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(ii)Brown bear: In Romania, with radio-telemetry the rehabilitators could learn that releasing bear cubs at seven months of age can lead to predation by lynx, wolf and other bears (Leonardo, pers.com.). (iii)Sun bear: In Borneo, radio-tracking helped Fredriksson (2005) to learn that confiscated adultsunbearsendupinvillagesandgetkilled when released in environments not familiar to them. (iv)Spectacled bear: Similarly in Ecuador, researchers radio-collared five spectacled bears before release and found out that they all moved into human habitations shortly after release (Dave, pers.com.). All these centres were in a position to learn from their first releases, and modify the rehabilitation method to suit their local situations. They had all radio-collared their bears and were therefore in a position to document what happened, analyze everything and addressthoseissues.Strangely,thoughthereasonsfor failures were not much different (i.e. straying, predation and getting killed), the method of resolving the issue was not always the same. Since bear habitats also comprise hilly terrains, rehabbersreporteddifficultyintrackingbearsespecially when they are hard released. Hard released subadult and adult bears are known to move long distances before they settle down to establish a home range of theirown.Onanaverage,releasedAmericanbearshave beenknowntomove35kilometersfromthereleasesite, the maximum dispersal distance recorded being over 400 km (Beecham, 2006). In Ecuador and Romania, biologists employed the services of gliders and aircrafts to radio-track spectacled bears and brown bears. Manyrehabilitatorscitedfundingconstraintasthemajor reasonfornotresortingtoradio-trackingoftheirreleased bears.Mostofthosewhopresentedduringtheworkshop employedVHFcollarssinceGPScollarsareexpensive. TamoDadda/WTI Sincerehabilitatorsconsidered radio-collaringitselfadrainontheir resources,trackingthebearsfor morethanayearwasconsidereda luxurybymany How long should the released bears be monitored to consideritasuccess?Thisquestionwasraisedbysome participants in the workshop. There appears to be three levels of monitoring: 1. Looking at short term survival of bears (six months to one year from release) 2. Looking at long term survival (up to 2 years after release) 3. Monitortoknowwhetherreleasedbearshave contributed to the wild population Mostofthosewhoradio-collaredbearsformonitoring, looked at the short term survival of released bears. Since rehabilitators considered radio-collaring itself a drain on their resources, tracking the bears for more than a year was considered a luxury by many. Clark et al (2002) mentioned that future studies evaluating orphaned bear releases should focus on long-term survival, reproductive contribution to local population, and the influence of rehabilitation methods on the survival of bears after release. In a rehabilitation program handling ten bears every year, it may not be feasible to monitor all bears for their reproductive contribution to the resident population of bears. As Beecham (2006) mentions, because bears do not reproduce until they are at least 3 or 4 years old, it is often impracticable to monitor their productivityexceptinaresearchenvironment.Atleast two of the bear rehabilitation projects presented during the workshop reported on the successful breeding of released females. Ben Kilham reported about a 10 year old female which is still alive, having raisedfivesetsofcubs.Evenoneofheroffspringaged Radio-collaring of an Asiatic black bear at the Centre for Bear Rehabilitation & Conservation, India and a spectacled bear at the Andean Bear Project, Ecuador. ABP,Ecuador
seven has already raised five cubs. Dave Jackson mentioned that one female spectacled bear released by Andean Bear Project personnel in Ecuador has raised two litters so far. 6.5. Public outreach and education There were three relevant presentations in this session, oneeachbyAngelikaLangen,GabriellaFredrikssonand MilaDanilova.Angelikaspokeonencouragingpeopleto change their ways to live with wildlife, Gabriella on the References Agoramoorthy, G. and Hsu, M. 2007. Ritual releasing of wild animals threatens island ecology. Human Ecology. 35(2): 251-254 Anonymous, 2005. Appendix IV: Suggestions for bear rehabilitation and releases. In: Rehabilitation and Release of Bears. Editors: Lydia Kolter and Jiska van Dijk. Zoologischer Garten Koln, Koln, Germany. Pp 108-112 Beecham, J. 2006. Orphan Bear Cubs: Rehabilitation and Release Guidelines. World Society for the Protection of Animals. 60 pages Bradley, E.H., Pletscher, D.H., Bangs, E.E., Kunkel, K.E., Smith, D.W., Mack, C.M., Meier, T.J., Fontaine, J.A., Niemeyer, C.C. and Jimenez, M.D. 2005. Evaluating wolf translocation as a nonlethal method to reduce livestock conflicts in the Northwestern United States. Conservation Biology. 19(5): 1498-1508 Clark, J.D., Huber, D. and Servheen, C. 2002. Bear reintroductions: Lessons and Challenges. Ursus 13: 154-163 Cunningham, A. A. 1996. Disease risks in wildlife translocations. Conservation Biology. 10(2): 349-353 Eastridge, R. and Clark, J.D. 2001. Evaluation of two soft-release techniques to reintroduce black bears. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 29: 1163-1174 Flagstad, O, Syvertsen, P.O., Stenseth, N.C., Stacy, J.E., Olsaker, I., Roed, K.H. and Jakobsen, K.S. 2000. Genetic variability in Swayne’s hartebeest, an endangered antelope of Ethiopia. Conservation Biology. 14(1): 254-264 Fredriksson, G. 2005. Conservation threats facing sun bears, Helarctos malayanus, in Indonesia and experiences with sun bear rehabilitations in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Rehabilitation and Release of Bears. Editors: Lydia Kolter and Jiska van Dijk. Zoologischer Garten Koln, Koln, Germany. Pp 35-42 Huber, D. 2005. Why not to reintroduce ‘rehabilitated’ brow bears to the wild? In: Rehabilitation and Release of Bears. Editors: Lydia Kolter and Jiska van Dijk. Zoologischer Garten Koln, Koln, Germany. Pp 28-34 IUCN, 1998. IUCN Guidelines for Re-introductions. Prepared by the IUCN/SSC Re-introduction conservation threats and issues at stake in Southeast Asia, and Mila on bear welfare issues in Russia. There was some discussion on the bear hunt which is legalinmanycountries.Indevelopingcountries,hunting is illegal but poaching and subsistence hunting are rampantinsomeregions.Huberhadearlierreiteratedthe need to address the cause of bear cub displacements instead of focusing only on rehabilitation. The working group members recognized the need for imparting education and initiating awareness campaigns among peoplesimultaneouslywithrehabilitationactivities. Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. IUCN, 2002. IUCN Guidelines for the Placement of Confiscated Animals. Prepared by the IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Kolter, L. and van Dijk, J. (Editors). 2005. Rehabilitation and Release of Bears: For the conservation of welfare or welfare of conservation?. Zoologischer Garten Koln, Koln, Germany. Pp 35-42 Loyal, J.J. and LeRoux, P. 1973. Age of self-sufficiency in brown/grizzly bear in Alaska. Journal Wildlife Management. 37(1): 122-123 Marshall, T. C. and Spalton J. A. 2000. Simultaneous inbreeding and outbreeding depression in reintroduced Arabian oryx. Animal Conservation. 3: 241-248 Maughan, S. 2004. Idaho Black Bear Rehab, Inc. Garden City, Idaho, USA. A handbook on rehabilitation guidelines. Available at: http://www.bearrehab.org/2004completehandbo ok.pdf Millar, S.D. and W.B. Ballard. 1982. Homing of transplanted Alaskan brown bears. Journal of Wildlife Management. 46: 869-876 Oftedal, O. T. (1980). Milk composition and formula selection for hand-rearing young mammals. In E. R. Maschgan, M. E. Allen, & L. E. Fisher (Eds.), Dr. Scholl Nutrition Conference .A Conference on Nutrition of Captive Wild Animals. Chicago: Lincoln Park Zool. Gardens. Pp 67-83 Paetkau, D., Shields, G.F. and Strobeck, C. 1998. Gene flow between insular, coastal and interior populations of brown bears in Alaska. Molecular Ecology. 7: 1283-1292 Park, S. 2001. Habitat-based population viability analysis for the Asiatic black bear in Mt. Chiri National Park, Korea. CBM:s Skriftserie. 3: 149-165 PAWS, 2001. Rehabilitation Manual. Progressive Animal Welfare Society, Lynnwood, WA, USA Pazhetnov, V.S. and Pazhetnov, S.V. 2005. Reintroduction of orphan brown bear cubs. In: Rehabilitation and Release of Bears. Editors: Lydia Kolter and Jiska van Dijk. Zoologischer Garten Koln, Koln, Germany. Pp 53-61
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WALKING THE BEARS RehabilitationofA
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CONTENTS PREFACE 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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PREFACE Bears have been rehabilitat
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Rapid population
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initiative of the Deputy Chief Wild
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Fig 1.2. CBRC being inaugurated by
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Fig1.5 The solar fencing around the
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Curt Clumpner, founder and former d
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prevent the bears from digging thei
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CHAPTER 2 Getting the science right
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Fig 2.2 One of the bears during in-
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Fig 2.3 Asiatic black bear cub, few
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situ acclimatization site along wit
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3.1 Age at arrival CHAPTER 3 The Be
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Fig 3.3. A bear cub at CBRC with al
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Table 3.2 Oftedal’s classificatio
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Proportion Fig 3.8 Dietary composit
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abilities and predator avoidance. T
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Ofallthesementionedabove,threefacto
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Fig 4.4 Sergey Pazhetnov during his
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PicturesTamoDadda/WTI Fig 4.5 Monoc
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Table 4.3 Abundance of wild food it
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Fig 5.2 Bear cubs being carried to
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gradually. Their return to shelter
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consideration while preparing the p
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IUCN, 2002. IUCN Guidelines for the
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Schematic architectural layout of t
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Centre for Bear Rehabilitation and
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PROFORMA 2. REHABILITATION, BIOLOGI
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Appendix IV Bear Essentials EN ROUT
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1. Introduction As I peck away on a
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Cub characteristics at birth: (Brow
Page 67 and 68: Dutiesofthetrainees 1. Preparefeeda
Page 69 and 70: Fig 2. Age at release in months (N=
Page 71 and 72: The three bears, Vierra(Faith) Nadi
Page 73 and 74: Annexure 1 Feed Formulation at OBRC
Page 79 and 80: Appendix V Report on the Internatio
Page 81 and 82: Acknowledgements Theworkshopbrought
Page 83: 2. Aims and objectives The aim of t
Page 86 and 87: therefore not comprehensive on any
Page 88 and 89: 2. Bear rehabilitation in Hargita C
Page 91 and 92: AshrafNVK/WTI AshrafNVK/WTI AshrafN
Page 93 and 94: 4. Kilham rehabilitation center, NH
Page 95 and 96: NLRC,Canada
Page 98 and 99: 7. Wildlife Rehabilitation "Outes',
Page 100 and 101: 9. Centre for Bear Rehabilitation &
Page 102 and 103: ABP,Ecuador ABP,Ecuador 1½
Page 104 and 105: 6.2. Care and rehabilitation: Criti
Page 106 and 107: ABP,Ecuador Post-weaning diet of co
Page 108 and 109: The cubs are released at seven or e
Page 110 and 111: Ifhabituatedadultorsubadult bearsar
Page 112 and 113: Table: Release age of different spe
Page 114 and 115: AshrafNVK/WTI Sloth bear cubs and A
Page 116 and 117: Asiatic black bear being taken for
Page 120 and 121: Peyton, B. and Plenge, H. 2005. Cap
Page 122 and 123: 34.Kati LOEFFLER Director of Veteri
Page 124: Deadly Tracks: A scientific approac
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