Annual Report 2004 - Max-Born-Institut Berlin

Annual Report 2004
Max Born Institute
for Nonlinear Optics and
Short Pulse Spectroscopy
Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V.

Max-Born-Institut
für Nichtlineare Optik
und Kurzzeitspektroskopie
im Forschungsverbund Berlin e. V.
Annual Report
Jahresbericht
2004
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2
Jahresbericht 2004
Max-Born-Institut
für Nichtlineare Optik
und Kurzzeitspektoskopie
im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V.
Annual Report 2004
Max Born Institute (MBI)
for Nonlinear Optics and
Short Pulse Spectroscopy
Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V.
Max-Born-Straße 2 A
12489 Berlin
Germany
Phone: (++49 30) 63 92 - 15 05
Fax: (++49 30) 63 92 - 15 19
e-mail: mbi@mbi-berlin.de
http://www.mbi-berlin.de

Preface 5
Research reports
Feature articles
Femtosecond X-ray Diffraction for Direct Observation of Ultrafast Structural
Dynamics in Condensed Matter 11
Probing the Photostability of DNA 19
Ion Acceleration with Ultrafast Lasers –
a Gateway to Explore Phenomena in Relativistic Plasma Dynamics 25
Short description of research projects
Laser Research
1-01: Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics and Few Cycle Pulses 37
1-02: Short Pulse Laser Systems 41
Ultrafast and Nonlinear Phenomena:
Atoms, Molecules, Clusters, and Plasma
2-01: Laser Plasma Dynamics 45
2-02: Ionization Dynamics in Intense Laser Fields 49
2-03: Free Clusters and Molecules 53
2-04: Molecular Vibrational and Reaction Dynamics in the Condensed Phase 57
Ultrafast and Nonlinear Phenomena:
Solids and Surfaces
3-01: Dynamics at Surfaces and Structuring 61
3-02: Solids and Nanostructures 65
3-03: Opto Electronic Devices 69
3-04: Transient Structures and Imaging with X-Rays 71
Scientific Infrastructure:
Short Pulse and High Field Lasers
4-1: Development and Implementation of Laser Systems and Measuring Techniques 73
4-21: Femtosecond Application Laboratories 75
4-22: High-Field Laser Application Laboratory (HFL) 76
4-23: MBI-BESSY Beamline 79
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83
95
103
105
108
119
120
122
123
130
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Publications
Appendix 2: External Talks, Teaching
Appendix 3: Ongoing Diploma- and PhD theses, Habilitations
Appendix 4: Guest Lectures at the MBI
Appendix 5: Staff, Extended Research Visits of MBI Staff at External Institutions,
Visiting Scientists at the MBI and Users of the Application Laboratories
Appendix 6: Grants and Contracts 2004
Appendix 7: Activities in Scientific Organisations
Appendix 8: Honours, Awards and External Calls
Appendix 9: Cooperations
Appendix 10: Current Patents, Pending Applications and Registered Design

Preface
It is generally expected that the photon will
play a key role in the development of cutting
edge technologies in the 21 st century. One of
the unique areas that has attained high
relevance in recent years is the generation
and application of extremely short light pulses
consisting of only few cycles of the electric
field. Ultra-fast science has become an
important field of basic research and has found
broad application in measurement and – more
recently – process technologies.
It is in this area where the research mission
of the MBI lies. Specifically, the institute conducts
basic research in the field of nonlinear optics
and ultra fast dynamics of the interaction of
light with matter and pursues applications
which emerge from this research. For these
investigations it develops and uses ultra-fast
and ultra-intense lasers and laser based short
pulse light sources. Lasers are a research
subject of their own, while they are also the
essential tool for experimental studies of lightmatter
interaction. It is the combination of laser
and measuring techniques with interdisciplinary
applications which constitutes the unique profile
of the MBI and its attraction to external cooperation
partners.
The Annual Report 2004 presented here
gives a comprehensive summary of the research
results of the MBI. In the first part, overviews on
the projects are given, arranged according to
the structure of the MBI Research Programme
as schematically illustrated in Figure A on
page 7. As tradition in every second annual
report, these overviews are preceeded by
feature articles on selected topical highlights,
this time on femtosecond X-ray diffraction, on
photo-stability of DNA, and on laser particle
acceleration. Finally, the appendices give a
full listing of publications, invited talks, teaching
activities, patents, scientific exchange and
collaborations, and other achievements of the
MBI and its members of staff.
In its research the MBI puts strong emphasis
on collaborations with universities, research
laboratories, industry and small and medium
enterprises. 2004 was a particularly fruitful
year for the commencement of new activities
in this direction. The institute participates in one
newly started Transregio SFB and two major
BMBF-funded Joint Research Projects with
industry on fs- and EUV-research, respectively.
Within the newly started EU 6 th Framework
Programme the MBI is coordinating two major
networks, the Laser Integrated Infrastructure
Initiative (I3) and one Specific Targeted Research
(STREP) activity. In addition, the institute is
work-package leader in one Integrated Project,
and project partner in one EU Design Study
and one Network of Excellence.
With the research programme being the
relevant structural organisation of the MBI for
the actual research activities, the underlying
expertise and competencies, in a sense the
long term basis, rests with the MBI staff. As
can be deduced from Figure B, the MBI staff
represents inter-disciplinary competencies in
a number of well chosen areas which are
relevant to the research programme. In 2004
the total staff averaged 172, half of which were
scientists, including 25 PhD students. In addition,
the MBI is engaged in teaching and education
with 5 diploma students and 6 apprentices. In
October 2004 the institute was proud to welcome
Professor Martin Weinelt as the new department
head A1, who started on a joint appointment
as professor at the FU Berlin. The MBI also
congratulates Dr. Karsten Heyne to his appointment
as Junior Professor at the FU Berlin.
A special highlight, held on December 10
and 11, 2004, was the commemoration ceremony
on the occasion of the 50 th anniversary of Max
Born’s Nobel award. Addresses were brought
by representatives of the Universities of
Wroclaw, Max Born’s birth town, and Göttingen,
his long term work place and burial town, and
by the president of the Humboldt University
Berlin, the place of his first academic employment.
Speeches and keynote lectures were
given by the president of the German Physical
Society, Professor Knut Urban, by Professor
Paul Corkum FRSC, Ottawa, on “Attosecond
imaging”, a new and exciting research field
evolving from the foundations laid during Max
Born’s times, and by Professor Gustav V.R.
Born, FRCP Hon FRCS FRS, Max Born’s son,
in a fascinating lecture on “Max Born, a memoir”.
The ceremony included a special two-day
Professor Gustav V. R.
Born, Max Born's son,
during his lecture on
“Max Born, a memoir”.
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6
Directors
Thomas Elsässer
and Ingolf V. Hertel
in discussion with
Gustav Born.
Gustav Born, after the
unveiling of the memorial
tablet at the entrance to
the Max Born Lecture
Hall. The tablet was made
after a pencil drawing by
Max Born's daughter
Gritli. The original is in the
possession of the Born
family, with a copy given
to the MBI as a gift on
occasion of the institute's
inauguration ceremony in
1994. It is also reproduced
on the front cover of this
report.
Professor Paul
Corkum, Steacie
Research Institute,
Ottawa, Canada,
during his keynote
lecture.
Wolfgang Sandner,
Managing Director
of MBI, during his
welcome address.
Gustav Born
with students from the
Max Born Gymnasium,
Berlin Pankow.
exhibition, organized by Dr. h.c. Jost Lemmerich,
intended to familiarize a broader public,
including university and high-school students,
with his work and his life. The ceremony was
attended by more than 200 scientists and
invited guests from all over Germany.
Berlin, March 2005
Max Born’s work bears many relations to
the MBI’s scientific mission today, starting from
the seminal thesis on nonlinear two-photon
absorption by his student Maria Goeppert-
Mayer and his famous book on optics, later
co-edited with Emil Wolf. Close relations also
exist with his work on “Born approximation” and
“Born-Oppenheimer approximation” in atomic
and molecular physics, respectively, on
relativistic electrons and on the dynamical
theory of crystal lattices. The MBI is proud to
bear his name and to continue research in
these areas in the spirit of Max Born.
The MBI Directors
Ingolf Hertel Wolfgang Sandner Thomas Elsaesser

2 Ultrafast and Nonlinear Phenomena:
Atoms, Molecules, Clusters, and Plasma
2-01
Laser Plasma
Dynamics
2-02
Ionization Dynamics
in Intense Laser Fields
2-03
Free Clusters and
Molecules
Board of Directors
1-01
Ultrafast Nonlinear
Optics and Few
Cycle Pulses
2-04
Molecular Vibrational and Reaction Dynamics
in the Condensed Phase
4-1
Development and Implementation of
Laser Systems and Measuring Techniques
1 Laser Research
3 Ultrafast and Nonlinear Phenomena:
Solids and Surfaces
1-02
Short Pulse
Laser Systems
4 Scientific Infrastructure:
Short Pulse and High Field Lasers
3-01
Dynamics at Surfaces
and Structuring
3-02
Solids and
Nanostructures
3-03
Opto Electronic
Devices
3-04
Transient Structures and
Imaging with X-Rays
4-2
Access to Laser Systems and
Service for the Application Laboratories
Fig. A:
Research Structure
of the MBI
Fig. B:
Organisational Structure
of the MBI
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Members of the Scientific Advisory Board:
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Domcke (Vice Chairman)
Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München
Prof. Dr. Theodor W. Hänsch
Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching
Prof. Dr. Ferenc Krausz (Chairman)
Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching
Prof. Dr. Karl Leo
Institut für Angewandte Photophysik, Technische Universität Dresden
Prof. Dr. Stephen R. Leone
Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, USA
Frau Prof. Dr. Irène Nenner
C.E.A. - Centre d’Etudes de Saclay, Frankreich
Prof. Dr. Sune Svanberg
Division of Atomic Physics, Lund Institute of Technology, Schweden
Prof. Dr. Ian A. Walmsley
Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK
Representatives of the cooperating universities:
Prof. Dr. Jürgen Rabe
Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Prof. Dr. Dietmar Stehlik
Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin
Prof. Dr. Christian Thomsen
Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin
Representatives of the Federal Republic and the State of Berlin:
Prof. Dr. Jürgen Richter
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Ref. 411, Bonn
Dr. Rainer Schuchardt
Senatsverwaltung für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur, Referat III C 3, Berlin
Honorary member:
Prof. Sir Harry Kroto
The School of Chemistry and Molecular Science, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton, UK

Feature articles
9

Femtosecond X-ray Diffraction for Direct Observation of Ultrafast
Structural Dynamics in Condensed Matter
M. Bargheer, N. Zhavoronkov, Y. Gritsai, M. Woerner, T. Elsaesser
Basic processes in Nature such as phase
transitions or (bio)chemical reactions are
connected with structural changes of matter.
The spatial rearrangement of electrons and
nuclei, the formation and breaking of chemical
bonds, as well as atomic and molecular
motions underlie those events. In liquids and
solids, the constituting atoms and molecules
couple through different short- and long-range
interactions, leading to structural changes on
ultrafast time scales between 10 -15 and 10 -12 s.
Experiments with a time resolution down
to a few femtoseconds have provided detailed
insight into ultrafast processes in physics,
chemistry and biology and have unravelled
the underlying interaction mechanisms [1]. So
far, structural dynamics have mainly been
addressed by following the time evolution of
absorption and emission bands assigned to a
particular structural species. Though this
indirect approach has been successful in
numerous cases, a more direct observation
and analysis of transient, in particular local
structure is necessary for understanding
structural dynamics in detail. Femtosecond multidimensional
spectroscopy [2] representing the
optical analogue of multidimensional nuclear
magnetic resonance, and subpicosecond
x-ray techniques [3] can grasp transient
structures and – thus – have developed into
fascinating new areas of ultrafast science. In
the following, new results on femtosecond x-ray
diffraction are presented. First, we introduce our
novel microfocus copper K α source providing
incoherent, femtosecond x-ray pulses at a
1-kHz repetition rate [ZGB]. We then discuss a
series of focusing optics suitable for femtosecond
x-ray diffraction [BZB]. To demonstrate
the potential of this technique, we present our
recent results on coherent atomic motions in
a semiconductor nanostructure [BZG04].
Microfocus copper K source for
α
femtosecond x-ray science
Laser-driven femtosecond (fs) hard x-ray
plasma sources find increasing application for
real-time studies of transient phenomena of
chemical and physical interest by x-ray
diffraction or x-ray absorption. Low repetition
rate (0.1-10 Hz) high-power laser systems
have been used successfully for fs-hard x-ray
generation with comparably large diameters
of the x-ray source of approximately 100 µm
[4][5].
In many imaging applications, i.e. scanning
x-ray absorption, photoelectron microscopy or
medical imaging, a small source size and a
high source brightness are required for high
resolution imaging. In x-ray diffraction
experiments the source size is a potential limit
for angular resolution. Small source size is
also one of the important issues for generating
a high on-sample photon flux by x-ray focusing
optics. Another issue in femtosecond x-ray
diffraction is the exact timing of the generated
femtosecond x-ray pulses relative to the pump
pulse initiating the structural changes. The
degree of synchronization determines the
achievable time resolution.
Recently, reliable and stable x-ray sources,
based on kHz systems with high average
power, have been reported and are becoming
the state of the art [6]-[8][ZGK04]. In the
following, we present our novel laser-driven
1 kHz source in which ultrashort hard x-ray
bursts of K α radiation are generated by interaction
of femtosecond laser pulses with a thin
(20 µm) Cu target.
The experimental setup is shown in Fig.1.
The source consists of a system for 20 µm thick
and 20 mm wide Cu-foil-target transportation
and a 1 kHz Ti:sapphire laser system. The
transportation speed of the foil is high enough
to expose a fresh surface for succeeding laser
pulses. The whole setup was placed into a
vacuum chamber evacuated down to 10 -4 mbar.
Pulses from a Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser
system, operating at a 1 kHz repetition rate
(center wavelength λ laser =800 nm, 5 mJ pulse
energy, and 45 fs pulse duration) were used
as the driving radiation. The contrast of the
main pulse to the amplified spontaneous
emission (ASE) and to the intrinsic pre-pulse
located in time 5.5 ps before the main pulse
were measured to be 10 7 and 10 5 , respectively.
Fig. 1:
The central part of the
laser plasma source is
the femtosecond laser
system with high average
power. The laser pulses
are focused by a 100 mm
lens onto a copper tape
target, which works like
an audio tape recorder in
auto-reverse mode. In
order to obtain the
required high intensity of
10 17 W/cm 2 , this has to
be done in a vacuum
chamber. Any gas
atmosphere would be
ionized at this intensity
level.
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Fig. 2:
Geometry of the lasertarget
interaction (insert);
experimental knife-edge
data (solid circles),
functional fitting to the
knife-edge data (dashdot
line), the Gaussian fit
to the X-ray emitting area
(solid line), results of the
X-ray source image obtained
with the Ge bentcrystal
(dashed line, open
triangles), together with
the laser spot (dotted line).
Fig. 3:
Generated x-ray
spectrum as measured
by a Si-detector. The
insert shows the high
energetic part measured
by a NaI scintillator in
combination with a
photomultiplier.
The p-polarized laser beam was focused
by a F/5 lens of 100 mm focal length into a
spot with a diameter of 6.7 µm FWHM (full width
half maximum, Fig. 2), producing an on-axis
peak intensity of approximately 10 17 W/cm 2 .
The rapid heating of the target by the focused
laser beam causes a shock wave, which is
reflected from the rear face of the target back
into the interaction region, leading to the
ejection of molecular clusters and small target
fragments towards the focusing lens. To
prevent lens contamination by such debris, a
175 µm thick and 200 m long plastic band
was placed in front of the lens and permanently
moved during the experiment at approximately
20 mm/min (Fig. 1).
For laser intensities exceeding 10 12 W/cm 2 ,
i.e., during the pre-pulse or at the leading edge
of the main pulse, vaporization and ionization
of the target occur. As a result, the main part of
the pulse interacts with a very thin, expanding
layer of ionized matter of near-solid density.
Absorption of the main pulse in this layer
results in the creation of a dense high
temperature plasma. For intensities higher
than 10 16 W/cm 2 supra-thermal electrons are
produced, primarily by the processes of
resonance absorption and vacuum heating
[9]-[11]. The majority of the accelerated hot
electrons leave the dense plasma region and
consequently a very strong space charge field
is being set up. A significant fraction of the hot
electrons streams back towards the positively
charged space charge region on the target
surface, penetrate the target and produce a
burst of incoherent x-rays being emitted in the
full solid angle. In our experiments, we use
the emission in forward direction in order to
minimize the timing jitter between the optical
and the x-ray pulses.
The generated x-ray spectrum shown in
Fig. 3 consists of the K α lines of Cu and a broad
background of Bremsstrahlung. The energy
conversion efficiency into the K α line emission
reaches a maximal value of 2 x 10 -5 . Such
efficiency is typical for x-ray generation with
ultrashort high-contrast pulses (cf. Ref. [9]). We
generate a total K α flux of up to 1.3 x 10 11
photons/s. There is no evidence for saturation
of the x-ray yield up to our maximum laser
intensity of 10 17 W/cm 2 . A pulse-to-pulse
stability of the x-ray output of 3 percent (root
mean square) was measured in real time
during 10 minutes with the help of a highspeed
data acquisition system. The long term
stability of our novel setup allowed us to use
the source in advanced x-ray diffraction
experiments for a continuous measurement
time of more than 10 hours [BZG04].
The size is a critical and important parameter
of any x-ray source. A large source size
prevents effective work in a high magnification
regime and limits, for instance, the ability to
detect small structural characteristics. We
measured the size of the x-ray emitting area
in the horizontal plane using a knife-edge
technique and detecting a 23-fold magnified
x-ray image with a charged coupled device
(CCD-ANDOR DO-434). Deconvoluting the
knife-edge results we derive a diameter of the
Gaussian fit for the emitting area of 10±2 µm
(FWHM, Fig. 2). The diameter of the x-ray
emitting area is only slightly larger than the
laser beam diameter of 6.7 µm (FWHM) and
they both are smaller than the target thickness
of 20 µm. Such a small x-ray source size
observed in forward direction demands that
the spatial diffusion of the high energetic
electrons is restricted within the conus indicated
in Fig. 2. This is only possible if the part of hot
thermalized electrons with an isotropic
distribution in momentum space has a short
stopping distance within few micrometers
(area I), and if the hot electron distribution has a
strong anisotropy in forward direction (area II).
To summarize this part, we have developed
and characterized an efficient, bright x-ray source
suitable for sub-picosecond experiments.
Application of high-contrast intense femtosecond
pulses enables us to optimize the
conditions for efficient x-ray generation and to
reach the highest K α flux from plasma sources
driven at a kHz repetition rate of 1.3 x 10 11
photons/s. A new geometry for a time-resolved
x-ray diffraction experiment with an essentially
improved temporal jitter was demonstrated.
Because of the very small irradiation area,
this source is also very attractive for x-ray
microscopy.

Comparison of focusing optics for
femtosecond x-ray diffraction
X-ray diffraction represents a standard
technique to determine the equilibrium
structure of crystalline materials. In the simplest
picture, the superposition of waves elastically
reflected from different planes in the crystal
lattice leads to the formation of an x-ray beam
in a direction determined by the constructive
interference of the reflected waves (Bragg's
law). So far, x-ray diffraction has mainly been
applied to analyze time-independent structures.
Diffraction of ultrashort x-ray pulses allows to
take sequences of diffraction patterns and in
this way analyze time-dependent structure,
i.e., follow atomic motions in real-time. Recent
experiments using hard x-ray pulses from
laser-produced plasma sources with a duration
of approximately 100 femtoseconds (fs)
demonstrated the detection of ultrafast changes
in crystalline solids via x-ray diffraction (XRD)
[12]-[18].
In the following, we characterize and
compare four different types of focusing optics
for hard x-rays, suitable for femtosecond x-ray
diffraction experiments with femtosecond
plasma sources. Although these isotropically
emitting sources can be applied without the
use of x-ray focusing optics [BZG04] the
extension to the investigation of smaller
samples demands such enhancing optics [19],
as the solid angle of x-rays used in an
experiment decreases with the sample size.
In addition, very strong excitation may require
a focused x-ray beam on the sample,
especially, if the structural change is irreversible
and the sample must be replaced at a fast
rate. A schematic of a typical fs-XRD setup is
shown in Fig. 4.
In such type of experiments, an optical
pump pulse triggers a structural change in the
sample and a subsequent x-ray probe pulse
takes snapshots of this motion or dislocation
by recording the diffracted x-ray pattern
(rocking curve) as a function of the time delay
between the pump and the probe pulse. The
optic can only collect the solid angle Ω 0 and
image the source region onto a focal spot with
a convergent solid angle ΔΘ. Here we consider
only optics which focus the x-rays in both
dimensions perpendicular to the beam. However,
for simplicity we introduce ΔΘ, the one
dimensional convergence angle in the reflection
plane, determined by the Bragg reflection with
angle Θ (Fig. 4). To determine the collection
efficiency for the characteristic line emission,
here Cu K α , we define the reflectivity of the
optical element as R = N f / (N 0 ⋅ Ω 0 ), where N 0 is
the number of K α photons emitted by the
source per second and per steradian and N f
is the number of K α photons per second at the
focus. In a typical experiment we have to
maximize the number of photons which are
actually Bragg-reflected. The angular range
of the measurable rocking curve ΔΘ is usually
larger than the width of a certain the Bragg
reflex δΘ (cf. Fig. 4).
When measuring x-ray diffraction from
single crystals the essential characterizing
parameter of the entire setup is the number of
photons incident on the sample per unit Bragg
angle and per second, i.e. n θ = N 0 R/ΔΘ. Unlike
in conventional x-ray diffraction setups, the
sample is kept fixed, and the interesting part
of the rocking curve (Θ-2Θ scan) is recorded
simultaneously by the x-ray CCD camera.
Thus, the convergence angle ΔΘ determines
which fraction of a rocking curve can be
measured without scanning the sample. It is
one of the main advantages of this type of
setup compared to parallel beam geometries
(realized, e.g., at synchrotron light sources)
that angular scans are unnecessary, and that
lineshifts in a pump-probe scan can be observed
simultaneously with intensity modulations. In
this study we have explored and tested four
different x-ray concentrators and mirrors
discussed as follows.
The various geometries used in our study
are schematically depicted in Fig. 5:
a) A 100 µm thick Germanium crystal cut
along the (111) plane is bonded to a toroidally
bent quartz substrate. Here the (444) reflex is
used and the curvature of the crystal is chosen
in such a way that the entire surface area
(12 x 40 mm 2 ) is reflecting. Such doubly curved
crystals are extensively discussed in the
literature [19], also with respect to the expected
temporal pulse broadening [20]. The mirror is
made for 1:1 imaging with a working distance
of 468 mm, and the deflection angle is given
by the angle 2Θ = 70° of the Ge (444) reflex.
The focus is rather close to the source (200 mm)
which imposes some geometric constraints on
the experimental design of the setup (Fig. 5a).
Fig. 4:
Schematic of a typical fs-
XRD setup. Hard x-ray
pulses from a laser
generated plasma are
collected by an optical
system, where the focus
can be located before the
sample, on the sample or
directly on the CCD. The
latter is only possible for
a large optic-to-focus
distance (optic c). Ω 0 is
the solid angle of x-rays
which can be collected
by the optic. ΔΘ is the
one dimensional angle of
the convergent x-ray
beam in the Braggreflection
plane after the
optic, i.e. the measurable
angular range of the
rocking curve in units of
Bragg angles Θ. All
photons which are
incident on the optical
system within Ω 0 are
assumed to be reflected
and imaged onto the
focus with an average
reflectivity R. δΘ is the
actual width of a certain
Bragg reflex to be
measured in a fs-XRD
experiment.
Fig. 5:
Schematic of the four
optics analyzed:
a) Toroidally bent Ge
crystal,
b) multilayer optic,
c) ellipsoidal capillary,
d) poly-capillary. The
magnification of b and c
were chosen to be 2 and
7, respectively, but could
be designed differently.
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14
Fig. 6:
Comparison of the
efficiency regarding
a) number of photons
per second in the focus,
b) number of photons
per second within 1 mrad,
c) flux in the focus (i.e.
number of photons per
second and mm 2 .
In all cases we exhibit
numbers only for K α
photons normalized to the
optimum source flux of
N opt = 4x10 9 photons/(s sr).
Both capillary optics
transmit also K β and some
high energetic (Bremsstrahlung)
photons.
Optic No.:
a bent Ge crystal,
b multilayer optic,
c ellipsoidal capillary,
d poly-capillary.
Fig. 7:
a)-d) Beam cross
sections in the focus
(upper panel) and after
the focus (lower panel).
We note the interference
pattern in the far field of
the multilayer optic which
is produced by the two
possible paths each
photon can take.
e) Vertically integrated
beam profiles from Fig. 6
a-d, together with the
spatial extent of the x-ray
source. Note that all
cross sections resemble
Gaussian distributions,
except the strongly magnifying
elliptical capillary
which has a large, near
Lorenzian line shape.
b) The second imaging device consists of
two perpendicular elliptical multilayer mirrors
(MLM) reflecting at a Bragg angle of approx. 3°,
determined by the multilayer periodicity. There
are two possible optical paths (Fig. 5b) to focus
in two dimensions by the Kirkpatrick-Baez
scheme [22]. The reflectivity of the optic over the
entire solid angle Ω 0 is very large (approx. 0.3
for a 15 µm small source size), because the
thickness of the multilayers is graded along
the ellipse. This makes the design of the MLM
very flexible, e.g., regarding the magnification
ratio. We have chosen a magnification M = 2 : 1
with a source-focus distance of 300 mm. The
rather small (albeit designable) distance from
the source to the optic housing was chosen to
be 43 mm. This requires a good accessibility of
the source. The multilayer periodicity is
designed to suppress Cu K β radiation efficiently
[23]. The white Bremsstrahlung background is
strongly suppressed with an average reflectivity
of approximately 10 -4 .
c) Capillary x-ray optics are glass capillaries
or poly-capillaries, which guide x-rays by total
reflection. The elliptical capillary optic is made
from a thin lead glass tube which is pulled in
such a way as to approximate the shape of an
ellipsoid. The resulting focusing is cylindrically
symmetric and occurs by total reflection of the
x-rays on the Helium/Glass interface. (The
optic is filled with He.) We selected a 150 mm
long section of the ellipsoid which images the
x-rays with a magnification of M = 1 : 7. The
small deflection angle is determined by the
angle of total reflection (0:3° for lead glass),
and the calculated average reflectivity of the
capillary is 0.8. The high energetic x-rays are
somewhat suppressed, as the angle of total
reflection decreases with increasing photon
energy. The source to optic-housing distance
is 50 mm.
d) The principle of operation of typical polycapillary
elements consisting of bundles of
glass or quartz capillaries is also based on
the effect of total internal reflection of radiation,
however, here several reflections are needed.
This reduces the transmission through the optic
and leads to an increase of the x-ray pulse
duration. A more substantial broadening stems
from the different single capillary lengths within
the array of 59000 capillaries (cf. Fig. 5d). We
further note that the spectral response is
similarly unselective as in the single-capillary
case, and the convergence angle is very large
(3.4°). There are geometric constraints on both
on the source optic distance (43 mm) and on
the optic-focus distance (18 mm). The latter
can only be increased at the expense of a
larger focus. Due to the very large collection
angle Ω 0 this optic delivers the highest largest
integral number of Cu K α photons in the focus.
The main parameters of interest that are
compared in the following are the total number
of photons which are imaged onto the focus,
the number of photons per Bragg angle, the
focal spot size and the transmitted spectrum.
The number of photons in the focal spot N f
was determined by integration over the Cu K α
line, and was then compared with the actual
source flux N 0 , which was measured in the
same way. In Fig. 6a we show the number of
photons per second in the focus N n , normalized
by the respectively measured N 0 to an
optimum source flux of N opt = 4 x 10 9 photons/s,
i.e. N n = N f N opt /N 0 . The convergence of the xray
beam was determined by scanning the
CCD camera parallel to the beam direction.
Characteristic cross-sections of the focus
are shown in Fig. 7 a-d) The measured ΔΘ
was used to calculate the number of photons
per second and mrad Bragg angle (Fig. 6b),

again normalized to N opt . The size of the focus
was determined for each optic by vertical
integration of Fig. 7 a)-d) and the resulting one
dimensional beam profiles are plotted in Fig.
7 e). The size of the foci in the full width at half
maximum definition (FWHM) is d = 23, 32, 105
and 155 µm, respectively. The accuracy of the
focal cross-section is limited by the pixel size
of the CCD, 13 x 13 µm 2 . These foci have to be
compared to the measured size of the source
of 10±2 µm. The flux values shown in Fig. 6c
are determined from Fig. 6a by assuming a
spherical focus with diameter d.
In summary, we have characterized and
compared four different types of focusing
optics for hard x-rays, suitable for femtosecond
x-ray diffraction experiments. We demonstrate
a 23 µm focus with a toroidally bent Ge single
crystal. A maximum flux of 7 x 10 8 photons/(s mm 2 )
is generated in a 32 µm focus using a multilayer
mirror. An elliptical glass capillary yields
the highest number of photons per Bragg angle
[2 x 10 5 photons/(s mrad)]. The largest number
of photons per second [3 x 10 6 photons/s] is
obtained in the 105 µm focus of a poly-capillary
optical lens system. All numbers are given for
characteristic Cu K α photons.
Femtosecond x-ray diffraction:
Coherent atomic motions in a semiconductor
nanostructure
We now present results of the first x-ray
diffraction experiment performed with our
novel microfocus plasma source described in
the first section [BZG04]. We observe minute
reversible structural changes in a nanostructured
solid. These changes conserve the
crystal volume and occur in the femtosecond
time domain. As a prototype sample
representative for a larger class of inorganic
and organic nanostructures, we chose a GaAs/
AlGaAs superlattice (Fig. 8A). A femtosecond
laser pulse impulsively excites electron-hole
pairs in the lowest n=1 subband of the GaAs
quantum wells (QWs) (Fig. 8B), thus weakening
the interatomic bonds. The crystal lattice
responds to such excitation with an expansion
of the wells and a concomitant compression
of the AlGaAs barriers, and vice versa in the
next half period, thus triggering a coherent
acoustic standing wave (Fig. 8D). The
amplitude of this motion is a fraction of only
S=Δa/a 0 =1.5x10 -4 of the lattice constant
a 0 =565 pm. Such displacive excitation of
coherent phonons (DECP) [24] is a prototype
of a much wider class of phase-coherent
atomic motion, initiated in each unit cell of a
(molecular) crystal. DECP is the solid state
analog of the Franck-Condon principle for
electronic excitation of molecules.
The superlattice (SL) sample, grown by
molecular beam epitaxy on a GaAs substrate,
consisted of 2000 layers of electronically
uncoupled 8 nm GaAs quantum wells and 8 nm
Al 0.4 Ga 0.6 As barriers (Fig. 8A).
A schematic of our tabletop subpicosecond
infrared pump - x-ray probe setup is detailed
in Fig. 9A. An 800 nm pump pulse with a flux of
2 mJ/cm 2 excited electron-hole pairs via interband
absorption. The pump pulse was
absorbed exclusively in the quantum wells,
and created a spatially modulated excitation
with the periodicity of the SL matching exactly
the reciprocal SL vector g SL =2π/d SL (inverse
SL period d SL =16 nm, Fig. 10). A time-delayed
x-ray pulse was diffracted from the sample to
probe the resulting lattice dynamics. Cu K α
emission was used in forward geometry, which
allowed for an accurate measurement of the
timing of pump and probe pulses. An x-ray
CCD camera monitored the rocking curve. The
influence of intensity fluctuations of the source
was removed by normalizing to reflections not
affected by the pump pulse. The signal (Fig. 9B)
was taken as the intensity difference between
the pumped and the un-pumped region.
The static diffraction pattern of this sample
around the (002) peak is displayed in Fig. 9C.
It shows a strong central maximum with a
position determined by the average lattice
Fig. 8:
(A) Semiconductor superlattice
(SL) consisting of
GaAs quantum wells
(QWs, white) and
AlGaAs barriers (grey).
(B) Probability densities
|Ψ VB;CB
n (z)|2 (blue lines) of
the electronic n=1 and
n=2 valence (VB) and
conduction (CB) subband
states in the respective
SL potentials along z, i.e.
in [001] direction.
(D) Linear chain model for
the phonon dynamics (not
to scale): Atomic layers,
i.e. (001) planes, of Ga,
As, or an alloy of Al and
Ga atoms connected via
schematic springs are in
their equilibrium positions
before excitation t

16
Fig. 10:
Dispersion relation of
longitudinal acoustic (LA)
phonons in the folded
Brillouin zone of the SL.
The reciprocal SL vector
g SL indicates the experimentally
excited zonefolded
LA phonon (ZFLAP).
Fig. 11:
(A) Intensity modulation
of the -1 st order SL peak
after ultrafast excitation
of electron-hole pairs in
the n=1 subbands of the
semiconductor nanostructure.
Plotted is the
relative reflectivity
change ΔR/R 0 as a
function of time delay
between near-infrared
pump and x-ray probe
pulses. The solid red line
represents the result from
a simulation, showing a
cosine-like oscillation with
the period of 3.5 ps of the
ZFLAP.
(B) Fourier transform of
the time-resolved data in
panel (A).
(C) Angular position ΔΘ
of the -1 st order peak.
Fig. 12:
Schematic of the (002)
SL rocking curve (black
line) together with that of
the corresponding single
SL unit cell (red envelope)
as a function of
Δk=4π/λ sin(Θ) (Bragg's
law). A compression of
the barriers shifts the
envelope towards the
position of the blue curve,
thus, modulating the
intensity of the satellites.
Inset: wavevector diagram
of SL x-ray diffraction.
constant of the entire crystal of approximately
0.56 nm and two first-order satellite peaks [25].
The satellites are due to 'artificial' periodicity
of the superlattice and are determined by the
superlattice period of 16 nm, much longer than
the lattice constant. The satellites originate
from the AlGaAs barrier layers as the GaAs
structure factor and – thus – the intensity
diffracted from the quantum wells are negligibly
small.
Excitation of this sample by the 800 nm
pulse promotes electrons from the valence
band into the (anti-binding) conduction band
of the quantum wells and weakens interatomic
covalent bonds in the GaAs crystal lattice. This
excitation is periodic in space as the 800 nm
pulse is absorbed in the quantum well layers
exclusively. As a result of excitation, the
strength of the superlattice peaks exhibit
pronounced oscillations as a function of delay
time. This is shown in Fig. 11A for the -1 st order
peak. The oscillation period is 3.5 ps
corresponding to a frequency of 0.29 THz. The
angular position of the satellite peaks remains
unchanged during the oscillations,
demonstrating that changes of the average
superlattice period, i.e. changes of the crystal
volume, are negligible on this time scale.
The oscillations in the diffracted intensity
are caused by coherent acoustic phonon
oscillations in the superlattice. Upon excitation
of electrons into the conduction band, the
weakening of the covalent bonds in the GaAs
layers leads to an expansion of the quantum
wells in space and a compression of the AlGaAs
barriers [Fig. 8D], in this way impulsively
launching acoustic phonon oscillations in the
superlattice. The wavevector of the phonons
created is determined by the spatial periodicity
of the optical excitation (Fig. 10). Such phonon
oscillations are equivalent to a periodic
modulation of the lattice constant of the AlGaAs
layers, i.e., the atomic motions of this part of
the crystal lattice are directly monitored.
We now discuss how the small atomic
amplitudes Δa/a are translated into relatively
large reflectivity modulations ΔR/R 0 (Fig. 11A)
of the selected satellite of the (002) reflex (Fig.
12). Because the GaAs wells have a negligible
(002) structure factor (quasi-forbidden because
Z Ga =31 ≈ Z As =33 Z), the ΔR/R 0 of any (002)
reflex [27] is exclusively caused by the AlGaAs
barriers (Z Al =13). A compression of the barriers
shifts the envelope [Fig. 12, red line: calculated
rocking curve for a single SL unit cell before
excitation, a0 B =a (t

ΔR(t)/R 0 = ΔR max /2R 0 x [cos(2πνt) - 1] is an
oscillation with the amplitude ΔR max /2R 0 around
an equilibrium position displaced by the same
amount. This constitutes direct experimental
proof of the displacive excitation mechanism
under conditions of strong excitation, in contrast
to the results for weak excitation [29].
In conclusion, reversible structural changes
of a nanostructure were measured nondestructively
with sub-picometer spatial and
sub-picosecond time resolution via x-ray
diffraction (XRD). The spatially periodic
femtosecond excitation of a GaAs/AlGaAs
superlattice results in coherent lattice motions
with a 3.5 ps period. Small changes ΔR/R=0.01
of weak Bragg reflexes (R=0.005) were
detected. The shape of the XRD signal, i.e. the
phase and amplitude of its oscillation around a
new equilibrium, demonstrates the displacive
excitation of the zone folded acoustic phonons
as the dominant mechanism for strong
excitation.
This underlines the very high sensitivity of
the experiment and demonstrates the potential
of this technique to observe fully reversible
structural changes in real-time. Future studies
will concentrate on reversible phase transitions
in materials with correlated electron systems
like, e.g., superconductors and ferromagnets.
Acknowledgements
This work was sponsored by the Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft via Schwerpunktprogramm
SPP 1134 and by the Bundesministerium
für Bildung und Forschung,
project 13N7923. We acknowledge R. Bruch,
H. Legall and H. Stiel for their contributions in
the experiments characterizing the polycapillary
x-ray optic and we thank J. C. Woo, D.
S. Kim, D. H. Woo, K. G. Yee, and S. B. Choi for
the sample growth. This work in Korea was
supported by the Korean Science and
Engineering Foundation, the Ministry of
Science and Technology, and the Korean
Research Foundation (2003-015-C00185).
References
[BZB] M. Bargheer, N. Zhavoronkov, R. Bruch, H.
Legall, H. Stiel, M. Woerner, T. Elsaesser:
Comparison of Focusing Optics for Femtosecond,
x-ray Diffraction, Appl. Phys. B (in press).
[ZGB] N. Zhavoronkov, Y. Gritsai, M. Bargheer, M.
Woerner, T. Elsaesser, F. Zamponi, I. Uschmann,
E. Förster: Microfocus Cu K α source for femtosecond
x-ray science, Opt. Lett. (submitted).
[BZG04] M. Bargheer, N. Zhavoronkov, Y. Gritsai, J.
C. Woo, D. S. Kim, M. Woerner, T. Elsaesser:
Coherent Atomic Motions in a Nanostructure
Studied by Femtosecond X-Ray Diffraction,
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Fig. 13:
Simulation of the phonon
dynamics using a linear
chain model.
(A) Schematic of SL.
(B) Impulsively excited
spatial electron-hole
density (initial condition).
(C) Contour plot of the
transient strain in the SL
as a function of time and z.
(D) Transient amplitudes a
of the central atoms in the
wells (green and blue)
and the interface atoms
(black and red), colorcoded
in (A).
17

Probing the Photostability of DNA
E. Samoylova, H. Lippert, V.R. Smith, I.V. Hertel, H.-H. Ritze, W. Radloff, T. Schultz
Introduction
The surface of the earth is constantly
irradiated by sunlight and the resulting photochemistry,
with photosynthesis in particular, is
paramount for the existence of life. A single
photon of the ultraviolet (

20
Fig. 4:
Ab initio potential
energies of the electronic
ground state (S 0 ), the
locally excited ( 1 ππ*(LE))
and charge-transfer
excited ( 1 ππ*(CT)) states
of the 2-aminopyridine
dimer as a function of
the transfer coordinate
of a single proton.
Insets A and B denote
the equilibrium structures
of the ground state and
the 1 ππ*(CT) state.
Fig. 3:
(Left) Time dependent
ion signals for
(2-aminopyridine) n
clusters with n=1..4.
(Right) Cluster structures
optimized by PM3-semiempirical
calculation.
Note the near-planar
dimer structures in B and
C, correlated with a fast
τ 2 signal decay. Signals
marked with (∗) were
fragmentation artifacts
(see text).
We employed laser systems supplied by
the Femtosecond Application Laboratories of
the Max Born Institute. They included a tunable
Ti:Sapphire oscillator, regeneratively amplified
to millijoule levels at 1 kHz (Spectra Physics
TSUNAMI and SPITFIRE or Clark MXR). For
the excitation pulses, part of the beam was
sent through an optical parametric amplifier
(Light Conversion TOPAS, model 4/800/f) and
subsequently frequency mixed and frequency
doubled to give µJ of tunable light in the
ultraviolet. Alternatively, we used the third
harmonic radiation close to 266 nm. For the
ionization pulses, up to 160 µJ of the 800 nm
beam was used directly or frequency doubled
or quadrupled to give µJ pulses of 400 nm or
200 nm light. The beams were further attenuated
with neutral density filters and focussed to spot
sizes of 100-200 µm. In all cases, the fluence of
the pump and probe pulses was kept sufficiently
low to avoid multi-photon excitation or strong
field effects in the ionization step. The temporal
width of the laser pulses was determined within
the spectrometer using calibration compounds
and was in the range of 130 - 150 fs.
To obtain time-dependent ion signals, a
delay line with sub-micrometer resolution was
used to scan the time delay between the
excitation and ionization pulses. The observed
signals are directly proportional to the excitedstate
populations, i.e. the measured decay of
an ion signal as a function of time delay is a
direct measure of the corresponding excitedstate
population decay. Typically 8 or more
scans with alternating scan direction were
averaged to avoid systematic errors from longterm
instabilities of the laser system or the
cluster source.
Results
Base pair model: 2-aminopyridine dimer
Recent ab initio calculations for excited
states in the guanine-cytosine base pair
suggest an H-atom transfer reaction involving
amino groups as proton donors and ring
nitrogens as proton acceptors [5]. Near the Htransfer
minimum, a conical intersection with
the electronic ground state leads to rapid
internal conversion. The experimental
investigation of the excited states in the
guanine-cytosine Watson-Crick base pair is
complicated by the existence of several
tautomeric forms [6]. In this case, a simplified
mimetic model can allow the investigation of
the basic photochemical reaction mechanisms:
2-aminopyridine (2AP) dimer offers the
relevant hydrogen bonds and reaction pathways
[7], but otherwise lacks the complexity of
the pyrimidine and purine bases.
We found an excited-state lifetime of
τ 2 = 65 ps for 2-aminopyridine dimer (Fig. 3B),
orders of magnitude shorter then the corresponding
lifetime τ 1 = 1.5 ns in the monomer
(Fig. 3A) or larger clusters (Figs. 3C,D). The
short-lived contribution in the monomer, as
well as the long-lived signal in the dimer were
due to cluster fragmentation and vanished
when narrow cluster distributions were investigated.
The dynamics in the trimer, however,
show a real bi-exponential decay with τ 1 and
τ 2 , indicating the presence of two distinct
populations. The dramatic change of excitedstate
lifetime as a function of cluster size
must be due to a change in the relaxation
mechanism. In the 2-aminopyridine dimer, the
mechanism was the theoretically predicted [7]
excited-state electron-proton transfer (Fig. 4).
It is readily apparent that this relaxation
pathway is not available to the monomer, which
is lacking the partner for electron and proton
transfer. It is far less obvious why this relaxation
mechanism is inactive in larger clusters. To
understand this observation, we performed

structure simulations for cluster sizes n=1-4
using the so called “Parametric Method 3 (PM3)”
(Fig. 3, right). With low computational cost, the
results of this method were in good agreement
with high-level ab initio calculations available
for the monomer and dimer [7]. The nearplanar,
doubly hydrogen-bonded structure
characteristic for the dimer is only one of
several stable structures for the 2AP trimer and
completely absent in the 2AP tetramer (Figs.
3 C, D). This structure thus seems to be
essential for the fast excited-state decay in
dimer and trimer.
The mechanism depicted in Fig. 4 may be
of general relevance in multiply H-bonded
chromophores, specifically DNA base pairs.
Ab initio calculations for the Watson-Crick form
of the guanine-cytosine base pair predicted
similar vertical excitation energy for the π-π*
charge-transfer (CT) state and the π-π* locallyexcited
(LE) state [5]. This property may lead
to an even faster excited-state decay than
observed for the 2AP dimer. Recent
experiments have indeed revealed an
extremely broad UV absorption spectrum for
the Watson-Crick guanine-cytosine base pair,
indicating a sub-100 fs excited-state lifetime
[8]. For other, non-Watson-Crick isomers, sharp
spectra corresponding to long excited-state
lifetimes were observed. The observed fast
relaxation pathway is thus strongly dependent
on the molecular structure of the clusters,
similar to our observations for 2AP clusters.
Adenine clusters
For the dominant 9H-tautomer of adenine,
spectra were recorded near the reported origin
of the n-π* and the π-π* state at 35497 cm -1
and 36105 cm -1 [9, 10]. Excitation energies
> 1200 cm -1 above the origin led to diffuse
spectral structures, caused by ultrashort lifetimes
of the corresponding excited states.
In time-resolved experiments, Lührs and
coworkers observed an excited-state lifetime
of 9 ps after excitation of adenine with picosecond
laser pulses at 277 nm [11], within the
region of sharp absorption bands. Using
femtosecond pulses at 267 nm, the region of
diffuse bands, Kang and coworkers found a
lifetime of 1 ps for adenine, assigned as the
lifetime of the n-π* state [9] and 6.4 ps for
thymine [12]. Ullrich and coworkers provided
a detailed analysis of the time-resolved photoelectron
spectra of adenine excited at 250 or
266 nm and demonstrated that the picosecond
signal decay was preceded by a much shorter
contribution of

22
Fig. 7:
Three most stable
structures for
adenine 1 (H 2 O) 1 . The
water is bound in vicinity
of the azine (A) or amino
(B,C) groups.
Fig. 8:
Location of the σ* orbitals
for the isomer, given in
Fig. 7B. (A) The diffuse
orbital is found near the
azine group, or (B) is
localized near the water
moiety.
Fig. 9:
Time-dependent ion
signals for thymine and
thymine dimer. Lifetimes
and signal ratios of τ 1
and τ 2 components are
not affected by
clustering.
We investigated relaxation pathways in the
clusters involving π-σ* states by ab initio
calculations. Two π-σ* states exist, with the σ*
orbital located either at the azine (ring NH) or
the amino (NH 2 ) group. According to our
calculations the π-σ* state of adenine monomer
lies about 0.45 eV above the π-π* state. Hence,
the coupling of the two states opens only a
weak channel and relaxation is dominated by
π-π* → n-π* internal conversion. The existence
of a minor π-σ* channel has been confirmed,
however, by H-atom detection with nanosecond
spectroscopy [15, 16].
The three most stable structures for adeninewater
according to calculations [17] are characterized
by two hydrogen bonds: One between
the water hydrogen and an adenine ring
nitrogen and the other between oxygen and
hydrogen of the azine (Fig. 7A) or amino (Figs.
7B,C) group. Due to its large dipole moment,
the π-σ* state should be strongly stabilized by
microsolvation in all isomers. We calculated
the down-shift of the π-σ* adiabatic excitation
energies with respect to bare adenine (for
details, see [RLS05]). We found stabilization
energies of 0.14-0.21 eV for the two π-σ* states
in all isomers Fig. 7A-C. The π-π* to π-σ*
coupling can be expected to increase
correspondingly and dominate in competition
with the π-π* to n-π* coupling, offering a more
efficient relaxation pathway. In comparison, the
reduction of the π-σ* state energy in two
isomers of adenine dimer was smaller, but still
significant (0.11...0.14 eV). This explains the
strongly reduced n-π* population in adenine
dimer (Fig. 5) and the complete absence
thereof in adenine-water clusters (Fig. 6). It may
be somewhat surprising that both π-σ* states
are stabilized by about the same order of
magnitude in all adenine-water isomers. The
dipole field of the more remote water appears
to be sufficient to drastically affect the π-σ*
energetics. Furthermore, the calculations show
that in some cases a hydrogen bond between
water and adenine is broken. Fig. 8 shows the
two π-σ* states for one isomer: The remote
water still possesses two hydrogen bonds in
the π-σ* excited-state (Fig. 8A). When the σ*
electron is near the water, the hydrogen bond
between nitrogen of the adenine ring system
and hydrogen of the water constituent is broken
(Fig. 8B).
In microsolvated clusters of adenine dimer,
we found an additional long-lived signal with
a nanosecond lifetime which was not present
in adenine dimer. This unexpected change in
relaxation dynamics might be related to a
change in the cluster structure: An exhaustive
molecular dynamics study [18] predicted a
transition from planar H-bound to stacked
structures upon solvation of adenine dimer by
two or more water molecules. A detailed
investigation of the underlying processes is
still lacking, but we expect that this process
can be explained by a shift of the relative
excited-state energies as investigated in detail
for the π-σ* state above. Identical observations
were made in the liquid phase: Here, subpicosecond
excited-state lifetimes were found
for isolated adenine, but a nanosecond lifetime
was found for stacked adenine in singlestranded
DNA [1]. Thus we hope that our microsolvated
model systems faithfully reproduce
the biologically relevant processes in solution.
Thymine clusters
The excited states in thymine resemble
those of adenine. Ab initio calculations predict
an n-π* state lower in energy than the bright ππ*
state. The absence of sharp bands in supersonic
jet experiments was correspondingly
assigned to a fast π-π* to n-π* transition [1]. Our
time-resolved ion spectra revealed two signal
components with lifetimes of approx. 100 fs
and 6.5 ps, which we assigned to the π-π* and
n-π* states respectively (Fig. 9). Longer scans
revealed an additional long-lived component,
which may be due to triplet states. Contrary to
our results for adenine, neither lifetime nor
signal amplitudes were affected by the
clustering in thymine dimer (Fig. 9B) or larger
clusters. An explanation may be found in the
relative energies of the π-σ* states which
affected the relaxation in adenine clusters. Our
ab initio calculations predicted an energy gap
of 1.0 eV between the n-π* and π-σ* states in
thymine, compared to the much smaller energy
gap of 0.6 eV in adenine. The stabilization of
the π-σ* state in thymine, even if similar in
magnitude to that in adenine, may thus not be
sufficient to overcome the large energy gap.
Hence the π-σ* state fails to offer a competing
relaxation channel, even if energetically
stabilized in the dimer or larger clusters.

The adenine-thymine base pair showed
similar excited-state dynamics to those of
adenine and thymine (Fig. 10). We interpreted
this as evidence for a fairly unperturbed
relaxation of the two chromophores in the
adenine-thymine base pair, proceeding via the
π-π*, n-π* and π-σ* states as observed for the
monomers and homo-dimers. With respect to
the different isomers observed spectroscopically
[19] and predicted theoretically [20] for
the dimers in the molecular beam, we have to
state that our experiments did not allow an
isomer-selective study due to the large
spectral width of the femtosecond laser pulses.
Instead, our time-dependent signals represent
the sum of contributions from all isomers. While
the lack of isomer discrimination is regrettable,
the integral detection of all isomers does have
advantages when compared with the difficulty
to observe short-lived states in spectroscopic
studies with nanosecond pulses.
Conclusions and outlook
To summarize, we used a combination of
time-resolved spectroscopy and computational
methods to obtain a detailed picture of excitedstate
processes in DNA bases and base-pairs.
In 2-aminopyridine dimer, we found an excitedstate
deactivation mechanism specific to
hydrogen-bonded aromatic dimers. Similar
mechanisms might occur in the guaninecytosine
Watson-Crick base pair and thus
increase the photostability of the genetic code.
In adenine and thymine clusters, only four
excited states of π-π*, n-π* and π-σ* character
seemed to be relevant in shaping the excitedstate
properties. Similarities of the excited-state
decay parameters in the isolated bases and
the base pairs suggest an intra-monomer
relaxation mechanism in the base pairs.
Microsolvation of adenine drastically
changed the propensity of the relaxation
channels, but was still well described within
our model. The solvent molecules stabilized
the highly polar π-σ* states and the resulting
coupling of the bright π-π* state to the
dissociative π-σ* states provided an efficient
drain for the excited-state population. In all
investigated species, changes in the cluster
structures had a large effect on the observed
excited-state properties. The combination of
pump-probe spectroscopy with isomer selection
methods, e.g. spectral hole-burning, is needed
to investigate such effects in more detail. We
currently assemble this novel type of experiment
by combining a nanosecond hole burning
laser with our established femtosecond pumpprobe
spectroscopy (Fig. 11).
For the biologically relevant liquid phase,
a detailed understanding of excited-state
processes is difficult to achieve because highlevel
theoretical methods are not available.
As demonstrated here, gas phase experiments
combined with theory can supply such a
detailed understanding but the relevance of
such results to real biological systems is often
disputed. In adenine clusters, we found
astonishing similarities between observations
made in microsolvated clusters and
observations in the liquid phase. It appears
that structure might play the dominant role in
determining excited-state properties and that
the solvation effects are well reproduced in
rather small clusters. Isomer specific studies
may thus be a next step to provide a bridge
between the detailed understanding available
in the gas phase and the complex observations
made in the biologically relevant liquid phase.
Fig. 10:
Time-dependent ion
signals for adenine,
thymine and the adeninethymine
base pair. The
excited state relaxation
dynamics of the base
pair resemble those of
the monomers.
Fig. 11:
Experimental setup for
isomer-selective cluster
studies. A synchronized
nanosecond laser
selects a cluster species
by spectral hole burning.
Subsequent femtosecond
pump-probe
spectroscopy reveals
the corresponding
dynamics.
23

24
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Stolow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 2262

Ion Acceleration with Ultrafast Lasers –
a Gateway to Explore Phenomena in Relativistic Plasma Dynamics
M. Schnürer, S. Ter-Avetisyan, S. Busch, G. Priebe, M. P. Kalachnikov, E. Risse, J. Tümmler, K. Janulewicz,
P. V. Nickles, W. Sandner
Introduction
With the availability of high-power CPA-
(chirped pulse amplification) lasers [1] and
their present parameters new perspectives of
efficient laser driven particle acceleration have
been opened in recent years. Fast moving ions
with kinetic energies approaching several
tens of MeV [2] have been observed. They are
carrying a significant part of the incident laser
energy. This striking feature has actuated
already a broad variety of studies concerning
the underlying physical processes and possible
applications. In Germany a DFG-supported
network (TRANSREGIO SFB) on “Relativistic
plasma dynamics” has recently been initiated
which has ion acceleration as one of its main
topics.
If intense femtosecond laser pulses irradiate
matter an energetic electron population is
created which immediately builds up an
acceleration field for the ions. The electric field
is produced by charge separation as the
electrons acquire energies of up to several
MeV and are being pushed out of the laser
focus by ponderomotive forces. A special case
is the so called “Target Normal Sheath
Acceleration” (TNSA)-[3], where the expulsion
of electrons is highly directional and perpendicular
to the back surface of a thin target.
These mechanisms are assumed to play the
key role in ion acceleration. In effect, ions are
abruptly accelerated from a thin plasma-layer
which feels the enormous electric field from
the separated energetic electron population.
At a typically produced field strength of
1 MV/µm [4] a proton at rest needs about 470 fs
to be accelerated to an energy of 10 MeV. The
laser pulse duration can be considerably
shorter because the lifetime of the accelerating
field is determined by electron dynamics in
the plasma and can thus exceed the laser
pulse duration. Recent experiments [5] and
simulations [6] have shown the enormous
potential of laser pulses with a high temporal
contrast for laser driven ion acceleration.
Especially the use of laser produced proton
beams is a fast developing field. Protons passing
a plasma with sufficient energy will be deflected
by the strong electric and magnetic fields.
Thus, a field reconstruction is possible from
the proton image, and processes causing
these fields can be investigated. This is one of
our major objectives within the collaboration
of the national TRANSREGIO TR18 project,
funded by the DFG. Together with partner
groups from universities in Düsseldorf (Prof.
O. Willi, Prof. G. Pretzler), München (Prof. D. Habs,
Dr. U. Schramm, Prof. F. Krausz) and Jena (Prof.
R. Sauerbrey) we will use the proton beams to
both study the physics of their origin and
dynamical processes in relativistic plasmas
through proton imaging. The relevant projects
are A5, “Ion acceleration from laser irradiated
thin foils”, co-ordinated by MBI, and A6, “Quantitative
measurement of electric and magnetic
fields using proton imaging”, coordinated by
University of Düsseldorf.
We report on the first results from these
projects, investigating the dependence of fast
ion formation as a function of laser parameters.
We create the ion beams with quite different
laser parameters from the two MBI multi-TW
laser systems. Detailed studies of ion spectra
from isolated water droplet targets as well as
from plane foil targets are presented. The
acceleration behaviour, leading to deep
modulations in the ion energy spectra [7], is
discussed in the frame of a multi-electron
temperature plasma. A creation of narrow band
(“monoenergetic”) ion/proton spectra appears
to be possible, which could provide new application
options in the accelerator and proton
imaging technology.
MBI laser facilities for proton
acceleration
It is known from previous work that laser
acceleration requires laser drivers near the
cutting edge of the present day parameters,
especially with regard to the peak intensity
and contrast. Both MBI laser systems, the 10 TW
glass laser and the >20 TW Ti:Sa [8] laser
located in the high-field laser (HFL) laboratory,
belong to a class of lasers delivering intensities
at the 10 19 W/cm 2 level. They allow for interaction
experiments in a broad range of parameters,
such as laser pulse durations down to ~40 fs
at 1J energy (Ti:Sa laser, 800nm), or down to
~0.8 ps at > 5J (glass laser, 1060nm).
Recent efforts to improve the contrast ratio
of the Ti:Sa laser resulted in remarkably high
values. This work was invoked by two European
R&D projects, FIRE and SHARP, devoted to
the development of ultrashort and intense
lasers. As a specific result several third order
correlators with a high dynamic range have
been developed in different project groups
(LOA, Saclay and MBI), allowing for the first
25

26
Fig. 1:
Scan of the averaging
3 order correlator
depicting the intensity
contrast level of the
40 fs, 20 TW Ti:Sa
laser. Blue: normal
contrast; red: improved
contrast level of up to
2*10 -8 by changing the
delay of pump lasers.
The artifact peaks
arise from reflections
on optical elements of
the correlator and
pulses appearing in the
frequency doubled
beam.
Fig. 2:
Deuterons and oxygen
ions at different
ionization stage
emerging from a laser
irradiated 20 micron
heavy water droplet
Laser:
pulse duration ~ 40 fs,
intensity ~ 10 19 W/cm 2 .
time to characterize in a unified way the contrast
of the Ti:Sa lasers up to a level of 10 -10 . The
Saclay correlator was used in a comparative
experiment campaign throughout several
European laboratories, dubbed as “the flying
circus”. The results have demonstrated that the
MBI Ti:Sa laser can presently be optimized to
a very high contrast level of 10 -8 , which is at
the forefront of present days standards.
We used the possibility that the ASE-level
of the pumped Ti:Sa amplifier crystals can be
modified by changing the temporal delay of
the pump pulse. Doing so a change of the ASEpedestal
level from 10 -7 to (2-5)*10 -8 (intensity
in relation to the pulse peak) was measured
with a third order scanning autocorrelator with
a high dynamic range of 10 10 [9]. In Fig. 1 a
record of the intensity ratio (average value from
several thousand of pulses) is shown while
scanning the range between 120 ps to 10 ps
in front of the pulse peak. The direct effect of
this high contrast on the proton acceleration
is described below.
Further increase of the laser intensiy
requires even higher contrast levels in the Ti:Sa
laser. Various methods have been explored in
the context of the European SHARP project,
such as the double CPA - technique [9], or the
use of a cavity-dumped oscillator with higher
output energy which is being prepared for
implementation.
One important experimental contribution
of the MBI in the TRANSREGIO project is based
on the possibility to synchronize the two MBI
high field lasers. The synchronization with 1ps
accuracy (based on experiences from the long
standing MBI - DESY collaboration on photocathode
and pump-probe lasers for FEL’s)
allows one to carry out the proposed pump
probe experiments for the ion acceleration and
proton imaging studies, as well as further applications.
Such synchronized, dual high-field
laser setup is unique world-wide. Since it
cannot operate at 10 Hz repetition rate we
implemented a recent upgrade to achieve even
a synchronized 100 TW single shot operation
of the Ti:Sa laser, allowing one to perform
plasma experiments at intensities beyond the
present level of ~10 19 W/cm 2 . The output energy
of the Ti:Sa pulse, pumped by a frequency
doubled extra arm of our glass laser system,
reaches about 6 J before the compressor, the
estimated level required for a 100 TW operation.
As we know from our own studies on direct
intensity measurements, reliable power and
intensity determination at this level will require
a series of dedicated interaction measurements.
Experiment
The experiments have been carried out
with ~40 fs laser pulses at 810 nm center
wavelength from the MBI-High-Field-Ti:Salaser
[8]. For the present experiments, up to
800 mJ pulses in a beam of 70 mm in diameter
were focused with a f/2.5 off-axis parabolic
mirror. Interaction intensities of ~ 10 19 W/cm 2
have been estimated from the energy content
in a focal area with a diameter of ~ 6 µm. A
commercially available capillary nozzle (Micro
Jet Components, Sweden) is used as one
target source. With the nozzle liquid water or
heavy water is injected into the vacuum chamber.
The water jet decomposes after a few millimeter
of propagation into a train of droplets
which have been well characterized [10]. The
average droplet diameter is about 20 µm.
Additionally, in comparative experiments also
plane foils of mylar and aluminium with a thickness
of 10 µm or 20 µm have been exposed to
both the Ti:Sa laser and the glass laser radiation.
For our studies up to four identical spectrometers
with nuclear track detectors (CR 39 -
plates), looking under different angles to the
target, have been used for ion detection. For more
detailed investigations two identical Thomson
parabola spectrometer coupled with microchannel-plates
(MCP) registered the ion emission
at observation angles of 0° (laser propagation
direction), and 135°. The spectrometer entrance
pinholes with a diameter of 200 µm are placed
at a distance of 35 cm from the source.

Conversion of laser energy to ion
kinetic energy
Fig. 2 gives an example of an ion spectrum
obtained from an irradiated heavy water droplet.
Ion numbers have been calculated with the
single particle response factor of the MCP-
CCD (charge-coupled-device) detection,
assuming an quasi-isotropic ion emission from
the droplet. Actually, this assumption is only
justified within a factor of 2-3 given by previous
observations: Simultaneous registration of the
ion emission with four Thomson spectrometer
and covering an observation angle of 135
degrees gave a signal variation of no more
than a factor of 2 to 3 [11].
From the emission depicted in Fig. 2 an
efficiency up to 9% from laser energy to proton
kinetic energy within 120 keV and 1 MeV and
of about 3% from laser energy to all oxygen
ions with energies between 40 keV and
800 keV could be deduced.
As a result we conclude that the present
values are well above the 1% conversion rates
which have been obtained with laser pulses
being an order of magnitude longer (several
100 fs up to 1 ps), but more energetic (10 J–
50 J). The comparison is made in an energy
interval between the maximum (i.e. cutoff)
energy down to about 10% of the cutoff energy.
Furthermore, the integral ion emission has been
validated in experiments studying D(d,n) fusion
reactions in heavy water droplets [12]. The
average over several 10 4 shots gave a conversion
of about 2% of the incident laser energy
into deuteron kinetic energy above 20 keV.
Strong modulations in proton and
deuteron emission spectra
Fig. 3 visualizes a proton spectrum from a
20 micron H 2 O-droplet in a logarithmic - linear
plot. Clearly two branches of the spectrum are
visible which one can assign to proton -
temperature parameters (170 ± 20) keV and
(630 ± 20) keV, respectively, if an exponential
fit of each branch is done. A weighted average
of the two branches would yield a value of
about 370 keV.
Both populations are separated by a “dip”
in the spectrum at about 450 keV, which is
reproducible and more pronounced in the data
shown below. The occurrence of such
pronounced dips appears to be new, and it is
a significant feature under our conditions. It is
possible to explain the dominant feature of
the energy distribution of the emitted protons
(deuterons) on basis of an isothermic expansion
model [13,14], which appears, on first sight,
somewhat surprising for the case of ultrashort
pulses creating the plasma.
Based on our own calculations it appears
plausible that the dip in the velocity distribution
corresponds to an internal electrostatic sheath
appearing due to hot- and cold-electron isothermal
expansion, where ions are strongly
accelerated in a small region. This dip develops
in a region of self–similar flow where the ions
experience rapid acceleration due to an abrupt
increase in the electric field. This increase
occurs at the location in the expanding plasma
where most of the cold electrons are reflected,
corresponding to a step in the ion charge
density. The depth of the dip as a function of
the peak field is a sensitive function of the hotto-cold
electron temperature ratio T h /T c in the
ion spectra, while the position in the spectrum
depends on the hot-to-cold electron density
ratio n h /n c .
In the experiments typical ion spectra could
be recorded from heavy water droplets as
shown in camera pictures taken with a single
laser shot (see Fig. 4). The deuteron spectrum
deduced from this digital CCD-image is shown
in the inset. The dips in proton as well as in
deuteron spectra emitted from water droplets
vary somewhat in their position and modulation
depth, which we tentatively ascribe to fluctuations
Fig. 3:
Proton emission from a
20 micron H 2 O-droplet
exposed with a single
laser pulse. Proton
emission at 135°.
Fig. 4:
CCD-image of
registered ion emission
emerging from an heavy
water droplet irradiated
at 10 19 W/cm 2 .
Insert: evaluated
spectrum from the
deuteron trace.
27

28
Fig. 5:
Single shot proton
spectrum with a
remarkable dip and
model calculation
with a two electron
temperature plasma
expansion model
reproducing the
observed feature.
Fig. 6:
Snapshots of ion spectra
at different delay times of
the applied electric field at
the plates and the laser
pulse. The abszissa shows
the ratio of the charge to
momentum (Z/mv) for the
particles (note the (Z/mv)
is decreasing from right
to left); the ordinate gives
the ratio of charge to
energy (Z/mv exp2) of
the particles.
a) At first the deuterons
appear and they reproduce
the electric field
transient like a oscillographic
picture.
b) Last low energetic
deuterons are visible on
the left and the first oxygen
ions appear.
c) Only oxygen ions from
O 1+ -O 6+ are visible at later
times. The thin black line
is a model calculation incorporating
delay times,
geometry and the instantaneous
birth of all ions.
in laser parameters as e.g. the beam pointing
on the droplet or the pulse shape itself. We
observed, however, dips throughout the whole
range of proton energies registered with our
spectrometer.
Fig. 5 compares an experimental proton
energy distribution from a single laser shot
with calculations based on the free expansion
theory of Wickens et al. [13]. A reasonable fit
for the depth and position of the dip in the proton
spectrum is obtained when the hot-to-cold
electron temperature ratio T h /T c is assumed to
be about 9.8, and the hot-to-cold electron
density ratio n h /n c is about 1/100. Individual
electron temperatures (fitted values) of T c =
7.5 keV and T h = 74 keV compare quite well to
the range of temperatures derived from the Xray
emission, which turned out to lie between
T c = 5...10 keV and T h = 20...100 keV, respectively.
Still, we note that in other recent theoretical
studies multispecies plasma effects and the
influence of electron cooling are discussed as
alternative explanation [15].
In conclusion, our experimental result
shows that laser pulses which are shorter than
the anticipated acceleration time of ions can
establish an efficient acceleration. Most importantly,
the existing theoretical interpretations
suggest that there are some ways to allow for
a controlled shaping of the energy distribution
of the emitted ions, either through the ability to
control the components of the electron density
and temperature of the plasma or, alternatively,
through multi-species effects.
Time resolved measurement of ion
emission from a droplet
Time-resolved measurements are required
to learn more about the acceleration dynamics
in the plasma, e.g. which ions are accelerated
first, and what in turn is their influence on the
acceleration of the other ion species.
In order to investigate the emitted highenergy
ions temporally resolved in dependence
on both their charge states and energies
we have developed new diagnostics consisting
of a modified Thomson-parabola spectrometer
[16]. For that purpose, a pulsed electric field
was applied to the deflecting plates in the
Thomson spectrometer. As a result the
trajectories did not only reveal the energies of
the particles due to their deflection in the
magnetic field but also its temporal evolution
according to the applied electric pulse shape,
much like in a streak camera. The time delay
between the plasma creation and the
applied electric field should be the sum of the
acceleration time in the plasma sheath and
the time of flight (TOF) of the ions to the
spectrometer. The latter can be calculated from
the ion energies measured in the spectrometer
because the geometry of the experiment
is known. The temporal relation between the
applied electric pulse shape and the delay, as
well as the measured modulation of the ion
spectrum and the measured time-of-flight will
characterize the temporal evolution of the ion
acceleration. A time resolved measurement
using only a MCP is not possible because the
fluorescence response of the phosphor screen
used for the imaging has a too low temporal
resolution.
At present we achieved a temporal resolution
of about (400 - 500) ps. Concerning the
acceleration process it is interesting to know if
the ions are produced with a very broad instantaneous
energy (velocity) spread during a very
short time period or if the produced ion energy
is a function of time and the instantaneous
energy (velocity) spread is relatively small.
From our results we can conclude that all
ions were “born” instantaneously within the
experimental resolution limit and have been
accelerated simultaneously by the same
electric field. With the assumption that all ions
are emitted instantaneously the measured
spectra could be simulated quite well. In Fig. 6
snapshots of the ions at three different time
delays are depicted and compared with
simulated spectra.

The calculation is in good agreement with
the experimental result and clearly reproduces
the shape of the measured ion spectra. Hence,
the temporal scenario of the ion emission
under our experimental conditions [7] is such
that the deuterons and oxygen ions are
accelerated simultaneously and travel on the
way to the spectrometer with a characteristic
velocity difference which results in different
arrival times at the detector.
Ion acceleration as a function of
laser pulse parameters
In order to optimize the ion emission the
interplay between the target properties and
the available laser parameters has to be
studied. A first important characteristic is the
scaling of the ion signals with laser intensity.
The laser intensity was varied by changing
both 1) the laser energy with an attenuator
using the angular transmission dependence of
polarizers in the system or 2) the laser pulse
duration due to varying the grating separation in
the pulse compressor. We observed a proportional
increase of the high energy cutoff in the
proton spectra with the square root of the laser
intensity up to intensity values of 5x10 18 W/cm 2 .
Similar behaviour has been reported in other
experiments [17]. At higher intensities, however,
the maximum observed proton energies
stagnated or even they showed declining values.
We assume that our observed break-up of
cutoff ion-energies at our highest intensities
is connected with the temporal contrast of the
laser pulse. Measurements with a third order
correlator [16] have quantified an ASE-pedestal
of the pulse at a ~ ns time duration with an
intensity between 10 -7 to 10 -8 of the peak
intensity (10 18 - 10 19 W/cm 2 ) in dependence of
pumping conditions of the laser amplifiers]. The
resulting intensity of 10 10 - 10 12 W/cm 2 is
sufficient for producing different pre-plasma
conditions on the vacuum-target interface
which influences the laser energy absorption,
the resulting hot electron creation and the
following ion acceleration. In a recent paper
[17] we suggest a simple extension of Mora’s
[18] ion-acceleration model in order to infer a
connection between the hot electron energy
and the ion cutoff-energy. Thereby ionacceleration
from an already heated surface
provides lower energetic ions than from a cold
one. This simple model shows how the ion
energy is related to the ratio of the maximum
electron energy (maximum Debye-length) and
a start-energy of the electrons (start Debyelength).
This start parameter is dependent on
pre-heating conditions. Different pre-heating
of the target-surface can result from different
laser pulse contrasts.
Recently ion acceleration from the rearside
of thin foils has been investigated in
dependence on foil thickness and laser pulse
contrast [19]. Here we are looking to ions,
which are accelerated from a laser-irradiated
front-side of the target. Pre-heating provides a
more extended pre-plasma with a reduced
plasma density gradient. Such a situation has
been also modelled with the 1-dim LPIC++ [20]
code. The calculated ion-spectrum becomes
less energetic if due to a lower temporal laser
pulse contrast the high intensity peak of the
pulse interacts already with a more extended
pre-plasma. This simple model can give some
interpretation for our experimental findings
concerning the ion spectra originating from
the front-surface emitted in backward direction.
In principle a more complex scenario has to
be modeled: In a formed pre-plasma multidimensional
effects as relativistic self focusing
of the laser radiation can occur which in turn
increase the laser intensity and thus the hot
electron energies. This can lead to an increase
of the acceleration fields and corresponding
ion energies at the rear-side of the target. Such
effects are not covered by an one-dimensional
modeling. But such effects, which have been
visible with plane foil targets, have not been
observed with the droplet target under our
irradiation conditions.
In an additional experiment we have proven
the dependence of the deuteron cutoff energy
on the laser pulse contrast.
With such a variation in the contrast ratio as
seen in Fig. 7 we could observe a clear effect
on the ion spectra. Two corresponding spectra
recorded in backward emission direction are
displayed in Fig. 7.
It is clearly visible how the cutoff energy of
the deuterons is shifted to higher energies if
the temporal contrast ratio of the laser pulse is
enhanced. Also the conversion of laser energy
to ion kinetic energy is slightly enhanced if
one compares the integrated spectra. In case
of the laser shot with the higher contrast the
incident laser energy is reduced to about 70%
(that is ~ (500 - 600) mJ) because of the pump
delay manipulation. Our experiments show
Fig. 7:
Enhanced cutoff energy
of deuteron emission
from 20 micron heavy
water droplets when
the ASE level was
increased by a factor
of 5 giving a high
contrast of (2-5)*10 -8 .
Triangles: Deuterons at
lower ASE contrast;
circles: Deuterons at
high ASE contrast.
29

30
Fig. 9:
Comparison of proton
emission from foils
irradiated with different
laser systems and quiet
different laser pulse
parameter:
Blue: (1-2)x10 19 W/cm 2
produced with 40 fs
pulses from a Ti:Salaser,
Red: (2-4)x10 18 W/cm 2
produced with 0.8 ps
pulses from a
Nd:Glass laser.
Fig. 8:
Proton emission and only
weak C 4+ - ion emission
registered from irradiated
20 micron thick mylar
foils with 40 fs laser
pulses at ~ 10 19 W/cm 2 .
A clear separation (dip)
between the lower and
the higher energetic part
is also formed here.
how critical the temporal pulse contrast influences
the ion spectra if ultrashort laser
pulses are used. On the other side it should
open a possibility to manipulate the spectra,
for example to produce “monoenergetic-like”
proton bunches in the MeV range.
Proton acceleration from
contamination layers on thin flat
foils
It is known that energetic protons can not
only be produced from water targets but also
from metallic or plastic targets. That is because
all surfaces are covered with a few monolayers
of water hydrocarbon contaminants if
no special cleaning is provided in an ultrahigh
vacuum environment. This “dirty” layer is of
advantage if it covers the backside of an laser
irradiated thin foil because it serves as the
proton source for the laser driven accelerator.
The foils, either made from plastic or a metal,
are between several microns up to some tens
of micron thick. The intense laser irradiates
the front side and the created high energy
electrons are pushed through the foil, break
out at the backside and led to the formation of
an electric double layer or the so called
acceleration sheath as described previously.
In the build up electric field the ion are accelerated.
Quantitative analysis of contamination
layers and emerging spectra have been
published recently [21].
All the majority of recently published
experiments is carried out with much longer
laser pulses. We started investigations of the
proton generation from plane mylar foils using
our intensive 40 fs laser pulses from the Ti:Sa
system. As a striking feature we found a
strongly reduced emission from carbon ions.
In some shots only a strong proton signal was
visible. Carbon emerges also from the contamination
layer. In Fig. 8 that difference is
apparent in comparison to Fig. 1 (the radius
of the water-droplet is comparable to the
thickness of the plane targets of 20 µm) where
the emission started from a pure water
interface. Only a spurious C 4+ ion emission is
visible. That is also in contrast to observed
results where longer pulses have been used
to irradiate foil targets.
A possible interpretation for our observation
is linked to the ultrashort driving pulses used.
With the ultrashort laser pulse and, hence, fast
rising electron pulse the acceleration field is
established very rapidly. Because of the mass
difference the protons are pulled immediately
away from the other more heavier ions e.g.
the carbon ions. This could lead to a massive
shielding of the electric acceleration field for
the heavier ion species, and a much lower
number is ionized and accelerated. Furthermore,
we observe an interesting structure of
the spectrum. The lower energy part seems to
be separated from the high energy one with a
small dip which can be similarly interpreted
with the appearance of two significant different
electron temperatures.
In order to study such processes proton
imaging can give more insight to the
acceleration scenario. Therefore we performed
proton acceleration experiments with our
second multi-TW laser system which delivers
a ps-pulse at an energy of several J. Once
more the shape of the observed spectrum we
depicted in Fig. 9 is astonishing. It is a little bit
smoother but it shows similar components as
that one created with a 20 times shorter pulse.
It becomes obvious that the interplay between
different laser pulse parameters such as the
duration, the intensity, the energy and the
temporal pulse contrast is very complex and it
is still far from a sufficient understanding.
Conclusion
Ion and proton acceleration is a fascinating
field with a large potential of applications, but
complex and still largely unexplored physics.
Taking the advantage of a repetitive laser and
a droplet target together with an online readout
of the signals from Thomson mass-spectrometers
allowed us to study in detail the
dependence of the ion acceleration on laser
pulse energy, temporal pulse duration and

contrast. A temporal pulse contrast of about
10 -7 at 1-2 ns in front of the pulse peak – in
principle a very good value – limits under our
conditions the achievable cutoff energies of
protons and deuterons. This is also visible in
the break-up of the cutoff energies if the full
laser energy is supplied to the target. An
increase of cutoff energies is observed with
an enhanced temporal laser pulse contrast.
Proton acceleration experiments with thin foil
targets using our two different TW-laser
systems show a similar and pronounced two
component structure of the proton spectrum.
This supports our previous model calculations
for proton and deuteron spectra emerging from
droplet targets with significant different electron
temperatures which influence strongly the
shape of the ion spectra. Laser pulse contrast,
shape and the target stucture are crucial parameters
for a shaping of the energetic proton/
ion component accelerated by ultra-intense
laser pulse-driven electrical fields.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge stimulating discussions
on the project with A. Kemp during his onemonth
visit at the MBI.
The work was partly supported by the
DFG-Transregio TR18.
References
[1] Strickland, D., and Mourou, G.; Opt. Commun.
56 (1985) 219
[2] Mourou, G.A., Barty, C.P.J., and Perry, M.D.;
Phys. Today 51 (1998) 22
[3] Hatchett, S.P. et al.; Phys. Plasmas 7 (2000) 2076
[4] Hegelich, M. et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002)
085002
[5] Mackinnon, A. J. et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002)
215006
[6] Dong, Q. L., Sheng, Z.-M., Yu, M.Y., and Zhang,
J. Phys. Rev. E 68 (2003) 026408
[7] Ter-Avetisyan, S. et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004)
15506
[8] Kalachnikov, M.P., Karpov, V., Schönnagel, H.
and Sandner, W.; Opt. Lett. 30 N o 8 (2005), in press
[9] Kalachnikov, M.P., Risse, E., and Schönnagel
H., Optics Express (2005), in press
[10] Hemberg, B., Hansson, A. M., Berglund, M.,
and Hertz, H. M. J.; Appl. Phys. 88 (2000) 5421;
Düsterer, S., PhD-thesis, FSU-Jena (2003)
[11] Busch, S. et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (2003)3354
[12] Schnürer, M. et al.; Phys. Rev. E 70 (2004)
056401
[13] Wickens, L.M., Allen J.E.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 41
(1978) 243
[14] Busch, S. et al.; Appl. Phys. B 78 (2004) 911
[15] Bychenkov, V.Yu. et al.; Phys. Plasmas 11 (2004)
3242; A. Kemp and H. Ruhl, Phys.Plasmas (2005)
in press
[16] Ter-Avetisyan, S. et al.; J. of Phys. D (2005)
in press
[17] Schnürer, M. et al.; Laser and Part. Beams 23
(2005)
[18] Mora, P.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (2003) 185002
[19] Kaluza, M. et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004)
045003
[20] Lichters, R., Pfund, R.E.W., and Meyer-ter-Vehn,
Report MPQ 255, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik,
Garching (1997)
[21] Allen, M. et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004) 265004
31

Short Description
of Research Projects
33

2 Ultrafast and Nonlinear Phenomena:
Atoms, Molecules, Clusters, and Plasma
2-01
Laser Plasma Dynamics
K. Janulewicz, P. V. Nickles, M. Schnuerer
2-02
Ionization Dynamics
in Intense Laser Fields
W. Becker, U. Eichmann,
H. Rottke
2-03
Free Clusters and Molecules
T. Schultz, C. P. Schulz
2-04
Molecular Vibrational and Reaction Dynamics
in the Condensed Phase
E. Nibbering
DIREKTORIUM (KOLLEGIALE WISSENSCHAFTLICHE LEITUNG)
I. V. HERTEL, W. SANDNER, T. ELSÄSSER
2 Ultraschnelle und nichtlineare Prozesse:
Atome, Moleküle, Cluster und Plasmen
2-01
Laser-Plasma-Dynamik
K. Janulewicz, P. V. Nickles, M. Schnürer
2-02
Ionisationsdynamik in
intensiven Laserfeldern
W. Becker, U. Eichmann,
H. Rottke
2-03
Freie Cluster und Moleküle
T. Schultz, C. P. Schulz
2-04
Molekulare Reaktions- und Schwingungsdynamik
in der kondensierten Materie
E. Nibbering
4-1
Entwicklung und Aufbau von
Lasersystemen und Messtechnik
I. Will, M. Zhavoronkov
Board of Directors (Joint Scientific Responsibility)
I. V. Hertel, W. Sandner, T. Elsaesser
1 Laser Research
1-01
Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics
and Few Cycle Pulses
J. Herrmann, F. Noack,
G. Steinmeyer
4-1
Development and Implementation of Laser Systems
and Measuring Techniques
I. Will, M. Zhavoronkov
1 Laserforschung
1-01
Ultraschnelle nichtlineare
Optik und Impulse mit
wenigen Zyklen
J. Herrmann, F. Noack,
G. Steinmeyer
4 Wissenschaftliche Infrastruktur:
Kurzpuls- und Höchstfeldlaser
3 Ultrafast and Nonlinear Phenomena:
Solids and Surfaces
3-01
Dynamics at Surfaces and Structuring
T. Gießel, A. Rosenfeld, M. Weinelt
1-02
Short Pulse
Laser Systems
U. Griebner, V. Petrov,
M. Kalashnikov
4 Scientific Infrastructure:
Short Pulse and High Field Lasers
3 Ultraschnelle und nichtlineare Prozesse:
Festkörper und Oberflächen
3-01
Dynamik an Oberflächen und Strukturierung
T. Gießel, A. Rosenfeld, M. Weinelt
1-02
Kurzpuls-
Lasersysteme
U. Griebner, V. Petrov,
M. Kalashnikov
3-02
Solids and
Nanostructures
M. Fiebig, C. Lienau,
M. Woerner
3-03
Opto Electronic
Devices
J. Tomm
3-04
Transient Structures and
Imaging with X-Rays
H. Stiel, M. Woerner, Zhavoronkov
4-2
Access to Laser Systems and
Service for the Application Laboratories
P. V. Nickles, F. Noack, M. Woerner
3-02
Festköper und
Nanostrukturen
M. Fiebig, C. Lienau,
M. Wörner
3-03
Optoelektronische
Bauelemente
J. Tomm
3-04
Transiente Strukturen und Bildgebung mit
Röntgenstrahlung
H. Stiel, M. Wörner, Zhavoronkov
4-2
Bereitstellung von Lasersystemen und
Betrieb der Applikationslabore
P. V. Nickles, F. Noack, M. Wörner
35

1-01: Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics and Few Cycle Pulses
J. Herrmann, F. Noack, G. Steinmeyer (project coordinators)
and P. Glas, R. Grunwald, V. Petrov, O. Steinkellner, P. Tzankov, N. Zhavoronkov, V. P. Kalosha, A. Husakou,
U. Neumann, G. Stibenz
1. Overview
The generation of ultrashort laser pulses
down to few optical cycles in a very broad
spectral region (from 100 nm up to the THz
range) by nonlinear optical processes is the
main goal of all ongoing activities within the
framework of this project. Besides the further
improvement of known techniques for pulse
shortening we also pursue new strategies
such as nonlinear processes in holey fibers,
photonic crystals or pulse compression by
Raman-active molecular modulation. In order
to either generate new wavelengths or
enhance the conversion efficiency, stability,
spectral and spatial quality, and to simplify
already existing concepts we investigate new
solid-state nonlinear optical materials with 2 nd -
and 3 rd -order nonlinear susceptibility and
apply them in novel interaction schemes for
frequency conversion of femtosecond pulses,
e.g. chirped pulse optical parametric
amplification (CPOPA). For tunable and
efficient generation of sub-100-fs pulses in the
wavelength range from 100 to 165 nm, we
investigate, both experimentally and theoretically,
four-wave-mixing in special hollow
waveguides and compression of vacuum UV
pulses by Raman-active molecular modulation.
Simultaneously with these activities devoted
to the generation of ultrashort pulses with one
or more extreme parameters we concentrate
on the characterization of their temporal and
spatial structure as well as on active control
by shaping mechanisms. The full control over
all parameters of ultrashort and few cycle light
pulses (wavelength, temporal shape, phase,
energy, etc.) is a long-term objective for the
whole project.
2. Subprojects and collaborations
At present the project is organized in three
subprojects:
UP1: Few-cycle pulse generation and nonlinear
optical processes in hollow waveguides,
photonic crystal fibers and microstructured
materials
UP2: High-energy vacuum UV femtosecond
pulses (100-160 nm) at 1-kHz repetition rate
UP3: Novel nonlinear materials and interaction
schemes for frequency conversion of ultrashort
laser pulses
Collaboration partners: M. Piché (University
Quebec), U. Keller and F. W. Helbing (ETH
Zürich), R. Iliev and Ch. Etrich (FSU Jena), G.
Sansone and M. Nisoli (Milano), Laserlabor
Göttingen, BIAS (Bremen), L. Isaenko (DTIM
Novosibirsk), J.-J. Zondy (Observatoire Paris),
F. Rotermund (Ajou University), R. Komatsu
(Yamaguchi University), V. Pasiskevicius (KTH
Stockholm), V. Badikov (HTL Krasnodar),
D. Shen (Tsinghua University), Quarterwave
(Berliner Glas) and Fibertec (Berlin), Y. Kida
(Kiushu University), E. Büttner (APE Berlin),
Prof. P. Herman (University Toronto), IKZ Berlin,
ASI Advanced Semiconductor Instruments
GmbH (Berlin), I. Buchvarov (Sofia University),
A. Maksimenko (University Minsk).
Funding:
• DPG
DFG Project 1782/2-2; DFG Project He 2083
• EU
Eureka-number EU 2359; RII3-CT-2003-
506350
• BMBF
BMBF-WTZ German-Canadian Collaboration
Project, 00/016; BLR 01/001
3. Results in 2004
Few-cycle pulse generation and nonlinear
optical processes in hollow waveguides,
photonic crystal fibers and microstructured
materials
Pulses as short as 3.8 fs have been
generated with supercontinuum generation
and subsequent pulse compression by
chirped mirrors [SSV04]. These pulses exhibit
a pulse duration that corresponds to only
about 1.5 cycles of the optical field. These
pulses have been carefully characterized with
a newly developed variant of SPIDER (see
Fig. 1), which allows to increase the dynamic
range of the detection system and therefore
Fig. 1:
SPIDER measurement
of one of the shortest
pulses obtained with the
hollow fiber compression
technique.
37

38
Fig. 4:
Array of ultraflat
cylindrical microlenses
for VUV beam.
Fig. 2 (left):
Visible part of the generated
supercontinuum
spectrum in a soft-glass
microstructure fiber,
extending over 3 optical
octaves.
Fig. 5 (right):
Truncated ultrashort
Bessel-Gauss pulses:
spatio-spectrally
undistorted propagation
of a localized 10-fs
wavepacket over a
Rayleigh range of 13 cm.
Fig. 3:
Two-dimensional
mapping of the pulse
duration of a 10-fs
Ti:sapphire laser
oscillator with multichannel
2 nd order
collinear autocorrelation
(beam shaper: reflective
microaxicon arrays).
does not loose coherence in the sharp spectral
drop outs of the continuum [SSt04]. The
extreme sensitivity of this method was also
demonstrated by dispersion measurements,
which allowed the detection of a additional
glass slides of less than 100 microns thickness
in the beam path.
This unique source, currently offering the
shortest pulses at MBI, was already applied in
several spectroscopic experiments. One
application was the measurement of optical
nonlinearities of a semiconductor in amplitude
and phase with spectral resolution. Our
measurements confirmed the Kramers-Kronig
relationship for the carrier-induced dynamics
in a saturable quantum-well based absorber
[SSta05]. They further elucidated thermally
induced mechanisms, which were induced by
a spectral shift of the Bragg reflector of the
sample.
Simultaneously, we explored the supercontinuum
generation in novel microstructured
fiber architectures. These fibers are
made from a soft glass and showed remarkably
broadband white-light continua, which extended
over up to 3 optical octaves (Fig. 2)
and also showed measurable spectral content
well below 300 nm in the uv spectral range.
Further applications of the ultrashort pulses
were in the spatially resolved characterization
of short pulses via an extended Shack-Hartmann
scheme [GNG04b] (Fig. 3), the development
of ultrathin ZnO films, which exhibit relatively
high conversion efficiencies while being only
few hundred nanometer thick [NGG04],
and the demonstration of spatio-temporal selfreconstructing
Bessel X-pulses [GNS]. Purely
reflective, low-dispersion components for
single-maximum nondiffractive beam array
generation were designed and tested for the
first time [GKe05]. VUV-capable, nanolayer
microlenses [GNK04] for wavefront sensing
and multichannel materials processing were
developed (Fig. 4).
Localized wavepackets with, in contrast to
Gaussian beams, undistorted ultrabroadband
spectral transfer functions over more than
10 cm Rayleigh range were obtained by selfapodized
truncation of small-angle ultrashortpulsed
Bessel-Gauss beams at pulse durations
of 5-10 fs (Fig. 5; [GNS]).
A third issue of this subproject is a theoretical
study [HHe04] of superfocusing of light beams
below the diffraction limit by photonic crystals
with negative refraction. We have shown that
it is possible to focus light to spots below the
diffraction limit (superfocusing) by the
combination of two main elements: one which
creates weak near-field evanescent
components of the beam, like a wavelengthscale
aperture, and an amplifier of these
evanescent fields, like a slab of a photonic
crystal with negative refraction.
By numerical solution of the Maxwell
equations we demonstrate the amplification
of evanescent components with a constructive
superposition and focusing to a spot below
the diffraction limit for a realistic photonic
crystal. In Fig. 6, superfocusing is studied for a
2D lattice of holes in GaAs with a lattice
constant of 0.191 λ and an aperture width of
1.15 λ. After the transmission through the
aperture shown by the green line in Fig. 10(a),
weak evanescent components are generated,
which are amplified by the slab of the photonic
crystal with negative refraction and form a
broad spatial transverse spectrum Fig. 10(b).

(a)
The resulting spatial distribution after the photonic
crystal, as shown in Fig. 10(c), demonstrates
superfocusing below the diffraction limit.
High-energy vacuum UV femtosecond
pulses (100-160 nm) at 1-kHz repetition rate
Due to absorption and phase-matching
constraints, the generation of high-energy
pulses in the vacuum ultraviolet by 2 nd -order
processes in nonlinear crystals is practically
limited to wavelengths above 166 nm. Phasematched
generation of tunable femtosecond
pulses at shorter wavelengths is possible by
broadband four-wave mixing in gases. A
possibility to increase the efficiency of 3 rd -order
nonlinear processes in gases is the use of
hollow waveguides, which provides phasematching
and higher intensity over a long
interaction length.
We used laser pulses of a high-energy
Ti:sapphire laser system at 1 kHz centered
around 805 nm (ω) with a spectral bandwidth
of 13 nm and around 268 nm (3ω) with a
spectral width of 1.5 nm to demonstrate efficient
generation of vacuum UV pulses in a 25-cmlong
argon-filled hollow waveguide with an
inner diameter of 100 µm. By adjusting the
argon pressure, phase-matching for the fourwave
mixing process 5ω = 3ω + 3ω - ω can be
achieved (see Fig. 7). The generated laser
pulses (see Fig. 8) with energies of more than
50 nJ centered at 161 nm have a spectral
bandwidth of 0.35 nm supporting a pulse
duration of 100 fs. By increasing the spectral
bandwidth and tuning the central wavelength
of the infrared pulse, high-energy sub-50-fs
pulses, continuously tunable in the VUV are
feasible.
In addition we have demonstrated
shortening of light pulses in the ultraviolet (UV)
by phase-modulation in impulsively excited
nitrogen in a 25-cm-long hollow waveguide of
128-µm diameter. After compression with CaF 2
prisms the pulse duration was determined by
XFROG to be 23 fs with an excellent timebandwidth
product of 0.50 (see Fig. 9, 10).
Our approach for generation of sub-30-fs
ultraviolet pulses is based on a combination
of conversion to the UV by efficient 2 nd -order
nonlinear processes and additional pulse compression
by impulsively excited wave-packets
in nitrogen. The compression at 266 nm
demonstrated here is also possible for pulses
at wavelengths less than 205 nm, where
second harmonic generation with angular
dispersion and higher-order phase-matched
sum-frequency mixing are not applicable.
Fig. 6:
Superfocusing by an
aperture and a slab of a
photonic crystal. In (a),
the field distribution in and
after the photonic crystal
is shown. The spatial
transverse spectrum (b)
exhibits contributions of
evanescent components
to the formation of a spot
below the diffraction limit
(c) with 0.25λ FWHM.
Fig. 9:
XFROG trace of the
UV pulses at 266 nm
in cross-correlation
with near-IR pulses
at 800 nm.
Fig. 10:
Pulse intensity and
phase profiles
reconstructed by
the XFROG trace
in Fig. 9.
Fig. 7:
Generation of the fifth
harmonic as a function
of the argon pressure.
Fig. 8:
Spectrum of the fifth
harmonic measured at
an argon pressure of
28 Torr.
39

40
Fig. 11:
Signal pulse energy
obtained by CPOPA
using a single stage of
PPSLT (periodically
poled stoichiometric
lithium tantalate) with a
domain-inversion period
of 30.7 µm at room
temperature.
Novel nonlinear materials and interaction
schemes for frequency conversion of ultrashort
laser pulses
New periodically poled materials were
studied in 2004 in our CPOPA setup (see
annual reports 2002-2003). These included
the biaxial KNbO 3 , and LiTaO 3 , which cannot
be phase-matched otherwise by birefringence.
The aim is to find optimum materials which
can simultaneously provide high parametric
gain and large amplification bandwidth for
short pulses. Photorefractive damage is
reduced in LiTaO 3 by the stoichiometric
composition and the 1% MgO doping. The low
coercive field of stoichiometric LiTaO 3 is
essential for the fabrication of thick quasiphase-matched
devices, and we used 2-mm
samples with 7 and 10 mm length. For a period
of 30.7 µm and pumping by 1 ns pulses at
1064 nm (1 kHz repetition rate), we achieved
the highest parametric gain ever reported
(>1.9 10 6 , ≈ 63 dB) for a single stage CPOPA,
see Fig. 11. The stretched femtosecond pulses
at 1560 nm that were amplified as signal
pulses, were from a passively mode-locked
Er-fiber seed laser (RYP04).
The progress in the study of the Licontaining
chalcogenides is evidenced by the
comprehensive review on LiInS 2 which
appeared in 2004 (FSM04). A similar review
on LiInSe 2 is now under preparation. Optical
parametric oscillation in LiInSe 2 , possessing
improved thermal properties in comparison to
the conventional material in this spectral
range, AgGaS 2 , was also achieved for the first
time. Finally, a completely new crystal, the
chalcopyrite LiGaTe 2 , was studied for the first
time showing a very promising potential for
frequency conversion in the mid-IR region. We
characterized some of the representatives of
the family of quaternary semiconductors
Ag x Ga x Ge 1-x S(e) 2 and generated pulses of only
5 optical cycles (84 fs) near 5 µm by differencefrequency
mixing in one of them (PNB04). We
also established that the birefringence of these
compounds can be engineered to be so high
that they are phase-matchable at wavelengths
which are very close to their band-gaps. Thus
these typical mid-IR crystals are applicable
also in the near-IR/visible, providing very high
effective non linearity for frequency conversion
of short pulses in thin samples.
Own publications 2004 ff
(for full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)
FSM04: S. Fossier et al.; J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 21 (2004)
1981-2007
HHe04: A. Husakou et al.; Opt. Exp. 12 (2004) 6419-97
PBP04: V. Petrov et al.; Opt. Commun. 235 (2004)
219-26
PBS04: V. Petrov et al.; Opt. Mat. 26 (2004) 217-22
PNB04: V. Petrov et al.; Appl. Opt. 43 (2004) 4590-7
PNS04: V. Petrov et al.; Opt. Lett. 29 (2004) 373-5
PYI04: V. Petrov et al.; Appl. Phys. B 78 (2004) 543-6
RYP04: F. Rotermund et al.; Opt. Exp. 12 (2004)
6421-7
SKN04: G. Y. Slepyan et al.; Int. J. of Nanoscience 3
(2004) 343-54
YTI04: A. P. Yelisseyev et al.; J. Appl. Phys. 96 (2004)
3659-65
GBR04: G. Graschew et al.; SPIE Proc. 5463 (2004)
68-74
GKe04: R. Grunwald et al.; (Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
Germany, 2004) Vol. 97, 300-11
GKN04: R. Grunwald et al.; Opt. Eng. 43 (2004)
2518-24
GNG04a: R. Grunwald et al.; SPIE Proc. 5333 (2004)
1-11
GNG04b: R. Grunwald et al.; SPIE Proc. 5333 (2004)
122-30
GNK04: R. Grunwald et al.; Opt. Lett. 29 (2004) 977-9
GSt04: R. Grunwald et al.; Physik in unserer Zeit 35
(2004) 218-26
NGG04: U. Neumann et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett. 84
(2004) 170-2
SSV04: G. Sansone et al.; Appl. Phys. B 78 (2004)
551-5
Stec04: G. Steinmeyer; Appl. Phys. A 79 (2004) 1663-71
SSt05a: G. Stibenz et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005)
081105/1-3
in press
KKO: R. Komatsu et al.; J. Cryst. Growth
TGu05: P. Tzankov et al.; Chapter 4.4 in Springer
Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials
Data (Springer) (2005) 817-890
GNS: R. Grunwald et al.; SPIE Proc. 5579
SKe: G. Steinmeyer et al.; (Kluwer Academic
Publishing, Norwell, MA)
Stea: G. Steinmeyer (IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK)
Steb: G. Steinmeyer; in Handbook of Optoelectronics
Invited talks at international conferences 2004
(for full titles see appendix 2)
S. A. Maksimenko together with G. Ya. Slepyan, and
J. Herrmann; European Materials Research Society
2004, Spring Meeting, Symposium I: Advanced
Multifunctional Nanocarbon and Nanosystems 04
(2004-05-24)
R. Grunwald together with U. Neumann, U. Griebner,
V. Kebbel, and H.-J. Kuehn; Photonics West 2004
(San Jose, California, 2004-01)
R. Grunwald together with U. Neumann, and V. Kebbel;
Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium
(PIERS 2004), Workshop on Localized
Waves (Pisa, Italy, 2004-03)
R. Grunwald together with U. Neumann, G. Stibenz,
S. Langer, G. Steinmeyer, V. Kebbel, J.-L. Néron, and
M. Piché; Photonics North (Ottawa, Canada, 2004-09)
G. Steinmeyer together with U. Keller; Optical Interference
Coatings 9th Topical Meeting (Tucson, AZ,
USA, 2004-07)
G. Steinmeyer; 4th International Symposium on Modern
Problems in Laser Physics (Novosibirsk, Russia,
2004-08)
P. Tzankov together with O. Steinkellner, T. Fiebig, I.
Nikolov, and I. Buchvarov; International Workshop
on Optical Parametric Processes and Periodical
Structures (Vilnius, Lithuania, 2004-09)

1-02: Short Pulse Laser Systems
U. Griebner, M. Kalashnikov, V. Petrov, (Project coordinators)
and P. Glas, J. Liu, H. Redlin, E. Risse, H. Schönnagel, R. Schumann, I. Will, N. Zhavoronkov
1. Overview
The general goal of this project is the
development of sophisticated short pulse laser
sources. Laser concepts based on Ti:Sapphire,
rare-earth- and transition-metal doped crystals,
semiconductors and microstructure fibers for
femtosecond and picosecond oscillator and
amplifier systems are under investigation.
One focus of this project is the progress of
compact diode-pumped femtosecond laser
systems. The potential of novel ytterbium and
neodymium doped active materials and semiconductor
structures is studied in the 1-µm
spectral range. In particular, Yb-doped laser
crystals are well-suited for building conceptually
simple and highly efficient diode-pumped
femtosecond lasers. The monoclinic double
tungstates KY(WO 4 ) 2 , KGd(WO 4 ) 2 and KLu(WO 4 ) 2
doped with Yb 3+ -ions have been recognized
as attractive host-dopant combinations and
some of the most promising results with respect
to diode-pumped femtosecond generation have
been obtained in the 100-fs region. Further, the
interest in novel tetragonal sodium double
tungstates like Yb:NaGd(WO 4 ) 2 is due to their
disordered crystal structure which ensures
larger bandwidths in mode-locked lasers in
comparison to the mono-clinic potassium
double tungstates. Compared to conventional
fiber designs, microstructure fibers have
considerably enhanced the possibilities of
tailoring linear and nonlinear fiber properties.
For mode-locked fiber lasers, dispersion
engineering is of particular interest, as it permits
intrinsic dispersion compensation or soliton
propagation at virtually arbitrary wavelengths.
This project further contains research
activities to continuously upgrade the multiterawatt
Ti:Sapphire laser operated in the
frame of High Field Laser (HFL) Application
laboratory in order to keep the laser system in
an internationally competitive condition.
Generally, the modern high power Ti:Sapphire
laser systems suffer from a relatively low amplified
spontaneous emission (ASE) contrast of
the laser pulse, which typically lies in the range
of 10 -5 -10 -7 . For the MBI-HFL the actual ASE
contrast value is 10 -7 . Improvement of the ASE
contrast ratio to the value of ~10 -10 , which is
necessary for pre-pulse free laser-matter
interaction (at peak intensity I>10 20 W/cm 2 ), is
one of the most important roots of current international
activities. Development of diagnostics
for laser beam and pulse characterization is
an important issue of this direction.
A major part of the project is dedicated to
the development of new schemes for generation
of trains of femtosecond pulses. One of the
most promising schemes is OPCPA, the combination
of Optical-Parametric amplification
and Chirped Pulse Amplification. The main
advantages of this scheme are a negligible
thermal lensing, a broad amplification bandwidth
and large tunability in wavelength.
Consequently, the generated output pulses are
free from pulsation of the beam profile during
the pulse train. That's why it is particularly well
suited for generation of trains of femtoscond
pulses with a time structure of the VUV FEL at
DESY Hamburg.
2. Subprojects and collaborations
At present the project is organized in two
subprojects:
UP1: Compact, diode pumped laser systems
and new active materials (Partly supported
by the EU-Project DT-CRYS (see www.dtcrys.net)
and the BMBF-projects no. 13N8337
and 13N8570)
• short pulse lasers based on new double
tungstate and sesquioxide crystals /
composite crystal structures doped with
ytterbium and thulium as the active laser ion,
• femtosecond microstructure fiber lasers in
the 1-µm spectral range (joint activity with
project 1-01),
• compact all semiconductor-based femtosecond
lasers (joint activity with project 3-03).
UP2: Short pulse amplification, high peak
and average power (This work is partially
carried out in cooperation with HASYLAB/DESY
in the framework of an EU supported project,
contract no. HPRI-CT-1999-50009/Pump-Probe
and in EU cooperation, "SHARP" - project,
contract Nr.: HPRI-CT-2001-50037.)
• development of diagnostics for the laser
beam characterization, especially temporal
contrast, focusability, intensity,
• development of high amplified spontaneous
emission temporal contrast (≥10 9 ) Ti:Sapphire
laser system,
• development of methods to improve focusable
intensity of the HFL Ti:Sapphire laser to
I>10 20 W/cm 2 ,
• development of the optical pump/probe laser
for the TTF FEL in OPCPA technology:
improvement of the stability and the power,
increase of the conversion efficiency from
pump to signal beam.
41

42
Fig. 1b:
Input/output
characteristics of the cw
Nd-doped penta fiber
laser at 1054 nm.
Fig. 1a:
Scanning electron
micrograph of the end
face of the Nd-doped
microstructure penta
fiber (hole diameter: 18
µm, core diameter: 12
µm).
Fig. 2b:
Comparison of the
recompressed pulses of
the 2 mJ, 35 fs CPA laser
(red curve) and the 20
mJ, 50 fs DCPA laser
pulses (blue curve).
The artifact peaks arise
from reflections on optical
elements of the correlator
and pulses appearing in the
frequency doubled beam.
Collaboration partners: F. Diaz (University
Tarragona), K. Petermann (University
Hamburg), A. Tünnermann (University Jena),
M. Weyers, G. Erbert (FBH Berlin), Fibertec
(Berlin), HASYLAB / DESY (Hamburg), J-P.
Chambaret (LOA Palaiseau,France), I. Ross
(RAL, Great Britain), K. Witte (MPQ Garching).
3. Results in 2004
The shortest pulses ever produced with
an Yb 3+ -doped monoclinic double tungstate
laser using a semiconductor saturable absorber
mirror (SAM) were achieved. Based on an
Yb:KLu(WO 4 ) 2 crystal pulses as short as 81 fs
at 1046 nm were generated with an average
power of 70 mW at 95 MHz repetition rate. The
time-bandwidth product amounted to 0.318,
i.e. close to the Fourier limit [GRP]. Epitaxial
growth of very thin (

intensity and thus, contribution to the nonlinear
phase, is the highest. The second CPA stage
consists of a stretcher, a multi-pass amplifier
and a compressor. The output energy of the
recompressed pulse reaches the value of
~20 mJ, FWHM of the recompressed pulse is
~50 fs. The temporal contrast of laser pulses
was characterized by a high dynamic range
cross-correlator, which supports dynamic
range of intensity of 10 10 . The temporal shape
of the DCPA laser pulse, and the pulse
measured before the temporal filtering are
shown in Fig. 2b. The substantial improvement
of temporal contrast with the DCPA laser is
evident. We did not observe with our crosscorrelator
a noticeable ASE signal at the
leading edge of the laser pulse. This allows us
to conclude that the ASE contrast at this edge
is at least 10 10 , which is also the limit of our
correlator. Taking into account that the ASE
level at the first CPA stage has the value of 10 7
and the fact that the nonlinear filter has a
damping limit of ~10 5 , allows us to estimate
the expected value of contrast at the front edge
of 10 12 , which could not be measured with our
cross-correlator.
The optical pump/probe laser for the VUV
FEL is designed for production of trains of
femtosecond pulses. This laser generates
trains of femtosecond pulses with parameters
matching the time structure of the VUV FEL.
The laser has been built as an OPCPA system.
The initial seed pulses for the OPCPA are
generated by a standard femtosecond Ti:Sa
oscillator that is synchronized to the RF of linear
accelerator. After being stretched to ~20 ps
duration, the pulses are successively amplified
in three LBO crystals. All three stages of this
optical-parametric amplifiers (OPA) are pumped
by a frequency-doubled Nd:YLF burst-mode
laser. The first stages of this pump laser are
identical to the TTF photocathode laser. An
additional booster stage was added to reach
a power during the pulse train of up to 1.2 kW.
The complete scheme and the parameters of
the OPCPA pump/probe laser are shown in
Fig. 3.
Fig. 2a:
Schematic of the DCPA
laser.
Gr - diffraction gratings,
RR - retro-reflectors,
PC - Pockels cells,
M1, M2 - mirrors of the
multipass amplifier
f = 42 cm and 50 cm,
FM - flat mirror of the
stretcher.
Fig. 3:
Scheme of the OPCPA
pump/probe laser
installed at the VUV FEL
at DESY Hamburg.
43

44
Own publications 2004 ff
(for full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)
ASA04: A. Aznar et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 (2004)
4313-4315
BKK04: I. A. Begishev et al.; J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 21
(2004) 318-322
GKS04: E. Gubbini et al.; Vacuum 76 (2004) 45-49
GPP04: U. Griebner et al.; Opt Expr. 12 (2004) 3125-
3130
KPG04: P. Klopp et al.; Opt. Lett. 29 (2004) 391-393
KRS04: M. P. Kalashnikov et al.; Opt. Expr. 12 (2004)
5088-5097
MGS04: M. Moenster et al.; Opt Expr. 12 (2004)
4523-4528
MPA04: X. Mateos et al.; IEEE J. Quantum Elect. 40
(2004) 1056-1059
PGM04: V. Petrov et al.; IEEE J. Quantum Elect. 40
(2004) 1244-1251
RLG04: M. Rico et al.; Opt. Exp. 12 (2004) 5362-
5367
in press (as of Jan. 2005)
GLR05: U. Griebner et al.; IEEE J. Quantum Elect.
KRS05b: M. P. Kalashnikov et al.; Opt. Lett. 30 (2005)
LCC05: J. Liu et al.; phys. status solidi a 202 (2005)
R29-R31
LRG05: J. Liu et al.; phys. status solidi a 202 (2005)
R19-R21
WKT: I. Will et al.; Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A
XSJ: X. Mateos et al.; Opt. Mat.
ZTo: N. Zhavoronkov et al.; JOSA
submitted (until 21st Feb. 2005)
GRP: U. Griebner et al.; Opt. Expr.
HJK: M. v. Hartrott et al.; Proceedings FEL 2004
RMP: S. Rivier et al.; Opt. Lett.
ZGW: N. Zhavoronkov et al.; Opt. Lett.
Invited talks at international conferences 2004
(for full titles see appendix 2)
U. Griebner together with A. Aznar, R. Solé, M. Aguiló,
F. Diaz, R. Grunwald, and V. Petrov; Conference
on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), 2004 (San
Francisco, California, 2004)
I. Will; VUV-FEL Users Workshop on Technical Issues
for First Experiments (DESY, Hamburg, 2004-
08-23)

2-01: Laser Plasma Dynamics
K. A. Janulewicz, P. V. Nickles, M. Schnuerer, (Project Coordinators)
and S. Busch, P. Priebe, S. Ter-Avetisyan, J. Tümmler
1. Overview
Highly ionized plasmas produced by short,
intense laser pulse irradiation are investigated
in two sub-projects:
In the first sub-project we study relativistic
plasma dynamics using ultra-intense laser
pulses. The objective is the investigation of
ion/proton acceleration from structured foils
and microdroplet targets. Specifically,
mechanisms leading to ion acceleration and
generation of ion beams with well characterized
parameters will be studied. Using such
a proton beam generated by one laser we plan
to study plasma dynamic effects in a second
plasma. This radiographic method, also called
proton imaging, allows to gain knowledge
about the acceleration process itself, and
about the plasma dynamics in the plasma
which is being imaged.
For the latter the objective is to investigate
field structures (solitons, electron currents a.o.)
appearing in a relativistic plasma. Results of
these basic physics investigations open for
the first time a view into such an extreme hot,
dense and well localized plasma and are
necessary as input data for relevant simulations.
The progress in this field is generally determined
by the access to ultra-intense lasers,
sophisticated targets and complex diagnostic
tools, usually not available in one single
laboratory. The MBI is part of a national consortium
of university laboratories and research
institutions (DFG Transregio SFB TR18 with
the partner universities Munich (LMU), Düsseldorf,
and Jena) devoted to studying this topic
over a wide range of laser parameters and
with application prospects in plasma physics,
astrophysics, and nuclear physics. MBI is
leading the project A5 "Ion acceleration from
laser irradiated thin foils" and is participating in
several others. MBI's experimental contribution
to the collaboration is the provision of two
separate, synchronized high-field lasers,
each of which having state-of-the-art pulse
characteristics. This setup is unique worldwide.
The 1ps - synchronization of the two MBI
high field lasers, the 1ps, >5J CPA glass laser
and the 40fs, ~1J Ti:Sa laser, rests on the
experience gained from long standing MBI-
DESY collaborations on FEL photo-cathode
lasers, and is the basis for our own studies
and collaboration experiments with Transregio
partners.
Using high resolution diagnostics based
on Thomson spectrometers we could already
obtain a number of results for ion acceleration
from targets irradiated by ultra-short (40fs)
laser pulses during the first year of the
Transregio SFB. In particular, we were able to
demonstrate a qualitatively new emission
characteristics of mixed ion/proton beams
emerging from thin plane foils (c.f. feature
article).
The second sub-project is concerned with
research on optimum plasma conditions for
compact coherent VUV or EUV sources, commonly
called "table-top X-ray lasers", working
in the wavelength region around 10-15 nm.
The objective of this project is an X-ray laser
with coherent pulse energies in the mJ range,
pulse durations in the ps range and practically
useful average powers of up to 1 mW. It will,
for the first time, bring a coherent EUV-source
with a peak brilliance comparable to the
planned VUV-FEL's, albeit substantially lower
average power into the laboratory. Still, it would
be a valuable complement to the acceleratorbased
new facilities with inherently limited
user access. Realization of this objective
requires a) research on gain mechanisms and
demonstrated gain saturation of XRL's at pump
energies of the order of 1J, and b) the
availability of a high-power driver lasers with
suitable pulse characteristics and average
powers of the order of kW.
The present state of the project rests on
previous MBI breakthrough results and
expertise in x-ray laser research, especially
on the first implementation of the transient
inversion pumping scheme with ultra-low
pump energies of the order of 1J, using shaped
single pulses. In 2004, apart from results on
the characterization of the single shot XRL
output, a repetitive operation mode at 10 Hz
using the MBI Ti:Sa laser has been realized,
which will from now on be exploited after the
recent upgrade of the MBI Ti:Sa laser pulse
energy to levels above 1J. This step from the
usual single-shot operation towards a 10Hz
repetition rate constitutes a major milestone
on the way towards the long-term project
objective.
The X-ray laser realised on this way is
foreseen for applications taking advantage of
its narrow spectral bandwidth and good spatial
coherence of its emission. Plasma interferometry
is especially promising and important
application. On the other hand, narrow spectral
45

46
bandwidth and high photon number together
with high photon energy makes this source
also very attractive for specific linear and
nonlinear spectroscopic applications. Using
such a source for spectroscopy of highly
charged heavy ions is subject of a joint project
with the GSI Darmstadt. Such a compact soft
x-ray source with high repetition rate will be a
valuable tool complementary in many aspects
to future large-scale short-wavelength FELs
(Free Electron Lasers).
2. Subprojects
UP1: Investigation of relativistic laser plasmas
with MeV-proton beam imaging
Collaborations: Univ. Düsseldorf, Univ. Jena,
LMU München, MPQ Garching: Two joint
projects in the DFG-Transregio TR18 (start july
2004) for ion acceleration and proton imaging,
including applications in plasma diagnostics,
astrophysics and nuclear physics.
UP2: Coherent XUV-radiation from laser
plasmas (X-ray lasers) and its optimization
for applications
Collaborations: T. Kühl, GSI Darmstadt, A.
Klisnick, LIXAM Paris, Development of an xray
laser for heavy-ion spectroscopy at the GSI;
Prof. H Fiedorowicz, Warsaw, Development of
gas targets for X-ray lasers;
Prof. A Zigler, Jerusalem, Capillary targets with
guiding for X-ray lasers;
Prof. G.J. Pert, York, Numerical modeling of Xray
lasers.
3. Results in 2004
In the sub-project on relativistic plasma
physics we concentrated our studies on
proton beam generation from plane thin foils
using the two different high-field TW-lasers.
The results are relevant to the physics of proton
acceleration with ultra-intense laser fields and
they are an experimental prerequisite for the
planned proton imaging experiments in 2005.
In connection with our observations of deep
modulations in proton and deuteron spectra
emitted from micro-droplet targets [TSB04,
STB04] detailed theoretical studies have been
performed [BST04, KeR]. It was proposed that
co-moving heavier ion species are mainly
responsible for the observed effect which is
controversial to the self-similar plasma expansion
model assuming two components of
the electron temperature. Therefore the interplay
between heavy ions and protons in mixed
laser accelerated beams was in our research
focus. The proton emission could be extended
up to 4 MeV kinetic energy under our
experimental parameters (cf 2-01 feature article).
The new aspect introduced in these experiments
was the use of ultra-short driving
pulses from the Ti:Sa system. In a multi-species
environment we could show that a heavier ion
component suffers a massive field-shielding
of the rapidly accelerated protons. We could
drive this principally know effect up to its
extreme – a purely emerging proton beam
emerging from a multi-component ion layer. A
proton spectrum was found with an accentuated
shape. It consists of two branches which
can be partly separated and which can be
approximately characterized by distinctly
different temperatures. When, for comparison,
the ps-laser pulse is used for the ion
acceleration the heavy ion background of the
proton beam changes but the general spectral
shape remains: a decreasing number of protons
up to approximately 1 MeV kinetic energy
which is followed by a more slowly decreasing
energy distribution extending up to the cutoff
at 4 MeV.
We conclude that the build-up electron
distribution yields the dominating influence on
the proton spectra, and that field-shielding acts
on heavier ions in a mixed beam.
All the energetically different ions are
emitted within a small time-window. This is a
consequence of the sudden field-acceleration
initiated by an intense short laser pulse. Such
a behaviour was proven with a time resolving
ion diagnostic [TSN] which was developed on
basis of our Thomson-spectrometer. It combines
a time of flight ion diagnostic with the energy
analysis inside the spectrometer, very similar
to a streak camera. We demonstrated this new
method with a temporal resolution of about
0.5 ns and showed how it can be extended to
smaller time intervals.
These experiments are very sensitive to
the laser pulse parameters. Especially the
laser pulse contrast is a crucial parameter in
relativistic-laser-intensity matter interaction
(see relevant activities in projects 4.02, 1.02).
We benefitted from the fact that the MBI highfield
Ti:Sa laser can be operated with one of
the best contrast ratios of its kind, as shown by
independent external measurements within
the European SHARP collaboration. We could
demonstrate that with a changed contrast from
about 10 -7 to 2x10 -8 the high-energy cutoff
could be nearly doubled [MTB]. Up to 2 MeV
deuterons have been registered from laser
exposed micro-droplet target systems. The
investigation of the processes involved will
help to find suitable laser-target concepts
supporting the need of low laser energy for
the envisioned proton imaging studies in the
MeV range.

An acceleration mechanism which holds
for energetic negative ions was established
[TSB04] on the basis of really surprising
experimental findings. H - , D - and O - with
energies up to a few hundred keV have been
observed in experiments with water targets.
The mechanism predicts the dissociation of a
molecule with an additionally attached electron
to a negative ion during a pre-plasma stage
and the extraction of the negative ions. This
extraction is with the accelerated electrons in
which the spurious negative ions are embedded
and which accompany the positive ions.
We introduced a new methodological
approach for the comparison of small scale
laser driven neutron sources [TSH05, SHJ04].
On basis of a defined fusion D(d,n) reaction
probability quite different target systems
irradiated under different conditions can be
compared much better and better extrapolations
concerning the neutron rates can be done. This
has been applied to our developed spraysource
(patent pending) in comparison to
cluster and gas target systems. In this concept
the laser energy transfer is included and
plasma volume-effects can be separated.
In preparation of the proton imaging
experiments the laser synchronization was
pursued. Here we are able to draw from longterm
experiences with the MBI-DESY
collaboration on phase-synchronized photocathode
lasers for accelerators and FEL's.
Experiments on the phase jitter of the pulses,
using the existing oscillators in both high-field
lasers, showed that they had to be replaced
by new systems. The full availability of the
synchronisation for plasma experiments will
commence in early 2005; it will be accompanied
by the completion of the single-shot
upgrade of the Ti:Sa laser to pulse energies of
about 6J and power levels of about 100TW,
using an extra long-pulse, frequency doubled
arm of the glass laser for pumping.
Within the sub-project "X-ray laser" the
work on the Ni-like Ag soft X-ray laser (XRL)
pumped by a single, profiled picosecond pulse
has been continued. The physics behind this
pumping process (which constitutes a major
step towards high repetition rate XRLs) has
been identified by careful determination of the
optimum pump pulse shape, using correlation
techniques, in combination with numerical
simulations of the kinetics of the active medium
[JNK04,JPT04,JPT]. Development of an original
scheme for an on-line third-order correlator
constituted a base for this research topic [PRT].
We have demonstrated a 10 Hz x-ray laser
based on the newly proposed pumping scheme
termed GRIP (GRazing Incidence Pumping)
which offers the possibility to apply significantly
reduced pumping energies at the repetition
rate well above 1 Hz. GRIP is actually a specific
geometrical variant of the traditional transient
double pulse (long-short) pump scheme. The
scheme benefits from the grazing incidence
of the heating picosecond pulse on the preformed
plasma column elongating the path of
the pump laser in the active medium.
Our present 10 Hz x-ray laser works with
slab molybdenum targets irradiated by the MBI
Ti:Sa laser with the total pump energy of only
400-450 mJ (150 mJ in 400 ps and 300 mJ in
9 ps). Lasing was registered at 18.9 nm and
the necessary optimum delay between the two
pumping pulses has been determined. Even
if the measurements were registered in the
"single-shot mode" (due to limited rate of the
data acquisition) the laser operated at a
repetition rate of 10 Hz. Up to 20 shots could
be fired without target refreshing. The smallsignal
gain coefficient was estimated to about
20 cm -1 . The beam divergence of 5-6 mrad
measured for the target of 3 mm in length
suggested some remarkable softening of the
density gradients in the medium [TJP].
For a continuous 10 Hz operation at
saturated amplification a refreshable target
was developed which will be implemented
next. The next steps on the way to the project
objective will include optimisation of the 10 Hz
operation towards saturation and routine
availability for application experiments, notably
also in conjunction with plasma diagnostics
from the first sub-project.
Fig. 1:
Enhanced cutoff energy
of deuteron emission
from 20 micron heavy
water droplets when
the ASE level was
increased by a factor
of 5 giving a high
contrast of (2-5)*10 -8 .
Triangles: Deuterons at
lower ASE contrast;
circles: Deuterons at
high ASE contrast.
Fig. 2:
An example of the
emission spectrum
recorded in the
experiment on the
18.9 nm molybdenum
soft X-ray laser
pumped collissionally
in the GRIP
arrangement.
The lineout shows
the dominance of the
lasing line over the
emission spectrum
(additionally is the
absorption edge of
the used Al-filter at
17.1 nm visible).
47

48
Finally, a joint project under the German-
Israeli research cooperation treaty deals with
optical field ionisation (OFI) X-ray lasers.
Although presently not lying on the main roadmap
of the MBI XRL project, OFI XRLs have in
principle also a potential to be operated in the
repetitive regime. Using plasma pre-forming
by a slow capillary discharge an enhancement
of the spectral line at 24.7 nm in lithium-like
nitrogen has been demonstrated by irradiation
such a capillary with a 40 fs laser pulse from a
titanium:sapphire laser system. This is the first
demonstration of the laser line enhancement
in this recombination OFI-pumped scheme.
High intensity of the pumping beam reduced
the influence of the ionization losses on the
axial uniformity of the pump process [JTPa].
Incidentally, this experiment, conducted for
the first time at relativistic incident intensities,
delivered rather important information for other
fields. It confirmed a significant improvement
of the triggering jitter by igniting the capillary
with a coaxially aligned auxiliary nanosecond
laser. On the other hand, the measurements on
the transmission spectrum of the pump pulse
guided under relativistic conditions showed a
blue-shifting caused by the ionization on the
pulse front and, in some shots, a significant
red shift suggesting existence of wake-field
break. The latter is crucial in the plasma based
electron accelerators and suggests the
possibility of the laser forced wakefield.
Own publications 2004 ff
(for full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)
BST04: S. Busch et al.; Appl. Phys. B 78 (2004) 911-4
STB04: M. Schnürer et al.; Appl. Phys. B 78 (2004)
595-9
TSB04: S. Ter-Avetisyan et al.; PRL 93 (2004) 155006/
1-4
SHJ04: M. Schnürer et al.; PRE 70 (2004) 0560401/
1-10
TSB04: S. Ter-Avetisyan et al.; J. Phys. B 37 (2004)
3633-40
TSH05: S. Ter-Avetisyan et al.; Phys. Plasmas 12
(2005) 012702
JNK04: K. A. Janulewicz et al.; Phys. Rev. A 70
(2004)
LJK04: A. Lucianetti et al.; Opt. Lett. 29 (2004) 881
JPT04: K.A. Janulewicz et al.; IEEE J. Sel. Top.
Quantum Electron. 10 (2004) (invited paper)
in press (Feb. 2005)
MTB: M. Schnürer et al.; Laser, Part. Beams
KeR: A. Kemp and H. Ruhl, Phys. Plasmas
TSN: S. Ter-Avetisyan, J. Appl. Phys.D
NJS: P. V. Nickles et al.; in Landolt-Börnstein, Laser
Applications
NJS: P. V. Nickles et al.; in Strong laser field physics
editors T. Brabec and H. Kapteyn, Springer
JTPa: K.A. Janulewicz et al.; Opt. Lett
JTPb: K.A. Janulewicz et al.; in X-Ray Lasers 2004,
Proceedings of the 9th ICXRL, Beijing, IOP Conf.
Series
JTPc: K.A. Janulewicz et al.; in X-Ray Lasers 2004,
Proceedings of the 9th ICXRL, Beijing, IOP Conf.
Series
submitted (until 21st Febr. 2005)
JTP: K.A. Janulewicz et al.; Phys. Rev. A
PRT: G. Priebe et al.; Opt. Express
TJP: J. Tümmler et al.; Opt. Express
Invited talks at international conferences 2004
(for full titles see appendix 2)
K. Janulewicz; ICXRL, 9. Int. Conference on X-ray
lasers (Beijing, China, 2004-05-26)
K. A. Janulewicz together with et al.; ICXRL, 9. Int.
Conference on X-ray lasers (Beijing, China, 2004-
05-26)
K. A. Janulewicz; GILCULT-Workshop (Rehovot, Israel,
2004-02-17)
P. V. Nickles together with M. Schnürer, S.Ter
Avetisyan, S. Busch, W. Sandner, H.Jahnke, and
D. Hilscher; FIHFP-Workshop (Kyoto, 2004-04-
26.-28.)
P. V. Nickles together with M. Schnürer, S.Ter
Avetisyan, S. Busch, A. Kemp, H. Ruhl, and W.
Sandner; Japanese-USA Workshop on Laser
Plasma Theory (Osaka, Japan, 2004-04-29.-30.)
P. V. Nickles together with M. Schnürer, S. Ter-
Avetisyan, S. Busch, W. Sandner, D. Hilscher, and
U. Jahnke; 20th EPS General Conference of the
Condensed Matter Division ”Interaction of matter
with laser light under extreme conditions” (Prag,
Tschechien, 2004-07-22)

2-02: Ionization Dynamics in Intense Laser Fields
W. Becker, U. Eichmann, H. Rottke (Project coordinators)
and P. Agostini, D. Bauer, M. Böttcher, E. Eremina , S. Gerlach, E. Gubbini, H. Hetzheim, R. Jung,
M. Kalashnikov, Th. Kwapien, X. Liu, N. Zhavaronkov
1. Overview
The project objective is the comprehensive
analysis of basic interaction mechanisms of
isolated atoms/ions, molecules and clusters
with intense laser fields.
Experimental work concentrates on the
investigation of ionization processes at light
intensities between 10 14 W/cm 2 and >10 19 W/cm 2 .
It focuses on the significance and the
manifestations of electron-electron correlation,
the influence of relativistic effects on multiple
ionization and on the manipulation of multiple
ionization processes via laser pulse characteristics.
In particular, few-cycle pulses with
stabilized carrier-envelope phase and defined
state of polarization will be applied as well as
two-color pulses, which typically consist of an
(intense) infrared laser pulse with an ultrashort
high-order harmonic superimposed. The latter
can be timed with respect to the former. The
physics is dominated by the interplay between
tunneling processes, free electron motion and
electron-ion collisions in the presence of timedependent
external fields. Furthermore, research
is focused on the interaction between correlated
electron dynamics in tightly bound inner shells
and relativistic laser fields and includes the
investigations of the interaction of strong laser
fields with single, higher charged ions.
Theoretical work concentrates on the
description of intense-laser atom processes in
terms of an “S-matrix” together with the “strongfield
approximation”. As applications, single and
multiple ionization of atoms and molecules are
considered at intensities reaching up into the
relativistic regime. For the interaction of lasers
with clusters a wide range of methods is utilized:
simple models, classical-trajectory calculations,
time-dependent density-functional methods for
large clusters, and solutions of the time-dependent
Schrödinger equation for small clusters.
The long term perspective of this project,
which relies on a strong interplay between
theoretical and experimental investigations, is
a detailed and complete understanding of
strong field multiple ionization processes.
2. Subprojects and collaborations
UP1: Dynamics of strong-field multiple
ionization
Collaborations with H. Walther (Max-Planck
Institut für Quantenoptik) and G.G. Paulus
(MPQ, now Texas A&M University, College
Station, TX), F. Krausz ( TU Vienna and MPQ),
M. Lezius (TU Vienna), P. Agostini (Humboldtresearch
awardee), A. Huetz (Univ. Paris-Sud),
T.F. Gallagher (Univ. of Virginia), G. von Oppen
(TU Berlin).
Joint DFG funded project with R. Moshammer
and J. Ullrich (Max-Planck Institut für Kernphysik).
DFG funded project within the DFG
Schwerpunkt “Wechselwirkung intensiver
Laserfelder mit Materie”.
Joint DFG funded project with G. von Oppen (TU
Berlin) on laser cooling of metastable helium,
which uses the laser infrastructure (cw-cooling
lasers) of the ion trapping activity.
Collaborations on theory projects with D.B.
Milosevic (University of Sarajevo) (Volkswagen-
Stiftung-supported project), H. Schomerus
(MPIPKS ), C. Faria (Univ. Hannover).
In-house collaboration with project 2.03,
project 2.01 and with the HFL and femtosecond
application laboratories.
UP2: High-intensity laser-cluster interaction
Collaboration with D.F. Zaretsky, S.V. Fomichev
(Kurchatov Institut, Moskau), S.V. Popruzhenko
(Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (State
University)) (DFG-supported project).
In house with project 2-03 on cluster in strong
laser fields (A. Stalmashonak, N. Zhavaronkov,
M. Boyle, C. P. Schulz).
3. Results in 2004
UP1: Dynamics of strong-field multiple
ionization
Molecular structure and e - - correlation in
strong field double ionization: In collaboration
with the group of F. Krausz (TU Vienna, MPI für
Quantenoptik), the group of H. Walther (MPI
für Quantenoptik), M. Lezius (TU Vienna) and
G. G. Paulus (Texas A&M University) we started
first experimental investigations on nonsequential
double ionization (NSDI) of atoms
in few-cycle laser pulses with stabilized carrierenvelope
(CE) phase [LRE04]. We have been
successful in measuring the dependence of
the momentum distribution of doubly charged
Ar ions on the setting of the CE phase. Using a
classical model [LFa04, FLS04a] we analyzed
our experimental findings in collaboration with
the our theory group and C. Figueira de
Morisson Faria (Univ. of Hannover).
A considerable part of the experimental
work in 2004 was devoted to the generation
of high order harmonics (HHG) and the application
of the harmonics in photoionization of
49

50
Fig. 1:
Electron kinetic energy
distribution from 1photon
double ionization
of Xe using the 25 th
harmonic with a photon
energy of hν = 38.6 eV.
The inset shows the
electron momentum
distribution. The
polarization of the XUV
light is parallel to the
horizontal axis of the
inset.
atomic targets. In this joint project with division
A of the MBI we collaborated with P. Agostini
(DRECAM/SPAM, Centre d’Etudes de Saclay)
and A. Huetz (Univ. Paris-Sud). The setup
consists of the harmonic source combined with
a monochromator which allows to select single
harmonics. The monochromator images the
harmonic source point into the application
experiment. With this configuration the pulse
width of the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses
available in the experiment in a wavelength
range down to ~12 nm is presently about 1.5 ps.
It is determined by the grating used in the
monochromator. Photoionization experiments
with the XUV harmonic radiation are done in
our reaction microscope which allows to
measure in coincidence the momentum of
photoions and electrons.
In a first run of the experiment towards the
end of the year we focused on 1-photon
double ionization of Xenon and processes
where the absorption of one XUV and several
infrared (λ = 800 nm) photons leads to double
ionization of Xe. The Ti:Sapphire laser system
used to drive the high harmonic source delivered
~5 mJ pulses with a width of ~50 fs at a
repetition rate of 1kHz. It was designed by
N. Zavaronkov. Harmonics were generated in
Argon gas with high efficiency up to the
~29 th order (hν ~ 45 eV), close to the cutoff of
this generation medium. A small part of the
Ti:Sapphire laser beam was split off from the
main beam to direct it separately to the reaction
microscope for combined XUV/IR photoionization
experiments.
We have been successful in measuring
the electron momentum distribution for 1photon
double ionization of Xe with the 25 th and
27 th harmonic. An example angle integrated
photoelectron spectrum in coincidence with
Xe ++ ions is shown in Fig. 1. The corresponding
2-D momentum distribution of the electrons is
shown in the inset. The XUV light beam is
polarized along the p || axis. The maximum
excess energy the two photoelectrons can take
away is 5.5 eV for this photon energy. At this
kinetic energy the electron yield drops to zero
in Fig. 1. Besides 1-photon double ionization
we also started to look into double ionization
initiated by absorption of one XUV and several
infrared photons.
The experiments done so far indicate that
it will be possible to use the high harmonics
together with the IR driver laser radiation to
look into the dynamics of processes. Especially
the XUV attosecond pulse train generated,
combined with the reaction microscope for
complete final state analysis, should open the
possibility to steer electron motion to trigger
reactions and analyze the breakup of systems
even into several charged particles.
Atoms in relativistic laser fields: We have
investigated atomic ionization dynamics in Kr
in the transition regime from nonrelativistic to
relativistic laser intensities (10 16 W/cm 2 to
10 18 W/cm 2 ). In this intensity regime the ionization
is expected to be dominated by sequential
processes. The rescattering mechanism,
substantially enhancing ionization for low
charge states and at low non-relativistic
intensities, is suppressed by several orders of
magnitude due to the break down of the dipole
approximation and unfavored scaling laws with
increasing charge. This has been studied in
detail in [GEK05b]. Comparison of experimental
ion yield curves with rate equations including
rescattering, electron drift through the magnetic
field and higher order relativistic effects has
shown the negligible contribution of the
rescattered electron to the total ion yield.
Having established the fact that rescattering
plays a minor role in the ionisation
dynamics at intensities above 10 16 W/cm 2 , we
focused our investigation on the applicability
of the “single active electron description”, which
– among others – bears the assumption of
fully relaxed core states between successive
ionization steps [Gek05a]. In particular we were
concerned with transient core polarization or
alignment effects originating from the strong
dependence of the field ionization rates on
the magnetic quantum number m, as has been
speculated on in a theoretical paper by [1].
Best suited for this task are inner d-shells of
atoms allowing for magnetic quantum numbers
as high as |m|=2. Depending on the intrinsic
time scales of the light frequency, pulse
duration and atomic relaxation effects the rate
equations for atomic field ionisation may be
dramatically changed in these systems. We
found that for 40 fs, intense laser pulses internal
m-mixing processes are sufficiently fast to
destroy any transient core polarization. As a
consequence, it has been found that field
ionization proceeds mainly through the m=0
sub-states and that the total ion yield curves
follow nicely the theoretical curves based on

only m=0 ADK tunneling rates, which is rather
surprising if one considers the order-ofmagnitude
differences between ADK rates for
different m sub-shells of an atom or ion.
This work is of considerable interest for the
scientific community involved in high-intensity
laser development. One of the paramount
problems there is the reliable determination
of focal intensities. The usual method relies
on separate measurement of the temporal
pulse width, the focal spot size and the pulse
energy, which is subject to considerable errors
if the exact temporal pulse shape, wave-front
tilt or distortions, ASE background, full-power
focussing properties etc. are not exactly known.
In contrast, peak intensity determination from
the ionisation stage of atoms inside the focal
area provides a direct intensity measurement
as long as the relation between external
electrical field strength and ionisation is
theoretically known. The present research has
the objective to determine the latter with high
accuracy, better than the present state of knowledge,
and thus eventually provide an “atomic
intensity probe” for ultra-high intensity lasers.
Cold ion targets: The generation of cold
single ionic targets in order to allow for the
interaction of single localized higher charged
ions with intense laser pulses relies on a fast
loading of the ion trap. We have designed and
tested a linear trap, which is loaded with Ca +
ions from a laser ablation process outside the
trap. The dynamics of the trapping process has
not been fully revealed so far, but it has been
found that a reliable loading of the trap can be
performed at a high repetition rate (up to 10Hz).
In subsequent experiments the first clouds of
sympathetically cooled ions, which have been
generated by fs-laser ionisation, have been
made visible in the trap.
Theory: Theoretical work largely concentrated
on modelling intense-laser atom processes
in order to identify and confirm simple underlying
mechanisms that afford intuitive understanding
and predictive power. Such models
are, for atoms and molecules, almost always
based on some version of the strong-field
approximation (SFA). Currently, we are further
scrutinizing such models by comparing their
outcome with the exact numerical solution of
the time-dependent Schroedinger equation
wherever possible.
In particular, in the context of the S-matrix
description initiated earlier, we have attempted
to achieve a more detailed understanding of the
electron-electron correlation that is instrumental
for nonsequential double ionization (NSDI).
We have investigated the effect of the Coulomb
repulsion between the two electrons in the final
state on their joint momentum distribution.
Indeed, Coulomb repulsion suppresses events
where the two electrons have similar
momenta. Remarkably, this effect is hardly
visible in the data. A (frustrating) conclusion of
this work is that for the case of neon (where
NSDI predominantly proceeds via recollisionimpact
ionization) the simpler the model is the
better does it work. That is to say, the theoretical
description that is based on a contact interaction
between the electrons and the ion and neglects
the Coulomb repulsion between the electrons
yields the best agreement with the data [FLB04,
FLS04].
The theory can be further simplified by
ignoring quantum effects except for the initial
tunneling of the most loosely bound electron
into the continuum. Sufficiently high above the
threshold, such a classical model agrees very
well with the quantum results. Encouraged by
this agreement, we have applied it to NSDI by
few-cycle pulses and reproduced the data
[LRE04] qualitatively [LFa04, FLS04].
Dynamics in intense few-cycle pulses:
Above-threshold ionization (ATI) has been the
paradigm of an intense-laser atom process
for 25 years. We have continued earlier work
on ATI, especially high-order ATI, by few-cycle
pulses with the goal of providing a “phasemeter”
for a high-precision measurement of
the carrier-envelope phase of a few-cycle
pulse. It turns out that high-order ATI is a much
more sensitive phase meter than the previously
employed left-right asymmetry of the
energy-integrated yield [MPB04, PLM04]. One
has to cope, of course, with the much smaller
number of high-energy electrons. We have
also embarked on a study of ATI of negatively
charged ions where one of the basic
assumptions of the SFA, viz. the neglect of the
Coulomb potential of once-ionized system, is
very well justified and, moreover, the effect of
the angular momentum of the electronic ground
state can be investigated. We found excellent
agreement of the SFA with experimental data
for ionization of F - . The remaining discrepancy
may be associated with a Feshbach resonance.
If so, this would be the first observation of a
qualitative many-electron effect in ATI [GMB04].
UP2: High-intensity laser-cluster interaction
For laser-irradiated clusters, we have confirmed
our previous model-based conjecture,
namely that the nonlinear (third-order) Mie
resonance with the incident laser field has
various observable consequences, by extensive
numerical simulations with the help of Fermi
molecular dynamics [FZB04]. In particular,
emission of the third harmonic should be
strongly enhanced near resonance, which has
been observed experimentally in the mean
time. We have continued this study with an
investigation of the damping mechanism that
is responsible for the width of the resonance.
51

52
It turns out that collisionless damping (Landau
damping) is dominant for small clusters. For
the one-dimensional case, a thin film, we have
identified the inverse dependence of the
damping constant on the film thickness as a
criterion to confirm the significance of Landau
damping [ZKP04].
The interaction of short laser pulses with
small rare-gas clusters was also investigated
by using a microscopic, semiclassical model
with an explicit treatment of the inner-atomic
dynamics. Field and collisional ionization as
well as recombination are incorporated selfconsistently
so that the use of rates for these
processes could be avoided. The laser absorption
and ionization mechanisms in clusters
at near-infrared (800 nm) and VUV wavelengths
(100 nm) were analyzed. Dynamical
ionization ignition was found to be the dominant
inner-ionization mechanism, while collisional
ionization is insignificant [Bau04a, Bau04b].
Other references
[1] Taieb et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 053002
Own publications 2004 ff
(for full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)
Bau04a: D. Bauer; Appl. Phys. B 78 (2004) 801-6
Bau04b: D. Bauer; J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 37
(2004) 3085-101
BFe04: W. Becker, and M.V. Fedorov (editors): in
Universality and Diversity in Science, Festschrift
in Honor of Naseem K. Rahman’s 60th Birthday
(World Scientific, 2004)
CDB04: F. Ceccherini et al.; Appl. Phys. B 78 (2004)
851-4
CMi04: A. Cerkic et al.; Phys. Rev. A 70 (2004)
053402/1-7
ELR04: E. Eremina et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004)
173001/1-14
FLB04: C. Figueira de Morisson Faria et al.; Phys.
Rev. A 69 (2004) 021402/1-4
FLS04a: C. Figueira de Morisson Faria et al.; Phys.
Rev. A 70 (2004) 043406/1-12
FLS04b: C. Figueira de Morisson Faria et al.; Phys.
Rev. A 69 (2004) 043405/1-17
FZB04: S. V. Fomichev et al.; J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt.
Phys. 37 (2004) L175-L82
GMB04: A. Gazibegovic-Busuladzic et al.; Phys. Rev.
A 70 (2004) 053403/1-13
LFa04: X. Liu et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004) 133006/
1-4
LRE04: X. Liu et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004)
263001/1-4
MPB04: D. B. Milosevic et al.; Laser Physics Letters
1 (2004) 93-9
PLM04: G. G. Paulus et al.; Phys. Scr. T110 (2004)
120-5
Rei04: H. R. Reiss; in Universality and Diversity in
Science: Festschrift in honor of Naseem K.
Rahman’s 60th birthday, W. Becker, and M. V.
Fedorov eds. (Singapore, 2004) 151-66
SBe04: M. B. Smirnov et al.; Phys. Rev. A 69 (2004)
013201/1-7
ZKP04: D. F. Zaretsky et al.; J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt.
Phys. 37 (2004) 4817-30
CMi05: A. Cerkic et al.; Laser Phys. 15 (2005) 268-75
FZB05: S. V. Fomichev et al.; Phys. Rev. A 71 (2005)
013201/1-13
GEK05a: E. Gubbini et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 (2005)
053601/1-4
GEK05b: E. Gubbini et al.; J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt.
Phys. 38 (2005) L87-93
MBe05: D. B. Milosevic et al.; J. Mod. Opt. 52 (2005)
233-41
RKr05: H. R. Reiss et al.; J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 38
(2005) 527-9
submitted
MBB: D. B. Milosevic et al.; J. Mod. Opt.
MPB: D. B. Milosevic et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.
UCh: V.I. Usachenko et al.; Phys. Rev. A
Invited talks at international conferences 2004
(for full titles see appendix 2)
P. Agostini; Attosecond MURI Workshop (Berkeley,
USA, 2004-12)
D. Bauer; 329 th WE-Heraeus Seminar “Manipulation
of few-body quantum dynamics” (Bad Honnef,
2004-06-27)
W. Becker; OSA, Annual Meeting (Rochester, NY,
USA, 2004-10-12)
W. Becker together with S.V. Fomichev, S.V.
Popruzhenko, D. F. Zaretsky, and D. Bauer; 13 th
International Laser Physics Workshop, LPHYS’04
(Trieste, Italy, 2004-07)
U. Eichmann; International Workshop and Seminar
“Rydberg Physics” (Dresden, 2004-05-03):
Excitation routes to doubly highly excited Rydberg
atoms: Fano lineshapes revisited
U. Eichmann; 13 th Laser Physics Workshop, LPHYS’04
(Trieste, Italy, 2004-07-15)
U. Eichmann; International Conference on Ultrahigh
Intensity Lasers, ICUILS 2004 (Lake Tahoe, USA,
2004-07-06)
E. Eremina; 329 th WE-Heraeus Seminar: “Manipulation
of Few-Body Quantum Dynamics” (Bad Honnef,
Physik-Zentrum, 2004-06)
C. Figueira de Morisson Faria together with H.
Schomerus, X. Liu, and W. Becker; 13 th International
Laser Physics Workshop (LPHYS’04)
(Trieste, Italy, 2004-07-12)
X. Liu together with E. Eremina H. Rottke, W. Sandner,
E. Goulielmakis, K. O’Keefe, M. Lezius, F. Krausz,
F. Lindner, M. Schätzel, G. G. Paulus, H. Walther;
LPHYS’04 (Trieste, Italien, 2004-07-04)
D. B. Milosevic, G. G. Paulus and W. Becker; 13 th
International Laser Physics Workshop LPHYS’04
(Trieste, Italien, 2004-07-17)
S. V. Popruzhenko together with W. Becker, Ph. A.
Korneev, and D. F. Zaretsky; International Workshop
on Atomic Physics (Max-Planck-Institut für Physik
komplexer Systeme, Dresden, 2004-12)
H. Rottke; 8 th EPS Conference on Atomic and Molecular
Physics (Rennes, Frankreich, 2004-07-07)
W. Sandner; ICUIL 2004, (Lake Tahoe, USA, 2004-
10-06)

2-03: Free Clusters and Molecules
T. Schultz, C. P. Schulz, W. Radloff (Project coordinators)
and T. Laarmann, H.-H. Ritze, M. Boyle, H. Lippert, P.-A. Henry, E. Samoilova, I. Shchatsinin, V. R. Smith,
A. Stalmashonak, T. Caspers, D. Kandula
1. Overview
The goal of this project is to understand
ultrafast, photo-induced processes in isolated
molecules and molecular clusters in the gas
phase and – as far as possible – to control these
dynamics using nonlinear optical methods and
short laser pulses.
The following themes are presently in the
focus of the research activities: We initiate and
probe elementary photochemical reactions in
the time domain using low intensity laser fields.
Our research is focused on photo-induced
excited state dynamics of biologically relevant
chromophore molecules, such as amino acids
or DNA bases embedded in small clusters of
solvent molecules. Hydrogen, proton and
electron transfer, internal conversion, isomerisation
and fragmentation are the key
processes studied.
At higher laser intensities (up to 10 16 W/cm 2 ),
finite systems such as C 60 and clusters of water
or ammonia molecules are the model objects
of interest. The complex nonadiabatic multielectron
dynamics (NMED) induced in such fields
leads to multielectron excitation, (multiple)
ionization, fragmentation and rearrangement.
Understanding the energy relaxation and redistribution
between the electronic and nuclear
system is crucial for modelling and manipulating
the subsequent formation of highly
excited neutral Rydberg states, multiply ionized
states and fragmentation. Finally, Coulomb
explosion and hydrodynamic cluster expansion
are expected as a final stage at very high
intensities.
As a long-term perspective optimal control
of specific physical and chemical reactions in
large finite systems – both in the linear and highly
nonlinear intensity regime – is envisaged.
2. Subprojects and collaborations
UP1: Photochemical elementary reactions
in biologically relevant systems: solvation,
hydrogen-, proton- and electron-transfer.
Partially the project is complementary to MBI
project 2-04 (Vibrational and Reaction
Dynamics in the Condensed Phase). This work
is a project (TP A4) of the DFG Collaborative
Research Center 450 “Analysis and control of
ultrafast, photoinduced reactions”.
UP2: Finite systems in moderately strong
laser fields (up to 10 16 W/cm 2 ): nonadiabatic
multi-electron dynamics and nuclear
motion. Close collaboration exists with project
2-02 (Ionization Dynamics in Intense Laser
Fields). This work is also a project (TP A2) of
the DFG Collaborative Research Center 450.
3. Results in 2004
In UP1, we began a systematic study of
the excited state relaxation processes in DNA
bases. In a model base pair, 2-aminopyridinedimer,
we characterized an intermolecular
electron-proton transfer reaction coordinate
[SSR04]. Important for the conceptual layout
and understanding of these experiments was
the fruitful interaction with external theory
groups as well as the constant in-house
theoretical support with ab-initio modelling.
The hydrogen transfer along this coordinate
reduced the excited state lifetimes from nanoseconds
to picoseconds. Similar relaxation
pathways may increase the photostability of
planar, hydrogen-bound chromophores such
as the Watson-Crick base pairs. Deuteration
of aminopyridine resulted in small isotope
effects, indicating that proton transfer is not the
rate-limiting step. A variation of the excitation
energy within 250-293 nm also had small
effects and we speculate that electronic factors
are rate limiting in this system.
In adenine clusters and adenine-water
clusters, we observed two competing relaxation
pathways for the optically bright ππ* states
(Fig. 1a,b) [SLU, RLS]. A slower relaxation
pathway in adenine proceeded via the nπ*
Fig. 1:
Time-dependent ion
signals for adenine
clusters, thymine
clusters and the adeninethymine
base pair dimer
excited with 272 nm and
ionized with 800 nm. The
τ 1 decay component is
due to the ππ* state, the
τ 2 component due to the
nπ* state.
53

54
Fig. 2:
Results from a
fragmentation experiment
with temporally shaped
pulses. The lower left
panel shows a ‘standard’
C mass spectrum after
60
interaction with a 50 fs
800nm laser pulse. Its
temporal and spectral
profile is shown in the
lower right panel as
obtained from an X-
FROG analysis. The
mass spectrum in the top
left panel documents a
mass spectrum after 100
generations of iterative
trial to maximize the C 3
fragment. The temporal
and spectral
characteristics of the
pulse responsible for this
mass spectrum is given
in the top right panel.
+
state with a lifetime of 1 ps. In adenine water
clusters, another relaxation pathway reduced
the excited state lifetime to ~100 fs. Using ab
initio calculations, we linked the faster relaxation
to a stabilization of πσ* states in the clusters.
Both relaxation channels appear in adenine
dimer and larger clusters, in agreement to a
moderate πσ* stabilization predicted by theory.
In thymine, a similar ππ* to nπ* relaxation
channel exists. In the corresponding clusters,
the πσ* states was not sufficiently stabilized to
compete with this relaxation channel and we
found identical dynamics for all clusters (Fig.
1b,c) [SLU]. The adenine thymine base pair
behaved similar to the corresponding monomers
or dimers (Fig. 1c) and no specific relaxation
channel could be identified for this base pair.
First attempts were made to use nonadiabatic
alignment for the selection of cluster
species. Impulsive Raman excitation of
rotational modes by picosecond laser pulses
can lead to high degrees of molecular alignment.
This alignment modulates the excitation crosssections
in a pump-probe experiments and
can thus be employed for selection. So far, our
experience shows that significant improvements
in laser stability will be necessary to obtain
the required signal to noise ratio.
Excited state dynamics of small hydrocarbon
radicals were investigated in collaboration
with Prof. I. Fischer (Universität Würzburg). For
the 2 2 A’ (3s) Rydberg state of ethyl excited at
250 nm, a lifetime of 20 fs was found, much
faster then predicted from the known
dissociation behaviour. The 3 2 B 1 state of
propargyl excited at 255 nm showed a slower
decay with a time constant 50 fs, which is in
agreement with subsequent statistical fragmentation
observed in the ground state. The
4 2 B 2 state of benzyl excited at 255 nm
decayed within 150±30 fs.
In the focus of UP2 were two aspects of the
excitation and ionisation dynamics of finite
systems: While in the first 6 month of 2004
experiments with shaped pulses explored the
possibilities of optimal control schemes, in the
second half of the year the ionisation dynamics
of C 60 after irradiation with sub-10fs pulses
have been investigated. The latter experiments
were enabled by a close collaboration with the
project 1-01 and profited from collaboration with
theory groups.
We have build a femtosecond pulse shaper
using the well-established technique of spectral
phase control by liquid crystal modulators [1].
Our pulse shaper is capable to transmit the
bandwidth of a 25 fs pulse with up to 800 µJ
pulse energy. The 640 pixels of the liquid crystal
modulator allow a maximal spread of the pulse
up to about 4 ps. We have used the generic
algorithm in a closed feedback loop to optimise
different fragments from the C fullerene. Fig. 2
60
+ shows an example for the C fragment. A
3
strong signal enhancement of about 10 is found
when C is exposed to the structured multiple
60
pulse characterized by the X-FROG pattern in
the upper right panel as opposed to a short
50 fs pulse of equal total fluence. Presently,
we are unable to correlate the observed

temporal pulse shape with know properties of
the C 60 fullerene, such as vibrational frequencies
etc. More refined experiments using a reduced
parameter space, e.g. pulse trains with
variable width, distance and amplitude are
planed for the future to gain a more detailed
insight into these processes.
In collaboration with project 1-01 (Ultrafast
nonlinear optics and few cycle pulses) we
have investigated the photo excitation and
ionisation of C fullerenes with ultrashort pulses
60
having a duration of about 9 fs and an intensity
up to 5x1014 W/cm2 . By analysing the mass
spectra it has been found that the abundance
q+ of higher charged C (q = 2, 3, ...) decreases
60
compared to earlier measurements with longer
laser pulses (see [HLS]). These experiments
have initiated a new collaboration with the
theoretical group of A. Becker (MPI for the
Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden). They
are able to calculate the ionisation probability
q+ for C using an S-matrix approach [2]. The
60
theoretical calculation confirmed the decreasing
ionisation efficiency with decreasing pulse
duration although a quantitative comparison
is difficult due to the unknown detection
probability of the higher charged ions. We were
also able to measure the ion yield for the
different charge states of C as a function of
60
the laser intensity at 9 fs pulse duration to
determine the order of the ionisation process
and the saturation intensity. These data are
presently evaluated.
Other references
[1] A.M. Weiner, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71 (2000) 1929
[2] A. Becker, L. Plaja, P. Moreno, M. Nurhuda, F.H.M.
Faisal, Phys. Rev. A 64 (2001) 023408
Own publications 2004 ff
(for full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)
BHS04: M. Boyle et al.; Phys. Rev. A 70 (2004)
051201/1-4
DBS04: G. Droppelmann et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 93
(2004) 023402/1-4
LdG04: T. Laarmann et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004)
143401/1-4
LMO04: H. Lippert et al.; Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys. 6
(2004) 4283-95
LRH04a: H. Lippert et al.; ChemPhysChem 5 (2004)
1423-7
LRH04b: H. Lippert et al.; Chem. Phys. Lett. 398
(2004) 526-31
LSS04a: H. Lippert et al.; in Femtochemistry and
Femtobiology: Ultrafast Events in Molecular
Science (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004) 49-52
LSS04b: H. Lippert et al.; Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys.
6 (2004) 2718-24
RLS04: H.-H. Ritze et al.; J. Chem. Phys. 120 (2004)
3619-29
SCS04: C. P. Schulz et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004)
013401/1-4
SES04: C. Stanciu et al.; in Proceeding SPIE (2004)
Vol. 5352, 116-25
SLR04: V. Stert et al.; Chem. Phys. Lett. 388 (2004)
144-9
SNR04: O. Steinkellner et al.; J. Chem. Phys. 121
(2004) 1765-9
SSH04: C. P. Schulz et al.; Isr. J. Chem. 44 (2004)
19-25
SSR04: T. Schultz et al.; Science 306 (2004) 1765-8
SUQ04: T. Schultz et al.; in Femtochemistry and
Femtobiology: Ultrafast Events in Molecular
Science (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004) 45-8
USZ04a: S. Ullrich et al.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126
(2004) 2262-3
USZ04b: S. Ullrich et al.; Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys. 6
(2004) 4167-9
in press (as of Jan. 2005)
HCH05: K. Hansen et al.; New J. of Phys.: Conf.
Series 4 (2005) 282-5
SLU05: E. Samoilova et al.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127
(2005) 1782-6
TBS05: M. S. Taylor et al.; J. Chem. Phys. 122 (2005)
054310/1-11
vLW05: K. v. Haeften et al.; J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt.
Phys. 38 (2005) 373-86
WdG05: H. Wabnitz et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 (2005)
023001/1-4
HLS: I. V. Hertel et al.; Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys.
LHJ: A. Lassesson et al.; Eur. Phys. J. D
ZNS: M. Zierhut et al.; J. Chem. Phys.
submitted (until 21st Febr. 2005)
RLS: H.-H.Ritze et al.; submitted to J. Chem. Phys.
Invited talks at international conferences 2004
(for full titles see appendix 2)
M. Boyle; Workshop “European Cluster Cooling
Network 2004“, Glasgow, England, 2004
I. V. Hertel; German Israeli Cooperation in Ultrafast
Laser Technology (GILCULT), Weizmann Institute,
Revohot, Israel, 2004
I. V. Hertel; European Research Conference on
“Molecules of Biological Interest in the Gas Phase“,
Exceter, UK, 2004
I. V. Hertel; Gordon Conference Multiphoton Processes,
Tilton School, Tilton, New Hampshire, USA, 2004
T. Laarmann; International Workshop on Atomic
Physics, Dresden, 2004
C. P. Schulz; International Workshop on Atomic
Physics, Dresden, 2004
C. Stanciu; Photonics West 2004, San Jose, 2004
55

56
2-04: Molecular Vibrational and Reaction Dynamics in the Condensed Phase
E. T. J. Nibbering (Project coordinator)
and W. Werncke, D. Leupold, B. Voigt, J. Dreyer, K. Heyne, V. Kozich, A. Usman, N. Huse,
O. F. Mohammed, S. Ashihara
1. Overview
The aim of the project is the real-time determination
of the ultrafast structural dynamics of
molecular and biomolecular systems [Nib04].
The first main target is the observation and
analysis of ultrafast processes in equilibriumstate
structures while they explore the energy
landscapes [NEl04]. These energy landscapes
are not static but fluctuating due to the
dynamical interactions of these structures with
the surroundings (such as liquid solvent shells,
or the protein backbone). The ultrafast nature
of these fluctuations necessitate femtosecond
time resolution for the structure-resolving
spectroscopic techniques. The second main
target is the determination of biomolecular
structures that undergo substantial geometric
rearrangements induced by optically triggered
chemical reactions (photochemistry) [NFP05].
Chemical reactions studied include hydrogen
and proton transfer, electron transfer, bond
fission, ring-opening/closure and cis/trans isomerizations.
2. Subprojects and collaborations
Research in this project is structured into
three major subprojects:
UP1: Coherent vibrational response of
hydrogen bonds,
UP2: Ultrafast chemical reaction dynamics,
UP3: Vibrational energy flow.
Connections can be made with the following
MBI-projects:
UP2 & UP3: project 2.03 (Schulz, Schultz et al.)
for comparison with chemical reaction dynamics
of model systems in gas/cluster phase.
External collaborations exist with:
UP1: J. Manz / O. Kühn (Freie Universität Berlin,
Germany) through SFB 450; S. Mukamel
(University of California at Irvine, USA); R.J.D.
Miller (University of Toronto, Canada).
UP2: E. Pines (Ben Gurion University of the
Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel) through GIF 722/
01; H. Fidder (Uppsala Universitet, Sweden);
Tomasz Zemojtel (University of Würzburg,
Germany); P. M. Kozlowski (University of
Louisville, Kentucky, USA); J. Korppi-Tommola
(University of Jyväskylä, Finland).
UP3: V. Olrovich (Academy of Sciences
Belarus, Minsk) though DFG WE 1489 and
WTZ.
3. Results in 2004
UP 1: Coherent response in hydrogen bonds
(SFB 450-B2)
The purpose of this project is to understand
the coherent dynamics of O-H/O-D stretching
modes in hydrogen bonds, with which one can
explore the potential of optically steering
proton transfer. Coherent nuclear motions as
well as processes of phase and population
relaxation in intra- and intermolecular hydrogen
bonds are studied experimentally by ultrafast
infrared (IR) pump-probe and photon echo
spectroscopy [NEl04]. Within the collaborative
research centre SFB450 a collaboration exists
with the quantum chemistry group at the Freie
Universität Berlin to elucidate the mechanisms
that underlie these hydrogen bonded O-H/O-
D stretching band line shapes. With the Miller
group (University of Toronto, Canada) a phasestable
diffractive optics set-up has been
designed for heterodyne detected multidimensional
infrared spectroscopy, with which
molecular couplings in hydrogen bonded
systems ranging from well-ordered acetic acid
dimer [HBCa, HBCb] to disordered liquids such
as water [CBH, HAN] are now investigated.
Theoretical evaluation of molecular response
in multidimensional infrared spectroscopy is
pursued in close collaboration with the Mukamel
group (University of California at Irvine, USA).
Hydrogen bonded carboxylic groups are
structural motifs that often stabilize protein
conformations, and play a fundamental role
in proton pumps through membranes. We use
the cyclic acetic acid dimer as a model system
to investigate the coherence properties of O-
H/O-D stretching vibrations in intermolecular
hydrogen bonds. In numerous theoretical
surveys it has been proposed that the steadystate
infrared line shape of acetic acid dimer
is determined by the following interactions of
the O-H/O-D stretching modes: a) anharmonic
coupling with low-frequency modes that
modulate the hydrogen bond distance; b)
Davydov or excitonic coupling between the
O-H stretching oscillators; c) Fermi resonances
with overtones or combination bands; d) homogeneous
or inhomogeneous broadening due
to coupling with a fluctuating bath. Here we
investigate the relative importance of these
coupling mechanisms underlying the vibrational
dynamics of the hydrogen bond in acetic acid
dimer in a combined experimental and
theoretical approach.

Experimental studies on hydrogen bonded
systems:
The coupling mechanisms can be distinguished
with different nonlinear IR spectroscopic
techniques [EHH04, EHH]. We have estimated
the microscopic origin for the coherent nuclear
motions of intermolecular hydrogen bonds in
acetic acid dimer with femtosecond IR pumpprobe
spectroscopy [HHD04]. For cyclic acetic
acid dimers consisting of identical or different
isotopomers, we have found that two hydrogen
bond low-frequency modes underlie
pronounced oscillations in the pump-probe
transients, the 145 cm -1 in-plane bending mode,
and the 170 cm -1 in-plane stretching mode. A
weaker contribution of 50 cm -1 is caused by a
methyl torsion mode. Oscillatory signals due
to the Davydov (excitonic) coupling between
the two O-H or O-D stretching oscillators are
completely absent in the pump-probe signals,
as has experimentally been confirmed by
comparing the response of (CD 3 COOH) 2 with
that of CD 3 COOH-CD 3 COOD.
Photon echo spectroscopy of the O-H
stretching mode is sensitive to anharmonic
couplings with low-frequency modes and to
Fermi resonances with combination overtone
levels of the fingerprint vibrations. A detailed
comparison with theoretical calculations (see
below) has shown that these different couplings
have similar magnitude. Due to the resulting
intrinsic complex fine pattern in the absorption
O-H stretching line shape, a multitude of
coherences are generated by femtosecond
excitation, resulting in ultrafast non-exponential
dephasing of the O-H stretching polarization.
The anharmonically coupled low-frequency
modes lead to quantum beats in homodyne
detected photon echo signals [EHH04]. Heterodyne-detected
two-dimensional spectroscopy
[HBC] on the other hand reveals the fine level
structure caused by the Fermi resonances
(Fig. 1).
With two-colour pump-probe spectroscopy
we have been able to study in phthalic acid
monomethylester the anharmonic coupling of
the O-H stretching mode with the C-O and
C=O stretching and O-H bending modes and
relaxation pathways that are expected to be
present through the overtone and combination
bands of these fingerprint vibrations that
couple with the O-H stretching mode through
Fermi resonances [HNE04, HPN]. A cascaded
energy redistribution pathway has been
deduced along the O-H bending and two O-H
out-of-plane deformation modes.
Ab initio simulation of linear and coherent
multidimensional infrared vibrational spectra
of hydrogen bonded systems:
Detailed calculations based on density
functional theory and density matrix models
have demonstrated that both anharmonic
coupling to low-frequency modes as well as
Fermi resonance coupling with fingerprint
modes are important mechanisms explaining
the lineshape of the O-H stretching IR absorption
band in acetic acid dimers. The calculations
allow for the first time for a quantitative understanding
[Drea] of the linear high-resolution
gas phase as well as solution phase IR spectra
(Fig. 2a).
Predicted coherent two-dimensional infrared
spectra (Fig. 2b) show distinct signatures for
the different coupling mechanisms [Dreb]. In
going from anharmonic coupling of O-H
stretching to low-frequency modes to Fermi
resonance coupling with fingerprint mode
combination tones to a combined mechanism
the number of individual 2D peaks grows considerably
and the complexity of the vibrational
signatures increases substantially. Introduction
of homogeneous broadening causes many
individual peaks to overlap to a single vibrational
feature. The 2D IR spectra are dominated by
vibrational signatures originating from cross
peaks due to Fermi resonance couplings.
Fig. 1:
Heterodyne detected
three-pulse photon echo
result for the cyclic dimer
(CH 3 COOH) 2 (b),
recorded for the
population waiting time of
400 fs, when the excited
state has decayed. This
signal is determined by
the Liouville space
pathways going through
the O-H stretching
ground state, where the
2D spectrum is governed
by the fundamental O-H
stretching transitions
only. The dotted line
marks the diagonal and
off-diagonal peaks for
excitation frequency
2920 cm -1 , also shown as
blue line in (a) for
comparison with the
steady state IR
spectrum.
Fig. 2:
a) Calculated (sticks)
and experimental linear
IR spectra (liquid phase:
red line; gas phase blue
line; latter taken from
Emmeluth et al., J. Chem.
Phys. 18 (2003) 2242).
b) Calculated 2D-IR
spectrum (R3 Liouville
space pathways only to
simulate ground
vibrational state
absorption) showing
predominantly multimode
coherences from Fermi
resonance couplings.
57

58
Fig. 3:
Transient experimental
band intensities of the
C=O stretching marker
mode of acetic acid in
the acid-base
neutralization reaction
between pyranine and
acetate for different
base concentrations.
Solid curves have been
calculated with two
static terms for “tight”
and “loose” complexes
and a diffusive part for
initially uncomplexed
pyranine.
UP2: Ultrafast chemical reaction dynamics
(GIF 722/01 and EU User Facility funds)
Photoinduced chemical transformations
are studied by measuring transient vibrational
spectra after electronic excitation [NFP05]. Sitespecific
molecular geometries and processes
such as intramolecular vibrational redistribution
and vibrational cooling are revealed.
In a joint effort between the MBI and the
Ben Gurion University of the Negev (Beer-
Sheva, Israel), we have observed bimodal
reaction dynamics in the neutralization reaction
between the photoacid pyranine and the base
acetate in water (Fig. 3) [RMM04, RPM04,
MRD, RMP]. In “tightly” bound acid-base
complexes, the proton transfer proceeds
extremely fast (within 150 femtoseconds). In
contrast “loose” encounter pairs, adding a
second static term to the observed proton
transfer dynamics, react with a 6 ps time
constant. With the second static term a direct
connection between the diffusion controlled
reaction models of Eigen-Weller and of Collins-
Kimball can be made. The slower dynamics of
the “loose” encounter pairs may be caused by
solvent shell rearrangements, or by proton transmission
through a von Grotthuss mechanism.
Femtosecond IR spectroscopy has also
revealed a solvent dependent photoacidity
state of pyranine [MDM].
In a joint project between the MBI and the
University of Uppsala results on the ultrafast
internal conversion (IC) dynamics of a photochromic
spiropyran-merocyanine switch pair
[FRN04] have lead to a refinement of the wellestablished
“energy gap law“ for IC, to a
connection of two theoretical explanations for
IC, currently believed to be unrelated and to a
prediction that regulation of (photo-)chemical
yields at the expense of photophysical decay
can be accomplished by active control of
molecular conformations.
In a joint project by the MBI, the University
of Würzburg, the European Molecular Biology
Laboratory in Heidelberg (all Germany) and
the University of Louisville (Kentucky, USA) we
have used femtosecond infrared polarization
spectroscopy and density functional theory in
a study on the key signaling molecule nitric
oxide (NO) bound to myoglobin [ZRH04]. Our
results show that after photolysis a substantial
fraction of NO recombines within the first few
picoseconds. The diatomic ligand is severely
tilted in the protein and the Fe-NO moiety is
able to sample a wide range of off-axis tilting
and bending conformations.
Femtosecond infrared polarization
spectroscopy has also been used to determine
the ground state structure and the solventdependent
excited-state lifetime of trans-Sphenyl-thio-p-hydroxycinnamate,
a model
compound for the chromophore of photoactive
yellow protein [UMH05]. Comparison of our
results with earlier reported work on model
compounds and on PYP suggests an intricate
tuning mechanism of the protein environment
for the relaxation dynamics of PYP.
In a femtosecond study of the light-induced
CO-ligand dissociation from Ru(dcbpy)(CO) 2 I 2
(a collaboration between the MBI and the
University of Jyväskylä, Finland) we have
observed that besides the formation of photoproduct
on a picosecond time scale a significant
fraction follows the efficient recombination
pathway to the electronic ground state
[LAM04].
UP3: Vibrational energy flow (DFG WE 1489/
5 and WTZ- BLR 02/003)
The aim is to characterize vibrational
populations of molecules during ultrafast
photochemical reactions, as well as subsequent
intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution
and energy transfer to the environment.
We applied picosecond resonance Raman
spectroscopy to monitor vibrational populations
after a complete proton transfer cycle of the
important photostabilizer 2-(2’-hydroxy-5’methylphenyl)benzotriazole
(TINUVIN)
[KDW04, WKD]. The time dependence of the
resonance Raman line shape function of the
strongly vibrationally excited molecule prevents
a direct extraction of kinetic data. Instead, we
developed a method to derive kinetic data for
such systems [KWe05]. In TINUVIN a lowfrequency
mode, already earlier identified as
the hydrogen transfer promoting mode, serves
as the accepting mode of most of the excess
energy that is released in the hydrogen transfer
cycle. A Boltzmann distribution of the excess
energy is established in the molecule 10-15 ps
after initiation of the reaction, followed by
vibrational cooling that is completed in 40 ps.
In a collaboration with the Stepanov Institute
of Physics (Minsk, Belorussia) we developed
a picosecond hybrid Raman optical parametric
amplifier representing a useful device for applications
in time-resolved spectroscopy [VSO05].

Own publications 2004 ff
(for full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)
KWe05: V. Kozich et al.; J. Mol. Struct. 735-736 (2005)
145-151
NFP05: E. T. J. Nibbering et al.; Annu. Rev. Phys.
Chem. 56 (2005) 337-367
UMH05: A. Usman et al.; Chem. Phys. Lett. 401
(2005) 157-163
VSO05: A. I. Vodchits et al.; J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 22
(2005) 453-458
EHH04: T. Elsaesser et al.; in Femtochemistry and
Femtobiology: Ultrafast Events in Molecular
Science 157-165, J. T. Hynes and M. M. Martin
eds. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004)
FRN04: H. Fidder et al.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004)
3789-3794
HHD04: K. Heyne et al.; J. Chem. Phys. 121 (2004)
902-913
HNE04: K. Heyne et al.; J. Phys. Chem. A 108 (2004)
6083-6086
KDW04: V. Kozich et al.; Chem. Phys. Lett. 399 (2004)
484-489
LAM04: V. Lehtovuori et al.; J. Phys. Chem. A 108
(2004) 1644-1649
Nib04: E. T. J. Nibbering; in Encyclopedia of Modern
Optics 5 253-263, R. D. Guenther, D. G. Steel,
and L. Bayvel eds. (Elsevier, Oxford, 2004)
NEl04: E. T. J. Nibbering et al.; Chem. Rev. 104 (2004)
1887-1914
RMM04: M. Rini et al.; in Femtochemistry and Femtobiology:
Ultrafast Events in Molecular Science
189-192, J. T. Hynes and M. M. Martin eds.
(Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004)
RPM04: M. Rini et al.; J. Chem. Phys. 121 (2004)
9593-9610
ZRH04: T. Zemojtel et al.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126
(2004) 1930-1931
in press (as of Jan. 2005)
CBH: M. L. Cowan et al.; Nature
Dreb: J. Dreyer; Int. J. Quantum Chem.
EHH: T. Elsaesser et al.; in Time-Resolved Vibrational
Spectroscopy XI
HPN: K. Heyne et al.; in Ultrafast Phenomena XIV, T.
Kobayashi, T. Okada, T. Kobayashi et al. eds.
(Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany)
HAN: N. Huse et al.; Chem. Phys. Lett.
HBC: N. Huse et al.; in Ultrafast Phenomena XIV, T.
Kobayashi, T. Okada, T. Kobayashi et al. eds.
(Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany)
LLS: D. Leupold et al.; in Biochemistry and Biophysics
of Chlorophylls, B. Grimm, R. Porra, W. Rüdiger et
al. eds. (Kluwer)
MDM: O. F. Mohammed et al.; ChemPhysChem
MRD: O. F. Mohammed et al.; in Ultrafast Phenomena
XIV, T. Kobayashi, T. Okada, T. Kobayashi et al.
eds. (Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany)
RHN: M. Rini et al.; in Time-Resolved Vibrational
Spectroscopy XI
RMP: M. Rini et al.; in Time-Resolved Vibrational
Spectroscopy XI
WKD: W. Werncke et al.; in Ultrafast Phenomena
XIV, T. Kobayashi, T. Okada, T. Kobayshi et al.
eds. (Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany)
WKV: W. Werncke et al.; in Time-Resolved Vibrational
Spectroscopy XI
submitted (until 21st Febr. 2005)
Drea: J. Dreyer; J. Chem. Phys.
HBCb: N. Huse et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.
Invited talks at international conferences 2004
(for full titles see appendix 2)
T. Elsaesser; Minerva-Gentner Symposium 'Optical
Spectroscopy of Biomolecular Dynamics' (Kloster
Banz, Bad Staffelstein, 2004-03)
T. Elsaesser; 21 Century COE-RCMS International
Conference on Frontiers of Physical Chemistry
on Molecular Materials (Nagoya, Japan, 2004-01)
T. Elsaesser; 33rd National Congress of the Italian
Chemical Society (Naples, Italy, 2004-06)
T. Elsaesser; XX IUPAC Symposium on Photochemistry
(Granada, Spain, 2004-07)
T. Elsaesser together with K. Heyne, N. Huse, J.
Dreyer, and E.T.J. Nibbering; Second International
Conference on Coherent Multidimensional Vibrational
Spectroscopy (Madison, Wisconsin, 2004-08)
E. T. J. Nibbering together with M. Rini, O.F.
Mohammed, J. Dreyer, B.-Z. Magnes, D. Pines,
and E. Pines; Ultrafast Phenomena XIV (Niigata,
Japan, 2004-07)
E. T. J. Nibbering together with K. Heyne, T. Elsaesser,
M. Petkovic, and O. Kühn; Second International
Conference on Coherent Multidimensional Vibrational
Spectroscopy (Madison, Wisconsin, 2004-08)
59

3-01: Dynamics at Surfaces and Structuring
T. Gießel, A. Rosenfeld, M. Weinelt, B. Winter (Project coordinators)
and D. Bröcker, C. E. Heiner, B. Langer, H. Prima-Garcia, M. Pickel, A. Schmidt, P. Schmidt, R. Schmidt,
R. Stoian, R. Weber
1. Overview
The main focus of the present project is
the geometric and electronic structure of solid
and liquid surfaces and their response to
excitation by femtosecond laser pulses. The
research topics range from single electron
dynamics at ferromagnetic metal and semiconductor
surfaces to the collective response
of the electronic system to intense laser
excitation close to or above the ablation
threshold. Thereby the coupling of electronic
excitations to nuclear motion is studied
following e.g. electron solvation in aqueous
solutions, phase transitions in solids and at their
surfaces and eventually material removal.
2. Subprojects and collaborations
UP1: Dynamics at surfaces studied by lasersynchrotron
pump-probe experiments, in
collaboration with W. Widdra (Univ. Halle)
UP2: Electron dynamics at semiconductor surfaces,
in collaboration with Th. Fauster (Univ.
Erlangen), M. Rohlfing (IU Bremen)
UP3: Spin-polarized image-potential-state
electrons as ultrafast magnetic sensors in front
of ferromagnetic surfaces (DFG WE2037/1-2),
in collaboration with M. Donath (Univ. Münster)
(DFG DO502/4-2)
UP4: Dynamics at liquid water surfaces studied
by laser pump – synchrotron-radiation probe
experiments, in collaboration with M. Faubel
(MPI Göttingen), P. Jungwirth (Univ. Prague),
and C. Pettenkofer (HMI Berlin)
UP5: Studies of free and levitated nano-particles
using synchrotron and FEL radiation, in
collaboration with E. Rühl (Univ. Würzburg),
Th. Leisner (TU Ilmenau), U. Becker (Fritz-
Haber-Institut, Berlin), W. Widdra (Univ. Halle),
D. Gerlich (TU-Chemnitz)
UP6: Material structuring with femtosecond
technology, (DFG Ro 2074/5-1), International
Office of the DFG (WTZ program with the
Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia)
3. Results in 2004
UP1: Collective excitations at semiconductor
surfaces. A time-resolution of about 10 ps is
demonstrated at the MBI - BESSY beamline
in the so-called low-α mode of the Berlin
synchrotron facility. This result implies an even
better synchronization between femtosecond
laser and synchrotron-radiation pulses. Relocating
the experiment to a new beamline in
early 2004 allows now to match foci of synchrotron
and laser radiation to below 50 μm, which,
together with the electronic gating of the
detector, turned out to be essential requirements
to record data with sufficient resolution
and statistics in the BESSY hybrid mode.
Using vacuum-ultraviolet and soft X-ray
radiation we were able to resolve the decay
dynamics of the band-gap renormalization in
silicon induced by a laser driven carrier plasma
(800 nm, 70 mJ/cm 2 ). Recording both the
energetic position of the silicon valence band
(VB, green circles in Fig. 1) and the Si 2p corelevel
(orange triangles), allows to distinguish
between narrowing of the fundamental bandgap
and photovoltaic effects. As seen by the
transient shift of the VB the carrier plasma
decays after ultrafast build-up (broadened by
the time-resolution of the experiment) in about
120 ps. This is attributed to Auger recombination
and associated phonon emission. Moreover,
the linewidth of the spin-orbit split Si 2p surface
component (red) and bulk contribution (blue)
broadens on a shorter timescale. This indicates
selective vibrational excitation of surface and
bulk, i.e. non-thermal heating processes (Fig. 1
bottom).
UP2: Dynamics at Si(100). The electronic
structure and electron dynamics at the Si(100)
surface was studied by two-photon photoemission
with femtosecond laser pulses.
Fig. 1:
Top: Position of the
silicon valence-bandedge
(green) and the Si
2p core-level (orange)
as a function of delay
between laser pump and
synchrotron-radiation
probe pulses.
Bottom: Linewidth of the
Si 2p surface
component (red) and
bulk component (blue).
61

62
Fig. 2:
Measured (symbols)
and calculated (solid
lines, shaded areas)
surface band structure
of Si(100) c(4 x 2) at
90 K.
Numbers indicate
timescales of relaxation
processes.
Fig. 3:
Energy-resolved 2PPE
spectra, spin integrated
and spin resolved; the
exchange-splitting of
56 ± 10 meV for the first
and 7 ± 3 meV for the
second image-potential
state between the
majority Δ and minority
Δ
components is clearly
discernible. The inset
shows a spectrum
acquired with s-polarized
pump-pulses. Note here
the spin polarization of
about 80 % in the n=1
state.
Fig. 4a:
Photoelectron spectrum
of 0.02 m TBAI (top),
compared to that of 1m
NaBr (middle) and a
mixture of 1m NaBr and
0.02m TBAI (bottom)
aqueous solutions.
Excitation energy was
100 eV. In view of the ca.
50 times higher bromide
concentration the 60%
decrease of the iodide
signal for the mixed
solution is not large, which
can be explained by the
greater propensity of iodide
for the solution surface.
At a temperature of 90 K the occupied D up
dangling bond state is located 150±30 meV
below the valence band maximum (VBM) at
the center of the surface Brillouin zone Γ and
exhibits an effective hole mass of 0.5±0.15 m e .
The unoccupied D Down band has a local
minimum at Γ of 650±30 meV above the VBM
and shows strong dispersion along the dimer
rows of the c(4 x 2) reconstructed surface.
2PPE spectra of Si(100) are dominated by
interband transitions between the occupied
and unoccupied surface states and emission
out of transiently and permanently charged
surface defects. Including electron-hole interaction
in many-body calculations of the quasiparticle
band structure leads us to assign a
dangling bond split-off state to a quasi-onedimensional
surface exciton with a binding
energy of 130 meV. Electrons resonantly excited
to the unoccupied D Down dangling-bond band
with an excess energy of about 350 meV need
1.5 ps to scatter via phonon emission to the
band bottom at Γ and relax within 5 ps with an
excited hole in the occupied surface band to
form the exciton living for nanoseconds [WKS,
FWe].
UP3: Spin-polarized image-potential-state
electrons as ultrafast magnetic sensors in
front of ferromagnetic surfaces. Ultrafast
demagnetization of ferromagnetic thin films
upon laser excitation is a phenomenon not
yet fully understood. Image-potential states,
accessible by spin-resolved 2PPE, provide a
simple model system for a detailed investigation
of spin-dependent electron dynamics
directly in the time domain. The identification
of spin-dependent scattering processes at
surfaces allows to pinpoint the elementary
steps leading to the loss of magnetization. We
have studied the energetics and dynamics of
exchange-split image-potential states on
ultrathin iron films on Cu(100) with time-,
energy-, and spin-resolved bichromatic 2PPE.
We were able to observe the exchange
splitting of the first and the second imagepotential
state directly. A surface state spin
polarization of about 80 % is achieved by
excitation with s-polarized light (Fig. 3).
In time- and spin-resolved measurements,
lifetimes of 16±2 fs for majority-spin and of
11±2 fs for minority-spin electrons were found.
Most noticeably, we find spin-dependent pure
dephasing rates in the first image-potential
state. These findings not only substantiate
previous models but manifest that at the
magnetic surface both inelastic and quasielastic
scattering processes are spin-dependent
[SPW].
UP4: Liquid jet studies. The interactions between
water molecules and dissolved ions are
of crucial importance for many physical and
chemical processes. Specifically, enhanced
anion concentrations at the salt solution
interface play an important role in various
atmospheric and environmental chemical
processes. The present VUV photoemission
study is concerned with iodide’s large propensity
for the solution surface. In the experiment iodide
was added to aqueous tetrabutylammoniumbromide
(TBABr) solution, with the iodide

anions being in great excess over the bromide
anions. Supported by molecular dynamics
(MD) simulations iodide is found to be more
enhanced in the interfacial layer, covered by
surface-active tetrabutyl-ammonium cations,
as compared to bromide.
The cations are surface-bound due to
hydrophobic interactions of the butyl chains,
while the anions exhibit a propensity for the
vacuum/solution interface due to their
appreciable polarizability and size, which are
both larger for iodide than from bromide. This
anion specificity also explains the experimentally
observed lower activity of TBABr
compared to TBAI in polar solvents. [WWW04,
WWS04a, WWS04b].
UP5: Studies of free and levitated nanoparticles
using synchrotron and FEL
radiation. In this subproject we study single
isolated nano-particles when they are exposed
to VUV and soft X-ray synchrotron radiation.
The key component for experiments on isolated
nanoparticles or micro-particles is a quadrupole
particle trap. It consists of electrodes,
where suitable AC- and DC-voltages are
applied to stabilize the charged particle in the
center of the trap. Any change in mass or
charge state leads to changes in the motion
frequencies of the trapped particle. These are
monitored by an optical detection system,
which also serves to characterize the chargeto-mass
ratio of the particle. The detectable
changes of the charge state can be as low as
one elementary charge [GLS04]. From such
charging experiments one can derive
fundamental processes that can only occur in
isolated matter, e.g. in chemically tailored
nano-particles.
Fig. 5 shows a comparison of the distribution
of emitted electrons per absorbed photon for
a pure single SiO 2 nano-particle and a SiO 2
particle with a 39 nm gold shell at 84 eV. The
experimental results are modelled by Poisson
distributions which suitably describe the
emission of secondary electrons. One can
clearly see a change in the mean value of the
secondary electron emission value. Further-
more, tuning the photon energy to the oxygen
K-edge the significant increase in the charging
of SiO 2 nano-particles completely vanishes
when the particle is covered with a gold shell.
Recent work has shown that liquid particles
can be stored also and investigated by soft xrays.
This opens a wide range of applications in
material research and even life science [LGG].
UP6: Material structuring with femtosecond
technology. Dynamic pulse temporal tailoring
and adaptive optimization open up opportunities
to regulate and manipulate excitation of the
electronic system and energy transfer. This
allows to exploit dynamic processes and to
optimize structuring.
Sequential energy delivery induces a stepwise
preparation of the material, influences
the balance between the induced non-thermal
and thermal mechanisms for particle ejection,
and if feedback-assisted provides a material
specific optimization process. We propose a
procedure based on evolutionary algorithms
using phase modulation and subsequent
temporal pulse tailoring to improve the characteristics
of a Si ion beam emitted from laser
irradiated silicon targets at moderate fluences
[SMW04, SMS]. By optimizing the energy
delivery rate impinging on the silicon target
a)
b) c)
we can take advantage of a succession of
phase transformations, drive the system in
specific thermodynamic states, and obtain
controllable low-kinetic-energy and high-flux
ion beams for practical purposes, among them
ion implantation in micro- and optoelectronics
(Fig. 6). A theoretical study was performed on
the role of rapid electronic transport in defining
the characteristics of material removal with
ultra-short laser pulses. The developed models
are general and can be used to describe charge
transport dynamics in different materials on
ultra-fast timescales [BSR04a,b].
Fig. 4b:
Typical snapshot from
MD simulations of 16
TBAI ion pairs in a slab
containing 16 NaBr ion
pairs and 863 water
molecules (31×31×30 Å 3 ).
Color coding: TBA + - light
blue and white, iodide –
magenta, bromide – gold,
sodium – green, water –
red and white sticks.
Already from the
snapshot the segregation
patterns of the ions in the
interfacial layer can be
seen qualitatively.
Fig. 6:
(a) Evolution of the Si +
ion yield during the
optimization run. A ten
fold increase is obtained
for the ion yield with a
velocity of 4.5x10 4 m/s at
a fluence of 0.9 J/cm 2 .
(b) TOF mass-resolved
Si + trace corresponding
to the single pulse
and optimal pulse
respectively.
(c) Temporal intensity
envelope of the optimal
pulse.
Fig. 5:
Electron emission
distributions for single 84
eV photon absorption of
SiO 2 nano-particle with
and without a 39 nm gold
shell. The probabilities are
modeled by Poisson
distributions and they
show a significant
difference between gold
coated and plain silica.
63

64
Own publications 2004 ff
(for full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)
BGW04: D. Bröcker, T. Gießel and W. Widdra; Chem.
Phys. 299 (2004) 247-251
BSR04a: N. M. Bulgakova et al.; Phys. Rev. B 69
(2004) 054102/1-12
BSR04b: N. M. Bulgakova et al.; Appl. Phys. A 79
(2004) 1153-1155
ESS04: F. Elsholz et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 (2004)
4167-4169
FMT04: W. Freyer, S. Müller and K. Teuchner; J.
Photoch. Photobio. A 163 (2004) 231-240
GLS04: M. Grimm et al.; in AIP Conference Proceedings,
Atomic, Molecular and Chemical Physics,
T. Warwick, and et al. eds. (2004) 1062-1065
HFU04: K. Heister et al.; Langmuir 20 (2004) 1222-
1227
HGP04: O. Henneberg et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett. 84
(2004) 1561-1563
KSS04: E. Koudoumas et al.; Thin Solid Films 453-
454 (2004) 372-376
LGT04: W. L. Ling et al.; Surf. Science 570 (2004)
L297-L303
PVC04: G. Prümper et al.; Phys. Rev. A 69 (2004)
62717/1-7
PWF04: D. Pop et al.; Journal of Physical Chemisty
B 108 (2004) 9158-9167
RAs04: A. Rosenfeld and D. Ashkenasi; SPIE Proc.
5063 (2004) 478-481
SEH04: C. Stanciu, R. Ehlich and I. V. Hertel; Appl.
Phys. A 79 (2004) 515-520
SMW04: R. Stoian et al.; in SPIE Proc 5662 (2004)
593-602
SRH04: R. Stoian et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 (2004)
694-695
TSL04a: G. Turri et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004)
013001/1-4
TSL04b: G. Turri et al.; Phys. Rev. A 70 (2004)
022515/1-7
VCL04: J. Viefhaus et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004)
083001/1-4
WWS04a: R. L. Weber et al.; J. Phys. Chem. B 108
(2004) 4729-4736
WWS04b: B. Winter et al.; J. Phys. Chem. B 108
(2004) 14558-14564
WWW04: B. Winter et al.; J. Phys. Chem. A 108
(2004) 2625-2632
in press (as of Jan. 2005)
KRR: S. Korica, et al.; Phys. Rev. A
RKL: A. Reinköster, et al.; J. Electron Spectrosc.
Relat. Phenom.
WKS: M. Weinelt et al.; Appl. Phys. A.
LGG: B. Langer et al.; in BESSY Highlights (BESSY,
Berlin).
LLA: B. Lohmann et al.; Phys. Rev. A 71, 020701(R)
(2005).
submitted (until 14 Feb. 2005)
BBS: I. M. Burakow et al.; Mass Spectrometry
BFW: K. Boger, Th. Fauster, and M. Weinelt; New J.
Phys.
BSR: N. M. Bulgakova et al.; SPIE Proc.
ESS: F. Elsholz et al.; New J Phys.
Fre: W. Freyer; J. Photoch. Photobio. A
FWe: Th. Fauster and M. Weinelt; Surf. Sci.
HYF: C. Haritoglou et al.; Invest Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.
MWM: T. Moritz et al.;Phys. Rev. Lett.
PWF: D. Pop et al.; J. Phys. Chem. B
SMS: R. Stoian et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.
SPW: A. B. Schmidt et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.
WWHa: B. Winter et al.; P. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
WWHb: B. Winter et al.; J. Am. Chem. Soc.
WWF: J. Wang, M. Weinelt and T. Fauster; Appl.
Phys. A
Invited talks at international conferences 2004
(for full titles see appendix 2)
I. V. Hertel; Int. Workshop on Adv. Laser Processing
for the Coming Generation, RIKEN; Wako, Japan,
2004
I. V. Hertel; Gordon Conference Water and Aqueous
Solutions, Plymouth, New Hampshire, USA, 2004
B. Langer; 68. Physikertagung und AMOP-Frühjahrstagung,
München, 2004
R. Stoian; 5th International Symposium on Laser
Precision Microfabrication (LPM 2004), Nara,
Japan, 2004

3-02: Solids and Nanostructures
M. Fiebig, C. Lienau, M. Wörner (Project coordinators)
and N. P. Duong, T. Lottermoser, C. W. Luo, K. Müller, R. Müller, C. Neacsu, M. B. Raschke, K. Reimann,
C. Ropers, T. Satoh, Z. Wang
1. Overview
In highly correlated condensed mattersystems
electron-electron correlations lead to
a broad range of novel and unusual phenomena
which are interesting from the point of view of
both fundamental research and practical
application. We combine activities on ultrafast
charge dynamics, on nonlinear optics of longrange
ordered systems, and on nano-scale
optics in order to gain new insight into
fundamental phenomena in this thriving field
of research.
2. Subprojects and collaborations
UP1: Ultrafast electron dynamics in individual
and electronically coupled nanostructures,
UP2: Optical antennas for spectroscopy: field
confinement, energy transfer, molecular
switches,
UP3: Coherence and dynamics of electrons,
phonons and quantum transport in 2D nanostructures,
UP4: Ultrafast spin and lattice dynamics of antiferromagnetic
and electronic phase transitions.
There are possible future connections of
UP1, UP3, UP4 to project 3.04. UP1 is part of
the SFB 296 of the DFG. In part UP4 is a project
of the SPP1133 of the DFG.
3. Results in 2004
UP1 (1): Coupling two quantum dots by
dipole-dipole interaction. The ultrafast
coherent control of excitonic and spin degrees
of freedom in individual quantum dots
[UML04b] is currently explored by numerous
research groups since it is of prime importance
for implementing novel quantum function in
artificial solid-state nanostructures [BLi].
Theoretical studies predict that the use of
dipolar couplings between adjacent quantum
dots is a promising strategy for realizing nonlocal
few-qubit operations, such as controlled
NOT gates. In ensemble measurements,
however, dipolar couplings have so far been
masked by disorder-induced inhomogeneous
broadening.
Using ultrafast near-field pump-probe
spectroscopy [Lie04a,LGU04,UML04a], we
have performed the first experimental study of
the nonlinear optical response of a pair of
quantum dots coupled via dipolar interaction
[UML]. In these experiments, the single-exciton
population in the first quantum dot is controlled
by resonant picosecond excitation, giving rise
to Rabi oscillations in the nonlinear optical
response. As a result the exciton transition of
the second quantum dot is spectrally shifted
and concomitant Rabi oscillations observed.
The temporal and spectral dynamics of the
optical nonlinearity shows clearly that coupling
between permanent excitonic dipole moments
is the dominant interaction mechanism,
whereas quasi-resonant (Förster) energy
transfer is weak. In these first experiments, the
coupling strength is still slightly too weak to to
implement nonlocal condition quantum gates.
New experiments on ordered arrays of dipolecoupled
dots with couplings enhanced by
external electric fields or photonic cavities are
currently underway.
UP1 (2): Ultrafast light transmission through
plasmonic crystals. The unusual linear and
nonlinear optical properties of metallic nanostructure
arrays currently attract much attention,
because such structures are promising
candidates for novel applications in field
localization, nano- and perfect lensing, nanoscale
wave-guiding and ultrafast switching
[MRL04]. Even though it is known that these
properties arise from temporally short-lived
and spatially localized surface plasmon
polariton (SPP) excitations, with lifetimes in
the 3 - 300 fs range, the ultrafast dynamics of
these excitations has largely remained elusive.
In close collaboration with project 1-01 and
the group of D. S. Kim (Seoul) we have performed
the first experimental study of ultrafast
Fig. 1:
Amplitude- and phaseresolved
time structure
of the electric field of the
incident 11-fs light
pulses and the pulses
transmitted through a
periodic array of
nanoslits in an optically
thick metal film [RPS].
65

66
Fig. 2:
Apertureless near-field
vibrational imaging of
nanodomains formed by
local phase separation of
a block-copolymer thin
film of Polystyrene-b-
Poly-(2-vinylpyridine)
(PS-b-P2VP). Contrast at
3.39 μm (2950 cm -1 ) is
obtained due to spectral
variations of the C-H
stretch vibrational
resonances between the
different polymer
constituents. Bright red
regions correspond to
P2VP domains in PS
matrix (green/blue).
Fig. 3:
(a)-(c) Electric field
transients measured
after sample H
(electron density of
n=1.2 x 10 12 cm -2 per
QW) for incident field
amplitudes of
(a) 5 kV/cm,
(b) 45 kV/cm, and
(c) 100 kV/cm. Dashed
line: Field envelopes of
the input pulses.
(d)-(f) Both the shape
and the amplitude of the
theoretically calculated
transients are in good
agreement with the
corresponding experimental
counterparts
(a)-(c).
light pulse propagation through plasmonic
crystals using light pulses much shorter in
duration than the SPP lifetime [RPS,RML]. Our
experiments reveal surprisingly long SPP
lifetimes of several hundred fs, more than an
order of magnitude larger than previously
thought (Fig. 1). Ultrafast and spatially-resolved
near-field experiments show directly that the
coherent coupling between surface plasmon
polaritons, induced by spatial variations in the
dielectric function of the nanostructure causes
this strong damping suppression. In close
analogy to Dicke sub-/superradiance in atomic
systems, this coupling leads to the formation
of symmetric and antisymmetric SPP modes
with strongly different radiative lifetimes. These
results are relevant for a detailed microscopic
understanding plasmonic dynamics in metal
nanostructures and indicate new strategies for
greatly enhancing SPP lifetimes which is
important for using SPP as flying qubits in
quantum information processing and/or in
nano-bio sensing applications.
UP2: Apertureless scanning near-field
microscopy. The optical antenna properties
of metallic tips to detect and concentrate light
to highly confined regions is being investigated
and employed for ultrahigh resolution nearfield
microscopy: In linear light scattering the
plasmonic characteristics of the emission
behavior of individual nanoscopic tips has been
investigated and allowed for an understanding
of the correlation of spectral dependence and
local-field enhancement with structural parameter
– providing important selection criteria
for tips to be used as probes in scanning nearfield
microscopy [NSR].
In nonlinear light scattering, making use of
the unique symmetry properties of the tips
( mm) allowed for the otherwise inseparable
8
distinction between surface and bulk contributions
in second-harmonic generation (SHG)
[NRR]. This separation of these different nonlinear
source polarizations has been a long
standing problem in surface nonlinear optics
because of its fundamental importance for
proper signal assignment. The study also
allowed to derive general symmetry selection
rules for SHG from nanostructures.
Near-field imaging on the basis of infrared
vibrational contrast has been achieved and
allowed for the identification of nanodomains
formed by molecular selfassembly of blockcopolymer
surfaces (see Fig. 2). With a sub-
10 nm spatial resolution corresponding to a
sensitivity of as low as 10 3 C-H oscillators the
results indicate that for the first time IRspectroscopy
providing access to intramolecular
dimensions is within reach. Similarly the use
of Raman spectroscopy for spectroscopic
imaging is being explored.
UP3 (1): Optical phonon sidebands of
electronic intersubband absorption in
strongly polar semiconductor heterostructures.
The optical lineshapes of electronic
transitions in condensed matter reflect the
ultrafast dynamics of the elementary excitations
to which the electrons are coupled. Of particular
interest for a broad range of phenomena is
the coupling between electrons and nuclear
motions, i.e., local vibrational modes and/or
phonons. In [WRW05] we presented the first
evidence for a distinct optical phonon progression
in the linear and nonlinear intersubband
absorption spectra of electrons in a
GaN/Al 0.8 Ga 0.2 N heterostructure. Femtosecond
two-color pump-probe experiments in the midinfrared
reveal spectral holes on different
vibronic transitions separated by the LO phonon
frequency. These features wash out with a
decay time of 80 fs due to spectral diffusion.
The remaining nonlinear transmission changes
decay with a time constant of 380 fs. All results
observed are described by the independent
boson model.
UP3 (2): Nonlinear response of radiatively
coupled intersubband transitions of quasitwo-dimensional
electrons. Radiative
coupling of resonantly excited intersubband
transitions in GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum
wells can have a strong impact on the coherent
nonlinear optical response, as is shown in Fig. 3
by phase and amplitude resolved propagation

studies of ultrashort electric field transients.
Upon increasing the driving field amplitude,
strong radiative coupling leads to a pronounced
self-induced absorption, followed by a
bleaching due to the onset of delayed Rabi
oscillations. A many-particle theory including
light propagation effects accounts fully for the
experimental results.
UP4: Phase control of antiferromagnetics.
Antiferromagnetic systems offer inherent
advantages for ultrafast manipulation of the
magnetic order parameter because of the
absence of a macroscopic magnetization. Here
the magnetization dynamics of transitionmetal
oxides was investigated by optical pump/
probe experiments with second harmonic
generation acting as sensor for the sublattice
magnetization.
In NiO a photoinduced ultrafast reorientation
of Ni 2+ spins due to change of the magnetic
anisotropy was observed [DSF04]. Recovery
of the magnetic ground state occurs as
coherent oscillation of the antiferromagnetic
order parameter between hard- and easy-axis
states manifesting itself as quantum beating.
The lifetime of the photoinduced state is about
1 ns and limited by spin-lattice interaction. With
a second pump pulse ultrafast recovery of the
magnetic ground state is induced so that
controlled ultrafast switching of an antiferromagnetic
order parameter was demonstrated
for the first time.
In RMnO 3 (R = Y, Ho) we observed the
decoupling of a spin reorientation from the
lattice temperature in the course of a magnetic
phase transition, thereby contrasting recent
investigations on orthoferrites. In Cr 2 O 3
decoupling between the dynamical behavior
Own publications 2004 ff
(for full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)
AKE04: T. Altebäumer et al.; tm Technisches Messen
71 (2004) 34-38
BGS04: M. Bargheer et al.; Israel Journal of Chemistry
(special issue in honor of Prof. J. Jortner) 44
(2004) 9-17
DSF04: N. P. Duong et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004)
117402/1-4
Elsb04: T. Elsaesser; Appl. Phys. A 79 (2004) 1627-
1634
FEC04: M. Fiebig et al.; in Magnetoelectric interaction
phenomena in crystals (Kluwer, Dordrecht, The
Netherlands, 2004)
FFL04: M. Fiebig et al.; Opt. Lett. 29 (2004) 41-43
FGL04: M. Fiebig et al.; Journal of Magnetism and
Magnetic Materials 272-276 (2004) 353-354
Fie04: M. Fiebig et al.; in Magnetoelectric Interaction
Phenomena in Crystals, M. Fiebig, V. Eremenko,
and I. Chupis eds. (Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands,
2004) 163-179
of the amplitude and phase of the antiferromagnetic
order parameter was observed
which is assigned to the magnetoelectric
properties of the compound.
The linear magnetoelectric effect – the
induction of polarization by a magnetic field
and of magnetization by an electric field –
provides a promising route for linking magnetic
and electric properties. We showed that ferromagnetic
ordering in hexagonal HoMnO 3 is
reversibly switched on and off by the applied
field via magnetoelectric interactions [LLA04].
While magneto-optical techniques are used
to monitor this “giant” magnetoelectric effect
its microscopic origin is revealed by neutron
and x-ray diffraction. From the results, basic
requirements for other candidate materials to
exhibit magnetoelectric phase control are
identified. Ultrafast experiments on magnetoelectric
phase control are underway.
FPi04: M. Fiebig et al.; Journal of Magnetism and
Magnetic Materials 272-276 (2004) E1607-E1610
KBG04a: T. Kiljunen et al.; PhysChemChemPhys 6
(2004) 2185-2197
KBG04b: T. Kiljunen et al.; PhysChemChemPhys 6
(2004) 2932-2939
LFG04: T. Lottermoser et al.; in Magnetoelectric
Interaction Phenomena in Crystals, Springer, M.
Fiebig, V. Eremenko, and I. Chupis eds. (Kluwer,
Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2004) 105-114
LFi04: T. Lottermoser et al.; Phys. Rev. B 70 (2004)
220407/1-4
LGU04: C. Lienau et al.; SPIE Proc. 5352 (2004) 16-31
Lie04a: C. Lienau et al.; Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A
362 (2004) 861-879
LIG04: C. Lienau et al.; Phys. Rev. B 69 (2004)
085302/1-9
LLA04: T. Lottermoser et al.; Nature 430 (2004) 541-
544
LRu04: C. Lienau et al.; Physik Journal 3 (2004) 17-18
LRW04a: C. W. Luo et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004)
047402/1-4
Fig. 4:
Magnetic phase control
by an electric field E in
HoMnO 3 . Yellow: Mn 3+
spins, red: Ho 3+ spins.
The Y-shaped structure
shows the dominating
superexchange paths in
the respective phases.
67

68
LRW04b: C. W. Luo et al.; Appl. Phys. A 78 (2004)
435-440
LRW04c: C. W. Luo et al.; Semicond. Sci. Technol. 19
(2004) S285-S286
MRL04: R. Mueller et al.; Opt Expr. 12 (2004) 5067-
5081
PFi04: R. V. Pisarev et al.; Ferroelectrics 303 (2004)
113-118
PSP04: R. V. Pisarev et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004)
037204/1-4
RSh04: M. B. Raschke et al.; in Encyclopedia of
Modern Optics, R.D. Guenther, D.G. Steel, and L.
Bayvel eds. (Elsevier, Oxford, 2004) Vol. 5, 184-
189
SLF04: T. Satoh et al.; Appl. Phys. B 79 (2004) 701-
706
UML04a: T. Unold et al.; Semicond. Sci. Technol. 19
(2004) S260-S263
UML04b: T. Unold et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004)
157401/1-4
WER04: M. Woerner et al.; SPIE Proc. 5352 (2004)
333-347
WFL04: I. Waldmüller et al.; Phys. Rev. B 69 (2004)
205307/1-9
WRE04: M. Woerner et al.; J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
16 (2004) R25-R48
WRW04: Z. Wang et al.; Semicond. Sci. Technol. 19
(2004) S463-S464
RLi05: E. Runge et al.; Phys. Rev. B 71 (2005)
035347/1-5
WRW05: Z. Wang et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 (2005)
037403/1-4
in press (as of Jan. 2005)
BLi: J. J. Baumberg et al.; in Semiconductor
Macroatoms: Basic Physics and Quantum Device
Applications, F. Rossi ed. (World Scientific Press)
FLL: M. Fiebig et al.; Journal of Magnetism and
Magnetic Materials
FPP: M. Fiebig et al.; Journal of Optical Society
America B
NSR: C. C. Neacsu et al.; Appl. Phys. B (in press)
RML: C. Ropers et al.; in Ultrafast Phenomena XIV,
T. Kobayashi, T. Okada, T. Kobayshi, K.A. Nelson,
and S. De Silvestri eds. (Springer, Berlin, Germany)
SLF: T. Satoh et al.; J. Appl. Phys. 97 (in press)
SLR: T. Shih et al.; in Ultrafast Phenomena XIV, T.
Kobayashi, T. Okada, T. Kobayshi, K.A. Nelson,
and S. De Silvestri eds. (Springer, Berlin, Germany)
submitted (until 14 Feb. 2005)
DSF: N. P. Duong et al.; in Proceedings of the 9 th
Asia Pacific Physics Conference (Hanoi, Vietnam)
HSR: A. Hagen et al.; Science
MML: R. Müller et al.; Opt Expr.
NRR: C. C. Neacsu et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.
RHC: C. Ropers et al.; Phys. Rev. A
RPS: C. Ropers et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.
SRW: T. Shih et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.
UML: T. Unold et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.
Invited talks at international conferences 2004
(for full titles see appendix 2)
T. Elsaesser; International Workshop on Cooperative
Phenomena in Optics and Transport in Nanostructures
(Dresden, Germany, 2004-06)
M. Fiebig; Joint European Magnetic Symposia
(JEMS ’04) (Dresden, Germany, 2004-09)
M. Fiebig; AIO Workshop on Spectroscopy in
Molecular, Organic, and Inorganic Systems
(Ameland, Netherlands, 2004-09)
M. Fiebig; Academy Colloquium on Ultrafast Spin
and Magnetization Dynamics in Magnetic Nanostructures
(Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2004-06)
M. Fiebig; Int. Workshop on Magneto-Optics of
Magnetic Thin Films, Multilayers and Nanostructures
(Duisburg, Germany, 2004-04)
C. Lienau together with T. Unold, K. Müller, T.
Elsaesser, and A.D.Wieck; Conference on Lasers
and Electro Optics / International Quantum
Electronics Conference CLEO/IQEC 2004 (San
Francisco, California, 2004-05)
C. Lienau together with T. Guenther, T. Unold, K.
Mueller, and T. Elsaesser; Photonics West 2004
(San José, California, 2004-01)
C. Lienau; American Chemical Society National
Meeting (Anaheim, CA, USA, 2004-04)
C. Lienau; PIERS 2004, Progress in Electromagnetics
Research Symposium (Pisa, Italy,
2004-03)
C. Lienau; LASERION 2004 Workshop, Microfabrication,
nanosturctured materials and biotechnology,
Schloss Ringberg (Rottach-Egern, Germany,
2004-06-22)
C. Lienau; SPIE OPTO-Ireland Meeting, Royal Dublin
Society (Dublin, Ireland, 2004-04)
C. Lienau; Solid State Based Quantum Information
Processing (Hersching, Germany, 2004-09)
M. Raschke; SERS Rundgespräch, Fritz-Haber-
Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (Berlin, 2004-
10)
C. Ropers together with C. Lienau, R. Müller, G.
Stibenz, G. Steinmeyer, D.J. Park, Y.C. Yoon,
and D.S. Kim; Ultrafast Phenomena XIV (Niigata,
Japan, 2004-07)
Z. Wang; The CCAST Workshop on Strong Field
Laser Physics, 2004 (Wuyishan, China, 2004-11)
M. Woerner; International Workshop on Quantum
Cascade Lasers (Sevilla, Spain, 2004-01)
M. Woerner; Photonics West (San José, California,
2004-01)
M. Woerner together with T. Shih, C.W. Luo, K.
Reimann, T. Elsaesser, R. Hey, and K.H. Ploog;
The 17th Annual Meeting of the IEEE Laser &
Electro-Optics Society (LEOS 2004) (Rio Mar,
Puerto Rico, 2004-11)
M. Woerner; 2nd Korean/German Workshop on
Applied Physics and Mathematics (Heidelberg,
Germany, 2004-09)

3-03: Opto Electronic Devices
J. W. Tomm (Project coordinator)
and F. Weik, V. Talalaev, Tran Q. Tien
1. Overview
The project group deals with applications
of spectroscopic techniques developed or
improved at the MBI to analytical purposes in
optoelectronic devices. A primary objective is
to improve the insight into the microscopic
nature of the mechanisms defining the limits
of operation of optoelectronic devices, in
particular diode lasers. Effects such as defect
creation and accumulation within the active
region, mechanical stress as well as device
and – particularly – facet heating are quantitatively
analyzed. Models of device aging
scenarios are developed and strategies are
developed in order to minimize the impact of
these processes.
Together with our main industrial partners,
such as OSRAM Opto Semiconductors,
THALES, JENOPTIK Laserdiode und DILAS
new generations of optoelectronic devices
with increased brightness and reliability are
created by taking into account the analytical
results obtained at MBI. Investigations of
transient recombination processes in the 5 ps-
10 ns range in optoelectronic materials and
epitaxial structures such as quantum-well or
quantum-dot structures complete these devicerelated
analytical activities. Carrier transfer
kinetics in self assembled or structured microand
nanostructures such as stressors are
addressed. This allows, e.g., for optical
measurement of transport kinetics in semiconductor
structures. Furthermore, the group
is involved in joint activities for the creation of
novel classes of optoelectronic light sources
such as mid-infrared light emitting diodes or
compact femtosecond emitters. Demonstrators
are assembled and tested. These device
demonstrators reach a performance substantially
exceeding the present state of the art.
2. Results in 2004
The EU-funded Project IST-2000-29447
POWERPACK was successfully finished.
Within this project we developed novel
methodologies for strain an defect analysis in
high-power diode laser arrays (cm-bars) as
well as screening tools for rapid device
analysis and applied them to a large number
of laser bars (~200) provided by industrial
partners such as THALES or DILAS GmbH.
On the basis of the data obtained within this
project new insights into the generation of
defects as well as in the generation and
relaxation of strains in AlGaAs/GaAs-based
high-power diode laser array are obtained.
Simultaneous monitoring of the mechanical
strain and the defect concentration in the
devices allows studying the interplay between
these extrinsic parameters in dependence on
device operation time [GWT04, TTO]. There are
two parameters, which contribute to the spread
of the mechanical strain, the local position at
the device, and, the device operation time that
substantially enhances the strain as well. For
midgap levels as well as shallower defect
levels, which are due to physically different
defects, very different creation scenarios are
observed. The concentration of shallow defects
and band-tail states is strongly correlated with
compressive strain in their vicinity, no matter
how the strain is created; see Fig. 1 (a). For
midgap levels there is no direct correlation,
however, an increase by a factor of 3 after
1500 h of operation time is observed; see
Fig. 1 (c). The knowledge on defect creation
scenarios is extensible to other GaAs-based
devices and represents a rather general contribution
to device physics.
Fig. 1:
Spread of the defectrelated
µPC signal as
measure for the defect
concentration for the
different level depths
within one emitter versus
spectral position of the
1hh-1e transition as
measure for the
compressive strain at
the corresponding local
position. Full symbols
represent data obtained
at 0 hours, open
symbols mark data
measured in the same
spectral range after
1500 hours of operation.
69

70
Fig. 2:
Output power versus
operation current of the
4.2 µm mid infrared
converter device.
Fig. 3:
Photograph
of a mid infrared
converter device.
We monitor the temporal mechanical strain
evolution with typical use in the quantum-well of
AlGaAs/GaAs-based cm-bars by spectroscopic
means. We show experimentally that pristine
devices are essentially uniaxially compressed
along the 110-direction with a strain maximum
of -0.16% at the center of the device. At the
device edges almost no packaging-induced
strain is detectable. After 500 h of cw operation
at a current of I=80A the strain is reduced by
50%. Furthermore, we observe the growth of
a localized region of compressive strain, of
hydrostatic symmetry, in one emitter of a
particular cm-bar. A compression of about
-0.017% is observed, and is most likely caused
by point defect accumulation. Our results clearly
demonstrate that information about absolute
strain values and, at least in part, about strain
symmetry as well can be obtained by
spectroscopic means even within packaged,
complex optoelectronic devices [TGS].
Within the national project MIRCO (Mid
InfraRed COnverter) 03 N1084C we provide
our partners with the spectroscopic methodology
required for the development of a novel
device, namely a hybrid optoelectronic lightemitter
for the 4-5 µm infrared spectral region.
The active region of this device, which is
designed and assembled at MBI, is made of
PbSe or related mixed crystal systems. In order
to enhance the out-coupling efficiency of the
device further the surface of the active region
receives a special structurization implemented
by wet chemical etching. A luminescence
imaging setup for spectroscopy in the mid
infrared is developed and used for evaluating
the different surface structures.
On the basis of these investigations an
optically pumped luminescence device made
from such structured films with an cw output
power of more than 1 mW cw is assembled.
The output power strongly depends on the
dimensions of the surface structures. The
spectra of the device are centered around the
CO 2 absorption line at 4.2 mm and have a half
width of 50 meV [WTG04a]. The output power
data surpass the current state of the art of
optoelectronic light emitting devices in this
spectral range by more than an order of
magnitude.
Own publications 2004
(for full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)
GWT04: Axel Gerhardt et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett. 84
(2004) 3525-3527
WTG04a: F. Weik et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005)
041106
in press (as of Jan. 2005)
TTO: Tran Quoc Tien et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett.
TGS: Tran Quoc Tien et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett.
Invited talks at international conferences 2004
(for full titles see appendix 2)
J. W. Tomm together with A. Gerhardt, T.Q. Tran,
M.L. Biermann, M.O. Manasreh, and B.S. Passmore;
Material Research Society Fall Meeting (Boston,
MA, USA, 2004-11)
J. W. Tomm; 2nd CEPHONA Workshop of the Center
of Excellence on Physics and Technology of
Photonic Nanostructures, Institute of Electron
Technology (Warsaw, Poland, 2004-11)

3-04: Transient Structures and Imaging with X-Rays
H. Stiel, M. Wörner, N. Zhavoronkov (Project coordinators)
and M. Bargheer, H. Legall, K. Janulewicz, D. Leupold
1. Overview
This project aims at the development and
the application of coherent and incoherent
laser-based x-ray sources emitting light in the
wavelength range between 0.1 and 20 nm.
The current applications focus on time-resolved
x-ray diffraction experiments on crystalline
solids using a high repetition rate laser
produced plasma (LPP) source and on x-ray
absorption studies concerning the role of
carotenoids in energy transfer processes.
2. Subprojects and collaborations
UP1: Hard x-ray generation using high
repetition rate laser systems.
UP2: Generation and application of soft x-rays
from laser-based sources. Special emphasis
is directed to application experiments using
the possibilities of MBI x-ray laser developed
in project 2.01.
UP3: Investigation of phase transitions and
structural dynamics in solids: in the framework
of SPP 1134 and in close collaboration with
Project 3.02 and Seoul National University.
3. Results in 2004
UP1/UP3: The results of these two subprojects
are detailed in one of the feature articles in
this annual report. The main activities were
the following:
• Microfocus K α sources for femtosecond xray
science [ZGK04,ZGB05],
• Comparison of focusing optics for femtosecond
x-ray diffraction [BZB05],
• Femtosecond x-ray diffraction: Coherent
atomic motions in a semiconductor nanostructure
[BZG04].
UP2: Development and application of
instrumentation for the soft and hard x-ray
region. Application of x-ray spectroscopy,
diffraction and metrology in chemical, biological
and material sciences has attracted much
attention. The development of instrumentation
for compact laboratory x-ray radiation sources
is one of the most important challenges at this
time. A laboratory x-ray source for near edge
x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS)
experiments in the soft x-ray range requires
the generation of a broad x-ray continuum. A
crucial point for NEXAFS experiments is the
choice of the spectrograph. It should deliver a
high photon flux in the detector plane and at the
same time an appropriate spectral resolution.
So far we used a transmission grating as
spectrograph and an x-ray CCD-camera as
detector system for the soft x-ray region. An
enhancement of the resolution by a factor of 2
would be of great interest since transition
peaks visible in the absorption spectrum of
excitations from the core electron 1s state into
unoccupied molecular states have a typical
width of 500 meV.
Furthermore, the transmission grating
spectrometer is a non focussing system, and
the acquisition time and signal-to-noise ratio
of the spectrum could be greatly enhanced by
using a focussing polychromator. To get an
improvement in this direction we used a special
x-ray optic as new focussing polychromator
system, an off-axis reflection zone plate (ORZ).
This optic was originally developed for
spectroscopy of laser produced plasmas. The
basic pattern of the ORZ is given by nonconcentric
ellipses, which act as diffraction
grating with curved lines and varying grating
constant. The projection of the pattern towards
the source follows the rule of a fresnel zone
plate. It follows that for a certain geometry and
single wavelength a diffraction-limited image
(2-fold magnification) is formed in the detector
plane. By using the ORZ we were able to collect
even single laser shot spectra with a spectral
resolution better than 450 meV [VSL04]. This
is the basis for time-resolved measurements
in a pump-and-probe scheme where a degradation
of the sample takes place after a few
visible pump pulses.
In collaboration with project 2.01 (x-ray
laser) the work on EUV-interferometry was
continued. Because most of the materials are
not transparent for soft x-ray radiation the
design of the beam splitter is a crucial problem
in EUV-interferometry. In collaboration with
Fig. 1:
Experimental
arrangement of the
NEXAFS-spectrometer
using an off-axis
reflection zone plate.
71

72
Fig. 2:
Single shot emission
spectrum of a laser
produced copper
plasma measured by
the ORZ spectrograph.
RheinAhrCampus, Remagen and with the
Institute of Applied Photonics, Adlershof
different optics have been tested. It was found
that an experimental setup consisting of a
diffraction grating as a beam splitter and two
multi-layer mirrors seems very promising for
EUV-interferometry using a 10 Hz x-ray laser
at 13.9 nm.
Time-resolved spectroscopy in the hard xray
range requires compact spectrometers
with high energy resolution. A spectroscopic
device in the so called von HAMOS geometry
combines both high efficiency and a wide
spectral range. The development and optimization
of a compact focusing von HAMOS
spectrometer using highly oriented pyrrolytic
crystals (HOPG) will be done in a joint project
with the Institute of Applied Photonics,
Adlershof. The application of the spectrometer
in diagnostics of “out off band” emission from
the x-ray laser caused by highly charged ions
(in collaboration with project 2.01) as well as
in time-resolved x-ray absorption experiments
is planned for the next future.
Own publications 2004 ff
(for full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)
BZG04:M. Bargheer et al.; Science 306 (2004) 1771
LSV04: H. Legall et al.; Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75 (2004)
11. 4981-8
VSL04: U. Vogt et al.; Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75 (2004) 11.
4606-9
ZGK04:N. Zhavoronkov et al.; Appl. Phys. B 79 (2004)
663
in press (as of Jan. 2005)
BZB05: M. Bargheer et al.; Appl. Phys. B
submitted
ZGB05:N. Zhavoronkov et al.; Opt. Lett.
Invited talks at international conferences 2004
(for full titles see appendix 2)
H. Legall together with D. Leupold, H. Lokstein, H.
Stiel, and U. Vogt; 324. Wilhelm und Else Heraeus
Seminar "Exploring the nanostructures of soft
materials with x-rays" (Bad Honnef, 2004-05-10)

4-1: Infrastructure Project: Development and Implementation of Laser
Systems and Measuring Techniques
I. Will, N. Zhavoronkov (Project coordinators)
and G. Klemz, H. Redlin
1. Overview
A major part of the activities of this project
was dedicated the improvement of the photocathode
lasers installed at DESY Hamburg
and at the Photoinjector Test Facility at Zeuthen
(PITZ). These activities are part of MBI's longstanding
participation in the international
TESLA collaboration, and in the development
of the VUV-FEL facility and the European X-
FEL at DESY in Hamburg. These projects are
of national and international importance and
require specialized optical lasers as crucial
components. MBI has become a strategic
partner, and uses the expertise gained in high
average power laser development and
synchronization for its own research.
2. Results in 2004
An upgraded version of the photocathode
laser of the TESLA Test Facility has been
installed at DESY Hamburg in February 2004
(Fig. 1). The main improvement is the replacement
of the flashlamps previously used for
pumping the oscillator and the preamplifiers
by semiconductor diodes. This has increased
the reliability and stability of the laser system
significantly. According to the operators of TTF,
the fluctuation of the micropulse energy in the
UV has been reduced to 1% rms compared to
≥3% before the upgrade.
The photocathode laser generates trains
of ultraviolet picosecond pulses with these
parameters:
• pulse trains with up to 800 micropulses
(programmable),
• repetition rate in the pulse train: 1...3 MHz,
• duration of the micropulses: τ = 12 ps
(FWHM), tunable,
• micropulse energy at 266 nm wavelength:
E micro = 53 μJ.
A similar laser system which has been
equipped with an additional pulse shaper for
generation of flat-top pulses has been in use
at the Photoinjector Teststand at Zeuthen (PITZ).
Both lasers are an important pre-requisite for
successful operation of the TTF injector and of
the PITZ installation respectively during 2004.
At present, we make a major effort to replace
the flashlamp-pumped booster amplifiers by
those pumped with semiconductor diodes. The
first prototype of the completely diode-pumped
photocathode laser has reached the parameters
required for TTF in Dec. 2004 at the
MBI. This laser system features a long-term
stability of 0.5% rms in the UV (measured over
a period of 6 hours), a simplified usage and
easy maintenance. Installation of this prototype
at PITZ is foreseen in February 2005. After
being tested at PITZ, an improved version of
this laser will be installed at TTF in Hamburg
by the end of 2005.
Fig. 1:
Scheme of the
upgraded Nd:YLF
photocathode laser.
73

74
Fig. 2:
Envelope of the output
pulse trains which look
similar for 1.0 and
3.0 MHz repetition rate
of the individual micropulses
in the train.
This repetition rate is
determined by the
frequency the pulse
pickers (Pockels cells)
are triggered with.
Fig. 3:
Set-up of the Ti:Sapphire
laser system.
Fig. 4:
3 rd order autocorrelation
trace of the
output laser pulses.
The second part of the project concerns a
Ti:Sa laser of high average power which has
been used for experiments in the frame of
Projects 3-04 “Ultrafast X-ray Research” and
2-02 “Ionisation Dynamics in Intense Laser
Fields”. This laser system was further developed
during 2004. The complete system shown in
Fig. 3 is compact and fits on a standard optical
table of 1.5 x 3 m 2 size. In dependence on the
pump power, the pulses are amplified to an
energy of 7-14 mJ, which corresponds to an
average power of 7-14 W at 1 kHz repetition
rate. The output channel of the laser system
can be arranged either after the regenerative
amplifier or after the final booster amplifier
resulting in an energy of the compressed pulse
of 1.5-2 mJ or 5-10 mJ, respectively. The pulse
duration is 46 fs. An almost diffraction limited
waist size is reached with the peak intensity of
2 x 10 17 W/cm 2 . The spatial profile of the Laser
beam is Gaussian with M 2 better than 1.3.
Using a 3 rd order autocorrelator with a
dynamic range of 8 orders of magnitude, the
temporal structure of the pulses was measured.
We obtained a contrast between the main pulse
and the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE)
of 10 7 (Fig. 4). A pulse-to-pulse stability of the
laser output of 0.3 percent (root mean square)
was obtained during a measurement period
of 10 minutes. Stable operation of the system
was demonstrated during a period of 76 hours
of uninterrupted operation.

4-21: Infrastructure Project: Femtosecond Application Laboratories
F. Noack, M. Wörner (Project coordinators)
1. Overview
The Max-Born-Institute (MBI) develops,
operates and provides femtosecond laser
systems in a broad spectral range. A variety of
sources for coherent, ultrashort light pulses
are currently being explored, typically based
on commercial and home built Ti:Sapphire
lasers, but also on new laser materials. The
use of nonlinear optical techniques such as
harmonic generation, four wave mixing and
parametric processes ensures access to wavelengths
ranging from the VUV (~100nm) up to
the IR (~10μm) with pulse durations ranging
from 500 fs down to about 5 fs.
Among the experimental techniques used
with these laser systems are pump-(delayed)probe
methods, transient spectroscopy, impulsive
Raman spectroscopy, molecular and
cluster beams, UHV-surface analysis etc.
Simultaneously with these activities devoted
to the generation of ultrashort pulses with one
or more extreme parameters we concentrate
on the characterization of their temporal and
spatial structure as well as on active control
by shaping mechanisms. The full control over
all parameters of ultrashort and few cycle light
pulses (wavelength, temporal shape, phase,
energy, etc.) is a long-term objective for the
whole project.
Major extensions of the fs-application
laboratories planned for the next two years
are the access to time resolved X-ray
measurements, energetic tunable pulses in
the wavelength range from 100-200 nm and
systems for higher average power.
2. User statistics 2004
Presently access to six femtosecond
systems for time resolved spectroscopy is
granted (see also the MBI homepage). Furthermore,
temporally limited access to systems still
under development or to additional systems
which are extremely complex for user operation
is also offered, please contact directly the
department heads working closest to your field
of interest.
The overall use of the fs-application labs
is about 65%. Taking into account the time for
service and repairs of the systems the total
load exceeds 90%. About 20% of the access
time was used by visiting scientists mainly
supported by the Laserlab Europe programme
of the European Community. In addition one
system especially designed for investigation
of material structuring is used for about 2
month per year by a local company based on
a cooperation contract.
Last year we had guests from Netherlands,
Spain, Russia, Korea, Bulgaria, France, Japan,
China and of course from Germany, for a
complete list please see appendix 5.
Publications
All publications which have emerged from
work in this facility are listed under the relevant
research projects.
Fig. 1:
Art-photography
taken at the Multi-Color
system. The three wavelengths
are generated
simultaneously with
nonlinear optical
conversion of a single
femtosecond laser
system.
Fig. 2:
Typical setup of a time
resoled experiment
using ultraviolet
excitation and midinfrared
probing.
(M. Rini and O.
Mohammed
Abdelsabbor aligning
the setup).
75

76
Fig. 1:
View of the central laser
hall inside the HFL
building: On the far left -
hand side the housed
10Hz /20-30TW Ti:Sa
laser can be seen, on
the right-hand side is the
front end of the CPA
glass laser. The
structure in the center is
the folded glass laser
CPA power amplifier,
together with a 15 ns
frequency- doubled
beam for pumping of the
single shot 100TW Ti:Sa
power amplifier located
at the far end of the 10
Hz Ti:Sa laser sytem.
4-22: Infrastructure Project: High-Field Laser Application Laboratory (HFL)
P. V. Nickles (Project Coordinator)
1. Overview
The MBI high-field laser application
laboratory develops, applies and provides
femto- and picosecond laser systems operating
in a broad intensity in excess of 10 19 W/cm 2 ,
complemented by short-pulse, high-averagepower
lasers for special applications. A specific
MBI contribution to the high field physics,
especially relativistic plasma dynamics an
laser particle acceleration, arises from the
unique possibility of synchronized operation
of the two separate high-field lasers, each of
which has state-of-the-art pulse characteristics,
and from the ongoing research and results on
the plasma dynamics of laser irradiated dense
targets. Regarding the available laser infrastructure,
research and development is directed
towards highest possible intensities, short
pulses (presently < 40 fs in the Ti:Sa system)
at high pulse contrast. Part of the activities is
focussed on diagnostics development for the
on-line characterisation of the laser parameters.
The HFL is located in a separate building
with restricted access due to radiation safety
and cleanliness considerations. Its structure
and equipment allows to perform a variety of
laser-matter interaction experiments such as
single atom ionisation as well as complex
laser-plasma interaction studies. The latter
include incoherent and coherent x-ray emission
(collisionally pumped x-ray laser), as well as
generation and acceleration of charged particles,
with special amphasis on protons and highly
charged ions and their applications. A diversity
of diagnostic equipment with high energetic
(spectral), spatial and temporal resolution,
consisting of optical and x-ray streak cameras,
CCD cameras, x-ray and EUV-spectrometers,
and Thomson spectrometers is available.The
synchronization of the two MBI high field lasers
(a 1ps, >5J CPA glass laser and the ~40 fs,
800 mJ Ti:Sa laser) with 1ps accuracy, offering
unique experimental possibilities, rests on
long-term experience with photocathode lasers
at DESY and laser-synchrotron synchronization
at the MBI-BESSY Beamline. It will be available
for experiments in early 2005. It is one essential
basis for the laser acceleration experiments
within the Transregio collaboration.
According to the general mission of the
MBI these facilities are not only used for the
in-house research (mainly projects 1-02, 2-
01, 2-02 and 3.04), but also offered to external
users who are interested in research collaborations
with MBI groups. A broad field of
interdisciplinary studies is addressed, ranging
from atomic, laser and plasma physics to material
science, metrology up to industrial relevant
applications. The laboratory is also open to
external users within the Transnational Access
Activity of the 5 th and 6 th Framework Programs
of the EU (Integrated Laser Infrastructure
Network LASERLAB-EUROPE) and other
bilateral cooperations. The following systems
are in operation:
• Two high-peak power lasers, capable of
delivering intensities between 10 18 and more
than 10 19 W/cm 2 , in particular, a 10 Hz CPA
20 TW (40 fs, 800 mJ) Ti:Sapphire laser and
a single shot ~10 TW (1 ps, > 5 J) glass
laser. The synchronization of the two systems
at the 1ps-level, implementing two new
oscillators, will be available for experiments
in 2005 for unique proton radiography and
high-field pump-probe experiments in laserbased
plasma physics. In the synchronized
single-shot mode the Ti:Sa laser will be
pumped by an extra long-pulse, frequency
doubled arm of the glass laser, boosting its
pulse energy up to ~6J and the power up to
the 100TW level.
• One YLF burst mode laser (5 kW average
burst power, up to 1MHz repetition rate,
flexible pulse duration >3ps ) covering a
wide range of beam parameters like energy,
duration, repetition rate and intensity. This
system is typically used as unique driver
laser for research on or with incoherent laserplasma
VUV-, EUV- and x-ray sources.
• A prototype of a 10 Hz collisionally excited
nickel-like Mo X-ray laser at 14.9 nm working
on the new GRIP principle has been successfully
demonstrated. Additionally, a transient

single-shot nickel-like Ag X-ray laser at
13.9 nm with output energy of several μJ in
~20 ps is already in operation. Beam
propagation and focusing optics are available
and in use. While these lasers are, in principle,
available for applications, they are still
subject to intensive research efforts with the
medium-term objective of developing a
novel table-top, high-repetition rate and high
average power EUV laser.
The following supporting systems and
infrastructure are available in the high field
laser application laboratory:
• Auto-correlators for on-line pulse duration
measurement of CPA-glass laser and Ti:Sa
laser pulses.
• SPIDER for a quasi-on-line control of the
duration of the Ti:Sa laser pulse at full energy
(10 fs resolution) and an averaging 3 rd order
correlator for the Ti:Sapphire laser with high
dynamics range as well as a single shot 3 rd
order correlator for the glass laser system.
Both for monitoring of shape and contrast of
the compressed highly energetic pulses.
• Implementation of an adaptive mirror- feedback
with wavefront controlling Hartmann
sensor, that resulted in a improvement of
the focus intensity, leading to an intensity of
about 10 19 W/cm 2 .
• Update of the beam propagation system
for five interaction chambers in separate
laboratories, surrounding the central laser
hall (Fig. 2).
• Implementation of radiation protection system
for highly energetic charged particles and
x-rays (dosemeters).
• 4 channel Thomson parabola for ion spectra
measurments and 4 channel neutron TOF.
• System for on-line monitoring of the spectral
content of the glass laser pulses.
• Experimental arrangement for guiding experiments
at relativistic intensities (see also
access experiments).
• A vacuum compressor chamber for the glass
laser has been developed which will come
together with a corresponding beam
propagation system in regular use in 2005.
Furthermore the HFL-laboratory is equipped
with a variety of commercial diagnostics
enabling measurements with high spectral,
spatial and temporal resolution (optical and
x-ray streak and CCD cameras, different
spectrometers from optical down to x-ray
range).
2. User statistics 2004
Access to all 4 systems for laser matter
interaction studies is currently granted (see
above or the MBI homepage). Additionally,
temporally limited access to systems being
developed (for example incoherent x-ray
sources) were also offered for users.
The Ti:Sa laser serves as a research tool
for light-matter interactions within the HFL
laboratory and, at the same time, is subject to
laser research and development within the
infrastructure and scientific focus areas of
the MBI research programme. The overall
availability of the laser for both these activities
was 85%, with the remaining 15% accounting
for unscheduled downtime or repair. Out of the
85% productive time, 2/3 (a total of 57%) were
given to internal and external user access,
while 1/3 (28% of the total time) were used for
scheduled laser upgrade and maintenance.
About 18% of the user access time goes to
external collaboration projects with visiting
scientists. They are mainly supported by the
Transnational Access program of the European
Community (FP5 and FP6) which assumes an
average facility availability of about (but not
substantially exceeding) 15%. The following
access experiments have been performed in
2004 (see also appendix 5):
• 02.04-02.04, Dr. G. Tempea / Dr. L. Veisz (EUaccess
proposal), Generation of few cycle
Multi-TW pulses:
Within the framework of an EU-access proposal
(Tempea/Krausz) we demonstrated the
production of 30 - 40 mJ laser pulses with a
temporal width of about 18 fs at a beam
diameter of about 25 mm. This result was
achieved using 50-fs, 200-mJ input pulses.
The spectral broadening was introduced by
propagation this pulse in a 2 mm quartzplate
irradiated at an intensity level of about
10 12 W/cm 2 . The pulses were subsequently
compressed with a chirped mirror line. The
experiment demonstrated for the first time
at such an energy level that this method may
be applicable as an alternatively route to
produce energetic sub -20 fs pulses. Still;
questions concerning limiting processes of
the method are open. Follow-up projects are
intended.
Fig. 2:
Beam propagation and
distributing system of
the Ti:Sa laser. The far
left chamber contains a
large-aperture adaptive
mirror with a Shaeck-
Hartmann sensor for
wave front corrections.
In the central chamber
is the main beam
distribution mirror
steering the beam
towards the interaction
chambers in use. One
of the interaction
chambers is seen in the
front part of the picture.
77

78
Fig. 3:
Table with the Ti:Sa
high field laser system.
The laser is housed.
On the top are flow
boxes arranged to
maintain required
clean air conditions
for the system.
• 08-09.04, M. Levin / Prof. A. Zigler (GIFproject),
University of Jerusalem, Relativistic
guiding of fs-pulses in BN -micro-capillaries /
Pre-requisit for high-repetetitive compact Xray
lasers:
Demonstration of relativistic guiding in long
micro-capillaries for the first time. Interaction
processes could be analyzed by shifts in
the spectrum of the transmitted beam and
changes in the XUV line spectrum.
Publications
All publications which have emerged from
experiments in HFL laboratory are listed under
the relevant research projects.

4-23: Infrastructure Project: MBI-BESSY Beamline
T. Gießel, M. Weinelt
1. Overview
The Max-Born Institute operates an
application laboratory at BESSY - the 3 rd
generation synchrotron light source in Berlin.
The experiment combines laser and synchrotron
radiation (SR) in order to study the
dynamics of photoinduced processes at surfaces.
Typically, laser-excited states in the nearsurface
region of the investigated system are
probed by SR pulses (see Fig. 1). The existing
surface science techniques employing
synchrotron radiation such as angle-resolved
photoelectron spectroscopy, photoelectron
diffraction, and X-ray absorption open up various
opportunities to probe laser-induced changes
of the electronic and geometric structure.
However, the SR pulse length in the picosecond
range restricts dynamical studies to
systems with relatively long-living electronic
excitations. Moreover, the small number of probe
photons in the SR pulse (10 4 photons/pulse)
compared to laser pulses typically used in twophoton
photoemission (> 10 10 photons/pulse)
requires a small focus (

80
Fig. 4:
Photoelectron intensity
as a function of arrival
time at the detector
relative to the laser
pulses for hybrid mode
with (green) and without
electronic gate (red and
blue). Analyzer parameters
are set for high
transmission and energy
resolution leading to a
low time resolution of
~40 ns as can be seen
from the broad
distribution of the
electron signal caused
by the single SR bunch
in the gap between the
multi bunch sequences.
hemispherical electron analyzer (EA125,
Omicron). Both UHV apparatus and laser
system are mobile and can be hooked up to
other beamlines. The electronics for timeresolved
photoelectron counting was modified
for two distinct detection schemes. For the
investigation of dynamics in the nanosecond
to microsecond regime we developed a pumpmultiple-probe
detection scheme (see Fig. 3)
[1]. In this scheme the laser-excited state is
probed in a parallel fashion by consecutive
SR pulses in multi-bunch mode. To assign
the photoelectrons to individual synchrotron
bunches requires a time-resolution of < 2 ns.
This limits the transmission and energy resolution
of the electron analyzer. If the relevant time
scale of the processes to be investigated is
smaller than a few nanoseconds, it is more
efficient to use an electronic gate for detecting
exclusively photoelectrons ionized by one
particular SR pulse following the laser excitation.
For a reasonably high transmission and energy
resolution of the analyzer the time spread of
the photoelectrons in the analyzer is ~ 40 ns.
Hence, photoelectrons from one particular SR
pulse can be discriminated only in single
bunch mode or in the so-called hybrid mode.
For the latter Fig. 4 shows the time-resolved
photoelectron signal with (green) and without
electronic gate (red and blue are with and
without laser).
First measurements in the low-α hybrid
mode demonstrate a time-resolution of about
10 ps. Reversible spectral changes of the
valence band and Si 2p core level upon laser
excitation are interpreted in terms of a band
gap renormalization at the Si(100) surface
(see also project 3-01 UP1).
References
[1] T. Gießel, D. Bröcker, P. Schmidt and W. Widdra,
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74 (2003) 4620

Appendices
81

Appendix 1
Publications
AKE04: T. Altebäumer, D. Kern, R. Ehlich, H. Hörber,
M. Raschke, E. Nibbering and C. Lienau; Kontrollierte
biochemische Synthese auf Metall/Halbleiter-
Nanostrukturen; tm Technisches Messen 71 (2004)
34-38
ASA04: A. Aznar, R. Solé, M. Aguiló, F. Diaz, U. Griebner,
R. Grunwald and V. Petrov; Growth, optical characterization,
and laser operation of epitaxial Yb:KY(WO 4 ) 2 /
KY(WO 4 ) 2 composites with monoclinic structure; Appl.
Phys. Lett. 85 (2004) 4313-4315
Bau04a: D. Bauer; Small rare gas clusters in XUV laser
pulses; Appl. Phys. B 78 (2004) 801-806
Bau04b: D. Bauer; Small rare gas clusters in laser
fields: ionisation and absorption at long and short laser
wavelengths; J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 37 (2004)
3085-3101
BDP04: M. L. Biermann, S. Duran, K. Peterson, A.
Gerhardt, J. W. Tomm, W. Trzeciakowski and A. Bercha;
Spectroscopic method of strain analysis in semiconductor
quantum-well devices; J. Appl. Phys. 96
(2004) 4056-4065
BFe04: W. Becker and M. V. Fedorov (editors),
Universality and Diversity in Science, Festschrift in
Honor of Naseem K. Rahman’s 60th Birthday (World
Scientific, 2004)
BGS04: M. Bargheer, M. Gühr and N. Schwentner;
Collisions transfer coherence; Israel Journal of
Chemistry (special issue in honor of Prof. J. Jortner)
44 (2004) 9-17
BGW04: D. Bröcker, T. Gießel and W. Widdra; Charge
carrier dynamics at the SiO 2 /Si(100) surface: A timeresolved
photoemission study with combined laser
and synchrotron radiation; Chem. Phys. 299 (2004)
247-251
BHS04: M. Boyle, M. Heden, C. P. Schulz, E. E. B.
Campbell and I. V. Hertel; Two color pump probe
study and internal energy dependence of Rydberg
state excitation in C 60 ; Phys. Rev. A 70 (2004) 051201/
1-4
BKK04: I. A. Begishev, M. P. Kalachnikov, V. Karpov, I. A.
Kulagin, P. V. Nickles, H. Schönnagel and T. Usmanov;
Limitation of second harmonic generation of femtosecond
Ti:Sapphire laser pulses; J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
21 (2004) 318-322
BSR04a: N. M. Bulgakova, R. Stoian, A. Rosenfeld, I. V.
Hertel and E. E. B. Campbell; Electronic transport and
consequences for material removal in ultrafast pulsed
laser ablation of material; Phys. Rev. B 69 (2004)
054102/1-12
BSR04b: N. M. Bulgakova, R. Stoian, A. Rosenfeld, E.
E. B. Campbell and I. V. Hertel; Model description of
surface charging during ultrafast laser ablation of
materials; Appl. Phys. A 79 (2004) 1153-1155
BST04: S. Busch, O. Shirjaev, S. Ter-Avetisyan, M.
Schnürer, P. V. Nickles and W. Sandner; Shape of ion
energy spectra in ultra-short and intense laser-matter
interaction; Appl. Phys. B 78 (2004) 911-914
BZG04: M. Bargheer, N. Zhavoronkov, Y. Gritsai, J. C.
Woo, D. S. Kim, M. Woerner and T. Elsaesser; Coherent
atomic motions in a nanostructure studied by femtosecond
x-ray diffraction; Science 306 (2004) 1771-1773
(see also perspective by P.H. Bucksbaum 1691-1692)
CDB04: F. Ceccherini, N. Davini, D. Bauer and F. Cornolti;
Harmonic generation by atoms in circularly polarized
fields: fas-off and near resonances regimes; Appl. Phys.
B 78 (2004) 851-854
CMi04: A. Cerkic and D. B. Milosevic; Plateau structures
in potential scattering in a strong laser field; Phys. Rev.
A 70 (2004) 053402/1-7
DBS04: G. Droppelmann, O. Bünermann, C. P. Schulz
and F. Stienkemeier; Formation times of RbHe-exciplexes
on the surface of superfluid vs. normalfluid helium
nanodroplets; Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004) 023402/1-4
DSF04: N. P. Duong, T. Satoh and M. Fiebig; Ultrafast
manipulation of antiferromagnetism of NiO; Phys. Rev.
Lett. 93 (2004) 117402/1-4
EHH04: T. Elsaesser, K. Heyne, N. Huse and E. T. J.
Nibbering; Ultrafast vibrational dynamics of hydrogenbonded
dimers in solution; in Femtochemistry and
Femtobiology: Ultrafast Events in Molecular Science,
J.T. Hynes, and M.M. Martin eds. (Elsevier, Amsterdam,
2004) 157-165
ELR04: E. Eremina, X. Liu, H. Rottke, W. Sandner, M. G.
Schätzel, A. Dreischuh, G. G. Paulus, H. Walther, R.
Moshammer and J. Ullrich; Influence of molecular
structure on double ionization of N 2 and O 2 by high
intensity ultrashort laser pulses; Phys. Rev. Lett. 92
(2004) 173001/1-4
Els04b: T. Elsaesser; Femtosecond mid-infrared
spectroscopy of low-energy excitations in solids; Appl.
Phys. A 79 (2004) 1627-1634
83

84
Els04c: T. Elsaesser; Ultrafast structural dynamics in
condensed matter; Humboldt-Spektrum 3-4 (2004)
106-109
ESS04: F. Elsholz, E. Schöll, C. Scharfenorth, H. Eichler
and A. Rosenfeld; Control of surface roughness in
amorphous thin film growth; Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 (2004)
4167-4169
FEC04: M. Fiebig, V. Eremenko and I. Chupis (eds.),
Magnetoelectric interaction phenomena in crystals,
(Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2004)
FFL04: M. Fiebig, D. Fröhlich, T. Lottermoser and S.
Kallenbach; Phase-resolved second-harmonic imaging
with non-ideal laser sources; Opt. Lett. 29 (2004) 41-43
FGL04: M. Fiebig, A. V. Goltsev, T. Lottermoser and R.
V. Pisarev; Structure and interaction of domain walls in
YMnO 3 ; Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
272-276 (2004) 353-354
Fie04: M. Fiebig; Magnetoelectric interaction in crystals
observed by nonlinear magneto-optics; in Magnetoelectric
Interaction Phenomena in Crystals, M. Fiebig,
V. Eremenko, and I. Chupis eds. (Kluwer, Dordrecht,
The Netherlands, 2004) 163-179
FLB04: C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, X. Liu, W. Becker
and H. Schomerus; Coulomb repulsion and quantumclassical
correspondence in laser-induced nonsequential
double ionization; Phys. Rev. A 69 (2004)
021402/1-4
FLS04a: C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, X. Liu, A.
Sanpera and M. Lewenstein; Classical and quantummechanical
treatments of nonsequential double
ionization with few-cycle laser pulses; Phys. Rev. A 70
(2004) 043406/1-12
FLS04b: C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, X. Liu, H.
Schomerus and W. Becker; Electron-electron dynamics
in laser-induced nonsequential double ionization;
Phys. Rev. A 69 (2004) 043405/1-17
FMT04: W. Freyer, S. Müller and K. Teuchner; Photophysical
properties of benzoannelated metal-free
phthalocyanines; J. Photoch. Photobio. A 163 (2004)
231-240
FPi04: M. Fiebig and R. V. Pisarev; Nonlinear optics - a
powerful tool for the investigation of magnetic structures;
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 272-276
(2004) E1607-E1610
FRN04: H. Fidder, M. Rini and E. T. J. Nibbering; The
role of large conformational changes in efficient ultrafast
internal conversation: Deviations from the energy
gap law.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 3789-3794
FSM04: S. Fossier, S. Salaün, J. Mangin, O. Bidault, I.
Thenot, J.-J. Zondy, W. Chen, F. Rotermund, V. Petrov,
P. Petrov, J. Henningsen, A. Yelisseyev, L. Isaenko, S.
Lobanov, O. Balachninaite, G. Slekys and V. Sirutkaitis;
Optical, vibrational, thermal, electrical, damage and
phase-matching properties of lithium thioindate; J. Opt.
Soc. Am. B 21 (2004) 1981-2007
FZB04: S. V. Fomichev, D. F. Zaretsky and W. Becker;
Classical modelling of the nonlinear properties of
clusters in strong low-frequency laser fields; J. Phys.
B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 37 (2004) L175-L182
GBR04: G. Graschew, M. Bastian, S. Rakowsky, T. A.
Roelofs, E. Balanos, P. M. Schlag, G. Steinmeyer and
T. Elsaesser; Development of an applicator for multiphoton
PDT; SPIE Proc. 5463 (2004) 68-74
GKe04: R. Grunwald and V. Kebbel; Micro-optical beam
shaping for supershort-pulse lasers; in Springer Series
in Optical Sciences, ‘Microoptics - From Technology to
Applications’, Juergen Jahns, and K.-H. Brenner eds.
(Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2004) Vol. 97, 300-
311
GKN04: R. Grunwald, V. Kebbel, U. Neumann, U. Griebner
and M. Piché; Ultrafast spatio-temporal processing
with thin-film microoptics; Opt. Eng. 43 (2004) 2518-
2524
GKS04: E. Gubbini, G. Kommol, M. Schnürer, H.
Schönnagel, U. Eichmann, M. P. Kalashnikov, P. V.
Nickles, F. Eggenstein, G. Reichardt and W. Sandner;
„On-line“ cleaning of optical components in a multi
TW-Ti:Sa laser system; Vacuum 76 (2004) 45-49
GLS04: M. Grimm, B. Langer, S. Schlemmer, T. Lischke,
W. Widdra, D. Gerlich, U. Becker and E. Rühl; New setup
to study trapped nano-particles using synchrotron
radiation; in AIP Conference Proceedings, Atomic,
Molecular and Chemical Physics, T. Warwick et al. eds.
(2004) 1062-1065
GMB04: A. Gazibegovic-Busuladzic, D. B. Milosevic and
W. Becker; High-energy above-threshold detachment
from negative ions; Phys. Rev. A 70 (2004) 053403/1-13
GNG04a: R. Grunwald, U. Neumann, U. Griebner, V.
Kebbel and H.-J. Kuehn; Spatio-temporal control of
laser beams with thin-film shapers; SPIE Proc. 5333
(2004) 1-11
GNG04b: R. Grunwald, U. Neumann, U. Griebner, K.
Reimann, G. Steinmeyer and V. Kebbel; Wavefront
autocorrelation of femtosecond laser beams; SPIE
Proc. 5333 (2004) 122-130
GNK04: R. Grunwald, U. Neumann, V. Kebbel, H.-J. Kühn,
K. Mann, U. Leinhos, H. Mischke and D. Wulff-Molder;
Vacuum-ultraviolet beam array generation by flat
micro-optical structures; Opt. Lett. 29 (2004) 977-979

GNV04: R. Glatthaar, J. Nurnus, U. Vetter, D. Szewczyk,
A. Lambrecht, F. Weik and J. W. Tomm; Mid-infrared
light sources at room temperature based on lead
chalcogenides; SPIE Proc. 5459 (2004) 54-60
GPP04: U. Griebner, V. Petrov, K. Petermann and V.
Peters; Passively mode-locked Yb:Lu 2 O 3 laser; Opt.
Expr. 12 (2004) 3125-3130
GRR04: R. A. Ganeev, A. I. Ryasnyansky, V. I. Redkorechev,
K. Fostiropoulos, G. Priebe and T. Usmanov; Nonlinearoptical
parameters of thin C 60 films at 532 nm; Quant.
Electron.+ 34 (2004) 81-85
GSt04: R. Grunwald and G. Steinmeyer; Ultrakurze
Laserpulse: Regenbögen in Raum und Zeit; Physik in
unserer Zeit 35 (2004) 218-226
GTO04: A. Gerhardt, J. W. Tomm, S. Schwirzke-Schaaf,
J. Nagle, M. Oudart and Y. Sainte-Marie; Simultaneous
quantitative determination of strain and defect profiles
within the active region along high-power diode laser
bars by micro-photocurrent mapping; The European
Physical Journal - Applied Physics 27 (2004) 451-454
GWT04: A. Gerhardt, F. Weik, T. Q. Tran, J. W. Tomm, T.
Elsaesser, J. Biesenbach, H. Müntz, G. Seibold and M.
L. Biermann; Device deformation during low-frequency
pulsed operation of high-power diode bars; Appl. Phys.
Lett. 84 (2004) 3525-3527
HFU04: K. Heister, S. Frey, A. Ulman, M. Grunze and M.
Zharnikov; Irradiation sensitivity of self-assembled
monolayers with an introduced “Weak Link”; Langmuir
20 (2004) 1222-1227
HGP04: O. Henneberg, T. Geue, U. Pietsch, M.
Saphiannikova and B. Winter; Investigation of
azobenzene side group orientation in polymer surface
relief gratings by means of photoelectron spectroscopy;
Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 (2004) 1561-1563
HHD04: K. Heyne, N. Huse, J. Dreyer, E. T. J. Nibbering,
T. Elsaesser and S. Mukamel; Coherent low-frequency
motions of hydrogen bonded acetic acid dimers in the
liquid phase; J. Chem. Phys. 121 (2004) 902-913
HHe04: A. Husakou and J. Herrmann; Superfocusing
of light beams below the diffraction limit by photonic
crystals with negative refraction; Opt. Exp. 12 (2004)
6419-6497
HMT04: A. Hagen, G. Moos, V. Talalaev and T. Hertel;
Electronic structure and dynamics of optically excited
single-wall carbon nanotubes; Appl. Phys. A 78 (2004)
1137-1145
HNE04: K. Heyne, E. T. J. Nibbering, T. Elsaesser, M.
Petkovic and O. Kühn; Cascaded energy redistribution
upon O-H stretching excitation in an intramolecular
hydrogen bond; J. Phys. Chem. A 108 (2004) 6083-6086
HST04: F. Hatami, L. Schrottke, J. W. Tomm, V. Talalaev,
C. Kristukat, A. R. Goni and W. T. Masselink; Optical
properties and carrier dynamics of InP quantum dots
embedded in GaP; SPIE Proc. 5352 (2004) 77-89
JLP04: K. A. Janulewicz, A. Lucianetti, G. Priebe and P. V.
Nickles; Review of state-of-the-art and about
characteristics table-tops of X-ray lasers; X-ray
Spectrometry 33 (2004) 262-266
JPT04: K. A. Janulewicz, G. Priebe, J. Tümmler and P. V.
Nickles; Single-pulse low-energy-driven transient
inversion X-ray lasers; J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron
10 (2004) 1368-1372
JNK04: K. A. Janulewicz, P. V. Nickles, R. E. King and G.
J. Pert; Influence of pump pulse structure on a transient
collisionally pumped Ni-like Ag X-ray laser; Phys. Rev.
A 70 (2004) 013804/1-7
KBG04a: T. Kiljunen, M. Bargheer, M. Gühr and N.
Schwentner; A potential energy surface and a trajectory
study of photodynamics and strong-field alignment of
CIF molecule in rare gas (Ar,Kr) solids;
PhysChemChemPhys 6 (2004) 2185-2197
KBG04b: T. Kiljunen, M. Bargheer, M. Gühr, N. Schwentner
and B. Schmidt; Photodynamics and ground state
librational states of CIF molecule in solid Ar. Comparison
of experiment and theory; PhysChemChemPhys 6
(2004) 2932-2939
KDW04: V. Kozich, J. Dreyer and W. Werncke; Vibrational
excitation after ultrafast Intramolecular proton transfer
of TINUVIN: a time-resolved resonance Raman study;
Chem. Phys. Lett. 399 (2004) 484-489
KPG04: P. Klopp, V. Petrov, U. Griebner, K. Petermann,
V. Peters and G. Erbert; Highly efficient mode-locked
Yb:Sc 2 O 3 laser; Opt. Lett. 29 (2004) 391-393
KRS04: M. P. Kalashnikov, E. Risse, H. Schönnagel, A.
Husakou, J. Herrmann and W. Sandner; Characterization
of a nonlinear filter for the front-end of high contrast
double-CPA Ti:sapphire laser; Opt. Expr. 12 (2004)
5088-5097
KSS04: E. Koudoumas, M. Spyridaki, R. Stoian, A.
Rosenfeld, P. Tzanetakis, I. V. Hertel and C. Fotakis;
Influence of pulse temporal manipulation on the
properties of laser ablated Si ion beams; Thin Solid
Films 453-454 (2004) 372-376
LAM04: V. Lehtovuori, J. Aumanen, P. Myllyperkiö, M.
Rini, E. T. J. Nibbering and J. Korppi-Tommola; Transient
midinfrared study of light induced dissociation reaction
of Ru (dcbpy) (CO) 2 I 2 in solution; J. Phys. Chem. A 108
(2004) 1644-1649
LdG04: T. Laarmann, A. R. B. de Castro, P. Gürtler, W.
Laasch, J. Schulz, H. Wabnitz and T. Möller; Interaction
of Argon clusters with intense VUV-laser radiation: The
role of electronic structure in the energy-deposition
process; Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004) 143401/1-4
85

86
LFa04: X. Liu and C. Figueira de Morisson Faria; Nonsequential
double ionization with few-cycle laser pulses;
Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004) 133006/1-4
LFG04: T. Lottermoser, M. Fiebig, A. V. Goltsev and R. V.
Pisarev; Multiferroic ordering in hexagonal manganites;
in Magnetoelectric Interaction Phenomena in Crystals,
Springer, M. Fiebig, V. Eremenko, and I. Chupis eds.
(Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2004) 105-114
LFi04: T. Lottermoser and M. Fiebig; Correlation
between domain walls and magnetoelectric behavior
in HoMnO 3 ; Phys. Rev. B 70 (2004) 220407/1-4
LGT04: W. L. Ling, T. Gießel, K. Thürmer, R. Q. Hwang,
N. C. Bartelt and K. F. McCarty; Crucial role of substrate
steps in de-wetting of crystalline thin films; Surf.
Science 570 (2004) L297-L303
LGU04: C. Lienau, T. Guenther, T. Unold, K. Mueller and
T. Elsaesser; Femtosecond near-field spectroscopy of
single quantum dots; SPIE Proc. 5352 (2004) 16-31
Lie04a: C. Lienau; Ultrafast near-field spectroscopy of
single semiconductor quantum dots; Phil. Trans. R.
Soc. Lond. A 362 (2004) 861-879
LIG04: C. Lienau, F. Intonti, T. Guenther, T. Elsaesser,
V. Savona, R. Zimmermann and E. Runge; Near-field
autocorrelation spectroscopy of disordered semiconductor
quantum wells; Phys. Rev. B 69 (2004)
085302/1-9
LJK04: A. Lucianetti, K. A. Janulewicz, R. Kroemer, G.
Priebe, J. Tümmler, W. Sandner, P. V. Nickles and V. I.
Redkorechev; Transverse spatial coherence of a transient
nickellike silver soft-x-ray laser pumped by a single
picosecond laser pulse; Opt. Lett. 29 (2004) 881-883
LLA04: T. Lottermoser, T. Lonkai, U. Amann, D. Hohlwein,
J. Ihringer and M. Fiebig; Magnetic phase control by an
electric field; Nature 430 (2004) 541-544
LMO04: H. Lippert, J. Manz, M. Oppel, G. K. Paramonov,
W. Radloff, H.-H. Ritze and V. Stert; Control of breaking
strong versus weak bonds of BaFCH 3 by femtosecond
IR + VIS laser pulses: theory and experiment;
PhysChemChemPhys 6 (2004) 4283-4295
LRE04: X. Liu, H. Rottke, E. Eremina, W. Sandner, E.
Goulielmakis, K. O. Keeffe, H. Lezius, F. Krausz, F.
Lindner, N. G. Schätzel, G. G. Paulus and H. Walther;
Nonsequential double ionization at the single-opticalcycle
limit; Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004) 263001/1-4
LRH04a: H. Lippert, H.-H. Ritze, I. V. Hertel and W.
Radloff; Femtosecond time-resolved hydrogen-atom
elimination from photoexcited pyrrole molecules;
ChemPhysChem 5 (2004) 1423-1427
LRH04b: H. Lippert, H.-H. Ritze, I. V. Hertel and W.
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LRu04: C. Lienau and E. Runge; Leuchtende Wellenfunktionen;
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LRW04a: C. W. Luo, K. Reimann, M. Woerner, T.
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LRW04b: C. W. Luo, K. Reimann, M. Woerner and T.
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LRW04c: C. W. Luo, K. Reimann, M. Woerner, T.
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LSS04a: H. Lippert, V. Stert, C. P. Schulz, I. V. Hertel and
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LSV04: H. Legall, H. Stiel, U. Vogt, H. Schönnagel, P.-V.
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MGS04: M. Moenster, P. Glas, G. Steinmeyer and R.
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MPA04: X. Mateos, V. Petrov, M. Aguiló, R. M. Solé, J.
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MPB04: D. B. Milosevic, G. G. Paulus and W. Becker;
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Laser Physics Letters 1 (2004) 93-99
MRL04: R. Mueller, C. Ropers and C. Lienau; Femtosecond
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NEl04: E. T. J. Nibbering and T. Elsaesser; Ultrafast
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NGG04: U. Neumann, R. Grunwald, U. Griebner, G.
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Nib04: E. T. J. Nibbering; Femtosecond condensed
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PBP04: V. Petrov, V. Badikov, V. Panyutin, G.
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PBS04: V. Petrov, V. Badikov, G. Shevyrdyaeva, V.
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PFi04: R. V. Pisarev and M. Fiebig; Impact of ferroelectric
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PGM04: V. Petrov, F. Güell, J. Massons, J. Gavalda, R.
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PLM04: G. G. Paulus, F. Lindner, D. B. Milosevic and W.
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PNB04: V. Petrov, F. Noack, V. Badikov, G. Shevyrdyaeva,
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PNS04: V. Petrov, F. Noack, D. Shen, F. Pan, G. Shen, X.
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PSP04: R. V. Pisarev, I. Sänger, G. A. Petrakovskii and
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PVC04: G. Prümper, J. Viefhaus, S. Cvejanovic, D. Rolles,
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PWF04: D. Pop, B. Winter, W. Freyer, R. Weber, W.
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PYI04: V. Petrov, A. Yelisseyev, L. Isaenko, S. Lobanov,
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RAs04: A. Rosenfeld and D. Ashkenasi; Ultra short
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SLF04: T. Satoh, T. Lottermoser and M. Fiebig;
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SMW04: R. Stoian, A. Mermillod-Blondin, S. Winkler, A.
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SSH04: C. P. Schulz, A. Scholz and I. V. Hertel; Ultrafast
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SSR04: T. Schultz, E. Samoilova, W. Radloff, I. V. Hertel,
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STB04: M. Schnürer, S. Ter-Avetisyan, S. Busch, M. P.
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Appl. Phys. B 78 (2004) 895-899
Stec04: G. Steinmeyer; Dispersion compensation by
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TWG04: J. W. Tomm, F. Weik, A. Gerhardt, T. Q. Tran, J.
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UCK04: D. Ursescu, K. Cassou, A. Klisnick, T. Kuehl,
P. Neumayer, P. Nickles, D. Ros, S. Borneis, E. Gaul,
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UML04a: T. Unold, K. Müller, C. Lienau and T. Elsaesser;
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J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 2262-2263
USZ04b: S. Ullrich, T. Schultz, M. Z. Zgierski and A. Stolow;
Electronic relaxation dynamics in DNA and RNA bases
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PhysChemChemPhys 6 (2004) 4167-4169
VCL04: J. Viefhaus, S. Cvejanovic, B. Langer, T. Lischke,
G. Prümper, D. Rolles, A. V. Golovin, A. N. Grum-Grzhimailo,
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WER04: M. Woerner, F. Eickemeyer, K. Reimann, T.
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WFL04: I. Waldmüller, J. Förstner, S. C. Lee, A. Knorr,
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WRW04: Z. Wang, K. Reimann, M. Woerner, T. Elsaesser,
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Femtosecond intersubband dynamics of electrons in
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WTG04a: F. Weik, J. W. Tomm, R. Glatthaar, U. Vetter,
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WWS04a: R. L. Weber, B. Winter, P. M. Schmidt, W.
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WWS04b: B. Winter, R. Weber, P. M. Schmidt, I. V. Hertel,
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ZGK04: N. Zhavoronkov, Y. Gritsai, G. Korn and T.
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spectroscopy; Biochim. Biophys. Acta
HBC: N. Huse, B. D. Bruner, M. L. Cowan, J. Dreyer, E.
T. J. Nibbering, T. Elsaesser and R. J. D. Miller;
Heterodyne 2D-IR photon echo spectroscopy of multilevel
OH stretching coherences in hydrogen bonds; in
Ultrafast Phenomena XIV, T. Kobayashi, T. Okada, T.
Kobayashi, K.A. Nelson, and S. De Silvestri eds.
(Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany)
HCH: K. Hansen, E. E. B. Campbell and I. V. Hertel;
Laser power dependence in femtosecond ionization
of fullerenes; New J. of Phys.: Conf. Series
HLS: I. V. Hertel, T. Laarmann and C. P. Schulz; Ultrafast
excitation, ionization and fragmentation of C 60 ; Adv. At.
Mol. Opt. Phys.
HPN: K. Heyne, M. Petkovic, E. T. J. Nibbering, O. Kühn
and T. Elsaesser; Cascaded energy redistribution
upon O-H stretch excitation in an intramolecular
hydrogen bondes system; in Ultrafast Phenomena
XIV, T. Kobayashi, T. Okada, T. Kobayashi, K.A. Nelson,
and S. De Silvestri eds. (Springer Verlag, Berlin,
Germany)
JST: K. A. Janulewicz, M. Schnuerer, J. Tuemmler, G.
Priebe, E. Risse, P.V. Nickles, B. Greenberg, M. Levin,
A. Pukhov, P. Mandelbaum and A. Zigler; Enhancement
of a 24.77 nm line emitted by plasma of boron-nitride
capillary discharge irradiated by high-intensity
ultrashort laser pulse; Opt. Lett.
KKO: R. Komatsu, H. Kawano, Z. Oumaru, K. Shinoda
and V. Petrov; Growth of transparent SrB 4 O 7 single
crystal and its new applications; J. Cryst. Growth
KRR: S. Korica, D. Rolles, A. Reinköster, B. Langer, J.
Viefhaus, S. Cvejanovic and U. Becker; Partial cross
sections and angular distributions of resonant and nonresonant
valence photoemission of C 60 ; Phys. Rev. A
KRSb: M. P. Kalashnikov, E. Risse, H. Schönnagel and
W. Sandner; Double-CPA laser: a way to clean pulses
temporally; Opt. Lett.
KRu: A. J. Kemp and H. Ruhl; Multispecies Ion
Acceleration off Laser-Irradiated Water Dropletes; Phys.
Plasmas

KWe05: V. Kozich and W. Werncke; Influence of
vibrational cooling on the time-dependence of stokes
and anti-stokes resonance raman scattering; J. Mol.
Struct.
KWT: A. Kozlowska, F. Weik, J. W. Tomm, A. Malag, M.
Latoszek, P. Wawrzyniak, M. Teodorczyk, L. Dobrzanski,
M. Zbroszczyk and M. Bugajski; Thermal properties of
high-power diode lasers investigated by microthermography;
SPIE Proc.
LGG: B. Langer, M. Grimm, C. Graf, S. Dembski, R.
Lewinski, S. Schlemmer, D. Gerlich, W. Widdra, U.
Becker and E. Rühl; Step by step: Controlled charging
of trapped nanoparticles; in BESSY Highlights, G. André,
H. Henneken, and M. Sauerborn eds. (BESSY, Berlin)
LHJ: A. Lassesson, K. Hansen, M. Jönsson, A. Gromov,
E. E. B. Campbell, M. Boyle, D. Pop, C. P. Schulz and I.
V. Hertel; A femtosecond laser study of the endohedral
fullerenes Li@C 60 and La@C 82 ; Eur. Phys. J. D
LLS: D. Leupold, H. Lokstein and H. Scheer; Excitation
energy transfer between (bacterio)chlorophylls - the role
of excitonic coupling; in Biochemistry and Biophysics of
Chlorophylls, B. Grimm, R. Porra, W. Rüdiger, and H.
Scheer eds. (Kluwer)
LLS: B. Lohmann, B. Langer, G. Snell and U. Kleinman;
Configuration-interaction-induced dynamic spin
polarization of the Ar*(2p-1 1/2 , 3/24s1/2 ) resonant Auger
J=1
decay; Phys. Lett. A
LRG: J. Liu, M. Rico, U. Griebner, V. Petrov, V. Peters, K.
Petermann and G. Huber; Efficient room temperature
continuous-wave operation of an Yb 3+ : Sc 2 O 3 crystal
laser at 1041.6 and 1094.6 nm; phys. status solidi a
MBe: D. B. Milosevic and W. Becker; Attosecond pulse
generation by bicircular fields: from pulse trains to
single pulses; J. Mod. Opt.
MDM: O. F. Mohammed, J. Dreyer, B.-Z. Magnes, E.
Pines and E. T. J. Nibbering; Solvent dependent photoacidity
state of pyranine as monitored with transient
mid-infrared spectroscopy; ChemPhysChem
MRD: O. F. Mohammed, M. Rini, J. Dreyer, B.-Z. Magnes,
D. Pines, E. T. J. Nibbering and E. Pines; Bimodal
intermolecular proton transfer in acid-base neutralization
reactions in water; in Ultrafast Phenomena XIV, T.
Kobayashi, T. Okada, T. Kobayashi, K.A. Nelson, and
S. De Silvestri eds. (Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany)
MWS: Y. I. Mazur, Z. M. Wang, G. J. Salamo, M. Xiao, J.
W. Tomm, V. Talalaev and H. Kissel; Interdot carrier
transfer in asymmetric bilayer of InAs/GaAs quantum
dot structures; Appl. Phys. Lett.
NFP: E. T. J. Nibbering, H. Fidder and E. Pines; Ultrafast
chemistry: using time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy
for interrogation of structural dynamics; Annu. Rev.
Phys. Chem.
NJS: P. V. Nickles, K. A. Janulewicz and W. Sandner;
Table top X-ray lasers in short laser pulse and
discharge driven plasmas; in Strong laser field
physics, H. Kapteyn T. Brabec ed.
NJS: P. V. Nickles, K. A. Janulewicz and W. Sandner; Xray
lasers, Landolt-Bernstein ed.
NSR: C. C. Neacsu, G. A. Steudle and M. Raschke;
Plasmonic light scattering from nanoscopic metal tips;
Appl. Phys. B
PCM: B. S. Passmore, Y. C. Chua, M. O. Manasreh and
J. W. Tomm; Longitudinal modes in InAlGaAs/AlGaAs
high-power laser diodes; Progress in Compound Semiconductor
Materials IV - Electronic and Optoelectronic
Applications
RGP: A. I. Ryasnyanskiy, R. A. Ganeev, G. Priebe, V. I.
Redkorechev, K. Fostiropoulos and T. Usmanov;
Competition of third- and fifth-order nonlinear optical
processes in C60 thin film; Fullerenes, Nanotubes
and Carbon Nanostructures
RHN: M. Rini, A.-K. Holm, E. T. J. Nibbering and H.
Fidder; Ultrafast UV/mid-IR study of the photochromism
of the spiropyran - merocyanine photoreaction; in Time-
Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy XI
RKr: H. R. Reiss and V. P. Krainov; Further comment
on ‘Generalized Bessel Functions in Tunnelling
Ionization’; J. Phys. A: Math. Gen.
RLi: E. Runge and C. Lienau; Near-field wave function
spectroscopy of excitons and biexcitons; Phys. Rev. B
RKL: A. Reinköster, S. Korica, B. Langer, G. Prümper,
D. Rolles and J. Viefhaus; Photoelectron and photoion
study of the valence photoionization of C 60 ; J. Electron
Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom.
RML: C. Ropers, R. Müller, C. Lienau, G. Stibenz, G.
Steinmeyer, D. J. Park, Y. C. Yoon and D. S. Kim; Ultrafast
dynamics of light transmission through plasmonic
crystals; in Ultrafast Phenomena XIV, T. Kobayashi, T.
Okada, T. Kobayshi, K.A. Nelson, and S. De Silvestri
eds. (Springer, Berlin, Germany)
RMP: M. Rini, B.-Z. Magnes, E. Pines and E. T. J.
Nibbering; Direct observation of bimodal intermolecular
proton transfer in photoacid-base pairs in
water; in Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy XI
SKe: G. Steinmeyer and U. Keller; Optical comb
dynamics and stabilization; in Femtosecond Optical
Frequency Comb: Principle, Operation, and Applications,
J. Ye, and S. Cundiff eds. (Kluwer Academic Publishing,
Norwell, MA)
SLF: T. Satoh, T. Lottermoser and M. Fiebig; Detection
of spin and charge states in transition metal oxides by
nonlinear optics; J. Appl. Phys.
91

92
SLU: E. Samoilova, H. Lippert, S. Ullrich, I. V. Hertel, W.
Radloff and T. Schultz; Dynamics of photoinduced
processes in adenine and thymine base pairs; J. Am.
Chem. Soc.
SSta: G. Stibenz, G. Steinmeyer and W. Richter; Dynamic
spectral interferometry for measuring the nonlinear
amplitude and phase response of a saturable absorber
mirror; Appl. Phys. Lett.
STB: M. Schnürer, S. Ter-Avetisyan, S. Busch, E. Risse,
M. P. Kalachnikov, W. Sandner and P. V. Nickles; Ion
acceleration with ultrafast laser driven water droplets;
Laser Part. Beams
Stea: G. Steinmeyer; Ultrafast Optoelectronics; in
Handbook of Optoelectronics, J. Dakin, and R. Brown
eds. (IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK)
Steb: G. Steinmeyer; Nonlinear and short pulse effects;
in Handbook of Optoelectronics
TBP: J. W. Tomm, M. L. Biermann, B. S. Passmore, M.
O. Manasreh, A. Gerhardt and T. Q. Tien; Spectroscopic
analysis of external stresses in semiconductor quantumwell
materials; Progress in Compound Semiconductor
Materials IV - Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications
TBS: M. S. Taylor, J. Barbera, C. P. Schulz, F. Muntean,
A. B. McCoy and W. C. Lineberger; Femtosecond
dynamics of Cu(H 2 O) 2 ; J. Chem. Phys.
TGS: Q. T. Tran, A. Gerhardt, S. Schwirzke-Schaaf, J. W.
Tomm, H. Müntz, J. Biesenbach, M. Oudart, J. Nagle
and M. L. Biermann; Relaxation of packaging-induced
strains in AlGaAs-based high-power diode laser
arrays; Appl. Phys. Lett.
TGu: P. Tzankov and G. Gurzadyan; Chapter 4.4:
Dielectrics and Electrooptics; in Springer Handbook
of Condensed Matter and Materials Data, W.
Martienssen, and H. Warlimont eds. (Springer)
TSH: S. Ter-Avetisyan, M. Schnürer, D. Hilscher, U.
Jahnke, S. Busch, P. V. Nickles and W. Sandner; Fusion
neutron yield from a laser-irradiated heavy-water spray;
Phys. Plasmas
TSN: S. Ter-Avetisyan, M. Schnürer and P.-V. Nickles;
Time resolved corpuscular diagnostics of plasmas
produced with high intensity femtosecond-laserpulses;
J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
TTO: Q. T. Tran, J. W. Tomm, M. Oudart and J. Nagle;
Mechanical strain and defect distributions in GaAsbased
diode lasers monitored during operation; Appl.
Phys. Lett.
TWG: J. W. Tomm, F. Weik, R. Glatthaar, U. Vetter, J.
Nurnus, A. Lambrecht, B. Spellenberg, M. Bassler, M.
Behringer and J. Luft; A novel light-emitting structure
for the 3-5 µm spectral range; SPIE Proc.
UMH: A. Usman, O. F. Mohammed, K. Heyne, J. Dreyer
and E. T. J. Nibbering; Excited state dynamics of a PYP
chromophore model system explored with ultrafast
infrared spectroscopy; Chem. Phys. Lett.
vLW: K. v. Haeften, T. Laarmann, H. Wabnitz and T.
Möller; The electronically excited states of helium
clusters: An unusual example for the presence of
Rydberg states in condensed matter; J. Phys. B: At.
Mol. Opt. Phys.
VSO: A. I. Vodchits, A. G. Shvedko, V. A. Orlovich, V. P.
Kozich and W. Werncke; Stimulated Raman
amplification of ultrashort seed pulses in compressed
methane; J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
WdG: H. Wabnitz, A. R. B. de Castro, P. Gürtler, T.
Laarmann, W. Laasch, J. Schulz and T. Möller; Multiple
ionization of rare gas atoms irradiated with intense
VUV radiation; Phys. Rev. Lett.
WKD: W. Werncke, V. Kozich and J. Dreyer; Vibrational
excitation and energy redistribution after ultrafast
intramolecular proton transfer of TINUVIN; in Ultrafast
Phenomena XIV, T. Kobayashi, T. Okada, T. Kobayshi,
K.A. Nelson, and S. De Silvestri eds. (Springer Verlag,
Berlin, Germany)
WKS: M. Weinelt, M. Kutschera, R. Schmidt, Ch. Orth,
Th. Fauster and M. Rohlfing; Electronic structure and
electron dynamics at Si(100); Appl. Phys. A
WKT: I. Will, G. Koss and I. Templin; The Photocathode
laser of the TESLA Test Facility; Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A
WKV: W. Werncke, V. Kozich, A. I. Vodchits and J. Dreyer;
Ultrafast excitation of out-of-plane vibrations and vibrational
energy redistribution after internal conversion of 4-nitroaniline;
in Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy XI
WRW: Z. Wang, K. Reimann, M. Woerner, T. Elsaesser,
D. Hofstetter, J. Hwang, W. J. Schaff and L. F. Eastman;
Optical phonon sidebands of electronic intersubband
absorption in strongly polar semiconductor heterostructures;
Phys. Rev. Lett.
XSJ: X. Mateos, R. Sole, J. Gavalda, M. Aguilo, J.
Massons and F. Diaz; Crystal growth, spectroscopic
studies and laser operation of Yb 3+ -doped potassium
lutetium tungstate; Opt. Mat.
ZNS: M. Zierhut, B. Noller, T. Schultz and I. Fischer;
Excited-state decay of hydrocarbon radicals, investigated
by femtosecond time-resolved photoionization: Ethyl,
Propargyl, and Benzyl; J. Chem. Phys.
ZTo: N. Zhavoronkov and K. Tominaga; All-solid-state
compact laser system based on a new cavity-dumped
oscillator design; J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

submitted
BBS: I. M. Burakow, N. M. Bulgakova, R. Stoian, A.
Rosenfeld and I. V. Hertel; Theoretical study of the
possibility of material modification with temporally
shaped femtosecond laser pulses; Mass Spectrometry
BdG: C. Bostedt, A. R. B. de Castro, P. Gürtler, T.
Laarmann, W. Laasch, J. Schulz, A. Swiderski, H.
Wabnitz and T. Möller; Non-linear phenomena in atoms
and clusters induced by intense VUV radiation from a
free electron laser; J. Electron Spectrosc. Rel. Phenom.
BFW: K. Boger, T. Fauster and M. Weinelt; Elastic
scattering in image-potential bands observed by twophoton
photoemission; New J. Phys.
BSR: N. M. Bulgakova, R. Stoian, A. Rosenfeld, I. V.
Hertel and E. E. B. Campbell; Surface charging under
pulsed laser ablation of solids and its consequences:
Studies with a continuum approach; SPIE Proc.
dLS: A. R. B. de Castro, T. Laarmann, J. Schulz, H.
Wabnitz and T. Möller; Photoionization of Helium atoms
irradiated with intense VUV free-electron laser light:
Theoretical modelling of multi-photon and singlephoton
processes; Phys. Rev. A
Els: T. Elsaesser; Coherent low-frequency motions in
condensed phase hydrogen bonding and transfer; in
Handbook of Hydrogen Transfer; Vol. 1: Physical and
Chemical Aspects of Hydrogen Transfer, R.L. Schowen,
J.P. Klinman, J. Hynes, and H.-H. Limbach eds. (Wiley-
VCH, Weinheim, Germany)
FHM: H. Fidder, A.-K. Holm, O. F. Mohammed, M. Rini
and E. T. J. Nibbering; Time-resolved observation of
sequential merocyanine product conversion after
femtosecond UV excitation of a nitro-substituted
spiropyran; PhysChemChemPhys
Gru: R. Grunwald; Microoptics; in Digital Encyclopedia
of Applied Physics, G.L. Trigg ed. (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim)
Fre: W. Freyer; Reaction of singlet oxygen with anthralocyanines;
J. Photoch. Photobio. A
FWe: Th. Fauster and M. Weinelt; Carrier dynamics on
surface studied by two-photon photoemission; Surf.
Science
HBC: N. Huse, B. D. Bruner, M. L. Cowan, J. Dreyer, E.
T. J. Nibbering, R. J. D. Miller and T. Elsaesser;
Anharmonic couplings underlying ultrafast vibrational
dynamics of hydrogen bonds in liquids; Phys. Rev. Lett.
HJK: M. v. Hartrott, E. Jäschke, D. Krämer, D. Richter, J.
P. Carneiro, K. Flöttmann, S. Schreiber, K. Abrahamyan,
J. Bähr, J. Bohnet, U. Gensch, H.-J. Grabosch, J. H.
Hahn, M. Krasilnikov, D. Lipka, V. Miltchev, A. Oppelt, L.
Staykov, F. Stephan, P. Michelaro, C. Pagani, D. Serote,
I. Tsakov, W. Sandner, I. Will, W. Ackermann, W. F. O.
MÜller, S. Setzer, T. Weiland and J. Roßbach; The Photo
Injector Test Facility at DESA Zeuthen: Results of the
first phase; Proceedings FEL 2004
HYF: C. Haritoglou, A. Yu, W. Freyer, U. Welge-Lussen,
S. G. Priglinger, C. Alge, K. Eibl, C. Niewöhner and A.
Kampik; An evaluation of novel vital dyes for intraocular
surgery; Invest Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.
KLR: M. P. Kalachnikov, I. M. Lachko, E. Risse and H.
Schönnagel; Amplification of down- and up-chirped
pusles in Ti:sapphire; Digest CLEO/QUELS Europe
2005
KLT: A. Kozlowska, M. Latoszek, J. W. Tomm, F. Weik, T.
Elsaesser, M. Zbroszczyk, M. Bugajski, B. Spellenberg
and M. Bassler; Analysis of thermal images from diode
lasers: Temperature profiling and reliability screening;
Appl. Phys. Lett.
KRS: M. P. Kalachnikov, E. Risse, H. Schönnagel and
W. Sandner; ASE-temporal contrast of 10 10 with a
double CPA laser; Digest CLEO/QUELS 2005
LKa: I. M. Lachko and M. P. Kalachnikov; Characterization
of the Temporal Contrast of a Front End of a Multi-
Terawatt Ti:sapphire Laser; ICONO/LAT 2005
LKL: D. Leupold, M. Krikunova, H. Lokstein, K. Teuchner,
H. Scheer, A. Moskalenko and A. Razjivin; Excitation
energy transfer from a bacteriochlorophyll higher
excited state to carotenoids in LH2 of Chromatium;
Photochem. Photobiol.
LSB: H. Legall, H. Stiel, M. Beck, D. Leupold, W.
Gruszecki, R. Hiller and H. Lokstein; Near edge x-ray
absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) of
pigment-protein complexes: Peridinin-chlorophyll aprotein
(PCP) of Amphidinium carterae; Bioch. Biophys.
Acta
MML: R. Müller, V. Malyarchuk and C. Lienau; A theoretical
study on the optical near field in a metal film with a
periodic nanohole array excited by ultrashort light
pulses; Opt. Expr.
MWM: T. Moritz, W. Widdra, D. Menzel, K.-B. Bohnen and
R. Heid; Adsorbate-induced surface stiffening: Surface
lattice dynamics of Ru(001)-(1x1)-O; Phys. Rev. Lett.
MWT: Y. I. Mazur, Z. M. Wang, G. G. Tarasov, G. J. Salamo,
J. W. Tomm, V. Talalaev and H. Kissel; Peculiarities of
non-resonant tunneling carrier transfer in bi-layer
asymmmetric InAs/GaAs quantum dots; Phys. Rev. B
NRR: C. C. Neacsu, G. A. Reider and M. B. Raschke;
Second-harmonic generation from nanoscopic metal
tips: Generalized symmetry selection rules for single
nanostructures; Phys. Rev. Lett.
PWF: D. Pop, B. Winter, W. Freyer, W. Widdra and I. V.
Hertel; Photoelectron spectroscopy on thin films of
extended zinc porphyrazines; J. Phys. Chem. B
RHC: C. Ropers, J. M. Hickmann and R. Y. Chiao;
Condensate-mediated processes revisited: Quantum
interference hinders transmission; Phys. Rev. A
93

94
RPS: C. Ropers, D. J. Park, G. Stibenz, G. Steinmeyer,
J. Kim, D. S. Kim and C. Lienau; Ultrafast light transmission
and subradiant damping in plasmonic crystals;
Phys. Rev. Lett.
SMS: R. Stoian, A. Mermillod-Blondin, M. Spyridaki, E.
Koudoumas, N. M. Bulgakova, A. Rosenfeld, P.
Tzanetakis, C. Fotakis and I. V. Hertel; Optimization of
ultrafast laser generated low-energy ion beams from
silicon targets; Appl. Phys. Lett.
SPW: A. B. Schmidt, M. Pickel, M. Wiemhöfer, M. Donath
and M. Weinelt; Spin-dependent electron dynamics in
front of a ferromagnetic surface; Phys. Rev. Lett.
SRW: T. Shih, K. Reimann, M. Woerner, T. Elsaesser, I.
Waldmüller, A. Knorr, R. Hey and K. H. Ploog; Nonlinear
response of radiatively coupled intersubband
transitions of quasi-two-dimensional electrons; Phys.
Rev. Lett.
SStb: G. Steinmeyer and G. Stibenz; Compression and
characterization of few-cycle white-light supercontinuum
pulses; Laser Phys.
STL: M. Schneider, K. Teuchner and D. Leupold;
Zweiphotonenfluoreszenz okulärer Melanome.
Versuche zu einer neuen diagnostischen Methode; Der
Ophthalmologe
TGT: J. W. Tomm, A. Gerhardt, T. Q. Tran, M. Oudart, J.
Nagle, J. Biesenbach and H. Müntz; Amplification of
uniaxial stress in the vicinity of grooves in device
structures; Appl. Phys. Lett.
Tom: J. W. Tomm; Advanced characterization; in High-
Power Diode-Lasers for Material Processing. Principles
and Applications, Poprawe, Loosen, and Bachmann
eds. (Springer, Heidelberg)
TRW: P. Tzankov, S. Rivier, R. Weber, O. Steinkellner
and V. Petrov; Enhanced performance of a sub-20-fs
Ti:sapphire laser by optimised symmetry of the
intracavity dispersion compensation; Opt. Quant. Elect.
UCh: V. I. Usachenko and S.-I. Chu; Strong-field
ionization of laser-irradiated homonuclear light
diatomics: the generalized KFR-LCAO-MO model;
Phys. Rev. A
UMLc: T. Unold, K. Mueller, C. Lienau, T. Elsaesser
and A. D. Wieck; Optical control of excitons in a pair of
quantum dots coupled by the dipole dipole interactions;
Phys. Rev. Lett.
WTG: F. Weik, J. W. Tomm, R. Glatthaar, U. Vetter, J.
Nurnus and A. Lambrecht; A light-emitting device with
more than 1 mW output power at 4.2 µm; Electron.
Lett.
WWF: J. Wang, M. Weinelt and T. Fauster; Suppression
of pre- and post-pulses in a multipass Ti:sapphire
amplifier; Appl. Phys. B
WWHa: B. Winter, R. Weber, I. V. Hertel, M. Faubel, L.
Vrbka and P. Jungwirth; Effect of bromide on the
interfacial structur of aqueous terabutyl-ammonium
idodide: Photoelectron spectroscopy and molecular
dynamics simulations; PhysChemChemPhys
WWHb: B. Winter, R. Weber, I. V. Hertel, M. Faubel, P.
Jungwirth, E. C. Brown and S. E. Bradforth; Electron
binding energies of aqueous alkali and halide ions.
EUV photoelectron spectroscopy of liquid solutions
and combined ab initio and molecular dynamics
calculations; J. Am. Chem. Soc.
Diploma- and PhD theses, Habilitations
Diploma theses
Hei04: C. Heiner; Order and symmetry of sexithiophene
within thin films studied by angle-resolved photoemission
(Supervisor: I. V. Hertel, and B. Winter), Freie
Universität Berlin, Diplomarbeit 2004-04
PhD theses
Bro04: D. Bröcker; Zeitaufgelöste Experimente zur
Oberflächen-Photospannung an Silizium (Supervisor:
W. Widdra, M. Weinelt, and R. Krause-Rehberg), Martin-
Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Halle, Dissertation
2004-07-12
Sat04: T. Satoh; Resonance enhanced sum frequency
generation in centrosymmeric magnetic oxides
(Supervisor: M. Fiebig K. Miyano), Universität Tokyo,
Dissertation 2004-04
Sch04: R. Schumann; Laserkühlung und Speicherung
metastabiler Heliumatome in inhomogenen elektrischen
Feldern (Supervisor: G. von Oppen, U. Eichmann), Technische
Universität Berlin, Dissertation 2004-04
Master
Boh04: M. Bohmeyer; Vergleichende Charakterisierung
von Femtosekunden-Laserpulsen mittels SPIDER und
Korrelationsmessungen (Supervisor: M. Schnürer), B1,
TFH Wildau Berlin, Masterarbeit 2004-08-13
Lan04: S. Langer; Neuartiges 2D-Autokorrelatorsystem
für ultrakurze Laserimpulse basierend auf einem
erweiterten Shack-Hartmann Verfahren (Supervisor:
R. Grunwald), Technische Fachhochschule Wildau,
Masterarbeit 2004-10

Appendix 2
External Talks, Teaching
Invited lectures at conferences
P. Agostini; Attosecond MURI Workshop (Berkeley,
USA, 2004-12): Attosecond synchronization of high
harmonics
D. Bauer; 329th WE-Heraeus Seminar “Manipulation
of few-body quantum dynamics” (Bad Honnef, 2004-
06-27): Clusters in intense laser fields
W. Becker; OSA, Annual Meeting (Rochester, NY, USA,
2004-10-12): Nonsequential double ionization: The
simple man’s S-matrix description
W. Becker together with S. V. Fomichev, S. V.
Popruzhenko, D. F. Zaretsky, and D. Bauer; 13th
International Laser Physics Workshop, LPHYS’04
(Trieste, Italy, 2004-07): Nonlinear electron dynamics
in laser-irradiated clusters
M. Boyle; Workshop “European Cluster Cooling
Network 2004” (Glasgow, England, 2004-06-08): Time
resolved dynamics of C 60
U. Eichmann; 13th Laser Physics Workshop, LPHYS’04
(Trieste, Italy, 2004-07-15): Ionization dynamics in the
transition regime between non-relativistic and relativistic
laser intensities
U. Eichmann; International Conference on Ultrahigh
Intensity Lasers, ICUILS 2004 (Lake Tahoe, USA, 2004-
07-06): Towards the Atomic Intensity Probe: Relativistic
Effects and Core Relaxation in Ultra-Strong Laser Field
Ionization
U. Eichmann, International Workshop and Seminar
“Rydberg Physics” (Dresden, 2004-05-03): Excitation
routes to doubly highly excited Rydberg atoms: Fano
lineshapes revisited
T. Elsaesser; Minerva-Gentner Symposium ‘Optical
Spectroscopy of Biomolecular Dynamics’ (Kloster
Banz, Bad Staffelstein, 2004-03): Ultrafast vibrational
dynamics of hydrogen bonded dimers in solution
T. Elsaesser; 21 Century COE-RCMS International
Conference on Frontiers of Physical Chemistry on
Molecular Materials (Nagoya, Japan, 2004-01): Structure
and function of hydrogen bonded systems probed by
ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy
T. Elsaesser; International Workshop on Cooperative
Phenomena in Optics and Transport in Nanostructures
(Dresden, Germany, 2004-06): Ultrafast dynamics of
coherent intersubband polarizations in semiconductor
quantum wells
T. Elsaesser; 33rd National Congress of the Italian
Chemical Society (Naples, Italy, 2004-06): Ultrafast
vibrational dynamics of hydrogen bonds in the
condensed phase (plenary talk)
T. Elsaesser; XX IUPAC Symposium on Photochemistry
(Granada, Spain, 2004-07): Ultrafast vibrational
dynamics of hydrogen bonded dimers in the condensed
phase
T. Elsaesser together with K. Heyne, N. Huse, J. Dreyer,
and E.T.J. Nibbering; Second International Conference
on Coherent Multidimensional Vibrational Spectroscopy
(Madison, Wisconsin, 2004-08): Ultrafast vibrational
dynamics and anharmonic couplings of hydrogenbonded
dimers in the condensed phase
E. Eremina; 329th WE-Heraeus Seminar: “Manipulation
of Few-Body Quantum Dynamics” (Bad Honnef,
Physik-Zentrum, 2004-06): Non-Sequential Double
Ionisation of Atoms and Molecules
M. Fiebig; Joint European Magnetic Symposia (JEMS
’04) (Dresden, Germany, 2004-09): ‘Gigantic’ magnetoelectric
effects in multiferroic manganites
M. Fiebig; AIO Workshop on Spectroscopy in Molecular,
Organic, and Inorganic Systems (Ameland, Netherlands,
2004-09): Nonlinear optics as powerful tool for
investigation of magnetic structures and interactions
M. Fiebig; Academy Colloquium on Ultrafast Spin and
Magnetization Dynamics in Magnetic Nanostructures
(Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2004-06): Spin dynamics
in antiferromagnets investigated by nonlinear
magneto-optical spectroscopy
M. Fiebig; Int. Workshop on Magneto-Optics of Magnetic
Thin Films, Multilayers and Nanostructures (Duisburg,
Germany, 2004-04): Spin dynamics and giant magnetoelectricity
investigated by nonlinear magneto-optical
spectroscopy
C. Figueira de Morisson Faria together with H.
Schomerus, X. Liu, and W. Becker; 13th International
Laser Physics Workshop (LPHYS’04) (Trieste, Italy,
2004-07-12): Electron-electron dynamics in laserinduced
nonsequential double ionization
U. Griebner together with A. Aznar, R. Solé, M. Aguiló, F.
Diaz, R. Grunwald, and V. Petrov; Conference on Lasers
and Electro-Optics (CLEO), 2004 (San Francisco,
California, 2004): Growth and laser operation of an
Yb-doped epitaxial tungstate crystal Yb:KY(WO 4 ) 2 /
KY(WO 4 ) 2
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96
R. Grunwald together with U. Neumann, U. Griebner,
V. Kebbel, and H.-J. Kuehn; Photonics West 2004 (San
Jose, California, 2004-01): Spatio-temporal control of
laser beams with thin-film shapers
R. Grunwald together with U. Neumann, and V. Kebbel;
Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium
(PIERS 2004), Workshop on Localized Waves (Pisa,
Italy, 2004-03): Generation of small-angle localized
light waves with thin-film microoptics
R. Grunwald together with U. Neumann, G. Stibenz, S.
Langer, G. Steinmeyer, V. Kebbel, J.-L. Néron, and M.
Piché; Photonics North (Ottawa, Canada, 2004-09):
Truncated ultrashort-pulse small-angle Bessel beams
I. V. Hertel; German Israeli Cooperation in Ultrafast
Laser Technology, GILCULT (Weizmann Institute,
Revohot, Israel, 2004-02-16): Ultrafast dynamics in a
large finite system with interesting perspectives for
optimal control strategies
I. V. Hertel, together with R. Stoian, and A. Rosenfeld;
International Workshop on Advanced Laser Processing
for Coming Generation (The Institute of Physical and
Chemical Research, RIKEN; Wako, Japan, 2004-05-
18): Femtosecond material processing: From a
fundamental understanding to tailored applications
I. V. Hertel, Gordon Conference Multiphoton Processes
(Tilton School,Tilton, New Hampshire, USA, 2004):
Introduction to Atoms and Molecules in High Fields
I. V. Hertel together with B. Winter, and R. Weber; Gordon
Conference Water & Aquaeous Solutions (Plymouth,
New Hampshire, USA, 2004-08-03): Photoelectron
spectroscopy of aqueous solutions
I. V. Hertel, together with T. Schultz, and W. Radloff;
European Research Conference on “Molecules of
Biological Interest in the Gas Phase” (Exeter, UK, 2004-
04-14): Excited state dynamics in (adenine) n and
(thymine) n clusters
K. Janulewicz; ICXRL, 9. Int. Conference on X-ray
lasers (Beijing, China, 2004-05-26): Strong line
enhancement at 24.7 nm in a boron-nitride capillary
discharge irradiated by a fs laser pulse
K. A. Janulewicz; GILCULT-Workshop (Rehovot, Israel,
2004-02-17): An ultrashort X-ray emission from gas
cluster irradiated by ultrashort pulses
T. Laarmann; International Workshop on Atomic Physics
(Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme,
Dresden, 2004-12-29): Optimal control of energy
redistribution in C 60 : Selection of relaxation pathways
using temporally shaped laser pulses
B. Langer; 68. Physikertagung und AMOP-Frühjahrstagung
(München, 2004-03-21): Hauptvortrag:
Photoionisation als Struktursonde von delokalisierten
Elektronen in Fullerenen
H. Legall together with D. Leupold, H. Lokstein, H. Stiel,
and U. Vogt; 324. Wilhelm und Else Heraeus Seminar
“Exploring the nanostructures of soft materials with xrays“
(Bad Honnef, 2004-05-10): A high resolution
laboratory table top soft x-rayspectrometer
C. Lienau together with T. Unold, K. Müller, T. Elsaesser,
and A.D.Wieck; Conference on Lasers and Electro
Optics / International Quantum Electronics Conference
CLEO/IQEC 2004 (San Francisco, California, 2004-
05): Femtosecond nonlinear spectroscopy of two
quantum dots coupled by dipole-dipole interaction
C. Lienau together with T. Guenther, T. Unold, K.
Mueller, and T. Elsaesser; Photonics West 2004 (San
José, California, 2004-01): Femtosecond near-field
spectroscopy of single quantum dots
C. Lienau; American Chemical Society National Meeting
(Anaheim, CA, USA, 2004-04): Ultrafast nanospectroscopy
of semiconductor quantum dots
C. Lienau; PIERS 2004, Progress in Electromagnetics
Research Symposium (Pisa, Italy, 2004-03): Ultrafast
nano-optics
C. Lienau; LASERION 2004 Workshop, Microfabrication,
nanosturctured materials and biotechnology, Schloss
Ringberg (Rottach-Egern, Germany, 2004-06-22):
Ultrafast plasmon nano-optics
C. Lienau; SPIE OPTO-Ireland Meeting, Royal Dublin
Society (Dublin, Ireland, 2004-04): Coupling two
quantum dots by dipole-dipole interactions
C. Lienau; Solid State Based Quantum Information
Processing (Hersching, Germany, 2004-09): Ultrafast
coherent spectroscopy of dipole-coupled quantum dots
X. Liu together with E. Eremina H. Rottke, W. Sandner,
E. Goulielmakis, K. O’Keefe, M. Lezius, F. Krausz, F.
Lindner, M. Schätzel, G. G. Paulus, H. Walther; LPHYS’04
(Trieste, Italien, 2004-07-04): Steering non-sequential
double ionization at the few-optical-cycle limit
S. A. Maksimenko together with G. Ya. Slepyan, and J.
Herrmann; European Materials Research Society 2004,
Spring Meeting, Symposium I: Advanced Multifunctional
Nanocarbon and Nanosystems 04 (2004-05-24):
Electromagnetic effects in nanotubes: Waveguiding,
nonlinear response, QED
D. B. Milosevic, G. G. Paulus and W. Becker; 13th International
Laser Physics Workshop LPHYS’04 (Trieste,
Italien, 2004-07-17): Quantum-orbit theory of highorder
above threshold ionization by few cycle pulses
E. T. J. Nibbering together with M. Rini, O.F. Mohammed,
J. Dreyer, B.-Z. Magnes, D. Pines, and E. Pines; Ultrafast
Phenomena XIV (Niigata, Japan, 2004-07): Bimodal
intermolecular proton transfer in acid-base neutralization
reactions in water

E. T. J. Nibbering together with K. Heyne, T. Elsaesser,
M. Petkovic, and O. Kühn; Second International
Conference on Coherent Multidimensional Vibrational
Spectroscopy (Madison, Wisconsin, 2004-08):
Cascaded energy redistribution upon O-H stretching
excitation in an intramolecular hydrogen bond
P. V. Nickles together with M. Schnürer, S.Ter Avetisyan,
S. Busch, W. Sandner, H.Jahnke, and D. Hilscher;
FIHFP-Workshop (Kyoto, 2004-04-26.-28.): Inward and
outward-directed deuteron acceleration in exploding
D2O-micro spheres studied by fusion neutron
spectroscopy
P. V. Nickles together with M. Schnürer, S.Ter Avetisyan,
S. Busch, A. Kemp, H. Ruhl, and W. Sandner; Japanese-
USA Workshop on Laser Plasma Theory (Osaka,
Japan, 2004-04-29.-30.): Ion generation in microdroplets
P. V. Nickles together with M. Schnürer, S. Ter-Avetisyan,
S. Busch, W. Sandner, D. Hilscher, and U. Jahnke; 20th
EPS General Conference of the Condensed Matter
Division “Interaction of matter with laser light under
extreme conditions (Prag, Tschechien, 2004-07-22):
Particle acceleration from laser- created relativistic
plasmas
P. V. Nickles together with K. Janulewicz; ICXRL, 9. Int.
Conference on X-ray lasers (Beijing, China, 2004-05-
26): Low-energy-single-laser-pulse driven soft x-ray
lasers
S. V. Popruzhenko together with W. Becker, Ph. A.
Korneev, and D. F. Zaretsky; International Workshop
on Atomic Physics (Max-Planck-Institut für Physik
komplexer Systeme, Dresden, 2004-12): Collisionless
heating of the classical electron nanoplasma in laserirradiated
clusters
M. Raschke; SERS Rundgespräch, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (Berlin, 2004-10):
Surface-enhanced second-harmonic generation at
nanostructures
H. R. Reiss; International Conference on Laser Physics
(Trieste, Italien, 2004-07-16): Photoelectron Momentum
Distributions in Strong-Field Ionization
H. R. Reiss; International Symposium on Ultrafast
Intense Laser Science 3 (Palermo, Italien, 2004-09-
17): Physical Insights from the Strong-Field
Approximation
C. Ropers together with C. Lienau, R. Müller, G. Stibenz,
G. Steinmeyer, D.J. Park, Y.C. Yoon, and D.S. Kim; Ultrafast
Phenomena XIV (Niigata, Japan, 2004-07): Ultrafast
dynamics of light transmission through plasmonic crystals
H. Rottke; 8th EPS Conference on Atomic and Molecular
Physics (Rennes, Frankreich, 2004-07-07): Strong field
non-sequential double ionization: the effect of molecular
structure
W. Sandner; Innovationsforum - Neue Perspektiven
der Optikindustrie (Rathenow, 2004-05): Optische
Technologien - Potentiale, Trends und Erfordernisse
am Standort Deutschland, BMBFed.
W. Sandner; ICUIL 2004, (Lake Tahoe, USA, 2004-10-
06): ICUIL Working Group on High Power Beam
Characterization and Intensity Measurements
W. Sandner; 68. Physikertagung und AMOP-Frühjahrstagung
2004 (München, 2004-03-25): Atomphysik in
starken Laserfeldern, Plenarvortrag
C. P. Schulz; International Workshop on Atomic Physics
(Max-Planck Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme,
Dresden, 2004-12-29): Multi-electron dynamics in
large finite systems: Excitation, ionisation and
fragmentation of C 60 in strong laser fields
C. Stanciu together with R. Ehlich, G. Ya. Slepyan, A. A.
Khrutchinski, S. A. Maksimenko, F. Rotermund, V.
Petrov, O. Steinkellner, F. Rohmund, E. E. B. Campbell,
J. Herrmann, and I. V. Hertel; Photonics West 2004
(San Jose, 2004-01-27): Third-harmonic generation
in carbon nanotubes: Theory and experiment
G. Steinmeyer together with U. Keller; Optical Interference
Coatings 9th Topical Meeting (Tucson, AZ,
USA, 2004-07): Multilayer coatings for ultrafast
lasers
G. Steinmeyer; 4th International Symposium on Modern
Problems in Laser Physics (Novosibirsk, Russia,
2004-08): Compression and characterization of fewcycle
white light supercontinuum pulses
R. Stoian together with A. Mermillod-Blondin, S. Winkler,
A. Rosenfeld, I. V. Hertel, M. Spyridaki, E. Koudoumas,
C. Fotakis, I. M. Burakov, and N. M. Bulgakova; 5th
International Symposium on Laser Precision Microfabrication
(LPM 2004) (Nara, Japan, 2004-05-11):
Temporal pulse manipulation and adaptive
optimization in ultrafast laser processing of materials
J. W. Tomm together with A. Gerhardt, T.Q. Tran, M.L.
Biermann, M.O. Manasreh, and B.S. Passmore; Material
Research Society Fall Meeting (Boston, MA, USA,
2004-11): Spectroscopic analysis of external stresses
in semiconductor quantum-well materials
J. W. Tomm; 2nd CEPHONA Workshop of the Center of
Excellence on Physics and Technology of Photonic Nanostructures,
Institute of Electron Technology (Warsaw,
Poland, 2004-11): Application of Raman-spectroscopy
to analytical purposes at semiconductor structures and
devices
Z. Wang; The CCAST Workshop on Strong Field Laser
Physics, 2004 (Wuyishan, China, 2004-11): Optical
phonon sidebands of electronic intersubband absorption
in strongly polar semeconductor heterostructures
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I. Will; VUV-FEL Users Workshop on Technical Issues
for First Experiments (DESY, Hamburg, 2004): Optical
laser facility
M. Woerner; International Workshop on Quantum
Cascade Lasers (Sevilla, Spain, 2004-01): Ultrafast
coherent electron transport in quantum cascade
structures
M. Woerner; Photonics West (San José, California,
2004-01): Coherent vs. incoherent charge transport in
semiconductor quantum cascade structures
M. Woerner together with T. Shih, C.W. Luo, K. Reimann,
T. Elsaesser, R. Hey, and K.H. Ploog; The 17th Annual
Meeting of the IEEE Laser & Electro-Optics Society
(LEOS 2004) (Rio Mar, Puerto Rico, 2004-11): Ultrafast
spectroscopy of a two-dimensional electron gas
M. Woerner; 2nd Korean/German Workshop on Applied
Physics and Mathematics (Heidelberg, Germany,
2004-09): Femtosecond X-Ray Diffraction from
coherent atomic motions in nanostructures
Invited external talks at seminars and colloquia
M. Bargheer; Seminar Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor
(HasyLab) (Hamburg, 2004-01):
Ultrafast X-ray diffraction from superlattice-phonons
M. Bargheer; Forschungsseminar Optik/Photonik
Humboldt Universität (Berlin, 2004-11): Coherent motions
in a nanostructure studied by femtosecond X-ray
diffraction
M. Bargheer; Seminar zur Physik der kondensierten
Materie, MPI für Metallforschung (Stuttgart, 2004-11):
Femtosecond X-ray diffraction
W. Becker, Seminar (National Research Council
Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 2004-01-26): Interference
effects in intense-laser atom physics
W. Becker, Quantum Optics Seminar (Institute for
Quantum Studies, Texas A&M University, College
Station, USA, 2004-02-03): Which-way interference in
intense-laser atom physics
W. Becker, Theoretisch-Physikalisches Kolloquium
(Universität Ulm, Abt. für Quantenphysik, 2004-02-19):
Which-path interference in multiphoton ionization of
atoms
W. Becker, Theory Colloquium (Los Alamos, USA, 2004-
06-01): Above-threshold ionization with few-cycle
pulses
W. Becker; CAS-Seminar (Center for Advanced Studies,
University of New Mexico, USA, 2004-11): Laser-atom
physics with few-cycle pulses
D. Bröcker, together with T. Gießel, and W. Widdra;
Seminar (Paul Scherrer Institut (SLS), Schweiz, 2004-
03-12): Time resolved electron spectroscopy at the laserexcited
silicon surface using synchrotron radiation
S. Busch, Marie-Curie-Tag (Marie-Curie-Gymnasium,
Ludwigsfelde, 2004-11-04): Erzeugung von hochenergetischen
Teilchenstrahlen mit Hilfe von hochintensiven
Laserstrahlen
J. Dreyer, Seminar für theoretische Chemie, Technische
Universität München (2004-06): Ab initio simulation of
2D IR spectra for hydrogen bonded systems
U. Eichmann, Abschlusskolloquium DFG-Schwerpunkt
“Materie in starken Laserfeldern“ (Jena, 2004-04-01):
Atomare Ionisationsdynamik in intensiven Laserfeldern
U. Eichmann, Bothe-Kolloquium (MPI für Kernphysik,
Heidelberg, 2004-12-08): Atomic Core Relaxation in
Weak and Strong Laser Field Ionization
T. Elsaesser, Mini-Workshop on Nano-Optics, MPI für
Polymerforschung (Mainz, 2004-04): Ultrafast processes
in nanostructures
T. Elsaesser, Physikalisches Kolloquium, Universität
Karlsruhe (TH) (2004-04): Ultraschnelle Dynamik niederenergetischer
Anregungen in Halbleiter-Nanostrukturen
T. Elsaesser, THEOCHEM Seminar, Institut für
Theoretische Chemie (Universität Bochum, 2004-04):
Ultrafast hydrogen bond dynamics and proton transfer
in the liquid phase
T. Elsaesser, GDCh Kolloquium (Universität Kiel,
2004-04): Wasserstoffbrücken in Flüssigkeiten – Ultraschnelle
Schwingungsbewegungen und Relaxationsprozesse
T. Elsaesser, Kolloquium, Department of Chemistry
(University of Kobe, Japan, 2004): Coherent vibrational
excitations of hydrogen bonded dimers in solution
T. Elsaesser, Seminar, Ecole Normale Supérieure,
Dept. of Chemistry (Paris, France, 2004-06): Ultrafast
vibrational dynamics of hydrogen bonds in liquids
T. Elsaesser, DRECAM (CEA Saclay, France, 2004-06-
08): Ultrafast hydrogen bonding dynamics in liquids
T. Elsaesser, Kolloquium, Institut für Festkörper- und
Werkstoffforschung (Dresden, 2004-07): Ultrakurzzeitdynamik
niederenergetischer Anregungen in Halbleiter-
Nanostrukturen
T. Elsaesser, Physikalisches Kolloquium, Universität
Erlangen (2004-07): Kohärente Femtosekundendynamik
optischer Anregungen in Halbleiter-
Nanostrukturen
T. Elsaesser, Berliner Sommer-Uni 04 (Technische
Universität Berlin, 2004-09): Nanotechnologie: Grundlagen
und neue Anwendungen

T. Elsaesser; Physikalisches Kolloquium, Universität
Kassel (2004-12): Ultraschnelle Strukturänderungen
in kondensierter Materie – Schwingungsdynamik und
Relaxationsprozesse
M. Fiebig, Seminar, Universität zu Köln (2004-07):
Nonlinear optics as novel tool for the determination of
magnetic structures and interactions
M. Fiebig, Seminar, Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperphysik
(Stuttgart, 2004-05): Giant magnetoelectricity
and spin dynamics investigated by nonlinear
magneto-optics
M. Fiebig, Seminar, Universität (Kaiserslautern, 2004-
01): Sublattice interaction and spin dynamics in antiferromagnets
M. Fiebig, Seminar, Universität Würzburg (2004-01):
Nichtlineare Optik als neue Methode zur Bestimmung
magnetischer Strukturen und Wechselwirkungen
H. Prima Garcia, Workshop (University of Material, Sevilla,
Spain, 2004-10-18): Application of the synchrotron
radiation for the characterization of materials
U. Griebner; Kolloquium COPL, Université Laval
(Canada, 2004-12): Laser operation of Yb 3+ -doped
epitaxially grown tungstate composites in the continuouswave
and femtosecond regime
U. Griebner; Kolloquium Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica
Optica y Electronica (INAOE) (Tonantzintla, Puebla,
Mexico, 2004-05): Spatio-temporal processing of
femtosecond laser pulses with thin-film micro-optics
R. Grunwald, Kolloquium, Laser Laboratorium
(Göttingen, 2004-01): Fortschritte bei der Laserstrahlformung
mit Dünnschicht-Mikrooptiken (Progress in
laser beam shaping with thin-film micro-optics)
R. Grunwald, Kolloquium, COPL, Laval University
(Canada, 2004-09): Spectral transfer of ultrashort-pulse
truncated Bessel beams
R. Grunwald; Vortrag bei APE GmbH (Berlin, 2004-11):
Neue Konzepte für die Diagnostik ultrakurzer Laserpulse
(New concepts for the diagnostics of ultrashort
laser pulses)
R. Grunwald; Seminar, Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik,
Friedrich-Schiller Universität, Jena (2004-
12): High-power ultrashort-pulse Bessel beams
C. Heiner, Seminar (Halle, 2004): Combined synchrotron/
laser radiation measurements of 6T on gold(110)
I. V. Hertel, Seminar (Tohuku University, Sendai,Japan,
2004-05-20): Non-adiabatic multi-electron dynamics
in moderately intense laser fields (

100
C. Lienau; Seminar AG Kaindl (Freie Universität Berlin,
2004-02): Ultraschnelle Nano-Optik
U. Neumann; Seminar, AG Réal Vallée, Université
Laval / COPL (Québec, Canada, 2004-12): Second
harmonic characteristics of ZnO nanostructured films
E. T. J. Nibbering, Seminar Institut für Physikalische
und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-
Wilhelm-Universität (Bonn, 2004-01): Ultraschnelle
chemische Reaktionen: Struktur und Dynamik untersucht
mittels Femtosekunden-Infrarotspektroskopie
E. T. J. Nibbering, Seminar NIST (Gaithersburg,
Maryland, USA, 2004-04): Bimodal proton transfer
dynamics in acid-base pairs in water
E. T. J. Nibbering, Photonics Research Ontario
Seminar Series ‘Frontier in Photonics’ (Toronto,
Canada, 2004-04): Bimodal proton transfer dynamics
in acid-base pairs in water
E. T. J. Nibbering, Seminar, AG Prof. Zinth, Universität
München (2004-05): Bimodal proton transfer dynamics
in acid-base pairs in water
E. T. J. Nibbering, Seminar, Department of Chemistry,
University of Tokyo (Japan, 2004-07): Bimolecular
diffusion controlled proton transfer reaction dynamics
E. T. J. Nibbering, Seminar, Institute of Industrial Science,
University of Tokyo (Japan, 2004-07): Coherent response
of hydrogen bonds: Femtosecond mid-infrared
spectroscopy as a tool for structure and dynamics
E. T. J. Nibbering; Seminar, Department of Physical
Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä (Finland, 2004-09):
Bimolecular diffusion controlled proton transfer reaction
dynamics
E. T. J. Nibbering; Lehrstuhlseminar Prof. G. Gerber,
Universität Würzburg (2004-11): Direct and indirect
protein transfer in acid-base pairs in water
E. T. J. Nibbering; MSC Seminar, University of Groningen
(The Netherlands, 2004-10): Bimodal proton transfer
dynamics in acid-base pairs in water
P. V. Nickles, Colloquium (ILE Osaka, Japan, 2004-03-
05): High field laser science and applications at MBI
P. V. Nickles, Kolloquium (JAERI, Kyoto, Japan, 2004-
05-13): X-ray laser and ion acceleration research at
MBI - Recent results
P. V. Nickles, Kolloquium (Tokyo University, Japan,
2004-06-07): Modern Trends in low-pumped X-raylaser
research
P. V. Nickles, Kolloquium (Kyoto University, Japan, 2004-
06-17): Applications highly intense and short laser
pulses
V. Petrov, Colloquium - Spectra Physics (Mountain View,
California, USA, 2004-05-21): Novel crystalline hosts
for CW and femtosecond Yb and Tm lasers
M. Raschke; Mini-Workshop on Nano-Optics; MPI für
Polymerforschung (Mainz, 2004-04): Scattering-type
near-field microscopy and spectroscopy
M. Raschke; Kolloquium, Vanderbilt University,
Department of Physics (Nashville, Tennessee, USA,
2004-03): Local field confinement at metallic nanostructures:
optical antennas for ultrahigh resolution
microscopy
M. Raschke; Seminar, AG Prof. A. Yodh, University of
Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2004-03):
Second-harmonic light scattering from single nanostructures:
generalized symmetry selection rules and
near-field enhancement
M. Raschke; Seminar, AG Prof. L. Novotny, University of
Rochester (Rochester, NY, USA, 2004-03): Facts and
artefacts in scattering-type near-field microscopy
M. Raschke; Seminar, Universität Konstanz, Center for
Applied Photonics (Konstanz, 2004-09): Secondharmonic
light scattering from nanostructures: symmetry
selection rules and near-field enhancement
M. Raschke; Seminar, AG Prof. Sandoghdar, ETH
Zürich (Zürich, Switzerland, 2004-09): Control of optical
fields on the nanoscale for scattering-type near-field
microscopy
S. Revier, Seminar (Optical Institute, Technische Universität
Berlin, 2004-12-07): Double tungstate crystals,
the epitaxially grown Yb:KLuW/KLuW composite
A. Rosenfeld, Femtomat 2004 (Klagenfurth, 2004-02-
24): Material processing by adaptive optimization of
ultrafast laser-material interactions
W. Sandner, 195. PTB-Seminar Hochleistungslaser
(Braunschweig, 2004-06): Licht-Materie-Wechselwirkung
bei höchsten Intensitäten: Von einzelnen
Atomen zu Doppel-Plasmen
M. Schnürer, DFG-Schwerpunkt-Abschlusskolloquium
„Materie in starken Laserfeldern“ (Jena, 2004-04-02):
Kernanregungen in heißen dichten Plasmen
T. Schultz, Seminar (MPI für biophysikalische Chemie,
Düsseldorf, 2004-07-01): Investigating excited state
dynamics by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy
C. P. Schulz, Seminar (Steacie Institute for Molecular
Sciences, Ottawa, Canada, 2004-02-10): Solvation
processes: From simple atoms to complex molecules
C. P. Schulz, Seminar (Dept. of Chemistry, Temple
University, Philadelphia, USA, 2004-02-12): C 60
ionisation and fragmentation dynamics

G. Steinmeyer, Kolloquium des SFB ‘Quantenlimitierte
Messprozesse mit Atomen, Molekülen und Photonen’
(Universität Hannover, 2004-01): Erzeugung von Lichtpulsen
von wenigen optischen Zyklen Dauer
G. Steinmeyer, together with P. Glas, R. Iliew, and R.
Wedell; Gemeinsames Seminar der Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) und des
Instituts für Gerätebau GmbH (IfG), Berlin:
Anwendungen von mikro- und nanostrukturiertem Glas
im Bereich der Röntgen- und optischen Technologien
sowie Life Science (Berlin, 2004-03): Weißlichterzeugung
in speziellen mikrostrukturierten Weichglasfasern
G. Steinmeyer, Physikalisches Kolloquium, Universität
Hannover (2004-04): Neue Perspektiven durch Laserpulse
von wenigen optischen Zyklen Dauer
G. Steinmeyer together with P. Glas; Workshop
Photonische Kristallfasern, Institut für Physikalische
Hochtechnologie (Jena, 2004-11): Laseractive PCF
based on multicomponent glasses
H. Stiel, 198. PTB Seminar „Quantitative Roentgenspektroskopie“
(Berlin, 2004-10-26): Laserbasierte
Quellen für ein Laborröntgenmikroskop
H. Stiel, Seminar des FSP Photonik der TU Berlin
(Berlin, 2004-11-26): Laserbasierte Quellen für
zeitaufgelöste Röntgentechniken
J. W. Tomm; Department of Physics, University of
Arkansas (Fayetteville, USA, 2004-01): Optical
spectroscopy of semiconductor structures and optoelectronic
devices
J. W. Tomm; EL3-Seminar, Freiberger Compound
Materials (Freiberg, 2004-06): Zeitaufgelöste Photolumineszenz-Messungen
an GaAs:O
J. W. Tomm; Seminar at the Institute of Materials
Science and Applied Research (Vilnius, Lithuania,
2004-10): Optical spectroscopy of semiconductor
device structures
M. Weinelt, Gruppenseminar der AG Wolf (Freie
Universität Berlin, 2004-10-22): Up and down - electron
dynamics at Si(100)
W. Werncke; Seminar, Waseda University (Tokyo,
Japan, 2004-07): Vibrational excitation and energy
redistribution studied by time resolved resonance
Raman spectroscopy
W. Werncke; Seminar, Universität München (2004-12):
Vibrational excitation after ultrafast photo reactions
studied by time resolved resonance Raman
spectroscopy
W. Werncke; Seminar, Tokyo University (Tokyo, Japan,
2004-07): Vibrational excitation after ultrafast intramolecular
proton transfer: a study unter conditions of
time-dependent resonance Raman cross secitons
I. Will, JRA Meetings (Vilnius, Litauen, 2004-09-24):
Efficiency Optimisation of an OPA
I. Will, JRA Meetings (Vilnius, Litauen, 2004-09-24):
Diode pumped ring amplifier for an OPCPA pump
I. Will, Annual Project Meeting X-ray FEL pump/probe
(Hamburg, 2004-02-01): Development of an optical,
wavelength-tunabel laser for pump-probe experiments
at the TESLA FEL
B. Winter, Seminar (University of Southern California,
Los Angeles, 2004-06-07): Photoelectron spectroscopy
of aqueous solutions
B. Winter, Seminar (University of California, Irvine, USA,
2004-06-11): Photoelectron spectrosocopy of liquid
water and aqueous solutions
M. Woerner, Vorstellungsvortrag, Institut für Experimentelle
und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg
(2004-10): Nichtlineare Terahertz-Spektroskopie an
einem quasi-zwei-dimensionalen Elektronengas
M. Woerner; Seminar, Walther-Meissner-Institut
(Garching, 2004-12): Coherent atomic motions in a
nanostructure studied by femtosecond x-ray diffraction
Academic teaching
U. Eichmann together with Th. Kwapien, Übungen,
Vorlesung, 4 Semesterwochenstunden (Technische
Universität Berlin, 2004-WS 2004/05): Atom- und
Molekülphysik I
T. Elsaesser, Seminar, 2 Semesterwochenstunden
(Humboldt Universität Berlin, 2004-Wintersemester
2004/05): Optik und Spektroskopie: Moderne Optik
T. Elsaesser, Vorlesung, 2 Semesterwochenstunden
(Humboldt Universität Berlin, 2004-Sommersemester):
Optik und Spektroskopie: Elektronische und optische
Eigenschaften von Halbleitern
M. Fiebig, Vorlesung, 1 Semesterwochenstunde
(Universität Dortmund, 2004-Wintersemester 2004/
2005): Nichtlineare Optik an magnetischen Systemen
U. Griebner, Vorlesung Photonics Master Course, 4
Stunden (Technische Fachhochschule Wildau, 2004):
Erzeugung kurzer optischer Impulse
U. Griebner, Vorlesung Physics Master Course, 2 Stunden
(COPL, Université Laval, Québec, 2004): Generation
of ultrashort laser pulses
R. Grunwald, Vorlesung Photonics Master Course, 4
Stunden (Technische Fachhochschule Wildau, 2004):
Mikrooptik
I. V. Hertel, Vorlesung, 4 Semester Wochenstunden
(FU Berlin, 2004-WS 04/05): Einführung in die Atomund
Molekülphysik
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102
I. V. Hertel, together with T. Laarmann, and F. Müh;
Übungen, 2 Semester Wochenstunden (FU Berlin,
2004-WS 04/05): Einführung in die Atom- und
Molekülphysik
E. T. J. Nibbering, Gastvorlesung über Dephasing und
Photon-Echo Messungen, 4 Stunden (Ludwig
Maximilians Universität, München, 2004-Sommersemester):
Neue Ergebnisse auf dem Gebiet
ultraschneller Vorgänge
M. Raschke, Fortgeschrittenenpraktikum, 4 Semesterwochenstunden
(Humboldt Universität, 2004-Wintersemester
2004/2005): Kohärente Anti-Stokes Ramanstreuung
M. Raschke, Fortgeschrittenenpraktikum, 4 Semesterwochenstunden
(Humboldt Universität, 2004-Sommersemester):
Kohärente Anti-Stokes Ramanstreuung
W. Sandner, 2 Semesterwochenstunden, (Technische
Universität Berlin) 2004 SS, Vorlesung und Seminar:
Licht-Materie- Wechselwirkung bei höchsten Intensitäten
W. Sandner und E. Risse, Übungen, 1 Semesterwochenstunde
(Technische Universität Berlin, 2004-
WS 2004/05): Angewandte Optik und Photonik: Höhere
Experimentalphysik III
W. Sandner, Vorlesung, 3 Semesterwochenstunden
(Technische Universität Berlin, 2004-WS 2004/05):
Angewandte Optik und Photonik: Höhere
Experimental-physik III (mit Übungen)
General talks (popular science, science politics etc.)
T. Gießel, Vortragsreihe der Leibnitz-Gemeinschaft
«Wissenschaft für Jugendliche» (Lichtburgforum,
13357 Berlin, 2004-06-25): «LUMOS» - Zaubertricks,
die keine sind
I. V. Hertel, Weiterbildungsseminar für Wissenschaftsjournalisten
(Villa „Ida“, Leipzig, 2004-10-05): Vorteile
und Defizite der deutschen Forschungslandschaft
I. V. Hertel, Fraktionsvorstand der CSU Landtagsfraktion
München in Adlershof (Berlin, Seminarraum BESSY,
2004-10-25): Berlin-Adlershof als Wissenschaftsstadt
– Technologien für das 21. Jahrhundert
I. V. Hertel, Japanische Regierungsdelegation (WISTA,
2004-11-18): Optische Technologien in Berlin und
Brandenburg (LOB 2004)
I. V. Hertel, Studiointerview (Studio FAB, 2004-11-22):
Potentialausschöpfung im Forschungssystem
I. V. Hertel, Forum der Laser-Optik Berlin (LOB 2004)
(Berlin-Adlershof, 2004-03-03): Photonik an außeruniversitären
Instituten
I. V. Hertel, Berliner Wirtschaftsgespräche e.V., 6.
Sitzung des Gesprächskreises „Neue Technologien,
Forschung und Wissenschaft“ (Berliner Abgeordnetenhaus,
2004-01-27): Ein Wissenschaftsinformationssystem
für Berlin und Brandenburg
J. Kändler; Informationsveranstaltung für WGL-Einrichtungen
in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, (IOW, 2004-
05-14): Programmbudgtes in Forschungseinrichtungen
auf der Basis einer Kosten- und Leistungrechnung –
Überlegungen zur Erstellung des Leistungsplans mit
integrierter Betrachtung der Finanzierung

Appendix 3
Ongoing Diploma- and PhD theses, Habilitations
Diploma theses
H. Hetzheim; Above-theshold Ionisation in Molekülen
(Supervisor: W. Becker, and T. Elsässer), HU Berlin,
Diplomarbeit
D. Kandula; Aufbau einer Kapillarenanordnung zur
nichtlinearen Spektroskopie am H 2 O und anderen
Molekülen (Supervisor: C. P. Schulz, and I. V. Hertel),
Freie Universität Berlin, Diplomarbeit
P. M. Schmidt; The triiodide equilibrium in water
investigated by photoemission (Supervisor: I. V. Hertel,
and B. Winter), Freie Universität Berlin, Diplomarbeit
PhD theses
O. Berndt; Laserspektroskopie hochangeregter
molekularer Elektronenzustände (Supervisor: W.
Sandner), Technische Universität Berlin, Dissertation
F. Bortolotto; Hybridly pumped soft X-ray lasers (Supervisor:
W. Sandner), Technische Universität Berlin,
Dissertation
M. Böttcher; Generation and application of short pulse
high harmonics in the XUV spectral range (Supervisor:
W. Sandner) Technische Universität Berlin, Doktorarbeit
2007-04
M. Boyle; Femtosecond pulseshaping and its application
to fullerenes (Supervisor: I. V. Hertel), Freie Universität
Berlin, Dissertation
S. Busch; Wechselwirkung intensiver Laserstrahlung
mit Materie (Supervisor: W. Sandner), TU Berlin,
Dissertation
E. Eremina; Korrelation in atomarer und molekularer
Vielfachionisation (Supervisor: W. Sandner), Technische
Universität Berlin, Dissertation
S. Gerlach; Speicherung von metastabilen Heliumatomen
in elektrischen Feldern zur Untersuchung von
kalten Stößen (Supervisor: U. Eichmann, and W.
Sandner), Technische Universität Berlin, Doktorarbeit
R. Glatthaar; Züchtung und Charakterisierung von
Bleisalzschichten für optoelektronische Bauelemente
(Supervisor: T. Elsaesser), Humboldt-Universität Berlin,
Dissertation
E. Gubbini; Ionisationsdynamik bei relativistischen
Laserintensitäten (Supervisor: W. Sandner), Technische
Universität Berlin, Dissertation
P. A. Henry; Isomer-selective investigation ofbiologically
relevant clusters (Supervisor: I. V. Hertel), Freie Universität
Berlin, Dissertation
N. Huse; Femtosekunden-Schwingungsspektroskopie
von Wasserstoffbrücken in kondensierter Phase
(Supervisor: T. Elsaesser), International Humboldt
Graduate School, Humboldt-Universität Berlin,
Dissertation
R. Jung; Experimente mit ultralangsamen metastabilen
Heliumatomen (Supervisor: G. von Oppen, and U.
Eichmann), Technische Universität Dissertation
P. Klopp; Neue Yb-dotierte Lasermaterialien und ihre
Anwendungen in modensynchronisierten Lasern
(Supervisor: T. Elsaesser), Humboldt-Universität Berlin,
Dissertation
T. Kwapien; Ionisationsdynamik höher geladener
Ionen (Supervisor: U. Eichmann, and W. Sandner),
Technische Universität Berlin, Doktorarbeit
H. Lippert; Ultrakurzzeitspektroskopie von Chromophoren
in einer Solvathülle (Supervisor: I. V. Hertel,
and W. Radloff), Freie Universität Berlin, Dissertation
A. Mermillod-Blondin; Potential applications of fsbeam
shaping in micromachining and photoinscription
(Supervisor: I. V. Hertel, R. Stoian, and E. Audouard),
Université Jean Monnet, Institut Superieur Des Techniques
Avancees St. Etienne, Dissertation
O. F. Mohammed; Femtosecond IR spectroscopy of
photochromic molecules in solution (Supervisor: N.
Ernsting), Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Dissertation
L. Molina-Luna; Räumliche höchstauflösende optische
Spektroskopie an Nanosystemen (Supervisor: T.
Elsaesser), Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Dissertation
M. Mönster; Erzeugung ultrakurzer Lichtimpulse in
photonischen Strukturen (Supervisor: T. Elsaesser),
Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Dissertation
K. Müller; Femtosekunden-Nahfeldspektroskopie an
Halbleitern und Nanostrukturen (Supervisor: T.
Elsaesser), Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Dissertation
C.-C. Neacsu; Apertulose Nahfeldsondenmikroskopie
an Festkörpern (Supervisor: T. Elsaesser), Humboldt-
Universität Berlin, Dissertation
M. Pickel; Spin dynamics at ferromagnetic thin-film
surface (Supervisor: M. Weinelt), Freie Universität
Berlin, Dissertation
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104
H. Prima Garcia; Laser-induced structural changes
investigated with synchrotron radiation (Supervisor: M.
Weinelt), Freie Universität Berlin, Dissertation
S. Rivier; Untersuchung neuartiger Drei-Niveau-Lasermerialien
und -geometrien für effiziente und modensynchronisierte
Laserquellen (Supervisor: I. V. Hertel,
and V. Petrov), Freie Universität Berlin, Dissertation
C. Ropers; Nanooptik von Metall- / Halbleiter-Hybridstrukturen
(Supervisor: T. Elsaesser), Humboldt-
Universität Berlin, Dissertation
F. Saas; Erzeugung ultrakurzer Lichtimpulse mit einem
halbleiterbasierten Lasersystem (Supervisor: T.
Elsaesser), International Humboldt Graduate School,
Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Dissertation
E. Samoilova; Excited state reaction dynamics in
biological chromophores and clusters (Supervisor: I.
V. Hertel, and T. Schultz), Freie Universität Berlin,
Dissertation
I. Sänger; Magnetische Wechselwirkungen mehrfach
geordneter Systeme (Supervisor: M. Bayer, M. Fiebig),
Universität Dortmund, Dissertation
A. B. Schmidt; Image-potential states infront of ultrathin
iron films – a time- and spin-resolved two-photon
photoemission study (Supervisor: M. Weinelt), Freie
Universität Berlin, Dissertation
R. Schmidt; Orientation, electronic structure, and
efficiency of molecular switches at surfaces (Supervisor:
M. Weinelt), Freie Universität Berlin, Dissertation
I. Shchatsinin; Free clusters in strong shaped laser
fields: multielectron dynamics and forced nuclear motion
(Supervisor: I. V. Hertel, and C. P. Schulz), Freie
Universität Berlin, Dissertation
A. Stalmashonak; Linear and nonlinear processes in
molecular systems induced by shaped, ultrashort laser
pulses in hollow wave guides (Supervisor: I. V. Hertel),
Freie Universität Berlin, Dissertation
G. Stibenz; Entwicklung und Anwendung eines Hohlfaserkompressors
zur Erzeugung kurzer Lichtpulse
(Supervisor: T. Elsaesser), Humboldt-Universität Berlin,
Dissertation

Appendix 4
Guest Lectures at the MBI
A. Kgop, University of Nevada, USA; Seminar B: Höchstfeldlaserphysik,
(Max-Born-Institut, 2004-01-08): Laserdriven
electron transport in dense matter: PIC-MMC
F. Kärtner, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA;
Seminar C: Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter
Materie, (2004-01-23): Towards single-cycle optical
pulses
F. Fillaux, LADIR-CNRS and Université Pierre et Marie
Curie, Thiais, France; Seminar C: Nichtlineare Prozesse
in kondensierter Materie, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-01-
28): Proton transfer dynamics and interconversion of
centrosymmetric hydrogen bonded dimers in
potassium hydrogen carbonate (KHCO 3 ) and benzoic
acid crystals
B. v. Aken, Univ. of Cambridge, UK; Seminar C: Nichtlineare
Prozesse in kondensierter Materie, (Max-Born-
Institut, 2004-02-05): Geometrically driven ferroelectricity
in hexagonal manganites
E. Vauthey, Dpt. de chimie-physique, Université de
Genève; Seminar C: Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter
Materie, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-02-10): Ultrafast
spectroscopy on photoinduced bimolecular electron
transfer reactions
B. Brutschy, Universität Frankfurt/Main; Institutskolloquium,
(Max-Born-Institut, 2004-02-11): Schwingungen
von mikrosolvatisierten Aromaten: Schwache
H-Brücken und schnelle solvatationsinduzierte
Reaktionen
O. Smirnova, Technische Universität Wien; Seminar B:
Höchstfeldlaserphysik, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-02-13):
Theoretical aspects of time-resolved Auger
measurements
G. Ganteför, Universität Konstanz; Sonderkolloquium
des SFB 450 (FU) und des MBI, (Max-Born-Institut,
2004-02-17): Cluster und Nanopartikel: Schönheit und
Vielfalt in der Welt der allerkleinsten Teilchen
F. M. Bickelhaupt, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, NL;
Sonderkolloquium des SFB 450 (FU) und des MBI, (Max-
Born-Institut, 2004-02-17): DNA structure, bonding and
replication
W. Knoll, MPI für Polymerforschung, Mainz; Seminar
C: Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter Materie,
(Max-Born-Institut, 2004-02-19): Nanoscopic building
blocks from polymers, metals and semiconductors
D. Polli, Politecnico die Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica,
Italy; Seminar A: Kurzzeitspektroskopie an Molekülen,
Clustern und Oberflächen, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-
02-26): Early events of energy relaxation in carotenoids
studied by Ultrafast Pump-Probe Spectroscopy and
implications for photosynthesis
J.-E. Moser, Institute of Chemical Sciences & Engineering,
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland;
Seminar C: Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter
Materie, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-03-02): Dynamics of
ultrafast charge transfer processes implied in the dye
sensitization of oxide semiconductors
C. Ascheron, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg; Seminar C:
Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter Materie, (Max-
Born-Institut, 2004-03-11): Science Citation Index Use
and Abuse: Is the science citation index the ultimate
measure for the quality of scientific publications?
M. Weinelt, Universität Erlangen, Lehrstuhl für Festkörperphysik;
Seminar A: Kurzzeitspektroskopie an
Molekülen, Clustern und Oberflächen, (Max-Born-
Institut, 2004-04-01): Dynamics of electron relaxation
and exciton formation on Si(100)
H. Knuppertz, FernUniversität Hagen, Optische Nachrichtentechnik;
Seminar C: Nichtlineare Prozesse in
kondensierter Materie, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-04-06):
Das Montgomery-Interferometer als Zeitfilter
W. Buck, PTB, Berlin; Institutskolloquium, (Max-Born-
Institut, 2004-04-21): Radiometry and consequences
P. Simon, Laserlaboratorium Göttingen; Seminar A:
Kurzzeitspektroskopie an Molekülen, Clustern und
Oberflächen, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-05-05): The
excimer laser as a short pulse amplifier – a powerful
tool for the generation of high intensities and nanoscale
structures
P. Agostini, CEA, Saclay; Institutskolloquium, (Max-Born-
Institut, 2004-05-12): Attosecond pulses from high
harmonics
D. Dundas, The Queens’ University of Belfast, UK;
Seminar B: Höchstfeldlaserphysik, (Max-Born-Institut,
2004-05-17): Molecules in intense laser fields
H. R. Reiss, American University, Washington, D. C.,
USA; Institutskolloquium, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-05-
19): Relativistic strong-field phenomena
D. Salzmann, Soreq NRC, Dept. of Plasma Physics,
Yavne, Israel; Seminar C: Nichtlineare Prozesse in
kondensierter Materie, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-05-26):
Optimization of K-alpha emission from laser produced
plasmas
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106
L. Vrbka, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry,
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague;
Seminar A: Kurzzeitspektroskopie an Molekülen,
Clustern und Oberflächen, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-
06-02): Molecular structure of surface active salt
solutions: Molecular dynamics studies
J.-M. Rost, Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer
Systeme, Dresden; Institutskolloquium, (Max-Born-
Institut, 2004-06-09): Coupling of matter and light in
extended systems
I. Fischer, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität
Würzburg; Sonderkolloquium des SFB 450 (FU) und
des MBI, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-06-15): H-atom
dynamics: A common motive in the photo-chemistry
of biomolecules and reactive intermediates
M. Gerhards, Institut für Physikalische Chemie I,
Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Seminar A:
Kurzzeitspektroskopie an Molekülen, Clustern und
Oberflächen, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-06-22): ß-sheet
model systems in the gas phase - peptides, microsolvation
molecular recognition
D. J. Kaup, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA;
Institutskolloquium, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-06-23):
Three-wave solitons and continuous waves in media
with competing quadratic and cubic nonlinearities
M. Fortin, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Seminar
C: Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter Materie,
(Max-Born-Institut, 2004-06-29): Liquid mirror
characterization by Bessel beams interferometry
I. Lachko, Superstrong Laser Field Laboratory of Moscow
State University, Russia; Seminar B: Höchstfeldlaserphysik,
(Max-Born-Institut, 2004-06-29): Diagnostics of
fast particles accelerated in femtosecond laser plasma
at intensities of 10 16 W/cm 2
Hr. Kanapathipillai; GSI, Darmstadt; Seminar B:
Höchstfeldlaserphysik, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-07-
06): Aspects of laser absorption in clusters
P. Saari, Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Estonia;
Institutskolloquium, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-07-07):
Localized waves in ultrafast optics
G. G. Paulus, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
USA; Institutskolloquium, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-08-
11): Quantum optics with single optical cycles
A. N. Benner, Universität Stuttgart; Seminar B: Höchstfeldlaserphysik,
(Max-Born-Institut, 2004-08-24):
Rydberg and ultracold plasma
I. Mingareev, Universität Göttingen; Seminar C: Nichtlineare
Prozesse in kondensierter Materie (Max-Born-
Institut, 2004-08-24): Anregungsspektroskopie an
Trionen in AlGaAs/GaAs-Heterostrukturen
D. Froehlich, Universität Dortmund, Fachbereich Experimentelle
Physik II; Seminar C: Nichtlineare Prozesse
in kondensierter Materie, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-09-
02): High resolution spectroscopy of excitons in Cu 20
H. Geßner, Chemnitz; Seminar B: Höchstfeldlaserphysik,
(Max-Born-Institut, 2004-09-02): Using angleresolved
light-scattering in the VUV spectral regime to
determin the topology of thin-film structures on CaF 2 -
substrates
G. Korn, Katana Technologies GmbH, Kleinmachnow;
Institutskolloquium, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-09-15):
Refractive surgery with solid-state lasers: The future of
laser vision correction
H. Kono, Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of
Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Seminar A:
Kurzzeitspektroskopie an Molekülen, Clustern und
Oberflächen, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-09-15): Quantum
mechanical investigation of electronic and nuclear
dynamics of molecules in intense laser fields.
K. Tomaniga, Molecular Photoscience Research Center,
Kobe University; Seminar A: Kurzzeitspektroskopie an
Molekülen, Clustern und Oberflächen, (Max-Born-
Institut, 2004-09-23): Vibrational fluctuation in
hydrogen-bonding solvents studied by infrared
nonlinear spectroscopy
C. Kunath, TFH Wildau; Seminar B: Höchstfeldlaserphysik,
(Max-Born-Institut, 2004-09-27): Charakterisierung
von Mikrospiegelarrays im DUV
P. Rußbüldt, Fraunhofer ILT, Aachen; Seminar B: Höchstfeldlaserphysik,
(Max-Born-Institut, 2004-09-28):
Entwicklung kompakter, diodengepumpter fs-Laser
P. Hamm, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität
Zürich; Institutskolloquium, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-
09-29): Ultrafast IR-driven cis-trans isomerization of
nitrous acid
E. Audouard, Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et
Instrumentation, Université Jean Monnet, Saint Etienne;
Seminar A: Kurzzeitspektroskopie an Molekülen,
Clustern und Oberflächen, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-09-
30): Ultrafast laser processing: News, tools and
industrial development
I. Fischer, Universität Würzburg; Seminar A: Kurzzeitspektroskopie
an Molekülen, Clustern und Oberflächen,
(Max-Born-Institut, 2004-10-06): Photodissociation and
dissociative of hydrocarbon radicals
C. Bordas, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie, Ionique et
Moléculaire (LASIM), Univ. Lyon; Seminar A: Kurzzeitspektroskopie
an Molekülen, Clustern und Oberflächen,
(Max-Born-Institut, 2004-10-19): Time-resolved photoelectron
spectroscopy of thermionic emission in carbon
clusters

W. P. Schleich, Abteilung für Quantenphysik, Universität
Ulm; Institutskolloqium, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-10-20):
Wave packet dynamics, quantum carpets, and
factorization of numbers
G. Meijer, Fritz-Haber-Institut, Berlin; Institutskolloquium,
(Max-Born-Institut, 2004-10-27): Manipulation of
molecules with electric fields
K. Osvay, Univ. of Szeged, Dept. of Optics and Quantum
Electronics, Hungary; Seminar B: Höchstfeldlaserphysik,
(Max-Born-Institut, 2004-10-29): Dispersion
measurement and characterization of fs-pulses in a
CPA laser using linear devices
A. Lassesson, Universität Greifswald; Seminar A: Kurzzeitspektroskopie
an Molekülen, Clustern und Oberflächen,
(Max-Born-Institut, 2004-11-03): On the creation
of multiply charged negative fullerenes in an ion trap
A. Espagne, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale
Supérieure, Paris; Seminar C: Nichtlineare Prozesse
in kondensierter Materie, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-11-
04): Primary events in the Photoactive Yellow Protein
(PYP): Role of the chromophore photophysics
B. M. Smirnov, Russian Academy of Sciences; Seminar
B: Höchstfeldlaserphysik, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-11-
08): Nucleation processes and properties of the cluster
plasma
T. Baumert, Universität Kassel, Institut für Physik und
CINSaT, FB Naturwissenschaften; Institutskolloquium,
(Max-Born-Institut, 2004-11-10): Ultrafast spectroscopy:
Electrons, atoms, molecules and plasmas
J. Limpouch, Czech Technical University, Prague;
Seminar C: Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter
Materie, (Max-Born-Institut, 2004-11-11): Femtosecond
laser-target interactions and generation of ultrashort
line X-ray pulses (theory and simulations)
R. G. Ulbrich, Universität Kassel, Institut für Physik und
CINSaT, FB Naturwissenschaften; Institutskolloquium,
(Max-Born-Institut, 2004-11-17): Impurities revisited:
Scanning tunneling microscopy on metal and semiconductor
surfaces
G. V. R. Born, The William Harvey Research Institute,
St. Bartholomew’s, and the Royal London School of
Medicine and Dentistry, University of London; Festkolloquium:
50 Jahre Nobelpreis Max Born, (Max-Born-
Institut, 2004-12-10): Max Born: A memoir
P. Corkum, Steacie Institute for Molecular Science,
National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
Festkolloquium: 50 Jahre Nobelpreis Max Born, (Max-
Born-Institut, 2004-12-10): Attosecond imaging: Asking
a molecule to paint a self-portrait
L. Schultz, Leibniz-Institut für Festkörper- und Werkstoffforschung
(IFW) Dresden; Institutskolloquium, (Max-
Born-Institut, 2004-12-15): High Temperature Superconductors:
From physical principles to new materials
and new applications
P. Agostini, CEA, Saclay, France; Seminar A: Kurzzeitspektroskopie
an Molekülen, Clustern und Oberflächen,
(Max-Born-Institut, 2004-12-15): Two-color multiphoton
double ionization of xenon
U. Teubner, Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH;
Seminar B: Höchstfeldlaserphysik, (Max-Born-Institut,
2004-12-17): Interaction of high intensity laser-pulses
with matter: From pico- to attosecond pulses
107

108
Appendix 5
Staff, Extended Research Visits of MBI Staff at External Institutions, Visiting Scientists at the
MBI and Users of the Application Laboratories
A. Staff
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111
C. Visiting scientists
Host within Name Home institution Topic of collaboration Period
MBI
Dept. A1 Dr. Stephan Schlemmer TU Chemnitz, Institute for Physics Nano particle experiments at BESSY II 05/02 - 04/04
Dept. A1 Michael Grimm TU Chemnitz, Institute for Physics Nano particle experiments at BESSY II 05/02 - 03/05
Dept. A1 Prof. Dr. Wolf Widdra Martin-Luther-University, Halle MBI-BESSY beamline 04/03 - 03/04
Dept. A1 Igor Burakov Institute of Thermophysics SB RAS, Material modification with shaped fs pulses 06/04 - 08/04
Novosibirsk, Russia 11/04 - 12/04
Dept. A1 Alexandre Mermillod Jean-Monet University, Saint Etienne, Material modification with shaped fs pulses 01/04 - 03/05
France
Dept. A1 Dr. Burkhard Langer Julius-Maximilian-University, MBI-BESSY beamline 04/04 - 06/06
Würzburg
Dept. A1 Martin Pickel Univ. Erlangen, Festkörperphysik Time- and spin-resolved photoemission 10/04 - 10/04
Dept. A1 Anke Schmidt Univ. Erlangen, Festkörperphysik Time- and spin-resolved photoemission 10/04 - 10/04
Dept. A2 Elena Samoilova Institute on Laser Physics, Biological molecules in the gas phase 01/03 - 02/04
Novosibirsk, Russia
Dept. A2 Dr. Volker Stert formerly MBI Modification of coincidence spectrometer 02/04 - 06/05
Dept. A2 Dr. Susanne Ullrich National Research Council, Canada Pump-probe spectroscopy of DNA-bases 04/04 - 05/04
Dept. A2 Dr. Klavs Hansen Chalmers University, Gothenburg, Fragmentation process in C 60 after ultrafast excitation 07/04 - 07/04
Sweden
Dept. A2 Pierre-Alain Henry Jean-Monet University, Theoretical contributions to the research project 10/04 - 10/04
Saint Etienne, France "Biological Molecules in the Gas Phase"

112
Host within Name Home institution Topic of collaboration Period
MBI
Dept. A3 Prof. Fabian Rotermund Ajou University, Korea Parametric amplification of chirped ultrashort light 01/04 - 01/04
pulses with new nonlinear materials 07/04 - 08/04
Dept. A3 Mikalai Krapivin EPAm Systems Ltd, Belarus Investigation of temperatures of hot electrons with the 01/04 - 01/04
modified band pass filter method
Dept. A3 Frank Güll Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona New active laser materials 01/04 - 01/04
Dept. A3 Javier Mateos Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona New active laser materials 01/04 - 01/04
11/04 - 10/06
Dept. A3 Siarhei Vetrau Belarus State University Pulse shaping 01/04 - 01/04
Dept. A3 Dr. Sergey Maksimenko Belarus State University Nonlinear optical effects in carbon nanotubes 04/04 - 04/04
Dept. A3 Dr. Mauricio Rico Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales New active materials for diode pumped ultrafast 04/04 - 03/06
Hernandez de Madrid lasers
Dept. A3 Dr. K. Posezian Pondicherry University, India Supercontinuum generation and soliton perturbation 05/04 - 08/04
theory
Dept. A3 Won-Bae Cho Ajou University, Korea Transmission of capillary waveguides 07/04 - 08/04
Dept. A3 Chang Jun Yoon Ajou University, Korea Parametric conversion of short light pulses 07/04 - 08/04
Dept. A3 Dr. Georg Korn Femtotechnologies GmbH Laser developement 09/01 - 12/06
Dept. A3 Dr. Olga Fedotova Belarus National Academy of Spectral broadening, supercontinuum generation and 10/04 - 12/04
Sciences dispersion modification in planar rib waveguides
Dept. A3 Prof. Dr. L. Isaenko SB RAS, Novosibirsk New nonlinear crystals for the MIR 08/04 - 08/04
11/04 - 11/04
Dept. A3 Dr. Yiquiang Qin Department of Physics, National New laser materials 10/04 - 12/04
University of Singapore
Dept. A3 Prof. Dr. Jean-Jacques Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, Investigation of novel Li-containing chalcogenide 11/04 - 11/04
Zondy France crystals

113
Host within Name Home institution Topic of collaboration Period
MBI
Dept. A3 Yuichiro Kida Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Compression of femtosecond ultraviolet pulses 11/04 - 11/04
Dept. B1 Prof. Dr. Reinhard Bruch University of Nevada, USA X-ray laser, X-ray multifiber optics 09/04 - 12/04
Dept. B1 Dr. Andreas Kemp University of Reno, USA Relativistic plasmadynamics, Pic simulations of ion 12/03 - 01/04
dynamics (Theory)
Dept. B2 Prof. Dr. Howard R. Reiss American University, Relativistic laser-particle interaction (Theory) 03/04 - 03/05
Washington, D.C., USA
Dept. B2 Prof. Dr. Pierre Agostini CEA/DSM/SPAM, Gif sur Yvette, Atomic photoionization with high order harmonics 04/04 - 09/04
France 12/04 - 12/04
Dept. B2 Dr. Vladimir Usachenko Institute of Applied Laser Physics, Strong-field approximation for molecules in intensive 07/04 - 10/04
Tashkent, Uzbekistan laser fields (Theory)
Dept. B2 Prof. Dejan Milosevic University of Sarajevo, Control of processes with strong fields (Theory) 07/04 - 08/04
Bosnia and Hercegovina
Dept. B2 Prof. Dr. Sergey Fomichev Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia Numerical simulations of laser-cluster interactions 03/04 - 04/04
(Theory)
Dept. B2 Prof. Dr. Sergej Moscow Engineering Physics Nonsequential double ionization and laser-cluster 03/04 - 03/04
Popruzhenko Institute, Russia interaction (Theory) 11/04 - 12/04
Dept. B2 Prof. Dr. D. F. Zaretsky Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia Stimulated high order harmonic generation (Theory) 03/04 - 05/04
10/04 - 12/04
Dept. B2 Prof. Dr. Alain Huetz Univ. Paris-Sud, Orsay, France Two-photon two-colour double ionization 11/04 - 11/04
Dept. B2 Dr. Mathieu Gisselbrecht Univ. Paris-Sud, Orsay, France Two-photon two-colour double ionization 11/04 - 11/04
Dept. B2 Prof. Dr. Sergej Moscow Engineering Physics Coulomb effects in the atom-threshold ionization 11/04 - 11/04
Goreslavski Institute; Moscow, Russia (Theory)
Dept. B2 Dr. Philipp Korneev Moscow Engineering Physics Numerical simulations of laser-cluster interactions 03/04 - 04/04
Institute, Russia (Theory) 11/04 - 11/04
Dept. C1 Dr. Heiko Lockstein HU, Berlin Photosynthetic antennae 01/02 - 12/04

114
Host within Name Home institution Topic of collaboration Period
MBI
Dept. C1 Dr. Klaus Teuchner Laser Technik Berlin Early diagnosis of black skin cancer 01/03 - 12/04
Dept. C1 Dr. Stephan Mory Laser Technik Berlin Early diagnosis of black skin cancer 11/02 - 03/04
Dept. C1 Dr. Anwar Usman University Sains, Malaysia Femtosecond mid-infrared spectroscopy of 06/03 - 06/05
condensed phase intra- and intermolecular
hydrogen-bonded systems
Dept. C1 Barry D. Bruner University of Toronto, Canada Heterodyne detected photon echo experiments on 03/04 - 04/04
water and acetic acid dimer 07/04 - 08/04
Dept. C1 Dr. Michael L. Cowan University of Toronto, Canada Heterodyne detected photon echo experiments on 03/04 - 04/04
water and acetic acid dimer 07/04 - 08/04
Dept. C1 Curtis A. Rosenow University or Arizona; USA Summer student course on nonlinear optics 05/04 - 08/04
Dept. C1 Satoshi Ashihara Institute of Industrial Science, Femtosecond infrared spectroscopy of the OH bend 08/04 - 11/04
University of Tokyo, Japan vibration of water
Dept. C1 Dr. Alexander Vodtshits National Academy of Sciences, SRS frequency conversion for ultrashort laser pulses 09/04 - 10/04
Minsk, Belorussia
Dept. C2 Jean Luc Neron COPL, Laval University Quebec, Truncated ultrashort-pulse Bessel beams 03/04 - 03/04
Canada
Dept. C2 Dr. Anna Kozlowska Institute of Electronic Materials Thermal Properties of High-Power Diode Laser 01/04 - 01/04
and Technology, Warsaw, Poland Arrays (EU-Access) 05/04 - 06/04
09/04 - 09/04
11/04 - 11/04
Dept. C2 Dr. Volker Kebbel Bremen Institute of Applied Beam Few-cycle Bessel-X-pulses 05/04 - 05/04
Technology 11/04 - 11/04
Dept. C2 Hans Knuppertz FernUniversität Hagen Femtosecond Montgomery effect 03/04 - 04/04
Dept. C2 Prof. Peeter Saari University of Tartu Localized wavepackets 04/04 - 07/04
Dept. C2 Dr. Kaido Reivelt University of Tartu Localized wavepackets 04/04 - 07/04

115
Host within Name Home institution Topic of collaboration Period
MBI
Dept. C2 Mateus Latoszek Institute of Electronic Materials and Thermal Properties of High-Power Diode Laser 09/04 - 09/04
Technology, Warsaw, Poland Arrays (EU-Access)
Dept. C2 Dr. Vadim Talalaev State University, Sankt Petersburg, Transient luminescence measurements on 01/03 - 12/04
Russia semiconductor structures
Dept. C2 Tien Quoc Tran Hanoi National University, Vietnam Characzerisation of semiconductor structures 02/03 - 02/06
Dept. C3 Dr. Mischa Bonn Institute of Chemistry, University Charge vs. exciton photo-generation in 04/04 - 04/04
of Leiden, The Netherlands semiconducting polymers
Dept. C3 Axel Jakob Hagen Fritz-Haber-Institut, Berlin Time-resolved photoluminescence from excitons 04/04 - 10/04
in carbon nanotubes
Dept. C3 Dr. Euan Hendry Institute of Chemistry, University Charge vs. exciton photo-generation in 04/04 - 04/04
of Leiden, The Netherlands semiconducting polymers (EU-Access) 08/04 - 08/04
Dept. C3 Dr. Mattijs Koeberg Institute of Chemistry, University Charge vs. exciton photo-generation in 04/04 - 04/04
of Leiden, The Netherlands semiconducting polymers (EU-Access) 08/04 - 08/04
Dept. C3 Brett Harris Middle Tennesee State University, Ultrafast x-ray scattering 05/04 - 05/04
Murfreesboro, USA
Dept. C3 Dr. Francesca Intonti European Laboratory for Nonlinear Imaging of near-field modes in photonic crystals 06/04 - 07/04
Spectroscopy, Firenze, Italy (EU-Access)
Dept. C3 Jan-Patrck Porst Universität Heidelberg Aufbau eines Nahfeldmikroskops 08/04 - 09/04
Dept. C3 Doo-Jae Park Seoul National University, Seoul, Surface plasmon nano-optics 12/03 - 04/04
Korea 07/04 - 08/04
Dept. C3 Dario Polli Politecnico di Milano, Italy Femtosecond near-field spectroscopy of 02/04 - 02/04
semiconducting polymers 06/04 - 06/04
Dept. C3 Robert Pomraenke HU, Berlin Photolumineszenzspektroskopie von 01/04 - 09/05
Halbleiterquantendrähten
Dept. C3 Jin Eun Kim Seoul National University, Seoul, Spectroscopy of coupled metal-semiconductor 11/03 - 02/04
Korea nanostructures

116
D. Users of application laboratories
D1. Femtosecond application laboratory
Host within Name Home institution Topic of collaboration Period
MBI
Dept. A1 Dr. Krassimir Kostov Bulgarian Akademiy of sciences, Molecular adsorption of Ru(0001) 3 weeks
Sofia
Dept. A1 Dr. D. Ashkenasi LMTB Spezielle Laserprobleme 5 weeks
Dept. A2 Dr. Susanne Ullrich National Research Council, Zeitaufgelöste pump-probe-Spektroskopie an 3 weeks
Canada DANN-Basenpaaren
Dept. A2 Prof. Dr. Ingo Fischer Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Pump-probe spectroscopy of small hydrocarbon 2 weeks
Würzburg radicals
Dept. A3 Prof. Dr. Jean-Jacques Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, Investigation of novel Li-containing chalcogenide 3 weeks
Zondy France crystals
Dept. A3 Prof. Dr. Fabian Ajou University, Korea Poled nonlinear crystals, OPCPA 4 weeks
Rotermund
Dept. A3 Yuichiro Kida Kyushu University, Fukuoka Compression of femtosecond ultraviolet pulses 4 weeks
812-8581, Japan
Dept. A3 Prof. Dr. L. Isaenko SB RAS, Novosibirsk Lithium containing chalcopyrites for the fs-MIRs 3 weeks
Dept. A3 Dr. Javier Mateos Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona Thullium laser 4 weeks
Dept. A3 Dr. Vitali Vedenyapin SB RAS, Novosibirsk OPO with new crystals 4 weeks
Dept. A3 Dr. Yiqiang Qin Department of Physics, National New laser materials 4 weeks
University of Singapore, China
Dept. A3 Frank Güll Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona New active laser materials 2 weeks

117
Host within Name Home institution Topic of collaboration Period
MBI
Dept. B2 Prof. Dr. Alain Huetz Univ. Paris-Sud, Orsay, France Two-photon two-colour double ionization (EU-Access) 4 weeks
Dept. B2 Dr. Mathieu Gisselbrecht Univ. Paris-Sud, Orsay, France Two-photon two-colour double ionization (EU-Access) 4 weeks
Dept. C1 Dr. Stephan Mory Laser Technik Berlin Diagnostics of skin cancer 4 weeks
Dept. C1 Dr. Klaus Teuchner Laser Technik Berlin Melanin fluorescence 8 weeks
Dept. C3 Dr. M. Bonn AMOLF, Netherland Mid-infrared and UV-spectroscopy of polymers 3 weeks
Dept. C3 Dr. Euan Hendry Institute of Chemistry, University Charge vs. exciton photo-generation in 3 weeks
of Leiden, The Netherlands semiconducting polymers (EU-Access)
Dept. C3 Dr. Mattijs Koeberg Institute of Chemistry, University Charge vs. exciton photo-generation in 3 weeks
of Leiden, The Netherlands semiconducting polymers (EU-Access)

118
D2. High field laser laboratory
Host within Name Home institution Topic of collaboration Period
MBI
Dept. B1 Dr. Claus-Michael Herbach HMI, Berlin Fusion neutrons for ion diagnostics 4 weeks
Dept. B1 Dr. Dietrich Hilscher HMI, Berlin Fusion neutrons for ion diagnostics 4 weeks
Dept. B1 Dr. Ullrich Jahnke HMI, Berlin Fusion neutrons for ion diagnostics 4 weeks
Dept. B1 Dr. Gabriel Tempea TU Vienna, Austria Relativistic Plasmadynamics – Generation of 1 week
few-cycle Multi TW Pulses (EU-Access)
Dept. B1 Dr. Laszlo Veisz TU Vienna, Austria Relativistic Plasmadynamics – Generation of 2 weeks
few-cycle Multi TW Pulses (EU-Access)
Dept. B1 Prof. A. Zigler Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew X-ray Laser, relativistic guidance of fs laser pulses 4 weeks
University of Jerusalem, Israel
Dept. B1 Michael Levin Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew X-ray Laser, relativistic guidance of fs laser pulses 4 weeks
University of Jerusalem, Israel
Dept. B3 Ilja Mikhailovich Lachko M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State Amplification of down- and up-chirped pulses 8 weeks
University, Russia
D3. MBI – Bessy-beamline
Host within Name Home institution Topic of collaboration Period
MBI
Dept. A1 Dr. Manfred Faubel MPI for Dynamics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy on molecules, clusters 3 weeks
Self-Organisation, Göttingen and surfaces
Dept. A1 Philipp Martin Schmidt Fritz-Haber-Institut, Berlin Photoelectron spectroscopy at liquid water surfaces 3 weeks

119
Appendix 6
Grants and Contracts 2004
Total amounts spent in 2004: 2.835.161 Euro

120
Appendix 7
Activities in Scientific Organisations
W. Becker
Wiss. Organisation des “High-Field Attosecond Physics”
- 340. WE-Heraeus-Seminar, together with W. Sandner,
Th. Brabec, F. Ehlotzky and A. Scrinzi (Obergurgl, Austria)
Member of Editorial Board Physical Review A
Member of Editorial Board Laser Physics Letters
Co chair Strong-Field Seminar and Member Advisory
and Program Committee 13th International Laser
Physics Workshoop LPHYS'04, (Trieste, Italy)
T. Elsaesser
Sprecher, DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm 1134 “Aufklärung
transienter Strukturen in kondensierter Materie mit
Ultrakurzzeit-Röntgenmethoden”
Stellvertretender Sprecher, Sonderforschungsbereich
296 “Wachstumskorrelierte Eigenschaften niederdimensionaler
Halbleiterstrukturen” (Berlin), Technische
Universität
Mitglied, Prize Committee, Ellis R. Lippincott Award for
Vibrational Spectroscopy, Optical Society of America
Vorsitzender, Programmkomitee Laser und Optik Berlin
(LOB) 2004 (Berlin-Adlershof, Germany)
Chairman, International Conference on Transient
Chemical Structures in Dense Media 2005 (Paris, France)
Mitglied, Advisory Board, Conference Series on Time-
Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy
Mitglied, Apparateausschuss der Deutschen
Forschungsgemeinschaft
Sprecher, Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Strahlungsquelle
ELBE (Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Germany)
Mitglied, Science Facility Access Panel, Rutherford
Laboratory (Didcot, UK)
Mitglied, Wissenschaftlicher Beirat, BESSY, Berlin
Mitglied des Sprecherkreises, Initiative WissenSchafft
Zukunft (Berlin, Germany)
Mitherausgeber, Applied Physics A, Springer Verlag
(Heidelberg)
Mitglied des Editorial Board, ChemPhysChem,
Mitglied des Editorial Board, Chem. Phys. Lett.
Mitglied des Editorial Board, Chem. Phys.
P. Glas
Mitglied, Int. Program Committee of the Conference on
Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe 2005 - CLEO Europe
(Munich, Germany)
U. Griebner
Mitglied, Int. Program Committee of the EPS-QEOD
Europhoton Conference 2004 (Lausanne, Switzerland),
from 2003
I. V. Hertel
Geschäftsführender Direktor, Max-Born-Institut from
2001-05 until 2004-05
Sprecher, Initiativgemeinschaft der außeruniversitären
Forschungseinrichtungen in Adlershof, IGAFA since 1992
Vorstandsvorsitzender, (Berlin), Optec-Berlin-Brandenburg
(OpTecBB) e.V. from 2000-09-14 until 2004-11-30
Altvorsitzender, Optec-Berlin-Brandenburg e.V.
(OpTecBB) since 2004-12-01
Mitglied, “An morgen denken”, Wissenschaft & Wirtschaft
gemeinsam für Berlin, from 2001-05-01
Mitglied der ständigen Auswahlkommission, Otto-
Klung-Weberbank-Preis der FU
Mitglied, Kuratorium des Magnushauses, Deutsche
Physikalische Gesellschaft e.V.
Mitglied, Kuratorium “Lange Nacht der Wissenschaften”
Mitglied, Beirat des James Franck Binational German-
Israeli Programm in Laser-Matter Interaction, Minerva
Foundation from 2004-01-01
Mitglied, im Rat der Berlin Brandenburgischen
Akademie der Wissenschaften, from 2004-12
External Advisor, Eur. Phys. J. D (Paris, Heidelberg),
Edition Physique and Springer Verlag from 2004-01-01
Programme Committee member, 4th International
Symposium on Laser Precision Microfabrication, LPM
2004 (Nara, Japan), SPIE from 2004-05-11 until 2004-
05-14
Discussion Leader, Multiphoton Processes Gordon
Conference “Atoms and molecules in high fields” (Tilton
School,Tilton, New Hampshire, USA), from 06-13
Program Commitee Member, 6th International Symposium
on Laser Precision Microfabrication, LPM2005
(Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia, USA), from 2005-04-
04 until 2005-04-07
M. P. Kalachnikov
Member of Evaluation Committee of GEMINI-TW
Ti:sapphire laser project, (London, UK), RAL, Rutherford
Appelton Laboratory, from 2004 until 2005
Member of Program Committee, Workshop on Interaction
of Complex Plasmas with Strong Electromagnetic
Radiation, (Russia), 2004
Organizer of the final EU-SHARP project meeting, MBI
(Berlin), May 2004

J. Kändler
Vertreter im Ausschuss “Technologietransfer” der
Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren
für die WGL, (Bonn) from 1997-09-26
Vertreter der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft im Gutachterausschuss
des EEF-Fonds, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe
GmbH (Karlsruhe) from 2002-11-28
C. Lienau
Organisator, First German-Japanese Symposium on
Nano-Optics (Berlin, Germany),
Mitglied, Programmkomitee, Seventh International
Conference on Near-Field-Optics (Rochester, USA),
from 2002-08
P. V. Nickles
Member of the Board of International X-ray Laser
Conference
Member of the Board of the High Field and Short
Wavelength Application Conference (HFSW)
Member of the Advisory Board of the International Xray
Laser Conference (Peking, China), 2004
E. T. J. Nibbering
Mitglied, International Program Committee Ultrafast
Phenomena XIV (Niigata, Japan)
V. Petrov
Coordinator, Kick-Off-Meeting EU-Project DT-CRYS
(Berlin), Max Born Institute and Forschungsverbund
Berlin e.V. from 2004-04-26 until 2004-04-27
Programme committee member, Conference on Lasers
and Electro-Optics (CLEO) 2004 (San Francisco,
California, USA), from 2004-05-16 until 2004-05-21
W. Sandner
Geschäftsführender Direktor Max-Born-Institut, (Berlin),
from 2004-05 until 2007-04
Wissenschaftlicher Beirat BESSY, (Berlin), Berliner
Elektronenspeicherring-Gesellschaft für Synchrotronstrahlung
from 2000-10 until 2004-3
Wissenschaftlicher Beirat des Magnus-Hauses, (Berlin),
DPG from 2004-12
Member, Evaluation Committee of the National Research
Council, Canada, and of the Academy of Sciences,
Czech Republic, 2004
Coordinator, Integrated European Laser Laboratories
(LASERLAB-EUROPE) in the 6th Framework of the
European Commission; Chair of the Participants
Council, Chair of the Management Board; from 2004-1
until 2007-12
Member, TESLA Collaboration Board (Hamburg), from
1997
Vorstandsmitglied Transregio SFB TR18 “Relativistic
Laser Plasma Dynamics”, since 2004-6
Member, IUPAP International Committee on Ultra-high
Intensity Lasers ICUIL (since 2004)
Mitglied im Programmausschuss “Optische Technologien”,
des BMBF from 2002
Sprecher des Arbeitskreises der Fachverbände Atomphysik,
Molekülphysik, Quantenoptik, Massenspektroskopie,
Kurzzeitphysik und Plasmaphysik (AMOP) der
Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, Mitglied des
Vorstandsrats der DPG, Deutsche Physikalische
Gesellschaft from 1996-03
Vorstandsmitglied, Physikalische Gesellschaft zu Berlin
e. V. (Berlin), from 2004-02 until 2006
Vorstandsmitglied (Past President), Wissenschaftliche
Gesellschaft Lasertechnik e. V. (WLT), from 2004
Vorstandsmitglied, Kompetenznetz (Berlin), Optec
Berlin-Brandenburg e. V. from 2000-09
Kuratoriumsmitglied, Internet-Portal “Welt der Physik”,
DPG from 2004-04-01 until 2006-04-01
Mitglied Organisationskomitee “High-Field Attosecond
Physics” - 340 WE-Heraeus-Seminar, together with W.
Becker, (Obergurgl, A), from 2004 until 2005
Member of Editorial Board, “Laser Physics”, from 1999
G. Steinmeyer
Mitglied, Int. Program Committee of the Conference on
Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe 2005 - CLEO Europe
(Munich, Germany)
J. W. Tomm
Mitglied, Int. Program Committee of the Conference on
Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe 2005 - CLEO Europe
(Munich, Germany)
Mitglied, Int. Steering Committee of the International
Conference on Defects - Recognition, Imaging and
Physics of Semiconductors (DRIP) (Batz-sur-Mer,
France), from 09-2001
121

122
Appendix 8
Honours, Awards and External Calls
M. Bargheer
Tiburtius Prize for PhD work (PhD-thesis at FU-Berlin in
the group of N. Schwentner)
W. Becker
Fellow of the Optical Society of America
T. Elsaesser
Professeur invité, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris
I. V. Hertel
Bundesverdienstkreuz erster Klasse, Januar 2004,
verliehen durch den Bundespräsidenten der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland, Berlin
K. Heyne
Ruf auf Juniorprofessur, am FB Physik, Freie Universität
Berlin (angenommen)
P. V. Nickles
Lectures of Guest-Professors: Interaction of intense
short laser pulses with matter and related applications,
ILE Osaka, Japan

Appendix 9
Cooperations
Cooperations with universities
W. Becker, B2: Kohärente kollektive Phanomene in
Clustern in starken Laserfeldern; cooperation with S. V.
Fomichev, S. Popruzhenko; Moscow State Engineering
Physics Institute; D. F. Zaretsky; Kurchatov Institute
Moscow
W. Becker, B2: Relativistic Laser-Particle Interaction;
(H. Reiss, American University Washington, D.C., USA)
cooperation with H. Reiss, American University
Washington, D.C., USA
W. Becker and W. Sandner, B2: Control of Atomic
Processes with Strong Fields; cooperation with A.
Sofradzija, and D. B. Milosevic, Faculty of Sciences,
Dept. of Physics, University of Sarajevo
K. Biermann, Z. Wang, M. Woerner and K. Reimann,
C3: IV-VI Microcavity Lasers; cooperation with Prof. W.
Heiß, M. Böberl, Prof. G. Springholz, Prof. T. Schwarzl,
Universität Linz
J. Dreyer, C1: Ab initio simulation of 2D-IR spectroscopy;
cooperation with Prof. S. Mukamel, University of
California, Irvine, USA
U. Eichmann, B2: Ionisation dynamics at relativistic laser
intensities; cooperation with Prof. Maquet, Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement
Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris France
U. Eichmann, B2: Two electron dynamics in laser fields;
cooperation with Profs. T. Gallagher; Department of
Physics, University of Charlottesville, Charlottesville,
USA
U. Eichmann, B2: Stöße in ultrakalten He-Gasen und
Plasmen; cooperation with Prof. von Oppen, TU Berlin
T. Elsaesser and C. Lienau, C0, C3: Teilprojekt B6
Ladungsträgerdynamik in einzelnen Halbleiter-Nanostrukturen;
Sonderforschungsbereich 296; “Wachstumskorrelierte
Eigenschaften niederdimensionaler Halbleiterstrukturen”
(TU Berlin)
T. Elsaesser and E. Nibbering, C0, C1: Teilprojekt B2
Femtosekunden-Schwingungsspektroskopie zur ultraschnellen
Dynamik von Protonen in der kondensierten
Phase; Sonderforschungsbereich 450 “Analyse und
Steuerung ultraschneller photoinduzierter Reaktionen“
(FU Berlin)
T. Elsaesser, M. Woerner and C. Lienau, C0, C3: Dynamik
kohärenter Anregungen in Halbleitern; cooperation with
Prof. T. Kuhn, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
M. Fiebig, C3: Optical properties of colossal magnetoresistive
oxides; cooperation with Prof. Y. Tokura,
University of Tokyo, Japan
M. Fiebig, C3: Microscopic mechanisms of nonlinear
magneto-optical coupling processes in highly correlated
systems; cooperation with Prof. R. Valenti, Universität
Frankfurt
M. Fiebig, C3: Nonlinear optics and sublattice interactions
of systems with multiple magnetic ordering; cooperation
with Prof. Dr. M. Bayer and Prof. Dr. I. Sänger, Universität
Dortmund
M. Fiebig and N.P. Duong, C3: Spin dynamics and nonlinear
optics on antiferromagnetic compounds; cooperation
with Prof. W. Hübner, Universität Kaiserslautern
M. Fiebig and T. Lottermoser, C3: Influence of growth
conditions on magnetic microstructure; cooperation with
Prof. M. Bieringer, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg,
Canada
M. Fiebig and T. Lottermoser, C3: Nonlinear optics and
sublattice interactions of frustrated compounds; cooperation
with Dr. T. Kato, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
M. Fiebig, Th. Lottermoser and T. Satoh, C3: Nonlinear
optical properties of manganite thin films; cooperation
with Prof. K. Miyano, University of Tokyo, Japan
W. Freyer, A1: Special dyes for ophthalomology;
cooperation with Dr. C. Haritoglou, Prof. A. Kampik,
Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität, München
U. Griebner, C2: High average power ultra-fast fiber
chirped pulse amplification system; cooperation with
Prof. A. Tünnermann, Institut für Angewandte Physik,
Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
U. Griebner and V. Petrov, C2, A3: Laserkristalle auf
Wolframatbasis; cooperation with Prof. F. Diaz, University
of Taragona
R. Grunwald, C2: Interferometry of semiconductor
disorders; cooperation with Dr. V. Raab, Universität
Potsdam
R. Grunwald, C2: Reflective microoptics for fs-laser
beam shaping; cooperation with Dr. M. Ferstl, Heinrich-
Hertz-Institut, Berlin
R. Grunwald, U. Griebner and U. Neumann, C2: Spatiotemporal
beam-shaping of fs-lasers; cooperation with
Prof. M. Piché, University Laval, Quebec, Canada
123

124
R. Grunwald and U. Neumann, C2: Ultrafast optical
processing; cooperation with Prof. J. Jahns, H.W.
Knuppertz, Fernuniversität Hagen
R. Grunwald, U. Neumann and A. Rosenfeld, C2, A1:
VUV beam shaping and materials processing;
cooperation with Prof. P. Herman, Dr. J. Li, University of
Toronto
J. Herrmann, A3: Supercontinuum generation in photonic
crystal fibers by radiation of solitons; cooperation with
Dr. K. Porsezian, Pondicherry University, India
J. Herrmann, A1: Spectral broadening, supercontinuum
generation and dispersion modification in planar rib
waveguides; cooperation with O. Fedorova, Institute of
Solid State and Semiconductor Physics, Belarus
National Academy of Sciences
M. P. Kalachnikov, B3: Improvement of pulse parameters
of Ti:sapphire-based systems; cooperation with Dr.
Savelev, K. Lachko; Moscow State University, Russia
T. Laarmann: Interaction of rare gas atoms and clusters
with intense VUV-FEL pulses; cooperation with Prof. T.
Möller, Technische Universität Berlin
D. Leupold, C1: Exzitonen in photosynthetischen
Antennen; cooperation with Prof. A. Razjivin, Belozerskij-
Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Univ. Moskau,
Russia
D. Leupold, C1: Femtosekundenspektroskopie des
Melanins; cooperation with Dr. K. Hoffmann, Dr. M.
Stücker, Dermatologische Klinik, Univ. Bochum
D. Leupold, C1: Nichtlineare Spektroskopie an Photosynthesepigmenten
und photosynthesischen Antennen;
cooperation with Prof. H. Scheer, LMU München
D. Leupold, C1: Teilprojekt A2, Lichtsammlung und
Energiedissipation in nativen und definiert veränderten
photosynthetischen Antennensystemen; Sonderforschungsbereich
429 „Molekulare Physiologie,
Energetik und Regulation primärer pflanzlicher Stoffwechselprozesse“
(HU Berlin)
C. Lienau, C3: Spektroskopie an Quantengräben;
cooperation with Prof. A.D. Wieck, Universität Bochum
C. Lienau, C3: Spektroskopie an zweidimensionalen
Elektronengasen; cooperation with Dr. A. Goni, Prof. C.
Thomsen, Technische Universität Berlin
C. Lienau, C3: Nahfeldspektroskopie an metallischen
Nanostrukturen; cooperation with Prof. D.S. Kim,
Universität Seoul, Korea
C. Lienau, C3: Nahfeld-Autokorrelationsspektroskopie
an Quantendrähten; cooperation with T. Otterburg, Prof.
E. Kapon, EPFL Lausanne
C. Lienau, C3: Femtosecond near-field spectroscopy
of semiconducting polymers; cooperation with D. Polli,
Prof. G. Cerullo, Prof. G. Lanzani and Prof. S. de Silvestri,
Politecnico di Milano
C. Lienau and T. Elsaesser, C3, C0: Korrelationsspektroskopie
an Halbleiter-Nanostrukturen; cooperation
with Dr. V. Savona, Dr. E. Runge, Prof. R. Zimmermann,
Humboldt-Universität, Berlin
U. Neumann and R. Grunwald, C2: AFM-Untersuchungen
zu Nanokristalliten für nichtlinear - optische
Anwendungen; cooperation with Prof. A. Richter,
Technische Fachhochschule Wildau
U. Neumann and R. Grunwald, C2: Herstellung von
dotierten und undotierten ZnO Dünnschichten durch
RF Sputtering; cooperation with G. Schoer, Technische
Universität Hamburg-Harburg
E. T. J. Nibbering, C1: Femtochemistry vibrational
studies of the reaction dynamics of photochromic
switches; cooperation with Dr. H. Fidder, University of
Uppsala, Sweden
E.T.J. Nibbering, C1: Photodissociation dynamics of
metallo-carbonyl complexes; cooperation with Prof. Dr.
J. Korppi-Tommola, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
E.T.J. Nibbering, C1: CO and NO photodissociation and
recombination dynamics of hemoproteins; cooperation
with T. Zemojtel, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Prof. T.
Dandekar, Universität Würzburg, P.M. Kozlowski,
Universität Louisville
P. V. Nickles and K. A. Janulewicz, B1: Novel excitation
schemes for small-sized x-ray lasers; GIF-Projekt
cooperation with A. Zigler, Racah Institute, University
of Jerusalem, Israel
V. Petrov, A3: Mixed nonlinear crystals; cooperation with
Dr. V. V. Badikov, Kuban State University, Krasnodar,
Russia
V. Petrov, A3: New VUV transparent nonlinear crystals
for sum-frequency mixing with femtosecond pulses;
cooperation with Prof. R. Komatsu, Yamaguchi
University, Japan
V. Petrov, A3: Periodically poled KTP for femtosecond
OPG applications and chirped pulse parametric
amplification; cooperation with Dr. V. Pasiskevicius,
Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
M. Raschke, C3: Synthese photochromer Schaltermoleküle
an Oberflächen; cooperation with Prof. Rück-
Braun, Technische Universität Berlin
M. Raschke, C3: Spectral hole burning on electronic
surface states on silicon; cooperation with Dr. J. McGuire,
Prof. Y.R. Shen, University of California, Berkeley
M. Raschke and C. Lienau, C3: Aperturlose Nahfeldmikroskopie
an metallischen Nanostrukturen; cooperation
with Prof. D. Kern, Universität Tübingen

K. Reimann, M. Woerner and T. Elsaesser, C3, C0:
Nonlinear response of radiatively coupled intersubband
transitions of quasi-two-dimensional electrons; cooperation
with Prof. A. Knorr, I. Waldmüller, Institut für
Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin
A. Rosenfeld, A1: AFM-Untersuchungen an dünnen
Schichten; cooperation with Prof. Eichler, Technische
Universiät Berlin
A. Rosenfeld, A1: WTZ Deutschland, Kanada; cooperation
with Dr. P. Herman, Toronto University, Canada
H. Rottke, B2: Multiple ionization in few-cycle laser
pulses; cooperation with H. Lezius, Photonic Institute,
TU Wien
H. Rottke, B2: Two-photon two-color double ioniztion;
cooperation with A. Huetz, Univ. Paris-Sud, Orsay,
France
H. Rottke, B2: Multiple ionization in few-cycle laser
pulses; cooperation with G. G. Paulus, Texas A&M
University, College Station, USA
T. Schultz, A2: Time resolved spectroscopy of
hydrogencarbon radicals; cooperation with Dr. I. Fischer,
Universität Würzburg
T. Schultz and I. V. Hertel, A2: Teilprojekt A4; Sonderforschungsbereich
450 “Analyse und Steuerung ultraschneller
photoinduzierter Reaktionen” (FU-Berlin)
cooperation with Prof. L. Wöste
C. P. Schulz, A2: Teilprojekt A2; Sonderforschungsbereich
450 „Analyse und Steuerung ultraschneller
photoinduzierter Reaktionen“ (FU-Berlin) cooperation
with Prof. L. Wöste
C. P. Schulz, A2: Dynamic processes in alkali-doped
He clusters; cooperation with Dr. F. Stienkemeier;
Universität Bielefeld
H. Stiel, B1: Anwendung gepulster, harter Röntgenstrahlung;
cooperation with Dr. B. Kannegießer, TU Berlin
H. Stiel, B1: Forschungsschwerpunkt Photonik
(Coordinator: W. Sandner) cooperation with TU Berlin
H. Stiel, B1: EUV-Interferometrie; cooperation with T.
Wilhein, RheinAhrCampus, Remagen
J. W. Tomm, C2: Spectroscopy of semiconductor
structures; cooperation with Prof. W.T. Masselink,
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
J. W. Tomm, C2: Spectroscopy of Sb-containing narrowgap
semiconductor structures; cooperation with Prof.
M. Amann, Walter-Schottky-Insitut, TU München
J. W. Tomm, C2: Defect-spectroscopy of semiconductor
devices; cooperation with Prof. E. Larkins, University of
Nottingham
J. W. Tomm, C2: Defect and Raman spectroscopy; cooperation
with Prof. J. Jiminez, University of Valladolid,
Spain
J. W. Tomm, C2: Strain analysis in optoelectronic
devices; cooperation with Prof. M.L. Biermann, Dept.
Physics and Astronomy, Eastern Kentucky University,
Richmond, USA
J. W. Tomm, C2: Fourier-analysis of emission spectra;
cooperation with Prof. O. Manasreh, Dept. Electrical
Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA
J. W. Tomm, C2: Transient spectroscopy of InAs/GaAs
quantum-dot structures; cooperation with G.J. Salamo,
Dr. Y.I. Mazur, Dept. of Physics, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, USA
P. Tzankov, A3: Highly efficient nonlinear optical
conversion processes; cooperation with Dr. I. Buchvarov,
Sofia University, Bulgaria
Z. Wang, K. Reimann, M. Woerner and T. Elsaesser, C3:
Femtosecond intersubband dynamics of electrons in
AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors; cooperation
with Prof. D. Hofstetter, University of Neuchatel,
J. Hwang, W.J. Schaff, L.F. Eastman, Cornell University
M. Weinelt, A1: Ultraschnelle Magnetisierungsprozesse;
cooperation with Prof. M. Donath, Universität Münster
B. Winter, A1: Photoemission from self-assembled
azobenzene alkane thiols; cooperation with Dr. S.
Schrader, Prof. L. Brehmer, Universität Potsdam
B. Winter, A1: Photoemission from polymer surface relief
gratings; cooperation with Prof. Pietsch, Universität
Potsdam
B. Winter, A2: Polythiphenes and effect of iodide doping:
electronic structure by photoemission; cooperation with
Dr. N. Koch, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin
B. Winter, A2: Molecular dynamics simulations of
solution interfaces; cooperation with Prof. Pavel Jungwirth,
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, and Center
for Complex Molecular Systems and Biomolecules,
Prague, Czech Republic
B. Winter, A2: Electronic structure of ions in solution;
cooperation with Prof. Stephen E. Bradforth, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
M. Woerner and T. Elsaesser, C3, C0: GaAs/AlGaAs
quantum cascade structures; cooperation with Dr. K.
Unterrainer, Dr. G. Strasser, Institut für Festkörperelektronik,
Technische Universität Wien
N. Zhavoronkov, A3: Laser-Plasmainteraction; cooperation
with Prof. J. Limpouch, Technische Universität Prag
125

126
Cooperations with research institutions
W. Becker, B2: Coherent collective phenomena in
clusters irradiated by a strong laser field; cooperation
with D. F. Zaretsky and S. V. Fomichev, Kurchatov
Institute, Moscow
W. Becker, B2: Coulomb-Effekte in der Above-Threshold
Ionisation; cooperation with S.P. Goreslavski, Moscow
Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
W. Becker, B2: Strong-field approximation for molecules
in intense laser fields; cooperation with V. I. Usachenko,
Institute of Applied Laser Physics Tashkent, Usbekistan
T. Elsaesser, M. Woerner, C.W. Luo and K. Reimann,
C0, C3: Ultrafast dynamics of coherent intersubband
polarisations in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells; cooperation
with Prof. K. Ploog, Dr. R. Hey, Paul-Drude-
Institut Berlin
M. Fiebig and T. Lottermoser, C3: Giant magnetoelectric
effects in multiferroics; cooperation with Dr. T. Lonkai,
Hahn-Meitner-Institut, Berlin
M. Fiebig, T. Lottermoser and I. Sänger, C3: Nonlinear
magneto-optical properties of matter - theory and
experiment; cooperation with Prof. R.V. Pisarev, Dr. V.V.
Pavlov, Dr. A.V. Goltsev, Ioffe-Institute, St. Petersburg,
Russia
W. Freyer, A1: Mass spectra of phthalocyanines;
cooperation with M. Bartoszek, Institut für Angewandte
Chemie Berlin-Adlershof
P. Glas, C2: Fasern mit speziellem Design; cooperation
with Dr. Müller, Institut für Hochtechnologie (IPHT), Jena
P. Glas, C2: Kopplung vieler Laseremitter; cooperation
with Prof. Napartovich, TRINITI Troitsk Institute for
Innovation and Fusion Research, Russia
P. Glas, C2: Spezielle Halbleiterstrukturen für modelocking;
cooperation with Dr. Walther, IAF Freiburg
U. Griebner, C2: Testung Hochleistungsbreitstreifendioden;
cooperation with Dr. G. Erbert, Ferdinand-
Braun-Institut Berlin
R. Grunwald, C2: Charakterisierung mikrooptischer
Bauelemente; cooperation with Prof. W. Jüptner, Dr. V.
Kebbel, BIAS Bremen
R. Grunwald and U. Griebner, C2: Fs-Meßtechnik und
digitale Holografie im fs-Bereich; cooperation with Prof.
W. Jüptner, Dr. V. Kebbel, BIAS Bremen
R. Grunwald and U. Neumann, C2: Wellenfront-Sensorik
und VUV-Optik; cooperation with Dr. K. Mann, Laser-
Laboratorium Göttingen
D. Leupold, C1: Laser spectroscopy of chlorophyll-lipid
interaction; cooperation with Dr. R. Vladkova, Institute
of Biophysics, Bulgarian Academy of Science
C. Lienau, C3: Near-field spectroscopy of single and
coupled quantum dots; cooperation with Prof. J.-M. Gerard,
Centre National d’Études des Télécommunications,
Bagneux, France
U. Neumann and R. Grunwald, C2: Spektroskopie an
Kalziumfluorid-Strukturen; cooperation with Dr. M.
Rossberg, Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Berlin
U. Neumann, M. Tischer and R. Grunwald, C2: Dickenmessungen
an strukturierten ZnO Schichten im sub-µm
Bereich; cooperation with Dr. G. Wagner, Institut für Kristallzüchtung,
Berlin, S. Peters, Sentech Instruments, Berlin
P. V. Nickles and M.Schnürer, B1: Relativistic Plasma
Dynamics; Neutrongeneration. cooperation with HMI,
U. Jahnke, D. Hilscher
P. V. Nickles, B1: X-ray laser at 14.7 nm; cooperation
with GSI, Darmstadt, Dr. T. Kühl
F. Noack and N. Zhavoronkov, A3: Technical consultation
for fs XUV slicing laser setup; (Coordinator:
I.V. Hertel, Max Born Institute) cooperation with BESSY
V. Petrov, A3: Characterization of chalcopyrite nonlinear
crystals; cooperation with Dr. J.-J. Zondy, Observatoire
de Paris, France
V. Petrov, A3: Lithium containing chalcopyrites in the
femtosecond mid-infrared technology; cooperation with
Prof. L. Isaenko, Design and Technological Institute of
Monocrystals, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
V. Petrov, A3: Nonlinear borate crystals; cooperation with
Prof. C. Chen, Beijing Center for Crystal R & D, China
M. Raschke, C3: Aperturlose Nahfeldmikroskopie an
Block-Copolymer Nanostrukturen; cooperation with Dr.
Dong Ha Kim, Prof. W. Knoll, Max-Planck-Institut für
Polymerforschung, Mainz
M. Raschke, C3: Selbstassemblierte plasmonische
Nanostrukturen; cooperation with Dr. W. Fritzsche,
Institut für Physikalische Hochtechnologie (IPHZ), Jena
A. Rosenfeld, A1: fs-Untersuchungen; cooperation with
D. Ashkenasi, LMTB Berlin
A. Rosenfeld, A1: WTZ Deutschland, Russland; cooperation
with Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirsk,
Russia
H. Rottke, B2: Correlation in multiple ionization in strong
light pulses; cooperation with G. G. Paulus, MPI für
Quantenoptik, Garching
H. Rottke, B2: Correlation in multiple ionization in strong
light pulses (2); cooperation with R. Moshammer, J.
Ullrich, MPI für Kernphysik, Heidelberg
H. Rottke, B2: Atomic photoionization with high order
harmonics; cooperation with P. Agostini, CEA/DSM/
SPAM, Gyf-sur-Yvette, France

H. Rottke, B2: Multiple ionization in few-cycle laser pulses;
cooperation with F. Krausz, MPI für Quantenoptik, Garching
C. P. Schulz, A2: Ionization of C 60 in intense laser pulses;
cooperation with Dr. A. Becker, Max-Planck-Institut für
Physik komplexer Systeme, Dresden
H. Stiel, B1: Entwicklung eines kompakten hard x-ray
Spektrometers; cooperation with R. Wedell, IAP e.V.
J. W. Tomm, C2: Spectroscopy of semiconductor devices;
cooperation with Dr. G. Erbert, Dr. B. Sumpf, Ferdinand-
Braun-Institut Berlin
J. W. Tomm, C2: Photoluminescence mapping of III-Vmaterial;
cooperation with Dr. Baeumler, Fh-IAF Freiburg
J. W. Tomm, C2: Transient spectroscopy of quantumwell
structures; cooperation with Dr. U. Jahn, Dr. T.
Flissikowski, Paul-Drude-Institut, Berlin
J. W. Tomm and U. Griebner, C2: Spectroscopy of SAMstructures
and SCDL-devices; cooperation with Dr. U.
Zeimer, Dr. M. Zorn, Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Berlin
J. W. Tomm and V. Talalaev, C2: Transient spectroscopy
of Si- and Ge-based quantum structures; cooperation
with Dr. P. Werner, Max-Planck-Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik,
Halle
J. W. Tomm and F. Weik, C2: Spectroscopy of lead-salt
narrow-gap semiconductor structures; cooperation with
Dr. J. Nurnus, Dr. A. Lamprecht, Fraunhofer - IPM, Freiburg
J. W. Tomm and F. Weik, C2: Band-structure and optical
properties of InAsSb-MQW; cooperation with Dr. U.
Bandelow, Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis
and Stochastics, Berlin
J. W. Tomm and F. Weik, C2: Infrared imaging of
semiconductor devices; cooperation with A. Kozlowska,
Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Laser
Laboratory, Warsaw, Poland
J. W. Tomm and F. Weik, C2: Thermoreflectance mapping
of diode lasers; cooperation with Prof. M. Bugajski,
Institute of Electron Technology, Warsaw, Poland
W. Werncke, C1: Stimulated Raman scattering-frequency
converter for ultrashort pulses; cooperation with Prof.
Dr. Orlovich, Dr. A. Vodschitz, Institut of Physics,
Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus
B. Winter, A2: Photoemission from liquid surfaces;
cooperation with Dr. M. Faubel, Max-Planck-Institut für
Dynamik und Selbstorganisation
B. Winter, A2: Development of efficient electron detection
from liquid jet; cooperation with Dr. C. Pettenhofer, Hahn-
Meitner-Institut, Berlin
N. Zhavoronkov, A3: Phase transition in solid-state
material; cooperation with Prof. A. I. Sheley, National
Institute for Solid State Physic
Participation in research networks
U. Eichmann, B2: Elementare Ionisationsprozesse in
intensivsten Laserfeldern; DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm
“Wechselwirkung intensiver Laserfelder mit
Materie”
M. Fiebig and K. Reimann, C3: Magnetization dynamics
of antiferromagnetic compounds by nonlinear optical
spectroscopy; DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm “Ultraschnelle
Magnetisierungsprozesse“
U. Griebner, C2: Lasermesstechnik mit ultrakurzen
Impulsen auf Basis der digitalen Holografie;
cooperation with DFG-Projekt, Prof. W. Jüptner, Bremer
Institut für angewandte Strahltechnik
U. Griebner and J.W. Tomm, C2: Femtosecond semiconductor
disc laser; BMBF-funded cooperation with
Dr. M. Weyers, FBH, Berlin
R. Grunwald, C2: Verbundprojekt: Realisierung und
Charakterisierung nichtlinear-optisch aktiver Glas /
Kristall-Komposite auf Basis halbleiterbeschichteter
transparenter Gläser mit optimierter Lokalstruktur;
cooperation with Dr. W. Seeber, Universität Jena, im fachübergreifenden
DFG-Forschungsvorhaben ‘Keramik’
R. Grunwald, C2: CHOCLAB II (Instruments and
standard test procedure for laser beams and optics
characterization); cooperation with
R. Grunwald, C2: Spatio-temporal beam shaping of
femtosecond lasers with microoptical arrays (Raumzeitliche
Strahlformung von Femtosekundenlasern mit
mikrooptischen Arrays); cooperation with Wiss.-techn.
Zusammenarbeit mit Kanada, BMBF-IB
M. P. Kalachnikov, B3: European R&D project; European
R&D project cooperation with LLC Lund (Sweden),
LOA Palaiseau (France), RAL (UK), MPQ Garching
M. P. Kalachnikov and P. V. Nickles, B3: SHARP;
European R&D Projekt cooperation with LLC Lund,
Schweden; LOA Palaiseau, France; RAL, UK, MPQ
Garching
C. Lienau, C3: EU Network: SQID - Semiconductor -
Based Implementation of Quantum Information
Devices; cooperation with Prof. F. Rossi, ISI Turin, Prof.
R. Cingolani, INFM Lecce, Prof. E. Molinari, Universität
Modena, Prof. G. Bastard, ENS Paris, Prof. L. Jacak, TU
Wroclaw, Prof. I. Prigoni, Int. Solvay Inst. Brüssel, Prof. J.
Baumberg, Universität Southampton, Prof. T. Kuhn,
Universität Münster
P. V. Nickles, B1: Ultrashort x-ray emission from gas
clusters irradiated by ultrashort laser pulses; Gilcult
Project (German-Israeli Cooperation in Ultrafast Laser
Technologie) (Coordinator: A. Zigler) cooperation with
Racah Institute, University of Jerusalem, Israel
127

128
P. V. Nickles, M. Schnürer and W. Sandner, B1, B:
Relativistic Plasma Dynamics; DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm
TRANSREGIO cooperation with HHU
Düsseldorf, FSU Jena, LMU München
F. Noack and J. Herrmann, A3: Frontiers of optical
Science: Controlling Intense Light (FOSCIL); Laserlab
Europe; The “Integrated Initiative” of European Laser
Infrastructures in the 6 th Framework Programme of the
European Union (Coordinator: W. Hogervorst)
cooperation with:
LOA; Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée, Palaiseau,
France / LULI; Laboratoire pour l’Utilisation des Lasers
Intenses, CNRS, Palaiseau, France / lCELIA; Centre
Lasers Intenses et Applications, University of
Bordeaux-I, CNRS, Bordeaux, France / SLIC; Saclay
Laser-Matter Application Centre, CEA, Saclay, France
/ CESTA; Centre d’Etudes Scientifiques et Techniques
d’Aquitaine, CEA, Le Barp, France / CLF; Central Laser
Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, CCLRC,
Oxfordshire, United Kingdom / FCH; Fachinformationszentrum
Chemie GmbH, Berlin, Germany / ULF-
FORTH; Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser,
Ultraviolet Laser Facility, Foundation for Research and
Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece / FSU-IOQ;
Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-
Schiller-Universität Jena, Germany / GSI; Gesellschaft
für Schwerionenforschung mbH, Darmstadt, Germany
/ LENS; Laboratorio Europeo di Spettroscopie Non
Lineari, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy / LLC; Lund
Laser Centre, Lunds Universitet, Lund, Sweden / PALS;
Prague Asterix Laser System, Institute of Physics,
Prague, Czech Republic / CUSBO; Centre for Ultrafast
Science and Biomedical Optics, Politecnico di Milano,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italia / MPQ; Max-
Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics, Garching,
Germany / VULRC; Quantum Electronics Department
and Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius,
Lithuania / LCVU; Laser Centre Vrije Universiteit,
Amsterdam, Netherlands
W. Sandner, B: (Speaker): UVR (Interdisziplinärer
Forschungsverbund UV- und Röntgentechnologien);
funded by SenWissForschKult, Berlin, cooperation with
more then 40 SME’s and scientific institutions
W. Sandner, B: (Coordinator, Vorstand OpTecBB): Neue
Methoden und Geräteentwicklungen der Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse
und Röntgendiffraktometrie für den
Einsatz in Industrie und Forschung; funded by
Förderprojekt IFV UVR, SenVerwWAF, Berlin,
cooperation with Astro- und Feinwerktechnik Adlershof
GmbH; IfG, Institut für Gerätebau GmbH; IAP, Institut für
angewandte Photonik e.V.; Röntgenanalytik GmbH;
Röntec GmbH; rtw, Dr. Warrighoff KG, BAM
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung;
BESSY GmbH; IZM, Fraunhofer Gesellschaft; MBI, Max-
Born-Institut; PTB, Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt,
Berlin, TUB, Technische Universität Berlin
W. Sandner, B: (Vorstand und Sprecher des Schwerpunkts
UV- u. Röntgentechnologien): OptecBB,
Kompetenznetz Optische Technologien Berlin und
Brandenburg; (Coordinator: I. V. Hertel, Sprecher des
Vorstands von OpTecBB) cooperation with universities
and industry
H. Stiel with D. Leupold, SFB 429 Molekulare Physiologie,
Energetik und Regulation primärer pflanzlicher Stoffwechselprodukte
J. W. Tomm, C2: NANOP Competence centre for the
application of nanostructures in optoelectronics; (Prof.
D. Bimberg, TU-Berlin)
J. W. Tomm and F. Weik, C2: Brilliant high-power laser
diodes for industrial applications, BRILASI; (J. Luft,
OSRAM-Opto-Semiconductors, Regensburg)
J. W. Tomm, C2: WWW.Bright.COM- Wide wavelength
light for public welfare: High-brightness laser diode
systems for health, telecom and environment use;
European Union-contract; FW5 integrated project with
about 20 partner institutions cooperation with Dr. M.
Krakowsky, THALES Research and Technology, Orsay,
France
J. W. Tomm and F. Weik, C2: Materials research for lowcost
mid-infrared converters for the λ=4-5 µm wavelength
range; BMBF-(NMT) Verbund-Projekt MIRCO
cooperation with Dr. J. Nurnus, IPM-Freiburg, WSI-TU
München
M. Woerner and T. Elsaesser, C3, C0: Reversible
structural changes of crystalline solids studied by
ultrafast x-ray diffraction; DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm
1134 “Aufklärung transienter Strukturen in kondensierter
Materie mit Ultrakurzzeit-Röntgenmethoden”

Cooperations with industry
W. Freyer, A1: Mass spectra of sensitive porphyrazines;
cooperation with Agilent Technologies Deutschland
GmbH, Waldbronn
P. Glas, C2: Faserherstellung; cooperation with M.
Kreitel, Fa. Fiber-Technol., Berlin, M. Zoheid, Fiber-Tech,
Berlin, Prof. Langhoff, IFG, Berlin
R. Grunwald, C2: Charakterisierung von Mikrostrukturen
für Laser- Ophthalmologie; cooperation with Dr. G. Korn,
Katana Technologies GmbH
R. Grunwald, C2: Mikrooptik zur Verbesserung der
Laserdiodenkollimation; cooperation with Dr. T. Poßner,
Grintech GmbH, Jena
R. Grunwald and U. Griebner, C2: Fs-Meßtechnik;
cooperation with E. Büttner, C. Lukas, APE GmbH Berlin
R. Grunwald and U. Griebner, C2: Mikrosystemtechnologie
für Dünnschicht-Mikrooptiken; cooperation
with H. Mischke, First Sensor Technology GmbH
R. Grunwald and U. Griebner, C2: Mikrooptische
Dünnschicht-Bauelemente; cooperation with Dr. D.
Schäfer, Dr. H.-J. Kühn Quarterwave GmbH Berlin
R. Grunwald and U. Neumann, C2: Fluoreszenz-
Spektroskopie an ZnO-Nanolayers; cooperation with
Dr. Scholz, Lasertechnik Berlin GmbH
D. Leupold, C1: Femtosekunden-Fluorometer zur
Hautkrebs-Früherkennung; cooperation with Dr. M.
Scholz, LTB Lasertechnik Berlin
U. Neumann, R. Grunwald and U. Griebner, C2:
Dickenmessungen an strukturierten ZnO Schichten im
sub-µm Bereich; cooperation with M. Lindner und Sven
Johannsen, m.u.t. GmbH, Wedel
A. Rosenfeld, A1: Nanostrukturierung von Glasoberflächen;
cooperation with Berliner Glas GmbH and PTB,
Berlin
H. Stiel, B1: Röntgenoptik; cooperation with Prof. N.
Langhoff, IfG GmbH
J. W. Tomm, C2: Strain and defect analysis of high power
diode lasers; cooperation with D. Lorenzen, Jenoptik,
Laserdiode GmbH
J. W. Tomm, C2: Strain and defect analysis of high power
diode lasers; cooperation with J. Biesenbach, DILAS
Diodenlaser GmbH, Mainz
J. W. Tomm, C2: Spectroscopy of laser diodes; cooperation
with M. Oudard, J. Nagle, THALES Research
and Technology, Orsay, France
J.W. Tomm, C2: Strain and defect analysis of high power
diode lasers; cooperation with Dr. J. Li, Coherent Inc.,
Santa Clara, USA
J. W. Tomm, C2: Deep level spectroscopy of LEDs;
cooperation with Dr. A. Jäger, OSRAM, Regensburg
J. W. Tomm, C2: Analysis of high-power ground-mode
lasers; cooperation with Dr. G. Elger, HYMITE GmbH,
Berlin
J. W. Tomm and U. Griebner, C2: Spectroscopy of
SESAM-structures and divices; cooperation with Prof.
W. Richter, BATOP-Optoelectronics GmbH, Jena
P. Tzankov, A3: New crystal structures with large
nonlinear dielectric susceptibilities and high damage
threshold; cooperation with Dr. Y. Furukawa, Oxide
Cooperation, Japan
M. Woerner and T. Elsaesser, C3, C0: GaAs/AlGaAs
quantum cascade structures; cooperation with Dr. C.
Sirtori, Thales, Laboratoire de Recherches, 91404
Orsay, France
129

130
Appendix 10
Current Patents, Pending Applications and Registered Design
Application Name Title Filing date
number
597 00 665.2-08 Eleanor Campbell, Verfahren zur Herstellung endohedraler Fullerene 14.03.1997
597 00 665.2 Ingolf Volker Hertel, bzw. Fullerenderivate
Ralf Tellgmann
196 12 993.1-09 Rüdiger Grunwald, Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erfassung von 22.03.1996
Hartmut Zimmermann Magnetfeldänderungen
(Crystal GmbH)
196 13 745.4-09 Rüdiger Grunwald, Verfahren zur Herstellung anamorphotischer 01.04.1996
Siegfried Woggon mikrooptischer Arrays und damit ausgestattete
(Karlsruhe) Faserlinse
196 30 547.0-09 Ingo Rogner, Verfahren zur Matrix-unterstützten Laserdesorption 17.07.1996
Eleanor Campbell und Ionisierung von Analytmolekülen,
insbesondere von fragilen bzw. labilen Molekülen
196 36 229.6-51 Jens-Wolfgang Tomm, Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung der 27.08.1996
Artur Bärwolff, Degradationsprozesse in Halbleiterlasern
Thomas Elsässer,
Uwe Menzel
196 48 659.9-51 Jens-Wolfgang Tomm, Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Degradations- 15.11.1996
Christoph Lienau, prozessen in Halbleiterlasern
Alexander Richter,
Thomas Elsässer
197 11 049.5-09 Arkadi Rosenfeld, Verfahren zur Herstellung von räumlichen 03.03.1997
David Ashkenasi, Mikrostrukturen in transparenten Materialien
Harald Varel, mittels Laserbestrahlung
Eleanor Campbell
197 14 346.6-33 Christoph Lienau, Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur optischen 26.03.1997
Gerd Behme, Mikroskopie mit Subwellenlängenauflösung
Alexander Richter,
Marko Süptitz,
Thomas Elsässer
197 21 257.3-51 Rüdiger Grunwald, Anordnung zur Strahlformung und räumlich 15.05.1997
Uwe Neumann (Berlin), selektiven Detektion mit nicht-sphärischen
Siegfried Woggon Mikrolinsen
(Karlsruhe)
197 36 155.2-09 Peter Glas, Anordnung für einen kompakten Faserlaser zur 14.08.1997
Michael Kreitel Erzeugung von Laserstrahlung
197 41 122.3-09 Peter Glas, Anordnung zur Vermessung und Strukturierung 12.09.1997
André Schirrmacher (Nahfeldanordnung)
197 53 025.7-43 Wolfgang Freyer Organische Farbstoffe mit unterschiedlich wellen- 17.11.1997
längenselektiven Spezies, derartige Spezies
enthaltender optischer Datenspeicher und
Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung

Application Name Title Filing date
number
197 58 366.0-33 Horst Schönnagel, Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Diodenpumpen von 22.12.1997
Uwe Griebner Wellenleiterlasern oder Wellenleiterverstärkern
198 11 211.4-54 Uwe Griebner, Multipath-Wellenleiter-Festkörperlaser oder 10.03.1998
Horst Schönnagel -Verstärkeranordnung
199 54 109.4-09 Peter Glas, Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung kurzer Impulse durch 02.11.1999
E243.378 Martin Leitner passive Modenkopplung
00930991.5-2214 Device for producing short pulses by passive
50002591.6-08 mode lock
00930991.5-2214 Peter Glas, Dispositif pour produire de breves impulsions par 24.03.2000
Martin Leitner couplage passif des modesk
199 20 033.5-09 Peter Glas, Anordnung zur Erzeugung eines Laserstrahls 26.04.1999
Thomas Pertsch (Jena), hoher Leistung durch kohärente Kopplung der
Marc-Steffen Wrage Laserstrahlungen mehrerer Einzellaser
199 23 005.6-54 Rüdiger Grunwald, Verfahren und Anordnung zur 14.05.1999
Horst Schönnagel, Frequenzkonversion von Laserstrahlung
Klaus Schwenkenbecher
(Crystal GmbH)
199 35 631.9-52 Rüdiger Grunwald, Verfahren und Anordnung zur Charakterisierung 29.07.1999
Uwe Griebner, von ultrakurzen Laserimpulsen
Thomas Elsässer,
Volker Kebbel,
Werner Jüptner,
Hans-Jürgen Hartmann
(Bremer Institut für
Angewandte Strahltechnik,
BIAS)
199 35 630.0-09 Rüdiger Grunwald, Verfahren und Anordnung zur zeitlich und spektral 29.07.1999
Uwe Griebner, aufgelösten Charakterisierung von ultrakurzen
Etlef Büttner, Laserimpulsen
Christian Lukas
(Angewandte Physik u.
Elektronik GmbH)
199 39 706.6-52 Klaus Teuchner, Fluorophor für die Multi-Photonen-Laser-Scanning 18.08.1999
Dieter Leupold, Mikroskopie
Jürgen Ehlert,
Karsten König (Jena)
199 46 182.1-09 Rudolf Ehlich Verfahren und Anordnung zur Herstellung von 21.09.1999
Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren
199 64 083.1-09 Georg Korn, Laserverstärkersystem mit zeitproportionaler 27.12.1999
Uwe Griebner, Frequenzmodulation
Andreas Tünnermann
(Jena)
100 28 756.5-09 Rüdiger Grunwald, Verfahren und Anordnung zur orts- und zeit- 09.06.2000
Uwe Griebner, aufgelösten interferometrischen Charakterisierung
Thomas Elsässer, von ultrakurzen Laserimpulsen
Volker Kebbel (BIAS),
Werner Jüptner (BIAS),
Hans-Jürgen Hartmann
(BIAS)
131

132
Application Name Title Filing date
number
012 50 179.7-1236 Rüdiger Grunwald, Verfahren und Anordnung zur orts- und zeit- 21.05.2001
6,683,691 B2 Uwe Griebner, aufgelösten interferometrischen Charakterisierung 08.06.2001
Thomas Elsässer, von ultrakurzen Laserimpulsen
Volker Kebbel (BIAS), Method and arrangement for spatially resolved
Werner Jüptner (BIAS), and time-resolved interferometric
Hans-Jürgen Hartmann characterization of ultrashort laser pulses
(BIAS)
101 13 466.5-09 Rüdiger Grunwald, Verfahren und Anordnung zur Erzeugung einer 19.03.2001
Hans-Joachim Kühn Antireflexionsbeschichtung für mikrooptische
(Quaterwave GmbH) Bauelemente
101 25 206.4-34 Arkadi Rosenfeld, Verfahren zur direkten Mikrostrukturierung 14.05.2001
020901 74.0-2216 Razwan Stoian, von Materialien
Mark Boyle,
Andreas Thoß,
Ingolf Volker Hertel,
Georg Korn
101 35 100.3-54 Ingo Will, Verfahren zur Einstellung der optimalen Resonator- 11.07.2001
Armin Liero länge für einen modengekoppelten Laseroszillator
101 35 101.1-09 Jens-Wolfgang Tomm, Verfahren und Anordnung zur Justierung von 11.07.2001
Rüdiger Grunwald Hochleistungs-Halbleiterstrahlungsemittern
zugeordneten optischen Bauelementen zwecks
Strahlformung
201 21 549.7 Dieter Leupold, Strahlungsquelle für kurze Impulse 21.08.2001
Susanne Mueller,
Matthias Scholz (LTB),
Klaus Teuchner,
Beatrix Rahn (LTB),
Markus Stücker,
Klaus Hoffmann
(Univ. Bochum)
102 39 028.2-09 Klaus Teuchner, Verfahren zur Identifizierung von Melaninsorten 21.08.2002
Dieter Leupold,
Wolfgang Becker
(Fa. Becker & Hickl),
Markus Stücker,
Klaus Hoffmann
(Univ. Bochum)
101 48 735.5-54 Peter Glas, Vorrichtung zur simultanen Erzeugung kurzer 27.09.2001
Martin Leitner, Laserimpulse und elektrischer Impulse
Uwe Griebner
102 54 892.7-54 Karol Janulewicz, Verfahren und Anordnung zur Erzeugung 21.11.2002
03729894.0-2222 Peter V. Nickles, verstärkter spontaner Emission kohärenter 21.05.2003
Antonio Lucianetti, kurzwelliger Strahlung
Gerd Priebe,
Wolfgang Sandner

Application Name Title Filing date
number
030 922 881 Christoph Lienau, Induzierte Synthese von chemischen 05.05.2003
Erik Nibbering, Verbindungen auf Metall- oder
Dieter Kern Halbleiter-Nanostrukturen
(Univ. Tübingen),
Heinrich Hoerber
(EMBL Heidelberg),
Manfred Wick
(Life Bits AG, Tübingen)
102 314 63.2 David Ashkenasi Verfahren zur Mikrostrukturierung von 05.07.2002
(LMTB), Lichtwellenleitern zur Erzeugung von
Arkadi Rosenfeld, optischen Funktionselementen
Verena Knappe,
Gerhard Müller (LMTB)
102 38 078.3-09 Rüdiger Grunwald, Verfahren und Anordnung zur orts- und 21.08.2002
Andreas Fischer winkelaufgelösten Reflexionsmessung
102 43 839.0-51 Günter Steinmeyer Verfahren und Schichtensystem zur breitbandigen 13.09.2002
Kompensation von Gruppenlaufzeiteffekten mit
geringen Dispersationsoszillationen in optischen
Systemen
102 43 838.2-09 Rüdiger Grunwald, Verfahren und Anordnung zur ortsaufgelösten 13.09.2002
Volker Kebbel (BIAS), Charakterisierung der Krümmung einer
Uwe Neumann Wellenfront
102 60 376.6-54 Sargis Ter-Avetisyan, Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Erzeugung 13.12.2002
PCT/DE03/04129 Matthias Schnürer, eines Tröpfchen-Verfahrens 11.12.2003
Peter V. Nickles
102 61 883.6-33 Günter Steinmeyer, Verfahren zur Dispersionskorrektur und 19.12.2002
Uwe Griebner dispersionskompensierendes Element
103 22 110.7-54 Joachim Herrmann, Verfahren zur Erzeugung von diskreten Mehr- 09.05.2003
Anton Husakou wellenlängensignalen mittels Vierwellenmischung
in einem photonischen Kristallfaserarray
PCT / DE04 / Joachim Herrmann, Anordnung zur Erzeugung von optischen 07.05.2004
000997 Anton Husakou Mehrwellensignalen und Mehrsignal-Quelle
102 004 011 190.1 Rüdiger Grunwald, Verfahren zur Leistungserhöhung von optischen 04.03.2004
Thomas Elsässer, Strahlformern und optischer Strahlformer
Uwe Neumann
102 004 052 Joachim Herrmann, Verfahren und Anordnung zur Fokussierung 22.10.2004
146.8-51 Anton Husakou elektromagnetischer Strahlung unterhalb
der Beugungsgrenze
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Max Born Institute (MBI)
for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy
in the Forschungsverbund Berlin e. V.
Mail Address:
Max-Born-Institut
Max-Born-Straße 2 A
12489 Berlin
Germany
Phone: (++49 30) 6392 1505
Fax: (++49 30) 6392 1519
email: mbi@mbi-berlin.de
http://www.mbi-berlin.de
The Divisions of the Max Born Institute
Division A:
Clusters and Interfaces
Prof. Dr. I. V. Hertel
Division B:
Light Matter Interaction in Intense Laser Fields
Prof. Dr. W. Sandner
Division C:
Nonlinear Processes in Condensed Matter
Prof. Dr. T. Elsaesser
Division Z:
Technical and Administrative Infrastructure
Dr. J. Kaendler
City district: Berlin Treptow-Köpenick
Subdistrict: Berlin-Adlershof
Site: Berlin-Adlershof
Street: Max-Born-Straße 2 A
S-Bahn: S45, S46, S6, S8 and S9
Station: Berlin-Adlershof
from there: Bus 360 to Magnusstraße
Subway: U7
Station: Rudow
from there: Bus 360 to Magnusstraße

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