and daily newspapers the respondent buys in
addition to which magazines they buy and how often
Shops and Shopping Questions on which shops the respondent buys products from, frequency of
shopping trips and shopping by mail and the Internet
170

Reference Window Snap
Private Transport Questions on car and bike ownership, the car manufacturer, mileage and type
of fuel used, among other questions
Public Transport Questions such as the frequency of use and respondent’s atitude towards the
convenience of public transport
Communication Questions on such areas as portable phone and facsimile ownership, use of
email and telebanking
Radio and Television Questions and details concerning the radio and television media
Computers and the Internet Questions and details concerning computers and the Internet
Topic 6: Leisure Activities
Sports Questions about the sport activities which the respondent enjoys
Frequency of Leisure Activities Questions about how often the respondent carries out different leisure
activities
Enjoyment of Leisure Activities Questions about how much the respondent enjoys different leisure
activities
Holidays and Weekends Away Questions about the holidays and short breaks that the respondent takes
Music Activities Questions about activities related to music that the respondent enjoys
Other Leisure Activities Questions about other hobbies and pastimes of the respondent
Topic 7: Regions
UK Lists of cities, Unitary and District Councils and other regions in the UK, among others
Europe Lists of European countries, EC Countries and currencies, among others
US Lists of US states and US time zones
World Lists of world time zones and currencies
171

Snap
Topic 8: Scales, Measures and Open Questions
Ratings of Agreement Measurements based on the degree of agreement
Ratings of Clarity Ratings based on how clear an understanding the respondent has of
something
Ratings of Effectiveness Ratings based on how effective the respondent considers something to
be
Ratings of Goodness Measurements based on the level of goodness
Ratings of Importance Measurements based on the level of importance
Ratings of Interest Measurements based on the level of interest
Ratings of Likelihood Measurements based on the level of likelihood
Ratings of Satisfaction Measurements based on the level of satisfaction
Ratings of Value Measurements based on how valuable the respondent considers
something to be
Degrees of Affirmation Measurements based on the level of affirmation
Measures of Absolute Frequency Measurements based on the absolute amount involved
Measures of Distance Measurements based on the distance travelled
Measures of Relative Frequency Measurements based on the relative frequency involved
Measures of Time Measurements based on time, from minutes up to years
Measurements Question responses which require specification of the units of a measure
Open Ended Styles Question responses with open ended variations
172

Reference Window Snap
Topic 9: Headings, Instructions and Messages
Headings Possible headings for a questionnaire
Introductions Preliminary statements for inclusion in the questionnaire
Completion Instructions Instructions on how to fill out the questionnaire
Interview Termination Messages Phrases to place at the end of a questionnaire
173

Snap
Your Notes
174

Other Features Snap
OTHER FEATURES
This section explains some other features relating to the creation of a survey questionnaire.
Contents
176 Zoom
177 Page Setup
181 Printing Questionnaires
184 Spell Check
187 Scanning
188 Exporting a Questionnaire
175

Snap
Zoom
In all three modes of the Questionnaire window the size of the questionnaire can be changed by using the
Zoom button on the toolbar. This will only affect the appearance on the screen; it will not alter the way that
the questionnaire is rendered when printed. The Zoom setting will be stored when the Questionnaire
Window is closed; when it is next opened it will appear as it did when it was closed.
To change the setting, click on the Zoom button on the toolbar; a drop-down list of options, from
25% up to 400%, will appear. Select an appropriate value; the current Zoom setting will be
highlighted. Values smaller than this will shrink the questionnaire, making more questions visible on
screen. Larger values will reduce the amount of content on the screen, but what is there will appear
much larger.
Alternatively, after clicking on the Zoom button, you can type in any value between 25% and 400% and
Snap will zoom in or out to give the view that you have requested.
Zoom operates across the entire questionnaire; it is not possible to increase the size of a single question or a
single style. The standard setting is 100% and it can be adjusted down to 25% of the full size and extended
to 400% of full size.
176

Other Features Snap
Page Setup
Within Snap, the questionnaire page size, orientation,
margins, column and spacing should be adjusted here
rather than accessing File | Printer Setup… which
controls the overall printer definition for areas such as
table and chart production. The example dialog box
shows the standard settings for portrait, but individual
fields can be adjusted.
The most dramatic changes are encountered if the
orientation is set from Portrait to Landscape when the
entire questionnaire will be resized. To create a tri-fold
questionnaire, the page setting should be set to
Landscape and the number of columns should be set to
3. Similarly, changing from 2 columns to 1 will have
the effect of displaying the entire questionnaire in just
one column and this will cause the individual questions
to be stretched across the width of the page.
It should be stressed that within the Questionnaire
window, individual questions can still be displayed in
more than one column, under the toolbar topic of
Columns, but the entire question will fill the width of
the page.
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Snap
The change from two columns to one can be seen in this example, produced with the print option to
produce a preview of the questionnaire.
Satisfaction Survey
Please help us to continue improving the standards in our restaurant by answering a few simple questions.
Q1 Which of the following did you order today?
Hamburgers ......................................................................................................................................................
French Fries......................................................................................................................................................
Pizza .................................................................................................................................................................
Salad00.............................................................................................................................................................
Ice Cream .........................................................................................................................................................
Coffee/tea .........................................................................................................................................................
Soft drink...........................................................................................................................................................
Please specify
Q2 How did you rate the following...
Service
Quality
Price
Q3 Do you have any other comments?
178
Good OK Poor
Q4 Are you...?
Male .................................................................................................................................................................
Female ..............................................................................................................................................................
Q5 What is your age?
Under 25 ...........................................................................................................................................................
25 to 34.............................................................................................................................................................
35 to 44.............................................................................................................................................................
45 to 54.............................................................................................................................................................
55 to 64.............................................................................................................................................................
65 or older.........................................................................................................................................................
The Page Size options automatically change depending on what page size
setting is selected from the page size drop-down list, for example, A4,
Letter, Legal, etc. Whatever is selected will have the effect of resetting the
width and height of the page size of the questionnaire. It does not alter
any of the other settings such as Margin, Columns or Spacing.
The Print as booklet option will arrange the layout of the questionnaire
into a booklet format. This option is normally used with a duplex printer.
The Show field borders option will highlight each of the elements of a
question and this can prove useful when editing.

Other Features Snap
Hide boxes in data/counts suppresses the box used on the blank questionnaire being placed around each of
the values, and this is generally more readable in this form.
Two further dialog boxes, Separating Lines and Headers/Footers, can be accessed from the Page Set-up
dialog box to incorporate dividing lines on the questionnaire and text/graphics in the header and footers.
The button displays the Separating Lines
dialog box. The Style of Column Separators is set to None as
standard, resulting in no vertical lines appearing between the
columns of a printed questionnaire. The style of the line can be
altered to a solid or broken line and the width of that line can be
altered from fine to very thick.
The result of adding separating lines on the columns is only
visible when the Print Preview option is selected.
The Object Separator controls the colour and line styles
displayed when the option Line Before under the Show topic is
turned on.
A header and/or footer can be added to the questionnaire. See
page 74 for further details.
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Snap
Background Images
Bitmap images can be used as a background for the entire questionnaire:
1. Click on the Page Set-up button of the questionnaire
toolbar, then choose the button on the Page Set-up
dialog box. This will cause the Picture dialog box, right, to
appear.
2. To specify a bitmap image file for the questionnaire
background, choose or type the file name.
3. Use the Horizontal and Vertical settings to orientate the bitmap
image. To get one copy of the image occupying the entire
questionnaire background, specify both Horizontal and Vertical
settings as Centre and Stretch. To have a complete background
consisting of the image repeated, set both to Centre and Tile.
4. When complete click on in the Picture and Page
Set-up dialog boxes to load the image into the questionnaire.
Alternatively, you can use or to add colour to the background of the questionnaire:
Solid options Pattern options
180

Other Features Snap
Printing Questionnaires
The button produces a preview of the questionnaire and the option to commit a
copy to print. Individual pages can be viewed and the total number of pages will be
displayed in the dialog box.
The option All Pages will be highlighted as the default, but Current Page can be
selected to print just the page currently shown on the screen. Clicking will
send your questionnaire to the printer.
If you want to return to the questionnaire without printing, simply press .
Multiple copies of the questionnaire can be printed by
clicking on , and if a value greater than
1 is entered, the options to Collate the copies together or
keep them as Separate print jobs.
181

Snap
The output of the report will depend on the current mode.
In Design or Style modes, a blank questionnaire will be
printed. In Data View mode a questionnaire will be
produced showing either Absolute or Percentages for each
question on the questionnaire.
If the current mode is Data View then the report will be for
each selected data case in the survey.
Should this be a multiple page questionnaire, then all pages of the questionnaire for the first selected case
will be printed before the pages for the second selected case. Selecting the Current Page will print the page
for all selected cases. This can allow double-sided printing to be achieved by reversing the printed pages and
printing on the other side.
A Filter option is available when selecting View |
Case Data to limit the cases that will appear in the
report. Once is selected, a count will
appear on the screen of the number of cases that
match the filter criteria. Click to preview and
then print the report.
182

Other Features Snap
Preview and Print a Questionnaire
Snap produces paper copies of your questionnaire by simply pressing the button. Before any
questionnaire is sent to the printer, a preview image is produced on screen to ensure that your layout is
correct.
1. Click to see a preview of the questionnaire on the
screen. The appearance will be exactly the same as
would be produced as a printed copy since the preview
window is controlled by the printer driver.
2. The All Pages option will be highlighted as the default, but the Current Page option
can be selected to print just the page currently shown on the screen.
3. Multiple copies of the questionnaire can be printed using .
Headers and footers are specified in the Page Setup dialog box (see the previous
two pages for details).
4. The option will produce a paper version of your questionnaire and the
option will return to the Questionnaire window.
183

Snap
Spell Check
The Spell Check option can be applied to the text of the entire questionnaire, the text of the variables and the
text of all literal responses in data entry. It is activated by use of the button and the dictionaries used are
specified under the Tailor | Spelling option.
Snap is supplied with 12 standard dictionaries; Each is
held in a separate file with the extension of .lex. The
standard dictionary is selected under the Main
Dictionary File option in the Spell Checker Options
dialog box. In addition, a further dictionary is provided to
store the user's own library of regularly used words that
may not appear in the standard dictionaries. The supplied
dictionary is called custom.dic and further specialist
dictionaries can be created if it is necessary to keep
regularly used and perhaps industry specific words in
their own dictionary.
Snap is configured so that your preferred dictionary is
loaded together with the custom dictionary. If a word is
not located in the standard dictionary, the custom
dictionary is searched. If the word is not located at all but
is valid, then it can be stored in the custom dictionary for
future use. You can change the custom dictionary by
selecting Tailor | Spelling and clicking on . This
produces the Browse Custom Dictionaries dialog box
illustrated on the right.
184

Other Features Snap
Using Spell Check
1. With the Questionnaire window open, click to initiate the
spell checking option. Snap will search the entire questionnaire
from the current editing position of the cursor.
2. Each word with a perceived spelling mistake is displayed in the
dialog box and a list of alternative spellings is provided.
3. Select Ignore to leave a word unaltered, or Change to place the
highlighted alternative into the text of the questionnaire.
4. An "all" option is available on both Ignore and Change to carry
out the same action to all other words of the same spelling.
5. At the end of the questionnaire, Snap will automatically restart
at the beginning and only stop when it has checked the entire
questionnaire. It will then display a message of the number of
words checked and replaced
�� The spell checking is configured to ignore both numbers and partial numbers, so that numbers that
appear in questionnaire, such as Q1, Q2A, 100, 1997 will be ignored. The button
allows for modifications to be made in the operation of the checking.
185

Snap
Spell Check Options
The spell checking options are pre-flagged and fall into two groups, Ignore and Suggest.
Ignore
Words in UPPERCASE. When this option is flagged, any word
in the text that is in all capitals, e.g. IBM, NEC, HAZARD, will
be ignored.
Words with numbers. When this option is flagged, words such
as Q1, Q6B, 12, 99C are all regarded as valid.
Suggest
Always suggest. This option provides a list of alternative words
in the event of an error in spelling being located.
These settings can be deselected or selected.
When a possible error in spelling is detected the Spelling dialog box appears. The buttons have the
following meaning.
Ignore: skip over the word
Ignore All: skip over all instances of the word
Change: replace the word with the one in the Change
To field
Change All: replace all instances of the word with
the one in the Change To field
Add: add the word to the custom dictionary
Suggest: provide a list of suggestions
Options: change the settings listed above
Close: terminate the spell checking process
��
The button only becomes active if you type your own alternative in the Change To
field.
186

Other Features Snap
Scanning
Scanning facilities are available as a separate Snap module. For details of how to use scanning for
questionnaire design see User Guide 7, "Scanning Module".
187

Snap
Exporting a Questionnaire
Rich Text Format
Although Snap has the ability to produce "camera ready" copies of questionnaires, users sometimes need to
export a questionnaire from Snap for access in a word processing package. Snap has the ability to export the
questionnaire in Rich Text Format. This can be accessed by the word processing package for any necessary
editing.
1. Select the menu option File | Export.
2. The Questionnaire Export dialog box will appear. Specify
the Format as Rich Text Format (.RTF).
3. Specify the Destination as File. Specify a file name with
the .rtf extension if you wish to export to the Snap folder.
Alternative file names and locations can be selected using
.
4. Click and Snap will export the questionnaire
to the specified file.
188

Other Features Snap
5. Switch to the word processing software.
6. Select File | Open and locate the file snsurvey.rtf.
7. The questionnaire is held in Rich Text Format, allowing
changes to be made to individual questions or globally.
u
Note that a Rich Text Format file needs the same page layout throughout the questionnaire, so you
cannot have two columns selected on Page Setup and then set individual questions on Full Page.
189

Snap
Windows Metafile Format
You may wish to include a "scaled down" copy of the questionnaire as part of your reports. To do this you
will need to export the questionnaire as a picture (.wmf file).
1. Select the menu option File | Export.
2. The Questionnaire Export dialog box will appear; specify
the Format as Windows Metafile (.WMF).
3. Specify the Destination as File. Specify a file name with
the .wmf extension if you wish to export to the Snap folder.
Alternative file names and locations can be selected using
.
4. Click and Snap will export the questionnaire to
the specified file.
190

Other Features Snap
5. If your questionnaire has more than one page, Snap will
create a separate file for each page, automatically inserting a
number at the end of the file name you have selected.
6. You may now insert the image(s) of the questionnaire into
your report (created in a word processing package) by using
the Insert | Picture | From File menu option (or similar).
191

Snap
Snap Interchange Format (SnIF)
If you wish to transfer your questionnaire contents and layout from an existing Snap survey into a new
survey, then you need to export the questionnaire using the SnIF option.
1. Select the menu option File | Export.
2. The Questionnaire Export dialog box will appear. Specify
the Format as SNAP Interchange Format (SnIF).
3. Specify the Destination as Clipboard or File. Specify a file
name with the .sif extension if you wish to export to the
Snap folder. Alternative file names can be entered and
locations can be selected using .
��
The Include source variables option allows you to export dependants of the questionnaire (e.g.
derived variables).
4. Click and Snap will export the questionnaire to
the specified file or the Windows Clipboard if selected.
5. Close the original survey and start a new survey in the
Survey Overview by clicking on . Click to display
the Questionnaire window.
6. Select the menu option File | Import. The Questionnaire
Import dialog box will appear. Specify the Format as SNAP
Interchange Format (SnIF). If the destination previously
specified was Clipboard then select it again. If File was
chosen originally, then click on to locate the file.
7. Click and Snap will import the questionnaire
into the new survey. Click on to save the questionnaire.
192

Variables Snap
VARIABLES
This section takes you through working with variables and variable types.
Contents
195 Why Two Windows, Questionnaire and Variables?
196 Toolbar Buttons
198 Creating New Variables
199 Editing Variables
200 Cloning/Copying Variables and Variable Codes
201 Deleting Variables and Variable Codes
206 Routing in the Variables Window
206 Viewing Routing
207 Source and Dependents
208 Including Calculations Within the Questionnaire
210 Tailoring Variables
212 Reporting on Variables
213 Moving Variables/Questions Between Snap Surveys
215 Transferring a Partial Survey from Snap to Another Survey Package
217 Transferring a Partial Survey from Snap to SPSS
219 Question Variables
226 Date Formats
193

Snap
228 Note Variable
229 Derived and Compound Variables
234 Numeric Variables
239 Pre-coded Variables
242 Alphanumeric Variables
194

Variables Snap
Why Two Windows, Questionnaire and Variables?
A question viewed in the Questionnaire window and a question viewed in the Variables window both have
some common information: question text, the list of codes and the type of response expected. However, in
each of the windows a lot of other information is held.
In the Questionnaire window, information is held in styles of nearly 40 elements of the question, including
the font, colour, box shape, background and layout.
In the Variable window, information is held on the physical location of the data, how the data is stored, the
order and conditions under which a question is asked. Much of this information does not need to be accessed
by many users, and Snap will automatically generate it. However, other users who are importing data files
from other systems will find this area of the software important to allow them to set up the necessary
specifications.
Essentially all questions in a questionnaire are a form of variable. Whenever a questionnaire is saved, the
questions are accessible via the Variables window. Certain types of variable can only be edited in the
Variables window. All aspects of questions can be edited in the Questionnaire Design Window.
��
A variable in Snap is equivalent to a question on the questionnaire or a field in a database.
195

Snap
Toolbar Buttons
Buttons Used in Variables Window
Button Menu Option Alternative Description
Edit | New [Ctrl] + [N] Create new variable and show variable details.
Edit | Clone [Ctrl] + [O] Clone variable and show variable details.
Edit | Delete [Delete] Confirm then delete current variable.
Edit | Modify [Ctrl] + [M] Show current variable details.
Tailor | Variables Show "Variable Tailoring" dialog box.
Edit | Copy [Ctrl] + [C] Place variable information on the Clipboard.
Edit | Paste [Ctrl] + [V] Create a variable from information on the
Clipboard.
File | Print Report [Ctrl] + [Shift] +
[F12]
196
Display "Variable Report" dialog box.
View | Sources Show "Variable Sources" dialog box.
View | Dependents Show "Variable Dependents" dialog box.
Buttons Used in Variable Details Windows
Button Menu Option Alternative Description
Edit | New [Ctrl] + [N] Create a new code in the variable.
Edit | Clone [Ctrl] + [O] Clone the current code in the variable.

Variables Snap
Button Menu Option Alternative Description
Edit | Delete [Delete] Delete the current code in the variable.
View | Zoom Out View the Variables window.
[Enter] Keep any changes to the variable and close the window.
[Esc] Abandon any changes to the variable and close the
window.
Show or hide question text. Behind the text are the
fields for Source, Length, Sequence and Coding method.
Tailor | Variables Show "Variable Tailoring" dialog box.
Edit | Run Count the responses for this variable and show the count
on the variable details.
Edit | Spell Check [F9] Spell check the variable details.
197

Snap
Creating New Variables
Creating new variables is achieved with the button to display the Variable Details window.
1. Either click to display the Variables window, or use the
menu option View | Variables, or the shortcut option of
[Ctrl] + [R].
2. Click to open the Variable Details window for the new
variable.
3. Snap will prompt you for the next variable name and by
default will create a question multiple variable. Details of the
various fields are explained in the forthcoming pages of this
section.
4. When you have completed the amendments, click on to
save them and return to the Variables window. Alternatively,
click to abandon any changes.
�� If you need to see the fields for Source, Sequence, Coding, Length and Must Answer, click to
hide the question text. Click again to display the question text.
198

Variables Snap
Editing Variables
Once a variable has been created, it is always possible to amend it. Care should be taken to ensure that any
case data already entered does not become "invalidated" by changing fields such as Source and Length.
1. Highlight the variable that you wish to amend and either press [Enter]
or click to show Variable Details.
2. If the survey has many variables, it may be faster to select View | Go
To to display the Select Variable dialog box. Specify a variable name
or a letter and Snap will locate it in the variable list.
3. To see the Source, Sequence and Length behind the text of the
variable, click .
4. To create new codes, place the cursor in either the Label or Values
field and click . A new code will be inserted after the code that is
currently highlighted.
5. As you change the variable, the counts will disappear. To save the
variable at this point, and reload the counts, click , and Snap will
automatically update this variable.
6. When you have completed the amendments, click to save and
return to the Variables window. Alternatively, click to abandon
any changes (if you have not reloaded the counts).
199

Snap
Cloning/Copying Variables and Variable Codes
In any questionnaire there are often questions that are very similar or apparently identical to many other
questions. This is particularly true for attitude questions, where views are being sought on a number of
topics, and the range of possible answers or codes is the same for all questions.
Snap has the ability to copy the contents of one variable to a new variable and change key items of
information such as variable name, sequence and source. The technique is refered to as “cloning”.
1. Highlight the variable that you wish to copy and click .
Alternatively, use the menu option Edit | Clone or the shortcut
option of [Ctrl] + [O].
2. A new variable will be created with a new variable name. If the
original variable had a name such as Q6e, the new one will be
Q6f. If it was simply Q6, the new one will be Q7 (if that name is
available and has not already been used).
3. Snap will increment both the sequence number and the source,
based on the information held in the variable being cloned. Be
sure to check that the new settings are correct, otherwise just
overtype them.
4. Change any question text or variable label information, and when
complete, click on to store the new variable and return to the
Variables window.
200

Variables Snap
Deleting Variables and Variable Codes
From within any survey you are able to delete unwanted variables, and the effects of this action depend upon
whether any raw data has been entered against that variable:
If raw data has already been entered against that variable, it will have been stored on the raw data case in a
specific source and will not itself be deleted. You will have only lost the ability to retrieve and analyse it.
Having deleted a variable, you are always able to add it again, and so long as you refer to the same source
and length as the original variable, the original raw data will be accessed and allocated to the relevant codes.
u
If you create another variable/question, having deleted one whilst there is data in the survey, Snap
will re-use the currently unallocated positions (source). This means that any existing data in those
positions will be picked up by the new variable.
1. Select the variable to be deleted, by highlighting it in the Variables
window.
2. Delete the variable by clicking or by selecting the menu
option Edit | Delete. Alternatively you can just press the
[Delete] key.
3. The Snap Variables dialog box will appear, giving you an
opportunity to confirm that you wish to delete the variable from the
survey.
201

Snap
4. Select the code to be deleted, by highlighting it in the Variable
Details window.
5. Delete the code by clicking or by selecting the menu
u
option Edit | Delete. Click on to save the changes.
If you create another code, having deleted one whilst there is data in the survey, Snap will assign a
new value to that code. On the above example, if code 5 was deleted and then added again it
would have a value of 7, to ensure the integrity of the previously entered data.
202

Variables Snap
Routing in the Variables Window
Routing is normally set up using the Routing Rules dialog within the Questionnaire window. See page 79
onwards for further information. Routing can also be set up in the Variables Window by typing directly into
the Not Asked Value box found within the Variables Details window of a particular question.
There are two methods of specifying the Not Asked condition when setting up routing within the Variables
window:
1. The condition, under which a question isNOT to be asked, is specified in the format of the question name
and the value. If, for example, Q6a is NOT to be asked if the response to Q5 is greater than 55, the Not
Asked value for Q6a would be set toQ5>55. During data entry, Snap checks the value of Q5 and if it is
greater than 55, it will skip on to the next question based on the order of sequence number.
2. An alternative, and often simpler method of defining Not Asked codes is to use the logical operator
UNLESS, and specify the conditions under which a question IS to be asked. If the example above is
used, the Not Asked code of Q6a would be set toUNLESS Q5

Snap
Routing Rules
� Before you type routing in, think carefully about what you actually want the routing to do. Do you
want either statement to be true (Q2=1 or Q5

Variables Snap
Snap routing What this means
UNLESS Q2 NR Only ask this question if the respondent did not answer Q2
Q2 MISSING Do not ask this question if there is an error, not asked or no reply count
in Q2 for this case
Q2 NA Do not ask this question if Q2 was not asked
UNLESS Q3>3 Only ask this question if the respondent has given an answer of greater
than 3 to Q3
UNLESS Q4==3 Only ask this question if the respondent only answered code 3 of Q4.
If question 4 is a multiple response question the respondent will have
given no other answer in addition to code 3.
UNLESS (Q2=2 OR Q4=1) Only ask this question if the respondent answered either code 2 of Q2
or code 1 of Q4
UNLESS (Q2=2 AND Q4=1) Only ask this question if the respondent answered both code 2 of Q2
and code 1 of Q4
UNLESS ((Q2=2 OR Q4=1)
AND Q5>=10)
Only ask this question if the respondent answered either code 2 of Q2
or code 1 of Q4, and gave an answer of 10 or above to Q5
205

Snap
Viewing Routing
The procedure described below will give you an overview of which variables contain routing. If you set up a
Conditionally Ask Question routing rule in the Questionnaire window, a Not ask Value is also created. If Go
To On Answer and Go To After Question routing rules are set up, relative information is automatically set
up in the Goto and Skipped by columns.
1. In the Variables window click on to access the
Variable Tailoring dialog box.
2. Change the Show Counts option from Always to
Never and click on or .
3. Maximise the Variables window by selecting .
4. The Valid, No Reply and Errors columns are not
displayed and the Not Asked column reveals any
routing in variables. The Goto column displays the
target questions and the Skipped by column
displays the question where the routing originates.
206

Variables Snap
Source and Dependents
If a variable contains a mention of another variable within its definition, then Snap will not allow that
variable to be deleted while that dependency remains. These situations arise when a variable is mentioned in
a Not Asked statement, or in a derived variable. Sources (variables used in Not Asked values/a derived
variable) can be viewed with and Dependents can be viewed with .
1. With the variable window open, highlight the variable Q4a and click
.
2. A Sources/Dependents window will show Q4a together with any
variables that are sources of Q4a, namely Q4 which is linked by
means of its Not Asked category. Q4a is only asked if the respondent
answers "Other", code 8, to Q4.
3. To check the variable details of Q4a, simply click to view.
Notice that the name of the source variable (Q4) is inaccessible and it
is not possible to delete Q4 until the Not Asked condition in Q4a is
removed.
207

Snap
Including Calculations Within the Questionnaire
It can be useful in a questionnaire to include calculations to assist in the area of data collection or data
editing. For example, questionnaires regularly ask for levels of involvement in particular areas and expect
the answer to add up to 100%. Snap can be set up to automatically add up the values and show the result
during data entry.
? If you do not want to display the total in the questionnaire you can use a derived quantity variable
instead of a question quantity and put the calculation in the Valid Value field.
1. In the snCrocodile survey you might want to know the
total number in the party (Adults from Q3a plus
Children from Q3b). Using a calculation within a
variable you could then display the total party number.
2. Click in the Variables window and Snap will
open the Variable Details window for the new
variable. Check that the type is set to Question and
change the response to Quantity. Change the name to
Q3c and enter a label of "Total in party".
3. Click on to access the source field.
4. Delete the current source and replace it with the
calculation,Q3a+Q3b.
5. As the cases are entered in the Data window, the
values of Q3a and Q3b will be added together and
displayed in Q3c.
208

Variables Snap
6. You can also set an acceptable range or a single figure in a
question quantity, which is useful if you were totalling
percentages. In a questionnaire that asks for the level of business
in the home market (Q1) as distinct from the export market (Q2)
you might wish to check that the percentages add to 100.
7. This would display the total if it matched the
range/figure, but if the total falls outside the
range/figure then it would be displayed as an error.
8. This can be a useful method of adding up figures
during an interview, particularly when respondents
are asked to split a value or total into a number of
constituent parts.
209

Snap
Tailoring Variables
Although the option Tailor | Variables can be inspected
and modified throughout the program, any changes made
will only be effective when the Variables window is next
opened. To implement alterations to the Variable
Tailoring within the current window, use , or Tailor
| Current Window.
Variable Order
Affects the order that variables are presented in the overview window.
Option Description
Name Variables are arranged in alphanumeric order by name.
Sequence Variables are arranged in ascending order of sequence number. Setting the order to be by
sequence enables a check to be made on sequence numbers allocated by the software, or
updated by the user.
Show Counts
Changes the contents of the list of codes for a variable. If there are many cases or the program is running on
a very slow computer these counts may take some time to calculate.
Option Description
Never Counts are not calculated. The best option for large surveys or slow computers. The
routing is displayed in the Not Asked column when this option is selected.
If variable is active Counts will be calculated if the selected variable is already active (showing counts).
Typically, Snap can produce counts 10 times faster if the variable is active.
Always Whenever a list of codes is generated, a count of data cases for each code will be
produced.
210

Variables Snap
? You are advised to set your Variable Tailoring in sequence order as the Questionnaire window,
Data Entry window (all modes except fast mode) and Results Analysis windows display the
questions in that order.
211

Snap
Reporting on Variables
Summary and full reports can be produced of all variables in a survey or from a specified list.
1. Click to display the Variable Report dialog box.
Alternatively, use either the menu option File | Print
Report, or the shortcut option of [Ctrl] + [Shift] + [F12].
2. The default setting for variable reports is a Summary report of
All (variables).
3. Selective lists of variables are available for a full report (list
each variable, separated by commas or using the word ‘to’),
and Counts will be set according to the Variable Tailoring
dialog box. They will show as None if the Tailor setting is
Never.
4. The button allows access to the Page Setup
dialog box to specify the layout of your report.
5. When selection is complete, press to output the
required report.
Name Label Type Response Codes Sequence Source Length Valid
212
No
Reply
Not
Asked
Q5 How much did you spendQuestion in total? Quantity 1 5000 at (68 to 75) 8 204 0 0 0
Q6a Speed of service Question Single 5 6001 at 76 1 204 0 0 0
Q6b Cleanliness Question Single 5 6002 at 77 1 204 0 0 0
Q6c Parking Question Single 5 6003 at 78 1 204 0 0 0
Q6d Quality of food Question Single 5 6004 at 79 1 204 0 0 0
Q6e Choice of food Question Single 5 6005 at 80 1 204 0 0 0
Q7 How do you rate the overall Question p... Quantity 1 7000 at (81 to 82) 2 -- -- -- --
Q8 Are there any other comments Question ... Literal 1 8000 at (83 to 185) 103 -- -- -- --
Q9 Age Question Single 5 9000 at 186 1 204 0 0 0
Q10 Gender Question Single 2 10000 at 187 1 -- -- -- --
Q11 Please enter your zipcode/pos... Question Literal 1 11000 at (188 to 197) 10 -- -- -- --
Errors

Variables Snap
Moving Variables/Questions Between Snap Surveys
Snap Interchange Format (SnIF) is used to transfer Snap objects (variables) between surveys. For example
if a number of surveys were required to all use the same demographic questions (age, gender etc.), these
could be created in one survey, exported from it into a SnIF format file and subsequently imported into
another Snap survey.
The following example is based on the exporting of a selection of variables from the survey snCrocodile.
The data is exported via the Clipboard, although for large surveys, export via a file may be more appropriate.
1. Select the menu option File | Export to display the Variable
Export dialog box. Specify the Format as Snap Interchange
Format (SnIF).
2. Set the Destination as Clipboard.
3. In the Filter field, specify the names of the variables to be
exported, for example,N4, Q9 to Q10.
4. Click to export the selected variables.
��
If you select the Include source variables option, variables which are associated with those listed
in the Filter field are exported as well. For example, if you exported a derived variable and
selected Include source variables, then the original variable(s) that form the basis of the derived
variable would be exported as well. The same applies to variables containing routing.
5. Select the menu option File | New Survey to close the current
survey and create a new one to receive the selected variables.
Alternatively, open the survey to which you wish to add the
variables.
6. With the Variables window open in the new survey, select the
menu option File | Import to display the Variable Import dialog
box.
213

Snap
? Whether you are adding variables to an existing survey or starting a new survey you will probably
need to use the Generate new variable names option (which re-numbers the imported variables to
the next available question number in the survey) and the Generate new variable positions option
(which changes the source of the imported variables to the next available positions). This avoids
any conflict with existing questions relating to numbering and the source.
7. Set the Source to Clipboard and click to
import the selected variables. The new variables will
be added to the survey with the original label, length
and sequence (and the name and source if the two
generate options are not selected).
214

Variables Snap
Transferring a Partial Survey from Snap to Another Survey Package
Snap is able to export the contents of a survey in a format that other survey analysis packages can import and
read. The format is triple-s and has been developed as a standard interchange format. Snap will also import
triple-s format files from other survey analysis packages.
u
Some survey packages do not yet support the triple-s XML version, in which case you should use
triple-s 1.0 or 1.1, depending on your survey package.
1. Select the menu option File | Export… to display the Variable Export dialog
box. Specify the Format as triple-s XML (SSS) v1.2. Specify the destination
as File.
��
If you select the Include source variables option, variables which are associated with those listed
in the Filter field are exported as well. For example, if you exported a derived variable and
selected Include source variables, then the original variable(s) that form the basis of the derived
variable would be exported as well. The same applies to variables containing routing.
2. Enter the file name or click on to select the
destination and file name. In the Filter field, specify the names of
the variables to be exported, for example, Q1 to Q5.
215

Snap
3. Click and the survey details will be exported. If the
survey includes data, you will be asked if you wish to transfer the
data as well.
4. If you click on Yes, a confirmation dialog box will appear,
indicating that the data will be exported to a file with the same
file name as the SSS file but an .asc extension.
��
Although you export the partial survey from Variables window, if you were to re-import it into
Snap you would do so from the Survey Overview window.
216

Variables Snap
Transferring a Partial Survey from Snap to SPSS
The surveys created in Snap can be exported in a format that can be accessed by SPSS. This format is
exclusively for use with SPSS version 6.1 and above.
1. Select File | Export… to display the Variable Export dialog box.
2. Set the Format to SPSS Data Format (.sav).
3. The destination is File. Either browse to specify the file name and
path or type the details into the field.
4. In the Filter field, specify the names of the variables to be exported,
for example,Q1 to Q5.
5. Click and Snap will export the variables to the specified file,
which can then be opened in SPSS.
217

Snap
��
If you select the Include Source Variables option, variables, which are associated with those listed
in the Filter field, are exported as well. For example, if you exported a derived variable and
selected Include Source Variables , then the original variable(s) that form the basis of the derived
variable would be exported as well. The same applies to variables containing routing.
6. If the survey contains data you will be asked if you wish to
transfer the data as well.
u
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When Snap exports its codes, the .sav export does not deal with No Replies, therefore SPSS is left
with a value of zero and a blank code label. SPSS does have missing values, so you will currently
need to go through every single variable and specify 0 as a No Reply.
If you export a survey from Snap to SPSS and then import it back into Snap, it will not appear in
the same format as the original due to the different ways Snap and SPSS operate.
��
SPSS does not deal with multi choice questions in the same way as Snap. Each element of the
question is set up as a single response. The conversion therefore provides a variable set
containing the grouping (e.g. Q4 in the survey snCrocodile would become Q4_1, Q4_2, etc. after
the conversion) and you will need to specify the grouping in SPSS.
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Although you export the partial survey from the Variables window, if you were to re-import it into
Snap you would do so from the Survey Overview window.
218

Variables Snap
Question Variables
Question Multiple Variable
Question Multiple Variables are used when the information
has been derived from a questionnaire, the possible replies to
the question are in the form of a list, and when more than one
answer can be given, e.g.
Which of the following items did you order? (Check all that
apply)
Hamburger �
French fries �
Pizza �
A Question Multiple Variable can capture raw data coded in any of 3 coding methods with the first method
being the default:
Format Description
Field format Data is stored in comma separated format. The above example has 3 possible answers and
to allow the maximum responses, a length of 5 characters is allocated for the 3 answers plus
a comma separating each answer. If the question has 8 answers, the length increases to 15,
and when the number of answers extends to 12, the length extends to 35, to allow for 12
codes of two characters each (01, 05, 12 etc.), plus 11 commas. See page 270.
Single format Data comprises a series of 1's and 0's, as many as there are codes for the variable. Data for
the example question (above) would occupy 3 positions and a respondent selecting
Hamburger and Pizza would be coded as, 101.
219

Snap
Format Description
Multi format Data can be accepted in the Snap multi punch format. In this method, up to six codes can
be recorded in each position of the source field. Data would be entered against the format
mask, with the code M used to represent up to 6 codes in 1 position, D to represent up to 12
codes in 2 positions, T to represent up to 18 codes in 3 positions, or Q to represent up to 24
codes in 4 positions. This format can only be used with data keyed in Snap.
Each code label can be up to 1000 characters and the values will be stored in whichever method as shown in
the coding field.
220

Variables Snap
Question Single Variable
Question single variables are used when only ONE answer
can be given and the possible replies to the question are in
the form of a list. All variables created within the
Questionnaire window are of a type Question. Up to 2000
individual codes can be created for a question single variable
and the question text can be up to 1000 characters, e.g.
Are you male or female?
Male �
Female �
The fields for a Question Single Variable generally follow the same rules as described earlier in this
section, with the exception of the following:
Length A number between 1 and 3 represents the length of the field being captured. The default setting is
1 and this will allow for up to 9 codes to be created. As the code list extends to 10, the length will
be reset to 2, and when the code list extends beyond 99, it will be set to 3.
Code
values
Pre-defined values are generated from 1 to "n" to represent the valid value associated with the
code label. In the above example, a respondent reply of "Male" will be recorded in the data as a
"1" and a "Female" as a "2". Once the list extends to 10, the length is increased to 2 and valid
answers now become "01", "02" etc.
In the event of the Length field being set to 1, Snap will accept values from 1 to 9 and A to Z as
valid codes in Fast mode of data entry. This results in 35 valid codes being available in one
character position and is how Snap records data in compressed format. An "A" represents the
10th code, a "B" represents the 11th code etc.
Each code label can be up to 1000 characters and the values will be stored in whichever method as shown in
the coding field.
221

Snap
Question Literal Variable
Question Literal Variables are used when the information has
been derived from a questionnaire, and the possible replies
contain combinations of letters and numbers. This may range
from the name of a city or country to a full open-ended
comment, e.g.
What else did you order?
_________________________________
The fields for a Question Literal Variable generally follow the same rules as described earlier in this
section, with the exception of the following:
Length The minimum length is 1 and the maximum is 999 characters. When set up within a
questionnaire, the length is determined by the size of the box allocated to the question (increased
by using [Ctrl] and [+] key, and decreased by using [Ctrl] and [-]). When set up from the
Variables window, the default length is set to 100.
u
If respondent data has already been entered, increasing the length field will result in the source
field being extended to include a new location at the end of the case data record. For example, if
the question literal variable shown above was extended to a length of 150 characters, the source
field might now appear as at (41 to 70, 401 to 520).
Note that if respondent data has already been entered, you cannot reduce the length.
Number of Codes One valid code only,OK
Valid label and value Only one code is created for a question literal variable. The valid label is pre-set to
Valid. (To change the word Valid, access Tailor | Analysis and make any
necessary changes). The value can be either blank to denote that all values are
valid, or as an alphanumeric list (see Lists in user guide 1, “Introduction to Snap
surveys”), e.g. "BA01" to "BZ99". The value can be up to 100 characters in length.
Any value outside this range will be excluded and will be treated as an error.
222

Variables Snap
Question Quantity Variable
Question Quantity Variables are used when the
information has been derived from a questionnaire and
the possible replies to the question are in the form of
numeric characters i.e. digits, plus/minus sign and/or a
decimal point, e.g.
How much did you spend? ����.��
Question Quantity Variables are used to capture
numeric data without classification. A single code will
be created containing all valid responses. Other variable
types, such as derived quantity variables, can be used to
perform calculations on any question quantity variable.
The fields for a Question Quantity Variable generally follow the same rules as described earlier in this
section, with the exception of the following:
Length A number between 1 and 8 to represent the length of the field being captured. The
default value is set to 8. In the example on the previous page, the length could be set
to 5 although the variable would still operate at a length of 8. The source field is
automatically updated after moving out of the length field, the format of which will,
for example, be at (68 to 75) for a variable with a length of 8 characters.
Decimal places A number between 1 and 7 specifying that the data will be stored to that number of
decimal places, even though the valid value might specify a value with more digits
after the decimal place. The default value is 0.
Number of Codes Only one valid code only,OK
223

Snap
Valid label and value The valid label is pre-set to Valid. (To change the word Valid, access Tailor |
Analysis and make any necessary changes). The value should be a numeric list
comprising up to one hundred characters which specifies valid numeric data as either
single items, ranges of items or a combination of both, e.g.: 1 to 25.00. This number
represents the valid range and any value outside this range will be excluded and will
be treated as an error.
224

Variables Snap
Question Date Variable
Question Date Variables are used to collect date information from
a questionnaire. There is a wide range of valid date formats as
shown on the following page, e.g.
Please enter today's date
_________________________________
The fields for a Question Date Variable generally follow the same rules as described earlier in this section,
with the exception of the following:
Length The length is pre-set to 20 characters when created in the Questionnaire window. This
provides sufficient space to record a date in any format, including the month and year
recorded in full.
Number of Codes Only one valid code only,OK
Valid label and
value
Only one code is created for a Quantity Date variable. The valid label is pre-set to
Valid. (To change the word Valid, access Tailor | Analysis and make any necessary
changes). The Value can be left blank in which case any date that is accepted as valid,
can be entered. Snap will check the format of any date to ensure that it meets the criteria
as described on the next page.
If only a certain range of dates is valid, this can be set up in the Values field of the OK
code. Snap will check the dates as they are entered in the Data window to ensure that
each one is of a valid format and each one is within the range specified. The example
shows a valid range of dates between November 6, 2002 and February 2, 2003.
225

Snap
Date Formats
Snap will support a wide range of date formats and it is perhaps best to describe the rules for each of the
components of a date, namely the day, the month and the year. Note also that:
� All dates are based on the Gregorian calendar. Accordingly, the year 2000 was a leap year.
� Any calculations of time between two dates that straddle the millennium, e.g. Dec 14 99 to Jan 13 00,
will operate correctly.
Day
The day number must appear in the range 1 to 31, with optional leading zeros. For example, 01,02 etc. are
acceptable. The validity of a day number will be checked in conjunction with the month. For example, 31
September will be invalid. In the case of February, the year will also be checked for the occurrence of a leap
year.
The day number can appear before the month, e.g. 1 Jan, or after the month, e.g. Jan 1.
Day suffixes such st, nd, rd, th are not necessary but are accepted.
Local rules for date, such as the US standard of Month/Day/Year, will be recognised. Consequently,
01/05/97 will be calculated as January 5, 1997 in the US and May 1, 1997 in the UK. The computer date
settings control these formats.
The day number must be separated from the month by either a full stop (.), a hyphen (-) or a slash (/) or, if
the month is expressed as a word, by a space.
In the special case where the month name is given before the day number, a comma can be used to separate
the day and year, e.g. January 5,1997
Month
The month can appear in full, e.g. January, or abbreviated to the first 3 characters, e.g. Jan, or as a number,
e.g. 01.
The only exceptions to the 3-character abbreviation rule are July which can be Jul or Jly, and September
which can be Sep or Sept.
226

Variables Snap
The month must be separated from the day and the year by either a full stop (.), a hyphen (-) or a slash (/) or,
if the month is expressed as a word, by a space.
Year
The year number can either be the last 2 digits, e.g. 97, or the full year, e.g. 1997. If the two digit number is
used, it is assumed that the year is 1930 or after. Then 97 will represent 1997, 00 will represent 2000, 29
will represent 2029. To represent any year before 1930 or any date after 2029, you should include all digits,
e.g. 1929.
The year must be separated from the month by either a space, a full stop (.), a hyphen (-) or a slash (/).
� All dates are based on the Gregorian calendar. Accordingly, the year 2000 was a leap year.
� Any calculations of time between two dates that straddle the millennium, e.g. Dec 14 99 to Jan 13 00,
will operate correctly.
? The date is set by the Regional Settings option in Start | Settings | Control Panel. However,
sometimes these settings do not get stored properly so it is necessary to edit the win.ini file (found
in the Windows or Winnt folder on the PC). Locate and open the win.ini file via Windows
Explorer, search for the section headed [Intl] and then edit the long/short date format as required.
227

Snap
Note Variable
Note variables are used to create titles, sub-titles and
instructions in a questionnaire with up to 1,000 characters in
the text field of each note variable.
They can be used anywhere in the questionnaire and their
appearance can be changed within the questionnaire to suit
individual needs.
They differ from all other variable types in that a Note does
not have an associated response, source or length field. It
does have a label and a text field.
The sequence number determines the location of a Note
variable in the questionnaire.
228

Variables Snap
Derived and Compound Variables
Derived and Compound Single Variable
Derived and Compound Single Variables are used to combine other variables in the survey to generate
new results. These new results might be required for three reasons:
To create complex tables axes: the survey being analysed
may have asked for the respondent's sex and age and you
want to combine both of these to show on a table and have
categories of:
Males under 25
Males over 25
Females under 25, etc.
To create complex filters: if analyses have to be repeated regularly and involve complicated filters, then it is
advisable to have a derived or compound variable to store each filter, e.g.: regular tables of female car
drivers in region 3, set up a derived variable (V1) which has the required filter as one of its codes:
SEX=2 AND DRIVER=1 AND REGION=3
Then simply specify the filter as that code of the variable:V1=1
To create new values: these values are themselves used in the specification of more complex derived
variables. There is no limit to the complexity of such variables.
There is no functional difference between derived and compound variables.
The fields for a derived single variable generally follow the same rules as described earlier in this section,
with the exception of the following:
229

Snap
Source &
length
There is no source field or length field as the variables refer to other variables that have their
own source and length.
Value(s) A logical formula comprising up to 100 characters (see Formulae in User Guide 1,
“Introduction to Snap surveys”). One formula is entered for each code.
? With a single response variable a case/respondent can only fall into one of the categories/codes.
? If more than one formula could be true for any case, use a compound or derived multiple variable.
u
With each case Snap looks at the value for the first code. If the value formula is met by the case
then Snap moves on to a new case; if the value formula is not met by the case then Snap moves onto
the next code until it does (or doesn’t) find a value formula that ties up with the case.
This type of variable is not visible in the Questionnaire, Interview or Prompted mode of data
entry.
230

Variables Snap
Derived and Compound Multiple Variable
Derived and Compound Multiple Variables are widely
used to combine values of one variable with the values of
another variable. Whereas data can only appear in one
code in a derived single or compound single variable, it
can appear in any number of codes within a Derived or
Compound Multiple Variable. For example:
"Males under 18"
"Males under 24"
"Males under 44"
"All males"
Derived and Compound Multiple Variables can also be used for building complex filters, search criteria
and table axis specifications.
The fields for a Derived Multiple Variable generally follow the same rules as described earlier in this
section, with the exception of the following:
Source and length There is no source field or length field as the variable refers to other variables that have
their own source and length.
Value(s) A logical formula comprising up to 100 characters (see Formulae in User Guide 1,
“Introduction to Snap surveys”). One formula is entered for each code.
? Snap checks the case/respondent against each code of the multiple response variable to see if it
u
corresponds to the value formula.
This type of variable is not visible in the Questionnaire, Interview or Prompted mode of data entry.
231

Snap
Derived Quantity Variable
Derived Quantity Variables have a single valid code and are
used to perform numeric calculations on other variables. In the
example shown, a Derived Quantity Variable is used to add
the values recorded in two other variables. (The example is not
taken from the Crocodile Customer Satisfaction survey, but
details of using calculations are to be found in the worksheet on
Including calculations in a questionnaire). This example adds
Q1, which asked for the percentage of business in the home
market, and Q2, which asked for the percentage of export
business. In theory the two values should add up to 100%. To
check this, the variable TOTAL is created and the result of the
calculation can be displayed in a statistics table for verification
purposes.
The fields for a Derived Quantity Variable generally follow the same rules as described earlier in this
section, with the exception of the following:
There is no source or length field as the variable refers to other variables with their own source and length.
Decimal places A number between 1 and 7 specifying the accuracy of the data
Valid value A numeric formula comprising up to 100 characters (see Formulae in User Guide 1,
“Introduction to Snap surveys”). For example:
u
NUM Q4 to count the number of individual responses given in a Multiple Response
question
Q2+Q3 to add the value of two other variables together.
Q4*Q5 to multiply the value of two other variables
Q4*1.4355 to multiply the contents of another variable by a constant value
This type of variable is not visible in the Questionnaire, Interview or Prompted mode of data
entry.
232

Variables Snap
Derived Date Variable
Derived Date Variables are used to perform calculations on
other variables, the result of which will be stored as a date.
For example, if Q1 was "When did you start your holiday?" and
Q2 was "How many days did you stay?, a Derived Date
Variable could be created to calculate the date of leaving.
The variable shown here is called DLEAVE and the single OK
value is set toQ1+Q2, resulting in a date being stored.
Q1 was set as a question date to record the start; Q2 was set as a
question quantity to record a number of days.
The fields for a Derived Date Variable generally follow the same rules as described earlier in this section,
with the exception of the following:
There is no source or length field as the variable refers to other variables that have their own source and
length.
Valid value A logical formula comprising up to 100 characters (see Formulae in User Guide 1,
“Introduction to Snap surveys”).
u
At least one of the variables described in the logical formula must have a response of date,
otherwise Snap will be unable to compile the variable and save it with the survey.
Valid values include:
Q1+Q2 where Q1 is a date and Q2 is a quantity
Q1+100 where Q1 is a date and 100 days is added.
today-Q2 where the number of days in Q2 is subtracted from today's date (taken from the
PC settings) to generate a date.
This type of variable is not visible in the Questionnaire, Interview or Prompted mode of data
entry.
233

Snap
Numeric Variables
Numeric Single Variable
Numeric Single Variables are used in the analysis of
replies to questions where the data is coded using digits,
plus/minus sign and/or a decimal point. This variable type
could be used to band a question quantity (with the name
of the question quantity as the source) or for analysing data
from external sources. As a single response variable is
defined, the respondent can choose only one answer, e.g.
What is your age? ���
Unlike a Question Quantity Variable, which has a single
valid code, a Numeric Single Variable has up to 2 000
valid codes. However, a Numeric Single Variable will
not appear in a printed questionnaire, or on a data entry
screen in Questionnaire, Interview or Prompted mode.
The fields for a numeric single variable generally follow the same rules as described earlier in this section,
with the exception of the following:
Length A number between 1 and 8 to represent the length of the field being captured. The source
field is automatically updated after moving out of the length field, the format of which will,
for example, be at (30 to 31) for a variable with a length of 2 characters.
234

Variables Snap
Code labels
and values
u
Each code label can be up to 100 characters in length. Each code value can be up to 100
characters to represent the valid numeric data as single items, ranges of items or a
combination of both. For example:
Code Label Value
1 Under 18 1 to 17
2 18-25 18 to 25
3 Over 25 26 to 110
When lists of numbers are specified, use commas, e.g.18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25.
When ranges of numbers are specified, either the word "to" or the tilde sign (~) is used, e.g.
1~17, 18 to 25.
Although the minus sign can be used in the code label, e.g.18-25, it must not be used in the code
value to represent "to" as it will be regarded as a calculation, subtracting 25 from 18.
235

Snap
Numeric Multiple Variable
Numeric Multiple Variables are similar to numeric single
variables, except that data can fall into more than one
group. When collecting continuous numeric values it is
sometimes difficult to predefine the data into ranges. By
using a Numeric Multiple Variable it is possible to test
out a number of different range specifications and more
quickly identify a possible solution, e.g.
What is your age? ��
Although each respondent can only give a single response for his/her age, the analysis could be organised
into a number of overlapping groups. For example: "Under 18", "16 to 21", "18 to 25" and "25 and over".
The fields for a Numeric Multiple Variable generally follow the same rules as described earlier in this
section, with the exception of the following:
Length A number between 1 and 8 to represent the length of the field being captured. The default
value is set to 8. In the example above, the length should be set to 3. The source field is
automatically updated after moving out of the length field, the format of which will, for
example, be at (30 to 31) for a variable with a length of 2 characters.
236

Variables Snap
Code
values
u
u
Each code label can be up to 100 characters in length. Each code value can be up to 100
characters to represent the valid numeric data as either single items, ranges of items or a
combination of both. For example:
Code Label Value
1 Under 18 1 to 17
2 16-21 16 to 21
3 18-25 18 to 25
4 Over 25 25 to 99
When lists of numbers are specified, use commas, e.g.18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25.
When ranges of numbers are specified, either the word "to" or the tilde sign (~) is used, e.g.
1~17, 18 to 25
Although the minus sign can be used in the code label, e.g.18-25, it must not be used in the code
value to represent "to". It will be regarded as a calculation, subtracting 25 from 18.
This type of variable is not visible in the Questionnaire, Interview or Prompted mode of data
entry.
237

Snap
Numeric Quantity Variable
Numeric Quantity Variables are used to capture numeric
data without classification. A single code will be created
containing all valid responses. In format, it is similar to a
Question Quantity Variable, but cannot be incorporated
into a printed questionnaire or used in Questionnaire,
Interview or Prompted mode of data entry. This type of
variable can be used in analysing data from external sources,
e.g.
What was the weight of the package?
Other variable types, such as Derived Quantity Variables,
can be used to perform calculations on any Numeric
Quantity Variable.
The fields for a Numeric Quantity Variable generally follow the same rules as described earlier in this
section, with the exception of the following:
Length A number between 1 and 8 to represent the length of the field being captured. The default
value is set to 8. In the example above, the length is set to 7 because there are a total number
of 7 digits that can be accepted, including the decimal place. The source field is automatically
updated after moving out of the length field, the format of which will, for example, be at (22
to 28) for a variable with a length of 7 characters.
Decimal
places
Valid label
and value
A number between 1 and 7 specifying that the data will be stored to that number of decimal
places, even though the valid value might specify a value with more digits after the decimal
place. The default value is 0 and in the above example, it is set to 4.
The valid label is pre-set to Valid. (To change the word Valid, access Tailor | Analysis and
make any necessary changes). Only one code exists for a numeric quantity variable. The
value should be a numeric list comprising up to 100 characters which specifies valid numeric
data as either single items, ranges of items or a combination of both, e.g. 0.01 to 23.9999.
This number represents the valid range and any value outside this range will be excluded and
will be treated as an error.
238

Variables Snap
Pre-coded Variables
Precoded Single Variable
Precoded Single Variables are used in the analysis of
replies to questions with a predefined list of coded answers
and where the respondent can choose only one. They
operate in a similar fashion to question single variables,
except that it is not possible to included pre-coded variables
in a printed questionnaire or in Questionnaire, Interview or
Prompted mode of data entry. This type of variable can be
used in analysing data from external sources, e.g.
Are you male or female?
Male �
Female �
The fields for a Precoded Single variable generally follow the same rules as described earlier in this
section, with the exception of the following:
Length A number between 1 and 3 represents the length of the field being captured. The default setting is
1 and this will allow for up to 9 codes to be created. As the code list extends to 10, the length will
be reset to 2, and when the code list extends beyond 99, it will be set to 3.
Code
values
Pre-defined values are generated from 1 to "n" to represent the valid value associated with the
code label. In the above example, a respondent reply of "Male" will be recorded in the data as a
"1" and a "Female" as a "2". Once the list extends to 10, the length is increased to 2 and valid
answers now become "01", "02" etc.
In the event of the length field being set to 1, Snap will accept values from 1 to 9 and A to Z as
valid codes. This results in 35 valid codes being available in one character position and is how
Snap records data in compressed format. An "A" represents the 10th code, a "B" represents the
11th code etc.
239

Snap
Precoded Multiple Variable
Precoded Multiple Variables are used to analyse data from
questions with a pre-defined list of coded answers, where the
respondent can choose any, all, or none of those answers, e.g.
Which countries have you visited?
Australia �
Japan �
UK �
USA �
A Precoded Multiple Variable can capture raw data coded in any of 3 coding methods with the first method
being the default:
Format Description
Field format Data is stored in comma separated format. The above example has 4 possible answers and
to allow the maximum responses, a length of 7 characters is allocated for the 4 answers plus
a comma separating each answer. If the question has 6 answers, the length increases to 11,
and when the number of answers extends to 10, the length extends to 29, to allow for 10
codes of two characters (01, 02, 05 etc.) each plus nine commas. See page 270.
Single format Data comprises a series of 1's and 0's (binary format) - as many as there are codes for the
variable. Data for the example question (above) would occupy 4 positions and a respondent
visiting the USA and the UK would be coded as 0011.
Multi format Data can be accepted in the Snap multi punch format. In this method, up to six codes can
be recorded in each position of the source field. Data would be entered against the format
mask, with the code M used to represent up to 6 codes in 1 position, D to represent up to 12
codes in 2 positions, T to represent up to 18 codes in 3 positions, or Q to represent up to 24
codes in 4 positions.
240

Variables Snap
u
This format can only be used with data keyed in Snap.
Each code label can be up to 1000 characters and the values will be stored in whichever method as shown in
the coding field.
241

Snap
Alphanumeric Variables
Alphanumeric Single Variable
Alphanumeric Single Variables are widely used in
analysing data from external sources, particularly when
the replies are held as characters and/or numbers and then
coded in the variable in up to 2000 groups or codes. The
response of single indicates that the respondent can only
select one answer from the list, e.g.
Which airport did you fly from? ���
(Enter the 3 character International Airport code, e.g.
Heathrow=LHR)
This type of variable may be used to capture data where the coding method used is not compatible with the
pre-defined codes used by a Precoded Single Variable. The data is usually easier to recognise in its raw
state of letters and numbers. For instance, in the above example, the responses could be coded using the
three letter codes for each airport, i.e. LHR, for London Heathrow, JFK for New York etc.
The majority of fields for this variable are of a form as previously described, with the exception of:
Length A number between 1 and 999 to represent the length of the field being captured. The source
field is automatically updated after moving out of the length field, the format of which will, for
example, be at (10 to 12) for a variable with a length of 3 characters.
242

Variables Snap
Code
values
u
A minimum of 1 code and a maximum of 2000 codes are permissible. Each code can have a
label of up to 100 characters and a value of up to 100 characters, e.g. LHR
If lower and upper case values are both expected, then both values would need to be recorded.
For example:LHR,lhr
If two or more values are to be grouped together into one code, for example Heathrow and
Gatwick to form "London", the label would be set to London and the value would be set to the
values expected, namelyLHR,LGW
If the values might be right justified, the values should be set in quotes, for example " LH".
The space is required to indicate the location of the characters.
This type of variable is not visible in the Questionnaire, Interview or Prompted mode of data
entry.
Alphanumeric Multiple Variable
Alphanumeric Multiple Variables are used in the analysis
of replies to questions where the respondent can choose more
than one answer and where the data is coded using
combinations of letters and numbers, e.g.
Which airport(s) would you have preferred?
��� ��� ��� ��� ���
(Enter 3 character International Airport Code for each airport,
e.g. Heathrow=LHR)
LHRHKGJFK followed by 3 blank characters to make up the total of 12.
The fields for an Alphanumeric Multiple Variable generally follow the same rules as described earlier in
this section, with the exception of the following:
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Snap
Length A number between 1 and 999 to represent the total length of the field being captured. The
length must be divisible by the item length. The source field is automatically updated after
moving out of the length field, the format of which will, for example, be at (30 to 41) for a
variable with a length of 12 and an item length of 3 characters.
Item length The length of the raw data to be referenced for each possible response expressed as a number
between 1 and 16. The item length must produce a whole number when the length is divided
by it (see above).
Value(s) An alphanumeric list comprising up to 100 characters. Upper and lower case letters will form
different values. If the data is left justified, then answers that do not use the full item length
will be assumed to have blanks for the remainder of the length. However, if the data is to be
right justified then leading spaces will be necessary and the entire value must be specified in
quotation marks. For example:
u
LONDON left-justified data
" LONDON" right-justified data
LONDON, london upper & lower case
This type of variable is not visible in the Questionnaire, Interview or Prompted mode of data
entry.
244

Variables In Detail Snap
VARIABLES IN DETAIL
This section gives you more details of the technical aspects of the variables.
Contents
246 Name
248 Label
249 Type
251 Response
255 Text
257 Codes
258 Code List
259 Errors
260 Not Asked
261 No Reply
262 Code Label
264 Value
265 Counts
266 Source
269 Sequence
270 Length
271 Coding
272 Must Answer
245

Snap
Name
The Name of the variable is used throughout Snap to reference a
particular question on the questionnaire. It should have a letter as
the first character and be no longer than 16 characters in length.
The letter Q is reserved as the first letter of variables of type
Question. The other 7 characters can be any number, letter or
other valid character, including the full stop (.).
Examples of valid names Q1, Q1A, Q1.1, Q1.b, QA, AGE, age.grp
COUNTRY, V1, V100.1, V1_2,
QUALIFICATION
Examples of invalid names 1 or 1.1 (neither start with a letter A-Z),
QUALIFICATION
AGE/GRP (invalid / character used)
The default naming convention for all variables other than those of type Question is to start with the letter V.
For example V1, V100, but this can be overwritten.
246

Variables In Detail Snap
Each variable name must be unique. If an attempt is made to save a
variable with the same name as an existing variable, Snap will first
highlight the variable name in red and a warning message will
appear. The variable will not be saved.
Upper case or lower case letters may be used in names but they are
considered equivalent, for example, AGE, Age and age will be
treated as the same variable name.
247

Snap
Label
The Label is a full description of the variable that will appear in the data window and on all analysis reports.
This is not to be confused with the question text, which will appear on a printed questionnaire and on the
screen when interviewing.
The maximum limit on the number of characters in the variable label is 1000, but care should be taken to set
up labels of a sensible size. Using long labels as the column of a table will be okay, but may appear cramped
if used as the row of a table.
The text of the variable label is automatically set up when creating the question text in the Questionnaire
window. A copy of the full question text is copied to the variable label field and truncated to 45 characters.
It can therefore be taken as a short form of the full question text.
The text of the variable label is automatically
introduced into the Label field of the Results
Definition dialog box, when a variable is specified in
the analysis field or the break field. Snap has the
capability to apply substitution within a variable
label, i.e. the label of one variable can be fed into the
label of a subsequent variable. Simply type the
reference into the label field, e.g. Amount spent on
{Q1}. Note that you must use the braces (curly
brackets) and the reference must be to the name of a
variable that precedes the current one.
When a variable containing a text substitution
reference is used in results, such as charts and tables
or the Data View mode of the questionnaire window,
it displays the referenced variable's label, e.g.
Amount spent on items ordered.
248

Variables In Detail Snap
Type
There are a total of 7 Types of variable within Snap and the most
widely used variable type is a Question Type. It is the only variable
type that can be presented in any questionnaire layout.
The full list of Question Types is:
Type Description
Question The most commonly used (and the default) variable type in Snap, allowing for a full range of
questions from single or multiple response, literals, quantities/numbers or dates.
This is the only variable type that can be included in a printed questionnaire, or in
Questionnaire, Prompted or Interview mode of data entry, other than a Note type, which
is used for Titles, Sub-titles and Instructions.
Derived Deriving combinations of codes, or performing calculations on other variables to generate
new values. For example, a category of "Male Under 25" would be a combination of the
value for "Male" in one variable and "Under 25" in another variable.
Note Headings and notes can be prepared within the questionnaire and are stored as variables.
Precoded Defining questions with only coded responses, either single or multiple. Widely used with
the fast mode of data entry, or for defining survey files being imported from other systems.
Numeric Defining numeric data fields of up to 8 digits in length. Widely used with the fast mode of
data entry, or for defining survey files being imported from other systems.
249

Snap
Type Description
Alphanumeric
Both alphabetic and numeric data being grouped into as many as 2000 categories or codes.
Widely used with the fast mode of data entry, or for defining survey files being imported
from other systems.
Compound Combining together the values of other types of variables, in a similar manner to a derived
variable.
250

Variables In Detail Snap
Response
Each type of variable has an associated response, and it is the categorisation of data that defines the
particular usage of each variable type:
Response Contents Example
Single A question with a pre-set list of possible
answers (maximum of 2000), only one of which
can be given or ticked.
Multiple A question with a pre-set list of possible
answers (maximum of 2000), any number of
which can be given.
Quantity A question designed to collect numeric
information in the form of digits, + or - signs
and decimal points.
Literal A question designed to collect any character
information, including both letters and numbers
of up to 999 characters.
Date A question designed to capture dates in a wide
range of formats, entering the day, month and
year. Allowances are made for different
international standards. Up to 20 characters are
allocated to store the date.
251
Are you male or female? Single reply
given, either Male or Female.
How do you rate the quality of service?
Possible replies given in the range "Very
good" to "Very poor".
Which of the following items did you order
today?
How much did you spend in total?
What else did you order?
Are there any other comments that you
would like to make?
Please enter today's date.

Snap
Response Contents Example
None If a heading is created in the questionnaire, then
the Type will be set to Note and the Response
will be set to None. No other variable type can
use the response of None.
252
Customer Satisfaction Survey
Dear customer ........
Most questions fall clearly into one of the above responses. However, in our experience, questions set up to
be single response are often regarded as multiple response when the questionnaire is actually completed.
Instead of selecting one category, the respondent ticks more than one. If you feel that this situation may arise
with any particular question, you would be advised to set it up as multiple. Changing from single to multiple
at a later stage is possible, but is best avoided.
The two question types of Multi Choice/Grid and open-ended each have an associated Response topic, to
specify the number and format of possible replies.

Variables In Detail Snap
Multi Choice (Grid): Single or Multiple
Multi Choice questions provide a list of up to 2000 possible answers and the response can be set to Single
(to allow for one and only one answer to be given) or Multiple (to allow for any number of answers to be
given).
The default setting for Multi Choice questions is Multiple ensuring that in all situations the replies can be
entered and analysed. Questions are often designed with an expectation that only one answer will be given,
and a single response is anticipated. However, when the questionnaires are completed, a different
interpretation might arise from the question and more than one answer is given.
In the event of changing between Single and Multiple, Snap will reorganise the space allowed for each
answer. If no data has been entered from completed questionnaires, Snap will reallocate the space
(represented as Source in the Variable Details window, see page 266) of all questions in the questionnaire.
In the event of data already existing from completed questionnaires, Snap will allocate any extra space
required, at the end of each data record.
When making changes to the response options, the Style Selection Box setting on the questionnaire is
irrelevant. If you wish to change an individual question, simply click on the response required. If you wish
to change the response of all questions of that style, then select the response required and click on
. This button also changes all questions using a style based upon the one being amended, e.g.
unnamed and renamed styles.
��
The default setting for Grid First and Grid Next is Single response.
253

Snap
Open Ended/Other: Quantity, Literal or Date
Open Ended questions provide a single box or line(s) to gather either text or numbers. The Response can
be set to Literal (to gather any free format text including characters or numbers), or Quantity to gather just
numeric data, which includes digits together with the symbols for positive (+), negative (-) and decimal
places (.). No currency characters can be entered in a quantity response. The third alternative is a Response
of Date, which allows you to collect a date value in a range of different formats (see page 226 for further
details on Dates).
In the event of changing between Quantity, Literal and Date, Snap will reorganise the space allowed for
each answer, in one of two ways:
If no data has been entered from completed questionnaires, Snap will reallocate the space (represented as
Source in the Variable Details window; see page 266) of all questions in the questionnaire.
In the event of data already existing from completed questionnaires, Snap will allocate any extra space
required, at the end of each data record.
Snap automatically allocates 8 characters (i.e. a length of 8) for a quantity response, 20 characters for a Date
Response and allocates a number of characters equivalent to the size of the box/area created for a literal
response question (up to 9999 characters). The number of characters allocated for a Literal is determined by
the size of the box/line and the font setting for the Data element of the question. For example, a full line/box
in Arial 10 font will allocate 24 characters for the variable. If the font is reduced to Arial 6, 40 characters are
allocated, and for Arial 4, it represents 59 characters.
When making changes to the response options, the Style Selection Box setting on the questionnaire is
irrelevant. If you wish to change an individual question, simply click on the response required. If you wish
to change the response of all questions of that style then select the response required and click on
. This button also changes all questions using a Style based upon the one being amended, e.g.
unnamed and renamed Styles.
254

Variables In Detail Snap
Text
Up to 9999 characters of text can be placed in the
text field of a variable. This text will appear as
the question in the questionnaire window, and
also in the data window when in questionnaire or
interview mode.
Snap has the capability to apply substitution
within the text field of a variable, i.e. the response
of one variable can be fed into the text of a
subsequent variable. Simply type the reference
into the text field, e.g. "How much did you spend
in total on {Q1}?" Note that you must use braces
(curly brackets) and the reference must be to the
name of a variable that precedes the current one.
The result of the text substitution will be visible
in the questionnaire and interview modes of data
entry and in the Data View mode of
questionnaire design.
255

Snap
Source (substituted) question type Result of substitution
Single The code label of the selected response.
Multiple The code labels separated by "," or "and". For example, "A, B and
C". The separator can be changed by selecting Tailor |
Advanced…, clicking on the tab marked General and setting the
separating character or text in the section marked Multi response
variables.
Quantity
Date
Literal
? The 'and' inserted when the referenced variable is a multiple response can be changed if the survey
u
The reply given by the respondent.
is to be conducted in a language other than English. The settings for this option are stored in the
Snap8.ini file (to be found in the Windows folder on your PC). To change the separating
character, select Tailor | Advanced…, click on the tab marked General and set the separating
character or text in the section marked Multi response variables.
Note that once you have used text substitution, you will be unable to renumber/rename the
referenced variable.
256

Variables In Detail Snap
Codes
This field shows the number of Codes that have currently been created, up to the maximum of 2000 for a
Single or Multiple response. It is possible to overwrite the value/number of codes for a Single and Multiple
response variable and, when the variable is saved, then Snap will either add or delete codes at the bottom of
the code list to match the number set within this field. In the event of this number being beyond the
maximum of 2000 codes, then Snap will save the variable with the original setting for this field.
For variables with a response of Quantity, Literal or Date, the maximum number of codes is 1.
257

Snap
Code List
The Code List shows up to 2000 codes (the counts
for which are defined as Valid in the Variables
window) that have been set up for an individual
variable. There will be as many codes in the Code
List as there are known answers. For example, a
question, such as Q10 on gender will have a Code
List of 2 codes representing Male, Female. The
variable Q9 has 5 codes covering from Under 18 to
Over 60.
For variables with a response setting of Literal, Quantity or Date, a single Valid code will be set up. The
details of valid code values will be discussed in more detail later in this section under each combination of
Type and Response.
In addition to the valid codes, there are 3 codes to cover missing values, each of which is covered in detail:
Code Description
No Reply When the respondent failed to answer. This code is intended to signify a non-response, but
can also be used to identify one response which must be exclusive of all others in a Multi
Choice question e.g. "None of the above".
Not Asked When the respondent was not asked the question. This code encompasses a conditional
statement, which determines whether or not the data is relevant and hence whether it is to be
inspected. As the name implies, this code can be used to indicate routing on a questionnaire
in questionnaire, interview or prompted mode of data entry. It can also be thought of as Not
Applicable and used, for example, to filter out unwanted data when using compound and
derived variables.
Errors To record any values that fall outside the range of valid answers. This code does not need to
be set up by the user, since an error response will occur if the data is not captured by any of
the other codes (either missing or the valid codes).
258

Variables In Detail Snap
Errors
The Errors category appears first in the Variable
Details window, above Not Asked, No Reply and
the valid code list.
The Errors category is intended to "catch" all data
that does not correspond to any of the other
categories. For example, if Q2 has been set up as 1
for Yes and 2 for No, and the data appears in the raw
data file as any value other than 1 or 2, then it will be
classified as an error.
If Snap is used to capture the data, then the likelihood of recording such errors is minimised, as the data entry
stage will flag errors as they are entered, and the user will be provided with a warning. The concept of errors
is most relevant when files of data are imported from other sources and may contain data outside the
specified range.
For Question Literals, if no value has been specified as a value in the OK code, then there will never be any
errors recorded, as any reply will be accepted as valid.
For Question Date Variables, any data that is an invalid date, such February 30th 1998, will be coded as
error, as will any dates keyed in a different format to the default set on the PC.
For Question Quantity Variables, any data that contains characters that are not numbers or a + or - sign, or
a full stop (.) will be coded as Error. If valid numbers are located, they must be in the correct sequence. A
value of23-3.8 has valid characters but in the wrong sequence and will coded as an error.
For a Derived Variable, where reference is made to other variables, the occurrence of a value in the Errors
code will indicate that the variables that are referenced do themselves contain errors.
The Errors code can be used to locate data in error, by using a filter specification as the name of the variable
together with the keyword ER, for example, Q2 ER.
259

Snap
Not Asked
Not Asked conditions are set to assist with the
routing in a questionnaire and with survey analysis,
by excluding certain categories of respondents.
In data entry, all questions are asked in the order of the sequence number, but Snap has the ability to skip
over questions that are not relevant. For example:
In the Crocodile Customer Satisfaction survey, Q4 asks "What items did you order?" and Q4a asks "What
other items did you order?" Q4a is only relevant if the answer to Q4 was not on the predefined list, and the
reply was Other.
Snap can be set up to skip over Q4a if the respondent failed to reply Other to Q4, based on the contents of
the Not Asked field. The setting of the Not Asked code in variable Q4a will beUNLESS Q4=8.
The format of Not Asked codes is varied. The word UNLESS can be included as with the above example
UNLESS Q4=8 or the format can be reversed, e.g. Q4=(1 to 7). See Logical Operators in User Guide
1, “Introduction to Snap surveys” for details of posible phrasing, or page 78 onwards in this user guide.
It is not necessary to set a Not Asked category on every variable, and if this is the case, then the default is
simply to ask that question. It is not essential to set up the Not Asked code before the survey is under way
as they can always be set up later.
A sensible rule would be:
u
1. Set up the questionnaire first.
2. Print the questionnaire and check that all the possible questions have been asked
in the right order.
3. Allocate the Not Asked categories only when the questionnaire has been
finalised.
Note that once you have used Not Asked values, you will be unable to renumber/rename the
referenced variable.
260

Variables In Detail Snap
No Reply
The No Reply category covers the situation where a
response to a question is not given.
In the case of single response variables, a zero or blank entered during the data entry stage is automatically
assumed to be a No Reply value.
For Literal, Date and Quantity response variables, the No Reply code can be set up so that a specific value
must be entered during data entry to record a No Reply value. For Quantity response variables, a code 9 or
a code 99 is often allocated as the No Reply value.
In the situation of Derived and Compound Variables, the No Reply category should be a logical formula
(such asQ1 NR, which means that a No Reply is recorded if a No Reply was also recorded in Q1).
261

Snap
Code Label
For each of the 2000 codes available, a Code Label can be set up by the user. Each label can be up to 1 000
characters in length. If no Code Label is supplied, then a default label of Code Label is created.
In the case of Not Asked and No Reply labels,
these are pre-set by the software, but can be
altered by accessing Tailor | Analysis, where
the default settings for these can be altered.
The next time a variable is accessed, these
amended labels will be incorporated in the
Variable Details window.
All variables with a response of Literal, Quantity or Date will only have a single code and the label for that
code will be Valid. To alter this label, Tailor | Analysis should be accessed to make any required
amendments.
Snap has the capability to apply substitution within a code label, i.e.
code labels from one variable can be fed into the code label of a
subsequent variable. Simply type the reference into the code label
field(s), e.g. {Q1} were good. Note that you must use the braces (curly
brackets) and the reference must be to the name of a variable that
precedes the current one.
262

Variables In Detail Snap
When a variable containing a text substitution reference is used in
results, such as charts and tables or in Data View mode, it displays
the referenced variable's label, e.g. "Items ordered were good".
See User Guide 3, “Data entry” for information on the efect of text
substitution in the label field with regard to data entry.
263

Snap
Value
For each of the maximum of 2000 codes,
there is a Value associated with each label.
Whereas the Label is text that may appear in
the questionnaire and will appear in any
analyses, the Value represents the valid data
value associated with the label for that code.
The Value can not exceed more than 100
characters in length.
For many tick/check box questions, the valid values start at 1 and increment by one for each code. In the
example shown, a Value of 1 is recorded in the raw data file if "Hamburger" was selected, and a Value of 2
is recorded for "French fries".
For variables with a response of Quantity, Literal or Date, only 1 valid code is available and therefore only
1 associated Value. This is often left blank to denote that any value can be accepted as valid, but it is
possible to include range checks where necessary. For example, a check on the age range of a respondent,
which for a survey of adults might be 18 to 110. If the variable is a derived variable the Value must make
reference to another existing variable, e.g.Q4>5.
264

Variables In Detail Snap
Counts
The value in Counts represents the number of
respondents that fall into each particular
category as represented by the individual code
value.
When a variable is first created, no values will appear in the Counts field. If data does already exist, then
the value under Counts will be shown when the variable is next accessed either in the Variables window or
as part of the definition of a table or chart.
If data does already exist and a new variable is created, the value of counts can be shown without the need
for closing the Variable Details window. Click in the Variable Details window and the count will
automatically be calculated and displayed. The time taken to calculate the count will depend upon the
volume of data to be processed and the complexity of the variable being created.
265

Snap
Source
The Source is the physical location on the raw data record where the reply to the
question/variable is stored. In its simplest form, it is a value between 1 and the
length of the entire data record. For example at (12 to 61) would refer to
character positions 12 to 61 inclusive, a total of 50 characters. As an alternative
to specifying the start and finish positions, it is quite acceptable to specify the
start position and the length, e.g.at (12 for 50).
It should also be remembered that the Source can refer to the
names of other variables in the survey: for example, a
question quantity could be the source of a numeric variable
(see example right).
u
Be careful when changing the source manually, particularly if you have already entered any case
data/replies, as it may invalidate those replies already entered. Wherever possible, allow Snap to
change the contents of the source field in the Questionnaire window.
266

Variables In Detail Snap
Reference to Raw Data
The Source field relates to the physical location of the answer to a question on the raw data record. It is
calculated by determining the number of characters allocated for answering each question. Snap will attempt
to calculate both the source and the length, but it is important to understand the principle. In an example
survey of three questions:
Q1 Monthly member has a Yes/No answer and requires a single character to record a 1 for Yes or a 2
for No.
Q2 Units used an answer in the range 0 to 9999 is expected and 4 characters are allocated for
the reply.
Q3 Job grade a maximum of 7 characters is allocated to store the possible range of replies
The information for Q1, Q2 and Q3 are stored on the raw data record as follows:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Q1 Q2 � � � Q3 � � � � � �
Conventions Used in Defining Raw Data
Variable Source Length
Q1 at 1 1
Q2 at (2 to 5) 4
Q3 at (6 for 7) 7
The conventions used to define raw data include:
"at" which is synonymous with "@".
"to" is equivalent to "~".
"for" is equivalent to "#".
Brackets are required when more than one source value is specified.
267

Snap
The example used above mentions Q2. There are a number of ways of defining the source of this variable,
all of which have the same result:
at (2 to 5) at (2,3,4,5) @ (2 to 5) @ (2,3,4,5)
at (2~5) at (2 for 4) @(2~5) @(2#4)
Reference to Other Variables
The source of a variable can also be the name of another variable. This can be used to carry out calculations.
For example, a survey might ask for the percentage of business taken up by particular aspects and a check
can then be made to see if the result is 100%. The questions might be: Q1 "What percentage of your
business is in your home market?" followed by Q2 "What percentage of your business is export?" The
answers to the two questions could be added together, set up in the source of another variable as Q1+Q2 and
displayed as a question on the questionnaire. See page 208 for further details.
Including Case Numbers on the Questionnaire
The word CASE can be used as the source of a question quantity, and in this situation the current case
number will appear in the variable. This is of particular use in the questionnaire, where the next case number
or questionnaire number can automatically appear in the questionnaire.
�� The source field is only applicable for variables with a type Question, Precoded, Alphanumeric or
Numeric, i.e. those variables that reference raw data. It is not relevant for variables with a type of
Derived, Compound or Note.
268

Variables In Detail Snap
Sequence
The Sequence field determines the order in which questions appear on the
questionnaire and in a table using to in the Analysis or Break fields. Snap will
select variables to appear in ascending sequence number order.
The order in which questions are asked in Questionnaire, Interview and Prompted mode of data entry is
primarily determined by the sequence number. However, if there are any questions on which a particular
question is dependent, then that question will be asked first.
Should Snap locate more than one variable with the same Sequence Number, it will ask the questions in the
order in which they were first entered.
Variables can be moved around in the Variables Window by clicking and dragging a variable. This will
change the sequence number accordingly. Ensure the Questionnaire Window is closed and click on the
Tailor button which will open the Variable Tailoring dialog box. Ensure Variable Order is set to
Sequence and click on . You can now click and drag a variable to a new position within the
Variable Window.
��
Remember that the Sequence Number is simply a number to denote an order, the precise value
does not have a specific meaning, and it should not get confused with the source number.
269

Snap
Length
The maximum number of characters allocated to store the reply. For a question with a
Yes/No answer, the Length would be 1. For a question such as income requiring a numeric
response, the Length might be 6 or 8.
This field is only applicable for variables with a type Question, Precoded, Alphanumeric or Numeric, i.e.
those variables which reference raw data. It indicates the length of the required data, that is the number of
columns taken up within a raw data case.
The minimum Length is 1 and the maximum is 9999.
In the case of an Alphanumeric Multiple the Length must be an integer multiple of the item length i.e. the
length divided by the item length must produce a whole number (see below).
The Length of a variable denotes the maximum number of characters required to store the largest/longest
possible value. For example, if an answer in the range of 1-4 were expected, a Length of 1 would be
sufficient. If an answer of up to 999 were expected, a Length of 3 would be required. If a company name
were to be collected, a Length of perhaps 30 would be more suitable.
Multiple Response questions are slightly different when it comes to working out the length, because Snap
needs to be able to store more than one answer to a question. The respondent may have ticked just one
answer, they may have ticked more than one, or they may have ticked all of the answers. The precise
method used to store Multiple Response data varies as a function of the Length and the number of codes.
Snap will use the field method as a default (see page 271), but if the length field of the variable is altered
manually then the method of storage may need to change.
270

Variables In Detail Snap
Coding
The Coding is an indication of the method used to store respondent data in the raw data
file and is particularly relevant to variables with a response of multiple. The method
used will be determined by the response and length set for the variable. Although, Snap
will set the Coding automatically, and use Field for question and pre-coded type
variables, the Coding will change if fields such as response and length are changed
manually in the Variable Details window.
The four methods are:
Field: This is the default method used. Data is stored in comma separated format and sufficient space is
allocated to hold a response for every possible code or answer. For example, a variable with 6 codes would
occupy a length of 11 characters to allow for a comma between each reply, and the data for a respondent
ticking boxes 1, 4 and 5 would be held as "1,4,5". When the number of codes exceeds 9, two digits are then
allowed for each answer. Consequently, a variable with 18 codes would occupy 53 characters (18 x 2, plus
17 commas).
Multi: This is the traditional method used by Snap to compress data as much as possible and up to 6 answers
are stored in each character. Consequently, a variable with 18 possible answers would take up 3 characters.
Single: The extended format of storing data with 1 column for each possible answer (binary format).
Consequently, a question with 5 possible answers will occupy 5 characters and will store the answer as a
series of 0's and 1's. Data that was stored as 00101 would represent a valid or "Yes" response to codes 3
and 5. Although 0's and 1's are generally used, Y's and N's would generate the same result.
Item Length: Data is recorded in space delimited format as a string of numbers. This method is only used
for alphanumeric multiple variables. A variable with 6 single character values would occupy a length of 6
characters. A variable of 6 codes, each with a 3-character reply, would occupy 18 characters.
271

Snap
Must Answer
The Must Answer option is available on all variables of the type Question. This option
would apply to CATI, CAPI and other questionnaires carried out using on-screen
interviewing techniques.
When Must Answer is chosen, the setting for Allow No Replies in Data Entry Tailoring (if selected) is
ignored for that particular question, so that the respondent is forced to give an answer to the question asked,
as No Reply is not accepted.
272

Glossary Snap
GLOSSARY
This section takes you through the terminology in this user guide.
Contents
274 Glossary of Terms
273

Snap
Glossary of Terms
CAPI Computer Aided Personal Interviewing in which face to face interviews are
conducted with the interviewer reading the questions from, and recording the
responses on, a computer. Use the interview or questionnaire mode of data entry in
Snap for conducting CAPI surveys.
Case The collective term for the responses given to all questions by (or for) one
respondent. The data in a case typically represents the result of performing one
interview. Snap can work with up to 100,000 cases (100 million for DBX version).
CATI Computer Aided Telephone Interviewing in which an interview is conducted via the
telephone. The interviewer reads questions out to the interviewee and records their
responses on the computer.
Classified data Data which is categorised. Of the five classifications of data in Snap, single and
multiple response data is categorised; quantity, date and literal response data is
continuous.
Code As questions have answers, so variables have codes.
Column binary A term used to describe data recorded in a punched card format. There are a number
of different coding schemes resulting in 3 or 4 different column binary formats. The
schemes aim to encode columns of a punched card (each with up to 12 punch
positions, or bits) onto magnetic media (tapes or disc) where the unit is a byte (of
only 8 bits). Most schemes store one card column in two bytes thus a typical
punched card image occupies 160 bytes when stored magnetically.
Compressed format The alternative to Extended format is Compressed and it is a method of storing
multiple response answers in a multi punch format. In this method, up to six codes
can be recorded in each position. Data would be entered against the format mask
codes M (1 position, 6 codes), D (2 positions, 12 codes), T (3 positions, 18 codes) or
Q (1 position, 24 codes). Consequently 125 multiple response answers can be stored
in as few as 21 positions rather than the 125 positions in extended format. This is
known as multi coding in Snap.
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Glossary Snap
Continuous data Data that is not categorised, sometimes termed open-ended data. Of the five
classifications of data in Snap, quantity, date and literal response data is continuous;
single and multiple response data is categorised.
Date A form of open-ended response in which the respondent enters date information in a
range of different formats. Such responses are used to filter analyses or are analysed
by first categorising them through derived variables.
Derived Derived variables are used to refine and re-classify responses to questions and other
derived variables for analysis. For example, responses to the (quantity) question
'How much did you spend?' could be banded using a derived single variable.
Drag-and-drop Terminology in Windows for picking up an item with a mouse, dragging it to
another section of the program, and dropping it in place.
Errors One of the three (Snap) categories of missing data. Data takes on an error value
when it doesn't fall into any of the remaining categories (of No Reply, Not Asked or
Valid).
Extended format Another of Snap's methods storing multiple response survey data. Single punched,
multiple response data is comprised of a series of 1's and 0's - as many as there are
codes for the variable. A question with 6 possible answers would occupy 6 positions
and a response to answers codes 2 and 3 would be coded as 011000. Alternatively,
Snap will recognise that Y (for Yes) is equivalent to 1 and N (for No) is equivalent to
0 and so the data could be entered as NYYNNN. This is known as single coding in
Snap.
Length The number of characters required to store the longest/largest possible value in a
variable.
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Snap
Literal A form of open-ended response in which the respondent describes some aspect. For
example "Why do you say that?" Literal responses may be analysed by producing
data listings for manual review.
As a variable response, a literal can be used to collect any alphanumeric data,
whether it is comments or lists of products, job titles, countries etc. The maximum
length of the variable set up to collect literal responses is 999 characters.
Missing data Data which has not been recorded for some reason or another. In Snap there are
three categories of missing data: Not Asked, No Reply and Errors. Data that is not
missing is categorised as Valid.
Multiple response A form of response in which the respondent can make more than one selection from
a predefined (multiple-choice) list. For example the question "Which of these items
do you have in your home? TV; Radio; Video; Camcorder" is a multiple response
question. In operation multiple response questions are similar to a series of Yes/No
single response questions: "Do you have a TV? Yes/No"; "Do you have a Radio?
Yes/No" and so on.
Multipunch A form of encoding (typically multiple response) data so that a combination of two
or more responses is represented by a single character. The term comes from the
technique employed when punched cards were the main computerised recording
medium for survey data and the multiple response data was represented by punching
multiple holes in one column. Within Snap, multi-punch data can be set up in
compressed format and records up to six responses per position (or column), a total
of 64 combinations of answer. This is known as multi coding in Snap.
No Reply One of the three (Snap) categories of missing data. No Reply is used to represent the
situation in which a respondent should have given an answer to a question but
actually didn't. Reasons for not responding might be because the respondent refused
(the question was too probing), because they didn't understand the routing through
the questionnaire, or because they simply didn't understand the question. No attempt
is made (within Snap) to distinguish which of these forms is actually the case.
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Glossary Snap
Not Asked One of the three (Snap) categories of missing data. Not Asked data represents
instances where a question is skipped during an interview because it is considered
irrelevant due to replies already received. It can be read, and interpreted, as 'Not
Applicable'
Precoded A form of data coding (and type of variable) in which responses are recorded as their
position in the list of answers for the question. That is, a response to the first answer
is recorded as '1', to the second answer as '2' and so on. Answers beyond 9 are
recorded as two digit numbers (e.g. '10' for answer 10) or single letters (e.g. 'A' for
10).
Punched card Medium on which survey data was traditionally recorded. A card comprises 80
columns of information recorded by punching a combination of 12 holes - each card
thus has a possible 960 punch positions. Some survey analysis software still refers
to data in the form of punched cards. Snap is able to analyse up to 1 000 000
columns of data per respondent, equivalent to over 12 500 'cards' worth of
information.
Quantity A form of open-ended response in which the respondent quantifies some aspect. For
example "How old are you?" Such responses are used to filter or weight analyses or
are analysed by first categorising them through derived or numeric variables.
Question A specific type of variable used to collect data as well as analyse it.
Questionnaire A form made up of a series of questions to be put to a respondent.
Rating Ratings or scores are used as a means of summarising results to attitude. For
example, given the question "What do you think of Snap? Good/OK/Poor", it is
useful to be able to arrive at a single result, which summarises all responses; scores
give a way of doing this. Scores are assigned to each answer category (e.g. a score
of 1 is given to 'Good', a score of 0 to 'OK' and a score of -1 is given to 'Poor') then a
mean score can be calculated.
Respondent The subject of one interview. Typically, a respondent is a person but it may be a
house (in a survey of houses), a vehicle (in a survey of vehicles) or almost anything
else.
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Snap
Response A field on each variable definition. Five responses are available: single, multiple,
quantity, date or literal. The response will determine the number of replies that are
possible and the way in which they are recorded.
Routing The order in which questions on a questionnaire are asked. In Snap, these conditions
are set as Not Asked code values in the variables.
Single punch A form of encoding data so that one response is represented by one (or more)
characters. The term comes from the technique employed when punched cards were
the main computerised recording medium for survey data and holes were punched in
a column to record a response. Do not confuse single punch with multiple response
data. Multiple response data can be recorded by single punches in Snap, when data
is stored in extended format.
Single response A form of response in which the respondent can make only one selection from a
predefined (multi choice) list. For example "What is your age? - Under 18, 18-24,
25-40, over 40."
Skip patterns The order in which questions on a questionnaire are asked, and referred to in Snap as
routing. It is controlled by the Not Asked code values of a variable.
SnIF Snap Interchange Format. It is a format that enables any or all variables, weights or
batches to be moved between surveys. SnIF is the format used to "Cut and Paste"
individual variables between different surveys and is the default (and option of
choice) for Import and Export operations.
Source The physical location of the answer to a question on the raw data record.
Tailor The Tailor facility provides a means of configuring various parameters that affect the
way operations are performed throughout the program. Any changes to these
parameters can be used on a temporary basis or stored as part of the current survey.
The settings held within the Tailor options are the defaults for the current survey.
Tailor | Current Window will tailor whichever window is currently highlighted,
and its effect will be immediate on the information displayed in that window.
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Glossary Snap
SurveyPak These are pre-assembled collections of questions, headings and code frames, which
focus on a particular subject area.
Template Layout, styling and colour information that can be used to change the appearance of
a questionnaire.
triple-sSSS An interchange format for moving survey definitions and survey data between
different survey analysis packages.
Valid Data which represents an acceptable reply to a question, or an acceptable response
for a derived variable. Data which is not missing.
Variable Variables are used to represent questions and derived values recording the views,
opinions and parameters of respondents for analysis.
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Snap
Your Notes
280

Index Snap
INDEX
A
Adding graphics ................................................................ 180
Adding questions................................................................. 42
Address fields...................................................................... 69
Alignment.................................................................... 48, 119
Alphanumeric multiple variable.................................. 243–44
Alphanumeric single variable...................................... 242–43
Auto renumbering ............................................................... 69
B
Background ................................................................. 120–21
Background images........................................................... 180
Boxes........................................................................... 126–30
Browsing surveypaks ........................................................ 161
Buttons used in questionnaire window.............................. 6–7
Buttons used in reference window .................................... 157
Buttons used in variable details window ........................... 196
Buttons used in variables window..................................... 196
C
Calculations in the questionnaire................................... 208–9
Cloning questions................................................................ 43
Column breaks ............................................................ 71, 126
Columns ...................................................................... 126–32
Conditionally ask question routing rule............................... 80
281
Copying questions ...............................................................43
Copying variables and codes .............................................200
Counts................................................................................265
Creating new variables ......................................................198
D
Data view mode.....................................................................5
Date formats ................................................................226–27
Default question styles.......................................28–29, 95–96
Deleting questions ...............................................................42
Deleting variables and codes .........................................201–2
Demographic and lifestyle surveypak..........................168–73
Derived quantity variable...........................................232, 233
Derived variables.........................................................229–33
Design mode..............................................................4, 60, 94
Dynamic question text .............................................49, 65–66
E
Editing commands .........................................................45–46
Editing questions .................................................................44
Editing variables................................................................199
Elements of a question.................................................94–108
Errors.................................................................................259
Exporting a questionnaire in SIF format............................192

Snap
Exporting a questionnaire in WMF format ........................190
Exporting to a word processing package .....................188–89
Exporting variables......................................................213–18
F
Font................................................ 59–61, 59–61, 63, 136–38
G
Goto after question routing rule...........................................87
Goto on answer routing rule ................................................84
Grid questions................................................................34–35
H
Headers and footers .............................................................74
Hiding question elements ....................................................53
I
If conditions.........................................................................91
Images ...........................................................................62–64
Inserting a picture ............................................ 62–64, 120–23
Inserting questions...............................................................42
Instructions ..........................................................................38
L
Literal variable...................................................................222
M
Margins..............................................................................139
Modes ................................................................................4–5
Modifying styles ............................................................93, 98
Moving questions ................................................................40
282
Moving variables between surveys ............................. 213–14
Multi choice questions ........................................................ 32
N
Name and address fields...................................................... 69
New questions..................................................................... 42
Note variable..................................................................... 228
Numbering .........................................42, 57, 127–28, 140–47
Numeric multiple variable........................................... 236–37
Numeric quantity variable................................................. 238
Numeric single variable .............................................. 234–35
O
Other questions ................................................................... 33
P
Page breaks ................................................................. 71, 126
Page setup ................................................................... 177–79
Positions.................................................................68, 148–49
Precoded multiple variable................................................ 240
Precoded single variable ................................................... 239
Print preview a questionnaire............................................ 183
Printing a questionnaire............................................... 181–82
Q
Question date variable....................................................... 225
Question elements............................................................... 53
Question literal variable .................................................... 222
Question multiple variable .......................................... 219–20
Question ordering................................................................ 40
Question quantity variable .......................................... 223–24

Index Snap
Question single variable .................................................... 221
Quickstart guide .............................................................. 8–19
R
Redo .................................................................................... 39
Reference window....................................................... 156–58
Referencing other surveys ................................................. 167
Response ........................................................................... 150
Rotate codes ........................................................................ 55
Routing.......................................................................... 78–92
S
Saving a questionnaire ........................................................ 75
Section breaks ............................................................. 72, 127
Show ........................................................................... 150–52
Source and dependents...................................................... 207
Spell checking ............................................................. 184–86
Style attributes................................................................... 105
Style families..................................................................... 103
Style mode....................................................................... 5, 94
Style names ....................................................... 28–29, 95–96
Style organiser............................................................. 109–11
Style picker ................................................................... 51–52
Style properties.................................................................. 113
Style selection box .............................................................. 99
Style templates ............................................................ 114–15
Ref.V8/08.03.2005/SEW/102
283
Styles, renaming ................................................................112
Sub-title .........................................................................28–31
Survey constructor wizard .............................................20–23
Surveypaks ........................................................................162
Surveypaks, opening....................................................159–60
T
Tabs ...................................................................................153
Tailoring variables.......................................................210–11
Templates ....................................................................114–15
Title ...............................................................................28–31
Toolbar topics..............................................................118–53
Transferring to another survey package.......................215–16
Transferring to SPSS ...................................................217–18
U
Undo ....................................................................................39
V
Variable properties ........................................................54, 55
Variable reports .................................................................212
Z
Zoom .................................................................................176