Stanford PNT hollberg Nov07 b - Stanford Center for Position ...

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Advantages of Optical Clocks Quantum Projection Noise Fractional Frequency instability ~ 1 P Cooling/ detection transition S f 3 P or D Clock transition 0 f optical microwave ! = observation time N = number of atoms 10 ! 10 0 ! 15 10 5 10 • Large number of atoms 10 6 or more • High signal/noise • Possibility of lattices # = One atomic clock is always “perfect” Two similar clocks -- hard to detect systematic errors Different types of clocks can determine most accurate and stable y K $ " " T N cycle atoms ! Candidate neutral atoms Ca, Sr, Yb, Mg, H, Ag, Hg… 0 Δν ν 0 ν
Laser source Ca Oven Optical Atomic Clocks Cold Atom Optical Frequency Reference I(f) 0 f r Optical Synthesizer Divider / Counter f n = nf r f µ-wave out optical out Stable optical Cavity
Page 1 and 2: Sundial Atoms and Lasers for Precis
Page 3 and 4: Accuracy of clocks through history
Page 5 and 6: Current Microwave-Based Standards a
Page 7 and 8: Relative position, dimensional metr
Page 9: Feedback System Locks LO to atomic
Page 13 and 14: Fractional Frequency Uncertainty 1.
Page 15 and 16: 1 P1 (6s6p) Atom number [a.u.] Ytte
Page 17 and 18: Feedback System Locks LO to atomic
Page 19 and 20: Count Optical Frequencies with Opti
Page 21 and 22: The frequency of a mode is simply F
Page 23 and 24: Hg + ~1 fs per tooth Mechanical Ana
Page 25 and 26: Optical reference f opt M3 I(f) PUM
Page 27 and 28: Source Lab Laser Source 563 nm line
Page 29 and 30: Next generation Grace laser ranging
Page 31 and 32: Chip Scale Atomic Devices CSAC (clo
Page 33 and 34: 4.2 mm 1.5 mm NIST Chip-Scale Atomi
Page 35 and 36: (A Very Rough) Oscillator Compariso
Page 37 and 38: ? GPS Positioning with < 4 τ 3 τ
Page 39 and 40: Magnetometry with Chip-Scale Device
Page 41 and 42: Heater Currents Laser Current Local
Page 43 and 44: Magnetocardiography with a CSAM •
Page 45 and 46: Nuclear Spin Gyroscopes • Much wo

Stanford PNT hollberg Nov07 b - Stanford Center for Position ...

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