Western Sahara and the United States' geographical imaginings

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Alex Thurston Counterterrorism and Democracy Promotion in the Sahel opinions/2008/12/08/2008-12-08_obamas_africa_ opportunity_use_a_new_mili.html Corey, Charles W. 2009. Bush Legacy in Africa Is Comprehensive Partnership: State’s Frazer reviews Bush Africa policy. America.gov, 15 January: http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2009/ January/20090115103025WCyeroC0.3481562.html Dempsey, Thomas A. 2006. Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential Solutions (Carlisle Carlisle Barracks, PA: : Strategic Studies Institute, US US Army War College): http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/summary.cfm?q=649 Department of Defense (DOD) of the United States, Office of International Security Affairs. 1995. U.S. Security Strategy for Sub-Saharan Africa, 1 August (Washington, DC: US Department of Defense): http://www.defense.gov/speeches/speech. aspx?speechid=943 Farah, Douglas. 2004a. Islamic Fundamentalism, Terrorism and al Qaeda in Africa (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, National Strategy Information Center): available at http://www.douglasfarah.com/articles/testimony2.shtml Farah, Douglas. 2004b. Salafists, China and West Africa’s Growing Anarchy (Washington, DC: International Assessment and Strategy Center): http://www. strategycenter.net/research/pubID.55/pub_detail. asp Farah, Douglas. 2005. The Coup in Mauritania and Lessons on Fighting Terrorists. The Counterterrorism Blog, 4 August: http://counterterrorismblog. org/2005/08/the_coup_in_mauritania_and_les. php Frazer, Jendayi E. 2009. Four Ways to Help Africa: The U.S. African Command should move from Germany to Liberia. Wall Street Journal, 25 August: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405297020 3706604574372711948607526.html Gordon, Philip H. 2006. The End of the Bush Revolution. Foreign Affairs. July-August. Government Accountability Office (GAO) of the United States. 2008. Combating Terrorism: Actions Needed to Enhance Implementation of Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership. GAO Report to the Ranking Member, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives (Washington, DC: United States Government Accountability Office): http:// www.gao.gov/new.items/d08860.pdf Gutelius, David. 2003. US creates African enemies where none were before. Christian Science Monitor, 11 July: http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0711/ p11s01-coop.html Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2007. Criminal Politics: Violence, ‘Godfathers’ and Corruption in Nigeria (New York: Human Rights Watch): http://www.hrw. org/en/node/10660 International Crisis Group. 2005. Islamist Terrorism in the Sahel: Fact or Fiction? (Brussels: International Crisis Group): http://www. crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/west-africa/Islamist Terrorism in the Sahel Fact or Fiction.ashx Khatchadourian, Raffi. 2005. War in the Greatest Desert. International Reporting Project: http://www. internationalreportingproject.org/stories/detail/warin-the-greatest-desert/ Kimenyi, Mwangi S. 2009. Four Ways to Help Africa? (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution): http:// www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0908_africa_ growth_kimenyi.aspx Kirchick, James. 2007. Hail Mauritania! An unheralded experiment in Arab democracy. The Weekly Standard 12(32), 7 May: http://www. weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/ 000/013/587dtfvq.asp?pg=1 Kraxberger, Brennan. 2005. The United States and Africa: Shifting Geopolitics in an ‘Age of Terror’. Africa Today 52(1): 47-68. Leffler, Melvyn P. and Jeffrey W. Legro (eds). 2008. To Lead the World: American Strategy after the Bush Doctrine (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press). Lyman, Princeton N. 2004. The Terrorist Threat in CONCERNED AFRICA SCHOLARS BULLETIN N°85 - SPRING 2010 0
Alex Thurston Counterterrorism and Democracy Promotion in the Sahel Africa. Testimony before the House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Hearing on Fighting Terrorism in Africa, 1 April: http://www.cfr.org/publication/6912/terrorist_ threat_in_africa.html Marquis, Christopher. 2003. U.S. Resists Entreaties to Send Peacekeepers to Liberia. New York Times, 22 July: http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/22/international/africa/22DIPL.html Mazzetti, Mark. 2006. U.S. Cuts in Africa Aid Said to Hurt War on Terror. New York Times, 23 July: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/23/world/africa/ 23terror.html McCormack, Sean. 2008. Policy Statement: United States Condemns Military Coup in Mauritania (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State): available at, http://www.africom.mil/getArticle. asp?art=2023&lang=0 The Moor Next Door [blog]. 2008. AQIM- Mauritania: Quite Saharan, in fact., 21 September: http://themoornextdoor.wordpress. com/2008/09/21/aqim-mauritania-quite-saharanin-fact/ The Moor Next Door [blog]. 2009. Ould Abdel Aziz & the Jews, 13 July: http://themoornextdoor.wordpress.com/2009/07/13/ould-abdel-aziz-the-jews/ n.a. 2007 [1993]. McCain Argues for U.S. Troop Withdrawl [sic] from Somalia, video: http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=o8TFKXHiefs Nossiter, Adam. 2009. Niger Senses a Threat to Its Scrap of Democracy. New York Times, 13 July: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/14/world/africa/ 14niger.html Obama, Barak. 2009a. Remarks by the President to the Ghanaian Parliament (Accra, Ghana), 11 July: available at http://www.africom.mil/getArticle. asp?art=3205 Obama, Barak. 2009b. Obama’s Speech to the United Nations General Assembly. New York Times, 24 September: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/24/ us/politics/24prexy.text.html 1 BULLETIN N°85 - SPRING 2010 O’Hanlon, Michael. 2002. Help Africa help itself militarily. Baltimore Sun, 18 March: http://articles. baltimoresun.com/2002-03-18/news/0203180050_ 1_bush-administration-sierra-leone-training Reuters. 2008. Mauritanian Pres.: Attack on Israeli Embassy won’t harm ties. Haaretz, 9 February: http://www.haaretz.com/news/mauritanian-pres-attack-on-israeli-embassy-won-t-harm-ties-1.238948 Reuters. 2009. US halts Niger aid in constitution row: sources, 10 December: http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE5B90L820091210 Reuters. 2009b. Obama calls for more democracy in Niger, 16 December: http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BF40220091216 Reuters. 2009c. U.S. suspends Niger aid over democracy concerns, 23 December: http://www.reuters. com/article/idUSTRE5BM4HQ20091223 Reuters. 2009d. Obama ends benefits for Guinea, Madagascar, Niger., 24 December: http://af.reuters. com/article/TopNews/idAFJOE5BN00U20091224 Reuters. 2010a. Japan, IDB provide Niger with aid for food shortages, 5 February: http://uk.reuters. com/article/idUKLDE6141YM._CH_.2420 Reuters. 2010b. Niger junta seeks political cleanup, elections, 24 February: http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE61N4GR20100224 Reuters Africa News Blog. 2009. Lessons for coup makers?, 24 December: http://blogs.reuters.com/africanews/2009/12/24/lessons-for-coup-makers/ Rice, Susan E. 2005. Why Darfur Can’t Be Left to Africa. Washington Post, 7 August: http://www. washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/05/AR2005080501988.html Rice, Susan E. 2006. Strengthening Weak States: A 21st Century Imperative (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution): http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/ Files/rc/papers/2006/08globaleconomics_rice02/ rice.pdf CONCERNED AFRICA SCHOLARS
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Bulletin N°85 — Spring 2010 conc
Page 3 and 4:
Editor’s Introduction Introductio
Page 5 and 6:
Jacob Mundy Securitizing the Sahara
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12: Jacob Mundy Securitizing the Sahara
Page 13 and 14: Jacob Mundy Securitizing the Sahara
Page 15 and 16: Stephen Harmon From GSPC to AQIM: T
Page 33 and 34: Caroline Ifeka War on ‘Terror’
Page 53 and 54: Alex Thurston Counterterrorism and
Page 61: Alex Thurston Counterterrorism and
Page 65 and 66: Intervention Western Sahara and the
Page 67 and 68: Konstantina Isidoros Western Sahara
Page 75 and 76: Yahia H. Zoubir The Western Sahara
Page 81 and 82: Vijay Prashad Sahelian Blowback: Wh
Page 83 and 84: Vijay Prashad Sahelian Blowback: Wh
Page 85 and 86: Anne E McDougall All Quiet on the W
Page 87 and 88: Daniel Volman and Jeremy Keenan The
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