2006 Updates Clinical Practice Guidelines and Recommendations

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153. Canaud B, Beraud JJ, Joyeux H, Mion C: Internal jugular vein cannulation using 2 Silastic catheters. A new, simple and safe long-term vascular access for extracorporeal treatment. Nephron 43:133–138, 1986 154. Uldall R, DeBruyne M, Besley M, McMillan J, Simons M, Francoeur R: A new vascular access catheter for hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 21:270–277, 1993 155. Millner MR, Kerns SR, Hawkins IF Jr, Sabatelli FW, Ross EA: Tesio twin dialysis catheter system: A new catheter for hemodialysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 164:1519–1520, 1995 156. Suhocki PV, Conlon PJ Jr, Knelson MH, Harland R, Schwab SJ: Silastic cuffed catheters for hemodialysis vascular access: Thrombolytic and mechanical correction of malfunction. Am J Kidney Dis 28:379–386, 1996 157. Crain MR, Mewissen MW, Ostrowski GJ, Paz-Fumagalli R, Beres RA, Wertz RA: Fibrin sleeve stripping for salvage of failing hemodialysis catheters: Technique and initial results. Radiology 198:41–44, 1996 158. Shaffer D: Catheter-related sepsis complicating long-term, tunnelled central venous dialysis catheters: Management by guidewire exchange. Am J Kidney Dis 25:593–596, 1995 159. Kovalik EC, Raymond JR, Albers FJ, et al: A clustering of epidural abscesses in chronic hemodialysis patients: Risks of salvaging access catheters in cases of infection. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:2264–2267, 1996 160. Caruana RJ, Raja RM, Zeit RM, Goldstein SJ, Kramer MS: Thrombotic complications of indwelling central catheters used for chronic hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 9:497–501, 1987 161. Bander SJ, Schwab SJ: Central venous angioaccess for hemodialysis and its complications. Semin Dial 5:121–128, 1992 162. Schwab SJ: Assessing the adequacy of vascular access and its relationship to patient outcome. Am J Kidney Dis 24:316–320, 1994 163. Atherikul K, Schwab SJ, Twardowski ZJ, et al: What is the role of permanent central vein access in hemodialysis patients? Semin Dial 9:392–403, 1996 164. Cimochowski GE, Worley E, Rutherford WE, Sartain J, Blondin J, Harter H: Superiority of the internal jugular over the subclavian access for temporary dialysis. Nephron 54:154–161, 1990 165. Schillinger F, Schillinger D, Montagnac R, Milcent T: Post catheterisation vein stenosis in haemodialysis: Comparative angiographic study of 50 subclavian and 50 internal jugular accesses. Nephrol Dial Transplant 6:722–724, 1991 166. Vanholder R, Ringoir S: Vascular access for hemodialysis. Artif Organs 18:263–265, 1994 167. Lund GB, Trerotola SO, Scheel PJ Jr: Percutaneous translumbar inferior vena cava cannulation for hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 25:732–737, 1995 168. Kamran T, Zaheer K, Khan AA, Khalid M, Akhtar MS: Applications and complications of subclavian vein catheterization for hemodialysis. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 13:40–43, 2003 169. MacRae JM, Ahmed A, Johnson N, Levin A, Kiaii M: Central vein stenosis: A common problem in patients on hemodialysis. ASAIO J 51:77–81, 2005 170. Hernandez D, Diaz F, Rufino M, et al: Subclavian vascular access stenosis in dialysis patients: Natural history and risk factors. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:1507–1510, 1998 171. Hernandez D, Diaz F, Suria S, et al: Subclavian catheter-related infection is a major risk factor for the late development of subclavian vein stenosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 8:227–230, 1993 172. Conz PA, Dissegna D, Rodighiero MP, La Greca G: Cannulation of the internal jugular vein: Comparison of the classic Seldinger technique and an ultrasound guided method. J Nephrol 10:311–313, 1997 173. Lameris JS, Post PJ, Zonderland HM, Gerritsen PG, Kappers-Klunne MC, Schutte HE: Percutaneous placement of Hickman catheters: Comparison of sonographically guided and blind techniques. AJR Am J Roentgenol 155:1097–1099, 1990 174. Mallory DL, McGee WT, Shawker TH, et al: Ultrasound guidance improves the success rate of internal jugular vein cannulation. A prospective, randomized trial. Chest 98:157–160, 1990 175. Forauer AR, Glockner JF: Importance of US findings in access planning during jugular vein hemodialysis catheter placements. J Vasc Interv Radiol 11:233–238, 2000 176. Yeum CH, Kim SW, Nah MY, et al: Percutaneous catheterization of the internal jugular vein for hemodialysis. Korean J Intern Med 16:242–246, 2001 177. Sotirakopoulos N, Skandalos L, Tsitsios T, Stambolidou M, Karamoschos K, Mavromatidis K: The incorrect placement of hemodialysis catheters in veins. The necessity for urgent x-ray evaluation for its position. Ren Fail 23:127–133, 2001 KDOQI National Kidney Foundation References 373
178. Work J: Chronic catheter placement. Semin Dial 14:436–440, 2001 179. Schnabel KJ, Simons ME, Zevallos GF, et al: Image-guided insertion of the Uldall tunneled hemodialysis catheter: Technical success and clinical follow-up. J Vasc Interv Radiol 8:579–586, 1997 180. Schwab SJ, Beathard G: The hemodialysis catheter conundrum: Hate living with them, but can’t live without them. Kidney Int 56:1–17, 1999 181. Stavropoulos SW, Pan JJ, Clark TW, et al: Percutaneous transhepatic venous access for hemodialysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 14:1187–1190, 2003 182. Depner TA: Catheter performance. Semin Dial 14:425–431, 2001 183. Twardowski ZJ, Haynie JD: Measurements of hemodialysis catheter blood flow in vivo. Int J Artif Organs 25:276–280, 2002 184. Atherikul K, Schwab SJ, Conlon PJ: Adequacy of haemodialysis with cuffed central-vein catheters. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:745–749, 1998 185. Baumann M, Witzke O, Dietrich R, et al: Prolonged catheter survival in intermittent hemodialysis using a less thrombogenic micropatterned polymer modification. ASAIO J 49:708–712, 2003 186. Cetinkaya R, Odabas AR, Unlu Y, Selcuk Y, Ates A, Ceviz M: Using cuffed and tunnelled central venous catheters as permanent vascular access for hemodialysis: A prospective study. Ren Fail 25:431–438, 2003 187. Di Iorio B, Lopez T, Procida M, et al: Successful use of central venous catheter as permanent hemodialysis access: 84-Month follow-up in Lucania. Blood Purif 19:39–43, 2001 188. McLaughlin K, Jones B, Mactier R, Porteus C: Long-term vascular access for hemodialysis using silicon dual-lumen catheters with guidewire replacement of catheters for technique salvage. Am J Kidney Dis 29:553–559, 1997 189. Canaud B, Leray-Moragues H, Kerkeni N, Bosc JY, Martin K: Effective flow performances and dialysis doses delivered with permanent catheters: A 24-month comparative study of permanent catheters versus arterio-venous vascular accesses. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:1286–1292, 2002 190. Perini S, LaBerge JM, Pearl JM, et al: Tesio catheter: Radiologically guided placement, mechanical performance, and adequacy of delivered dialysis. Radiology 215:129–137, 2000 191. Webb A, Abdalla M, Harden PN, Russell GI: Use of the Tesio catheter for hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal failure: A 2-year prospective study. Clin Nephrol 58:128–133, 2002 192. Besarab A, Sherman R: The relationship of recirculation to access blood flow. Am J Kidney Dis 29:223–229, 1997 193. Level C, Lasseur C, Chauveau P, Bonarek H, Perrault L, Combe C: Performance of twin central venous catheters: Influence of the inversion of inlet and outlet on recirculation. Blood Purif 20:182–188, 2002 194. Gallieni M, Conz PA, Rizzioli E, Butti A, Brancaccio D: Placement, performance and complications of the Ash Split Cath hemodialysis catheter. Int J Artif Organs 25:1137–1143, 2002 195. Polaschegg HD, Sodemann K, Feldmer B: Enhancing patency, safety and cost effectiveness of catheters. EDTNA ERCA J 28:28–32, 2002 196. Chow KM, Szeto CC, Leung CB, Wong TY, Li PK: Cuffed-tunneled femoral catheter for long-term hemodialysis. Int J Artif Organs 24:443–446, 2001 197. Tashjian DB, Lipkowitz GS, Madden RL, et al: Safety and efficacy of femoral-based hemodialysis access grafts. J Vasc Surg 35:691–693, 2002 198. Gilding C, Goodeve J, Metcalf S, et al: The utilisation of shared governance to improve vascular access catheter care. EDTNA ERCA J 25:15–17, 1999 199. Oliver MJ: Acute dialysis catheters. Semin Dial 14:432–435, 2001 200. Weijmer MC, ter Wee PM: Temporary vascular access for hemodialysis treatment. Current guidelines and future directions. Contrib Nephrol 137:38–45, 2002 201. Butterly DW, Schwab SJ: Dialysis access infections. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 9:631–635, 2000 202. Dahlberg PJ, Yutuc WR, Newcomer KL: Subclavian hemodialysis catheter infections. Am J Kidney Dis 7:421–427, 1986 203. Kelber J, Delmez JA, Windus DW: Factors affecting delivery of high-efficiency dialysis using temporary vascular access. Am J Kidney Dis 22:24–29, 1993 204. Blake PG, Huraib S, Wu G, Uldall PR: The use of dual lumen jugular venous catheters as definitive long term access for haemodialysis. Int J Artif Organs 13:26–31, 1990 374 References National Kidney Foundation KDOQI
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2006 Updates Clinical Practice Guid
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KDOQI Advisory Board Members . . .
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Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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HEMODIALYSIS ADEQUACY
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Hemodialysis Adequacy Tables Table
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Hemodialysis Adequacy Acronyms and
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td Time from beginning to end of di
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purpose unless it is implemented an
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metabolites that are known to accum
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etween concentration and clearance.
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VASCULAR ACCESS
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Vascular Access Tables Table 1. Pat
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Vascular Access Acronyms and Abbrev
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RR Relative risk rTPA Recombinant t
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Port catheter system: Subcutaneous
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Access recirculation: Resulting fro
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purpose unless it is implemented an
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In patients without diabetes, relat
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I. CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR
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tion. In addition, counseling patie
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esonance angiography (MRA) may be u
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2.1.5 While this order of access pr
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Vascular access infections in HD pa
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• Multiple insertion sites are av
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2. Short-term catheter tips should
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tip(s) of the catheter should be in
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within our population, the multidis
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RATIONALE There is considerable evi
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“trained, experienced dialysis nu
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A needle with a back eye should alw
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The Centers for Disease Control and
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Figure 2. Cannulating a buttonhole.
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4.3.1.2 Physical findings of persis
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Asymptomatic, but hemodynamically s
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Figure 4. IAPs within normal grafts
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IAP differs according to access typ
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with postintervention outcome for s
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algorithm solves for access flow wi
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Direct measurement of static pressu
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measurements. However, even with id
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288 CPGs for Vascular Access Nation
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Attempts to combine the various sur
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angioplasty if the stenosis is grea
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abnormality in an access is so high
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y the small sample size of the stud
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GUIDELINE 5. TREATMENT OF FISTULA C
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orders), make a digital photo map o
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sonographic findings. In contrast t
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Figure 8. Treatment of stenosis. (C
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available. This leads to the astoni
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In cases in which a physiological s
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After angioplasty or surgical revis
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Extremity edema persisting beyond 2
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gioplasty alone. 382,459-461 Stents
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GUIDELINE 7. PREVENTION AND TREATME
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Page 137 and 138: II. CLINICAL PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIO
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Page 149 and 150: Figure 11. Pediatric progress from
Page 151 and 152: III. RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS PREAM
Page 153 and 154: to therapy, and both short-term and
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Page 157 and 158: parameter that is less subjective a
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Page 161 and 162: WORK GROUP BIOGRAPHIES Anatole Besa
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Page 165 and 166: 27. Trerotola S: Interventional rad
Page 167 and 168: 79. Stonebridge PA, Edington D, Jen
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Page 173 and 174: 230. Peleman RA, Vogelaers D, Versc
Page 175 and 176: 282. Bacchini G, Cappello A, La Mil
Page 177 and 178: 334. Krivitski NM, Gantela S: Acces
Page 179 and 180: 385. Dember LM, Holmberg EF, Kaufma
Page 181 and 182: 435. Stevenson KB: Management of he
Page 183 and 184: 481. Trerotola SO, Vesely TM, Lund
Page 185 and 186: 528. Tranter SA, Donoghue J: Brushi
Page 187 and 188: 579. Lund GB, Trerotola SO, Scheel
Page 189 and 190: 629. Strippoli GF, Craig JC, Schena
Page 191 and 192: APPENDIX 1. METHODS FOR EVALUATING
Page 193 and 194: on these questions and topics, in a
Page 195 and 196: Grading of Individual Studies Study
Page 197 and 198: 400 Appendix National Kidney Founda
Page 199 and 200: of diagnostic tests.* Each test was
Page 201 and 202: or not the studies were carried out
Page 203 and 204: Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE Daily Up
Page 205 and 206: VASCULAR ACCESS, UPDATE 2006 PEDIAT
Page 210: Kidney Learning System (KLS) A Curr
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