Papers Translated under the Editorship of the late

Authors Title Year Keywords Abstract Journal
Abar, B., B. Rehse-
Kupper, E. Gibbels,
and R. Ackermann.
Abar, B., R.
Ackermann and V.
Danielova.
Abaramov, I. V. & N.
I Stepahova.
On further isolation
and properties of
Tettnang virus.
Think of it now: Tick
Encephalitis!
Detection of
Haemosporidia in eggs
of Rhipicephalus bursa.
1977
Tick, Germany, Tettnang virus,
focus.
1977 Tick, Ixodes ricinus, CEE.
1952
Tick, Haemosporidia, rabbits,
Rhipicephalus bursa,Piroplasma
caballi.
Since Tettnang (TET) virus was
first identified in 1970 we were able
to isolate further strains of this
arbovirus. While attempting to
improve determination procedures,
we came to recognize new
properties of the causative agent.
Since 1972 we have attempted
every year to isolate the virus in the
natural known focus in
Hurtgenwald near Duren by
examining about 2000-2500 ticks of
the species Ixodes ricinus (L.)
yearly. In 1974, we were able to
isolate 2 virus strains and to
identify them as TET virus. This
renewed identification of strain
TET 225 at the original location
confirms the earlier determination.
At the same time it shows that the
focus continues to be active.
Antibody examination made of the
whole of the Federal Republic
showed a positive rate of 1.56%.
In a series of experiments it was
demonstrated that the pathogens of
ovine hemosporidioses are
preserved in vector ticks (R. bursa)
up to the 8th generation, even when
feeding all tick stages on a host not
susceptible to ovine Hemosporidia
(rabbits).
2nd. Internat.
ArbKolloq.
Naturh.
InfektKrankh.
ZentEurop.
(Graz, February
1976), pp. 181-
185, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1187
from German.
Med Trib., 12
(27) : 1; 7.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1258
from German.
Trudy. Vses.
Inst. Eksp. Eksp.
Vet., 19(2) : 56-
58, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1633 from
Russian.
Complete copies of these translations are available from DPMIAC's online database
http://www.afpmb.org/lrs

Abaramov, I. V., A.
A. Tsaprun, N.I.
Stepanova and E. M.
Lebedev.
Abdulkhasanov, A. A.
Abramov, I. V.
Importance of the
quantity of ticks in
infection of animals
by Haemosporidia.
Contribution to the
question of formation
of new anthropurgic
tickborne
spirochetosis foci.
The duration of
preservation of the
agent of equine
piroplasmosis
(Piroplasma caballi) in
ticks Hyalomma
plumbeum.
1952
1978
1955
Tick, Haemosporidia, Dermacentor
margiantus, B. ovis, R. bursa T.
annulata, Hyalomma scupense,
Nuttallia equi.
Tick, spirochetosis foci, disease,
Soviet Union.
Tick, Piroplasma caballi,
Hyalomma plumbeum, Soviet
Union.
In careful examining salivary gland
smears of a population of ticks from
one infected female, an
extraordinarily variable infection
intensity with piroplasms in these
glands of individual ticks was found.
Village tickborne spirochetosis is
an endemic disease previously quite
broadly distributed in the republics
of Central Asia. From statistical
data, this disease has decreased to
few cases annually as a result of
measures against tick vectors,
Alectorobius tholozani papillipes.
However, cases of spirochetosis
have noticeably increased in recent
years. Thus, the question of causes
of this phenomenon arose,
especially the possible development
of routes of new disease foci in
recently populated areas.
It is known that the reservoirs of the
agent of equine piroplasmosis, in
nature are tick transmitters and
cured animals. Working on the
question of duration of the agent of
equine piroplasmosis, we have
established different periods of
preservation of the agent in horses.
In some cases, animals which had
been ill with piroplasmosis and
were cured, lost the agent and
immunity in the course of the year,
while in other cases carrying of the
agent continued for 41 to 48
months. It was also noted that the
agent issuing from Dermacentor
ticks from the Central zone of the
USSR, is preserved longer in the
body of horses than the agent
issuing from Hyalomma ticks from
Trudy Vses. Inst.
Eksp. Vet., 19
(2) : 44-47,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1634
from Russian.
Med. Parazitol.,
Moskva 47(3):
39-43, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1404
from Russian.
J. Agric. Sci.,
Moscow 32(3):
42-46, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 103
from Russian.

Abramov, I. V., A. A.
Tsaprun and E. M.
Lebedev.
Abramov, I.V., V.T.
Zablotsky.
Abusalimov, N. S.
Importance of a single
tick in the
transmission of the
pathogen of equine
piroplasmosis.
Theileria cultivation in
tissue culture and
testing its
immunogenic
properties.
Cattle, pigs, wild deer,
and jackal as hosts of
Hyalomma aegyptium
Linne 1758.
1950
1973
1958
Tick, equine piroplasmosis,
Boophilus, Ixodes, Piroplasma
bigeminum, Rhipicephalus bursa,
Piroplasma caballi, Dermacentor,
Hyalomma, D. marginatus,
Babesiella ovis.
Theileria annulata, Hyalomma
anatolicum, H. detritum,
cultivation, cattle, monolayer
lymphoid tissue.
Tick, Soviet Union, host, pig,
cattle, deer, Hyalomma aegyptium.
the Southern zone.
In these experiments the possibility
is demonstrated that the pathogen of
piroplasmosis can be transmitted by
a male D. marginatus. Taking into
account the ability inherent in males
to feed several times, one can
suggest that they play a
considerable role in spreading the
disease and likewise are as able as
the females to transmit the infection
to several animals.
It is impossible to correctly
visualize pathogenesis of
theileriasis, and also preventive and
treatment problems without detailed
study of interrelationship between
the agent and host. Therefore, the
aim of this investigation,which
began in 1963, was to determine all
possible conditions for cultivation
of Theileria annulata in cattle
monolayer lymphoid tissue, parasite
multiplication in tissue culture, and
virulence and immunogenic
properties of Theileria cultivated in
vitro.
There are records of finding
Hyalomma aegyptium on 10 pigs
received from Iran. Thirty-five
adult Hyalomma aegyptium ticks
(moderately or almost completely
engorged) were collected from
these pigs. There are also data
showing that the main host of
Hyalomma aegyptium are land
tortoises, and less frequently dogs,
hamsters, hedgehogs and lizards. In
addition to these hosts, our
observations showed that
Hyalomma aegyptium also
Veterinariya, 27
(3) : 12-14,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1629
from Russian.
Nauch. Trudy
Immun. Sel.-
Kohz. Zhivot.,
pp. 351-355,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1018
from Russian
Dokl. Akad.
Nauk Azerb.
SSR, 14(7): 543-
545, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 632
from Russian.

Abushev, F. A., N. N.
Sterkhova, and E. D.
Akhundova.
Ackermann, R
Ackermann, R. and P.
Horstrup.
The role of herring
gulls and common
terns in forming the
natural ornithosis
focus on an island of
Baku Archipelago,
Azerbaijan SSR.
Erythema chronicum
migrans and tickborne
meningopolyneuritis.
Garin-Bujadoux-
Bannwarth
Meningopolyneuritis
transmitted by ticks.
1972
1983
1977
Tick, Soviet Union, bird, Larus
argentatus, Sterna hirundo,
Ornithodoros coniceps, West Nile
Virus, WN, focus.
Tick, Borrelia duttoni, Ixodes
ricinus, Treponema pallidum,
meningopolyneuritis, Erythema
chronicum migrans.
Tick, Central European
encephalitis.
parasitized cattle, jackals, and deer.
During four years (1968-1971) 481
Larus argentatus and 31 Sterna
hirundo L. caught on Glinyany
Island of the Baku Archipelago in
the Azerbaijan SSR were examined
for ornithosis. One strain of
ornithosis virus was isolated;
serologic studies showed that 3.1 to
22.4% of birds were infected. Side
by side with ornithosis virus, West
Nile fever virus and Baku virus of
the Kemerovo group were isolated
on the island from O. coniceps. The
results of the investigations made it
possible to reveal a combined
natural focus of ornithosis, West
Nile fever and Baku.
Investigations carried out from this
assumption speak for the idea that
erythema chronicum migrans and
tickborne meningoployneuritis are
caused by a species of Borrelia.
A quarter of a century before
Central European encephalitis
became known a disease was
described from Europe by Garin
and Bujodoux that is also tick borne
and presumably caused by a virus.
Mater. Simp.
Itogi 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
December 1971),
p. 124-127,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 679
from Russian.
(Garin-Bujadoux-
Bannwarth):
Borrelia
infection? Dtsch.
Med. Wschr., 108
(15) : 577-580,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translations
1696 from
German.
Tropenmed.
Parasitol. 28(2):
263, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1411
from German.

Ackermann, R., U
Runne, W. Klenk and
C. Diest.
Adamovich, V. L. and
E. N. Balaishits.
Erythema chronicum
migrans with arthritis.
Contribution to the
question on possible
existence of natural
foci of arboviral
infection in Bryansk
Oblast.
1980
1969
Tick, Erythema chronicum
migrans, arthritis, nervous system.
Tick, Tick-borne encephalitis,
TBE, Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor
pictus, I. trianguliceps, I.
apronophorus, I. eldaricus, I.
ricinus, Aedes communis, A.
intrudents, A. stictus, A. detritus,
A. riparius, A. cinereus, A.
maculatus, A. sticticus, Culex
pipiens, C. apicalis, Anopheles
maculipennis, A. vexans,
meningeoncephalitis,
neuroinfection,
arachnoencephalitis, focus.
In a 46-year-old woman arthritis
developed in several large joints
eight week after the onset of
erythema chronicum migrans. The
joints of the leg were swollen and
painful. In addition there was
painful involvement bilaterally of
knee, hip and elbow joints.
Circulating immune complexes
were demonstrated in serum and the
erythrocyte sedimentation rate was
moderately increased. All other
laboratory and radiological tests
were within normal limits. On
symptomatic treatment the arthritis
regressed without sequelae within
six weeks The disease is
nosologically related to Lyme
disease recently described in the
North East of the U.S.A. in which
erythema chronicum migrans is
followed by arthritis; here, too,
circulating immune complexes have
been demonstrated.
Investigation on the territory
demonstrated that in Bryansk
region there are all the conditions
necessary for existence of natural
foci of the above mentioned
infections.
Dash. Meed
Waster., 105 :
1779-1781,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1695
from German.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 38(1) :
106-107,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 626
from Russian.

Aharoni, B.
Aikimbaev, M. A., V.
V. Roshchin, and S. S.
Skvortsova.
Aikimbaev, Ma. A.
The Murids of
Palestine and Syria.
Experimental study of
role of Rhipicephalus
pumilio ticks in
transmitting and
preserving the
tularemia microbe.
Taxonomy of the
genus Francisella.
1932
1965
1966
Murids, Palestine, Syria, Asia
Minor.
Tick, Soviet Union, tularemia,
Rhipicephalus pumilio.
Tick, Francisella tularensis
tularensis, F. t. mediaasiatica.
In the region study area, 36 murid
forms occur. Extensive study and
detail in report.
Unfed larval Rhipicephalus pumilio
were released on white mice
infected with the tularemia agent
(strain 46) (dose 1,000 microbes).
After checking 3 test series, we
determined infection in 100% of
these larvae. Possible transstadial
transmission of microbes was
determined by inoculating the
suspension from molted nymph and
adult tick organs (infected in larval
stage) into white mice. The
suspension was prepared from
organs of 1 tick. Results of these
tests showed that a tick once
infected with tularemia microbes
preserves them in the body and
transmits them during molting to
the subsequent developmental
stage. Microbe transmission to
healthy white mice by 1 unfed
nymph was recorded in 20-50% of
cases and by feeding 1 adult tick in
5-15% of cases. The percentage of
agent transmission increases with
gradual increase of infected tick
numbers feeding on 1 animal.
While studying 33 tularemia
cultures isolated in Central Asia in
natural tularemia foci of tugai type,
we found that these cultures have
some properties of both varieties.
Z. Saugetierk, 7
(2):166-240,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 142
from German.
Mater. Nauch.-
Prakt. Konf.
Tulyarem.
Soputst.
Infeckts., pp.125-
127, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1529
from Russian.
Izv. Akad. Nauk
Kazakh. SSR, s.
Biol., (5) : 42-44,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 557
from Russian.

Akberdin, S. U., Z. T.
Temirbekov, A. V.
Survillo, T. V.
Kiryushchenko, and
K. Z. Zhumatov
Akhmedova. A. G., G.
A. Alieva, and M. M.
Abilgasanov
Viruses isolated from
birds in East-
Kazakhstan Oblast.
The role of ticks in
epizootiology of viral
abortion of sheep.
1969 Tick, Soviet Union, bird, virus.
1976
Tick, Hyalomma scupense,
Hyalomma detritum,
Rhipicephalus turanicus, viral
abortion of sheep.
In this work, we give results from
virological investigations (1964-65)
of birds shot in East-Kazakhstan
Oblast and ecological data on birds
from whose organs a few strains
with arbovirus properties were
isolated. In 1964, the southeastern
area of Zaisan Lake was
investigated. In 1965, the
expedition worked in the
Zyryanovsk region foothill area.
Organs (liver, brain) were taken
from typical bird species shot by
the zooparasitiological expedition
group and investigated virologically.
Investigation results showed that
Hyalomma scupense ticks may
contain the agent of enzootic
abortion of sheep, preserve the
agent for long time and infect
animals through bite.
In: Migratory
birds and their
role in
distribution of
arboviruses,
(Cherepanov, A.
I., et al., eds.)
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Biol. Inst.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Entsef. Minist.
Zdravookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk.
Inst. Prirod.-
Ochag. Infekts.;
Novosibirsk, p.
278-283,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1232
from Russian.
Master. Nauch.
Konf. Infekts.
Bolez. Ovets
(Frunze, June
1975) pp. 157-
150, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1167
from Russian.

Akhundov, Y. Yu and
K. G. Kerimzade.
Akhundova, E. D., F.
A. Abushev and N. N.
Sterkhova
Aleksandrov, Y. V, V.
L. Koryagin, and Z. T.
Koval'chuk.
Virologic
investigation in
Azerbaijan, SSR.
Ectoparasites of some
bird species in
different regions of
Azerbaijan SSR.
Observations on
ecological- biological
properties of
Hyalomma plumbeum
ticks in eastern Crimea.
1977
1972
1970
Azerbaijan, acute respiratory
dieseases, ARD, influenza,
adenoviruses, viral hepatitis,
measles, enteroviruses, birds, foci,
West Nile, Baku, Sindbis, Tahinya,
Kyzyl-Agach, smallpox,
poliomyelitis.
Tick, Gamasid mites, ectoparasitic
fauna, infectious disease of humans
& birds, Ornithodoros capensis,
Rhipicephalus turanicus, D.
hirundinus, H. passarinus, H.
casalis, A. persicus, I. ricinus,
Larus argentatus, Coracias
garrules, Pica pica L., Corvus
frugilegus, Sturnus vulgaris, D.
passerinus, R. turanicus.
Tick, Hyalomma plumbeum,
biology, ecology, Soviet Union.
The study of agents of acute
respiratory diseases (ARD),
adenoviruses, viral hepatitis types A
and B, measles, and enteroviruses is
very important for Azerbaijan.
Much attention is concentrated on
such questions as immunology,
genetics, cellular metabolism,
biochemistry, virus replication, and
immuno-prophilactic measures
against virus infections. Many of
these investigations were done at
the G. M. Musabekov Institute of
Virology, Microbiology, and
Hygiene in the Republic. These
investigations began with study of
the widespread ARD, especially
influenza.
During 2 seasons ( spring &
autumn) 1515 birds belonging to 15
species, 61 bird nests and 12
poultry farms in Kura-Araks,
Lenkoran and Apsheron regions
were examined for ectoparasites.
Hyalomma marginatum
(=plumbeum) ticks are vectors of
Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF)
virus isolated from adults and
nymphs of this species. (Chumakov
1965.)
Vop. Virus., 22
(5):538-540.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1251
from Russian.
Master Simp.
Itogi 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekkol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
December 1971),
pp. 128.130,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 671
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 2.
Akarol.
Soveshch. 1: 22-
24, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1402 from
Russian.

Aleksandrov, Y. V.
and M. G.
Kudryavtsev.
Aleksandrov, Yu. V.
and M. G.
Kudryavtsev.
Aleksandrov, Yu. V.
and V. N. Yagodinsky.
Alekseenko, N. D.
Certain data on
biology of Hyalomma
scupense ticks in
eastern Crimea.
Hemorrhagic fever in
Crimea (Feodosiya).
On possible reasons
for virulence changes
in a Ixodes persulcatus
population.
The use of starch
capsules for fixing
ticks on laboratory
animals.
1970
1970
1966
1960
Tick, Hyalomma scupense, Soviet
Union.
Tick, Hemorrhagic fever, cattle
sera, horse sera.
Tick, tickborne encephalitis, RSSE
virus, Ixodes persulcatus.
Tick, experiment, feeding, animals,
Soviet Union.
Questions of Hyalomma scupense
biology have been insufficiently
clarified in literature, especially in
Kerch Peninsula. Tests were made
with ticks collected from cattle in
farms of Kerch Peninsula and
northeastern Crimea Mountain
foothills.
Cattle and horse sera were
investigated by agar gel diffuse
precipitation (AGDP) test with
whole sucrose-acetone CHF
antigen, prepared in the Laboratory
of Hemorrhagic Fevers of Institute
of Poliomyelitis and Viral
Encephalitides.
Authors show, partly by evidence
and partly by mathematical play,
changes in RSSE virus virulence in
Ixodes persulcatus populations.
When ticks are feeding on
laboratory animals they are
enclosed or fixed either in a test
tube or in special small bags. In our
experimental work we successfully
used a cover made of a starch
capsule for this purpose. The starch
capsule is the kind that is used in
therapy when bitter and other
medicinal preparations are
described. We fastened the capsule
to the body of the animal using a
glue obtained from photographic
film dissolved in acetone. The
capsule cover had a diameter of
18mm and a height of 7mm. It was
able to house two to three sucking
individual ticks. Its porous structure
Tezisy Dokl. 2.
Akarol.
Soveshch. (Kiev,
1970) 1:24-26,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1429
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 2.
Akarol.
Soveshch. pt. 1;
26-27, NAMRU
No.3, Translation
858 from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. l.
Akarol.
Soveshch., pp.14-
15, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
335 from Russian.
Med. Parazitol.
Moskva 29(1):
105, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1313
from Russian.

Alekseev-Malakhov,
A. G., N. B. Birulya,
and I. V. Boyanovich.
Alekseev, A. N.
Alfeev, N. I. and Y.
V. Klimas.
Data from studying
tickborne encephalitis
in northern Caucasus
(Krasnodar region).
Artificial dosaged
feedings of Ixodes
persulcatus Sch. ticks-
the main vectors of
tickborne encephalitis.
Experience in
cultivating Ichneumon
Flies, Hunterellus
hookeri, obtained from
United States, which
destroy ixodid ticks of
Soviet fauna.
1975
1971
1938
Caucasus, Krasnodar, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE, tick, Ixodes
ricinus, HI, CF, ixodid, cattle,
goats, hares, rodents.
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus,
encephalitis, feeding, Soviet Union.
Tick, ichneumon fly, Hunterellus
hookeri, Soviet Union, ixodid,
United States.
guaranteed that there would be
enough air.
The investigation showed that
Ixodes ricinus prevailed among
ixodid ticks in nature and on hosts.
This tick is associated with the
forest landscape. On investigating
1,121 apparently healthy persons
hemagglutinins were recorded in
9.8% and complement fixing
antibodies in 7.4%. Antibodies to
TBE virus were recorded in 12.5%
of persons inhabiting the forest
landscape and in 6.8% of persons
inhabiting the forest-steppe.
In this article, we show the
possibility of successful feeding
unfed and semifed adult and
nymphal Ixodes persulcatus through
a capillary tube with viruscontaining
suspension using the
author's device for dosaged feeding
of insects.
The question of control of pests
harmful to agriculture by means of
insects leading a predatory and
parasitic way of life has been
approached in a scientific way only
comparatively recently. This was at
the beginning of the last century
when Kiry and Spence proposed to
breed the predatory beetles of the
Coccinellidae family for this
purpose. Paper on the use of
Hunterellus hookeri to eradicate
ticks in the Ixodidae family.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 253-254,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1038
from Russian.
Parazitol.
(Leningrad) 5(5):
392-400,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1359
from Russian.
Priroda, Moskva
2: 98-101,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1674
from Russian.

Alfeev, N. I. and Ya.
V. Klimas.
Alifanov, V. I.
Alifanov, V. I. and D.
I. Ivanov.
Alifanov, V. I. and G.
I. Netsky.
On the possibility of
developing
Hunterellus hookeri in
climatic conditions of
USSR.
Winter parasitism of
ixodid ticks on
domestic animals in
Omsk Oblast.
Contribution to the
question of studying
gamasid mite fauna
(Parasitiformes,
Gamasoidea) of
migratory birds in
tickborne encephalitis
and Omsk
hemorrhagic fever foci.
Ixodoidea ticks of the
Omsk region.
1938
1954
1969
1954
Tick, Hunterellus hookeri, Ixodes
ricinus, Ornithodoros, Pulex
irritans, Dermacentor marginatus,
nymphs, ichneumons.
Tick, ixodid, feeding, winter,
Soviet Union.
Mite, tick, migratory birds, tick
encephalitis, Omsk hemorrhagic
fever, OHF, Kyasanur forest
disease, KFD.
Ixodoidea, ticks, Omsk, tularemia,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
tick encephalitis, piroplasmosis,
rodents, Dermacentor silvarum, D.
marginatus, D. pictus, Ixodes
persulcatus, I. apronophorus.
The biological method of tick
control by artificially rearing and
distributing the parasites of the ticks
in wild life has a promising future.
Overwintering of ixodid ticks on
domestic animals in southern
Siberia has been mentioned in
earlier literature. During the winter
of 1950-1951, we collected ticks
from 21 areas (86 inhabited points)
in all five landscape subzones of
Omsk Oblast.
This article deals with the review of
Gamasidae and birds naturally
infected by a virus of tick
encephalitis and also gives a list of
birds for which contracts with
viruses of Omsk hemorrhagic fever,
tick encephalitis and Kyasanur
forest disease are established. There
is a list of 33 species of Gamasidae
including 15 species of hallowed
ones, collected from birds and their
nests. 21 species of birds make their
nests in West Siberia and winter in
India and other countries. In the
places of nesting the birds can get
into contact with mammals through
Gamiadae, communicate the
infection and transfer the viruses at
great distances.
Study was to elicidate the
composition of species and
distribution of different species in
all landscape zones by way of
systematic large collections,
inasmuch as until the present time
large collections had been made
only irregularly.
Sovetsk. Vet., 15
(3) : 55,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1676
from Russian.
Med. Parasitol.
Moscow, s.
Parasitol.
Zametk. 3: 268-
269, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 138
from Russian.
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Biol. Inst.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, Inst.
Polio. Virus
Entsef., Minist.
Zdravookhr,
RSFSR, Omsk.
Inst.
Prirodnoochag.
Infekts.;
Novsibirsk, pp.
137-144,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1271
from Russian.
Med. Parasit.,
(3): 270-271.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 14
from Russian.

Alifanov, V. I., F. A.
Barkova, L. S.
Egorova, P. V. Korsh,
L. A. Malent'yeva, O.
V. Ravdonikas, A. P.
Sarmaneyev, I. E.
Trop, and I. K.
Chulovsky.
Alifanov, V. I., G. I.
Netsky, O. V.
Ravdonikas, and V. G.
Fedorov.
Epizootic of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever in
muskrats.
Data on
epidemiological
prognosis of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever.
1961
1963
Tick, ixodid, muskrat, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, Soviet Union.
Tick, hemorrhagic fever, focus,
Soviet Union.
During study of Omsk hemorrhagic
fever, repeated attempts were made
to determine circulation routes of
this disease agent in nature. High
susceptibility of many small
mammals including muskrats,
narrow-skulled voles and other
rodents, to this infection was
demonstrated experimentally. At
the same time, antibodies towards
virus of Omsk hemorrhagic fever
were detected in the body of some
animal species. However, we
succeeded to reveal the presence of
epizootic among wild animals in the
territory of natural foci and to
isolate the virus only from muskrats
in 1954 and 1955.
Working out a procedure of
epidemiological prognosis of tickborne
encephalitis and of similar
diseases is one of the most basic
tasks of the struggle against these
infections. Several years standing
zoological and parasitological
investigations in forest-steppe foci
of Omsk hemorrhagic fever showed
sharp reduction of abundance of
ixodid ticks and their small
mammal hosts. This may be
associated with the drought period
which began in 1955 and lasted
through 1956. Parallel reduction of
Omsk hemorrhagic fever was
recorded; as a result of this only
single cases have been registered
during recent years.
Inst. Zool. Akad.
Nauk Kazakh
SSR, Alma-Ata,
(3) : 59-63,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 161
from Russian.
Med. Parasitol.,
Moscow 32(5):
621-62, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 157
from Russian.

Alkhutova, L. M. and
V. Sadykov.
Alkhutova, L. M.,. V.
G. Sadykov, E. N.
Ponifovsky and E. K.
Listovskaya.
Allakhverdov, E. M.,
K. I. Vasil'eva, and V.
M. Fen'ev.
Allerdist, H.
New data on ecology
of Isfahan virus.
Isolation of strains
identical of Isfahan
virus from Hyalomma
asiaticum ticks in
Turkmenistan.
Certain question of
tularemia
epidemiology in
Daghestan and the role
of vaccinal
prophylaxis in
liquidating infection
incidence.
Infection by FSME
virus (tick
encephalitis) in
northern Germany.
1982
1981
1965
1982
Tick, Isfahan virus, Phlebotomus
papatasi, Hyalomma asiaticum,
Aedes caspius, fibroblast chicken.
Tick, Hyalomma asiaticum, Isfahn
virus, Phlebotomus papatasi,
Rhombomys opimus, H.
anatolicum, H. dromedarii,
Rhipicephalus bursa.
Tick, Soviet Union, tularemia,
vaccine.
Tick, FSME virus, FSME
antibodies,.
New data on ecology of Isfhan virus
are presented. Three strains of a
virus were isolated from
mosquitoes, caught in the north of
Tedjen Oasis (Turkmenistan ) in
June 1982. Neutralization test in
cell fibroblast chicken embryo
culture and complement fixation
test showed bilateral antigenic
relationships between strains T-282,
T-283 and Isfhan virus(T-277).
This is the first report of isolating
two virus strains serologically
identical to Isfahan virus from
Hyalomma asiaticum ticks. Strains
T-157 and T-164 were isolated
from ticks collected from cattle in a
village and in a sheep pasture in
sandy desert with numerous gerbil
colonies.
Before 1955, tularemia was
recorded in northern Daghestan:
Tarumovka, Kizlyar, and
Karamagaisky regions (in former
Groznyi Oblast). In these regions,
natural foci exist in areas near
seashore and river (Terek and
Talvoka) floodplains and are
populated by water voles
maintaining constant human
epizootic and infections.
The risk of infection with FSME
must be considered to be so
minimal in northern Germany that
vaccination of the local population
or of vacationers against tick
encephalitis does not seem
warranted in the parts.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Inst. Virus.
Imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 144-
147, NAMRU
No., Translation
1665 from
Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 29-32,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1566
from Russian.
Mater. Nauch.-
Prakt. Konf.
Tulyarem.
Soputst. Infekts.,
p. 260-261,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1535
from Russian.
Dtch. Med.
Wschr., 107-
(28) : 1113-1114,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1708
from German.

Amanzhulov, S. A.,
N. I. Amosenkova,
and O. V. Postricheva.
Andreev, A. P., E. N.
Sul'zhenko, S. I.
Lichin, and T. P.
Korableva.
Andreev, V. P. and A.
A. Shcherbina
Finding of Rickettisa
burneti in horseflies
Tabanus staegeri.
Antibodies to
tickborne encephalitis
in the population of
recently appropriated
areas of northern
Ob'region.
New data on
importance of
polyspecies colonies
of Kara-Boraz as
natural arbovirus foci.
1965
1975
1975
Rickettisa burneti, Tabanus
staegeri, Hyalomma scupense,
Dermacentor daghestanicus, ticks,
Shortandinsk, Tselinograd Oblast,
Kazakh, horseflies, guinea pigs,
chick embryos, mice.
Ob'region, tickborne encephalitis,
RSSE, taiga, tick, Tyuman' Oblast,
Ixodes persulcatus.
Tick, Ornithodoros coniceps,
slender-billed gulls, Caspian terns,
common terns, Laridae, Limicolae,
Anatidae, gull-billed terns, oystercatcher
nests, Hyalomma
marginaatum, A. maritinus,
turanicus, H. plumbeum.
The paper presents data on isolation
of Rickettsia burneti from horseflies
Tabanus staegeri in Kazakhstan. A
short characteristic of rickettsial
culture is given as well as the
results of identification experiments
involving microscopic examination
of viscera of inoculated guinea pigs
and white mice, and complement
fixation tests. The fluorescent
antibody technique was
successfully used in the
identification of the causative agent.
Serological investigations of blood
sera from persons inhabiting
regions north of 64o N beyond the
distribution area of the
epidemiologically important tick
vector Ixodes persulcatus are very
interesting. It should be mentioned
that prevalence of antibodies to
RSSE virus in this case was
similarly among younger (1-14
years old) and older (30-49 years
old) population groups.
Several years' observation of
Laridae and other birds inhabiting
areas near river in Kara-Boaz
region allowed us to notice that in
different years the same territory
maybe occupied by and bird species
of a mixed colony and all colony
components may serve as tick hosts.
Med. Parasit.,
Moscow, 34
(5):612-614.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 292
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 254-255,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1039
from Russian.
Master. 9. Simp.
Ekol. Virus
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 88-91,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1140
from Russian.

Andreev, V. P., E. N.
Sul'zhenko, S. I.
Lichin, and T. P.
Korableva.
Andreev, V. P., T. M.
Skvortsova, V. L.
Gromashevsky, T. F.
Andreeva, V. I.
Vasilev, M. S. Gauzer,
A . A. Shcherbina and
A. A. Karavaev
Andreev, V. P., V. A.
Aristova, and A. A.
Shcherbina.
Antibodies to
tickborne encephalitis
in the population of
recently appropriated
areas of northern Ob'
region
A Mixed arboviral
infection focus in
nesting colonies of
slender-billed gulls
and common terns on
island in the eastern
part of the Caspian
Sea.
Ixodid tick infestation
of nesting seabird
colonies on the eastern
coast of the Caspian
Sea.
1975
1974
1977
Tick, Soviet Union, encephalitis,
antibodies.
Tick, focus, Larus genei, Sterna
hirundo, Ornithodoros coniceps,
Larus argentatus, Lariformes
species, slender-billed gull, O.
capensis, virus isolation.
Tick, Soviet Union, bird, ixodid,
Ornithodoros coniceps, Hyalomma
plumbeum turanicum,
Ornithodoros capensis.
To clarify the real epidemiological
state of tickborne encephalitis
(RSSE) in the landscape of the
central and northern taiga, we made
serological and epidemiological
investigations of the antibody
prevalence, frequency of tick attack,
and infection rate among the
population of these zones.
In 1973 nesting ground of gulls on
the islands of the Caspian sea were
examined. Ornithodoros coniceps
ticks collected in nests of L. genei
and S. hirundo yielded 2 strains of
Baku arbovirus (LEIV-2826 Tur
and LEIV-2831 Tur), 1 strain
(LEIV-2846 Tur) identical with
LEIV-63A strain isolated earlier.
Nesting seabird colonies on the
eastern coast of the Caspian Sea
have been searched for natural
arbovirus infection foci since 1972.
Ornithodoros coniceps Can. 1890
parasitizing gulls were found in
Kara-Bogaz-Gol region. We found
these ticks in herring gull, great
black-headed gull, slender-billed
gull, and common tern colonies in
rocky areas. Adult Hyalomma
plumbeum turanicum Pom.
parasitized common and Sandwich
tern colonies on sand-shell rocky
islands in Kara-Bogaz-Gol region
and Osushnaya Island
(Krasnovodsky Gulf). Common
cormorant colonies in a coastal
ravine near the Caspian Sea (30 km
S of Kyndyrlynskaya sandbar) were
infested by Ornithodoros capensis
Neum.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975), p.
254-255,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1039
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus., 2 :
105-108,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 776
from Russian
Tezisy Dokl. 7.
Vses. Ornit.
Konf.
(Cherkassy,
September 1977),
pt. 2: 63,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1242
from Russian.

Andreev, V. P., V. I.
Vasil'ev and A. A.
Shcherbina
Andreev, V. P., V. L.
Gromashevsky, O. V.
Veselovskaya, V. I.
Vasil'ev, and A. A.
Shcherbina
Anonymous
Anonymous
Nesting conditions
and possible
epizootiological
importance of four
Larida bird species on
certain islands of the
eastern Caspian Sea.
1973
Isolation of Baku virus
in western Turkmenia. 1973
The countdown has
begun for the National
Plan for Rodent
Eradication - the
danger which
threatens both green
and dry lands.
Report of the USSR
Ministry of
Agriculture.
1982
1974
Tick, Laridas bird, focus,
Ornithodoros Alectorobius
coniceps, Baku virus, herring gull
nests, Sandwich tern, Sterna
sandvicensis, Sterna hirundo,
Hyalomma plumbeum,
Hydroprogne tschegrava,
Ornithodoros coniceps, Larus
argentatus.
Tick, Soviet Union, Baku virus,
Ornithodoros coniceps, Larus
angentatus.
Rift Valley Fever, RVF, rodents,
rats, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever, Argentine hemorrhagic
fever, Omsk hemorrhagic fever,
OHF, rabies, poliomyelitis,
Salmonella, cattle, Baghdad,
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever,
mosquitoes, foot and mouth
disease, leishmania.
Tick, African swine fever,
domestic & wild pigs.
Previously unknown nesting
colonies of 4 species were found on
the island situated in Kara-Boraz-
Gol Bay.
In 1972 a strain of Baku virus (the
Kemerovo group) was isolated from
Ornithodoros coniceps ticks
collected in the nesting grounds of
Larus angentatus on the islands in
Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay. The data
obtained confirmed again the
connection of arboviruses of the
Chenuda complex with Argasid soft
ticks associated with nesting
grounds of colonial birds indicate
the participation of Argasid ticks in
the circulation of arboviruses in arid
areas in biocenoses where colonial
birds predominate.
There is a long list of diesases that
threaten men's life carried by rats,
either on its skin or in its blood and
this is an objective cause to destroy
this animal.
Control measure to prevent and
liquidate infection with African
swine fever among pigs are carried
out under the supervision of the
state veterinary services.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus., (1) :
110-115,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 680
from Russian.
Sborn. izuch.
Ekol. Virus., 1:
107-110. 1973,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 714
from Russian.
Al-ahram,
(34953), 108
(August 24), p.
3., NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1577 from
Arabic.
Veterinariya: 51
(12) : 43-45,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1097
from Russian.

Anonymous.
Arakcheeva, S. G.
Arifdzhanov, K. A.
and R. E. Nikitina.
Aristova, V. A. and G.
V. Gostinshchikova.
Report of the USSR
Ministry of
Agriculture.
Contribution to the
question of existence
of filterable
development stages of
Spirocheta sogdiana in
the tick Alectorobius
tholozani.
Detection of Crithidia
hyalomma (O'Ferrell
1913) in Hyalomma a.
anatolicum.
Glinyany Island of
Baku, Archipelago as
a natural focus of
arbovirus infections.
1974
1963
1961
1971
Tick, Soviet Union, Africa, swine
fever.
Tick, Soviet Union, spirochetes
reporduction, Spirocheta sogdiana,
Alectorobius tholozani, Bac.
prodigious.
Tick, Crithidia hyalomma,
Hyalomma a. anatolicum., H.
aegyyptium, protozoan fauna.
Tick, herring gull, arbovirus, focus,
Ornithodoros coniceps.
Paper on preventive and liquidation
measures of African swine fever.
Experiments on S. sogdiana
filtration (28 in all) are described
and evidence of microscopic
examination of 500 A. tholozani
ticks, infected with spirochetes, is
presented. Of the 56 guinea pigs,
infected with the filtrate of the tick
emulsion, only one guinea pig
developed the infection. However,
in one experiment Bac. prodigious
passed through the asbestos filter,
this fact not excluding the
possibility of spirochetes filtering
as well.
Observations on the morphology
and development of Crithidia in
Hyalomma anatolicum ticks
naturally infected with this parasite.
Isolation of new strains supports the
hypothesis of the existence of a
natural focus on this island. Herring
gulls and Ornithodoros coniceps
ticks are probably the main links in
the virus circulation chain. Owing
to the simple biocenosis structure, it
is interesting to clarify the virus
participation degree in circulation
and its other possible hosts.
Investigations carried on the island
may facilitate conception of
arbovirus circulation mechanisms,
motion, the agent overwintering
mechanism, and other epizootic
Veterinariya; 51
(12): 43-45,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1007
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 32(6):
660-665,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 664
from Russian.
(Koch 1944)
ticks. Sool. Zh.,
40(1) : 20-24,
NAMRU NO. 3,
Translation 617
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl.
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
imeni Ivanovsky,
D. I., Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR
(October 19-21),
pt. 2 : 123,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 507
from Russian.

Aristova, V. A., V. M.
Neronov, O. V.
Veselovskaya, A. A.
Lushchekina and M.
Kurbanov.
Arsen'eva, L. P.
Arsen'eva, L. P. and
V. M. Neronov.
Investigation of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever natural foci in
southeastern
Turkmenia.
Natural focal zoonoses
in Afghanistan.
Ticks - ectoparasites
of wild and domestic
animals in
Afghanistan.
1973
1982
1980
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
Hayalomma asiaticum,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R.
bursa, R. pumilio, H. dormedarii,
H. anatolicum, CHF-Congo virus.
Tick, natural focal zoonoses,
Zoonotic dermal leishmaniasis,
ZDL, Leishamia, P. caucasicus, P.
papatasi, P. sergenti, P. alexandri,
P. anderjevi, O. mongolenses,
visceral leishmaniases, Plague,
Tularemia, spirochetosis, Borrelia
persica, Ornithodoros tholozani,
Leptospira australis L. cynopteri,
L. grippotyphosa, L.
icterohaemorragiae, L. canicola, L.
ballum, L. purogenes, I. bataviae,
L. hyos, L. mini, L. georgia, L.
kremastos, L. pomona, L. javanica,
R. mooseri, R. burneti, R. rickettsi,
R. sibirica, R. tsutsugamushi,
Argas hermanni.
Tick, Hyalomma anatolicum, H.
dromedarii, H. schulzei, H.
marginatum, H. aegyptium, H.
impeltatum, Ixodes redikorzevi,
Ixodes vespertitionis, I. crenulatus,
Dermacentor raskemensis, mites,
Steatonyssus gaisleri, Spinturnix
scuticornis, Hirstionyssus
staliezkei, fauna, wild animals,
domestic animals.
process peculiarities.
The virus strain LEIV-1758 Tu was
isolated from Hyalomma
anatolicum this collected in the end
of April at the beginning of May,
1972 in Southeastern Turkmenistan.
The isolate was identified in the CF
test as CHF-Congo virus.
Data shows existence in
Afghanistan of epidemically active
foci of zoonotic and anthroponotic
dermal leishmaniases, tickborne
spirochetosis, and papatasi fever.
Plague epidemics were often
recorded in the past. From
serological investigations, there are
prerequisites for existence of foci of
leptospiroses, rickettsioses, and
certain arboviruses. This survey
demonstrates that study of
epidemilology and epizootiology of
natural-focal zoonoses is only at the
beginning stage.
In this report, we attempt to
evaluate the extent of studying
regional properties of the fauna of
the ixodid and argasid ticks and
gamasid and trombiculid mites.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus., (1) :
115-118,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 719
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 51(3) :
54-59, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1706
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 49(4):
37-42, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1553
from Russian.

Arumova, E. A.
Asanuma, K.
Asanuma, K. and K.
Kosaka.
Ixodes persulcatus,
breeding in field
conditions.
Studies on ticks and
bloodsucking mites
infecting rats (genus
Rattus) in Japan. Part
1.
Notes on tick, Ixodes
turdus Nakatsuji,
1942, found on birds
in Japan.
1981
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus, tick
cultivation, breeding.
1954 Tick, rat, Japan, infection, Rattus.
1955 Tick, Japan, Ixodes. Turdus, birds.
A method of cultivation of ticks
under natural conditions tested in
the Western Sayiany with I.
persulcatus ticks is proposed.
This paper is to serve as a
preliminary report for the
information of hygienic study. It is
my great pleasure to know that this
report, which lays stress on the
unknown morphological change on
every stage of the ticks and mites
infecting rats, has presented some
contributions in the field of
hygienic zoology.
The present species Ixodes turdus
reported by Nakatsuji (1942), was
based on seven female parasites
from Turdus celanopus celanopus
of Yatakezima. It has not been
recorded since then. One of us,
Asanuma, found rather many wild
birds infested by this species during
his inspection at Mitakuzima with
Saza, Katou, Sirai, and Yochyu.
This species was also found in other
localities- Yatakezima, Aogazima,
Oozima, Niizima, and Sizuoka,
Chiba, and Tochiki prefectures of
Honshu. We also recognized the
larva of the present species by
rearing, and find that some
information should be added to
Nakatsuji's (1942) description of
the female. Therefore, we shall here
re-describe this species and add
new data concerning its distribution
and hosts.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 50(3):
83-85, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1766
from Russian.
Res. Inst. Nat.
Resources
(Tokyo) 36: 108-
119, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 48
from Japanese.
Bull. Biogeogr.
Soc. Japan 16-
19: 192-196,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 50
from Japanese.

Asanuma, K. and N.
Sakurai.
Asanuma, K. and S.
Fukuda.
Asanuma, K., N.
Sakurai, S. Ohara, H.
Odajima, K. Kosaka,
and H. Nakagawa.
On the seasonal
occurrence of the tick
Haemaphysalis flava
on wild hares in the
endemic area of Yatoboyo
or Tularemia in
Chiba Prefecture,
Japan.
On the life-history of a
tick Ixodes signatus
infesting a black tailed
Gull (Larus
crassirostris) in Japan.
On the host and
distribution records of
a tick Haemaphysalis
flava, a dominant
parasite on wild hares
in Japan.
1958
1957
1955
Tick, Haemaphysalis flava, wild
hare, seasonal occurrence, Japan.
Tick, Ixodes signatus, life history,
description.
Tick, Japan, Haemaphysalis flava,
wild hare.
The result of investigating the
seasonal occurrence of the
Haemaphysalis flava on wild hares
in Isumi district, Chiba Prefecture
during the period from January to
December, 1956 is presented here.
A preliminary note was completed
by Asanuma and others in 1955 to
report on ticks infesting black tailed
gulls, which spend their breeding
period at Kabushima of Hachinoe
City in Aomori Prefecture. In
consequence of continuing
investigation, we could make clear
the life history of Ixodes signatus.
In investigating ticks related to
diseases of wild hares, the fact is
discovered that Haemaphysalis
flava is parasitic on numerous wild
hares. Investigation on the host and
its distribution based on the spread
of the pathogen of the
aforementioned disease. The
following data were obtained and
are presented as part of the research
on the tick in relation with the
diseases of wild hares.
Res. Inst. Nat.
Resources
(Tokyo) 48: 28-
38, NAMRU No.
3, Translation 46
from Japanese.
Jap. J. Sanitary
Zool. 8(3): 147-
159, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 57
from Japanese.
Res. Inst. Nat.
Resources 37:
127-128,
NAMRU No. 3.
Translation 49
from Japanese.

Asmera, J., B.
Sedenka, and J.
Nedvidek.
Avakian, A. A. and A.
D. Lebedev.
Results of
parasitiological
investigations in a
natural focus of tickborneMeningoencephalitis
in former
Ostravsky territory.
Natural focalization of
hemorrhagic fevers.
1962
1955
Tick, Czechoslovakia, meningoencephalitis.
Tick, hemorrhagic fever,
transmission, Soviet Union.
In the year 1956, the
epidemiological relations and
clinical course of tick-borne
encephalitis disease were
investigated in detail in the human
population in localities of the
former district of Krnov-town. On
the basis of this occurrence and of
the results of earlier parasitological
and virological observations, we
could define exactly the distribution
and incidence of infected ticks in
this district.
The group of similar diseases united
under the name of hemorrhagic
fevers must be referred to as
infections with natural focalization.
The first hemorrhagic fever
(hemorrhagic nephroso-nephritis)
was described in 1938 in the Far
East (Smorodintsev, Rogozin,
Churilov, Murovannyi, Ratner, et.
al.). The spread of these diseases in
a rural locality, the clearly
expressed seasonal character, the
absence of transmission of the
infection from a sick person to a
healthy one, the participation of
ticks or rodents in transmission of
the infection, and other
epidemiological data permit our
considering that the virus-provokers
or these diseases are found in nature.
Csl. Parasitol. 9:
5-14, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 132
from Czech.
J. Microbiol.
Moscou 4: 20-26,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 147
from Russian.

Avakyan, A. A.
Avakyan, A. A., A. D.
Lebedev, O. V.
Ravdonikas, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Avanesov, G. A.
B. Rehse-Küpper, V.
Danielova, and R.
Ackermann.
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever.
Contribution to the
question of importance
of mammals in
formation of a natural
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever focus.
Cases of tickborne
spirochetosis in
Afghanistan.
Properties of Tettnang
virus.
1960
1955
1938
1977
Crimean hemorrhagic fever,CHF,
Haemorrhagogenes crimea
tschumakovi, Hyalomma
plumbeum plumbeum, Pantropus
tschumakovi V.,
Haemorrhagogenes tschumakovi,
leukopenia, cats, rabbits, ticks,
Lamblia felis, Coccidia,
Trichomonas felis, B. enteritidis.
Tick, Soviet Union, hemorrhagic
fever, mammal.
Tick spirochetosis, Ornithodoros,
Afghanistan.
Tettnang virus, ticks, Upper
Suebia, Tettnang, Lake Constance,
Ixodes ricinus, Uukuniemi, Grand
Arbaud, Lipovnik, Tribec, Baku,
Cape Wrath, Clo Mor, Bahig,
Eyach viruses, louping ill, West
Nile, Sumakh.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, which
is endemic in certain southern and
southeastern regions of the USSR
and several foreign countries is a
severe infectious disease caused by
an ultravirus , Haemorrhagogenes
crimea tschumakovi, transmitted to
humans by the tick Hyalomma
plumbeum plumbeum and
appearing in summer as single cases
or in small outbreaks.
It has been demonstrated that OHF
virus may survive for a long time in
ticks and is transmitted during the
developmental cycle as well as
transovarially. In this article, we
give first detailed data on this
problem.
Observed in Afghanistan, 9 cases of
tickborne spirochetosis among the
Soviet colony members and 3 cases
among older aged Afghan children
in the Afghan State Hospital for
Men. Spirochetosis were found in a
thick blood drop of all ill Afghan
children with traces of Ornithodoros
tickbites.
In 1970, we were able to isolate
from ticks, a virus that differed
from those so far found in Europe.
Some of its properties corresponded
to those of known arboviruses, but
others were unusual.
Clinical picture
of infectious
hemorrhagic
diseases and
fevers. pp. 122-
126, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 879
from Russian.
Zool. Zh. 34(3):
605-608,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1269
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 7
(1) :88-94,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 457
from Russian.
Internat.
Arbkollog.
Naturh.
InfektKrankh.
ZentEurop.
(Graz, February
1976), pp. 179-
180, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1261
from German.

Babenko, L. V., G. S.
Bislenko, E. A.
Skadin'sh, and M. V.
Bychkova.
Babkin, P. S.
Babkin, P. S.
Questions of ecology
of Ixodes persulcatus,
the vector of tickborne
encephalitis in eastern
Latvia.
Remote aftereffects of
tickborne encephalitis
in Kozul'ka focus
(Krasnoyarsk region).
On fever with
hemorrhagic
syndrome caused by
tick attachment (data
from Kozul'ka region,
Krasnoyarsk Oblast).
1975
1963
Ixodes persulcatus, tickborne
encephalitis, nymphs, ticks, voles,
shrews.
Tick, natural foci, encephalitis,
TBE.
1963 Tick, hemorrhagic syndrome, TBE.
The seasonal dynamics of Ixodes
persulcatus at this time was
characterized by the one peak curve
typical for this species but
beginning early (last March) and
maximum activity in late Aprilearly
May. The entire activity
period was about 5 months and the
period of maximum abundance of
active ticks was 2-1/5-3 months
from mid-April to late June-early
July.
Investigation showed that tickborne
encephalitis in Kozul'ka focus is
characterized not only by the
clinical picture during a severe
period and its remote after-effects
by also, in contrast to other natural
foci, by a relatively mild disease
course.
The fever with hemorrhagic
syndrome observed in Kozul'ka
region, Krasnoyarsk Oblast, has
been submitted to further extensive
investigation.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 258-259,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1043
from Russian.
Mater. Mezhinst.
Nauch. Konf.
Diagnost.
Kleshch. Entsef.
Leptosp. Lister.
Toksoplaz.
(Tomsk. 1963),
(19) :31-32,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 471
from Russian.
Mater. Mezhinst.
Nauch. Konf.
Diagnost.
Kleshch. Entsef.
Leptosp. Lister.
Toksoplaz.
(Tomsk, 1963),
(19) :33-34,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 470
from Russian.

Badalov, M. B., V. N.
Lazarev, E. K.
Koimchidi, and G. A.
Karinsakaya.
Badalov, M. E., A. M.
Butenko, G. A.
Karinskaya, E. V.
Leshchinskaya, S. G.
Rubin, E. A.
Tkachenko, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Badalov, M. E., B. A.
Tkachenko, A. M.
Butenko, M. P.
Chumakov, G. A.
Karinskaya, I. N.
Martynenko, E. K.
Koimchidy, E S.
Rogachevskaya, V. G.
Lisogorsky, V. V.
Sarochinsky, and I. V.
Tekut'ev.
Badalov, M. E., E. K.
Koimchidi, M. Ya.
Semenov and G. A.
Karinskaya.
Contribution to the
problem of CHF
infections in hospitals
and laboratories.
Results of serological
investigation of the
rural population and
domestic animals in
Rostov Oblast in
connection with the
problem of prevention.
Prophylactic
vaccination against
observations of
reactions in Rostov
Oblast.
1970
1969
1970
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever in Rostov Oblast. 1971
Tick, Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever,
CHF, medical workers.
Tick, Hyalomma plumbeum,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
antibodies, domestic animals,
humoral immunity.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, vaccination, Hyalomma p.
plumbeum.
Tick, renal syndrome,Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Hyalomma plumbeum,
Rhipicephalus rossicus.
This report gives data from
epidemiological infestations of 3
CHF cases recorded among medical
workers of Rostov Oblast.
These data show intense CHF virus
circulation in Rostov Oblast, which
was confirmed by finding specific
antibodies in domestic animals.
These data also show the absence of
the very insignificant level of
humoral immunity to CHF virus in
the rural population in the same
regions.
Our observation on persons
vaccinated against CHF showed a
very insignificant clinical reaction
to CHF brain vaccine, short-term
reactions, and good toleration by all
ages of vaccinated persons.
In Rostov region, foci of CHF are
associated with north-eastern slopes
of the Donetsk ridge and show a
trend for extension of the borders of
the distribution area of the disease.
First cases of CHF appeared early
in April, reached highest number in
May-June; since July there was a
decline in the number of patients
and by late August the diseases
were no longer contracted. CHF is
observed in active working
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Knof. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 90-92,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 538
from Russian.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 1969),
(2) :117-118,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 834
from Russian.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.- Prakt.
Knof. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 138-
146, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 547
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 19 :
167-173, In:
Viral
hemorrhagic
fever with renal
syndrome, edited
by Chumakov,
M. P., NAMRU
No. 3,

Badiali, C. and R.
Venturi.
Bagdanov, L. L.
Bairamova, R. A.
Canine infection with
Rickettsia burneti and
R. conori.
An experiment to
determine the potential
epidemiological
valency of tickborne
encephalitis and Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
natural foci in western
Siberia.
Testing infected
chicken embryos with
tickborne spirchetosis
by feeding infected
Ornithodoros ticks.
1953
1969
1963
Tick, dogs, Q fever, CF, Rickettsia
burneti and R. conori.
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus,
Dermancentor pictus, encephalitis,
foci.
Tick, tickborne spirochetosis,
Ornithodoros, O. verrucosus, O.
alactagalis, Borrelia caucasica.
pollution occupied in cattle
breeding.
Investigation being conducted on
fever in Emilia-Romagna, to
investigate the possibility of finding
serological evidence of previous
contacts between Rickettsia burneti
and dogs in localities with low
incidence suck as the cities of
Bologna and Imola.
This paper determines the minimum
and the maximum numbers of ticks
infected with the virus per km of
route collections on drags as well as
the range of the area in which it is
possible to find 1 infected tick per
person. This indicator is suitable for
evaluation of TE and OHF
morbidity and also for determining
the potential epidemiologic valence
of natural foci.
While studying the role of
bloodsucking arthropods, especially
Ornithodoros ticks, in transmitting
and preserving disease agents, we
usually used laboratory animals as
model. Recently, we applied the
method of feeding ticks and insects
on chicken embryos infected with
different disease agents.
Translation 923
from Russian.
Muovi Ann. Ig.
microbiol., 4(2) :
273-276,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 315
from Italian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 38(4) :
415-417,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 365
from Russian.
Hz. Microbial.,
Moskva, 40(9) :
83-84, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 657
from Russian.

Balabekian, Ts. P. Tick paralysis in foals. 1954
Balashov, Y. S.
Certain adjustments to
the reception of large
blood masses in ixodid
ticks.
Electron microscope
1957
Tick, paralysis, foals, collective
farms.
Tick, ixodid, blood meals, Soviet
Union.
In April 1953, it was observed on 4
kokhozes (collective farms) in the
Nukhinsk District of the
Azerbakdjan Soviet Socialist
Republic that some foals born in
that year showed within 1 to 1 1/2
months symptoms of disease which
initially seemed to induce collapse
of the nervous system, but apart
from paralysis of the limbs no other
clinical symptoms were noticed.
An unusual peculiarity of ixodid
ticks is their capacity to consume a
great amount of blood in
comparison with their original body
weight. Thus, in our experiments
with Ixodes ricinus, females
increased 120 times in weight,
nymphs 20 times, and larvae 11
times. Till now, however,
histological and physiological
peculiarities of ixodid ticks, which
allow for such significant increase
in their weight, have been little
studied. A. D. Lees (1952),
considered that ixodid ticks have
the ability to grow and extend their
cuticle during the bloodsucking
period.
Electron microscopy study of
ultrafine selections of Malpighian
tubules in an unfed female
Hyalomma asiaticum, revealed that
the tubules are surrounded
externally by a delicate connective
tissue membrane, beneath which
extend muscle fibers and tracheal
branches. The cells are lined with a
homogeneous basal membrane. The
basal plasma membrane forms a
system of small internal
Veterinariya,
31:44, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 37
from Russian.
Zool. Zh. 36(6):
870-873,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 116
from Russian.
Parazitol.
Leningrad 7(3):

Balashov, Y. S. and
A. S. Raikhel.
Balashov, Y. S. and S.
A. Leonovich.
Balashov, Y. S., V. P.
Ivanov, and A.M.
Ignatev.
study of malpighian
tubules in unfed
Hyalomma asiaticum.
Comparative study of
Haller's organ of
argasid ticks
(Ixodoidea:
Argasidae) in scanning
electron microscope.
Fine structures and
function of the palpal
receptor organ of
Ixodoidea ticks
(Acarina, Ixodoidea).
1973 Tick, Hyalomma asiaticum,
Malpighian tubules, Soviet Union.
1977
1976
Tick, Haller's organ, argasid,
Soviet Union.
Tick, palpal receptor organ,
ixodoidea, Soviet Union.
invaginations and the apical carries
loosely arranged microvilli.
Mitochondria of usual structure do
not penetrate into the microvilli or
into the basal membrane zone
invaginations. At the apical cell
surface, cytoplasmic outgrowths
detach into the tubule lumen.
Within the cytoplasm, especially
within its apical outgrowths, there
are polysaccharide granules, but
only spherical guanine spherules are
detected in the tubule lumen.
The Haller's organ of Ixodoidea
ticks has long attracted acarologists
attention because of its important
taxonomic significance and
exclusive role in the tick's behavior.
Much attention has been devoted to
this structure since scanning and
transmission electron microscopy
methods were introduced in
zoology. Haller's organ of the
family Ixodoidea has been studied
by scanning and by transmission
electron microscopy.
Scanning and transmission electron
microscopic data show that the
palpal receptor organ in most adult
ixodid ticks has 10 setae. The setal
numbers in argasid ticks vary from
10 to 14, larvae and nymphs usually
have 8 setae. Two types of receptor
setae were detected in the palpal
organ of Hyalomma asiaticum. The
cavity of type A seta is divided by a
longitudinal septum into 2 parts.
Sensory processes from 6 receptor
cells extend to the type A seta, 4
processes from these cells enter the
seta and 2 end in an articulating
231-237,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1327
from Russian.
Pp. 24-33 In:
Morpology and
Diagnosis in
Ticks (O. A.
Skarlato and Yu.
A. Balashov,
eds.) Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Zool. Inst.
Leningrad,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1344
from Russian.
Zool. Zh. 55(9):
1308-1317,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1431
from Russian.

Balashov, Yu. and Yu.
L. Goroshchenko.
Balashov, Yu. S.
Balashov, Yu. S.
Contribution to the
development and
functioning of the
male genital system of
argasid ticks.
Transovarial
transmission of the
spirochete Borrelia
sogdiana in
Ornithodoros
papillipes ticks and its
effect on biological
properties of the agent.
The structure of the
oral apparatus and the
bloodsucking
mechanism of ixodid
ticks.
1960
1968
1965
Tick, argasid, male genital system,
Argas persicus, Ornithodoros
papillipes, O. tartakovskyi, O.
lahorensis.
Tick, Borrelia sogdiana ,
Ornithodoros papillipes, O.
moubata, B. duttoni, O. turicata, O.
tartakovskyi, B. latiskevi, guinea
pigs.
Tick, mouth apparatus, Rickettisa,
Protozoa, Ixodes ricinus, I.
persulcatus, Dermacentor
andersoni, D. parumpertus,
Rhipicephalus evertsi, Hyalomma
asiaticum, R. turanicus.
socket at the setal base. The type B
seta lacks a longitudinal septum.
Seven to 16 sensory processes of
receptor cells extend to the B seta.
Two sensory processes end at the
seta base and the others continue to
the setal apex.
Comparative description of the
development and functioning of the
male genitals of the following
species of the family Argasidae -
Argas persicus Oken, O. papillipes
Bir., O. tartakovskyi, and O.
lahorensis Neum. is given.
Spermatogenesis of species studied
is completed at the expense of
nymphal nutrition but in most cases
males immediately after molting
appear to be not sex mature and not
capable to fecundation.
The transovarial passage of Borrelia
sogdina spriochetes in Ornithodoros
papillipes ticks for 9 years showed
that the transmission rate of this
agent to the tick progeny increases
from 11% in the parent generation
to 47% in the F7 generation. Loss
of spirochetal virulence for guinea
pigs resulting from long-term
transmission was recorded in 3 of
14 examined F8 tick lines.
A. B. Lang, relying on the theories
of A. A. Zakhavatkin concerning
the polyphyletic origin of ticks, put
forward a new treatment of the
segmental striker of the mouth
apparatus in ticks.
Parasit, Sobrn.
Zool. Inst. Akad.
Nauk SSSR, 19 :
16-25, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 270
from Russian.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 2(3) :
198-201,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 631
from Russian.
Trudy Zool. Inst.
Akad. Nauk.
SSSR, 35:251-
271, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 450
from Russian.

Balashov, Yu. S.
Genotypic differences
between populations
of Ornithodoros
tartakovskyi Ol.
1971
Ornithodoros tartakovskyi, ticks,
niche, interpopulation crossing,
Turkmenia, Kazakhstan, migrating
gene flows, genetic compatibility.
We made 196 variants of
interpopulation crossings between
individuals from 14 geographical
populations of Ornithodoros
tartakovskyi covering a large part of
the species range. Genetic
compatibility in crossing was
evaluated by fertility of the 1st
generation of hybrid
interpopulations. By crossing
geographically close populations, a
progeny with normal fertility was
obtained. Cases of decreased
fertility or complete sterility in the
progeny were recorded by crossing
the most distant populations from
western Turkmenia and
southereastern Kazakhstan. Some
genotypically intermediate
populations successfully cross with
each genetically incompatible
population. Within the species
range, the migrating gene flow
between natural tick populations is
practically absent or insignificant.
The species structure unity under
such conditions is provided chiefly
by a similar effect of the stabilizing
selection upon the totality of
populations occupying same
ecological niche but not by
migrating gene flows.
Zool. Zh., 50
(12): 1795-1802,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 654
from Russian.

Balashov, Yu. S. and
A. S. Raikhel'.
Balashov, Yu. S. and
S. A. Leonovich.
Balashov, Yu. S., A.
B. Daiter, and A. K.
Stanyukovich.
Ultrafine structure of
the midgut epithelium
in nymphal
Hyalomma asiaticum
(Acarina, Ixodidae)
during feeding.
Structure and
evolutionary trends of
Haller's organ in
ixodid ticks of the
subfamily
Amblyomminae.
The effect of infection
with Coxiella burneti
and
Dermacentroxenus
sibericus rickettsiae on
the free amino-acid
content in the tick
Hyalomma asiaticum.
1976
1981
1969
Tick, midgut epithelium,
Hyalomma asiaticum, Acarina,
Ixodidae.
Tick, Haller's organ,
Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma,
Amblyomma, Aponomma,
Nosomma, Haemphysalis,
Boophilus.
Tick, Soviet Union, Hyalomma
asiaticum, Coxiella burneti,
Dermacentroxenus sibericus.
Electron microscopy showed that
the midgut epithelium in feeding
nymphal Hyalomma asiaticum
consists of 3 cell types: reserve,
secretory, and digestive. Two types
of specialized digestive cells were
detected. The first cell type is
capable of 2 forms of blood
endocytosis: phagocytosis and
pinocytosis. During feeding, rapid
intracelluar digestion occurs in
these cells. The 2nd cell type
predominates at the end of feeding
and consists of specialized cells
which absorb only hemoglobin.
Some of these cells retain an
intracellular hemoglobin reserve for
a long period.
This paper completes the cycle of
morphological investigations of the
main distant receptor organ in
Amblyomminae ticks using
scanning and transmitting electron
microscopy.
The free amino-acid content in
homogenates of unfed, adult
Hyalomma asiaticum was studied
by 2-dimensional thin layer
chromatography using silica gel.
Noticeable changes in alpha-alanine
concentrations and another
unidentified component were
recorded in ticks infected as
nymphs with Coxiella burneti and
Dermacentroxenus sibericus
rickettsiae.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 10
(3) : 201-209,
NAMRU No.3,
Translation 1248
from Russian.
Parazit. Sborn.
Zool. Inst. Akad.
Nauk SSSR, 30
(5) : 5-21,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1564
from Russian.
Parazitol.,
Leningrad, 3(4):
281-286,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 441
from Russian.

Balashov, Yu. S., and
A. K. Stanyukovich.
Balat, F.
Bannova G. G., E. S.
Sarmanova, M. V.
Bychkova, G. P.
Pivanova, G. P. Fieer,
V. V. Bukiin, and T. I.
Dzhivanyan.
Alveonasus canestrinii
Birula 1895
(Ixodoidea,
Argasidae), a tick
species new for the
USSR fauna.
Under what
circumstances are wild
ducks and geese
infected with ticks and
what is the
epidemiological
importance of such
infestations?
Comparative
characteristics of
biological properties
of tickborne
encephalitis virus
strains isolated in
natural foci of the
USSR and abroad.
1969
1964
1975
Tick, Soviet Union,
Ornithodorinae, Birula, Alveonasus
canestrinii, Ovis ammon.
Tick, duck, goose, infestation,
Germany, tick-borne encephalitis
virus.
Tick, RSSE, Ixodes ricinus, I.
persulcatus, D. pictus.
Ticks Alveonasus canestrinii
(Birula) at all developmental stages
were collected in a small cave on
the precipice of the Kyzyl-Dzhar
ravine in the territory of the
Badkhyz natural reserve (the
Turkmen SSR) in 1968. Hosts of
ticks are argalis (Ovis ammon),
which use the cave as a lay place.
During the course of bionomic
studies on wild ducks and geese,
attention was given to the
ectoparasites living on them. This
latter investigation draws its interest
from the fact that in August 1957,
two strains of tickborne encephalitis
virus were isolated from the brains
of two garganey (summer teal),
Anas querquedula, in eastern
Slovakia. A second case was also
reported from the Soviet Union: in
the summer of 1958, a strain was
isolated in the Omsk area from the
"winter duck", Clangula hyemalis.
Results allowed us to conclude that
RSSE virus variants have different
properties. The study of strains,
despite certain variability of
thermorosistance, size of plaques,
reaction to dextran sulfate, etc.
showed that they have several
similar biological properties
irrespective of the locality and the
isolation source and system.
Ent. Oborzr. 48
(2): 385-387,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 440
from Russian.
Schr.-Reihe
Landesst. Nat.
Landsch. Pflege
Nordrhein,
Westfalen,
Festschr. (z. 25
Jahr. Bestehen
etc.) 1: 115-120,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 230
from German.
Tezisy Knof.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 259.260,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1044
from Russian.

Bannova, G. G., and
G. P. Fleer.
Bannova, G. G., E. S.
Sarmanova, and M. G.
Zhuravleva.
Bannova, G. G., E. S.
Sarmonova, and V. V.
Kuklin.
Use of the color test
for studying
Kemerovo virus.
Isolation of Kemerovo
virus from Ixodes
persulcatus ticks in
Vologda Oblast.
Contribution to the
question of common
properties of tickborne
encephalitis virus
isolated in western and
eastern USSR.
1964 Kemervo, virus, color test.
1975
Tick, Kemerovo virus, Ixodes
persulcatus, tickborne encephalitis.
1973 Tick, encephalitis virus.
Studied in detail the color test
method using chicken embryo cells.
This test was used to titrate
Kemerovo virus and determine
neutralizing antibodies to the virus
in immune animal sera. Parallel
investigations of the sera by the
color and complement fixation tests
showed a high percentage of
coinciding results.
Results from virological
investigation showed that
Kemerovo and tickborne
encephalitis viruses circulate
together in certain regions of
Vologda Oblast.
Despite the fact that infectious titers
of strains were lower in the cultured
lines after intracerebral inoculation
of mice, infectious indices were
stable on both virus variants. They
did not change after repeated
titration during 10 passages of the
virus.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), p. 257,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 893
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moacow,
October 1975), p.
261, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1198
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 21
(1) : 185-189, In:
Medical
virology,
arbovirus
infections and
hemorrhagic
fevers, edited by
Chumakov. M. P.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1522
from Russian.

Bannova, G. G., G. P.
Pivanova, and M. V.
Bychkova.
Bannova, G. G., K. V.
Fokin.
Bannova, G. G., L. G.
Karpovich, and G. P.
Pivanova.
Elaboration of antigen
preparation methods
for the complement
fixation test with
Kemerovo virus.
Comparative study of
strain properties of
tickborne encephalitis
isolated and cultivated
in vitro and in mice.
Study of Kemerovo
virus reproduction
dynamics and
accumulation of
complement fixing
and hemagglutinating
antigens in the
developing chicken
embryo culture.
1964
1971
1964
Kemerovo virus, complement
fixation, chicken embryo cells,
CEC, newborn white mice, NWM.
Tick, encephalitis, TBE, in vitro,
newborn mice, NBM, pig embryo
kidney cells, PEKC, fluorescent
antibody technique, (FAT).
Kemerovo virus, complement
fixing, CF, HA, chicken embryos.
Investigations were made on
complement fixing activity of
antigens prepared from NWM
brains, chorioallantioc fluid,
developing chicken embryo tissues,
and culture fluid of chicken embryo
cells infected with different
Kemerovo virus strains; antigens
from chicken embryo
chorioallantoic fluid and
choriallantoic membrane
suspensions had the highest
activity; antigens prepared from
chicken embryo tissue culture were
less active.
With the aim of making a
comparative study of strain
properties, tickborne encephalitis
(TBE) virus was isolated by
simultaneous infection of
investigated material in continuos
lines of pig embryo kidney cells
(PEKC); specific antigen detection
was by the fluorescent antibody
technique (FAT) and in newborn
mice (NBM).
Investigations of virus reproduction
in developing chicken embryos
showed that infectious titers greatly
increased in all embryo tissues 12
hours following infection, reached
maximum level after 42-45 hrs.,
and decreased afterward. The
maximum complement fixing (CF)
and HA antigens were observed 30-
42 hrs following infection. The
highest antigenic activity was in
amniotic and allantoic fluids and
chorioallantoic membrane. Lower
titers or antigen traces were
recorded in the brain and body of
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), pp.256-
257, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 892
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl.
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk SSSR
(October 19-21),
pt. 2:103-104,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 498
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch, Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), p. 254,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 889
from Russian.

Barinsky, I. F., A. K.
Shubladze, V. D.
Tolmacheva, and K.
A. Vanag.
Baroyan, O. V. and E.
I. Korenberg.
Bartoshevich, E. N.
Effect of
cyclophosphane on
development of
chronic neuroviral
infections.
Results of studying
natural infection foci
in the Baikal-Amur
Railway construction
zone.
Local cases of tickborne
spotted typhus
fever and tick-borne
recrudescent typhus
fever in Alma Ata
Oblast.
1975
1980
1954
Tick, tickborne encephalitis,TBE,
lymphocytic choriomeningitis,
LCM, neuroviral infections.
Tick, tickborne encephalitis,
tularemia, pseudotuberculosis,
endemic rickettsiosis, leptospirosis.
Tick, typhus fever, Soviet Union,
tick-borne spotted typhus, tickborne
recrudescent typhus,
rickettsial disease, Rhipicephalus
prowazeki, R. sanguineus,
Haemaphysalis concinna, D.
marginatus, D. pictus, D. silvarum,
H. punctata, Ixodes ricinus, D.
murinus, Allodermanyssus
sanguineus, D. rickettsi.
chicken embryos.
Our investigations aimed at
clarifying the developmental
properties of a chronic disease
caused by tickborne encephalitis
(TBE) and lymphocytic
choriomeningitis (LCM) viruses.
When the construction of this
railway line was started,
information about the natural foci
of human disease which is required
for timely organization of
appropriate preventive measures
was extremely fragmentary. The
authors discuss the main stages and
results of studies on natural foci on
infection in this area in 1975-79 in
which various major research
institutions of the USSR were
taking part. Priorities in this field up
to the year 1985 are outlined in
connection with the current
economic development of the area
under consideration.
"Rickettsiosis" is a collective name
for a large group of peculiar
transmissive diseases of man caused
by various species of pathogenic
rickettsiae. According to literature,
various rickettsial diseases are
widely spread in southern latitudes
of the globe and are in almost all
the countries of the world. The
principal representatives of this
disease group is the well studied
historical typhus fever, or epidemic
louse-borne typhus fever, the agent
of which is R. prowazeki, the
Sborn, Trud. Inst.
Viurs. imeni D. I.
Inanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, (2): 129-
132, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1337
from Russian.
Vestn. Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, (10) : 20-
23, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1469 from
Russian.
Prirod. Ochag.
Bolez., Akad.
Nauk Kazakh.
SSR (2) : 127-
135, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 208
from Russian.

Bashkevich, V. A., T.
I. Dzhivanyan, and M.
V. Chuprinskaya.
Bashkirtsev, V. N, M.
P. Chumakov, and E.
A. Tkachenko.
Bashkirtsev, V. N., M.
P. Chumakov, V. V.
Berezin, and A. M.
Butenko.
Study of physicalchemical
and
immunological
properties of tickborne
encephalis virus and
its components.
Further improvement
of the method for
preparing a killed
brain vaccine and
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever and Congo virus
brain antigens.
Reisolation of Astra
virus in Astrakhan
Olbast and serological
evidence of its
circulation in the
Volga Delta.
1975 TBE, tickborne encephalis virus.
1975
1972
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Congo virus, Crimean, brain
vaccine, CF test.
Tick, Astra virus, H. plumbeum, A.
hyrcans, wild birds.
reservoir is a sick person, and the
vector a clothes louse.
It was recorded that low molecular
organic substances actively
protected TBE virus against
aggregation and inactivation by
purification.
Demonstrating the possibility of
preparing the highly purified killed
brain vaccine against CHF-Congo
virus and its use as virus brain
antigens in serological tests.
The first report on isolation in 1966
of a new virus for the Soviet Union
from H. plumbeum, tick and A.
hyrcans, mosquitoes (strain Hp 320,
Hp 9, A 384) dates from 1968
(Butenko and Chumakov).
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 14-15,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1012
from Russian.
Tezis. Knof.
Vop. Med, Virus,
(Moscoe,
October 1975),
pp. 261-262,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 990
from Russian.
Tezisy. Dokl.
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
imeni Ivanovsky,
D. I., Akad Med.
Nauk SSSR
(October 19-21),
pt. 2 : 139-140,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 511
from Russian.

Bauch, R.
Bazin, C., C. Lamy,
M. Piette, A.
Gorenflot, C.
Duhamel, and A.
Valla.
Bekleshova, A. Yu., I.
I. Terskikh and V. A.
Smirnov.
Book review: Ticks
and disease, Arthur, D.
R. Pergamon Press,
Oxford, 445 pp.
A new case of human
babesiosis.
The seabird-ixodid
tick (Ceratixodes
putus Pick.-Cambr.)
ecological system in
different colony types
in the Subarctic region.
1967
1976
1971
Tick, disease, book review,
Germany.
Babesiosis, human case, tick,
Plasmodium falciparum.
Tick, Ceratixodes putus, seabirdixodid
tick, nests of kittiwake
colonies.
Ticks rank first among all
arthropods as regards the number of
diseases they transmit and "rank a
close second" in transmission of
infectious diseases to man. Thus a
summarizing review of problems
and known facts particularly
connected with the vector role of
ticks seems indeed desirable,
particularly if we consider that it is
in increasingly difficult to remain
well informed in view of the
constantly increasing number of
publications in different languages
and in various journals of the world.
Recent information of a case of
human babesiosis in western France
allowed M. Piette and A. Borenflot
to study the clinical course and
blood cell investigations to confirm
this diagnosis.
Isolated existence and ecological
properties of kittiwakes and murres
allowed us to obtain more reliable
data on the leading role of gulls in
spreading these infections through
the migration routes.
Angew. Parasit. 8
(4): 245,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 285
from German.
Nouv. Presse
Med. 5 (12) :799-
800, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1155
from French.
Tezisy. Dokl.
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
Virus. imeni
Ivanovsky, D. I. ,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR
(October 19-21)
pt. 2 : 117-118,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 503
from Russian.

Bekleshova, A. Yu., I.
I. Terskikh, and V. A.
Smirnov.
Arboviruses isolated
from bird ticks
Ceratixodes putus
Pick.-Cambr. collected
in areas of the extreme
north.
1970
Tick, Ceratixodes putus, Uria
lomvia L., puffins, Fratercula
arcitca L., Larus marinus, L.
argentatus, guillemots, U. aalge,
razorbill, Alca torda, Cepphus
grylle, kittiwakes, Rissa tridactyla.
We present results of 1967-1969
virological investigations of strains
isolated from birds ticks,
Ceratixodes putus. Pick.-Chambr.
Virus was isolated from eggs,
larvae, nymphs, females, and males
immediately after collection in the
focus and repeatedly reisloated after
holding these ticks in the
refrigerator at 0-40C for 2 1/2
years. Four of all isolated strains
studied in detail proved to be
completely identical to tickborne
encephalitis (TBE) virus. Two other
strains proved to be antigenically
related to WEE and EEE agents.
High natural infection rate was
recorded in all Ceratixodes putus
developmental stages with
arboviruses tentatively named
"putus" strains. Thus, arboviral
infection was first recorded in areas
of the extreme north and arbovirus
strains were isolated from bird
ticks, Ceratixodes putus which are
being studied.
Our observations were conducted in
one station of the forest steppe zone
in western Siberia in the vicinity of
the town Ishim. The station is in an
area in which the main trees are
birch and aspen, and the lower
forest layers are the same species.
The grass is moderate by dense.
Two species of ixodid ticks were
found- D. pictus and I. persulcatus.
Observations on the prevalence of
ticks conducted over 10 day periods
from 20 April to 30 September
1963, showed D. pictus to be the
chief species. The maximum
Vop. Virus., 15
(4) : 436-440,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 700
from Russian.
P. 228 in Tick-
Borne
Encephalitis,
Kemerovo Tick-

Belan, A. A., E. Z.
Bilalova, A. B.
Dubov, A. A. Katin,
and M. M. Yantsen.
Belashova, V. S.
Belashova, V.S.
Isolation of tick-borne
encephalitis virus from
Dermacentor pictus
Herm. and Ixodes
persulcatus P. Sch.
ticks in places of their
mutual habitation.
Argas vespertilionis
ticks in Kazakhstan.
Contribution to the
method of holding and
maintaining bats in the
laboratory.
1964
Tick, encephalitis, Dermacentor
pictus, Ixodes persulcatus, Soviet
Union.
1966 Tick, Argas vespertilionis, bats.
1964 Ticks, Argas vespertilionis, bats.
number of adults of D. pictus adults
collected by blanket dragging per
one kilometer was 18 in the first ten
days of May. The maximum
number of I. persulcatus under
similar conditions was not more
than 7. For isolation purposes, we
took 560 hungry adult D. pictus and
1220 I. persulcatus. A total of 178
tests was made (10 ticks per test), of
them, 56 were D. pictus and 122
were I. persulcatus. The viruses
were isolated in white mice by
intercerebral inoculation with
suspensions of ticks with 3 to 5
successive passages and in human
embryo fibroblasts with Coxsaki
A21 as an indicator. A total of 40
strains of tick-borne encephalitis
virus (32.8%) was isolated from I.
persulcatus ticks and 7 strains from
D. pictus (12.5%).
Argas vespertilionis is a bat specific
parasite and inhabits their biotopes.
In Kazakhstan, this species is
known only from tree hollows and
garrets from which it frequently
invades apartments and attacks
humans.
To feed Argas vespertilionis Latr.
ticks on bats and to determine their
feeding time we had to create a
special device for holding these
animals immobile.
Borne Fever,
Hemorrhagic
Fevers, and other
Arbovirus
Infections. Proc.
11th Scient.
Conf. Inst. Polio.
Enceph.
Moscow,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 152
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. l.
Akarol.
Soveshch., pp.
25-26, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 629
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Zool.
Nauk Kazakh.
SSR, 22:215-
216, NAMRU
NO. 3,
Translation 622
from Russian.

Belikova, N. P.
Belikova, N. P.
Observations on
development of the
bisexual and
parthenogenetic
population of
Haemaphysalis
neumanni D. in
Primor'ye region.
Material on the
overwintering of
ixodid ticks on
animals.
1966 Tick, Haemaphysalis neumanni.
1956 Tick, overwintering, ixodid, hosts.
Results of a comparative
developmental study of this tick
species in different areas of the
territory are discussed. Tick
collections were made in the
Khasan area. Study of the sex ratio
of tick collection from vegetation
and of the progeny of females that
fed on deer and domestic animals
showed that this species is
represented only by females in
Shkotov region.
The question of overwintering of
ixodid ticks on animals has not
been investigated by expeditionary
teams on tick-borne encephalitis
and remains very little studied.
Meanwhile owing to experimentally
proven possibility of preservation
of encephalitis virus during
overwintering of ticks and
harboring of the virus by some
species of animals, it is of
importance to elucidate the places
where ticks overwinter and their
wintertime association with
animals, as well as to determine
means of circulation of the virus in
order to develop control measures
against ticks.
Tezisy Dikl.
Yubil. Knof.,
Posvyashch. 25let.
Vladivost.
Nauch.-issled.
Inst. Epidemiol.
Mikrobiol.,
Vledivostok pp.
3, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
295 from Russian.
Trud.
Dal'nevostoch.
Fil. Akad. Nauk
USSR, s. Zool. 3
(6): 265-268,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 105
from Russian.

Belikova, N. P. and L.
G. Tatarinova.
Belikova, N. P. and G.
P. Somov.
On the part played by
Haemaphysalis
japonica douglasi in
the circulation of the
tick-borne encephalitis
in nature.
Study of ability of
Haemaphysalis
japonica douglasi
Nutt. and Warb. and
Haemaphysalis
neumanni D. to
assimilate rickettsiae
under experimental
conditions.
1960
1967
Tick, Soviet Union, encephalitis,
Haemaphysalis japonica douglasi.
Tick, Soviet Union, rickettsiae,
Haemaphysalis japonica douglasi,
Haemaphysalis neumanni,
transovarial transmission.
There are still no virusological data
in the literature respective the part
played by Haemaphysalis japonica
douglasi in maintaining the
reservoirs of tick-borne
encephalitis.
In 1958, the authors succeeded in
isolating from the ticks of this
species a virus strain of tick-borne
encephalitis, which proved to
possess a high degree of virulence.
The information obtained testifies
to the presence in nature of
virusophorous ticks Haemaphysalis
japonica douglasi and points to their
epidemiological importance in the
Primorye territory, where this
species is found to be widely spread
within the belts of broadleaved and
cedar-broadleaved forests.
The ability to transmit rickettsiae
transovarially and during the
process of metamorphosis was
proved for most tick species. This
work is devoted to elucidation of
these questions for Haemaphysalis
japonica douglasi N. and W. as well
as for the closely related
Haemaphysalis neumanni D., which
occur in the same foci.
Med. Parasitol.,
Moscow 29(3):
287-288,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 104
from Russian.
Dokl. Akad.
Nauk SSSR 173
(4): 981-983,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 317
from Russian.

Belozerov V. N.
Belozerov, V. N.
Belozerov, V. N.
Nymphal diapause in
the tick Ixodes ricinus
L. IV. Effect of
changes in
photoperiodic
maintenance regime
on aggressiveness of
unfed nymphs.
Day length as a factor
determining
oviposition delay in
female Dermacentor
marginatus Sulz.
Water content and
water balance
regulation in female
ixodid ticks (Acarina,
Ixodidae) during and
after engorgement.
1971
1963
1967
Tick, Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor
marginatus, photoperiodic
maintenance regimes.
Tick, Soviet Union, oviposition,
Dermacentor marginatus.
Tick, female, tick, water balance,
Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor
marginatus, Hyalomma asiaticum,
Haemaphysalis bispinosa,
Boophilus microplus.
Test of changes in the
photoperiodic maintenance regimes
(from short-day to long day and
from long-day to short-day) of
unfed nymphal Ixodes ricinus
showed that short-day only
maintains but does not induce
behavioral diapause in 4 and 7
month old nymphs but that longday
causes diapause to end and
stimulates aggressiveness. The
stimulating effect of increased
photoperiod and high temperature is
manifested after 15 days. The
activity state of nymphal I. ricinus
(in contrast to adult Dermancentor
marginatus) is irreversible.
The role of photoperiodic
conditions in the regulation of
seasonal diapause in ticks
Dermacentor marginatus was
investigated experimentally. Both
forms of diapause in D. marginatus
(nonactivity of unfed ticks in
summer period and prolonged delay
in egg-laying of engorges females
in autumn period) are
photoperiodically determined.
Experimental results on water
metabolism in Boophilus microplus
during parasitism. This was based
on research utilizing radioactive
indicators. Tatchell also concluded
that ixodid tick salivary glands
participated in elimination of water
excess absorbed with blood.
Paraxitologiya
Leningrad, 5(1) :
3-6, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 757
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.
Moskva, 32(5):
521-526,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 389
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 46
(8) :1182-1187,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 251
from Russian.

Belozerov, V. N.
Belozerov, V. N. and
M. M. Galyal.
Nymphal diapause in
the tick Ixodes ricinus
L. (Ixodidae). III.
Photoperiodic reaction
in unfed nymphs.
Photoperiodic
regulation of nymphal
diapause in the tick
Hyalomma anatolicum
Koch. (Acarina,
Ixodidae).
1970
1977
Tick, photoperodic reaction, Ixodes
ricinus.
Tick, nymphal diapause,
photoperiodic regulation,
Hyalomma anatolicum, Soviet
Union.
Research was carried out on the
behavior and development of
Ixodes ricinus nymphs kept before
feeding at 18 and 25° C within a
wide range of photoperiods. The
research showed that when the
behavior of unfed nymphs and the
development of satiated nymphs
were regulated, the threshold of
photoperiodic reaction ranged from
16 to 18 hours of light per day,
although in the first case the
reaction was of the longday type
and in the second case of the
shortday type. In both cases,
increased temperature reduced the
reaction threshold. A model
(pattern) of photoperiodic
regulation of development and
diapause of nymphal I. ricinus is
proposed; this model explains the
mechanism of inversion of their
reaction to daylength.
The investigation of the tick
Hyalomma anatolicum Koch from
the Middle-Asian republics of the
USSR (Tadjikistan and Turkmenia)
has demonstrated that the induction
of diapause in engorged nymphs.
The nymphs from the Central
Tadjikistan are characterized by the
long-day photoperiodic reaction
which is of the threshold character
before their feeding (the critical
photoperiod is 13 hours of light p.
d. at 250) and becomes gradual
after engorgement. The short-day
photoperiods cause the delay of
metamorphosis up to 78 days, but
the completed in 20-23 days at 250.
The nymphs are more sensitive to
Parazitologiya, 4
(2) : 139-145,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 469
from Russian.
Entomol. Obozr.
56(3): 495-504,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1388
from Russian.

Belozerov, V. N. and
N. V. Kvitko.
Belozerov, V. N., V.
E. Bogdanov, and N.
V. Kvitko.
Belyaev, V. G. and Y.
V. Mirotvortsev.
Main features of
photoperiodic reaction
in Dermacentor
marginatus.
Seasonal changes in
temperature reaction
of engorged Ixodes
ricinus L. (Ixodidae)
females.
Contact associations
of mass murine rodent
species in Primor'ye
and possible
importance of this
phenomenon in virus
circulation.
1965
1966
1964
Tick, photoperiodic reaction,
Dermacentor marginatus.
Tick, seasonal changes,
temperature reaction, Ixodes
ricinus.
Tick, hemorrhagic
nephrosonephritis, HNN, foci.
short-day treatment at the age of 3-4
weeks (in younger and older
specimens the reaction is weaken).
Although the seasonal character of
development in arthropods is
determined by diapause, its role in
control of the developmental cycle
has been little studied in ixodid
ticks. Lack of information on
factors determining when ticks
commence diapause hampers
estimates of their numbers in
nature, as well as their continuous
culture in the laboratory.
Ixodid ticks represent one of the
most investigated arthropod groups.
Nevertheless quite a number of
questions concerning ecology and
biology of these important vectors
of infection require special and
more detailed investigation. Among
such questions it is also necessary
to consider the dependence of
ovogensis on external environment.
Data on human morbidity with
hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis
(HNN) confirm occurrence of
natural foci of this infecton in the
forest, forest-steppe, and unforested
zones of Primor'ye.
Zool. Zh. 44(3):
363-372,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 190
from Russian.
Vest. Leningr.
Univ., s. Biol. 3
(1): 37-44,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 234
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef., Moscow:
296-297,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1338
from Russian.

Belyaev, V. G., and E.
N. Smirnov.
Belyaev, V. G., Yu. I.
Mirotvortsev, G. M.
Soldatov, and V. V.
Moskalenko.
Belyaeva, A. P.
Contribution to the
study of ectoparasites
of squirrels in
combined tularemia
and tickborne
encephalitis foci of
Primorsk region.
Contribution to
zoological and
parasitological
characteristics of the
tularemia infection
areas in Primor'ye
region.
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever virus culture in
chicken embryos.
1971
1965
1965
Tick, squirrels, tularemia,
encephalitis, Ixodes persulcatus,
Monopsyllus indages,
Haemaphysalis japonica douglasi,
Rhadinopsylla integella concava.
Primor'ye, tularemia, Ussuriisk,
Aleksee-Nikol'sk, Suifini, Khanka,
steppe, striped field mice, Reed
vole, hamsters, muskrat,
Manchurian Zokor, fox, wolf,
raccoon, dog, badger, rats, fleas,
ixodid ticks, Dermacentor
silvarum, Haemaphysalis japonica
douglasi, Ixodes persulcatus,
Haemaphysalis concinna, Laeplaps
pavlovski, Eulaelaps stabularis,
Haemogamasus ambulans,
Haemolaelaps glasgowi, RSSE,
tickborne encephalitis.
nephrosonephritis, leptospirosis.
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
developing chicken embryos, DCE,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Hyalomma plumbeum, ticks.
We studied the ectoparasites of
squirrels in Sikhote-Alin Reserve
along the Belimbe River valley
(Ternei region) and in the areas
besides this Reserve in the middle
reaches of Iman River. These areas
were determined as epidemiological
TBE foci and the Iman River valley
as the tularemia focus.
The tularemia focus studies by us is
mixed with tickborne encephalitis
(RSSE) focus on half-inhabited
type: a fatal case of RSSE was
recorded in village Aleksee-
Nikol'sk in 1963. Hemorrhagic
nephrosonephritis and leptospirosis
were also recorded in this locality.
No tularemia microbe culture has
been isolated from the material
investigated but we consider it
important to publish our
observations inasmuch as they may
be of definite importance for
comparative landscape study of
zooanthroponoses.
OHF virus was successfully
cultured in 9 passages in developing
chicken embryos and was detected
in a large concentrations in the
chicken embryo brain and
membranes. No morphological
formations resembling rickettsiae or
elementary corpuscles were
detected by regular microscopy of
embryo membrane smearimpressions
preparations. OHF
virus cultures in embryos proved to
be incapable of causing infection in
guinea pigs but were highly
pathogenic for white mice.
Dokl. Irkutsk.
Protiv. Inst., (9) :
238-240,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 582
from Russian.
Mater, Nauch,-
Prakt. Konf.
Tulyarem.
Soputst. Infekts.,
pp. 272-273.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1525
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSR, 7:363-
366. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 903
from Russian.

Belyaeva, A. P. and
M. P. Chaumakov.
Belyaeva, A. P. and
M. P. Chumakov.
Serological and
immunological
identification of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
virus (OHF) strains
passaged in mice.
Study of laboratory
cases of human
infections with OHF
virus.
1965
1965
Tick, Hyalomma p. plumbeum,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
mice, complement fixation
reaction, CF.
Tick, hemorrhagic fever, renal
syndrome, OHF, Omsk, Astrakhan,
Crimean, Hyalomma p. plumbeum.
These results proved the antigenic
similarity of studied OHF virus
strains and also presence of known
variations in antigenic activity to
different formalin vaccine
preparations. The quality of
prepared vaccine, is probably
important for intensity of
postvaccinal immunity in patients.
Cases of laboratory infection with
Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHF)
occurred among laboratory workers
during 1st coordinated expedition
(1947, 1) studying the pathogenicity
of OHF virus for mice, voles, and
muskrats.
Sborn. Trudy
Inst. Polio. Virus,
Entsef. Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, 7 : 345-
355, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 791
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 7 :
396-408, In:
Endemic viral
infections
(hemorrhagic
fever with renal
syndrome,
Crimean
hemorrhagic
fever, Omsk
hemorrhagic
fever, and
Astrakhan virus
from Hyalomma
p. plumbeum
tick), edited by
Chumakov, M.
P., NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1446 from
Russian.

Belyaeva, A. P., V.
Ya. Karmysheva, and
M. P. Chumakov.
Belyaeva, A. P., V.
Ya. Karmysheva, and
M. P. Chumakov.
Belyayeva, N. S.
Belyayeva, N. S., O.
L. Kozlovskaya, and
N. A. Chernykh.
Isolation of
hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome
(HFRS) virus from
tissue culture by the
fluorescent antibody
method (FAT).
Application of the
fluorescent antibody
method (FAT) for
identifying Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
(CHF) virus in pig
embryo kidney (PEK)
cell culture.
Zoologicalparasitological
characteristics of a
natural tularemia focus
in Khabarovsk region.
On the characteristics
of parasitism by
ixodid tick larvae and
nymphs.
1964
1964
Tick, renal syndrome, hemorrhagic
fever, HFRS, FAT, virus agent.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
fluorescent antibody method, CHF,
FAT, PEK.
1963 Tick, Soviet Union, tularemia.
1966
Tick, Soviet Union, Ixodes
persulcatus, Haemaphysalis
concinna, H. japonica,
Dermacentor silvarum.
The FAT results allowed us to
confirm the close immunological
association between HFRS
infections in the European part of
the USSR and the so-called
hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis of
the Far East.
CHF virus culture series are being
investigated by the FAT for virus
identification and determination of
cross-immunological associations
between CHF infections in different
geographical regions.
Zoological-parasitological
observations were carried out from
1957 to 1961. A total of 5,943
ixodid ticks, 926 rodents, 509 fleas,
and 1,346 gamasid mites have been
collected.
To elucidate the presence of
specificity in host selection by
ixodid tick larvae and nymphs,
these stages were laboratory-reared
and fed on white and field mice,
large-toothed red-backed voles,
rabbits, chickens, and sparrows.
Larvae and nymphs of the
following species were used in the
experiment: Ixodes persulcatus,
Haemaphysalis concinna, H.
japonica, and Dermacentor silvarum.
Master. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef., pp. 288-
289, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 794
from Russian.
Master. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef., p. 289,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 795
from Russian.
Med. Parasitol.,
Moscow 32(6):
740-741,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 185
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch. pp. 32-
33, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
345 from Russian.

Benoit-Bazille, H.
Berdyev, A.
Berdyev, A. and S. N.
Khudainazarova.
Berezin, V. V.
The Argas reflexus
and its parasitism with
man.
Developmental
duration of Hyalomma
dromedarii Koch in
natural conditions of
Turkmenia.
Peculiarities of
acquired resistance of
lambs to adult
Hyalomma asiaticum
asiaticum ticks in tests
with lambs.
On the question of
host of immature
stages of Hyalomma
plumbeum Panz - the
vector of hemorrhagic
fever in Astrakhan
Oblast.
1910 Tick, man, Argas reflexus.
1969
1976
1964
Tick, Hyalomma dromedarii,
Tetramorium, Monomorium
graciillinum, Crematogaster
subdentata.
Tick, lambs, host reaction,
Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum.
Ticks, rooks, immature stages,
Hyalomma plumbeum.
Newspaper "Le Matin" published a
letter from one of its corespondents
informing it that for may years the
teacher's house at La Chapelle,
small parish near Vichy, was
invaded by an acarine of the family
Ixodidae, Argas reflexus (Fabr.) as
was the classroom behind this
house.
The developmental properties of H.
dromedarii in laboratory conditions
were studied in detail Pospelova-
Shtrom (5) stated that all tick stages
undergo development more rapidly
at high temperature and RH (75-
90%). At low temperature and low
or high RH, tick development is
delayed.
Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum
ticks were repeatedly fed on lambs
(Sardzhi strain). It was determined
that in nature ixodid ticks are able
to desensitize the sensitivity of the
host body reaction and to become
engorged without causing
noticeable inhibition in the host.
However, the manifestation of host
resistance to ixodid ticks bites may
be recorded in certain experimental
conditions.
Rooks proved to be the chief hosts
of Hyalomma plumbeum in
conditions of the Volga delta.
Mem. Soc. Zool.
Fr., 22 (3-4) :
261-280,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 567
from French.
Turkmenia. Izv.
Akad. Nauk.
Turkmen. SSR, s.
Biol. Nauk, (2) :
54-59, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 488
from Russian.
Parazitol.
Leningrad 10(6):
519-525,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1340
from Russian.
Moscow, pp 77-
78, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
171 from Russian.

Berezin, V. V. and I.
A. Reshetnikov.
Berezin, V. V., A.
Reina, N. Cantelyap,
A. Fernandes, and P.
Mas.
Berezin, V. V., D. N.
Stolbov, and Yu. V.
Zimina.
West Nile fever virus
in wild birds.
Some data on a
serological survey of
arbovirus infections in
the Cuban Republic.
Effect of natural
factors on the rate of
Crimean hemorrhagic
infections.
1971
1975
1969
Mosquito, tick West Nile, WN,
Hyalomma plumbeum, birds,
doves, pheasants, rooks, crows,
Volga River.
Tick, Saint Louis encephalitis,
dengue fever, WEE, EEE.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic
infections, CHF, rainfall,
temperature, Hyalomma plumbeum.
Serological and virological
investigations made in 1964-1969
in the Volga River lower reaches
allowed us to determine that birds
are the main hosts of West Nile
fever (WN) in nature.
On investigating domestic animal
sera, antibodies to Saint Louis virus
were recorded in 0.6% of cases.
Serological investigations showed
that some vertebrate animal groups
are involved in Saint Louis virus
circulation.
The spring and early summer
season CHF infection corresponds
with the activity season of adult
ticks. Despite the fact that CHF
cases are sporadic and the infection
rate is insignificant, a distinct
correlation is observed between
fluctuations of tick numbers and
patient numbers. The number of
cases decreases when the total tick
numbers decreases. Fluctuations of
H. plumeum numbers chiefly
depend upon 2 factors: level of
spring-summer inundation and
temperature curve in winter.
Mater 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus,
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 93-94,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 688
from Russian.
Tizzy Kong. Op.
Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 263-264,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 991
from Russian.
Master. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef., In:
Arboviruses,
edited by
Chumakov, M.
P., (2) : 118-120,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 835
from Russian.

Berezin, V. V., D. N.
Stolbov, T. P.
Povalishchina, and
Yu. V. Zimina.
Berezin, V. V., M. P.
Bashkirtsev, and B. F.
Semenov.
Berezin, V. V., M. P.
Chumakov, I. A.
Reshetnikov, and G.
N. Zgurskaya.
On the role of rooks in
the epidemiology of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever in Astrakhan
Oblast.
Arboviral infections in
the Volga Delta.
Study of the role of
birds in the ecology of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus.
1965
1971
1971
Tick, Soviet Union, epidemiology
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, hares,
Hyalomma plumbeum.
Mosquito, tick, birds, West Nile,
WN, Mansonia richardii, Aedes
vexans, Hyalomma plumbeum.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
Hyalomma plumbeum, birds, CHF
virus.
It is well known that Crimean type
hemorrhagic fever (CHF) is
transmitted by the ixodid tick
Hyalomma plumbeum Panz. which
is numerous and widely spread
species characteristic of southern
regions of the Soviet Union. This
tick is a 2-host species. Its adult
stages parasitize chiefly farm
animals while immature stages
(larvae and nymphs) develop
chiefly on birds in most parts of the
Soviet Union. In Crimea, immature
stages of this tick parasitize chiefly
hares.
West Nile fever virus was studied
exhaustively. This virus was
isolated from Mansonia richardii
and Aedes vexans mosquitoes and
immature Hyalomma plumbeum
ticks collected from birds (glossy
ibises) few strains, and hares.
Approximately 10,000 sera were
examined serologically. Antibodies
to West Nile virus were found in 57
birds species, 5 wild mammal
species, 3 reptile species, and 1
amphibia species.
Clarification of the role of birds in
CHF virus ecology.
Sborn. Trudy
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, 7 : 304-
311, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 376
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl.
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
Virus. imeni
Ivanovsky, D. I.
Akad. Med.
Nauk. SSSR
(October 19-21),
pt. 2 : 137-138,
NAMRU No. 3,
Transaltion 510
from Russian.
Master. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Scyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 94-95,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 721
from Russian.

Berezin, V. V., M. P.
Chumakov, P. S.
Karaseva, and B. F.
Semenov.
Berezin, V. V., M. P.
Chumakov, S. G.
Rubin, D. N. Stolbov,
A. M. Butenko, and
V. A. Bashkirtsev.
Berezin, V. V., T. P.
Povalishina, R. M.
Ermakova, and D. N.
Stolbov.
Contribution to the
problem of studying
the role of migratory
birds in circulation of
arboviruses.
Contribution to the
ecology of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus in the lower
Volga River.
On the role of birds in
feeding immature
stages of Hyalomma
plumbeum plumbeum
ticks--vectors of
hemorrhagic fever of
the Crimean type in
foci of the Volga delta.
1967
1969
1965
Mosquito, tick, West Nile, WN,
birds, migration, arbviruses.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, Hyalomma plumbeum,
terrestrial vertebrates.
Tick, Hyalomma plumbeum,
hemorrhagic fever, birds, CHF.
In connection with the problem of
investigating bird migrations and
transportation of arboviruses by
birds for long distances, we made
investigations to clarify associations
between birds and these infections
in overwintering area. In this report,
we present serological data on
participation of birds in circulation
of arboviruses.
From these preliminary serological
data, we may assume that the CHF
circle includes terrestrial
vertebrates. This circle closely
coincides with that of vertebrate
hosts of different stages of the H.
plumbeum vector. Therefore we
cannot determine which animals are
natural hosts of this agent. Possible
hosts are hares and cattle, but this
assumption requires virological
confirmations.
The present work is directed
towards exploring the role of birds
as hosts of immature H. plumbeum.
Material has been gathered in
Astrakhan Oblast, in the lower and
middle Volga delta regions, where
in the summer period of 1963-1964
and antiepidemic team investigating
CHF worked under the direction of
an acting member of the USSR
Medical Academy, Prof. M. P.
Chumakov. We personally
inspected 1,100 bird specimens of
40 species for tick infestation. A
total of 38,735 ixodid ticks was
removed from these birds.
Vop. Virus., 12
(3) :336-341,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 731
from Russian.
Master. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef., (2) : 120-
122, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 836
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Encefal., Akad.
Med. Nauk
USSR, (Medicin,
Moscow) (7) pp,
296-303,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 198
from Russian.

Berezin, V.V., M.P.
Chumakov, S.S.
Stolbov, and A.M.
Butenko.
Berezina, L. K., V. A.
Smirnov, and V. A.
Zelinsky.
Contribution to the
question of natural
hosts of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus in Astrakhan
Oblast.
Experimental infection
of birds with Tyuleniy
virus.
1971
Ticks, Hyalomma plumbeum
plumbeum, Crimean hemorrhagic
fever, CHF, Corvidae, hares,
Omsk, Astrakhan Oblast, Central
Asia, Kazakhstan.
1974 Tick, Tyuleniy virus, C. putus.
The role of different groups of
vertebrates in the transmission cycle
of Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus
in Astrakhan region was studied
using serological methods.
Antibody to CHF virus was found
in different species of agricultural
animals. Hares are involved to a
considerable degree in the
circulation of CHF virus in the
region. During the summer season
the immune portion of these
animals reached 40%. Examination
of 660 specimens of birds of 19
species revealed no antibody to
CHF virus. This suggests that birds
are not reservoirs of CHF virus.
It has been experimentally
demonstrated using the model of
Tyuleniy virus that arboviruses
ecologically associated with C.
putus ticks cause neuroinfection in
Lariformes and Alciformes. The
course of the infection resembles
that of encephalomyelitis. As a
result of infection dissemination of
Tyuleniy arbovirus in the liver,
spleen, kidneys and genitalia
occurs. Upon clinical manifestation
of infection complement-fixing
antibodies to Tyuleniy virus were
found at the 6th-7th postinfection
day.
Viral
hemorrhagic
fevers. Crimean
hemorrhagic
fever, Omsk
hemorrhagic
fever and
hemorrhagic
fever with renal
syndrome,
19:210-216,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 912
from Russian.
Sborn, Trud.
Ekkol. Virus., 2 :
13-17, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 766
from Russian.

Berezina, L. K., V. A.
Zakaryan, V. L.
Gromashevshy, S. M.
Borisova, and A. S.
Novokhatsky.
Berezina, L. K., V. L.
Zakaryan, V. L.
Gromashevsky, S. M.
Borisova and V. V.
Perikrest.
Berlin, L. B.
Bernadskaya, Z. M.
Bezuidenhuout, J. D.
Concentration of
Skhalin virus.
Study of culture
properties of
arboviruses isolated in
USSR (Far East,
Caucasus, and Kirgiz
SSR).
Histological changes
induced in the skin of
rabbits and guinea
pigs by Hyalomma
asiaticum P. Sch. and
E. Schl. (Ixodidae)
parasitism.
A case of parasitism
on ixodid ticks.
Research on sweating
sickness: Problems
and Progress
1975
1974
1957
1939
1980
Tick, Skhalin virus, Ceratixodes
putus.
Tick, Tyuleniy, Sakhalin,
Okhotskiy, Baku, Batken, Issyk-
Kul.
Tick, rabbit, guinea pig, parasitism,
Hyalomma asiaticum, Soviet
Union, histology.
Tick, ixodid, Ixodiphagus texanus,
Hunterellus hookeri, I. caucurtei,
Dermancentor andersoni,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus, D.
paramapertus marginatus, D.
andersoni, H. asiaticum.
Tick, bontpoot tick, sweating
sickness, SS, Hyalomma
truncatum, calves, sheep, goats,
pigs, Neitz.
Data show the possibility of
successful concentration of
Sakhalin virus by the differential
centrifuging method. This method
allows us to obtain rapidly and
effectively highly infectious viruscontaining
material following
preliminary purification stages.
This work presents results of
culture properties of 9 arboviruses
isolated in USSR (Far East,
Caucasus, and Kirgiz SSR) (2-7).
The first information on culture
properties of the new arboviruses
Tyuleniy, Sakhalin, and Baku was
presented earlier.
The aim of the research described in
the present paper was to study the
histological changes induced in the
skin of guinea pigs and rabbits by
large numbers of Hyalomma
asiaticum P. Schl. and E. Schl.
feeding on small skin areas.
The ichneumon parasitizing
nymphal H. asiaticum proved to be
a species that is widespread in the
USA, eastern Africa, and when
introduced to Leningrad area
became adapted to northern
condition of the USSR.
Sweating sickness is a tick toxicosis
caused by certain strains of the
small bontpoot tick, Hyalomma
truncatum. This disease occurs
mostly in young calves but
laboratory studies by Neitx have
shown that sheep, goats and pigs
are also susceptible
Vop. Virus., 20
(3) : 354-355,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1092
from Russian.
Sborn, Trud.
Ekol. Virus., 2:
36-39, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 769
from Russian.
Dokl. Akad.
Nauk SSSR, 112
(2): 340-343,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 451
from Russian.
Trudy Uzbek.
Nauch. -Issled.
Vet. opyt. Sta.
Narkom. USSR, 2
(11) : 28-30
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1686
from Russian.
Proc. 3 Ent.
Congr. (Pretoria,
Sept. 1980), pp.
28-29, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1669
from Afrikaans

Bezukladnikova, N. A.
Bibikov, D. I., and V.
A. Bibikova.
Bibikova, V. A. and
N. G. Gerasimova.
Bibikova, V. A. and
V. V. Sakharova
Ectoparasites of
domestic dogs in
Kazakhstan.
Study of Oenanthe
isabellina and its
ectoparasites.
On the biology of
Xenopsylla skrjabini
Ioff 1928. Report II.
Feeding of fleas in
experimental
conditions.
Infected ability of
Oropsylla silantiewi
fleas and effect of
repeated bloodmeals
and maintenance
temperature.
1960
1955
1967
1956
Tick, ticks, fleas, biting lice, louse
flies, domestic dogs, Dermacentor
marginatus, D. pictus, Trichodectes
canis, Linognathus sectosus, Canis
lupus, Alopex legopus, Vulpes
vulpes, V. fulva, Trypanosoma
evansi, Pulex irritans,
Ctenocephalides canis.
Oenanthe isabellina, rodents, birds,
fleas, susliks, marmots, jirds,
Kirghiz SSR, Alaiskaya Valley,
Aksai, Pokrovskiye Syrty, Issyl-
Kul.
Flea, Xenopsylla skrjabini, natural
focus, plague, flea behavior.
Oropsylla silantiewi, Dermacentor
pictus, X. cheopsis, P. irritans,
ectoparasites, plague, fleas,
mosquitoes, ticks, tularemia,
pappataci fever, guinea pigs, mice,
susliks, marmots.
Reports on ectoparasites of dogs in
Kazakhstan show the different
external parasites such as ticks,
fleas, biting lice, and louse flies
found in different areas of this
Republic.
Observations of Oenanthe isabellina
were carried out during the summer
months of 1950 to 1953 in the
Narinkolsky district of Alma-Atinsk
region. Local registration of the
number of these birds and also
small collections of birds and their
nests were made in several areas of
the Kirghiz SSR.
Flea behavior and feeding on
different animal species, the blood
quantity ingested by the flea, and
the change in ingested blood
quantity in relation to feeding
frequency, host specificity, blood
digestion periods, activity of
repeated feeding, etc. These
questions were studied in the
Laboratory of the Gur'ev
Antiplague Station.
We made two year (1952-53)
observations on the physiological
activity of marmot fleas, Oropsylla
silantiewi, in nature using Ioff's
method. Data allowed us to assume
that gut blockage is very important
in infectivity of flea bites.
Frequency and rate of blockage
development, as well as duration in
fleas depended upon feeding
methods and temperature.
Trudy. Inst. Zool.
Akad. Nauk
Kazakh. SSR,
12 : 236-240,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 609
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 34
(2):399-407.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 110
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 46
(5) :730-736,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 816
from Russian.
Trudy Sred.-
Aziat. Nauch.-
Issled.
Protivochumn.
Inst., (2): 41-48.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 762
from Russian.

Bibikova, V. A. V. L.
Il'inskaya, Z. R.
Kuluzhenova, I. V.
Morozova and M. F.
Shmuter.
Bibikova, V. A., A. I.
Gorbunova, Z. P.
Maslennikova, I. V.
Morozova, and M. F.
Shmuter.
Bibikova, V. A., T. I.
Anisimova, R. P.
Egorova, M. A.
Akimbaev, and V. A.
Volokhov.
Fleas of great gerbils
in southern Pre-
Balkhash.
On the technique of
studying population
density of
Rhombomys opimus
Licht.
Contribution to the
epizootiological role
of gerbil fleas.
1964
1965
1967
Pre-Balkhash, gerbils, fleas,
plague, Xenopsylla, X. gerbilli
minax, X. skrjabini, X. hirtipes,
foci, Paradoxopsyllus teretifrons,
Coptopsylla lamellifer, C.
bairamaliensis, Ctenophtalmus
dolichus, Echidnophaga orschanini,
Ceratophyllus terkemenicus, C.
laeviceps, C. tarsus, Stenoponia
vlasovi, Rhadinopsylla cedestis,
Frontopsylla frontalis, Synosternus
longispinus, Letopsylla putoraki,
Mesopsylla rothschildi.
Fleas, plague, gerbils, Rhombomys
opimus.
Fleas, gerbil, plague agent,
Xenopsylla gerbilli minax.
Eighteen flea species were found on
great gerbils and in their burrows.
Ninety percent of fleas were of the
genus Xenopsylla (Xenopsylla
gerbilli minax, X. skrjabini, X.
hirtipes), The other number of flea
species was insignificant
(Raradoxopsyllus teretifrons,
Coptopsylla lamellifer, C.
bairamaliensis, Ctenophtalmus
dolichus, Echidnophaga orschanini,
Ceratophyllus terkemenicus, C.
laeviceps, C. tarsus, Stenoponia
vlasovi, Rhadinopsylla cedestis,
Frontopsylla frontalis, Synosternus
longispinus, Letopsylla putoraki,
Mesopsylla rothschildi).
A technique of censuring the total
number of fleas in the burrow of
Rhombomys opimus Licht. by
means of repeated catch of
migrating parasites after all the
animals are taken out of the burrow
was used in the work described.
Partially all the fleas present in the
burrow can be taken out during 7-
45 days.
This report was devoted to the
study of the role of Xenopsylla
gerbilli minax fleas in plague
epizootiology. In this paper, we
present results from further
investigations of the role of gerbil
fleas as vectors of the plague agent.
Trudy 5. Konf.
Priorod. Ochag.
Bolez. Vop.
Parazit. Respub.
Sred. Azii
Kazakh.
(September 24-
28, 1962),
(4):236-238.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 740
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 44
(8) :1214-1218,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 759
from Russian.
Sborn. Nauch.
Rab.
Protivochumn.
Uchrezh.,
Saratov, pp. 222-
227, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 756
from Russian.

Bibikova, V. A., V. I.
Medvedskikh, and S.
S. Dankov.
Bibikova, V. A., V. L.
Il'inskaya, Z. P.
Kaluzhenova, I. V.
Morozova, and M. F.
Shmuter.
Bilibin, A. F.
Bilyalov, Z. A., G. G.
Sviridov, L. S.
Ershova, G. S.
Novikov, and Kh. M.
Tleugabylov.
Contribution to the
problem of the
epizootiological role
of gerbil fleas.
Biology of fleas of the
genus Xenopsylla in
Sary-Ishikotrau desert.
Omsk and Crimean
hemorrhagic fevers.
Effect of long survival
in the Ornithodoros
tartakovskyi
(Argasidae) tick body
of plague agent
properties.
1968
1963
1950
1983
Fleas, gerbils, Xenopsylla
skrjabini, natural focus, plague.
Fleas, Xenopsylla, plague, gerbils,
desert focus.
Tick, Omsk and Crimean
hemorrhagic fevers, OHF, CHF,
scurvy, aleukia, Henoch-Schonlein
disease, Hyalomma marginatum,
Dermacentor pictus.
Tick, Ornithodoros tartakovskyi,
Rhipicephalus schulzei, Ixodes
crenulatus, plague agent.
Xenopsylla skrjabini is the most
common flea species in the natural
focus of plague in the Central Asian
desert. In this report, we present
data from 1958-1960 on
infectiveness of the fleas species.
Fleas of the genus Xenopsylla
prevail among fleas parasitizing
great gerbils in Sary-Ishikotrau
desert. These fleas have the chief
role in distributing the plague
microbe throughout the entire
Central Asian desert plague focus,
which also includes part of the Sary-
Ishikotrau desert.
Diagnosis of Omsk (OHF) and
Crimean (CHF) hemorrhagic fevers,
we should first exclude scurvy,
Henoch-Schonlein disease, and
alimentary-toxic aleukia ("septic
Angina").
It has been established that a long
stay in ticks during 1138 days does
not affect the viability of the plague
microbe and its biological
properties.
Sborn. Nauch.
Rab.
Protivochumn.
Uchrezh.,
Saratov, pp. 228-
232, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 754
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 42
(7) :1045-1051,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 750
from Russian.
Medigz; Moskva,
In: Symptoms
and diagnosis of
infections., pp.
200-208,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 805
from Russian.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 17
(1) : 75-76,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1721
from Russian.

Birulya, N. B., L. I.
Zalutskaya, and V. D.
Perelatov.
Birulya, N. B., M. E.
Badalov, L. I.
Zalutskaya, and E. K.
Koimchidi.
Bitukov, P. A.
Distribution area of
natural foci of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever.
Geography of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
incidence in Rostov
Oblast in 1963-71.
Experiments in
transmission of
theileriasis and
anaplasmosis of sheep
through ticks
Ornithodoros
lahorensis and
Haemaphysalis sulcata.
1971
1975
1953
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
H plumbeum, H. excavatum, H.
anatolicum, CHF Virus.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Rostov Oblast, steppes, pastures.
Tick, theileriasis, anaplasmosis,
epizootic observations, sheep,
Ornithodoros lahorensis,
Haemaphysalis sulcata.
Virological and serological
investigation methods showed that
Crimean, Uzbekistan, Central Asian
and Bulgarian tickborne
hemorrhagic fevers are identical.
Analysis of the geographical
distribution of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF, infection
records for 9 years in Rostov Oblast.
To verify and confirm epizootic
observations, we conducted two
tests (1948-49) on transmission of
theileriasis and anaplasmosis of
sheep. Material used for infection of
experimental animals were ticks
collected from sheep on farms
unfavorable for theileriasis and
anaplasmosis of sheep; partial
collection were made from dwelling
of the animals. For test in 1948,
collections were made in
Rostandikskom and Sari-
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR 19 :
180-185, In:
Viral
hemorrhagic
fevers. Crimean
hemorrhagic
fever, Omsk
hemorrhagic
fever, and
hemorrhagic
fever with renal
syndrome, edited
by Chumakov,
M. P. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 962
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow.
October 1975), p.
268, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 984
from Russian.
Trud. Akad.
Nauk.
Kazakhskoi SSR,
Inst. Zoo., 1: 30-
36, NAMRU No.
3, Translation 3
from Russian.

Blagodarnyy, Ya. A. I.
M. Blekhman, V. N.
Lepyko, S. A. Larin,
and M. P. Yakunin.
Blagodarnyy, Ya. A.,
I. M. Blekhman, and
M. P. Yukunin.
Blagoveshchenskaya,
N. M., A. M. Butenko,
L. K. Vishnivetskaya,
L. V. Zarubina, V. V.
Kuchin, V. N.
Milyutin, E. M.
Novikova, and M. P.
Chumakov.
The role of ticks in
transmitting
tuberculosis
mycobacteria.
1971
Ixodid ticks - possible
vectors of tuberculosis. 1966
Dynamics of
antibodies to Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus in
hyperimmunized
horses.
1970
Tick, tuberculosis mycobacteria,
Hyalomma asiaticum, Dermacentor
pictus, Argas persicus.
Tick, tuberculosis, camels, Soviet
Union, Hyalomma asiaticum.
Tick, horses, new born white mice,
NWM, Crimean hemorrhagic
fever, CHF.
Agachskom regions, but in 1949 in
the Sari-Agachskom region. Ticks
were also collected from farms that
were favorable for
haemosporidiosis of sheep.
Possible transmission of avian
tuberculosis mycobacteria in A.
persicus by feeding on infected
experimental animals and chickens.
Kerrest (1960) reported isolation of
a human type of tuberculosis in a
culture of Argas persicus ticks
collected in nature in Mauritania.
This author considers that these
ticks may have a definite role in
transmitting tuberculosis. During
the coordination expedition in 1964
to study tuberculosis epidemiology
in the area between the Volga and
Ural rivers (Mentyube and
Zhambay animal husbandry
pastures, Berlik-Bengiz region,
Gur'ev Oblast), we examined for
tuberculosis mycobacteria infection
600 Hyalomma asiaticum ticks,
collected from camels reacting
positively to tuberculosis.
Experimental infection of 2 horses
with CHF. These horses were
infected and hpyerimmunized with
CHF virus strain after 16-28
passages. CHF virus was inoculated
as recently prepared 10% brain
suspension from infected newborn
white mice (NWM) in the titer of
106-109.2 LD50/0.02 ml (from
titration data in NWM).
Veterinariya, 48
(7) : 48-49,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 669
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 1
Akarol.
Soveshch.1: 35-
36, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
447 from Russian.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Konf. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1979), pp. 50-55,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 529
from Russian.

Blagoveshchenskaya,
N. M., A. M. Butenko,
L. K. Vyshnevetskaya,
T. I. Zavodova, L. V.
Zarubina, G. A.
Karinskaya, V. V.
Kuchin, V. N.
Milyutin, E. M.
Novikova, S. G.
Rubin, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Blagoveshchenskaya,
N. M., M. A. Donets,
L. V. Zarudina, V. F.
Kondpatenko, and V.
V. Kuchin.
Blagoveshchensksya,
N. M., L. K.
Vyshbevetskaya, A. F.
Gusarev, L. Ts.
Zarubina, O. V.
Kondratenko, V. V.
Kuchin, V. N.
Milyutin, V. D.
Perelatov, and L. D.
Novikova.
Experimental infection
of horses with
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus.
Study of susceptibility
to Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
(CHF) virus in
European and longeared
hedgehogs.
Investigation of
susceptibility of
rabbits to Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus.
1969
1975
1972
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
horses, CHF, H. plumbeum.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
hedgehogs, newborn white mice,
Rhipicephalus rossicus,
Dermacentor marginatus, ticks,
NWM, Sudarkina, CF, AGDP.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
rabbits, CHF, Hyalomma p.
plumbeum.
Results allowed us to assume that in
natural CHF foci horses do not
participate in CHF virus
transmission to uninfected H.
plumbeum ticks. These data
allowed us to assume that horses
may serve as producers for
obtaining diagnostic and, possibly,
therapeutic-prophylactic serum
preparations.
Investigations showed that
European hedgehogs are not
susecptible to CHF agents, but longeared
hedgehogs may be considered
to be slightly susceptible to the
agent, and that long-eared
hedgehogs are involved in the CHF
virus circulation in nature and
perform the role of a supplementary
source of the agent.
Results of the investigations
allowed us to refer rabbits to the
organisms susceptible to virus but
with slight susceptibility to
infection by this agent.
Master. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef., (2) : 126-
127, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 840
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow.
October 1975),
pp. 269-270,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 985
from Russian.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
In: Actual
problems of
virology and
prophylaxis of
viral diseases,
edited by
Chumakov, M. P.
Tezisy 17. Pp.
353-354,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1062
from Russian.

Blagoveshchensky, D.
I.
Blagoveshcheskaya,
N. M., L. K.
Vyshnevetskaya, A. F.
Gusarev, L V.
Zarudina, V. F.
Kondratenko, V. V.
Kuchin, V. D.
Perelatov, B. N.
Novikova, and L. D.
Novikova.
Hymenopterous
parasite of ticks of the
family Ixodidae.
Investigation of
susceptibility of little
susliks (Citellus
pygmaeus Pall.) to
CHF virus.
1948
1972
Tick, Hunterellus hookeri, Ixodes
persulcatus, Ixodiphagus texanus,
Haemaphysalis leporispalustris,
Geococcyx californianus, I.
hexagonus, Rhipicephalus texanus,
I. cuacurtei, I. ricinus, R. evertsi, R.
oculatus, R. appendiculatus, D.
variabilis, H. aegyptium, Sciurus
vulgaris, H. concinna, D.
venustratus, R. sanguineus, H.
asiaticum, D. reticulatus, Mus
domesticus, Microtus
pennsylvanicus, Peromyscus
leucopus.
Tick, Citellus pygmaeus,
Hyalomma plumbeum, susliks,
CHF virus.
A brief and comprehensive survey
of the literature dealing with the
propagation (distribution) and
biology of the hymenopterous
parasites and also with the
experimental work on the use of the
hymenopterous parasites for the
purpose of tick control.
Virological investigations of susliks
using NWM showed that CHF virus
was detected in the blood and
parenchymal organs of all animals
on days 2-7 following inoculation
(but not later). The blood and
parenchymal organ suspensions
(diluted to 10-2) caused specific
disease and death of NWM.
Parazit. Sborn.
Zool. Inst. Akad.
Nauk SSSR, 9 :
115-124 (1947),
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1681
from Russian.
Nauch, Sess,
Inst. Pasvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev,
In: Actual
problems of
virology and
prophylazis of
viral diseases,
edited by
Chumakov, M. P.
Tezisy 17.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1064
from Russian.

Blyakher, I. A., T. P.
Pak, and A. V.
Yasinsky.
Bobrovskikh, T. K.
Bodemann, H., P.
Hoppe-Seyler, H.
Blum, and L. Herkel.
Hospital outbreak of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever in Tadzhikistan.
Ecology and
distribution of the tick
Ixodes lividus in
Karelia.
Severe and
prognostically
unfavorable forms of
tickborne encephalitis
(ESME = early
summer
meningoencephalitis)
in Freiburg in 1979.
1971
1979
1980
Tick, Omsk, Crimean hemorrhagic
fever, CHF, renal syndrome,
hospital outbreak.
Tick, Soviet Union, distribution,
Ixodes lividus, Riparia riparia.
Tick, meningoencephalitis, Ixodes
ricinus, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Staphylococcus aureus,
Haemophilus influenzae.
In 1967, at the Regar district
hospital (the Tajik SSR) five
medical workers contracted
infection from a patient with CHF
who developed profuse nasal
bleeding. These medical workers
attempted to stop the bleeding
without observing elementary
precautions as they did not suspect
the dangerous nature of the disease.
Four of these five died of CHF.
The territory of Karelia was
investigated from 62° to 66° N. In
the nests of Riparia riparia the tick
Ixodes lividus at all active phases of
its development was first found. On
the northern border of its
distribution area the species shows
a tendency to hibernate at the
phases of nymph, female, and male.
This ability has favoured to a
considerable extent the
advancement of the species into the
northern latitudes up to 66° N.
Eight patients with proven
tickborne encephalitis (early
summer meningo-encephalitis;
Central European encephalitis)
were treated in 1979. The disease
ran a severe course in four: one died
after six week of coma and
pneumonia with right-heart failure.
Another patient is in coma for more
that 40 weeks. A third patient had
severe flaccid tetraplegia more that
10 weeks after initial coma. The
fourth patient still had leg
paralyzed. This high incidence of
severe forms of disease differs from
other published reports.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSR, 19 :
130-133,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 830
from Russian.
Parazitol.
Leningrad: 13(5):
545-546,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1393
from Russian.
Dtsch, Med.
Wschr., 105(26) :
921-924,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1486
from German.

Bodyanskaya, N. N.,
N. G. Barinova, P.A.
Kostenko, T. N.
Chugunova, and R. B.
Yurina.
Bogdanov, I. I.
Bogdanov, I. I., L. V.
Volynets.
Catamnestic data from
children and
adolescents after
recovery from
tickborne encephalitis.
Comparative
evaluation of natural
tickborne encephalitis
and Omsk
hemorrhagic fever foci
in western Siberia.
Contribution to
ecological association
between bloodsucking
mosquitoes and birds
in Omsk hemorrhagic
fever foci of the
southern forest-steppe
in western Siberia.
1972
1970
1971
Tick, Soviet Union, encephalitis,
sequelae.
Tick, Dermacentor raticulatus, D.
marginatus, tickborne encephalitis,
TBE, Omsk hemorrhagic fever,
OHF, foci, potential
epidemiological valence, PEV.
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
steppe, Siberia, mosquitoes, ixodid
ticks, birds, M. richairdii, A.
flavescens, A. cinereus, C.
modestus, mammals, humans, foci.
Results from investigation 432
children and adolescents who
recovered from tickborne
encephalitis in 1959-1969. From the
catamenestic data, 64.3% of the
investigated patients were
practically healthy and 35.7% had
psychological-pathological and
neurological changes: stable
cerebrastenia, epilepsy and
hypertension syndromes,
intellectmnemonic disorders, and
manifestations of residual paralyses
and pareses. Development of
psychosis was very infrequently
observed to prevent complications
is discussed.
Observations for several years in
natural tickborne encephalitis
(TBE) and Omsk hemorrhagic fever
(OHF) foci allowed us to
distinguish areas with different
conditions of existence of these
foci, which are evident in the
degree of stability of their potential
epidemiological valence. (PEV).
It has been frequently assumed that
mosquitoes may transmit
arboviruses of tickborne
encephalitis complex to birds in
western Siberia. Indirect evidence
of this is the presence of an immune
stratum in birds of the Omsk
hemorrhagic fever (OHF) foci,
where birds lack contact with
ixodid ticks. Natural OHF infection
in M. richairdii, A. flavescens, A.
excrucians,and C. modestus was
repeatedly determined. M. richiardii
may preserve the virus for 8 days
and transmit it to susceptible
Zh. Nevropat.
Psikhiat. 72(3):
362-365,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1342
from Russian.
Tezisy, Dokl. 2.
Akarol.
Soveshch. (Kiev,
1970), 1; 72-74,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1465
from Russian.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 26-
27., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 689
from Russian.

Boichev, D. and K.
Rizvanov.
Bolotin, E. I.
Bolotin, E. I., G. V.
Kolonin, and O. A.
Matyushina.
Boloton, E. I.
Relationships between
Botrytis cinerea Pers.
and ixodid ticks.
Contribution to
diagnosis of immature
stages of the tick
Haemaphysalis flava
Neum. (Ixodidae).
Hedgehogs as ixodid
tick hosts.
Finding the tick
Haemaphysalis
phasiana, (Ixodidae) in
the southern Far East.
1960
1977
1979
Tick, Botrytis cinerea, Ixodes
ricinus, Beauverio bassiana.
Tick, Soviet Union, immature,
Haemaphysalis flava.
Tick, Soviet Union, hedgehog,
host, Erinaceus europaeus, Ixodes
persulcatus, I. pavlovskyi,
Haemaphysalis japonica, H.
concinna, H. flava, Dermacentor
silvarum.
1982 Tick, Haemaphysalis phasiana.
animals by bite.
Biocenotic relationships between
ixodids, their natural enemies,
epizootics involving ixodids, and
potential survival of individuals of
different generations is of special
interest when tackling the problem
of control measures against ixodids
in pastures.
The main criteria for differentiating
immature Haemaphysalis flava are
given in comparison with other
species of this genus from
Primor'ye region.
Six tick species were collected from
35 hedgehogs (Erinaceus
europaeus) in the Primorsky
District (Soviet Far East): Ixodes
persulcatus, I. pavlovskyi,
Haemaphysalis japonica, H.
concinna, H. flava, Dermacentor
silvarum. Hedgehogs have an
important role in feeding adult and
larval I. pavlovskyi. One hedgehog
equals 38 rodents as a host of
immature I. persulcatus and 167
rodents in the case of I. pavlovskyi.
Cases of interspecific copulation
between I. persulcatus and I.
pavlovskyi were observed.
Data on finding the tick
Haemaphysalis (Ornithophysalis)
phasiana, a new species for the
USSR fauna, in Primor'ye and
Khabarovsk regions are given in the
study.
Zool. Zh., 34(3) :
462, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 624
from Russian.
Parazitol. 11:
365-366,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1432
from Russian.
Zool. Zh. 58(9):
1428-1429,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1433
from Russian.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 16(1):
83-84, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1549
from Russian

Bolovina, V. N., V. D.
Ferelatov, M. B.
Badalov, E. K.
Koinchidi, G. A.
Karinskaya, and M.
Ya. Semenov.
Borisova, V. I.
Borodin, V. P., N. A.
Spitsin, A. P.
Samsonova, A. P.
Koroleva, N. D.
Ermolova, and V. P.
Chunikhin.
Boshko, G. V. and V.
E. Sklyar.
Boucek, Z. and V.
Cerny.
Study of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
incidence and
prophylactic measures
in Rostov Oblast.
Results from studying
ecology of nestburrow
bird parasites
in Tatar ASSR.
Contribution to further
study of natural ravinesteppe
type tularemia
focus in Volgograd
Oblast.
Ixodid ticks
parasitizing tabanid
flies.
A parasite of ticks, the
chalcid H. hookeri in
Czechoslovakia.
1970
1972
1965
1981
1954
Tick, Crimean Hemorrhagic fever,
CHF.
Volga-Kama State Reserve, birds,
bank swallow, barn swallow, house
martin, great tit, pied flycatcher,
redstart, common starling, white
wagtail, yellow bunting, tree
sparrow, mites, fleas, flies.
Tick, Dermacentor marginatus, D.
reticulatus, Rhipicephalus rossicus,
Ixodes laguri, I. ricinus,
Haemaphysalis punctata, R.
rossicus, F. tularensis palaerctica.
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus, fly,
Tabanus bovinus, T. leaaeni
turkestanicus, Rhipicephalus
turanicus, R. sanguineus, Rickettsia
conori.
Tick, Hunterellus hookeri,
Czechoslovakia.
The epidemiological analysis
showed that CHF incidence was
irregularly distributed in different
years and regions.
The paper deals with the life cycles
of burrow-nest parasites of certain
species of birds from Tatar showing
a close adaption to the life cycles of
their hosts.
In 1954-57 we studied the ravinesteppe
type of natural tularemia foci
detected in Volgograd Oblast. In
this report, we give summarized
data from 10 years (1954-1964).
The distribution area of this type of
natural focus is ca 10,000 km2.
First published reports
(experimental) cases of female
Ixodes persulcatus attachment to
Tabanus bovinus horseflies and
assumed that the chief importance
of this phenomenon that it
represented rudimentary
entomophagy in ancestral forms of
ticks.
Whilst studying the ticks of
Czechoslovakia one of the authors
noted an interesting parasite of the
family Encyrtidae, Hunterellus
hookeri Howard. This parasite has
not previously been recorded from
Czechoslovakia.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauck.-Prakt.
Konf. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 66-73,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 533
from Russian.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 5
(5):457-464.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1217
from Russian.
Master. Nauch.-
Prakt. Konf.
Tulyarem.
Soputst. Infekts.,
pp. 14-16,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1528
from Russian.
Me. Parazit.,
Moskva, 50(3) :
80-81, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1555
from Russian.
Zool. Listy, Roc.
III(XVII), Cis. 2,
pp. 109-111,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1685
from Czech.

Boyadzhyan, G. K.
and S. R. Postoyan.
Boyko, V. A. and V.
G. Ivliev.
Brachtel, R. and G.
W. Kortin.
Brel'yanova, N. D.
and A. G. Stupina.
Contribution to the
question of survival of
foot-and-mouth
disease in
Ornithodoros
lahorensis.
Biocenotic
associations between
birds and ixodid ticks
in natural foci of
tickborne encephalitis
in the forest-steppe
zone along middle
reaches of the Volga.
Note on atypical
febrile and
hemorrhagic erythema
chronicum migrans.
Morphological
characteristics of ticks
of the genus
Dermacentor (Acarina,
Ixodidae) of Barguzin
Valley.
1964
1972
1973
1966
Tick, foot and mouth disease,
Ornithodoros lahorensis.
Tick, encephalitis, Ixodes
persulcatus, Hyalomma,
Haemaphysalis, H. marginatum
plumbeum. H. punctata, I.
persulcatus, H. sulcata, I. ricinus, I.
trianguliceps, birds, foci.
Tick, Germany, hemorrhagic
erythema.
Tick, Soviet Union, Dermacentor
nuttalli, Dermacentor silvarum.
The inadequate study of the
question made it necessary to make
more detailed investigations to
elucidate the importance of
different tick species in distributing
of foot-and-mouth disease among
animals.
This report is based on
ornithological and parasitological
observations made in 1964-69 in
Tatar and Chuvash ASSR and
Ul'yanovsk and Penza Oblasts. We
trapped (with nets) and shot 12,500
birds of 111 species (chiefly small
Passeriformes), including 1,312
during the spring migration (April
and May) and 9,656 during the fall
(July-October) migration.
Paper on a skin infection which
occurred in an atypical form.
Comparison of Dermacentor nuttalli
and D. silvarum.
Izv. Akad. Nauk
Armyan. SSR, S.
Biol. Nauki, 17
(8) : 47-51,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 466
from Russian.
Master. 5. Simp.
Izzuch. Roli
Pereletn. Ptits
Rasp. Arbovirus.
In:
Transcontinental
associations of
migratory birds
and their role in
transmission of
arboviruses,
edited by
Cherepanov, A.
I. NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1539 from
Russian.
Med. Welt. Berl.
24(3) 81-83,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1412
from German.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch.: 90-
91, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
404 from Russian.

Brmoshekevich, V. I.
Brovko, S. M.
Brovko, S. M.
Brumshtein, M. S. and
E. V. Leshchinskaya.
Budnik, V. S.
Species composition,
number correlation,
and seasonal dynamics
of ixodid ticks
parasitizing cattle in
southern regions of
Tadzhikistan.
On the ecology and
distribution of ixodid
ticks in plantation
forests of Ukranian
steppe zone.
A bird tick Argas
reflexus Fabr. in
Pavlograd
(Dnepropetrovsk
region).
Clinical-anatomical
characteristics of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever.
Prolonged
maintenance and
transovarial
transmission of
Piroplsma caballi by
Dermacentor silvarum.
1966
1966
1961
1968
1941
Tick, cattle, Haemaphysalis sp.,
Boophilus calcaratus, Dermacentor
daghestanicus, Rhipicephalus
turanicus, R. sanguineus,
Hyalomma detritum, H.
anatolicum, H. scupense, H.
plumbeum, H. asiaticum, H.
dromedarii, Alveonasus lahorensis.
Tick, Soviet Union, ecology,
Ukraine, Ixodes ricinus, I. rossicus,
Dermacentor marginatus,
Hyalomma plumbeum,
Haemaphysalis punctata.
Tick, Argas reflexus, Coloeus
monedula.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, syndrome.
Tick, horses, Piroplsma caballi,
Dermacentor silvarum.
From 1958-1965, over 100,000
ticks of the superfamily Ixodoidea
were collected in the investigated
farms of southern Tadzhikistan.
Among ixodid ticks of plantation
forests the following species were
widespread: I. ricinus, I. rossicus,
and D. marginatus, which have
broad ecological and geographical
distribution. The presence of
Hyalomma plumbeum and
Haemaphysalis punctata was
recorded in forests in the southern
Ukrainian steppe zone.
On rehabilitation of a three-storyed
building destroyed during the war, a
tick Argas reflexus Fabr. has been
found in the town of Pavlograd.
This tick was not stated up to date
in the literature for the
Dnepropetrovsk region. This tick
can be supposed to be brought by
jackdaws, Coloeus monedula.
Authors present analysis of the
clinical picture of 20 patients who
died of Crimean hemorrhagic fever;
the results of morphological
examination in 15 of them are given
as well.
The author conducted experiments
with D. silvarum ticks collected as
engorged females from sick horses
in the Ekaterinain area of the
Saratov district.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch. p. 91,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 608
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch, 42-43,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 348
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 40 :
283, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 262
from Russian.
Arkh. Patol., 30
(10) : 57-62,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1184
from Russian.
Veterinariya, 20
(2) : 15,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1671
from Russian.

Budnik, V. S.
Budumyan, R. A.
Bulychev, V. P., A. N.
Alekseev, M. A.
Kostyukov, Z. E.
Gordeeva, and D. K.
L'vov.
Bulychev, V. P., M.
A. Kostyukov, and O.
A. Daniyarov.
Efficiency of the
microscopy method of
diagnosing the
causative agent of
equine piroplasmosis
in Dermacentor
marginarus.
Sheep toxicoses
caused by ticks.
Experimental
transmission of Issyk-
Kul virus by bite of
Aedes caspius Pall.
mosquitoes.
Bloodsucking
mosquitoes (Diptera,
Culicidae) of
Tadzhikistan and their
associations with
arboviruses.
1960
1978
1979
1982
Tick, Dermacentor marginatus,
Piroplasma caballi, hemosporidia,
equine piroplasmosis, farm animals.
Tick, Soviet Union, sheep,
toxicoses, Dermacentor marginatus.
Issyk-Kul virus, Aedes caspius
Pall., mosquitoes, Tadzhikistan,
dwarf bat, Nyctalus noctula,
Vespertilio pipistrellus, Anopheles
hyrcanus, Aedes caspius caspius,
Kumsangir, newborn white mice,
NWM, CF.
Diptera, Culicidae, Tadzhikistan,
arboviruses, mosquitoes, newborn
white mice, NWM, complement
fixation, CF, hemagglutination
inhibition, HI, agar gel diffusion
and precipitation, AGDP, N,
neutralization, Aedes caspius
caspius, A. c. dorsalis, A. vexans,
A. detritus, A. pulchritarsis
asiaticus, Anopheles hyrcanus, An.
pulcherimus, An, superpictus, An.
algeriensis, An. sacharovi, An.
In the Soviet scientific literature the
position is well known that the
proper organization of measures to
control hemosporidioses of farm
animals is only possible by studying
in detail the epizootic situation of a
farm by establishing the
relationship of tick and blood
parasite factors in their dynamic
interrelationship with the naturalagricultural
condition.
Toxicoses signs were recently
observed in the spring and fall in
sheep of Sevan basin regions,
Zangezurskiy highlands, and
Leninakan plateau. Veterinarians
assumed that animals became sick
owing to alkaloid poisoning. In
clinical examination of sheep,
Dermacentor marginatus ticks were
found.
After experimental infection of A.
c. capius mosquitoes with Iassyk-
Kul virus, it could be recovered
throughtout the observation period
of 15 days. The coefficient of
infection was 63.3% and that of
transmission 60.4%.
In 1972-1981, 288,497 mosquitoes
of 21 species (family Culicidae)
were collected in different natural
regions of Tadzhikistan. Of them,
250,445 of 13 species were
virologically investigated. Viruses
were isolated using 1-2 day old
newborn white mice (NWM) and
identified in the complement
Sborn. Nauch.
Rab. Saratov.
Nauch.-Issled.
Vet Sta., 4 : 92-
97, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1509 from
Russian.
Veterinariya, 55
(5): 63-64,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1421
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 48
(6):53-56.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1724
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus, imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp.130-
133., NAMRU
No. 3,

Bulychev, V. P., O. A.
Daniyarov, and Z. E.
Gordeeva.
Busalaeva, N. N.
Busybin, F. F., Yu. A.
Shmel'kov, and G. I.
Netsky.
West Nile virus
isolation from Culex
pipiens mosquitoes in
Tadzhikistan.
On finding of ticks
Ornithodoros coniceps
Canestrini in
Kazakhstan.
Experimental study of
some species of
bloodsucking
mosquitorepresentatives
of the
western Siberian fauna
as possible vectors of
West Nile and
Kyasanur forest
disease viruses.
1981
1957
1974
claviger, Culex pipiens, C.
hortensis, C. modestus, C. theileri,
C. martinii, C. pusillus, Culiseta
annulata subochrea, Cul.
longiareolata, Mansonia richiardii,
Uranotaenia unguiculata, Tahyna,
West Nile, bats.
Culex pipiens, Aedes capius,
Anopheles pulcherrimus,
mosquitoes, Tadzhikistan, Central
Asia Republic, CF, HI Tahyna,
Issyk Kul, West Nile, Japanese
encephalitis, wild birds, humans,
newborn white mice, tern, geese.
Tick, Ornithodoros talaje coniceps,
Argas reflexus.
Mosquito, West Nile, WN,
Kyasanur forest disease, KFD,
Aedes flavescens, A. cinereus,
Anopheles maculipennis.
fixation (CF), hemagglutination
inhibition (HI), agar gel diffusion
and precipitation (AGDP), and
neutalization (N) tests.
Despite several cases of West Nile
virus isolation from wild birds and
humans in Tadzhikistan, this
arbovirus could not be revealed for
a long time in arthropods. In this
study, we give data on first WN
virus isolation from Culex pipiens
mosquitoes in a Central Asia
Republic.
The first published information on
the presence of this tick species in
Kazakhstan territory was in 1895
(Birula). M. V. Tartakovsky (1913)
reported the collection of
Ornithodoros talaje coniceps
Guerin-Meneville in the Sir-Darian
Region.
The aim of this work was to
experimentally study the
susceptibility of 3 common
mosquito species Aedes flavescens,
A. cinereus, and Anopheles
maculipennis to West Nile (WN),
and Kyasanur forest disease KFD
viruses. These mosquito-speices are
polyphagous, and there are no data
in known literature on their relation
to these arboviruses.
Translation 1662
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus, imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp.95-96.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1588
from Russian.
Trud. Institute
Zool., Acad. Sci.,
Kazakhstan,
7:290, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 31
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus.,
2:32-34,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 768
from Russian.

Busygin, F. F.
Busygin, F. F. and I.
S. Tsaplin.
Busygin, F. F. and Yu.
A. Shemel'kov.
Contribution to
differentiation of
natural tickborne
encephalitis and Omsk
hemorrhagic fever foci
by means of
serological methods.
Prerequisites for
determining
distribution area of
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever virus in western
Siberia.
Experimental
investigations of
susceptibility of
pigeons to Kyasanur
forest disease virus.
1964
1968
1974
Tick, encephalitis, TBE, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF, foci.
Tick, Omsk hemorrhagic fever,
OHF, TBE, RSSE, tickborne
encephalitis.
Mosquito, West Nile virus, WN,
Siberia, pigeons, Kyasanur forest
disease virus, KFD, TBE, OHF.
Paper on the comparative
characteristics of antibody
prevalence in the population
inhabiting the zone of TBE and
OHF foci and to attempt to
differentiate these foci by means of
serological investigation methods.
Investigation showed that
differentiation of RSSE and OHF
foci is possible from results of mass
serological investigations of the
local population and animal with
antigens to these 2 viruses. From
results of our investigations, in
addition to zones of distinct effects
of OHF or RSSE virus, the effect of
RSSE virus gradually intensifies
from the northern forest-steppe to
the taiga zone, which may be seen
from comparative data on average
geometric antihemagglutinin titers.
Results from our mass serological
investigations of humans and
animals showed that they are in
contact with KFD virus in western
Siberia.
Mater. Konf.
Kleshch. Entsef.
Virus.
Gemorragich,
Likhoradki
(December,
1963), 381-383,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1270
from Russian.
Master. 15.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polop.
Virus. Entsef.,
Akakd. Med.
Nauk SSSR, pp.
134-135,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1499
from Russian.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974),
pp. 15-16,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1255
from Russian.

Busygin, F. F., B. F.
Semenov, G. I.
Netsky, and I. S.
Tsaplin.
Busygin, F. F., Yu. A.
Shmel'kov, L. N.
Tarasevich and I. I.
Bogdanov.
Possible introduction
of certain "A" and "B"
group arboviruses into
the zone of foreststeppe
lakes in
western Siberia.
Study of tickborne
encephalitis virus
isolated from gamasid
mites in the Taimyr
Peninsula tundra.
1968
1975
Arbovirus, migratory birds, flies,
foci.
Tick, Gamasid mites,
Haemogamsus ambulans,
Hirstionyssus isabellinus, Ixodes
persulcatus, TBE virus.
The epidemiological-serological
survey for presence of exotic
arboviruses in Western Siberia is
very important inasmuch as this
geographical area is associated with
bird migration routes from Africa
and overwintering areas of several
migratory bird species in
southeastern Asia, and also because
most localities of western Siberia
and characterized by intense
devepelpment of bloodsucking files.
The paper reports the first known
case of isolation of TBE virus from
pools of Gamasid mites
(Hirstionyssus isabellinus and
Haemogamasus ambulans)
collected in nests of the Siberian
flemming in polar tundra, Taimir
peninsular, latitude of 73° North.
The isolated was identified as TBE
virus in N, CF and HI tests. The
occurrence of TBE virus in polar
regions where there are no Ixodes
persulcatus and nest Ixodid ticks is
regarded as a relict of the preglacial
epoch when the territory of Taimir
was covered with forests and
natural foci of tickborne
encephalitis viurs could exist there
just as they exist now within taiga
boundaries.
Mater. 15 Nauch.
Sess. Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
(October 21-25,
1968), (3):173-
175, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1307
from Russian.
Suborn. Trued.
Inst. Virus. imien
D. I. Inanovsky,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, In:
Arboviruses,
edited by
Gaidamovich, S.
Yu., (2) : 117-
212, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1462
from Russian.

Butenko, A. M.
Butenko, A. M. and
M. P. Chumakov.
Butenko, A. M., M. A.
Donets, V. I. Durov,
V. A. Tkachenko, V.
D. Perelatov, and M.
P. Chumakov.
Data from studying
etiology, laboratory
diagnosis, and
immunology of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever; questions of
ecology of the viral
agent.
Isolation of Astra
arbovirus new for
USSR from H.
plumbeum ticks and
A. hyrcanus
mosquitoes in
Astrakhan Oblast.
Isolation of CHF virus
from Rhipicephalus
rossicus and
Dermacentor
marginatus ticks in
Rostov Oblast and
Krasnodar region.
1971
1971
1971
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, FAT, fluorescent antibody
technique, Hyalomma marginatum,
H. plumbeum, Rhipicephalus
rossicus
Tick, Astra arbovirus, mice, H.
plumbeum, A. hyrcanus, Aedes
vexans, A. caspius, Culex
modestus, Mansonia richiardii.
Tick, Rhipicephalus rossicus,
Dermacentor marginatus,
Hyalomma plumbeum, CHF.
In, 1964-65, Belyeava,
Karmysheva, Shalunova, Semashko
and Chumakov reported the
successful results of culturing and
detecting CF virus using the FAT
(fluorescent antibody technique),
interference reaction, and plaque
method in different cell culture
types.
Virological examination of
moquitoes and ticks was made by
the method of intracerebral
inoculation of suckling white mice.
Results confirm data on natural
infection of R. rossicus with CHF
virus and for the first time indicate
infection of another species, D.
marginatus in natural foci of this
infection. Thus, there is enough
evidence at the moment to count at
least 3 ixodid species that may
participate in transmitting CHF
virus in the European foci of the
infection.
(Avtoref. Diss.
Soisk. Uchen.
Step. Dokt. Biol.
Nauk). Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Entsef. Akad,
Med, Nauk
SSSR; Moskva,
34 pp., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1152
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl.
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
imeni Ivanonsky,
D. I. Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR
(October 19-21),
pt. 2 : 111-112,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 502
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 19 :
45-47, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 828
from Russian.

Butenko, A. M., M. P.
Chumakov, A. P.
Belyayeva, L. I.
Martyanova, E. L.
Lwolf, and V. Y.
Karmysheva.
Butenko, A. M., M. P.
Chumakov, G. A.
Karinskaya, S. G.
Rubin, T. I. Zavodova,
E. A. Tkachenko, S.
M. Vasilenko, M. E.
Badalov, and D. N.
Stolvov.
Butenko, A. M., M. P.
Chumakov, S. E.
Smirnova, S. M,
Vasilenko, T. I.
Zavodova, E. A.
Tkachenko, L. V.
Zarubina, V. N.
Bashkirtsev, G. N.
Zgurskaya, and L. K.
Vishnbivetskaya.
Serological
identification of
Astrakhan virus
recovery from ticks.
Serological diagnosis
of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever.
Isolation of CHF virus
from blood of patients
and corpse material
(from 1968-1969
investigation data) in
Rostov and Astrakhan
Oblasts, and Bulgaria.
1964
1969
1970
Tick, Soviet Union, astrakhan
virus, mice, hamsters, Hyalomma
p. plumbeum.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, DPRA, antibodies.
Tick, H. plumbeum, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF, newborn
albino rats, NAR, newborn white
mice, NWM, vesicular stomatitis
virus, VSV, kidney tissue culture,
HKC, monkeys.
Four strains of a peculiar virus were
isolated from Hyalomma p.
plumbeum ticks that were collected
in summer 1963 in different areas
of Astrakhan region as well as from
blood of one febrile patient
suspected for hemorrhagic fever.
Three tick strains were recovered in
parallel in white mice and Syrian
hamsters.
These data show high sensibility of
the NT as compared to CF and
DPRA by detecting antibodies to
CHF virus in CHF convalescents.
A study of Crimean hemorrhagic
fever (CHF) virus was made at the
end of 1967 and during the winter
and summer of 1968. The study
revealed that this agent is highly
pathogenic to newborn albino rats
(NAR) and newborn white mice
(NM), and also shows an interfering
action against vesicular stomatitis
virus (VSV) when tested in primary
Syrian hamster kidney tissue culture
(HKC).
Proc. 11th Scient.
Conf. Inst. Polio.
Enceph.
Moscow, pp. 7-
10, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
149 from Russian.
Master. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef., In:
Arboviruses,
edited by
Chumakov, M. P.
(2) : 125-126,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 839
from Russian.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Konf. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 6-25,
NAMRU No.3,
Translation 522
from Russian.

Butenko, A. M., M. P.
Chumakov, V. N.
Bashkirtsev, T. I.
Zavodova, E. A.
Tkachenko, S. G.
Rubin, and D. N.
Stolbov.
Butenko, A. M., T. I.
Zavodova, M. P.
Chumakov, G. A.
Karinskaya, S. G.
Rubin, E. A.
Tkachenko, S. M.
Vasilenko, M. E.
Badalob, and D. N.
Stolbov.
Butenko, A. M., V. L.
Gromashevsky, D. K.
L'vov, and V. F.
Popov.
Isolation and
investigation of
Astrakhan strain
("Drozdov") of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus and data on
serodiagnosis of the
infection.
Serological diagnosis
of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever.
Isolation of Bhanja
virus from Hyalomma
plumbeum impressum
ticks collected in
Somalia.
1968
1969
1979
Tick, tickborne, Astrakhan strain,
Drozdov, Crimean hemorrhagic
encephalitis, CHF, newborn white
mice, NWM.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, CF, DPRA, NT.
Tick, Soviet Union, Somalia,
Bhanja virus, Hyalomma
plumbeum impressum.
In, 1967, newborn mice (NWM)
were used for CHF virus isolation
and the CF test with CHF
convalescent sera were used to
check specificity of experimental
infection and death of NWM.
Antigens were prepared from NWM
brains by the borate-saline
extraction method. As a result, CHF
virus strain was isolated from the
blood of a CHF patient in
Astrakhan and named "Drozdov"
after the patient's family name.
Serological investigation data
showed identical picture of
immunological shifts by CF,
DPRA, and NT in CHF patients in
Astrakhan and Rostov Oblast and
Bulgaria.
The information of the first
isolation of Bhanja virus from
Hyalomma plumbeum impressum
ticks collected in 1974 in Somalia
presented in the paper supplements
the information on geographical
distribution and vectors of this
virus. Antigenically, the Somalian
strain of Bhanja virus does not
differ from the strains isolated in
Nigeria and the USSR as
demonstrated by the results of cross
CF, HI and AGDP tests.
Mater. 15.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef., In:
Tickborne
encephalitis,
hemorrhagic
fevers and
mosquito-borne
arboviral
infections. (3) :
88-90, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 866
from Russian.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef., (2) : 123-
124, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 838
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva: 48(3):
37-39, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1397
from Russian.

Bychkova, E. N. and
A. K. Shubladze.
Bychkova, M. V., E.
S. Sarmanova, I S.
Mikhailova, G. P.
Pivanova, A. S.
Karavanov, L. I.
Moteyunas, K. A.
Vasil'eva, and V. A.
Vasilenko.
Bychkova, M. V., E.
S. Sarmanova, I. S.
Mikhailova, G. G.
Bannova, P. P.
Kevatov, V. A.
Mastryukova, K. A.
Vasil'eva, and L. I.
Moteyunas.
Study of viremia in
experimental
neuroviral infections.
Study of properties of
Uukuniemi virus
strains isolated in
Lithuanian and
Estonian SSR.
Virological
investigation of
tickborne encephalitis
natural foci in Baltic
Republic.
1975
Tick, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
acute human encephalomyelitis,
AHE, lymphocytic
choriomeningitis, LCM, Russian
spring-summer encephalitis, RSSE.
1972 Tick, Ixodes ricinus, UUK virus.
1975
Tick, Ixodes ricinus, I. persulcatus,
I. trianguliceps, Uukuniemi virus.
The data given are from studying
viremia in acute and chronic
experimental infections of Russian
spring-summer encephalitis (RSSE)
(= tickborne encephalitis (TBE))
virus, acute human
encephalomyelitis (AHE), and
lymphocytic choriomeningitis
(LCM). Plasma and cellular blood
elements were found to participate
in development of viremia,
depending on the susceptibility of
the animal species to infection,
virus strains, and disease form
(acute or chronic). Properties of
viremia were demonstrated during
acute disease in animals infected
with AHE, RSSE, LCM, and during
chronic encephalomyelitis caused
by AHE virus.
In 1970 -1971, 28 Uukuniemi
(UUK) virus strains were isolated
from Ixodes ricinus ticks collected
in Lithuanian SSR and Estonian
SSR.
Isolation of one Uukuniemi virus
strain from I. persulcatus in Latvia
in 1973 show the possible role of
this tick species in circulation of the
agent in the territory.
Vop. Virus., 20
(2) : 155-159,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1495
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Psovyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972). p.
300, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 905
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 275-276,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1045
from Russian.

Bychkova, M. V., E.
S. Sarmanova, I. S.
Milhailova, G. P.
Pivanova, A. S.
Karavanov, L. I.
Moteyunas, K. A.
Vasil'eva, and V. A.
Vasilenko.
Bychkova, M. V., E.
S. Sarnanova, and I A.
Selyutina.
Bykov, L. T., A. S.
Popova, and A. A.
Sokolva.
Investigations of
properties of
Uukuniemi virus
strains isolated in the
territory of Lithuanian
and Estonian SSR.
A comparative
evaluation of methods
used for virologic
diagnosis of tick-borne
encephalitis in natural
foci.
On participation of
Ixodoidea ticks in
Muyum Kum plague
epizootics.
1973
1968.
1966
Tick, Ixodes ricinus, I. persulcatus,
UUK virus.
Tick, encephalitis, foci, virologic
diagnosis, Ixodes persulcatus,
Dermacentor silvarum,
Haemaphysalis concinna.
Tick, Soviet Union, plague,
Ixodoidea, Muyum Kum plague,
Rhombomys opimus, gerbils,
Xenopsylla gerbilli minax.
The aim of this report was to study
the properties of UUK virus strains
isolated in the Soviet Pre-Baltic
area and to clarity the degree of
similarity between them and the
standard UUK strain S-23 isolated
in Finland.
Despite the comparatively
numerous publications devoted to
study and use of virological
investigation methods, there is still
no unified opinion on the value of
individual methods and the
convenience of their use in widescale
practice. The task of these
investigations was to evaluate
comparatively different virological
investigation methods for materials
from natural tickborne encephalitis
foci in Kemerovo Oblast.
The Muyum Kum natural plague
focus, a relatively recently revealed
focal area, has already shown its
most important polyhost and
polyvector features. Great gerbils
(Rhombomys opimus) proved to be
the infection sources and the vector
role is performed by numerous flea
species parasitizing these rodents.
The most important of them are
Xenopsylla gerbilli minax.
However, during active periods of
plague epizootics in Muyum Kum
focus, ticks of the superfamily
Ixodoidea were frequently recorded
to be infected with plague. At the
beginning of a wide-scale
epizootiological investigation in
Muyum Kum, 22 plague agent
cultures were isolated from 4 tick
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med Nauk
SSSR, 21 (21) :
189-194,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 909
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polic.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 12 :
13-19, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 374
from Russian.
Proc. Tezisy
Dokl. 1. Akarol.
Soveshch. pp. 47-
48, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
436 from Russian.

Caflisch, U., O. Tönz,
U. B. Schaad, A.
Aeschlimann, and W.
Burgdorfer.
Cerny, V.
Cerny, V. and E.
Kratochvilova-Kralova
Tickborne meningoradiculitis
-- a
spirochetosis.
Significance of bushes
for survival of fully
engorged females of
the common tick
(Ixodes ricinus).
Development of the
tick Haemaphysalis
concinna in natural
conditions of southern
Moravia.
1984
1959
1963
Tickborne meningo-radiculitis,
spirchetosis, FSME, ZMR, Ixodes
ricinus, I. dammini, Lyme disease,
oligo-arthritis, Borrelia,
Treponema, Apodemus,
Chlethrionomys glareolus.
ticks, Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor
marginatus, D. pictus, Babesiella
bovis, B. caucasica, East Slovakia.
Ticks, metamorphosis,
Haemaphysalis concinna
species (in adult and nymphal
stages).
Three pediatric cases of tickborne
meningoradiculitis are presented.
Experiment to study the anology
between protective significance of
bushes for survival of fully
engorged female Ixodes ricinus
which drop from grazing cattle
hosts. A few engorged female ticks
placed in open pasture began to
oviposit but none completed the
process and most dried up and died
in 24-36 days. The eggs also dried
up and no larvae were hatched. The
most favorable conditions for
females were in bushes at a forestmeadow
margin with an abundant
layer of dry foliage where
oviposition and larval hatching
occured in all cases.
Observations on the metamorphosis
of H. concinna under natural
conditions show that hatching and
molting of all stages take place in
the second half of the year
beginning from July.
Schweiz. Med.
Wschr., 114(18):
630-634.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1803
from German.
Vet. Cas., 8(5):
455-460.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 797
from Czech.
Zool. Listy, 12
(3):259-261,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 179
from Czech.

Cerny, V. and F. Balat.
Ch'en, T. M.
Chagin, K. P.
Chagin, K. P. and P.
Ya. Kondrat'ev.
A case of introduction
of Hyalomma
plumbeum (Panz.)
1795 (Ixodidae) by
birds into the territory
of CSR
(Czechoslovakia).
The extermination of
ticks by Chinese
medicine: a
preliminary report.
Observations on the
development cycle of
Aedes togoi in the
laboratory and natural
conditions.
Fall (Japanese)
encephalitis vectors in
Primor'ye region and
measures for
controlling them.
1957
1957
1943
1943
Hyalomma plumbeum,
Czechoslovakia, Rhipicephalus,
Motacilla alba L., Stockholm, H.p.
impressum, Caprimulgus
europaeus, L. Haemaphysalis
leachi, Ciconia ciconia,
Rhipicephalus s. sanguineus. R.
bursa, R. pumillo, R. rossicus,
birds, nightingales, Anthus
trivialis, A. campestris, Luscinia
svecica cyanecula, Erithacus
rubecula.
Tick, China, extermination,Veratri
nigri, Artemisiae vulgaris.
Aedes togoi, Culex pipiens, C.
tritaeniorhynchus.
Japanese encephalitis, JE,
Primor'ye, Culex tritaeniorhynchus,
C. bitaeniorhynchus, C. pipiens,
Aedes togoi, A. japonicus, A.
albopictus, A. esoensis, mosquitoes.
Many cases are known from
literature of introduction of tick
species during bird migration from
southern countries. Such evidence
proves the possiblity of tick
introduction by migrating birds far
from the usual boundaries of these
species.
No reports have been made on tick
extermination research by Chinese
medicine since forest encephalitis
occurred. The summarized
preliminary report of the
experiment is outline in this paper.
A. togoi in southern Primor'ye
regional may have four generations;
the last generation is incomplete.
Larvae develop from some eggs
depositied by females of generation
IV but their development does not
reach the flight stage and they die
as soon as pools begin to freeze.
Generations III and IV are of chief
epidemiological importance.
In 1933, several experimental
investigations and epidemiological
observations showed that
mosquitoes are Japanese
encephalitis (JE) vectors. Natural
infection was detected only in C.
tritaeniorhynchus; other species
proved to be slightly susceptible to
the virus and capable of causing
disease in laboratory aimals (white
mice) through a bite. Japanese
investigators recently demonstrated
Zool. Zh., 20(1):
81-83., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 7
from
Czechoslovakian.
Nat. Med. J.
China, 43(6):
451-452,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 261
from Chinese.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 12(2):
44-52., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1206
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 12(2):
34-44., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1205
from Russian.

Chang, P. H.
Chang, P.-H., W.-Y.
Lou, C.-C. Teng, and
A.-C. Hsu.
Chao, C. H.
A study of
Amblyomma cyprium
Neumann, 1899,
collected from the
human body.
Studies on tick
infestation of domestic
animals in Nanking.
Survey on rodents,
fleas and ticks in the
plague area of Chilin
province.
1958.
1964
1958
Tick, Chinese, anus, human body,
Amblyomma cyprium,
Amblyomma formosanum, A.
pseudolaeve, A. javanensis, A.
testudinarium, A. yajimai,
morphology.
Ticks, encephalitis, rickettsia,
spotted fever, bacteria, tularmeia,
spirocheta, relapsing fever, Q
fever, helminths, filariasis, cows,
sheep, buffaloes, goats, domestic
animals.
Tick, rodents, fleas, plague,
Pasteurella pestis, Citellus
dauricus, Rattus norvegicus, Mus
bactrianus, Allactaga sibirica,
Myospalax aspalax, Ceratophyllus
tesqurum sungaris, Xenopsylla
cheopis, Haemaphysalis,
Dermacentor, Canis lupus, Vulpes,
Mustela eversmanni, Mustela
sibirica, Mustela attaica, Meles
meles, Erinaceus, Talpa, Sorex,
Insectivora.
transovarial transmission of the
virus in C. tritaeniorhynchus and C.
pipiens.
The tick was collected from a
farmer named Shao, of Tung-tai
County of Kiang-su Province, on 17
April 1956. Shao said that the
hemorrhoid-like outgrowth
appeared in his anus 8 months
earlier and gradually grew as a
complaint. When checked, it was
not hemorrhoids but a bean-sized
insect partly hidden in the skin.
When they took it off with a forceps
and found the fully blood-fed
female tick, they delivered it to this
Institute for identification.
From April 1956 to December
1957, 11 kinds of domestic animals
in Nanking were examined for the
infestation of ticks. With the
exception of rabbits, all of the
others were found to be infected.
The rate of infection was highest
among cows and sheep, being over
50%, while that of buffaloes and
goats ranked the next.
The animals in the plague area of
Chilin Province belong to the fauna
of Northeast Subregion of
Palaeractic Region. After an
extensive survey carried out in
recent years, a total of 19 species of
rodents has been found.
Acta Ent. Sin. 8
(3): 290-292,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 259
from Chinese.
Acta Zool. Sin 16
(1) : 132-138,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 304
from Chinese.
Plague Ser., 5 :
30-35, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 600
from Chinese.

Charyev, O. Ch.
Chastel, C., C.
Guiguen, G. Le Lay,
J. Y. Monnat, M. C.
Quillien, and J. C.
Beaucournu.
Vectors of blood
parasites of sheep in
Turkmenia.
Are the arboviruses
from marine bird
colonies in Brittany
able to infect man?
Notes on the ticks in
the Formosan
1981
1983
sheep, parasites, Turkmenia,
Rhipicephalus bursa, R. turanicus,
Haemaphysalis parva, H.
asiaticum, Hyalomma marginatum,
Dermacentor daghestanicus,
piroplasmosis, anaplasmosis,
theileriasis.
Brittany, Landes Islands, Saint-
Michel Hill Gulf, Morihan Gulf,
arboviruses, marine birds,
tickborne, Soldado, Zaliv
Terpeniya, Avalon, Tyuleniy,
farmers, South Finistere, Sizun
Cape.
Formosan Mountain Reservation,
aborigines, ticks, Margaropus
annulatus australis, Haemaphysalis
flava, H. formosensis, H. hystricis,
H. intermis, H. nishiyamai,
Amblyomma testudinarium,
Dermacentor atrosignatus, D.
taiwanesis, Ixodes acutitarsus, I.
shinchkuensis, I. taiwanesis,
piroplasma, cattle, buffalo, horse,
goat, sheep, dog, rabbit, wild pig,
Indian pig, water deer, Taiwan wild
Tests with H. parva and D.
daghestanicus. Most investigators
associate seasonal prevalence of
ovine piroplasmosis with the R.
bursa parasitism period on sheep,
chiefly in spring and early summer.
We observed piroplasmosis
outbreaks among sheep also in fall
(October-November 1967-1972), i.
e., in the period not characteristic of
R. bursa parasitism on sheep. The
disease usually occurs in sheep
flocks following driving from
desert to mountain pastures.
Piroplasmosis was diagnosed from
clinical symptoms and blood
smears of sick sheep.
Since 1977, we found 4 arboviruses
in marine bird colonies on the coast
of Brittany. The study is to
estimate, by the standard
immunological method, the
possibility for man living in rural
areas near these colonies to be
infected by these viruses. We
examined 474 sera of farmers living
in South Finistere not far from
Sizun Cape, where three of these
viruses have been isolated.
Study provides details on ticks from
Izv. Akad. Nauk
Turkmen. SSR, s.
Biol. Nauk, (2):
38-41., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1606
from Russian.
Rev. Epidém.
Méd. Soc. Santé
Publ., 31(4): 445-
457., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1734
from French.
J. Centr. Soc.
Vet. Med.
Tokyo, 50: 303-

Chen, Stephen Mountain Reservation
for the Aborigines.
Cherkasskikh, A. P.,
L. O. Stepanyants, O.
L. Gudym, and N. G.
Syrvacheva.
Chernovsky, K. M.,
A. V. Yasinsky, E. G.
Kalmykov, Kh. B.
Berdyev, and V. G.
Arsky.
Contribution to the
study of natural
focality of tularemia in
Kabardino-Balkarsk
ASSR.
Measures for
liquidating the
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever outbreak in
Tadzhik SSR.
1958 boar, Celebes wild boar, Malay
bear, black bear, tiger, Bengale
porcupine, antelope, fox,
hedgehog, Pin rat, tree frog, Su-ao,
Hsin-tien, Feng-lin, Taitung, Japan,
Ise, Hiroshima, India, Madras,
Muktesar, Simula, Ceylon, Ta-pao,
lin, I-lan, Asia, Burma, Assam,
China, Federated Malay States,
Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Taiwan,
Okinawa, Kagoshima, Kumamoto,
Kyushu, France.
Kabardino-Balkarsk, tularemia,
foci, Tersky, vertebrates, ticks,
mice, rodents, insectivores,
predatory animals, burrows, cattle,
1965
goats, sheep, Dermacentor
marginatus, D. reticulatus,
Hyalomma marginatum,
Haemaphysalis sulcata.
1971
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
foci.
the Formosan Mountain
Reservation for the Aborigines.
Tularemia infections among
humans in Kabardino-Balkarsk
ASSR were recorded chiefly in the
form of 3 outbreaks in the steppe
zone of the Republic; 96 cases in
1914, 462 in 1943, and 127 in 1952-
1953.
The complex of prophylactic and
epidemic control measures against
Crimean hemorrhagic fever carried
out in Tajikistan in 1967 consisted
in measures directed towards early
detection of patients, prevention of
contraction of infection from them,
tick control and deratization work
in foci and potentially dangerous
endemic foci of this infection.
340., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 11
from Japanese.
Mater. Nauch.-
Prakt. Konf.
Tulyarem.
Soputst. Infekts.,
pp. 63-65.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1524
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:224-228,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 979
from Russian.

Chernovsky, K. M., B.
A. Kantorovich, A. V.
Yasinsky, E. S.
Kalmykov, Z. Y.
Abdullokhodzhaev, K.
B. Berdyev, and V. G.
Arsky.
Chervonsky, V. I., D.
K. L'vov, G. V.
Gostinshchikova, V.
L. Gromashevsky, Yu.
M. Tsirkin, O. V.
Veselovskaya, and A.
S. Zemit.
Chervonsky, V. I., G.
V. Gostinshchikova,
and A. S. Zemit.
Cases of hemorrhagic
fever in Tadzhik SSR.
Detection of Tyuleniy
virus on Kamchatka
(Commander Islands).
Detection of Tyuleniy
arbovirus focus on
Komandor Islands.
1968
1971
1971
Tick, hemorrhagic fever, Soviet
Union, Hyalomma anatolicum.
Tick, Tyuleniy virus, Ixodes putus,
humans, marine birds, serological
examination.
Tick, Tyuleniy arbovirus, West
Nile virus, WN, mosquito, suckling
mice, HA, HI, CF, NT tests, chicks
embryo fibroblast cultures,
Mansonia richiardii, Aedes vexans,
Hyalomma plumbeum.
Much interest has been given in
recent years to a peculiar group of
viral infections named
"hemorrhagic fevers". This term
includes several independent
diseases characterized by cyclicity
of disease course, fever, and
hemorrhages from the skin, mucous
membranes, and internal organs.
These diseases differ
epidemiologically by the type of
carriers and vectors and zonal
prevalence associated with climatic
and ecological conditions.
As result of these investigations, 3
arbovirus strains were isolated from
Ixodes putus ticks collected in
marine bird colonies on Ariy
Kamen Island. One of these strains
was identical in properties to
Tyuleniy virus.
Isolation from ticks was made in 2
day-old suckling mice. The isolated
strains were identified by HA, HI,
CF, and NT tests on suckling mice
and chicks embryo fibroblast
cultures.
Zdravookhr.
Tadzhik 14(2): 5-
9, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1287 from
Russian.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 37-38,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 686
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl.
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
Virus. imeni
Ivanozsky, D. I.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR
(October 19-21),
pt. 2:121-122,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 505
from Russian.

Chigirik, E. D. and E.
A. Pleshivtseva-
Eroshkina.
Chigirik, E.D., S.V.
Istratkina, N. F.
Biryukova, and A.V.
Nekrazova.
Chikaki, H. and A.
Otake.
Chudinov, A. A., V.
V. Shestakov, V. I.
Kuklin, and A. P.
Tikhonovich.
Ixodid ticks of
Kemerovo Oblast.
The occurrence of
Ixodes pavlovskyi
Pom. in Kemerovo
District.
Ecology of ticks
attacking cattle in a
pasture.
Combination of
Nishimoto-Takeushi-
Kudo disease and
progressive form of
tickborne encephalitis.
1969
1972
1956.
1979
Kemerovo, ticks, ixodid, Ixodes
persulcatus, I. apronophorus. I.
trianguliceps, I. redikorzevi,
Dermacentor silvarum, D.
reticulatus, D. marginatus,
Haemaphysalis concinna, foreststeppe.
Ixodes pavlovskyi, I. perculcatus,
tickborne, encephalitis,
Clethrionomys rutilus, C.
rufocanus, Sorex sp.
Tick, cattle, pasture, piroplasmosis,
ecology.
Nishimoto-Takeushi-Kudo,
tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
RSSE, ticks.
In Kemerovo region, 7 species of
Ixodidae ticks occur: Ixodes
persulcatus (86.5%), I.
apronophorus. I. trianguliceps,
Dermacentor silvarum (5.6%), D.
reticulatus (6.3%), D. marginatus
(0.5%), Haemaphysalis concinna
(1.1%)
Ixodes pavlovskyi Pom. and I.
persulcatus Schulze were found in
17 areas of Kemerovo Oblast.
Financed by the Ministry of
Education, the authors conducted an
investigation from 1952 to 1954 for
studying the ecology of ticks
inhabiting a pasture at the foot of
Mt. Sambe in Shimane Prefecture.
This investigation was conducted in
order to improve pasturage.
A unique case is described in a 39year
old male; a massive
subarachnoidal hemorrhage
suddenly developed against the
background of a primarilyprogredient
form of tick-borne
encephalitis, clinically running with
the syndrome of amyotropic lateral
sclerosis and complex hyperkinesis
of the left arm. The angiographic
picture (occluding lesion of major
intracerebral vessels, developed
basal and convexital anastomoses, a
thin vascular net in the region of
basal ganglia) looks typical of the
Nishimoto-Kudo disease.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 38(40):
423-426.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1520
from Russian.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 6(3):
305-306,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 570
from Russian.
Oyo Dobuts.
Zasshi, Tokyo 21
(2): 53-62,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 101
from Japanese.
Sovetsk. Med.,
(1): 116-119.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1543
from Russian.

Chudinov, P. I., L. N.
Tarasevich, and A. A.
Tagil'tsev.
Chukinhin, S. P.
Chumakov, M. P.
Possible preservations
of natural tickborne
encephalitis foci in
areas treated with
acaricidal preparations.
Analysis of trophic
associations between
arboviruses and birds.
Results of a study
made of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
(OL) by an expedition
of the Institute of
Neurology.
1973
1973
1948.
acaricides, gamasid mites,
tickborne encephalitis, TBE, foci,
ticks, Clethrionomys, Apodemus,
Microtus, Sorex, Haemolaelps
glasgowi, Haemogamusus
ambulans, Pergamassus, Microtus
arvalis, Macrocheles, Ixodes
persulcatus, I. trianguliceps.
Tick, mosquito, mite, birds, trophic
associations, arthropodshematophages,
vertebrates, foci,
Culex tarsalis, Mansonia,
Coquilletidia, Culiseta,
Melamoconion, Eubonnea,
Wyeomyia, Sabethes,
Haemagogus, Trichoprosopon,
Aedes, Argas, Ornithodoros,
Ixodes putus, I. auritus, I.
diomedeae, I. percavatus, I.
pterodromae, I. zumpti, I. berlesei,
I. pavlovskyi, Hyalomma
plumbeum, H. rufipes.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, Omsk, nephrosonephritis.
Our investigation results allowed us
to consider the existence of parallel
dependent and independent
circulation cycles of TBE virus with
participation of nest gamasid mites
and, possible, other arthropods
inhabiting vertebrate animals nests
and burrows. Moreover, our data
show that destroying the
epidemiologically important vector
of the TBE agent does not indicate
complete liquidation of the focus of
this infection.
Trophic associations between
arthropods-hematophages and
vertebrates are the most important
among numerous associations in
biocenoses of arboviral foci
inasmuch as they determine the
circulation cycle of these viruses.
Several investigations have been
made on trophic associations
between arbovirus vectors and
birds. However, many aspects of
this problem still remain obscure.
In recent years Soviet scientists
have discovered and investigated a
few newer infectious diseases in
man. Among these newly diagnosed
diseases, Crimean hemorrhagic
fever and Far Eastern hemorrhagic
nephrosonephritis deserve special
attention. These infectious diseases
are endemic and viral in origin.
They are characterized by an acute
febrile course and by a progressive
hemorrhagic syndrome, typical
changes in the blood, changes in the
internal organs of the body and in
Sborn. Trud.
Vop. Infekts.
Patol., pp. 16-
20., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1584
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus.,
1 :23-26,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 798
from Russian.
Vestnik Acad.
Med. Nauk SSSR
2:19-26,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 81
from Russian.

Chumakov, M. P.
Chumakov, M. P. and
Belyaeva, A. P.
The problem of viral
hemorrhagic fevers.
Experimental data on
interrelationships
between Omsk
hemorrhagic fever and
human tickborne
encephalitis viruses.
1956
1965
Hemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome, HFRS, hemorrhagic
nephrosonephritis, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF, Kalinin,
Yaroslov, mice, gamasid mites,
monkeys, rabbits, Hyalomma m.
marginatum, H. plumbeum, H.
antolicum, ticks, Astrakhan Oblast,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
tickborne encephalitis, mice, TBE,
JE, Hyalomma plumbeum
the nervous system.
Three independent disease type
breakdowns of viral hemorrhagic
fevers have been broken down to:
hemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome (HFRS), Crimean
hemorrhagic fever (CHF), and
Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHF).
HFRS studies from several
countries have supplemented
knowledge on epidemiological,
characteristics of new foci, and
clinical picture, pathological
physiology, and pathological
anatomy of this infection.
Transmission of infection to
humans may come from contact
with discharges of infected murine
rodents. CHF infections could be
through infections of the
Hyalomma tick genus. OHF is
characterized by a less severe
development of hemrrhagic
syndrome and lower fatality rate
than other hemorrhagic fever types.
Preventive vaccination of the
human population with a
preparation of OHF virus killed in
formalin (from brains of passaged
infected mice) proved to be the
most effective antiepidemic control
measure in the foci.
The antigenic interrelationships
between 2 related but different
viruses were given chiefly from
results of the cross-tests on
immunity in vaccinated mice.
Tezisy Dokl. 13.
Vses S'ezd Gig.
Epidem.
Mikrobiol.
Infekts.
(Lenigrad, June
1956), pp. 116-
119, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 897
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR. 7:
356-362.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1441
from Russian.

Chumakov, M. P. and
S. E. Smirnova.
Chumakov, M. P. S.
K. Andreeva, T. I.
Zavodova, G. N.
Zgurskaya, N. V.
Kostetsky, L. I.
Mar'yanova, A. M.
Nikitin, K. M. Sinyak,
S. E. Smirnova, L. I.
Turta, E. D. Ustinova,
and S. P. Chunikhin.
Chumakov, M. P., A.
M. Butenko, N. V.
Shalunova, L. I.
Mart'yanova, S. E.
Smirnova, Yu. N.
Bashkirtsev, T. I.
Zavodova, S. G.
Rubin, E. A.
Tkachenko, V. Ya.
Karmysheva, V. N.
Reingol'd, G. V.
Popov, and A. P.
Savinov.
Investigation of
interrelationships
between Pakistan
Hazara virus (ShS
JT280-probably
JC280) and CHF-
Congo group viruses.
Problems of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
ecology in natural foci
of this infection in
Crimea.
New data on the viral
agent of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
(CHF).
1972
1974
1968
Hazara virus, CHF-Congo group
virus, Khodzha, Kash, Said,
Pakistan, Ixodes redikorzevi,
NWM, mice, rats, CF, AGDP, N.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
foci, Crimea, cattle, hares, ticks,
midges, hedgehogs, sheep,
Hyalomma plumbeum, H.
scupense.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
vaccine, CHF, newborn white
mice, rats, NWM, NWR, foci.
In this report, we give data on
comparative study of CHF, Congo,
and Hazara viruses, which do not
agree with the results of previous
investigations. Hazara virus strain
JC280 was obtained in the form of
lyophilized brain suspension from
newborn white mice (NWM). We
also used 3 CHF virus strains and 4
Congo virus strains.
From the investigation data on
ecology of CHF virus, it may be
seen that there is a high infection
rate (41.9% of bioassays) in CHF
virus vectors H. plumbeum and also
in other tick species, despite the
relatively small numbers to tick
batches investigated. This shows
that most ticks feeding together
with the vector may regularly
become infected with and retain the
virus, and maintain its circulation in
foci.
The aim of this work was to
develop a convenient and effective
serodiagnosis of this disease and
serological investigation of persons
and animals in CHF foci. New
perspectives have also been opened
for perfecting specific vaccine
prophylaxis of this rather severe
disease.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 339-349.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1051
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR. 22
(2): 19-24,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1110
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 13
(3) : 377,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 596
from Russian.

Chumakov, M. P., A.
M. Butenko, S. G.
Rubin, V. V. Berezin,
G. A. Karinskaya, S.
M. Vasilenko, S. E.
Smirnova, V. V.
Bashkirtsev, M. P.
Derbedeneva, M. E.
Badalov, and D. N.
Stolbov.
Chumakov, M. P., A.
M. Butenko, T. I.
Zavodona, E. A.
Tkachenko, S. G.
Rubin, and S. E.
Smirnova.
Chumakov, M. P., A.
P. Belyaeva, A. V.
Gagarina, and N. S.
Slavina.
Chumakov, M. P., A.
P. Belyaeva, A. V.
Gagarina, N. S.
Slavina, O. V.
Ravdonikas, and I. S.
Novitsky.
Questions on the
ecology of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
(CHF) virus.
Antigenic
relationships between
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus strains
isolated from different
geographical regions.
Isolation and study of
strains of the Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
(OHF) agent.
The muskrat as the
source of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
(OHF) infection in
laboratory personnel
and its role in the
epidemiology of this
disease.
1972
1969
1965
1965
CHF, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
mosquitoes, ticks, West Nile, WN,
Astrakhan Oblast, Hyalomma
plumbeum, rabbits, guinea pigs,
Syrian hamsters, adult white mice,
Astrakhan, Rostov, Bulgaria, foci,
AGDP, CF, Corvus frugilegus.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
H. plumbeum ticks, newborn white
mice, guinea pigs, NWM, agar gel
diffusion and precipitation, AGDP,
Razdolgina, Astrakhan, Sudarkina,
Rostov, Bulgaria.
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, ticks,
mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats,
voles, Astrakhan, OHF, Hyalomma
plumbeum, Dermacentor pictus, D.
marginatus, Ondatra zibethica, CF.
Tick, Hyalomma plumbeum,
Dermacentor pictus, D. marginatus,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
muskrats, experimental infection.
In 1968, two strains of CHF virus
were isolated from nymphs
collected from Corvus frugilegus in
Rostov and Astrakhan regions.
Negative results were obtained in
precipitation and CF tests with
antigens of CHF virus and sera
from birds - hosts of ticks, captured
in foci of CHF.
Investigation indicated no antigenic
differences detected between all
investigated CHF virus strains
isolated in 1967 and 1968 from the
blood of patients and H. plumbeum
ticks. Hyperimmune serus of guinea
pigs vaccinated with strain Drozdov
neutralized the homologous strain
and all strains isolated in Astrakhan
Oblast, Rostov Oblast, Bulgaria,
and Central Asia.
The aim of the study was to study
clinical and epidemiological OHF
characteristics, and also to clarify
the etiology and transmission
mechanism of this infection.
This paper describes observations
made in 1947 on experimental
infection (ip or sc) with blood from
an OHF patient resulting in
development of an acute
generalized hemorrhagic disease
form with fatal end on day 8 after
inoculation.
Mater. 5. Simp.
Izuch. Roli
Pereletn. Ptits
Rasp. Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July 1969), pp.
222-229.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 877
from Russian.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 1969),
(2):151-152,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 853
from Russian.
Sborn. Trudy
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, 7:327-
344., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 807
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
7 :409-415,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 824
from Russian.

Chumakov, M. P., A.
P. Belyaeva, and I. V.
Leschinskaya.
Chumakov, M. P., A.
P. Belyaeva, M. K.
Voroshilova, A. M.
Butenko, N. V.
Shalunova, I. V.
Semashko, L. I.
Mart'yanova, S. E.
Smirnova, V. N.
Bashkirtsev, T. I.
Zavodova, S. G.
Rubin, E. A.
Tkachenko, V. Ya.
Karmysheva, V. N.
Reingol'd, G. V.
Popov, I. Kirov, D. N.
Stolbov, and V. D.
Perelatov.
Viral etiology of
diseases of the
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever type in
Astrakhan Oblast.
Progress in studying
the etiology,
immunology, and
laboratory diagnosis of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever in the USSR and
Bulgaria.
1965
1968
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
Soviet Union, Hyalomma pl.
plumbeum.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
ticks, foci, Krasnodar, Stavropol,
Astrakhan, Samarkand, Bulgaria,
Rostov, Kherson, Hyalomma
plumbeum, H. anatolicum,
newborn white mice, newborn
albino rats, monkeys, NWM,
rodents, CF, DPRA.
Viral etiology of hemorrhagic fever
in Crimea was established between
1945 and 1946 in special
observations on the reproduction of
febrile illness in psychiatric patients
requiring pyrogenic therapy. The
picture of illness produced
corresponded to spontaneous cases
of this illness. After repeated viral
passages, the character of illness
remained unchanged.
Bacteriologically-sterile sera used
as inocula were obtained from
Crimean hemorrhagic fever patients
during acute period of illness, and
filtered through bacterial filters.
Filtered suspensions of ground up
Hyalomma pl. plumbeum ticks
were also used as inocula.
Serological examination of humans
and animals inhabiting CHF foci in
USSR and Bulgaria showed
transmission of this infection by
ticks and the presence of latent
immunization in domestic animals.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Encefal. Akad.
Med. Nauk
USSR,
(Medicine,
Moscow), (7) :
197-201,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 191
from Russian.
Mater. 15.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 21-25,
1968), (3): 100-
103., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 613
from Russian.

Chumakov, M. P., A.
P. Belyayeva, A. M.
Butenko, L. I.
Mart'Yanova, and V.
Ya. Karmysheva.
Chumakov, M. P., A.
P. Belyayeva, and T.
P. Povalishina.
Isolation and study of
a peculiar virus
recovered from
Hyalomma p.
plumbeum and from
the blood of a febrile
patient in the
Astrakhan Region.
Materials relating to
the etiology and
epidemiology of
hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome
(HFRS).
1964.
1966.
Tick, Hyalomma p. plumbeum,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
virus isolation, foci.
Tick, hemorrhagic fever, renal
syndrome, tissue culture, murine
rodents.
In the summer of 1963, in the
Astrakhan Region, there was an
outbreak of disease of the Crimean
Hemorrhagic Fever type. For
laboratory investigation of the cases
and elucidation of the etiology of
the disease, specimens were
collected in Astrakhan foci: blood
of patients with Crimean
hemorrhagic fever collected in the
acute state of the disease; organs
from fatal cases of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever; Hyalomma
plumbeum plumbeum ticks (known
vectors of Crimean hemorrhagic
fever); and blood serum from
patients with Crimean hemorrhagic
fever and from healthy people in
rural areas of the region.
With the aid of
immunofluorescence tests we were
able to demonstrate the antigenic
relationship between strains of
hemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome isolated in Moscow and
Ryazan Oblasts, Bashkir ASSR,
and in the Far East. During recent
years, study of HFRS outbreaks in
various regions of USSR, as well as
infection of laboratory staff and
Institute collaborators who have
studied HFRS, has produced new
important proof on the particularly
important role played by murine
rodents in maintenance and
transmission of HFRS to man.
Proc. 11th Scient.
Conf. Inst. Polio.
Enceph.
Moscow, pp. 5-7,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 148
from Russian.
Proc. 1966
Conference, pp.
59-60, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 218
from Russian.

Chumakov, M. P., B.
Kh. Vafakulov, T. I.
Zavodova, V. Ya.
Karmysheva, S. S.
Maksumov, L. I.
Mart'yanova, V. I.
Robin, and S. N.
Sukharenko.
Chumakov, M. P., E.
S. Sarmanova, N. V.
Shalunova, V. O.
Tapupere, I. V.
Semashko, and V. Ya.
Karmysheva.
Chumakov, M. P., L.
I. Moteyunas, M. V.
Buchkova, and V. V.
Vargin.
Cases of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
transmission in
Uzbekistan through
contacts with the
blood of a sick cow
and a patient, and also
by tickbites.
Isolation of one more
arbovirus in the
Kemerovo region from
the blood of a sick
child bitten by a tick.
Study of natural focal
infections in the
territory of Lithuanian
SSR.
1974
1964.
1973
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
cow, tickbites, humans.
Tick, encephalitis, arbovirus, strain
15.
Lithuanian, ixodid ticks,
Uukuniemi, UUK, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE, pig embryo
kidney, PEK, fluorescent antibody
technique, FAT, chick embryo cell,
complement fixation, CF, CEC,
Study of 3 fatal CHF cases caused
by contact with blood of a sick cow
are additional evidence of the
zoonotic character of CHF
infection. The fact that the blood of
a sick cow caused CHF in a group
of persons and subsequent
transmission of the infection to a
nurse who became infected in the
hospital while cleaning syringes
containing the blood from a CHF
patient shows the viral nature of
this disease in the cow bitten by
ticks.
In addition to the already described
arboviruses, the agent of tick-borne
encephalitis (spring-summer) and
the virus of Kemerovo tick-borne
fever in 1963 in Kemerovo region
(western Siberia), we found another
peculiar arbovirus differing
markedly from the above and from
other viruses. It was isolated in
chick embryo cell cultures from the
blood of a five-year old patient with
fever without signs of nervous
system involvement. There was a
history of a tick bite shortly before
the onset.
During three seasons, the study
isolated 29 strains, 12 of which
were identified as TBE virus and 17
and UUK virus. Two UUK virus
strains isolated in 1970 from Ixodes
ricinus ticks collected in Lithuanian
SSR were the first UUK virus
strains isolated in the USSR. Table
1 provides summarized data on
virus-infected ticks collected in
Lithuanian SSR that arbovirus
strains were more frequently
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR. 22
(2): 29-34,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1111
from Russian.
Proc. 11th Scient.
Conf. Inst. Polio.
Enceph.
Moscow, pp. 13-
14, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
150 from Russian.
Zh. Mikrobio.
Moskva, 42
(5):83-87.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 908

Chumakov, M. P., L.
M. Vil'ner, E. A.
Solovey, I. M. Rodin,
and A. V. Gagarina.
Chumakov, M. P., M.
V. Bychkova, I. S.
Mikhailova, E. S.
Sarmanova, B. F.
Semenov, G. P.
Pivanova, S. G.
Rubin, L. I.
Moteyunas, and K. A.
Vasil'eva.
Reproduction of
tickborne encephalitis
virus and development
of its antigenic and
immunogenic
properties in relation
to conditions of
interferonogenesis.
Isolation of
Uukuniemi virus from
Ixodes ricinus ticks in
Estonian SSR and
Lithuanian SSR.
1968
1970
ticks, Ixodes ricinus, and I.
persulcatus.
tickborne encephalitis, RSSE,
TBE, antigenic, immunogenic,
interferonogenesis, pricipitinogens.
Uukuniemi, UUK, Ixodes ricinus,
ticks, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
Argas abdusalani, Argas reflexus,
newborn white mice, NWM,
newborn white rats, NWR, adult
white mice, AWM, adult white
rats, AWR, chick embryo cell,
CEC, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
Kyasanur Forest disease, KFD,
Powassan, West Nile fever, WN,
Japanese encephalitis, JE, eastern
equine encephalomyelitis, EEE,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
isolated from ticks in late summer
than in the spring. TBE virus strains
were isolated from I. ricinus and I.
persulcatus despite the fact that
only 142 of the last tick species
were investigated. UUK virus
strains were isolated only from I.
ricinus.
We studied reproduction and
development of pricipitinogens,
hemagglutinins, complement-fixing
antigens, and immunogenic
properties of RSSE (TBE) virus in
relation to different
interferonogensis conditions in tests
using chicken embryo cell cultures
in different incubation periods and
ages. All determinations were made
by standard methods. It may be
assumed that virus reproduction is
inhibited and antigenically and
immunogenically deficient virus
particles develop under the effect of
apparent interferonogenesis
conditions.
Results of antigenic identity of the
strains isolated from Ixodes ricinus
in Estonia and Lithuania are shown
in Tables 1 (CF), Table 2, and
Table 3 (AGDP). Positive results
were obtained only by comparing
these strains with UUK virus. This
was confirmed by very high titers in
cross CF and distinctly positive
AGDP tests with the studied strain
antigens and ascitic fluids immune
to UUK virus. Studies found
absence of antigenic association
between the strains isolated from I.
ricinus, and TBE, OHF, KFD,
Powassan, WN, JE, EEE, CHF,
from Russian.
Mater. 15.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (October,
1968), (1): 39-
41., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1541
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio,
Virus, Entsef,
Akad, Med.
Nauk, SSSR,
18:113-119.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 906
from Russian.

Chumakov, M. P., N.
B. Birulya, A. M.
Butenko, Yu. S.
Vasyuta, P. S.
Egorova, T. P.
Povalishina, and D. N.
Stolbov.
Chumakov, M. P., N.
V. Shalunova, I. V.
Semashko, and A. P.
Belyaeva.
Chumakov, M. P., N.
V. Shalunova, L. I.
Mart'Yanova, S. E.
Smirmova, A. V.
Yasinskey, and S. I.
Nazarenko.
On the question of
epidemiology of
disease of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever in
Astrakhan Oblast.
Use of interference
phenomenon in tissue
culture for detecting
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus (CHF).
Etiology of the 1967
hemorrhagic fever
outbreak in Tadzhis
SSR (from serological
data).
1964
1965
1968
Kemerovo (KEM), Newcastle
disease, NDV, agar gel diffusion
and precipitation, AGDP,
complement fixation, CF.
Ticks, tickborne encephalitis,
Kemerovo tick-borne fever,
hemorrhagic fever, arbovirus
infections.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus,
CHF, vasicular stomatitis virus,
VSV, Chikungunya virus,
fluorescent antibody technique,
FAT, chicken embryo cells, CE
cultures, human embryo diploid
cells, HuE cultures.
Tadzhik, hemorrhagic fever, HF,
agar gel diffusion and precipitation,
AGDP, Crimean hemorrhagic
fever, CHF, Hyalomma, ticks,
Astrakhan, Rostov-on-Don,
Samarkand.
KEM, and NDV viruses. These data
allowed us to assume that the
strains isolated from I. ricinus in
Estonia and Lithuania belong to the
UUK antigenic group.
Study of archive data collected by
workers of the Astrakhan Sanitary-
Epidemiological Station and worker
from the Ministry of Public Health
of RSFSR in order to study
hemorrhagic fever in Astrakhan
Oblast and to develop control
measures against the disease.
This paper contains the description
of the first successful data on CHF
virus in passages in cell cultures of
the intereference phenomenon using
vesicular stomatits virus (VSV) and
Chikungunya virus.
From studies in spring and summer
of 1967, we first systematically
used a combination of virological
and serological methods for
investigating newborn white mice,
or newborn white rats inoculated
interacerebrally with the blood of
CHF patients in the acute disease
period. As a result, CHF virus
strains were isolated in 10 cases.
The strains caused infection and
death in newborn, but not in adult
white mice and white rats. These
strains were isolated from CHF
patients in 3 different Oblasts:
Astrakhan, Rostove-on-Don, and
Samarkand.
Moscow, pp. 263-
266 , NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 165
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
7 :202-208,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 832
from Russian.
Zdravookhr.
Tadzhik., (3):20-
23. NAMRU No.
3, Translation
899 from Russian.

Chumakov, M. P., S.
E. Smirnova, and E.
A. Tkachenko.
Chumakov, M. P., S.
E. Smirnova, N. V.
Shalunova, L. T.
Mart'Yanova, G. P.
Fleer, V. D.
Sadykova, and S. S.
Maksumov.
Chumakov, M. P., S.
P. Petrove, and V. A.
Sondak.
Antigenic
relationships between
the Soviet strains of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus and the
Afro-Asian congo
virus strains.
Isolation and study of
the virus from a
Crimean hemorrhagice
fever patient in
Samarkand Oblast,
Uzbek SSR.
Study of ultravirus
encephalitis. VII.
Artificial adaptation of
the virus of tick and
Japanese encephalitis
to various species of
ticks of the female
Ixodidae.
1969
1971
1954
Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus,
Afro-Asian Congo, CHF,
Sudarkina, Rostov, Khodzha,
Kashmanov, CF, Atelerix,
Culicoides, mice, cattle, sheep,
hedgehog, midges.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
ticks, Smarkand Oblast, Astrakham
Oblast, Rostov-on-Don Oblast,
Uzbekistan, Khodzha, Uzbek SSR,
RSFSR, newborn white mice,
NWM, newborn white rats, NWR,
pig embryo kidney, PEK, mouse
embryo tissue, MET, rat embryo
tissue, RET, hamster kidney cells,
HKC, green monkey kidney cells,
GMKC, FAT, CF, ADGP.
Tick, artificial adaptation,
ultravirus encephalitis, Japanese
encephalitis, JE, Dermacentor
pictus, D. nuttalli, Ixodes, ricinus,
Rhipicephalus turanicus, Rh. brusa,
Rh. sanguineus, Hyalomma
asiaticum, H. dromedarium, H.
turkmeniense.
CHF virus strains were studied in
serial passages in human volunteers
(1945-48), monkeys (1948), tissue
cultures (1964-67), newborn white
mice and newborn albino rats (1967-
69).
The Khodzha strain of CHF virus
isolated in Samarkand from the
blood of a patient in June 1967 is,
by its properties, the prototype for
all strains of CHF virus isolated in
newborn white mice in 1967-1969
in Astrakhan and Rostov regions of
the RSFSR, in Tajikistan and
Bulgaria and closely related to
Congo virus. The Khodzha strain is
the first Central Asian strain of
CHF virus they study of which
permitted to solve the problem of
the etiological identity of diseases
of CHF type in all distribution areas
in the USSR and in Bulgaria.
Our observations on the artificial
adaptation of encephalitic viruses to
9 species of ixodid ticks, the
majority of which have no natural
relation to the transmission of
encephalitis proved 2 suppositions.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 21-23,
1968), (2): 152-
154., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 614
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:21-29,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 956
from Russian.
Med. Parasit. i.
Parasit. Bolezni,
14 (1) : 18-24,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 34
from Russian.

Chumakov, M. P., T.
I. Zavodova, L. I.
Mart'yanova, A. G.
Mukhirtdinov, T. P.
Povalishina, V. I.
Robin, V. F. Rozina,
R. A. Safarova, S. I.
Sukharenko, A. G.
Tatarov, S. S.
Khachaturova, and S.
P. Chunikhin.
Chumakov, M. P., V.
N. Bashkirtsev, E. I.
Golger, T. K.
Dzhagurova, T. I.
Zavodova, Yu. N.
Konovalov, L. I.
Mart'yanova, I. G.
Uspenskaya, and A.
A. Filippsky.
Chumakov, M.P., A.
P., Belyaeva, and M.
K. Voroshilova.
Detection of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus in a few
bloodsucking tick
species collected in
1973 in Kirgiz SSR
and Uzbek SSR.
Isolation of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever and
West Nile fever
viruses from ticks
collected in Moldavia.
Experimental data on
investigating the
pathogenicity of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
virus for monkeys.
1974
1974
1965
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
ticks, Kirgiz, Uzbek, Hyalomma
anatolicum, H. marginatum, H.
detritum, H. asiaticum,
Rhipicephalus pumilio, R.
turanicus, Dermacentor
marginatus, Argas persicus,
Boophilus annulatus, foci,
Usbekistan, Kazakhstan, newborn
white mice, NWM, CF, AGDP,
green monkey kidney cell cultures,
pig embryo kidney cells.
Moldavia, West Nile, Ixodes
ricinus, Hyalomma marginatum, H.
detritum, H. asiaticum,
Rhipicephalus pumilio, R.
turanicus, Dermacentor
marginatus, Argas persicus,
Boophilus annulatus,
Haemaphysalis punctata, ticks
newborn mice, pig embryo kidney
cell, green monkey embryo cell,
CHF, WN.
Hemorrhagic fever, Astrakhan
virus, Hyalomma pl. plumbeum
tick, ticks, Omsk hemorrhagic
fever, OHF, Crimean hemorrhagic
fever, CHF.
Ticks were collected from cattle,
sheep, goats, and in chicken coops
in April and May 1973, during the
period of maximum tick numbers
on animals in 3 Oblasts of Uzbek
SSR and 1 Oblast of Kirgis SSR.
CHF virus strains were isolated by
tests in newborn white mice
(NWM) and identified by the
complement fixation (CF) or agar
gel diffusion and precipitation
(AGDP) tests.
Results from investigating virus
infection in 3 tick species collected
in Moldavia in 1973-74 first
showed the presence of CHF virus
in I. ricinus, D. marginatus, and H.
punctata as well as occurrence of a
virus closely related or identical to
WN virus in I. ricinus and D.
marginatus.
In this report, it will present results
from tests on monkeys infected
with unadapted OHF virus isolated
from blood of patients or with
weakly adapted virus from organs
of a guinea pig in which the virus
was passaged as well as with virus
passaged several times
intracerebrally in mice and
characterized by very high
neurotropy for mice.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR. 22
(2): 35-39,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1112
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR. 22
(2): 45-49,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1113
from Russian.
Endemic viral
infections, ed.
Chumakov, M.P.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
7:426-621.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 818
from Russian.

Chumakov, M.P., G.
N. Zgurstaya, V. Ya.
Karnysheva, G.V.
Popov, and S. B.
Smirnova.
Chumakov. M. P., S.
T. Ismailova, S. G.
Rubin, S. E.
Smirnova, G. N.
Zgurskaya, A. Sh.
Khankishiev, V. V.
Berezin, and E. A.
Solovem.
Chun-Sun, F. and D.
E. Gensis.
Procedure and results
of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus indication in tick
vectors by the
fluorescent antibody
technique.
Detection of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever foci
in Azerbaijan SSR
from results of
serological
investigations of
domestic animals.
A natural focus of tickborne
hemorrhagic
fever in Astrakhan
Oblast.
1973
1970
1965.
Ticks, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, Hyalomma plumbeum
plumbeum, Dermacentor
daghestanicus, tick salivary glands,
foci, antigen.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Azerbaijan, Crimea, Central Asian
Republics, Kazakhstan, Bulgaria,
Yugoslavia, Congo, complement
fixation, CF, agar gel diffusion
precipitation, AGDP, FAT, tick,
sheep, cattle, goats, donkeys,
Teheran.
Tick hemorrhagic fever, clinical
data, Hyalomma p. plumbeum,
focus.
Procedures and results of the direct
and indirect fluorescent antibody
techniques for detecting Crimean
hemorrhagic fever virus antigen in
salivary glands of ticks. Positive
results were obtained by
investigating 9 tick species from
CHF foci in 6 republics of the
Soviet Union. It is recommended to
use these approved methodinstructions
in laboratories to
tentatively identify CHF virus
infection in ticks.
In 1970, antibodies to this infection
agent (by the AGDP test) were
quite regularly detected in domestic
animal sera (cattle, goats, sheep,
and donkeys) from a few rural
regions of Azerbaijan SSR where
no Crimean type hemorrhagic fever
cases have been recorded. Postive
AGDP test for antibodies to CHF
virus was recorded in 45 of 100 sera
from sheep killed in October 1970
in a slaughter house in Teheran.
Based on data of therapeuticprophylactic
institutions,
hemorrhagic fever in Kazakhstan
was registered in 1948, in southern
Kazakhstar Oblast (now Chimkent
Oblast). In May 1964, reports were
received about an unknown illness
which occurred among medical
workers of the Chilii regional
hospital. On the bases of clinicalepidemiologic
data, we established
a diagnosis of viral hemorrhagic
fever (Central Asiatic form).
Medical
Virology, 21(2):
153-158,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 957
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
18:120-122,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 941
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Encefal. Akad.
Med. Nauk
USSR 7, pp. 312-
314, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 199
from Russian.

Chunikhin, S. P.
Chunikhin, S. P.
Chunikhin, S. P. and
N. A. Filippova.
Ixodes berlesei Bir.-
An ixodid tick species
new for western
Siberia.
Distribution
characteristrics of
typical ixodid tick
species in Crimean
hemorrghagic fever
virus foci in southern
regions of Central
Asia.
New and little known
species of the genus
Argas Latr. in the
USSR Fauna.
1967
1969
1970
Tick, Ixodes berlesei, I.
persulcatus, Apus pacificus,
tickborne encephalitis virus.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
ticks, mammals, reptiles, birds,
ixodid, Hyalomma asiaticum,
detritum, plumbeum, anatolicum,
dromedarii, aegyptium,
Rhipicephalus turanicus,
sanguineus, pumilio, leporis,
Haemaphysalis, numidiana,
sulcata, Ixodes eldaricus,
redikorzevi, Boophilus calcaratus.
Tick, Soviet Union, Argas
hermanni, Argas beklemishevi,
Columba livi, Neophron
peronopterus.
Date for this report was collected
during the summer periods of 1961-
1965 on the eastern spurs of the
Salair Mountain range and western
foothills of Kuznetik Alatau (south
of Kemerovo Oblast). The plan of
the investigating team was to study
the role played by birds in feeding
as well as in transportation of the
forest-tick Ixodes persulcatus P.
Sch., the vector of tickborne
encephalitis virus.
Investigation of CHF virus found in
wild and domestic mammals, birds,
reptiles from key areas of territories
of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and
Tadzkikistan, where about 13,000
ixodid tick species were found and
discussion of their distribution
within territories.
Argas hermanni Aud., 1827, a new
species in the fauna of the USSR,
was found in Tajikistan, in Darvaz
ridge, in pistache semisavannah
(1200-1500 m above sea level). 11
larvae were collected from 2
specimens of Columba livia (L.).
The second reliable occurrence of
A. beklemishevi is from Tajikistan,
Dzhilantau ridge, in almond and
high-grassy semisavannah (1200 m
above sea level). 3 larvae were
taken from Neophron peronopterus
(L.).
Zool. Zh., 46(8) :
1256-1258,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 291
from Russian.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 1969),
(2):154-156,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 854
from Russian.
Parazitologiya 4
(2): 146-149,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 395
from Russian.

Chunikhin, S. P. and
P. S. Karaseva.
Chunikhin, S. P. V. B.
Kurenkov, I. A.
Reshtenikov, G. A.
Khozinskaya,, Yu. S.
Korotkov, N. M.
Okulova, and V. V.
Khozinsky.
Chunikhin, S. P., and
V. B. Kurenkov.
Study of Bhanja virus
foci in central Asia.
Experimental
characteristics of the
role of rodents in
population selection of
tickborne encephalitis
virus.
Study of reproduction
dynamics of tickborne
encelphalitis virus in
Hyalomma plumbeum
ticks.
1971
1982
1980
Tick, Bhanja virus, Soviet Union,
Hyalomma marginatum, Boophilus
decoloratus, Haemaphysalis
punctata.
foci, tickborne encephalitis virus,
TBE, rodents, ticks, red-backed
voles, field mouse, lemming,
Clethrionomys glareolus, C.
rufocanus, C. rutilus, Apodemus
sylvaticus, A. peninsulae, A.
agrarius, Lagurus lagurus, Ixodes
ricinus, Ixodes persulcatus,
Dermacentor silvarum.
tickborne encelphalitis, TBE,
Hyalomma plumbeum, Hyalomma
marginatum, Ixodes ricinus, I.
persulcatus, ticks.
Bhanja (BHA) virus belongs to the
broadly distributed arboviruses of
the Old World. This virus was
frequently isolated in India, Nigeria,
and Italy. Most strains were isolated
from ticks: Hyalomma marginatum
in Italy, Boophilus decoloratus in
Nigeria, and Haemaphysalis
punctata in Italy. From ecological
characteristics, BHA virus may be
referred to the viruses of mammals
in semiarid areas. Its antigenic
associations have not been
determined.
Viremia in 7 species of small
rodents induced by 19 strains of
tickborne encephalitis virus from
the European and Asian parts of this
virus distribution area was studied.
In the European part of the
distribution area, 20% strains
caused in most species of rodents
viremia exeeding the threshold level
of infectivity for ixodid ticks
whereas in the Asian part of the
distribution area, such strains
comprised about 60%. The selective
role of small rodents in natural foci
of tickborne encephalitis virus is
discussed.
The entire cycle of tickborne
encephalitis virus reproduction in
Hyalomma plumbeum ticks at a
temperature of 37ºC was shown to
be completed by 12 hours
postinfection. The maximum
accumulation of virus in ticks (5.5-
7.0 log LD50/0.03 ml) was found
by 24 hours after infection.
Vop. Med. Virus.
11: 128-131,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1323
from Russian.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Inst. Virus.
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 11-
16., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1647
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 49(2):
25-27., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1545
from Russian.

Chunikhin, S. P., B. F.
Semenov, V. V.
Vargin, and M.
Takahashi.
Chunikhin, S. P., B. F.
Semenov, V. V.
Vargina, V. V.
Berezin, and V. Ya.
Karmysheva.
Chunikhin, S. P., G.
A. Kochetova, L. F.
Stefutkina, and M. B.
Korolev.
Chunikhin, S. P., L. F.
Stefutkina, M. B.
Korolev, I. A.
Reshetnikov, and G.
A. Khozinskaya.
Characteristics of the
humoral response of
rock doves to
experimental infection
with viruses
ecologically
associated with birds
and mammals (West
Nile, Japanese
encephalitis, Sindbis,
Siclian phlebotomus
fever, and Bhanja).
Methodic approaches
to the study of
seasonal activity of
some arboviruses in
connection with
elucidating possible
transcontinental
transportation of West
Nile virus by
migratory birds.
Reproduction
characteristics of
tickborne encephalitis
and Powassan viruses
in adult Dermacentor
silvarum explants
taken from nymphal
cuticle.
Genital transmission
of tickborne
encephalitis virus in
ixodid ticks (Ixodidae).
1972
1972
1981
1983
Tick, West Nile, WN, Japanese
encephalitis, JE, Sindbis, Siclian
phlebotomus fever, Bhanja,
pigeons, Columba livia.
Mosquito, West Nile virus, WN,
Africa, USSR, migratory birds,
transcontinental transportation,
tickborne encephalitis, RSSE,
Powassan, Dermacentor silvarum,
Ixodes persulcatus, Haemaphysalis
longicornis, ticks, ixodid.
genital, tickborne encephalitis,
TBE, ticks, Ixodidae, Ixodes
persulcatus, Hyalomma
anatolicum, Ornithodoros moubata,
Aedes triseriatus, mosquitoes,
mice, rabbit, guinea pigs.
It was shown that upon
experimental infection of Columba
livia with arboviruses ecologically
associated with mammals (Bhanja,
Sicilian phlebotomus fever viruses),
or with birds and mammals (West
Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Sindbis
viruses), stimulation of
immunogensis in pigeons was
caused only by the viruses of the
second group.
This report shows the results from
studying the role of migratory birds
in transcontinental transportation of
West Nile (WN) virus and its
associations with the seasonal
activity of some arboviruses in
birds overwintering in Africa, and
nesting in southern USSR.
In this report, we give results from
virological and electronmicroscopic
investigations of reproduction of
RSSE and Powassan viruses in
adult Dermacentor silvarum
explants taken from nymphal
cuticle before completing natural
molting.
Experimental genital transmission
of tickborne encephalitis (TBE)
virus from infected male to
uninfected female ticks occurred in
50% (6 of 12) of Ixodes persulcatus
and 6.2.% (1 of 16) of Hyalomma
anatolicum.
Mater. Simp.
Itogi 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
December 1971),
pp. 35-38,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 673
from Russian.
Mater. Simp.
Itogi 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus,
Ekol, Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
December 1971),
pp. 27-34,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 662
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 50(4):
61-64., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1516
from Russian.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 17(3):
214-217.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1719
from Russian.

Chunikhin, S. P., M.
P. Chumakov, A. M.
Butenko, S. E.
Smirnova, R.
Taufflieb, J. L.
Camicas, Y. Robin,
M. Cornet, and Zh.
Shabon.
Chunikhin, S. P., M.
P. Chumakov, S. E.
Smirnova, T. P. Pak,
A. N. Pavlovich, and
A. U. Kuima.
Chunikhin, S. P., T. I.
Dzhivanyan, and G.
G. Bannova.
Results from
investigating human
and domestic and wild
animal blood sera in
the Senegal Republic
(western Africa) for
antibodies to Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus.
Division into
biocenotic groups of
mammals and ixodid
ticks in Crimean
hemorrhagic foci of
southern Central Asia.
Selective function of
arthropods in
transmissive cycles of
arboviruses.
1969
1969
1974
Tick, Hyalomma impeltatum,
Amblyomma variegatum, human,
domestic animals, wild animals,
blood sera, Crimean hemorrhagic
fever, CHF, Congo virus, CF test.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, Hyalomma asiaticum,
Rhipicephalus pumilio, cows,
sheep, biocenotic groups, agar
precipitation test .
Chunikhin, arthropods, lice, fleas,
Cyclorrhapha flies, ticks,
mosquitoes, midges, sandflies,
Ganjam, Colorado tick fever,
African horse sickness,
Changuinala, Aedes aegypti, Culex
tritaeniorhynchus, Culex tarsalis,
Japanese encephalitis, Western
equine encephalomyelitis.
These serological data show a quite
wide distribution in Senegal
Republic (West Africa) of the virus
closely related or identical in
antigenic properties of CHF and
additionally confirm the possibility
of referring CHF and Congo viruses
to same immunological type. It is
interesting that clinically
pronounced hemorrhagic fever
infections were absent among
humans and animals, despite the
virus presence in nature and
confirmed by detection of
antibodies.
Species composition and
ectoparasite and terrestrial
vertebrate populations were studied.
More than 2,000 domestic and wild
animal sera were collected and
investigated by the agar
precipitation test with Crimean
hemorrhagic fever (CHF) virus
antigen.
The question of why specific virus
vectors are the only representatives
of some bloodsucking arthropod
groups remains open. Analysis of
data on this question allowed us to
conclude the following: virus
vectors are only representatives of
the most ancient arthropodhematophage
groups, i.e. mites of
the suborder Mesostigmata and
Orthorrhapha flies. No viruses have
been recorded in blooksucking
species of less ancient evolution
groups, such as lice, fleas, and
Cyclorrhapha flies.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus
Entsef, (Moscow,
October, 1969),
(2) :158-160,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 810
from Russian.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October, 1969),
(2) :156-157,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 821
from Russian.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha",
(Minsk,
September 1974),
pp. 7-8. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1086
from Russian.

Chunikhin, S. P., T. I.
Dzhivanyan, V. K.
Izotov, and V. B.
Kurenkov.
Chunikhin, S. P., V.
B. Kurenkov, G. N.
Leonova, G. A.
Kochetova, Yu. S.
Korotkov, I. A.
Reshetnikov, and O.
K. Konstantinov.
Variability in DSmarker
on strains and
clones of tickborne
encephalitis virus.
Differentiation of
tickborne encephalitis
virus strains by
viremia levels they
cause in common
redbacked voles.
1978
1981
Tick, encephalitis, Soviet Union,
strains.
tickborne encephalitis, RSSE,
TBE, redbacked voles, ixodid ticks,
viremia, Clethrionomys glareolus,
Ixodes persulcatus, taiga.
Research on the genetic and
selective functions of arthropods
and vertebrates in the population
variability of tickborne encephalitis
(TBE) virus upon changed
conditions of its existence in
transmissive cycles is just
beginning. Until quite recently,
studies along these lines were
handicapped by lack of TBE virus
markers associated with vectors and
vertebrates. At the same time,
investigation of the regularities and
causes of variability of this virus
during multiplication in arthropods
and vertebrates is important for
understanding the virus adaptive
radiation and formation of new
antigenic types and for search of
naturally attenuated strains. The
latter is hampered by the fact that
attenuated strains are eliminated in
the process of transmission and
vectors are the elimination factor.
Viremia in adult redbacked voles
induced by 54 strains of tickborne
encephalitis virus from the
European and Asian parts of this
virus distribution area was studied.
In the European part of the
distribution area 42% of strains
caused in redbacked voles viremia
exceeding the threshold level of
infectivity for Ixodid ticks, whereas
in the Asian part of the distribution
area such strains comprised 88%.
Proc. Dokl.
Simp. transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Ptits Rol' v Rasp.
Arbovirus.
Novosibirsk,
July-August,
1976: 161-163,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1415
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 50(5):
76-81., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1542
from Russian.

Chunikhin, S. P., V.
B. Kurenkov, T. I.
Dzhivanyan, and E. V.
Ryl'tseva.
Ckulova, N. M, G. G.
Bannova, and I. S.
Mikhailova.
Study of transstadial
and transmissive
transmission
properties of tickborne
encephalitis virus
strains with different
degrees of
pathogenicity for mice.
Contribution to
investigation of
viruliforous vectors in
a combined focus of
tickborne encephalitis
(TBE) and Kemerovo
(KEM) viruses in
southern Kemerovo
Oblast.
1979
1972
Tick, encephalitis, transstadial
transmission, mice, Soviet Union,
strains, Aedes aegypti, Culex
tritaeniorhynchus, Culex tarsalis.
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE, small mammal,
taiga tick larvae, viruliforous
vectors, fluorescent antibody
technique.
Several experiments with
pathogenic strains of arboviruses
showed that in all cases these
strains can be transmitted by
specific vectors.
In contrast to pathogenic strains,
"attenuated" strains of arboviruses
and those with residual
pathogenicity are apparently
transmitted by a bite (transmissive
route). This ability of "attenuated"
strains was experimentally
demonstrated for mosquitoborne
arboviruses.
In this report, we give data on
comparative study of transmission
of some tickborne encephalitis virus
strains, differing in degree of
pathogenicity for mice.
From the data obtained fro 3 years,
we observed that the number of
virus-infected adult ticks was higher
in years with a humid spring and in
years following intense virus
circulation among small mammal
populations, i.e. hosts of taiga tick
larvae and nymphs in the focus.
Further observations should be
made to determine the factors
influencing fluctuations of virusinfected
vector numbers.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva. 48(2):
61-65, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1423
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyasheh.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabelev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 266-267,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1100
from Russian.

Cohen, C. and M. H.
Luntz.
Coorman, J.
Costa Lima, A.
Rift Valley fever and
rickettsial retinitis
including fluorescein
angiography.
Contribution to the
study of the fauna of
Afghanistan,
specifically research
on Trombicula minor.
The chalcid
Hunterellus hookeri
Howard, a parasite of
the tick Rhipicephalus
sanguineus Latreille,
observed in Rio de
Janeiro.
1976
1960
1915
Tick, Rift Valley fever, rickettsial
retinitis, Germany, fluorescein
angiography.
Trombicula minor, Afghanistan,
mites.
Tick, parasite, Brazil, Hunterellus
hookeri, Rhipicephalus sanguineus,
Rio de Janeiro.
Three cases of Rift Valley fever
retinitis and one case of Tick Bite
fever retinitis are presented. The
clinical features are
indistinguishable, manifesting as
localized areas of retinal ischaemia
and soft exudate formation.
Fluorescein angiography shows that
there is primary involvement of the
retinal circulation without
involvement of the choroidal
circulation. Vascular occlusion is a
feature of the retinal pathology.
These patients were treated with
steroids and immunosuppressives as
their maculae were threatened and
they all regained normal to near
normal vision except in one case in
whom old macula scarring from
previous episodes of the disease
prevented visual improvement.
Type-species of the genus
Trombicula Berlese, 1905, T. minor
Berlese, 1905 has suffered
numerous reincarnations since its
description.
Paper on Hunterellus hookeri, a
parasite that lives on ticks. The
ticks in question are Rhipicephalus
sanguineus.
Klin. Mbl.
Augenheilk. 169:
685-699.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1262
from German.
Bull. Inst. Rov.
Sci. Nat.
Belgique, 36
(12):10-15.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 62
from French.
Rev. Vet.
Zootech. 5(4):
201-203,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1668
from Portuguese.

Czhegova, Z. E., S. D.
Sterkhov, and L. F.
Kopylova.
D'yakonov, L. P.
D'Yakonov, P.
Epidemiological
characteristics and
certain zoological data
on natural foci of
hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome
in Udmurt ASSR.
Development of
Babesia ovis in ticks
and in vertebrate hosts.
Brief outline of
characteristics of
epidemics prevailing
in Crimea during the
Crimean campaign.
1972
1970
1856
Udmurt, Izhevsk, Yak, Bodinsky,
Mozhginsky, Kiznersky, Uvinsky,
Malo-Pugrinsky, Grakhovsky,
Alnashsky, foci, HFRS,
hemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome, voles, field mice.
Tick, Soviet Union, host, Babesia
ovis, R. bursa.
Crimea, Sevastopol, Simferopol,
typhus, Crimean malignant fever,
Study of human HFRS cases in
Udmurt and Izhevsk. Mammals
were trapped in the area, and in
early spring and late fall of 1968,
rodent control was made in large
tracts of forests adjoining Izhevsk
town with zinc phosphide. The
treatment of large forest tracts
decreased the number of animals 2
times but their numbers were
reestablished to previous indices in
the first month following treatment.
Our experiments were done to
obtain additional data on Babesia
ovis development in R. bursa,
particularly on the exact time of
pathogen transmission by the
invertebrate vectors to sheep, to
define the developmental forms of
Babesia in hemolymph, salivary
glands, and other tick organs, length
of preservation and development in
unfed adults, and ability of the latter
to transmit Babesia to the
homoiotherm host after long
starvation.
A detailed investigation of Crimean
epidemic disease between
November 1855 and May 1856
which was restricted to cases
occuring in the Sevastopol Hospital
among attendants, physicians,
assistants, and especially among
fellow physicians, who often
became severely ill.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 378-379.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1081
from Russian.
Trudy Vses. Inst.
Eksp. Vet. 38: 27-
35, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1374 from
Russian.
Voenno-Med.
Zh., 68(2):1-16,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 959
from Russian.

Daiter, A. B.
Daiter, A. B. and V.
N. Belozerov.
Danaurov, Yu. V., D.
K. L'vov, V. M.
Borisov, O. V.
Smeshko, P. M.
Butovsky, P. N.
Arkhipov, and A. Ts.
Khanduev.
Dandurov, Yu. V., V.
A. Panteleev, V. M.
Borisov, O. V.
Smeshko, P. N.
Arkhipov, S. N.
Rybin, D. R. Risaliev,
and A. K.
Aleksandrov.
Transovarial and
transspermal
transmission of
Coxiella burneti by the
tick Hyalomma
asiaticum and its role
in Q-rickettsiosis
ecology.
Book Review of
Bloodsucking ticks
(Ixodoidea)- vectors of
diseases of man and
animals by Y. S.
Balashov.
Isolation of 2
ungrouped arbovirus
strains from
Vespertilio pipistrellus
Schereber bats
collected in Alma-Ata.
Isolation of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus from Hyalomma
plumbeum plumbeum
Panz. ticks in Osh
Oblast, Kirgiz SSR.
1977
Transovarial, transspermal,
Coxiella burneti, Hyalomma
asiaticum, Q-rickettsiosis,
Dermacentroxenus, Zinsera.
1969 Tick, Soviet Union, vector, disease.
1975
1975
Dwarf bats, Vespertilio pipistrellus,
arbovirus, brain, white mice.
Tick, Hyalomma plumbeum
plumbeum, suckling white mice,
NWM, freon antigen, complement
fixation , CF, immune ascitic fluid,
IAF, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF.
Transovarial transmission of
Rickettsia burneti in the tick
Hyalomma asiaticum was observed
for 751 days in 3 filial generations.
The infection rate in F1 ticks
decreased 5-fold from the parental
infection rate, 9-fold in the F2
generation, and 20-fold in F3
generation.
The basis of this monograph results
from many years of personal
investigations by the author, who
studied the morphological and
physiological adaptations of ticks to
parasitizing vertebrate animals by
applying various histological,
cytochemical, and parasitic
procedures.
In 1973, 2 arbovirus strains (Alma-
Ata Nk-10 and 54) were isolated
from the brains of "dwarf bats"
Vespertilio pipistrellus trapped in
January in Alma-Ata. The strains
were isolated using suckling white
mice (NWM).
We investigated ixodid ticks
collected from sheep in Kyzyl-Tash
locality, Aravan region, Osh Oblast,
Kirgiz SSR. Eleven pools of
Hyalomma plumbeum plumbeum
Panz. tick were investigated.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 11(5):
403-411.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1716
from Russian.
Parazitologia, 3
(5): 479-480,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 431
from Russian.
Mater. 9. Simp.
Ekol. Virus.
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 47-48,
NAMRU No. 3
Translation 1129
from Russian.
Mater. 9. Simp.
Ekol. Virus.
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 48-49,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1132
from Russian.

Danilov, O. N. and T.
N. Fedorova.
Danilov, O. N., T. N.
Fedorova, and V. N.
Matyukhin.
Presence of antibodies
to viral diseases in
birds in OHF foci.
Results of birds
examination for the
presence of antibodies
to Omsk hemorrhagic
fever virus in northern
Kulunda.
1966
1969
Tick, Omsk hemorrhagic fever,
OHF, tickborne encephalitis,
RSSE, Kyasanur forest disease,
KFD, HI test, migrating birds,
antibodies, foci.
Tick, Soviet Union, OHF,
anitbodies.
Blood samples were collected on
discs from trapped birds and
investigated in Omsk Institute of
Natural
Focal Infections by the
hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
test. In 1963, serological
investigations were made only for
presence of antibodies to OHF. In
1964, these investigations were
expanded for presence of antibodies
to OHF, tickborne encephalitis's
(RSSE), and Kyasanur forest
disease (KFD).
Immunological stratum of North
Kulunda birds averages 9.7%. The
orders Passeriformes (12.9),
Charadriiformes (11.2),
Anseriformes (10.4) have the
highest percentages of antibodies.
Antibodies are found in birds of 32
species, 41 specimens of those
belong to a lake-marsh complex,
17- to a group of birds living in
proximity to human habitations, 16-
to a forest group and 6- to a steppe
one.
Mater. 2.
Mezhinst. Simp.
(Novosibirsk,
April 26-27,
1965), pp. 55-60,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 809
from Russian.
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Biol. Inst.,
Akad Med. Nauk
SSSR, Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Entsef., Minist.
Zdrtavookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk.
Prirod.-Ochag.
Infekts.,
Novosibirsk, pp.
333-338,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 343
from Russian.

Daniyarov, O. A., T.
P. Pak, M. A.
Kostyukov, V. P.
Bulychev, and Z. E.
Gordeeva.
Daniyarov, O. A., T.
P. Pak, M. A.
Kostyukov, V. P.
Bulychev, T. M.
Skvortsova, L. K.
Berezina, and N. G.
Kondrashina.
Dash M., and N. D.
Emel'yanova.
Davydova, A. A., I. F.
Barinsky, L. G.
Karpovich, S. N.
Bykovskaya, and A.
K. Shubladze.
Results from
virological
investigations of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever in Tadzhikistan.
Isolation of Tahyana
virus from mosquitoes
in Nizhnyi Pyandzh
settlement, saunter
Tadzhikistan.
Contribution to the
study of ixodid ticks
in Mongolia.
Comparative study of
viremia in acute
course of tickborne
encephalitis in
immune and
nonimmune animal
bodies.
1975
1974
1971
1981
Tadzhikistan, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Hyalomma anatolicum, H.
detritum, H. marginatum, argasid
ticks, suckling mice, cattle, birds,
mosquitoes, rodents, bats, reptiles.
Mosquitoes, Culex pipiens,
serological investigations, mice,
brains.
Tick, Mongolia, Dermacentor
daghestanicus, D. nuttalli,
Rhipicephalus pumilio, Hyalomma
asiaticum, Haemaphysalis
pospelovashtormae, H. warburtoni,
Ixodes crenulatus.
tickborne encephalitis, RSSE,
TBE, animals, viremia, Venezuelan
equine encephalomyelitis, VEE,
African green monkeys, mice,
mouse embryo, Sof'in, cytotoxic
activity, CTA, FAT.
Twenty-two CHF virus strains were
isolated from patients and corpses;
the optimum period for the agent
isolation proved to be the in first 7
days following onset of disease.
The role of wild birds, mammals,
reptiles, and mosquitoes played in
CHF virus circulation has not been
demonstrated. Negative results were
obtained by investigating 1,574
birds, 32,520 mosquitoes, 668
rodents, 413 bats, and 48 reptiles.
Serological investigations for a few
years showed circulation of several
group A and B arboviruses in
Tadzhikistan. In this report, we
present results of virus isolation
from Culex pipiens mosquitoes and
its identification.
We cite in this report new
information on inadequately studied
ixodid tick species in Mongolia.
Parallelism was established
between isolation of TBE virus
from the blood and detection of this
virus by the FA and IF methods in
blood leucocytes of infected rodents
and primates which, in fact, could
be used for diagnosis of the
infection. Viremia in vaccinated
animals was found to be manifested
only during the first day after
infection with TBE virus.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Ekol. Virus.
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 29-30.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1120
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Viurs.,
2 :126-129,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 781
from Russian.
Dokl. Irkutsk.
Protiv. Inst. (9) :
241-242,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 578
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR. pp. 33-
40., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1567
from Russian.

Davydova, M. S., K.
T. Yurlov, and A. I.
Mikhant'ev.
De La Vega, R.
De La Vega, R., A.
and G. Diaz Moreno.
Ecological
associations of ixodid
ticks and gamasid
mites with aquatic
birds in natural foci of
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever.
Pasture spelling for
tick control Boophilus
microplus. A new
approach.
Sampling methods for
the cattle tick
(Boophilus microplus)
in dairy cows.
1978
1983
1984
ixodid ticks, gamasid mites,
aquatic, birds, foci, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF, Ixodes
apronophorus, Anas platyrhyncha,
A. striptera, A. clygeata, A.
querquedula, A. crecca, Aythya
fuligulata, A. ferina, Arvicola
terrestris, Microtus oeconomus,
Ixodes crenulatus, Tadorna
tadorna, Vulpes vulpes, Ixodes
lividus, Haemogamasus ambulans,
Ondatra zibethica, Ornithonyssus
sylviarum, Haemolaelaps glasgowi,
H. casalis, H. ambulans,
Dermacentor marginatus.
Tick, cattle tick, Boophilus
microplus.
Tick, dairy cows, Boophilus
microplus, sampling.
The investigation was carried out in
the lake hollows of West Siberia
forest-steppe in 1973-1975.
The method of pasture spelling for
tick control is based on the
knowledge of the biology and
ecology of these arthropods. The
main principle of the method is the
relative short survival of the freeliving
stages of the parasite. Until
now, spelling schemes have been
designed to control one host tick,
Boophilus microplus, whose larvae
have shown not to resist fast for
long.
There is no tick sampling method
that allows the estimation of
infestation rates at herd level. This
method would allow us to
periodically know the tick
infestation rate in animal
populations. Thus, the effectiveness
of control methods being used
could be assessed. In case of
eradication or control campaigns,
the method would simplify the
surveillance of these campaigns,
and the adoption of appropriate
tactic decisions.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Ptits Rol'v Rasp.
Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July-August
1976), pp. 302-
305., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1483
from Russian.
Med. Vet.,
Mexico 21(1): 11-
13, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1809 from
Spanish.
Rev. Salud
Anim. 6(3): 397-
406, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1810
from Spanish.

De la Vega, R., G.
Diaz, and J. Lugo.
Dekhtsunyan, K. M.
Derylo, A., J.
Dutkiewicz, and S.
Tos-Luty.
Diehl, P A.
The difference of
minimum time
eclosion in eggs of
Boophilus microplus
(Ixodoidea: Ixodidae).
Scientific activity of
the Armenian Order of
Labor Red Banner
Scientific Research
Institute of
Epidemiology,
Virology, and Medical
Parasitology of A. B.
Aleksanyan.
Test to determine
Toxoplasma gondii
localization in
experimentally
infected Ixodes ricinus
ticks.
On the oogenesis of
Ornithodorus moubata
Murray, (Ixodoidea:
Argasidae) with
1981
1984
1973
1970
Tick, Boophilus microplus, female
ticks, eclosion, eggs.
Armenian, Scientific Research
Institute.
Toxoplasma gondii, Ixodes ricinus,
ticks, mice.
Tick, egg yolk, shells, Oogenesis,
Ornithodorus moubata, O.
Previous studies have shown that
the minimum time required for
hatching decreases linearly from the
first to the fifth day of oviposition.
From the fifth to the tenth days, no
significant difference in hatching
time was observed. In this paper,
we try to establish if the cause of
these differences is found before or
after oviposition.
Scientific activity of the Armenian
Order of Labor Red Banner
Scientific Research Institute of
Epidemiology, Virology, and
Medical Parasitology of A. B.
Aleksanyan.
Our investigations were aimed to
determine T. gondii localization and
possible multiplication in I. ricinus
tick tissues.
Oogenesis in animals has been
intensively studied. This is
understandable in view of the
cytologically very interesting
processes that takes place during
the maturation of the ova, such as
the reduction division, the
production of cytoplasmic
components that are needed in large
quantities, the formation of yolk
and that of the egg shell. As regards
developmental physiology it is
noteworthy that in some animal
Rev. Cubana
Cienc. Agric.,
8:117-120,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1591
from Spanish.
Zh. Mikrobiol.,
Moskva, 61(2):
114-117,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1768
from Russian.
Abst. 11. Congr.
Polish Parasit.
Soc. (Posnan,
May 10-12,
1973), p. 38.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 619
from Polish.
Acta Trop., 27
(4) : 301-355,
NAMRU No. 3,

Diehl, P. A.
Dikaev, B. Yu.
special reference to
Vitellogenese.
Haemolymph proteins
and vitellogenesis in
Ornithodoros moubata.
Contribution to the
argasid tick fauna in
Checheno-Ingush
ASSR (Argasidae).
1969
1981
savignyi, Ixodoidea, Argasidae. groups the main axes of the embryo
are apparently already determined
in the egg. Furthermore, non
activated messenger RNA and
ribosomal RNA, apparently formed
during oogenesis, seem to take part
in the protein syntheses taking place
after fertilization (Duspiva 1969,
Hansin-delkeskamp 1969).
Oogenesis is thus intimately
connected with the ensuing period
of embryogenesis.
ticks, vitellogenesis, Ornithodoros
moubata, Boophilus microplus.
argasid tick, Checheno-Ingush,
ASSR, Argasidae, Ornithodoros
verrucosus, Argas vulgaris, A.
vespertilionis, A. persicus, A.
reflexus, Alveonasus lahorensis,
humans, birds, mammals, fowl,
pigeons, sparrows, larks, ducks,
geese, rosy pastors, doves, cattle,
sheep, goats, bats, buffalos, yaks,
horses, donkeys, martens, badgers,
weasels, susliks.
In the past few years, several papers
have been published that indicate
the existence of specific female
hemolymph proteins in insects.
These "female proteins" increase in
abundance during vitellogenesis.
They reach the egg by
microinocytosis and are stored as
yolk.
Six species of argasid ticks are
reported from Checheno-Igushetia.
We divided the Republic into 3
zones in relation to relief and
associated climatic properties: plain
(up to 300 m altitude), foothill (350-
600 m), and mountain 600-3,000
m). We divided the mountain zone
into 2 subzones: middle-mountain
(600-1,200 m) and high-mountain
(1,200-4,200 m).
Translation 515
from German.
Mitt. Schweiz.
Ent. Ges., 42(1-
2): 117-125.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1219
from German.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 15(1):
76-78., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1536
from Russian.

Dobritsa, P. G.
Dolgov, G. F.
Dolgov, G. F., G. M.
Dutova, N. M.
Balayeva, V. N.
V'yukov, and Z. M.
Zhmayeva.
Epidemiology and
prophylaxis of
hemorrhagic fever in
Chimkent Oblast of
southern Kazakhstan.
Study of possible
circulation of
Rickettsia prowazeki
in nature.
Possible reservoirs of
Rickettsia prowazeki
in nature.
1965
1968
1968
Tick, Soviet Union, hemorrhagic
fever, epidemiology, prophylaxis,
foci.
Tick, Soviet Union, Rickettsia
prowazeki.
Tick, typhus fever, foci, Rickettsia
prowazeki, Hyalomma asiaticum,
H. plumbeum, Rhipicephalus
turanicus, Dermacentor nuttalli.
Chimkent Oblast of southern
Kazakhstan region, particularly its
southern regions, are the natural
foci of tick-borne hemorrhagic
fever. Between 1948 and 1963
inclusive, 67 cases of the illness
were registered, of which 38
(56.7%) were fatal.
By analyzing the presented data and
that known to us in literature, we
can assume the following: natural
foci of typhus fever exist only in
Africa. These are relict foci, that
have survived from the time when
the typhus agent had not yet
adapted to the louse organism, and
typhus fever had not yet acquired
the possibility of global distribution
as an anthroponoses.
No data were obtained for the
presence of natural foci of typhus
fever in Khakass and Kirgizia.
However, results of investigations
conducted cannot serve as a basis
for a final conclusion that enzootic
foci of typhus fever in Asia are
absent. It is necessary to extend
similar investigations to different
regions of the world, as well as to
conduct them at various periods of
the year.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Encefal. Akad.
Med. Nauk
USSR (Medicine,
Moscow), (7) :
262-270,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 196
from Russian.
Int. Congr. Trop.
Med. Malar. Rev.
8: 868-869,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 311
from Russian.
Zh. Mikrobiol.,
45(2) : 150,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 325
from Russian.

Dolmatova, A. V.
Domrachev, V. M.
The autogenous
development of eggs
in Phlebotomus
papatasi Scop.
Data on the problem
of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever.
1946
1949
Mosquito, autogenous
development , eggs, Phlebotomus
papatasi, ovicell, Culex pipens
molestus, Stegomyia scutellaris,
Aedes concolor, Theobaldia
subochrea, A. bifurcatus.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Primer'ye Army Detachment,
Hyalomma marginatum
marginatum, ticks, hares, cats,
white mice, Crimean Peninsula,
transovarial, Crimea, Koreiz.
We have found in our investigations
of the Ph. papatasi in Stalinabad
(1940) that in some newly emerged
females kept on starvation diet, a
differentiation into nutrient cells
and ovicell would begin; only in a
few of the ovicells grains of
vicellum would appear. The
development of the ovaries does not
go any further, though the females
were kept under observation for a
fairly long period.
Before 1947, it was believed that
Crimean hemorrhagic fever occured
only in the steppe area of the
Crimean Penisula. Possible
transovarial transmission of the
virus was detected in ticks. After
libration of Crimea from occupation
in 1944, local inhabitants stated that
hares and ticks were more
numerous than before the war.
During the 1941-44 occupation of
Crimea, it was impossible to hunt
hares. Hares and cattle were heavily
tick-infested in 1944-46. Tick
reproduction increased the
possibility of human infection.
Several human cases were
documented.
The cases observed in 1944 on the
southern coast of Crimea
necessitate investigations of the
fauna in the forest park zone and
specific prophylactic measures of
sanitorial-resorts of patients and
resting persons. A detailed study
should be directed at control
measures against the disease and its
liquidation as one of the
Med. Parasitol,
Moscow, 15
(3):58-62,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 33
from Russian.
Zh. Mikrobiol.
Moskva, 20
(3):69-73,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 930
from Russian.

Donchev, D., G.
Kebedzhuev, and M.
Rusakiev.
Donets, M. A.
Donets, M. A., and M.
P. Chumakov.
Hemorrhagic fever in
Bulgaria.
Effect of some
physical and chemical
reactions on CHF-
Congo group viruses.
Certain characteristics
of CHF and Congo
virus virions.
1967 Tick, hemorrhagic fever, Bulgaria.
1974
1975
CHF, Congo, viruses, reactions,
thermolabile.
CHF, Congo virus, Khodzha,
RNA, newborn white mice, NWM,
complement fixation, CF
consequences of the last war and
occupation.
The first cases of hemorrhagic fever
in Bulgaria were observed in 1951.
During the following years the
morbidity rate rose sharply,
reaching 3.29%ooo in 1955. In the
district of Shoumen the morbidity
rate was 56.1%ooo in the same year.
CHF and Congo group viruses
behaved similarly in the tests. Both
viruses were characterized by high
thermolability. At 37ºC, the viruses
noticeably lost infectious activity as
compared to the loss of
infectiousness at 22ºC; inactivation
process was very rapid at 45ºC and
ended 2-3 hours following exposure.
On investigating CHF (strain
Khodzha) and Congo (strain
10,200) viruses in infected newborn
white mice brain suspension, we
obtained data characterizing the
sedimentation rate and floating
density of virions; infectiousness of
viral RNA extracted with hot
phenol was present only in onechain
RNA fractions. Both viruses
proved to be similar and resembled
the viruses of the conjectural family
Bunyaviridae.
Bulgar, Akad.
Nauk. Mikrobiol.
Inst., 1 Kongr.
Mokrobiol.
(1965), pp. 777-
784, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 465
from Bulgarian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR. 22
(2): 50-53,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1114
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow.
October 1975),
pp. 287-288,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 993
from Russian.

Donets, M. A., S. C.
Rubin, M. P.
Chumakov, I. N.
Gavrilovskaya, and T.
K. Dzagurova.
Donets, M. A., S. G.
Rubin, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Doolotke'dieva, T.
Adaption of CHF
virus to SPEV and
PEK cell cultures.
Soluble complementfixing
Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
(CHF) virus antigen in
experimentally
infected newborn
white mice.
Argas persicus tick
hemolymph, its
structure, and
protective functions.
1975 CHF, SPEV, PEK
1975
1982
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
chromatography, newborn white
mice, NWM, CF, Congo virus.
Argas persicus, tick, argasid,
ixodid, hemolymph, birds, poultry,
Bacillus thuringiensis,
spirochetosis, pasteurellosis,
listeriosis, salmonellosis, Asian
plague, bed bugs, Cimex
lectularius.
Twelve successful consecutive
passages of CHF virus (strain
Hyalomma plumbeum, 14, 1960)
were made in passaged pig embryo
kidney cells. The virus titers were
relatively low after the first 5
passages, but afterward increased
after 10-12 passages.
From results of our investigation,
we assumed that soluble CF antigen
is present in the brain of NWM
experimentally infected with CHF
virus; soluble antigen may be easily
detected by chromatography in
sepharose and localizes in lowmolecular
ingredient fractions;
treatment of virus-containing NWM
brain suspensions noticeably
increased the emersion of soluble
antigen; infection of NWM with
large virus doses caused higher
soluable antigen accumulations than
infection with small doses.
In ecological properties and
morphological-physiological
structure bloodsucking ticks differ
distinctly from insects, which
apparently require few other
methods and procedures for
microbiological campaigns. The
hemolymph was investigated to
evaluate general body condition of
insects and their life activities,
which enables more radical
planning of destructive measures.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow.
October 1975),
pp. 290-291,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 995
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow.
October 1975),
pp. 289-290,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 994
from Russian.
Akad. Nauk
Kirgiz. SSR, Inst.
Biol., Izd. "Ilim";
Frunze, pp. 52-
79., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1792
from Russian.

Dorzhiev, Ts. Z., and
V. N. Prokop'ev.
Drobinsky, I. R.
Pigeons in populated
areas of Buryat-
Mongolian ASSR.
Epidemiology and
prevention of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
(acute infectious
capillary toxicosis).
1977
1948
rock doves, pigeons, Ulan-Ude,
fleas, gamasid, mites, argasid ticks,
Ceratophyllus gallinae, C.
vagabundus, Dermanyssus
gallinae, Parasitus, Argas vulgaris.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
ticks, sandflies, mosquitoes,
Hyalomma.
Rock doves gradually replace bartailed
rock pigeons in their
synanthropic co-inhabitation.
In June 1944, antiepidemic efforts
were intensified due to the
appearance of unusual infections
with obscure epidemiology in
Crimea. Efforts were directed to
protect persons working in the
steppe from possible infection
through water, food products, and
different bloodsucking parasites. In
July 1944, several conclusions were
made on the association of these
cases with tickbite, and
antiepidemic measures. Field
workers were required to wear
shirts and secure outer clothing.
Persons working in the steppe were
regularly examined for ticks 3 times
a day (morning, lunch break and
after work ends). Early detection
and hospitalization of patients and
early diagnosis of infections were
effective measures.
Tezisy Dokl, 7.
Vses. Ornit.
Konf.
(Cherkassy,
September 1977),
pt. 2: 133-134.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1254
from Russian.
Report II. Zh.
Mikrobiol.
Moskva., 19
(5):36-37,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 934
from Russian.

Drozdovsky, E. M.
Dubinin, V. B.
Dubov, A. V.
The use of embryonic
development
properties in nematode
systematics.
The significance of
animal migration in
the spread of disease.
Reproduction
properties of tickborne
encephalitis virus
strains in chicken
embryo fibroblast
tissue culture at
different temperatures.
1967
1948
1964
nematode, embryo, strawberries,
lady's mantle, creeping crowfoot,
potatoe roots.
Tick, animal migration, plague,
tularemia, Ixodes persulcatus,
Dermacentor silvarum,
Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, D.
andersoni, D. variabilis,
Amblyomma cajenese, A. striatum,
A. hebraeum, Rhipicephalus
sanguineus.
ticks, Dermacentor pictus, Ixodes
persulcatus, TBE, tickborne
encephalitis, Pan, forest-steppe,
Siberia, mice, chicken embryo
fibroblast.
Females containing mature eggs
(recently collected from plants)
were immediately placed on a
watch glass and submerged in water
where they usually oviposited after
a few minutes. The eggs were
transferred by a pipet to a cavity
slide and excess water removed. A
cover glass was applied and sealed
with vaseline allowing a small
quantity of water to maintain high
humidity. Observations were made
under high dry magnifications of a
microscope with drawing
attachment.
This article shows that vital
necessity and importance of
profound knowledge of certain
ecological conditions in the life of
animals, in order to study several
already established diseases
(plague, tularemia), as well as
biological regularities that
determine development and course
of epizootics during definite periods.
We studied dynamics of TBE virus
accumulation in chicken embryo
fibroblast tissue cultures at 30, 37,
and 40ºC.Tissue cultures were
infected with a virus dose, placed in
incubators at these temperatures for
five days, and titrated each 24 hrs.
by intracerebral inoculation of
white mice. Thus, we demonstrated
that several TBE virus strains
isolated in the forest-steppe of
western Siberia reproduce very
poorly in chicken embryo fibroblast
tissue culture at 40ºC. However, the
invasion index of these strains was
very high in inoculated white mice.
Trudy Gelmint.
Lab., 18: 22-29.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 611
from Russian.
Izv. Aka. Nauk.
Kazakh. SSR, 43,
s. Parasit.,
(5) :13-22,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 239
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Ses. Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Entsef., pp. 66-
67., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1227
from Russian.

Dubov, A. V.
Dubov, A. V., L. B.
Kozlov, B. A.
Molotilov, and N. A.
Feneva.
Dubovsky, P. A.
Natural variants of
tickborne encephalitis
virus.
1978
Live vaccine against
tickborne encephalitis. 1972
Vaccinal therapy of
dermal leishmaniasis.
1942
Tick, Soviet Union, encephalitis,
Ixodes persulcatus, I. ricinus.
Tick, Soviet Union, live vaccine,
encephalitis.
leishmaniasis, dermal, L. tropica,
dogs, patients.
Investigation of several tickborne
(TBE) virus strains recently isolated
from Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes
ricinus on the Eurasian continent
showed that there are comparatively
few strains with very high or very
low ability to penetrate into the
CNS of Rap line mice or other
lines. Most viruses are
characterized by an average degree
of invasion. To induce infection by
subcutaneous inoculation of white
mice, 30-1,000 intracerebral lethal
doses should be used.
Intensity of development of virus
neutralizing and
antihemagglutinating antibodies
detected in persons vaccinated
subcutaneously with live vaccine
against tickborne encephalitis
showed greater advantages than
vaccination with formol-inactivated
vaccine. The best vaccination
scheme for live vaccine is 2
injections at 3 1/2 month to 1 year
interval.
We decided to test the seldom used
immunological method for treating
dermal leishmaniasis. Of the 38
patients treated with leismanial
vaccine, 22 (57.9%) recovered, 7
(18.4%) improved greatly, 5
(15.8%) improved slightly, and
treatment in 3 (7.9%) was
unsuccessful.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. Imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk SSSR
3: 71-74,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1373
from Russian.
Op. Virus. 17(6):
703-705,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1419
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 11(1-2):
69-74., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1732
from Russian.

Dubrovsky, Yu. A.
Dumina, A. L.
Durov, V. I.
Role of the Great
Gerbil in Turan
lowland desert
parasitic systems.
Development of
heterologous
antibodies to Japanese
encephalitis virus in
white mice immunized
with different
antigenic B group
arboviruses.
Preliminary data on
examination of blood
sera from domestic
animals and humans
for antibodies to
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus in Kalmyk,
ASSR.
1983
1972
1970
Great Gerbil, Turan, lowland,
parasite, Rhombomys opimus,
helminths, ectoparasites, fleas,
ticks, sandflies, lice, ground
squirrels, hedgehogs, Isfahan virus,
Sandfly fever, Tamdy virus,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Wad Medani virus, Chim virus,
Rabies, Rickettsiae, Q fever,
Listeriosis, Erysipeloid,
Salmonellioses, Tularemia, Plague,
Pseudotuberculosis, Intestinal
versiniosis agent, Pasteurellosis,
Brucellosis, Siberian anthrax,
Tickborne spirochetosis,
Leptospiroses, Protozoa,
Coccidioses, Nuttallosis,
Besnoitiosis, Toxoplasmosis,
Visceral leishmaniasis, Filaria,
Ornithodoros.
Tick, Japanese encephalitis, JE,
white mice, heterologous
antihemagglutinins, HI data.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, domestic animals, humans,
Hyalomma plumbeum.
The Great Gerbil in the Turan
lowland deserts is included in
circulation chains of about 30
parasitic microorganisms of virus (3
species), rickettsia (2 species,
bacteria (13 species) and protozoans
(12 species, their main part (except
of 10 species of protozoans) being
well known as pathogen of the man.
This report shows the HI data from
detecting heterologous
antihemagglutinins to Japanese
encephalitis (JE) virus in immune
fluids of white mice immunized
with group B arboviruses by
different methods.
The aim of our work was to
perform serological investigations
of CHF in Kalmyk ASSR using the
diffuse precipitation reaction in agar
(DPRA).
Fauna Ekol.
Gruz., (52): 106-
161., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1727
from Russian.
Mater. Simp.
Itogi 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
December 1971),
pp. 38-41,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 668
from Russian.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Konf. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 64-65,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 532
from Russian.

Durov, V. I., M. A.
Donets, V. D.
Perelatov, A. M.
Butenko, E. A.
Tkachenko, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Dyusembaev, E. B.
and V. K. Yashkul'.
Dzhafarov, T. E.
Efremova, L. K.
Survey of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever foci
in the southeastern
Europe part of RSFSR.
Contribution to the
morphology of palpal
segment 4 in
Dermacentor
marginatus Sulz.
Electron microscopy
study of pyramidal
alveoli cells of
salivary glands of
some ticks.
Functioning
Malpighian tubules in
the tick Alvoeonasus
lahorensis (Ixodoidea,
Argasidae).
1972
1963
1965
1967
CHF, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
foci, Rostov Oblast, Central Asia,
Krasnodar, Kalmyk, Stavropol',
Tuapse, Rhipicephalus rossicus,
Hyalomma plumbeum.
Tick, palpal segment, Dermacentor
marginatus.
ticks, salivary glands, Ornithodoros
moubata, Hyalomma asiaticum,
ixodid, argasid, pyramidal alveoli.
Tick, Malpighian tubules,
Alvoeonasus lahorensis.
These data show the presence of
CHF virus circulation in the
investigated regions of the
southeastern Europe part of RSFSR
and confirm etiological sameness of
CHF cases in the entire distribution
areas of this infection.
Examination of structural properties
of palpal segment 4 in adult
Dermacentor marginatus.
The electron microscopic
investigation of pyramidal alveoli
cells of salivary glands of the ticks
has shown that these cells are
surrounded by a basal membrane
containing granular and fibrillar
structures. In the basal part of the
cells there were observed numerous
invaginations of the cellular
membrane.
We attempt in the article to describe
the structure and function of
Malpighian tubules in all
developmental stages of
Alvoeonasus lahorensis.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 358-359.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1066
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Zool.
Akad. Nauk.
Kazakh. SSR,
19 :238-240,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 393
from Russian.
Izd. Akad. Nauk
SSSR.
Leningrad, pp.
31-37, pls. 1-9.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1233
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 46
(1) :48-54,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 464
from Russian.

Egorova, L. S., P. V.
Korsh, and O. V.
Ravdonikas.
Egorova, L. S., T. N.
Fedorova, N. B.
Dunaev, and V. F.
Marenko.
Eichenberger, G.
Eichler, W.
Erysipelothrix
infection among small
mammal populations
in the northern foreststeppe
of Omsk Oblast.
Mixed experimental
infection (Omsk
hemorrhagic fever and
tularemia) in muskrats.
The central nervous
system of
Ornithodoros moubata
(Murray), Ixodoidea:
Argasidae and its
postembryonic
development.
Book Review: Fauna i
ekologija parazitov
gryzunov (Fauna und
Okologie der Parasiten
der Nagetiere).
1965
1973
1970
1967
Tick, Omsk hemorrhagic fever,
tularemia, OHF, foci,
erysipelothrix culture, spleen
culture, peptone culture, vitelline
culture, Dermacentor pictus, Ixodes
persulcatus.
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
tularemia, muskrats, foci.
Tick, Germany, Ixodoidea, central
nervous system, Ornithodoros
moubata, postembryonic
development.
Book review, Helminths of
rodents, Ectoparasites of rodents,
intestinal parasites, Anaplasma
spp., Ceratophyllus sciurorum,
Leptosylla segnis.
While investigating tularemia and
Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHF)
foci in fixed areas near Kabyrdak
village, Tyukalin region, Omsk
Oblast, we frequently isolated
erysipelothrix cultures from internal
organs of small mammals. Different
animal species were investigated for
3 years. In each case, a spleen
culture was made in beef peptone
and vitelline culture from corpses
and trapped animals with a
pathological-anatomical picture
suspected to be tularemia.
Investigation was to study tularemia
and OHF infections in muskrats by
simultaneously infecting these
agents and also by superimposing
one infection over the other at
different intervals. Thirty muskrats
were investigated in 2 test series
differing in agent doses.
Detailed information on the minute
structure of the CNS in various
representatives of Ixodidae (hard
ticks) has recently been given by
Ioffe (1936) and Tsvileneva (1964).
A book review of a collective
volume published by the Division
of Zoology and Parasitology of the
Academy of Science of the Byelo-
Russian Soviet States contains three
parts: "Blood parasites of rodents",
"Helminths of rodents", and
"Ectoparasites of rodents."
Mater. Nauch.-
Prakt. Konf.
Tulyarem.
Soputst. Infekts.
(Omsk, 1965),
pp. 328-330,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 765
from Russian.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Vop.
Infekts. Patol.,
pp. 133-134.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1619
from Russian.
Acta. Trop. 27
(1): 15-53,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 419
from German.
Chebotarev, R.
S., Izdatel'stvo
"Nauka i
Technika",
Minsk, 1963 pp.
236. Angew.
Parasit., 8(4):
248, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 287
from German.

Eichler, W.
Elizarov, Yu. A.
Emchuk, E. M.
Book Review:
Vorposy medicinskoj
parazitologii.
Physiological
properties of
chemoreceptors in the
tick Ixodes persulcatus
P. Sch. under the
effect of repellents.
Landscape distribution
of ixodid ticks and
natural focal diseases
in Ukraine.
1967
Book review, malaria, Anopheles
spp.
1961 Tick, repellents, Ixodes persulcatus.
1967
Tick, Soviet Union, ixodid,
Ukraine, encephalitis, Ixodes
ricinus, Dermacentor pictus, Ixodes
trianguliceps.
A book review containing a
collection of various medicalparasitological
papers, divided into
4 main subjects.
We aimed to determine whether the
anterior chemorceptors participate
in perceiving the repellent odor.
Ixodid ticks occupy a leading place
among transmitters as hosts and
vectors of agents of many natural
focal diseases. They may serve as
indices for determination of focus
type, structure, and distributional
range of infection. Agents of
arboviral infections are widely
distributed in mixed forest areas,
but the tickborne encephalitis focus
remains stable in only one locality
of Transcarpathian Oblast.
Beklemishev, V.
N. & Rasina, M.
G., Inst. med.
parazitol. i tropic,
med. im. E. I.
Marchinovskogo,
Moskva, 1963,
pp. 489. Angew.
Parasit., 8(4):
246, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 286
from German.
Vestn. Mosk.
Gos. Univ., s. 6,
16 (4) : 45-50,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 590
Russian.
Tezisy Dokl.
Nauch. Konf.
Ukrain. Respub.
Nauch. Obshch.
Parasit., Iad.
"Naukova
Dumka," Kiev,
pp. 51-54,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 257
from Russian.

Emel'yanova, N. D.
Emel'yanova, N. D.
and B. V. Shikhorbeev.
Haemaphysalis
warburtoni Nuttall
1912 in Mongolia.
Haemaphysalis
wellingtoni Nutt. and
W. 1907 - a new
ixodid tick in the
USSR fauna.
1957
1971
Tick, Mongolia, Soviet Union,
foci, Haemaphysalis warburtoni.
Tick, ixodid, domestic fowl, foci,
Haemaphysalis wellingtoni.
At the present time this relict
species of the Family Ixodidae,
Haemaphysalis warburtoni Nutt., is
known in very few places. Its area
of distribution is disconnected and
the numbers of this species are
relatively small. In Eastern Asia it
is found in continental China and
Taiwan. Separate foci occupied by
this tick in the West were
established in Kazakh SSR, in
Kirghiz SSR, in Altai, and in
Transcaucasia. In the Mongolian
People's Republic, was found for
the first time by Z, M,
Vovchinskaya, E. K. Demidova and
O. I. Scalon, and kindly sent to us
for determination. Here this species
is found on the Southern Khangai
and Taishiri in the zone of high
mountain desert steppes. In other
areas of its distribution, H.
warburtoni is associated with
mountain-steppe landscapes.
Boundaries of its vertical
distribution in Mongolia are
between approximately 2500 and
3000 meters above sea level.
From December to May, these ticks
parasitize domestic fowl (chicken,
geese, and turkeys) as well as cattle
and dogs. During the monsoon
period in natural foci of Kyasanur
forest disease of India, immature H.
wallingtoni sometimes parasitize
monkeys which are subject to this
disease. This species was probably
brought to the Soviet Union by
common buzzards or by aquatic
birds whose northern route passes
through Lake Baikal.
Inst. Sib. daln.
Vost. 15: 319-
321, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 119
from Russian.
Dokl. Irkutsk.
Protiv. Inst. (9) :
243, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 574
from Russian.

Emel'yanova, N. D.
and I. F. Zhovtyy.
Emel'yanova, N. D.
and O. F. Pauller.
Emel'yanova, N. D.
and O. L. Kozlovkaya.
Emel'yanova, N. D.
and O. L.
Kozlovskaya.
Emel'Yanova, N. D.
and O. N.
Tereshchenko.
Short review of
ectoparasites of
mammals in
Mongolian-
Transbaikal plague
focus in connection
with their
epizootiological
importance.
New data on ixodid
ticks of western
Transbaikal.
A new species and
subgenus of the genus
Ixodes Latr.
(Parasitiformes,
Ixodidae) from the Far
East of U.S.S.R.
Description of a new
tick species
Dermacentor asiaticus
sp. n. (Acarina,
Ixodidae) from
northeastern Asia.
Contribution to the
biology of ixodid tick
Haemaphysalis
verticalis Itagaki et al.
1944.
1957
1957
1967
Tick, plague, mammals, focus,
Archaepsylla sinensis, Ixodes
crenulatus, Dermacentor nuttalli,
Pulex irritans, Chaetopsylla
homoeus, Cropsylla silantiewi,
Frontopsylla luculenta luculenta,
Ch. homoeus, Paraceras flabellum,
Ctenopyhllus hirticrus.
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus,
Haemaphysalis concinna,
Dermacentor nuttalli, D. silvarum,
D. daghestanicus, I. crenulatus, I.
trianguliceps, Clethrionomys
rufocanus.
Tick, Ixodes maslovi, I.
persulcatus, I. pari.
1967 Tick, Dermacentor asiaticus.
1971
Tick, ixodid, Chinese plague,
Haemaphysalis verticalis.
The authors of this report aimed to
collect all available records on
ectoparasites of mammals in the
focus to facilitate use of the
information by epidemiologists and
epizootiologists.
The study of ixodid ticks in western
Transbaikal cannot be considered as
completed; supplementary
investigations are necessary.
Ixodes maslovi, sp. n. described on
male (holotype) and female
(allotype) was found on plants in
the vicinity of Khabarovsk. The
species belongs to the subgenus
Monoindex subgenus n. The first
segments of palps are fused into a
ringshaped organ that is the main
morphological character of a new
taxon.
A new ixodid tick species has been
discovered in northeastern Asia.
Haemaphysalis verticalis Itagaki,
Noda and Yamaguchi 1944, was
described from 2 females collected
on 5 July 1941 from a dog in
northern China (Shansi province,
Chinese People's Republic).
Izv. Irkutsk. Gos.
Nauch.-Issled.
Protivochumn.
Inst. Sibiri Dal' n.
Vost., 15 : 250-
283, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 595
from Russian.
9. Soveshch.
Parazit. Probl., p.
90, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
581 from Russian.
Parasitologiya, 1
(6) : 485-494,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 272
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 46
(7) :1101-1105,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 246
from Russian.
Dokl. Irkutsk.
Protiv. Inst. (9) :
242, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 573
from Russian.

Emel'yanova, N. D.,
and V. P. Gordeeva.
Emel'yanova, N. D.,
G. I. Vasil'ev, T. A.
Vershinina, A. G.
Derevshchikov, V. N.
Prokop'ev, V. D.
Sonin, O. F.
Sheremet'eva, and B.
V. Shikorb'eev.
Emel'yanova, N. D.,
V. P. Zasupov, S. M.
Koshkin, and V. D.
Sonin.
Data on the study of
birds acting as hosts of
ixodid ticks in East
Manchurian mountain
area spurs and in the
Pre-Khanka Plain.
Migratory birds and
immigrant ixodid tick
species of the genus
Pholeoixodes.
Some data on tick
introduction by
migratory birds into
Siberia and the Far
East.
1969
1978
1975
ixodid ticks, East Manchurian, Pre-
Khanka, Pogranichny, jays, orioles,
crows, buntings, skylarks, wagtails,
pipits, tits, shrikes, warblers,
stonechats, robins, swallows,
flycatchers, ducks, teals, buzzards,
harriers, kestrels, sandpipers,
plovers, snipes, woodcocks,
turtledoves, pigeons, cuckoos,
nightjars, kingfishers, hoopoes,
woodpeckers, jackdaws, starlings,
swallows, magpies, Turiy Rog,
Khanka, Primor'ye, Ixodes
persulcatus, I. redikorzevi, I.
lagodechiensis, Haemaphysalis
concinna, H. japonica douglasi,
Dermacentor silvarum.
Migratory birds, ixodid tick,
Pholeoixodes, Riparia riparia,
Oenanthe isabellina, O. deserti, O.
hispanica, Spodiopsar cinerauceus,
Alauda arvensis, P. lividus, R.
dilata, P. l. zonovae, Passer
montanus, P. passericola,
Montifrigilla nivalis, P.
hoogstraalae, P. arboricola, sand
martins, wheatears, skylarks,
sparrows.
ticks, migratory birds, Siberia, Far
East, ixodid, chough, Pyrrhocorax
pyrrhocorax brachypus, Argas
reflexus, Haemaphysalis
ornithophila, Spodiopsar
cineraceus, Poleoixodes arboricola,
Ixodes arboricola, I.
lagodechiensis, Corvus modendula,
Emberiza cioides, voles, dogs,
starling, jackdaw, buntings,
buzzards, Ussuri hobby, starlings,
sand martins, red-rumped
Study of bird hosts of ixodid ticks
in broadleaf forest, the spurs of East
Manchuian mountains, and
agriculture land with forest-steppe
remnants in the Pre-Khanka Plain.
The physico-geographical
characteristrics of these areas were
described. Bird ectoparasites were
observed from ealy summer 1960 to
October 1964 in and near 30
populated localities.
The immigrant species of Ixodid
ticks of the genus Pholeoixodes are
brought into Eastern Siberia, Far
East, and steppe areas of Gornyi
Altay by migrant Passeriformes.
The ticks reach Central Yakutiya
and Kamchatka with sand martins.
Of migratory birds transporting
ixodid and argasid ticks, the
following birds attract attention:
common buzzards, Ussuri hobby,
starlings, sand martins, red-rumped
swallows, blackbirds.
Otd. Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Biol. Inst.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Entsef., Minist.
Zdravookhur.
RSFSR, Omsk.
Inst. Priorod.-
Ochag. Infekts.:
Novosibirsk, pp.
160-169.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 621
from Russian.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Ptits Rol'v Rasp.
Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July-August
1976), pp. 280-
282., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1605
from Russian.
Mater. 9 Simp.
Ekol. virus.
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 143-146.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1239
from Russian.

Enders, B., L. C.
Lammers, G. Youssef,
A. S. G. Zaher, and O.
Zwisler.
Enigk, K. and I.
Grittner.
Arvicanthus niloticus
(Nile Rat) - a suitable
host for experimental
Schistosoma mansoni
invasion.
The Excretion of
Ticks.
1974
1952
swallows, blackbirds.
Nile rat, Arvicanthus niloticus,
Schistosoma mansoni, mice,
hamsters, Mastomys natalensis,
Saccostomus campestris, worm,
Australorbis glabratus,
Biomphalaria alexandrina.
Tick, excretion, tick feces,
Haemaphysalis leachi, Hyalomma
rufipes, H. savignyi, H. detritus,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus, H.
leachi, R. bursa, Boophilus
calcaratus, Dermacentor
marginatus, Amblyomma
variegatum, A. hebraem, Ixodes
ricinus, R, evertsi, B. decoloratus,
H. rufipes glabrum, Ornithodoros
coriaceus, O. lahorensis, O.
rostratus, O. moubata, Argas
reflexus.
Infection rates obtained by a
cutaneous infection were higher in
mice and hamsters than in the Nile
rat. It was found that in the Nile rat,
the infection rate was largely
independent from the number of
cercariae used; however, it was
strongly influenced by the mode of
infection. It is recommended, when
enough cercariae are available for
the infection of experimental
animals, that Nile rats be used for
obtaining adult material as these
animals can tolerate a multiple of
the worm load tolerated by
hamsters and mice (reference
Tables 1-8).
Habits and mechanism of excretion
were studied in ticks (5 species of
ixodids, 4 species of argasids).
Tropenmed.
Parasit., 25:395-
400, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 874
from German.
Z. Tropenmed.
Parasit., 4(1): 77-
94, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
449 from
German.

Ermoshkevich, V. I.
Ernst, K. D.
Erofeev, V. S.
Ticks in a
hemorrhagic fever
focus.
The fine structure of
the olfactory sensilla
on the antenna of the
carrion beetle
Nelrophorus
(Coleoptera).
Immunogenic
characteristics of
inactivated and live
experiemental
vaccines against
tickborne encephalitis.
1970
Tick, hemorrhagic fever, Soviet
Union, Hyalomma sp., H.
anatolicum, H. detritum, H.
marginatum, Haemaphysalis
sulcatus, H. punctata, Ornithodoros
lahorensis, Rhipicephalus
turanicus, Dermacentor
marginatus.
1969 Tick, Germany, Nelrophorus.
1981
tickborne encephalitis, mice, TBE,
Pan, Kyasanur Forest disease,
KFD, louping ill, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF.
In 1968, ticks were collected in
foothills of Gissar region
(Tadzhikistan). For comparison,
ticks were also collected in the
southern parts of the Republic
(Shaartuz, Kyibyshevsky, and
Kolkhozabad regions) with
different landscape-ecological
conditions. Ticks were collected
chiefly from cattle, less frequently
from sheep, goats, and horses. Few
wild animals were examined. In all,
5,300 ticks were collected and
preliminarily identified.
An individual cuticular apparatus
together with its sensory and
structural cells is called
"sensillum." It was not possible for
a long time to assign a definite
function to the various sensillar
types. Only after successful
electrophysiological determination
of the reactions of individual
sensilla and sensory cells,
correlation became possible.
Meanwhile, certain sensillar types
have been identified as olfactory
organs in several insects.
The facts obtained indicate the
necessity of supplementing a
commerical TBE virus strain used
for production of inactivated
vaccine. The author recommends
that control of the preparation
produced be carried out not only
with respect to the commerical
virus strain, but to local freshly
isolated strains, with insight into
possible use of a vaccine in a
certain geographical zone.
Tezisy Dokl. 2.
Akarol.
Soveshch. 1: 203,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1309
from Russian.
Z. Zellforsch.,
94: 72-102,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 378
from German.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 122-
127., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1594
from Russian.

Erofeev, V. S., S. P.
Karpov, and Yu. V.
Fedorov.
Erofeev, V. S., S. P.
Karpov, Yu. V.
Fedorov, and R. A.
Vidilina.
Fedder, M. L., E. P.
Reznik, M. L.
Danilevsky, A. G.
Mantukhov, and D. F.
Trotskaya.
Certain characteristics
of tickborne
encephalitis virus
strains isolated form
birds in Tomsk Oblast.
Genetic characteristics
of tickborne
encephalitis virus
strains (standard,
isolated from ticks
parasitizing birds, and
selected variants).
Data on
epidemiological
evaluation of natural
populations of Aedes
togoi.
1971
1972
1971
Tick, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
brain, blood samples, natural foci,
wild birds.
Tick, wild birds, encephalitis,
Ixodes persulcatus,.
Aedes togoi, Wuchereria bancrofti,
Anopheles, wuchereriasis,
dirofilariasis, brugiasis, filariasis,
Semliki forest virus, JE,
mosquitoes, Khasan.
This report is devoted to virological
investigations of wild birds of TBE
foci in Tomsk Oblast and to certain
Immuno-biological characteristics
of strains isolated.
This report presents the results of
studying genetic characteristics of
tickborne encephalitis, TBE virus
strains isolated from wild birds,
Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. ticks,
and standard strains used for
manufacturing vaccine-sera
preparations against TBE, and
many selected preparations
(thermoresistans-large-plaque
variant "Pan" and a attenuated "V-
67" and VE-4").
Materials necessary for
epidemiological evaluation of A.
togoi mosquitoes occuring in the
Khasan area of the Primorsky
region were collected in July-
August 1969. The microclimate of
most typical resting places of these
mosquitoes was determined, as well
as duration of their gonotrophic
cycle which under these conditions
was 7-8 days. As a result of autopsy
of 2,132 females, the age
composition of natural populations
was established and the age of
females potentially dangerous with
regard to Japanese encephalitis and
wuchereriasis was determined.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk.
1971), pp. 63-65,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 728
from Russian.
Mater. Simp.
Itogi 6. Simp.
Izuch. Viurs.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
December 1971),
pp. 141-145,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 651
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 40: 301-
307., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1213
from Russian.

Federov, Y. V., N. I.
Igolkin, and M. K.
Tyushnyakova.
Fedorov, A. A.
Fedorov, V. G.
Some data on viruscarrying
fleas in areas
of tick-borne
encephalitis and
lymphocytic
choriomenengitis.
A fall outbreak of
bovine theileriasis.
Ixodoidea ticks on
humans in western
Siberia.
1959
1965
1968
Tick, Soviet Union, encephalitis,
lymphocytic choriomenengitis,
Paleopsylla sorecis, Clethrionomys
glareolus.
Tick, bovine theileriasis, Theilaria
sergenti, Haemaphysalis bispinosa,
cattle, crows.
Tick, Soviet Union, Siberia,
human, Ixodes persulcatus,
Dermacentor pictus, Dermacentor
marginatus.
Investigations were carried out in
the forests of the Tomsk and
Gur'yev districts in Western Siberia.
The flea fauna in the localities is
represented by 23 species (12
genera). 1367 fleas were subjected
to virological examination. From
the fleas Paleopsylla sorecis one
virus strain of tick-borne
encephalitis was isolated, while the
fleas collected on red voles
Clethrionomys glareolus were
found to be infected with the virus
of lymphocytic choriomenengitis.
This observation shows that bovine
theileriasis, caused by T. sergenti,
can appear in the fall and that the
incubation period may last up to 60
days. The combination of azidine
with amino-acrichine and
sulphantrol proved to have a good
therapeutic affect.
The author determined 284
specimens of Ixodoidea (172
females, 103 males, and 9 nymphs)
picked up from the people in
western Siberia in 1954-1967. The
collected ticks belonged to 11
species among which there was one
Argasidae species and 10 Ixodoidea
species. Thus, out of 24 taxons
Ixodoidea recorded on the territory
of western Siberia almost half may
parasitize on man. Most frequently
people were attacked by Ixodes
persulcatus P. Sch., Dermacentor
pictus Herm. and D. marginatus
Sulz.
Med. Parasit.,
Moscow 28(2):
149-152,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 144
from Russian.
Veterinariya, 42
(10) : 44,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 328
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.
Moskova, 37(5):
615-616,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 390
from Russian.

Fedorov, Y. V.
Fedorov, Yu. V.
Fedorov. V. G.
Role of bird fauna in
natural foci of tickborne
encephalitis.
Further observations
on the importance of
wild birds as hosts of
Ixodes ticks in the
Tomsk focus of tickborne
encephalitis.
Bloodsucking ticks on
amphibians and
reptiles in western
Siberia.
1958
1958
1970
Tick, Soviet Union, bird,
encephalitis, foci.
Tick, Soviet Union, bird, Ixodes,
Pyrrhula pyrrmula, Fringilla
coelebs, Riparia riparia, Emberiza
leucocephalos, Phylloscopus
borealis, Leucosticte arctoa.
amphibians, reptiles, newts, toads,
frogs, lizards, adders, Omsk
Oblast, Dermacentor marginatus,
D. pictus, D. silvarum,
Sauronyssus saurarum, Ixodes
persulcatus, I. apronophorus, I.
trianguliceps.
A virological examination of wild
birds and of forest ticks removed
from them was conducted by us
between the years 1954-1956 in
Tomsk region (in the environs of
villages Zavarzino, Kutachevo,
Rodionovo, Trusochevo, and Maloe
Protopopov). We examined 1,159
wild birds, belonging to 6 families
forming 39 species. Nine strains of
tick-borne encephalitis were
isolated in all; of these, six were
from birds and 3 from larvae and
nymphs that were removed from
birds.
Under natural conditions of Toms,
focus of tick-borne encephalitis,
active hosts of larvae and nymphs
of the forest tick proved to be:
forest pipets, fieldfares, song
thrushes, redwing, small European
finch, Emberiza leucocephalos
Gmel., wood warbler, Phylloscopus
borealis Blas., magpie, starling,
Leucosticte arctoa Pall., and
European bullfinch.
Ixodid parasitism on cold blooded
animals confirms their possible
participation in circulation of
natural focal infection agents in
western Siberia; Russian springsummer
encephalitis, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, and tularemia.
The role of gamasid mites as
specific parasites and disease
vectors should be clarified.
Trud. Tomsk
Nauch.-issled
Inst. Vakts.
Syvor 9:27-32,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 92
from Russian.
Trud. Tomsk.
Nauck-issled.
Inst. Vakts.
Syvor. 9: 23-26,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 91
from Russian.
Tezisy. Dokl. 2.
Akarol.
Soveshch., (2):
185-186.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1493
from Russian.

Fedorova, T. N.
Fedorova, T. N. and
V. N. Matyukhin.
Fedorova, T. N., and
N. B. Dunaev.
Experimental diseases
in muskrats caused by
infection with Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
(OHF) and tickborne
encephalitis viruses.
Study of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever and
tickborne encephalitis
strains in
hemagglutination
inhibiting kinetic
reaction.
Infection routes of
muskrats with Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
virus.
1965
1969
1973
Tick, Soviet Union, encephalitis,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, muskrat.
Tick, Soviet Union, OHF,
encephalitis, HI.
muskrats, Omsk hemorrhagic
fever, OHF, mosquitoes, gamasid
mites, water voles, Balangul, white
mice.
Our investigations aimed at
infecting muskrats with small doses
of OHF and tickborne encephalitis
(TBE) viruses and at determining
the level and duration of viremia,
periods of antibody formation, and
morphological analysis of blood.
The object of our task was to study,
by means of the hemagglutination
inhibition kinetic reaction, the
Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHF)
strains isolated from different
materials in western Siberia.
Study used two experimental
methods: bathing muskrats in
infected water and aerosol
pulverization - these two tests show
the potential infection of muskrats
with OHF by the air-droplet route
and by bathing in infected water.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR 7:
440-444,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1392
from Russian.
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Biol. Inst.,
Akad Med. Nauk
SSSR, Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Entsef., Minist.
Zdrtavookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk.
Prirod.-Ochag.
Infekts.,
Novosibirsk, pp.
359-361,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 342
from Russian.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Vop.
Infekts. Patol.,
pp. 131-132.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1624
from Russian.

Fedorova, T. N., P. I.
Fedorov, G. A.
Sizemova, and E. V.
Tofanyuk.
Fedorova, T. N., V. G.
Fedorov, A. V.
Stavsky, L. V.
Matyukhina, and Yu.
K. Voronin.
Winter morbidity of
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever in muskrat
epizootic zones in
western Siberia.
Role of birds and
associated
bloodsucking
arthropods in
circulation of certain
arboviruses in western
Siberia.
1966
1978
Tick, Omsk hemorrhagic fever,
OHF, winter morbidity, human
cases, muskrats, Dermacentor
pictus.
arthropods, Siberia, birds, India,
Kyasanur Forest disease, KFD,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
TBE, West Nile fever, WN, hazel
grouse, long-tailed duck, cuckoo,
tree pipit, song thrush, fieldfare,
yellow bunting, pine bunting,
yellow-breated bunting, rose finch
chaffinch, brambling, common
starling, common oriole, gadwall,
coot, rook, gull, tern, sparrows,
ticks, mites, fleas, mosquitoes,
buffalo gnats, midges, gadflies,
Ixodes persulcatus, Haemaphysalis
concinna, Dermanyssus gallinae,
D. hirundinus, Haemolaelaps
casalis, Ceratophylus garei, C.
gallinae, Mansonia richiardii,
Aedes, Culex modestus, C. pipiens,
Titanopteryx maculata, Culicoides
pulicaris, C. grisenscens, I.
pavlovsky, Dermacentor
reticulatus, D. silvarum, Aedes
flavescens, A. excrucians, A.
cinereus, Culex modestus, A.
subdiversus, A. beklemishevi.
Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHF)
was first recorded in Omsk Oblast
in 1946-1948. OHF incidence was
recorded chiefly among local
human populations occupied in
agricultural work and was
associated with ixodid tick bites.
From 1946 to 1951, more that 1000
humans became infected in the
forest-steppe regions of Omsk
Oblast.
According to literature and the
authors own studies, antibody to
TBE, OHF, KFD and WN viruses
was found in 45, 72, 22, and 7 bird
species, respectively. In Western
Siberia, 14 species here were found
to be spontaneously infected with
TBE virus and 2 with an OHF agent.
Biol. Inst., Akad.
Nauk. SSSR,
Sibirsk. Otd.;
Novosibirsk, pp.
162-166,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 745
from Russian.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Ptits Rol'v Rasp.
Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July-August
1976), pp. 218-
221., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1481
from Russian.

Fedorova. T. N., E. S.
Pospelov, V. G.
Fedorov, and N.N.
Kharitonova.
Feider, Z.
Fidarov, F. M. , M. S.
Vorob'eva, and V. Ya.
Karmysheva.
Study of natural
focality of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever in
Novosibirsk Oblast.
A study of the sexual
characteristics of the
Trombidioidea.
Study of mixed
infection of tissue
cultures with tickborne
encephalitis complex
virus and viruses
isolated from Japanese
quail and chicken
embryo kidneys.
1964
1959
1975
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
muskrats, cattle, sheep, ixodid
ticks, Demacentor pictus, gamasid
mites, Barabinsk, Novosibirsk
Oblast, Karasuk, Krasnozersk,
Kuibyshev, Chanov, Kargat,
Veselovskoe, neutralization, (N),
hemagglutination inhibition, (HI).
Tick, sexual characters,
Trombicula canestrinii, Georgia
pulcherrima, Allothrombium
fuliginosum, Neothrombium
neglectum.
CEK, quail, chicken embryo
kidney culture, chicken cell
fibroblast, CCF, Elantsev.
Immunity of OHF virus in cattle,
sheep and small mammals shows
the presence of natural foci inside
muskrat populations where the
virus penetrates by transmissive
route. Ixodid ticks were not
virologically investigated owing to
their very low numbers. The
isolation of OHF virus from the
urine of a muskrat should be
mentioned. It is not excluded that
animals may become infected by
water containing virus discharged
with infected muskrat urine.
In this report the author studies the
primary sexual characters (genital
orifice of both sexes and the penis)
and the secondary sexual characters
of the uropore in 53 species of the
superfamily Trombidioidea. He
examines the morphology of these
organs and the variations within the
series and establishes the
terminology for the component
parts of the genital orifice, penis
and uropore. The author
characterized the families and
subfamilies from the viewpoint of
the primary and secondary sexual
characters in the nymph.
Preliminary conclusion was made
that interaction between the vaccine
strain and contaminating virus
depends on several reasons,
including nuclein composition of
virions.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio, Virus,
Entsef. (Moscow
1964), pp. 310-
311. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 919
from Russian.
Acarologia 1
(10): 56-85,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 87
from French.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 100-101,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1036
from Russian.

Filimonov, M. N.
Filippova, N. A.
Filippova, N. A. and I.
G. Uspenskaya.
Ixodid ticks in the
middle Volga regions. 1961
On the diagnosis of
Ixodes (Exopalpiger)
trianguliceps Bir. from
larvae and nymphs.
Ixodes kaiseri Arthur
1957 (Ixodidae)
species taxonomic
status.
1954
1957
Tick, Soviet Union, toxic saliva,
Ixodes ricinus, I. persulcatus,
Haemaphysalis sulcata.
Tick, Ixodes (Exopalpiger)
trianguliceps, Soviet Union.
Ixodes kaiseri, I. crenulatus, I.
hexagonus, Pholeoixodes.
Pasture ticks, or ixodid ticks
(Family Ixodidae), are external
parasites of domestic animals. They
are widely distributed in nature and
feed on animal blood. To feed, ticks
attack animals by attaching to their
skin and remain attached on the
host for a few days. While attached
to the skin, they puncture it with
their hypostome and excrete saliva
which penetrates into the wound.
Tick saliva has toxic properties,
exerting a general influence on the
animal organism. Owing to
parasitism of numerous ticks on an
animal, skin inflammation occurs at
the attachment site. The saliva
affects the development of young
cattle and decreases the milk
productivity of lactating mammals.
In this work we present a
description of larvae and nymphs of
the tick Ixodes (Exopalpiger)
trianguliceps Bir. done as a result of
microscopic study of these stages.
The species described below
belongs to the subgenus
Exopalpiger P. Sch. which includes
besides Ixodes (Exopalpiger)
trianguliceps also several species
distributed in the Australian
province.
A distinct species status of Ixodes
kaiseri is restored. The species has
been reduced recently to a synonym
of I. crenulatus. I. kaiseri differs
from but close to I. crenulatus at all
phases of its life cycle.
Trudy Il' yanov
Sel.-Khoz. Inst., 8
(2): 59-71,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 329
from Russian.
Zool. Zhur. 33
(5): 1053-1057,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 68
from Russian.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 7(4):
297-306.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 636
from Russian.

Filippova, N. A. and I.
V. Panova.
Filippova, N. A. and
S. P. Chunikhin.
Filippova, N. A. and
V. M. Neronov.
The little known wild
bird parasite Ixodes
caledonicus Nuttall
1910 (Ixodoidea,
Ixodidae) occurring in
the USSR fauna.
The tick Argas
(Chiropterargas)
boueti Roubaud and
Colas-Belcour, 1933
(Parasitiformes,
Argasidae), a new
species for the USSR
fauna.
Data on the ixodid
fauna (Acarina,
Ixodidae) of small
mammals in Iran.
1975
1969
1976
Ixodes caledonicus, Ixodes gussevi,
Ixodes berlesei, ticks, larvae,
nymph, ixodid, Caucasus,
Transcaucasia.
Tick, Soviet Union, Argas
(Chiropreargas) boueti, Rhinolopus
ferrumguinum, Rhinolopus
bocharicus.
Tick, Soviet Union, mammal, Iran,
ixodid, Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes
redikorzevi, Ixodes occultus,
Haemaphysalis inermis, H. sulcata,
H. concinna, H. caucasica, H.
otophila, H. numidiana, H.
punctata, Dermacentor marginatus,
Dermacentor niveus, Rhipicephalus
turanicus, Rhipicephalus
sanguineus, Rhipicephalus
rossicus, Rhipicephalus schulzei.
The larva, nymph, and female of
Ixodes caledonicus are diagnosed
and the host range and the wide
distribution of this species in
mountainous regions of southern
USSR is shown. I. caledonicus was
previously known from western and
central Europe, and in our fauna
under the name Ixodes gussevi from
a single female from Transcaucasia.
Argas boueti previously unknown
in the USSR has been found in
Turkmenia and Uzbekistan. Hosts
Rhinolopus ferrumeguinum and R.
bocharicus. In both cases almost
fully engorged larvae have been
found.
17 species of ticks are found on 20
species of small mammals in
diverse regions of Iran: Ixodes
ricinus L., I. redikorzevi Ol., I.
occultus Pom., Haemaphysalis
inermis Bir., H. sulcata Can. et
Franz., H. concinna Koch., H.
caucasica Ol., H. otophila Sch., H.
numidiana Neum., H. punctata Can.
et Franz., Haemaphysalis sp.,
Dermacentor marginatus Sulz., D.
niveus Ol., Rhipicephalus turanicus
Pom., Rh. sanguineus Latr., Rh.
rossicus Jak. et K. Jak., Rh. schulzei
Ol. The material includes 547
larvae and nymphae and only 1
female (I. occultus). As compared
with the data based mainly on the
imaginal stage of ticks collected on
the cattle 5 species-- I. redikorzevi,
I. occultus, Haemaphysalis sp., Rh.
rossicus and Rh. schulzei are new
for the fauna of Iran. For all other
Parazitologiya.
Lenigrad, 9
(4):339-347,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1042
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 48(9):
1407-1409,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 337
from Russian.
Ent. Obozr. 55
(2): 467-479,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1169
from Russian.

Filippova, N. A., and
I. V. Panova.
Filippova, N. A., and
Yu. L. Goroshchenko.
Fleer, G. P., and S. E.,
Smirnova.
Anomalohimalaya
lotoskyi sp. n., a new
ixodid ticks species
from the Peter I Range
(Ixodoidea, Ixodidae).
Data on the
comparative
morphology and
karyology of different
taxonomic units in
argasid ticks.
Detection of
cytopathologic
changes in tissue
culture infected with
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus.
1978
1966
1968
ticks, voles, Anomalohimalya
lotozkyi, Alticola argentatus,
Apodemus, Sorex, Lepus,
Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis,
Boophilus, Margaropus.
Tick, argasid, Ornithodoros,
Alveonasus, Alectorobius,
Reticulinasus, Pavlovskyella,
Theriodoros, A. lehorensis,
Persicargas, Secretargas,
Chiropterargas, Carios.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Khodzha strain, rat embryo brain,
mouse embryo skin muscle, pig
embryo kidney cell.
species a new data on parasite-host
relations, geographical and
biotopical distribution are given.
For the first time in Iran Argas
vespertilionis (Latr.) is recorded.
A new species, Anomalohimalya
lotozkyi, is described from the
female, nymph, and larva found on
the silver vole Alticola argentatus in
the Peter I Mountain Range,
Tadzhik SSR.
Aiming at continuation of studying
systematic questions, 15 of 17
species known in the USSR and
certain species of the foreign
Palearctic fauna were investigated.
Attempted to determine possible
CHF virus growth in reinoculated
rat embryo brain, mouse embryo
skin-muscle, and pig embryo
kidney cell cultures.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 12(5):
391-399.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1463
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch., pp.
217-218,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 554
from Russian.
Tickborne
encephalitis,
hemorrhagic
fevers, and
mosquito-borne
arboviral
infections, (3):99-
100, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 871
from Russian.

Flint, V. E. and I. N.
Kostyrkc.
Flint, V. E., V. A.
Smirnov, and A. A.
Pchebkina.
On biology of the tick
Ixodes putus.
Serological
investigation of bird
colonies in
northeastern
Murmansk.
1967 Tick, Soviet Union, Ixodes putus.
1965
Soviet Union, tick, foci, Rickettsia
burneti, Ixodes putus.
In 1963-1964 a high abundance of
the tick Ixodes putus was registered
on the northeastern shore of
Murman in the colonies of sea
birds. Ticks feed mainly on the
Atlantic murre and more rarely on
the kittiwake. The analysis of the
age population structure and
laboratory observations on
development of the tick eggs allow
us
to suggest a 4-5 year life cycle.
The data provided in this report
show a direct relationship between
tick numbers on nest rims and
frequency of finding antibodies to
an unknown virus of the group B
and to Rickettsia burneti in bird
sera. On the contrary, this
relationship to ornithosis was not
observed. From this research, it
may be postulated that bird bazaars
in northeastern Murmansk are
elementary foci of both infections
and the agent survives a long
interepidemic period in I. putus
ticks when birds leave their nests
for 7-8 months. Our data may also
be considered to be direct proof for
assuming the non-transmissive
nature of ornithosis.
Zool. Zh., 46(8):
1253-1256,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 397
from Russian.
Mater. 4. Vses.
Ornit. Konf.
(Alma Ata,
September 1-7),
pp. 395-397,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 418
from Russian.

Folitarek, S. S.
Folk, Ch.
Fraga de Azevedo, J.
Effect of contact with
alien species
(Alienconflictus) on
muskrat epizootiology
in western Siberia.
Possibilities of
transmitting
arboviruses by birds in
central Europe.
On the diagnosis of
kala-azar.
1969
1978
1960
Siberia, muskrat, Alienconflictus,
water voles, Arivcola terrestris,
Ondatra zibethica, tularemia, , foci,
OHF.
arboviruses, storks, herons,
gadwall, pintail, shoveler,
pochards, Anas strepera, A.
querquedula, A. acuta, Spatula
clypeata, Aythya, Anser anser,
Anas platyrhynchos, migration.
Tick, Leishmania, kala-azar, nasal
mucus, blood cultures.
Foreign species coming into
collision with new infections in
West Siberia suffer from them more
than aboriginal ones. Arvicola
terrestris and Ondatra zibethica are
taken as examples of it. The effect
of the collission is necessary to take
into consideration in epizooltology
and epidemiology and also to use it
for working out biological control
measures against noxious animals.
Through investigations of bird
migrations it was established that
some species belonging to the
orders Ciconiiformes,
Anseriformes, Charadriiformes, and
Lariformes could contribute to
spread of arbovirses in Central
Europe.
As a result of identical studies
carried out in various regions of the
globe, the author presents the
results of the study of Leishmania
in the nasal mucus and in blood
culture in 38 cases of kala-azar in
Portugal.
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Biol. Inst.,
Akad, Med.
Nauk SSSR, Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Entsef., Minist.
Zdravookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk
Inst. Prirod.-
Ochag. Infekts.:
Novosibirsk. pp.
128-130.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 360
from Russian.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletin.
Ptits Rol' Rasp,
Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July-August
1976), pp. 59-
61)., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1477
from russian.
Ann. Parasit.
Hum. Comp., 35
(5-6) : 687-703,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 71
from French.

G. N. Zgurskaya, V.
V. Berezin, S. E.
Smirnova, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Investigation of the
question of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus transmission and
interepidemic survival
in the tick Hyalomma
plumbeum plumbeum
Panzer.
1971
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
ticks, Hyalomma plumbeum, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF, tickborne
encephalitis, RSSE, Powassan,
POW, Kyasanur forest disease,
KFD, Nairobi sheep disease, NSD,
Colorado tick fever, CTF, newborn
white mice, NWM, Astrakhan
Oblast, guinea pigs, complement
fixation, CF, agar gel diffusion
precipitation, AGDP,
neutralization, N, hares, hedgehogs.
The question of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever (CHF) virus
survival during the interepidemic
period is one of the most important
in the ecology of this agent.
Literature data show the possibility
of long survival of viruses
transmitted through ticks by
transovarial and transtadial routes.
Positive results concerning this
question have been obtained for the
following viruses: tickborne
encephalitis (RSSE), Omsk
hemorrhagic fever (OHF),
Powassan (POW), Kyasanur forest
disease (KFD), Nairobi sheep
disease (NSD), Colorado tick fever
(CTF), and certain other viruses.
Studies reached the following
conclusions: immature H.
plumbeum are able to receive CHF
virus from an infected donor
(vertebrate) and to transmit the
agent during development to the
adult stage; adult H. plumbeum
may preserve CHF virus in artificial
overwintering conditions for 13
months and afterward transmit the
virus by feeding on susceptible
animals; and H. plumbeum may
transmit CHF virus transovarially.
Experimental infection of European
hares and long-eared hedgehogs
proved to be susceptible to
experimental CHF virus infection.
Unfed tick larvae fed became
engorged and molted to nymphs on
laboratory hares. Some nymphs
were investigated on day 14
following feeding on infected
Trudy Inst. Polio,
Virus, Entsef,
Akad, Med.
Nauk, SSSR,
19:217-220.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 911
from Russian.

Gabe, M.
Gagarina, A. V.
Gagarina, A. V. and
G. I. Netsky.
Histophysiology.
Neurosecretory cells
location and
connections in some
Araneida.
Transmission of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome.
Data on distribution
and vectors of
hemorrhagic fever in
Western Siberia.
1954
1965
1955
Araneida, neurosecretion, Dysdera
crocata, Epeira diademata, Tautana
grossa, Tegenaria domestica,
Pholcus phalangioides, Clubione
terrestris, spiders.
Tick, Omsk hemorrhagic fever,
OHF, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, foci, Hyalomma plumbeum,
Dermacentor pictus, D. marginatus.
Tick, Siberia, Omsk hemorrhagic
fever, Soviet Union, foci.
animals and others molted to adults
after a certain time. The virus was
detected in nymphs collected from
hedgehogs and hares and also from
adults which molted from nymphs.
As a result of this test, it was first
demonstrated that H. plumbeum
ticks are capable of transmitting
CHF virus transstadially.
Neurosecretory cells have been
demonstrated in the ventral nerve
mass and in the protocerebrum of 6
dipneumonid Araneida species; the
protocerebral cells are connected
with the stomogastric ganglia by a
neurosecretory tract.
OHF natural foci were first reported
(1954-1949) in limited areas of the
northern forest-steppe belt of
western Siberia. In 1950-1953,
OHF incidence was detected around
old foci as sporadic cases with
periodic increase of morbidity rate
and steppe outbreaks in different
years.
The teaching by Academician E. N.
Pavlovsky on natural focality of
infection has provided us with an
opportunity to reveal several new
diseases, including Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, which was
studied between 1947 and 1948.
C. R. Hebd.
Seanc. Acad. Sc.,
238:1265-1267.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 387
from French.
Sborn. Trudy
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, 7 :422-
429, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 761
from Russian.
Prirod. Ochag.
Bolezn.
Chelovek.
Krayev.
Epidemiol., pp.
220-224,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 158
from Russian.

Gagarina, A. V., V. E.
Zimina, and O. V.
Ravdonikas.
Gaidamovich, S. Y.
and T. V.
Kiryushchenko.
Gaidamovich, S. Y.,
G. A. Klisenko, and T.
Monath.
Natural infection of
muskrats with Omsk
hemorrhagic fever.
Micro-drop
complement fixation
test with arboviruses.
Serological diagnosis
of Colorado tick fever:
Comparison of 3
serological tests.
1958
1972
1978
Tick, hemorrhagic fever, muskrat,
Soviet Union, foci, Dermacentor
pictus, Dermacentor marginatus.
Tick, micro-drop, Soviet Union,
CF test.
Tick, Soviet Union, Colorado tick
fever, serology.
From the beginning of study of
Omsk hemorrhagic fever as a
natural focal infection distributed
by pasture ticks, Dermacentor
pictus and Dermacentor marginatus,
many attempts have been made to
decipher circulation routes of the
agent in a natural focus.
The CF test is a valuable method
for diagnosing arbovirus infections
and identifying arboviruses
inasmuch as this test is universal for
all arboviruses and detects
monospecific reactions, in contrast
to the HI test which is possible only
with hemagglutinating viruses and
gives wide group associations. We
studied optimum conditions for the
CF test with arboviruses by the
micro-drop method.
The agent of Colorado tick fever
(CTF) is a non-agglutinating virus.
Therefore, diagnosis of this
infection may be based on
neutralizing antibodies by the
plaque reduction test or detection of
CF antibodies. Both these tests are
quite complicated and need much
time. We have perviously reported
successful use of the IHA (indirect
hemagglutination) test for detecting
and identifying CTF virus in
different materials. From these data
and our data on using IHI (indirect
hemagglutination inhibition) test for
detecting antibodies to other
arbovirus infections, a comparative
study was made of sensitivity of 3
serological tests for diagnosis of
CTF.
Trud. Omsk. Inst.
Epidemiol.,
Mikrobiol.,
Gigien., Omsk
(5): 31-36,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 162
from Russian.
Vop. Virus. 17
(3): 358-361,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1265
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. Imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk SSSR
3: 113-116,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1379
from Russian.

Gaidamovich, S. Y.,
V. R. Obukhova, E. E.
Mel'nikova, G. A.
Klisenko, and V. L.
Gromashevsky.
Gaidamovich, S. Ya.
Gaidamovich, S. Ya.
and D. K. L'vov.
Serological
identification of
sumakh virus as a
representative of the
Uukuniemi Group.
Classification and
identification of
arboviruses.
Actual problems of
virology and viral
infections, cited by
Zhdanov, V. M.
1971
1972
1973
Tick, Soviet Union, sumakh virus,
uukuniemi group, black birds.
Tick, mosquito, arbovirus
classification, West Nile, WN,
Sindbis, Sumach-Uukuiemi.
Tick, mosquito, virology, Culex
tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes aegypti,
A. albopictus, Ixodes, Hyalomma,
Haemaphysalis, Dermacentor
Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma,
Boophilus.
In 1968, a virus of the Uukuniemi
group was for the first time isolated
in the USSR from blackbirds
Turdus merula recovered on the
Sumakh Mountain slope in
southeastern Azerbaijan. In this
report we give data on serological
identification of Sumakh virus by
the AGDP and HI test.
The paper shed light upon the
present-day state of the problem of
the arboviruses classification and
their place in the universal
classification of viruses. In
concordance with the criteria of
universal classification a
comprehensive scheme of
identification of new arboviruses
isolated which, apart from
serological, includes some physical
and chemical methods has been
elaborated. Material on the study of
antigenic features of the Western
Nile, Sindbis and Sumach-
Uukuiemi arboviruses isolated in
the USSR are presented.
This group of viruses had different
morphological and physicalchemical
properties which are
mentioned in different sections of
the contemporary classification
system of viruses.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(11): 93-95,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1322
from Russian.
Vestn. Akad.
Med. Nauk.
SSSR, 27 (6) :25-
33, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
677 from Russian.
Minist.
Zdravookhr.
SSSR. Vses.
Nauch.-Issled.
Inst. Meditsin.
Med.--Tekhn.
Informats.;
Moskva, pp. 3-
31, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1302 from
Russian.

Gaidamovich, S. Ya.
and G. A. Klisenko.
Gaidamovich, S. Ya.
and T. V.
Kiryushchenko.
Gaidamovich, S. Ya.,
E. A. Peikre, V. A.
Vasilenko, T. V.
Kiryushcenko, and E.
E. Melnikova.
Differentiation of
Sumakh virus from
certain other
arboviruses isolated
from birds.
1971
The hemagglutination
test with Sumakh virus. 1971
Antibodies to Sumakh
and Kemerovo viruses
in migratory birds.
1972
Tick, Sumakh virus, SUM,
Myxoviruses, Coronaviruses, birds,
mice, chickens, embryos, ChF
cultures.
Tick, Sumakh virus, SUM, Tween
80, freon, acetone sucrose antigen,
phosphate buffer, dextrose veronal
gel, HI test, immune ascitic fluids,
IAF, West Nile virus, WN.
migratory birds, Sumakh,
Uukuniemi, Kemerovo, ticks,
arboviruses, Estonia, Pukhtu
Reserve, gulls, terns, crows,
blackbirds, thrush, chaffinches,
starlings, wagtails, flycatchers, HI,
CF, I. ricinus.
These investigations allowed us to
differentiate SUM virus from the
ornithosis agent, certain
Myxoviruses isolated from birds,
and Coronaviruses by several
physical-chemical, biological and
serological properties.
The method for extraction of
hemagglutinating antigen of
Sumakh virus by additional
treatment with Tween-80 and either
of freon and acetone sucrose
antigens was worked out. Optimal
conditions for hemagglutination
inhibition test were at the range of
pH of 5.8 to 6.0 and at 37oC,
phosphate buffer was used for
dilution of antigens and sera and
dextrose-veronal-gel buffer for red
cells.
The sera of birds caught on the
territory of Pukhtu game reserve on
the Western coast of Estonia were
tested in the HI and CF tests with
antigens of Sumakh-Uukuniemi and
Kemerovo viruses. The results of
investigations indicated the
presence of antihaemagglutinins
and inhibitory antibodies in
Lariformes and Passeriformes.
Seriologic findings were confirmed
by results of virologic studies
Sumakh-Uukuniemi virus was
isolated from I. ricinus collected in
this reserve in 1971.
Vop. Med.
Virus., (11) :105-
107, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1324
from Russian.
Vop. Med.
Virus., (11) :105-
107, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1319
from Russian.
Mater. Simp.
Itogi 6. Sim.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
December 1971),
pp. 138-141.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 652
from Russian.

Gaidamovich, S. Ya.,
E. E. Mel'nikova, A.
Yu. Bekleshova, I. I.
Terskikh, and V. R.
Obukhova.
Gaidamovich, S. Ya.,
E. E. Mel'nikova, V.
R. Obukhova, and G.
A. Klisenko.
Gaidamovich, S. Ya.,
G. A. Klisenko, N. K.
Shanoyan, and V. R.
Obukhova.
Identification of
arboviruses isolated
from Ceratixodes
putus, Pick-Cambr
ticks collected from
seabird colonies on
Kuvshin Island, the
Barents Sea.
Errors in identifying
arboviruses.
Indirect
hemagglutination
reaction with
Kemerovo virus group.
1971
1974
1971
Ticks, Ceratixodes putus, antigens,
P-10, P-11, brains of mice, seabird
colonies.
Haemaphysalis punctata, ticks,
newborn mice, birds, woodpeckers,
magpies, partridges, Bulgaria,
ectromelia, Phlebotomous fever,
Moldavia, CF, AGDP, Astrakhan,
DNA, Irkutsk, IAF.
Kemerovo virus, indirect
hemagglutination reaction, IHA,
tickborne encephalitis virus,
immune ascitic fluids, IAF,
Chenuda, Tribec, Sumakh, Sindbis,
Tahyna, Colorado tick fever, CF,
HI, mouse.
In 1967, the Ornithosis Laboratory
isolated 2 virus agents from adult
and nymphal Ceratixodes putus
Pick-Cambr. ticks collected in
seabird colonies on Kuvshin Island
(eastern Murmansk). After studying
biological and physical-chemical
properties, these virus agents were
presumed to be arboviruses.
The paper presents an analysis of
misidentification and typing of
arboviruses due to contamination of
strains with ectromelia virus in the
process of their isolation. The
methods of rapid and reliable
detection of ectromelia virus are
described.
We investigated conditions of
performing IHA test with the
Kemerovo virus group in the
antibody method. Mouse immune
ascitic fluids (IAF) to Kemerovo,
Chenuda, and Tribec viruses were
used as antibody sources. IAF were
prepared by the earlier described
method.
Tezisy Dokl.
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
Virus. imeni
Ivanovsky, D. I.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR
(October 19-21),
pt. 2 : 68-69,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 492
from Russian.
Sborn. Trudy.
Inst. Virus imeni
D. I. Ivanovsky,
Akad. Med.
Nauk, SSSR,
(1):89-93.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1201
from Russian.
Tezisy dokl.
Vop. Med Virus.
Inst. Virus.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR
(October 19-21),
2:80-82.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 494
from Russian.

Gaidamovich, S. Ya.,
L. M. Altukhova, V.
R. Obukhova, E. N.
Ponirovsky, V. G.
Sadykov, G. A.
Klisenko, N. A.
Sveshnikova, and Ya.
M. Kasymov.
Gaidamovich, S. Ya.,
V. M. Zhdanov, G. A.
Klisenko, I. M.
Grokhovskaya, N. K.
Shanoyan, and Yu. N.
Cherednichenko.
Gaidamovich, S. Ya.,
V. R. Obukhova, E. E.
Mel'nikova, N. A.
Volokhova, T. V.
Kiryushchenko, G. A.
Klisenko, Z. N.
Krasnovaeva, N. A.
Lavrova, Sh. A.
Sharipova, and N. K.
Isolation of Isfahan
virus in Turkmenia.
Formation of DNAprovirus
as possible
transovarial
transmission
mechanism of
arboviruses in ticks.
Use of ultrasound for
increasing the
arbovirus antigen
activity in in vitro
serological tests.
1980
1976
1973
Turkmenia, Isfahan virus,
Phlebotomus papatasi, sandflies,
mice, Rhabdoviridae, great gerbils,
newborn white mice, NWM,
Sindbis, West Nile, tickborne
encephalitis, Bunyamwera,
Tahyna, Bhanja, Karimabad,
Salekhabad, Sicilian, Naples,
sandfly fevers, lymphocytic
choriomeningitis, murine
encephalomyelitis,
encephalomyocarditis, ectromelia,
strain B-329, CF, N, IAF.
DNA, ixodid ticks, transovarial,
RNA, Bhanja, Hyalomma
asiaticum, immunofluorescence
technique, IFT, neutralization, N,
mice, rabbits.
Tick, mosquito, in vitro tests,
Sindbis, western equine
encephalomyelitis, Aura,
Chikungunya, West Nile, yellow
fever, dengue, Tyuleniy, Japanese
encephalitis, Tribec, Kharagysh,
Kemerovo, Uukuniemi, Sumakh,
Potepli, Bujaru, Chargres, Sicilian
sandfly fever, Naples sandfly fever,
This is the first report on the
isolation in the USSR of Isfahan
virus belonging to the
Rhabdoviridae family. Two strains,
T-200 and T-227, were isolated
from a pool of 100 and 95 engorged
Phlebotomus papatasi females
collected in colonies of great gerbils
in June and August, 1979 in the
Kirov district, Turkmenia.
Ticks are known to transmit several
viruses transovarially to their
progeny and viruses are regularly
isolated from infected ticks and
nymphs but irregularly from eggs.
These investigations detected
molecular transovarial transmission
mechanism of viruses in arthropods
as well as showed that reverse
transcription and possible
integration of the genetic RNA
material containing viruses is
probably a very important
phenomenon providing for vertical
transmission of viruses in natural
ecological conditions.
The effect of ultrasonication on the
specific activity of arbovirus
antigens in hemagglutination (HA),
complement fixation (CF) and agar
gel diffuse precipitation (AGDP)
tests was studied. The studies
involved 21 arboviruses of Group
A, Group B, Bunyamwera,
California, Kemerovo, phlebotomus
fevers and Uukuniemi. The
developed regimen of sonication
permits to increase titers of
Vop. Virus., 23
(5): 618-620.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1523
from Russian.
Dokl. Akad.
Nauk SSSR, 230
(6): 1459-1461.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1218
from Russian.
Vop. Viurs.,
18 :356-360,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1391
from Russian.

Shanoyan. Chalovo, Tahyna. hemagglutinins 4-8 fold,
complement fixing antigen 2-4 fold,
precipitin 2 fold.
Gaidamovich, S. Ya.,
V. R. Obukhova, and
I. A. Vinograd.
Gaidamovich, S. Ya.,
V. R. Obvukhova, and
G. A. Klisenko.
Galimov, V. R., N. M.
Stobbov, G. A.
Ryazantseva, and A.
A. Katin.
Seriological
identification of
strains of the Sumakh-
Uukuniemi group
viruses isolated from
ticks.
Description of B-329
virus isolated from
common redbacked
voles.
Contribution to the
question of the role of
birds and murine
rodents in feeding
larvae and nymphs of
the taiga tick.
1971
1974
1971
ticks, complement fixation, CF,
agar gel diffusion precipitation,
AGDP, immune ascitic fluid, IAF,
encephalitis, West Nile, Kemerovo,
Uukuniemi, UUK, Sumakh,
Tahyna.
voles, Belorussia, arbovirus, foci,
newborn white mice, NWM, rats,
guinea pigs, N, HA, HI, CF, AGDP.
Tick, taiga, tickborne encephalitis,
TBE, foci, birds, rodents.
The CF test was used as a highly
specific method for arborvirus
investigation. Study of intergroup
antigenic relationships between
arborviruses is complicated, time
consuming, and requires use of
many methods. Investigation of
antigens of strains by CF and
AGDP tests allowed us to assign
them to the Sumakh-Uukuniemi
virus group. Three strains were
isolated from Ixodes ricinus ticks
collected in Chernovitskaya and
Zakarpatskaya region of Western
Ukraine and were identified by the
CF test and the AGDP test as
members of the Sumakh-
Uukuniemi group.
B-239 virus proved to be
pathogenic for NWM. The
incubation period lasted 72-96
hours in intracerebrally infected
animals.
This report is based on
investigations made for several
years in tickborne encephalitis
(TBE) foci in the deciduous forest
subzone of taiga in the western part
of Siberian plain.
Vop. Med.
Virusol. Moskva,
(11):95-97.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 969
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. Imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, 1: 102-
108., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1235
from Russian.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 77-78,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 729
from Russian.

Galuzo, I. G.
Galyamov, A. Z., and
O. Yu. Kozlov.
Gamalayev, A. D.
Argasid ticks and their
epizootological
significance.
The role of specific Tlymphocytes
in
developing specific
resistance to tickborne
encephalitis virus.
Comparative ecology
of Haemaphysalis
japonica Nutt. et
Warb. and Ixodes
angustus Neum. in Far
East Conditions.
1957
1975
1966
Tick, key, description,
Ornithodoros, Russia.
T-lymphocytes, tickborne
encephalitis, RSSE, antiserum,
ATS, rabbits, mice.
Tick, Far East, Haemaphysalis
japonica, Ixodes angustus, H. j.
douglasi.
Key to the genus Ornithodoros of
Russia after Pavlosky, 1955; males
and females.
One of the prospective methods in
studying and evaluating the role of
different cell populations in
immunity is selective exclusion of
their effect with corresponding
antisera. In this report, we present
data on production, purification,
and tests of rabbit antiserum (ATS)
to mouse thymocytes, as well as on
investigations of the role of Tlymphocytes
in development of the
first and second immunological
responses to inoculation of
tickborne encephalitis (RSSE) virus
using rabbit antiserum.
Among relict animal species of the
Far East, 2 ixodid tick species,
Ixodes angustus and Haemaphysalis
japonica douglasi, that remain little
studied, are scientifically
interesting. The latter species is also
a vector of tickborne encephalitis
virus.
Acad. Sci.
Kazakh SSR, pp.
83-85, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 4
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 59-60,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1022
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch., pp.
60-61, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 351
from Russian.

Gamaleev, A. D.
Gamaleev, A. D.
Biocenotic
interrelationships
between ixodid ticks
and Theileria
(Theileria orientalis)
in the Far East
theileriasis foci.
Interrelationship
between ixodid ticks
and Theileria in
biocenoses of the Far
East.
1973
1973
Tick, ixodid, Theileria (Theileria
orientalis), Haemaphysalis
longicornis, Haemaphysalis
japonica, Haemaphysalis concinna,
Haemaphysalis neumanni.
Ixodid tick, Theileria, foci,
biocenosis.
The geographical location of
Primor'ye region determines the
specificity of biocenoses. The Far
East theileriasis is characterized by
the agent characteristic of
southeastern Asia. However, in
more southern latitudes,
Haemaphysalis longicornis Neum.
(=H. neumanni) is considered to be
the main vector. Haemaphysalis
japonica is the vector in the Soviet
Far East. H. concinna is considered
to be an additional Theileria
orientalis vector. Differences in
bioecology of Haemaphysalis
longicornis and the vectors recorded
by us in Primor'ye determine
peculiar interrelationships in
biocenoses of Ussuri forests:
between ticks, Theileria orientalis,
and hosts. This question has not
been investigated in Primor'ye
region. The results of our 1961-69
investigations, given in this report,
are the first attempt to clarify the
question of biocenotic
interrelationships of different
epizootic chain links in Far East
theileriasis foci.
Parasitological investigations were
made in the Zeya-Bureya plain, the
central and lower Amur River
areasand Primor'ye. To compile the
table of acarocenosis in different
types of Theileria foci, we used
results from station investigations
in Malyy Khingan, Khekhtsirskie
mountains, central and upper
reaches of the Arsenebvka, Ilista,
Ussuri, Artemovak, and Litovka
rivers.
Mater. 2. Konf.
Probl. Med.
Georgr., Dal'n.
Vost., Pp. 11-16,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1266
from Russian.
Mater. 2. Konf.
Probl. Med.
Geogr. Dal'n.
Vost.
(Vladivstok,
1973), pp. 50-67,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1267
from Russian.

Ganiyev, I. M.
Garben, A. F. M., P.
H. C. Lina, H. Jansen,
and E. M. H. Van
Bronswijk.
Garin, N. S., and P. A.
Grabarev.
Ecological-faunistic
investigation on
Ixodid ticks and the
epizootiology of
hemosporidioses in
farm animals of
western Prikasp'ye.
Ticks (Ixodida) of
birds caught on
Meyendel.
Protective reactions in
rabbits and guinea
pigs to repeated
feeding by ixodid
ticks, Rhipicephalus
sanguineus.
1966
1978
1972
Tick, Soviet Union, Ixodid,
hemosporidioses.
Tick, bird, Netherlands, Ixodes
ricinus, Vanellus vanellus, I.
lividus, I. arboricola, Parus major,
Parus caeruleus, I. pari, Turdus
merula.
rabbits, guinea pigs, ixodid ticks,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus,
Dermacentor variabilis, D. pictus,
Haemaphysalis leporispalustris.
From 1953 to 1965, over 18,000
domestic and wild animals
belonging to 70 species were
examined. Tick collections were
also carried out in pastures, cattle
breeding buildings, and in nests and
burrows of wild rodents.
More than 85 birds were examined
for ticks during an investigation of
bird migration in Meyendel
(Municipality of The Hague, the
Netherlands): Ixodes ricinus
(Linnaeus, 1758) (the common tick)
was most abundant and accounted
for about 90% of all collected
specimens. Nymphs were seen
most, larvae less frequently. Only
one adult (a female) was seen, on a
lapwing (Vanellus vanellus). Three
species new to the Netherlands
were reported: Ixodes lividus Koch,
1844, on a bird of unknown
identity, Ixodes arboricola Schulze
et Schlottke, 1929, on some great
tits (Parus major) and blue tits
(Parus caeruleus), and Ixodes pari
Leach, 1815, on a blackbird
(Turdus merula) and a bird of
unknown identity.
When rabbits and guinea pigs are
repeatedly used for feeding of R.
sanguineus ticks, the activity of
feeding of the latter is reduced
significantly.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch., p. 61-
62, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
340 from Russian.
Ent. Ber. 38: 156-
158, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1386
from Dutch.
Med. Parazit.
Moskva, 41: 274-
279., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1453
from Russian.

Gasanov, A. A.
Gavrichenkov, A. I.
Gavriloskaya, I. N.
and M. P. Chumakov.
The infection of
Rhipicephalus bursa
with Babesia ovis in
the Nakhichevan
Region of the ASSR.
Tick paralysis of
sheep.
Application of the
neutralization test in
tissue culture for
serological
investigations of
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever.
1963
1957
1964
Rhipicephalus bursa, Babesia ovis,
Nakhichevan Region,
hemosporidioses, sheep, ticks,
goats, cattle, horses, rabbits.
sheep, ticks, paralysis, Chal-Tou,
Kara-Tau, Tadzhik, Ornithodoros
lahorensis.
OHF, Omsk hemorrhagic fever,
ticks, muskrats, cattle, calves,
neutralization, N, pig embryo
kidney, PEK, foci, cytopathology.
The distribution of hemosporidioses
of sheep depends on pasture
conditions favourable for the
propagation of the vector ticks (R.
bursa) and the development of the
pathogens in them. In the
Nakhichevan region of the ASSR
particular interest is given to the
study of the infection of R. bursa
with B. ovis in different climatic
zones.
Tick paralysis is observed annually
in sheep in the Chal-Tou and Kara-
Tau mountain of Tadzhik SSR. The
disease occurs when sheep are held
in yards or open pens in December
and January; in suckling lambs it is
observed in April and May. In
1956, 62% of the sick sheep in the
Garm and Kalai-Khum rayons died.
In 1957, 74% died in the collective
farms of Obi-Garm rayon.
Investigations of sensibility of
different tissue cultures to Omsk
hemorrhagic fever (OHF) virus
showed that this virus reproduces in
several tissue cultures but causes
cytopathic changes only in primary
and reinoculated pig embryo kidney
(PEK) cell cultures. This allowed us
to apply the neutralization (N)
reaction of OHF virus in PEK
culture to determine the presence of
antibodies to OHF virus in
convalescents and healthy persons
(subject to latent immunization) in
OHF endemic foci.
Izv. Akad. Nauk.
Azerb. SSR. s.
Biol. Med. Nauk,
(4): 117-123.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1503
from Russian.
Veterinariya, 34
(9): 70-71.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1687
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Pilio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow
1964), pp.314-
315., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 920
from Russian.

Gavrilov, N. N.
Gavrilovskaya, I. N.
Gavrilovskaya, I. N.
and M. P. Chumakov.
Great black-headed
gull numbers and
migrations in a natural
arborvirus focus on
Zhemchuzhnyi Island
(northern Caspian Sea).
Determination of the
sensitivity spectrum of
different tissue
cultures to Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
(OHF) virus.
Seriological
investigations in
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever foci by applying
passaged PEK cell
culture.
1982
1964
1965
Great black-headed gull, foci,
Zhemchuzhnyi Island, Caspian
Sea, terns, Volga Delta, Larus
ichthyaetus, L. argentatus,
Hydroprogne tschegrava, Sterna
albifrons, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia,
India, influenza.
Omsk, OHF, chicken embryo,
Macaca rhesus monkey, green
monkey, pig, cow, sheep embryo
kidney, and human embryo skinmuscle,
mice, Nik, Goloshubina.
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Astrakhan, Hyalomma plumbeum,
ticks, cytopathic effect, CPE, pig
embryo kidney, PEK,
neutralizaiton, N, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE.
In 1975, 2 large gull nesting
colonies were present on the
northern and southern ends of
Zhemchuzhnyi Island. The creation
of a scientific village caused the
colony to abandon the area in 1976
and they appeared again in 1980.
The existence of a seasonal focus of
influenza virus in birds on the
Island in the western part of
Northern Kaspiy was demonstrated.
The data on the numbers of Larus
ichthyaetus from 1975 to 1981 and
the information of migration
direction are presented.
Study was to investigate
possibilities of culturing OHF virus
in tissue cultures. OHF virus strain
Nik and Goloshubina were used.
OHF virus developes in all cultures
studied. The most sensitive proved
to be Detroit-6 culture and the least
sensitve KB cells. It may be
conclucded from these data that the
sensibility of the studied culture to
OHF virus was the same as that to
tickborne encephalitis virus.
Investigation of healthy persons
from OHF foci in Omsk Oblast,
antibodies were found in 32%
persons, chiefly over 40 years old.
These persons probably recovered
from a mild or inapparent form
during the 1946-49 epidemic.
Antibodies were absent in children
less than 10 years old, which
corresponds epidemiological data
showing that OHF was infrequently
recorded from 1950 to 1959 among
humans in Omsk Oblast.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Inst. Virus.
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 104-
105., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1657
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio, Virus,
Entsef. (Moscow
1964), p. 304.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 917
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
7:380-386,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 929
from Russian.

Gavrilovskaya, I. N.,
D. Ya. Gol'dgaber, M.
A. Donets, I. V.
Krasil'nikov, E. A.
Tkachenko, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Gavrilovskaya, I. N.,
M. P. Chumakov, and
A. P. Belyaeva.
Gavrilovskaya, I. N.,
V. Ya Karmysheva,
and M. P. Chumakov.
Gel-chromatography
of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
(CHF) on micropore
glass.
Additional data on
biological properties
of Omsk hemorrhagic
fever virus.
Cytological study of
reinoculated pig
embryo kidney cell
culture infected with
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever (OHF) virus.
1975
1965
1964
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
chromatography, newborn white
mice, NWM, complement fixation,
CF.
Tick, Soviet Union, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever virus, tickborne
encephalitis.
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
tickborne encephalitis, TBE, pig
embryo kidney, PEK, fluorescent
antibody technique, FAT,
Goloshubina.
From experimental studies, we
determined the conditions in which
effective purification of CHF virus
suspensions is possible by
chromatography in columns with
micropore glass gel.
Our investigations aimed at
comparative study of the spectrum
of tissue cultures susceptible to
Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHF)
and tickborne encephalitis (TBE)
viruses. We also studied the
susceptibility of OHF virus to
certain physical and chemical
factors.
Cytological investigations of
interaction between OHF virus and
sensible cells. We used OHF virus
strain Goloshubina and reinoculated
pig embryo kidney (PEK) cell
culture grown on slides. In this
culture, OHF virus gave cytopathic
effect by roundening infected cells
and their detachment from slides.
The time of complete cellular plast
destruction depended upon the virus
dosages during infection and varied
between 2-6 days.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow.
October 1975),
pp. 279-280,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 992
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio,
Virus. Entsef,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR 7,
Pp. 367-379,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1437
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio, Virus,
Entsef. (Moscow
1964), pp. 305-
306. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 918
from Russian.

Gavrilyuk, B. K.
Gembitsky, A. S.
Genis, D. E., S. E.
Smirnova, G. N.
Zgurskaya, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Hemorrhagic
nephroso-nephritis in
Primor'ye Region.
On finding Ixodes
arboricola P. Sch. and
Schl. in birds' nests.
Results from
investigating Crimean
hemorrhagic fever foci
in Kzyl-Orda Oblast
of Kazakh SSR.
1968
1966
1971
Tick, hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis,
HNN.
Tick, Soviet Union, Ixodes
arboricola.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
ticks, foci, Kzyl-Orda Oblast,
Kazakh, Kazakhstan, Chili, Syr-
Dar'ya River, Kara-Tau, Aral Sea,
Pre-Aral Kara-Kum, Dzhalagash,
agar gel diffusion precipitation,
AGDP, common foxes, corsac
foxes, martens, gerbils, large
toothed susliks, goats, sheep,
camels, horses, cattle, Citellus
fulvus, Hyalomma asiaticum,
Hyalomma plumbeum, H.
detritum, H. scupense, H.
The data from the 10 year study of
HNN presented in this dissertaton
allow us substantially to fill some
gaps and to revise some questions
regarding the properties of
hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis, one
of the chief infections in the Far
East, and its geographic
distribution, focal types and
properties, natural reservoirs of
infection, and methods for isolating
the agent. As a result of this work,
the true extent of incidence and
boundaries on HNN distribution of
Primor'ye region have been
established.
Ticks of the subgenus Pholeoixodes
P. Schulze, 1942, to which Ixodes
arboricola is referred, are nest
burrow parasites of mammals and
birds. In natural conditions, I.
arboricola inhabits chiefly birds'
nests located in tree-hollows. Hosts
of these ticks are chiefly birds
which predominately nest or shelter
for the night in tree-hollows.
Among investigated persons,
antibodies to CHF virus were found
in shepherd sera. Shepherds were
most frequently subjected to CHF
infection than persons of other
occupations. It was earlier recorded
in literature that CHF patients were
associated with agricultural work in
all CHF foci. Shepherds are in
closer contact with natural factors
favoring infection than other
population groups. In these
conditions, the infection is
contracted by the tick-transmission
(transmissive) route. Cases caused
Avtoref, Diss
Soisk. Uchen.
Step. Dokt. Med.
Nauk (Aka. Med.
Nauk SSSR, Ord.
Trud. Znam. Inst.
Eksp. med);
Leningrad. pp.
41, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
331 from Russian.
Zool. Zh. 45(12):
1881-1882,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 226
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:92-99,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 952
from Russian.

Germershausen, C. F.
Geutebrück, C. A.
Gil'manova, G. Kh.
The whole of sheep
breeding with an
evaluation and
rectification of various
older and more recent
theories by reasoning
and by personal
experience. (Part 1).
Collected instructions
regarding sheep and
sheeperies for the
benefit of the various
business transactions
arising from them.
Contribution to the
question of variability
of tickborne
encephalitis virus.
anatolicum, Dermacentor
daghestanicus, Rhipicephalus
pumilio.
1789 ticks, sheep, redivii, reccini.
1766
1975
sheep, sheeperies, ticks, redivii,
riccini, sulfur, calamus root,
brandy, vinegar, butter, ash lye,
camphor, wax.
RSSE, tickborne encephalitis virus,
Tartar, ASSR, foci.
by contact were also observed in
Kzyl-Orda Oblast and in other
Central Asian and European CHF
foci.
In the opinion of shepherds, tick
disease affects sheep just as lice
infestation affects other animals or
man. When heavily infested, sheep
lose weight and are said to have tick
disease. The sheep have more ticks
in January than in the preceding
months and usually lose them in the
spring after they have been shorn,
remaining free of ticks until the
following January .
When sheep are heavily infested
with ticks, they lose weight and
acquire tick disease. Instructions are
shown for remedies to assist with
tick infestations.
Comparative study of strains
circulating in different years by
response to immunological
reactions in persons infected with
RSSE virus.
Erster Theil.
Johann Friedrich
Juius; Leipzig.
(only pp.374-375
translated).,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 462
from German.
Policey-und
Cameral-
Geschaffte.
Hilscher;
Lepizig. p. 237.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 461
from German.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975), p.
281, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1046
from Russian.

Giller, A. S.
Gofman, Yu. P., V. L.
Gromashevsky, D. K.
L'Vov, and S. M.
Klimenko.
Gol'dfarb, L. G.
Pathological anatomy
of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever.
Morphogenesis of
Okhotskiy virus of the
genus Orbiviruses.
Tickborne encephalitis
foci with an unstable
epidemic process.
1971
1975
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
pathology, Crimea, Bulgaria,
Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan.
Orbiviruses, Okhotskiy, virions,
sheep, bluetongue virus, deer,
Eubenangee, Colorado tick fever,
Irituia, Lemombo, Changuinola,
Tribec, Palyam, Corriparta,
Kemerovo.
1975 TBE, tickborne encephalitis, foci.
Results from pathologicalanatomical
investigations of 9
persons who died from hemorrhagic
fever in Tadzhikistan. The most
typical changes were disorders in
the blood circulation manifested by
dispedetic hemorrhages from
different organs and hemorrhagic
rash on the skin.
The pathoanatomic picture in cases
of Crimean hemorrhagic fever in
Tajikistan is identical with that in
CHF in other geographical zones.
The most frequently observed
changes consist in diapedesis
bleeding in the mucous membranes,
lumen of the gastro-intestinal tract,
numerous hemorrhages of various
form and size on the skin, pleural
folia, epicardium, as well as focal
pneumonia.
We used the brain taken from
suckling mice during the
development of paralysis. While
investigating ultra-thin sections
from suckling mouse brain tissues,
we found morphological changes
characteristics of cells affected by
different Orbi group viruses.
Several observations in TBE foci
showed that the main characteristics
remained unchanged for many
years. Depite occurrence of certain
annual fluctuations the average
process remained stable during the
entire period. A stable epidemic
process was recorded in these foci.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:146-148,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 978
from Russian.
Vop. virus., 20
(4): 449-455.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1170
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 282-283,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1047
from Russian.

Gololobov, A. G.
Golovin, Yu. E.
Study of ixodid ticks
and equine and bovine
hemosporidioses in
Sakhalin.
Wild boars in
Belgorod Oblast.
1957
1958
Tick, Soviet Union, ixodid, equine
hemosporidioses, bovine, Ixodes
ricinus, I. persulcatus,
Haemaphysalis concinna.
Belgorod Oblast, boars,
Shchebekino, Korocha.
Several authors have briefly
reported on ixodid ticks in Sakhalin
Island. Occurrence of Ixodes ricinus
I. on Sakhalin Island was recorded
by N. O. Olenev in 1931. In a
further study of this tick's
morphology, B. I. Pomerantsev
referred this tick to Ixodes
persulcatus P. Sch. Skrynnik
(1950), Bazhanov (1951), Konev
(1952), Violovich (1952), and
others reported that they found
Ixodes persulcatus in certain areas
of the island on horses and cattle,
and on humans in some cases, and
on shrubs and grass. These authors
also reported finding single
Haemaphysalis concinna Koch.
A forest belt extends for about 40
km in length and 8-12 km in
breadth between Shchenbekino and
Korocha localities in Belgorod
Oblast (RSFSR). Wild boars
appeared in this forest in the postwar
period. The wild boar band
rapidly increased to 40 individuals
but later began to decrease -
observations show that there are
only 8 wild boars left. Poachers
represent a serious threat to these
boars, since they may completely
exterminate them.
Trudy Gos. Inst.
Eksp. Vet. 21:
290-295,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1394
from Russian.
Okhota Okhotn.
Khoz., 9(1):61.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 585
from Russian.

Golovkin, A. N. and
V. A. Smirnov.
Goncharov, A. I.
Gorchakovskaya, N.
N.
Gordeeva, N. I.
Characteristics of
marine bird colonies
in the extreme north in
connection with their
epidemiological
importance.
Aedeagus morphology
in fleas of the genus
Paradoxopsyllus
(Leptopsyllidae).
Results of several
years' observations on
methods of applying
chemicals to eliminate
RSSE vectors in the
experimental area of
Kemerovo Oblast foci.
Study of mutagenic
activity of tickborne
encephalitis virus.
1971
1973
1975
1975
Tick, marine birds, foci,
Ceratixodes putus, Uria aalga, U.
lomvia.
Fleas, Paradoxopsyllus, male
structure, aedeagus.
Kemerovo Oblast, RSSE, foci, tick,
Ixodes persulcatus, Ixodes
trianguliceps, gamasid and
trombiculid mites, fleas.
TBE, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
SPEV, Syrian hamster kidney cell,
chicken embryos.
Observations made during the last
10 years in marine bird colonies of
Barents, Chukotsk, and Okhotsk
seas were analyzed to allow us to
determine the state of theses
colonies as natural arboviral
infection foci and also to determine
contact between the humans and
bird colonies in several regions of
the extreme north.
Sixteen Paradoxopsyllus species
were divided into 5 groups by
structural properties of the
aedeagus. Males of this genus are
well distinguished by the structure
of crochet, dorsal and lateral lobes,
internal tube, and apodemal neck.
Possible artificial decrease of RSSE
vector numbers (by 95-100%) and
its population in relatively limited
focal areas was established. We
determined conditions for
preserving the parsitological effect
by the single treatment with
acaricidal preparations
(parasitological effect lasted about
20 years in isolated forests, 8 and
frequently 12-15 years in nonisolated
forests).
Chromosome metaphases and
mitotic activity of cultures were
analyzed 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours
following infection of cells. To
clarify the association between
virus reproduction and possible
chromosome disorders, we
determined the virus cycle duration
and virus accumulation in these cell
cultures.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 38-39,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 699
from Russian.
Parazit, Akad,
Nauk SSSR, 7
(3) :263-269,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 802
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 283-286,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1048
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 40-41,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1014
from Russian.

Gordeeva, V. P.
Gordeeva, Z. E.
Ecology of bank
swallow and parasite
fauna of its nests in
Krasnoyarsk region.
Population immunity
of humans, wild and
domestic animals, and
birds to Issyk Kul,
West Nile, and
Sindbis viruses in
Tadzhikistan.
1977
1982
bank swallows, parasites,
Krasnoyarsk, Ceratophyllus
gallinae, C. riparius, C. maculatus,
Oeciacus hirundinus, Androlaelaps
pavlovskii, Hypoaspis murinus,
Haemolaelaps casalis, Eulaelaps
cricetuli, Haemolaelaps glassgowi,
Euparasitus emarginatus, Ixodes
plumbeus, ticks, mites, fleas,
insects.
Issyk Kul, West Nile, WN,
Sindbis, Tadzhikistan, cattle,
sheep, goats, mammals, HI, CF,
mice, jirds, gerbils, bunting,
starling.
Observation of bank swallows,
common nesting birds in
Krasnoyarsk region. We
investigated 91 nests and collected
3,440 arthropods, including 2,138
insects of 4 species, 1,302 mites
and mites and ticks of 7 species.
In investigating human blood sera
for antibodies to Issyk Kul virus,
positive results were obtained in
2.68%. The percentage of persons
immune to WN virus in the
Republic was 8.89 (avg).
Antibodies to WN and Sindbis
viruses were demonstrated in cattle
(1.9% and 0.27% respectively);
goats and sheep had only antibodies
to Issyl Kul virus (1.92%).
Antihemagglutinins to WN virus
were found in 3.84% of investigated
pig blood sera. Investigating rodent
blood sera, antibodies to Issyl Kul,
WN, and Sindbis viruses were
found in 1.9%, 0.33% and 0.87%
respectively. Positive results to
Issyl Kul virus were recorded in
house mice (3.8%) and red-tailed
Libyan jirds (1.9%), and to Sindbis
virus in midday gerbils and redtailed
jirds (0.8%). Antigens to
Issyk Kul and WN viruses were
found in different ecological group
birds and to Sindbis virus in the
Red-headed bunting and common
starling. It may be seen from
serological investigation results that
Issyl Kul and WN viruses circulate
quite intensely in southern
Tezisy Dokl. 7.
Vses. Ornit.
Konf.
(Cherkassy,
September 1977),
pt. 2: pp. 71-72.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1243
from Russian.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Inst. Virus.
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 132-
134., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1663
from Russian.

Gordeyeva, V. P. and
G. A. Beloslyudov.
Gorin, O. Z., B. V.
Novokreshchenov, I.
V. Belaya, V. I.
Eropov, A. A.
Vasenin, V. A.
Leonov, B. V.
Shikharbeev, R. P.
Litvinenko, V. M.
Kogan, G. A.
Nekipelova, and L. F.
Gerasimova.
First finding of Argas
reflexus F. group ticks
in Primor'ye region.
Results from
serological and
virological
investigations of
arboviruses
ecologically
associated with birds
and mosquitoes in
western area of the
main Baikal-Amur
railway.
1963 Tick, swallow nests, Argas reflexus.
1975
Baikal-Amur, arboviruses, birds,
mosquitoes, Ust'Kut, Kazachinskoe
Lenskoe, Irkusk Oblast, Buryat
ASSR, cattle, mammals, HI,
Japanese encephalitis, eastern,
western, Venezuelian equine
encephalomyelitis, Sindbis,
gadwalls, flies.
Tadzhikistan and that the immunity
level to these viruses in humans
was high, which indicated the
definite role of these viruses in
infectious pathology.
In Sibera, A. reflexus tick groups
were first recorded by V. N.
Prokop'yev and E. A. Moskalets.
These authors noted that the chief
hosts of the tick are Sand Martins
that build their nests on cliffs of the
Dzhydy River shore.
In 1974-75, 3 administrative
regions (through which the main
Baikal-Amur railway runs) of
eastern Siberia were investigated
for arboviruses: Ust'Kut and
Kazachinskoe Lenskoe regions,
Irkutsk Oblast, and northern Baikal
region, Buryat ASSR. It was
concluded that epidemically active
Group A arbovirus foci, such as
eastern, western, and Venezuelan
equine encephalomyelitis and
Sinbis fever, are absent in western
Ust'Kut and Kazachinskoe-Lenskoe
regions (along the main Baikal-
Amur Railway), Irkutsk Oblast, and
northern Baikal region, Buryat
ASSR.
Izv. Irkutsk. Gos.
Nauch.-issled
Protivoch. Inst.
Sib. Dal'n. Vost.,
(5) :194-195,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 253
from Russian.
Mater. 9. Ekol.
Virus.
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 120-122.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1204
from Russian.

Goroshchenko, Y. L.
Goroshchenko, Y. L.
and V. F. Mashamsky.
Karyological evidence
for the systematic
subdivision of ticks
belonging to the genus
Argas Latr.
(Ixodoidea,
Argasidae), "reflexus"
group.
Comparative electron
microscopic
investigation of the
nucleolar structure of
argasid tick
spermatocytes.
1962
1961
Tick, Argas reflexus, Argas
persicus.
Tick, Soviet Union, spermatocytes,
Argas persicus, Alectorobius
tholozani.
Through the study of chromosomal
complexes of argasid ticks (Family
Argasidae) of the USSR fauna, and
in particular Argas reflexus, we
have established the fact that
although the diploid number of
chromosomes in all the
representatives of this species
equals 26, nevertheless individuals
originating in Griziya (Tbilisi),
particularly differ by many
karyological properties from
individuals from Southern
Turkmenia, mostly in size of Ychromosome
in males, and these
others- from specimens described
earlier by K. Oppermann from
Berlin. On this basis, we have
assumed that A. reflexus studied by
us and Oppermann from indicated
areas belong to three different
geographical subspecies, and
possibly even to independent
species, since karyological
differences between the above
mentioned representatives of Argas
reflexus are not less than between
them and the other, well isolated
species Argas persicus Oken.
In this work a comparative
description is presented of the
structures of the true spermatocyte
nucleoli of two argasid tick species;
Argas persicus and Alectorobius
tholozani.
Zool. Zh. 41(3):
358-363,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 106
from Russian.
Tsitologiya 3(4):
389-395,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 379
from Russian.

Gostinshchikova, G.
V. and V. I.
Chervonsky.
Gothe, R.
Grashchenkov, N. I.
Application of
luminescent
microscopy in
detection of
arboviruses.
Tick paralysis in
chickens caused by
Argas (Persicargas)
persicus larvae.
Investigations of
etiology, pathogenesis,
and clinical
symptomatology of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever.
1971
1971
1945
Tick, rabbits, Japanese
encephalitides, JE, West Nile, WN,
dengue, yellow fever, Hyalomma
asiaticum, Ixodes putus.
Tick, chickens, paralysis, Argas
(Persicargas) persicus, Ixodes
holocyclus, Haemaphysalis
punctata, A. arboreus.
etiology, pathogenesis,
symptomatology, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF, Siberian
anthrax, arthropod, parasites, ticks,
foci, monkeys, Hyalomma
marginatum, trombiculid mites,
guinea pigs, mice, rickettsia, cats.
The luminescent microscopy
method is now widely applied in
different virological investigations.
Several foreign and local
investigations used the
immunofluorescent method in
studying Group B arboviruses,
tickborne and Japanese
encephalitides, West Nile fever,
dengue (D2), and yellow fever.
The paralysis caused by larvae of
Argas (Persicargas) persicus,
probably a toxicosis, is dependent
in its clinical manifestation of the
state of engorgement of the ticklarvae.
The rate of infestation is
thereby of significant importance
for the severity of clinical systems,
which increase in their extension
and intensity approximately direct
proportionally to the number of the
parasitizing larvae.
Investigations of clinical,
pathomorphological,
epidemiological, parasitological,
and etiological characteristics of the
new epidemic diease, the so-called
hemorrhagic fever, were carried out
for several months in Crimea, and
later in Moscow. As a result of
these investigations, great progress
was made in clarifying the etiology
and epidemiology of the disease,
and important data for further
development of diagnostic,
treatment, and control measures
were obtained.
Tezisy dokl.
Vop. Med Virus.,
Inst. Virus imeni
Ivanovsky, D. I.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
(October 19-21),
pt. 2 : 60-61,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 490
from Russian.
Z. Parasitenk.,
35 : 298-307,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 484
from German.
Akad. Med.
Nauk, SSSR;
Moskva., pp. 100-
107., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1189
from Russian.

Grebenyuk, R. V.
Ixodid ticks of Issyk-
Kul Oblast in Kirgiz
SSR.
1955
Tick, Soviet Union, ixodid,
Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum,
Dermacentor marginatus,
Haemaphysalis punctata,
Haemaphysalis warburtoni,
Marmota baibacina, Ixodes
crenulatus, Ixodes semenovi,
Montifringilla nivalis.
In the literature, there is only
fragmentary information of ixodid
ticks of Issyk-Kul Oblast. In 1902,
Schmidt found Hyalomma
asiaticum asiaticum Sch. Schl. on
cattle. M. K. Krontobskaya and E.
P. Savitskaya recorded
Dermacentor marginatus Sulz. and
Haemaphysalis punctata Can. and
Fanz. on domestic animals in
Balykchinsky district (the western
half of Issyk-Kul basin). M. V.
Pospelova-Shtrom found larvae of
Haemaphysalis warburtoni Nutt. on
a snow vole, Alticola sp. in
mountains in the vicinity of the
Issyk-Kul lake. I. G. Ioff reported
parasitism of marmots (Marmota
baibacina Brandt) by Ixodes
crenulatus Koch. in the natural
boundary Ishyk and Ottuk (Syrty),
and also Dermacentor and
Rhipicephalus on marmots, but
without indicating locality, species,
or developmental stages of these
ticks. While determining collections
of I. G. Ioff, A. P. Reznik found one
female Ixodes semenovi Olen. on a
snow finch (Montifringilla nivalis
L.) within the boundary of Ishtyk.
Trud. Zool.
Parasit. Inst.
Akad. Nauk
Kirgiz SSR (4):
79-87, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 126
from Russian.

Grebenyuk, R. V. and
E. L. Berendyayeva.
Grebenyuk, R. V. and
V. M. Steshenko.
Grebenyuk, R. V., L.
N. Klassovsky, S. K.
Sartbayev, S. K.
Schwartz, and P. A.
Polulyakh.
On the question of
distribution and
numbers of ixodid
ticks on marmots in
Kirgizia.
On the pathogenic
action of ixodid tick
bites on guinea pigs.
Study of the possible
role of ixodid ticks as
reservoirs and vectors
of plague microbes.
1955
1964
Tick, ixodid, distribution, Soviet
Union, foci.
Tick , guinea pigs, Ixodes ricinus,
Hyalomma asiaticum, Dermacentor
pictus,D. pavlovskyi.
1956 Tick, ixodid, Soviet Union, plague.
When studying foci of transmissible
diseases, it is of great importance to
demonstrate the role of separate
components that participate in the
epidemiology and epizootiology of
the disease. In recent years, many
authors have proved that various
ixodid species participate in
transmission and preservation of
infections. Species relationship of
ectoparasites, their seasonal
activity, and also fluctuation of
their numbers are of considerable
importance in the course of
epizootics and for the design of
therapeutic-prophylactic measures.
Investigations showed that the
action of D. pavlovskyi tick bites on
guinea pig skin is generally similar
to that of ixodid ticks. The strongest
reaction was observed from female
tick bites. It is less pronounced after
nymphal bites, while the weakest
pathologic-histological changes
were observed after larval bites.
It is known that plague infection is
a transmissible disease, the natural
source of which is rodents. The
agent of plague is transmitted from
an infected rodent to a healthy one
by bloodsucking ectoparasites.
Trud. Inst. Zool.
Parasit. Akad.
Nauk Kirgiz SSR
(4): 107-115,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 130
from Russian.
Izv. Akad. Nauk
Kirgiz. SSR s.
Biol. Nauk, 6(2) :
39-42, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 327
from Russian.
Trud. Inst. Zool.
Parasit. Akad.
Nauk Kirgiz
SSRFrunze (5):
121-127,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 128
from Russian.

Gresikova, M. and J.
Nosek.
Grigor'ev, A. I., I. N.
Voinov, T. I.
Samoilova, A. S.
Gembitsky, and S. T.
Leshkov.
Grinberg, A. I.
Role of certain
Carnivora in the
ecology of tickborne
encephalitis virus.
Participation of sea
bird colonies of
European Subarctic
areas in circulation of
certain arboviruses.
Rare cases of
Toxascaris leonina and
Toxocara mystax
invasions in humans.
1971 Tick, Carnivora, dog, brain, TBE.
1975
1961
Barents Sea, arboviruses, sea birds,
subarctic, ixodid ticks, Ceratixodes
putus, kittiwakes, murres,
Venezuela equine, WEE, EEE,
Japanese encephalitis, JE, West
Nile fever, WN, Tyuleniy,
Uukuniemi.
Toxascaris leonina, Toxocara
mystax, humans, dog, cat.
We report on the role of certain
Carnivora in TBE virus ecology.
Experimental study of certain wild
carnivores showed the presence of
viremia by subcutaneous
inoculation of TBE virus or after
bites of viruliferous ticks. The
Report of the Regional Centre on
Arboviruses on Bratislava
determined by HI and CF test that
the agent isolated from a dog brain
in Switzerland was TBE virus.
These data stimulated us to
experimental study of the role of
carnivores in the ecology of TBE
virus.
Our serological data allowed us to
assume that sea bird colonies are
involved in circulation of some
group B and Uukuniemi
arboviruses in Subarctic areas.
Two cases of T. leonina and T.
mystax were studied; 1) a 39 year
old male who removed and
submitted 22 worm samples to the
hospital, and 2) an 18 year old
female who found two worms in her
feces. It was assumed the infection
source for the male was through his
dog, and the female, through her
domestic cat.
Tezisy Dokl.
Vop Med. Virus.,
Inst. Virus. imeni
Ivanovsky, D. I.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR
(October 19-21),
pt. 2 : 108-109,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 499
from Russian.
Mater. 9. Simp.
Ekol. Virus.
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 168-170.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1141
from Russian.
Med. Parasit.,
Moskva, 30:626.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 568
from Russian.

Grobov, A. G.
Grokhovskaya, I. M.
Grokhovskaya, I. M.
and N. H. Hoe.
Grokhovskaya, I. M.
and Nguen Huan Hoe.
On the question of
vectors of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever.
Bloodsucking mites
(and ticks) of North
Vietnam.
Characteristics of the
fauna, ecology, and
geographic
distribution of
bloodsucking
arthropods in Vietnam.
Contribution to the
study of ixodid ticks
(Ixodidae) in Vietnam.
1946
1966
1969
1968
Tick, Hyalomma marginatum,
ultravirus, Crimean hemorrhagic
fever, CHF, house mice, voles,
ground squrirrel, house rat,
hamsters. jerboa, hare.
Tick, mites, natural foci,
Leptotrombidium deliensis,
Laelaps nuttalli, L. echidninus,
Ornithonyssus bursa, O. bacoti, D.
gallinae, Rhipicephalus
sanguineus, Boophilus annulatus.
Tick, Vietnam, Anophelini,
Culicini, Phlebotominae,
Aphaniptera, Gamasoidea,
Ixodidae.
Tick, Vietnam, fauna,
Haemaphysalis, Ixodes,
Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor,
Boophilus, Amblyomma,
Aponomma, Hyalomma.
The expedition of the Academy of
Medical Sciences headed by Prof.
M. P. Chumakov, discovered that
the etiology of this disease was an
"ultravirus." This disease was
named "Crimean Hemorrhagic
Fever." The vectors of the
"ultravirus" are the ticks,
Hyalomma marginatum Koch.
The study of fauna, ecological
features, and geographical
importance owing to their
participation in the distribution and
preservation of agents of many
human diseases with natural foci.
In Vietnam about 300 species and
subspecies of bloodsucking
Arthropoda were found
(Anophelini, Culicini,
Phlebotominae, Aphaniptera,
Gamasoidea, Ixodidae). Specific
features of each group are
mentioned in respect to the
peculiarity of the nature in Vietnam.
The ixodid tick fauna in southern
Vietnam includes 41 species and
subspecies. An especially large
variety of ticks of the genus
Haemaphysalis is recorded here.
Other genera (Ixodes,
Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor,
Boophilus, Amblyomma,
Aponomma, Hyalomma) are also
represented.
Med. Parazit.
Parazit. Bolenzi,
15(6):59-63,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 36
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch., pp.
73-74, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 417
from Russian.
Zool. Zh. 48(5):
629-634,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 339
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 37
(6) :710-715,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 401
from Russian.

Grokhovskaya, I. M.,
V. E. Sidorov, and O.
S. Korshunova.
Grokhovskaya, I. M.,
V. F. Ignatovich, and
V. E. Sidorov.
Grokhovskaya, I. M.,
V. F. Ignatovich, and
V. Y. Sidorov.
Does feeding ticks on
immune animals
influence Rickettsia
sibirica.
Susceptibility of ticks
of the superfamily
ixodoidea to
Rickettsia prowazeki.
Ticks of the
superfamily Ixodoidea
and Rickettsia
prowazeki.
1964
1966
1966
Tick, Soviet Union, foci, Rickettsia
sibirica, pathogen neutralization.
Tick, Soviet Union, Rickettsia
prowazeki.
Tick, Soviet Union, Ixodoidea,
Rickettsia prowazeki, Dermacentor
picuts, D. nuttalli, Ornithodoros
lahorensis, R. turanicus,
Hyalomma anatolicum, O.
moubata, O. papillipes, H
asiaticum, Argas persicus.
Ixodid ticks are the vectors as well
as the actual biological hosts of
Rickettsia sibirica in natural foci. In
contrast to warm-blooded animals,
ticks maintain the agent within their
organism for a long period; they
transmit the agent through the
dynamics of metamorphosis and
transovarially to their progeny.
When studying the circulation of
Rickettsia sibirica in nature, it is
important to know whether the
agent is neutralized in the tick body
under the influence of bloodsucking
on an immune animal. Recent
works devoted to this question (in
relation to tularemia, tick-borne
encephalitis, biphasic meningoencephalitis,
and North American
equine encephalomyelitis), are
those of Petrov and Olsufjev,
Dumina, Il'enko, and Rehacek.
The problem of interrelationship
between ticks and Rickettsia
prowazeki has long attracted the
attention of investigators.
The following have been studied:
the susceptibility of the superfamily
Ixodoidea to Rickettsia prowazeki
by different means of infections
(feeding on infected guinea pigs,
feeding through membrane, and
introduction of rickettsiae directly
into the tick body cavity), duration
of rickettsial preservation within the
body of infected ticks, and
mechanism of infection
transmission by ticks to healthy
animals.
Med. Parasit.,
Moscow 33(2):
178-181,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 204
from Russian.
Med. Parasit.,
Moscow 35(3):
299-304,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 249
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch. 1: 74-
75, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
341 from Russian.

Grokhovskaya, I. M.,
V. F. Siderov, V. N.
Kryuchechnikov, and
V. F. Ignatovich.
Gromashavsky, V. L.
and L. P. Nikiforov.
Comparison of
interrelationships
between bloodsucking
arthropods and
Rickettsia prowazeki.
Arboviruses in
Azerbaijan.
1968
1973
Tick, Soviet Union, Rickettsia
prowazeki, Alectorobius papillipes,
Ornithodoros moubata, Alveonasus
lahorensis, Haemaphysalis
asiaticum, H. dromedarii,
Dermacentor pictus, D. marginatus,
D. nuttalli, Rhipicephalus
turanicus.
arboviruses, mosquitoes, ticks,
Azerbaijan, West Nile, Baku,
Uukuniemi, Tahyna, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE, Turdus merula,
thrushes, nuthatches, gull, Sitta
europaea, Ardeola ralloides, Larus
argentatus, Ornithodoros capensis,
Anopheles hyrcanus, Culex
modestus, Ixodes ricinus,
Rhipicephalus turnicus, Hyalomma
plumbeum.
We have studied the susceptibility
and duration of rickettsia in the
body of argasids (Alectorobius
papillipes, O. moubata, and
Alveonasus lahorensis) and ixodids
(H. asiaticum, H. anatolicum, H.
dromedarii, D. pictus, D.
marginatus, D. nuttalli, and R.
turanicus). Three methods of
experimental infection were utilized
(feeding on infected animals, on
epidermal membrane, and
parenteral inoculation of infectious
material); these three methods
allowed us to follow in detail the
fate of the agent in the body of
different tick species.
In 1970-72 in Azerbaijan 47,000
mosquitoes of 5 species and 30,000
ticks of 15 species were examined.
Uukuniemi virus was isolated from
Culex modestus mosquitoes, and
Tahyna virus was isolated from
Anopheles hyrcanus mosquitoes for
the first time in the USSR. On
Gliyanyi Island, the Caspian Sea,
Argasid ticks (Ornithodoros
capensis collected in the colony of
Larus argentatus yielded West Nile
virus and new Baku virus of the
Kemerovo group. We isolated for
the first time in Azerbaijan
tickborne encephalitis virus from
Hyalomma plumbeum and
Rhipicephalus turnicus ticks and
CHF virus from Rhipicephalus
bursa.
Abstr. Rev. 8.
Int. Congr. Trop.
Med. Malar.
(Teheran,
September 7-15,
1968): 866-867,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 310
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus., (1):
119-122.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 716
from Russian.

Gromashevsky, L. V.
and V. L. Vasil'eva.
Gromashevsky, L. V.,
and V. L. Vasil'eva.
Gromashevsky, L. V.,
and V. L. Vasil'eva.
Gromashevsky, V. I.,
D. K. L'vov, Yu. M.
Tsirkin, V. I.
Chervonsky, G. V.
Gostinshochikova, G.
A. Sidorova, and V.
A. Aristova.
Arbovirus infections
in Ukraine.
Evolution of viruses
and viral diseases.
Evolution of viruses
and viral diseases.
Isolation of
arboviruses from ticks
collected in herring
gull colonies on
Glinyany Island in
Azerbaijan.
1964
Ukraine, Chernigov Oblast,
arbovirus, foci, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF, Yaroslavl
Oblast, ticks, Transcarpathian
Oblast, Tanya, Calovo, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF.
1972 viruses, viral, disease.
1972 evolution, viruses, viral disease.
1971
Tick, Ornithodoros coniceps,
herring gull, Larus argentatus,
arbovirus, birds, saigas, rabbits,
house mice, Glinyany Island.
In 1944-46, the expedition studied
outbreaks and sporadic cases of a
previously unknown disease now
named Crimean hemorrhagic fever
(CHF). Natural focality of CHF was
determined. In recent years, single
cases and small outbreaks of this
disease were recorded here.
Study of the nature and origin of
viruses and viral disease.
The aim of this report was to
evaluate questions of the evolution
of different virus groups and viral
diseases in the phylogenetic aspect
of 4 main transmission mechanisms
of viruses which are human disease
agents.
Ornithodoros coniceps ticks were
collected from herring gull colonies
on Glinyany Island situated 2-1/2
km from the Caspian Sea shore,
near Alyaty town. Herring gulls
prevail among birds and saigas,
rabbits, and house mice among
mammals.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Ensef. (Moscow,
1964), pp. 197-
199., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1215
from Russian.
Zh. Mikrobiol.
Moskva, 49(12):
44-48., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1717
from Russian.
Zh. Mikrobiol.,
Moskva, 49(12):
48-57., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1704
from Russian.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus,
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), p. 85,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 684
from Russian.

Gromashevsky, V. L.
Gromashevsky, V. L.,
D. K. L'vov, Yu. M.
Tsirkin, G. A.
Sidorova, V. A.
Aristova, G. V.
Gostinshchikova, and
V. P. Andreev.
New viruses in USSR,
ecologically
associated with birds.
New arboviral foci
associated
ecologically with birds
in southeastern
Azerbaijan.
1974
1972
birds, ticks, viruses, foci, West Nile
virus, WN, Uukuniemi, Tahyna,
Ciconiiformes, gulls, Baku,
Tyuleniy, Okhotskiy, Sakhalin, fur
seals.
Azerbaijan, foci, birds, ticks, gulls,
CF, Sindbis, West Nile, Sumakh,
Uukuniemi, Tahyna, Tyuleniy,
Baku Archipelago, Caspian Sea,
Kyzyl-Agach Reserve, Larus
argentatus, Ornithodoros capensis,
Anopheles hyrcanus, A.
maculipennis, Aedes caspius,
Culex modestus.
More than 60 arboviruses
ecologicaly associated with birds
are now known. In USSR, West
Nile virus natural foci ecologically
associated with wild birds were
found in the Volga Delta and
Azerbaijan. These data show wide
associations between arboviruses in
the USSR and mass nesting birds
and allowed us to conclude that
birds are very important in
distribution of arboviruses. It is
necessary to study the ecology of
the isolated viruses to clarify their
importance in the pathology of
humans and animals.
Forty-two strains of arboviruses
were isolated from Argasid soft
ticks (Ornithodoros capensis)
collected in 1970-1971 in nests of
Larus argentatus. Of these, twentyfour
strains were related to new
Baku virus antigenically similar to
Shenuda virus of the Kemerovo
Group. Five strains were identical
with West Nile virus. Tahyna virus
of the California group was isolated
from Anopheles hyrcanus
mosquitoes caught in the vicinity of
a colony of Ciconiiformes. All
viruses isolated were ecologically
associated with birds.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974),
pp. 6-7.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1156
from Russian.
Mater. Simp.
Itogi 6. Sim.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
December 1971),
pp. 118-121.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 644
from Russian.

Gromashevsky, V. L.,
G. A. Sidorova, and
Yu. M. Tsirkin.
Gromashevsky, V. L.,
G. A. Sidorova, V. P.
Andreev, T. M.
Skvortsova, M.
Kurbanov, and D. K.
L'vov.
Gromashevsky, V. L.,
V. I. Chervonsky, and
L. P. Nikiforov.
A new arbovirus,
Baku, of the
Kemerovo Group.
New arboviruses in
Central Asia.
Properties of Sumakh
virus of Uukuniemi
group isolated from
blackbirds Turdus
merula in southeastern
Azerbaijan.
1971
1975
1971
Tick, Kemerovo Group, Baku,
gulls, Larus argentatus,
Ornithodoros coniceps, CF data.
arboviruses, Central Asia, bats,
mosquitoes, ticks, Toga, Sokuluk,
wagtails, domestic animals, gerbils,
Turmenistan, Kara Kum, Karsi,
cattle, West Nile, WN, Kemerovo,
Baku, gulls, turns, Wad Medani,
Tahyna, CHF-Congo, Batken, Issyl
Kul, Bhanja.
Tick, Sumakh virus, Uukuniemi
group, black birds, Soviet Union,
foci, Turdus merula, Ixodes ricinus.
In 1970, material for virological
tests was collected on Glinyany
Island, Baku Archipelago. Gulls
(Larus argentatus) nest of this
island. Ornithodoros coniceps ticks
were collected in April, June, and
August from gull nests and on the
soil under these nests. Blood
samples were taken form gull
fledglings in July. Blood samples
from gulls were examined
individually. Ticks were grouped in
pools made of 10 adults, 20
nymphs, and 10 larvae. Isolation
tests were also made with 1-2 day
old suckling mice.
In 1971, investigations were carried
out in Central Asia with local
Scientific Research Institutes.
Investigation included more than
70,000 ticks of 8 genera and more
than 20 species, as well as bats and
mosquitoes. Several arboviruses
new for science and also for Central
Asia were isolated.
The first report on isolating in
Finland, a new virus, Uukuniemi,
appeared in 1962. Afterward,
viruses of this group were isolated
in Czechoslovakia, France, and
Pakistan. On detecting new natural
foci of arboviruses in southeastern
Azerbaijan, a virus (strain 540-
Sumakh), which proved to be a
representative of a new group in the
USSR, was isolated from internal
organ suspensions of 3 blackbirds.
Identification showed that in its
serological properties this arbovirus
is related to the Uukuniemi group.
Tezisy Dokl.
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
Virus. imeni
Ivanovsky, D. I.,
Akad. Med. Naul
SSSR (October
19-21), pt. 2 :
122, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 506
from Russian.
Mater. 9. Simp.
Ekol. Virus.
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 26-27.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1118
from Russian.
Vop. Med. virus.
(11): 98-99, No.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1320
from Russian.

Gromov, A. I., N. S.
Timofeeva, M. M.
Trukhmanov, A. A.
Veide, T. I. Golovina,
R. P. Dobrolyubova,
O. P. Lazarev, A. P.
Merzlyakov, M. G.
Rafailov, A. A.
Timofeeva, and R. D.
Shcherbina.
Grzybek, A., A.
Dzikowki, and E.
Stefánska.
Establishment of a
natural tularemia focus
on Sakhalin.
Study of human cases
of bird and rat mite
bites and bird tick
bites.
1969
1973
tularemia, foci, ticks, mites, lice,
fleas, Sakhalin Island, Ixodes
persulcatus, Haemolaelaps
glasgowi, H. nidi, Laelaps muris,
L. multispinosus, Hirstionyssus
musculi, H. isabelinus,
Ornithonyssus bacoti, Hoplopleura
acanthropus, Polyplax spinulosa,
Ceratophylus fasciatus, C.
penicilliger, Aedes vexans. A.
communis, Culex pipiens, voles,
mice, muskrats, hares, shrews.
mites, Poland, Makoszowy Mine,
Zabrze, Demanyssus gallinae,
Ornithonyssus bacoti, Argas
reflexus.
Tularemia was unrecorded in
Sakhalin Oblast until recently
(1969). However, the great
similarity between the fauna and
geographic landscapes of Sakhalin
Oblast and those of the continental
Far East and northern Japan islands,
where tularemia is present, allowed
us to assume the existence of
tularemia foci on Sakhalin Island.
Spontaneous infection of local ticks
was revealed in Sakhalin in 1965;
tularemia culture was isolated from
the rodents of the island. An
outbreak of tularemia among the
local residents was recorded at the
beginning of 1966.
Study of a man who developed
sudden severe dyspnea, nausea, and
loss of consciousness working in
Makoszowy Mine and living in
Zabrze. Patient became conscious
but chills and profuse perspiration
appeared. Erythesma filled with
serous liquid (2-3 cm in size)
appeared on his back, accompanied
by strong nervous shock. All
manifestations disappeared after a
few hours. Mites were present on
his chest; initially condition was not
believed to be assocated with the
appearance of parasites.
Eight similar seizures were
recorded in 1970-72; the last one
was very severe with patient losing
consciousness a few times. Similar
parasites were found each time on
the patient's body. Lab tests
determined female Argas reflexus
ticks. Source of ticks proved to be
Zh. Mikrobiol.,
Moskva, 46(3):
125-127.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 618
from Russian.
Mater. 11. Zjzdu
Pol. Towarz,
Parazyt. (Poznán,
May 1973), p.
53. NAMRU No.
3, Translation
921 from Polish.

Grzywacz, M. and R.
Kuzmichi.
Grzywacz, M., and R.
Kuzmicki.
Gugushvili, G. K.
A case of Argas
reflexus attack on man. 1973
A case of Argas
reflexus attack on man. 1975
Amphibian and reptile
hosts of Ornithodoros
verrucosus and
Ornitodoros
alactagalis populations
in natural biotopes of
Georgian SSR, USSR.
1980
Tick, Argas reflexus, pigeon tick,
human attacks.
Argas reflexus, Argasidae, tickbite,
human, mites, pigeons, Lódz, ticks.
Amphibians, reptiles, ticks, lizards,
toads, tortoises, snakes, birds,
spirochetosis, Ornithodoros
verrucosus, Ornitodoros
alactagalis, Georgian SSR, USSR.
pigeons of an abandoned pigeon
coop where pigeons nested only
occasionally. Ticks appeared in
masses at night April - September
on the walls of the patient's house
near the coop.
Recorded case of Argas reflexus,
(pigeon tick) attacking a human in
Poland.
This study investigates the human
case of an infestation of Argas
reflexus in the City of Lódz. The
source of infestation were nests left
by pigeons in the attic of an old
house adjoining the house where
the patient was living. The patient
was attacked several times by this
mite during night sleep and in deep
unconsciousness, she was admitted
to the hospital.
The results of the precipitation
reaction by different types of
biotopes and landscape areas
revealed a large number of feeders
of natural populations of O.
verrucosus and O. alactagalis,
including almost all land
vertebrates.
Mater. 11.
Zjazdu Pol.
Towarz. Parazyt.
(Poznan, May
1973), p. 55,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 812
from Polish.
Wiad. Lek., 28
(18): 1571-1577.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1548
from Polish.
Soobshch. Akad.
Nauk Gruz. SSR,
98(2): 453-456.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1600
from Russian.

Gurbo, G. D., V. R.
Galimov, A. A. Katin,
E. N. Ermakov, N. M.
Stolbov, I. N.
Pustovalov, and V. A.
Gil'man.
Gusalova, N. G.
Gusarev, A. F.
The risk of infection
with tickborne
encephalitis in oil- and
gas-bearing areas of
lower and middle
reaches of the River
Ob' in Khanty-Mansy
national district.
Variability of
morphological criteria
in Hyalomma
scupense P. Sch, 1918
and Hyalomma
detritum P. Sch. 1919
and its importance in
systematics.
Pathomorphological
characteristics of CHF
in Rostov Oblast.
1975
1972
1970
tickborne encephalitis, River Ob',
Khanty-Mansy, ticks, Ixodes
persulcatus, Aedes exorucians, A.
cinereus, C. riparius.
Tick, Hyalomma scupense, H.
detritum, H. volgense, H. uralense,
H. verae, cattle, desert, semidesert,
hemosporidiosis.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, autopsy.
In 1974, 0.8% of 3.377 persons
questioned who visited forests in
the lower Ob' recorded tick
attachment; 18% of persons in
southern, and 0.4% in northern
settlements recorded tick
attachments in previous years.
During the 1973 epidemic season in
the middle Ob', only school
children (8%) noticed tick
attachment and 20-30% of older
inhabitants had collected attached
ticks in previous years. Thus it may
be concluded from the results that
TBE natural foci on the right bank
of lower reaches of the Ob' are the
most dangerous for humans.
To elucidate trends in variability in
these species, we studied those
morphological criteria to which
great systematic importance is
attributed, and also the size of
different body parts within the
limits of the same family if each
species.
This report gives data from autopsy
of CHF corpses and investigations
of disease histories.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 286-287.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1107
from Russian.
Dokl. Akad.
Nauk Tadzhik,
SSR, Dushanbe,
15(3): 69-71,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 663
from Russian.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Konf. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp.127-
131, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 544
from Russian.

Guschin, B. V., O. V.
Veselovskaya, S. M.
Klimenko, and D. K.
L'vov.
Gusev, V. M, and A.
A. Gusev.
Gusev, V. M., A. A.
Guseva, E. A.
Petrosian, and Iu.K.
Eigelis.
Gusev. A. V.
Electron-microscopic
study of Tyuleniy
virus.
The habitats and mass
reproduction of Ixodes
frontalis in Daghestan.
The role of birds in the
spread of ticks and
fleas. (According to
material collected in
Azerbaijan SSR).
The Zoological
Institute of the
Academy of Sciences
in the USSR, founded
150 years ago.
1972
1960
1962.
Tick, Tyuleniy virus, electronmicroscopy,
Ixodes uriae.
Tick, Soviet Union, Ixodes
frontalis, Passeriformes, Oenanthe
isabellina, Corvus frugilegus.
Ticks, fleas, birds, ectoparasites,
parasites.
1982 Zoological Institute, USSR.
Electron-microscopy of the virus
suspensions revealed spherical
particles 450-500 AO in diameter.
Two zones were distinguished in
intact and disintegrated particles:
central (diameter 300-350 AO) and
external (ca 60 AO in width).
Tyuleniy virus is similar to
Japanese encephalitis virus in size,
shape, and external layer structure.
The habitats and mass reproduction
of the Ixodes frontalis have not yet
been described in the Soviet Union.
In our country, ticks of this species
were collected only from birds of
the order Passeriformes.
This paper is devoted to the
investigation of ectoparasites found
on birds, and the role of birds in the
spread of their specific as well as
nonspecific parasites.
In 1714, Peter I founded the
"Chamber of Arts" in St.
Petersburg, the first museum in
Russia. In 1939, the museum was
transferred to the Zoological
Institute of the Academy of
Sciences in Leningrad, and the
museum itself has since been
regarded as the Exhibit Division of
the Institute. The Institute engages
in research on the fauna of the
Soviet Union (systematics,
morphology, physiology, ecology),
on the biological productivity of the
seas and inland waters, and on the
scientific basis of the yield of
natural resources.
Vop. Virus. 17
(1): 21-23,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1384
from Russian.
Zool. Zh. 39(7):
1096-1099,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 78
from Russian.
Zool. Zh. 41(6):
905-912,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 83
from Russian.
Angew. Parasit.,
23(2): 109-111.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1726
from German.

Guseva, A. A.
Gushchina, E. A., Ya.
Ya. Tsilinsky, R. K.
Usmanova, B. V.
Gushchin, D. K.
L'vov, and S. M.
Klimenko.
Gusovsky, Ya. M., G.
A. Klisenko, and S.
Ya. Gaidamovich.
Gutsevich, A. V.
Contribution to the
study of ixodid ticks
in Caucasus.
Investigation of
morphological aspects
of Okhotsky Larus
replication in chicken
fibroblast culture.
Morphological
changes in
experimental infection
caused by Samaky
virus.
On polytypic
mosquito species
(Culicidae).
1966
1977
1973
1977
Tick, birds, rodents, Ixodes ricinus,
I. frontalis, I. crenulatus, I.
redikorzevi, I. laguri armeniacus,
Haemaphysalis inermis, H.
punctata, H. sulcata, H. otophila,
H. numidiana, H. concinna,
Boophilus calcaratus, Dermacentor
pictus, D. marginatus,
Rhipicephalus bursa, R sanguineus,
R. turanicus, R. rossicus, R.
pumilio, Hyalomma aegyptium, H.
asiaticum, H. detritum, H.
anatolicum, H. plumbeum.
Ticks, Okhotsky virus, tubular
structures, crystal formations,
matrices, Ixodes uriae, microscopic
study, cell cytoplasm, nuclei.
Samaky virus, foci, brain stem,
brain lesions, morphological
changes, polioencephalitis,
interstitial myositis.
Culicidae, mosquitoes, imagos,
Aedes caspius, Aedes dorsalis.
In 1954-1960, over 20,700
specimens of different ixodid tick
stages were collected from 60 bird
species, and rodent species, 2
insectivore species, and 10 other
animal species in different regions
of Dagestan ASSR, Georgia,
Azerbaijan and Armenian SSR.
In electron-microscopic study of
chicken fibroblasts infected with
Okhotskiy virus, tubular structures,
crystal formations, and matrices
with developing viral particles 50-
60 nm in diameter were found in
cell cytoplasm and nuclei.
The dynamics of morphological
lesions developing in mice
experimentally infected with
Sumakh Virus was studied.
Specimens (imagos) from the
collection of the Zoological
Institute of the Academy of
Sciences of the USSR were
investigated. Within the territory of
the USSR this species is
represented by four main
geographic forms, subspecies,
distribution areas of which overlap
each other a considerable extent.
The subspecies are connected by
gradual passages.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch. p. 76,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 561
from Russian.
Vop. Viurs., 22
(1) :87-92,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1418
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 18
(2) :167-171,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1354
from Russian.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 11(1):
48-51., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1627
from Russian.

Havlik, O.
Heneberg, N., D.
Deneberg, J.
Milosevic, and V.
Dimitrijevic.
Ignatovich, V. E. and
I. M. Grokhovskaya.
Experimental
transmission of
toxoplasmosis by
Ornithodoros moubata.
Distribution of ticks in
the autonomous
provinces of Kosovo
and Metohija, with
special regard to
Hyalomma plumbeum
plumbeum Panzer,
reservoir and vector of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever of man.
Experimental
prerequisites for
substantiating the
possible role of ticks
in the epidemiology of
typhus fever.
1951.
1967
1970
Tick, Ornithodoros moubata,
Toxoplasma gondii, toxoplasmosis.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, Hyalomma plumbeum
plumbeum, H. anatolicum.
Tick, typhus fever, guinea pigs, R.
prowazeki, D. pictus, O. lahorensis,
D. nuttalli, R. turanicus, H.
anatolicum, Rickettsia prowazeki,
O. papillipes.
Although our knowledge of
toxoplasmosis of man and animals
has increased during recent years,
many unresolved problems remain.
These are namely the questions of
how toxoplasmosis is transmitted.
The most common theory, which is
held by many authors, is that
transmission occurs by
bloodsucking arthropods. In this
paper, we give preliminary results
of experimental transmission of
toxoplasmosis by tick Ornithodoros
moubata Murray.
As was expected from the
occurrence of illnesses resembling
CHF among the peasant population
of APKM, and from the
biogeographic character of this
area, Hyalomma plumbeum
plumbeum, Panzer was the most
common species of parasitic tick
during the time of the survey.
Investigations demonstrated that by
letting ticks suck the blood on
inoculated guinea pigs and by
feeding them through a membrane
on an artificially infected blood it
was possible to transmit contagion
to them.
Cas. Lek. ces. 90
(51-52): 1516-
1518, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 118
from
Czechoslovakian.
Zborn.
Vojnomed,
Akad., Beograd,
pp. 30-36,
NAMRU No, 3,
Translation 324
from Serbo-
Croatian.
Vest. Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 25
(2) : 22-30,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 565
from Russian.

Ignatovich, V. F. and
I. M. Grokhovskaya.
Ignatovich, V. F., and
I. M. Gokhovskaya.
Ignatovich, V. F., and
I. M. Grokhovskaya.
Study of possible
routes of Rickettsia
prowazeki
transmission by ticks
of the superfamily
Ixodoidea.
Interrelationship
between Ixodoidea
ticks and Rickettsia
canada.
Use of ticks for
determining ecological
differences between
rickettsiae.
1968
1976
1976
Tick, Soviet Union, Rickettsia
prowazeki, Ornithodoros
lahorensis, Amblyomma
variegatum, O. moubata, O.
papillipes, H. asiaticum.
Ixodoidea ticks, typhus,
transstadial, transovarial, Rickettsia
canada, Ornithodoros papillipes, O.
moubata, Alveonasus lahorensis,
Argas persicus, Dermacentor
pictus, D. andersoni, Hyalomma
dromedarii, H. asiaticum.
ticks, rickettsiae, Ixodoidea,
Rickettsia prowazeki, R. canada,
Hyalomma dromedarii, H.
asiaticum, Ornothodoros papillipes,
guinea pigs, typhus.
Our investigation aimed to study
the possible transmission routes of
Rickettsia prowazeki from ticks to
animals. This article presents the
results obtained from feeding
infected ticks on laboratory animals
as well as from rubbing crushed
infected ticks into the scarified skin
of these animals. Data on infection
in tick excretions are also given.
Rickettsia canada, a new rickettsial
species recently isolated in Canada,
was initially refered to the typhus
group. In this investigation, we
aimed to study the susceptibility of
ixodid ticks to R. canada and to
obtain quantitative characteristics of
interrelationships between ticks and
this rickettsial species. Transstadial
and transovarial transmission of R.
canada and transmission of this
agent to animals by feeding were
also studied.
In this report, we give results of
investigating biological
interrelationships between ticks of
the superfamily Ixodoidea and
Rickettsia prowazeki and R. canada.
The two rickettsial species are
related in antigenic composition
and have similar biological
characteristics.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 37(6):
708-710,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 400
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 45
(3):313-317.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1713
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 3.
Vses. Soveshch.
Teoret. Priklad.
Akarol.
(Tashkent,
October 1976),
pp. 123-124.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1712
from Russian.

Ignatovich, V. F., I.
M. Grokhovskaya,
and V. F. Sidorov.
Il'enjo, V. I., T. S.
Gorozhankina, and A.
A. Smorodintsev.
Il'enko, V. I., M. A.
Bashmakova, N. M.
Mirzoeva, K. A.
Dyunina, and L. A.
Belopol'sky.
Experimental infection
of ticks with
Rickettsia prowazeki
and investigation of
possible routes of
transmission of
Rickettsia prowazeki
by infected ticks to
laboratory animals.
Main patterns of
transovarial
transmission of
tickborne encephalitis
virus by tick vectors.
On the role of
migratory birds in
distribution of
transmissive infectious
viruses.
1968
1970
1965
Tick, laboratory animals, Rickettsia
prowazeki.
ticks, nymphs, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE, Ixodes
persulcatus, Ixodes ricinus,
Dermacentor silvarum,
Haemaphysalis concinna,
Haemaphysalis japonica, cattle,
mice, Russian spring-summer
encephalitis, RSSE, Colorado tick
fever, Kyasanur Forest disease,
Tick, bird migration, disease
transmission.
New conceptions about the
circulation of agents of
exanthematous fever in the tickwarmblooded
animal chain, and
question of susceptibility of ticks to
Rickettsia prowazeki and
transmission routes of rickettsia
have been very little studied.
Investigation was to study the main
pattern of transovarial transmission
of TBE virus in I. ricinus and I.
persulcatus ticks and study the
frequency of transovarial
transmission and distribution of
TBE virus in I. ricinus and I.
persulcatus populations in
experimental conditions and in a
natural focus. Observations showed
that several generations containing
the virus may be obtained from 1
initially-infected female; however,
partial loss of virus occurred during
transmission from one generation to
the next, inasmuch as the regularity
and number of virus isolations
noticeably decreased.
Paper on the study of migratory
birds and the distribution of
diseases.
Inst. Congr.
Trop. Med.
Malar. (Teheran,
Sept. 7-15,
1968): 864-865,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 309
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.
Moskva, 39
(3):263-267,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 942
from Russian.
Mater. 4. Vses.
Ornit. Konf.
(Alma-Ata, Sept.
1-7, 1965): 145,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 405
from Russian.

Il'enko, V. I., N. I
Kamandenko, V. G.
Platonov, and A. G.
Panov.
Il'enko, V. I., V. G.
Platonov, and N. I.
Komandenko.
Ioffe, I. D.
Ioffe, I. D. and I. V.
Uspensky.
Pathogenesis of
chronic forms of
tickborne encephalitis.
Biological variants of
tickborne encephalitis
virus causing chronic
forms of infection.
Distribution of
neurosecretory cells in
the central nervous
system of
Dermacentor pictus
Herm. (Acarina,
Chelicerata).
Effect of insect
juvenile hormone
analogues on ixodid
tick nymphs.
1971
Tick, encephalitis, foci, TBE,
monkeys, M. rhesus.
1975 tickborne encephalitis, TBE, foci.
1964
1979
Tick, Soviet Union, Dermacentor
pictus.
Tick, Low's mixture, juvenile
hormone, Haemaphysalis concinna,
Ixodes ricinus.
The study of pathogenesis of TBE
chronic infection in monkeys
revealed that development of
chronic infection forms was
associated with the presence in the
brain on an active virus which could
be isolated 3-9 months following
inoculation. Virus location varied in
the brain of monkeys examined
during different periods of
infection. The virus was easily
isolated during an acute infection
stage from all areas of the brain and
the spinal cord but during a chronic
stage it was found only in
subcortical ganglia.
Study asks the important question
whether all TBE virus strains are
capable of causing chronic infection.
Among arthropods, the
neurosecretion of Chelicerata has
been comparatively little studied.
This article is one of the sections of
a study of the nervous system in
Dermacentor pictus, conducted
under the guidance of Prof. V. N.
Beklemishev.
The effect of two insect juvenile
hormone analogues, Low's mixture
and altozar, on nymphs of two
species of Ixodid ticks,
Haemaphysalis comcinna and
Ixodes ricinus, was studied.
Tezisy. Dokl.
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
Virus. imeni
Invanovsky, D.
I., Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR
(October 19-21),
pt. 2 : 10-12,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 489
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 296-297.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1109
from Russian.
Dokl. Akad.
Nauk SSSR, s.
Evoluts. Morfol.
154(1): 229-232,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 326
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva 48(4):
39-46, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1435
from Russian.

Ioffe, I.D., and I. V.
Uspensky.
Isachkova, L. M., and
G. N. Leonova.
Isayev, L. M.
Ovicidal and larvicidal
effect of insect
juvenile hormone
analogue on two
ixodid tick species.
Pathomorphological
characteristics of
experimental infection
in white mice
inoculated with
Powassan virus
isolated in Primor'ye
region.
The pathogenesis and
clinical course of
canine leishmaniasis
in Uzbekistan.
1980
1975
1966
Ovicidal, larvicidal, insect, juvenile
hormone analogue, JHA, ixodid
ticks, Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes
persulcatus, altozar.
white mice, ticks, Powassan, POW,
CNS, Haemaphysalis longicornis.
Uzbekistan, leishmaniasis, dogs,
Bukhara, Samarkand, sandflies,
foci.
Recently hatched larvae are highly
sensitive to contact of altozar
vapors. The main importance
apparently is the direct effect of
JHA on larvae. I. ricinus larvae are
somewhat more sensitive to altozar
than those of I. persulcatus.
The clinical picture of experimental
infection in white mice developed
following all 3 inoculation
methods; it was most distinctly
manifested after intracerebral
inoculation. The stage of clinically
manifest disease symptoms was
accompanied by development of
distinct inflammatory changes in
the CNS.
In Uzbekistan, spontaneous
leishmaniasis in dogs can run as a
localized process similar to
cutaneous leishmaniasis in man or
as a generalized process. Skin
lesions represent the primary
manifestations of spontaneous
disease in dogs in both clinical
forms of leishmaniasis. In the
cutaneous form these lesions remain
localized and either end in complete
healing or run a course of a chronic
intermittent cutaneous process. In
visceral leishmaniasis skin lesions
are followed by generalization of
the process, the skin lesions either
persisting or disappearing. In
different foci, one of the other form
of the disease may be prevalent.
Thus, in Samarkand the generalized
form is more common, and in
Bukhare, the cutaneous form.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 49(4):
49-56., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1710
from Russian.
Sborn. Nauch.
Rad. Virus.
Issled. Dal'n.
Vost., (2): 88-
93., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1587
from Russian.
Med. Parasit,
Moscow, 35
(3):259-262.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 303
from Russian.

Ismailov, A. Sh. and
G. A. Klisenko
Ismailov, A. Sh., G.
A. Klisenko, S. Ya.
Gaidamovich, and N.
M. Mirzoeva.
Ismailova. S. T., S. G.
Rubin, M. P.
Chumakov, A. M.
Khankishiev, I. N.
Manafov, V. V.
Beresin, and I. A.
Reshetnikov.
Ivanenko, A. I., and I.
P. Ladyzhenskaya.
Indirect
hemagglutinatoin test
with Baku and Tahyna
viruses.
Viremia in birds
infected with Sindbis,
West Nile, Tahyna,
and Buka viruses.
Study of potential
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever (CHF) foci in
Azerbaijan from the
data on serological
investigation of
domestic animals by
the agar gel diffusion
and precipitation
(AGDP) test.
Study of Biological
properties of Malayan
Langat virus strain TP-
21.
1978 Tick, Baku, Tahyna viruses, IHA.
1978
1972
1964
Tick, mosquito, Sinbis, West Nile,
WN, Tahyna, Buka virus, newborn
white mice, NWM, birds, chickens,
brain antigens, indirect
hemaggulatination, IHA test.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
AGDP, foci, Azerbaijan, Divichi,
Sal'vany, Apsheron, Sabirabad,
Saatl, Pushkinsky, Zhdanovsk,
Dzhalilabad, Astara, Lenkoran,
Shirvan, Kyurdamir, Udzhary,
Baku, Moskva, Bashirabad, Kura-
Araks, Great and Lesser Caucasus
Oblasts, Lenkoran Oblast, cattle,
sheep, goats, horses, donkeys,
chicken embryo, CE, SPEV, green
monkey kidney, GMK,
Tick, Ixodes granulatus, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE, live vaccine,
mice, monkeys, pig embryo kidney
cells, PEK, TP-21.
Antibodies to Baku and Tahyna
viruses were used for sensitization
of erthrocytes for IHA.
IHA was used for rapid detection of
Sindbis, WN, Tahyna and Buka
viruses in the blood of infected oneday
chickens. The sera were
investigated in IHA with Sindbis,
Tahyna and Baku erythrocytic
diagnosticums.
Blood sera from cattle, sheep, goats,
horses, and donkeys were collected
in the winter and fall of 1967, in the
fall of 1968 and 1970, and in the
spring-fall of 1971-1972.
Our investigations aimed at
selecting supplementary laboratory
tests that could be recommended for
preparing live vaccine controlling
virulence and immunogenic effect
on the TBE group viruses.
Sborn. Trud. Inst
Virus. Imeni D. I.
Inanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, 3 : 122-
124, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1380
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, 3: 95-99,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1375
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 365-366.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1071
from Russian.
Mater. 11 Nauch.
Sess. Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
(Moscow, 1964),
pp. 17-18,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1272
from Russian.

Ivanov, D. I. and O.
V. Ravdonikas.
Izotov, V. K.
The role of
simultaneous
parasitism of ixodid
ticks in tularemia and
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever foci in the Foreststeppe
of Western
Siberia.
Improvement of the
method for
differentiating
tickborne encephalitis
complex viruses.
1972
Tick, Siberia, tularemia, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, foci, voles,
shrews, Ixodes apronophorus,
Dermacentor reticulatus.
1975 tickborne encephalitis, TBE.
In natural foci of tularemia and
Omsk hemorrhagic fever in western
Siberia, Ixodes apronophorus P.
Sch. plays the main role in
circulation and preservation of the
Tularemia agent. Simultaneous
parasitism of infected Ixodes
apronophorus and larval and
nymphal Dermacentor reticulatus (=
pictus) Herm. on water voles and
shrews of the genus Sorex creates
conditions for infecting the latter
species. Simultaneous parasitism is
a factor of transmitting the infection
from marsh-lake to meadow-field
foci and has greatest importance in
July.
In the process of immunization and
preparation of specific sera,
attention was paid to the animal
species and age, and the application
method, dose, interval, and
inoculation frequency of the
infectious material.
We developed the method for
obtaining sera by intracerebral
inoculation of virus material
microdoses into newborn animals.
Developed and improved
methodical procedures for obtaining
specific sera were successfully used
to study quantitative and qualitative
interrelationships among viruses of
the TBE complex and to identify
arboviruses in nature.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad 6(1):
26-29, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1428
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 293-294,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 999
from Russian.

Izotov, V. K. and S. P.
Chunikhin.
Izotov, V. K., and S.
P. Chunikhin.
Modelling persistent
infection with
tickborne encephalitis
virus strains in spurtoed
frog cell culture.
Experimental
characteristics of
persistence of
tickborne encephalitis
virus in poikilothermic
animal cell cultures.
1982
1981
tickborne encephalitis, TBE, spurtoed
frog, in vitro, Xenopus laevis,
Ixodes persulcatus, Ixodes ricinus,
Primor'ye, Kemerovo Oblast,
Yaroslav Oblast, France,
cytopathic effect, CPE, pig embryo
kidney, PEK, newborn white mice,
NWM, Xenopus tissue culture,
XTC, red-backed vole.
poikilothermic, tickborne
encephalitis, spur-toed frog, TBE,
Cynomolgus, Xenopus laevis,
Ixodes persulcatus.
Our modelling of TBE virus
persistence in cold-blooded animal
cell culture - spur-toed frog,
revealed interaction properties
between TBE virus strains and this
cell culture. Thus, in 8 of 10 strains,
the TBE virus persistence process
was accompanied by stable
preservation of infectious virus in
the culture medium for 10 passages,
but 5 strains disappeared after 3-8
passages. This variability of
interaction between TBE virus
strains and XTC culture fluid was
first revealed. It is evident that it
may be used to determine the
reproductive ability of different
TBE virus strains for persisting in
cold-blooded animal bodies
between virus circulation seasons.
The data on tickborne encphalitis
virus persistence in chronically
infected culture of cells of a spurtoed
frog at incubation temperatures
from 10º to 32ºC were obtained. A
direct correlation was found to exist
between the persisting virus
concentration and the incubation
temperature: maximum at 32ºC and
minimal at 10º-20ºC.
Zh. Mikrobiol.,
Moskva, 59(10):
56-59., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1640
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 50(3):
27-30., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1618
from Russian.

Izotov, V. K., M. G.
Zhuravleva, O. P.
Kuz'minskaya, Yu. A.
Myasnikov, and I. V.
Kaplina.
Izotov. V. K. and Yu.
A. Myasnikov.
Jacquemin, J. L., C.
Bazin, C. Lamy, C.
Chubilleau, T. H.
Barale, P. Daoudal,
and C. Duhamel.
Isolation of three
Uukuniemi virus
strains from ticks in
Vologda Oblast.
The nature of
arbovirus infections in
the non-black soil
zone of the RSFSR.
Babesiosis or
piroplasmosis -- three
observations of the
disease in France.
1972
1975
1980
Uukuniemi, ticks, Vologda Oblast,
tickborne encephalitis, Ixodes
persulcatus, cytopathic effect, CPE,
newborn white mice, NWM, PEK,
Syrian hamster kidney, HI, N,
Powassan, louping ill, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, Absettarov,
Kemerovo, EEE, WEE, Japanese
encephalitis, Sindbis, UUK.
RSFSR, arbovirus, Vologda,
Kostroma, Yaroslavi', tickborne
encephalitis, TBE, foci, Tula,
deciduous forest zone, Ixodes
ricinus, AGDP.
Babesiosis, piroplasmosis, France,
protozoan, parasite, ticks,
Plasmodium, Babesia, mammals.
The isolated virus was identified by
the HI and N tests in cell cultures.
From the HI and N data, the virus
was not antigenically related to
TBE group arboviruses (Powassan,
louping ill, Omsk hemorrhagic
fever, Absettarov), and Kemerovo,
EEE, WEE, Japanese encephalitis,
and Sindbis viruses. The immune
ascitic fluid (IAF) to UUK virus
with homologous titer supressed the
isolated virus to a titer 1:40 by the
HI test and to a titer 1:8 by the N
test. Thus, a virus strain
antigenically closely related by its
properties to UUK virus was first
isolated in natural foci of Vologda
Oblast.
On studying the data from Tula
Oblast situated in the broadleaf
(deciduous) forest zone, we
suceeded in evaluating the degree
and differences in intensity of TBE
virus circulation in relation to other
zones of the USSR. We succeeded
in isolating TBE virus strains and
also another arbovirus.
The study follows three cases of
babesiosis in France. Two cases
required intenstive care with
hemolytic anemia, hemorrhagic
syndrome, anuria, pulmonary
edema, and disorder of
consciousness. Incidence of
splenectomy or immuniologic
disorders are studied with reference
to animal disease.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess Inst.
Posvyasheh.
Aktual Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 283-284.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1099
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975), p.
294, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1108
from Russian.
Maghreb Inform.
Méd., (2): 31-38.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1601
from French.

Jenni, L.
Jezek, P.
Synthesis, and uptake
of proteins during
vitellogenesis in
oocytes of
Ornithodoros moubata
Murray (Ixodoidea:
Argasidae).
Tickborne encephalitis
in the surroundings of
Brno 1. Evaluation of
some epidemiological
data.
1971
Tick, yolk protein, egg shell,
Ornithodoros moubata,
Rhipicephalus bursa, Lymnaea
palustris, Aedes aegypti,
Periplaneta americana, Ciona
intestinalis, Hyalophora cecropia.
1966 Tick, Czechoslovakia, encephalitis.
Dynamic aspects of vitellogenesis
in Ornithodoros moubata,
particularly the synthesis of yolk
proteins and the development of the
eggshell, were studied using the
electron microscope by means of
three protein tracers.
Epidemological data gained by a
target case history investigation
with 365 patients suffering from
virologically confirmed tick-borne
encephalitis, having been cured in
1960-1964 at the Infection Diseases
Clinic in Brno. Young people
between 20-30 years of age fell ill
in most cases of the group, the
maximum morbidity was observed
at the end of June and in the course
of July. We could be almost sure to
eliminate a tick attack or a
transmission of infection by the
goat milk in 7.1% of patients, 85%
of patients were infected in the time
of their incidental stay in a reservoir
of infection, mostly being on
holiday. There was only about 5.7
% of patients, that were pledged to
the place of infection by their
profession or way of life. 53.7% of
patients were infected in the
recreation regions around the city of
Brno.
Acta Trop., 28
(2) : 105-163,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 560
from German.
Cslka Epidem.
Mikrobiol.
Imunol. 15(4):
247-252,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 375
from Czech.

Jezyna, C. and J.
Klimovicz.
Jezyna, C., A.
Borzuchowska, J.
Klimowicz, and E.
Sokolewicz.
Jezyna, C., J.
Warzykowski, and B.
Gradowski.
Characteristics of the
clinical picture of
tularemia.
Allergic skin reaction
in epidemiological
investigations of
tularemia among rural
populations.
Familial epidemic
occurrence of
tularemia.
1972 Tularemia, skin allergy, patients.
1972
1973
Tularemia, brucellosis, allergic
reaction, skin reaction, Burnet's
reaction.
Tularemia, familial, rabbits, human
cases.
In this work, we present the
characteristic clinical picture of
tularemia in 17 patients treated
during the last 10 years in the
Hospital of Infectious Diseases,
Medical Academy, in Bialystok.
The behavior of the skin reaction
with tularin was analyzed by
authors in 575 persons, employed in
the state farms of Bialystok
Voivodeship. Immunological
reactions in the direction of
brucellosis were also carried out in
all persons studied. Of 575
examined subjects, a positive skin
test with tularin was demonstrated
in 38 people, Burnet's reaction,
however, in the same subjects
appeared to be positive in only 7
persons. Sixteen subjects reacting
positively in the skin test with
tularin were examined under
clinical conditions; barely in 5 of
them, only a positive agglutination
reaction with bacillus to tularemia
was disclosed.
The authors describe familial
occurrence of 7 cases of tularemia
in 1971.
Mater. Nauk. 6.
Zjazdu Polsk.
Towarz. Epid.
Lekl Chor.
Zakazn
(September 15-
17, 1972), pp.
175-187,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 735
from Polish.
Mater. Nauk. VI.
Zjazdu. Polsk.
Towarz. Epid.
Lek. Chor
Zahazn.
(Szczecin,
September 15-17,
1972), pp. 179-
182, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 738
from Polish.
Wiad. Lek., 25
(2) :1843-1847,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 748
from Polish.

Johnsen, P.
Kadoshnikov, Yu. G.,
V. L. Gromashevsky,
V. N. Demenev, L. K.
Berezina, V. R.
Obukhova, and S. M.
Klimenko.
Kagramahov, A. I.,
Ya. A. Blagodarny, N.
M. Makarevich, I. M.
Blekhman, and M. P.
Yakunin.
Hyalomma
marginatum Koch,
found at Randklove on
the island Bomholm
(Denmark) from
grasses.
Use of electron
microscopy methods
for rapid diagnosis of
viruses in suckling
mouse tissue culture
and brain.
Ticks-possible vectors
of tuberculosis.
1943
1982
1967
Tick, Denmark, birds, migration,
Hyalomma marginatum,
Dermacentor reticulatus.
Electron microscopy, natural foci,
suckling mice, tissue culture, brain.
Ticks, tuberculosis, Hyalomma
asiaticum, Argas persicus,
Mauritania, tuberculosis.
The author suggests that the tick
had arrived as a nymph with birds
coming to Denmark. Referring to
the work of P. Schulze the author
mentions that Hyalomma
marginatum is transferred to
Germany every year with migratory
birds. In Germany the observations
refer mostly to nymphs and only
two adults have been found.
The possibility of the use of
electron microscopy routine
methods for the quick visualization
of viruses, isolated in natural foci
was studied.
The authors made researches in the
area of Volga and Ural rivers on
ixodid ticks Hyalomma asiaticum
collected from camels infected with
tuberculosis, and considered these
ticks as tuberculosis mycobacteria
vectors. In one case, a virulent
tuberculosis mycobacteria culture
was isolated from a suspension
prepared from ticks fed on infected
experimental animals.
Dept. Med. Zool.
US Naval Med.
Res. Unit #3 1pp.
1943, NAMRU
No. 3 Translation
73 from Danish.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Inst. Viurs.
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 23-27,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1649
from Russian.
Probl. Tuberk.
45: 60-64,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 445
from Russian.

Kalmykov, E. S.
Kalmykov, E. S. and
T. P. Pak.
Landscape association
of medically important
insects and ticks in
Tadzhikistan.
Distribution of
hemorrhagic fever in
Tadzhikistan.
1972
1969
adyr, ticks, biting midge,
horseflies, Musca domestica vicina,
Anopheles mosquitoes, Anopheles
superpictus, Anopheles
maculipennis sacharovi, Anopheles
pulcherrimus, Anopheles hyreanus,
Anopheles algerriensis, Anopheles
clanger, Anopheles lindesayi giles,
Anopheles marteri, Aedes
mosquitoes, Aedes vexans, Aedes
caspius, Culex pipiens, Culex
modestus, Phlebotomus papatasi,
Phlebotomus chinensis, Culicoides
turcmenicus, Culicoides
desertorum, Tabanus pulchellus,
Tabanus flavoguttatus, Tabanus
peculiaris, Ornithodoros papillipes,
Ornithodoros tartakovsky,
Ornithodoros, Hyalomma
anatolicum, Hyalomma plumbeum,
Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma
scupense, Hyalomma asiasticum,
Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma
aegyptium, Rhipicephalus
turanicus, Dermacentor
marginatus, Boophilus calcaratus.
hemorrhagic fever, Tadzhikistan,
CHF, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
AGDP, CF.
The species composition of
synanthropic flies is the most varied
in the agricultural landscape.
Tadzhikistan is situated in the
moutain landscape region of Central
Asia with distinct altitude belts.
Each landscape is characterized by
its own complex of natural factors
determining possibilities of
distribution and intensiveness of
reproduction of insects and ticks
which are vectors of human and
domestic animal diseases.
From incomplete archive data,
sporadic cases of hemorrhagic fever
occurred in 1944, 1947, 1948, 1949,
1950, 1953, 1955, and 1958.
Twenty-one cases were recorded in
1967 and 8 in 1968. From the data,
hemorrhagic fever cases were
recorded in the Republic from 1943-
1968.
Trudy 13,
Mezhdun, Ent.
Kongr. (Moscow,
August 1968),
3:182-183,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 947
from Russian.
Soveshch. Leish.
Drug. Trans.
Trop.
Prirodnoochag.
Bolez. Lyud.
Sred. Azii Zakav,
(Ashkhabad,
May 1969), pp.
201-203.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1104
from Russian.

Kalmykov, E. S., and
A. V. Yansinsky.
Kalmykov, P. G.
Kalyagin, Yu. S.
Landscape
associations of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever foci in Tadzhik
SSR.
Development of
ixodid ticks in the
natural environment of
islands of the Sea of
Japan.
On the intergeneric
copulation of ixodid
ticks. (Ixodidae).
1971
1961
1967
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Omsk hemorrhagic, OHF, fever,
hemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome, HFRS, Rangon-Tau,
Garda-Niushti, Dzhitym-Tau,
Khodzha-Mumin, Terekli-Tau,
Tuyuk-Tau, Gissar, Tut-Bulak,
sheep.
Ticks, metamorphosis, Ixodes
persulcatus, Haemaphysalis
concinna, H. japonica,
Dermacentor silvarum.
Tick, tickborne encephalitis,
copulation, Ixodes persulcatus,
Haemaphysalis concinna,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus,
Boophilus calcaratus.
In 1967 and 1968, almost all
hemorrhagic fever patients became
infected in nature and inhabited
populated areas of Gissar mountain
foothill zone, southern lowmountains,
and irrigated
agricultural areas bordering these
landscapes. There is a distinct
association between hemorrhagic
fever localities and foothill and lowmountain
zones which are very
similar in characteristics of natural
complexes.
Many investigators (Pavlovsky
1947; Serfyukova 1947, 1948;
Galuzo 1948, 1950; Kheisin 1954;
and others) who studied the
developmental cycle of ixodid ticks,
demonstrated that the length of their
metamorphosis depends on one
hand on degree of female
engorgement with host blood, and
on other environmental factors,
chiefly temperature and humidity.
Our observations on the
development of Ixodes persulcatus,
Haemaphysalis concinna, H.
japonica, Dermacentor silvarum
carried out in natural conditions of
some of the islands of the Sea of
Japan, fully confirm these
statements.
A case of the intergeneric
copulation between hungry females
of Haemaphysalis concinna Koch
and males of Ixodes persulcatus P.
Sch. is described. The copulation
occurred in the test-tube as a result
of isolation of H. concinna males.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:186-189,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 946
from Russian.
Prirod. Ochag.
Bolez. Vop.
Parasit., Akad.
Nauk Kazakh. 4
(3): 506-509,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 203
from Russian.
Zool, Zh., 46(2) :
293-294,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 273
from Russian.

Kambaratov, P. I.
Kamennova, L. S., E.
V. Ananova, A. M.
Vorozhbit, and E. V.
Yurkova.
Kan, G. A., E. A.
Borsuk, and M. S.
Vorob'eva.
Differential diagnosis
of Q fever, influenza,
and typhoid fever in
children.
Contribution to the
study of tularemia in
the eastern area of
Baikal-Amur-Railway
(BAM).
Use of inbred mice for
evaluating
neurovirulence of
tickborne encephalitis
complex virus strains
and immunogenicity
of concentrated
tickborne encephalitis
vaccine.
1972
1982
1982
Ticks, Q fever, influenza, typhoid
fever, CF test, HI test, hemoculture.
Tularemia, natural foci, Baikal-
Amur-Railway, BAM.
Tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
inbred mice, vaccine antigen.
To detect differential-diagnostic
signs of Q fever for correct
diagnosis, we made comparative
investigation of 3 patient age
groups (5-15 years old), each
consisting of 37 children (Q fever,
influenza, and typhoid fever). In all
cases, Q fever was confirmed by the
complement fixation (CF) test,
influenza by the hemagglutination
inhibition (HI) test with paired sera,
and typhoid fever by hemoculture.
These data show that, natural
tularemia foci are uncertain in the
eastern zone of BAM from
Komsomol'sk-on-Amur to
Sovetskaya Gavan or indicate the
very weak epidemiological activity
of these foci.
The sensitivity of different lines of
inbred mice to strains of the
tickborne encephalitis complex
viruses differing in their biological
properties and the degree of
attenuation was compared. The
mice differing in their genetic
characteristic and susceptibility to
extraneurally inoculated virus were
shown to have different
immunological responsiveness to
inoculation of an inactivated
vaccine antigen.
Pediatriya 51: 78-
79, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1304 from
Russian.
Zh. Mikrobiol.,
Moskva, 59
(5):104,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1610
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 27
(4):461-464,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1613
from Russian.

Kantorovich, R. A., S.
Ya. Gaidamovich, and
V. R. Obukhova.
Kapaseva, P. S., I. A.
Reshetnikov, B. F.
Semenov, and A. L.
Dumina.
Serological
investigations of
humans and domestic
animals in CHF foci
by using Congo virus
antigen.
The indirect
hemagglutination test
with arboviruses.
1971
1972
Tick, CHF, Hyalomma, Congo
virus antigen, foci.
indirect hemagglutination test,
IHA, arboviruses, Uukuniemi,
Chenuda, Nyamanini, Quaranfil,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Sindbis, West Nile, mice.
Problems of CHF epidemiology and
virology were intensely studied for
several years by Soviet
investigators. A procedure for the
indirect hemagglutination test with
tanned goose red cells sensitized
with West Nile virus was worked
out. Sensibilization was performed
by incubation of 2.5% suspension
of tanned red cells in phosphate
buffer solution at the pH range of
6.4 to 6.6 and an equal volume of
whole antigen prepared according
to the borate saline extraction
method with subsequent treatment
with protaminesulphate. The
mixture was incubated in a
thermostat at 37°C for 15 min.
We studied conditions for
performing the indirect
hemagglutination test (IHA) with 8
arboviruses. It was demonstrated
that antibodies in immune ascitic
fluids and sera may be determined
by the IHA test. These data show
that the IHA test may be used to
study arboviruses of different
antigenic groups.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(11): 136-139,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1328
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 276-277.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1095
from Russian.

Kapasil'nikov, I. V.,
and M. A. Donets.
Kappovich, L. G., E.
S. Sarmanova, N. M.
Ral'f, M. V.
Bychkova, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Karabaeva, R.
Determination of the
size and molecular
weight of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus virions.
Clinical picture of
experimental infection
caused by Kemerovo
virus in monkeys.
Ixodid tick fauna of
farm animals in
Chimkent Oblast.
1975
1964
1966
NWM, gel-chromatography,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
Khodzha, CHF, Macropore slides,
MPS, newborn white mice, CF,
normal bovine serum, NBS
Ticks, Kemerovo Oblast, Ixodes
persulcatus, mice, cotton rats, redtailed
Libyan jirds, Syrian
hamsters, Macaca rhesus monkeys.
Tick, Rhipicephalus schulzei, R.
turanicus, R. pumilio, Hyalomma
asiaticum, H. anatolicum,
Dermacentor daghestanicus,
Boophilus calcaratus, H. detritum,
H. scupense, H. plumbeum,
Haemaphysalis sulcata.
Determination of the maximum
pore size as 980Å, in which the
virus passes in free volume which
equals the average virion size 920-
960Å. Using these data on the size
of floating density of CHF virions
in sacchrose gradient equal to 1.17g/
cm3 and an average size of viral
particles, the approximate
molecular weight of CHF virions
was determined to be 270-320x106
daltons.
Investigation of differing strains of
a peculiar virus infected three
monkeys; (2) monkeys inoculated
intracerebrally, into the thalamus
area - one also intramuscularly; the
3rd monkey inoculated
intramuscularly only. The two
monkeys died 3-4 days after onset
of disease; the third recorded only a
2 degree rise in body temperature
for 8 days after inoculation,
pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal
liquid and a slight tremor during
week 3 of the disease. Blood serum
on day 21 contained antibodies to
Kemerovo virus.
In Chimkent Oblast, the ixodid
faunal formation is directly related
to natural conditions. Distribution
of certain ixodid species or groups
is associated with different
landscape zones of this region.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow.
October 1975),
pp. 309-310,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 987
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), pp.248-
249, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 885
from Russian.
Proc. Tezisy
Dokl. 1. Akarol.
Soveshch, p. 107,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 428
from Russian.

Karapetyan, R.M., A.
G. Vorob'ev, I. V.
Semashko, K. Sh.
Matevosyan, and D.S.
Vopyan
Karas, F. R.
Karas, F. R., D. K.
L'vov, S. G. Vargina,
S. N. Steblyanko, N.
Z. Osipova, V. L.
Gromashevsky, A. A.
Seropoloko, Yu. I.
Grebenyuk, T. M.
Skvortsova, G. S.
Zununbekov, and I. A.
Gontar.
A case of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever in
Armenian SSR.
Arboviruses in
Kirgizia.
Isolation of
arboviruses of a new
antigenic group in
Kirgizia.
1974
1979
1974
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Abovyan, Ashtarak, Ekhegnadzhor,
Gorissky, Kafan, hyperemia,
epistaxis, Armenia.
Ticks, arbovirus, tick-borne
encephalitis, St. Louis, TBE, SLE,
foci.
Tick, birds, Hyalomma asiaticum,
Rhipicephalus turanicus, CF test,
new antigenic group.
In this report, we describe the
clinical picture of an acute case of
Crimean hemorrhagic fever type
with positive virological data
observed in Armenia in 1974.
Natural foci of tick-borne
encephalitis (TBE) were known
before regular investigations for
arboviruses began in Kirgizia. A
serological investigation of the
human population in the Naryn
River Valley, Osh Oblast, was
made by Shubladze. Investigation
of 3,213 human sera for A and B
group arboviruses showed
circulation of B group viruses most
closely resembling St. Louis
encephalitis in the Antigenic
Structure. In this report, we give
results of virological investigations
made in Kirgizia by the Institute of
Epidemiology, Microbiology, and
Hygiene, Grunze, Kirgizia.
Executing the program on
investigation for arboviruses in
Kirgizia, 10 antigenically related
strains, earlier unknown in the
Republic, were isolated in different
climatic zones in 1973.
Medical
virology, 22(2):
260-265,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1115
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. Imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk SSSR
3: 40-44,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1366
from Russian.
Sborn, Trud.
Ekol. Virus.,
2 :120-123,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 779
from Russian.

Karas, F. R., S. G.
Vargina, N. Z.
Osipova, S. N.
Stevblyanko, V. L.
Gromashevsky, T. M.
Skvortsova, and R. K.
Usmanov.
Karas, F. R., S. G.
Vargina, N. Z.
Osipova, Yu. M.
Grebenyuk, S. N.
Steblyanko, R. K.
Usmanov, Yu. M.
Tsirkin, E. M.
Timofeev, V. L.
Gromaskevsky, and
D. K. L'vov.
Karas', F. R., D. D.
Risaliev, and S. G.
Vargina.
Isolation of Bhanja
virus from Hyalomma
plumbeum ticks in the
southwestern climatic
region of Kirgizia.
Investigation of
arboviruses infection
foci in Kirgizia.
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever foci in the
southwestern climatic
region of Kirgizia.
1974
1973
1976
Tick, Bhanja virus, sheep,
lactoalbumin hydrolysate, bovine
serum, brain, mice, sucrose acetone
method, immune ascitic fluids,
IAF, Hyalomma plumbeum, H.
marginatum, Haemaphysalis
punctata, Boophilus decolortus,
Dermacentor marginatus.
Tick, mosquitoes, arbovirus, foci,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
bats, birds, Netopyra carlica,
Hyalomma plumbeum, Aedes
caspius, Culex hotensis, Argas
vespertilionis.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
foci, Kirgizia, ticks, birds, jirds,
rodents, reptiles, sheep, goats,
cattle,
Rhipicephalus turanicus,
Hyalomma marginatum, H.
asiaticum, H. anatolicum,
Haemaphysalis punctata, H.
sulcata, Boophilus annulatus,
Ornithodoros lahoresnsis, O.
tholozani, Argas persicus.
Bhanja virus was first isolated in
Hyalomma plumbeum ticks
collected in 1972 in the
southwestern physical-geographical
region of Kargizia. In this report,
we present data on isolation and
identification of the strain.
Virological studies for arboviruses
have been carried out in Karghizia
since 1970. During the 3 years 25
strains were isolated, 15 strains
came from ticks, 5 from the organs
of bats, 3 from birds, 1 from
mosquitoes and 1 from the blood of
a patient. Eight isolates recovered
from ticks were identified as
Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus. A
focus of the infection was
established in the Southwestern
zone of Oshsk region.
We examined virologically 12,045
ticks, 376 birds, 147 red-tailed
Libyan jirds, 50 murine rodents,
and 36 reptiles. CHF virus was
isolated only from ticks from sheep,
goats, and cattle.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus,
2 :124-126,
NMRU No. 3,
Translation 780
from Russian.
Sborn, Trud.
Ekol. Virus., 1 :
69-74, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 746
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 9.
Vses. Konf.
Prirod, Ochag.
Bolez. Chelov.
Zhivot. (Omsk,
May 1976) p.
128., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1175
from Russian.

Karaseva P. S., S. P.
Chunikhin, and I. A.
Reshetnikov.
Karaseva, P. S., B. F.
Semenov, L. K.
Kuranova, V. M.
Minaeva, and Y. M.
Tsirkin.
Karaseva, P. S., I. A.
Reshetnikov, and B.
F. Semenov.
Elaboration of
investigation methods
of immune stratum in
arboviruses new for
USSR transmitted
through ticks (Viruses
Uukuniemi and
Bkhandzha).
Study of the properties
of tickborne
encephalitis virus
strains isolated in
different geographical
regions.
Principle of
constructing and
controlling inactivated
preparations for
diagnosing 45
arbovirus infections by
the direct and indirect
hemagglutination tests.
1971
1968
1975
Tick, chicken embryo fibroblasts,
CEF, Uukuniemi, Bkhandzha virus.
Tick, encephalitis,
hemagglutination.
indirect hemagglutination, IHA,
Quaranfil, Uukuniemi, California,
Bunyamwera, Congo, Kemerovo,
DHA, cells.
This research work presents data on
the study of culture and
hemagglutinating properties of
Uukuniemi and Bkhandzha virus.
We have studied the results of
hemagglutinating properties,
capacity to multiply in different
tissue cultures, cytopathic activity,
and immunogenecity of 13 strains
isolated in the Far East, Siberia,
Urals, northeastern USSR, and
Czechoslovakia.
To study hemagglutinating
antigens, 45 arboviruses of different
antigenic groups were investigated:
12 (group A), 12 (group B), 2
(group Quaranfil), 2 (group
Uukuniemi), 1 representative from
each group of California,
Bunyamwera, Congo, Kemerovo,
and 7 ungrouped viruses. We used
viruses cultured in newborn mouse
brains or tissue culture. Good
correlation of results was obtained
by the DHA and IHA tests with sera
from patients who recovered from
inapparent infections with Tahyna
and Uukuniemi viruses.
Tezisy, Dokl.
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
Virus. imeni
Ivanovsky, D. I.,
Akad Med. Nauk
SSSR (October
19-21), pt. 2 : 95-
96, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
495 from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, 12, Pp.
105-112,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 373
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 425-426.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1199
from Russian.

Karavavev, V. S.
Karimov, S. K., D. K.
L'Vov, S. G.
Rogovaya, T. V.
Kiryushchenko, T. D.
Ukbaeva, N. I.
Drobishchenko, N. G.
Kondrashina, T. M.
Skvortsova, V. L.
Gromashevsky, and
N. I. Krasnoborodkina.
Karimov, S. K., D. K.
L'Vov, T. V.
Kiryushchenko, N. I.
Drobishchenko, S. C.
Rogovaya, T. D.
Ukbaeva, T. M.
Skvortsova, and N. I.
Krasnoborodkina.
Participation of rooks
Corvus frugilegus L.
in circulation of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
virus in its natural
focus.
Isolation of Karshi
virus from Hyalomma
asiaticum ticks in
Alma-Ata Oblast,
Kazakh SSR.
Arboviruses in
Kazakhstan (from data
of 1972-1976).
1974
1978
1978
Ticks, Corvus frugilegus,
hemorrhagic fever, rooks, foci.
Ticks, Karshi virus, foci, rice
crops, Hyalomma asiaticum.
Ticks, TBE, CHF, Kazakhstan,
bats, Nyctalus noctula,
Dermacentor marginatus, Ixodes
persulcatus, Anopheles hyrcanus,
Culex modestus, Pica pica, Corvus
monedula, Rhombomys opimus, D.
daghestanicus.
The Barabinsk lowland foreststeppe
zone, where natural Omsk
hemorrhagic fever foci were
recorded, is an area of mass
migratory bird concentration. The
rook is one of the predominant
colonial bird species in this area. Its
ecological properties are
characterized by associations within
and between colonies and also by
close contact with other members of
the biocenosis. The southeastern
bank of Lake Malye Chany was
investigated in March-October
1971-73 for participation of rooks
in OHF virus circulation. The
material was collected with
consideration of ontogenesis (from
embryo to adulthood).
Exploitation of Kazakhstan,
especially the intense use of lower
Ili River areas for rice crops, made
it necessary to determine natural
foci of arbovirus infections in this
territory. In this report we give
results of isolating Karshi virus new
for Kazakhstan and first described
by L'vov, et al.
TBE and CHF cases are recorded
annually in certain endemic regions
of Kazakhstan. To study the
ecology of the agents of these
infections and to determine the
possible existence of previously
unknown arboviruses in the
Republic, we investigated in 1972-
76 several Oblasts of Kazakh SSR.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki,
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974)
pp. 21-21,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1440
from Russian.
Med. Parszitol.,
Moskva 47(3):
50-51, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1382
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. Imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk SSSR
3:31-34,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1364
from Russian.

Karimov, S. K., N. I.
Drobishchenko, and
T. V. Kiryushchenko.
Karinov, S. K., T. V.
Kiryushchenko, G. K.
Usebaeva, and S. G.
Rogovaya.
Karinskaya, G. A., M.
E. Badalov, A. M.
Butenko, S. G. Rubin,
and M. P. Chumakov.
Isolation of Tamdy
virus from Hyalomma
asiaticum asiaticum,
ticks in Kazakh SSR.
Contribution to the
study of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever in
southern regions of
Kazakhstan.
Investigation of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever patients in
Rostov Oblast by the
complement fixation
test in the year of the
disease.
1982
1975
1969
Tick, Hyalomma asiaticum,Tamdy
arbovirus Kazakhstan.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata, Kzyl-Orda,
Dzhambul Oblast, Hyalomma
asiaticum, sheep, goats, cattle,
horses, AGDP, CF, Telekel', Syr-
Dar'ya, Yany-Kurgan,
Karmakchinsky, Teren-Uzyaksky,
Kazalin, Kzyl-Orda, Balkhash,
Iliysky, Talgar.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
antigens, complement fixation, CF,
agar gel diffusion and precipitation,
AGDP, antibodies.
In this study, we give data on
isolating Tamdy arbovirus which is
new for Kazakhstan.
Serological investigation data
allowed us to assume intense CHF
virus ciruclation in 1974 and the
presence of potential CHF foci in
Kazalin, Balkhash, and Dzhambul
regions. The distribution zone of
main tick vectors of the genus
Hyalomma penetrates far beyond
these Oblasts where cases have
been observed. The CHF
distribution area apparently also
expands beyond these regions and
investigations to detect active
potential CHF foci will be also
continued in other Oblasts of
Kazakh SSR.
Investigation to check possible
application of CHF virus antigens
in the practical laboratory found CF
and AGDP antibodies to CHF virus
had stable properties and high
specificity; antibodies found in
practically all patients investigated
by the CF test.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Inst. Virus.
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauck
SSSR, pp. 151-
154, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1666
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow.
October 1975),
pp. 297-299,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 986
from Russian.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 1969),
(2):134-135,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 844
from Russian.

Karinskaya, G. A., M.
E. Badalov, and S. V.
Primakov.
Karinskaya, G. A., M.
E. Badalov, S. G.
Rubin, A. M.
Butenko, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Karinskaya, G. A., M.
P. Chumakov, A. M.
Butenko, M. E.
Badalov, and S. G.
Rubin.
Detection of new
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever foci (CHF) in
Rostov and Luga
Oblast.
Investigation of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever patient blood
sera from Rostov
Oblast by agar gel
diffusion and
precipitation in the
year of the disease.
Certain data on
serological
investigation of
patients recovered
from CHF in Rostov
Oblast.
1970
1969
1970
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, foci, serological
investigation methods.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
antigens, complement fixation, CF,
agar gel diffusion and precipitation,
AGDP, antibodies.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, DPRA antibodies.
Investigations of these patients'
blood sera revealed CF and
precipitating antibodies as well as
neutralizing antibodies to CHF
virus in patient K. It may be
assumed that CHF in these patients
is accompanied by other diseases.
CHF clinical diagnosis was
confirmed by the AGDP in 64
(81%) of 79 patients investigated.
Results of investigating sera from
convalescents infected with
different CHF forms showed that
preservation of CF antibodies was
in relation to infection from; 1-5
years following infection,
antibodies were found more
frequently in convalescents who
recovered from a severe form of
CHF that in persons who recovered
from average and mild forms (in
76.8%, 47.5%, and 18.2% of cases,
respectfully).
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Knof. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 108-
110, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 540
from Russian.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 1969),
(2):135-136,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 845
from Russian.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Konf. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 45-60,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 528
from Russian.

Karmysheva, V. Ya,
V. M. Bopisov, T. I.
Zavodova, E. A.
Tkachenko, A. M.
Butenko, S. E.
Smipnova, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Karmysheva, V. Ya.,
A. M. Butenko, V. N.
Bashkirtsev, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Investigation of
interaction between
rodent-pathogenic
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus strains and
cell cultures.
Indication of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus in smear
impressions from the
brain and certain other
organs of animals by
the fluorescent
antibody technique.
1971
1968
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
West Nile, WN, tickborne
encephalitis, Chikungunya,
measles virus, TBE, fluorescent
antibody technique, FAT, pig
embryo kidney, PEK, human
embryo diploid, HED, green
monkey kidney cell, GMKC,
chicken embryo, CE, Rostov
Oblast, Astrakhan Oblast, Central
Asia, Bulgaria, newborn white
mice, NWM, newborn white rats,
NWR, hamster kidney cells, HKC,
normal bovine serum, NBS,
Drozdov, Sudarkina, Khodzha.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
antigen, brain cell cytoplasm, FAT,
newborn white mice, NWM,
newborn albino rats, NAR.
Strains of CHF virus pathogenic for
newborn white mice and rats
multiplied in cultures of hamster,
green monkey and pig embryo
kidney cells. In cells of the infected
cultures, cytoplasmic localization of
the viral antigen with formation of
virus-like particles and increased
reaction for RNA were observed. In
infected cultures of hamster and
green money kidney cells, definite
cytoplasmic inclusions containing
RNA and virus antigen are formed.
The results of cross experiments
confirm previously published
reports on the possibility of using
FA technique for detection and
differentiation of CHF virus and on
the antigenic relationship of strains
recovered in different foci of this
infection.
It may be seen from our
investigations that CHF virus
antigen accumulated chiefly in the
brain cell cytoplasm. The FAT
allowed us to detect successfully
the antigen in brain smear
impressions of infected newborn
with mice and rats. Owing to its
simplicity and high specificity, the
FAT may be recommended to
indicate the CHF virus.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:48-55,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 932
from Russian.
Mater. 15.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October, 1968),
(2) :94-96,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 827
from Russian.

Karmysheva, V. Ya.,
A. M. Butenko, V. Ya.
Bashkirtsev, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Karmysheva, V. Ya.,
E. V. Leschinskaya,
A. P. Savinov, A. F.
Gasarov, and E. A.
Mochalova.
Karmysheva, V. Ya.,
E. V. Leshchinskaya.
A. M. Butenko, A. P.
Savinov, and A. F.
Gusarev.
Application of the
fluorescent antibody
technique to indicate
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus in smearimpressions,
brain
sections, and certain
other organs of
animals.
Results from clinicalmorphological
and
immunofluorescence
investigations of fatal
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever cases.
Results of laboratory
and clinical
morphological
investigations of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever.
1971
1969
1973
Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus,
CHF, fluorescent antibody
techinque, FAT, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF, newborn
white mice, NWM, newborn white
rats, NWR, Astrakhan Oblast,
Rostov Oblast, Bulgaria.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
necrotic, Kupffer's, hypoxia,
jaundice, liver, kidneys.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, gastric, intestinal,
metrorrhagia, epistaxis, mucous
membranes.
In this report, we present results of
FAT application to detect different
CHF virus strain antigens in smearimpressions
and infected animal
organ specimens. Experiments in
newborn white mice and rats
showed the specific antigen of CHF
virus to accumulate mainly in the
cytoplasm of the brain cells. The
fluorescent antibody technique
successfully detects the antigen in
impression smears and sections of
the brains of these animals and may
be recommended for detection of
CHF virus.
Study of CHF pathogenesis:
comparison of clinicalmorphological
materials with the
data on main localization of the
specific antigen in organs and
tissues of corpses. Results showed
hemodynamic disorders with
numerous hemmorrhages in all
organs, especially in the liver and
kidneys, frequently with small
necrotic foci.
In this work, analysis of 11 CHF
fatal cases is presented. All patients
(27-60 years old) had typical
disease form with high fever,
distinct intoxication, and
hemorrhagic syndrome in the form
of profuse hemorrhages, (gastric,
intestinal, metrorrhagia, epistaxis,
from gum mucous membranes,
tongue, and conjectiva). Some
patients died 3-11 days after onset
of disease.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:56-60,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 960
from Russian.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 1969),
(2):139-141,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 847
from Russian.
Arkh. Patol., 2
(9) :17-22,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 763
from Russian.

Karmysheva, V. Ya.,
I. N. Vskaya, and M.
P. Chumakov.
Karmysheva, V. Ya.,
L. G. Karpovich, L. N.
Sofronova, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Karmysheva, V. Ya.,
L. G. Karpovich, N.
M. Shestopalova, W.
M. Reingol'd, and T. I.
Tikhomirova.
Study interaction
between Omsk
hemorrhagic fever and
tissue culture cells.
Fluorescent antibody
technique for study of
virus antigen
accumulation
dynamics in tissue cell
cultures infected with
Kemerovo virus.
Morphological
investigations of
plaques caused by
certain viruses in
tissue cultures.
1965
1964
1964
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
tissue culture cells, mice, tickborne
encephalitis, filtrable virus.
Kemerovo, KEM, fluorescent
antibody technique, FAT, human
embryo, RSSE.
Agar, paranecrosis, Kemerovo
virus, chicken embryo cell culture,
CECC, green monkey kidney
culture, GMKC, cytopathlogy.
In 1946-47, a new, previously
unrecorded disease, afterward
named Omsk hemorrhagic fever
(OHF), appeared in Omsk Oblast.
Its agent, a filtrable virus, was first
isolated and described in 1947 by
Chumakov et al. From several
properties, this agent was referred
to the tickborne encephalitis group
viruses. Most studies devoted to
this virus were done by biological
titration methods using mice.
Different works were devoted to the
question of interaction between the
virus and tissue cultures.
Investigation of chick embryo
tissue and diploid human embryo
cell culture preparations observed
for 6 hrs., 9-12 hrs., 18-24 hrs at 30,
44, and 96-hour intervals.
Destruction of the monolayer at the
end of 2nd day causes virus release
and accumulation in the maximum
titers in the medium.
It was established that cells (in
plaque areas) in which the virus
actively reproduces do not lose the
ability to form granules in the
cytoplasm until they are destroyed.
Kemerovo virus and monkey virus
40 cause cell death in plaque areas.
Plaque microscopy permits tracing
of function state of cells during the
developmental process of a viral
infection and is also suitable for
studying the characteristic
cytological and cytochemial
changes during this process.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Naud SSSR,
7:387-395,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1443
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), pp.240-
242, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 882
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), pp.244-
247, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 884
from Russian.

Karmysheva, V. Ya.,
M. P. Chumakov, A.
P. Belyaeva, A. M.
Butenko, and L. I.
Mart'yanova.
Karmysheva, V. Ya.,
N. M. Shestopalova,
T. I. Tikhomirova, L.
G. Karpovich, and M.
P. Chumakov.
Study of interreaction
between Astrakhan
virus isolated from
Hyalomma plumbeum
ticks and tissue cell
cultures.
Cytological and
cytochemical
investigations of tissue
cultures infected with
Kemerovo virus.
1964
1964
Astrakhan virus, Hyalomma
plumbeum, ticks, Hyalomma
marginatum, FAT, TBE, Astrakhan
Oblast.
Kemerovo virus, Ixodes
persulcatus, ticks, cytopathlogy.
We used 2 virus strains (91 and 94)
isolated from Hyalomma
marginatum ticks in Astrakhan
Oblast. This peculiar arbovirus is an
earlier unknown representative of
the tickborne encephalitis antigenic
complex subgroup. Both Astrakhan
virus strains (91 and 94) caused
similar cytological, cytochemical,
and immunomorphological changes
in passaged culture cells. However,
cytopathic disorders developed
somewhat more rapidly following
infection with strain 91.
Investigations of infected chicken
embryo cell culture showed
Kemerovo virus causes cytopathic
changes increasing with time.at the
end of the 2nd day, less than 20%
of the infected culture cells
remained structurally normal; other
cells were degenerated. Distinct
cytological changes, intense
cytoplasmic vacuolization, and
rounding condensation of cell
contents causing destruction of the
monolayer were observed in both
studied cultures infected with
Kemerovo virus. RNA-containing
inclusions formed in the cell
cytoplasm. Chromatin structure and
dispersion were destroyed in nuclei.
Intense shifts occurred in the
exchange of carbohydrate and fat.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Pilio. virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), pp. 10-
12., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1202
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), pp.242-
244, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 883
from Russian.

Karmysheva, V. Ya.,
T. I. Zavodova, A. M.
Butenko, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Karmysheva, V. Ya.,
V. M. Borisov, E. A.
Tkachenko, A. M.
Butenko, M. P.
Chumakov.
Comparative lightoptic
and
luminescence analyses
of primary green
monkey kidney cell
culture infected with
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus.
Characteristics of
certain cell cultures
infected with rodentpathogenic
Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
(CHF) virus strain.
1969
1968
luminescence, green monkey
kidney cell, GMKC, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
newborn white mice, NWM,
newborn white rats, NWR, hamster
kidney cell, HKC, fluorescent
antibody technique, FAT.
Light-optic investigation of stained
CHF culture preparations showed
small cell foci with pycnotic nuclei
and cytoplasm scattered through the
monolayer 18, 24, and 48 hrs
following infection and were not
detected 72 hrs following infection;
maximum virus content in culture
fluid was observed on days 2-3.
Reinoculated pig embryo cell
cultures were infected with 10%
brain suspension from NWM and
NWR inoculated with CHF virus
strain Drozdov. The virus
reproduced in all investigated
cultures on day 1-4 following
infection. Several cultures were
stained for comparison, including
electron-microscopic investigations.
Results showed cytoplasmatic virus
antigen accumulations in some cells
of infected cultures, intesified
reaction to RNA and general
protein, increased nucleoli,
increased chromatin masses, and
sometimes caryopyknosis. Infected
hamster kidney cell cultures had
formation of distinct cytoplasmic
inclusions containing RNA and
virus antigen, apparently depends
on the properties of these cells and
the virus strain studied. The results
show that infection with CHF virus
may occur by direct contact of cells,
the evidence for this is formation of
fluorescent cell foci, as well as by
culture fluid. Parallel FAT and
electron-microscopy showed
fluorescent cell cytoplasm contains
single virus-like particles with an
outer membrane and a dense inner
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 1969),
(2):137-139,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 846
from Russian.
Mater. 15.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 1968),
(3):92-94,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 867
from Russian.

Karpovich, L. G.
Karpovich, L. G., D.
A.
Shermukhamedova, T.
D. Ukbaeva, and E. N.
Levkovich.
Application of the
plaque method for
isolation and
investigation of
Kemerovo virus
strains.
Effect of
immunosuppressorcyclophosphane
on
synthesis dynamics of
immune macro- and
micro-globulins in
animals infected with
tickborne encephalitis
virus complex variants
having different
neurovirulence.
1964
1975
Kemerovo, Japanese
encephalitides, western equine
encephalomyelitis, Ixodes
persulcatus, tick, agar layer, plaque
method, pig embryo kidney,
Macaca rhesus monkey kidney,
chicken embryo cell culture, guinea
pig sera.
RSSE, tickborne encephalitis,
neurovirulence,
immunosuppressor,
cyclophosphane, CPh, Langat, Pan,
hamsters, IgM, IgG.
center. This confirms the fact that
specific fluorescence is associated
with the virus reproduction process
and that virus-like particles may be
etiologically related to CHF virus.
This investigation is being carried
out.
Investigations of Kemerovo virus
ability to form plaque-negative
colonies in chicken embryo cells
under Dulbecco's agar layer showed
the virus from distinct plaques with
even margins 48-72 hrs. following
infection of cells. No essential
differences were observed in the
character of plaque formation of all
virus strains. However,
heterologous sera (to tickborne and
Japanese encephalitides, western
equine encephalomyelitis) and
normal sera did not affect the
plaque forming activity of
Kemerovo virus.
Development of severe fatal
infection in animals caused by the
effect of immunosuppressor was
accompanied by suppression of the
synthesis of IgM and IgG type
immunoglobins. In animals with
latent and chronic infection types,
we observed suppression or a high
decrease of synthesis of IgM
antibodies as well as lower titers
and delayed development of IgG
antibodies as compared to control
group animals.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), pp.252-
254, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 888
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 63-64,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1023
from Russian.

Karpovich, V. N.
Karpovich, V. N.
Karpovich, V. N. and
N. I. Pilipas.
The life cycle of
Ceratixodes putus
(Pick.-Camb.) in
Murmansk conditions.
Properties of
Ceratixodes putus
Pick.-Camb.
parasitism on birds.
Migrations of
Murmansk kittiwakes
and their possible
participation in
transportation of
arboviruses.
1973
1970
1972
Tick, Ceratixodes putus, life cycle,
mortality rates, sea bird colonies.
Tick, Ceratixodes putus, birds, Uria
aalge, U. lomvia, Alca torda,
Cephus grylle, Fratercula arctica,
Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Rissa
tridactyla, Larus argentatus,
Motacilla alba, L. marinus.
Tick, Murmansk kittiwakes,
migration, Ceratixodes putus, Rissa
tridactyla, tickborne encephalitis,
TBE, natural foci.
The life cycle of Ceratixodes putus
Pick.-Camb. was experimentally
studied in 1976-1978 in the sea bird
colonies on Seven Island
Archipelago. It was established that
the life cycle of this species can
fluctuate between 4 and 7 years.
This article contains data on
developmental duration at different
temperatures and mortality rates
during winter and feeding periods.
In 1967-1968, on Kharlov and
Kushin Islands (eastern Murmank
RFSR) a total of 425 birds
belonging to 8 species was
examined for infestation by
Ceratixodes putus Pick.-Camb.
ticks. Features of tick infestation
were determined on different body
areas of birds as well as periods of
attack and of metamorphosis of all
tick stages in nature, The relations
between tick and annual
temperature condition and the
microclimate of habitats was also
investigated.
Rissa tridactyla is a minor host of
Ceratixodes putus Pick-Chambr
ticks on Murman, participate in
maintenance of natural arbovirus
foci there and apparently can
transport the ticks to other
geographical area. To study the
routes of migration of R. tridactyla,
approximately 45,000 birds were
ringed. Two main areas of
wintering of Murmansk R.
tridactyla were discovered.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 7
(2):128-134,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 616
from Russian.
Paraxitologiya,
Leningrad, 4
(4) :345-351,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 472
from Russian.
Mater. Simp.
Itogi 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
December 1971),
pp. 81-84,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 681
from Russian.

Kartashev, M. V.
Kassirsky, I. A. and
G. A. Alekeseev.
Kasymov, K. T., A. N.
Pavlovich, and O. A.
Daniyarov.
Studies on the
infection rate of
Dermacentor with
Piroplasma caballi
under different
agricultural conditions
in the central region of
the USSR.
1957
Hemorrhagic fevers. 1962
Results from
investigating human
and animal sera in
Tadzhikistan with
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus antigen by
CF and AGDP tests.
1971
Tick, Dermacentor pictus, D.
marginatus, agricultural zones,
horses.
Hemorrhagic fever, acute febrile
disease, Siberia, Urals,
nephrosonephritis, Hyalomma
marginatum, Dermacentor pictus.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
complement fixing, CF, AGDP,
Tadzhikistan, Rostov, Kash, Regar,
Ordzhonikidzebad, Dangara,
Feizeabad, Kuibyshev, Regar,
Dushanbe, newborn white mice,
goats, sheep, donkey, birds, cattle,
NWM.
Our work is to study the infection
rate of Dermacentor pictus and D.
marginatus with P. caballi in
different agricultural zones of the
central region of the USSR is the
first large experiment of the
practical use of this method.
The group of hemorrhagic vasculitis
of viral etiology includes
hemorrhagic fevers; acute febrile
diseases occurring in certain regions
of the Soviet Union, chiefly in the
Far Eastern, Siberia, Central Asia,
Urals, the Volga basin, steppe areas
of Ukraine and Crimea, and also
northern China, Japan, Finland,
Scandinavia, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria.
The best known forms are Far East
with renal syndrome, (the so-called
hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis of
the Far East) Omsk and Crimean
hemorrhagic fevers.
During 1968-69 serological
examinations for CHF were carried
out with sera from 3696 persons,
domestic and wild animals and
birds. Examination of 2355 normal
human sera revealed only
complement-fixing antibody in 25
specimens. In studies of blood sera
of agricultural animals in CF (698)
and AGDP (384) tests positive
reslts were obtained with 3 and 14
specimens, respectively.
Completely negative tests for
antibody to CHF virus with blood
sera from wild animals and birds.
Trudy Vses. Inst.
Eksp. Vet.,
27:210-220,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1635
from Russian.
Gos. Izd.
Meditsin. Lit.,
Moskva 3, pp.
707-709,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1291
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:80-85,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 928
from Russian.

Kasymov, K. T., O. A.
Daniyrov, T. P. Pak,
A. N. Pavlovich, S. E.
Smirnova, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Katelina, A. F. and T.
V. Panina.
Katin, A. A. and V.
Ya. Lova.
Isolation and study of
Crimean hemorrhagic
virus from Hyalomma
ticks in Tadzhikistan.
Flea fauna of the
common red-backed
vole (Clethrionomys
glareolus Schreb.)
within a focus of
hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome
(HFRS).
Comparative study of
viremia peculiarities in
murine rodents and
birds infected with
different arboviruses.
1971
1966
1978
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
Hyalomma, spontaneous infection,
cattle, newborn white mice, NWM.
Flea fauna, red-backed voles,
Clethrionomys glareolus, HFRS,
foci, Tula.
Tick, Dermacentor pictus, Ixodes
persulcatus, tick-borne
encephalitis, West Nile, Sindbis,
white mice, house sparrows, rockdoves,
sand martins, chickens, cell
culture, TBE.
This preliminary report on CHF
virus isolation from ticks, possible
vectors of this infection in
Tadzhikistan, is part of the
mentioned coordinated
investigations on hemorrhagic fever
carried out in Tadzhikistan together
with the Institute of Poliomyelitis
and Viral Encephalitides under the
general supervision of M. P.
Chumakov.
The data for the present article were
5 years of observations and
collections of fleas from the
Common Red-backed vole in one of
the most active HFRS foci--
Shcheglovskaya Zaseka - in suburbs
of Tula. During the period between
1961 and 1965, 5,888 common Redbacked
voles were examined and
2,402 fleas belonging to 9 species
were removed from them.
Three arboviruses, tick-borne
encephalitis, West Nile, and
Sindbis, were used in the study.
Random-bred white mice of
different ages and birds (house
sparrows, rock-doves, sand martins,
chickens, etc.) were inoculated. The
results showed al the inoculated
birds to respond to subcutaneous
West Nile and Sindbis virus
inoculations with marked viremia,
whereas adult white mice
inoculated with these viruses
developed viremia regularly.
Irrespective of the age of white
mice and species appurtenance of
the birds, tick-borne encephalitis
virus was regularly found in the
blood of all the inculcated animals.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Vir815us. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19 :38-40,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 815
from Russian.
Pp. 73-74 in
Problems of
Natural Focal
Infection and
Medical
Geography, Tula
(Demianov, A.
G., et al., eds.),
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 224
from Russian.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Ptits. Rol"v
Rasp. Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July-Aug 1976),
pp. 235-236,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1472
from Russian.

Katin, A. A. and V.
Ya. Pustovalova.
Kaufman, H. P., Z.
Makus, and T. H.
Khoe.
Kerbabayev, E. B.
Study of quantitative
dynamics of viremia
indices in birds
experimentally
infected with
tickborne encephalitis
virus.
Thin layer
chromatography of
fatty substances.
Haemaphysalis
warburtoni as a new
form of tick in
Turkmenia.
1971
1962
1962
Tick, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
birds, viremia indices, antibodies.
fats, chromatography,
hydrogenation, bromination,
gycerides, oxidation, lauric,
linolenic, myristic, acid, stearic.
Tick, horse, leopard,
Haemaphysalis warburtoni.
Our investigation showed that,
despite large agent doses
inoculated, these birds developed a
short-term (1-3 days) viremia with
low titer after inoculation of TBE
virus.
Results of separating fatty acids
using hydrogenation, and
bromination methods.
During the spring of 1958, we
collected Haemaphysalis
warburtoni ticks in the upper
mountain belt of Kepet-Dag. One
female was collected from a
leopard, two males in the environs
of Mergen-Olen village, and one
male and one nymph were collected
from a horse. On comparing these
ticks with specimens of the same
species in the collection of the
Zoological Institute of the Academy
of Sciences of the USSR, and with
this species as described in
literature, we noted a qualitative
variation of some criteria in these
ticks.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 21-22,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 726
from Russian.
Fette, Seinfen,
Anstrichmittel, 64
(1):1-5. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 353
from German.
Akad. Nauk.
Turkm. SSR, s.
Biol. Nauk (1):
77-80, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 145
from Russian.

Kesarev, I. P. and Z.
G. Prodan.
Kharitonova, N. N.
Experiments of
parenteral infection of
argasid ticks
Ornithodoros
papillipes by
Rickettsia prowazeki.
Results of serological
investigation of blood
of wild and domestic
animals in the Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
focus of northern
Kulunda.
1963
1969
Tick, argasid tick, Ornithodoros
papillipes, Rickettsia prowazeki.
Tick, Omsk hemorrhagic fever,
OHF, wild and domestic animals,
Licrotus ceconomus,
Clethrionomys rutilis, Arvicloa
terrestris.
The possibility of reproduction of
Rickettsia prowazeki in the body of
argasid ticks Ornithodoros
papillipes after parenteral infection
was demonstrated. Within the body
of parenterally infected ticks,
maintained at 31°C generalized
rickettsiosis occurs. Probably
dissemination of rickettsia occurs
owing to circulation of hemolymph
and phagocytosis of hemocytes.
The physiologic state of the tick
effects the intensity of development
of rickettsial infection. More
intensive reproduction of rickettsia
occurs in the body of fed ticks.
Hemagglutination- inhibition test
was performed to detect specific
antibodies against Omsk
hemorrhagic fever virus. About
1904 blood samples from small
mammals and domestic animals
were collected in the natural focus
of Novosibirsk region. Antibodies
were detected in the blood of sheep,
cattle and a few species of
micromammals. The titier of
antibodies ranged from 1:20 to
1:320.
Prob. Parasit.,
Kiev (2) 61-63,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 178
from Russian.
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Biol. Inst.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Entsef., Minist.
Zdravookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk.
Inst. Prirod.-
Ochag. Infekts.:
Novosibirsk, pp.
317-321,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 355
from Russian.

Kharitonova, N. N.
and T. M. Khadzhieva
Kharitonova, N. N.
and Yu. A. Leonov.
Kharitonova, N. N.,
Yu. A. Leonov, Yu. I.
Dokuchaeva, L. A.
Barbash, L. L Sepko,
and A. I. Mikhant've.
Isolation of
arboviruses from
rodents and
insectivores in the
Karasuk region,
Novosibirsk Oblast.
On the role of the redcheckered
suslik in the
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever (OHF) focus in
northern Kulunda.
Ecology of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
virus.
1966
1969
1978
Tick, muskrat, water voles, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
Dermacentor pictus.
Tick, Omsk hemorrhagic fever,
OHF, red-cheeked suslik, gophers,
Citellus erythrogenus, Arvicloa
terrestris.
Gamasid mites, fleas, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever virus, OHF,
small animals, foci.
These facts support the conclusion
of presence of the OHF natural
focus in Karasuk region. Thus,
possible occurrence of viral
etiology of epizootics is not
excluded inasmuch as a wide
distribution of OHF viruses was
recorded in different animals which
may also be infection sources of the
population in this region, and in
particular in persons occupied in
muskrat and water vole breeding.
Blood from 112 gophers was
examined by hemagglutinationinhibition
against Omsk
hemorrhagic fever virus in July
1966. Specific antibodies are found
in the blood of 26.8% of animals.
Only young animals has antibodies.
The present paper reports about the
susceptibility of gophers to Omsk
hemorrhagic fever virus under
experimental conditions.
These investigation aimed at
studying the ecology of OHF virus,
which was discovered by M. P.
Chumakov and collaborators about
30 years ago.
Biol. Inst., Akad.
Nauk SSSR,
Sibirsk. Otd.;
Novosibirsk, pp.
141-142,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 553
from Russian.
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Biol. Inst.,
Med. Nauk
SSSR, Inst.
Polio. Virus,
Entsef., Minist,
Zdravookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk,
Inst Prirod.-
Ochag. In ekts.;
Novosibirst, pp.
349-351,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 354
from Russian.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi. Pereletn.
Ptits Rol'v Rasp.
Arbovirus.
(Novoskbirsk,
July- Aug 1976),
pp. 214-217,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1467
from Russian.

Kheisin, E. M. and L.
E. Lavrenenko.
Khizhinsky, P. G.
Khod'ko, L. P. and N.
P. Mishaeva.
Duration of bloodsucking
and dirunal
rhythm of nutrition
and dropping of
females of Ixodes
ricinus.
Consumption of
reserve nutritive
substances during the
lifespan of unfed
female Ixodes
persulcatus.
Experimental study of
infection in arthropods
in relation to feeding
on vertebrates with
different viremic
levels.
1956
1968
1974
Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes persulcatus,
hedgehogs, cows, cattle, ticks.
Tick, Soviet Union, Ixodes
persulcatus.
Viremia, guinea pigs, golden
hamsters, white mice, TBE, Reed
and Muench method, Dermacentor
reticulatus, D. andersoni,
Hyalomma asiaticum, H.
dromedarii, Ixodes ricinus.
Nutrition of females of the cattle
tick on different hosts was observed
by many authors and most of them
indicate that the period of bloodsucking
is from 7 to 8 days, but it
may be lengthened from 10 to 14 or
even to 20 or 25 days. In the cold
period of the year, the duration of
blood-sucking is longer than in the
warm period.
Changes in the reserves of
nutritional substances were
determined in female Ixodes
persulcatus from the moment of
nymphal metamorphosis to imago
until natural death in different
habitats.
This report is devoted to
development of mass infection
methods for all ixodid tick stages
by feeding on different laboratory
animal species infected by different
methods. Therefore, duration and
degree of viremia was studied in
guinea pigs, golden hamsters, and
white mice infected with different
tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus
doses by different methods. The
infection degree and survival
duration of the agent were
investigated in bloodsucking
arthropods (Dermacentor reticulatus
(=pictus), D. andersoni, Hyalomma
asiaticum, H. dromedarii, after
feeding on laboratory animals. We
used the TBE strain 265 isolated in
1973 from Ixodes ricinus ticks in
Belorussia (the strain was passaged
9 times intracerebrally in white
mice). Laboratory animals were
inoculated with large virus doses
Zool. Zh., 35(3):
379-383.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 24
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.
Moskva 37(3):
291-297,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 421
from Russian.
Mater. Resp.
Simp., Minsk,
September, pp.
38-41, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1305
from Russian.

Khodkov, G. I. and V.
S. Karavaev.
Khodukin, N. I.
Ecological features of
black-headed gull
(Larus ridibundus L.)
in connection with its
participation in
maintaining natural
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever focus in southern
Baraba lowland.
Problems of regional
pathology. Issue II.
Hemorrhagic fever in
Uzbekistan.
1978
1952
black-headed gull, Larus
ridibundus,Omsk hemorrhagic
fever, OHF, forest-steppe.
Tick, hemorrhagic fever,
leukopenia, leukocytosis.
(dilution 10-2 and virus titer 8.5 log
LD50 50/0.03 ml). The virus was
titrated using white mice (weighing
6-7 g) and titers were determined by
Reed and Muench method (in log
LD50/0.03 ml).
Serological examinations of 137
specimens in 1971-1974 revealed
specific antibody against OHF virus
in blood sera. The immune portion
in L ridibundus to this virus was
highest as compared with other
groups of birds. spontaneous
infection with the virus was
established. High suceptibility but
low sensitivity to the virus was
demonstrated experimentally. An
acute infection was found to be able
to transform into a chronic form
with long-term persistence of virus
in organs of birds.
One of the most important
achievements in the recent study of
problems of regional epidemiology
and pathology is represented by
advances in the theory of
hemorrhagic fevers occurring in the
USSR. These advances are due
exclusively to work by Soviet
investigators who originally
discovered this type of infection
and established that its causative
factor is a filterable virus. They also
established that the virus is
transmitted by ticks.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Ptits Rol'v Rasp.
Arbovirus.
(Novosibrisk,
July-Aug. 1976),
pp. 185-187,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1470
from Russian.
Acad. Sc., Uzbek
SSR, Tashkent,
pp. 159,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 215
from Russian.

Khozinsky, V. V. and
B. F. Semenov.
Khozinsky, V. V., B.
I. Semenov, V. V.
Vargin, and F. R.
Zelenskaya.
Khrolenko, D. E.
Kir'yakova, A. N.
Study of the protective
function of cellular
immunity in mice
experimentally
infected with
tickborne encephalitis
virus.
The role of genetically
controlled host factors
in the course of certain
Togavirus infections
in mice with
suppressed immunity.
Functional state of the
central nervous
system, during
tickborne encephalitis.
Life duration of fleas
in burrows.
1975
1975
1969
1973
RSSE, tickborne encephalitis,
spleen, mice, Langat, yellow fever,
Sindbis virus.
Togavirus, mice, dengue, Langat,
West Nile, RSSE, CPhN.
Tick, nervous system, encephalitis,
tick-borne encephalitis, CNS.
Fleas, life duration, burrows,
microclimate, Neopsylla setosa.
Virological investigations showed
that inoculation of immune
splenocytes delays virus penetration
into the brain of animals. This
effect was not associated with
development of antibodies.
The analysis of the data allowed us
to conclude that the damaging
effect during a viral infection is not
a universal phenomenon. This
effect was recorded only during
presence of certain (still
undetermined) genetically
controlled host factors. The factors
favor development of
immunopathological processes
during one viral disease are
different during diseases caused by
other or even antigenically related
viruses.
The aim of our research was to
analyze disorders in both
bidimensional space, and
discriminative sensibility (cortical
types) and adaptation to repeated
pain and tactile stimulations.
Literature data on life duration of
fleas in burrows are summarized.
We find that the World Health
Organization (WHO) Expert
Committee for Plague Control
stated groundlessly in the 4th report
that fleas can survive for years in
burrow microclimate conditions.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975), p.
84, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1034 from
Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 82-84,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1033
from Russian.
Zh. Nevropat.
Psikhiat. 69(6):
663-667,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 433
from Russian.
World Health
Organization
Expert
Committee for
Plague Control
4th report (1970,
p. 9), (1971,
p.10), NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 758
from Russian.

Kirya, B. G.
Kirya, B. G., B. F.
Semenov, A. F.
Tret'yakov, V. L.
Gromashevsky, and E.
Madzhomba.
Kiryushchenko, T. V.,
S. K. Karimov, and N.
I. Kransnoborodkina.
New data on Congo
virus in East Africa:
Isolation of Congo
virus from
Amblyomma
variegatum ticks.
Preliminary report on
investigating animal
sera from East Africa
for antibodies to
Congo virus by the
agar gel diffusion and
precipitation method.
Certain improvements
in the HA and HI tests
with arboviruses.
1972
1972
1976
Congo virus, Amblyomma
variegatum, ticks, Kenya, Uganda,
Kigesi, Ankole, Lango, Nkitva,
cows, mice.
AGDP, Congo virus, ticks, Nigeria,
Senegal, Uganda, Kenya,
hedgehogs, Mbarara, baboons.
HA, HI, arboviruses, TBE,
tickborne encephalitis, EEE, WEE,
Sindbis, Dengue 1-4, Tyuleniy,
WN, Chikungunya, Alma-Arasan,
JE, cattle, goose, Alma-Ata Oblast.
In 1970, the East African Institute
of Virology received ticks from
different regions of Uganda. Of 699
ticks, the virus was isolated from
batch AMP 10353 containing 1
female Amblyomma variegatum
collected from a cow in Ankole.
First disease symptoms or death of
mice were observed on day 10
following primary inoculation.
Adult animals proved to be
nonsusceptible by both inoculation
methods.
Investigation of 330 wild and
domestic animal sera from East
Africa, including 104 sera collected
in Mbarara, western Uganda, whre
Congo virus was recently isolated
from ticks. Another 226 sera were
collected from baboons trapped in
Kenya.
The capacity of formalinized goose
erythrocytes to be aggulutinated in
interactions with arboviruses was
studied. Formalinized goose
erythrocytes were found to be as
senstive as native erythrocytes, and
were used successfully for
diagnosis of arbovirus infections
and study of the immune structure
of the human population and
animals.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972), p.
348. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1057
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 368-369.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1073
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 21
(1): 110-111.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1237
from Russian.

Kislenko, G. S. and I.
V. Koneva.
Kislenko, G. S., S. P.
Chunikhin, S. P.
Rashitsyn, V. B.
Kurenkov, and V. K.
Izotov.
Kitaoka, S. and K.
Fujisaki.
Klimenko, S. M., D.
K. L'Vov, A. P.
Raikova, and I. N.
Kostyrko.
Infestation of birds by
ixodid ticks in
secondary forests in
lower reaches of the
Ussuri River.
Study of reproduction
of Powassan and West
Nile viruses in Aedes
aegypti mosquitoes
and their cell cultures.
On the winter-active
ticks Haemaphysalis
kitaokai Hoogstraal,
1969 and H.
megaspinosa Saito,
1969.
Reproduction of
Sumakh virus of
Uukuniemi group in
experimentally
infected mosquitoes.
1965
1982
1972
1971
Tick, ixodid tick, birds, Ixodes
persulcatus, H. concinna, H.
japonica douglasi, D. silvarum.
Mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti,West
Nile, Powassan virus, cell cultures.
Tick, cattle, winter active,
Haemaphysalis kitaokai.
Sumakh virus, SUM, titration,
electron-microscopy, Aedes
aegypti, cytoplasm, salivary glands.
Investigations were made in the
summer of 1963-1964 near
Venyukovo village (Vyazemdky
region, Khabarovsk Oblast) on the
Ussuri river bank (120 km from the
source) in the area of confluence of
the Avan River. The northern hilly
part of the observation area was
covered with secondary broad-leaf
forests and the southern part is flat
with scattered forest patches
alternating with marshy meadows
and fields. A total of 1,000 birds
was trapped here for parasitological
examination.
Powassan virus did not multiply but
persisted for about 2 weeks both in
Aedes aegypti mosquito and in their
cell culture. These systems also
proved to be susceptible to West
Nile virus.
Haemaphysalis sp. parasitizing
cattle in pastures and their
geographical distribution were
reported in the 67th meeting of the
Japanese Society of Veterinary
Science. The materials were
obtained chiefly during the spring
to autumn period when cattle were
in the pasture.
The ability of SUM virus of
Uukuniemi group for reproducing
in mosquitoes was demonstrated.
Master. 4. Vses.
Ornit. Konf.
(Alma-Ata,
September 1-7,
1965): 160-163,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 408
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 51
(3):13-15,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1720
from Russian.
Jap. J. Vet. Sci.
34 (Supp.) : 173-
174, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 635
from Japanese.
Mater. 6 Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. Omsk 6:1,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1329
from Russian.

Klisenko, G. A, S. Ya.
Gaidamovich, I. M.
Grokhovskaya, and S.
V. Shcherbakov.
Klisenko, G. A.
Detection of Bhanja
virus in
experimentally
infected ixodid ticks
by the indirect
hemagglutination test.
Differentiation of
Sumakh virus from
certain murine viruses.
1978
1971
Ticks, Bhanja virus, arbovirus,
IHA test, foci.
Tick, Sumakh (SUM) virus,
newborn white mice, NWM,
murine encephalomyelitis virus,
Turdus merula,
encephalomyocarditis, reovirus.
In accordance with requirements
determined by the WHO, study of
interrelationships between
arboviruses and bloodsucking
arthropod vectors was included as
an essential element of the
ecological characteristics of
arboviruses. Determining arbovirus
infections in bloodsucking species
by rapid methods is very important
for experimental study of
interrelationships between
arthropods and viruses and also
when working in natural foci. This
report is devoted to study Bhanja
virus in the body of ixodid ticks in
intraparenteral inoculation and to
possible use of the indirect
hemagglutination (IHA) test for
rapid detection of the virus in ticks.
Sumakh (SUM) virus was isolated
in 1968 from heart and lung
suspensions of blackbirds (Turdus
merula) shot in southeastern
Azerbaijan. Isolation and further
passages of the virus were made
using newborn white mice (NWM).
Since animals were not checked for
presence of latent virus infections
and possible contact with animals
infected by these agents in vivaria
was not excluded, we considered it
expedient to differentiate SUM
virus from ectromelia,
encephalomyocarditis, murine
encephalomyelitis (Theiler's
disease) viruses, and reovirus type 3.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva 47(4):
83-86, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1414
from Russian.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(11): 107-110,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1325
from Russian.

Klisenko, G. A. and
A. M. Baten.
Klisenko, G. A. and
N. V. Khutoretskaya.
Klisenko, G. A., and
N. K. Shanoyan.
Erythrocytic
immunoglobulin
diagnosticum to
Karimabad virus - a
representative of the
sandfly fever group.
A rapid method for
detecting arboviruses
in experimentally
infected mosquitoes.
Experimental study of
the dynamics of
accumulation of
antibodies to Bhanja
virus in white mice.
1981
1981
1975
Sandfly fever virus, Karimabad
virus, Erythrocytic
immunoglobulin diagnosticum,
indirect hemagglutination, IHA,
complement fixation test, CF,
Immune ascitic fluids, IAF,
suckling mice.
Mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti,
Tahyna virus, IHT, detecting
arboviruses.
antibodies, Bhanja virus, white
mice, IHA, IHI, CF, rams.
An erythrocytic immunoglobulin
diagnosticum for Karimabad virus
was obtained. It was highly
sensitive and specific. Antibody
sensitized red cells reacted only
with the homologous antigen. The
titer of the antigen in the IHT was
16-64 fold higher than that in the
CFT. The diagnosticum can be used
for detection of Karimabad virus
and seroepidemiological studies.
A rapid method for the detection of
Tahyna virus in experimentally
infected Aedes aegypti, mosquitoes
in 2-10 weeks after infection (the
observation period). The titer of
antigen in the suspensions prepared
from infected mosquitoes, reaches
1:320-1:6400. The test is simple,
readily reproduced, highly sensitive
[sik] and specific and can serve as a
useful tool in field trials with
arboviruses.
The results of the study show that
antibodies are demonstrable earlier
and detected longer in the IHI than
in the CF test, and their maximum
titer is 8 times higher than in the CF
test. This has been proven in
investigations with other viruses:
tickborne encephalitis and
lymphocytic choriomeningitis.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 137-
140, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translaiton 1593
from Russian.
Sborn, Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 158-
162, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1590
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, (2): 43-
46., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1142
from Russian.

Klisenko, G. A., N. K.
Shanoyan, and V. R.
Obukhova.
Klisenko, G. A., S.
Ya. Gaidamovich, V.
R. Obukhova, V. I.
Agafonov, and V. P.
Nikolaev.
Klisenko, G. S., S. P.
Chunikhin, and V. B.
Kurenkov.
Use of different
substrates for
detecting specific
virus antigen by the
indirect
hemagglutination
(IHA) test.
Identification of an
Uukuniemi group
virus isolated in the
Far East.
Results from studying
circulation cycles of A
and B group
arboviruses in
Primor'ye region bird
populations.
1974
1973
1977
indirect hemagglutination, IHA,
erythrocytes, Kaisodi, Bhanja,
Japanese encephalitis, JE,
Dermacentor marginatus, Aedes
aegypti, ticks, mosquitoes.
Tick, Uukuniemi group virus,
Ceratixodes putus, marine birds
nests, Tyuleniy Island.
arboviruses, Primor'ye, Lake
Khanka, Spassk, Daurian-
Manchurian, HI, Getah, Semliki
forest, Sindbis, Langat, Powassan,
Japanese encephalitis, West Nile,
tickborne encephalitis, birds,
Lariiformes, Charadriiformes,
Ansereformes, Ciconiiformes,
Passeriformes.
Our investigations showed that all
studied substrates (SA-sucroseacetone),
(BS-borate-saline), and
(PS-protamine-sulfate) and freon
brain antigens, brain tissue
suspension in physiological
solution, culture antigens, allantoic
fluid, chorioallantoic membrane
suspension, 9-day old chicken
embryo body suspension, and tick
and mosquito suspensions may be
used to detect virus antigens by the
IHA test. The titer of nonspecific
reactions with chicken embryo
chorioallantoic membrane and body
and tick suspensions was so low
(1:2-1:4) that it had practically no
effect on results of the IHA test.
We give results from identifying
two Uukuniemi virus strains (14
and 38) isolated in 1970 from
ixodid ticks (Ceratixodes putus)
collected in marine bird nesting
areas on Tyuleniy Island, Sea of
Okhotsk.
In this report, we give results from
serological investigation of bird
populations on the southeastern
bank of Lake Khanka. From May
28-30, 1976 and July 3-10, 1976,
we collected 190 blood sera from
nesting bird species. On
investigating blood sera from
nesting birds, antihemagglutinins
were detected to 2 group A viruses:
Semliki forest in 6 (3.2%) birds of 4
species, and Sindbis in 2 (1.1%) of
2 bird species as well as to 2 group
B viruses: Powassan in 4 (2.1%) of
4 and West Nile in 4 (2.1%) of 4
bird species.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, 1:58-61.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1230
from Russian.
Vop. Virus. 18
(5): 594-596,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1352
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 7.
Vses. Ornit.
Konf.
(Cherkassy,
September 1977),
pt. 2: 76-77.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1244
from Russian.

Klyushkina, E. A.
Kochkareva, A. V., E.
N. Zagniborodova, I.
V. Zhernov, V. I.
Zaitseva, V. I.
Shilenko, M. N.
Zabegalova, S. M.
Abakov, A. O.
Tashliev, G. S.
Bel'skaya, and A. P.
Vazhev.
Kokorev, V. S., R. V.
Pilippovets, and R.
Yu. Ledentsova.
Kokorev, V. S., V. D.
Podoplekin, V. D.
Preeverzev, and T. T.
Fedotova.
A Parasite of ixodid
ticks, Hunterellus
hookeri How., in the
Crimea.
Territorial distribution
of Ixodoidea ticks in
Turkmenia.
Study of immunogenic
activity of different
virus-containing
fractions of antigen
preparation.
Sensitivity of different
arbovirus
hemagglutinin
fractions to
neutralizing effect of
antibodies.
1958
1971
1981
1975
Tick, parasite, hunting dogs,
Hunterellus hookeri, Ixodes
crenulatus.
Tick, Ixodoidea, Ornithodoros
tartakovskyi, Rhipicephalus
schulzei, R. leporis, Hyalomma a.
asiaticum, O. tartakovskyi, R.
schulzei, H. a. excavatum, H.
dromedarii, H. detritum,
Haemaphysalis numidiana turanica,
Vormela, I. crenulatus, I.
subterranus, R. pumilio,
Tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
immunization, animals, antigen,
gel column chromatography, HI
test, CF immune group,
HA, HI, hemagglutinin, western
equine encephalomyelitis, WEE,
tickborne encephalititis (RSSE),
rabbit.
In the Crimea the parasites
Hunterellus hookeri were
discovered in the nymphs of Ixodes
crenulatus Koch collected from
hunting dogs. (Around 3,000
nymphs and larvae of Ixodes
crenulatus were collected from 2
animals).
This article is the result of studying
collections made between 1951 and
1967 by epidemiological research
units and personnel of Turkmen
Anti-Plague Station. Specialists of
the Zoological Institute of Academy
of Sciences of Turkmen SSR also
participated in collecting. The
25,285 collections contain 157,243
ticks from 699 localities.
A method for obtaining highly avid
serum preparations for HI test and
CF immune group area is proposed.
Animals were immunized with
certain virus-containing
components of the TBE virus
antigen fractionated using gel
column chromatography.
The study of functional activity of
different arborvirus hemagglutinin
fractions by the HI test showed that
hemagglutinin fractions with
different floating densities are
characterized by uneven activity
during interraction with specific
antibodies.
Zool. Zh. 37(10):
1561-1563,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1684
from Russian.
Izv. Akad. Nauk
Turkmen. SSR, s.
Biol., (5) : 36-42,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 589
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 127-
132, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1595
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 13-14,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1013
from Russian.

Kolonin, G. V.
Kolonin, G. V.
Kolonin, G. V. and E.
I. Bolotin.
The sex ratio in
natural populations of
ixodid field ticks in
Primor'ye region.
Effect of industrial
activity on ixodid tick
numbers and
distribution in
Primor'ye region.
Rare ixodid tick
species in Primor'ye
region.
1978 Tick, sex ratio, ixodid, Primor'ye.
1981
1977
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus,
Dermacentor silvarum, H.
concinna, D. silvarum, H. japonica,
H. longicornis, cattle, axis deer,
forest fires
Tick, voles, Microtus fotis, field
mouse, Apodemus speciousus, A.
agrarius, chipmunk, Eutamias
sibiricus, Ixodes pomerantzevi, I.
caledonicus, Clethrionomys
rufocanus,Haemaphysalis flava.
The sex ratio is a parameter
characterizing the state of a natural
population and its change during
one season or several years reflects
the ecological specificity of a
species. Thus, we analyzed results
of our ixodid tick collections from
vegetation in different landscapes of
Primor'ye region in the springsummer
seasons of 1973-76. More
than 20,000 ixodid ticks (6 species)
were collected.
Forest clearing, cattle grazing, and
road and electrotransmission line
construction favor increased Ixodes
persulcatus numbers and
Dermacentor silvarum penetration
into the taiga. Haemaphysalis
concinna in preserved in pastures
burnt annually. H. concina and D.
silvarum are very numerous in
forest and shrub vegetation islands
in farming areas. Tick numbers
decrease in mining areas. Deer
husbandry farms, where axis deer
are kept are the sole reserves of the
tick H. longicornis in the country.
H. japonica numbers are restored
more rapidly than that of other
species after forest fires.
Ixodes pomerantzevi is absent from
the West Sikhote-Alin and occurs
regularly on the eastern slope of the
mountain ridge. I. caledonicus was
found for the first time in the Far
East on Apdodemus pacificus. New
findings of Haemaphysalis flava
(imago, nymphae, larvae) are
recorded.
Ekologiya (3):
104-105,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1318
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 60
(3):363-370,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1691
from Russian.
Zool. Zh. 56(3):
475-478,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1276
from Russian.

Kolonin, G. V., A. N.
Kiselev, and E. I.
Bolotin.
Kolonin, G. V., D. G.
Pikunov, V. I.
Bazyl'nikov, A. G.
Pankrat'ev, and I.
Bolotinte.
Kolonin, G. V., E. I.
Bolotin, E. L.
Kushnarev, and O. A.
Matyushina.
Kolonin, G. V., N. I.
Baranov, and V. N.
Gorelikov.
Population density of
field ixodid ticks
(Ixodidae) in western
Sikhote-Alin'.
Overwintering of
ixodid ticks on wild
ungulates in Primor'ye
region, Manchurian
wapitis, wild boars,
Manchurian roes,
musk deer.
Contribution to
ecology of the tick
Haemaphysalis
japonica in Primor'ye
region.
New data on tickborne
encephalitis in
Primor'ye Region.
1978
1976
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus,
Haemaphysalis japonica,
population density.
Tick, Soviet Union, ixodid,
ungulates, Primor'ye,
overwintering, Haemaphysalis
japonica, Dermacentor silvarum.
1981 Tick, Haemaphysalis japonica.
1984 Tick, encephalitis, TBE, foci.
Data are given on the density of
active ticks in different landscapes
of western Sikhote-Alin' as well as
data on absolute tick numbers in 4
experimental areas. It was
experimentally demonstrated that
the number of active questing
Ixodes persulcatus and
Haemaphysalis japonica on
vegetation during the activity peak
is 50% of all overwintered adult
ticks.
The quantitative characteristics of
wintering Ixodid ticks
Haemaphysalis japonica and
Dermacentor silvarum were given
as a result of examination of 39
Manchurian wapitis, 28 wild boars,
21 Manchurian roes, and 1 musk
deer.
We studied ixodid tick populations
in Primor'ye region according to
latitudinal profile from the Sea of
Japan littoral through Sikhote-Alin.
In 1982 18 strains of tickborne
encephalitis (TBE) virus were
isolated from 430 ixodid ticks
collected in western and southern
Primor'ye. For the first time natural
foci of the infection have been
discovered in western Primor'ye
and the Popov Island. The virus was
frequently detected in oak thin
forests and brushwoods, that are not
typical for TBE.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 12(2):
148-153,
Translation 1743
from Russian.
Zool. Zh. 55(8):
1253-1256,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1275
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 50
(1):61-66,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1578
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva 53(5):
67-70, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1799
from Russian.

Kolotvinov, S. V. and
V. A. Maslennikov.
Kondrashina, N. G.
Kondrashova, Z. N.
Method for evaluating
the functional activity
of viral antigens.
Study of certain
properties of Sakhalin
group viruses.
Study of survival of
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever in Ixodes
persulcatus ticks in
condition of their
massive dosaged
infection.
1980 Viral antigens, neutralization test.
1980
1970
Tick, Ixodes uriae, I. signatus,
Sakhalin, Paramushir, Avalon,
Taggert, antigenic relationships,
tissue cultures.
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus,
spontaneous virus, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF, mice,
oviposition.
In this report, we give an easy and
reliable method for evaluating the
criterion of functional activity
degree (index) in relative units
based on kinetic rules of the
neutralization test of viruses with
antibodies and quantitative
association between virus and
antibody concentrations. In contrast
to existing methods allowing
evaluation of the specificity from
the speed or neutralization degree,
the proposed integral index is on
the whole quantitatively
characteristic of the entire process.
Study of antigenic relationships of
Sakhalin group viruses, sensitivity
of different tissue cultures to them
and their resistance to ultra-violet
and different temperatures was
carried out. The viruses of this
group (Sakhalin, Paramushir,
Avalon, Taggert) have been isolated
on the territory of the USSR and in
other countries.
Ixodes persulcatus ticks which were
reared in the laboratory and tested
for absence of spontaneous virus
carrier state were infected with
massive doses of OHF virus. In
none of the cases the inoculated
dose remained unchanged till the
end of oviposition. The decline in
the amount of the virus was
regularly observed by the end of
feeding on mice. In no case was the
virus transmitted to mice upon
feeding.
Zh. Mikrobiol.,
Moskva, 57(8):
58-61, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1801
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 59-67,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1731
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 39
(3) :274-278,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1449
from Russian.

Kondrashova, Z. N.
and R. V. Filippovets.
Kondrashova, Z. N.,
M. G. Kotel'nikova,
V. V. Bleznyuk, and
S. V. Kolotvinov.
Infection rate of
Ixodes persulcatus
ticks and certain
questions of
transovarial
transmission after
dosaged infection with
tickborne encephalitis
virus.
Relationships between
certain arboviruses
and ticks of the genus
Dermacentor.
1970
1974
Tick, Soviet Union, encephalitis,
transmission, Ixodes persulcatus.
Tick, Dermacentor, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE, West Nile,
adaptation.
In this report, we give results from
studying infection rate of ticks,
frequency of transovarial infection,
and virus titer changes in Ixodes
persulcatus adult egg larval stages
under conditions of dosaged
infection with tickborne
encephalitis (RSSE) virus. Ticks
were infected by the dosaged
feeding method (1) suitable for
infecting ticks. The virus was found
in all deposited eggs following
mass infection of adult females. We
determined a relationship between
the infection rate of oviposition and
the virus dose used for infection.
No virus was found when the
dosage was reduced to 1.3 - 2.3 log
LD50/ 0.03 ml. Infection of
ovipositions was observed during
all periods of development. One
week old larval batches were
uniformly infected with the virus;
the infection degree of larvae at this
period was equal to that of eggs in
the last days of development.
Results allowed us to conclude that
ticks of the genus Dermacentor can
become infected with tickborne
encephalitis (TBE) and West Nile
(WN) viruses when feeding on an
animal with high viremia, and also
have the ability to preserve for a
long time and to transmit the agent
by bite to a vertebrate host. There
are definite differences in the
adaptation degree of TBE and WN
viruses to the body of ticks of the
genus Dermacentor.
Vop. Virus., 15
(6): 703-708,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1312
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl.
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
Virus, imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk SSST
(October 10-21),
pt. 2:120,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 504
from Russian.

Kondratemko, V. F.
Kondratenko, V. F.,
N. M.
Blagoveshchenskaya,
A. M. Butenko, L. K.
Vishnivetskaya, L. V.
Zarubina, V. N.
Milyutin, V. V.
Kuchin, E. M.
Novikova, V. D.
Rabinovich, S. F.
Shevchenko, and M.
P. Chumakov.
Kondratenko, V. F., S.
F. Shevchenko, V. D.
Perelatov, M. E.
Badalov, S. S. Ionov,
M. Ya. Semenov, V.
A. Romanova, V. V.
Lovanov, and I. V.
Tekut'ev.
Importance of ixodid
ticks in transmitting
and preserving the
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever agent in
infection foci.
Results of virological
investigation of ixodid
ticks in Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
focus in Rostov Oblast.
Two year experiment
on application of
chemical campaign
method against ixodid
ticks in Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
focus of Rostov Oblast.
1976
1970
1970
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, Hyalomma plumbeum,
Rhipicephalus rossicus,
Dermacentor marinates,
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever
(CHF), Hyalomma, pl. plumbeum,
Dermacentor maraginatus, R.
rossicus.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, chlorophos, Ixodid ticks,
Hyalomma p. plumbeum,
Dermacentor marginatus.
In this report, we present data on
experimental infection with
Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF)
virus in the ixodid ticks, Hyalomma
plumbeum, Rhipicephalus rossicus,
and Dermacentor marinates, by
feeding on infected animal donors.
Susceptibility to the agent was
demonstrated in all 3 tick species as
well as a long term survival of CHF
virus in the tick body and CHF
virus transstadial and transovarial
transmission.
Natural infection of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever virus (CHF) in
Hyalomma pl. plumbeum ticks was
first studied by Chumakov et al. in
1945-1946 while investigating this
infection focus in Crimea.
This data allowed us to recommend
chlorophos for control of pasture
ticks in the saunter steppe zone of
European USSR taking into
consideration their phenology,
ecology, and climatic properties.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 10
(4):297-302,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1116
from Russian.
Master. 3.
Oblast. Nauch.-
Prakt. Knof.
(Rostov-na-
Donu, May
1970), pp. 29-35,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 524
from Russian.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Knof. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 157-
162, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 550
from Russian.

Kondratenko, V. F.,
V. V. Kuchin, and L.
K. Vyshnevetskaya.
Konratenko, V. F., A.
A. Myskin, and L. A.
Zhuravel'.
Associations between
human population and
the vector of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
agent in Rostov Oblast
foci.
Relationship between
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever (CHF) incidence
rate and adult H.
plumbeum Panz. tick
numbers and
meteorological
conditions.
1972
1975
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Rostov Oblast, foci, ticks, cattle,
cows, steppe, Don River, CF,
AGDP.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
ticks, H. plumbeum.
Persons 16-60 years old had most
frequent contact with ticks and
subject to tick attachment.
Serological investigations (CF and
AGDP tests) of healthy persons
(milkmaids, shepherds, etc.) who
had frequent contact with vectors
showed complete absence or a very
low level of humoral immunity in
the human population of different
landscapes.
Data are presented on the 1967-74
investigations of the relationship
beween CHF incidence rate among
humans and adult H. plumbeum
Panz. tick numbers and climate
factors.
CHF patient numbers increase with
the increase of adult tick numbers
depending upon climatic factors.
Thus, application of mathematicalstatistical
methods allowed us to
determine that adult H. plumbeum
numbers depend on the depth of
frozen soil and on immature tick
numbers in the previous season, and
the CHF infection rate depends on
the adult tick numbers.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 359-360.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1067
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow.
October 1975),
pp. 540-541,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 989
from Russian.

Konvalevsky, Yu. V.,
E. I. Korenberg, and
L. G. Suvorova.
Korchmar', N. D., P. I.
Yarovoi, and P. G.
Skofertsa.
Korenberg, E. I.
Spatial structure of the
Ixodes trianguliceps
tick population and
effect of DDT on it.
Certain ecological
aspects of the common
starling in the focus of
Tribec arbovirus of the
Kemerovo group.
Birds and the problem
of natural foci of tickborne
encephalitis.
1980
1974
1966
Tick, Ixodes trianguliceps, spatial
structure, DDT
Kodry Mountains, Baimakliya,
Yagora, Tribec, Kyrpeshty,
Kharagysh, Lergutsa, Leovo,
Moldavia, ectoparasites, ticks.
Ticks, tick-borne encephalitis,
ixodid ticks, birds, foci.
The spatial structure of Ixodes
trianguliceps population in forests
of southern Udmurt ASSR is
described. It was demonstrated that
I. trianguliceps is characterized by
mosaic or spotty distribution and
that certain other properties of
spatial structure of the population
are similar to those in typical field
ixodid ticks. Differences were
revealed between spatial structure
of I. trianguliceps and I. persulcatus
populations. Extermination of I.
persulcatus with DDT showed no
distinct effect on numbers and
spatial structure of the I.
trianguliceps population.
Tribec arbovirus (Kemerovo group)
natrual focus in southern Kodry
Mountains, which are situated along
a watershed in Baimakliya heights
and are 15 km long (from Yagora
Station in the north to Kyrpeshty
village in the south) and 4-7 km
wide. Entomological investigations
showed that ixodid ticks are quite
numerous in Kharagysh forest.
Birds may be of certain importance
in maintaining natural foci of tickborne
encephalitis which was first
suggested nearly 25 years ago by
Academician E. N. Pavlovsky
(1940, 1940a) on the basis of
factual data obtained from initial
studies of this disease in the Far
East. Since then, a large volume of
diverse and quite contradictory data
have accumulated concerning the
role and the place of birds in
biocenoses of natural tick-borne
encephalitis foci. It is sufficient to
Zool. Zh., 59
(7):1008-1017,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1471
from Russian.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974),
pp. 60-61.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1225
from Russian.
Zool. Zh. 45(2):
245-260,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 212
from Russian.

Korenberg, E. I. and
A. A. Pchelkina.
Korenberg, E. I. and
Y. V. Kovalevsky.
Korenberg, E. I. and
Z. M. Zhmaeva.
Repeated viremia in a
goat after successive
infections with
tickborne encephalitis
virus.
General scheme of
circulation of the
tickborne encephalitis
virus.
On the interrelation of
Emberiza citrinella L.
and the tick Ixodes
persulcatus.
1975
1977
1964
Tick, goat, viremia, encephalitis,
foci.
Tick, encephalitis, circulation,
Ixodes persulcatus, I. ricinus.
Tick, foci, Emberiza citrinella,
Ixodes persulcatus.
mention that the number of
publications dealing directly with
the problem under discussion has
now reached 300.
In a long-term experiment in one
goat lasting for 1746 days viremia
and virus excretion in milk were
observed three times after infection
with tickborne encephalitis virus by
tick bites and 2 subcutaneous
inoculations at 277 and 1008 days.
Changes in the humoral immunity
state were followed. The possibility
of repeated viremia in long-living
vertebrates indicated their important
role in virus circulation in foci of
tickborne encephalitis.
A quantitative scheme suggested for
tickborne encephalitis (TBE)
circulation in nature may serve as a
basis for modeling epizootic
process and improving the
principles of forecasting its
intensity.
The taiga forest tick Ixodes
persulcatus belongs to the number
of basic reservoirs and vectors of
tick-borne encephalitis virus. Study
of its interrelations with hosts is
necessary to elucidate the possible
means of virus circulation. In most
natural foci of tick-borne
encephalitis, a considerable number
of Ixodes persulcatus nymphs attack
Emberiza citrinella L. According to
many investigators most nymphs
that attach to Emberiza citrinella
usually dry up. From these
observations it was concluded that
ticks generally cannot be reared on
Emberiza citrinella.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva 44(2):
181-184,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1427
from Russian.
Zool. Zh. 56(10):
1467-1478,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1294
from Russian.
Zool. Zh. 43(2):
282-284,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 112
from Russian.

Korenberg, E. I., L. G.
Suvorova, and A. A.
Pchelkina.
Korenberg, E. I., V.
V. Kucheruk, Yu. V.
Kovalevsky, A. A.
Zemskaya, and L. G.
Suvorova.
Korenberg, E. I., Yu.
V. Kovalevsky, I. V.
Kusikov, A. A.
Pchelkina, N. M.
Busoedova, E. A.
Reichuk, G. I.
Medvedeva, V. I.
Timoshenio, R. A.
Savel'eva, M. I. Lev,
L. F. Plotnikova, L. G.
Suvorova, L. K.
Bushueva, and I. I.
Sergeichik.
Kormilitsyna, M. I.
and B. I. Marakusha.
Basic results of study
of birds in natural
tickborne encephalitis
foci in South
European taiga forests.
Main features of
spatial structure
(morphology) of the
taiga tick population.
Main conclusions
from surveying natural
foci of human
infection in the Amur-
Bureya area of the
Gaikal-Amur railroad.
Biological
characteristics of
spectinomycinresistant
tularemia
microbe strains.
1963 Tick, encephalitis, birds, foci.
1978
1979
1983
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus, spatial
structure, morphology, tick
population.
Tick, I. persulcatus, human
infection, natural foci, tick-borne
encephalitis, tularemia,
pseudotuberculosis, yersiniosis,
leptospiral infection, rickettsial
infection.
Spectinomycin-resistant tularemia,
antibiotic, ticks, Dermacentor
reticulatus, Shigella flexneri.
The aim of this investigation was to
determine possible participation of
birds in maintaining an epizootic
process within a natural focus.
We substantiated concepts on sizes
and borders of different populations
of the taiga tick, Ixodes persulcatus.
The complex survey of the natural
foci of infection in the Amur-
Bureya area of the Baikal-Amur
railroad resulted in revealing tickborne
encephalitis, tularemia,
pseudotuberculosis, yersiniosis, and
evaluation the probability of the
spread of leptospiral and rickettsial
infections.
We aimed at investigating
sensitivity of 2 tularemia microbe
subspecies to spectinomycin,
obtaining resistant mutants, and
studying their biological properties.
(Mater. knof.,
Omsk, December
10-13, 1963),
Omsk Nauch.-
Issled. Inst./
Prirod. Ochag.
Ingekts., pp. 179-
182, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 278
from Russian.
Byull. Mosk.
Obshch. Ispyt.
Prirody, Otd.
Biol., 83(4):5-14,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1547
from Russian.
Zh. Mikrobiol.
Moskva, 56
(5):34-38,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1488
from Russian.
Antibiotiki, 28
(6):434-436,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1729
from Russian.

Korolev, M. B., M. A.
donets, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Korsh, P. V.
Korshunova, O. S. and
S. P. Piontkovskaya.
Electron microscope
study of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
(CHF) virus in the
brain of infected mice
and pig kidney cell
cultures.
Normal body
temperature of
muskrats.
A virus isolated from
Hyalomma
marginatum
marginatum Koch
ticks.
1975
1966
1949
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
PEK, SPEV, newborn white mice,
NWM, Bunyaveridae,
Krutinka, muskrats, tularemia,
temperature.
Tick, Hyalomma marginatum
marginatum, guinea pigs, autopsy,
hyperemia, lungs, adrenal gland,
testicles, vaginal membranes,
spleen.
Study of CHF virus morphology
showed the resemblance between
CHF virus and viruses of the family
Bunyaveridae. The crystal-like
formations detected during the virus
reproduction process in cell cultures
are apparently accumulations of
virus-specific albumin and may be
responsible for specific
fluorescence by immunofluorescent
staining.
Study tested the average normal
temperature of 23 healthy muskrats
of both sexes. The average normal
temperature was 36.5ºC regardless
of sex and age. On some days,
temperature increased from normal
(36.5ºC) to 37.5ºC and then
dropped to 35.6ºC, probably
resulting from different reactions of
animals to capture and restraint in
gripping devices for taking
temperature.
The ixodid ticks, Hyalomma
marginatum marginatum Koch,
collected in Crimean hemorrhagic
fever (CHF) focus, when fed on
guinea pigs caused fever in these
animals after an incubation period
of 3-7 days. On autopsy of infected
guinea pigs, we recorded moderate
hyperemia of lungs, adrenal gland,
testicles, and vaginal membranes,
and serous follicles distinct on the
spleen.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow.
October 1975),
pp. 302-303,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1001
from Russian.
Biol. Ins. Akad.
Nauk SSSR,
Sibirsk. Otd.,
Novosibirsk, pp.
167-168.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 517
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 28
(2) :186-187,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 793
from Russian.

Korshunova, O. S. and
Z. M. Zhmaeva
Korshunova, O. S., S.
P.
Petrovapiontkovskaya,
and V. E. Flint.
Koshkina, T. V., M. P.
Chumakov, E. S.
Sarmanova, G. G.
Bannova, V. M.
Podol'sky, M. G.
Zhuravleva, V. V.
Ozerkov, and O. P.
Smolev.
Dermacentor pictus
Herm., stable reservoir
of Rickettsia sibirica
in the middle belt of
RSFSR.
Natural tick typhus
fever foci in Buryat
ASSR.
Comparative
characteristics of
tickborne encephalitis
foci in central and
northwestern areas of
Vologda Oblast.
1966
1965
1975
Tick, guinea pigs, Dermacentor
pictus, Rickettsia sibirica, R.
burneti, R. prowazeki, R. mooseri.
Tick, typhus fever, guinea pigs,
Dermacentor nuttalli, D. silvarum,
R. sibirica.
tickborne encephalitis, RSSE, foci,
taiga, Vologda Oblast, Ixodes
persulcatus, Ixodes ricinus, ticks,
Uukuniemi.
When investigating nymphs that
molted from these larvae,
"Oymure" strain was isolated with
the presence of a sharply
pronounced scrotal swelling and
high CF titer of antibodies to R.
sibirica in guinea pigs. These
properties of the agent strain were
preserved in different
developmental stages of D. pictus
for 2 generations.
Natural nidi of the tick-borne
typhus were found in three districts
of the Buryat ASSR. Of two species
of ixodid ticks, D. nuttalli (north
and south of the Republic) and D.
silvarum (west) highly virulent
strains of R. sibirica were isolated.
Transmission of R. sibirica in the
course of metamorphosis and
transovarially was proved in the
experiments with D. nuttalli from
northern points (Tazy, Alla, Dyren)
in the complement fixation test with
the sera of guinea pigs on which the
ticks were feeding.
Foci in central and northwestern
Vologda Oblast belong to 2
different types. The first focus is
not typical of "focal area in the
center of Eastern-European plain"
but resembles more (from several
indices) Siberian focal areas in
southern taiga and Central Asian
forests. The second focus is a
typical focus of the center of the
Eastern-European plain. Further
investigations should be carried out
to confirm this preliminary
conclusion.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch. p. 111-
112, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 519
from Russian.
Zool. Zh. 44(7):
980-985,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1332
from Russian
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 306-307.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1200
from Russian.

Kosova, T. V.
Kostyukov, M. A.
Kostyukov, M. A. and
V. P. Bulychev.
Serological
investigation of the
blood sera of small
mammals in the Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
focus.
Study of ecology of
Issyk Kul virus.
Experimental
investigation of
susceptibility of
Vespertilio pipistrellus
bats to Issyk-Kul virus.
1969
1981
1975
Tick, muskrats, small mammals,
OHF, Omsk hemorrhagic fever.
Mosquito, Aedes caspius,
Anopheles hyrcanus, migratory
birds, bats, Issyk Kul virus.
Vespertilio pipistrellus, bats, Issyk-
Kul virus, CF, NWM, newborn
white mice.
Facts indicate existence of OHF in
the place under investigation . OHF
virus circulates actively among the
small mammalia. The extent of its
activity depends on the season of
the year and the situation of focus.
In this report, we give data on Issyk
Kul virus ecology based on
coordinated investigations in 1972-
1980.
As a result of virological
investigation of dwarf bats trapped
in the summer of 1974 in Nizhnyi
Pyandzh settlement, Kumsangirsky
region, Tadzhik SSR, we isolated 2
Issyk-Kul virus strains. The result
of experimental infection of dwarf
bats with Issyk-Kul virus viremia
was demonstrated during the entire
observation period (19 days) and
also presence of the virus in fat
bodies, brain, and internal organs.
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSST, Biol. Inst.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, Inst.
Polio, Virus.
Entsef. Minist.
Zdravookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk.
Inst. Prirod.
Ochag, Infekts.;
Novosibirsk, pp.
284-286,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 356
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 78-82,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1569
from Russian.
Mater. 9, Simp.
Ekol. Virus.
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 34-35.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1125
from Russian.

Kostyukov, M. A., O.
Kaniyarov, T. M.
Skvortsova, N. G.
Kondrashina, L. K.
Berezina, Z. E.
Gordeeva, T. P. Pak,
and D. K. L'vov.
Kostyukov, M. A., V.
P. Bulychev, and T. F.
Lapina.
Kostyukov, M. A., V.
P. Bulychev, O. A.
Daniyarov, T. P. Pak,
T. M. Skvortsova, V.
L. Gromashevsky, and
D. K. L'vov.
Kostyukov, M. A., V.
P. Bulychev, O. A.
Daniyarov, T. P. Pak,
T. M. Skvortsova, V.
L. Gromashvesky, and
D. K. L'vov.
Sindbis virus isolated
from Hyalomma
anatolicum Koch 1844
ticks in Tadzhikistan.
Experimental infection
of Aedes caspius
caspius Pall
mosquitoes on dwarf
bats Vespertilio
pipistrellus infected
with Issyk Kul virus
with subsequent virus
transmission to
susceptible animals.
Isolation of 2 Issyk-
Kul virus strains from
Vespertilio pipistrellus
bats in Tadzhikistan.
Isolation of Wad-
Medani virus from
ticks Hyalomma
anatolicum.
1981
1982
1975
1975
Tick, Hyalomma anatolicum,
newborn white mice, NWM,
antigens, immune ascitic fluids,
IAF, complement fixation , CF,
agar gel diffusion and precipitation,
AGDP.
Mosqutio, Aedes caspius, Issyk
Kul, bats, Vespertilio pipstrellus.
Issyk-Kul virus, Vespertilio
pipistrellus, bats, Tadzhikistan,
mice, rats, guinea pigs, CF, N,
AGDP, tickborne encephalitis,
West Nile, Kemerovo, Sindbis,
Sokuluk, Issyl-Kul, K-760, Uz
1308, Uz 858, LM 613 Tad, LM
620 Tad, Nizhnyi Pyandzh
settlement, Kymsangirsky region.
Wad-Medani virus, ticks,
Hyalomma anatolicum, mice, rats,
guinea pigs, KL216Tad virus, West
Nile, Sindbis, Getah, Dugbe,
Bakau, Lanjan, Kaisodi, Dhori,
Batken, Sawgrass, Nyamanini,
Matucare, Lone Star, CHF,
Silverwater, Hughes, Wanowrie,
Tahyna, Bhanja, Baku, Kemerovo,
2534Tur.
This report is devoted to Sindbis
virus isolation from Hyalomma
anatolicum anatolicum ticks.
In this report, we give experimental
data on the possible transmission of
Issyk Kul to susceptible animals by
Aedes caspius mosquitoes which
were infected by feeding on dwarf
bats Vespertilio pipstrellus infected
by this virus.
The works of several investigators
demonstrated that bats are effective
arbovirus reservoirs owing to the
development of chronic or latent
infection in these animals. Two
virus strains were isolated (LM613
Tad and LM620 Tad) from dwarf
bats trapped in Nizhnyi Pyandzh
settlement, Kymsangirsky region.
As a result of virological
investigation of H. anatolicum (140
ticks in 7 tests) collected from a
clay fence in Dunguz-Yuitsy
kishlak, we isolated 1 virus strain
conventionally named KL216Tad.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 50
(3):34-35,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1556
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 50
(6):78-79,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1699
from Russian.
Mater. 9, Simp.
Ekol. Virus.
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 31-32.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1123
from Russian.
Mater. 9, Simp.
Ekol. Virus.
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 33-34.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1122
from Russian.

Kotel'nikova, G, M.
Kotel'nikova. G. M.,
and Z. N.
Kondrashova.
Susceptibility of some
tick species to West
Nile virus.
Survival of West Nile
virus in Rhipicephalus
rossicus ticks.
1978
1974
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus,
Dermacentor marginatus, D. pictus,
Rhipicephalus rossicus, West Nile
virus, WN.
West Nile virus, Rhipicephalus
rossicus, ticks, R. sanguineus, R.
turnanicus, Hyalomma
marginatum, H. asiaticum,
Dermacentor variabilis, D. pictus,
D. pavlovskyi.
Ixodes persulcatus, Dermacentor
marginatus, D. pictus, and
Rhipicephalus rossicus ticks
experimentally infected with West
Nile virus (WN) take and retain the
virus for several months. During
this time the virus remains infected
without any increase in titer in an
amount of 1 to 4 lg DL 50/0.03 ml.
I. persulcatus, D. pictus, and R.
rossicus ticks transmit the virus
during metamorphosis and R.
rossicus ticks do it also
transovarially.
This report presents that data on
experimental infection of R.
rossicus with WN virus and
survival of this virus in ticks during
the developmental cycle. All
developmental R. rossicus stages
are susceptible to WN virus by
experimental infection. WN virus
survives for a long time in all
developmental stages of this
species. Larval R. rossicus transmit
WN virus to the subsequent
devilment stage. R. rossicus
transmit WN virus transovarially;
the transmission phenomenon is
irregular.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Ptits Rol'v Rasp.
Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July-Aug, 1976),
pp. 236-237,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1484
from Russian.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Diagnost.
Profilakt. Virus.
Infekts., pp. 160-
164., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1088
from Russian.

Kovalenko, Y. R., L.
G. Burba, and M. A.
Sidorov.
Kovalenko, Y. R., V.
G. Ivanov, A. G.
Bakhtin, and E. P.
Isaenko.
Kozlo, P. G.
Survival of African
swine fever virus in
the environment.
Experimental infection
of swine with African
swine fever virus.
Ecological and
morphological
characteristics of Sus
scrofa from the
Belovehskaya pushcha
1964
1961
1968
Tick, Soviet Union, African swine
fever virus.
Tick, swine, African swine fever
virus, ASF.
Sus scrofa, boars, Belovehskaya,
forest.
It is found that the virus of the
African swine fever (strain L)
preserves its virulence in blood
dried by the lyothilic method during
2165 days, in virus blood and virusserum
in native condition in sealed
ampules-during the whole period of
observation (1526 days). In alien
media (on a board and a brick) at
the temperature of 18-23 degrees
virus blood is inactivated during 70
days, in soil it preserves its
virulence during 112 days. The
virus of African swine fever is
inactivated by the 2% solution of
NaOH during 24 hours. In the
frozen meal of an infected swine
stored at 3-4 degrees the virus
preserves its virulence during 104
days.
Our ASF virus investigations aimed
at clarifying the following: (a)
virulent properties of ASF virus for
swine and clinical disease picture;
(b) immunological relationship
between European and American
swine fevers and African fever
virus; (c) pathological-anatomical
changes in ASF.
212 Sus scrofa, obtained in springsummer
season of 1960-1965, were
studied. Eight age groups were
established by tooth appearance,
change, and degree of their
obliteration. Comparative
ecological and morphological study
of the main morphometric
characters showed that the
peculiarities of Sus scrofa body
frame and functions of the separate
parts and organs are determined by
Vestn. Sel.-Khoz.
Nauki, Alma-Ata
9(3): 62-65,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1330
from Russian.
Trudy Vses. Inst.
Eksp. Vet. 24: 53-
61, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1367 from
Russian.
Vestn. Zool., (6):
53-58., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 606

Kozlov, O. Yu., S. D.
Minakov, and A. M.
Khovanova.
Kozlovskaya, O. L.,
N. S. Belyava, and P.
A. Chernykh.
Kraminsky, V. A., I.
P. Brom, N. N.
Kraminskaya, R. R.
Zhivolyapina, G. B.
Zonov, V. A.
Perevoznikov, G. M.
Soldatov, A. N.
Sotnikova, A. Z.
Feoktistov, and P. A.
Chernykh.
dense virgin forest. the hereditary grounds and the
specificity of this species ecology.
The differences in the manner of
life and behavior of Sus scrofa
considerably affect the functional
loading of organs, which conditions
their relative dimensions and
weight.
System of
mononuclear
phagocytes in
pathogenesis of
experimental
tickborne encephalitis.
Contribution to the
biology of the tick
Ixodes angustus Neum.
Reexamination of the
role of birds in
tickborne encephalitis
foci.
1975
AMG, antimacrophagus gammaglobulin,
SPEV, mouse,
macrophage, mononuclear
phagocyte systems (MPhS).
1966 Tick, rodents, Ixodes angustus.
1965
Tick, foci, birds, mammals,
encephalitis, transovarial
transmission .
Investigated the interaction between
RSSE virus and mouse macrophage
cultures to determine the fixing and
virus neutralizing activity of
macrophages as well as the
infection process dynamics in
animals in suppressed functional
activity of these cells.
In Khabarovsk region in 1960-
1966, we collected all
developmental stages of Ixodes
angustus from rodents trapped in a
wide territory of the Ussuri and
Amur River valleys (from Bikin
region to the source of the Amur
River).
In studying tickborne encephalitis
foci in western Siberia and the Far
East, we obtained several facts
confirming the role of birds and
mammals as the main reservoirs of
tickborne encephalitis virus. We
succeeded in demonstrating that
transovarial transmission of the
virus is also characteristic of birds.
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 66-67,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1025
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch., p.
109-110,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 416
from Russian.
Mater. 4. Vses.
Ornit, Conf.
(Alma-Ata, Sept.
1-7 1965), p.192-
194, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 406
from Russian.

Kraminsky, V. A., I.
P. Brom, N. N.
Kraminskaya, V. A.
Perevoznikov, G. M.
Soldatov, and A. N.
Sotnikova.
Kraminsky, V. A., N.
N. Kraminskaya, and
V. A. Perevoznikov.
Kraminsky, V. A., N.
N. Kraminskaya, R. R.
Zhivolyapina, M. F.
Larinova, B. I.
Peshkov, V. A.
Perevoznikov, V. S.
Rudnik, N. S.
Tarasov, and V. N.
Prokop'ev.
Transembryonic
transmission of
tickborne encephalitis
virus in birds.
The role of birds
tickborne encephalitis
foci of eastern Siberia.
Tickborne encephalitis
focus in Mongolian
People's Republic.
1971
1971
1971
Tick, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
transembryonic transmission, birds,
foci.
Tick, tickborne encephalitis, foci,
birds, antibodies.
Tick, Encephalitis, TBE, plague,
arbovirus, Allactaga sibirica
saltatov, Dermacentor nuttalli,
Ixodes crenulatus, H. plumbeum.
Detection of the phenomenon of
transembryonal (transovarial) TBE
virus transmission in 7 birds species
of 4 passerine families and also in 1
predatory bird species in 2 distant
foci more than 3,000 km apart and
having different biocenotic
structures shows wide distribution
of TBE virus by this transmission
route, highly developed adaptation
of this virus to infecting birds, and
also its very ancient ecological
associations with birds.
Widescale investigations in
Krasnoyarsk region and Irkutsk and
Chita Oblasts showed that
practically all birds species of
eastern Siberia especially
Passeriformes, are susceptible to
tickborne encephalitis virus.
Detection of the TBE natural focus
in Mongolia expands the
distribution range of this infection
to 490 N lat. in the south and shows
a possible existence of similar foci
in semidesert conditions.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 22-23,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 727
from Russian.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 62-63,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 724
from Russian.
Dokl, Irkutsk.
Protiv, Inst.,
(9) :166-167,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 580
from Russian.

Kraminsky, V. A., N.
N. Perevozikov, I. P.
Brom, R. R.
Zhivolyapina, G. B.
Zonov, V. A.
Perevozikov, A. N.
Sotnikova, and G. M.
Soldatov.
Krampitz, H. E.
Krasnobaeva, Z. N.,
G. I. Stepanchenok-
Rudnik, and I. M.
Grokhovskaya.
Transovarial
(transembryonal)
transmission of
tickborne encephalitis
virus in migratory
birds.
Parasitemia and organ
infection of some wild
xerothermophilic
rodents experimentally
infected with
Leishmania donovani
(Sudan strain).
Comparative study of
homogenates of 12
species of bloodsucking
ticks.
1972
1965
1971
Tick, RSSE virus, embryo brains,
grey-backed thrushes, Siberian
grey-headed, yellow-throated,
chestnut buntings, brown shrike,
common sandpiper, tree pipit,
yellow wagtail.
Leishmania donovani, Sudan,
rodents, golden hamsters, Chinese
dwarf hamsters, Acomys cahirinus
dimidiatus, A. cahirinus,
Phlebotomus martini, Gerbillus
gerbillus, Saccostomus campestris,
Lemniscomys barbarus, Plexus
retroorbitalis.
Tick, Triatoma, Rhodnius,
Hyalophora cercropia, Samia
synthia, Phormia regina,
Drosophila melanogaster, Pieris
brassicae, Leucophaea maderae,
Bombyx mori, Apis mellifica,
Alveonasus lahorensis, O.
papillipes, O. procinus domesticus,
A. persicus, D. pictus, D.
daghestanicus, R. bursa, H.
asiaticum, H. dromedarii, H.
plumbeum, H. concinna, I.
persulcatus, Ornithodoros, Argas,
In Primor'ye region, 5 RSSE virus
strains were isolated in May-June
1964 from embryo brains in the
RSSE focus of Sikhote-Alin coniferbroadleaf
forest: from 2 batches of
shrikes and also from batches of the
wren, Siberian grey-headed
bunting, and olive thrush.
Antibodies to RSSR virus were
detected in cavitary fluids of olive
and grey-backed thrushes, Siberian
grey-headed, yellow-throated,and
chestnut buntings, brown shrike,
common sandpiper, tree pipit,
yellow wagtail, and redstart
embryos. Eggs containing
antibodies were uninfected by
RSSE virus.
The animals used came mostly from
areas in which the Mediterranean
and East African form of human
visceral leishmaniasis is endemic.
In these first experiments we gained
the impression that the parasites
cannot be demonstrated in the
peripheral blood without the help of
xenodiagnostic measures, except in
very heavy infestation of the organs.
Using electrophoresis in agarose,
we studied the homogenates of
bloodsucking ticks; Argasids and
Ixodids, belonging to eight different
genera and twelve species. We
noted that there were differences in
the electrophoretic mobility of the
protein fractions between the adult
ticks of two different families. Such
differences also existed between
several genera of Ixodid ticks
(Hyalomma, Dermacentor,
Mater. 5. Simp.
Izuch. Rol.
Pereletn. Ptits
Rasp. Arbovirus,
(Novosibirsk,
July 1969), pp.
274-276,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1490
from Russian.
Zeit. f.
TropenMed. u.
Parasit., 16
(4):350-364,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 229
from German.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva 40(6):
704-708,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1336
from Russian.

Krause, E.
Krivonosov, G. A.
Book Review:
Handbuch der
Insektizidkunde
Certain migration
patterns of aquatic and
periaquatic birds in the
lower Volga Delta and
northern littoral shoal
water of the Caspian
Sea.
Hyalomma, Dermacentor,
Rhipicephalus.
1967 Book review, insecticides.
1982
Aquatic birds, priaquatic, migrating
birds, water fowl, Anseriformes,
Ralliformes, Ciconiiformes,
Pelecaniformes, Lariformes,
Charadriiformes, shore birds, foci.
Rhipicephalus).
A book review that presents the
chemistry, production, application
and use of insecticides in
conservation of plant (crop and
forest) resources and of stored
supplies (wood, food) as well as in
combating insects that endanger the
health of man and domestic
animals.
The study of ecologicalgeographical
peculiarities of
migration of water fowl and shore
birds was carried out in 1976-1980.
The calculation of a general number
of birds, flying across stationers and
the Lower Volga areas and the
comparison of these indexes in the
periods 1962-1965, 1966-1970 and
1976-1980 were carried out. It was
stated that after the reduction of
general number of migratory water
fowl more than two times from
1962 to 1970 the stabilization of the
numbers of bird has occurred
during the last five years, and its
annual changes didn't increase 20%
from the average. Favorable
conditions, promoting the
development of foci of arbovirus
infections connected with birds
were preserved in a region.
Eichler, W., VEB
Verlag Volk und
Gesundheit,
Berlin, 1965, pp.
756. Angew.
Parasit, 8(4): 249-
250, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 288
from German.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Inst. Virus
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Aka.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 106-
110, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1658
from Russian.

Kruger, K.
Kruglyak, S. P., G. F.
Gagach, and L. G.
Tulakina.
The double oblique
striation on the muscle
fibers of ticks
(Ixodidae).
Experimental study of
ixodid tick
susceptibility to
Powassan virus.
1935
1981
Tick, muscle fibers, Ixodes ricinus,
I. plumbeus olotriticus, Riparia
riparia, Amblyomma variegatum,
Boophilus decoloratus,
Haemaphysalis campanulata.
Tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis,
Ixodes persulcatus, Dermacentor
silvarum, Powassan virus, life
cycle.
All patterns of double oblique
striation met in tick muscles are
caused by distortion of transverse
striation. The displacement occurs
only in relaxed fibres and in thus
not to by interpreted as a
contraction phenomenon. Oblique
striation is caused by the great
motility of individual fibres. By
displacement in respect to one
another they compensate for the
tensions arising in the muscle
through fixation. The mode of
fixation or the function of the
muscle does not play a role in
formation of these patterns. Oblique
displacements of the fibrils are
apparently casually related to lack
of inophragms. The absence of
transverse striation in some fibres,
in particular of body muscles
cannot be explained in terms of
function.
In this report, we give results of
investigating H. longicornis
susceptibility to the virus and its
ability to preserve and transmit the
virus during the life cycle process.
Z. wiss. Zool.,
Abt. A, 147(2) :
275-294,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 268
from German.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imei D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 82-85,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1571
from Russian.

Kruglyak, S. P., G. N.
Leonova, L. M.
Isachkova, and G. F.
Gagach.
Kryuchechnikov, V. N.
Kucheruk, V. V., G.
A. Sidorova, and Z.
M. Zmaeva.
Experimenal study of
sensitivity of wild
murine rodents to
Powassan virus.
Dermacentroxenus
sibiricus, Rickettsiae
in Dermacentor
marginatus Sulz. and
Ornithodoros
lahorensis Neum. ticks.
On the self protection
of small rodents
against tick (Ixodidae)
larvae.
1982
1966
1955
Tick, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
Powassan virus, wild murine
rodents, Apodemus agrarius, A.
asiaticus, Microtus fortis,
Clethrionomys rufocanus,
Tick, Rickettsiae,
Dermacentroxenus sibiricus,
Dermacentor marginatus,
Ornithodoros lahorensis.
ticks, Ixodidae, ectoparasites,
rodents, Hyalomma asiaticum,
Lagurus lagurus, Mus musculus.
The susceptibility to Powassan
virus of four dominating species of
wild rodents of muridae family was
stated by virological and serological
methods. According to intensity of
virusemia in infected mice the
epizootiologic importance of
studied species of rodents-feeders
of ixodid ticks in the foci of
Powassan virus encephalitis in
Primorsky region supposed to be
not equal. The highest susceptibility
to the virus was discovered in field
mouse, tick of Dermacentor and
Haemaphysalis genera. The
important role in infection of
arthropods could also belong to
reed vole. Forest mouse and
redbacked vole could be considered
as additional reservoirs of Powassan
virus.
Very numerous rickettsiae are
observed in the salivary glands and
intestine cells.
Study to test the scratching off of
attached larval ticks on two species
of rodents. Rodents were first
collared to prevent scratching, then
stretched out with restraints for
inspection to see distribution of
attached larvae. Collars were then
removed and after a day rodents
were inspected to see where they
remained attached or scratched off.
Mus musculus rids itself of attached
larvae more easily than Lagurus
lagurus.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Inst. Virus.
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 48-51,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1652
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch. pp.
114-115,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 562
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 34(4):
948-950.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 10
from Russian.

Kucheruk, V. V., T.
A. Vorontsova, Yu. V.
Lovalevsky, P. S.
Karaseva, and I. A.
Reshetnikov.
Kuchin, V. V. and A.
M. Butenko
Kuchin, V. V. and A.
M. Butenko.
Investigation of bird
sera from southern
Yamal for arboviruses.
Contribution to the
question of antigenic
interrelationships of
Crimean hemorrhagic
(CHF) virus strains
isolated in Rostov,
Astrakhan Oblates of
USSR, and Bulgaria.
Contribution to the
question of antigenic
relationships of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever (CHF) virus
strains isolated in
Rostov and Astrakhan
Oblasts of the USSR
and Bulgaria.
1974
1970
1969
Tick, mosquito, tickborne
encephalitis,TBE, West Nile virus,
WN, bird sera.
Tick, cattle, sheep, horses, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Hyalomma plumbeum.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
CF, AGDP, NT, Hyalomma
plumbeum, tick, sheep, cows,
horses, Sudarkina.
Analysis of these data showed that
all positive reactions with TBE and
WN virus antigens were detected in
sedentary (willow grouse) or young
migratory birds that did not
penetrate beyond the tundra zone.
Obtained data show that sera from
cattle naturally infected with CHF
virus in Rostov Oblast as well as
sera from horses experimentally
infected with CHF virus strains
isolated in Rostov Oblast reacted
identically in DPRA with antigens
of virus strains isolated in Rostov
and Astrakhan Oblast, and Bulgaria.
Investigation of sera using CF,
AGDP and NT tests on
hyperimmune laboratory animals
does not give advantage in
detecting large numbers of positive
findings or higher titers in cows and
sheep from CHF focus of Rostov
Oblast as well as in horses
experimentally infected with CHF
virus strains isolated in Rostov
Oblast, but confirms data on the
antigenic identity of CHF virus
strains isolated in different CHF
distribution areas.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk.
September 1974),
pp. 79-81,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1306
from Russian.
Mater, 3. Obalst.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Kong. (Rostovna-Donu,
May,
1970), pp. 41-44,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 527
from Russian.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 1969),
(2):141-142,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 848
from Russian.

Kuchin, V. V., G. A.
Karinskaya, and M. E.
Badalov.
Kuchin, V. V., T. D.
Yanovich, A. M.
Butenko, and K. S.
Kirsanova.
Kuima, A. U.
Kuima, A. U.
Antigenic
interrelationships of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus strains
isolated in different
years.
Serological
examination of
domestic animals in
Rostov Oblast for
antibodies to CHF
virus.
The host range and
phenology of
Hyalomma anatolicum
Koch development in
hemorrhagic fever foci
of Dangara region,
Tadzhikistan.
Species composition
of ixodid ticks in
hemorrhagic fever foci
of Tadzhikistan.
1970
1970
1971
1969
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, newborn white mice.
Tick, Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever,
CHF, cattle.
Tick, Hyalomma anatolicum, host
range, phenology, foci, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF, human
population, cattle, sheep, goats.
ixodid ticks, hemorrhagic fever,
foci, Tadzhikistan, cattle, sheep,
goats, donkeys, horses, mammals,
birds, reptiles, Hyalomma
anatolicum, H. detritum, H.
plumbeum, H. scupense, H.
asiaticum, H. spinulosus, H.
aegyptium, Rhipicephalus
turanicus, Boophilus calcaratus,
Haemaphysalis sulcata, H.
numidiana, H. punctata,
Dermacentor marginatus, Ixodes
redikorzevi, I. crenulatus.
This article shows data on
comparative study of CF and DPRA
of antigenic associations of 3 CHF
strains ("Drozdov" from
Astradkhan Oblast and "Sudarkina"
and "Pyatnitskaya" from Rostov
Oblast) isolated from blood of
patients who had recovered from
CHF (in 1967, 1968, and 1969,
respectively).
Investigation of 33 cattle sera
collected during the 1967 epidemic
season from a farm unfavorable for
CHF (Oktyaabr'sky region),
revealed 10 (30%) positive DPRA.
Of 144 sera taken in July 1968 in
Krasnolugansky region, 6 (4.2%)
contained antibodies to CHF virus.
Phenological observations carried
out in foci of Crimean hemorrhagic
fever established H. anatolicum
Koch to be the most prevalent
species of Ixodid ticks with which
contact of the human population is
possible.
In 1968, domestic animals were
examined and wild animals (birds
and reptiles) were trapped or shot in
all populated areas and nearby
localities where hemorrhagic fever
patients were recorded and the areas
where patients were present before
onset of infection. In all, we
examined 1,176 cattle, 830 sheep,
639 goats, 10 donkeys, 5 horses,
306 wild mammals, 1,054 birds,
and 49 reptiles. A total of 40,466
ixodid ticks were collected.
Mater, 3. Oblast.
Nauch.- Prakt.
Konf. (Rostve-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 37-41,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 526
from Russian.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Knof. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 61-64,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 531
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19 :204-209,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 831
from Russian.
Soveshch. Leish.
Drug. Trans.
Trop.
Prirodnoochag.
Bolez. Lyud.
Sred. Azii Zakav,
(Ashkhabad,
May 1969), pp.
204-206.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1105
from Russian.

Kuimov, D. T. and A.
V. Dubov.
Kukharchuk, L. P., M.
V. Strizhak, and V. S.
Karavaev.
Kuklina, T. E.
Kuklina, T. F.
Kulagin, S. M., Z. M.
Zhmaeva, M. V.
Shekhanov, and A. A.
Pchelkina.
Amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis as a
syndrome of tickborne
encephalitis.
The role of
mosquitoes in Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
(OHF) virus
circulation in
ornithocenoses of
western Siberia.
Distribution
characteristics of
ixodid ticks in
Uzbekistan.
Duration of feeding
and behavior of
engorged Hyalomma
anatolicum Koch
females.
Contribution to the
characteristics of
tickborne rickettsiosis
in southeastern
Turkmenia.
1958
1974
1967
1964
1957
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
patient study, spring-summer
encephalitis.
Mosquito, Omsk hemorrhagic
fever, OHF, ornithocenoses,
natural foci.
Tick, ixodid, Uzbekistan, Soviet
Union, Ixodes, Rhipicephalus,
Haemaphysalis, Boophilus,
Dermacentor, Hyalomma.
Tick, feeding process, Hyalomma
anatolicum, Ixodes ricinus.
Tick, rickettsiosis, Aristida
karelini, Salsola richteri,
Calligonum, Astragalus, Tamarix,
Xenopsylla conformis, X. gerbilli,
Rostopsylla daca, Hyalomma
asiaticum, Haemolaelaps
angustiscutis, H. stabularis,
Rhipicephalus truanicus, R.
sanguineus.
The authors report their
observations regarding 10 patients
with spirng-summer encephalitis.
The observations were made at the
Neurological Diseases Clinic of the
Novosibkirsk Medical Institute.
While investigating the fauna and
ecology of mosquitoes and their
natural infection by arboviruses, we
also studied tropic associations
between mosquitoes and some
colonial birds species in the Malyye
Chany Lake area in 1971-1972.
Paper on ixodid tick fauna in
Uzbekistan- 6 genera. Includes
Ixodes, Rhipicephalus,
Haemaphysalis, Boophilus,
Dermacentor, Hyalomma.
We studied the feeding process in
the tick Hyalomma anatolicum.
Paper on the discovery of the
presence of rickettsiosis by
isolating responsible corresponding
strains from patients and to
determine possible vectors of this
disease and the agent reservoir
among animals.
Zh.
Nevropatologii.
Psikhiatrii, 58(3)
282-287,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 30
from Russian.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Sibirsk.
Otd Biol. Inst.
Vses. Ent.
Obshch.;
Novosibirsk, pp.
145-146,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 808
from Russian.
Akad. Nauk
Uzbek. SSR,
Inst. Zool.
Parazit.,
Tashkent, pp.
108-112,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 323
from Russian.
Uzbek. Biol. Zh.
8(5): 75-78,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 312
from Russian.
Zh. Mikrobiol.
Moskva, 28(7):
114-121,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 380
from Russian.

Kulik, I. L.
Kulik, I. L. and N. S.
Vinokurova.
Kurbanov, M. M., L.
K. Berezina, V. A.
Zakaryan, N. V.
Kiseleva, and V. P.
Vatolin.
Kurbanov, M. M., V.
L. Gromashevsky, A.
Berdyev, T. M.
Skvortova, N. V.
Kiseleva, and V. P.
Vatolin.
Twenty-five years of
work by the Medical
Zoology Laboratory,
Institute of
Epidemiology and
Microbiology of the
USSR Academy of
Medical Sciences.
Distribution area of
the meadow tick
Dermacentor pictus in
the USSR (Ixodidae).
Results of serological
investigation of
human and domestic
animal blood sera with
13 arboviruses in the
Karakum canal zone
and southeastern
Turkmen SSR.
Isolation of
arboviruses from ticks
in the Karakum canal
zone.
1970
1983
1974
1974
Tick, Zoology, Epidemiology,
Microbiology, plague foci, natural
foci, Pre-Aral, Japanese
encephalitis, JE, Primorye,
tularemia, Moscow Oblast,
infection, tick-borne, Leptospirosis,
Leishmaniasis, Q fever, tick-borne
rickettsiosis.
Tick, Dermacentor pictus, meadow
tick, habitats.
Tick, human blood sera, domestic
animal blood sera, Kemerovo
virus, CHF, Uukuniemi virus, foci.
Tick, CHF, cows, sheep, camel,
deserts, oasis, Hyalomma asiaticum
asiaticum, H. asiaticum excavatum.
The first efforts of the laboratory
were directed to detailed study of
methods of zoological research in
natural foci, ecological features of
important warm-blooded carriers,
and general principles of agent
preservation within their
populations. The objectives were to
study plague foci in Pre-Aral,
Japanese encephalitis in Primorye,
and tularemia in Moscow Oblast.
A cadastral information map of the
distribution area of the tick
Dermacentor pictus in the USSR
was compiled from literature data.
The distribution and range were
determined using the method of
indicating distribution of vegetation
formations favorable for tick
habitats.
The presence of arbovirus foci was
investigated serologically and
virologically in certain regions of
Turkmen SSR. Our task was to do
this work in the Karakum canal
zone together with virological and
serological investigations of
humans and animals.
Fourteen strains of arboviruses were
isolated from 3211 ticks.
Preliminary identification of 3 virus
strains was undertaken. Two of
them belong to ungrouped viruses
antigenically related to LEIV-1308
Uz strain isolated in 1973
Uzbekistan. One strain was
identified as a virus of the CHF
group.
Zool. Zh., 49
(11): 1737-1740,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 442
from Russian.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 17
(3):207-213,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1722
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus.,
2 :113-120,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 778
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Viurs.,
2 :109-113,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 777
from Russian.

Kurchatov, V. I.
Kuseltan, I. V.
Kusov, V. N.
Kusov, V. N. and E.
D. Mel'chakova.
Biological peculiarity
of the tick Hyalomma
marginatum Koch,
vector of equine
piroplasmosis.
On the penetration of
adult ticks Hyalomma
asiaticum into the skin
of lambs.
Ornithodoros ticks in
the fauna of
Kazakhstan.
Alveonasus lahorensis
Neum. ticks
parasitizing Asian
mouflons in Ust-Urt.
1939
1964
1966
1971
Hyalomma marginatum, ticks,
nymphs, larvae, cattle, birds, hares,
steppe, Crimea.
Tick, lamb, skin penetration,
fungus, Hyalomma asiaticum,
Nocardia.
Tick, Ornithodoros lahorensis, O.
papillipes, O. tartakovskyi, O.
cholodkovskyi, O. coniceps, O.
capensis.
Ticks, Asian mouflons, Alveonasus
lahorensis, Ovis orientalis arcal,
Capra sibirca, O. ammon, A.
lahorensis ustjurti.
Seasonal attack of cattle by adult H.
marginatum is from February to
December (maximum April to
June). In summer and autumn,
especially in open semideserts and
in deserts, attack of cattle is
neglible. Overwintering is usually
by unfed adults and engorged
nymphs. Larvae and nymphs are
found on cattle from May to
November.
At the penetration of the tick
Hyalomma asiaticum into the skin,
an inflammatory reaction develops.
Gradually an abscess is formed
which contains sporous and
mycelial forms of the fungus of the
genus Nocardia. Hyalomma
asiaticum at the stage of imagines is
a carrier of the causative agent of
infectious polyarthritis of lambs and
creates the entry of infection at the
site of tick penetration into the skin.
Ticks of this genus are found
almost everywhere in landscapes of
southern regions. They were also
found in southern Aktyubindk and
Karaganda Oblasts. Distribution of
most species has a distinct focal
character in the northern boundary
of their range.
A total of 3,210 tick specimens was
collected by examining 18 Asian
mouflons trapped in October-
November 1966 in western Ust-Urt
Plateau.
Sovetsk. Vet., 16
(5):45-46,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 6
from Russian.
Zool. Zh. 43(1):
138-139,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 114
from Russian.
Tezisy Kokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch. pp.
118-119,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 593
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Zool.
Akad. Nauk
Kazakh. SSR,
(31) : 105-110,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 480
from Russian.

Kusov, V. N. and V.
M. Peteshev.
Kusov, V. N., S. A.
Amanzhulov, and O.
V. Postricheva.
Kuznetsova, G. M.
Contribution to
etiology of tick
paralysis of sheep in
Kazakhstan.
On the problem of Q
fever infection in the
genus Ornithodoros.
Morphological
changes in the skin of
cattle parasitized by
the Hyalomma
scupense field tick.
1961
1962
1957
Tick, Ornithodoros lahorensis, tick
paralysis, sheep.
Tick, Q fever, Ornithodoros,
Rickettsia burnetti.
Tick, cattle, skin changes,
Hyalomma scupense.
From our observations of
experimentally infected animals on
which O. lahorensis were fed,
distinct clinical disease symptoms
appeared in sheep only on days 18-
25 following larval attachment and
beginning of feeding.
Q fever is a contagious disease of
man and farm animals; it is
distributed in all the parts of the
world. This disease has also been
reported in the Soviet Union but has
not been sufficiently studied.
Among the human population, this
disease is not contagious; the
opinion of certain authors is that the
basic source of infection for man is
domestic animals.
Pathological processes arose in the
integumentary tissue of cattle
during parasitism by the Hyalomma
scupense pasture tick. The degree of
development of these processes was
directly related to the stages of tick
development and to the amount of
toxins introduced with tick saliva
(all other conditions being equal).
Trudy 4. Knof.
Prirod, Ochag.
Bolez. Vop
Prazit. Karakh.
Respub. Sred.
Azzi (September
15-20. 1959),
(3):529-533,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1689
from Russian.
Akad. Nauk
Kazakh. SSR
Alma-Ata. 1: 229-
235, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 85
from Russian.
Trudy Moskov.
Vet., Akad. 19
(1): 304-317,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1410
from Russian.

Kuznetsova, G. M., G.
M. Ikovataya, and G.
M. Onufriev.
Kvetkova, E. A. and
S. K. Perekhodova.
L'vov D. K.
L'vov D. K., V. A.
Zaklinskaya, M. P.
Chumakov, and L. S.
Levina.
Study of the role of
ixodid ticks as vectors
of foot and mouth
disease virus.
Evaluation of the role
of biological and
antigenic properties of
tickborne encephalitis
virus in pathogenesis
of different clinical
infection forms.
1966
1981
The main trends in the
study of virus ecology. 1973
Spectrum of
antibodies to tickborne
encephalitis subgroup
viruses in patients
after vaccination and
infection.
1964
Tick, foot and mouth disease virus,
FMD, Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor,
Hyalomma plumbeum,
Rhipicephalus bursa.
Tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
brain, mice, PEK, cell culture.
Virus ecology, viral agents,
humans.
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
Kyasanur Forest disease, KFD,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
Langat, Powassan, Negishi,
vaccination volunteers, antibodies.
There are contradictory literature
data on the infection of ixodid ticks
with foot and mouth disease (FMD)
virus through parasitism of sick
animals and also on transmission of
the virus through eggs to tick
progeny. Thus, Dennen et al. (1961)
and Onfriev and Ikovataya (1963)
demonstrated that Ixodes ricinus
may become infected with FMD
virus. Galloway (1973) obtained
negative results in tests with the
same tick species.
In this study, we attempted to
determine the importance of several
tickborne encephalitis (TBE) virus
properties studied in vivo in
pathogenesis of this virus: ability to
cause viremia, invade the brain ,
and induce development of cellular
immunity playing, as known, a
decisive role in freeing the body
from the agent.
The ecology of viruses includes the
study of the interrelationships
between viral agents of infection
and the environment, and of all
resulting consequences for the
agents and the environment,
including humans.
In this report, we give results from
determining antibodies of different
TBE complex viruses in sera of 40
volunteers vaccinated with culture
vaccine against TBE.
Veterinariya, 43
(63) :29-30,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 282
from Russian.
Sborn, Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 115-
119, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1581
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 18
(6):756-760,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 878
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), pp. 134-
136, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1256
from Russian.

L'vov, D. K.
Significance of
chronic and latent
infection in the
ecology of arboviruses.
1970
Tick, chikungunya, oropuche,
yellow fever, Venezuelan
encephalomyelitis, Culex pipens
pallens, C. tritaeniorhynchus, C.
quinquefasciatus, C. tarsalis, Aedes
aegypti, A. albopicuts, Lacerta
viridis, Thamnophis sirtalis
parietalis, Erinaceus roumanicus,
Glis glis, Mocothrus ater, Anas
platyrhynchos.
Arboviruses, western equine
encephalomyelitis, WEE,
Anseriformes, Columbiformes,
Ciconiiformes, Galliformes,
Passeriformes, gamasid mites,
tufted titmouse, pigeon, Peking
ducks, eastern equine
encephalomyelitis, EEE,
Venezuelan equine
encephalomyelitis, VEE, Ross
River fever virus, Queensland,
Australia, New Zealand, Lake
Chad, Nigeria, Mucambo virus,
Sindbis virus, Azerbaijan,
An analysis of regularities
underlying reproduction of
arboviruses in invertebrate and
vertebrate hosts leads to the
conclusion that chronic and latent
forms: 1) are of decisive importance
in the reproduction of the viral
population; 2) viewed in a
evolutionary aspect they appear as
the primary and basic method of
inter-relations of arboviruses with
their most ancient host - Arthropod;
3) they create the necessary
conditions for the circulation of
arboviruses in the natural habitat
during favorable seasons of the
year; 4) secure reservation of
arboviruses in certain arthropodal
and vertebral host species during a
season unfavorable for active
circulation; 5) facilitate
dissemination of the viruses all over
the territory and, in particular,
transcontinental importation of
viruses by migrating birds; 6) lead
to qualitative changes in the viral
population.
Vestn. Akad.
Med. Mail SSSR,
(10) :63-68,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 475
from Russian.

L'vov, D. K.
The role of birds in
transportation and
survival of arboviruses.
1974
Heilends, Getah virus, Saint Louis
encephalitis (SLE), woodpecker,
Tahiti Island, Trinidad Island,
Japanese encephalitis, JE, Ixodes
uriae, West Nile (WN) fever virus,
argasid ticks, rock pigeon, Glinyani
Island, Baku Archipeloago,
Caspian Sea, Murray Valley
encephalitis, Ilheus virus,
Columbia, RSSE, Ixodes
plumbeum, Czecholslovakia,
meningoencephalitis virus, turkey,
Israel, Alfuy virus, Tyuleniy virus,
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever,
Tete virus, Matruh virus, Egypt,
Ingwavuma virus, Cyprus, Nigeria
Bahig virus, Mermet virus, Illinois,
Thimiri virus, India, Turlock virus,
Itaperagta virus, Matariya virus,
Arab virus, Chenuda virus, South
Africa, Huacho virus, Mono Lake
virus, Okhetskiy virus, Quaranfil
virus, Nile Delta, Johnston Atoll
virus, Central Oceania, Hughes
virus, Dry Tortugas Islands,
Farallon virus, Soldado virus,
Uukuniemi virus, Chernovitsy
Oblast, Grand Arbaud virus,
Ponteves virus, Zaliv Terpeniya
virus, Hart Park virus, Navarro
virus, Balagodu virus,
Kammavanpettai virus,
Kannamangalan virus, Nyamanini
virus, Midway Island, Upolu virus,
Sakalin virus, Corriparta virus,
Fifty-six arboviruses have been
isolated from birds and their
ectoparasites. According to the
results of serological examinations,
19 more arboviruses are associated
with birds ecologically. For
circulation of many arborviruses in
natural foci, the role of birds is of
primary importance.
Med. Parazit.
Moskva, 43
(4):473-480,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 896
from Russian.

L'vov, D. K. and G. V.
Gostinshchikova.
L'vov, D. K. and I. A.
Vinograd.
L'vov, D. K. and
Lebedev, A. D.
Contemporary
concepts on the role of
ticks as vectors of
arboviruses.
Isolation of
Uukuniemi virus from
blackbirds trapped in
Chernovtsy Oblast.
Contribution to the
evolution of
arboviruses.
1970
1971
1970
Tick, mites, argasids, tick list, main
vector list.
Tick, Uukuniemi virus, blackbirds,
suckling mice, CF test, Ixodes
ricinus.
Tick, mosquito, genetic marker,
arbovirus evolution.
Contemporary concepts on the
evolution of arboviruses gave the
basis to assume the secondary
adaptation of this ecological viral
group to ixodid and argasid ticks.
Gamasid mites may probably
perform a mechanical transmission.
We present a list of arboviruses
transmitted by ticks and their main
vectors.
Isolated strain was identical by the
CF test to Uukuniemi virus stains
earlier isolated from Ixodes ricinus
ticks in Chernovtsy and Carpathian
Oblasts.
A hypothesis of evolution of
arboviruses is suggested on the
basis of the analysis of ecological
characteristics of arboviruses, data
of their current geographical
distribution and considerations of
general biological regularities of
parasitism development. Primarily
they originated in an equatorialsubequatorial
climatic zone and
subsequently adapted to condition
of tropics, subtropics and as
symbionts of mosquito intestinal
tracs. The main schemes of
circulation of arboviruses in
different climatic zones are
analyzed. As well as some genetic
markers of arboviruses appearing in
the process of evolution. Some
modes of practical application of
the suggested hypothesis are
outlined.
Tezisy Dokl. 2.
Akarol.
Sovexhch., pt. 1;
290-292,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 678
from Russian.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), p. 95,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 691
from Russian.
Vop. Virusol., 15
(3) : 372-376,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 477
from Russian.

L'vov, D. K., A. A,
Timoreeva, V. I.
Chervonsky, V. L.
Gromashevsky, G. A.
Klisenko, G. V.
Gostinshchikova, and
I. N. Kostyrko.
L'vov, D. K., A. A.
Timofeeva, A. D.
Lebedev, V. I.
Chervonsky, V. L
Gromashevsky, G. A.
Klisenko, I. N.
Kostyrko, and G. N.
Gostinshchikova.
A presumably new
arbovirus species
"Tyuleniy" isolated
from Ixodes putus
ticks collected in a
seabird colony in the
Sea of Okhotsk.
Arboviral foci in the
northern Far East.
1971
1971
Tick, Tyuleniy, seabird colony,
West Nile virus, WN, Ixodes putus,
Ceratixodes, Uria algae, Aedes
aegypti, Hyalomma asiaticum.
Tick, arboviral evolution,
mosquito, foci, Ixodes putus, I.
signatus, Aedes aegypti, A. togoi,
Hyalomma asiaticum, Culex
molestus, Tuleniy virus.
Three strains (LEIV-4C, LEIV-6C,
AND LEIV-62C) of a presumably
new arbovirus "Tyuleniy" were
isolated in 1969 from Ixodes
(Ceratixodes) putus ticks collected
from the murre Uria algae colony
on Tyuleniy island, the Sea of
Okhotsk. From data on filtration,
this virus is less than 50 nm in size.
The virus contains RNA and is
highly sensitive to ether and sodium
deoxicholate. It is also pathogenic
for suckling and 3 week-old mice
by intracerebral inoculation. In
rabbits this virus produces HA and
CF antibodies and agglutinates
goose erythrocytes at an optimum
pH of 6.4-6.6. From studying
antigenic properties in cross HI and
CF tests, this virus belongs to the
arbovirus group B but differs from
other representatives of the group
(it resembles more West Nile virus).
The virus is not neutralized by
antisera to viruses of tickborne,
West Nile, St. Louis, and Japanese
encephalitides. In addition,
antiserum to "Tyuleniy" virus does
not neutralize the above viruses. It
was established that this virus
reproduces in experimentally
infected Aedes aegypti, mosquitoes
and Hyalomma asiaticum ticks.
An experimental verification of the
hypothesis disclosed the existence
of arboviral foci in the Okhotsk sea
basin.
Vop. Virus., 16
(2) : 180-184,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 514
from Russian.
Vestn. Akad.
Nauk SSSR, (2) :
52-64, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 478
from Russian.

L'vov, D. K., A. A.
Timofeeva, V. I.
Chervonsky, V. I.
Gromashevsky, A. I.
Gromov, A. G.
Porgrebenko, T. I.
Chupakhina, and V. I.
Levedev.
L'vov, D. K., A. A.
Timofeeva, V. I.
Chervonsky, V. L.
Gromashevsky, and
G. A. Klisenko.
L'vov, D. K., A. A.
Timofeeva, V. L.
Gromashevsky, A. G.
Pogrebenko, V. I.
Chervonsky, A. I.
Gromov, Yu. M.
Tsirkin, A. S. Zemit,
G. V.
Gostinshchikova, G.
N. Leonova, A. A.
Sazonov, V. Zhezmer,
V. M. Polivanov, V. I.
Shestakov, A. G.
Yudakov, and V. I.
Lebedev.
L'vov, D. K., A. A.
Timofevva, V. L.
Gromashevsky, and
Arbovirus foci in the
northern Far East.
Study of new viruses,
Tuleniy and Sakhalin.
Tyuleniy virus,
presumably a new
arbovirus of the group
B.
Contribution to the
ecology of Tuleniy
and Sakhalin
arboviruses in the Far
East.
Isolation of
arboviruses from
Ixodes (Ceratixodes)
putus Pick.-Camb.
ticks collected in a
1971
Tick, arbovirus, foci, marine bird
colonies, fur seals, Tuleniy,
Sakhalin.
1971 Tick, Tyuleniy virus, Ixodes putus.
1972
1970
Tick, bird colonies, arbovirus, I.
putus, I. signatus.
Tick, Soviet Union, arbovirus, bird,
Ixodes (Ceratixodes) putus.
Association of the viruses with
different marine bird species furseals,
and humans were studied.
We studied properties of 2 identical
strains (LEIV-4C and LEIV-6C)
isolated in 1969 from Ixodes putus
ticks in Tyuleniy Island in the Sea
of Okhotsk.
Virologic studies of approximately
15,000 I. putus and I. signatus ticks
collected on islands of Rimsky-
Korsakov Archipelago, Tuleniy
Island and South-Kuril Islands.
In 1969, 41 virus strains of at least
2 different arboviruses were
isolated in suckling mice from
female, male, and nymphal Ixodes
(Ceratixodes) putus Pick.-Camb.
The ticks were collected from a bird
colony on Tyuleniy Island in
Terpeniye (Patience) Bay of
Okhotsk Sea. The common
guillemot was the chief bird in the
colony. Virus strains were isolated
from female ticks before
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Ekol.
Svyazan. Ptits.
(Omsk, 1971), p.
34, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
692 from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 16
(1) :128,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 467
from Russian.
Mater. Simp.
Itogi 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
December 1971),
pp. 46-52,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 648
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 15
(4): 440-444,
NAMRU No. 3,

V. I. Chermovsky. bird colony on
Tyuleniy Island,
Okhotsk Sea.
L'Vov, D. K., A.A.
Timofeeva, V. L.
Gromashevsky, F. R.
Karas', T. M.
Skvortsova, G. N.
Leonova, G. A.
Sidorova, T. P. Pak,
L. P. Nikiforov, O. A.
Daniyarov, L. K.
Berezina, M. K.
Kastyukov, V. A.
Zakaryan, A. I.
Chubkova, M. M.
Kurbanov, V. P.
Vatolin, E. M.
Timofeev, S. G.
Vargina, V. P.
Andreev, V. P.
Bulychev, V. A.
Aristova, A. U.
Kuima, A. A.
Sazonov, A. I.
Musatova, S. M.
Liminko, S. M.
Steblyanko, Yu. P.
Gofman, R. K.
Usmanov, B. V.
New viruses isolated
in the USSR in 1969-
1974.
1975
mosquitoes, ticks, bats, white
wagtail, great gerbil, herring gull,
Sindbis virus, Tyuleniy virus,
Sokuluk virus, Karshi virus,
Powassan virus, West Nile virus,
tickborne encephalitis, TBE, Baku
virus, Okhotskiy virus, Wad-
Medani virus, Tahyna virus, CHF
virus, Congo virus, Sakhalin virus,
Zaliv terpeniya virus, Bhanja virus,
Issyk-Kul virus, Batken virus,
Khasan virus, Sikhote-Alin' virus,
Paramushir virus, Caspiy virus,
Chim virus, Tandy virus, Razdan
virus, Artshat virus, Alphaviruses,
Flaviviruses, Culex modestus,
Dermacentor marginatus, Ixodes
putus, I. uriae, I signatus, I. ricinus,
I. persulcatus, I. verpertilionis,
Vespertilio pipistrellis,
Ornithodoros papillipes,
Haemaphysalis longicornis,
Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma
marginatum, H. plumbeum, H.
asiaticum, H. anatolicum,
Ornithodoros capensis, O.
coniceps, O. tartakovsky,
Rhipicephalus turnicus, R. bursa,
Anopheles hyrcanus, Culex
pipiens, Argas verpertilionis,
oviposition, males (which do not
feed on blood), unfed females that
molted in the laboratory from
nymphs that had engorged in
nature, and nymphs. This fact
proved the existence of trans-stadial
transmission of viruses in ticks
during metamorphosis. There is
evidence to consider the isolated
strains as belonging to the
arboviruses.
In different regions of the USSR,
329 strains were isolated and
identified; of them, 25 arboviruses
are new for science.
Translation 437
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 322-324,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1005
from Russian.

Gushchin, B. Yu.
Zhzmer, A. G.
Pogrebenko, and G. S.
Akopyan.
L'vov, D. K., G. A.
Sidorova, V. L.
Gromashevsky, T. M.
Skvortsova, L. K.
Berezina, N. G.
Kondrashina, and A.
U. Uralov.
L'vov, D. K., G. N.
Leonaova, V. L.
Gromashevsky, N. P.
Belikova, L. K.
Berezina, A. V.
Safronov, O. V.
Veselovskaya, Yu. P.
Gofman, and S. M.
Klimenko.
Chim virus, a new
arbovirus isolated
from ixodid and
argasid ticks collected
in Great Gerbil
burrows in Uzbek SSR.
Powassan virus
isolation from ticks,
Haemaphysalis
neumanni Donitz
1905, in Primor'ye
region.
1979
1974
Azerbaijan, Okhotsk, Commander
Islands, Kola Peninsula, Barents
Sea, Kirgizia, Usbekistan,
Primor'ye, Turkmenistan,
Azerbaijan, Baku Archipelago,
Chuckchee Sea, Tadzhikistan,
USA, Canada, Scotland, Malaya,
Kuril, Tyuleniy Island, Armenia,
Tick, Great Gerbil, argasid, Chim
virus.
Tick, Haemaphysalis neumanni,
Powassan virus, human pathogenic,
complement fixation reaction. CF,
hemagglutination-inhibition, HI,
agar gel diffusion precipitation,
AGDP, neutralization tests, NT,
electron microscopy, Ixodes
persulcatus, H. japonica.
Five strains of a virus new for
science, named Chim, were isolated
from ixodid and argasid ticks
collected in Great Gerbil burrows in
Uzbek SSR. The virus has no
antigenic associations with
arboviruses isolated from ticks; it is
100-200 nm in size; contains RNA
(from data on filtration through
Millipore filters), and has a lipidcontaining
envelope. Chim virus is
pathogenic for 3-4 day old newborn
white mice only by intracerebral
inoculation and is apathogenic for
other small laboratory animals. The
virus has cytopathic effect on
passaged L, Rh, and BHK line cells.
Haemaphysalis neumanni ticks
collected in southern Primor'ye
region in 1972 yielded a virus
strain, which by complement
fixation reaction (CF),
hemagglutination-inhibition (HI),
agar gel diffusion precipitation
(AGDP), and neutralization tests
(NT), and by electron microscopy is
similar to Powassan virus. This is
the first isolation of Powassan virus
pathogenic for humans beyond the
American continent.
Vop. Virus. 24
(3): 286-289,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1408
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 19
(5) :538-541,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 833
from Russian.

L'vov, D. K., I. I.
Kostyrko, and V. L.
Gromashevsky.
L'vov, D. K., M. A.
Kostyukov, O. A.
Daniyarov, T. M.
Tukhtaev, B. K.
Sherikov, A. A.
Bun'etbekov, V. P.
Bulychev, and Z. E.
Gordeeva.
L'vov, D. K., M. A.
Kostyukov, T. P. Pak,
and V. L.
Gromashevsky.
Experimental infection
of mosquitoes Aedes
aegypti and Culex
pipiens molestus with
Tuleniy virus.
Outbreak of arbovirus
infection caused by
Issyk-Kul' virus (Issyk-
Kul' fever) in Tadzhik
SSR.
Isolation from the
blood of a sick person
of an arbovirus
antigenically related to
Issyk-Kul virus.
1973
1984
1980
Tick, mosquito, Tuleniy virus,
guillemots, Aedes aegypti, Culex
pipiens molestus, Uria aalge, I.
putus, Aedes aegypti.
Mosquito, Aedes caspius, Culex
pipiens, Anopheles hyrcanus,
arbovirus outbreak, Argasid ticks,
birds, bats, mice, humans.
Issyk-Kul virus, bats, ticks, human
case.
Tuleniy virus of group B
arboviruses was isolated in 1969
from Ixodes (Ceratixodes) putus.
Pick.-Camb. 1878 ticks collected on
Tuleniy Island (Sea of Okhotsk) in
guillemot (Uria aalge) nesting
areas. Afterward, this virus was
isolated from I. putus on
Commander Islands, Murmansk
littoral, and Oregon littoral of the
USA. In this report, we present
results of experimental infection of
Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens
molestus mosquitoes with Tuleniy
virus.
An outbreak of the disease caused
by Issyk-Kul' virus was observed in
March - August, 1982, in saunter
Tajikistan. The virus is ecologically
associated with bats and Argasid
ticks parasitizing on them. The role
of birds and mosquitoes in the virus
ecology is discussed, and the data
on the population immunity
patterns to the virus among humans,
domestic and wild animals in the
Karghiz SSR, the Tajik SSR, and
Turkmen SSR are analyzed. The
data on the distribution area of the
causative agent in Central Asia are
presented.
In this report, we give data on
isolation Issyk-Kul virus from a
sick person. This virus was first
isolated in 1970 from bats and ticks
in Kirgiz SSR.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 42
(2) :191-193,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 696
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 29
(1): 89-92,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1736
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 25
(1):61-62,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1442
from Russian.

L'vov, D. K., M. M.
Kurbanov, V. M.
Neronov, V. L.
Gromashevsky, T. M.
Skvortsova, Yu. P.
Gofman, S. M.
Klimenko, A.
Berdyev, N. V.
Kiseleva, V. P.
Vatolin, and V. A.
Aristova.
L'vov, D. K., N. G.
Kondrashova, L. K.
Berezina, T. M.
Skvortsova, E. A.
Gushchina, V. L.
Gromahsevsky, S. M.
Klimenko, and B. V.
Gushchin.
L'vov, D. K., S. K.
Karimov, T. V.
Kiryushchenko, F.
Chun-Syun, T. M.
Skvortsova, I. I.
Terskikh, Y. P.
Gofman, L. K.
Berezina, V. L.
Gromashevsky, N. G.
Kondrashina, and S.
M. Klimenko.
Isolation of Wad
Medani arbovirus
from Hyalomma
asiaticum Sch. and
Schl. (1929) ticks in
Turkmen SSR.
The Sakhalin antigenic
group (family
Bunyaviridae).
Isolation of Syr-Darya
valley fever virus.
1967
1981
1984
Tick, Hyalomma asiaticum,
Rhipicephalus turanicus, Wad
Medani arbovirus, natural foci,
Kemerovo antigenic group.
Tick, Ixodes uriae, I. signatus, cell
cultures, antigens, Sakhalin group
viruses, Bunyaviridae.
Tick, Syr-Darya Valley fever,
Hyalomma a. asiaticum,
Dermacentor daghestanicus, Ixodes
petauristea, Haemaphysalis
spinigera, Cardiovirus.
Utilization of desert and dry area in
Central Asia, especially those
associated with construction of the
Kara-Kum canal, make it necessary
to search for natural foci of
arboviruses in these areas. In this
report, we give data on isolation of
Wad Medani arbovirus (Kemerovo
antigenic group) which is new for
the Soviet Union.
In this report, we give results of
studying certain properties of
Sakhalin group viruses isolated in
USSR and and abroad.
In the course of studies on the
ecological structure of acute febrile
diseases in the season of activity of
blood-sucking arthropods strains of
a virus antigenically related to
Sikhote-Alyn virus were isolated
from the blood of a patient and
from ixodid ticks. This paper
presents the results of the study on
the causative agent and the clinical
picture of the disease caused by this
virus. The virus was found to be a
new one for science; its
appurtenance to the family
Picornaviridae, genus Cardiovirus,
the antigenic group of
encephalomyocarditis has been
determined. The virus has been
designated "Syr-Darya Valley fever
virus" by the area of its isolation.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskava, 45
(4):452-455,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1236
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 26
(2):148-152,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1572
from Russian.
Vop. Virus. 29
(5): 553-558,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1798
from Russian.

L'vov, D. K., T. M.
Skvortsova, N. G.
Kondrashina, B. V.
Vershinsky, A. L.
Lesnikov, V. S.
Dereviansky, L. K.
Berezina, V. L
Gromashevsky, D. P.
Andrianova, and V. I.
Yakovlev.
L'vov, D. K., V. A.
Smirnov, V. L.
Gromashevsky, O. V.
Veselovskaya, and N.
A. Lavrova.
L'vov, D. K., V. A.
Zaklinskaya, M. P.
Chumakov, and L. S.
Levina.
Karelian fever - a new
arbovirus infection.
Isolation of Zaliv
Terpeniya arbovirus
from Ixodes
(Ceratixodes) putus
Pick.-Cambr. ticks in
Murmansh Oblast.
The spectrum of
hemaglutinating
antibodies following
experimental
immunization with
tickborne encephalitis
complex viruses.
1982
1973
1965
Mosquitoes, buffalo gnats,
Karelian fever, human cases,
disease symptoms.
Tick, Zaliv Terpeniya arbovirus,
Ixodes, Ceratixodes putus,
complement fixation test, CFI, agar
gel diffuse precipitation test,
AGDP.
Tick, antibodies, immunization,
tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
homologous, heterologous
antihemagglutinins.
In this report, we give the first
results of studying the nature of
disease outbreaks in the late
summer-early fall of 1981 in
Karelian ASSR.
Virologic studies were carried out
on 6870 Ixodes, Ceratixodes putus
ticks collected in the summer of
1971 on the island Kuvshin in the
northeastern part of the Barents Sea.
Twenty one strains were recovered.
According to the results of the
complement fixation test (CFI) and
agar gel diffuse precipitation test
(AGDP), all the strains are identical
with the virus of the Patience Bay
from the Uukuniemi group
previously isolated in the Sakhalin
and Kamchataka regions.
The aim of the present work was to
study dynamics patterns of
homologous and heterologous
antihemagglutitins developing after
experimental immunization with
different TBE complex viruses.
Vop. Virus., 27
(6):690-692,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1625
from Russian.
Med. Prazit.,
Moskva, 42
(6) :728-730,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 690
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 10
(6) :657-663,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 817
from Russian.

L'vov, D. K., V. L
Gromashevsky, G. A.
Sidorova, T. M.
Skvortova, V. P.
Andreev, O. V.
Veselovskaya, V. A.
Aristova, A. I.
Mustova, L. N.
Dzhavarov, and M. M.
Kurvanov.
L'vov, D. K., V. L.
Gromashevsky, G. A.
Sidorova, Yu. M.
Tsirkin, V. I.
Chervonsky, G. V.
Gostinshchikova, and
V. A. Aristova.
Preliminary data on
isolation of 3 new
arboviruses in
Caucasus and Central
Asia.
Isolation of a new
arbovirus Baku of
Kemerovo group from
argasid ticks
Ornithodoros coniceps
in Azerbaijan.
1974
1971
Tick, Rhipicephalus turanicus,
Ornithodoros capensis, gerbil,
Rhombomys opimus.
Tick, Ornithodoros coniceps,
arbovirus, herring gull, Larus
argentatus, LEIV-46A, Kemerovo
group, Baku virus.
Virus strain was isolated from the
ticks Rhipicephalus turanicus and
from ticks of the genus
Ornithodoros collected in burrows
of Rhombomys opimus in 1971 and
an identical virus strain in 1972.
Hyalomma asiaticum ticks yielded
a strain of LEIV-1303Uz in
Uzbekistan, 2 identical virus strains
in Uzbekistan and 2 virus strains in
Turkmenistan.
Seventeen arbovirus strains were
isolated from Ornithodoros
coniceps ticks collected in the
spring and summer of 1970 from
herring gull (Larus argentatus)
nesting areas on islands of Baku
Archipelago, the Caspian Sea. Four
strains proved to be identical and
did not agglutinate goose
erythrocytes. The prototype strain
LEIV-46A, from serological
identification data, belongs to the
Chenuda virus antigenic complex of
the Kemerovo group. From CF and
N test data, the virus differs from
Chenuda, Punta Salinas, Mono
Lake, Kemerovo, Tribec, Lipovnik,
and Wad Medani viruses. The new
virus was named Baku.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus.,
2 :80-82,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 772
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 16
(4): 434-437,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1401
from Russian.

L'vov, D. K., V. P.
Andreev, V. A.
Isachenko, M. A.
Yakhno, L. Y.
Zakstel'skaya, N. N.
Sokolova, and V. I.
Vasil'ev.
L'vova, A. I., S. Ya.
Gaidamovich, Yu. M.
Tsirkin, and E. V.
Krasovsky.
Lachmajer, J.
Detection of influenza
virus A (tern)
Turkmenistan 18/73
(HAV7, Nav2) in the
common tern Sterna
hirundo Linnaeus in
the eastern part of the
Caspian Sea (Turkmen
SSR).
Study of the
Kemerovo virus type
cytopathic agent by
mixed infection and
interference with
tickborne encephalitis
virus.
State of research on
parasitic arthropods in
Poland.
1974
1964
Tick, birds, influenza, Sterna
hirundo, S. sandvicensis.
Kemerovo, tickborne encephalitis,
TBE, virus, adult white mice,
guinea pig, ixodid, tick.
1963 Tick, Poland, parasite.
Sterna hirundo and Sterna
sandvicensis young birds just after
leaving the nest were examined in
the Krasnovodsk reserve (longitude
53 East, latitude 39 49' North). One
strain of influenza A virus (tern)
Turkmenistan 18/73 (Hav7, Nav2)
was isolated from washings taken
from the trachea and palatine
fissure. Sera of young terns were
found to contain antibodies to
chicken (Kamchatka) 12/71 (H3N2)
strain in 20 to 30% of cases.
In tests with animals, mice were
first inoculated intracerebrally with
apathogenic virus 177. Titration of
the TBE virus in tested and control
mice was made 48-72 hours
following infection. A slight but
regular interference was also
observed in this case. The data on
expulsion of viruses by others and
their interference should be
considered in virological
investigation of ticks which are
carriers of both viruses.
This review of all achievements in
the parasitic acaro-entomology field
between 1945-1962 has been
elaborated very briefly, and the
ommison of some works in it by the
authors should be forgiven, since
the limitation of this short report
did not allow us to present all items
completely. Only a few of the
following arthropod groups will be
discussed in this new article:
Acarina, Aphaniptera, Anoplura,
Mallophaga, as well as a few
families of the Order Diptera, such
as Culicidae, Simulidae, and
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virs. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Adad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, (2): 88-93,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1805
from Russian
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), pp. 257-
259, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 894
from Russian.
Kiad Parazyt., 9
(4): 359-369,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 298
from Polish.

Lagutenko, Yu. P.
Lapina, T. F. and G.
A. Klisenko.
Lapina, T. F. and S.
Ya. Gaidamovich.
Morphology and
topography of dermal
sense organs in ixodid
ticks.
Use of different
fixatives for the IHA
test with Issyk-Kul
virus.
The indirect
hamagglutination test
for diagnosing West
Nile fever and
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever.
1969
1978
1981
Tick, morphology, topography,
sense organs, Hyalomma
asiaticum, H. dromedarii,
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rh.
sanguineus, Boophilus calcaratus.
IHA test, fixatives, Issyk-Kul,
brain antigens, immunoglobulins,
acrolein, formalin, glutaraldehyde.
West Nile fever, WN, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF, indirect
hamagglutination test, IHA,
newborn white mice, NWM,
humans.
Tabanidae.
The nerve elements of dermal sense
organs in ixodids has been
demonstrated to be of the following
3 types: ear-shaped, spear-shaped,
and arrow-shaped sensilla. The
morphology of transformation of
individual sensilla types was traced
in all post-embryonic
developmental stages.
Characteristic dimensions of these
sensilla are presented. Two new
sensilla types were revealed which
had never been recorded in ixodids.
The integument of immature stages
revealed several topographically
stable sense organ complexes which
may be used as criteria for
taxonomic differentiation of these
ticks.
We studied usefulness of different
fixatives (acrolein, formalin,
glutaraldehyde) for preparing brain
antigens (diagnosticum) for Issyk-
Kul virus and used specific
immunoglobulins as sensitin.
In this report, we give results of
determining the possible range of
the IHA test in identifying CHF and
WN viruses isolated from humans
using sucking mice as well as
results of detecting these agents in
the blood of patients.
Zool. Zh., 48(1) :
74-84, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 633
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. Imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, 3: 125-
127, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1381
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 132-
137, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1575
from Russian.

Laptev, V. I.
Larova, N. A. and N.
A. Zakharova.
Lavalle, J. A. de.
Lazarev, V. N.
Biology of
Haemaphysalis
neumanni Donitz,
1905
(Parthenogenesis).
Antibody levels in
blood of tickborne
encephalitis
convalescents and
vaccinated persons in
the hemagglutination
inhibition test and
reaction of enzymelabeled
antibodies.
Destruction of ticks by
predators on Guano
Islands.
Treatment of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
patients with
convalescent sera.
1963
1981
1923
Tick, pasture ticks,
parthenogenesis, Ixodid,
Haemaphysalis neumanni,
Amblyomma agatum,
Rhipicephalus bursa, Hyalomma
marginatum, Hyalomma
anatolicum excavatum, Hyalomma
dromedarii, Hyalomma plumbeum.
Tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
patients, laboratory staff,
vaccinations, antibodies, ELISA,
HIT, Sindbis, Venezuelan equine
encephalomyelitis, VEE,
Californian encephalitis, chicken,
mouse brains.
Tick, spider, Dysdera murphyi, tick
control.
1969 Tick, CHF, treatment.
The phenomenon of
parthenogenetic development
among ixodid ticks has been
observed by many authors. H.
Aragao (1912) demonstrated that
females of pasture tick
Amblyomma agatum Ar. are
capable of feeding normally on
natural hosts without male ticks,
and subsequently deposit a great
number of quite fertile eggs (cited
by G. S. Pervomaisky).
Sera of convalescents and sera of
laboratory staff vaccinated against
TBE were tested for the presence of
antibodies against TBE virus using
the HIT and ELISA. The latter
demonstrated 12 positive sera more
that the HIT did. Higher sensitivity
of ELISA as compared with the
HIT, its specificity make it possible
to recommend this test as a
perspective tool for the diagnosis of
arboviral infections.
The spider, Dysdera murphyi can be
used with success in tick distruction
or, at least, to limit the
multiplication of ticks.
Early injection of convalescent sera
gives a positive effect on the
hemorrhagic fever course in
patients. It may also be assumed
that the convalescent sera may have
preventive effect on the disease
development when injected into
patients during the incubation
period.
Trud. Gos. Inst.
Eksp. Vet. 28:
129-136,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 211
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus, imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Naud
SSSR, pp. 152-
158, Translation
1589 from
Russian.
14. Mem Comp.
Admin. (Guano,
1923), pp. 165-
170, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1353
from Spanish.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 1969),
(2) : 142-143,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 849
from Russian.

Lazarev, V. N., N. M.
Reunova, N. S.
Manukyan, M. E.
Badalov, and G. D.
Koreneva.
Lazarev, V. N., A. N.
Lazarev, and M. E.
Badalov.
Lebeda, M.
Certain clinical
laboratory features of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever in Rostov Oblast.
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever in children.
Finding of Ixodes
ricinus in the deep
layers of skin and in
the lymphatic
ganglion (lymph node)
of foxes (Vulpes
vulpes L.)
1970
1970
1962
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, syndrome.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, children.
Tick, foxes, Ixodes ricinus,
Hyalomma rhipicephaloides,
Nesokia indica, H. anatolicum,
Meriones erythrourus, I.
persulcatus, Vulpes vulpes.
The data on dispensary examination
showed that residual occurrences
after recovery from CHF (severe
headache, strong weakness,
decrease of memory, hearing, sight,
etc.) remained in patients for a long
period following release from the
hospital (from 1-2 months and for 1-
2 years) and were generally
associated with vascular and trophic
disorders in different organs and
systems. The development of
hypertonia in many patients
recovered from CHF showed also
great changes in vessels because
usually no kidney pathology was
observed in persons who had
intensified arterial pressure.
The clinical picture of hemorrhagic
fever with renal syndrome in
children was studied and described
in detail.
This paper describes the occurrence
of female common ticks (Ixodes
ricinus) in summer season (July) in
the deep layers of skin in 4 foxes
(Vulpes vuples L.) and in the
subcutaneous muscle in the
popliteal lymphoid ganglion (lymph
node) of 1 fox.
Mater. 3. Oblast,
Nauch.-Prakt.
Konf. (Rostov-na-
Danu, May,
1970), pp. 115-
121, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 542
from Russian.
Mater, 3, Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Konf. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970). pp. 121-
127, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 543
from Russian.
Vet. Cas., 6(2) :
193-205,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 334
from Czech.

Lebedev, A. D.
Lebedev, E. P. and F.
F Busygin.
Lebedev, E. P., P. S.
Karaseva, I. A.
Reshetnikov, and F. F.
Busygin.
Epidemiology of
Crimean and Crimean
type hemorrhagic
fevers.
Serological
investigations for
arbovirus infections in
forest-steppe regions
in Omsk Oblast.
Detection of
antibodies to Tahyna,
Chenuda, and
Uukuniemi viruses in
inhabitants of the
northern forest-steppe
in Omsk Oblast.
1960
1974
1975
Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
Astrakhan Oblast, Stavropol,
Uzbekistan, Burgas, Varnsky,
Kolorovograd, Plovdiv, Ruse,
Stara-Zagora, Khasovsky,
Bulgaria, CHF, ixodid ticks,
Hyalomma plumbeum, Hyalomma
anatolicum, Hyalomma detritum,
Rhipicephalus turanicus.
Serological investigations, foreststeppe,
patients, arbovirus.
Tahyna, Chenuda, Uukuniemi,
antibodies, serological
investigation, patients, indirect
hemagglutination inhibition test,
IHI, forest-steppe.
Study details past seasonal
prevalence of CHF in years 1945,
1947, 1949 and 1958. Infections in
Crimea are recorded from June-
September (max. in July); in
Uzbekistan from May-September
(max. in June-July), and single
cases in November; and in Bulgaria
from May-October (max. June-
July). June and July are months
with highest infection rate in
different geographic foci.
We investigated serologically
febrile patients in the northern
forest-steppe of Omsk Oblast.
In this report, we give the data from
serological investigation of patients
suffering from fever of obscure
etiology and the data from
investigating the antibody
prevalence to Tahyna, Uukuniemi,
and Chenuda viruses in the rural
population of the northern foreststeppe
in Omsk Oblast.
Gos, Izd. Med.
Lit, (EDGIZ)
Moskva, Chap. 4,
pp. 126-132,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 895
from Russian.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh,
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974),
pp. 83-84,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1497
from Russian.
Tizisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 314-315,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1194
from Russian.

Lebedeva, M. I.
Lebedeva, N. N and T.
A. Vorontsova.
Transcontinental
association of certain
Charadriiformes of
Siberia.
Experimental
tickborne rickettsiosis
in murine rodents.
1971
1983
Birds, Charadriiformes, banding,
migration.
Tick, Rickettsia sibirica, tickborne
rickettsiosis, murine rodents,
common voles, meadow mice,
great gerbils.
We reexamined the recovery data of
13 Charadriiformes species sent to
the Banding Center from different
regions of Siberia. Most birds were
banded while overwintering in or
flying through foreign countries.
Data show that Charadriiformes
inhabiting a large area of Siberia
migrate in winter to southern Asia,
Europe, Africa, North America, and
Australia.
The comparative study of the
duration and level of rickettsiemia
in wild rodents, natural carriers of
rickettsiosis, after their
experimental infection with
Rickettsia sibirica has been carried
out. All those species under study
(common voles, meadow mice and
great gerbils) have been found to be
faintly susceptible to this infective
agent. Large infective doses
produce no visible signs of the
disease in these animals,
rickettsiemia for a short time and its
level is not high. Great gerbils have
been found to be most susceptible,
and meadow mice least susceptible
to R. sibirica. Different species also
show differences in the immune
transformation of the body.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus,
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 68-69,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 723
from Russian.
Zh. Mikrobiol.,
Moskva, 60
(3):46-49,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1698
from Russian.

Legedev, E. P.
Leibman, A. L. and E.
A. Kalivshkina.
Lenvkovich, E. N., L.
G. Karpovich, and N.
V. Loginova.
Leonov, Yu. A. and L.
A. Barbash.
Longterm
epidemiological
forecasting of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever in
connection with
anthropogenic
transformation of
natural foci of this
infection.
The Crimea and
Marseilles fever in
man.
Study of Langat virus
(strain Tp-21) and
isolation and
characteristics of its
clones differing in
degree of
neurovirulence.
Interspecies relation of
common rodents in the
Omsk hemorrhagic
(OHF) fever foci in
northern Kulunda.
1979
1962
1964
1966
Tick, mosquito, Omsk hemorrhagic
fever, OHF, anthropogenic, foci.
Tick, dogs, Crimea fever,
Marseilles fever, Rh. sanguineus,
D. conori.
Langat virus, TP-21, pathogenic
heterogenous clones, plaque
formation method, monkeys,
Macacus rhesus.
Muskrats, rodents, water voles,
migrating birds, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF, natural
foci, tularemia, mass reproduction.
Soviet and foreign investigators
demonstrated that several year
shifts in morbidity of infections by
arboviruses transmitted to humans
through ixodid ticks and
bloodsucking mosquitos are
characterized by alternation of local
epidemic outbreaks and more or
less long-lasting interepidemic
periods.
The data presented in this paper
show that the greatest infection of
dogs with Marseilles fever occurred
in Evpatoria where human cases
had been registered in 1958 and
also in other areas of the greatest
infestation of dogs with Rh.
sanguineus.
These data allowed us to conclude
that Langat virus strain TP-21 is a
population consisting of pathogenic
heterogenous clones, which agrees
with the data of Price et al. (1961).
The plaque formation method
allowed us to select virus clones
with low neurovirulence.
In this report, the authors first
demonstrated the causative
association between mass
reproduction of water-voles and
tularemia and OHF epizootics of
muskrats.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 48(1):
56-61, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1422
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 41
(8) : 1162-1165,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 77
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), pp. 15-16.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1259
from Russian.
Mater. 2.
Mezhinst. Simp.
(Novosibirsk,
April, 1965), pp.
27-30, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 788
from Russian.

Leonov, Yu. A. and
N. N. Kharitonova.
Leonov, Yu. A. and T.
N. Fedorova.
Leonov, Yu. A., L. A.
Barbash, and N. N.
Kharitonova.
The role of
heterothermic animals
in the circulation of
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever virus.
Immunological
activity to Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
(OHF) of small
mammals in northern
Kulunda.
The significance of
mass in small mammal
species in the
epizootiology of
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever in northern
Kulunda.
1969
1969
1969
Tick, heterothermic animals, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF, fish,
frogs, Rana terrestris.
Tick, Soviet Union, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF.
Tick, Omsk hemorrhagic fever,
OHF, focus, Ondatra zibethica,
Arvicola terrestris L., Microtus
oeconomus, M. minutus.
Blood from 242 fish of three
species and from 111 frogs (Rana
terrestris) was serologically
examined for Omsk hemorrhagic
fever in North Kulunda. Specific
antibodies were detected by
hamaggultination-inhibition test.
There is a dependence of the
increase in the number of antibodies
on the temperature conditions under
which cold-blooded animals live.
The serological investigations of
934 small mammals belonging to
12 species were carried out with the
help of hemagglutination-inhibition
test in the natural focus. Antibodies
against Omsk hemorrhagic fever
virus were found in 9 species. The
hemagglutination-inhibition test
was positive with blood of 7.3%
animals of the North Kulunda
natural focus.
The characterization of the natural
focus of Omsk hemorrhagic fever is
given on the basis of virological,
serological and experimental
investigations. Viruses were
isolated from animals belonging to
4 different species. The authors put
forward a hypothesis of the
polihostal character of the natural
focus of Omsk hemorrhagic fever.
Sibirsk. Otd.
Entsef., Minist.
Zdravookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk.
Inst. Prirod.-
Ochag. Infekts.;
Novosibirsk, pp.
339-343,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 358
from Russian.
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Biol. Inst.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Entsef., Minist.
Zdravookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk.
Inst. Prirod.-
Ochag. Infekts,
pp. 334-348,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 361
from Russian.
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Biol. Inst.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk. SSSR,
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef., Minist.
Zdravookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk.
Inst. Prirod.-
Ochag. Infects.;
Novosibirsk, pp.
344-348,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 352

Leonov, Yu. A., L. A.
Barbash, L. N.
Tarasevich, I. V.
Volynets, V. N.
Matyukhin, and N. N.
Kharitonova.
Leonov, Yu. A., L. A.
Barbash, L. N.
Tarasevich, M. I.
Raykhlin, N. V.
Voshchakina, M. S.
Sayman, and A. I.
Gudoshnik.
Leonova, G. N. and L.
M. Isachkova.
Serological
investigation of elk for
arboviral infections.
Contribution to
epizootiology of
natural focal infections
among Elk.
Meningoencephalitis
caused by Powassan
virus in Primor'ye
region.
1969
1969
1981
Tick, serological, elk, arboviral
infections, endemic foci, hoofed
mammals, ungulata, ixodid,
Diptera, hemagglutination
inhibition, HI, tick-borne
encephalitis, TE, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF, white rats.
Tick, natural focal infection, foci,
elk.
Tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
Powassan virus, human case.
The blood taken from 33 elks was
investigated by the
hemagglutination inhibition test. 12
elk had antibodies against tickborne
encephalitis virus and 8 ones-against
Omsk hemorrhagic fever
virus. Systemic serological
investigations of elk for
epizootiological prospect of
Siberian forest regions are of
interest.
In literature, there is no information
on elk susceptibility to the agents of
tickborne encephalitis,
leptospirosis, Q fever, and tickborne
typhus. However, the herd
characteristics of these animals,
which inhabit enzootic areas of
several infections, requires more
attention regarding their role in
epizootiology of natural disease foci.
This is the first report on a case of
Powassan virus-caused
Meningoencephalitis in Primorye
Territory. A 49-year-old woman
died, she had had bulbar paralyses,
languid cervicobrachialplegia and
disturbances of the pelvic functions.
Powassan virus was isolated from
the brain tissue at autopsy.
from Russian.
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Biol. Inst.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Entsef., Minist.
Zdravookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk.
Inst. Prirod.-
Ochag. Infekts.;
Novosibirsk, pp.
368-370,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 363
from Russian.
Biol. Inst. Akad.
Nauk. SSSR.
Sibirsk. Otd.;
Novosibirsk, pp.
191-194,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 399
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 107-
111, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1580
from Russian.

Leonova, G. N., A. V.
Safronov, L. M.
Isachkova, and N. I.
Baranov.
Leonova, G. N., D. K.
L'vov, V. I.
Chervonsky, Yu. M.
Tsirkin, N. P.
Belikova, V. I.
Shestakov, Yu. V.
Shibaev, A. G.
Yudakov, and A. A.
Sazonov.
Leonova, G. N., I. N
Polenova, N. I.
Baranov, L. M.
Isachkova, S. P.
Kruglyak, V. I.
Shestakov, and G. P.
Somov.
Study of biological
properties of
Powassan virus strain
P-40.
Serological and
parasitological
examination of marine
birds on Furungel'm
Island.
Arboviruses in
Primor'ye region,
USSR.
1975
1971
1978
Powassan, POW, Ontario Province,
Canada, hamsters, chicks, mice,
monkeys, sheep, piglets, guinea
pigs, rats.
Ticks, mosquito, Temminck
cormorants, Mediterranean gulls,
Ixodes signatus, Japanese
encephalitis, JE, Tuleniy, Skhalin
virus.
Arbovirus history, Far East,
tickborne encephalitis, TBE ,
Japanese encephalitis, JE, ticks,
mosquitoes.
This report presents the data on
investigating pathogenicity of POW
virus strain P-40 for experimental
animals, and sensitivity of several
primary-trypsinized cell cultures,
passaged cell lines, and chicken
embryos to this virus.
Studied the role of birds nesting on
Furungel'm Island in circulation of
Japanese encephalitis, Tuleniy, and
Skhalin viruses and their ability to
reproduce in ixodid ticks and
mosquitoes.
The history of studying arbovirus
infection in the Far East began with
TBE virus detection by Soviet
scientists, which gave the beginning
of development of virology in our
county. After detecting TBE,
Japanese encephalitis (JE)
outbreaks were recorded in
Primor'ye region. In the last 10
years, colleagues of the laboratory
of Transmissive Viral Infections
have made widescale searches for
new arboviruses in Primor'ye region.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 319-320,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1003
from Russian.
Mater 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), p. 54,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 687
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus, imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, 3: 49-52,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1369
from Russian.

Leonova, G. N., V. I.
Shestakov, A. V.
Safronov, and N. P.
Belikova.
Leonovich, S. A.
Contribution to
ecology of Powassan
virus in Primor'ye
region.
Occurrence of a sex
pheromone in the
ixodid tick Hyalomma
asiaticum (Ixodidae).
1974
1981
ticks, Hyalomma neumanni, CF,
HI, N, AGDP, Powassan,
Primor'ye, Khasansky, Axis deer,
Siberian chipmunks.
Tick, Hyalomma asiaticum,
Dermacentor, sex pheromone.
In Primor'ye, the distribution area
of H. neumanni is limited to the
southern part of Primor'ye region
where this species has a focal
distribution and is assocated with
deer reserve parks. The main hosts
of all H. neumanni developmental
stages is the Axis deer; secondary
hosts are domestic cattle and horses.
Larvae feed partly on Siberian
chipmunks. No larvae were found
on murine rodents.
Different behavioral tests
demonstrated the presence of a
volatile substance discharged by
feeding female ticks and attracting
fed males, and determined to be a
sex pheromone. Females begin to
discharge the pheromone after
reaching 0.07 g in weight during
feeding. Unfed ticks do not
discharge attracting substances and
do not react to the pheromone of
fed females. Coating external foveal
glands leads to disappearance of
female attractiveness.
Attractiveness is completely reestablished
following wax removal
from fovea. Thus, foveal glands are
the most probable production
source of the sex pheromone, as in
ticks of the genus Dermacentor.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974),
pp.81-82,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 966
from Russian.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 15
(2):150-156,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1496
from Russian.

Leonovich, S. A.
Leshchinskaya, E. V
Leshchinskaya, E. V.
Ultrastructural
investigations of
Haller's organ in
argasid ticks, Argas
tridentatus.
Differential diagnosis
of hemorrhagic fever
of the Crimean type.
Clinical features of
hemorrhagic fever of
Crimean type in
Astrakhan Oblast.
1979
1964
1964
Tick, Argas tridentatus, Haller's
organ, sensilla, anterior group,
ultrastructural cuticular, cellular
elements.
Ticks, Werlhof's disease, tickborne
encephalitis, Kemerovo tick-borne
fever, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, arbovirus infections.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, Central Asiatic hemorrhagic
fever.
The Argas tridentatus Haller's organ
consists of a capsule and an anterior
group of sensilla. The capsule is a
cuticular depression in the dorsal
surface of Tarsus I where porous
setae of 4 olfactory sensilla are
situated under the anastomosing
apices ramifying pleomorphs. The
anterior group of sensilla includes 2
sections: anterior group
homologous to that in ixodid ticks,
and a sensilla subgroup which has
no homology in ixodids. A duct
from a separate ampullalike
sensillum opens at the capsule
bottom. Characteristics of
ultrastructural cuticular and cellular
elements of all sensilla in these
section of the Haller's organ were
investigated in detail.
Differential diagnosis of
hemorrhagic fever from Werlhof
disease.
Clinical pictus of hemorrhagic fever
in Astrakhan Olbast was compared
by us with a similar disease in
Rostov Oblast, and with Central
Asiatic hemorrhagic fever. In order
to study the latter, we made an
analysis of about 200 archive
histories of this disease from
various districts of Uzbek SSR. The
great frequency of severe cases in
Uzbek SSR may hardly serve as a
reason to refer Central Asiatic
hemorrhagic fever as a separate
nosological entity. Nevertheless, a
final solution of the question is
premature at this time.
Parasitologiya,
Leningrad, 13
(5):483-487,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1585
from Russian.
Moscow, pp. 278-
270, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 168
from Russian.
Proc. 11th Sci.
Conf. Inst. Polio.
Encep., Moscow,
pp. 266-268,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 166
from Russian.

Leshchinskaya, E. V.
Leshchinskaya, E. V.
and A. M. Butenko.
Comparative analysis
of clinical symptoms
of hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome
and Crimean
hemorrhagic fever.
Comparison of
clinical-laboratory
data on Crimean
hemorrhagic fever.
1968
1971
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
renal syndrome, clinical
differences.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
hemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome, HFRS, Astrakhan,
Rostov.
This report is based on observations
of 174 Crimean hemorrhagic fever
(CHF) patients and 340
hemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome (HFRS) patients.
The paper analyzes the clinical
picture and the results of virological
and serological examinations of 60
patients diagnosed as CHF. The
laboratory confimation of the
diagnosis was obtained in 47 cases
(78%). A considerable variability of
the clinical course of the disease
was noted, including one case with
markedly manifested renal
pathology and 5 cases without any
manifestations of the hemorrhagic
syndrome. Among 13 patients with
negative virological and serological
results, in 3 patients the clinical
diagnosis was rejected
retrospectively, but in the other 10
patients, the clinical picture of the
disease was typical. It is necessary
to study causes of the absense of
complement-fixing antibody in
some typical patients with CHF.
Abstr. Rev. 8.
Int. Congr. Trop.
Med. Malar.
(Teheran, 1968),
pp. 846-847,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 764
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:140-145,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 961
from Russian.

Leshchinskaya, E. V.
and I. N. Martinenko.
Leshchinskaya, E. V.
and M. P. Chumakov.
Leshchinskaya, E. V.
and P. S. Egorova
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever (Chumakov, M.
P., ed.).
Comparative study of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever in different
endemic foci of
similar disease in
central Asia.
Data from
observations of posthospitalized
patients
recovered for Crimean
type hemorrhagic
fever.
1970
1965
1964
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, viremia.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, foci, Hyalomma pl.
plumbeum, H. anatolicum, H.
detritum, Ixodes ricinus, I.
persulcatus.
Ticks, tickborne encephalitis,
Kemerovo tickborne fever,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
arbovirus infections.
The therapy of CHF presents a
particularly complicated problem
associated with the study of the
infection. This is explained by the
absence of sufficiently effective
antiviral preparations and
insufficiency of our data on CHF
pathogenesis which is very
important in determination of
symptomatic drugs. It is also
indispensable to try to substantiate
the therapy by available
pathogenetic data.
During the 1964 session of the
USSR Academy of Medical
Sciences held in Tashkent, lectures
on the problem of hemorrhagic
fevers, Professors M. P. Chumakov
and N. I. Khodukin suggested the
presence of similar or identical
hemorrhagic fevers in Crimea and
Uzbekistan (Central Asia). The
results of detailed comparison of
these infections are now of definite
interest.
Examination results of recovered
patients from Crimean type
hemorrhagic fever.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Konf. (Rostov-na-
Dony, May,
1970), pp. 111-
115, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 541
from Russian.
Sborn. Trudy
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 372
from Russian.
Moscow, p. 270,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 167
from Russian.

Levi, V. and S.
Vasilenko.
Levkovich, E. N. and
L. G. Karpovich.
Levkovich, E. N., V.
V. Pogodina, and A.
P. Savinov.
Study of the Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
(CHF) virus
transmission
mechanism in
Hyalomma plumbeum
ticks.
Cytopathic effect of
tickborne encephalitis
group viruses in
cultures of passaged
human angiosarcoma
cells.
Characteristics of
strain Tp-21 (Langat)
adapted to mouse
brain tissue in tests
with different animal
species.
1972
1960
1964
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
tick, Hyalomma plumbeum, rabbit,
hare, newborn white mice, NWM.
Tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
human angiosarcoma cells,
cytopathic .
Tick, Tp-21 (Langat), encephalitis,
mouse brain tissue.
The study used blood plasma of
living animals infected with CHF,
Hyalomma plumbeum in different
developmental stages, and rabbits
of the Belgian giant breed as hosts
of the ticks.
It was determined from the
virological check-up that CHF virus
was found in all infected ticks and
their offspring in each test. Virus
isolation from nymphs and adults
infected in the larval stage proves
the transstadial transmissibilty of
CHF virus in Hyalomma
plumbeum, and isolation from
larvae infected in the adult stage
proves transovarial transmissibility.
In this report, we studied sensitivity
of passaged human angiosarcoma
line cells to TBE group viruses.
This strain of cells was isolated
from undifferentiated human
angiosarcoma cells (in the Institute
of Pathology and Therapy of
Cancer) by A. M. Ermoshkina and
kindly set to us by the author.
Malayan Langat virus (strain Tp-
21) at present attracts the attention
of several investigators as a
possible candidate of vaccine
strains for preparing live vaccine
against tickborne encephalitis.
Epidem.
Mikrobiol.
Infekts. Bol., 8
(3):182-185,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 982
from Bulgarian.
Vop. Med.
Virus., 6:45-48,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1744
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef.
(Moscow). 1964:
19-21, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1264
from Russian.

Lew, D.
Li, C.-C. and N .K .
Chang.
Li, Chang-Chiang.
Li, P. N.
Fever developing after
travels - some unusual
cases.
A new record of
Haemaphysalis from
China. Haemaphysalis
aponommoides.
The presence of Argas
persicus Oken, 1818 in
Chapchar, Sinkiang.
Spontaneous
infections of
Babesiella ovis in
Rhipicephalus bursa in
the Crimea.
1984 Human cases, symptoms.
1964
1960
1963.
Tick, China, Haemaphysalis
aponommoides.
Tick, Argas persicus, Spirochaeta
duttoni, Ornithodoros moubata.
Tick, Babesiella ovis,
Rhipicephalus bursa,
hemosporidia, Piroplasma caballi,
Dermacentor.
Six patients who presented with
unusual symptoms or uncommon
aliments after a trip to a Third
World country, and who were seen
during the last ten years by a
member of the Infectious Diseases
division, Cantonal University
Hospital of Geneva, are reviewed
and discussed.
In March, 1960 , the author
collected a previously unreported
Haemaphysalis species from
buffalo near Kunming:
Haemaphysalis (Alloceraea)
aponommoides Warburton, 1913. It
is described herein as follows.
Recently the author checked the
morphological character of the
specimens in detail and came to the
conclusion that the above
mentioned species belonged to
Argas persicus Oken, 1818 of the
genus Argas.
The diagnosis of hemosporidia in
vector ticks became possible as a
result of research conducted in the
protozoology department of the
VIEV on the life cycle of
Piroplasma caballi and Babesiella
ovis in Dermacentor and
Rhipicephalus. Methodical
instructions to diagnose
hemosporidia in ticks were given by
the VIEV for examining salivary
glands and eggs to complete the
important complex of research on
studying and evaluating the
epizootologic state of farms.
Schweiz. Med.
Wschr., 114(29):
1029-1031,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1804
from French.
Acta Zootax. Sin.
1(2): 352-354,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 434
from Chinese.
Acta Ent. Sin., 10
(2):42, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 233
from Chinese.
Sborn. Nauch.
Rab. Saratov.
Nauch.-Issled.
Vet. Sta. 6: 163-
168, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1372
from Russian.

Libikova, H., J.
Rehacek, and Ya.
Shomogy.
Lichard, M.
Linev, M. B., S. G.
Rubin, V. P. Gutova,
R. L. Naumov, and M.
P. Chumakov.
Lipa J.J.
Viruses in Europe
resembling Kemerovo
virus.
Notes on the
occurrence and
ecology of the tick
Ixodes trianguliceps
Birula, 1895.
Isolation and
identification of virus
from Ixodes
persulcatus ticks in
western Sayan
(Krasnoyarsk region).
Biological campaign
against medically
important insects.
1964 Kemerovo, Ixodes ricinus, ticks.
1965
1975
1964
Tick, Soviet Union, ecology,
Apodemus sylvaticus.
Ixodes persulcatus, Sayan,
Krasnoyarsk, taiga, newborn white
mice, NWM, SPEV, AGDP, HI,
TBE, tickborne encephalitis,
Langat virus, Omsk hemorrhagic
fever, OHF, louping ill, Kyasanur
Forest disease, Negishi virus,
Sof'in.
Mosquito, fly insecticide
resistance, Musca domestica,
Bacillus thuringiensis, Leptorix
baccalis, Anopheles maculipennis,
Serratia marcescens, Microccocus
musca, Wuchereria bancrofti,
Coelomomyces stegomyiae.
In 1963 and 1964 several cytopathic
virus strains were isolated from
Ixodes ricinus ticks. Properties of
these strains were compared with
Kemerovo virus.
In autumn 1963 we examined
ectoparasitically 474 small
mammals from spruce forest in
Robacska Valley in the High Tatras.
In 1974, we investigated
virologically 1,156 unfed Ixodes
persulcatus ticks collected in June
in the taiga along the Yenisey
River. The locality is unpopulated
but is visited by inhabitants of
settlements of the Hydroelectric
Power Station.
Biological extermination methods
of medically important insects. It
was proved that numerous insect
species have developed resistance
against chemical insecticides.
Examples of resistance against
DDT are recorded chiefly for
different domestic fly species
(Musca domestica L.). A total of
more than 50 insects of medical
importance are known to be
resistant.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), p.252,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 887
from Russian.
Biologia, Bratisl.
20(5): 348-358,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 381
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975), p.
321., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1004
from Russian.
Wiad. Parazit.,
10 (1) :21-32,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 394
from Polish.

Lipin S. I.
Lisitsa, F. M. and A.
S. Pentsik.
Lisogorsky, V. G., M.
E. Badalov, and G. A.
Karinskaya.
Interrelationships
between birds and
vectors of the Asian
tickborne rickettsiosis
agent in Priangar'ya.
Hemorrhagic
meningoencephalitides
in Tadzhik SSR.
Hemorrhagic fever in
Kamensky region.
1969
1948
1970
Tick, birds, Asian tickborne
rickettsiosis, D. sibiricus, D.
nuttalli, D. silvarum.
Tick, hemorrhagic
meningoencephalitides,
neuroinfections, foci.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, focus, Hyalomma pl.
plumbeum.
This report gives data from
serological and parasitological
investigation of birds in Prianger'ya.
Some of our almost uninvestigated
localities characterized by peculiar
climatic conditions are potential
natural foci of local virus, and
neuroinfections. This has aroused
considerable interest in the study of
regional pathology.
CHF was first recorded in 1964. A
total of 50 CHF cases was observed
from 1964 to 1969. The landscape
of the Kamensky CHF focus is
characterized by black and darkbrown
soil. The northern banks of
the Donets River and river valleys
are covered with meadow, sand,
black soil, and waste areas. Plowed
areas alternate with virgin land and
ravines. Ravines overgrown with
shrubs are used for pastures.
Sibirsk Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Biol. Inst.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Entsef., Nimist.
Zadravookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk.
Inst. Prirod.-
Ochag. Infekts.;
Novosibirsk., pp.
197-198,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 563
from Russian.
Nevropatol.
Psikhiat. 17(5):
39-44, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1300
from Russian.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Knof. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 79-83,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 535
from Russian.

Liu, Charles A.
Lokar, L. C.
Lotosky, B. V.
Studies on the lifehistory
of
Haemaphysalis
bispinosa.
Spectrofluorimetric
determination of some
carbohydrate
substances.
On morphology of
Haemaphysalis
pavlovskyi.
1959
1965
1956
Haemaphysalis bispinosa, H.
campanulata hoeppliana,
Dermacentor sinicus, Hyalomma
detritum perstrigatum, Piroplasma
bigemimum, cattle, goats, sheep,
typhus fever, Q fever.
amines, carbohydrates,
spectrofluorimentically.
Tadjikistan, Haemaphysalis
pavlovskyi, H. hoodi, Phasianus
colchicus, (chrysomelas) bianchii,
pheasant, sand hares.
Among strong or solid ticks,
Haemaphysalis bispinosa is one of
the most important parasites. It
causes mechanical injuries to cattle,
goats, and sheep. It sometimes bites
human beings and carries certain
diseases such as Forest fever,
typhus fever, and "Q" fever, though
it does not frequently bite people.
Some authors indicated that the
reactive substances form derivatives
that are not only colored but also
fluorescent. After utilizing this
fluorescence property for
identification of sugars on paper,
the possibility of determining
carbohydrates
spectrofluorimentrically was
examined.
The object of this paper is to study
the reaction between sugars and
aromatic compounds and to utilize
the fluorescent compounds formed
in favorable conditions for
microquantitative estimation.
On April 26, 1954, a driver
obtained a pheasant from which 7
specimens of ixodid ticks were
taken. It was found that all these
ticks belong to a rare, endemic
species, H. pavlovskyi found 20
years earlier in Tadjikistan.
Immature ticks are found on their
hosts, pheasants, in April and July,
but nymphs on pheasants and sand
hares in July, August, and
September.
Chinese Journal
of Entomology,
Taiwan, (April,
1959), 5(2): 166-
180. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 17
from Chinese.
Nota I. Inst.
Merceologia,
Univ. Trieste,
(25), p. 24.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 283
from Italian.
Zool. Zh., 35(9):
1415-1417.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 9
from Russian.

Lukash, M. M., N. P.
Kalmykova, N. M.
Malakeeva, L. N.
Lishichenko, and N.
V. Glushko.
Lutta, A. S., E. H.
Kheisin, and R. E.
Shul'man-Alrova.
Macicka, O.
Stable tularemia
microfocus with main
Ixodes redikorzevi
vector detected in
Stavropol region
intensive farming area.
1981
On the distribution of
ixodid ticks in Karelia. 1959
On the bionomics of
Haemaphysalis
inermis in our home
country.
1958
Tick, Ixodes redikorzevi,
tularemia, natural focus,
microfocus, rodents.
Tick, distribution, Ixodes
aponophorus, I. trianguliceps, I.
ricinus, I. persulcatus.
Tick, Soviet Union, Haemaphysalis
inermis.
In the territory of a natural focus of
tularemia of the steppe type in the
Stavropol region a new microfocus
was found which retained the
tularemia microbe and contributed
to the circulation of the agent in
periods between intensive epizootic
in the presence of high population
densities of rodents. The concept
has been confirmed according to
which the development of virgin
and long fallow lands for
agriculture has led to the emergence
of some optimal areas providing for
the existence of a number of small
rodents and contributing to
indefinite circulation of the
causative agent of tularemia.
To work out systems of
prophylactic measures against
ixoidid ticks, it is necessary to study
their distribution in detail.
Discovery of the forest-steppe
inhabiting tick (Haemaphysalis
inermis Birula, 1895) in our
territory during recent years
inspired us to observe this tick more
closely owing to the fact that very
little is reported on it in world
literature and very few persons have
studied its biology. The same is true
in our country, and so we started
with it.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 50
(3):23-27,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1563
from Russian.
Trud. Karel. Fil.
Akad. Nauk
USSR (14): 72-
83, NAMRU No.
3, Translation 96
from Russian.
Czech. Parsit. 5
(2): 121-124,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 54
from Slovak.

Makarevich, T. S.
Makhmetov, M. M.
Makhmetov, M. M.
and A. A. Tagil'tsev.
Maklygin, M. V., and
A. N. Alekseev.
Some data on the
clinical features of
hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome
(HFRS) in Tula.
Spontaneous infection
of Rickettsia burneti in
ectoparasites of the
Sand Martin.
Ixodid tick infection
rates with Q Fever
agent in virgin lands
of Kocheta Oblast.
Changes of gas
exchange in
Hyalomma asiaticum
ticks in relation to
environmental
conditions.
1966
Tick, hemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome, HFRS, Tula.
1961 Tick, Q fever, Rickettsia burneti.
1964
1960
Tick, Rickettsia burneti, Ixodes
lividus, I. crenulatus, Dermacentor
marginatus, gamasid mites,
Haemolaelaps casalis, mammals,
humans, Q fever, natural foci,
rickettsiosis, leptospirosis.
gas exchange, Hyalomma
asiaticum, ticks.
Between the period of 1958 and
1965, 53 persons ill with
hemorrhagic fever were
hospitalized in the second
infectious department. Of them, a
renal syndrome predominated in 49
patients, while in 4 patients it was
abdominal.
While searching for the source and
routes of dissemination of Q fever,
investigations were directed in
relation to other rickettsiae, towards
wild animals and ectoparasites
parasitizing them (especially ticks).
Investigations were made to reveal
natural foci of rickettsiosis and
leptospirosis in environs of village
Sterlitamak.
In this report, we present results of
investigating gas exchange in
ixodid ticks in different
environmental conditions. The
study was carried out under
different conditions of temperature
and air humidity.
Pp. 64-66 in
Problems of
Natural Focal
Infections and
Medical
Geography, Tula
(A. G.
Demianov, et al.,
eds.). Conference
Proceedings,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 221
from Russian.
Prirod. Ochag.
Bolez. Vop.
Parasit., Akad.
Nauk Kazakh,
SSR (3): 70-74,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 202
from Russian.
Trudy 5. Konf.
Prirod. Ochag.
Bolez. Vop.
Parazit. Respub.
Sred. Azii
Kazakh.
(September,
1962), (4):34-35,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1560
from Russian.
Zool Zh., 39 (2):
297-299.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1093
from Russian.

Maksimov, A. A., E.
V. Korosteleva, A. S.
Chutkov, N. N.
Kharitonova, T. G.
Sokolova, I. A.
Fetisova, N. V.
Ushakova, Yu. A.
Leonov, S. A.
Abashkin, Ye. S.
Pospelov, and Ye. P.
Merzlyakova.
Maksimov, A. A., M.
G. Vladimirsky, and
Ye. P. Merzlyakova.
Epizootiological
conditions in the
muskrat population in
Novosibirsk Oblast in
1965-66.
Epizootiological
conditions in muskrat
populations in
Novosibirsk Oblast in
1964-65.
1969 Novosibirsk, muskrat, foci.
1969
Novosibirsk, muskrat, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF, foci.
The description of these foci is as
follows: in November 1965, an
epizootic among muskrats was
observed in Ust'-Tarksky Region on
Uguyskoye, Urokay, and Letnik
lakes. According to Animal
Husbandry Cooperative hunter, V.
I. Grechkiu, and also from external
signs of corpses found in their
habitats, a severe infectious disease
occurred here. A few (2-6) corpses
were found in each habitat. Forty
corpses were collected.
Study of the epizootiological
conditions of muskrat populations
from 1964-1965 in Novosibirsk
Oblast showed that in 1963, a great
epizootic of the muskrat took place
in the region in 1963. An increase
in the number of this species was
observed only in some localities in
1964-1965. During this period,
there were no epizootics.
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Biol. Inst.,
Akad, Med.
Nauk SSSR, Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Entsef., Minist.
Zdravookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk
Inst. Prirod.-
Ochag. Infekts.:
Novosibirsk. pp.
260-270.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 370
from Russian.
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Biol. Inst.,
Akad, Med.
Nauk SSSR, Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Entsef., Minist.
Zdravookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk
Inst. Prirod.-
Ochag. Infekts.:
Novosibirsk. pp.
255-259.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 369
from Russian.

Maksimov, A. A., Ye.
S. Pospelov, S. A.
Abashkin, E. V.
Korosteleva, G. V.
Kuznetsov, N. N.
Kharitonova, T. G.
Sokolova, I. A.
Fetisova, N. V.
Ushakova, Yu. A.
Leonov, V. V.
Saltykov, and Ye. P.
Merzlyakova.
Maksumov, S. S. and
S. M. Mukhamedov.
Mal'kov, G. B., V. G.
Dargol'ts, and Yu. K.
Voronin.
Epizootiological state
of muskrat population
in Novosibirsk Oblast
in 1966/67.
Achievements and
development of
virology in Uzbek
SSR.
Mass parasitsm by
adult Ixodes
persulcatus ticks on
gallinaceous and
passerine birds in
tickborne encephalitis
foci.
1969
1977
1966
Tick, epizootics, muskrat,
Novosibirsk Oblast, pasteurellosis,
listeriosis, OHF, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, tularemia
viruses, Bact. reticolens, Str.
salivarius, Bacillus coli comm.,
Listeria grippotyphosa.
virology, smallpox vaccine, antirabies.
Ixodes persulcatus, ticks,
gallinaceous, passerine birds,
tickborne encephalitis, foci.
The number of the muskrat was
very low in 1966-1967. 33 foci of
epizootics were found. It was
revealed that epizootics of 3 areas
which include 5 lakes were caused
by virus. Tularemia was the cause
of epizootics on other lakes,
pasteurellosis on one lake and
listeriosis on one lake too.
Scientific research in the field of
virology was made in Uzbekistan
after the victory of the Great
October Socialist Revolution. The
first research was associated with
production of smallpox vaccine and
anti-rabies service.
Certain gallinaceous species
(capercailzie) and passerines
(fieldfare, yellow and pine
buntings) in different regions and
definite conditions should be
considered to be the chief host
group of adult I. persulcatus. Mass
parasitism on passerines is defined
by the high ecological pliability of
I. persulcatus as well as by tick
abundance and small numbers
among large mammal hosts.
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Biol. Inst.,
Akad, Med.
Nauk SSR, Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Entsef., Minist.
Zdravookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk
Inst. Prirod.-
Ochag. Infekts.;
Novosibirsk, pp.
271-277,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 366
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 22
(5):532-528,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1250
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. I.
Akarol.
Soveschch., p.
127., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 630
from Russian.

Mal'tsev, S. V.
Malamos, B.
Mamikonian, M. M.
Mamonenko, L. L.
and L. G. Karpovich.
Haemaphysalis
bispinosa tick as a
transmitter of the
agent of bovine
theileriasis in
Primor'ye region
(Theileria sergenti V.
L. Yakimov, and N. A.
Dekhterev, 1930).
Research with
leishmania IV.
Research on kala-azar
transmission through
ticks (Rhipicephalus
sanguineus).
A case of theileriosis
in the Tibetian yak (P.
grunneus).
Selection of highly
virulent variants of
Langat virus strain Tr-
21 at high temperature.
1960
1938
Tick, bovine theileriasis,
Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Theileria
sergenti.
Tick, Germany, Leishmania, Kalaazar
Transmission, Rhipicephalus
sanguineus, Ornithodoros moubata.
1950 Tick, yak, theileriosis, P. grunneus.
1974
Tick, langat virus, white mice, high
temperature.
The author has established that the
distribution of bovine theileriasis
(pathogenic agent T. argenti) in the
Primor'ye region coincides with the
distribution range of Haemaphysalis
bispinosa ticks, this served as the
reason for proving that this tick
species may be a possible vector of
T. sergenti.
After earlier negative research in
the Tropen Institute with
Ornithodoros moubata had already
been done- we did the same with
the dog tick, Rhipicephalus
sanguineus.
Paper on the discovery of a
theileriasis infected yak even
though there were no ticks found on
the body.
The aim of our investigations was
to select highly virulent variants for
mice intraperitonealy inoculated
with Langat virus strain Tp-21
population by means of virus
passages in chicken fibroblast
(ChF) cultures at high (40 C)
temperature and subsequent
intraperitoneal passage in white
mice.
Trudy Gos. Inst.
Eksp. Vet. 21: 81-
92, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
279 from Russian.
Arch. Schiffs. u
Tropen-Hyg. 42
(1): 21-22,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 42
from German.
Trud. Nauchissled.
Vet. Inst.
Armenia SSR
(7): 125-126,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 200
from Russian.
Pp. 187-191 in
Arboviruses (S.
Ya.
Gaidamovich,
ed.). Sborn. Trud.
Inst. Virus,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 1,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1260
from Russian.

Marchenko, G. F.
Marikovskii, P. I.
Markov, A. A. and A.
V. Bogoroditsky.
On some conditions of
preservations and
transmission of
Piroplasma caballi by
Dermacentor silvarum.
Some data on
observations on
behavior of adult
ixodid ticks under
natural conditions.
Contribution to
biology of the tick
Boophilus calaratus
Birula.
1947
1945
1935
Tick, Piroplasma caballi,
Dermacentor silvarum, horses,
blood parasites.
Tick, adult ticks, foci, Ixodes
persulcatus, Haemaphysalis
concinna, Dermacentor silvarum.
Tick, Boophilus Calaratus, control
measures, piroplasmoses, domestic
animals.
In connection with this study of the
modes of transmission and the
conditions influencing the spread of
the blood parasites by ticks has
particular interest and importance.
It is known, that the adult tick
transmit Piroplasma caballi; the
infection goes through the eggs
from one tick generation to the next
In experiments studying the
transmission of piroplasmosis it
was confirmed that the progeny of
ticks taken from horses during the
disease is infected.
These observations on ticks were
made in the spring-summer period
of 1944 in one of the foci of tick
encephalitis of the southern
Maritime Province, in the zone of
composite woods with a
predominance of numerous species
that have little economic utility for
man. Chief attention was turned to
the behavior of adult ticks in nature
through visual observation.
Studying tick biology is an
important prerequisite for correct
organizing control measures against
ticks and also piroplasmoses of our
domestic animals.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Stavropol.
Inst. Epidem.
Mikrobiol.,
(1):67-73,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1510
from Russian.
Med. Parazitol. i
Parazitar.
Bolezni 14(6):
60-66, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 76
from Russian.
Trudy Vses. Inst.
Eksp. Vet.,
11:110-114,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1620
from Russian.

Markov, A. A. and I.
V. Abramov.
Markov, G. and S.
Shammakov.
Martyenko, I. N., and
M. B. Badalov.
Results of a 20 years'
observation on
repeated cycles of
Babesia ovis, in 44
generations of
Rhipicephalus bursa.
1970
Ticks on lizards of
western Turkmen SSR. 1965
Condition of
peripheral blood in
persons vaccinated
against Crimean
hemorrhagic fever.
1970
Boophilus, Babesia ovis, R.
sanguineus, D. marginatus,
Rhipicephlus bursa, animals,
pathogen circulation.
Tick, lizards, Turkmen SSR,
Haemaphysalis.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, vaccine.
In the literature there are reports on
circulation of the pathogen of
bovine piroplasmosis to the second
generation of Boophilus, of canine
piroplasmosis through 5 generations
of R. sanguineus, of equine
piroplasmosis through 2 to 3
generations of D. marginatus, and
ovine babesiosis through 3 and later
through 7 generations of
Rhipicephlus bursa.
From spring to fall of 1960 and
1961, ticks were collected from
lizards on the southern slopes of
Malyye Balkhany Ridge (near the
sources of the Kuydzhik, Porsy-
Aiman, Toran-gali, and Chal-su
rivers), western slopes of Kyuren-
Dag (near the sources of the Barsly,
Danata, Karagez, Kemal, and
Ortagez rivers), and Karagez Ridge
(near the sources of the same
rivers). We found 6 species
belonging to different systematic
groups of Acarina on lizards. The
tick species was Haemaphysalis.
Examination of the peripheral blood
in persons vaccinated with killed
CHF vaccine showed definite
changes in leukocytes and
thrombocytes. It was found that
leukopenia and thrombocytopenia
occurs in early periods following
the vaccine injection (on day 1-2).
The leukocyte numbers decrease
occurs after a short leukocytosis
stage. In some persons, leukopenia
and thrombocytopenia reaches high
level but in most patients fluctuates
within its limits.
Trudy Vses. Inst.
Eksp. Vet., 38:5-
14, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1636 from
Russian.
Izv. Akad. Nauk
Turkmen. SSR, s.
Biol. Nauk 1: 91-
93, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
639 from
Russian.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Konf. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 146-
149, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 548
from Russian.

Martyenko, I. N., E.
V. Leshchinskaya and
G. A. Chernov.
Martynenko, I. N., E.
V. Leshchinskaya, and
V. N. Lazarev.
Serotonin metabolism
during Crimean
hemorrhagic fever.
Study of serotonin
exchange in Crimean
hemorrhagic fever.
1973
1969
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
serotonin metabolism, natural foci,
viral etiology, oxyindoleacetic
acid, OIAA.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
ticks, tickborne, Japanese
encephalitides, seratonin.
The leading role in the clinical
picture of Crimean hemorrhagic
fever occupied by various
manifestations of the hemorrhagic
syndrome. The authors noted a drop
in the excretion of 5-oxindolacetic
acid with urine in the acme of the
disease and its normalization during
recovery. Patients with especially
severe forms of the disease, which
ended in lethal outcomes, whose
excretion of 5-oxyindolacetic acid
exceeded the upper limit of the
normal value were an exception.
Investigated 30 CHF patients and
24 healthy persons for serotonin
exchange associated with excretion
level of 5-oxyindole acetic acid (5-
OIAA). Investigations made
dynamically 3 or 4 times during the
disease course. Decreased excretion
of 5-OIAA was recorded in 23
patients (as compared to healthy
persons) during rehemorrhagic and
hemorrhagic disease periods.
Gradual normalization of the
indices occurred during the
convalescence period. These data
allowed us to include serotonin in
the scheme of CHF treatment.
Klin. Med.,
Moskwa, (2) :65-
67, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
760 from Russian.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio, Virus,
Entsef. (Moscow
1969), 2:262-
263. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 925
from Russian.

Marutyan, E. M.
Maslennikov, I. I. and
V. V. Sorochinsky.
Matevosyan, K. S., I.
V. Semashko, and M.
P. Chumakov.
Matevosyan, K. S., P.
S. Karaseva, and B. F.
Semenov.
Ixodid tick fauna in
Checheno-Ingush
ASSR.
Study of CHF in
Belaya Kalitva region
of Rostov Oblast.
Isolation of Bhanja
virus from
Dermacentor
marginatus ticks in
Armenian SSR.
Study of potential
arbovirus foci in
Armenian SSR.
1963
1970
1974
1974
Soviet Union, Ixodoidea, tick,
Checheno-Ingush ASSR, Ixodes
ricinus, Ixodes crenulatus terecus,
Haemaphysalis inermis, H.
punctata, H. sulcata, H. otophila,
H. concinna, Boophilus calcaratus,
Dermacentor pictus, D. marginatus,
D. daghestanicus, Rhipicephalus
bursa, R. sanguineus, R. turanicus,
R. rossicus, R. pumilio, Hyalomma
anatolicum, H. scupense, H.
plumbeum, Argas persicus, A.
reflexus, Alveonasus canestrini
(Ornithodoros lahorensis).
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, prophylactic measures.
Tick, Bhanja virus, Armenian SSR,
Dermacentor marginatus.
Tick, foci, HI test, arbovirus,
Armenian SSR.
Station observation and tick
collections were made form
domestic and wild animals,
including birds. Investigations were
made on 32 farms in Achhoy-
Martan. Urus-Martan , Gudermess,
Naurskaya, Gronzy , and Sovetskoe
regions, which are the typical
steppe, foothill and forest-foothill
zones of the Republic.
From investigation the reason for
CHF appearance in Belaya Kalitva
region, it was found that persons
handling cattle and having contact
with ticks were most frequently
infected. Improved prophylactic
measure series caused a change in
the professional composition of
patients.
Isolation of Bhanja virus in USSR
is reported. Certain biological
properties were studied and
serological data were obtains on
Bhanja virus circulation in
Armenian SSR.
Investigation of blood sera from the
population of certain regions in
Armenian SSR by the
hemagglutination inhibition (HI)
test is reported.
Trudy Vses. Inst.
Eksp. Vet. 28: 91-
97, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
444 from Russian.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Konf. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 88-89,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 537
from Russian.
Zh. Eksp. Klin.
Med., 14(5): 9-
13, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1385 from
Russian.
Zh. Eksp. Klin.
Med. 14(6): 27-
30, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1403 from
Russian.

Matevosyan, K. Sh., I.
V. Semashko, S. G.
Rubin, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Matevosyan, K. Sh., I.
V. Smashko, E. M.
Marutyan, S. G.
Rubin, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Matevosyan, K. Sh.,
P. S. Karaseva, I. A.
Reshetnikov, and B.
F. Semenov.
Antibodies to CHF
virus in human and
cattle blood sera from
Armenian SSR.
Detection of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus in Hyalomma
plumbeum plumbeum,
Halomma anatolicum,
Rhipicephalus bursa,
and Boophilus
calcaratus ticks in
Armenian SSR.
Investigation of
arboviruses
transmitted through
ticks in Armenia SSR.
1974
1974
1972
antibodies, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Iran, Soviet Union, ixodid tick,
agar gel diffusion and
precipitation , AGDP, Hyalomma
plumbeum plumbeum, Hyalomma
anatolicum, Boophilus calcaratus,
Rhipicephalus bursa, newborn
white mice, NWM.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Hyalomma plumbeum plumbeum,
Hyalomma anatolicum,
Rhipicephalus bursa, Boophilus
calcaratus, ticks, cattle, adult white
mice, AWM, newborn white mice,
NWM, rats, guinea pigs, Armenia,
chicken embryo, CE, passaged pig
embryo kidney, PEK, human
embryo, HE, CF, AGDP.
ticks, Armenia, hemaggluatination
inhibition, foci, HI, TBE, Bhanja,
Chenuda, Uukuniemi, tickborne
encephalitis.
Using the agar gel diffusion and
precipitation (AGDP) test,
antibodies to CHF virus were found
in cattle sera from 5 regions of
Armenian SSR, which confirms the
existence in Armenia of CHF foci
previously detected by virus
isolation from ticks.
Seven Crimean hemorrhagic fever
(CHF) virus strains were first
isolated and identified from 4 tick
species collected from cattle in
different regions of Armenia where
no CHF cases had been recorded
among humans, but antibodies to
CHF virus were detected in
domestic animals. Virological data
confirmed the potential danger of
CHF natural foci in Armenia.
To study potential foci of
arboviruses transmitted by ticks in
Armenia SSR, we investigated
blood sera from inhabitants of
Ararat Valley for antibodies to
Chenuda, Uukuniemi, Bhanja, and
tickborne encephalitis viruses.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 22
(1):173-175,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 939
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 22
(1):169-172,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 938
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972), p.
303., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1102
from Russian.

Matikaschvili, N. V.
and N. I. Dzhparidze.
Larvae and nymphs of
Rhipicephalus
sanguineus Latr. and
Rh. turanicus B. Pom.
1942
Tick, larva, nymph, Rhipicephalus
sanguineus, Rhipicephalus
turanicus.
Following the description of Rh.
turanicus as an independent species
many biological data e.g. the circle
of hosts etc. would be related to
other morphologically related
species primarily Rh. sanguineus
especially since the systematics of
larval and nymphal stages hadn't
been studied at all in the genus
Rhipicephalus. To make the correct
diagnosis of Rh. turanicus easier
and to aid it's all around study we
have given ourselves the task of
determining the morphological
differences of the young stages of
this species and to compare them to
the larvae and nymphs of the most
closely related species Rh.
sanguineus although its similarity to
Rh. turanicus is purely
morphological. The few
observations available to us up to
now show great biological
differences between these two
species: The imago stages of Rh.
turanicus are found on various farm
animals- cattle and sheep and goats,
horses, swine, and dogs; the ticks
attacking these animals on pasture.
While at the same time Rh.
sanguineus the common
ectoparasite of dogs, lives primarily
in urban conditions and has become
adapted to life inside a house.
Bull Acad. Sci.
Georgian S. S.
R., 3 (1) : 73-79,
NAMRU No. 3,
Tranlsation 43
from Russian

Matsegora, N. P.
Matyukhin, V. N. and
T. N. Fedorova.
Maurizio, A.
Ixodoidea ticks of
Alma-Ata focus of
tickborne encephalitis.
Serological
investigation of birds
for presence of
antibodies to some
viruses of the
tickborne encephalitis
complex.
Research on the sugar
spectrum of honeybee
Hemolymph Apis
mellifera L.
1962
1969
Tick, encephalitis, focus, Ixodes
persulcatus, Dermacentor
marginatus, Dermacentor pictus,
Haemaphysalis punctata,
Haemaphysalis scupense.
Tick, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
serological investigations, birds,
antibodies, antigens, migratory
birds, foci.
1967 Hemolymph Apis mellifera L.
The period of 1954-1957 marked a
study of Ixodes effected within the
Alma-Ata focus of tick-borne
encephalitis, located in the
mountains of the Transiliysk Ala-
Tau range at the altitude of 1000-
3000 meters above sea level.
Observations revealed presence
within the focus of the following
Ixodidae species: I. persulcatus, D.
marginatus, D. pictus, H. punctata,
H. scupense.
Our investigations aimed chiefly at
clarifying the possibilities of
contact between migratory birds
and viruses of the tickborne
encephalitis (TBE) complex in the
distribution areas of corresponding
infection in Siberia.
The two major divisions in the life
of the honeybee, i.e. the time of
development and life as imago, are
distinctly divided and differ in
regard to nutritional physiology.
The food of the adult bee consists
above all of substances rich in sugar
(nectar, "honey dew", honey);
albumen intake (pollen) is limited
to a short period. The bee larva, on
the other hand, is intensely fed
substances rich in albumens
(nutrient liquid, pollen) to which is
honey is added as a source of sugar.
The different conditions of
nourishment suggest that there
might be differences in both blood
Med. Parasit.,
Moscow (6): 746-
748, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 156
from Russian.
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk.
SSSR, Biol. Inst.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk Inst.
Prirod.-Ochag.
Infekts.;
Novosibirsk. pp.
287-293,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 737
from Russian.
Z. f.
Bienenforsch, 9
(2):74-87,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 269
from German.

Mayer, A. and W.
Madel.
Mazbich, I. B. and G.
I. Netsky.
Medvedeva, G. I., E.
I. Korenberg, V. I.
Vasil'eva, N. A.
Savel'eva, M. M.
Mineeva, E. V.
Yurkova, and L. K.
Kozhevnikova.
Observations on the
occurrence and the
control of the pigeon
tick.
Three years of study
of Omsk hemorrhagic
fever.
Contacts of human
population with
natural foci of ticborne
encephalitis during the
first years of
developing the eastern
area of the Baikal-
Amur Railway (BAM).
1950
1952
1982
Pigeon tick, dove ticks, hexaspraying
compound, CX 99.
Tick, Crimean, CHF, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF, foci,
pasture ticks, Dermacentor pictus.
Tick, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
natural foci, human population,
Baikal-Amur Railway, BAR.
sugar content and spectrum between
the adult bee and the larva, and
among the later, between the
different developmental phases.
With this short report we wished to
draw attention to dove ticks as
occasional house vermin and to
point out, on the basis of our own
experience, that the hexa-spraying
compound CX 99, effective under
the condition described above,
furnishes a simple and easily
applicable means of control with an
astonishingly long lasting residual
effect.
After examination of several
patients in the district, doctors
could not solve the nature of this
disease. However, resemblance of
clinical picture of the new disease
to Crimean hemorrhagic fever
earlier described in special literature
and unusual abundance of pasture
ticks in the foci, suggested the
ineffective transmissive nature of
the disease.
The intensity of contact of the
population of previously existing
and newly created population center
connected with the Baikal-Amur
Railway (BAR) construction with
forests and the vector of tickborne
encephalitis (TBE) as well as the
size of the immune portion due to
these contracts were studied.
Desinfekt.
Schadlbekampf.,
41 (10) :197-199,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 806
from German.
Trud. Omsk. Inst.
Epidemiol.,
Mikrobiol.,
Gigien., Omsk,
(1) :51-67,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 163
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 60(5):
71-75, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1611
from Russian.

Medvedeva, G. I., S.
R. Beskina, and I. M.
Grokhovskaya.
Mel'chakova, B. D.
Mel'chakova, E. D.
Culture of ixodid tick
embryonic cells.
Distribution and
ecology of ticks of the
genus Argas Latr. on
Mangyshlak Peninsula.
Contribution to the
biology of Argas
vulgaris Fil. ticks.
1972
1971
1966
Tick, embryonal cells, ixodid,
Mitsuhashi, Maramorosch, Aedes,
Anopheles, Culex, Culiseta,
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus,
Hyalomma asiaticum.
Tick, Argas, Aegyptianella
pullorum, A. vespertilionis, A.
reflexus, A. vulgaris, A. latus, A.
persicus, A. beklemishevi,
Ornithodoros coniceps, Pertonia,
Pastor rosus, Oenanthe hispanica,
Columba livia, Luscinia svecica,
Neophron percnopterus.
Tick, wild birds, red-tailed shrike,
sparrow, chicken, duck, pigeon,
Argas vulgaris.
In 1971 a continuous line of
embryonal cells of Hyalomma
asiaticum ticks was obtained which
was carried through 10 passages at
intervals of 7-11 days between
subpassages. Among nutrient
media, the most suitable was found
to be that of Mitsuhashi and
Maramorosch. The cells are in semiadherent
state and partially in
suspension and are characterized by
polymorphism.
Data on the species composition
and distribution of Argas tick on
Mangyshlak Peninsula are poor and
confined to publications of separate
findings of A. vespertilionis
(Galuzo 1953) and A. reflexus
(Kalushenova et al. 1961).
Filippova (1966) in monograph
reported Argas vulgrais and A.
vespertilionis on Mangyshlak
Peninsula.
In the laboratory, ticks fed
successfully on wild birds (redtailed
shrike, sparrow) and domestic
birds (chicken, pigeon, duck).
Unfed ticks attached and fed well
on these birds at different
temperatures (11-26 C). Complete
engorgement of all stages required
from 20-30 minutes (avg.) but some
ticks fed for 2 hours; larvae fed for
4 to 14 days.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 41 (1) :
39-40, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 594
from Russian.
Turdy, Inst. Zool.
Akad. Nauk
Kazakh, SSR 31 :
99-104, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 476
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl.
Akarol.
Soveshch, p. 131,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 453
from Russian.

Mel'chakova, E. D., E.
F. Savinov, and A. M.
Krivkova.
Mel'nikova, E. E. and
S. Y. Gaidamovich.
Mel'nikova, E. E., Z.
V. Nikolov, and St. I.
Donchev.
Mel'nikova, T. G.
Contribution to the
parasitic fauna of the
Asian mouflon.
A case of tickborne
encephalitis in the
Crimea.
Investigation of sera
of aquatic birds and
those associated with
water shot in
southwestern regions
of People's Republic
of Bulgaria.
On the development of
Haemaphysalis
concinna Koch ticks
under natural
conditions of the
Crimean State Game
Preserve.
1969
1981
1973
1958
Tick, mites, Asian mouflon, Ovis
orientalis arcal, Melophagus
ovinus, Rhimoestrus tshernyshevi,
Rhipicephalus turanicus,
Haemaphysalis sulcata, Vulpes
vulpes, V. gorsak, Gazella
subgutturosa, Saiga tatarica, Lepus
tolai.
Tick, Ixodes ricinus, Crimean
tickborne encephalitis, CHF,
tickborne encephalitis, TBE, HI
test, mouse brains, complementfixing
antibodies.
Antibodies, migration, aquatic
birds.
Tick, Haemaphysalis concinna,
tick-borne spotted typhus, tickborne
encephalitis.
Paper on the insects that are found
on the Asian mouflon. Includes
ticks and mites.
A case of tickborne encephalitis in
Crimea was studied. A serum of
patient taken 20-22 days after the
onset of the disease contained
complement-fixing antibodies
against TBE virus in a titer of 1:64,
antihaemagglutinins in a titer of
1:80, and virus-neutralizing
antibodies with a neutralization
index of 4.0 lg LD50 /0.03 ml. This
is the first recorded case of
tickborne encephalitis in Crimea.
The present work is devoted to
detecting antibodies in sera of
migratory birds and those
inhabiting marshy areas of
southeastern Bulgaria.
The principal task of our
investigation consisted in
determining the development
periods of H. concinna in nature;
the resting period of engorged
females, or oviposition, and of
incubation period of eggs, hatching
and molting of larvae into nymphs,
and nymphs into adult ticks.
Moreover, duration of engorgement
of larvae, nymphs, and females on
hosts during spring and autumn
periods was determined.
Zoo. Zh., 48(12):
1895-1897,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 411
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni. D.
I. Ivanovasky,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSR, pp.
111-114,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1582
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus.
(1) :152-155,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 718
from Russian.
Zool. Zhur. 37
(2): 297-300,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 207
from Russian.

Meliev, A.
Meliev, A.
Merinov, V. A.
Mester, H.
Contribution to
epidemiology of
hemorrhagic fever in
Uzbekistan.
Virological and
electron-microscope
investigations of
ECHO-20 virus
isolated from blood of
a patient who died
from hemorrhagic
fever in Uzebekistan.
Investigation of North
Asiatic (Siberian)
rickettsiosis in
Dermacentor nuttalli
ticks collected in one
of the Krasnoyarsk
region foci.
Accumulated
occurrence of
Hyalomma excavatum
Koch 1844
(Ixodoidea, Ixodidae)
on songbirds.
1967
1967
1963
1974
Tick, Uzbekistan hemorrhagic
fever.
Hemorrhagic fever, Macaca rhesus,
ECHO-20, human embryo,
fibroblast cell.
Ticks, Dermacentor nuttalli,
rickettsial fever, exanthematic
typhus, exanthematic fever, foci,
guinea pigs, cattle, Citellus
undulatus, Dermacentroxenus
sibiricus. I. persulcatus,
Alectorobius tartakovskyi, A.
tholozani
Tick, Germany, songbirds,
Hyalomma excavatum.
In Uzbekistan hemorrhagic fever
cases have been recorded since
1947. The disease is sporadic in
character and 525 cases were
recorded for 16 years (1948-1963)
in 6 regions of the republic. The
most unfavorable in
epidemiological respects are
Samarkand.
To study the etiology of
hemorrhagic fever in Uzbek SSR,
virus isolated from the blood of HF
patients were investigated. In 1965,
virus was isolated from a dead HF
patient using human embryo
fibroblast cell culture.
Following inoculation of guinea
pigs with a suspension of larvae
hatched from tick eggs collected
from cattle within a focus a strain
No. 50 was isolated, this having
proved the transovarial transmission
of the rickettsiae. Hence in the
focus D. nuttalli appear to be both
the vector and the reservoir of
infection.
During our investigations,
Hyalomma excavatum adults were
crawling about in borders of paths
which herds of cattle had trampled
into the sand for months. Possibly
the great dryness prevailing locally
from May to mid-September may
have contributed to the
uncommonly high abundance of
ticks which had adapted to such
climatic conditions. On Menorca,
we noted the massive multiplication
Zh. Mikrobiol.,
Moskva, 44(12):
93-97, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 413
from Russian.
Microbiology,
immunology,
epidemiology,
natural nidality
of human
diseases, pp. 90-
91, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
872 from Russian.
Med. Parasit.,
Moscow, (1):54-
61, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
155 from Russian.
Beitr. Vogelk. 20
(3): 181-190,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1298
from German.

Mikhailova, I. S., E.
S. Sarmanova, M. V.
Bychkova, G. G.
Bannova, A. S.
Karvanov, G. P.
Pivanova, and I. A.
Selyutina.
Study of certain
questions on
Kemerovo virus
circulation in natural
foci.
1974
Ticks, complement fixation, CF,
Ixodes persulcatus, Dermacentor
pictus, Kemerovo Oblast,
Kemerovo, KEM, newborn white
mice, NWM, chick embryo cells,
CEC, tickborne encephalitis, RSSE.
of Hyalomma excavatum in the
later summer of 1971. Among trans-
Saharan migrants swallows and
nightingales were infested by
immatures of this parasite as well as
single individuals of the reed
warbler and woodchat shrike.
Study attempted to investigate the
frequency of KEM virus isolation
from ixodid ticks and characteristics
of the isolated agents, and to clarify
the role of KEM virus in the
infectious pathology of humans. We
investigated serologically 166 adult
healthy persons from the regions in
which KEM infection cases with
KEM virus were detected.
Positive results of KEM virus
isolations from Ixodes persulcatus
were obtained in 3 of the 6
investigated regions. In Kuznetsk
Ala-Tau foothill taiga, KEM virus
was regularly isolated each year; in
2 other regions only sometimes in
different years; and absence of
KEM virus in ticks of 3 landscape
regions was established.
Investigating Demacentor pictus
collected in the southern foreststeppe,
no KEM virus was found.
Infection rate of I. persulcatus
proved comparatively high in all
landscape zones. The KEM virus
infection rate in Ixodes persulcatus
in the same foci was 10-20 times
lower than that of RSSE virus.
Trudy Inst. Polio,
Virus, Entsef,
Akad, Med.
Nauk, SSSR, 22
(1):92-98.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 904
from Russian.

Mikhailova, I. S., M.
V. Bychkova, G. G.
Bannova, and G. P.
Pivanova.
Milyutin, V. N., A. M.
Butenko, A. A.
Artushenko, A. G.
Bliznichenko, T. I.
Zavodova, L. V.
Zarubina, E. M.
Novikova, S. G.
Rubin, N. I.
Chernyshev, and M.
P. Chumakov.
Milyutin, V. N., N. M.
Blagoveshchenskaya,
A. G. Bliznichenko,
A. M. Butenko, B. G.
Buryakov, L. K.
Vishnivetskaya, A. B.
Gabrilovich, L. V.
Zarubina, V. F.
Kondratenko, O. N.
Kochar'yan, E. A.
Lukatos, A, A,
Artyushenko, E. M.
Novikova, V. D.
Rabinovich, A. M.
Sogolaev, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Comparative
characteristics of
biological and
antigenic properties of
Kemerovo virus
strains isolated in
different regions of the
Soviet Union.
Experimental infection
of horses with
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus.
Hyperimmune gammaglobulin
for
prophylactic measures
and treatment of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever.
1975
1969
1970
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus,
complement fixation, neutralization
cross-tests, hypoimmune sera,
Kemerovo virus.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
horses, newborn white mice,
NWM, leukocytes, lymphocytes.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever
(CHF), hyperimmune gammaglobulin.
Comparative study of antigenic
relationships by the complement
fixation and neutralization crosstests
and formation of plaques with
use of hypoimmune sera showed
that these strains are antigenically
related. The studied Kemerovo
virus strains are similar in
biological and antigenic properties
irrespective of habitat areas of the
Ixodes persulcatus vector.
Inoculation of horses with CHF
virus did not cause a clinically
pronounced infection, slight
changes in blood indicated a
definite reaction with high
temperature and certain changes in
normal condition within first 2 days
after infection probably associated
with unspecific reaction of horse to
inoculated brain tissue or toxic
effect of the virus.
Etiological investigations were very
important in solving the problem of
CHF and facilitated the isolation of
CHF virus strains from tick vectors
for passages in the laboratory.
These investigations made also
possible the use of CHF virus
antigens for serological diagnosis,
to study prophylactic vaccine
against CHF, and to hyperimmunize
the animal producers of immune
serum.
Tezisy konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975), p.
328, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1195
from Russian.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 1969),
(2):145-146,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 851
from Russian.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Konf. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 150-
156, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 549
from Russian.

Minaeva, V. M., M. F.
Garishina, G. I.
Starodubtseva, N. V.
Kipriyanova, and G.
G. Gorbunova.
Mirinov, V. S.
Mirnov, P.
Mirolyubova, L. V.,
N. I. Kudryashova,
and I. V. Tarasevich.
Mironov, V. S.
Seriological
charactersitics of
chronic forms of
tickborne encephalitis.
Habitats of the Taiga
tick, Ixodes
persulcatus.
Hemorrhagic fever in
Burgas (Bulgaria)
region.
The use of fluorescentserological
method for
determining natural
infection with
Rickettsia
tsutsugamushi in
trombiculid mites.
Encephalomyelitis of
sheep (louping-ill) and
its importance for
understanding certain
diseases of man.
1975
1940
1953
1966
1939
RSSE, tickborne encephalitis,
complement fixation, CF,
hemagglutination inhibition, HI,
hyperkinetic.
Taiga, tick, encephalitis, Amur,
Ussuri, Molotov, hares, chipmunk,
Siberian field vole, Thursh,
Nutcracker, Hazel Grouse, Jay,
Chaffinch, Siberian weasel,
rodents, field mice, Sverdlovsk,
Kama, Ixodes persulcatus, Ixodes
ricinus, Ixodes areolaris, Babesiella
bovis, Haemaphysalis concinna,
Dermacentor silvarum.
hemorrhagic fever, Burgas,
Bulgaria, ticks, foci.
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi,
Leptotrombidium pavlovskyi,
trombiculid mites, fluorescent
antibody technique, FAT, Rocky
Mountain spotted fever, RMSF,
ixodid ticks, Q fever, vole, mice,
rodents, southern Primor'ye.
Tick, encephalomyelitis, sheep,
louping-ill, filterable virus.
Report presents results of
investigating 240 blood samples
from 65 patients with hyperkinetic
forms of tickborne encephalitis
(RSSE) and a progressive disease
course. In 55 cases, the disease
developed following the acute stage.
The taiga tick is prevalent in the
taiga zone and is found in this zone
only in typical taiga landscapes,
relative to the changes in
landscapes effected by man in the
taiga. Because the microclimate is
subject to changes toward greater
variations in the temperature and
humidity, ergo, taiga ticks become
reduced in their numbers and
subsequently vanish completely
from the makeup of biocoenoses.
The study describes 10 cases with
syndrome complexes of fever and
hemorrhagic diathesis caused by
tick bites or associated with
agricultural works.
Paper contains results obtained by
using FAT to detect R.
tsutsugamushi in mites of the
family Trombiculidae. Indirect
fluorescent-serological method was
used for determination of natural
infection of mites (Trombicula)
with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi.
Disease transmitted by ticks,
encephalomyelitis of sheep, or
louping-ill is of great interest. This
is one of the few examples of tick
transmission of a filterable virus.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 68-69,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1024
from Russian.
Med. Parasit., 9
(1-2): 93-105.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 23
from Russian.
Suvrem. Med.
Sof., 6:62-73.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1101
from Russian.
Zh. Mikrobiol.,
Moskva, 43(7):
36-38., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 825
from Russian.
Review I. Med.
Parasit. Parasit.
Dis., 8 (1) : 137-
140, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 65
from Russian.

Mironov, V. S. and A.
I. Baldina.
Mirzabekov, D. A., A.
A. Agaev, A. K.
Movsumzade, and A.
N. Godzhaev.
Mirzabekov, K. D.
Mirzoeva, N. M.
Persistent ulcer
resulting from an
ixodid tick bite.
Test on immunizing
cattle against
theileriasis.
Infection rate and
developmental forms
of three Babesia and
Piroplasma species
(Piroplasmida) in
ixodid tick eggs.
Results from studying
arbovirus infections in
Azerbaijan (from data
of 1967-1976).
1942 Tick, ulcers, Ixodes ricinus.
1973
1977.
1978.
KUBA, Theileria annulata, T.
dispar, Estonian Red cattle breed,
Koch bodies, Azerbaijan.
Tick, infection rate, Babesia
colochica, Piroplasma bigeminum,
Boophilus calcaratus, tick eggs,
parasites.
Tick, arbovirus study, West Nile
virus, WN, natural foci.
Ulcers of various size and nature
have been recorded, sometimes
persistent and require surgical
intervention.
Experiments on immunizing cattle
against theileriasis, which begun in
Azerbaijan in 1966, still continue.
Blood invaded by Theileria from
donors passing through different
periods of theileriasis, and spleen
suspension from an animal that had
recovered from this disease were
used as immunizing material.
Investigation shows experiments
done in three different trials.
This paper presents the materials on
the identification and study of the
developmental forms and
morphology of B. colchica and P.
bigeminum in eggs of Hyalomma
anatolicum. The description of
developmental forms of B. colchica
in eggs of Boophilus calcaratus is
given for the first time.
Eleven arboviruses were found in
different natural zones of
Azerbaijan: Sindbis, WN, Tahyna,
Uukuniemi, TBE, CHF, Bhanja,
Dhori, Kyzyl-Agach, Kaspiy, and
Baku. The presence of active
natural foci of arboviruses in Kura-
Araksine, Leonkoran, and the
Central Caucasus districts was
stated. Virological and serological
investigation proved the
participation of certain types of
mosquitoes, ticks, birds, domestic
and wild animals in the circulation
Med. Parasit.,
Moscow, 11
(5) :51-53,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 194
from Russian.
Nauch. Trudy
Immun. Sel.-
Koz. Zhivot.
(Moscow 1973),
pp. 362-367,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1030
from Russian.
Parazitol.,
Leningrad 11(3):
230-235,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1358
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. Imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk SSSR
3: 27-31,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1363
from Russian.

Mirzoeva, N. M., I. G.
Kanbay, Z. D.
Sultanova, E. I.
Sokolova, and N. M.
Kulieva.
Mirzoeva, N. M., V. I.
Il'enko, K. A.
Dyunina, and . G.
Adhundov.
Mirzoeva, N. M., Z.
D. Sultanova, I. G.
Kanbai, E I. Sokolova,
and N. M. Kulieva.
Certain biological
properties of virus
strains isolated in
Azerbaijan SSR
(1970).
Data from serological
and virological
investigations of
arboviruses in S. M.
Kirov Reserve in
Kyzyl-Agach,
Azerbaijan SSR.
Results of serological
and virological
examination of birds
for arboviruses in
Azerbaijan SSR.
1971
1964
1972
Tick, chicken embryos,
Rhipicephalus bursa, R. turanicus,
Aedes vexans.
serological, virological,
arboviruses in Kirov Reserve,
Kyzyl-Agach, Azerbaijan, birds,
cattle, Kyasanur forest disease,
Japanese encephalitis, JE, West
American equine
encephalomyelitis, wigeon, pintail,
mallard, coot, egret, cormorant,
heron, ibis, jird, larks, bee-eaters,
mosquitoes, coypu, Aedes caspius,
Culex modestus.
Tick, birds, arbovirus, Aedes
vexans, Rhipicephalus turanicus,
Ornithodoros capensis.
of arboviruses in nature. New data,
revealing the significance of WN
virus for the pathology of humans
and of domestic animals, and of
Baku virus for the pathology of
birds, is presented.
The strains are highly sensitive to
ether and stable in lyophilization.
Biological properties and
identification of the isolated strains
are being studies.
Serological investigations showed
that antibodies to certain
transmissive viruses (Kyasanur
forest disease, Japanese
encephalitis, West American equine
encephalomyelitis, were found in 8
birds of 4 different species as well
as in 44 fledglings of 5 bird species.
The role of birds and their
ectoparasites in circulation of the
agents of transmissible viral
infections on the territory of
Azerbaijan was studied by
serological and virological methods.
Tezisy Dokl.
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
Virus imeni
Inanovsky, D. I.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR
(October 19-21),
pt 2 : 65-66,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 491
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), pp. 205-
206., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1234
from Russian.
Mater. Simp.
Itogi 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
December 1971),
pp. 121-124,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 647
from Russian.

Mirzoeva, N. M., Z.
D. Sultanova, I. G.
Kanbai, E. I.
Sokolova, N. M.
Kulieva, V. R.
Obukhova, and S. Ya.
Gaidamovich.
Mirzoeva, N. M., Z.
L. Sultanova, I. G.
Kanbai, V. R.
Obukhova, S. Ya.
Gaidamovich, E. I.
Sokolova, and N. M.
Kulieva.
Mishaeva, N. P.
Mishaeva, N. P. and
N. I. Erofeeva.
Biological properties
of Baku virus strains
isolated on Glinyany
Island, Baku
Archipelago.
Biological properties
of West Nile virus
strains isolated in
Azerbaijan.
On the role of birds in
natural tickborne
encephalitis foci of
Belorussia.
Effect of diapause on
reproduction of
tickborne encephalitis
virus in the body of
the tick Ixodes ricinus
(Ixodidae).
1974
1974
Baku, Glinyany Island, Baku
Archipelago, foci, newborn white
mice, gulls, ticks.
West Nile, Azerbaijan, Kura-
Araksk, NWM, newborn white
mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, chicks,
HI, CF, mosquitoes, ticks.
1965 Tick, foci, encephalitis, birds.
1979.
Tick, Ixodes ricinus, diapause,
reproduction, tick-borne
encephalitis, TBE.
Identification showed that the
isolated virus strains belong to
Kemerovo group arboviruses. In the
USSR, foci of the Kemerovo group
virus are known in western Siberia,
Azerbaijan, Moldavia, and Central
Asia. Study of biological properties
of the isolated strains showed that
they are pathogenic for chicken
embryos.
Mosquitoes, ticks, and organs of
animals were examined by
virological methods in regions of
the Kura-Araksk lowland and on
islands of Bakinskiy archipelago.
Five strains of West Nile virus were
isolated: 3 strains from ticks, 1
strain from mosquitoes, and 1 strain
from a bird.
The role of birds in tickborne
encephalitis virus circulation was
studied under the supervision of V.
N. Votyakov in the natural focal
area in Belorussian Poles'ye
(Gomel' Oblast) where cases of
human encephalitis infection were
recorded for 3 years. A total of 338
birds belonging to 55 species was
shot and examined for ectoparasites.
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus
reproduction was studied in larval
and nymphal Ixodes ricinus
developing in different temperature
and photoperiodic conditions. TBE
virus multiplies more intensely in
the body of ticks developing
without diapause. No changes in
virus titer were recorded in
diapausing ticks until the beginning
of molting.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, (1): 115-
118., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1158
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, (1): 119-
122., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1159
from Russian.
Master. 4. Vses.
Ornit. Konf.
(Alma-Ata,
September 1-7,
1965): 244-246,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 407
from Russian.
Parazitol.,
Leningrad 13(3):
218-222,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1454
from Russian.

Mishaeva, N. P. and
V. L. Votyakov.
Mishaeva, N. P. and
V. Votyakov
Reproductive balance
of tickborne
encephalitis virus in
ixodid ticks and
vertebrates in
conditions of
immunological
rearrangement of the
host body to arthropod
saliva antigens.
Effect of physiological
condition of ticks on
reproduction intensity
of tickborne
encephalitis virus in
them.
1982
1978
Tick, mosquitoes, Dermacentor
andersoni, D. reticulatus, Rhodnius
prolixus, Aedes, aegypti, Ixodes
ricinus, tickborne encephalitis,
TBE, saliva antigens.
Tick, Ixodes ricinus, Drmacentor
andersoni, reproduction intensity,
Russian spring-summer
encephalitis, RSSE, TBE.
The inclusion of animals, being the
feeder of non infected ectoparasites
of different systemic groups into the
ring of circulation of tickborne
encephalitis virus leads to the
lowering of infectious level of both
these feeders and tick-recipients.
However, the intensive
reproduction of a virus in ixodid
ticks with its transmission on the
course of metamorphosis is
observed in case of feeding of
infected female-ticks on
desensibilized animals or on
vertebrates previously not subjected
by mass parasitizing by
bloodsucking arthropods.
When infecting ixodid ticks (Ixodes
ricinus and Dermacentor
andersoni), it was recorded that the
reproduction intensity of the agent
depends on the age of ticks at the
moment of infection, maintenance
conditions before and after feeding,
starvation periods, and feeding
duration on vertebrate animals. The
most favorable conditions for virus
reproduction and preservation of
transovarial virus transmission are
in cases when the virus is
introduced into unfed adults a few
days after molting by feeding on
vertebrate animals. Reproduction
intensity and duration of virus
survival depend on temperature and
photoperiod conditions in which
ticks are kept. "TBE" virus in larval
and nymphal I. ricinus reproduces
more intensely in vectors
developing without diapause.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Inst. Virus
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med Nauk SSSR,
pp. 40-45,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1650
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 23
(2), 232-237,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1405
from Russian.

Mishaeva, N. P., V. I.
Votyakov, L. P.
Khod'ko, and V. U.
Kalenchuk.
MISSING
TRANSLATION
Mitov, A., Kh. Stanev,
G. Terziev, I. Pantev,
and S. Vasilev.
Morel, P. C. and G.
Vassiliades.
Experimental study of
arboviruses in
arthropods. The
importance of
standardizing
experimental
conditions for working
with ticks.
Clinical observation
on hemorrhagic fever
in the region of
Polyanovgrad.
Rhipicephalus of the
sanguineus group:
African Species.
1974
1957
1963
arboviruses, arthropods, ticks,
TBE, Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor
andersoni.
Hemorrhagic fever, syndrome,
human cases.
Ticks, Rhipicephalus sanguineus,
R. guilhoni R. sulcatus, R.
turanicus, and R. pusillus.
The reproductive balance of tickborne
encephalitis virus in Ixodid
ticks was experimentally studied
with due regard for the
physiological state of the vectors.
Strict standardization of the
conditions, under which an
experiment was performed,
demonstrated that intensity of the
accumulation of the agent,
inoculated into ticks in the same
dose, considerably depended on the
physiological age of a tick at the
moment of infection, duration of
fasting of infected vectors, and
terms of feeding.
During the summer of 1951 we
observed for the first time in
Bulgaria in the District Hospital of
Stara Zagora two patients, and man
and a child, with a peculiar
infection. Hemorrhagic syndrome,
considered to be a kind of
hemorrhagic fever.
Rhipicephalus,called until now R.
sanguineus by most authors, and
native to Africa (Ethiopian or
Mediterranean) corresponds to five
distinct species, because of their
morphology, ecology, host affinity
and geographical distribution.
These species are the following: R.
sanguineus, R. guilhoni, R.
sulcatus, R. turanicus, and R.
pusillus.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus., 2:
23-28., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 767
from Russian.
Suvrem. Med.
Sof., (5):3-9,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1512
from Russian.
Rev. Elev., n.s.,
15(4) : 343-386
(1962), NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 264
from French.

Morozov, Y. V. and S.
A. Shilok.
Morozov, Yu. V.
Moskalets, N. D.
Finding of antibodies
to tickborne
encephalitis virus in
birds in relation to
their behavioral
characteristics.
On the duration of
survival of tickborne
encephalitis virus in
the blood of
experimentally
infected birds.
On the question of
zonal-vertical
distribution of ixodid
ticks (Ixodoidea) in
Transcarpathian
Oblast USSR.
1965
1965
1967
Tick, TBE, bird, foci, antibodies,
behavior.
Tick, encephalitis, birds,
woodcock, quail, goose, starling,
greenfinch, brambling, pied
flycatcher, song thrush, redwing,
redstart. tickborne viruses.
Tick, cattle, Ixodes ricinus,
Dermacentor marginatus, D. pictus,
Haemaphysalis punctata,
Hyalomma plumbeum.
This article presents certain results
of serological investigation of birds
in tickborne encephalitis (TBE) foci
in Perm Oblast together with
special observations on the birds'
way of life and their behavior. From
1959 to 1963, the blood sera of
birds in different systematic groups
were collected and studied in the
biological neutralization and
hemagglutination inhibition
reactions.
Brief results of performed tests on
the duration of survival of tickborne
encephalitis viruses in the blood of
experimentally infected birds. The
birds tested include: Woodcock,
Quail, Goose, Starling, Greenfinch,
Brambling, Pied flycatcher, Song
Thrush, Redwing, and Redstart.
This article is based on 10 years of
research (1955-1965) entirely
devoted to this question. During
this period, 80,526 agricultural
animals, mostly large cattle, were
inspected.
Vses. Ornit.
Konf. (Alma Ata,
Sept 1-7, 1965)
Mater. 4: 249-
252, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 412
from Russian.
Vses. Ornit.
Kong. (Alma-
Ata, September 1-
7, 1965) Mater.
4: 248-249,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 409
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl.
Nauch. Knof.
Ukrain. Respub.
Nauch. Obshch.
Parasit., Izd.
"Naukova
Dumka", Kiev,
pp. 363-364,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 255
from Russian.

Moskovskaya, I. A.,
A. Yu. Myasnikov,
and R. G. Sagitova.
Moskvin, I. A.
Moteyunas, L. I. and
E. P. Ezerskene.
Morphological
investigations of the
blood during
hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome.
On the role of the tick
Ornithodoros
papillipes Bir.
(Ixodoidea) in
transmitting relapsing
fever in Turkestan.
Small mammals of
human disease natural
foci in Lithuanian SSR.
1972
1929
1974
HFRS, hemorrhagic fever with
renal syndrome, Ufa, Tula.
Tick, Ornithodoros papillipes, O.
tholozani, O. lahorensis, O.
moubata, spirochetes, relapsing
fever.
Muskrats, voles, mice, moles,
Talpa europaea L., shrews, Sorex
araneus L., S. minutus L.,
dormouse, Muscardinus
overllanarius L., Dryomys nitedula
P., Clethrionomys glareolus
suecius, Microtus oeconomus,
Nyamanas River, Shilute, Kaipeda,
leptospirosis, listerellosis,
pseudotuberculosis, erysieliod,
salmonellosis, pasteurellosis.
In Ufa town, the morphological
composition of the blood of 60
HFRS patients was investigated at
hospital admission (day 3-12 of
disease), of 35 patients at discharge
from hospital (day 18-21 of
disease), and of 197 patients after 1-
8 months. In Tula town, 42 clinical
analyses of blood were made during
the 1 to 6 month periods. The blood
of 200 healthy donors served as
control.
The role of ticks as vectors of
spirochetes has been worked out
experimentally in detail.
During 1969-1973, 193,954 traps
were installed in 27 (out of 44)
regions of Lithuania and 7,714
small mammals of 17 species were
caught. The average annual
population desnity of meadow-field
and humid habitats was 4.5 and of
forest ones 6.4 animals per 100 trap/
nights. In 1969, the population
density of animals was more than
twice lower than during other years.
The data are on species distribution
in different habitats (per 100 trap/
nights and percentage in the total
caught). The data obtained are
compared with similar materials
published by other authors on the
basis of a small number of
observations. Important differences
were established in the total and
relative population density and the
distribution by habitats and regions
for 5 species of rodents. The
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 379-380.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1082
from Russian.
Z. Parasitenk., 2
(1):73-89,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1703
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 53
(1):1580-1583.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 902
from Russian.

Mukhammadkulov, M.
Muratov, E. A.
Wild birds host of
argasid and ixodid
ticks in northern
Tadzhikistan.
A blood parasite of the
genus Nuttallia Franca
isolated from the
house mouse (Mus
musculus Lin.).
1970
1966
Tick, wild bird, Ixodes crenulatus,
Dendrocopus leucotos, Lanius
cristatus, Muscicapa striata,
Hyalomma plumbeum turanicum,
Sitta tephronota, Petronia, petronia,
Argas persicus, Pastor roseus,
Acridotheres tristis.
Tick, house mice, Soviet Union,
parasite, Mus musculus.
bacteriological studies of caught
animals have show that 9 species
are carriers of 6 causative agents of
infections pathogenic for humans.
The geographical distribution of
some scanty rodent species is given
on a map.
Data on ticks parasitizing wild birds
in northern Tadzhikistan are very
scanty. Birds were obtained by
shooting in May, June, and July
1969, in Isfara District, northern
Tadzhikistan. In all, 281 birds of 56
species were shot, and examined for
argasid or ixodid ticks.
Four house mice (Mus musculus
Lin.) were trapped on 12 March
1964 near a cattle breeding farm in
the Tigrovaya balka Reservation
area. Bloodsmears from them were
fixed in methyl alcohol and stained
by the Romanovsky Giemsa
method. Microscopic examination
of smears from one of the mice
revealed both round and oval
intraerythrocytic parasites
measuring 1.2 by 1.2 and 1.2 by 2.4
u, with a single chromatin mass.
The parasite Cytoplasm is blue and
the nucleus ruby-red. From 29 May
to 13 April in another part of the
reservation 30 km from the first
locality, 17 house mice were
trapped in a tugai forest. Parasites
of different form and size were also
found in 7 of them.
Ziv. Akad. Nauk
Tadzhik. SSR,
Otd. Sel.-Khoz.
Biol. Nauk, 3
(40) : 87-89,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 591
from Russian.
Dokl. Akad.
Nauk Tadzhik.
SSR, 9(5): 34-37,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 386
from Russian.

Musabayev, I. K.
Musabayev, I. K., G.
K. Khamidov, and Kh.
Z. Zakirov.
Musatov, V. A.
Some peculiarities of
hemorrhagic fever in
Uzbekistan.
Clinical features of
hemorrhagic fever in
Uzbekistan.
Regarding the specific
reactions of the host
body to attacks of
ixodid ticks
1961
1962
1972
Tick, Uzbek hemorrhagic fever,
rabbits, Hyalomma anatolicum.
Tick, hemorrhagic fever,
nephrosonephritis, viral etiology.
Tick, host body reaction, Gieson
method, rabbits, sheep, cows,
Rhipicephalus bursa, Hyalomma
plumbeum, Hyalomma asiaticum.
Investigations have revealed that
the agent of the Uzbek hemorrhagic
fever is a filterable virus, adapting
with difficulty to laboratory
animals. The only animal
susceptible to this virus proved to
be the rabbit. It was also shown that
the virus of Uzbek hemorrhagic
fever differs from the virus of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, but is probably
similar to the virus of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever.
Characteristic changes in 30
patients with hemorrhagic fever
were tracked. 30 patients with
hemorrhagic syndrome arriving
from various regions of Samarkand
Oblast entered the Clinic of
Infectious Diseases in Samarkand.
The illness was observed mainly
among people engaged in
agricultural activities. From case
histories, it became evident that the
majority of these patients (18)
associated their illness with work in
the fields, and 3 persons with tickbites
that did not leave any marks.
The purpose of our research was to
study the reactions which host
animals have from an attack of
ixodid ticks. We conducted a
laboratory experiment in which
Rhipicephalus bursa Can. et Frunz,
Hyalomma plumbeum plumbeum
Panzer, and Hyalomma asiaticum
asiaticum P. Sch. et E. Schl., ticks
repeatedly feed on rabbits and
sheep. The interval of time between
the feedings was 5-6 weeks and
more; each feeding was done on a
new area of skin on the back. We
Med. Zhur.
Uzbed (8): 62-
65, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
183 from Russian.
Sborn. Tashkent.
Gosudarst. Inst.
Usovershen.
Vrach., Minist.
Zdravookhran.
Uzbek SSR. 9:
141-147,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 186
from Russian.
Trudy 13. Mezh.
Ent. Kongr.
(Moscow,
August 1968) 3:
209, NAMRU
No. 3,

Myalkovskaya, S. A.
(Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). performed biopsies in which we
removed tiny pieces of skin along
with the ticks, 24,48 and 72 hours,
and so on after attachment had
occurred. The thickness of these
slices was 7-10 microns. They were
dyed according to the van Gieson
method. In studying the course of
tick parasitism we observed cows of
varying ages.
Rhipicephalus
schulzei in Dagestan.
1966
Plague, tick, Dagestan, suslik
colonies, Rhipicephalus schulzei,
Citellus pygmaeus, Meriones
meridianus, Meriones tamariscinus,
Microtus socialis, A. major major,
Stylodipus telum.
The tick Rhipicephalus schulzei is
frequently found in suslik colonies
of northern Dagestan regions. The
role of this (tick) species in
preservation and transmission of
plague infection is mentioned in
several research works. Our
attention was drawn to the question
of R. schulzei distribution in
Dagestan because this species was
collected in large numbers in suslik
colonies in northern areas of the
Terek River. In Dagestan, this tick
was collected from burrows and
nests of little susliks (Citellus
pygmaeus Pall.) and from birds
(Meriones meridianus Pall. and M.
tamariscinus Pall.) , polecats, foxes,
hedgehogs, social voles (Microtus
socialis Pall.), greater jerboas (A.
major major Kerr.), thick-tailed
three-toed jerboas (Stylodipus
telum Leihtenstein), cattle, and on
the soil surface.
Translation 1350
from Russian.
Tezisy Kokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch. 1: 138-
139, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 385
from Russian.

Myasnikov, Yu. A.
Myasnikov, Yu. A.,
O. G. Ravdonikas, and
Z. A. Levacheva.
Main achievements
and prospects in the
study of hemorrhagic
fevers.
Characteristics of
epidemiological types
of morbidity of
hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome
(HFRS) in Tula region.
1976
1968
hemorrhagic, fevers, tickborne,
Crimean, foci, CHF, NWM, NWR,
Central Asian HF, Congo, Omsk,
Kyasanur Forest disease, yellow
fever, dengue, Chikungunya,
HFRS, Marburg, OHF, Hyalomma,
Haemaphysalis, Rhipicephalus,
Ixodes, Dermacentor, Boophilus,
Amblyomma, Argas.
Soviet Union, tick, hemorrhagic
fever, renal syndrome (HFRS),
Tula.
The main tasks in studying OHF
infection should include
determining the focal borders and
applying new investigation
methods, determining susceptibility
of warm blooded animals inhabiting
natural infection foci, clarifying
reasons of heterogeneity of OHF
virus strains isolated in different
territories from different subjects,
and virologically confirming the
role of the marsh burrow tick in
maintaining OHF natural foci.
In accordance with conditions of
infection and other epidemiological
features (by the example of
incidence in Tula region)
agricultural, industrial, forest and
environmental epidemiological
types of HFRS incidence are
distinguished differing markedly by
sex, age and occupation of patients
and seasonal distribution of
infections. Human morbidity during
epidemic outbreaks and in the
interepidemic periods differs not
only by the number of cases, but
also by prevalence of different
epidemiological types of cases,
which is very important in planning
prophylactic and antiepidemic
measures.
Tezisy Dokl. 9.
Vses. Konf.
Prirod, Ochag.
Bolez. Chelov.
Zhivot. (Omsk,
May 1976) pp.
119-121.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1174
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 12:
453-460,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 336
from Russian.

Nagahana, M. and K.
Matuo.
Nakamura, T. and A.
Yajima.
Naumov, R. L.
Naumov, R. L. V. P.
Gutova, and S. P.
Chunikhin.
Two tick species
parasitic on the human
body.
On the life history of
Haemaphysalis
bispinosa Neumann,
1987.
Whether the Taiga
ticks feeds on yellow
and pine buntings
Emberiza citrinella L.
and E. leucocephalos
Gm.
Ixodid ticks and the
agent of tickborne
encephalitis.
1962
Tick, human body, Amblyomma
testudinarium, Haemaphysalis
bispinosa.
1942 Tick, Haemaphysalis bispinosa.
1962
1980
Tick, Taiga ticks, tick-borne
encephalitis, immune response.
Tick, Dermacentor, Ixodes,
Haemaphysalis, I. persulcatus, life
cycle, tickborne encephalitis, TBE.
We have reported two cases of
Amblyomma testudinarium and
Haemaphysalis bispinosa of the
Family Ixodidae parasitizing the
human body. The conclusion of
these reports was presented during
the 16th meeting of the Japanese
division of Japan's Hygienic
Animal Study on November 1961.
The authors, during 1939-1940,
bred this species and observed its
life history. In this paper they give
an account of it together with
morphological descriptions of each
developmental stage.
The larvae and nymphs of the tick
Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. perished
on two bunting species, Emberiza
citrinella L. and E. leucocephalos
Gm. without feeding on their blood.
The cause of the tick death is the
immunity of these birds against the
active principle of the tick saliva
which prevents the development of
the skin hyperemia and
hemorrhagic phenomena at the site
of the bite.
According to the data from the
literature, the level of transovarial
transmission of tickborne
encephalitis virus in ticks of the
genus Dermacentor approximately
corresponds to that in the ticks of
the genus Ixodes, but the level of
transphase transmission is higher
than in the latter. Ticks of the genus
Haemaphysalis are also capable of
picking up TBE virus and
transmitting it transovarially and in
Med. Biol.,
Tokoyo, 62(5) :
119-121,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 566
from Japanese.
Rep Gov. Exp.
Stn Anim. Hyg.,
Tokoyo, (19) "
21-23, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 297
from Japanese.
Zool. Zhur. 42
(4): 513-517,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 94
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 49
(3):66-69,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1612
from Russian.

Naumov, R. L. and V.
P. Gutova.
Naumov, R. L., E. N.
Levkovich, and O. E.
Rzhakhova.
Experimental study of
gamasid mite and flea
participation in
tickborne encephalitis
virus circulation
(survey).
The part played by
birds in circulation of
tick-borne encephalitis
virus.
1984
1963
Tick, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
virus circulation cycle, mite, flea,
Soviet Union.
Tick, bird, tick-borne encephalitis,
TBE, CF test, ICF test, taiga tick.
the course of metamorphosis, but
the effectiveness of transmission is
lower than in I. persulcatus ticks.
Virtually all experimentally
investigated gamasid mite and flea
species are able to receive tickborne
encephalitis (TBE) virus and
preserve it for a certain time and
transmit it to experimental animals.
However, no experimental proof
has been obtained until now on the
possible realization of a complete
virus circulation cycle with
participation (only) of these
arthropods. This needs clarification
of threshold virus dosages for
infecting gamasid mite and flea
species, viremia titers in animalrecipients
following feeding by
different mite or flea species on
them, and relationship between
most prospective gamasid mite and
flea species and different TBE virus
strains.
Recently in connection with a more
serious study of tick-borne
encephalitis, considerable data have
been gathered in the Soviet Union
and abroad indicating association
between the agent of this infection
and a wide range of birds in
different ecological groups.
However, in order to study
circulation of the virus in nature, it
is insufficient to know only the
animal species which become
infected; it is also essential to know
the abundance of these animals in a
focus and their ability to transmit
the virus. In our work, we present
data on infection of birds by this
Parazit.
Leningrad 18(2):
106-115,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1795
from Russian.
Med. Parasit.,
Moscow (1): 18-
29, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
141 from Russian.

Naumov, R. L., V. P.
Gutova, and S. P.
Chunikhin.
Nazarova, I. V.
Nejuoekiv, N. V. and
A. A. Maksimov.
Ixodid ticks and the
agent of tickborne
encephalitis.
Contribution to study
of bird ectoparasites in
the Volga-Kama
region.
Zoological
characteristics and
geography of natural
foci of tularemia in
Siberia and the Far
East.
1981
1977
1980
Tick, Hyalomma anatolicum, H.
concina, I. ricinus, I. persulcatus,
tickborne encephalitis, TBE, foci.
gamasid mites, ixodid ticks, fleas,
bloodsucking flies, biting lice,
Dermanyssus guintus, D. gallinae,
Hirstionyssus isabellinus, Laelaps
muris, L. agilis, L. bidentata,
Ixodes persulcatus, I. ricinus, I.
plumbeus, Ceratophyllus, C. garei,
C. styx, Ornithomyia avicularia, O.
chloropus, Seonopinus glabrifrons.
Tick, Dermacentor marginatus,
Haemaphysalis concinna, natural
foci, tularemia.
virus on the basis of immunological
indicators and of the infestation rate
of various groups of birds by taiga
tick larvae and nymphs, i.e., two
out of three necessary conditions
which characterize transmission of
virus from host to parasite.
Based on the data on tickborne
encephalitis (TBE) virus behavior
in Ixodid ticks and the data on tick
ecology, suggestions are made
concerning the features of TBE foci
in relation to the species of the main
vector. Foci with I. ricinus and I.
persulcatus are characterized by the
highest stability and low probability
of rapid and high fluctuations in the
TBE virus population.
The laboratory of Zoology of the
Kazan' Branch of the USSR
Academy of Sciences began to
study bird ectoparasites in 1956.
We investigated 634 birds of 138
species, 239 (111 species) of these
were infested with different
ectoparasites (gamasid mites,
ixodid ticks, fleas, bloodsucking
flies, and biting lice).
This analysis confirms the necessity
to collect zoological-geographical
data to clarify properties of natural
infection foci.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 50
(1):58-61,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1557
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 7.
Vses. Ornit.
Konf.
(Cherkassy, Sept.
1977), pt 2; 92-
84, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1245 from
Russian.
Trudy Biol. Inst.
Sib. Otd. Akad.
Nauk SSSR,
(4):286-294,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1533
from Russian.

Neklyudov, M.
Nel'zina, E. N., M. S.
Pylenko, V. P.
Chudesova, K. I.
Kondrashkina, and L.
T. Bykov.
A case of hemorrhagic
fever (Crimea).
The role of
Rhipicephalus
schulzei in natural foci
of plague.
1952
1960
Tick, Hyalomma marginatum,
Crimean, Omsk.
Tick, plague, Ixodes crenulatus,
Rhipicephalus schulzei, Bacillus
pestis, tick-borne virus, foci.
1944-1946 in the steppe of the
Crimea region and in Barabinska
Steppe in Omsk region, and lately
also in Bukovina, beginning in
spring and lasting until late in the
autumn, sporadic diseases with a
peculiar and typical clinical picture
were observed. The illness was
named "hemorrhagic fever," and,
according to the area Crimea or
Omsk. Subsequent observation
have shown, that this disease also
exists in some other parts of the
Soviet Union.
The localization of the plague
microbe (Bacillus pestis) and its
possible circulation routes in the
body of ixodid ticks has not yet
been elucidated in literature.
However, it is known that the
plague microbe can survive for a
long time in the body of
Rhipicephalus schulzei and Ixodes
crenulatus, and is maintained from
stage-to-stage during molting, and
in the latter species, the pathogen
may also be transmitted to the
progeny. In our experiments we
were able to transmit the plague
microbe with the aid of ticks whose
bloodsucking on an infected animal
had been interrupted, and
afterwards, on the same day or a
little later, were placed on healthy
animals until termination of
bloodsucking. Experiments with
ticks infected in the preceding state,
which were allowed to suck blood
of health animals after having
molted, gave negative results.
Suvrem. Med.,
Sof., (5):92-95,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1514
from Bulgarian.
Med. Parasit.,
Moscow 29: 202-
207, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 121
from Russian.

Nemenz, H.
Neronov, V. M.
Netsky, G. I.
Ixodes moschiferi n.
sp. from Nepal and its
place among
fissicoxate Ixodes
species.
Book review of
"Bibliography of
Ticks and Tickborne
Diseases from
Homer." (about 800 B.
C.) to December 1969,
by Hoogstraal, H., vol.
2, 1970; vol. 3, 1974,
vol. 4, 1972.
Some aspects of the
problem of viral
encephalitis and
hemorrhagic fevers in
Siberia and in the Far
East.
1968
Tick, Germany, Ixodes moschiferi,
Nepal, Ixodes acutitarsus, Ixodes
petauristae.
1973 Book review, tick, bibliography.
1963.
Tick, tick-borne encephalitis,
hemorrhagic fever, Siberia.
A new species, Ixodes moschiferi,
is described from Nepal and
compared with its most similar
species I. acutitarsus and I.
petauristae. Synonymy and types of
all 3 species are described.
In connection with the tasks to
protect human health and to
increase animal husbandry
production, study of biology of tick
vectors and reservoirs to
transmissible diseases in humans
and domestic animals and control
measures against theses parasites in
different countries of the world
becomes more necessary each year.
Widescale work is now done in
different directions. Book review:
"Bibliography of Ticks and
Tickborne Diseases from
Homer." (about 800 B. C.) to
December 1969, by Hoogstraal, H.,
vol. 2, 1970; vol. 3, 1974, vol. 4,
1972.
In the present article, we shall
present brief characteristics of basic
directions which have been
determined for future investigations
of regional epidemiology and
prophylactic measures against viral
encephalitis, Hemorrhagic fever,
and tick-borne encephalitis
infections in Siberia and the Far
East.
Khumbu Pimal 3
(1): 19-26,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 316
from German.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 42
(6) :742-744,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 733
from Russian.
Omsk, nauch.issled.
Inst.
Prirod. Infekts,
pp. 15-19,
NAMRU No. 3 ,
Translation 160
from Russian.

Netsky, G. I. and M.
S. Shaiman.
Netsky, G. I. and O.
V. Ravdonikas.
Netsky, G. I., A. A.
Maksimov, and A. A.
Tagil'tsev.
Netsky, G. I., T. N.
Fedorova, I. I.
Bogdanov, and G. B.
Mal'kov.
Distribution and
relationships between
foci of tick-borne
encephalitis, tick
typhus of northern
Asia, and Q fever in
western Siberia.
Premises for division
of the western
Siberian lowlands into
epidemiological
landscape regions with
regard to tick-borne
encephalitis.
Biomedical expedition
in India.
Contribution to
comparative ecology
of arboviruses of
tickborne encephalitis
complex in western
Siberia.
1964
1960
1969
1971
Tick, foci, encephalitis, Q fever,
Dermacentor pictus, D. marginatus,
D. silvarum, Ixodes persulcatus.
Tick, tick-born encephalitis, foci,
tularemia, plague, malaria, control
measures, Ixodes persulcatus,
Dermacentor pictus, D. marginatus.
Tick, birds, biomedical expedition,
India, bloodsucking arthropods,
Kyasanur Forest disease, KFD,
tickborne encephalitis, TE, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF, monkeys,
Macaca radiata, Presbytis entellus,
Haemaphysalis spinigera,
Dermacentor, Amblyomma,
Rhipicephalus.
Tick, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
OHF, EFC, Ixodes persulcatus,
Dermacentor pictus, D. marginatus,
D. nuttalli.
Obtained data show that during
epidemiological investigation and
epidemiological survey of
infections transmitted by ixodid
ticks, exposure of presence of these
3 infections must be regarded as an
obligatory requisite.
Control measures against tularemia,
plague, and malaria, showed that
epidemiological landscape division
is an essential premise for planned
control measures against these
infections, in order to develop the
correct organization of services for
epidemiological observations and
epidemiological prognosis.
Observations were made by our
expedition in the Gkhana Reserve
area from 26 January to 17
February 1966. The main task was
to collect bloodsucking arthropods
which were active or survived the
dry winter period in the areas of
mass overwintering of birds which
came from Siberia.
Natural foci of TBE and OHF differ
in character and epizootic process
duration associated with definite
ecological-faunistic complexes
(EFC) of field-parasitic ixodids and
are characterized by a definite
landscape association but
everywhere with the presence of
Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch.
Med. Parasit.,
Moscow, 33
(2) :136-141,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 159
from Russian.
Trud. Inst. Zool.,
Akad. Nauk.
Kazakh. SSR,
Alam-Ata, 12 :30-
42, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
164 from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 48
(11) :1757-1759,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 403
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl.
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
Virus. imeni
Ivanovsky, D. I.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR
(October 19-21),
pt. 2 : 140-141,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 512
from Russian.

Netsky, G. I., T. N.
Fedorova, V. I.
Alifanov, and L. V.
Volynets.
Neuhauser, G.
Neustroev, V. D.
Virological
investigation on
bloodsucking
mosquitoes in Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
forest-steppe foci.
The murids of Asia
Minor.
Contribution to the
study of natural-focal
viral infections in the
Far East.
1969
1936
1975
Ticks, OHF, mosquitoes,
encephalitis, foci, Aedes punctor,
A. communis, A maculatus, D.
pictus, Ixodes persulcatus, Arvicola
terrestris, Ondatra zibethica,
Mansonia richiardii, A. excrucians,
A. cinerus, A. flavescens.
Tick, classification, description,
murids, Asia Minor.
tickborne encephalitis, RSSE,
Primor'ye, Khasan Lake, Japanese
encephalitis, China, Manchuria,
hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis,
HNN.
Eight strains of virus of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever (OHF) were
isolated from Mansonia richiardii,
Aedes excrucians and Aedes
flavescens in the foci of OHF.
Blood-sucking mosquitoes may be
considered as possible source of
bird immunization in the foreststeppe
foci of OHF.
The recent work of B. Aharoni on
the murids of Syria and Palestine
kindled the desire for the
verification by a corresponding
working through of the region
bordering on the north. The Turkish
Ministry of Agriculture expressed
the desire for a key to the mice
there and promised their support.
In 1937, the expedition of USSR
People's Commissariat of Health
first determined the viral etiology of
tickborne encephalitis (RSSE). A
very successful and efficient study
of RSSE promoted further
organization of selective
investigations in Primor'ye region
which is characterized by the
singularity of its natural landscapes
and climatic conditions.
In 1938, the author of this report
made investigations with the
expedition colleagues to clarify
certain epidemiological questions of
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR. Biol. Inst.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Entsef., Minist.
Zdravookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk.
Inst Prirod.-
Ochag. Infekts,;
Novosibirsk, pp.
294-300,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 359
from Russian.
Z. G.
Saugetierkunde
11(2): 161-236,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 61
from German.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 333-335,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1006

Nikiforov, L. P., V. L.
Gromashevsky, and
O. V. Veselovskaya.
Nikiforv, L. P., V. L.
Gromashevsky, and
O. V. Veselovaskaya.
Natural Uukuniemi
virus foci in
southeastern
Azerbaijan.
Isolation of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus in Azerbaijan.
1973
1973
Tick, mosquito, Uukuniemi virus,
natural focus, Ixodes ricinus,Culex
modestus.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, cows, wormwood,
Rhipicephalus bursa.
RSSE and the etiology of Japanese
encephalitis and hemorrhagic
nephrosonephritis which were most
frequent in Primor'ye region,
especially among newcomers. Since
1937, virology has tremendously
developed and increased its
importance in our country owing to
investigations of natural-focal
infections in the Far East.
In South-Eastern Azerbaijan two
more strains of Uukuniemi virus
were isolated from Ixodes ricinus
ticks collected in Talysh subtropical
broad-leaved forests and from
Culex modestus mosquitoes
collected in the nesting grounds of
herons in the Kyzyl-Agach reserve.
This confirms the existence of a
persistent natural focus of
Uukuniemi virus in open maritime
spaces.
In the zone of meadow-steppe
pastures of Southern foothills of the
Caucasus close to the broad-leaved
forests (Ismail district, the
Azerbaijan SSR) a strain of CHF
virus was isolated form a lot of 56
male Rhipicephalus bursa ticks
collected from a cow.
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus.,
1 :123-125,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 743
from Russian.
Sborn, Trud.
Ekol. Viurs,
1 :125-126,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 742
from Russian.

Nikitina, N. A. and V.
A. Aristova.
Nikitina, R. E.
Nikol'sky, S. N. and P.
K. Prokohorova.
Nikol'sky, S. N. and
V. D.
Meshcheryakova.
Protective reactions
against ticks in rodents.
On the time of
preservation of avian
spirochetes in the
body of hungry Argas
persicus (Oken, 1818)
ticks.
Ixodid ticks - reservoir
of babesiids.
Epizootology of
Theileria sergenti.
1964 Ticks, rodents, guinea pigs.
1964
1972
1964
Tick, Argas persicus, avian
spirochetes, relapsing fever.
Tick, ixodid, Piroplasma
bigeminum, Boophilus,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus, P. canis,
R. bursa, Hyalomma plumbeum, B.
ovis, Dermacentor marginatus,
babesiids.
Tick, Theileria sergenti, Hyalomma
anatolicum, H. scupense. T.
annulata, Haemaphysalis neumanni.
Protective reactions of rodents
against ixodid ticks are
demonstrated by defensive
behaviour (preening) and
immunologic reactions of the
organism. Neither has been
sufficiently studied. The following
published works contain
comparison of ability of active
defense by various rodent species
(Kucheruk, et al. 1955, 1956;
Nikitina and Zhmayeve 1963). It is
well known that after ixodid ticks
feed on guinea pigs, guinea pigs
develop defensive reactions which
prevent repeated feeding by these
parasites (Trager 1939; Culbertson
1941; Pelugfelder 1950).
In literature, many works are
devoted to the study of duration of
preservation of agents of various
diseases in the body of ticks of the
families Ixodidae and Argasidae. A
study on the fate of avian
spirochetes in the body of tickvector,
"sterile" A. persicus ticks
were infected by feeding them on a
bird, whose blood contained
spirochetes.
Smith and Kilborne (1893)
demonstrated the possibility of the
transmission of babesiids by ixodid
ticks.
Test shows that the southern strain
of T. sergenti as well as the far
Eastern T. sergenti are transmitted
by Haemaphysalis neumanni ticks.
Med. Parasit.,
Moscow 33(2) :
141-144,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 247
from Russian.
Zool. Zh. Akad.
Nauk USSR 43
(11): 1723-1724,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 129
from Russian.
Veterinariya, 49
(4):56-58,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1630
from Russian.
Veterinariya, 41
(10) : 39-40,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 305
from Russian.

Nikol'sky, S. N., P. K.
Prokhorova, and F. M.
Baturina.
Nikolaev, V. P., V. I.
Agafonov, R. B.
Gol'Din, M. I. Lev, P.
V. Abushkevich, and
N. V. Kashina.
Nikolskaya, M. N.
Infection of animals
with nonspecific
Babesiidae species.
Use of tissue cultures
and
immunofluorescence
methods for detecting
and identifying
Tyuleniy virus.
A new species of
parasite of ixodid
ticks, Ixodiphagus
hirtus Nik., sp. n.
(Hymenoptera,
Chalcidoidea).
1975
1974
Babesiidae, ticks, Babesia,
Rhipicephalus bursa, Hyalomma
plumbeum, Piroplasma caballi,
Dermacentor, ram, sheep, cattle,
horses.
Tick, fluorescent antibody
technique, immunofluorescence
methods, Tyuleniy virus.
1950 Tick, Ixodiphagus hirtus.
Study shows tests to determine
whether nonspecific animal species
are reservoirs of Babesia agents and
whether tick vectors transmit
Babesia from one generation to
another and become invaded.
Successful use of tissue cultures
and the fluorescent antibody
technique (FAT) for direct isolation
of Tyuleniy virus from Ixodes
(Ceratixodes) uriae (= Ceratixodes
putus) ticks is reported for the first
time. The virus was indicated in
cells 48-72 hrs. after infection using
polyvalent luminescent serum to B
group arboviruses. The frequency
of positive results showed that
tissue cultures are a more suitable
biological system than newborn
mice. Isolates were identified
serologically by the indirect
immunofluorescence method using
white mouse immune ascitic fluids
to B group arboviruses and IAF to 1
of the isolated strains. The results
were confirmed by the
neutralization test with mice.
Description of a new species of an
ixodid tick parasite, Ixodiphagus
hirtus Nik.
Dokl. Vses.
Akad. Sel.-Khoz.
Nauk, (8): 37-
38., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1106
from Russian.
Vop. Virus. 4(4):
423-426,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1390
from Russian.
Parasitol. Sborn.
Zool. Inst. Akad.
Nauk USSR 12:
272-274,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 95
from Russian.

Novik, A. P.
Novikova, A. V.
Novokreshchenova,
N. S.
Ticks (Parasitiformes)
of insectivores in
natural disease foci of
Primor'ye region.
On epizootics of
muskrats in Kurgan
Oblast.
Epidemiological
characteristics of
fleas--the main and
secondary vectors of
plague.
1971
1966
1974
Tick, foci, shrews, moles, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF, renal
syndrome.
Kurgan Oblast, muskrats,
tularemia, Mokrousovo, Vargeshi,
Makushino, Chistoozernoe,
Lebyazh'ye, Tobol River,
Chashino, Stekleney, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF.
Azerbaijan, Astrakhan,
Turkmenistan, Pre-Emba, Pre-Aral'
Kara-Kum, Krasnovossk, plague,
fleas, gerbil, large-toothed suslik,
Xenopsylla, X. skryabini, X.
hirtipes, X. gerbilli, X. nuttalli, X.
conformis, Meriones tamariscinus,
Coptopsylla, C. lamellifer,
Ceretophyllus, C. leaviceps.
We aimed at investigating ticks
(Parasitiformes) parasitizing shrews
and moles, which predominate
among insectivore populations in
natural infection foci in coniferbroadleaf
forests of the southern Far
East.
The 1957-1961 tularemia epizootics
among muskrats of Kurgan Oblast
had focal character and overlapped
different basins or their proximities.
Muskrat numbers decreased
considerably in basins where
tularemia epizootics occurred.
Small local outbreaks probably
occur every year between intervals
of widescale epizootics inasmuch as
sporadic tularemia cases were
observed in persons who had
contact with muskrats during years
when the epizootic situation was
calm. Mixed (tularemia and OHF)
and probably other epizootics also
occur among muskrats of Kurgan
Oblast. These animals are of great
epidemiological importance in the
zone of intensely developed
muskrat breding (eastern regions).
On the basis of multiannual study
of the ecology and infective
capacity of great gerbil's fleas
epizootilogical criteria for primary
vectors of plague, who maintain
enzootics, have been determined.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR 19:
331-334,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1341
from Russian.
Biol. Inst. Akad.
Nauk. SSSR.
Sibirsk. Otd.;
Novosibirsk, pp.
156-158.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 602
from Russian.
Prob. Osobo
Opasn. Infekts.,
Vypusk, 5(39):
78-86, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1028
from Russian.

Obukhova, V. R. and
G. A. Klisenko.
Obukhova, V. R. and
S. Ya. Gaidamovich.
Obukhova, V. R., G.
A. Klisenko, and T. F.
Lapina.
Obukhova, V. R., N.
P. Gupta, G. A.
Klisenko, S. Ya.
Gaidamovich, S. N.
Gosh, and A. M.
Myasnenko.
Sensitivity of
laboratory animals to
Sumakh virus.
Human infection with
Isfahan virus.
Indirect
hemagglutination
inhibition test for
serological diagnosis
of CHF.
Antibodies to viruses
of the CHF-Congo
group in sera collected
in India.
1971
1981
1978
1975
Sumakh virus, laboratory animals,
newborn white mice, NWM,
guinea pigs, hamsters, antigens,
sucrose acetone, SA, borate saline,
BS, CF test, ADP test,
Isfahan virus, human infection,
children, natural foci,
Vesiculovirus, Rhabdoviridae,
Phlebotomus papatasi, sandflies.
Indirect hemagglutination
inhibition test, HI, IHI, CFT, CF,
AGDP, Crimean hemorrhagic
fever, CHF.
CHF-Congo, sera, India, Rajastan,
HI, AGDP, CF, cattle, cows,
calves, buffaloes, goats, sheep,
donkeys, IHA, IHI.
In 1968 a virus named Sumakh was
isolated from blackbirds recovered
in Azerbaijan SSA. The virus was
pathogenic for newborn white mice
(NWM) and certain tissue cultures.
The virus was identified by the CF
and ADP tests as a Uukuniemi
group virus.
This report is devoted to serological
investigation of 2 regions of
Turkmenia for presence of
antibodies to Isfahan virus. Great
importance was given to studying
sera of children living in a natural
focus of Isfahan virus.
Sera from CHF natural focus in
Tajikistan were investigated with
IHI and CFT. IHI proved to be a
more sensitive test than the others.
It can be recommended for studies
of antibody prevalence in a focus.
Sera from humans and domestic
animals were investigated for
presence of antibodies to virus of
the CHF-Congo group by IHI, CF,
and AGDP tests. Serological results
show the potential circulation of the
CHF-Congo agent in Rajastan state
of India. Our earlier investigations
showed that IHI is a more
susceptible tool for serological
analysis of CHF-Congo viruses
than CF and IHA.
Vop. Med.
Virus., (11):99-
102, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1321
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni. D.
I. Ivanovsky,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, pp.
97-101, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1573
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. Imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, 3: 110-
113, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1378
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, (2): 77-
81., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1138
from Russian.

Ochirov, Yu. D.
Oefele, F. von
Oette, K. and M. Doss.
Vegetation and animal
complexes as
indicators of possible
inhabitation of ixodid
ticks in Western
Baikal-Amur Railway
(BAM).
Studies on ancient
Egyptian parasitology:
General importance of
parasitology for Egypt.
Micromethod for the
rapid
transesterification of
lipids on thin layer
chromatographic
plates by means of
sodium methylate for
gas-liquid
chromatographic
analysis of fatty acid
methyl esters.
1979
1901
1968
Tick, ixodid, Western Baikal-Amur
Railway, BAM, vegetation, farms,
animals, indicators.
Egypt, parasitology, Africa,
bacteriology, worms, larvae, snails,
snakes, hieroglyphs, Nile, tse-tse
fly, Somali donkey, Nubian
donkey, goat, buffalo, buffalozebra,
gazelles, antelopes, cattle,
zebu, Asiatic horses, Diptera,
Coleoptera, coprophages,
Sarcoptes, mites, lice, fleas, scabies.
Triglycerides, methyl esters, fatty
acids, lipids, acid, alkaline, GLC.
Special attention should be given to
these areas during epizootiological
investigation. When these areas
enter into industrial or farming
zones of the Baikal-Amur Railway
(BAM), they can be the main
development base of natural focal
infection dangerous for man.
Bacteriology is the supreme science
for investigating the causes of
disease. Vegetal parasites take but a
very minor place in the pathology
of Egypt, where the parasitic fauna
largely dominates pathology. And
these parasites are not solely
organisms which, as in
bacteriology, can be seen only
under great magnification, but are
often macroscopic size or of a size
just at the limit of sight, as, for
instance, species of Sarcoptes.
A general method is described for
all lipids with ester bound fatty
acids (glycerides,
glycerophosphatides, cholesterol
esters, waxes and ester
cerebrosides). This method is
recommended especially for the
transesterification of cholesterol
esters. With the second method,
glycerides and glycerophosphatides
can be directly transesterified
within 5 minutes after their
application on silicic acid plates by
spraying with 2N sodium methylate.
Trudy Parazit.
Zhivot. Vred.
Rast. Pribaikal.
Zabaikal., Ulan-
Ude, pp. 91-93,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1740
from Russian.
Arch. Parasit., 4
(4):481-530.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 430
from German.
J. Chromatog.,
32:439-450.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 367
from German.

Ogandzhanyan, A. M.
Ogandzhanyan, A. M.
and B. A. Martirosyan.
Okoshi, S., N. Kitaho,
I. Tomoda, M. Usui,
M. Takashio, N.
Suzuki, and T.
Konishi.
Okulova, N. M. and
V. A. Aristova.
The second finding of
the ixodid tick
Dermacentor
raskemensis in the
USSR.
Occurrence of
Haemaphysalis
warburtoni Nutt.
(Acarina, Ixodidae) in
Armenia.
Examination of endo-
and ectoparasites in
dairy cattle in Miyake
Island, especially on
the incidence and
clinical symptoms of
piroplasmosis.
Effect of host
hormones on feeding
of Ixodes persulcatus
P. Sch. ticks.
1982
1965
1960
1970
Ticks, Dermacentor raskemensis,
wild goats, mouflon.
Tick, Haemaphysalis warburtoni,
snow vole, Microtus nivalis,
Armenia.
Japan, tick, endoparasites,
ectoparasites, piroplasmosis.
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus, host
hormones, parasites, adrenal gland.
Ticks of Dermacentor raskemensis
were known in the Soviet Union
only from one finding in Armenia.
Recently these ticks have been
found on the slopes of the Urtzsky
ridge on the wild goat, mouflon and
on the surface of the soil.
This article is based on collections
of ticks made during study of
ecology of the snow vole [Microtus
(Chionomys) nivalis Mart.] in the
Sevan area of Armenia SSR.
Sorting and determination of
material revealed presence of larvae
and nymphs of Haemaphysalis
warburtoni Nutt. an ixodid species
new for the fauna of Armenia SSR.
Since 1932 work has been
performed at the Gumma Prefecture
Stock and Poultry Farm to
determine the possibility of bovine
anemia and piroplasmosis. From 24
August 1959, for the three days,
while examining cattle on Miyake
Island for tuberculosis and
brucellosis with workers from the
Tokyo Government Animal
Husbandry and Silk Yarn
Department, there was an
opportunity to investigate cattle for
the presence of endoparasitism by
piroplasmosis and ectoparasites.
Data showing that host hormones
play a definite role in feeding
parasites.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 16
(2):162-163,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1552
from Russian.
Izv. Akad. Nauk
Armyan, SSR, s.
Biol. Nauk. 18
(4): 69-72,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 206
from Russian.
Jap. J. Vet. Sci.,
22, supp.; 471,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 443
from Japanese.
Tezisy Dokl. 2.
Akarol.
Soveshch., pt. 2;
61-63, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1331
from Russian.

Okulova, N. M., G. G.
Bannova, and I. S.
Mikhailova.
Olenev, N. O.
Olsuf'ev, N. G.
Natural infections of
the vector in combined
focus of tickborne
encephalitis and
"Kemerovo" virus in
southern Kemerovo
Oblast.
On the classification
and geographical
distribution of
Ixodoidea. II.
Results and prospects
of studying natural
focality of tularemia in
the USSR.
1973
1928
Ticks, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
Kemerovo virus, KEM, taiga ticks,
pig embryo kidney cell, PEK, FAT.
Haemaphysalis warburtoni, leachi,
ambigua, inermis, kochi, concinna,
leporispalustris, papuana,
neumanni, bispinosa, numidiana,
cinnabarina punctata,
cholodkovskii, sulcata, caucasica,
new fauna, distribution.
1977 Tularemia, natural foci.
In 1969-1972, taiga ticks were
investigated for natural infection
with tickborne encephalitis (TBE)
and Kemerovo (KEM) virus using
pig embryo kidney cell (PEK)
culture and the fluorescent antibody
technique (FAT) for identification.
Changes in percentage in infected
ticks was demonstrated by years,
tick sex, in different plots of the
fixed area, and different tick
activity seasons.
Further sorting of Ixodoidea
collection in Zoological Museum of
Academy of Sciences has furnished
the following new data for
Haemaphysalis and Hyalomma.
During 50 years of studying natural
focality of tularemia in the USSR,
Soviet investigators accumulated
fundamental data on the geography
of natural foci, properties, of many
isolated agent strains, agent carriers
and vectors, epizootiological
patterns, transmission mechanisms,
natural foci types, their spatial
structure, methods of detecting and
forecasting epizootics, and
preventing measures against
infection. Results of investigation
exceed very much the foreign data
and are substantial contributions to
the theory and practice of campaign
against tularemia in the USSR.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 21
(1) :89-93,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 826
from Russian.
Dokl. Akad.
Nauk USSR, A
(2) : 29-34,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 209
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 46
(3):273-282,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1540
from Russian.

Olsufjev, N. G. and V.
G. Petrov.
Ono, Z.
Oppermann, E.
Discovery of
Haemaphysalis
concinna Koch ticks
naturally infected by
the tularemia agent.
A bird tick new to
Japan, Ixodes lividus.
Formation of giant
sperm cells in Argas
columbarum (Shaw)
(reflexus F.)
1960
1967
1935
Ticks, tularemia agent,
Haemaphysalis concinna.
Tick, Japan, sand martins, Ixodes
lividus.
Tick, Hyalomma aegyptum, Ixodes
testudinis, Argas miniatus, I.
ricinus, A. persicus, A.
columbarum.
Naturally infected Haemaphysalis
concinna ticks have been revealed
and this has been demonstrated for
the first time in this tick species.
The author has been investigating
the nests of Japanese sand martins,
Riparia riparia ijimai at
Memanbetsu and Shoshmizu routes
in Abashiri and Shiranuka route in
Kushiro.
The spermatogenesis of Argas
columbarum is of special interest
because the spermatozoa have an
unusually large size, which is made
possible by an increased growth of
the spermatocytes. In this
connection it is significant that a
phase of second growth has been
demonstrated for many primary
spermatocytes of species whose
spermatozoa are relatively large, a
phase that corresponds to the
second growth period of many ova.
The phenomenon was recorded by
Schmalz (1912) in ostracods and by
Sokolov (1918) in Polyxenus and
(1934) in Parasitidae.
Trud. Inst. Zool.
Akad. Nauk
Kazakh. SSR,
(12) :54-56,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 231
from Russian.
Jap. J. Sanit.
Zool., 18
(4) :217,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 474
from Japanese.
Z. mikr. anat.
Forsch., 37(4) :
538-560,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 263
from Russian.

Osipova, N. Z., F. R.
Karas', S. G. Vargina,
and Yu. I. Grebenyuk.
Osipova, N. Z., Yu. I.
Brebenyuk, F. R.
Karas, S. G. Vargina,
S. N. Steblyanko, Yu.
M. Tsirkin, and E. M.
Timofeev.
Ectoparasites of wild
animals in Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
natural focus of
southern Kirgizia.
Birds of Fergana
region and their
ectoparasites.
1975
1972
Ectoparasites, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF, foci,
Kirgizia, Hyalomma marginatum,
H. asiaticum, Rhipicephalus
turanicus, Haemaphysalis erinacei,
Ornithodoros tartakovskyi, X.
conformis, R. cedestes, C.
abramovi, C. dolihus, C. fidus, C.
laviceps, E. oschanini, C.
lamellifer, C. simla, L. segnis, C.
fidus, L. sexdentata, M. lenis,
Argas vularis, Arguas persicus, C.
gallinae, Ixodes verpertilionis,
Haemaphysalis sulcata, Eremias
velox, Hyalomma aegyptium, ticks,
fleas, hedgehog, jirds, rats, mice,
tortoise, mites.
Tick, ectoparasites, population
density, birds, crested lark,
Glaerida cristata, lark, Galandrella
acutirostris, Isabelline wheatear,
Oenanthe isabellina, blackear
wheatear, O. hispanica, sparrow,
Passer montanus, red-headed
bunting, Emberiza bruniceps, greynecked
bunting, E. buchanani, rockdove,
Columba livia, brown dove,
Streptopelia senegalensis, muna,
Acridotheres tristis, grey shrike,
Lanius minor, rufous-backed
shrike, Lanius schach, finches,
Serinus pusillus, Montifringilla
nivalis, red-billed chough,
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax, yellowheaded
wagtails, Montacilla
citreola, shore lark, Eremophila
alpestris, red-headed buntings,
Emverixa cia, Hyalomma
plumbeum, Ixodes redikorzevi,
Argas vulgaris, Athene nocotua,
Argas persicus, Haemaphysalis
Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF)
virus strains were isolated from
Hyalomma marginatum ticks in
Turkestan and Alai mountain
foothills, and Lyailyak, Batken, and
Frunze regions. In these areas, 11
ixodid tick species, 4 argasid tick
species, 13 flea species, and also
gamasid and trombiculid mites, and
lice were found on wild animals.
The species and population density
of nesting birds and their
ectoparasites in the South-Eastern
regions of Oshsk province, the
Kirghiz SSR, are reported.
Akad. Nauk
Kirgiz. SSR,
Korgiz. Otd.
Vses. Ent.
Obshch., Izd.
"Ilim"; Frunze,
pp. 124-125.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1164
from Russian.
Mater. Simp.
Itogi 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
December 1971),
pp. 108-111,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 666
from Russian.

Osipova, N. Z., Yu. I.
Grevenyuk, F. R.
Karas, and S. G.
Vargina.
Ovezmukhammedov,
A. and V. M.
Saf'yanova.
Pak, T. P.
Pak, T. P.
Birds of Fergana
region and their
ectoparasites.
Occurrence of
amastigotes of
Leishmania
gymnodactyli in the
peripheral blood
Gymnodactylus
caspius and Agama
caucasica.
Questions of ecology
of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus in Tadzhik SSR.
Epidemiology of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever in Tadzhik SSR.
1971
1983
1973
1970
sulcata.
Tick, birds, ectoparasites, mites,
Argas vulgaris, A. persicus,
Hyalomma plumbeum,
Haemaphysalis sulcata, A. persicus.
Amastigotes, Leishmania
gymnodactyli, Gymnodactylus
caspius, Agama caucasica, reptiles.
Tick, ecology, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Hyalomma anatolicum, H.
plumbeum.
Tick, Hyalomma detritum, H.
anatolicum, serological
investigations, virological
investigations.
The fauna of nesting birds and their
ectoparasites was studied in 1969-
1970 in Turkmen, Alai, and Chatkal
mountain foothills.
As a result of investigating 209
reptiles of 20 species trapped in
Turkmenia, leishmanial amastigotes
were revealed in 2 lizard species,
Agama caucasica and
Gymnodactylus caspius.
In this report, we attempt to clarify
conditions of CHF virus existence
in Tadzhikistan.
CHF was studied in Tadzhikistan in
1968 when widescale virological
and serological investigations
became possible.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 76-77,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 697
from Russian.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 17(3)
185-188,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1701
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus.,
1 :91-100,
NAMRU No. 3,
Tranlstion 725
from Russian.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef., Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, Moskva,
26 pp., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1188
from Russian.

Pak, T. P. and V. A.
Pashkov.
Pak, T. P., and A. V.
Yasinsky.
Criteria for
epidemiological
assessment of a
locality with Crimean
hemorrhagic fever.
Viral hemorragic
fevers.
1974
1971
Tick, Congo virus, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF, foci,
cattle, Hyalomma anatolicum, H.
plumbeum, H. turanicum, H.
asiaticum, H. detritum,
Rhipicephalus rossicus, R. bursa,
R. sanguineus, Dermacentor
marginatus, Ixodes ricinus,
Boophilus calcaratus.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
ticks, Tadzhikistan, Tadzhik,
Dangara, Galaba. guinea pigs,
kishlaks.
The criteria for the epidemiological
assessment of a locality as based on
the summary data on CHF are
presented. Indirect indicators for a
preliminary assessment of a locality
are suggested along with direct
evidence for circulation of the great
agent. (morbidity among humans
with laboratory confirmation of the
diagnosis, isolation of the virus
from vectors, detection of immune
individuals among domestic
animals). For this purpose, it is
possible to use the data on the
distribution of Ixodid ticks, the sum
of the effective temperatures
(+10o ) above 30o [sic] and
evidence of hemosporidiosis of
cattle having vectors common with
those of CHF.
This report presents certain data on
hemorrhagic fever incidence in
Tadzhik SSR during 1943-68. It
should be noted that the real
infection rate was apparently much
higher, but these six interesting
disease case histories were
specifically noteworthy.
Hemorrhagic fever in Tajikistan,
which until 1967 was more
frequently diagnosed otherwise
because physicians were unaware of
this infection, is identical with
CHF. During the period 1943-68, a
total of 80 cases of this disease, of
them 23 with fatal outcomes, have
been registered among the rural
population of 60 villages in foothill
and low-mountain areas of southern
Tajikstan. Of these, 14 cases
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol/ Virus.,
2 :129-135,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 782
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:112-118,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 927
from Russian.

Pak, T. P., I. A.
Blyakher, A. I.
Shindyapin, S. P.
Kol'vakh, and V. E.
Tabirko.
Pak, T. P., L. I
Mikihailova, and M.
R. Zyrov.
Test on organization
in 1967 of antitick and
rat control work in
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever foci of Tadzhik
SSR.
Contact infections
with Crimean
hemorrhagic fever in
Tadzhik SSR.
1971
1975
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Tadzhik, ixodid, tick, Hyalomma,
H. anatolicum, duvals, kishlaks,
rats, cattle, foci.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Tadzhik.
developed as a result of infection
from patients (10 in hospitals; 4 at
home). The incidence shows
marked seasonal prevalence; 88.7%
of cases were reported in summer
months. CHF is observed
predominately in active working
population of 20 to 50 years of age.
Since 1967, tick control and
deratization work has been
regularly done in the active and
potential foci of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever in Tajikistan.
The paper reports experience of
organization of such work.
Infections caused by contact usually
have a severe disease course with
profuse hemorrhages and a high
mortality rate. This study mentions
the outbreak of contact infections in
the summer of 1973 in a region of
Tadzhik SSR where besides typical
cases, patients without hemorrhages
but with a short-term roseolus rash
were recorded.
The data on CHF infections from
patients show that, besides typical
infections there may apparently be
inapparent cases without
hemorrhages but only with
insignificant roseolus rash. The
inapparent infection type in patients
was probably casued by penetration
of a small virus does because
medical workers observed strict
personal protective measures. The
infection could be caused by microdamage
of gloves or by penetration
of the blood through mucus
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:229-230,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 980
from Russian.
Sevetsk. Med.,
(1) 153-154.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1020
from Russian.

Pak, T. P., M. A.
Kostyukov, O. A.
Daniyarov, A. U.
Kuima, V. P.
Bulychev, and Z. E.
Gordeeva.
Pak, T. P., M. A.
Kostyukov, O. A.
Daniyarov, and V. P.
Bulychev.
Pak, T. P., O. A.
Daniyarov, M. A.
Kostyukov, V. P.
Bulychev, and A. U.
Kuima.
Arbovirus infection in
Tadzhikistan.
A mixed focus of
arbovirus infections in
Tadzhikistan.
Biocenotic
interrelationships
between Crimean
hemorrhagic fever,
ixodid ticks, and their
hosts.
1978
1975
1974
Tick, Hyalomma anatolicum, H.
detritum, R. turanicus, H.
excavatum, Boophilus annulatus,
Haemaphysalis sulcata,
Dermacentor marginatus, H.
marginatum, mosquito, Aedes
caspius, A. vexans, Culex pipiens,
Culiseta annulata subochrea,
Mansonia richiardii, Anopheles
hyrcanus, CHF, Tahyna, Issyk-Kul,
Wad Medani.
Tick, H. anatolicum, Wad Medani,
WM, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, anthropopurgic focus.
Tick, CHF, Ixodid, Hyalomma
detritum, H. anatolicum,
Rhipicephalus turanicus.
membranes.
CHF, Tahyna, Issyk-Kul and Wad
Medani viruses were isolated in the
Tajik SSR. The main ecological
aspects of CHF and Tahyna viruses
were studied. The role of domestic
animals in the ecology of Wad
Medani virus is defined. The role of
Tahyna and Issyk-Kul viruses in
human pathology is revealed. The
participation of Ixodidae and
mosquitoes in the circulation of
viruses in Tajikistan is studied, as
well as the main feeders of the main
types of mosquitoes.
These data show the presence of
anthropopurgic mixed focus of Wad
Medani and CHF viruses. Isolation
of WM virus from unfed adult H.
anatolicum show the presence of
transovarial transmission of the
agent in this tick species.
During 1969-1973 31 strains of
CHF virus were isolated: 15 isolates
came from Ixodid ticks (a pool of
some species), 9 from Hyalomma
detritum and 7 from Hyalomma a.
anatolicum ticks. Isolation of 4
strains of CHF virus from
unengorged adult Hyalomma a.
anatolicum ticks indicates their
reservation in vectors in an
interepidemic period and the
presence of transphase transmission
of the agent in the species of ticks.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, 3: 35-40,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1365
from Russian.
Mater. 9. Simp.
Ekol. Virus.
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 38-39,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1127
Sborn.Trud.
Ekol. Viurs.,
2 :135-139,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 783
from Russian.

Pak, T. P., S. E.
Smirnova, G. N.
Zgurskaya, A. V.
Yasinsky, Kh. B.
Berdyev, L. A.
Apostoli, V. P.
Karovkin, E. M.
Feldman, K. I.
Derlyatko, E. N.
Golovko, R. Kh,
Makhmudov, and M.
P. Chumakov.
Pak, T. P., S. E.
Smirnova, G. N.
Zgurskaya, O. A.
Daniyarov, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Pak, T. P., U. A.
Kutma, and V. N.
Bratushchak.
Results of a
serological survey of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever (CHF) in
Tadzhik SSR in 1969.
Survival of
complement fixing
and precipitating
antibodies in CHF
convalescents of
Tadzhik SSR.
Contact of the
population with ticks
in a region endemic
for Crimean
hemorrhagic fever.
1971
1972
1971
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Samarkand, Khodzha, Kash, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
Tadzhikistan, Dangara, Garm,
Aininsky, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan,
Pamir, cattle, sheep, donkeys,
goats, reptiles, birds, newborn
white mice, Horsfield tortoise, agar
gel diffusion and precipitation,
AGDP, CF.
CHF, Tadzhik, CF, Khodzha,
Uzbek, Nakivogo, Congo virus.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
hemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome, HFRS, ixodid, ticks,
Hyalomma, HF, cattle, adyr,
Tadjikistan, Tadzhik.
The paper presents the results of
serological survey for CHF carried
out in 1969 in all georgraphical
zones of the Tajik SSR (northern,
central, southern Tajikistan and
Pamir). Animals sero-positive for
CHF virus were found to include
donkeys (39.5%), sheep (1.5%),
goats (0.9%), cows (0.8%), and a
steppe tortoise. The distribution of
CHF virus (according to the results
of serological studies) coincides
with the distribution area of human
infection.
The CF and AGDP tests were made
with antigens prepared from CHF
virus strains Khodzha, Said, and
Kash, and with Congo virus strain
Nakivogo. Sera were taken from 20
patients in the year of infection and
afterward each year. Averagesevere
CHF cases predominated.
Results of clinical-epidemiologial
observations and serological
investigations of local hemorrhagic
fever patients and convalescents
showed the occurrence of tickborne
Crimean hemorrhagic fever in
Tadzhik SSR.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:72-79,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 936
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 369-370.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1074
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:221-223,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 948
from Russian.

Pak. T. P.
Pan'kina, M. V., and
N. N. Kannegiser.
Panfilova, I. M.
Clinicalepidemiological
characteristics of
arbovirus infections in
Tadzhikistan.
An 1962 outbreak of
contact infections of
Central Asian fever in
southern Kazakh SSR.
Neuroendocrine
system activity
changes in female
Ixodes persulcatus in
absence of fertilization
(Parasitiformes,
Ixodidae).
1981
1964
1980
Mosquitoes, ticks, Argas
vespertilionis, Culex pipiens,
Aedes caspius, Anopheles
hyrcanus, Isyk-Kul fever, West
Nile fever, WN, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF, Tahyna
fever,
Kazakh, Chimkent, Sary-Argach,
Central Asian fever, hemorrhagic
fever, aul.
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus,
Neuroendocrine system activity,
female ticks, fertilization.
Along with cases of CHF, 2 cases
in Isyk-Kul fever and 29 cases of
WN fever were revealed over the
territory of the republic. The main
clinical-epidemiological and
laboratory aspects of these
infections were described.
Case of endemic outbreak in small
village; 9 persons became ill; 6
people died. The first case, a
housewife, was infected by contact
with tick infested domestic animals,
while tending cattle or working in
the yard. One neighbor (who denied
contact with the first patient) and 7
others (who took care of the
housewife or who were in contact
with her during the profuse
hemorrhage period) became
infected.
Growth and oogensis inhibition
associated with absence of
fertilization in female Ixodes
persulcatus is described. The chief
inhibition of these processes was
recorded on day 4 of feeding (the
"critical period"). Several
disturbances in neurosecretory cell
activity in the synganglion and
lateral organs were demonstrated:
absence of 2 secretion dynamics
types in fertilized females and
accumulation of much secretion
quantity by "the critical period."
The activity dynamics of different
neurosecretory system elements is
compared in feeding unfertilized
and fertilized females.
Neuroendocrine system activity
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 101-
107, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1579
from Russian.
Trudy 5. Konf.
Sred. Azii
Kazakh. (Frunze,
September 1962),
pp.41-42.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 860
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 59
(8):1137-1147,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1642
from Russian.

Panfilova, I. M.
Panina, T. V. and A.
F. Katelina.
Changes in the neuroendocrine
system of
female Ixodes
persulcatus during the
feeding period.
Ixodid ticks as
parasites of the
common red-backed
vole (Clethrionomys
glareolus Schreb.).
1980
1966
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus, neuroendocrine
system, secretion.
Tick, HFRS, foci, red-backed vole,
Clethrionomys glareolus, Ixodes
ricinus, Dermacentor pictus, I.
crenulatus, I. trianguliceps.
changes in unfertilized females are
considered to by an adaptation to a
long wait for fertilization.
Sinusoidal changes in secretion
quantity are observed in female
Ixodes persulcatus during the
feeding period. Two differed types
of secretion dynamics are present in
different neurosecretory cell
groups: (1) increased secretion
quantity during the 1st half of the
feeding period, and (2) increased
secretion quantity by the end of
feeding. Differences were revealed
in secretion dynamics in different
pairs of tick lateral organs, which
apparently are endocrine organs.
Secretion dynamics in the first pair
of lateral organs is similar to the 1st
secretion dynamics type in the
neurosecretory synganglion cells
and in the 2nd pair of organs is
similar to the 2nd type.
It is assumed that Ixodes
trianguliceps participated in the
circulation of the agent of tickborne
encephalitis and tularemia
and mention has been made of the
importance of studying this species
with HFRS foci.
Zool. Zh., 59(6)
851-858,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1608
from Russian.
Pp. 69-72 in
Problems of
Natural Focal
Infection and
Medical
Geography, Tula
(Demianov, A.
G., et al., eds.),
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 223
from Russian.

Parkhomov, A. A.
Patsuk, N. V., A. A.
Vodyannikova, and
Yu. I. Vaserin.
Pautov, V. N. and Yu.
I. Morozov.
Pautov, V. N. and Yu.
N. Morozov.
Detection and
diagnosis of tickborne
encephalitis in
Ukrainian Poles'ye.
The state of diagnosis
of viral encephalitides
poliomyelitis and
other enterovirus
infections in sanitaryepidemiological
sations of the RSFSB
Ministry of Health.
Use of argasid ticks in
studying apathogenic
Rickettsia burneti.
Study of Rickettsia
burneti reactivation in
argasid ticks
Alveonasus canestrinii.
1964
1975
Tick, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
transmission routes, foci.
RSSE, tickborne encephalitis,
RSFSR, polio, foci.
1974 Argasid ticks, Rickettsia burneti.
1715
Tick, Rickettsia burneti,
Alveonasus canestrinii, Grit strain,
reservoirs.
These data show that in Ukrainina
Poles'ye TBE is characterized by
the following features: presence of
both transmission routes
(transmissive and alimentary),
relatively mild disease course, and
occurrence of different declining
endemic infection foci.
Analysis of results from
investigating RSSE showed that the
work of several virological
laboratories is made at the modern
level together with parasitologists
and clinicians, which is very
important for differential diagnosis
of RSSE and evaluating the
epidemioligcal degree of endemic
foci.
We aimed to study the properties of
2 apathogenic R. burneti forms
following preservation in argasid
ticks.
Nonpathogenic form of Rickettsia
burneti forming the course of
prolonged storage in dry cultures of
the virulent Grit strain was capable
of reproducing in Alveonasus
canestrinii ticks habituating at 18-
200C. With such reproduction the
virulence of Rickettsia burneti was
gradually restored, and rickettsia
accumulated by the 140th day
possessed properties of the most
virulent variants. This permits the
authors to consider the mentioned
ticks as the reservoir of the highly
virulent forms of Rickettsia burneti
under natural conditions.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef., pp. 199-
200, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1282
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 206-207,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1037
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 43
(2):176-179,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1714
from Russian.
Zh. Mikrobiol.,
Moskva, 51
(8):29-32,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1715
from Russian.

Pavlinov, I. Ya.
Pavlov, P.
Pavlovsky, E. N.
Pavlovsky, E. N. and
S. P. Alfeeva.
Phylogeny and
classification of the
subfamily Gerbillinae.
The role of wild bird
in the spreading of
Argas persicus in
Bulgaria.
Comparative
pathology of mammal
skin bitten by ticks.
Histopathological
changes in the skin of
cattle following the
bite of the tick Ixodes
ricinus.
Circulation of the
virus of spring-
1982
1964
1949
Gerbils, Gerbillus, Myocricetodon,
Pseudomeriones, Epieriones,
Leakeymys, Protatera, phylogeny.
Ticks, ixodid ticks, viral, bacterial
disease, protozoan disease, Argas
persicus, Cimex lectularis, ,
Leptospira grippothyphosa, L.
pomona.
Tick, tick bites, bull, cow, goat,
dog, Hyalomma, Ixodes ricinus.
1941 Tick, cattle, skin, Ixodes ricinus.
Classification of gerbils.
Spreading potential of ticks and
their presence in stalls of domestic
mammals.
Effect of the bite of ticks of the
genus Hyalomma on the skin of a
bull, cow, goat and dog.
The local effect of the bite of
Ixodes ricinus upon the skin cover
of cattle is composed of (1) the
mechanical destruction of the
continuity of the skin by the mouth
organs of the tick and (2) the
biochemical (toxic) effect of the
saliva of the tick.
Experiments with short-duration
engorgement of hungry H. concinna
female ticks on infected mice show
that the virus of human springsummer
encephalitis is preserved in
a concealed state in the stomach of
the tick. The presence of virus in
the same form in the salivary glands
may be explained by the penetration
of the virus through the wall of the
stomach into the body cavity of the
tick, where different organs lie
closely adjacent to each other, and
Byull. Mosk.
Obshch. Ispyt.
Prirody, Otd.
Biol. pp. 19-31,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1598
from Russian.
Agnew.
Parasitol., 5
(3):167-168,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 187
from German.
Izv. Akad. Nauk
SSSR, S. Biol.,
(6) 709-715,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 454
from Russian.
Trudy Voenno-
Med. Akad.
Krasmoi Armii
25: 153-160,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 452
from Russian.
Akad. Nauk
USSR, s. Biol.,

Pavlovsky, E. N., and
V. D. Solov'yev.
Pavlovsky, Ye. N.
Pchelkina, A. A. and
I. I. Seledtsov.
summer encephalitis
in the organism of tickvector
Haemaphysalis
concinna.
1963
The natural foci of
tickborne encephalitis. 1940
Wild animals as
reservoirs of Q fever
in Turkmen SSR.
1965
encephalitis, ticks, Hamaphysalis
concinna, dog, white mice, white
rats.
Tick, encephalitis, Ixodidae,
natural foci.
Ticks, Ornithodoros tartakovskyi,
Rickettsia burneti, Hyalomma
anatolicum, Leeuwenhoekia najor,
natural Q fever, foci, great gerbil,
long-clawed ground squirrel,
domestic fowl, goitred gazelle,
cattle, goats, patients.
in the space between which the
hemolymph circulates. The virus
can pass into the hemolymph and
from it penetrate further into the
salivary glands and into any other
organ of the tick. In these
experiments, the virus was found
only in the salivary glands; it was
lacking in emulsions prepared from
ovaries and oviducts, Malpighian
tubules, and Gene's organ. From all
of this it is possible to conclude that
the virus manifests a certain
selective behavior toward the
salivary glands.
Investigation by expeditions
sponsored by the People's
Commissariat of Health U.S.S.R. of
1937-1939 revealed the essential
details of a disease noted in the Far
East since 1932, which proved to be
communicable encephalitis, i.e., a
disease spread by pasture tick
vectors of the Family Ixodidae.
During 3 years of research in
Turkmen SSR, natural Q fever foci
were detected and studied.
Rickettsia burneti strains were
isolated from the great gerbil, longclawed
ground squirrel,
Ornithodoros tartakovskyi and
Hyalomma anatolicum ticks,
Leeuwenhoekia najor trombiculid
mites, and from domestic fowl.
Infection of the goitred gazelle,
cattle and goats as demonstrated
serologically. R. burneti strains
were also isolated from the blood of
patients.
pp. 197-204.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 115
from Russian.
Acta Medica U.S.
S.R., 3 (3):187-
199, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 29
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 44(3):
464-465.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 281
from Russian.

Pchelkina, A. A. and
Z. M. Zhmaeva.
Pchelkina, A. A., A.
P. Vazhev, and I. N.
Kostyroko.
Pellegrini, D.
Ixodid ticks and mixed
foci of Q rickettsiosis
and tickborne
encephalitis.
A mountain focus of
Q-rickettsiosis.
Hemorrhagic
gastroenteritis in
sheep, transmission
experiments with
Rhipicephalus
pulchellus.
1966
1969
1950
Tick, mites, Q fever, TBE,
rickettsiosis, tickborne
encephalitis, Ixodes persulcatus,
Laelaps pavlovskyi, I. ricinus,
Dermacentor pictus.
Tick, Dermacentor daghestanicus,
Ixodes redikorzevi, A. sanguineus,
Hyalomma aegyptium, H. sulcata,
Q-rickettsiosis, Afghan pikas,
Ochotona rufescens.
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis,
Nairobi sheep disease, Rift Valley
fever, enzootic hepatitis, blue
tongue, catarrhal fever, sheep,
Curasson, Nairobi, Rhipicephalus
pulchellus, R. bursa, R.simus, R.
evertsi, Hyalomma aegyptium, and
R. appendiculatus.
Study of properties of seasonal
immunity to mixed infections of
TBE and Q fever in the most
numerous wild mammal species in
the European southern taiga forests
[the main hosts of larval and
nymphal I. persulcatus (northern
redbacked and common redbacked
voles, and common striped mice)],
led to determination of distinctly
pronounced changes in
immunological characteristics of
each infection. Moreover the
immunity formation process in
animals occurs specifically for each
infection and does not depend on
natural presence in the animal body.
Investigations made for several
years showed presence of a natural
Q-rickettsiosis focus in Kopet-Dag
mountains.
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis is
caused by ultraviruses transmitted
to sheep by ticks. The disease is
generally acute and has a very high
mortality rate, reaching almost
100% among imported breeds, but
the local breeds seem generally
more resistant. Incubation is short;
when inoculated with virulent blood
and spleen, it varies from 2-3 days;
when infected by ticks, from 3-6
days. Symptoms observed are
hyperthermia, which in extremely
acute cases in the only sign of the
disease lasting until death occurs 2-
4 days later. Besides high fever,
acute cases are greenish diarrhea,
painful and accelerated respiration,
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch. pp.
167-168,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 518
from Russian.
Zh. Mikrobiol.,
Moskva, 46(10):
136-137,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1286
from Russian.
Boll. Soc. Ital.
Med. Ig. Trop., 10
(3-6):164-170.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 907
from Italian.

Perelatov, V. D.
Perelatov, V. D. and I.
V. Chumakova.
Perelatov, V. D., A.
M. Butenko, K. K.
Vostokova, M. A.
Donets, T. V.
Kataitseva, A. G.
Alekseev-Malakhov,
and V. E. Durov.
Characteristics of the
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever natural focus in
Rostov Oblast.
Contribution to the
ecology of Hyalomma
plumbeum ticks in the
Donets Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
focus.
Ecological association
between Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus and ixodid tick
hosts in Rostov Oblast
and Krasnodar region.
1970
1967
1972
Tick, Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever,
CHF, foci, Hyalomma pl.
plumbeum, Rhipicephalus rossicus.
Tick, Hyalomma plumbeum,
Donets Crimean hemorrhagic fever.
CHF, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
ixodid ticks, foci, Rhipicephalus
rossicus, Hyalomma p. plumbeum,
Demacentor marginatus,
Krasnodar, magpies, cattle,
hedgehog, rodents.
coryza, weeping, appetite decreased
or nil. One symptom in females is
external genital organs swell,
abortion is quite frequent in pregant
sheep.
From investigations, we obtained
data on distribution of CHF foci in
this region, morbidity dynamics,
patient numbers and division into
professional groups, and probable
routes of infection.
In 1963-1964, the incidence of
Crimean hemorrhagic fever caused
by crushing or bites of Hyalomma
plumbeum ticks was recorded in
Rostov Oblast. The first infection
cases appeared in the second half of
May and the last cases at the end of
August. The patients were chiefly
farm workers.
In studying the developmental
processes of CHF foci, it is very
important to determine the
interrelationships between ixodid
tick vectors and vertebrate hosts;
the latter may be important links in
the virus circulation chain in nature.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Konf. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 73-79,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 534
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.
Moskva, 36(3):
356-358,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 422
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972), p.
357. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1065
from Russian.

Perelatov, V. D., and
K. K. Vostokova.
Perelatov, V. D., E. V.
Leshchinskaya, Yu. S.
Vasyuta, N. N. Lang,
P. Ya. Petrovsky, and
M. P. Chumakov.
Epidemiology of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever in Rostov Oblast.
Incidence of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever,
(CHF) in Rostov
Oblast.
1971
1964
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Rostov Oblast, Millerovsky,
Tarsovsky, Morozovsky,
Tsimblyansky, Belaya Kalitva,
Krasnyy Sulin, Kamensky, tick,
Hyalomma plumbeum, rook,
magpies, hares, hedgehogs.
Ticks, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, Hyalomma plumbeum.
Studied observations made in 1963-
69 characterizing Rostov Oblast
CHF natural focus to recognize
population groups potentially at risk
for CHF infection, to prove several
nonspecific prophylactic measures,
and to determine further tasks.
During the 1963-69 period, the
number of CHF cases in Rostov
Oblast did not exceed 61, except in
1968 (131 CHF patients recorded).
Focus borders expanded from
northwest to southeast. CHF had
seasonal character; initial cases
were recorded in early May - most
in late May and early June,
decreasing in number in July.
Severe CHF disease cases were the
most common (47.9%); mortality
rate was 15% (avg.). Most patients
worked in animal husbandry and
field work. Instructions were given
for personal preventative measures
for cattle and farm workers, and
milkmaids and antitick campaign
measures were carried out.
Analysis of clinical and
epidemiological data allowed us to
conclude that hemorrhagic fever in
Rostov Oblast is related to the
Crimean type.
Trudy Inst. Polio,
Virus, Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSR,
19:174-179.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 924
from Russian.
Proc. 11th Sci.
Conf. Inst. Polio.
Encep., Moscow,
pp. 283-284,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 174
from Russian.

Perelatov, V. D., N. B.
Birulya, and L. I.
Zalutskaya.
Perelatov, V. D., V.
V. Kuchin, M. A.
Donets, L. V.
Zarubina, V. F.
Kondratenko, N. M.
Blagoveshchenskaya,
K. K. Vostokova, L.
D. Novikova, and E.
M. Novikova.
Perelatov, V. D., Ye.
V. Leshchinskaya, M.
P. Chumakov, N. B.
Birulya, and L. I
Zalutskaya.
Perelatov. V. D. and
V. N. Lazarev.
Interrelationships
between human
population and vectors
in Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
focus of Rostov Oblast.
Results of
experimental infection
of European hares
with Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus.
Contribution to the
question of
epidemiology of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever (CHF) in Rostov
Oblast.
What is essential to
know about
hemorrhagic fever.
1970
1972
1965
1965
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
owing, CHF, Hyalomma
plumbeum.
CHF, Crimean hemorrhagic fever
virus, European hares, Lepus
europaeus, ticks, Hyalomma p.
plumbeum, Rhipicephalus rossicus,
Sudarkina, NWM, CF.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, Hyalomma pl. plumbeum.
Ticks, hemorrhagic phenomena,
prophylactic measures, Hyalomma
plumbeum plumbeum.
Investigations were made by
methods suggested by Beklemishev
with participation of several
investigators. However, essential
changes were introduced into this
work plan owing to natural farm
conditions and ecology of vectors in
Rostov Oblast.
Six hares were captured and tested
for CHF. No specific antibodies
were detected in the hares. CHF
virus strain Sudarkina was used and
inoculated into hares,
subcutaneously and
intracutaneously.
The investigations and analysis of
data allowed us to conclude that a
CHF focus exists in Rostov region.
It is associated with the
northeastern slopes of the Donets
ridge and the Severny Donets
floodplains. The CHF focus borders
continue to expand.
The observance of all prophylactic
measures helps to prevent hundreds
and thousands of people from
contracting hemorrhagic fever
disease.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Knof. Rostov-na-
Donu, (May,
1970), pp. 92-
107, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 539
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 354-355.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1063
from Russian.
Sborn. Trucy
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Estsef. Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, 7 : 279-
287, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 371
from Russian.
Rostov Olbast
Sanitary
Information
House, pp. 3-28,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 182
from Russian.

Pervomaisky, G. S.
Pervomaisky, G. S.
Pervomaisky, G. S.
and M. V. Maklygin.
Variation in pasture
ticks (Acarina,
Ixodidae) and its
significance for
systematics.
Parthenogenetic
development in ticks
of the family Ixodidae.
Activity of attachment
of Hyalomma
asiaticum asiaticum.
1954
1949
1959
Tick, pasture ticks, cattle, foci,
Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma.
Tick, Amblyomma agamum,
Rhipicephalus bursa, Hyalomma
marginarum, H. anatolicum, H.
dromedarii, H. aegyptium,
parthenogenetic development.
Tick, attachment, Hyalomma
asiaticum asiaticum.
Pasture ticks (Ixodidae) have a
great significance as specific
vectors and stimulators of many
infectious diseases of man and
cattle. Studying the composition of
species, biology, and ecology of
tick vectors becomes a necessary
condition of basic scientific
measures to control ticks and
eliminate natural foci of diseases
transmitted through ticks.
Study of parthenogenetic
development in ticks of the family
Ixodidae has general biological
importance and also attracts interest
in clarifying the reason for the
distinct deviations sometimes
occurring in the external
morphology of adult specimens.
Materials on experimental feeding
of adult mites are presented. Ticks
having starved during 7, 20, 40, and
180 days were fed on rabbits. Three
day incubation at 0 degrees of mites
having starved during 7 and 20 days
did not significantly affect their
activity, whereas the incubation of
mites during the same period at 40
degrees accelerated their adhering
to animals. Temperature
fluctuations of the external medium
within the range 10-35 degrees did
not significantly affect the course of
mite feeding when they adhered to
animals. Repeated feeding of ticks
on one and the same animal
decreases the intensity of their
satiation with blood. In spring and
summer, mites adhere by suction to
experimental animals much more
rapid; they are very active also in
Trud. Vsesoyuz.
Ent. Obshch. 44:
62-201, pp. 191-
197, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 5
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 28
(6):523-526,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1459
from Russian.
Zool. Zhur. 38
(3): 394-400,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 313
from Russian.

Petriayev, E. D.
Petrichcheva, P. A.
Petrischeva, P. A.
Tick fever in the
Transbaikal region.
Transition of Aedes
togoi Theob. and
Aedes japonicus
Theob. (Diptera,
Culicidae) to a
synanthropic mode of
life.
Bloodsucking insects
and ticks in the Kara
Kum and their medical
importance in the
rehabilitation of
deserts.
1946
1948
1954
Transbaikal, ticks, typhus, lice,
Ukurei, Chitniskaya Oblast, Chita,
guinea pigs, Eastern typhus,
Dermacentor nuttalli, Dermacentor
silvarum, Haemaphysalis concinna,
voles, foci.
Mosquito, Aedes togoi, A.
Japonicus, Japanese encephalitis,
JE, foci.
Tick, foci, Haloxylon persicum, H.
aphyllum, Calligonum setosum, C.
turkestanicum, C. caputmedusae,
C. eriopodu, Ephedra strobilacea,
Salsola richteri, Phlebotomus
papatasii, Ph. causasicus, Ph.
sergenti, Ph. minutus, Hyalomma
asiaticum, H. detritum,
Ornithodoros tratakovski,
Theobaldia longiareolata, Culex
pipiens, Anopheles superictus, An.
maculipennis.
attacking humans.
Study of tick collections sent to us
shows that Dermacentor nuttalli is
found in the Baikal country and in
the Transbaikal. D. nuttalli is
fundamentally a representative of
the range-land type of tick, and is
spread over a number of districts. In
April-July 1944, we conducted tests
to determine the degree of
spontaneously occuring tick-fever
virus infection in Dermacentor
nuttalli ticks collected from cattle
(adult ticks) and rodents (larvae and
nymphs), where this type of tick is
very numerous These tests showed
that over 20% of all the ticks
collected produced the
characteristic illness in guinea pigs.
The study of biology and ecology
of both species (Ades togoi and A.
Japonicus) has great scientific and
practical importance for
antimosquito campaign measures in
Japanese encephalitis (JE) foci.
The theoretical basis in the work of
the expedition was the teaching of
the natural foci of human diseases
started by Ac. E. N. Pavlovsky.
Med. Parazitol.
Parazitar.
Bolezmi, 15(2):
84-85, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 27
from Russian.
Ent. Obozr.,
30:103-108,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1212
from Russian.
Zool. Zhur., 33
(2) :243-268,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 58
from Russian.

Petrischeva, P. A. and
A. J. Alymov.
Petrishcheva, P. A.
Petrishcheva, P. A.
and A. K. Shubladaze.
On transovarial
transmission of virus
of pappataci fever by
sandflies.
Field methods of
investigating sandflies
and anti-sandfly
measures.
Fall encephalitis
vectors in Primor'ye
region.
1938
1954
1940
Tick, pappataci fever, sandflies,
Spinasea oleracea, Nephotettix
apicalis, Ornithodoros,
Phlebotomus papatasi.
Sandflies, Central Asia, sandfly
fever, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan,
Turkmenistan, Kara-Kum,
Borovskiy's disease, Phlebotomus
papatasii, Ph. sergenti, Ph.
caucasicus, Ph. chinensis, Ph.
sergenti, var. alexandri,
Rhombomys opimus, Mariones
erythrourus, Meriones meridianus,
L. tropica, Spermophilus
leptodactylus, Citellus fulvus.
Mosquitoes, Anopheles
quadrimaculatus, Aedes aegypti,
Culex pipiens, A. albopictus, A.
japonicus, A. togoi, Cx.
tritaeniorhynchus, C. pipiens, C.
pallens, investigations in America,
St. Louis viurs, humans, monkeys,
mice.
This paper demonstrates
transovarial transmission of the
virus of pappataci fever by
oviposition, occurring from the first
till the 9th day after feeding
sandflies on blood of infected
persons.
The desert and semidesert of
Central Asia represent the typical
terrain with which the natural
primary sources of sandfly fever
and Borovskiy's disease are
associated. The sandflies which are
the carriers of the agents of
Borovskiy's disease (cutaneous
leishmaniasis) are the most widely
disseminated and ancient among the
fauna of the diptera which inhabit
the hot deserts and semideserts. In
the Kara-Kum desert over 10
species of sandflies have been
detected which were constant
inhabitants of the burrows of
rodents and other wild animals.
In 1935, the American investigators
Webster, Clow and Bauer, first
investigated the role of mosquitoes
in transmitting North-American
encephalitis (St. Louis virus). They
determined that Anopheles
quadrimaculatus preserves the virus
for its entire life but does not
transmit the virus through a bite.
The virus survives only 3 days in
Aedes aegypti. Leake, Mussson and
Shope obtained negative results
when trying to infect mice,
monkeys, and humans through bites
of A. aegypti, A. quadrimaculatus,
and Culex pipiens previously fed on
blood of encephalitis patients.
Arch. Biol. Sci.,
53 (1) : 138-144,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 80
from Russian.
Moscow, 1954, 3-
4, 109-186,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 26
from Russian.
Arkh. Biol.
Nauk, 59:72-77,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1210
from Russian.

Petrishcheva, P. A.
and Z. M. Zhmayeva.
Petrishcheva, R. A.
Natural enemies of
field ticks.
Vectors of Japanese
encephalitis and
periods and character
of antiepidemic
measures in haymeadows.
1949
1948
Tick, reindeer breeding farm, tick
enemies, magpies, Cyanopica
cyana pallescens.
Mosquitoes, Culex
tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes esoensis,
C. bitaeniorhynchus, C. pipiens,
hay meadows, antiepidemic
measures, Japanese encephalitis, JE.
These results served as the basis to
deny the role of mosquitoes in
transmitting encephalitis.
In 1947, while visiting a reindeer
breeding farm in the southern
regions of the Siknote Alin
mountains, the authors made
observations which confirmed
Springgol'ts-Shmidt's theory. They
noticed that , on a murky drizzly
day, Cyanopica cyana pallescens
Steg were picking ticks off spotted
reindeer. After the back of one
reindeer had been deticked the
magpies flew off, carefully selected
another animal and renewed their
hunt for ticks.
From annual Japanese encephalitis
(JE) morbidity data in Primor'ye, it
may be assumed that hay-meadows
are permanent and most dangerous
infection areas. Large hay-meadows
usually occur in uninhabited places
with no populated areas within
several kilometers: worker brigades
come for only 1 1/2 - months. The
most intensive hay cutting is
usually in July and August; cases
begin in August and most are
recorded in September.
Zool. Zh., 28
(5) : 479-481,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 82
from Russian.
Izd. Akad. Nauk
SSSR; Moskva-
Leningrad, pp.
299-308,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1211
from Russian.

Petrov, V. G.
Petrov. V. G.
Petrova-
Piontkovskaya, S. P.
Ixodid ticks and
gamasid mites as
vectors of the
tularemia infection
agent.
A method for
examining Ixodes
ricinus for infection
with Babesiella bovis.
Comparative data on
the biology of
Rhipicephalus
saguineus Latr. and R.
turanicus Pom. under
laboratory conditions.
1966
1948
1947
Tick, mites, tularemia, foci,
Francisella tularensis, Dermacentor
pictus, D. marginatus, D. silvarum,
D. nuttalli, D. daghestanicus,
Haemaphysalis otophila, H.
punctata, H. cocinna, H. sulcata,
Rhipicephalus rossicus, Rh.
pumilio, Ixodes apronophorus, I.
laguri-laguri, I. ricinus, I.
persulcatus, I. redikorzevi,
Hyalomma plumbeum.
Tick, Ixodes ricinus, B. ovis, I.
ricinus.
Tick, dog, Rhipicephalus
saguineus, R. turanicus.
Quite a sufficient number of
experimental data have been
accumulated recently for
comparative evaluation of the role
of ixodid ticks and gamasid mites in
transmitting and preserving the
infection agent.
The examination of ticks
(Ixodoidea) as transmitters of many
diseases of man and animals has
great practical importance in the
present time. Particularly the ability
to detect B. ovis in I. ricinus gives
us the possibility to assess the
degree of infection of this or that
pasture with bovine babesiellosis.
In the present article, we shall deal
with a description of developmental
periods of two Rhipicephalus forms
which are systematically and
biologically related although they
have different areas of distribution.
Rh. saguineus is common in the
southern and southwestern fauna of
USSR while Rh. turanicus is
common in the southeastern region.
Both species parasitize various
mammals, but the chief host of the
former species is the dog.
Proc. Tezisy
Dokl. 1. Akarol.
Soveshch., p.
155-156,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 424
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Leningrad.
Nauch.-Issled.
Vet. Inst.,
(3):146-153,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1638
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 25 (2)
173-176,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 235
from Russian.

Petrova-
Piontkovskaya, S.P.
Petrova, E. F.
Petunin, F. A.
Biological and
ecological data on the
tick Hyalomma
marginatum Koch in
the northwestern
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever focus.
Data on the ixodid tick
fauna of domestic
animals in the Bet-Pak-
Dala pasture complex.
Bioecology of ixodid
ticks- theoretical basis
of their destruction.
1947
1955
1966
Ticks, Hyalomma marginatum,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Centaurea diffusa, Eryngium
campestro, Hyalomma savignyi,
Haemaphysalis punctata,
Dermacentor marginatus,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Lepus
europaeus L., Otis tarda L.,
Aegoleus funereus L.,
Malanocorypha calandra L.,
Calandrella cinerea, Passer
domesticus L., Burhinus
aedicnemus L., Athene noctua,
Aegoleus funereus, Hirundo rustica
L., chickens, turkeys, ducks, foci.
ixodid, ticks, fauna, domestic
animals, Bet-Pak-Dala, Chu River,
Muyum-Kum, Sary-Arka,
Zhamatas, Dermacentor
marginatus, D. pictus, D.
daghestanicus, Rhipicephalus
pumilio, R. rossicus, R. schulzei,
Hyalomma asiaticum, H.
anatolicum, H. scupense, H.
plumbeum, horses, camels, cattle,
sheep, goats.
Tick, ixodid, domestic animals,
Boophilus calcaratus, Hyalomma
scupense, H. plumbeum, Ixodes
ricinus, Rhipicephalus bursa,
Haemaphysalis punctata, H.
otophila, Dermacentor marginatus.
Cases occured in 63 overlapping
populated areas and formed a large
focus in the northwest and a much
smaller focus in Kerch Peninsula.
One or seldom 5 persons became
infected in each area.
Epidemiological data showed
association of patients with the
steppe and tickbites in 87.8% of
cases. This compelled us to study
the fauna of bloodsucking species
in the foci. We aimed to determine
whether only Hyalomma ticks
attacked and attached to humans
working in the steppe. Detailed
investigations showed that the tick
species was H. m. marginatum
Koch. Owing to detection of CHF
virus in adult ticks, we investigated
this tick species during the 1945-
1946 seasons.
Data collected from Bet-Pak-Dala
pasture complex show that 10 tick
species parasitize domestic animals.
The 3 most numerous groups are D.
marginatus, H. asiaticum, and H.
rossicus.
The ecological feature of all ixodid
species parasitizing domestic
animals is that the main larval mass
appears during the 1 to 15 July
period their numbers then sharply
decreased. Under practical
conditions, this allows use of this
period for their destruction.
Nov. Med., (5):
21-24, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 864
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Zool.
Akad. Kazakh.
SSR, 3: 44-46.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 646
from Russian.
Proc. Tezisy
Dokl. 1. Akarol.
Soveshch. p. 158,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 427
from Russian.

Piekarski, G.
Pilipenko, V. G., N.
M Soboleva, T. N.
Ponomareva, and K.
P. Kadatskaya.
Pille, E. R.
Piontkoskaya, S. P.
On formation of the
fourth pair of legs in
ticks.
The problem of
natural foci of
brucellosis infections.
Bovine viruses and
detection methods.
The tick Hyalomma
marginatum
marginatum Koch. as
a transmitter of
rickettsia.
1934
1955
1975
1949
Tick, legs, Boophilus bovis,
Ornithodoros savignyi, Argas
persicus, Ixodes ricinus, A.
reflexus.
Tick, Rhipicephalus schulzei,
Neopsilla setosa, Ceratophylus
tesquorum, natural foci,
brucellosis, rodents.
Culicoides varipennis, Macaca
rhesus monkeys, Bovine
parvovirus, Adeno-associated
virus, Bovine papillomatosis,
adenoviruses, Aujesky's disease,
infectious rhinotrachenitis,
Ulcerous mammalitis, malignant
catarrh, bovine epitheliosis,
Papovaviruses, Herpes, Cowpox,
Papular stomatitis, Bovine
vesicular enanthema, Bovine
enteroviruses, Bovine rhinoviruses,
Bluetongue disease, Parainfluenza,
Bovine plague, Bovine cyncytium
virus, Vesicular stomatitis virus,
rabies, Ephemeral, 3-day fever,
Bovine leukoviruses, Louping ill,
Wesselsbron disease, rift Valley
fever, Bovine diarrhea, Bovine
togaviruses, Bovine coronavirus,
Epizootic encephalomyelitis,
Borna's disease.
Tick, Hyalomma marginatum,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus, salivary
glands, stomach malpighian
vessels, rickettsia, guinea pigs.
By this experiment the question as
to which pair of legs is the one
newly added after the molt has been
unquestionably clarified; it is the
final fourth pair of legs.
Several scientists in the USSR
recently raised the question of
whether brucellosis can be
classified as an infection with
natural foci.
Most bovine viruses may be
detected by inoculating mice,
chicken embryos, and cell cultures
(calf testis cells and calf, pig, and
monkey kidney cells).
Studies were conducted to
determine the presence of rickettsia
virus in smears made from organs
of Hyalomma marginatum
marginatum.
Zool. Anz. 106
(1/2) : 1-4,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 569
from German.
Mikrobiol.
epidem.
immunobiol.,
1:82-87,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 41
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 20
(3):260-268,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1041
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 28
(5):419-420,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 40
from Russian.

Pivanova, G. P., V. K.
Izotov, E. S.
Sarmanova, G. G.
Bannova, and M. V.
Bychkova.
Podbornov, V. M., G.
I. Stepanchenok-
Rudnik, and I. M.
Grokhovskaya.
Study of the
hemagglutinating
properties of
Kemerovo virus.
Study of antibacterial
effect of organs and
tissues of superfamily
Ixodoidea ticks
(Report II).
1964
1972
Kemerovo, hemagglutination, HA,
hemagglutination inhibition, HI,
pig embryo kidney, guinea pig,
PEK.
Ixodoidea, ticks,
pseudotuberculosis, listeriosis,
erysipeloid, tularemia, leptosirosis,
diphtheria, Ornithodoros
(Alveonasus) lahorensisis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
coli, Salmonella typhimurium,
Brucella abortus, Bacillus subtilis,
Streptococcus pyogenes,
Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis,
Listeria monocytogenes,
Erysipelothrix insidiosa,
Francisella tularensis, Leptospira,
Corynebacterium diphtheriae,
Neisseria meningitidis, Leishmania
tropica minor.
Culture antigens had weaker
hemagglutinating activity than
chorioallantoic antigens. The
hemaglutination reaction specificity
was confirmed by the HI tests in
guinea pig sera immunized with
different Kemerovo virus strains.
Investigation of antigenic
relationships between separate
strains by the HI test showed no
essential differences and allowed us
to conclude that these strains are
antigenically closely related.
In this study, we present data on
detection of specific bactericidal
effect of O.(A). lahorensis organs
on pseudotuberculosis, listeriosis,
erysipeloid, tularemia, and
leptospirosis agents. The agents, in
nature, enter organs of ticks when
feeding on animals. Considerable
antibacterial activity was detected
in hemolymph and the intestinal
content of engorged and empty A.
lahorensis ticks and poor activity in
the intestinal walls with regard to
Streptococcus pyogenes,
Corynebacterium diphtheriae and
Neisseria meningitidis.
Homogenates of tick tissues did not
always exert bactericidal effect on
these agents, and gonad suspension
lacked bactericidal properties.
No antibacterial activity was
detected in hemolymph and organs
of these ticks for three strains of
Listeria moncytogenes, the
causative agent of tularemia and
Leishmania tropica minor. With
regard to Listeria and the causative
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), p.255,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 890
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.
Moskva, 41
(5):577-581.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 914
from Russian.

Podboronov, V. M.
Podboronov, V. M.
and G. I.
Stepanchenok-Rudnik.
Podboronov, V. M.,
G. I. Stepanchenok-
Rudnik, and I. M.
Grokhovskaya.
Antibacterial effect of
Alveonasus lahorensis
tick lysozyme on
pathogenic microorganisms
in in-vitro
and in-vivo tests.
Contribution to
method for
determining pH in
bloodsucking
arthropods.
Study of antibacterial
effect of gut and
hemolymph in
Ixodoidea ticks.
1983
1974
1972
Tick, Alveonasus lahorensis,
Ornithodoros alveonasus,
lysozyme, micro-organisms.
Bloodsucking arthropods,
determining pH, Ixodidae,
Argasidae.
Ticks, Ixodoidea, Amblyomma
americanum, A. cajennese,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus,
Ornithodoros turicata, Argas
persicus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus
mesentericus, Bacillus
magatherinum, Bacillus cereus, and
Sarcina lutea, Drosophila
melanogaster, argasid, Argasidae,
Ornothodoros (Alveonasus)
lahorensis, Staphyloccocus aureus,
Escherichia coli, B. coli, Brucella
abortus bovis, Salmonella typhi
murium.
agent of tularemia, relationship
between the presence of the
antibacterial effeect of hemolymph
and the intestinal content and the
capacity of ticks to take the agent
and maintain it in their bodies was
established.
This investigation aimed at
studying the biological activity of
the Ornithodoros alveonasus
lysozyme.
A modification of the method
determining pH is suitable for
investigation of arthropods as well
as other small subjects.
Studies concluded the great
antibacterial effect of engorged and
unfed Ornithodoros Alveonasus
lahorensis hemolymph and gut
content and the slight effect of the
tick gut walls was recorded on
Staphylococcus aureus. Tick
hemolymph and organs had no
antibacterial effect on Brucella
abortus. The antibacterial effect of
the hemolymph and gut content on
Brucella abortus and Salmonella
typhi murium is correlated with the
susceptibility of ticks to these
agents and their ability to preserve
these agents in the tick body.
Izv. Akad. Nauk
Trukmen. SSR, s.
Biol. Nauk,
(2):40-47,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1735
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 43
(5):610-612,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1241
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.
Moskva, 41
(4):468-471.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 913
from Russian.

Pogodina, V. V., N.
G. Bochikova, L. S.
Levina, V. Yu.
Zhezmer, R. A.
Meierova, G. V.
Koreshkova, E. P.
Dekonenko, A. A.
Vasenin, and N. A.
Gusarova.
Pogorelyi, A. I.
Pokrovsky , S. N., V.
D. Perelatov, G. M.
Popov, N. B. Birulya,
and L. I. Zalutskaya.
Poleshchuk, V. D., V.
I. Vashkov, D. N.
Stolbov, and Y. V.
Zimina.
Poljansky, V. E. and
E. M. Cheissin.
Immunological and
certain etiological
aspects of studying
Aina/1448 serotype of
tickborne encephalitis
virus.
Concerning the
immunity of animals
to ectoparasitic
diseases.
Hemorrhagic fever in
Rostov Oblast.
Use of chlorophos
with prolongator for
antitick treatment of
large cattle in a
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever focus.
Some observations on
the development of
Babesiella bovis in a
carrier tick.
1981
1966
1964
1967
1959
Tick, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
human population, antibodies,
Aina/1944.
Tick, Dermacentor variabilis,
Boophilus calcaratus,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R.
bursa, R. rossicus, D. marginatus,
Hyalomma plumbeum, Texas cattle
fever, Trypanosoma lewisi,
immunity, ectoparasitic disease.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, Hyalomma plumbeum.
Tick, chlorophos, prolongator,
cattle, CHF, Hyalomma plumbeum
plumbeum.
Tick, body, life cycle, Babesiella
bovis.
In this study, we give characteristics
of the human population antibody
prevalence in the area of Aina/1944
type strains.
In 1893 Smith and Kilborne began
to study the immunity of animals
during parasitic diseases.
Between May and July 1963, cases
of CHF were recorded for the first
time in Rostov Oblast.
Experiments demonstrated that a
mixture of a 1% aqueous solution
of crude chlorophos containing 65%
of the active agent, and 0.3%
polyvinyl alcohol produced an
acaricidal effect on the vector of
Crimean hemorrhagic fever- an
ixodes tick (Hyalomma plumbeum
plumbeum) for 10-11 days.
We have investigated the
development of the B. bovis in the
body of adult ticks and in the eggs
laid by infected females and we
believe the first part of the life cycle
of B. bovis to be as follows in the
paper.
Vop. Virus., 26
(6):735-741,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1675
from Russian.
Veterinariya,
Kiev, 6:68-75,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1586
from Russian.
Proc. 11th Sci.
Conf. Inst. Polio.
Encep., Moscow,
pp. 282-283,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 173
from Russian.
Zh. Mikrobiol.
Moskva, 44(12):
87-91, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 402
from Russian.
Academy of
Sciences, S. S.
R., 14 : 5-12,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 47
from Russian.

Poluszhynski, G.
Pomerantsev, B. I.
Pomerantsev, B. I.
The main
morphological and
biological properties
of ticks occurring in
Poland.
New ticks of the
Family Ixodidae.
New tick of the
Family Ixodidae.
1954
1948
1948
Tick, morphological, biological
properties, Rickettsiae,
Leishmania, Pasturella tularensis,
Ixodes ricinus, I. persulcatus,
Argas reflexus, Oxalis acetosella,
Vaccinium myrtillus, Hypnum,
Alnus glutinosa, Betula alba.
Tick, Soviet Union, Ixodidae,
Ixodes persulcatus kaschimiricus,
Rhipicephalus leporis,
Dermacentor raskemensis.
Ticks, Ixodes persulcatus
kaschmiricus, RhipicEphalus
leporis, Dermacentor raskemensis.
Paper on morphological and
biological properties of ticks.
Paper on Ixodes persulcatus
kaschimiricus, Rhipicephalus
leporis, and Dermacentor
raskemensis. Includes descriptions
of males, females, and any other
information on the ticks.
Paper on Ixodes persulcatus
kaschimiricus, Rhipicephalus
leporis, and Dermacentor
raskemensis. Includes descriptions
of males, females, and any other
information on the ticks.
Postepy Hig.
Med. Doswiad., 8
(3) : 3-10,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 330
from Polish.
Parazit. Sborn.
Zool. Inst. Akad.
Nauk SSR, 10:
20-24, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 435
from Russian.
(NOTE: SAME
PAPER AS
TRANSLATION
177)
Parasit. Sborn.
Zool. Inst. Akad.
Akad. Nauk
USSR 10:20-24.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 177
from Russian.
(NOTE: SAME
PAPER AS
TRANSLATION
435)

Pomerantz, B. J.
Pomerantzev, B. I.
Pomerantzev, B. I., N.
V. Matkashvili, and B.
V. Lotoskii.
Basic directions of
evolution of Ixodoidea. 1948
On the structure and
organization of
Ixodoidea (Ararina,
Parasitiformes).
An ecological and
faunistic outline of
Ixodidae ticks
occurring in
Transcaucasia.
1948
Ixodoidea, arachnids,
Anthracomarti, Amblyomma,
Dermacentor, Metastriata,
Prostriata, Ixodes, Ornithodoros,
Notostigmata, Monotremata,
Marsupialia, Exopalpiger,
Endopalpiger, Pseudosuchia,
Amblyomma geayi, A. varium, A.
pictum, Ixodes frontalis, I. berlesei,
I. coxaefurcatus, I. acutitarsus, I.
putus, I. vespertilionis, I. ricinus, I.
scapularis, I. persulcatus, I. pilosus,
I schillingsi, I. rasus, Argas A.
persicus, Margaropus, Boophilus,
Hyalomma, Prostriata.
Tick, evolution, chitin skeleton,
Ixodes holocyclus.
1940 Tick, parasitological expedition.
In this article, we shall try to note
the basic directions in which
morphobiological differentiation of
the Ixodoidea have progressed from
the time of establishment to the
contemporary epoch.
The comparative morphological and
functional analysis of the
characteristics on which the above
classification is based enable us to
follow the basic phases of evolution
of the group Ixodoidea and the
modification of their external chitin
skeleton.
This investigation is the result of
study of material of the complex
parasitological expedition of the
Department of Parasitology of the
Zoological Institute of the Academy
of Sciences USSR, VIZR, and the
Government Institute of
Experimental Veterinary Medicine
of Armenia.
Parasit. Art.
Zool. Inst. Acad.
Sci. USSR, 10: 5-
18., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 13
from Russian.
Parasitological
Symposium,
Zool, Inst. Acad.
Sci., U.S.S.R.,
(9) : 13-38,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 55
from Russian
Parasitol. Sborn.
Zool. Inst. Acad.
Nauk. (7) :100-
133, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 51
from Russian.

Popov, G. V.
Popov, G. V., S. M.
Vasilenko, A. M.
Butenko, M. P.
Chumakov, and G.
Khristova.
Popov, G. V., T. I.
Zavodova, and I. V.
Semashko.
Popov, V. V. and A.
P. Zuevsky.
Immunofluorescent
and electronmicroscopic
investigations of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever with application
of comparative
investigations of
model viruses.
Data on application of
immunofluorescence
for etiological study of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever (CHF) in
Bulgaria.
Electron microsopy of
tissue cultures and the
brain of newborn
white mice infected
with Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus.
The ectoparasite fauna
of muskrats in
Tyumen' Oblast.
1971
1968
1975
1966
Tick, Hyalomma marginatum,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Congo virus, Khazara virus,
fluorescent antibody technique,
FAT, immunofluorescence
investigation, humans, monkeys.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
FAT, newborn white mice, NWM,
newborn albino rats, NAR,
immunofluorescence.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
green monkey kidney, GMK,
newborn white mice, NWM,
Bunyaviridae, Khodzha.
Tick, muskrats, Ixodes persulcatus,
Dermacentor pictus, Laelaps
multispinosus, Haemogamasus
ambulans, Haemolaelaps glasgowi,
Ceratophyllus walkeri, C.
penicillinger, C. garei, C. turbidus,
C. assimilis, D. marginatus.
From the contemporary
classification of Chumakov (1971),
nosological group of viral
hemorrhagic fevers (HF) unifies 12
severe viral infections of humans,
certain monkeys, and other
mammals.
Investigations show that the FAT is
suitable for morphological
indication of CHF virus antigen in
primary isolation for NWM. It was
also demonstrated that the
immunofluorescence picture of
CHF virus strain was the same for
strains from Bulgaria and USSR.
Study using electron microscopic
investigations of passaged pig
embryo kidney cell cultures,
primary green monkey kidney
cultures, and ultrathin brain sections
of newborn white mice (NWM).
This report is based on 1954-1963
ectoparasite collections from
southern Tyumen' Oblast and
floodplain landscapes of the lower
reaches of Irtysh and Ob' rivers.
(Avtoref. Diss.
Soisk. Uchen.
Step. Dokt. Biol.
Nauk). Inst Polio,
Virus. Entsef.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
Moskva, 40 pp.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1185
from Russian.
Mater. 15.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (October,
1968), (3) :292-
293, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 829
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 345-346,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1008
from Russian.
Biol. Inst. Akad.
Nauk SSSR.
Sibirsk. Otd.,
Novosibirsk, pp.
72-73, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 592
from Russian.

Popova, A. S., A. A.
Sokolova, and N. F.
Chernonog.
Popova, E. V.
Porgrebenko, A. G.,
D. K. L'vov, A. A.
Timofeeva, A. I.
Gromov, V. G.
Voronov, and N. I.
Arthukhov.
Pospelova Shtrom, M.
V., and S. P. Petrova-
Piont-Kovskaya.
Distribution of ticks of
the superfamily
Ixodoidea in Muyum-
Kum landscapes.
On the species
composition and
distribution of ixodid
ticks and gamasid
mites in natural
infection foci in
Stavropol Region.
Preliminary results of
serological
examination of birds
in Sakhalin Oblast for
arboviruses, influenza
and ornithosis viruses.
On the biology of
some species of the
genus Haemaphysalis.
1966 Tick, Ixodoidea, Muyum-Kum.
1966
1971
1949
Ticks, mites, Dermacentor
marginatus, D. daghestanicus,
Hyalomma plumbeum, H.
anatolicum, H. detritum, H.
scupense, Rhipicephalus rossicus,
R. turanicus, R. bursa. Ixodes
ricinus, Haemaphysalis punctata,
H. otophila, Boophilus calcaratus,
small animals, cattle, flagging.
Tick, birds, tickborne encephalitis,
TBE, western equine
encephalomyelitis, WEE,
influenza, ornithosis virus, CF test.
Tick, Haemaphysalis
leporispalustris, H. humerosa, H.
punctata, H. sulcata, H. concinna,
H. warburtoni, H. otophila.
Certain tick species of the
superfamily Ixodoidea are known to
be reservoirs and vectors of several
viral and bacterial infections,
therefore their distribution in
landscapes is important. In 1963-
1965, tick collections were made in
the following landscapes: a sandy,
gently rolling plain, sand heaps,
sand beds, gravel and sandy plain,
gray desert soil plains, scattered
sand areas in "solonotz," floodland,
and clay-gravel desert. A total of
88,550 ticks was collected and
35,559 of them were faunistically
studied.
Many years (1954-1965) of
collecting ixodid ticks and gamasid
mites from wild small mammals,
domestic cattle, and flagging in
natural biotopes in various
landscape-geographical zones of
Stavropol Region were used as a
basis for this article.
CF antibodies to ornithosis virus
were revealed in 1 common
gullemot and 1 kittiwake of 13
birds examined on Tyuleniy Island.
This information clearly shows the
necessity of detailed study of
ecology of ticks of the genus
Haemaphysalis.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch. p. 162-
163, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 420
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch., pp.
161-162,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 640
from Russian.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 52-53,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 720
from Russian.
Vop. Kraev.
Obshch. Eksp.
Parasit. Med.
Zool., pp. 58-64,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 243
from Russian.

Pospelova-Shtrom, M.
V.
Pospelova-Shtrom, M.
V. and N. S.
Abusalimov.
Pospelova-Shtrom, M.
V. and R. L. Naumov.
Pospelova-Shtrom, M.
V.
Postoyan, S. R.
On the systematics of
ticks of the genus
Haemaphysalis.
Case of collecting tick
Amblyomma lepidum
Donitz, 1909, in
Azerbaijan.
A case of introduction
into USSR of the tick
Haemaphysalis
ornithophila Hoog.
and Kohls, 1959
(Ixodoidea, Ixodidae)
by a migratory bird,
Turdus dauma Lath.
Ornithodoros
tartakovskyi Ol., 1931,
the vector of tickborne
spirochetosis.
Certain ecological data
on argasid ticks in
Ararat plain of
Armenian SSR.
1935 Tick, systematics, Haemaphysalis.
1957
1965
1940
1966
Tick, migrating birds, Burnhinus
oedicnemus, Amblyomma
lepidum, Azerbaijan.
Tick, migratory birds,
Haemaphysalis ornithophila.
Tick, tickborne spirochetosis,
Ornithodoros tartakovskyi.
Tick, argasid, Armenian SSR,
Argas persicus, Argas hermanni,
Ornithodoros alactagalis,
Ornithodoros verrucosus,
Ornithodoros tartakovskyi,
Alveonasus lahorensis.
On examination of a number of
ticks of genus Haemaphysalis Koch
belonging to materials of the
Zoological Institute of the Academy
of Science and the Institute of
Comparative Pathology NKZ
several new data on the systematics
of that genus were obtained.
An example of distant introduction
of ixodidae ticks by birds migrating
in the spring. A very rare
occurrence. A specimen of
Burhinus oedicnemus was killed in
the Lenkoransky region of
Azerbaijan SSR in May 1954 and
on its head was male Amblyomma
lepidum.
Presented data on systematics and
distribution of species was obtained
while working on the collection of
Zoological Institute of Academy of
Science of USSR, to the foundation
and accumulation of which many
Soviet and foreign parasitologists
have contributed.
Ornithodoros tartakovskyi Ol., 1931
can be spontaneously infected by
spirochaetes; the spirochaetes can
be transmitted to animals (white
mice) by the bites of infected
Ornithodoros tartakovskyi.
The argasid ticks found in
Armenian SSR were Argas
persicus, A. hermanni,
Ornithodoros alactagalis, O.
verrucosus, O. tartakovskyi, and
Alveonasus lahorensis.
Koch. Trav. Fil.
Acad. Sci.
URSS, Tadzhik.,
6 : 205-217,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 53
from Russian.
Med. Parazitol. i
Parazitar
Bolenzni Suppl.
26(1): 56,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 44
(9) :1411-1412,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 180
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.
Moskva, 9(6):
618-622,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 392
from Russian.
Proc. Tezisy
Dokl. 1. Akarol.
Soveshch., p.
164, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 423
from Russian.

Poul, J.
Povalashina, T. P.
Povalishina, T. P, Yu.
V. Zimina, P. S.
Egorova, V. V.
Berezin, D. N.
Stolbov, and N. A.
Ivanova.
Povalishina, T. P. and
A. K.Yankovsky.
Diagnosis of
generalized canine
leishmaniasis by
investigation of
Leishmania in the
nasal mucus and in the
testicle.
Utilization of
cartographic method
for study of a focus of
Crimean type
hemorrhagic fever.
Landscape
charateristics of foci
of Crimean type
hemorrhagic fever in
Astrakham Oblast.
Experience with
nosogeographical
mapping of
hemorrhagic fevers.
1949
1964
1964
1964
Tick, Leishmania dibivani, dogs,
canine leishmaniasis, nasal mucus,
testicles.
Tick, cartographic method,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Hyalomma plumbeum.
Tick, Hyalomma plumbeum,
Crimean type hemorrhagic fever.
Mites, nosogeographical mapping,
hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis,
HNN, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, natural foci.
Investigation of the nasal mucus
and testicles was not the best
method for diagnosis. Positive
results were obtained from dogs
which presented clear clinical signs
of the disease.
A map of CHF distribution in
Astrakhan Oblast was drawn based
on available incidence records for
the last 10 years (1953 to 1963) and
on physiographic maps of localities
located in the Lower Volga.
The vectors and possibly reservoirs
of the virus of Crimean type
hemorrhagic fever are ixodid ticks
of the genus Hyalomma. The
distribution range of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever is entirely
confined within the boundary of
distribution of ticks of this genus,
occupies the southern areas of our
country and Bulgaria, and is
associated with natural zones of
steppes, semideserts, deserts, and
low hills.
Demonstrating nosogeographic
characterization of specific features
of large and small areas is to
determine the geographic
distribution on natural disease foci.
Arch. Inst.
Pasteur Algerie,
27(4):315-316,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 146
from French.
Proc. 11th Sci.
Conf. Inst. Polio.
Encep., Moscow,
pp. 285-286,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 175
from Russian.
Moscow, pp 278-
281, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 172
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), pp. 286-
288, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 862
from Russian.

Povalyshina, T. P., D
N. Stolbov, Yu. V.
Zimina, P. S. Egorov,
V. V. Berezin, and A.
M. Butenko.
Primakov, S. V.
Prisyagina, B., O.
Smirnov, V. Nesaule,
P. Khvatov, B.
Shenigson, V.
Mastryukova, L.
Oglinya, and V.
Ignat'eva.
Pritulin, P.I.
Parasitological
information on foci of
incidence of Crimean
type hemorrhagic
fever in Astrakhan
Oblast.
A case of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever in
Voroshilovgrad Oblast.
Epidemiological
characteristics of
tickborne encephalitis
in Ogre region,
Latvian SSR, in 1973-
1974.
On the transmission of
brucellosis by pasture
ticks.
1964
1971
1976
1954
Ticks, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, foci, Hyalomma plumbeum.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, natural foci, nervous system,
internal organs.
Tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
epidemiological characteristics,
human population.
Tick, Dermacentor nuttalli,
Hyalomma marginatum,
brucellosis, pasture ticks, cattle.
Preventive measures against
Crimean hemorrhagic fever.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, (CHF)
is a natural focal disease of viral
etiology characterized by fever,
hemorrhagic syndrome, lesions of
nervous system and internal organs,
and changes in blood composition.
This disease has not been recorded
in Voroshilovgrad Oblast. Citing a
fragment of the disease history on
an observed CHF patient, we would
like to draw physicians' attention to
this disease in regions where the
occurrence has not been recorded.
Tickborne encephalitis (TBE) is
observed annually in Ogre region.
Practical observations of the
appearance and spread of
brucellosis in establishments in
territories that are heavily infested
by pasture ticks, largely by
Dermacentor nuttalli and to a lesser
degree by Hyalomma marginatum,
gave us reason to suspect them in
the transmission of brucellosis since
all remaining sources of the
infection were established.
Moscow, pp. 271-
274, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 169
from Russian.
Vrach. Delo,
12 :130-131,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 796
from Russian.
Akad. Nauk
Latv. SSR, Inst.
Biol., Izd.
"Zinatne", Riga,
pp. 220-221,
NAMRU No. 3
Translation 1616
from Russian.
Veterinariya, 31
(7):31-33,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 44
from Russian.

Prokop'ev, V. N., A.
G. Stupina, and N. D.
Emel'yanova.
Prokop'yev, V. N. and
E. A. Moskalets.
Proreshnaya, T. L. and
L. P. Rapoport.
Certain results and
prospects of studying
parasitic ticks and
mites in Buryat ASSR.
Ectoparasites from
Sand Martin nests
located on cliffs of the
Dzhydy River Shore.
Study of natural foci
of tick rickettsiosis in
southwestern Kirgizia.
1979
1963
1963
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus, I. lividus,
I. trianguliceps, Dermacentor
silvarum, D. nuttalli,
Haemaphysalis concinna, H.
japonica douglasi, H. wellingtoni,
mites, gamasid, trombiculid.
Tick, sparrow nests, A. reflexus,
Ceratophyllus hirundinis, Oeciacus
hirundinis, trombiculid.
Tick, foci, Q fever, rickettsiosis,
Hyalomma asiaticum, H.
plumbeum, Meriones erythrourus,
Rhipicephalus turanicus, R. burneti.
Ixodid and argasid ticks and
gamasid and trombiculid mites are
most interesting parasitic ticks and
mites. The degree of studying each
of these groups is determined by
their medical-veterinary importance.
In June and July 1961, we
examined Sand Martin nests located
in cliffs of Dzhydy River shores in
Dzhydin aimak of Buryat ASSR.
Twelve nests were examined.
About 250 ticks of the A. reflexus
Latr. group, their eggs covered by a
waxlike film, 43 Ceratophyllus
hirundinis Sam. fleas, 36 Oeciacus
hirundinis Jen. bugs, 3 trombiculid
mite larvae, many fly larvae, and
single beetles and their larvae were
collected.
At the southwest of Kirghizia
natural foci of the rickettsosis were
for the first time revealed in 1955
by Proreshnaya and Ivanov who
established Q fever infection and
tick-bite rickettsiosis in Ixodes
ticks. Wild animals reservoirs of
rickettsiosis were unknown.
Trudy Parazit.
Zhivot. Vred.
Rast. Pribaikal.
Zabaikal., Ulan-
Ude, pp. 94-102,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1741
from Russian.
Izv. Irkutsk. Gos.
Nauch.-issled
Protivoch. Sib.
Dal'n. Vost.,
(5) :186-187,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 252
from Russian.
J. Microbiol.
Moscow, 40
(12) :56-60,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 131
from Russian.

Prozorovsky, S. V., N.
V. Alekseeva, E. N.
Knyazeva, V. F.
Ignatovich, and O. I.
Barkhatova.
Pshenichnov, A. V.,
V. M. Minaeva, N. V.
Kipriyanova, M. S.
Slutskaya, E. A.
Sergeevich, and R. Z.
Kuzyaev.
Putzig, P.
Use of the
immunoradiometric
assay (IRMA) for
determining rickettsial
antigens in cell
cultures and chick
embryos.
Infections with
tickborne encephalitis
syndrome and
laboratory diagnosis of
negative serological
data in natural foci.
Death of swallows
caused by ticks
(ixodidae).
1984
1971
1939
Tick, IRMA, immunoradiometric
assay, rickettsia chick embryo.
Tick, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
foci.
Tick, birds, Hirundo rustica, Ixodes
brunneus, I. frontalis.
The possibility of using IRMA in
the authors' modification for the
determination of rickettsiae and
their antigens in different biological
substances has been studied. The
method has proved to be highly
sensitive in the determination of the
minimal amounts of antigens in
diagnostic reagents and in
rickettsial cell and egg cultures. The
data obtained in this study indicate
that there are good prospects for
using this modification of IRMA in
different specific investigations
involving the detection of
microorganisms and their antigens.
Patients hospitalized with tickborne
encephalitis in Pern Oblast have
been systematically examined since
1964.
In attempting to obtain a casual
analytical evaluation of statistics of
bird breeding, the lack of
knowledge of the fate of our birds
during migration is often an
unpleasant matter. Extremely
negative changes in population
numbers made us think of massive
losses in wither quarters. However,
this explanation usually remained
hypothetical because findings of
ring-marked birds or reports only
seldom provided reliable
information.
Zh. Mikrobiol.
Moscow 61(2):
79-82, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1800
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl.
Vop. Med. Virus.,
imeni Ivanovsky,
D. I., Akad. Med.
Nauk. SSSR
(October 19-21),
pt. 2 : 100-102,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 497
from Russian.
Vogelzug 10
(1) :25-27
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 458
from German.

Pyrikova, A. N., L. S.
Yakovleva, and L. L.
Fadeeva.
Rabinovich, S. A., Z.
K. Voronina, N. I.
Stepanova, G. M.
Maruashvili, T. L.
Bakradze, M. S.
Obishariya, and N. I.
Gvasaliya.
Rabinovich, V. D., N.
M.
Blagoveshchenskaya,
A. M. Butenko, L. V.
Zarubina, V. F.
Kondratenko, and V.
N. Milyutin.
Possibility of a long
preservation of dry
arbovirus tissue
cultures.
First detection of
human babesiosis in
the USSR and brief
analysis of cases
described in literature.
Virological and
ecological
examination of wild
animals and birds in
CHF focus in Rostov
Oblast.
1964
Tick, lyophilization, dry arbovirus,
tissue cultures, equine
encephalomyelitis, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE.
1978 Babesiosis, human cases.
1970
Tick, wild animals, birds, hares,
hedgehogs, CHF, Hyalomma pl.
plumbeum.
This article is devoted to the
question of survival of dry
arbovirus tissue cultures during a
long preservation at different
temperatures. Data on
lyophilization of tissue cultures
infected with equine
encephalomyelitis, tickborne
encephalitis, and Semliki viruses.
Effect of skim milk, bovine serum,
serum albumin, and sucrose gelatin
medium on virus survival during
the drying process was
demonstrated.
Cases of human babesiosis in
Jugoslavia, USA, England, France
and Mexico. An acute disease
course was recorded in 15 cases.
In our investigations, no CHF virus
could be isolated although 4 CHF
virus strains were isolated from
nymphal H. plumbeum collected
from a rook and adult R. rossicus
collected from hares and hedgehogs.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef., pp. 162-
164, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1280
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 47(3):
97-107, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1395
from Russian.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
konf. (Rostov-na-
Done, May,
1970), pp. 35-37,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 525
from Russian.

Rabinovich, V. D., V.
N. Milyutin, A. A.
Artyushenko, B. G.
Buryakov, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Rabinovich, V. D., V.
N. Milyutin, and B. G.
Buryakov.
Rabinovich, V. D., V.
N. Milyutin, E. A.
Tkachenko, A. M.
Butenko, B. G.
Bubyakov, M. E.
Badalov, E. A.
Lukatos, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Possiblity of
extracting
hyperimmune
gammaglobulin
against CHF from
donkey blood sera.
Characteristics and
investigation of
hyperimmunie
gammablobulin
against CHF from
equine blood sera.
Extraction of
hyperimmune
gammaglobulin from
blood sera of persons
vaccinated against
CHF.
1972
1972
1972
CHF, donkey, NWM, sera, CF,
gammaglobulin.
CHF, equine, gammaglobulin, sera,
NWM.
CHF, gammaglobulin, Kamensk,
Belaya Kalitva, Rostov Oblast, sera.
The known anaphylactogenic effect
of preparations from equine blood
sera makes repeated appalication of
hyperimmune equine
gammaglobulin difficult for specific
prophylaxis of CHF. Test results
show that hyperimmunization of
donkeys is unsuitable to obtain
hyperimmune gammaglobulin.
Periodic determination of virus
neutalizing activity of
gammaglobulin by tests in NWM
showed no substantial changes in
the neutralization index.
Work attempted to obtain
gammaglobulin from blood sera of
donors hyperimmunized with
vaccine against CHF. Blood
samples were collected from
vaccinated persons in Kamensk and
Belaya Kalitva regions of Rostov
Oblast on day 28 following
revaccination or completed
vaccination.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 350-351.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1059
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972), p.
351. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1060
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972), p.
352. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1061
from Russian.

Rachinina, N. A., and
Z. G. Malygina.
Rad'kova, O. A.
Raikhel', A. S.
Raikova, A. P., S. M.
Klimenko, I. N.
Kostyrko, V. L.
Gromashevsky, and
D. K. L'vov.
The tick and mite
fauna in the eastern
Kyzyl-Kum.
Characteristics of
OHF virus strains
isolated from different
inhabitants of a natural
focus.
Fine ultrastructural
properties of
oogenesis in the
ixodid tick Hyalomma
asiaticum.
Study of the
reproductive ability of
Sumakh virus of the
Uukuniemi group in
Aedes ageypti
mosquitoes.
1964
1971
1978
1971
ticks, mites, Kyzyl-Kum,
Gamasoidea, Argasidae, M.
matrius, H. glasgowi. H. longipes,,
H. angustiscustis, E. stabularis, H.
meridianus, Ornithodoros
lahorensis, O. tartakovskyi, Argas,
Ixodes redikorzevi, Haemaphysalis
numidiana, R. turanicus, R. leporis,
R. pumilio, Hyalomma asiaticum,
H. kozlovi, H. marginatum, H.
dromedarii, H. detritum, H.
excavatum, gerbils, jirds, susliks.
Tick, Omsk hemorrhagic fever,
OHF, small mammals, birds, frogs,
lizards, natural focus.
Tick, Hyalomma asiaticum,
pathogenic microorganisms,
transovarial, oogenesis.
Mosquitoes, Sumakh virus,
salivary glands, Aedes ageypti.
In this report, we give data on the
tick and mite fauna according to the
character of their distribution in the
central and eastern Kyzyl-Kum.
Investigations were made in the
natural focus of Omsk hemorrhagic
fever (OHF) in northern Kulunda.
Sixteen animal species, including
small mammals, birds, frogs, and
lizards, were examined for natural
infection.
One of the most important
properties of Ixodoidea ticks
providing for perfect
interrelationships with pathogenic
microorganisms is their ability to
transmit transovarially.
Regular reproduction of Sumakh
virus (Uukuniemi group) was
observed in infected Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes by titration in mice and
by electron microscopic
investigations. The virus
accumulated in mosquito salivary
glands but transmission by bite was
established only when the virus
study showed that the virus was
present in the cytoplasm,
intracellular spaces between
epithelial cells, and salivary ducts
on day 11 following infection of
Trudy 5. Konf.
Prirod. Ochag.
Bolez. Vop.
Parazit. Respub.
Sred. Azii
Kazakh.
(September 28-
28, 1962), (4):
276-277.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1614
from Russian.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 28-29,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 701
from Russian.
Trudy Zool. Inst.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, 77:37-46,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1346
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 16
(6) :731-735,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 744
from Russian.

Rakhimov, T. Kh.
Rakov. N. V.
Rapoport, L. P., S. I.
Mamontov, P. G.
Dobritsa.
A parasite found in
sheep blood.
Some specific
conditions for boar
survival on Sikhote-
Alin.
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever foci in Chimkent
Oblast.
1972
1956
1976
sheep, parasite, Haemaphysalis
sulcata, piroplasma, ticks, H.
otophila, Samarkand Oblast.
Sikhote-Alin Reserve, boars, Iman
Basin, Mudatszyan River, Sus
scrofa continentalis, Quercus
mongolica, Pinus koraiensis,
Juglans manshurica, Corylus
heterophilla, C. manshuricus,
Equisetum hiemale.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Chimkent Oblast, foci, cotton,
cereals, mice, voles, molevoles,
muskrats, susliks, hares,
hedgehogs, polecats, weasels,
ixodid ticks, Hyalomma
marginatum, H. asiaticum, H.
anatolicum, Boophilus annulatus,
H. detritum.
mosquitoes. The virions have a 2layer
membrane 90-100 Å thick.
In November 1971, while
examining sheep for blood parasites
on a farm in Samarkand Oblast,
blood smears were taken from 6-7
month-old karakul breed lambs.
These lambs were separated from
the common flock into
"undernourished" livestock groups.
Blood smears showed annular,
ameboid, pyriform, and sausageshaped
parasites that were
distributed singly or in pairs, 3 to 5,
and more per erythrocyte.
Description of biotopes, forages,
seasonal migrations, and influence
of snow depth for boar survival on
Sikhote-Alin State Reserve and
bordering regions. In autumnwinter,
survival depends on forage,
crop yield, and access to chief
seasonal forage: acorn, pinecones,
and E. hiemale.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF)
cases are now relatively rare in
Chimkent Oblast. Seventy-two
persons (chiefly inhabitants of rural
localities) were infected with CHF
from 1948 to 1972. However, the
high mortality rate (54%)
compelled us to study the nautral
focality of this infection, especially
the species composition and
number of possible carriers and
vectors.
Veterinariya, 49
(5): 63-64.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 627
from Russian.
Byull. Mosk.
Obshch. Ispyt.
Prirody Moskva,
n. s., 61(1): 13-
22., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 607
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 9.
Vses. Konf.
Prirod. Ochag.
Bolez. Chelov.
Zhivot. (Omsk,
May 1976), pp.
129-130.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1177
from Russian.

Ravdonikas, O. V., E.
A. Solovey, M. P.
Chumakov, I. V.
Korsh, and D. I.
Ivanov.
Ravdonikas, O. V., M.
P. Chumakov, B. A.
Solovey, D. I. Ivanon,
and P. V. Korsh.
Ravdonikas, O. V., P.
V. Korsh, and D. I.
Ivanov.
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever natural foci in
the light of landscape
distribution area
properties of this
disease.
Importance of the
marsh-burrow
inhabiting Ixodes
apronophorus tick in
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever virus circulation
in a natural focus.
Landscape
characteristics of the
distribution area of
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever.
1968
1971
1968
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
foci, Dermacentor pictus, Ixodes
apronophorus, ticks.
Tick, Omsk hemorrhagic fever,
OHF, HI test, Ixodes
apronophorus, Dermacentor pictus.
Tick, Omsk hemorrhagic fever,
OHF, muskrats, forest steppe,
Dermacentor pictus, Ixodes
apronophorus.
Landscape-geographical analysis
showed that transmissive outbreaks
in Omsk Oblasts were limited to the
belt characterized by abundant
meadows and humid landscapes.
Abundant lakes and grassy marshes
also charcterize the remaining
territory where OHF epizootics
among muskrats and industrial
epidemic outbreaks were recorded.
A high percent of seropositive small
mammals by the HI test with OHF
antigen in early summer, before
emergence of larvae of
Dermacentor pictus Herm. ticks,
indicates great importance of a
burrow tick Ixodes apronophorus P.
Sch., active at this period, in
circulation of OHF virus. Three
species of Ixodid ticks closely
associated biocenotically with small
mammals take part in maintenance
and spread of OHF virus in the
territory of the natural focus.
The nosoareal of OHF is limited by
a lake-swamp belt of the northern
forest-steppe of western Siberia
which is characterized by large
territories covered not only by
meadows necessary for high
population numbers of Dermacentor
pictus Herm ticks but also by humid
habitats. The latter permits to
suggest the significance of burrow
ticks Ixodes apronophorus P. Sch.
associated with swamps and not
attacking people in the natural
focality of OHF. This explains the
lack of arthropod-borne infections
of people in the last 10 years
despite wide spread of epizootics of
Mater. 3. Nauch.
Soveshch. Probl..
Med. Geogr.
(Leningrad,
November 1968),
p. 152-154,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1458
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR 19:
484-491,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 643
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
12:441-448,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 332
from Russian.

Ravkin, Yu. S., V. F.
Sapegina, and Yu. I.
Dokuchaeva.
Razumova, I. V.
Rehacek, J.
Contribution to
characteristics of role
of birds in tickborne
encephalitis foci in the
forest zone of western
and central Siberia.
Physiological age of
adult ixodid ticks and
rapid method for its
determination.
Proteus mirabilis,
agent destroying ticks
in laboratory
experiments.
1978
1977
1964
tickborne encephalitis, TBE, foci,
Siberia, birds, ticks, HI, OHF,
Ixodes persulcatus, I. redikorzevi,
I. trianguliceps, taiga, Angara
River, Irtysh River.
Tick, Dermacentor pictus,
physiological age.
Tick, guinea pigs, tick death,
bacteremic blood, Proteus
mirabilis, Ixodes ricinus,
Hyalomma asiaticum.
OHF among muskrats.
Observations were carried out from
mid-May to late August 1967-1972
in tickborne encephalitis (TBE) foci
in the forest zone of western and
central Siberia. We investigated
2,635 birds and collected from them
554 ticks: 268 larval, 282 nymphal,
2 male Ixodes persulcatus, 1
nymphal I. tranguliceps, and 1
female I. redikorzevi. I. persulcatus
was found on 37 bird species.
Further development in studying
the ecology and evaluating the
epidemiological importance of tick
populations and organizing antitick
campaigns is increasingly necessary
to protect the environment but
cannot be successful without
knowledge of the age structure of
the ticks.
From these results it may be
assumed that Proteus mirabilis
caused the death of ticks under
observation. The ticks were
obviously infected by sucking the
bacteremic blood of the guinea pig
which died of the Proteus infection.
Other kinds of bacteria may cause
the general dying of ticks but this
example of Proteus mirabilis points
to its danger during laboratory work
with ticks.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Pitis Rol'v Rasp.
Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July-August
1976), pp. 188-
189., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1480
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 46(5):
557-556,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1409
from Russian.
Biologia Bratisl.,
19 (12) :944-946,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 790
from Russian.

Reingol'd, V. N., S. E.
Smirnova, N. M.
Shestopalova, and M.
P. Chumakov.
Reinhardt, J.
Reshetnikov, I. A., S.
P. Chunikhin, G. S.
Kislenko, and V. B.
Kurenkov.
Combined
immunofluorescent
and electron
microscopic
investigations of tissue
culture infected with
Congo virus.
Virus-Infection
following tick bite as
an occupational
disease according to
article 38 of the 7th
BKVC.
Use of humoral
immunity indices for
characterizing long
persistence of certain
arboviruses in birds.
1972
1975
1977
Congo virus, immunofluorescent,
electron, Syrian hamster kidney,
SHK, antigen-antibody complexes,
AAC.
Tick,
radiculomyelomeningoencephalitis,
arbovirus, tickborne virus disease,
CEE.
arboviruses, humoral, rock doves,
birds, West Nile, WN, Powassan
virus.
The task of this study was to use
specific fluorescence of antigenantibody
complexes (AAC) to
investigate the ultrastructures and to
detect mature virus particles under
the light microscope.
Case investigation of a 60-year old
man, who had worked with a bare
torso, digging up pipes in the forest.
He was bitten by a tick and later
developed severe general symptoms
that placed his life in jeopardy and
he required hospitalization. For
many months, the man was totally
incapacitated and unable to earn his
living, suffering from severe
paralysis. An expert opinion given
2 years after the tickbite confirmed
the diagnosis of
radioculomyelomeningoencephalitis
that was caused by an arborvirus,
probably the CEE type, after
tickbite.
Appearance of long-absent
hemagglutinins to tickborne
encephalitis and Powassan viruses
is possibly preceded by natural
virus appearance in the blood,
which may be associated with
intensified humoral activity during
the period preceding reproduction.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 343-345.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1054
from Russian.
ArbMed.
SozMed.
PraventMed., 10
(11):232,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1040
from German.
Tezisy Dokl. 7.
Vses. Ornit.
Konf.
(Cherkassy,
September 1977),
pt. 2: pp. 84-85.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1246
from Russian.

Reshetnikov, I. A., P.
S. Karaseva, and B. F.
Semenov.
Reshtenikov, I. A., P.
S. Karaseva, and B. F.
Semenov.
Reznik, P. A.
Reznikova, O. Yu., V.
D. Rabinovich, G. A.
Tatarskaya, V. N.
Milyutin, O. N.
Kukharchuk, V. V.
Timchenko, S. Ya
Guidamovich, and V.
R. Obukhova.
Experience of using
the IHI test to detect
antibodies to
arboviruses in sera of
experimental animals
and residents of
natural foci.
Application of indirect
hemagglutination and
indirect
hemagglutination
inhibition tests for
studying endemic
arborvirus foci.
Contribution to study
of immature stages of
the tick family
Ixodidae.
Preparation of immune
ascitic fluid against
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus from white
mice.
1974
1974
1961
1974
IHI, foci, tickborne encephalitis,
TBE, variola-vaccine virus, guinea
pigs, rabbits, white mice, ram.
hemagglutination, IHA, IHI,
arbovirus, foci.
Tick, immature stages,
identification key, Ixodes frontalis,
Ixodes redikorzevi.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
mice, humans, ticks, horses, rats,
guinea pigs, newborn white mice,
NWM, oleosus-bacterial mixture,
OBM, CF, AGDP, IAF, foci.
The undertaken investigation
related to the use of a modified IHI
test demonstrated perspectiveness
of applying this tool for both
studying laboratory aspects of
arboviruses and serological survey
of foci of arboviral infections.
Examination of human sera
collected in an Uukuinemi virus
focus showed the coincidence of
results in HI and IHI tests in sera,
antihemagglutinin titers of which
exceeded 1:20.
In this report, we analyze the
possible use of IHA and IHI tests in
investigating endemic arborvirus
foci. Experimental investigation
results allowed us to recommend
the IHA test to indicate
cytopathogenic tissue cultures and
cytopathogenic viruses in hamster
and pig embryo cell cultures.
Paper on Ixodes frontalis and I.
redikorzevi. Includes identification
key.
A method for preparation of highly
active IAFs to CHF virus for
different serologic tests was
described. The titers of antibodies
in the CF test ranged from 1:160 to
1:640, and from 1:8 to 1:64 in the
AGDP test. Immune response of
individuals to CHF virus differed
essentially, so that the ascites from
individual mice should be titrated
before pooling.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, (1): 70-
73., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1144
from Russian.
Mater. Resp.
Sim. Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974),
pp. 34-35,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1011
from Russian.
Trudy Nauch.-
Issled. Protiv.
Kavk. Zakavk.
(5): 276-286,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 382
from Russian.
Sborn. Trudy
Inst. Virus. imeni
D. I. Ivanovsky,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
(1):46-50.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1148
from Russian.

Richter, S.
Robin, L. A.
Robinson, I. A., and
A. P. Savinov
Direct contact of the
sensory cells of the
cuticular sense organs
with the exterior. A
light and electron
microscope
investigation of the
antennal
chemoreceptor sense
organ of Calliphora
larvae.
Indochinese
typhoexanthematous
fevers: virulence and
primary ulceration
(experimental study).
Comparative
morphological
investigation of the
infection caused in
different animals by
inoculation with
Kemerovo virus.
1962
1942
1964
Calliphora, C. erythrocephala,
Musca domestica, Blatta orientalis,
chemoreceptor, honey bee, sensory
cells.
Indochinese typhoexanthematous,
scrub typhus, Tsutsugamushi,
Japanese river fever, boutonneuse
virus, guinea pigs, rabbits, ticks.
Kemerovo virus, tick, Ixodes
persulcatus, newborn white mice,
NWM, Syrian hamsters, Macaca
rhesus monkeys.
In each anntennal sense organ 3
sections can be distinguished: the
dome, a cylindrical portion, and a
marketdly larger pear-shaped
portion which contains a large
vacuole, and in whose proximal part
there are about 60 cell nuclei. The
structure of the plasma bordering
the vacuole and the particular
differentiations within the plasma
are described. The profusion of
mitrochondria and presence of an
endoplasmatic reticulum indicate a
secretory activity of the plasma
surrounding the vacuole.
We sought for the connection that
exists in tropical pseudo-typhus
between the intensity of the local
cutaneous reaction and the quality
of virus (more or less high
virulence) introduced
intracutaneously into guinea pig.
The same study was made
concerning the role of the amount
of virus introduced with fixed
virulence.
Studied histological changes in the
central nervous system, internal
organs, and striated muscle of
differing strains of Kemerovo virus
in (65) newborn white mice, (18)
Syrian hamsters, and two Macaca
rhesus monkeys. Virus delivered to
mice and hamsters intracerebrally,
subcutaneously, and
intraperitoneally. One monkey
infected intracerebrally, and 1
intracerebrally and intramuscularly.
Histological investigations showed
no distinct changes in the internal
organs of monkeys, hamsters and
Z. Morph. Okol.
Tiere, 52:171-
196. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 384
from German.
Rev. Med. Franç.
Ext-Orient., 20(8-
10):1077-1084,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 214
from French.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), pp.249-
251, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 886
from Russian.

Rodin, I. M., N. N.
Sergeev, N. G.
Pistsov, and L. N.
Shoshiev.
Rodin, S. D.
Roman, E., M. R.
Battesti, and J. Charret.
Rosick?, B., and M.
Daniel.
Experimental
serotherapy of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever.
Development of
microbiological
control methods
against ixodids.
Parastism of a
newborn baby by
hexapod larvae of the
acarine Argas reflexus.
Contibution to the
problem of including
ixodid ticks
transported by
migratory birds into
new biocenoses.
1963
1977
1960
1978
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
horses, monkeys, mice.
Tick, Hyalomma anatolicum, H.
detritum, Rhipicephalus bursa,
microbiological control, disease
agents, rabbits, cattle.
Argas reflexus, newborn baby,
hexapod, parastism, ticks.
ixodid ticks, mosquitoes, migratory
birds, biocenoses, Czechoslovakia,
TBE, Uukuniemi, Lednice-Yaba 1,
Sindbis, West Nile, TBE,
Lipovnik, Loliba, and Tribec.
whilte mice infected with
Kemerovo virus; however, diffusing
inflammatory changes (of the
menigoencephalomyelitis type with
different characteristic features)
were recorded in animals.
Use of gamma-globulin in the
inoculation period after infection
with OHF virus prevents
development of the infectious
process.
Investigations were made in 1974 in
the Laboratory of Protozoology and
Arachnology, All-Union Institute of
Experimental Veterinary Science, to
find disease agents of ixodid ticks.
Investigation of a case of hexapod
larvae found on June 15 and 25,
1959 on a 6-month old child, one
on his forehead near his hair and the
other on his arm, both solidly
attached by the rostrum.
Investigations on arboviruses, their
vectors and birds as their hosts have
been carried out in Czechoslovakia
within studies on natural focality of
diseases since the first isolation of
tickborne encephalitis (TBE) virus
in 1948. The importance of bird
migrations is demonstrated by
experiments on survival of ticks in
places which are a) considerably
distant from the normal range of
tick species, b) close to the range
boundary, and c) situated in
uninfested biotopes of the tick's
range.
Vop. Virus., 8
(2): 193-199.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1457
from Russian.
"Kolos";
Moskva, pp. 44-
49, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1424 from
Russian.
Bull. Soc. Path.
Exot., 53(3): 420-
423., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1688
from French.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Ptits Rol'v Rasp.
Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July-August
1976), pp. 206-
208., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1700
from Russian.

Roslaya, I. G., G. E.
Roslayakov, A. A.
Magamodov, V. I.
Morozov, and E. M.
Burlyaeva.
Roslaya, I. G., G. E.
Roslyakov, and E. M.
Burlyaeva.
Participation of birds
in arbovirus
circulation in the Pre-
Amur River area.
Role of birds in
circulation of arbo-
and myxoviruses in
Khabarovsk region.
1978
1977
birds, Pre-Amur River, migratory,
marine, HI, tickborne, TBE,
Japanese encephalitides, JE,
Sindbis, Tyuleniy, red-faced
cormorant, WEE, EEE,
Phalocrocorax urile, Anas falcata,
A. acuta, A. querquedula,
Chlidonias leucoptera, Mergus
albellus, M. merganser, Turdus
naumanni, T. hortulorum,
Dendrocopus leucotos, Sitta
europaea, Tetrastes bonasia, teal,
mallard, terns, herons, smews,
pintails, goosanders, geese, thrush,
woodpecker, nuthatch, grouse,
turtle doves.
Khabarovsk, myxoviruses,
Kamchatka,, Sakhalin, Kuril'
Islands, tickborne encephalitis,
TBE, Japanese encephalitis, JE,
EEE, WEE, Venezuelan equine
encephalomyelitis, VE, Sindbis,
Tyuleniy virus, birds.
In the last 5 years (1971-1975),
over 200 specimens of migratory
and resident birds belonging to
nearly 150 species were examined
for TBE, JBE, VEE, WEE, EEE,
Sindbis, and Tyuleniy arborviruses.
Serological surveys established the
leading role of waterfowl and
shorebirds (terns, common herons,
Anseriformes, some species of
Charadriiformes) in circulation of
arboviruses. With certain
arboviruses, positive results were
frequently obtained in birds of other
ecological groups. For example,
over 20% of Oriental turtle doves
were infected with EEE virus. Some
forest birds (hazel hen, Naumann's
thrush, nuthatch, white-backed
woodpecker, etc.) had a
considerable number of specimens
positive for TBE and Sindbis
viruses.
In 1970-74, we investigated more
than 2,000 birds of 153 species
nesting in Khabarovsk region and
more than 20 seabirds from
Kamchatka, Sakhalin, and Kuril'
Islands. In virological investigation
of birds for influenza, we were able
to isolate more than 100 different
strains.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Ptits Rol' v Rasp.
Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July-August,
1976), pp. 164-
167., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1644
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 7.
Vses. Ornit.
Konf.
(Cherkassy,
September 1977),
pt. 2: pp. 85-87.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1247
from Russian.

Roslaya, I. G., V. A.
Demenev, A. I.
Prygova, G. E.
Roslyakov, and L. A.
Vereta.
Rostigaev, B. A.
Rostigaev, B. A. and
P. I. Shiranovich.
Rostomashvili, A. P.
Rotenburg, S. S.
Certain questions of
ecology of tickborne
encephalitis group
viruses in the lower
Primor'ye.
Status of
Ctenophthalmus
pisticus, Jordan [sic]
and Rothschild 1921
in the system of the
genus Ctenophthalmus
Kolenati 1856.
A new flea species
Ctenophthalmus
(Euctenophthalmus)
tataricus.
Material on the
biology of
Haemaphysalis
warburtoni Nutt.
Contribution to
clinical picture of Far
East tickborne fever.
1981
1971
1964
1955
1941
tickborne encephalitis, TBE, Pre-
Amur, Dermacentor silvarum,
Haemaphysalis concinna, Aedes,
Anopheles, Culicoides pulicaris, C.
obsoletus, CF, IHA, AGDP, IAF,
birds, mice, ticks, mosquitoes,
midges, waterfowl.
Fleas, Ctenophthalmus pisticus,
chipmunks, Eutamias sibiricus.
Flea, Ctenophthalmus
(Euctenophthalmus) tataricus.
Tick, life cycle, Haemaphysalis
warburtoni.
Tick, rickettsiosis, Rhipicephalus
sanguineus, Dermacentor nuttalli,
Ixodes persulcatus, Haemaphysalis
concinna, Far East tickborne fever.
The data on isolation of arboviruses
of the TBE group from arthropods
and migratory waterfowl are
presented. Some aspects of the
ecology of this group of viruses
with respect to economic activity of
man in Lower Primor'ye territory
are discussed.
About 200 known species and
subspecies of the genus
Ctenophthalmus are assembled in
14 mono and polytype subgenera.
A new species of the flea
Ctenophthalmus
(Euctenophthalmus) tataricus Rost.
et Schir. sp. nov., a male, which
was found on bank vole
(Clethrionomys glareolus Schreber)
in the eastern part of the Tatar
ASSR in described.
Observations under laboratory
conditions were carried out in order
to study periods of development of
ticks at specific termerature and
humidity conditions, for
comaprison of data with field
observations, and in order to obtain
a more accurate idea of the life
cycle of H. warburtoni.
In the USSR, tickborne types of
rickettsiosis were observed in the
Crimea (Alyov). Siberia, and the
Far East.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 90-
94., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1604
from Russian.
Proc. 13. Int.
Congr. Ent.
(Moscow,
August, 1968),
1 :193-194,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 785
from Russian.
Zool. Sh., 43
(4) :612-613,
NAMRU No. 3
Translation 753
from Russian.
Trud. Gruzinsk,
nauch.-issled.
Vet. Inst., 11:205-
214, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 125
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 10(1):
116-121,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1301
from Russian.

Rubin, S. G.
Rubin, S. G., A. M.
Butenko, T. I.
Zavdova, G. A.
Karinskaya, S. E.
Smirnova, E. A.
Tkachenko, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Rumyantseva, A. V.
and M. R.
Netsengevich.
New modification of
the agar gel diffusion
and precipitation
reaction (DPRA)
useful for studying
antigenic differences
in viruses.
Improvements and
application of brain
and culture antigens of
CHF and Congo
viruses for serological
investigations.
A case of isolation of
the plague agent from
the mites Laelaps
algericus.
1971
1970
1960
Tick, viral hemorrhagic fever,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
tickborne encephalitis, TBE, agar
gel diffusion and precipitation
reaction, DPRA.
Tick, Congo viruses, CHF, culture
antigens.
Laelaps algericus, Bdellonyssus
nagayoi, Mus musculus,
Rhombomys opimus,
Haemolaelaps longipes, Meriones
tamariscinus, Eulaelaps stabularis,
Pasteurella pestis, white mice,
guinea pigs, plague, rodents, rats,
fleas, gerbil, gamasid mites,
ectoparasites.
A new modification of the agar gel
diffusion and precipitation reaction
(DPRA) was developed to study
interrelationships between
arboviruses of the tickborne
encephalitis (RSSE) subgroup.
A successful study of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever (CHF) is
inseparably associated with
serologic methods for diagnosing
this infection. Complement fixation
(CF) and diffuse precipitation
reaction in agar (PRA) are broadly
used in practical virology owing to
easy performance and high
specificity of these tests.
During September 1958, three
Laelaps algericus specimens were
collected from a domestic mouse
that had died of plague. Pasteurella
pestis cultures were isolated from
these as well as from fleas from the
dead mouse. The isolated cultures
possessed morphological, tinctorial,
cultural, and biochemical
characteristics of the plague
microbe.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19 :443-444,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 801
from Russian.
Master. 3.
Oblast. Nauch.-
Prakt. Kof.
(Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 25-29,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 523
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 39
(11): 1732-1733.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 137
from Russian.

Ruser, M.
Rusev, L. R.
Ryabova, I. N.
Contribution to
knowledge of the
chitin and musculature
of ticks (Ixodoidea).
Hemorrhagic fever
incidence in Svishtov.
Influence of
temperature on speed
of beginning
oviposition and
embryonic
development in
Haemaphysalis
japonica douglasi.
1933
1954
1971
chitin, ticks, Ixodoidea, Ixodes
ricinus, I. plumbeum obotritieus,
Hyalomma marginatum brionicum,
Amblyomma variegatum,
Boophilus, Argas persicus.
hemorrhagic fever, Crimean, tick,
Hyalomma marginatum, patients,
Bulgaria, Svishtov.
Tick, rabbits, oviposition,
temperatures, embryonic
development, Ixodes persulcatus,
Haemaphysalis japonica douglasi.
At this juncture, several
investigations of an anatomical and
histological nature which were
recently undertaken at the
Zoological Institute in Rostock
resulted in the posing of the present
problem, namely, the structure of
the chitin in the case of the various
inornate tick species, and the exact
course of the musculature as well as
determining their mode of action.
This resulted in the discovery of
some new details in the
construction of the digestive and
genital organs, which, however,
remained generally the same. For
the arrangement of the leg
musculature of the individual leg
segments fixation of the markings
had to be undertaken.
In 1953 in some places in our
country, isolated cases were
detected and the vector-tick
Hyalomma marginatum was even
found. Investigation follows a 54year
old male and his daughter,
describing hemorrhagic fever in
Plovdiv area of Bulgaria.
These data show that
Haemaphysalis japonica douglasi
development possible occurs in a
more limited temperature range
than that of Ixodes persulcatus ticks
of the Far East population.
Z. Morph, Okol.
Tiera. 24(2): 199-
261., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 22
from German.
Suvrem. Med.,
Sof., (2): 110-
113., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1513
from Bulgarian.
Dokl. Irkutsk.
Protiv. Inst. (9) :
243-244,
NAMRU No.3,
Translation 575
from Russian.

Ryabova, I.N.
Rybalko, S. I., E. F.
Petrova, and E. T.
Prikhod'ko.
Rybalko, S. I., M. V.
Pankina, N. I.
Kannegiser, and T. S.
Burlakova
Effect of temperature
on duration of
development in
immature stages of
ticks of the genus
Haemaphysalis.
1971
Tickborne encephalitis
in eastern Kazakhstan. 1963
Hemorrhagic fever in
southern localities of
Kazakhstan.
Application of agar
gel precipitation test
for antigenic
1963
Haemaphysalis japonica, H.
concinna
Tick, encephalitis, TBE, I.
persulcatus, Dermacentor
marginatus, Haemaphysalis
punctata.
Ticks, hemorrhagic fever,
hemorrhagic syndrome, H.
plumbeum plumbeum, H.
anatolicum, H. detritum,
Hyalomma.
agar gel precipitation, AGP,
tickborne encephalitis, TBE, Omsk
The effect of temperature on
developmental duration in
immature Haemaphysalis japonica
and H. concinna was studied.
In 1954, a tickborne encephalitis
(TBE) outbreak was recorded in the
construction area of Ust'-
Kamenogorsk-Zyryanovsk railway.
Thus, we assumed the possibility
that this infection may be
distributed to other regions of
Estern-Kazakhstan Oblast,
particularly in Bol'shoi-Narym and
Katon-Karagai regions (Rybalko,
Petrova, and Prikhod'ko 1960).
Symptoms of hemorrhagic fever in
Kazakhstan are the same as in
Uzbekistan and Kazhikistan; also
related by high number of fatalities.
Report presents experimental data
on application of the modified agar
gel precipitation test for possible
determination of antigenic
relationship between different virus
species of the tickborne encephalitis
(TBE) group. Six virus species of
the TBE group were investigated
and the following conclusions were
made: 1) the agar gel precipitation
test may be used to differentiate
TBE antigenic complex viruses
without applying cross-adsorption
of antigens by immune sera; 2)
alcohol-acetone-ether antigens, may
be used as precipitating antigens for
Dokl. Irkutsk.
Protiv. Inst., (9):
244-245,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 576
from Russian
Trudy Inst. Zool.
Akad. Nauk
Kazakh. SSR.
19 : 234-237,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 645
from Russian.
Med. Parasit.,
Moscow (5)
(reprint, page not
numbered)
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 154
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio, Virus,

Rzhakhova, O. E., and
M. P. Chumakov.
Rzhakhova, O. E., T.
K. Dzagurova, and M.
P. Chumakov.
Sagredo, N. P.
differentiation of
species and types of
tickborne encephalitis
subgroup viruses.
Dynamics of
accumulation and
specificity of
antibodies in ascitic
fluid and serum of
white rats immunized
with tickborne
encephalitis virus.
Linguatula rhinaria
larva (Pentastoma
denticulatum) in
human lungs.
1964 hemorrhagic fever, OHF, Sofin,
louping ill, Kyasanur forest
disease, Malayan Langat, Canadian
Powassan virus.
1978
1928
white rats, tickborne encephalitis,
TBE, mice, central nervous system,
CNS, Ixodes ricinus, ticks, CF, HI,
N, newborn white mice, NWM, pig
embryo kidney, PEK.
Linguatula rhinaria, larva,
Pentastoma denticulatum,
nematode, humans, lungs, dogs,
liver, gut walls, kidneys, spleen.
TBE subgroup viruses; 3)
comparison of two distribution
methods of the test components by
groups of "seven" and "four"
showed prevalence of the latter
("four") in regard to the possible
separation of diffuse fields of
homologous and heterologous
antigen-antibody systems; 4)
different degrees of antigenic
interrelatioships were determined
between the TBE eastern prototype
strain Sofin, and prototype strains
of louping ill (S-1), Omsk
hemorrhagic fever (OHF),
Kyasanur forest disease (p9605),
Malayan Langat (TP-21), and
Canadian Powassan viruses.
The neutralizing antibody to
tickborne encephalitis (TBE) was
discovered relatively early in the
blood sera of white rats (6-8 days)
after the single complex
subcutaneous-intraperitonealintramuscular
immunization had
been carried out.
Results of autopsy of 17-year old
male who died of lethargic
encephalitis, and discovery of
Linguatula rhinaria larvae of the
right lung. This nematode is often
found in the nasal cavity of dogs.
Entsef. (Moscow
1964), pp. 21-22.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 922
from Russian.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Ptits Rol'v Rasp.
Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July-August
1976), pp. 247-
251., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1482
from Russian.
Vrach. Delo, 11
(4): pp. 314-316.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 655
from Russian.

Saltykov, V. V., E. K.
Polyanskikh, M. E.
Bokova, and V. D.
Zverev.
Samiolova, T. I., and
G. M. Danilova.
Combined foci of
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever and
toxoplasmosis (data
from investigating
blood sera).
The tick Ixodes ricinus
as a Uukuniemi virus
vector.
1978
1974
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
toxoplasmosis, muskrats, birds,
tularemia, Siberia, forest-steppe,
steppe-lake, Karasuk, Novosibirsk
Oblast, Chagan, Kalinovskoe,
Krugloe, Studenoe, Sibiryak,
Nadyr, foci.
Ixodes ricinus, ticks, nymphs,
larvae, newborn white mice,
NWM, Uukuniemi virus, UUK, CF.
Our data show existence of
combined foci of viral and bacterial
infections in the lake forest-steppe
of western Siberia. While
participating in toxoplasmosis
circulation, muskrats may become
the source of toxoplasmosis
infection for migratory aquatic birds
associated with this infection on
lakes owing to common conditions
of existence.
Adult ticks were fed on clean
guinea pigs. A total of 28 recently
deposited eggs by female ticks were
individually investigated for virusinfection.
The virus was isolated
only in 1 case. Its relationship to the
UUK group was confirmed by the
CF test. Larvae developed from
eggs kept at room temperature for
1.5 months; 1,350 larvae were
divided into 9 pools of 150 each
and investigated virologically. The
virus was isolated in two cases.
It was demonstrated that adult I.
ricinus are able to transmit
Uukuniemi virus by feeding and
also transovarially to the progeny
but this transmission apparently
occurs infrequently. Transmission
is possibly related to the virus
quantity contained in the ticks.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Ptits Rol' v Rasp.
Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July-August
1976), pp. 180-
182., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1479
from Russian.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974),
pp.18-19,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 967
from Russian.

Samoilova, T. I. and
A. S. Gembitsky.
Samoilova, T. I. and I.
N. Voinov.
Participation of certain
song birds in
transporting
arboviruses along the
west coast route
(Kurshkaya sand bar,
tbe Baltic Sea).
Pathogenicity of a
Belorussian strain of
Uukuniemi virus for
Macaca rhesus
monkeys.
1974
1974
Ixodes ricinus, Baltic Sea,
arboviruses, birds, foci, Belorussia,
Kurshkaya, passeriformes,
flycatchers, redstarts, thrushes,
swallows, Ixodid ticks, newborn
white mice, NWM, tit, blackbird,
CF, TBE, murine
encephalomyelitis, lymphocytic
choriomeningitis, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE, Uukuniemi,
Tyuleniy, migration.
Pathogenicity, Belorussia,
Uukuniemi, Macaca rhesus
monkeys, Potepli, meningitis,
newborn white mice, NWM,
Ixodes ricinus, ticks, CF, HI,
Belovezhskiy.
Detecting arboviruses in the blood
and internal organ sections of
migrating birds during spring
migrations is direct evidence on
possible introduction of arboviruses
into overwintering and nomad areas
with birds migrating by the west
coast route. It should be stressed
that ixoded ticks, and especially
Ixodes ricinus (its immature states
parasitize the above-mentioned bird
species), are active during this
period in nesting areas along
migration routes. This
circumstance, together with viremia
in birds, favor arbovirus
penetrations into local biocenoses
and development of new infection
foci.
Our observations showed that
Belovezhskiy strain (UUK 302)
caused no neurological symptoms
of disease in Macaca rhesus, in
contrast to the Potepli strain, which
from the Gresikova et al.
observations, developed a picture of
serous meningitis when injected.
The only clinical symptom
observed in infected aimals was an
8-day fever. The virus appeared in
the blood early, during the first days
following inoculation of monkeys.
This has also been observed by
Czech investigators in their tests.
However, in this case the titers were
minimum. Whereas, Gresikova et
al. detected virus in the blood in
maximum titers during the first
days.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974),
pp. 44-46.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1222
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad,
Med. Nauk,
SSSR, (1): 112-
115., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1149
from Russian.

Samoilova, T. I., I. N.
Voinov, A. I.
Grigor'ev, and S. T.
Leshkov.
Samoilova, T. I., V. I.
Votyakov, N. P.
Mishaeva, L. P.
Khod'ko, L. V.
Fedorchuk, I. N.
Voinov, and G. M.
Danilova.
Samsinakova, A.
Samson, K.
Uukuniemi virus
ecology in Belorussia. 1974
Detection of
Uukuniemi virus in
Belorussia.
Beauveria globulifera,
(SPEG) Pic. as a
parasite of the tick
Ixodes ricinus L.
On the spermiogenesis
of ticks.
1973
1957
1909
Uukuniemi, Belorussia, foci, UUK,
Viebsk, Grodno Oblast, Aedes,
ixodid ticks, Ixodes ricinus,
Dermacentor pictus, Passeriformes,
cattle, sheep, birds, newborn white
mice, NWM, CF, biological
neutralization, BN, immune ascitic
fluid, IAF, HI.
Tick, murine rodents, Uukuniemi
virus.
Tick, entomophagous fungus,
Ixodes ricinus, Beauveria
globulifera, Ixodiphagus caucurtei,
Hunterellus hookeri.
Tick, Germany, spermiogenesis,
Ornithodoros moubata.
Eight strains of UUK virus have
been isolated from Ixodes ricinus
ticks, All these strains were isolated
from adults, 6 from females. Two
isolates from males proved to be a
mixture of tickborne encephalitis
(TBE) and UUK viruses.
In 1970-1971, we isolated
Uukuniemi virus strains from ticks
and organs of murine rodents
collected in southwestern
Belorussian SSR (Brest Oblast).
Belovezhskyi- Uukuniemi- 302
strain was the most adequately
studied of the strains. We cite
hereunder the data on this strain.
It is obviously possible that in
nature ticks can be infected and die
of entomophagous fungus. In the
life cycle of ticks are periods when
they shelter in the ground where the
conditions, especially dampness,
are favorable for fungus
development. In the meantime it is
impossible to draw any conclusions
from these isolated cases and
certainly more attention should be
paid to this problem.
Paper on the spermiogenesis of
Ornithodoros moubata.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol, Virus., 2:
60-65. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 770
from Russian.
Vop. Virus. 18
(1): 111-112,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1389
from Russian.
Zool. Listy, 20
(4) :329-330,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 799
from Czech.
Sitzungsb. Ges.
Naturf. Fr. Berl.
8: 486-499,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 321
from German.

Santos Dias, J. A. T.
Sapegina, V. F.
Sapegina, V. F., Yu.
A. Leonov, and N. N.
Kharitonova.
Is Hunterellus hookeri
an efficient element of
natural control of
Amblyomma tholloni,
populations in
Mozambique?
The ecology of ixodid
ticks in the foreststeppe
TBE focus of
northeastern Altai.
Data on the
characteristics of
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever in northern
Kulunda.
1969
1967
1969
Hunterellus hookeri, Ixodiphagus
caucurtei, Amblyomma tholloni,
control, hymenoptera, ticks,
Mozambique, elephant, Maputo,
parasitism.
Tick, TBE, Ixodes persulcatus,
Haemaphysalis concinna,
Dermacentor pictus, D. silvarum, I.
trianguliceps, I. apronophorous, H.
plumbeum, Sorex caecuticus.
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, (OHF),
northern Kulunda,
Study of hyperparasitism - four
engorged nymphs collected from a
small elephant were observed and
after several days showed
hymenoptera had emerged from
inside the metamorphosed tick
nymphs.
Our investigations were devoted to
the ecology of ixodid ticks in this
least studied area of Altai.
The species composition of ticks
and fleas feeding on small
mammals was studied during a
sharp decrease in the number of
water-rats and red voles.
Ectoparasite exchange among small
mammals as well as transmission of
the specific ectoparasites of waterrats
to the other mammal species
were observed.
Rev. Ciênc. Vet.,
2, s.A., pp. 185-
200., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1670
from Portugese.
Biol. Inst. Akad.
Nauk SSSR,
Sibirsk. Otd.;
Novosibirsk, pp.
38-45, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 601
from Russian.
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Biol. Inst.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, Inst.
Plio. Virus.
Entsef., Minist.
Zdravookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk.
Inst. Prirod.--
Ochag. Infekts.;
Novosibirsk, pp.
301-307,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 357
from Russian.

Sapegina, V. G. and
N. N. Kharitonova.
Sarkisyan, B. G., A. S.
Novokhatsky, L. K.
Berezina, and D. K.
L'vov.
Sarmanova, E. S., G.
G. Bannova, M. V.
Bychkova, V. K.
Izotov, G. P.
Pivanova, G. P. Fleer,
and N. V. Shalunova.
On the ability of bird
fleas to transmit Omsk
hemorrhagic fever to
white mice under
experimental
conditions.
Certain physicalchemical
properties of
Okhotskiy virus.
Serology of tickborne
viral Kemerovo fever.
1969
1979
1964
Tick, bird fleas, Omsk hemorrhagic
fever, OHF, white mice,
Ceratophyllus garei, C. gallinae,
Dermacentor marginatus, D. pictus,
Ixodes apronophorus, N. fuligula,
natural foci.
Tick, physical-chemical properties,
Okhotskiy virus.
Kemerovo, fever, virus,
complement fixation, CF,
hemagglutination inhibition, HI,
chicken embryo kidney cell
cultures, CE, pig embryo kidney,
PEK.
The present paper reports about the
experiments with fleas
Ceratophyllus garei, Ceratophyllus
gallinae and Omsk hemorrhagic
fever virus. The fleas when sucking
blood of viraemic mice became
infected with virus and transmitted
it to virus free mice by biting the
latter. The results of the
experiments suggest that both
species of fleas can take part in the
circulation of Omsk hemorrhagic
fever virus in the natural nidi.
In this report, we give results from
several investigations of previously
unstudied physical-chemical
characteristics of Okhotskiy virus.
Hemagglutinating properties of
Kemerovo virus strains were
studied and the methods of
preparing the antigen for
complement fixation and
hemagglutination inhibition tests
were elaborated. HI and CF tests
were successfully used to study
antibodies in hyperimmune animal
sera. Succeeded in preparing active
specific immune sera to Kemerovo
fever virus. The data from
investigating sera for antibodies to
Kemerovo virus are presented in the
report.
Sibirsk. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Biol. Inst.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, Inst,
Polio. Virus,
Entsef., Minst.
Zdravookhr.
RSFSR, Omsk
Inst. Prirod.-
Ochag. Infekts.;
Novosibirsk, pp.
363-367,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 362
from Russian.
Vop. Virus. 24
(4): 372-377,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1413
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
1964), p. 256,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 891
from Russian.

Sarmanova, E. S., I. S.
Mikhailova, and M.
V. Bychkova.
Sartbaev, S. K.
Sartbaev, S. K.
Comparative study of
Kemerovo virus
strains isolated in
western Siberia in
different years.
Data on the biology of
Haemaphysalis
warburtoni Nutt. 1912
in Kirghizia.
Materials on the
biology of
Haemaphysalis
warburtoni in
conditions of
Kirghizia.
1972
1959
1955
Kemerovo, Siberia, Ixodes
persulcatus, CF, newborn white
mice, NWM, chicken fibroblast
cells.
Tick, Haemaphysalis warburtoni,
cattle, goats, sheep, guinea pigs.
Haemaphysalis warburtoni, Capra
sibirica, Alticole, Baibacina
marmota,Ovis ammon L., Vulpes
vulpes, Cricetulus migratorius,
Sicista tianschanica, Stenocranius
gregalis, Lepus tolai, Stenocranius
gregalis, Kirghiz, ticks, goats,
sheep, cattle, horses, nymphs,
rodents, larvae, Georgia, Kazakhsk,
Novo-Voznesenovsky, Issik-
Kulsko.
In 1967-1970, 9 Kemerovo virus
strains were isolated from Ixodes
persulcatus collected in different
regions of Kemerovo Oblast. The
strains were studied by comparison
with 2 prototype strains isolated in
1962 in the same Oblast.
Our investigations aimed at
studying H. warburtoni biology and
harmfulness in Kirghizia. Field
observations were made from
March 1952 to May 1955 in
Novovoznesenovka "Syrty" region.
Issyk-Kul' Oblast. The itinerary
covered almost all southern regions
of Kirgizia. Our tick ecology
investigations were based on the
methods of Pavlovsky (1928,
1931), Galuzo (1946), and
Serdyukova (1948).
In the period of 1952-1954, 9
species of domestic animals,
numbering 4179 were inspected,
also 10 species of wild mammals
(1017 specimens) and 17 species of
birds (251 specimens). Collections
were also made off the host. During
the indicated period 4450
specimens of H. warburtoni were
collected, 4121 of them adult ticks,
174 larvae, and 155 nymphs.
Tezisy 17,
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 281-282.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1096
from Russian.
Izv. Akad. Nauk
Kirgiz. SSR, S.
Biol. Nauk, 1
(2) : 65-78,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 641
from Russian.
Acad. Sci.
Kirghiz SSR.,
Inst., Parasit.,
Issue 4, 1955, pp.
121-127.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 12
from Russian.

Sartbayev, S. K.
Sattarov, I. S., Yu. L.
Degtyarev., A. I.
Kir'yanova, and T. P.
Pak.
Savitsky, B. P.
Ticks of the genus
Haemaphysalis in
Kirgizia.
Results and prospects
of studying arbovirus
infections, influenza,
and ornithosis in
Tadzhikistan.
Contact associations
and parasite exchange
between birds and
mammals.
1961
1975
1977
Tick, Soviet Union, Haemaphysalis
warburtoni, Haemaphysalis
punctata, Haemaphysalis sulcata.
Tadzhikistan, ornithosis, influenza,
arbovirus, Crimean hemorrhagic
fever, Tahyna virus, CHF, ixodid
ticks, Hyalomma anatolicum, H.
marginatum, H. detritum, Culex
pipiens, Anopheles hycranus, calf,
fowl, birds.
ectoparasites, birds, mammals,
foci, Belorussia, eastern Siberia,
Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast,
Khabarovsk, Sakhalin, Kamchatka,
parasites, rodents, mice, mites,
suslik, mouse, ticks, fleas,
mosquitoes, Laelaps hilaris,
Microtus, Laelaps agilis, Laelaps
algericus, Haemolaelaps longipes,
Dermanyssus, Ixodes ricinus, I.
persulcatus, Haemaphysalis
concinna, Dermacentor pictus, D.
It has been observed that in
Kirgizia, ticks of the genus
Haemaphysalis are attached to
specific altitude belts and
vegetation formations. H.
warburtoni is prevalent in the high
mountain zones of Kirgizia, which
have relatively severe cold climate
and short warm period. H. punctata
is widely distributed in all the
territory of the republic and
parasitizes animals in meadowsteppe
and meadow landscapes. Its
greatest range of dispersion is
recorded in the zones of nut-forests
and shrubs. H. sulcata is also
widely distributed and is found in
semi-desert and landscapes with
wormwood-deciduous vegetation.
The presence of a complicated
complex of natural conditions
creates different ecological
prerequisites for the existence of
arboviruses; evidence for this are
results of recent investigations. We
give hereunder the main results
from investigating this problem by
the Dushanbe Institute of
Epidemiology and Hygiene.
Analysis of the species composition
and numbers of ectoparasites
collected from more than 35,000
birds and mammals investigated in
natural infection foci in Belorussia,
eastern Siberia, Kalmyk
Autonomous Oblast, Khabarovsk
region, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka
showed that exchange of parasites
between birds and mammals has a
Prir. Ochag.
Bolez. Vop.
Parasit. Akad.
Nauk Kazakh
SSR 4(3): 484-
488, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 120
from Russian.
Mater. 9. Simp.
Ekol. virus.
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 4-8.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1117
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 7.
Vses. Ornit.
Konf.
(Cherkassy,
September 1977),
pp. (2): 87-88.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1249
from Russian.

Savitsky, B. P. and E.
V. Okuntsova.
Savosina, N. S. and I.
I. Terskikh.
Distribution of Ixodes
angustus Neum.
(Ixodidae).
Sensitivity of certain
arboviruses isolated in
the territory of
Ukrainian SSR to
temperature and pH
medium.
1967
1982
silvarum, tickborne encephalitis
virus.
Tick, rodents, birds, shrews, foci,
Ixodes angustus, Lepus timidus,
Sorex caecutiens, S. unguiculatus,
Clethrionomys rutilus.
Ukrainian, pH, Tyulek, Khasan,
Bunyaviridae, Batai, Bunyamwera,
mice.
limited character.
In 1965 when searching natural foci
of the tick encephalitis in Northern
Sakhalin (Okha region) the authors
studied 129 specimens of rodents,
126 shrews and 42 specimens of
birds for infection with
ectoparasites. On 10 species of
Muridae and shrews the larvae,
nymphae and imago of Ixodes
angustus Neum. were found in
mass. Sorex caecutiens Laxm. and
Sorex unguiculatus Dobs. were
most infected with larvae of I.
angulatus. The greatest amount of
nymphae was found on
Clethrionomys rutilus Pall., S.
unguiculatus Dobs. and C.
rufocanus Sundeb. The greatest
amount of imago was found on C.
rutilus Pall.
The effect of temperature and pH of
medium on the survival of three
arbovirus strains isolated in the
territory of the USSR was studied.
Zool. Zh., 46
(12) : 1849-1850,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 637
from Russian.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Inst. Virus.
imeni. D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 62-
65., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1653
from Russian.

Sazonov, A. A., D. K.
L'Vov, L. Ya. Skaya,
Yu. V. Chernetsov,
and N. P. Obrosova-
Serova.
Sazonov, A. A., D. K.
L'Vov, V. M.
Chumakov, and N. N.
Sokolova.
Schaltenbrand, G.
Serological
examination of
seabirds for antibodies
to influenza viruses in
northern Soviet Far
East.
Data on serological
investigation of
humans and birds for
influenza on
Commander Islands,
Kamchatka Oblast.
Arthropodborne
diseases of the skin
and nervous system.
1973
1974
1967
seabirds, influenza, Soviet Far
East, Sakhalin, Kamchatka,
Magadan Oblast, HI, Commander
Islands, Iona Island, Sea of
Okhotsk, Guillemot, ducks, turkey,
equine, horses, pigs, cattle, sheep,
dogs, foxes, wolves, hares,
baboons Uria aalgae.
humans, birds, influenza,
Commander Islands, Kamchatka
Oblast, shags, puffins, gulls,
guillemots, chicken plague, quail
plague, duck, chick, tern, duck,
turkey, Larus schistisagus,
Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Lunda
cirrhata, Uria aalgae.
Tick, arthropodborne disease, skin,
nervous system, Germany.
The frequency of finding antibodies
to influenza viruses of human and
animal origin increases gradually in
the direction from arctic and
subarctic regions to the border of
the Subarctic and temperate climate
belt (littorial of Kamchatka,
Commander Islands, and Iona
Island, Seal of Okhotsk). The
number of positive results again
decreases toward the south.
Serologic examination in the HI test
of 588 human and avian sera
collected in 1972 at Commander
Islands, Kamchatka region, showed
an increase in the percentage of
positive sera both of human and
avian origin. In human sera
collected in 1972 percentage of
positive results to both H3 Hong
Kong (68 and England)72 antigen
was higher. There was an increase
in the number of positive avian sera
only to H3 Hong Kong/68.
Diseases of the skin and of the
nervous system transmitted by
arthropods in Germany.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus., (1):
41-46., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1807
from Russian.
Trud. Inst. Virus,
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, (2):165-
169., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1806
from Russian.
Verh. Dtsch,
Ges. Inn. Med.,
72 Kongr.
(1966), pp. 975-
1005, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation from
459 German.

Schulze, P.
Schulze. P.
Selezneva, A. Yu., O.
V. Nikolaeva, and L.
L. Fadeeva.
Selivanov, Ya. M. and
A. N. Polyakova.
The solely glabellar
formation of the
carapace in mites and
on the transformations
in the anterior body in
the Ixodidea resulting
from formation of the
gnathosoma.
On a tick collection
from small mammals
in Java.
Lyophilized arbovirus
cultures survival in
long-term storage.
Technique of
preparing and
producing
experimental series of
immunoglobulin
erythrocytic polytype
diagnosticums to
certain arboviruses for
the indirect
hemagglutination
(IHA) test.
1938
1934
Tick, glabellar formation,
gnathosoma, mites, Caeculus
sudnanensis, C. pisanus,
Allotrombidium fuliginosum,
Aphantomartus arelolatus,
Kreischeria wiedei, Hyalomma
marginatum, Amblyomma
javanense, Haemaphysalis,
Aponoma auruginans, Ixodes
ricinus.
Tick, Java, s mall mammals,
Nycteris javanica, Crocidura
brevicauda, Indocentor auratus,
Tragulus kanchil, Dermacentor,
Hyalomma.
1981 lyophilized, arboviruses, storage.
1981
WEE, EE, VEE, Chikungunya,
Pixuma, Sindbis, Middelburg,
Semliki forest, Mayaro, TBE,
Dengue types 1-4, WN, yellow
fever, YF, Olyka, Tahyna,
Bunyamwera, IAF, ram,
erythrocytes, IHT.
It has been shown that the primitive
longitudinal division into three
segments in the arachnid body has
produced the following condition in
some mites and ticks: the dorsal
shield does not consist of the fused
meso and pleurotergites, as is usual
in the Arachnoidea, but is
composed solely of the central
spindle.
Listing of ticks found on a number
of small mammals in Java.
Investigation was carried out into
biological properties of different
groups of arboviruses stored
lyophilized for a long period of
time, and recommendations were
made as to optimum conditions of
lyophlization, stabilizers, and
conditions of long-term storage
which is of great importance for
maintenance of arbovirus
collections.
Data are presented on the
improvement of separate stages of
the technology for preparation of
immunoglobulin polytype
lyophilized diagnosticums to alpha,
flaviviruses, and some
Bunyaviruses. These preparations
can be used for rapid diagnosis of
arboviral infections employing the
IHT.
Z. Morph. Okol.
Tiere. 34
(1) :135-149,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 300
from German.
Z. Parasitenk. 7
(2): 167-171,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 293
from German.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni. D.
I. Ivanovsky,
Akad. Med.
Nauk. SSSR, pp.
49-52., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1592
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni. D.
I. Ivanovsky,
Akad. Med.
Nauk. SSSR, pp.
145-151.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1603
from Russian.

Semashko, I. V., K.
Sh. Matevosyan, G. P.
Pivanova, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Semashko, I. V., K.
Sh. Matevosyan, E.
M. Marutyan, M. P.
Chumakov.
Semashko, I. V., K.
Sh. Matevosyan, M.
P. Chumakov, V. N.
Bashkirtsev, E. A.
Tkachenko, and S. P.
Chunikhin.
Isolation of Bhanja
virus from
Dermacentor
marginatus ticks
collected from sheep
in the Sevan Lake
area, Armenia.
Results of virological
investigations of ticks
Hyalomma plumbeum
plumbeum,
Hyalomma
anatolicum,
Rhipicephalus bursa,
Boophilus calcaratus
collected in some
regions of Armenia
SSR.
Isolation of Dhori
virus from
Dermacentor
marginatus ticks in
Armenia SSR in 1973.
1973
1972
1974
Bhanja, Dermacentor marginatus,
ticks, sheep, Sevan Lake, Armenia,
Haemaphysalis intermedia,
Boophilus decoloratus,
Amblyomma variegatum,
Hyalomma truncatum,
Haemaphysalis punctata, cattle,
goats, horses, pigs, NWM, AWM,
guinea pigs, lambs, pig embryo
kidney (PEK), Syrian hamster
kidney (SHK), IAF, Kamo,
Sarukhan, Razdan.
Hyalomma scupense, Hyalomma
detritum, Argas persicus, Ixodes
ricinus, Hyalomma plumbeum
plumbeum, Hyalomma anatolicum,
Rhipicephalus bursa, Boophilus
calcaratus, SPEV, CF, AGDP, foci.
Dhori virus, Dermacentor
marginatus, Armenia, Astrakhan,
ticks, sheep, newborn white mice,
NWM, adult white mice, AWM,
guinea pigs, pig embryo kidney
cell (SPEV), Razdan, CHF,
Hyalomma plumbeum plumbeum,
Rhipicephalus bursa, Ixodes
ricinus, Haemaphysalis punctata,
Ornithodoros lahorensis, CF, HI, N.
The first tick pool (5 specimens)
from sheep in Kamo region
(Sarukhan village) in the fall of
1972 gave positive results by
virological investigation. In the
spring of 1972, we continued
virological investigations for
isolating Bhanja virus. As a result,
4 strains were isolated from unfed
D. marginatus from sheep in Kamo
(Batikyan village) and Razdan
regions.
In May-July 1972, investigations
were made to detect possible
arbovirus foci in Armenia SSR.
Antibodies to Dhori virus were
detected by the N test with
domestic animal blood sera reacting
negatively in the HI test.
Bashkirtsev et al. (1971) obtained
similar seriological results in
Astrakhan Oblast and Bannova et
al. (1974) in Krasnodar region. The
importance of Dhori virus in the
pathology of humans and animals is
being studied.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus, Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 21
(2): 160-164.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1216
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972), p.
374. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1078
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio,
Virus, Entsef,
Akad, Med.
Nauk SSSR, 22
(2):61-64,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1032
from Russian.

Semashko, I. V., M. P.
Chumakov, and V.
Ya. Karmysheva.
Semashko, I. V., M. P.
Chumakov, G. G.
Bannova, S. T.
Ismailova, V. V.
Bebezin, A. D.
Bernshtein, I. A.
Reshtnikov, and A. M.
Khanikshiev.
Semashko, I. V., M. P.
Chumakov, K. Sh.
Matevosyan, R. K.
Safarov, E. M.
Marutyan, S. R.
Postoyan, R. M.
Karapetyan, V. N.
Bashkirtsev, E. A.
Tkachenko, and S. P.
Chunikhin.
Seriological
identification of strain
Eg An 1169-61
isolated in Egypt.
Isolation and study of
CHF virus strain K-
618 from Hyalomma
p. plumbeum ticks
collected in
Azerbaijan SSR.
Results from the 1972-
1974 works on
isolation and
investigation of CHF-
Congo, Dhori, and
Bhanja viruses in
Azerbaijan and
Armenia.
1972
1972
1975
Egypt, Kemerovo, KEM, CF, N,
FAT, Tribec, Lipovnik, Chenuda.
Hyalomma p. plumbeum, ticks,
CHF, Azerbaijan, Sabirabad,
NWM, CPE, CE, Shk, SPEV,
tickborne encephalitis, West Nile,
Kemerovo, Cenuda, Uukuniemi,
Bhanja, Tahyna, Theiler's virus,
foci.
CHF, Congo, Dhoria, Bhanja,
Azerbaijan, Armenia, Sevan Lake,
Azizbekov, Sissian, newborn white
mice, sheep, NWM, N, HI, AGDP,
tick, Hyalomma m. marginatum,
Hyalomma plumbeum, Hyalomma
anatolicum, Boophilus anulatus,
Boophilus calcaratus,
Rhipicephalus bursa,
Rhipicephalus rossicus,
Demacentor marginatus.
An Egyptian strain Eg An 1169-61
isolated from a migratory bird was
previously identified by R. Shope
as an agent related to Kemerovo
(KEM) virus. We identified the
virus by the complement fixation
(CF) and neutralization (N) tests
and the fluorescent antibody
technique (FAT). The CF tests
showed that strain Eg An 1169-61
is antigenically identical to KEM
virus (strain (R-10), closely related
to Tribec (TRB) and Lipovnik - 91
viruses, and very slightly related to
Chenuda (CNU) virus.
Isolation of CHF virus from ticks in
Azerbaijan confirms the existence
in this Republic of potential CHF
foci which have been previously
determined by serological
investigations of domestic animals.
As a result of virological
investigations of ticks collected in
Armenian SSR, 23 CHF-Congo,
Bhanja, and Dhori virus strains
were isolated. Thus, we first
isolated 9 CHF Congo virus strains
from 5 tick species.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 297-298.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1087
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972), p.
373. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1077
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 354-355,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1010
from Russian.

Semashko, I. V., M. P.
Chumakov, R. K.
Safarov, E. A.
Tkachenko, V. N.
Bashkirtsev, and S. P.
Chunikhin.
Semashko, I. V., M. P.
Chumakov, R. K.
Safarov, K. Sh.
Matevosyan, E. M.
Marutyan, S. R.
Postoyan, S. P.
Chunikhin, E. K.
Tkachenko, V. N.
Bashkirtsev, and R. I.
Karapetyan.
Semashko, I. V., M. P.
Chumakov, R. M.
Karapetyan, A. G.
Vorob'ev, T. I.
Zavodova, K. Sh.
Matevosyan, and M.
A. Nersesyan.
Semashko, I. V., M. P.
Chumakov, V. Ya.
Karamysheva, V. M.
Borisov, and I. A.
Prokhorova.
Isolation and
identification of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever and Dhori virus
from Hyalomma
plumbeum plumbeum
ticks collected in
Azerbaijan.
Data on isolation of
CHF-Congo, Bhanja,
and Dhori viruses in
Transcaucasian
republics.
First case of isolating
CHF virus from the
blood of a Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
patient in Armenia.
Results of coordinated
study of Kemerovo
virus group.
1974
1975
1974
1971
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Dhori virus, newborn white mice,
NWM, adult white mice, AWM,
CF, HI, N, pig embryo kidney,
SPEV, Azerbaijan, Dzhalilabad,
Massalinsky, Dhori-Astra virus,
cattle, Hyalomma plumbeum
plumbeum, H.anatolicum, H.
detritum, H. dromedarii,
Rhipicephalus bursa, R. turanicus.
CHF, Congo, Bhanja, Dhori,
Transcaucasian, Armenia, newborn
white mice, NWM, Razdan, Kamo,
sheep, rodent, ticks, ixodid,
argasid, Hyalomma plumbeum,
Rhipicephalus bursa, Boophilus
calcaratus, R. rossicus,
Dermacentor marginatus.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
newborn white mice, NWM,
AGDP, Armenia, Sisian.
Tick, Kemerovo virus group,
Ixodes persulcatus, I. ricinus.
Nine virus strains were isolated
during virological investigation of
ticks from cattle in the Dzhalilabad
and Massalin regions of Azerbaijan
SSR. The strains were pathogenic
for newborn white mice. Eight
strains were identified as Crimean
hemorrhagic virus (CHF) and 1 as
Dhori-Astra virus.
In 1972-74, 35 Crimean
hemorrhagic fever (CHF)-Congo,
Bhanja, and Dhori virus strains
were isolated from ticks collected in
Transcaucasian republics.
The first case of hemorrhagic fever
infection in Armeia is described and
confirmed by isolation of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever (CHF) virus
from the blood of a patient.
In Europe, Africa, and America,
new virus strains have been isolated
in the past several years from
different ticks and their hosts. These
strains were similar in antigenic
properties to the Kemerovo virus
Group thus necessitating a
comparative study of their
properties, interrelationships, and
diagnostic methods.
Trudy Inst. Polio,
Virus, Entsef,
Akad, Med.
Nauk SSSR, 22
(2):57-60,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1031
from Russian.
Mater. 9. Simp.
Ekol. Virus,
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 107-108.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1136
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio,
Virus, Entsef,
Akad, Med.
Nauk SSSR, 22
(2):25-28,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1029
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl,
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
Virus. imeni
Ivanovsky, D. I.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR
(October 19-21)
pt. 2 : 72-73,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 493
from Russian.

Semashko, I. V., M. P.
Chumakov, V. Ya.
Karmysheva, I. A.
Prokhorova, N. M.
Shestopalova, and V.
N. Reingol'd.
Semashko, I. V., N. V.
Shalunova, V. Ya.
Karmysheva, and M.
P. Chumakov.
Semashko, I. V., P. G.
Dobritsa, V. N.
Bashkirtsev, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Semashko, I. V., P. G.
Doritsa, Zh. T.
Temirbekov, S. P.
Chunikhin, I. N.
Il'yanova and G. P.
Pivanova.
Investigation of
certain properties of
strain Eg An 1169-61
isolated in Egypt.
Isolation and
reproduction of a few
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus strains in
tissue cultures using
the fluorescent
antibody technique for
virus study.
Results from
investigating blood
sera from healthy
persons, animals, and
birds collectd in
southern Kazakhstan
for antibodies to CHF-
Congo virus.
First detection of
Bhanja virus in
Southern Kazakhstan.
1972
1965
1975
1975
Egypt, Eg An, Kemerovo,
Phoenicurus phoenicurus, redstart,
newborn white mice, NWM,
Syrian hamster kidney, newborn
white rats, NWR, guinea pigs.
Tick, Hyalomma plumbeum,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
fluorescent antibody technique,
FAT, pig embryo kidney, PEK, cell
cultures, antibodies.
Kazakhstan, CHF, Congo,
Chimkent, Kzyl-Orda, Hyalomma
asiaticum, human, fowl, agar gel
diffusion and precipitation, AGDP,
cattle, sheep, goats.
Hyalomma asiaticum, Hyalomma
detritum, Boophilus calcaratus,
ixodid, ticks, Chimkent Oblast,
Kazakh, Bhanja virus, cattle,
sheep, goats, Chardara, Kazakhstan.
Analysis of the data on physicalchemical
and biological properties
of strain Eg An 1169-621 showed
that its characteristics did not differ
from those of Kemerovo viruses.
In this paper, we present isolation
and reproduction of a few new CHF
virus strains in different cell
cultures using the FAT for
identifying and studying antigenic
relationships of strains.
In this report, we give results from
investigating human, fowl, and
animal sera for antibodies to CHF-
Congo virus by the agar gel
diffusion and precipitation (AGDP)
test.
In April 1975, 2,012 (113 pools) of
3 ixodid tick species, Hyalomma
asiasticum, H. detritum, and
Boophilus calcaratus were collected
in southern regions. As a result, we
isolated 3 Bhanja virus strains from
H. detritum ticks (30 pools
investigated) collected from cattle,
sheep, and goats from Chimkent
Oblast Kazakhstan.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 298-299.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1090
from Russian.
Turdy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Ned. Nauk
SSSR, 7 :215-
225, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 814
from Russian.
Mater. 9. Simp.
Ekol. Virus.
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 43-44.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1128
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975), p.
354, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1009
from Russian.

Semashko, L. L.
Semashko, L. V., M.
P. Chumakov, and K.
Sh. Matevosyan.
House sparrows and
tree sparrows as tick
carriers in the town of
Askhabad. Part 1.
Production of CHF-
Congo virus group
plaques (colonies) in
piglet kidney tissue
culture.
1959
1974
Tick, bird, sparrow, tick carrier,
Passer montanus pallidus, Passer
domesticus bacterianus.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
green monkey kidney cell, GMKC,
Macaca rhesus, newborn white
mice, NWM, chicken embryo, CE,
pig embryo kidney, PEK, Rostov
Oblast, Azerbaijan SSR, Armenian
SSR, Uzbek SSR, Bulgaria, Congo
virus.
Investigations carried out in the
town of Askhabad have shown that
the sparrows Passer montanus
pallidus Lar. and Passer domesticus
bacterianus Lar. and Kudasch. are
vectors of a whole number of tick
species. Up to 77% of sparrows are
infected with ticks. Maximal
infection is observed in winter and
spring months (December and
May), minimal one in summer and
autumn (August and September).
Tick population invading sparrows
may attain as much as two, three
and even seven hundred individuals
per one sparrow.
Study the ability of CCHF virus to
form plaques in cell cultures under
agar layer, using primary chicken
embryo (CE) cell culture and
passaged pig embryo kidney
(SPEK, PEK) and human embryo
(HE) kidney cell cultures.
Investigations showed that all 8
CHF virus strains isolated in 1968-
1972 from different sources in
different geographic regions
(Rostov Oblast, Azerbaijan SSR,
Armenian SSR, Uzbek SSR,
Bulgaria) and 1 Congo virus strain
were capable of forming plaques in
SPEV and PEK cell cultures.
Zool. Zh. 38(9):
1383-1387,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 90
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 22
(1):165-168,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 935
from Russian.

Semenov, B. F. and A.
I. Rezepova.
Semenov, B. F. and G.
M. Stepanov.
Semenov, B. F. and V.
I. Gavrilov.
Semenov, P. V.
Study of
hemagglutinating
properties of western,
eastern equine
encephalitis, and
Japanese encephalitis
viruses.
Use of kinetic
reactions of
hemagglutination
inhibition for studies
of virus strains in
tickborne encephalitis.
Immunopathology in
viral infections.
Tick fauna in the
Maiminsky focus of
spring-summer
(tickborne)
encephalitis.
1964
1964
1974
1958
Tick, West Nile, WN, eastern
equine encephalitis, Japanese
encephalitis, JE, hemagglutinating.
Tick, kinetic reaction,
hemagglutination, encephalitis.
immunopathology, lymphocytic
choriomeningitis virus, LCM,
Congo, Langat, Powassan,
influenza Type A, Newcastle
disease, parotitis, parainfluenza
Type I, measles, tickborne
encephalitis, immune complex, IC,
milk dehygrogenase, MD,
Moloney's sarcoma.
Ticks, Maiminsky, tickborne
encephalitis, RSSE, Gorno-Altai
Oblast, Dermacentor silvarum, D.
pictus, Haemaphysalis concinna,
Ixodes persulcatus, I.
apronophorus, forest.
Our investigations were made with
western (WEE) and eastern (EEE)
equine encephalomyelitis and
Japanese encephalitis (JE) viruses.
It was necessary to develop
methods for preparing
noninfectious antigens for diagnosis
of infections caused by these
arboviruses.
This paper discusses prospects and
possibilities of using this kinetic
hemagglutination inhibition test in
studies of tick-borne encephalitis
viruses.
The term "immunopathology" is
broadly used in contemporary
virological literature. It is used for
characteristics of damaging effect
of immune response on the host
body during viral diseases or
development of the vaccinal process.
The maximum incidence rate of
tickborne encephalitis (RSSE) in
1953 was recorded in June (55.1%)
and May (28.5%). RSSE cases were
usually recorded among persons
visiting forests.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. Mater. 2:
112-113,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1279
from Russian.
Pp. 108-109 in
Tick-Borne
Encephalitis,
Kemerovo Tick-
Borne Fever,
Hemorrhagic
Fevers, and other
Arbovirus
Infections. Proc.
11th Scient.
Conf. Inst. Polio.
Enceph.
Moscow,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 151
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 19
(1): 3-7.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1400
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 27(2):
222. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 749
from Russian.

Semenova, L. L.
Serdyukova, G. V.
Sergeeva, K. V., E. V.
Tofanyuk, and E. G.
Filippova.
Serzhanov, O. S., A.
S. Sabillaev, S. G.
Borovsky, T. Y.
Sokolova, and D. K.
Karabalaev.
Serzhanov, O. S., N.
T. Kunitskaya, and Z.
P. Maslennikova.
Ixodid ticks in
reindeer breeding farm
in Sidimi Khasan area
of Primor'ye region.
On the developmental
cycle of the tick
Hyalomma anatolicum
anatolicum Koch.
Water tularemia
outbreaks associated
with use of faucet
water in Novosibirsk
Oblast.
Contribution to the
ecology of ixodid ticks
of rodents in Kara-
Kalpak ASSR.
The flea fauna
(Siphonaptera) of
jerboas in Central Asia
and Kazakhstan.
1966
1946
1965
Tick, reindeer farms,
Haemaphysalis concinna, H.
japonica, Dermacentor silvarum,
Ixodes persulcatus.
Tick, developement cycles,
Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.
Novosibirsk Oblast, tularemia,
Kuibyshev, Barabinsk, Chlulym,
influenza, typhus abdominalis,
Angio-bubonic, voles, water-borne.
1966 Tick, ixodid, rodent, ecology.
1985
Fleas, Allactaga sibirica, Dipus
sagitta, jerboas, gerbil fleas, suslik
fleas.
Seasonal changes in quantitative
relationships of ixodid tick species
composition active in nature in
reindeer farms.
The aim of the present work was to
determine the number of host
exchanges during development of
Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum
Koch. This tick species is the vector
of cattle theileriosis in Central Asia.
In 1948-1963, 23% of water type
tularemia infections were recorded
in steppe, forest-steppe, and
floodland epidemiological areas of
Novosibirsk Oblast.
In Kara-Kalpak ASSR, the very
poor mammal fauna consists mostly
of rodents (25 species), among
which several species are known to
be reservoirs of many zoonosis
agents. Fourteen tick species (63%
of all ticks found in Kara-Kalpak
ASSR) were recorded from rodents.
In Central Asia and Kazakhstan, 91
flea forms, 27 of the specific, were
found on 14 jerboa species. Of
nonspecific fleas, 45.2% were
gerbil fleas and 17.7% were suslik
fleas. The flea species composition
was diverse on Allactaga sibirica
and Dipus sagitta jerboas.
Dokl. Irkutsk.
Protivochum,
Inst., Kyzyl, (7)
252-255,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 294
from Russian.
Izv. Akad. Nauk
USSR, s. Biol. (2-
3): 199-202,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 236
from Russian.
Mater. Nauch. -
Prakt. Konf.
Tulyarem.
Soputst. Infekts.,
pp. 199-201.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1531
from Russian.
Proc. Tezisy
Dokl. 1. Akarol.
Soveshch. p. 186,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 429
from Russian.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 19(1):
65-67, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1793
from Russian.

Shalunova, N. V., I.
V. Semashko, and M.
P. Chumakov.
Shanmugam, D., S. E.
Smirnova, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Shanoyan, N. K. and
G. A. Klisenko.
Plaque formation of
CHF virus in tissue
cultures.
Detection of
antibodies to CHF-
Congo (CCHF)
viruses in human and
domestic animal blood
sera in India.
Preparation of pure
gammaglobulin from
immune ascitic fluid
to Congo virus for the
indirect
hemagglutination
(IHA) test.
1965
1973
1974
Tick, Hyalomma plumbeum, CHF,
virus plaque, tissue cultures, virus
titration, neutralization, sera, cell
cultures, chicken embryo cell,
ChEC, green monkey kidney cells,
GMKC, Macaca rhesus.
CHF, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
Congo virus, CCHF, India, Kerala,
Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, ticks,
Hazara virus, Ixodes redikorzevi,
Soviet Union, Bulgaria,
Yugoslavia, Africa, Nigeria, Zaire,
Uganda, Kenya, Senegal, Iran,
Afghanistan, Pakistan, AGDP, CF,
foci.
Gammaglobulin, Congo virus,
hemagglutination, IHA, immune
ascitic fluid, IAF, white mice.
We investigated CHF virus plaque
formation ability in different tissue
cultures and the possibility of
applying this method for virus
titration and neutralization with sera
of CHF convalescents from Rostov
and Astrakhan Oblasts.
Antibodies detected in human blood
sera from Pondicherry and Kerala
(Tiruvanandapuram) States may be
explained by more frequent contact
of the population with nature owing
to farming activities. No antibodies
to CCHF group virus were found in
the rural population of Delhi and
Madras.
It is known that domestic animals
are good indicators of CHF virus
circulation in infection foci. The
results show circulation of CHF-
Congo viruses in southern India.
These data expand the information
on the distribution area of CHF-
Congo viruses in the Indostan
subcontinent and will allow us to
make further investigations of
recently detected endemic zones by
virological and serological methods.
A comparative study of 2 methods
for precipitation from IAFs of
immune gammaglobulins
(precipitation with ammonium
sulphate and cooled ethanol)
revealed advantages of the alcohol
method.
Trudy Inst. Polio,
Virus. Entsef.
Aka. Med. Nauk
SSSR, 7 :209-
214, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 813
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 21
(2):149-152,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 955
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad,
Med. Nauk,
SSSR, (1): 64-
70., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1147
from Russian.

Shapiro, S. E.
Shapiro, S. E. and Z.
S. Barkagan.
Shapoval, A. N.
Shatas, J. F.
A case of hemorrhagic
fever in Tadzhik SSR.
Contribution to the
history of hemorrhagic
fever in central Asia.
Contribution to the
question of "sudden"
fatal consequences in
tickborne encephalitis.
Larvae and nymphs of
some species of the
genus Rhipicephalus
Koch.
1949
Tick, febrile disease, hemorrhagic
fever.
1957 Tick, hemorrhagic fever, Asia.
1981
1956
TBE, tickborne encephalitis,
Khabarovsk, disease course.
Tick, larvae, nymph, Rhipicephalus
bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus,
Rhipicephalus turanicus.
The author observed a case of
febrile disease accompanied by
pronounced hemorrhagic syndrome
in a person living in one of the
mountain areas of Tadzhik SSR.
In the last 15 years Soviet
investigators, and later foreign
investigators, detected and
described in different geographical
zones of the Soviet Union (Crimea,
central RSFSR, Omsk Oblast,
Bukovina, Central Asia, and the Far
East) particular infectious febrile
cases accompanied by a distinct
hemorrhagic syndrome.
Tickborne encephalitis (TBE) is
characterized by a short, but quite
distinct febrile period which usually
ends in recovery of the patient.
During an unfavorable disease
course, fatal consequences are
observed in earlier disease periods.
Thus, of 108 persons who died in
Khabarovsk region, 8 died after 1
day, 19 after 2 days, and 3 after 21
days; i.e., 43% died in the first 3
days of disease.
In the genus Rhipicephalus Koch,
larvae and nymphs of three species
have been described: Rh. bursa
Can., Fanz., Rh. sanguineus (Latr.),
and Rh. turanicus Pom.
Zh. Mikrobiol.
Moskva 20: 68,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1297
from Russian.
Trudy Tadzhik.
Gos. Med. Inst.,
Stalinabad 28:
123-215,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1299
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, (Moskva,
May 1981), pp.
188-189.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1693
from Russian.
Ent. Rev. 35(4):
944-955,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 79
from Russian.

Shatas, Y. A. and N.
A. Bystrova.
Shatkin, A. A., S. R.
Beskina, G. I.
Medvedeva, and I. M.
Grokhovskaya.
Role of ixodid ticks in
maintenance of natural
foci of Tularemia.
Culturing of enzootic
sheep abortion agent
in passaged embryonal
line cells of ticks of
the genus Hyalomma.
1954 Tick, ixodid, foci, tularemia.
1977
Tick, sheep, abortion agent, ,
Chlamydiales, Hyalomma,
Halprowiales, Neorickettsiae,
Ixodes ricinus, I. hexagonus, I.
pacificus, Dermacentor
occidentalis, Ornithodoros
coriaceus, D. andersoni, D.
parumapertus, Hyalomma
asiaticum.
Summing up data of many years
standing on the course of this
infection, on the basis of
distribution and character of
epizootics, including observations
of authors during the last epizootic,
and also making use of published
materials on foci of tularemia in
general, we come to the conclusion
that in territory which interest us,
the most important factor in
maintenance of this infection in the
presence of river basin-valley type
of foci, with characteristics
intrazonal distribution (Maximov,
1947; Olsufev, 1947).
The possibility of long-term
persistence of one of the members
of the order Halprowiales
(Chlamydiales), the causative agent
of enzootic abortion of sheep
(EAS), strain Pl-577, in tick embryo
cell cultures was demonstrated. The
antigen of the EAS agent in the
infected cells was detected by direct
immunofluorescence for 30-45
days. The presence of the EAS
agent in the infected tick embryonal
cells was confirmed by its isolation
in 6-7 day old developing chick
embryos inoculates into the yolk
sac well as by demonstration of
morphological structures of the
agent in impression smears of yolk
membranes.
Zh. Mikrobiol.
Epidemiol.
Immunobiol. (6):
55-61, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 84
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 47(4):
420-423,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1333
from Russian.

Shayman, M. S., N.
M. Stolbov, and A. A.
Chistyakov.
Shcherbinin, I. V. and
G. S. Shcherbinia.
Shcherbinina, O. Kh.
Shcheylov, A. P.
Sheherbinina, O. Kh.
Finding of
complement-fixing
antibodies to the
agents of tickborne
Typhus fever in
northern Asia and Q
fever in wild animals
in extreme
northwestern Siberia.
A rare case of ixodid
localization in a
human.
Birds natural enemies
of ixodid ticks.
Contribution to the
question of
development of the
tickborne
spirochetosis agent.
Bird hosts of
Hyalomma plumbeum
(Panzer) ticks in
Turkmenia.
1968
1957
1977
1956
1971
Tick, typhus fever, Q fever, Asia,
Siberia, antibodies.
Tick, cattle-breeders, human case,
Hyalomma plumbeum.
Rhipicephalus turanicus, Motacilla
alba, Sturnus vulgaris, Hyalomma
asiaticum asiaticum, Dermacentor
marginatus, Pica pica, Kara-Kala,
ticks, birds, wagtail, starling,
magpie.
Tick, spirochetosis agent, cilia
threads, blood platelets, S.
sogdianum, S. obermeieri.
Tick, birds, human hemorrhagic
fever, Hyalomma plumbeum,
Coxiella burneti, H. p. turanicum,
Dermacentorxenus sibiricus.
Investigations were made by
complement-fixation (CF) reaction
at low temperature by the standard
method simultaneously for
tickborne typhus fever (TTF) and Q
fever. Corresponding antigens were
obtained from the Gamalaya
Institute of the USSR Academy of
Medical Sciences (Moscow).
Veterinary and medical personnel
should conduct educational work in
the form of instruction among the
population, particularly among
cattle-breeders, concerning the
harmful significance of ixodid ticks.
Study of autopsies of bird stomachs
recorded that birds consumed
ixodid ticks. Consequently, birds
are natural enemies of ixodid ticks
and may to a certain degree reduce
distribution of ticks in nature.
Investigations showed that "cilia"
threads, and blood platelets are
characterized by oscillating
Brownian movements. Blood
platelets numbers gradually
decrease and platelets containing
"cilia" and threads disappear in
citrated plasma preserved for a few
days.
Investigation has been undertaken
of 640 birds of 90 species,
registered in Turkmenia.
Extensiveness of birds infested with
H. plumbeum is 11.4%, 26 species
of birds are the hosts of H.
plumbeum.
Med. Parazit.
Moskva, 37(5):
61, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
391 from Russian.
Med. Parasit.,
Moscow, 26
(Suppl. 1) : 61,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 248
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl, 7.
Vses. Ornit.
Konf.
(Cherkassy,
September 1977),
(2): pg. 92.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1253
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 25
(4) :342-345,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 667
from Russian.
Izv. Akad. Nauk
Turkmen. SSR, s.
Biol. Nauk, (5) :
54-57, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 588
from Russian.

Shepelev, K. M.
Shestakov, V. I.
Shestakov, V. I. and
A. I. Mikheeva.
Shestapalova, N. M.
V. N. Reingol'd, S. M.
Averina, and S. E.
Smirnova.
The development of
Piroplasma caballi in
Dermacentor silvarum.
Contribution to the
biology of the
mosquito, Aëdes togoi.
Contribution to study
of Japanese
encephalitis vectors in
Primor'ye region.
Electron-microscopic
study of Hazara virus
in the brain of white
mice.
1942
1961
1966
1975
Piroplasma caballi, Dermacentor
silvarum, D. reticulatus, ticks,
parasites.
mosquitos, Aëdes togoi, Japanese
encephalitis, Primor'ye, Sea of
Japan.
Japanese encephalitis, Primor'ye,
JE, Khasan, reindeer, mosquitoes,
Culex tritaeniorhynchus, C.
wagans, C. modestus, C.
bitaeniorhynchus, Aedes togoi, A.
koreicus, A. hyrcanus, A. dorsalis,
A. cinereus, A. vexans pipponi,
Culiseta silvestris amurensis, DDT.
Hazara, microscopic, newborn
white mice, NWM, FAT,
Bunyaviridae, Uukuniemi, Golgi
complex.
Literature data on the development
of P. caballi in Dermacentor are
limited. Material used was tick
saliva, blood contents of the gut,
and the fluid which comes out after
cutting off the mouthparts.
This study presents the results on
the resistance to freezing of early
summer, summer and autumnal
eggs of Aëdes togoi in South
Primor'ye (Marine Territory).
Population plays a very important
role in the campaign against JE.
This effort should be directed to
regular changes in water barrels and
other reservoirs, destruction of
daytime mosquitoes by cutting
grass around dwellings, and
destruction of mosquitoes in animal
barns.
NWM were inoculated and infected
with Hazara virus. The NWM
brains were then studied confirming
that Hazara virus belongs to the
virus family Bunyaviridae and
supplements its characteristics by
finding spirally arranged
ribonucleoprotein cord, as
demonstrated for Uukuniemi virus.
Veterinariya, 19
(3): 24-25.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1387
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 40(2):
284-285.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1226
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.
Moskva, 35:545-
550., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1214
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus,
(Moscow,
October 1975)
pp. 374-375.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1193
from Russian.

Shestopalova, N M.,
V. N. Reingol'd, S. E.
Smirnova, G. L.
Zubri, G. V. Popov,
and M. P. Chumakov.
Shestopalova, N. M.
Shestopalova, N. M.,
V. N. Reingol'd, S. G.
Sobolev, E. A.
Tkachenko, and M. B.
Linev.
Localization of CHF
virus antigen in the
ultrastructure of brain
cells in newborn white
mice.
Certain questions of
reproduction and
morphogenesis of
viruses in the brain.
Ultrastructure of
neuron and
intraneuronal
associations during
viral infection.
Localization and
morphology of
Powassan virus in the
brain of infected white
mice.
1972
1975
1978
CHF, newborn white mice, NWM,
JE, OHF, TBE, WN, Langat,
Kemerovo, FAT.
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever
virus, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
Langat, West Nile, Kemsrovo,
reovirus, rabies.
Powassan virus, Baikal, Amur,
newborn white mice, NWM.
Study gives results of several years'
investigations on the ultrastructure
of NWM brain cells infected with
CHF virus (strain Khodzha). NWM
infected with JE, OHF, TBE, WN,
Langat, and Kemerovo viruses
served as controls.
It was established that viruses
localize intracellularly and
reproduce in neurons and gliacytes
of different brain areas. Virus
particles detected in dendrites, on
cell surfaces, and myelinic nerve
membrane, expanded synaptic
fissures, capillary walls, and
vascular lumen blood cells allowed
us to determine distribution routes
of viruses. In infected neurons, we
detected a new complex, i.e.,
association of virus-specific
polysomy developing reovirus
particle capsids.
A new strain (An-750) of Powassan
virus was isolated from mosquitoes
in 1975 in the eastern part of the
Baikal-Amur Railway construction
area. The cerebral and cerebellar
cortex of white mice inocculated
intracerebrally with 0.02 ml of virus
containing brain suspensions was
examined in the electron
microscope.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 345-346.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1055
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 51-52,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1016
from Russian.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Ptits Rol' v Rasp.
Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July-August
1976), pp. 222-
227., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1475
from Russian.

Shestopalova, N. M.,
V. N. Reingol'd, V.
M. Lisak, and T.
Tikhomirova.
Shestopalova, N. M.,
V.M., Peingol'd, T. I.
Tikhonirova, L. G.,
Kabbovich, and M.P.
Chumakov.
Shevchenko, S. F., N.
P. Bul'ba, and G. A.
Turchinov.
Electron-microscopic
study of two
Kemerovo virus
strains isolated in
western Siberia and
Egypt.
Comparative electron
microscopic
investigation of
Kemerovo virus
reproduction in
infected cell cultures.
Contribution to the
study of acaricidal
effect on certain
ixodid tick species.
Report 2. Effect of
acaricidal properties
on unfed adult
Hyalomma plumbeum
Paz. ticks in
experimental
conditions.
1978
1964
1970
Kemerovo, Siberia, Egypt,
tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
Ixodes persulcatus, Phoenicus
phoenicurus, birds, ticks, newborn
white mice, NWM, cytopathology.
Ixodes persulcatus, KEM virus,
Kemerovo fever virus, ticks,
tickborne envephalitis, TBE,
western Siberia, chicken embryo,
VEE virus, WEE virus.
Tick, ixodid, Hyalomma
plumbeum, Crimean Hemorrhagic
Fever, CHF.
From the study of the two
Kemerovo strains (KM-3) isolated
from ticks in western Siberia and
other (EgAn 1169-61) from blood
of a migratory bird in Egypt, have a
very similar structure and
morphogenesis of virions,
intracellular localization of virus
aggregations, and cause the same
changes in ultrastructure of infected
cells.
This report presents data on
cytologic and electron microscopic
investigations of cell cultures
infected with Kemerovo virus. The
electron microscopic investigation
of ultrathin chicken embryo tissue
cultures and reinoculated human
embryo diploid skin-muscle tissue
cells infected with KEM virus
allowed us to determine
intracellular localization of virus
acculmulations and the form of
viral particles, and also to
demonstrate the change in the
ultrathin structure of infected cells.
Experimental elucidation of the
effect of acaricidal preparations
allowed us to select and recommend
some for widescale control
measures against tick vectors of
natural focal diseases.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Ptits Rol' v Rasp.
Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July-August
1976), pp. 238-
242., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1466
from Russian.
Mater. ll. Nauch.
Sess. Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.,
pp. 231-235,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 881
from Russian.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Konf. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 162-
173, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 551
from Russian.

Shevchenko, S. F., P.
I. Shiranovich, N. P.
Bul'ba, K. V.
Solodovnikova, and T.
M. Tartanova.
Shevkunova, E. A.
Shileiko, A. A.
Shilova, S. A. and D.
G. Krylov.
Effect of repellents on
Hyalomma plumbeum
Panz. ticks.
Duration of
preservation and
possible transmission
of spirochetes of tickborne
relapsing fever
by medical leeches.
The taxonomic status
of Helicodontinae.
Changes in the role
played by birds in
centres of tick
encephalitis as a result
of timber cutting.
1970
Tick, repellents, Crimean
Hemorrhagic Fever, CHF,
Hyalomma plumbeum.
1959 Tick, leeches, relapsing fever.
1971
1957
Helicodontinae, Lindholmiola
corcyrensis, Hygromiinae,
Stylommatophora, Helicidae,
Oestophora barbula, Oestophora
turriplana, Helicodonta obvoluta.
ticks, encephalitis, cattle, birds,
wood-grouse, hazel grouse, Ixodes
persulcatus, Fringilla
montrifringilla, F. coelebs,
Penthestes palustris, Turdus pilaris,
T. ruficollis, T. ericetorum, T.
musicus, Anthus trivialis, Passer
domesticus, Passer montanus,
Sturnus vulgaris, Motacilla alba,
Oreocincla dauma, Emberiza
citrinella.
Assays and selection of effective
tick repellents for human
prophylaxis and protection against
transmissible disease, particularly
the inadequately studied
hemorrhagic fever, are of great
interest.
Our task was to determine the
duration of tickborne relapsing
fever spirochete preservation in
leeches and the possibility of
transmission by repeated bites.
As a result of using anatomical
methods in taxonomic
investigations, the former very
numerous family Helicidae is today
greatly reduced. Therefore,
different concepts of the geographic
distribution of this family are
formed.
In many districts of the Soviet
Union where cases of tick
encephalitis have been observed
anthropurgical tick centres have
formed in recent years in the
neighborhood of inhabited
localities. In the course of their
research, the authors examined
1050 birds. The species of tickcarrying
birds are more varied and
their number much greater in
anthropurgical centres than in virgin
forests. This fact is favorable for the
existence of ticks in districts of
human habitation.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Konf.(Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp.174-
180, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 552
from Russian.
Vrach. Delo,
(2):200,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 426
from Russian.
Nauch. Dokl.
Vys, Shkoly, s.
Biol. Nauki, 12::
7-16., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1238
from Russian.
Bulletin Moscov.
Society. Nature,
Dept. Biology, 62
(6): 25-29.,
Bulletin Moscov.
Obschestva. Otd.
Biology, 62(6):
25-29., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 15
from Russian.

Shilova, S. A. and V.
I. Obabovsky.
Shilova, S. A. and Y.
M. Shchadilov.
Shiryaev,. D. T., S. F.
Shevchenko, S. A.
Tokarev, and I. M.
Orekhova.
Sidenko, V. P., B. F.
Semenov, L. D.
Stepanovskaya, R.S.
Karaseva, V.A
Sochinsky, E.M.
Polyakov, V.S.
Grekov, and R.M.
Solomko.
The species
composition of
vertebrate animal
hosts of Ixodes
persulcatus P. Sch.
within the distribution
area of the species.
Campaign against
murine rodents and
their ectoparasites in
certain foci of natural
infection.
Experimental study of
Hyalomma plumbeum
plumbeum Panz. and
Haemaphysalis
punctata Can. and
Franz. ticks as
tularemia vectors.
Seasonal migrations of
wild birds inhabiting
biotopes of the
southern Ukraine
littoral and their
associations with
arboviruses.
1960
1964
1966
1972
Tick, taiga, Ixodes persulcatus,
Lacerta vivipara, Anthus trivialis,
Apodemus agrarius, Microtus
oeconomus, M. arvalis, Sturnus
vulgaris, Passer domesticus, Mus
musculus, Rattus norvegicus,
Frinaceus europaeus, Turdus
viscivorus, Tarsiger cyanurus,
Luscinia cyane, Sorex araneus, S.
minutus, Lyrurus tetrix, Sus scrofa,
Capreolus capreolus, Cervus
elaphus, Sicista betulina, A.
flavicollis, Lusicina lusicina,
Erithacus rubecula,Clethrionomys
frater, Mogera robusta, Nyctereutis
procyonoides, Cervus nippon,
Alectrois graeca, Sturnia sturnia.
Tick, murine rodent, foci, natural
infection, TBE, Ixodes persulcatus,
extermination.
Tick, tularemia vectors, foci,
Hyalomma plumbeum plumbeum,
Haemaphysalis punctata.
Egretta gerrette L., Corvus
frugilegus L., Larus ridibundus L.,
Sturnus vulgaris, Passer motanus
L., arboviruses, sandpipers, ducks,
gulls, rooks, egret, turtle dove,
Mediterranean gull, equine
encephalomyelites, mallard,
squacco heron, West Nile fever,
encephalitides.
In this article, an attempt is made to
summarize all available information
in the literature , as well as authors
data, on species composition of I.
persulcatus hosts within the USSR
boundary, as well as to separate
animal groups that play the
principal role in tick feeding.
Liquidation measures against
murine rodents in natural TBE foci
by the manual method and using
aviation proved to be sufficiently
effective and may be broadly used
in TBE and other foci.
Experimental evidence suggests
that H. Plumbeum and H. punctata
ticks in the southern part of the
steppe zone of the USSR, where
they are prevalent, can have some
importance in maintaining foci of
tularemia.
Coordinated investigation on the
study of the role of migratory birds
in disseminating viruses transmitted
by blood-sucking arthropods
according to the programme of the
National Committee.
Byul. Mosk.
Obshch. Ispyt.
Prirod. otd. Biol.,
n. s., 65(5) : 40-
51, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
250 from Russian.
Mater. 11. Nauch
Sess. Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.,
pp. 174-175,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1281
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moscow, 35(3) :
305-309,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 277
from Russian.
Mater. Simp.
Itogi 6. Sip.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits., pp. 130-
138, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 659
from Russian.

Sidenko, V. P., V. S.
Grekov, L. D.
Stepankovskaya, E.
M. Polyakov. R. M.
Solomko, and E. A.
Volyanskaya.
Sidorov, V. B., I. M.
Groskhovskaya, and
V. N. Kryuchechnikov.
Sidorov, V. E.
Birds of southern
Ukraine reservoir of
tickborne encephalitis.
Comparative study of
biological
interrelationships
between rickettsiae
and ticks of the
Superfamily Ixodoidea.
Gut of argasid ticks as
inhabitation
environment of
Borrelia sogdianum.
1973
1966
1960
Tick, tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
birds, rooks, virological test,
parenchymal, organs.
Ticks, intestines,
Dermacentroxenus, Rickettsia
prowazeki, Ornithodoros
lahorensis, Hyalomma asiaticum,
Dermacentor marginatus, Argas
persicus, O. moubata, O. papillipes,
D. nuttalli, D. pictus, D. silvarum,
D. pavlovskyi, Rhipicephalus
turanicus, Haemaphysalis
concinna, Ixodes persulcatus.
Tick, tick gut, argasid, Borrelia
sogdianum, Ornithodoros
lahorensis, O. papillipes, Argas
persicus, O. moubata.
In the blood of birds caught and
shot on the territory of Ukrainian
Prichernomorye, we detected
complement-fixing antibodies to
tickborne encephalitis (TBE) virus.
The vectors of TBE virus were both
resident and migratory (rooks) birds.
It was found that the intestine in
different tick species is a difficult
barrier for rickettsial penetration
into the tick body cavity and to
different organs. Thus, complete or
partial insusceptibility of ticks to
rickettsia are caused by this factor is
determined by specific properties of
ticks and rickettsiae. Numbers of
rickettsiae reaching the tick
intestine with host blood are also
very important. This is particularly
easily observed with O. papillipes
and R. prowazeki. After rickettsiae
pass the intestine barrier and
penetrate the body cavity, they
begin multiplying intensely in
internal tissues and later spread
through the entire tick body. This is
particularly well seen in
parentaerally inoculated ticks.
In the present work, we attempt to
give the characteristics of the
argasid tick gut (Ornithodoros
lahorensis, O. papillipes, and Argas
persicus) as the inhabitation
environment of agents.
Sborn, Trud.
Ekol. Virus.,
1 :140-144,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 730
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch. pp.
189-190,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 520
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 39
(9) : 1324-1329,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 638
from Russian.

Sidorov, V. E. and S.
V. Shcherbakov.
Sidorov, V. E. and I.
M. Grokhovskaya.
Sidorova, G. A, V. L.
Gromashevsky, O. V.
Veselovskaya, V. M.
Neronov, B. R.
Rustamov, A. I.
Musatova, and V. P.
Ipatov.
Sidorova, G. A.
Mass epizootics
among Alveonasus
lahorensis Neumann
ticks.
Effect of Roentgen
rays on adult
Hyalomma asiaticum
ticks (Report I).
Isolation of West Nile
virus from ixodid and
argasid ticks collected
in arid regions of
Uzbekistan.
Some problems
concerning existence
of natural arbovirus
foci in arid regions of
Uzbek SSR.
1973
1964
1973
1974
Tick, epizootics, cuticular ulcers,
mouthparts, deformities,
Alveonasus lahorensis, Proteus
mirabilis, Dermacentor andersoni.
Tick, Roentgen rays, X-rays, adult,
Hyalomma asiaticum.
Tick, West Nile virus, WN, human,
domestic animal, sera, Hyalomma
asiaticum, Ornithodoros papillipes.
Foci, arbovirus, Uzbek,
Uzbekistan, Hyalomma asiaticum,
Rhombomys opimus, Karsai
steppe, Rhipicephalus turanicus,
Ornithodoros, Bukhara,
Spirochaeta latyshevi, S. sogdiana.
In this report, we present the data of
a 2 year investigation of mass
epizootics among laboratory-reared
A. lahorensis ticks. The disease is
characterized by appearance of
cuticular ulcers on different body
areas, including moutnparts, and
particularly by deformities of the
mouthparts.
This report is devoted to the
question of effect of irradiation on
the body of Hyalomma asiaticum
Koch. Our investigations aimed at
determining the possible use of the
tick body as an environment for
studying changeability of infectious
agents following effect of x-rays.
In USSR, West Nile virus was
isolated in 1964 in Astrakhan
Oblast and in 1968 in Southeastern
Azerbaijan. In Central Asia, only
antibodies have been found in
human and domestic animal sera. In
this report, we present data on
isolating West Nile (WN) virus
strains from ixodid and argasid tick
collected in arid regions of
Uzbekistan.
"Nuclei" of foci of known and
newly isolated arboviruses in arid
regions of Uzbekistan are complex
burrows-colonies of Rhomomys
opimus.
Med. Parazit.
Moskva, 42
(1) :47-51,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 734
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 33(5):
560-562,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1278
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekkol. Virus.,
(1) :87-90,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 702
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus. 2:98-
102., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 774
from Russian.

Sidorova, G. A., D. K.
L'vov, V. L.
Gromashevsky, and
V. P. Andreev.
Sidorova, G. A., N. S.
Vinokurova, and V.
M. Esipov.
Sidrova, G. A., Z. M.
Zhameva, V. L.
Gromashevsky, T. M.
Skvortsova, and V. M.
Esipov.
Landscape association
of some virus foci in
Central Asia.
A mixed nesting
colony of some bird
species as Baku virus
focus.
Isolation of Baku virus
from Ornithodoros
coniceps ticks
collected in pigeon
nests in Tashkent
Oblast.
1975
1977
1974
Central Asia, foci, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF, Laridae,
arbovirus, influenza, humans,
domestic animals, rodents, ticks,
Baku, West Nile, Tahyna, Sindbis,
Volga River, Newcastle, heron,
shag, Ornithodoros coniceps,
Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma
plumbeum, gerbil, sandfly, cattle,
ixodid, encephalitis, Azerbaijan,
Caspian, Aral, Iran.
Parkent, Tashkent Oblast,
Uzbekistan, Baku virus,
Kemerovo, Indian sparow, house
sparrow, Turkesan rock dove,
myna, roller, Ornithodoros, ticks.
Tick, pigeon nest, Baku virus,
Ornithodoros coniceps.
Small islands of the Caspian and
Aral Seas and other large water
basins occupied by nesting Laridae
bird colonies for a long time
sufficient for development of stable
ixodid and ornithodorines
populations should be considered as
potential foci of such arboviruses as
Baku, West Nile, etc. Similar
colonies as well as "young" recently
developed gull and tern settlements
may maintain circulation of
influenza and influenza-like disease
viruses.
As a result of 4 years of
investigation near Parkent town,
Tashkent Oblast, Uzbekistan, a
stable Baku virus (group
Kemerovo) focus was detected in a
mixed colony of the Indian sparow,
house sparrow, Turkesan rock dove,
myna, roller, etc. Nesting colonies
of 1 or 1-2 bird species were not
affected by this infection. To
determine favorable conditions for a
stable focus, we made in 1975 a
map of borrow-nests in a colony
and observed its inhabitants for the
most active nesting period of Indian
sparrows.
Strains of Baku virus were isolated
from two pools of Ornithodoros
coniceps ticks collected in nests of
Columba livia collected in foothills
of the Chatkalsk mountain ridge.
Mater. 9. Simp.
Ekol. Virus.
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 50-51.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1133
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 7.
Vses. Ornit.
Konf.
(Cherkassy,
September 1977),
pp. (2): 90-91.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1252
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus.,
2 :102-105,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 775
from Russian.

Sinelshcikov, V. A.
Sinitsina, E. E..
Sipovsky, P. V.
Finding of Argas
persicus (Ixodoidea:
Argasidae) ticks in the
territory of Moldavian
SSR.
Electrophysiological
reactions of Haller's
organ neurons to odor,
in the tick, Hyalomma
asiaticum P. Sch. and
E. Schl.
Peculiar cases of
gastrointestinal
hemorrhages.
1966
1974
1944
Tick, poultry farm, equator
boundaries, Argas persicus.
Haller's, tick, Hyalomma
asiaticum, wolfram microelectrode,
hemorrhages, gastrointestinal,
digestive organs.
Argas persicus Oken, 1818 is
distributed on the land of the globe
within the boundaries of 5 to 50 and
52 North parallel and south of the
equator. It occurs in all 5 continents
of the world. In October of 1953
Argas persicus ticks were found in
wall fissures in poultry raising farm
in a kolkhoz located in Tirashpol
village not far from Chadyr-Lunga
town. This was the first finding of
this tick species in the territory of
the republic.
Haller's organ receptor responses in
Hyalomma asiaticum P. Sch. and E.
Schul. to the odor of a white mouse,
its blood, valeric acid, and human
respiration were studies by means
of the wolfram microelectrode.
Differences in responses to
stimulants, allowed assumption of
specificity of separate Haller's
organ receptor groups to different
stimulants.
Study is from 18 cases; all
exhibited about the same clinical
picture and identical pathologicalanatomical
data. These cases are
tentatively designated as acute
diaspedetic hemorrhages of the
gastrointestinal tract. Autopsy
material showed single cases of
peculiar acute diapedetic
hemorrhages from the mucous
membrane of the gastrointestinal
tract. Blood losses are very high
and may cause death. The disease
begins suddenly and lasts a quite
short time; it is apparently an acute
infectious disease with unclarified
etiology.
Parasit. Zhivot.
Rast. Zool. Inst.
Akad. Nauk,
Moldavian SSR,
(2): 168-169,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 237
from Russian.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 8
(3):223-226,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 859
from Russian.
Klin. Med., 22
(4): 64-67.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1172
from Russian.

Siuda, K. and J.
Dutkiewicz.
Sizemova, G. A.
Skofertsa, P. G., N. D.
Korchmar', P. I.
Yarovoy, and S. Ya.
Gaidamovich.
Hyalomma
marginatum in Poland
-- an example of
importation of a
southern tick by
migrating birds.
Clinical picture of
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever (OHF)
associated with
epizootics among
muskrats.
Isolation of Kharagysh
virus of the Kemerovo
group from common
starlings (Sturnus
vulgaris L.) in
Moldavian SSR.
1979
1968
1974
Hyalomma marginatum, H.
dromedarii, Ixodes ricinus,
Haemaphysalis punctata, Larus
marinus, Motacilla flava,
Rickettsia, R. connori, Coxiella
burneti, Francisella tularensis,
Theileria annulata, Nuttalia equi,
Babesia caballi, Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever, West Nile,
Dhori, Dugbe virus, ticks, Q fever,
boutonneuse fever, tularemia,
Malta fever, bovine theileriasis,
equine nuttalliosis, babesiosis,
migration.
Tick, Omsk hemorrhagic fever,
OHF, muskrats, bronchitis,
bronchopneumonias, leukopenia.
Tick, Dermacentor pictus, Ixodes
ricinus, starlings, Sturnus vulgaris,
brain, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys,
natural foci, Kharagysh, Kemerovo.
A nymph of H. marginatum Koch
was collected from a dead yellow
wagtail (Motacilla flava) found in
Popielno, northern Poland. As it is
the first known report on the
occurrence of the Hyalomma ticks
in the territory of Poland, the
distinctive features of the genus
Hyalomma and of the
developmental stages of the species
H. marginatum are given in the
article, as well as some
epidemiological considerations
concerning the species.
The clinical course of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever (OHF) in people
infected from sick muskrats both
during hunting and in experimental
work at the laboratory show no
significant differences. Slightly
greater severity of the course is
observed after laboratory infections
which is manifested in greater
frequency of the second wave of
fever, bronchitis,
bronchopneumonias and in more
marked leukopenia (up to 2500 in
1mm3) and shifts to mononuclears
in the leukocytic formula (up to
1%).
In this work, we present data from
isolating a virus strain from
common starlings and its
identification.
Wiad, Parazyt.,
25(3): 333-338.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1461
from Polish.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSR,
12:449-452,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 333
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, (1): 100-
103, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1154
from Russian.

Skofertsa, P. G., P. I.
Yarovoi, and N. D.
Korchmar.
Skofertsa, P. G., P. I.
Yarovoi, and N. D.
Korchmar'.
Skofertsa, P. G., P. I.
Yarovoy, and N. D.
Korchmar'.
Arboviruses in
Moldavia.
Results of
investigating
arboviruses in
Moldavian SSR.
Isolation of an
arbovirus of the
Uukuniemi group in
Moldavian SSR.
1978
1975
1975
Tick, Soviet Union, arbovirus,
TBE.
Moldavian, arboviruses,
mosquitoes, midges, birds,
mammals, newborn white mice,
NWM, Ixodes ricinus, ticks,
starlings, voles, Uukuniemi, UUK,
Komrat, Tribec.
Uukuniemi, arbovirus, Moldavian,
ticks, IAF, AGDP, West Nile,
Tyuleniy, Baku, Sumakh-UUK,
tickborne encephalitis, Japanese
encephalitis, Kemerovo, Tribec,
Kharagysh, Lozovo forest,
Nisporenskiy, CPE, chicken
embryos, CE, NWM, Ixodes
ricinus, Sturnus vulgarius.
The study of arboviruses in the
USSR began in 1937 when TBE
(tickborne encephalitis) virus was
detected. Afterward, several;
arboviruses new for the USSR were
isolated; some were also new for
science. In Moldavia SSR,
investigations on detecting
arboviruses began in 1969. In this
report we give results from these
investigations.
In Moldavian SSR, virological
investigations of arboviruses have
been made since 1970. During this
period, we investigated
virologically 8,518 ticks of 4
species (359 bioassays), 11,697
mosquitoes of 8 species (145
bioassays), 7,500 biting midges of 1
species (15 bioassays), 323 birds of
28 species (135 bioassays), and 744
wild mammals of 15 species (310
bioassays). Two to 4-day old
newborn white mice (NWM) were
used for virus isolation.
This investigation is the first
information on isolation of
arbovirus of the UUK group in
Moldavian SSR. In USSR, viruses
of the UUK group were isolated in
Estonian SSR and Lithuanian SSR,
western Ukrainian SSR, Azerbaijan
SSR, Far East, and in other regions.
Our data broaden distribution range
of viruses of the UUK group in
Soviet Union.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. Imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Adad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, 3: 16-20,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1360
from Russian..
Mater. 9. Simp.
Ekol. Virus,
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 186-188.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1143
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad,
Med. Nauk,
SSSR, (2): 81-
84., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1151
from Russian.

Skofertsa, P. G., S.
Ya. Gaidamovich, V.
O. Obukhova, N. D.
Korchmar, and P. I.
Yarovoy, G. A.
Klisenko, and E. E.
Mel'nikova.
Skofetsa, P. G.
Skvortsova, T. M., M.
M. Kurbanov, V. L.
Gromashevsky, D. K.
L'vov, V. A. Aristova,
V. M. Neronov, and
A. Berdiev.
An arbovirus of
Kemerovo group in
Moldavian SSR.
Certain properties of
Tribec arbovirus
strains isolated in
Moldavian SSR.
Identification of Wad
Medani virus in
Turkmen SSR.
1972
1981
1975
Kemerovo, Moldavian SSR, Ixodes
ricinus, Dermacentor marginatus,
Haemaphysalis inermis, foci,
Komrat, Nisporeny, Kalarash,
Kharagysh, IAF, Tribec virus,
Sumakh, West Nile, Tahyna,
Chenuda, CF.
Tribec, TRB, arbovirus, Kemerovo,
white mice, white rats, guinea pigs,
hamsters.
Tick, Hyalomma asiaticum,
Rhipicephalus turanicus, Wad
Medani virus, sheep, camels.
As a result of investigations, we
isolated 1 virus strain from a pool
of (53 specimens) I. ricinus ticks
collected from sheep on April 12,
1971 near Kharagysh village
Kamrat region.
Study of biological, physicalchemical,
and antigenic properties
of isolated strains showed that they
have the same properties. Our
previous investigations revealed
that strain Kharagysh belongs to the
Kemerovo-Tribec subgroup of the
Kemerovo group. From the data, all
isolated viruses were determined to
be different strains of TRB virus of
the Kemerovo group.
Appropriation of desert areas in
Central Asia made it necessary to
study circulation of arboviruses in
1973. investigations were made in 2
regions of Turkmen SSR.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profi'akt.
Virus, Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 301-302.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1103
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 40-
45., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1568
from Russian.
Mater. 9. Simp.
Ekol. Virus.
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 45-46,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1130
from Russian.

Skvortsova, T. M., V.
L. Gromashevksy, G.
A. Sidorova, N. V.
Khutoretskaya, V. A.
Aristova, N. G.
Kondrashina, A. N.
Polyakova, Sh. M.
Muradov, E. M.
Belousov, and F. P.
Kurchenko.
Slonov, M. N.
Smirnov, V. A. and
M. V. Pelipeichenko.
Smirnov, V. A., V. N.
Karpovich, and A. Yu.
Bekleshova.
Results of virological
investigation of
arthropod vectors in
the territory of
Turkmenia.
Vertical distribution of
stages of some species
of Ixodidae in
herbaceous ground
litter of south
Primor'ye forests at
various seasonal
periods.
Contribution to the
question of
epidemiological
importance of birds on
Kola Peninsula.
Survival of
arboviruses in
Ceratixodes putus
Pick.-Cambr. ticks in
connection with the
ectoparasite ecology.
1982
1963
1964
1971
Turkmenia, arthropod, ticks,
mosquitoes, midges, West Nile
fever, WN, Crimean hemorrhagic
fever, CHF, Tamdy, Sikhote Alin',
Phlebotomus papatasi,
Ornithodoros capensis, Hyalomma
marginatum, H. asiaticum, H.
anatolicum. Rhipicephalus bursa,
R. pumilio, Culex modestus, Aedes
caspius, Anopheles hyrcanus,
Culicoides puncticollis, C.
schultzei, C. desectorum, C. savus.
Tick, herbaceous ground litter,
moles, shrews, hedgehogs, Ixodes
persulcatus, I, pomeranzevi,
Haemaphysalis japonica douglasi,
Dermacentor silvarum.
Tick, bird, Soviet Union, Ixodes
(Ceratixodes) uriae, Ceratoixodes
putus.
Tick, Ceratixodes putus,
encephalitis, marine bird colonies,
tick survival, epizootic process.
Sixteen strains of viruses were
isolated in the process of virological
survey of ticks, mosquitoes and
biting midges, collected in the
territory of the Turkmenian SSR in
1978-1981. Eleven strains were
identified as arboviruses, belonging
to the four families: Togaviridae-
Karshi virus: Reoviridae-Chenuda
virus; Bunyaviridae-CHF and
Tamdy viruses; Rabdoviridae - the
virus of ephemeral fever of cattle.
This work presents the results of the
observations carried out during
1960-1961 in the Saputinsk
reservation, use having also been
made of personal Ixodidae
collections from small mammals of
the same reservation dating to 1958-
1959.
Some birds investigated had ixodid
ticks, Ixodes (Ceratixodes) uriae (=
Ceratoixodes putus), which may
also attack humans.
These data may serve for
elaboration of methods to forecast
the epizootic process character in
marine bird colonies of the region
studied.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Inst. Virus.
imeni. D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 139-
144., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1664
from Russian.
Med. Parasit.,
Moscow, 32 :
526-533,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 140
from Russian.
Vop. Med. Virus
(10): 213-219,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1303
from Russian.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 39-40,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 706
from Russian.

Smirnov, Yu. K., V.
V. Vladimirova, and
K. G. Umansky.
Smirnov. V. A.
Smirnova, S. E. and
M. P. Chumakov.
Treatment of patients
with annular erythema
appearing after tick
bite.
Data on the study of
Ceratixodes putus --
bloodsucking
ectoparasites of sea
bird colonies in the
Bering Sea.
Study of the
distribution of CHF-
Congo-Hazara group
arboviruses.
1977
1966
1975
annular erythema, ticks, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE, patients.
Ceratixodes putus, ectoparasites,
sea bird, marine bird, Bering Sea,
Alcidae, guillemots, gulls, ticks,
cormorants, penguins, Bolshoi
Ainov Island, Podpakhta,
Dvorovaya, white mice, ornithosis,
CF, Q fever, HI, arboviruses,
kittiwake, puffin.
CHF, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
Congo, Hazara, foci, Bulgaria,
Iran, Kenya, Senegal, Uganda,
Yugoslavia, Astraskhan, Rostov,
and Crimea, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Kazakhstan, Tadzhikistan,
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kzyl-
Orda, Kazahk, Africa, Hungary,
Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India,
Nigeria, Zaire, Kenya, ixodid ticks.
The report is concerned with
descriptions of 9 patients in whom
the disease occurred after tick
suction in a non-endemic region
and was not related to the virus of
tickborne encephalitis. The disorder
was accompanied by a circular
erythema and other signs of an
infecious process. A good result
was attained in 5 patients by
levoycetin treatment.
In 1961-65 while investigating sea
bird colonies in the Bering Sea,
4,562 ticks (1,292 adults, 942
nymphs, and 2,328 larvae) were
collected and examined
virologically. Ticks were found on
adult birds (guillemots, kittiwakes),
in bird nests (kittiwake, puffin, and
herring and greatblack-backed
gulls), and in the substrate of
guillemot nests.
From the results of our
investigations and the data of other
investigators study this matter,
circulation of CHF-congo antigenic
group viruses was recorded in the
USSR and Europe, Asia, and
Africa. Natural CHF-Congo virus
foci are characterized by plain and
foothill landscapes.
The distribution area of these
viruses has a high amplitude of
temperature conditions and consists
of dry steppes, semideserts, and
deserts. The distribution area of
CHF and Congo fever agents is
much broader than the disease
distribution area.
Zh. Nevropat.
Psykhiat., 77(2):
182-185.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1240
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. l.
Akarol.
Soveshch., pp.
195-196.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 623
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 356-357,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 988
from Russian.

Smirnova, S. E., D. E.
Genis, G. N.
Zgurskaya, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Smirnova, S. E., Dzh.
Shanmugan, N. M.
Nepesova, P. I.
Filipenko, V. I.
Mamaev, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Smirnova, S. E., G.
M. Zgurskaya, E. A.
Tkachenko, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Isolation of CHF virus
from the blood of a
patient in Kzyl-Orda
Oblast, Kazakh SSR.
Isolation of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus from Hyalomma
asiaticum ticks
collected in Turkmen
SSR.
Data from further
investigation of
Samarkand and certain
Rostov strains of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever (CHF) virus.
1972
1974
1969
CHF, Kzyl-Orda Oblast, Kazakh,
Chili, Khodzha, Tadzhik,
Hyalomma asiaticum.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Hyalomma asiaticum,
Rhipicephalus turanicus, ticks,
Turkmen, central Kara-Kum,
Ashkhabad, Turkmenistan, Geok
Tepe, Kyzyl Orda Oblast,
Khodzha, Congo, Kazakh SSR,
goats, sheep, camels, ticks,
newborn white mice, NWM, ixodid
ticks, fluorescent antibody
techique, FAT, CF, AGDP, R.
sanguineus.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Samarkand strain, brains, newborn
white mice, NWM, newborn albino
rats, NAR.
Isolation and identification of CHF
virus from a patient and H.
asiaticum ticks in Kazkhstan
additionally confirm the occurrence
of CHF foci in Central Asia and
Kazakhstan as well as show the
oneness of CHF and the so-called
Central Asian hemorrhagic fever.
In May 1973, ticks were collected
from domestic animals in
Ashkhabad and Geok Tepe regions
in partly sandy and in foothill zones
of the Republic. In all, 3,062 living
ticks of two species H. asiaticum
and R. turanicus, were collected.
The isolated strains were identified
by the CF and AGDP tests.
Investigations of Samarkand strain
Khodzha (1969) and 6 Rostov CHF
virus strains aimed at determining
possible changes in properties of
these strains by continuous
passages through the brains of
newborn white mice (NWM) and
newborn albino rats (NAR).
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972), p.
372. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1076
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 22
(1):176-179,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 940
from Russian.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Oplio.
Virus. Entesf.
(Moscow,
October 1969),
(2) :148-149,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 823
from Russian.

Smirnova, S. E., G. N.
Zgurskaya, D. E.
Genis, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Smirnova, S. E., G. N.
Zgurskaya, N. M.
Nepesova, T. P. Pak,
M. P. Chumakov, and
S. P. Chunikhin.
Smirnova, S. E., N.
M. Nepesova, G.
Tachmuradov, A. M.
Kir'yanova, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus isolations
from Hyalomma
asiaticum ticks
collected in Kzyl-Orda
Oblast, Kazakh SSR.
Examination of animal
blood samples in
Central Asia for
antibodies to Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus (CHF).
Data on studying
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever in Turkmen SSR.
1971
1969
1971
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Hyalomma asiaticum, Hyalomma
plumbeum plumbeum, Hyalomma
anatolicum, ticks, Kazakhstan,
Kzyl-Orda Oblast, Kazakh,
newborn white mice, NWM,
guinea pigs, FAT, CF, N, AGDP,
green monkey kidney, GMK,
hamster kidney cell, HKC.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
DPRA, cows, sheep, pigs, camels,
hedgehogs, fox, steppe cat, great
gerbil, squirrel, hare, antibodies,
sera samples.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Congo virus, renal syndrome, foci,
AGDP test, blood serum, human,
domestic animals, wild animals.
Spontaneous infection with CHF
virus of 1500 live Hyalomma
asiaticum ticks collected in spring
1971 in two areas of Kzyl-Orda
region of the Kazakh SSR was
studied in experiments in newborn
white mice and guinea pigs. A total
of agents pathogenic for newborn
white mice were isolated of which
16 were established in serial
passages in newborn white mice
and completely identified by means
of CF, AGDP, N tests, and FA
technique as strains of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever virus. Thus,
spontaneous infection of Hyalomma
asiaticum ticks with CHF virus has
been first proved and suggests that
this tick may be the probably vector
of CHF virus in Kazakhstan and
possibly in other endemic zones.
Our serological investigations
showed that CHF foci exists in
localities of the mentioned Central
Asian republics, and also the
irregular distribution pattern of
CHF infection among domestic and
wild animals inhabiting different
CHF foci.
This paper reports the results of
examination of 1252 specimens of
the blood serum from man,
domestic and wild animals as well
as wild birds for antibody to CHF-
Congo viruses. The specimens were
collected in 12 farms of the
Turkmen SSR.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:41-44,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 951
from Russian.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October, 1969),
(2) :146-147,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 820
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19 :86-91,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 804
from Russian.

Smirnova, S. E., N.
M. Shestopalova, V.
N. Reingol'd, and M.
P. Chumakov.
Smirnova, S. E., N. V.
Shalunova, and L. I.
Mart'yanova.
Study of tissue
cultures infected with
CHF-Congo group
viruses.
Investigation of
Samarkand and
Rostov strains of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus.
1972
1968
CHF, Congo virus, Syrian hamster
kidney, SHK, Khodzha, Nakivogo,
newborn white mice, NWM, FAT.
CHF, Rostov, Samarkand, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, ticks, foci,
virus, mosquito, newborn white
mice, NWM, newborn white rats,
NWR, CF, AGDP, Astrakhan
Oblast, Tadzhid, Bulgaria,
Japanese encephalitis, Kyasamur
Forest disease, Machupo, Junin,
Tacaribe, Drozdov.
We investigatged primary Syrian
hamster kidney tissue cultures
(SHK) infected with CHF virus
(strain Khodzha) or Congo virus
(strain Nakivogo) to detect specific
affection symptoms by virological,
immunilogical, and cytological
methods.
Study of 9 virus strains isolated in
Astrakhan (1), Rostov-on-Don (7),
and Samarkand (1) Oblasts using
newborn white mice and newborn
white rats; strains caused a fatal
disease in both, but were
apathogenic for adult animals. Two
hundred sera were investigated
from two CHF virus strains from
the Rostov and Smarkand Oblasts,
CHF convalesent sera, positive
responses to the CF and AGDP
tests obtained in Astrakhan (40%),
Bulgaria (30%), and Tadzhik SSR
(45%). Eighty-five sera from
healthy population from a few CHF
foci in Kyzyl-Ordynskoe Oblast
proved to be 8.2% positive.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 342-343.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1053
from Russian.
Mater. 15.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 1968),
(3): 96-97.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 868
from Russian.

Smirnova, S. E., O. A.
Daniyarov, A. N.
Pavlovich, T. P. Pak,
K. T. Kasymov, M. P.
Chumakov, and L. I.
Mikhailova.
Smirnova, S. E., O. A.
Daniyarov, G. N.
Zgurskaya, K. T.
Kasymov, A. N.
Pavlovich, T. P. Pak,
M. P. Chumakov, and
A. V. Yasinsky.
Smirnova, S. E., V. I.
Mamaev, N. M.
Nepesova, P. I.
Filipenko, V. Y.
Kalyaeva, and M. P.
Isolation and
investigation of virus
strains from Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
patients in
Tadzhikistan.
Serological
investigation of
humans and animals in
Tadzhik SSR for
antibodies to Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus.
Study of circulation of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus in
Turkmen SSR.
1971
1971
1978
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Tadzhikistan, Bulgaria, newborn
white mice, white rats, guinea pigs,
NWM, Central Asian hemorrhagic
fever, Congo virus, complement
fixation, CF, agar gel diffusion and
precipitation, AGDP.
Criman hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
complement fixation, CF, agar gel
diffusion and precipitation, AGDP,
neutralization, N, newborn white
mice, NWM, newborn white rats,
NWR, Tadzhikistan, cattle, sheep,
goats, horses, pigs, wild birds, wild
mammals, muskrats.
Tick, foci, Crimean hemorrhagic
fever, Hyalomma dromedarii.
In 1969 two strains of CHF virus
were first isolated from the blood of
patients with Crimean hemorrhagic
fever in Tajikistan. Detailed
investigation of the isolates showed
them to be antigenically identical
with CHF virus strains from other
parts of this country and from
Bulgaria as well as with Congo
virus strains of Afro-Asian origin.
This evidence once again confirms
that the so-called Central Asian
hemorrhagic fever is caused by the
virus from the CHF-Congo
antigenic group.
This paper presents the results of
serological examination of people
and animals in 1968 mainly in
southern areas of the Tajik SSR
where human cases of CHF occur.
Detection of precipitating antibody
in sera of domestic animals
suggests that in 1968 the circulation
of CHF virus in southern areas of
the republic was insignificant.
Final results of the virological and
serological investigations of the
circulation of the Crimean
hemorrhagic fever virus in the
Turkmenian SSR carried out in
1968-1976 are presented in this
report. In the examination of 2294
blood serum samples of human
beings complement binding
antibodies against the Crimean
hemorrhagic fever were revealed in
0.4% of cases. It was revealed that
five species of ixodes ticks could be
infected with this virus; for the first
time its strains were also isolated
from the Hyalomma dromedarii
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:30-37,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 965
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:66-71,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 964
from Russian.
Zh. Mikrobiol.,
Moskva 55(1):
92-97, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1296

Chumakov. ticks. Isolation of the Crimean
hemorrhagic fever virus from ticks
determination of the precipitating
antibodies against this virus in
agricultural animals- from 6.2-
11.1%- in all the regions of the
republic pointed out that the natural
nidi zones were widespread at the
territory of the Turkmenian SSR,
and that it was necessary to carry
out further study of the given focus.
Sobolev, S. G.
Sokolov, I. I.
Localization of
Powassan virus in
capillary walls of the
brain.
Karyological study of
some Acari and the
problem of sex
determination in the
group.
1978
1945
Mosquito, Anopheles hyrcanus,
Powassan virus, capillary walls,
brain.
Acari, spermatogenesis,
Pyrrhocoris, Argas columbarum,
Tetranychus bimaculatus,
Pediculoides venticosus, P.
graminum, Tyroglyphoidea,
Tyroglyphus farinae, T. noxius,
Glycyphagus domesticus, Ixodes
ricinus, Rhizoglyphus echniopus,
mites.
In this article, we give results of
studying localization and
morphology of this virus in
capillary wall cell elements of
different brain sections in adult
white mice infected with 2 strains
of Powassan virus.
The behaviour of the chromosomes
during spermatogenesis of four
species of Tyroglyphoid mites was
investigated with acetocarmine
technique. In three species there
was found an X-chromosome,
which lies during the growth period
beneath the nuclear membrane in a
form of a constricted heteropycnotic
body.
from Russian.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Ptits Rol'v Rasp.
Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July-August
1976), pp. 243-
247, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1476
from Russian.
Izvest. Akad,
Nauk SSSR, Ser.
Biol., (6):654-
663., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 102
from Russian.

Sokolova, E. I., N. M.
Kulieva, and N. M.
Mirzoeva.
Sokolova, E. I., N. M.
Mirzoeva, and N. M.
Kulieva.
Sokolova, E. I., N. M.
Mirzoeva, N. M.
Kulieva, and I. G.
Kanbai.
Trophic associations
between ticks and
birds in natural
arbovirus foci of
Azerbaijan.
Isolation of
arboviruses from ticks
in Azerbaijan SSR.
Survival of viruses in
ticks under natural
conditions of the
Azerbaijan SSR.
1974
1976
1973
ticks, birds, West Nile virus,
Sindbis virus, Baku virus,
Azerbaijan, Lenkoran, Sabirabad,
Bardinsky, Shekinsky, Ismailli,
Baku, Passeriformes,
Charidriiformes, Coraciiformes,
Columbiformes, Strigiiformes,
blackbirds, nuthatches, bluecheeked
bee-eaters, pheasants,
glossy ibises, great white herons,
squacco herons, spoonbills, little
bitterns, rollers, little owls, shrikes,
common terns, gulls, skylarks,
herring gulls, thrushs,
greenfinches, chaffinches, grey
wagtails, Ixodes crenulatus, I.
ricinus, Hyalomma plumbeum,
Haemaphysalis, Dermacentor,
Ornithodoros capensis, Argas
persicus, Dermanyssus gallinae.
Ticks, arboviruses, Azerbaijan,
West Nile, Baku, Caspiy, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF, Bhanja,
Dhori, Uukuniemi, O. capensis,
Hyalomma marginatum, R. bursa,
R. turanicus, I. ricinus.
Tick, West Nile, WN, Baku virus,
Japanese encephalitis, JE,
tickborne encephalitis TBE, foci,
Ornithodoros capensis,
Birds and their ectoparasites were
simultaneously investigated for
arborvirus infections. Positive
results were only obtained with
birds. In Azerbaijan, natural foci of
West Nile virus were found in
Lenkoran region, of Sinbis virus in
Sabirabad and Baku regions, and of
Baku virus in Baku region. In all
foci, ticks typically associated with
birds and mammals are involved in
virus circulation.
In the last 5 years, eight arboviruses
were isolated from ticks in the
Republic.
The first report, Baku Archipelago
Islands - Natural Arbovirus Foci,"
contained data on detection of
island type foci, ecological -
faunistic data, information on
circulation of West Nile and Baku
viruses during the epizootic period
in the tick-bird-tick chain, and
results of virological and
serological investigations.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974),
pp.77-79,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 970
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 3.
Vses, Soveshch.
Akarol.
(Tashkent,
October 1976), p.
218., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1161
from Russian.
Rport. 2. Sborn.
Trud. Ekol.
Virus., 1:132-
135, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 747
from Russian.

Sokolova, E. I., N. M.
Mirzoeva, N. M.
Kulieva, Z. D.
Sultanova, and I. G.
Kanbay.
Sokolova, E. I., N. M.
Mirzoeva, N. M.
Kulieva, Z. D.
Sultanova, I. G.
Kanbai, V. R.
Obukhova, and S. Ya.
Gaidamovich.
Solov'ev, V. D., N. R.
Gutman, and Ya. E.
Khesin.
Ecological data on
possible arboviral
infection focus in
Sabirabad region,
Azerbaijan SSR.
Islands of Baku
Archipelago natural
arbovirus foci.
Data from studying
etiology of
hemorrhagic
nephrosonephritis.
1971
1973
1964
Tick, mosquitoes, mammals,
rollers, jackdaws, carrion crows,
pigeons, starlings, herons, glossy
ibises, coots, ducks bitterns, terns ,
sandpipers, focus Aedes vexans,
Rhipicephalus turanicus, A.
caspius, Boophilus calcaratus,
Ixodes crenulatus, A.
vespertillionis.
Tick, Baku, West Nile, WN,
Ornithodoros capensis, natural foci,
Hyalomma plumbeum, gulls, Larus
argentatus, virological, serological
examination.
Hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis,
kidney, lungs, rodents.
In 1970, the area between Kura and
Arkas rivers, Sabirabad and Saatly
regions were widely investigated.
Small collections from Bradinsky
and Ishly regions were also studied.
Positive results were obtained from
material collected in the Sary-Su
military-hunting area.
The following islands of Baku
Archipelago were investigated:
Glinyany, Pirsagarskie, Gryady,
Tashkent, and Babur. West Nile and
Baku viruses were found on
Glinyany Island. Ornithodoros
capensis and Hyalomma plumbeum
ticks, and herring gulls are involved
in circulation of viruses. In this
work, we present ecologicalfaunistic
data and virological and
serological examination results.
In the summer of 1963 and the
spring of 1964, rodents in
hemorrhagic fever focus of Kirov
Oblast were investigated by the
Department of Infections with
Natural Focality, Gamaleya
Institute of Epidemiology and
Microbiology. Histological
investigation of kidneys and lungs
from 549 rodents showed that 3-5%
of animal had changes similar to
those observed in test with newborn
rats and mice.
Tezisy. Dokl.
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
Virus. imeni
Ivanovsky, D. I.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR
(October 19-21),
pt. 2 : 109-110,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 501
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus.,
(1) :126-131,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 715
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus,
Entsef., pp. 290-
291, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1283
from Russian.

Solovey, E. A., L. M.
Vil'ner, M. P.
Chumakov.
Somov, G. P. and V. I.
Shestakov.
Sotnikova, A. N. and
G. M. Soldatov.
Stanyukovich, A. K.
Comparison of
development
conditions of
tickborne encephalitis
complex virus
antigens and
interferonogenesis in
chicken fibroblast cell
cultures.
On spontaneous
infection of
Haemaphysalis
japonica douglasi
Nutt. and Warb. ticks
with D. sibiricus
rickettsiae in Primorsk
Region.
Participation of birds
of the family
Emberizidae in the
circulation of tickborne
encephalitis
virus.
Preliminary data on
the study of free
amino acids in ixodid
and argasid ticks.
1968
1963
1964
1966
tickborne encephalitis, TBE, OHF,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, WN,
West Nile, KFD, Kyasanur forest
disease, HA, CF, AGDP.
Tick, Soviet Union, infection,
Haemaphysalis japonica douglasi,
Dermacentroxenus sibiricus.
Tick, birds, Emberizidae,
encephalitis, Kemerovo fever,
hemorrhagic fever, Emberiza
tristrami, E. elegans, E.
spodocephala, E. fucata, E.rutila,
E. aureola, Ixodes persulcatus.
Tick, amino acids, Ornithodoros
papillipes, Hyalomma, Ixodes
ricinus.
In this study, we give results from
studying this question in
monoloayer chicken embryo cell
cultures. The cultures used in this
study differed in incubation periods
before infection and the age of
chicken embryos from which they
were obtained.
In the Primorsk region there was
established a spontaneous infection
of Haemaphysalis japonica douglasi
Nutt. and Warb. ticks with
rickettsia. Two strains belonging to
the species Dermacentroxenus
sibiricus were isolated from hungry
imagos and nymphs, collected off
the plants in the focus of tick
rickettsiosis.
From 1959 to 1962, we examined
233 buntings and collected from
them 110 larvae and 59 nymphs of
ixodid ticks, 5 fleas, and 2
gamasoid mites. Tristram's Bunting
(Emberiza tristrami Swinh.), in the
territory of the focus, inhabits fir
forests and dense bushes in the
taiga. The Yellow-throated Bunting
(Emberiza elegans Temm.) is found
in cutover broadleaf, and in mixed
broadleaf-cedar forests in river and
stream valleys.
It was shown by paper
chromatography that correlation of
free amino acids in insects are
specific for each species and can be
used as a criterion for taxonomic
purposes.
Mater. 15.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (October,
1968), (1): 37-
38., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1532
from Russian.
J. Microbiol.
Moscow 40(12):
51-56, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 205
from Russian.
Proc. 11 th Sci.
Conf. Inst. Poli.
Encep., Moscow,
pp 214-216,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 153
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol,
Sovshch., p. 202,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 473
from Russian.

Stanyukovich, M. K.
Starkoff, O. A.
Starkov, O. A.
Starkov, O. A. and A.
K. Turaev.
Finding the flea
Xenopsylla cheopis
Rothschild in common
vole (Microtus arvalis
Pall.) nests in
Leningrad.
Description of the
larva of
Haemaphysalis
pavlovskyi Pospelova-
Shtrom.
Anomylohimalaya
lama, a new ixodid
tick genus and species
for the fauna of USSR.
Argasid and ixodid
ticks (Ixodoidea) from
porcupine (Hystrix
lucura Sykes, 1831) in
Tadzhikistan.
1985
1964
1975
1973
Fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis,
common vole, Microtus arvalis.
Tick, larvae, Haemaphysalis
pavlovskyi , Phasianus colchicus
bianchii, Lepus tolai bokchariensis.
Anomylohimalaya lama, Alticola
argentatus, vole, Sorex, Lepus
oiostolum, Ixodes redikorzevi
Olenev, Haemaphysalis erinacei
(=numidiana) turanica Pospelova-
Shtrom, Dermacentor marginatus
Sulzer, Rhipicephalus turanicus
Pomerantsev, Tadzhikistan,
Himalayan, ticks, Nepal.
Tick, porcupine, burrows, ixodid,
Hystrix lucura, Ornithodoros
papillipes, Rhipicephalus turanicus,
R. sanguineus, Hyalomma
asiaticum.
In the boundaries of Leningrad, 119
fleas (8 species), including 45 rat
fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis Roths.),
were collected in the fall of 1979
and in winter, spring, and fall of
1982.
Description of the larvae is given
for the first time in this paper.
A partly engorged female tick of the
family Ixodidae was collected on a
Pamir high-mountain vole, Alticola
argentatus, trapped on June 21,
1971 on the southern slope of
Turkestan range at 2,300 m altitude
near Matcha settlement. This ixodid
tick genus Anomylohimalaya lama
and species, new for science, is a
very rare species in Tadzhikistan. In
Nepal, this species is more
numerous and has a wider range of
hosts. This parasite is apparently a
representative of the Himalayan
fauna and the Turkestan range lies
in the western periphery of this
tick's area of distribution. The
parasite was found in the USSR for
the first time and for the second
time in the world.
Our data show that most ticks on
this host were found in the spring,
occasional specimens were found in
the summer; in the winter these
parasites were found at the burrow
entrance but not on the rodent body.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 19(1):
68-70, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1794
from Russian.
Izv. Biol. Otd.
Akad. Nauk
Tadzhik SSR, 1
(15) :125-126,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 133
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 54
(2):304-305.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 901
from Russian.
Izv. Akad. Nauk
Tadzhik, SSR, s.
Biol. Nauk. 2
(51) :97-98,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 789
from Russian.

Starkov, O. A. and M.
Mukhammadkulov.
Starkov, O. A., A. U.
Kuima, V. V. Panova,
and E. S. Kalmykov.
Starkov, O. A., and E.
S. Kalmykov.
Contribution to the
biology of Argas
persicus (Oken 1818)
in Tadzhikistan.
Species composition
of ixodid ticks and
their hosts in Crimean
hemorrhagic fever foci
of Tadzhikistan.
Ixodid ticks and their
associations with the
landscape.
1969
1971
1971
Tick, Argas persicus, Athene
noctua, Columba livia, Coracias
carrulus semenovi, Passer
hispanilensis transcapicus, P.
montanus, P. domesticus
griseogularis, Corvus monedula
mondula, Treponema.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
foci, Ixodes redikorzevi,
Haemaphysalis sulcata,
Haemaphysalis numidiana,
Haemaphysalis erinacei, Boophilus
annulatus, Boophilus calcaratus,
Rhipicephalus turanicus,
Hyalomma asiaticum, Hyalomma
detritum, Hyalomma scupense,
Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma
plumbeum, Hyalomma
marginatum, cattle, rodents, house
mouse, Turkestan rat, kishlaks,
winter camps.
Ixodid, ticks, Tadzhikistan,
Tadzhik, Ixodes redikorzevi, I.
berlesei, I. crenulatus, I. stromi, I.
vespertilionis, I. cornutus,
Haemaphysalis punctata, H.
otophila, H. numidiana turanica, H.
caucasica, H. sulcata, H.
pavlovskyi, Dermacentor
marginatus, D. daghestanicus,
Boohilus calcaratus, Rhipicephalus
turanicus, R. pumilio, Hyalomma
aegyptium, R. leporis, H.
dromedarii, H. asiaticum asiaticum,
H. detritum, H. scupense, H.
anatolicum, H. a. excavatum, H.
plumbeum turanicum.
Here we have our observations
supplemented by data from the
Parasitological Department,
Institute of Zoology and
Parasitology Tadzhik Academy of
Sciences.
In foci of Crimean hemorrhagic
fever in the Tajik SSR most
numerous species of Ixodid ticks
include Hyalomma anatolicum and
Hyalomma detritum which
predominantly parasitize cattle. In
wild rodents, the rate of infection
with ticks is insignificant, however,
the mass character of their
populations may create high
population density of ticks.
The fauna of Ixodid ticks of
Tajikistan is represented by 26
species. The most prevalent species
with which man has contacts
include: H. anatolicum anatolicum,
H. asiaticum, H. detritum, H.
scupense, H. plumbeum, H.
turanicum, H. sulcata, Rh.
turanicus, Booph. calcaratus, and
Dermacentor marginatus.
Dokl. Akad.
Nauk Tadzhik.
SSR, 12 (7) : 70-
72, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
481 from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:190-194,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 963
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Piolo.
Virus, entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 19:
195-203.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 944
from Russian.

Stavitskaya, N. Kh.,
T. A Menyavtseva, Z.
P. Beketova, K. G.
Doroshenko, and V. f.
Terent'ev.
Stefanov, S. B, and S.
E. Smirnova.
Steigleder, G. K.
Data on autoimmune
processes in tickborne
encephalitis patients
from Tomsk Oblast.
Morphometric
differences of cell
cultures infected with
CHF, Congo, and
Hazara viruses.
Ixodes ricinus
Spirochetes: Probable
cause of
acrodermatitis
chronica atrophicans
herxheimer.
1975
1975
1984
Tomsk, autoimmune, tickborne
encephalitis, leukocytolysis, RSSE.
Morphometric, CHF, Congo,
Hazara, CI.
Tick, Ixodes ricinus, spirochetes,
acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
herxheimer, erythema choronicum
migrans, Lyme disease, antibodies.
Studied the allergic condition in
tickborne encephalitis (RSSE)
patients by in vitro methods;
determination of autoantibodies,
histamine level in the blood, and
reaction of blood cells to antigen-
PPN and leukocytolysis.
Preparations of culture 6619
infected with CHF, Congo, and
Hazara viruses were investigated
morphometically at different
periods following infection.
Differences in culture periods were
demonstrated. Cultures infected
with different viruses differed
reliably from each other and from
the control by the form of kinetic
curves.
This presently applies to erythema
choronicum migrans and
acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
herxheimer. Interest in both
diseases revived when erythema
migrans was shown to be a
symptom of Lyme disease in the
USA and particularly when
spirochetes were found in ticks
transmitting that disease and later
also in the tissues of erythema
migrans cases. The finding of
Ackermann et al. on serum
antibodies against spirochetes from
Ixodes ricinus and acrodermatitis
chronica atrophicans published in
the issue further support the
assumption that this disease also
has a spirochete based etiology.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 77-78,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1026
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop, Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975), p.
359., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1196
from Russian.
Dtsch. Med.
Wschr, 109(1): 3-
5, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1749 from
German.

Stella, E.
Stelmaszyk, Z. J.
Stepanova, N. I.
Stephanova, N. I. and
L. P. D'Yakonov.
Ovogenesis and
spermatogenesis in
Rhipicephalus
sanguineus.
The technique of
infecting ticks
(Ixodidae) per anum.
Mechanism of
immunity to bovine
theileriasis.
Experiments on the
development of
Babesia ovis in the
organs of
Rhipicephalus bursa in
vitro.
1938
1975
1973
1970
Tick, acarine parasites, ixodids,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus.
Plasmodium gallinaceum, Aedes
aegypti, Coxiella burneti, Bacteria
tularense, Dermacentor reticulatus,
D. pictus, Ixodes ricinus, I.
reticulatus, Hyalomma dromedarii,
Haemaphysalis intermis,
Ornithodoros moubata, ticks.
Theileria, theileriasis, sera, T.
annulata, T. serrenti, T. orientalis,
CF, ticks, foci.
Babesia ovis, Rhipicephalus bursa,
in vitro, ticks, sheep.
Mode of copulation in ticks.
A new technique of anal infecting
of ticks Dermacentor pictus and
Ixodes ricinus with a suspension of
tick encephalitis virus has been
worked out. The method makes the
experimentalist independent of the
natural activeness and physiological
condition of the ticks.
In latent foci following primary
infection of animals with
theileriasis, each new agent portion
introduced by ticks is apparently a
specific antigen stimulant
preventing manifestation of clinical
disease symptoms.
Infective forms of B. ovis from
salivary glands of R. bursa easily
infect sheep erythrocytes in vitro
and form typical pear forms
directly. The infection rate of red
cells in blood increases up to 5-6
hours in vitro and then starts to
decrease.
Arch. Zool. Ital.,
27 : 11-29,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 276
from Italian.
Wiad, Parazyt.,
21(1): 29-36.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1705
from Polish.
Nauch. Trudy
Immun. Sel.-
Khoz. Zhivot.
(Moscow, 1973),
pp. 348-350.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1084
from Russian.
Trudy Vses. Inst.
Eksp. Vet., 38:
41-43., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1673
from Russian.

Stogov, I. I.
Stolbov, D. N., A. M.
Butenko, P. S.
Egorova, E. V.
Leshchinskaya, & M.
P. Chumakov.
Stolbov, N. M.
Probable identity of
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever and hemorrhagic
disease of muskrats in
North America.
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever (CHF) in
Astrakhan Oblast.
On the ecology and
distribution of Ixodes
plumbeus Leach ticks
in natural infection
foci in western Siberia.
1972
1965
1966
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
muskrats, ixodid ticks, tularemia,
North America, Ondatra zibethica,
Demacentor, Microtus gregalis,
Laelaps multispinosus, Clostridium.
Tick, acaricide, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF, H. p.
plumbeum.
Tick, foci, Siberia, Ixodes
plumbeus.
Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHF)
and hemorrhagic disease of Ondatra
zibethica (Errington's disease) are
very similar by epizootology
(specifity for Ondatra zibethica,
occurrence of epizootics mainly in
the cold season of the year and total
death of the animals) and
syndromes (hemorrhages of the
lungs and the gastrointestinal tract).
This similarity as well as the fact
that OHF appeared in this country
after introduction of Ondatra
zibethica into the fauna suggest
identity of these two diseases.
The study of possible sharp
decrease of Hyalomma tick number
using more suitable chemical
preparation (acaricidal preparations)
should be continued.
During parasitological
investigations made from 1956 to
1965 in Tomsk, Kemerovo, and
Tyumen Oblasts, we examined 596
burrow nests of birds (bank
swallows, common kingfishers, and
tree sparrows) from which 4,108
larvae, 591 nymphs, and 510 adult
ticks of this species were collected
and identified. Analysis of my own
and literature data serve as material
for this article.
Mater. 5. Simp.
Izuch, Roli
Pereletn. Ptits
Rasp. Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July 20-27,
1969), pp. 218-
221., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1645
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 7 :
271-278,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 604
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch. p. 203-
204, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 396
from Russian.

Strikhanova, E. V., N.
S. Meleshko, M. A.
Timfeev, Z. G.
Shevchenko, L. R.
Petrova, N. N.
Ushmarova, and T. V.
Yarov.
Strikzhak, V. M.
Stupina, A. G.
Results of studying
natural focality of
tularemia in Krasnodar
region for 6 years.
Experimental
transstadial
transmission of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
virus by Aedes
beklemishevi.
Data on ectoparasites
of small mammals in
the tularemia focus of
northern Baikal
region, Buryat ASSR.
1965
1974
1971
Krasnodar, Rostov Oblast,
tularemia, rodents, ticks, mice,
voles, hamsters, hares, foci, Ixodes
ricinus, I. laguri laguri,
Haemaphysalis punctata, H. parva,
Dermacentor marginatus,
Rhipicephalus rossicus, Hyalomma
marginatum.
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
fluorescent antibody technique,
FAT, Aedes beklemishevi,
mosquitoes.
Tick, small mammals, muskrats,
tularemia, focus, Ixodes
persulcatus, Malareus penicillinger
penicillinger, Monpsyllus indages,
Megabotris calcarifer, M.
rectangula, M. advanarius,
Ceratophyllus garei, Amphipsylla
sibirica, A. marikovskii,
Permoyscopsylla bidentata, P.
ostsibirica, Leptopsylla segnis,
Otenophthalmus pisticus,
Rhadinopsylla pseudodaurica, R.
integella casta, Neopsylla
acanthina, Catallagia decenkoi, C.
fetisovi, C. ioffi, C. striata, H.
microti.
Krasnodar region is characterized
by a variety of natural conditions.
From literature data on the relief,
soil, climate, water basins, flora and
fauna, this region is divided into the
following landscape-geographical
areas: plain-steppe, estuaryfloodland,
foothill, mountain,
tamanite-bald mountain, and Black
Sea.
It was demonstrated that larval A.
beklemishevi may be infected with
OHF by the alimentary route; and
that larvae can transmit the virus to
the pupal stage, where the virus
reproduces. Adult (winged) A.
beklemishevi are capable of
infecting susceptible animals with
OHF virus through bites.
In 1951, high mortality among
muskrats and tularemia outbreaks
among industrial hunters were
recorded in northern Baikal region,
Burgat ASSR.
Mater. Nauch. -
Prakt. Konf.
Tulyarem.
Soputst. Infekts.,
pp. 52-56.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1530
from Russian.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974),
pp.17-18,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 971
from Russian.
Dokl, Irkutsk.
Protiv, Inst., (9) :
240-241,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 579
from Russian.

Subotnik, A. S.
Sugimoto, M.
Suida, K.
Suida, K., Szczesniak-
Zarzycka, J.
Dutkiewicz, and A.
Derylo.
Reasons for the
geographical
distribution limit of
the tick Rhipicephalus
sanguineus Latr., 1806.
On the Ixodoidea of
Formosa.
The differentiation of
nymphal Argas
polonicus.
Data on knowledge of
the tick fauna
(Ixodides) of some
mammals in Poland.
1956 Tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus.
1935
1982
1982
Tick, Dermacentor taiwanensis,
Haemaphysalis nishiyamai, D.
atrosignatus, wild pigs, Taiwan.
Argas polonicus, instars, pigeons,
humans, nymphs.
Ixodes, mammals, ticks, Erinaceus
europaeus, Talpa europaea,
Plecotus auvitus, Mus musculus,
Rattus norvegicus, Mustela nivalis,
Dermacentor reticulatus, Ixodes
ricinus, I. apronophorus, Microtus
oeconomus, Clethrionomys
glareolus, M. arvalis, Neomys
fodiens, Sorex minutus, Lubin, roedeer,
stags, wild boars, mouflon.
The distribution range of
Rhipicephalus sanguineus was
studied in Leningrad, Rostov, and
Crimea Oblasts, and in 13 localities
of northern Caucasus.
One male tick Haemaphysalis
nishiyamai was collected from wild
pigs by Nishiyama at Aoshan,
Hsintien, Taipei County, Taiwan.
This tick is quite similar to D.
atrosignatus Neumann, the principal
difference being in the coxae.
Three nymphal instars were found
in a sample of A. polonicus
collected from the type locality of
St. Mary's Church in Krakòw.
A total of 592 small mammals
belonging to 17 species were
examined in Mazurian Lake
District. From the representative of
11 species a total of 859 ticks (784
larvae, 74 nymphs, 1 female) were
collected, of which 843 (98.1%)
belonged to Ixodes ricinus and 15
(1.9%) to I. apronophorus. Of the
158 game animals examined post
mortem in the region of Lubin, a
total of 725 ticks (6 larvae, 104
nymphs, 135 males, 480 females)
were collected, of which 714
(98.5%) belonged to I. ricinus and
11 (1.5%) to Dermacentor
reticulatus.
Med. Parasit.,
Moscow, 25(3) :
272, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 266
from Russian.
Taiwan
Hakubutsu
Gakkai Kaiho 3
(6): 5-7,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1791
from Japanese.
Mater. 4. Symp.
Acaroent. Med.
Vet., Gdansk,
September 1980),
Wiad, Parazyt.,
28(1-2): 51-55.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1683
from Polish.
Mater. 4. Symp.
Acaroent. Med.
Vet., Gdansk,
September 1980),
Wiad, Parazyt.,
28(1-2): 63-67.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1692
from Polish.

Suida, K., Z. Jarosz,
and L. Norek.
Sumov, G. P., F. N.
Gopachenko, and D.
G. Kononova.
Supino, F.
The case of attack of
trumpeters in St.
Mary's Church in
Kraków by the ticks
Argas polonicus
(Acarina, Ixodides,
Argasidae).
Tsutsugamushi fever
on the Kuril islands.
Embryology of
Acarines.
1982
St. Mary's Church, Kraków,
trumpeters, Argas polonicus, A.
reflexus.
1976 Tsutsugamushi fever, foci.
1895
Psoroptes ovis, Aleurobius farinae,
Freyana anatina, Phycobius
anonimus, Tenuipalpus palmatus,
Histotome iulorum, Tetranychus
telarius, Pterodectes bilobatus,
Phytocoptes gallarum, Atax bonzi,
Peripatus, Trombidium
fuliginosum, Tritia documana,
Oribates puncum, acarines,
embryology.
During the warm season of 1979,
the trumpeters who were on duty
day and night in the tower of St.
Mary's Church in Krakow were
repeatedly attacked by A. polonicus
ticks at night. One trumpeter who
was repeatedly bitten developed
symptoms confirming to those
which could have been evoked by
other representatives of the genus
Argas. As A. polinicus is a typical
nocturnal parasite, the risk of
infestation to people visiting St.
Mary's Church during the day is
minimal.
This report deals with
investigations to detect and study
natural tsutsugamushi fever foci on
southern Kuril islands. Study of
these foci involved clinical,
serological, virological,
immunological, and
zooparasitological investigations.
The data were collected during the
Vladivestok Institute of
Epidemiology and Microbiology
Expedition to these islands from
1968-73.
Study of embryology of the
acarines from formation of the egg,
stages of development, embryo
development, emergence from the
egg, and systematic positions of the
Acarines.
Mater. 4. Symp.
Acaroent. Med.
Vet., Gdansk,
September 1980),
Wiad, Parazyt.,
28(2): 57-62.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1677
from Polish.
Zh. Mikrobiol.,
Moskva, 53
(2):69-73,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1173
from Russian.
Atti. Soc. Ven.-
Trent, Sci. Nat.
Padova, s2, 2
(1):242-261.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 299
from Italian.

Surbova, St.
Survillo, A. V. and S.
K. Karimov.
Survillo, A. V., Zh. T.
Timirbekov, E. I.
Gavrilov, I. F.
Borodikhin, S. K.
Karimov, and T. V.
Kiryushchenko.
Susha, K. P.
Distribution and
epidemiological
importance of ticks of
the family Ixodidae in
Bulgaria.
Serological
investigation of birds
in Syr-Dar'ya Delta
with antigens of group
A and B arboviruses.
Detection of
antibodies to
arboviruses in
migratory birds of
southern Kazahstan.
Spring-summer fever
in cattle.
1964
1971
1971
1964
Tick, Ixodes ricinus,
Haemaphysalis inermis, H.
punctata, H. sulcta, H. parva,
Boophilus annulatus, Dermacentor
andersoni, Rhipicephalus
sanguineus, rodents, birds, reptiles.
Tick, serological investigation,
birds, antigens, group A, group B,
arbovirus, tickborne encephalitis,
TBE, Japanese encephalitis, JE,
western equine, WEE, eastern
equine, EEE, Venezuelan equine
encephalomyelites, VEE, HI test.
West Nile, WN, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE, Japanese, JE,
Venezuelan equine
encephalomyelitis, VEE, WEE,
migratory birds, antibodies,
Babesiosis, cattle, spring-summer
fever.
In this paper, we provide data on
species composition and
distribution of ticks of the family
Ixodidae. The research was done
during the 1951-59 period. During
this study, we collected 24,816 tick
specimens from domestic animals,
502 unfed ticks from wild animals,
and 905 larvae and nymphs from
rodents, birds and reptiles.
In July-August 1970, we collected
sera from 59 bird species in western
Kazalinsk and Saunter Aral'sk
regions of Kzyl-Orda Oblast. All
these sera were investigated by the
HI test with 5 antigens.
In spring-fall of 1969-1970, we
collected 608 blood sera from
migratory birds in "Chokpak"
Station situated on the bird
migration route in western Tien
Shan. In 1969, these sera were
examined by the HI Test with
antigens to West Nile (WN),
tickborne (TBE) and Japanese (JE)
encephalitides, and Venezuelan
(VEE) equine encephalomyelitis
viruses. In 1970, the sera were
examined with the same antigens,
except WN virus.
Spring-summer fever in cattle is a
very severe disease which is
manifested by a sharp decrease or
cessation in milk yield, lowered
general body condition, refusal to
feed, and absence of hematuria and
endoglobular parasites in the
peripheral blood smears.
Izv. Zoo. Inst.,
Sof., 15: 135-
150, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1295
from Russian.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Ekol.
Svyazan Ptits.
(Omsk, 1971), p.
74, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
717 from Russian.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 73-74,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 709
from Russian.
Veterinariya, 41
(6) :59, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 752
from Russian.

Sveshnikova, N. A.,
and S. Ya.
Gaidamovich.
Svet-Moldavsky, G.
Ya.
Tagil'tsev, A. A.
Rapid method for
detecting antibodies to
tickborne encephalitis
and Isfahan viruses in
fixed smears of
antigen-containing
cells.
A Contribution to the
history of Far East
tickborne encephalitis.
Peculiarities of
ecology of gamasid
mites taken Dyromys
nitedula Pallas in the
environs of Alma-Ata.
1980
1965
tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
fluorescent antibody technique,
FAT, Isfahan virus, pig embryo
kidney, PEK, immune ascitic
fluids, IAF, cytopathology.
Tick, Far East, tickborne
encephalitis.
1962 Tick, gamasid mites, foci.
The optimum time for collecting
cells for TBE virus proved to be 36
hours after infection and for Isfahan
virus 18-20 hours. During these
periods, viral antigens accumulated
in cells in largest numbers (up to
80%) and the viruses caused no
cytopathic changes in cells.
Separation of Far East tickborne
encephalitis into an independent
nosological form, demonstration of
its agent, and establishment of its
epidemiology, clinical features,
pathological anatomy, and tick
transmission, is one of the greatest
achievements of the Soviet Science,
which founded a new chapter of
infectious pathology. Today, more
than a thousand works on the study
of tickborne encephalitis have been
published, and research workers in
many large laboratories in the
Soviet Union are continuing to
study this problem.
Investigations carried out in natural
nidi of tick-borne encephalitis in the
evirons of Alma-Ata showed that
10 species of gamasid mites and 1
species of ixodid ticks were to be
found in aerial nests of Dyromys
nitedula Pallas. It is however only
O. dogieli mites which are able to
form a resistant (often consisting of
but one species) population in these
nests. Several peculiarities of O.
dogieli give the possibility to refer
them to the group of mites sucking
blood in nests with a wide range of
adaptation to the severe
hygrothermal regime in aerial nests
of D. nitedula Pallas.
Vop. Virus., 25
(1): 85-88.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1448
from Russian.
Vop. Virusol., 10
(4) : 490-492,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 275
from Russian
Zool. Zh., 41
(5) : 666-674,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 88
from Russian.

Tagil'tsev, A. A. and
L. N. Tarasevich.
Tamtawi, H. H., M. I.
Al-Moslih, F. K.
Hassan, and F. S. Al-
Ani.
Tarasevich, I. V.
Contribution to the
study of
interrelationships
between group B
arboviruses and
Haemolaelaps casalis
(Berl.) mites.
Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever.
Hyalomma p.
plumbeum, and
Rhipicephalus bursa
ticks - reservoirs and
vectors of Rickettsia
burneti in the Crimean
Q fever focus.
1971
1980
1956
Tick, mites, migratory birds,
arboviruses, Haemolaelaps casalis.
Tick, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic
fever, etiologic agent, foci, sheep,
cattle, buffaloes, goats, horses,
humans.
Tick, Crimean Q fever, Hyalomma
p. plumbeum, Rhipicephalus bursa,
Rickettsia burneti, humans cases,
animals.
Clarification of associations
between H. casalis and arboviruses
is very important when studying the
role of migratory birds in
distribution of arboviruses along
migration routes. Our tests were
made in conditions similar to those
in nature thus allowing us to obtain
successful results. We also worked
with mites of which the life scheme
was adequately studied.
This disease was not known until
few years ago in the Middle East
and northeastern Africa, in general,
and particularly in the Arab
countries since its original home
was mid-Africa and the Soviet
Union. However, during the last 10
years disease foci appeared far from
the original home of the disease and
the etiologic agent of the disease
was isolated in Bulgaria and
Pakistan and recently from the Iraq
Republic and the United Arab
Emirates.
In 1953, Kulagin and Kekcheeva
(1954) demonstrated the presence
of Q fever in a region of central
Crimea serologically in humans and
domestic animals and by isolating
agent strains from the blood of
patients. The authors assumed
presence of a natural Q fever focus
in this region and planned methods
for further study; search for tick
vectors and agent reservoirs among
wild animals.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omak,
1971), pp.25-26,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 708
from Russian.
1. ed. Al-
Musthanna
House for
Printing and
Publishing;
Baghdad, Iraq.
103 pp., preface
and references in
English, 6 pp.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1474
Arabic.
Avtoref. Diss.
Soisk. Uchen.
Step. Kand. Biol.
Nauk (Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, Inst.
Epidem.
Mikrobiol. imeni
N. F. Gamaleya);
Moskva, 9 pp.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1622
from Russian.

Tarasevich, I. V.
Tarasevich, L. N. and
A. A. Tagil'tsev.
Tarasevich, L. N., A.
A. Tagil'tsev, and G.
B. Mal'kov.
Contribution to the
study of Q fever
vectors in focus S.
Associations of bird
nest gamasid mites
with Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
virus.
Resolution of
tickborne encephalitis
virus from Ixodes
crenulatus Koch ticks
on southern Omsk
Oblast.
1955
1974
1971
Tick, Rickettsia burneti, Ixodes,
Haemaphysalis, Boophilus,
Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus,
Hyalomma, Amblyomma,
Ornithodoros, Otobius,
Alveonasus, Q fever, wild animals.
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
bank swallows, gamasid mites,
muskrats, Haemolaelaps casalis.
Tick, TBE, steppes, Ixodes
crenulatus.
The data for this study were
collected in Q fever focus S,
southern Ukrainian SSR, from 6
June to 27 August 1954 by the
Expedition of the Department of
Rickettsiosis, N. F. Gamaleya
Institute, USSR Academy of
Medical Sciences.
In 1972, gamasid mites (11,947)
were collected from a colony of
bank swallows and fed and
reproduced for over 7 months. Two
OHF virus strains were isolated
from H. casalis; showing possible
distribution and survival of OHF
virus in nature by H. casalis mites
during the period when swallows
are absent. Investigations showed
that H. casalis mites become
infected with OHF virus while
feeding on white mice and may
transmit the virus to suckling white
mice for different periods (up to 37
days).
This report presents methods of
laboratory investigations,
characteristics of isolated strains,
analysis of data on TBE virus
strains isolated from Ixodes
crenulatus in winter and spring, as
well as certain ecological properties
of the virus in the steppe landscape.
Zh. Microbiol.,
Moskva, 26
(6):31-35,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1621
from Russian.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974),
pp.75-76,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 972
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl.
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
Virus. imeni
Ivanovsky, D. I.,
Akad Med. Nauk
SSSR (October
19-21), pt. 2 :
134-135,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 508
from Russian.

Tarasevich, L. N., A.
A. Tagil'tsev, I. I.
Boganov, and Yu. A.
Shmel'kov.
Taryannikov. V. I.
Tatarskaya, G. A., O.
Yu. Reznikova, V. N.
Milyutin, and O. N.
Kukharchuk.
Survival of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
virus in gamasid mites
in bird nests of
southern Omsk Oblast.
Parasites of the jackal
Canis aureus aureus L.
in the middle
Syrdar'ya River.
Investigation of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus in human
leukocyte cell culture.
1974
1983
1972
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
birds, gamasid mites, fleas, ticks,
mosquitoes, muskrats, ixodid,
Omsk Oblast, Mansonia richiardii,
Dermacentor pictus, D. marginatus,
Laelaps multispinosus,
Haemolaelaps casalis, Ixodes
lividus, Ceratophyllus styx,
Hypoaspis, Eulaelaps novus,
Dermanyssus gallinae, Veigaia,
CF.
Jackal, Canis aureus aureus,
parasites, ticks, fleas.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
human leukocyte cell culture, CF,
newborn white mice, NWM.
In Southern forest-steppe of Omsk
region a microfocus of reservation
of OHF was revealed: two strains of
OHF were isolated from Gamasid
mites Haemolaelaps collected in
nests of sand martins. Isolation was
performed 7 months after collection
of nests from nature and
maintenance of mites in a separate
laboratory room where they
reproduced intensively. Reservation
of OHF virus in the active state
from a long period of time indicates
the existence of optimal conditions
in the organism of H. casalis mites
and the possibility of regular
circulation of this virus owing to
gamasid mites broadly connected
with nests of birds.
The parasite fauna of Canis aureus
aureus L. from the middle Syrdar'ya
river is reported; species
composition extensively and
intensity of infestation with ticks,
fleas, blood parasites and helminths
during different seasons. Effect of
parasites on the host reproduction,
molting and fatness is described.
Study investigated human leukocyte
cell culture. It was determined that
CHF virus does not cause apparent
cytopathic effect on this cell
culture. However, whole and
diluted culture fluids of infected
cells were positive in the CF test
with specific immune serum until
day 49 following infection.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus., 2:
140-144.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 784
from Russian.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad,
17960;478-480,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1718
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972), p.
371., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1075
from Russian.

Tekut'ev, L. V., V. V.
Lobanov, and V. D.
Perelatov.
Telish, V. M., B. F.
Semenov, and A. A.
Karavanov.
Temirbekov, Zh. T.,
P. G. Dobritsa, V. M.
Kontaruk, E. K.
Vainshtein, O. N.
Marushchak, M. A.
Dobritsa, and M. Ya.
Shvets.
Teng, K. F.
Hemorrhagic fever in
Krasnyy-Sulin region.
Complementdepending
cytotoxic
effect of anti-viral
antibodies in cell
cultures infected with
tickborne encephalitis
virus.
Investigation of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever in Chimkent
Oblast of Kazakh SSR.
On the distribution,
hosts, and immature
stages of
Haemaphysalis
moschisuga Teng
(Acarina: Ixodidae).
1970
1975
1971
1984
Tick, Hyalomma plumbeum,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF.
CTE, cytotoxic effect, fluorescent
antibody technique, FAT, rabies,
herpes simplex, small pox,
influenza, Newcastle, measles,
Sendair, Sindbis, tickborne
encephalitis, RSSE.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Chimkent Oblast, Kazakh, Sary-
Agach, Kelessky, Leninsky,
Bugunsky, Il'ich, Kirovskoe,
Chardarinsky, Alma-Ata Oblast,
Gur'ev Oblast, Abay, ectoparasites,
cattle, Hyalomma, ticks, foci.
Tick, China, host, immature,
Haemaphysalis moschisuga,
Moschus berezovskii, Crossoptilon.
Constancy in recording CHF
patients in Krasnyy-Sulin region
showed the presence in this area of
favorable conditions for virus
preservation in nature.
In this report, we present some
results of investigating the CTE of
antibodies in vitro on cells infected
with tickborne encephalitis (RSSE)
virus. Our experiments showed that
complement containing more than
100 LD50 is toxic for infected and
normal cultures.
In Chimkent Oblast of Kazakh
SSR, Crimean hemorrhagic fever
(CHF) cases were recorded in 1948.
Natural CHF foci were first
recorded in strictly limited
landscapes and overlapped only
separate populated areas or part of
them. However, the number of
populated areas with CHF cases has
gradually increased in the last 5-7
years.
Haemaphysalis moschisuga Teng
was described from specimens
collected on musk deer, Moschus
berezovskii Flerov, in Qinghai
Province in 1980. In recent years,
field workers have often
encountered this tick in the plateau
region of western China. This
species is characteristically
Palearctic but as yet has not been
reported outside of China.
Mater. 3. Oblast
Nauch.-Prakt.
Konf. (Rostov-na-
Donu , May,
1970), pp. 83-86,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 536
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 79-81,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1027
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:160-166,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 949
from Russian.
Acta Zootax. Sin.
9(2): 219-221,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1777
from Chinese.

Teng, K. F.
Teng, K. F. and J. Y.
Song.
Teng, K. F. and Y. Q.
Cui.
Ter-Vartanov, V. N.,
V. N. Gusev, N. N.
Bakeev, N. F.
Labunets, A. A.
Guseva, and P. A.
Reznik.
A new species of
Amblyomma from
Hainan Island, China
A new species of
Argas from Jiangxi,
China (Aracina:
Agarsidae).
Descriptions of a new
species of
Haemaphysalis and
the male of H.
primitiva Teng, 1982,
from Yunnan.
On the question of
transmission of
mammalian
ectoparasites by birds.
1981
Tick, Amblyomma hainanense, A.
javanense, A. laticaudae.
1983 Tick, Argas japonicus, China.
1984
1954
Tick, China, Haemaphysalis
primitiva.
Tick, mammalian ectoparasites,
birds.
Recently, our team collected some
tick specimens of Hainan Island.
Subsequent sorting and study of this
material yielded a new species of
Amblyomma, herewith described.
In this paper, we describe a new
species in the genus Argas,
subgenus Argas, specimens of
which were collected from swallow
nests in Tonggu County, Jiangxi
Province, China.
Recent scientific studies in
Hengduan Shan have yielded a new
species of Haemaphysalis as well as
the first male specimen of
Haemaphysalis (Alloceraea)
primitiva Teng, 1982. Both of these
entities are described herein.
Until the present, little attention has
been given to the problem of birds
as possible transportation agents of
mammalian ectoparasites. Data in
literature dealing with this question
can, in the majority of cases, be
reduced to records of occasional
findings of rodent ectoparasites on
birds and in their nests. In this
article, 714 specimens of birds
belonging to 45 species were
examined between 31 March and 10
October. 722 ticks were collected
from the birds. The basic materials
for the seasons and summary data
are presented in Table 1;
determination of ticks according to
developmental stages in Table 2.
Acta Zootax.
Sin., 6(4): 399-
401, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1570
from Russian.
Acta Zootax.
Sin., 8(2):153-
156, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1774
from Chinese.
Acta Zootax. Sin.
9(1): 37-40,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1776
from Chinese.
Zool. Zhur. 33
(5): 1116-1125,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 52
from Russian.

Teravsky, I. K.
Tereshchenko, I. F.
On the formed
elements of the
hemolymph of ticks of
the family Argasidae.
Contribution to the
biology of the Daurian
suslik.
1957
1957
Tick, hemolymph, Argasidae,
Ornithodoros lahorensis, O.
papillipes, O. moubata, O.
coniceps, Argas persicus,
Hyalomma asiaticum.
Manchurian, Mongolia,
Transbaikal, Manchuria, Daurian
suslik, steppe, kaoliang, beans,
fields, buckwheat, millet.
The author has studied the
hemolymph of five tick species of
the family Argasidae: Ornithodoros
lahorensis, O. papillipes, O.
moubata, O. coniceps and Argas
persicus, and one species of the
family Ixodidae: Hyalomma
asiaticum. Three types of cells are
to be found in the hemolymph of
ticks: a) proleukocytes- minute cells
(5-7.6 u in diameter) with a large
nucleus and an insignificant
quantity of the protoplasm; b)
basophilous hemocytes- oval cells
(10-20 u) with the basophilous
protoplasm and large spheroid
inclusions containing glycogen; c)
eosinophilous hemocytesamoeboid
cells (12-25 u) with
acidophilous spheroid inclusions in
the cytoplasm. Aside from these
principal forms of cells there are
many transitional ones formed from
the proleukocytes. All these cells
(proleukocytes excluding) are able
to phagocytize.
Study of Daurian susliks show that
they avoid high-grass, meadows, or
swampy areas, and also plowed
fields, kitchen gardens, and
wasteland. In agricultural areas,
susliks inhabit areas planted with
buckwheat, millet, kaoliang, and
beans. Susliks were trapped using a
vertical pit dug no less than 50 cm
deep next to the rodent burrow. A
trapped suslik emits a characteristic
scream, which when emitted, causes
other rodents to come out of their
burrows and then are then trapped
in these pits. This method proved to
Zool. Zh., 36
(10): 1448-1454,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 256
from Russian.
Izv. Irkutsk. Gos.
Nauch.-Issled.
Protivochumn.
Inst. Sibiri Dal'n.
Vost., 15:227-
228., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 586
from Russian.

Tereshchenko, I. F., Z.
S. Volchenkova, and
V. V. Shkilev.
Terskikh, I. I. and E.
D. Akhundova.
Terskikh, I. I., A. Yu.
Bekleshova, and V. A.
Smirnov.
On finding the striped
hamster, striped field
mouse, and weasel
naturally infected with
plague.
Development of the
ornithosis agent in A.
persicus and O.
coniceps ticks.
Ornithosis and mixed
infection in wild birds
in combined foci of
ornithosis and
arboviruses.
1957
1972
1971
hamster, field mouse, weasel,
plague, Central Asian, foci,
Tungliao, Cricetulus barabensis
griseus, Apodemus agrarius
mantshuricus, Mustela nivalis
pygmaea, Ophtalmopsylla
kukuschkini, Amphipsylla
vinogradovi, Neopsylla
bidantatiformes, Ceratophyllus
tesquorum sungaris, Frontopsylla
luculenta, fleas, rats, carnivores,
foci, Khmara-Borshchevsky, jird.
Tick, chicken embryo, Argas
persicus, Ornithodoros coniceps.
Tick, wild birds, foci, ornithosis,
arboviruses, encephalitis.
be very efficient, and resulted in no
great loss of ectoparasites.
In the study in Tungliao Province,
we found 3 new species involved in
plague epizootics: striped hamster,
striped field mouse, and weasel.
Since the stiped field mouse and the
striped hamster can become
infected and be ill with plague, as
well as the weasel, who becomes
infected when in direct contact with
ill rodents or their carcasses, all
these species are important in
spreading plague epizootics.
Results show that the ornithosis
agent may grow and survive in the
tick body for at least 30 days. The
duration's survival and potential of
transstadial and transovarial
transmission by ticks is under
study. However, the data allows us
to assume that under definite
conditions, A. persicus and O.
coniceps may serve as ornithosis
agent reservoirs.
Existence of mixed ornithosis and
arbovirus foci was recorded in
different geographical regions of
the USSR. High infection rate of
ornithosis in mass bird species and
important reservoir of the infection
were recorded in central and
southern overwintering and nesting
areas of aquatic birds and of those
associated with water as well as in
the extreme north in "bird bazaars"
of marine bird colonies.
Irkutsk. Gos.
Nauch.-Issled.
Protivochumn.
Inst. Sibiri Dal'n.
Vost., 15:79-82.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 587
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 17
(4) : 458-460,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 597
from Russian.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 41-42,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 707
from Russian.

Terskikh, I. I., V. E.
Sidorov, E. D.
Akhundova, and B. D.
Ololadze.
Terskikh. I. I. and A.
Yu. Bekleshova.
Terskiskh, I. I., A. Yu.
Bekleshova, V. A.
Smirnov, E. N.
Bychkova, and V. N.
Karpovich.
Tessier
Susceptibility of
Alveonasus lahorensis
Neumann ticks to the
agent causing ovine
enzootic abortion.
Combined natural foci
of ornithosis and
arboviruses and mixed
infection in wild birds.
Role of marine birds
and ticks in spreading
arboviruses in the
subarctic region.
On sheepbreeding, in
particular the race of
merino sheep.
1972
1972
1971
1811
Tick, sheep, ovine enzootic
abortion, Alveonasus lahorensis.
Tick, encephalitis, ornithosis,
natural foci, wild birds, Kaira
strain, Kalinin strain, guillemot,
Uria aalge, U. lomvia, mallard,
Anas platyrhynchos, Certixodes
putus.
Tick, arbovirus, marine birds,
Ceratixodes putus.
Black blood, sheep, inflammatory
disease, toxicosis .
The susceptibility of A. lahorensis
to the agent of enzootic abortions of
sheep after parental inoculation,
amplification and preservation of
the organism in these ticks were
studied. The agent of enzootic
abortion of sheep after cultivation
in A. lahorensis ticks may be found
in cell culture in 24 hours, and its
maximum reproduction was
observed 96-144 hours after
infection.
Combined natural foci of ornithosis
and group B arboviruses were first
established in the Subartic region
(1967) as well as in the middle
European zone (1961). Strains of
apparently "mixed" population of
agents of ornithosis and tick-borne
encephalitis (strains, "Kaira" and
Kalinin") were isolated from wild
birds, Alciformes and
Anseriformes. Biological properties
of these mixed strains were studied.
Marine birds and ixodid ticks
(Ceratixodes putus Pick. Cambr.)
belong to one of the most stable and
ancient ecological systems. It is
particularly interesting to study
their role in maintaining and
distributing agents of infectious
diseases of man and animals in
nature.
Diagnoses of toxicosis in sheep.
Vop. Virus., 17
(4) : 430-432,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 603
from Russian.
Mater. Simp.
Itogi 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
December 1971),
pp. 84-91,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 675
from Russian.
Vestn. Akad.
Nauk SSSR, 26 :
80--83, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 584
from Russian.
Hitzig; Berlin, p.
181, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 460
from German.

Timofeev, A. F.
Timofeev, E. M., I. V.
Shakhgil'dyan. S. N.
Rybin, Yu. I.
Grebenyuk, and F. R.
Karas.
Timofeev, E. M., Yu.
I. Grebenyuk, F. R.
Karas, N. Z. Osipova,
and Yu. M. Tsirkin.
Effect of tick bodies of
the genera
Dermacentor and
Haemaphysalis on
types of Brucella
abortus bovis, and B.
melitensis.
Results of serological
examination of human
blood sera and
domestic animals with
15 arboviruses in
southwestern districts
of Osh Oblast in
Kirgiz SSR.
Characteristics of CHF
natural foci in
southeastern Osh
Oblast, Kirgiz.
1964
1973
1972
Tick, Dermacentor,
Haemaphysalis, Brucella abortus
bovis, B. melitensis, bloodsucking
insects, tick bodies.
Tick, mosquito, human blood sera,
domestic animals, cow, sheep,
Issyk-Kul, JE, TBE, WN, West
Nile, Tyuleniy virus, foci.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, natural foci, Hyalomma
plumbeum plumbeum, sheep,
sparrow, lark.
The role of bloodsucking insects in
preserving and transmitting
infectious diseases is determined by
2 main factors: presence of the
necessary concentration of the agent
in the blood of a sick animal while
the insect feeds and biological
interrelationships between the
bloodsucking insect body and the
disease agent that enters the body
with blood.
This paper reports the results of
serological examination of blood
sera of population and domestic
animals (cow, sheep) taken in South
Western districts of Oshsk region,
Kirghizia, in spring and summer of
1971-1972. Complement-fixing
antibodies and antihemaggulatinins
to Issyk-Kul, JE, TBE, WN and
Tyuleniy viruses were demonstrated
in the sera of population. Animal
(both sheep and cows) showed
antibodies to CHF, Baku, TBE and
WN viruses. The results obtained
indicate the existence of natural foci
of these arboviruses in South-
Western part of the Kirghiz SSR.
In 1970-1971, we investigated
arbovirus infection foci in Osh
Oblast. Three natural foci were
found in Lyailyak, Batken, and
Frunze regions.
Turdy 5. Konf.
Prirod. Ochag.
Bolez. Vop.
Parazit. Respub.
Sred. Azii
Kazakh,
(September 24-
28, 1962), (4):66-
69, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1730 from
Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus., (1) :
80-87, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 694
from Russian.
Mater. Simp.
Itogi 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
December 1971),
pp. 103-108,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 670
from Russian.

Timofeeva, A. A., D.
K. L'vov, A. I.
Gromov, R. A.
Baturova, T. I.
Evseeva, T. I.
Chupakhina, R. D.
Shcherbina, and A. G.
Pogrebenko.
Timofeeva, A. A., D.
K. L'vov, T. I.
Chupakhina, V. I.
Levedev, and A. G.
Progrebenko.
Timofeeva, S. S., V. I.
Chervonsky, and D.
K. L'vov.
A complex infection
focus on Tuleniy
Island in the Sea of
Okhotsk.
Ixodid ticks of marine
bird colonies on
Tyuleniy Island and
Kuril Archipelago
near Sakhalin.
Serological
examination of
migratory birds in
northeastern
Arkhangel'sk Oblast.
1972
1971
1971
Tick, bird colonies, Ixodes putus, I.
signatus, Mioctenopsylla traubi
kurilensis, Antractophthirus
callorhini, S. gallinarum, S.
cholerae suis, Tricophyton
neoendoterix.
Tick, marine birds colonies,
development cycle, Ixodes,
Ceratixodes putus.
West Nile virus, WN, Wesselsbron,
tickborne, Japanese encephalitides,
JE, influenza, birds, mammals.
In 1969-1970 the distribution of
infections among vertebrates and
their ectoparasites has been studied
on the Tuleniy Island in the Sea of
Okhotsk. Cultures of arboviruses,
Erisipeloid, Salmonella,
enteropathogenic Bacillus coli and
causative agent of
pseudotuberculosis have been
isolated. The serological data
obtained suggest the presence in the
focus of antibodies to the rickettsiae
of Burnett and Muser, to the
causative agent of ornithosis of
antibodies to similar agents. A
possible importance of the causative
agents in question is being studied
with respect to human pathology.
From our data, the developmental
cycle of ticks was 3 years which is
apparently explained by the higher
sum of effective temperatures than
that in northern latitudes.
Investigations of influenza viruses
were made by the hemagglutination
inhibition (HI) test with antigens of
bird and mammal influenza viruses.
A total of 314 sera was studied.
Zool. Zh. 51(6) :
932-936,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 572
from Russian.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 36-38,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 705
from Russian.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 50-51,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 710
from Russian.

Timofeeva, S. S., V. I.
Chervonsky, D. K.
L'vov, and O. M.
Popova.
Timoshek, G. M. and
R. A. Kantorovich.
Timoveeva, A. A., A.
G. Pogrebenko, P. D.
Shcherbina, T. I.
Evseeva, and A. A.
Sazonov.
Serological
examination of
migratory birds for
arboviruses in
northeastern
Arkhangel'sk region.
Clinical-cytogenetic
investigation test of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever.
Distribution of
bacterial and viral
infections among birds
and bloodsucking
arthropods on Iona
Island, Sea of Okhotsk.
1972
1969
1973
migratory birds, Arkhangel'sk,
Pechora River, ornithosis,
influenza, leptospirosis, HI, Sinbis,
SIN, Western equine, WEE,
Eastern equine, EEE,
encephalomyelites, Semliki Forest,
SF, Wesselsbron, WSL, tickborne,
TBE, Japanese encephalitides, JPE,
West Nile, WN, Lariformes,
Anseriformes, Gaviiformes,
Charadriiformes, Columbiformes,
Galliformes, fleas, gamasid mites,
herring gull, scaup, common
scoter, goosander, tern, jeager,
goose, sandpiper, shoveler.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
chromosomal.
Tick, bacterial, viral infections,
birds, arbovirus, antibodies,
serological investigation,
pseudotuberculosis, erysipeloid,
pseudomycosis, Ixodes putus,
influenza.
A serologic survey of migratory
birds with antigens of group A and
B arboviruses was carried out in the
mouth of the Pechora river in Nents
national district of Archangel region
in 1969 and 1970. A total of 859
birds was examined including
representative of Larinae,
Platyrhynchidae, Gavidae,
Charadriidae. Antihaemagglutinins
to group A and B arboviruses were
found in 14% of sera. In 1970,
antihaemagglutinins to new Tuleniy
strain were revealed in 2 to 8% of
sera.
Study presents results from clinicalcytogenetic
CHF patients, based on
the data from seasonal outbreak of
infections in Rostov Oblast in the
summer of 1968. Results showed
chromosome disorders recorded in
all CHF patients, usually of the
chromatid type (insufficiency,
ruptures), varying between disease
severity and frequency of
chromosomal ruptures.
This reports isolation of bacterial
agents of pseudotuberculosis,
erysipeloid and pseudomycosis
from specimens collected from
birds and soil samples in bird
colonies. Results are described of
isolation of 15 and identification of
4 arbovirus strains from Ixodes
putus and also of serological
investigation of Iona Island bird
sera for antibodies to arboviruses
and influenza viruses of human and
animal origin.
Mater. Simp.
Itogi 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
December 1971),
pp. 70-76.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 658
from Russian.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 1969),
(2):145-151,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 852
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus.,
1 :54-60,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 741
from Russian.

Tkachenko, E. A. A.
M. Butenko, M. E.
Radalov, T. I.
Zavodova, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Tkachenko, E. A., A.
M. Butenko, S A.
Butenko, T. I.
Zavodova, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Investigation of
immunogenic activity
of killed brain vaccine
against Crimean
hemorrhagic fever.
Characteristics of
prophylactic vaccine
against CHF.
1971
1970
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
Rostov Oblast, agar gel diffusion
and precipitation, AGDP,
neutralization, N, newborn white
mice, hamster kidney cell, HKC,
vesicular stomatitis virus, VSV,
green monkey kidney cell, GMKC.
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, prophylactic vaccine,
newborn white mice, NWM,
newborn albino rats, NAR.
Several recent authors have
established that antibodies to
Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF)
were very seldom found in healthy
persons inhabiting CHF foci in
European USSR and in Central
Asia; leading to the assumption that
most inhabitants exposed to attack
of tick-CHF vectors in endemic
regions are unprotected against this
disease.
Investigations of immunogenic
activity of the vaccine detected in
vaccinated persons by serological
methods using CF, AGDP, and N
tests. Data showed that CF and
AGDP antibodies to CHF virus
developed in healthy persons
inolculated with killed brain
vaccine. Neutralizing antibody
indices are very low even in persons
who have recovered from a typical
disease form and hyperimmune
animals.
Inactivated vaccine against Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, (CHF) is
produced by the Institute of
Poliomyelitis and Viral
Encephalitides (USSR Academy of
Medical Sciences) from brains of
newborn white mice (NWM) and
newborn albino rats (NAR) infected
with CHF virus.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:119-129,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 931
from Russian.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Konf. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 136-
138, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 546
from Russian.

Tkachenko, E. A., K.
Khanun, and V. V.
Berezin.
Tkachenko, E. A., M.
B. Linev, V. N.
Bashkirtsev, V. V.
Berezin, T. K.
Dzhagurova, S. G.
Rubin, M. P.
Chumakov, E. P.
Dekonenko, Yu. S.
Korotkov, T. P.
Pocalishina, V. V.
Ivliev, I. I.
Kharloamova, S. P.
Maiorov, and I. A.
Savel'eva.
Tkachenko, E. A., M.
P. Chumakov, A. M.
Butenko, S. E.
Smirnova, V. N.
Bashkirtsev, and T. I.
Zavodova.
Serological
investigation of
human and animal
sera in agar gel
diffusion and
precipitation (AGDP)
test for the presence of
antibodies to Crimean
hemorrhagic fever and
Grand Arbaud viruses.
Isolation of Powassan
virus from adult
moquettes Anopheles
hyrcanus in
Khabarovsk region
(from data of
expedition in 1975).
Application of the
interference reaction
in primary hamster
kidney cell culture for
indication of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus.
1969
1978
1968
agar gel diffusion and precipitation,
AGDP, antibodies, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF, Grand
Arbaud virus, Africa, , southern
France, Madagascar, Guadalupe,
Martinique, Spain, N, bats.
Tick, birds, newborn white mice,
NWM, rodents, mosquitoes,
humans, tickborne encephalitis,
TBE, PEK, cell cultures,
Anopheles hyrcanus, Aedes
vexans.
Crimean hemorrahagic fever, CHF,
hamster kidney cell, HKC, normal
bovine serum, NBS, vesicular
stomatitis virus, VSV, Rostov,
Astrakhan, guinea pig serum.
A total of 1870 sera was
investigated with CHF antigen and
1263 human and animal sera with
Grand Arbaud antigen. All sera
except 2 gave negative results by
AGDP with both antigens. Of 19
bat sera examined, 2 sera proved to
be positive by AGDP with the CHF
virus antigen.
In 1975 (June-July), birds, rodents,
mosquitoes, and sick persons were
virologically investigated in
tickborne encephalitis (TBE) foci,
of 4 areas of Khabarovsk region.
Materials from 200 birds (52
species), 39 rodents (5 species),
2,040 unfed ticks (3 species), 1,350
Anopheles hyrcanus and 200 Aedes
vexans, and also from 18 persons
suspected to be sick with TBE were
investigated in parallel tests using
newborn white mice (NWM) and
PEK cell culture.
Interference reaction against VSV
in HKC culture proved somewhat
less sensitive in detecting CHF
virus in NWM, but found high
effect and may be used in early
isolation and investigation stages of
this virus strains.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 21-23,
1969), (2): 265.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 620
from Russian.
Simp. Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Ptits Rol"v Rasp.
Arbovirus
(Novosibirsk,
July-Aug 1976),
pp. 195-197,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1473
from Russian.
Mater. 15.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 1968),
(3):98-99,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 870
from Russian.

Tkachenko, E. A., M.
P. Chumakov, A. P.
Belyaeva, A. M.
Butenko, S. E.
Smirnova, and V. I.
Baskhirtsev.
Tkachneko, E. A., A.
M. Butenko, M. E.
Badalov, and M. P.
Chumakov.
The interference
reaction during
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever.
Results of
revaccination against
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever.
1968
1972
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Drozdov, Astrakhan Oblast,
Kashmanov, Rostov Oblast,
Khodzha, Samarkand Oblast,
newborn white mice, NWM,
newborn white rats, NWR,
vesicular stomatitis virus, VSV,
hamster kidney cell, HKC,
poliomyelitis, guinea pig.
CHF, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
AGDP, NWM, N, CF.
Tel-el-Kebir, Egypt, ecology, Wadi
Timilat, serir, Zilla spinosa,
Crocifera, Citrullus colocynthis,
Melitotus, Belostoma, Bufo
regularis, Rana amascareniensis,
Chalcides ocellatus, Mabuya
quinquetaeniata, Natrix tessellata,
Bubulcus ibis, Streptopelia
senegalesis, Ceryle rudis,
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus,
Chenopodiaceae, Crociferaceae,
Zigofillaceae, Caryophllaceae,
Cistaceae, Cucurbitaeceae,
Malvaceae, Geraniaceae,
Papilionaceae, Umbellifeaceae,
Compositaceae, Labiataceae,
Plantaginceae, Chenopodiceae,
In this study, we investigated the
possible titration of CHF virus and
neutralizing antibodies by the
interference method in cell cultures.
As a result of revaccination made
11 months after primary
immunization, we observed a
booster effect of the vaccine
characterized by the increased CF
and AGDP-positive sera. From the
N test data in NWM, neutralizing
antibodies increased following
revaccination. The CF and AGDP
tests showed that the number of
seropositive persons decreased to
12.9% on month 4 and to 8.6% on
month 8 following revaccination, in
the N test, they decreased to 17%
and 14.2%, respectively.
Mater. 15.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 1968),
(3): 97-98.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 869
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972), p.
349. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1058
from Russian.

Tortonese, E.
Ecological notes on a
desert area of lower
Egypt (Tel-El-Kebir).
1948
Giglaceae, Iridaceae, Graminaceae,
Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Arachnida,
Scorpionida, Araneida, Solifugida,
Ephemerida, Odonata, Plecoptera,
Isoptera, Orthoptera, Dermaptera,
Coleoptera, Neuroptera,
Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera,
Siphonaptera, Hymenoptera,
Thysanoptera, Homoptera,
Heteropcera, Squamata,
Galliformes, Charadriformes,
Falconiformes, Coraciformes,
Passeriformes, Carnivora,
Rodentia, Charadridae, termites,
ants, mantids, aphids, earwig,
Scarabeidae, Formicaleoni,
Noctuidae, Agama ruderata pallida,
Uromastix aegypita L. Chalcides
sepsoides, Eremias guttulata, E.
rubropunctata, Spalerosophis
diadema, Cerastes cerastes, Vulpes
vulpes aegyptica, Jaculus jaculus,
Meriones shawi, Milva migrans
aegyptius, Corvus cornix,
Ephemeridae, Libellule, Mantidae,
Acrididae, Gryllicridae, Noctuidae,
Sphingidae, Hesperidae,
Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Culicidae,
Syrphidae, Cicadidae, Aphididae,
Pentatomidae, Notonettidae,
Coturnix, Crocethia, Falco, Upupa,
Merops, Galerida, Motcilla,
Budytes, Oenanthe, Hirundo,
Phylloscopus, Venessa, Adesmia,
Pimelia, Eremiaphila, Adesmia
dilatata, Jerboa, Afanittera,
Coturnix coturnix, Cicadrata
flavidicollis, Tettigia cerysii.
Detailed study of the flora and
fauna of the desert area of lower
Egypt throughout the seasons.
Boll. Museo
Zool. Univ.
Torino, (1942-
48), 1(13):155-
183. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 301
from Italian.

Tsaprun, A. A.
Tsaprun, A. A.
Tsilinsky, Ya. Ya., A.
D. Lebedev, T. P. Pak,
V. L. Gromashevsky,
E. M. Timofeev, F. I
Ershov, Yu. M.
Tsirkin, and D. K.
L'vov.
Tsirkin, Yu. M., F. R.
Karas', E. M.
Timofeev, D. K.
L'vov, V. L.
Gromashevsky, O. V.
Veselovskaya, N. Z.
Osipova, Yu. I.
Grebenyuk, and S. G.
Vargina.
Ixodid ticks as
reservoir hosts of
Haemosporidia and
the contemporary
development of
different stages of
these parasites with
metamorphosis of the
tick hosts.
On a method of
discovering the agent
of equine
piroplasmosis in the
salivary glands of the
tick-vector
(Dermacentor).
Isolation of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
(CHF) virus from
Hyalomma plumbeum
ticks in Tadzhikistan.
Isolation of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus (CHF) from
Hyalomma plumbeum
ticks in Kirgizia.
1954
1952
1972
1972
Tick, Haemosporidia, Piroplasma
caballi, Nuttallia equi, Babesiella
ovi.
Tick, Dermacentor, salivary
glands, latent foci, equine
piroplasmosis.
Tick, Hyalomma plumbeum,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
cattle, foci.
Tick, Congo virus, sheep, cattle,
lark, sparrow, CF tests, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Hyalomma plumbeum.
The object of our studies was
mainly Piroplasma caballi and only
partially Nuttallia equi and
Babesiella ovis. So all data will
refer to P. caballi mainly. The
observations showed that some
parasite stages can keep their
viability for a long time under
relatively constant conditions.
The diagnosis of piroplasms in tick
salivary glands makes the detection
of latent foci of equine
piroplasmosis possible.
Isolation of CHF virus from
Hyalomma plumbeum ticks in Tajik
SSR has been reported. As based on
the CF test, the strain isolated
belonged to the antigenic complex
of CHF-Congo virus.
The first isolation of CHF virus was
reported in Kirgizia. The virus was
isolated from Hyalomma plumbeum
ticks collected in the spring and
summer of 1970-1971 from sheep,
cattle , a crested lark, and a tree
sparrow. It was established by CF
tests that the 5 strains isolated
belong to the antigenic complex of
CHF-Congo virus.
Sborn. Nauch.
Rab. Sib. Zonal.
Nauch.-Issled.
Vet. Inst.,
(5):275-282,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1505
from Russian.
Trudy Vses. Inst.
Eksp. Vet. 19(2):
28-36, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1504
from Russian.
Mater. Simp.
Itogi 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus
Ekol. Svyazan
Ptits. (Omsk,
December 1971),
pp. 94-97,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 665
from Russian.
Mater. Simp.
Itogi 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
December 1971),
pp. 98-102,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 661
from Russian.

Tsvileneva, V. A.
Tsvilineva, V. A.
Tsygankov, G. M.
Tsypkin, L. B., and V.
M., Roykhel.
Loose connective
tissue in ixodid ticks.
Formed elements of
the hemolymph in
ixodid ticks.
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever.
Chicken embryo tissue
in monolayered
trypsinized culture in
vitro.
1961
1959
1968
1964
Tick, internal connective tissue,
Hyalomma detritum, H.
anatolicum, Boophilus calcaratus,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus.
Tick, ixodid, hemolymph, Ixodes
reduvius, Dermacentor andersoni,
Hyalomma asiaticum.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
prophylactic measures.
Chicken embryo tissue,
monolayered trypsinized culture,
luminiscence-microscope.
In this article, internal connective
tissues were investigated in
different physiological conditions
of female Hyalomma detritum, H.
anatolicum, Boophilus calcaratus,
and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. As
regards hemolymph elements in
these ticks, no specific distinct
differences were observed in
internal connective tissue
morphology.
There has been no specialized
research on morphology of ixodid
tick hemolymph. Individual
references concerning hemolymph
cells of Ixodes reduvius are found
in the work of Nordenskiold (1908),
of Dermacentor andersoni in the
work of Douglas (1943), and of
Hyalomma asiaticum in the work of
I. K. Teravsky (1957) on the
hemolymph of argasids.
Hemorrhagic fever and prophylactic
measures against them.
Cytochemical and luminiscencemicroscope
investigations of
chicken embryo tissue in vitro and
succeeded in obtaining certain data
on morphological and functional
properties of chicken embryo cells
grown in trypsinized tissue cultures.
Arkh. Anat.
Gistol. Embriol.,
41 (12) :79-88,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 468
from Russian.
Dokl. Akad.
Nauk Tadzhik,
SSR 2(1): 45-51,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 176
from Russian.
Izd.
"Meditsima":
Leningrad. Otd.,
pp. 62-73,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1293
from Russian.
Mater. ll. Nauch.
Sess. Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsaf. pp
92-93., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 880
from Russian.

Tsypkin, L. B., S. E.
Smirnova, and G. P.
Fleer.
Tsyprikh, D. M.
Kiefer, and A.
Dashdorzh.
Tung, Liu, K'ang, and
Feng.
Morphological
investigation of white
mouse embryo brain
cell cultures infected
with CHF virus.
Preliminary list of tick
(Ixodidae) and flea
(Siphonaptera) species
of some mammals in
the Darkhan
Depression.
Clinical observations
on 101 cases of
tickborne encephalitis.
1972
1978
1957
CHF, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
newborn white mice (NWM),
Khodzha.
Tick, fleas, Dermacentor nuttalli,
Neopsylla mana, Rhadinopsylla
altaica, R. pseudodahurica, R.
transbajcalica, Citellpohilus
tesquorum sungaris, Monopsyllus
indages, Oropsylla alaskensis, O.
silantiewi, Amphipsylla primaris
mitis, Paradoxopsylllus
scorodumovi, Chaetopsylla
homeus.
Tick, tickborne encephalitis, Ixodes
persulcatus, Haemaphysalis
concinna, Dermacentor silvarum.
In this report, we give results of
investigating primary monolayered
white mouse embryo brain cell
cultures infected with Crimean
hemorrhagic fever (CHF) virus
(strain Khodzha).
Collections were made from 7 to 18
August 1975 in Darkhan
Depression near the Beltes River
and Udzhil River. Ticks and fleas
were found on trapped small
mammals.
This is a report on the clinical
observations of tickborne
encephalitis occurring in a forest
region in 1952-1954. The epidemic
began from the first ten days of
May and ended in the middle of
September with the peak in June in
which 66.3 per cent of the cases
occurred. This strict seasonal
variation was closely related to the
incidence and activities of ticks
found in the forest.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 569-570.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1089
from Russian.
Trudy Prirod.
Uslov. Resurs.
Prikhub., Irkutsk-
Ulan Bator, (6):
203-207,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1742
from Russian.
Chin. J. Int. Med.
5(9) : 685-691,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 271
from Chinese.

Tuomi, J.
Ukbaeva, T. D., L. G.
Karpovich, E. N.
Levkovich, and V. Y.
Karmysheva.
Umansky, K. G. and
E. P Dekonenko.
Bovine tick-borne
fever in Finland.
Study of survival and
interrelationships
between tickborne
encephalitis and
Langat viruses and
infected newborn
mouse brain tissue
cells.
Nosogeographic
variants of tickborne
encephalitis.
1965
1974
1980
Tick, tick-borne fever, Finland,
Ixodes ricinus, Rickettsia
phagocytophila, cows,
piroplasmosis areas, sheep, pasture
fever, bovine, red-water disease.
Tick, encephalitis, Langat virus,
newborn mice, brain tissue cells,
Tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
nosogeographic variants, human
cases.
Cases of bovine disease
characterized by fever and sudden
fall in milk production in cows are
known to have occurred for years in
central and east Finland. Studies
conducted in 1964; veterinarians
were asked to send blood samples
and fill in questionnaires for
suspected cases.
The authors have elaborated models
of a chronic infection of the sucking
mouse brain cell culture infected in
vivo with viruses of the TBE
complex. The mice were inoculated
subcutaneously with equal doses of
3.0 to 4.0 log LD50/0.1 ml. In vitro
cultivation of brain tissue cells of
sucking mice infected with an
attenuated Tp-21-237 variant was
successful on condition that the
cells were used in experiment
within 1-5 post-infection days. At
the time it was possible to cultivate
brain tissue cells of sucking mice
inoculated subcutaneously with Pan
and Tp-21 strains only within the
first post-infection day.
The questions on the rightfulness of
dividing tickborne encephalitis into
the two geographic variants, the
western and the eastern ones are
discussed. Results of the authors'
own observations of more than
5,000 patients from the western
regions of the USSR and from
Siberia and the Far East are
presented. The authors analyze the
rate, the gravity, and other features
of the acute and chronic forms of
the disease with reference to
various regions of the country. The
Suom. Elainlaak.
L 71:1-13
(reprint)
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 143
from Finnish.
Pp. 127-132 in
Arboviruses
(Gaidamovich, S.
Ya., ed.). Sborn
Trud. Inst. Virus.
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, 1,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1263
from Russian.
Zh. Nevropat.
Psikhiat., 80
(2):184-188,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1602
from Russian.

Umansky, K. G. and
E. P. Kekonenko.
Umansky, K.G.
Urakov, S.
The structure of
progressive forms of
tickborne encephalitis.
Two cases of diseases
associated with use of
live vaccine agianst
tickborne encephalitis
obtained from strain
Elantsev.
Species and number
dynamics of
bloodsucking ticks in
Kashka-Dar'ya Oblast.
1983
1973
1973
Tickborne encephalitis,TBE,
progressive forms, PTBE.
tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
Elantsev, human cases.
ticks, sheep, goats, Kashka-Dar'ya
Oblast, Hyalomma anatolicum, H.
asiaticum, H. marginatum, H.
detritum, Rhipicephalus turanicus,
R. pumilio, Ornithodoros
lahorensis, Haemaphysalis sulcata,
rodents, larvae, nymphs.
data presented show that the
division of tickborne encephalitis
into the two separate variants is
rather relative.
Among neuroviral infections,
tickborne encephalitis (TBE) has a
peculiar status. This is owing to its
broad distribution in many areas of
our country, difficulty of
antiepidemic measures, severity of
clinical manifestation and outcome
in the acute period, unpredictable
later consequences, and possible
progressive disease course.
About 40 cases of this disease are
now known to be associated with
use of live vaccine as was against
tickborne encephalitis (TBE) form
strain Elantsev. We cite the first
two cases raising the question of
association with live vaccine in this
study.
Our investigations aimed at
investigating the species
composition of bloodsucking ticks
of sheep and goats in different
zones of Kashka-Dar'ya Oblast and
their seasonal dynamics and
numbers in the plain-steppe area
(Karshi region, State Pedigree
Breeding Farm). A total of 606
sheep and 48 goats were
investigated.
Zh. Nevropat.
Psikhiat., 83(8):
1173-1179,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1779
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio,
Virus, Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, 21
(2): 165-167.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1091
from Russian.
Uzbek. Biol. Zh.,
(3): 73-74.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1228
from Russian.

Uryvaev, L. V., I. D.
Drynov, P. G.
Deryabin, N. A.
Parasyuk, E. B
Tazulakhova, I. A.
Suetina, K. S. Ionova,
and N. I. Puchkova.
Ushakova, G. V.
Uspenskaya, I. G.
Phenomenology and
mechanisms of
chronic togavirus
infection in passaged
cell lines.
On the finding of
Hunterellus hookeri
How., parasites of
ixodid ticks in
Kazakhstan.
Influence of cultivated
areas on the ixodid
tick fauna.
1981
1962
1971
Tickborne encephalitis, TBE, VEE,
JE, DNA, togavirus infection.
Tick, ixodid, Kazakhstan,
Hunterellus hookeri, Rhipicephalus
texanus.
ixodid, ticks, foci, Moldavia,
Dniester, Prut, Tybnitsa, Ixodes
laguri, Haemaphysalis otophila, D.
marginatus, D. pictus, I. ricinus, H.
punctata, D. marginatus, suslik,
cattle, sheep, calves, roe, deer,
hare, badger.
This study was based on the idea
that virus persistence in cells is
regulated by a multifactor
mechanism and each infection
factor may play different role in
different persistence stages.
Hunterellus hookeri from insects
from Rhipicephalus texanus
nymphs in Texas, proved to be
widely distributed and has been
recorded in all countries of the
world, with the exception of
Australia.
Moldavia has been reclaimed for a
long time by man. The steppe was
gradually ploughed, and felled
forests were replaced by
settlements, orchards, vineyards,
areas under grain crops, etc.
Complete reclamation of the
Moldavian territory is responsible
for lower ixodid tick numbers than
in other less cultivated areas, almost
complete disapperance of some tick
species, and at the same time,
formation of isolated foci with high
tick numbers.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 65-68,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1596
from Russian.
Trud. kazan. Inst.
Zool., Akad.
Nauk SSR 16:
183-185,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 98
from Russian.
Parazit. Zhivot.
Rast. Akad, Nauk
Moldav. SSR,
(7): 115-120.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 649
from Russian.

Uspensky, I. V. and
O. Yu. Emel'yanova.
Uzakov, U. Y.
Uzakov, U. Yu.
Existence of
pheromone
associations in ticks of
the genus Ixodes.
Morphological
changes occurring in
the skin tissues of
cattle parasitizes by
ticks in the ixodid
family.
Homovampirism in
ixodid ticks.
1980
1963
1961
Tick, Ixodes ricinus, I. persulcatus,
attraction factor, discs, aggregation
pheromone.
Tick, skin tissue, hide damage,
cattle, morphology, ixodid.
Tick, homovampirism, Hyalomma
detritum, cattle.
The presence of an attraction factor
was demonstrated in virgin 2-10-,
30-39, and 60-69-day old
postmolting Ixodes ricinus and
Ixodes persulcatus in response to
ticks of the same and the opposite
sex. The attraction was evaluated by
reaction of filter paper distinct in I.
ricinus than in I. persulcatus, in
older specimens than in younger
specimens, and when using discs
that were in longer contact with the
ticks. No significant difference was
found in the reaction to discs that
had been in contact with ticks of the
same or the opposite sex. The
detected attraction factor was
determined to be an aggregation
pheromone.
Paper on the hide damage to cattle
done by ixodid ticks.
The phenomenon of intraspecific
parasitism is described in
Hyalomma detritum gathered from
cattle in Shakhrizyab district of the
Uzbek SSR: it took place when
ticks were kept in vials. Males
parasitized females which have
sucked half of the blood portion
they need for saturation; in one case
a male parasitized another male.
Zool. Zh., 59
(5) :699-704,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1447
from Russian.
Trudy Uzbek.
Nauch.-Issled.
Inst. Vet. 15: 109-
113, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1334
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 40
(4):608-609,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1498
from Russian.

V. Levi.
V. N. Danilov.
Vanag, K. A. and I.
M. Grokhovskaya.
Seasonal activity of
the ticks of the Family
Ixodidae in foci of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever in Pazardjik
region.
Nomenclature,
synonymy, differential
diagnosis, and
distribution of Aedes
(Ochlerotatus)
albineus.
Tests on infecting
Rhipicephalus
sanguineus ticks with
rabies virus.
1972
1979
1978
tick, Hyalomma plumbeum,
Hyalomma punctata, Ixodes
ricinus, Haemaphysalis punctata,
Haemaphysalis otophila,
Dermacentor marginatus,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus,
Rhipicephalus bursa, Amblyomma
variecatum (Fabricius), cattle,
horses, sheep, Pazardjik, Maritsa
River, Kalugerovo, Lesichevo,
Dolni Levski, foci.
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) albineus,
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) stramineus,
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) flavidorsalis,
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius,
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) detritus.
Tick, Soviet Union, rabies,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus.
Examination of the seasonal
activity of ticks of the family
Ixodidae in one of the most active
CHF foci in the country - Pazardjik
Province, north of the Maritsa
River. During 1967-68, 399 cattle,
123 horses, and 103 sheep were
examined; 6,565 ticks were
collected from these animals.
Study of Paleartic mosquito
literature shows that Aedes
(Ochlerotatus) stramineus,
described from southeastern
Kazakhstan, and A. O. flavidorsalis,
from central China are identical to
each other and also to A. O.
albineus, described from Algeria
and afterward erroneously
synonymized as A. O. caspius.
Imagos and larvae of Rhipicephalus
sanguineus ticks were found to be
able to contract infection with
rabies virus when fed on
experimentally infected animals.
The infected ticks transmit rabies
virus in the course of
metamorphosis from larvae to
nymphs and transovarially to their
offsprings. Ticks in the nymphal
and larval stage in the process of
blood-sucking infected
experimental animals with rabies.
Suvrem. Med.
Sof., 23(8):44-
50, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
981 from
Bulgarian.
Vestn. Zool.
Kiev, (1): 29-35.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1628
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 47(3):
47-49, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1383
from Russian.

Vargin, V. V.
Vargin, V. V., and B.
P. Semenov.
Vargina, S. G., F. R.
Karas', S. N.
Steblyanko, K. A.
Kenenbaeva, A. A.
Seropolko, and D. K.
L'vov.
Vargina, S. G., L. A.
Kuchuk, V. I.
Gershtein, and F. R.
Karas.
Effect of
phytohemagglutinin
on severe flavivirus
[sic] infection course.
Adjuvant and
immunosuppressive
effect of arboviruses
of different antigenic
groups.
Data from
investigating
arboviruses
ecologically
associated with birds
in Kirgizia.
Transmission of Issyk
Kul virus by Argas
vespertilionis ticks in
experiment.
1975
1975
1975
1982
Langat virus, mice, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE, PhHA, dengue.
Japanese encephalitis, JE, YF,
yellow fever, togaviruses,
alphaviruses, Chikungunya,
western equine encephalomyelitis,
WEE, eastern equine
encephalomyelitis, EEE, dengue,
Bunyamwera, tickborne
encephalitis, RSSE, mice, ram.
birds, Kirgizia, arboviruses, Chu
Valley, Issyk-Kul', Talas Valley,
Tien-Shan, Passeriformes,
Passerines, NWM, newborn white
mice, sparrows, larks, wagtails,
starlings, swallows, rollers,
sandpipers, hoopoe, tern, rock
dove, grebe, Ixodes persulcatus,
RSSE, foci.
Tick, Argas vespertilionis, Issyk
Kul virus, Chiroptera.
Immunodepressors are broadly used
to study the role of immune
reactions in development of
resistance and their participation in
the pathogenesis of viral infections.
We investigated the effect of PhHA
on development of neuroinfections
caused by certain flaviviruses [sic].
Facts showed that application of the
PhHA favors decrease of the
incubation period in mice infected
with TBE, Langat, or dengue-2
viruses.
It was demonstrated in mice that
arboviruses of different antigenic
groups change the immune response
to inoculation of ram erythrocytes.
In 1971-74, we investigated (by
1,718 biological tests) 4,355 birds,
including 2,253 birds in Chu
Valley, 1,163 in Issyk-Kul'
depression, 595 in the southwestern
climatic region, 193 in Talas
Valley, and 151 in Central Tien-
Shan. The Order Passeriformes
comprised 76% of the birds.
In this article, we give experimental
confirmation of the relationships of
Issyk Kul virus and arboviruses and
the role of Argas vespertilionis ticks
as its specific vector.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 54-55,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1017
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 55-56,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1019
from Russian.
Mater. 9, Simp.
Ekol. Virus.
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 27-29.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1119
from Russian.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Inst. Virus.
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk.
SSSR, pp. 123-
127, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1660
from Russian.

Vargina, S. G., S. N.
Steblyanko, F. R.
Karas, R. K.
Usmanov, I. A.
Gontar, A. M.
Kenenbaeva, K. A.
Abdyldaeva, and E.
M. Tomofeev.
Vashkov, V. I. and V.
D. Poleshchuk.
Vashkov, V. I., M. A.
Gorbunov, Yu. S.
Vasyuta, A. L.
Belyaev, I. S. Turov,
V. I. Zhukov, Z. G.
Sabirov, Yu. I.
Gadalin, L. Ya.
Giterman, L. G.
Saltanova, R. N.
Bogan, M. V.
Mezhevich, E. N.
Popov, S. D. Lapteva,
V. S. Chistov, M. M.
Krasovitskaya, and V.
Ya. Ku'mina.
Investigation of
viruses ecologically
associated with birds
of Chu Valley,
Kirgizia.
Campaign measures
against Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
vectors - Hyalomma
plumbeum plumbeum
ticks.
Epidemiology of
hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome
in Kuibyshev and
Ullyanovsk Oblasts.
1973
1971
1972
Birds, CF antigen, suckling mice,
arbovirus, tickborne encephalitis,
TBE, Japanese, JE, western equine,
WEE, West Nile, WN, HI test.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
tick, Hyalomma plumbeum
plumbeum, Astrakhan Oblast,
cattle, horses, carrion, crows,
magpies, hares, hedgehogs, vole,
carbamate, chlorophos, Sevin,
amide.
hemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome, Kuibyshev Oblast,
Ullyanovsk Oblast, HFRS.
Three virus strains were isolated
from organs of 3 birds: Motacilla
alba, Alauda arvensis and Podiceps
ruficollis shot on the territory of
Chu Valley. The isolates were
pathogenic for suckling mice aged 3
days after intracerebral inoculation.
Pathogenicity of 2 viruses
considerably increased following
passage in Columba livia.
In control of Hyalomma plumbeum
ticks - vectors of CHF-treatment of
cattle with a mixture of 1% aqueous
solution of chlorophos with 0.3%
polyvinyl alcohol and a mixture of
1% aqueous suspension of Sevin
with 0.5% polyvinyl alcohol is
effective. Diethylamide and
dibutylamide of valenrianic acid
possess repellent properties against
these ticks.
From 1959 to 1971, 2 significant
increases in HFRS morbility were
recorded in 1964 and 1969
(morbidity indices per 100,000 of
population in these years were 9.1
and 12.4 in the Oblast and 15.9 and
17.2 in Kuibyshev, respectively).
The lowest mobidity was recorded
in 1966 (1.5 in the Oblast and 2.1 in
Kuibyshev) and in 1971 (1.5. and
4.6, respectively).
Sobrn, Trud.
Ekol. Virus., (1) :
74-80, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 711
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:239-244,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 983
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972), p.
375., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1079
from Russian.

Vashkov, V. I., V. D.
Poleshchuk, D. N.
Stolbov, and Y. V.
Zimina.
Vashkov, V. I., V. D.
Poleskchuk, V. I.
Latyshev, S. E.
Gleiberman, D. N.
Stolbov, V. M.
Tsetlin, and E. B.
Zhuk.
Vasil'ev, G. I., M. I.
Antsiferov, Y. V.
Voropanov, B. S.
Vinokur, and S. T.
Kireeva.
Vasil'eva, I. S.
Hyalomma plumbeum
plumbeum ticks as
vectors of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever and
campaign measures
against them.
Investigation of the
effect of some
acaricidal preparations
and repellents on
Hyalomma plumbeum
ticks.
Ectoparasites of small
mammals and their
nests and bird nests in
the Kamchatka River
floodland.
Contribution to the
problem of hosts of
Alectorobius
tartakovskyi ticks.
1970
1972
Tick, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
CHF, foci, Hyalomma plumbeum
plumbeum, Hyalomma
marginatum.
acaricides, repellents, Hyalomma
plumbeum, ticks,
organophosphates, carbamates.
1978 Tick, mammals, birds.
1971
Alectorobius tartakovskyi, ticks,
central Asia, spirochetosis, foci,
Tadjikistan, terrapin, gecko,
agama, skink, sand snake, green
toad, hedgehog, dog, sheltopusik,
grebes, house sparrows, bee-eaters,
rollers, sheep, cattle, gerbils, house
mouse.
Natural foci of an acute disease
named Crimean hemorrhagic fever
(CHF) were recently detected in the
southern European part of the
USSR. The main epidemiological
role in transmitting CHF virus to
humans is that of adult Hyalomma
marginatum (= plumbeum), which
frequently attacks humans when
their main hosts are absent.
Preparation of organophosphorous
group compounds and carbamates
caused death of 100% ticks for 3-5
days following treatment. Negative
results were obtained on studying
the repellent effect on ticks of
dimethylphthalate, diethyltoluamide,
repellin-alpha,
benzimine, chexamide, kyuzol-A,
carbolinium, clove oil, reputide,
dibuthyladipinate, terpenol,
isopropilacetamilide, and M-1960.
The paper presents data in the
specific composition and abundance
of bloodsucking arthropods
parasitic on small mammals and
birds in the valley of the Kamchatka
river.
The role of different animal species
in feeding tick populations may be
determined by several different
factors. In our viewpoint, the most
important factors are the importance
of tick feeding on animals,
attraction of ticks toward animals,
possibilities of tick attachment to
animals, degree of contact between
ticks and animals, and animal
numbers.
Tezisy. Dokl. 2.
Akarol.
Soveshch. 1: 96-
98, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
1311 from
Russian
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 376-377.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1080
from Russian.
Parazit.,
Leningrad 12(6):
539-542,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1430
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 40(5):
577-581.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 605
from Russian.

Vasil'eva, I. S. and A.
S. Ershova.
Vasilenko, O. G.
Effect of Ornithodoros
papillipes (Argasidae)
tick population density
on oviposition in
experimental
conditions.
Laboratory diagnosis
of hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome
(HFRS) in Tula Oblast.
1980
1966
Tick, Ornithodoros papillipes,
oviposition dynamics, population
density.
Tick, hemorrhagic fever, renal
syndrome, HFRS, Tula Oblast.
We studied an experimental model
of the population process -
oviposition in different density
conditions. This allowed us to
obtain an idea of oviposition
dynamics in different females and
populations. Presence in
intrapopulation regulation of
numbers was determined in O.
papillipes based on density of ticks
kept in laboratory conditions. The
direction (of this regulation) were
determined: fertility of females
decreases, egg and adult mortality
increases, and egg development
duration lengthens with increased
crowding.
In Tula Oblast, the diagnosis of
hemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome is made on the basis of
clinic-epidemiologic data.
Practicing workers do not utilize
reliable and simple methods for
specific diagnostics of HFRS,
which sometimes leads to mistakes
and hyperdiagnosis in making a
diagnosis, and also in not recording
the correct number of sick persons
during sporadic outbreaks of
morbidity.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 14
(5):392-397,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1515
from Russian.
Pp. 66-69 in
Problems of
natural focal
infections and
medical
geography, Tula
(Demianov, A.
G., et al. eds.).
Conference
Proceedings,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 222
from Russian.

Vasilenko, O. I., Y. A.
Myasnikov, Z. A.
Levacheva, E. N.
Zheltukhin, and I. V.
Dronova.
Vasilenko, S. M., G.
Katsarov, A.
Mikhailov, M.
Teokharova, V. Levi,
S. Levi, G.
Kebedzhiev, I. D.
Kirov, and M. Radev.
Epidemiological
peculiarities of
hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome
of inhabitants in Tula.
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever (CHF) in
Bulgaria.
1966
1971
Tick, hemorrhagic fever, renal
syndrome, HFRS, Tula.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Bulgaria, newborn white mice,
NWM, Pazardzhik, Kurdzhali,
Shumensk, Tyrnovsky, Sofia,
Plovdiv, Lovech, Shumensk,
complement fixation, CF, agar gel
diffusion and precipitation, AGDP.
Since 1958, cases of HFRS have
been recorded every year among the
inhabitants of Tula. During the last
8 years, 115 cases of HFRS have
been recorded.
The results of virological and
serological studies on the etiology
and epidemiology of CHF in
Bulgaria carried out during the
1968-1970 are presented. In the
three years, a total of 58 strains of
CHF virus was isolated in
examinations of 66 patients. Studies
of the dynamics of antibody
response in CHF showed the
highest titers of complement-fixing
antibody to be found in patients
with severe forms of the disease at
3 months after the disease. The
existence of asymptomatic forms of
CHF was established. The authors
suggest the criteria for evaluation of
the extent of activity of areas
endemic for CHF.
Pp. 60-63 in
Problems of
natural focal
infections and
medical
geography, Tula
(Demianov, A.
G., et al. eds.).
Conference
Proceedings,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 219
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:100-111,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 943
from Russian.

Vasilenko, S. M., G.
Katsarov, I. Kirov, M.
Radev, and G.
Arnaudov.
Vasilenko, S. M., G.
Katsarov, V. Levi, G.
Minev, O. Kovacheva,
I. Genov, G.
Arnaudov, S.
Pandyrov, Kh.
Arnaudov, and Yu.
Kutsarova.
Etiological diagnosis
of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever in
Bulgaria.
Certain
epidemiological
characteristics of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever (CHF) in
Bulgaria.
1972
1972
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
foci.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Bulgaria, agar gel diffusion and
precipitation, AGDP, foci, ticks,
Hyalomma m. marginatum, H.
plumbeum plumbeum,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R.
bursa, Dermacentor marginatus,
Ixodes ricinus, Boophilus
annulatus.
We determined the relation of the
duration of viremia (not more than
10 days) and severity of the clinical
CHF course. CHF virus was
frequently isolated from lungs,
liver, spleen, and bone marrow, and
less frequently from kidneys and
brain. The occurrence of
asymptomatic CHF forms in
endemic CHF foci was
demonstrated by serological
investigations.
On investigating blood sera from
3,012 persons by the CF and AGDP
test to detect asymptomatic CHF
forms, antibodies to CHF virus
were found in 156 persons,
including 35 of 392 persons bitten
by ticks, in 118 of 1,790 healthy
persons occupied in animal
husbandry in CHF endemic regions,
and in 3 of 244 medical workers
who had been in contact with CHF
patients. No antibodies were
detected in 586 persons from nonendemic
regions.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972), p.
337. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1049
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972), p.
338. NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1050
from Russian.
Isolation of CHF virus from
patients in Bulgaria during summer
of 1968 using inoculated newborn
white mice (NWM), during days 4
to 7 following beginning of illness
with high temperature; similarly,
used the immunofluorescence
technique (FAT) with pig embryo
kidney during severe disease
period. Parallel studies are shown in
patients infected in 1963 and 1964
and between years 1954-1964. In
tests, used hyperimmune sera from
laboratory animals against the
Soviet CHf virus strains or CHF Mater. 15.

Vasilenko, S. M., M.
P. Chumakov, A. M.
Butenko, S. E.
Smirnova, M.
Teokhavrova, and V.
Popov.
Vasilenko, V. A. and
S. R. Iyks.
Contribution to the
question of etiology of
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever (CHF) in
Bulgaria.
Arboviruses in Estonia
SSR.
1968
1978
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
newborn white mice, NWM, CF,
diffusion and precipitation
reaction, DPRA,
immunofluorescence technique,
FAT, pig embryo kidney, PEK,
sheep, cows, horses, hares,
partridges, Strelcha.
Tick, Estonia, arbovirus, TBE, foci,
Ixodes persulcatus, Ixodes ricinus.
convalescent sera from USSR and
Bulgaria. Preliminary cross tests
(CF and DPRA) showed close
relationship betwen the CHF virus
strains isolated in the USSR in 1967
(strains 267 and 269) isolated in
Bulgaria in 1968. Parallel CF and
DPRA investigations of CHF
convalescent sera from Bulgaria,
sera from healthy rural inhabitants,
and domestic and wild animal sera
from CHF foci, with CHF virus
strain antigens isolated in the USSR
and Bulgaria showed that local
strains 267 and 269 are as suitable
as the Soviet strains for detecting
the number of positive sera and for
determining the antibody level in
the same sera. These data also
confirmed etiological relationship
between CHF infections in Bulgaria
and USSR.
The article deals with the
biocenosis of arboviruses natural
foci in Estonia. Ixodes persulcatus
and I. ricinus are proved to be the
main vectors of arboviruses in
natural foci. Only Uukuniemi and
TBE viruses were isolated from
these ticks. The antigeneic structure
of Uukuniemi strains, practically,
does not differ from that of the
prototype ones. Ixodes persulcatus
are acknowledged to be the main
vectors of TBE during the past 20
years; but the role of I. ricinus
increased of late (the past 3 years).
Low rate of TBE sera-positive
human resulted in the increase of
TBE incidents in 1976.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 1968),
(3):90-92,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 857
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. Imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk SSSR
3: 24-27,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1362
from Russian.

Vasilenko, V. A., S.
R. Iyks, and E. A.
Peikre.
Vasilenko, V. A., S.
R. Iyks, and O. M.
Tamm.
Vasyuta, Yu. S.
Vecherkin, S. S. and
V. I. Esikov.
Contribution to the
role of Passeriformes
birds and certain
murine rodents in
Uukuniemi virus
circulation in a natural
focus.
Study of the role of
Uukuniemi virus in
human pathology.
Survey of the infection
rate of hemorrhagic
fevers in RSFSR.
The causative agents
of bovine
hemosporidioses in
Boophilus calcaratus.
1974
1975
1964
1956
Passeriformes birds, murine
rodents, Uukuniemi, UUK, virus,
foci, Pukhtu Peninsula, Estonia,
newborn white mice, NWM,
Turdus philomelos, Apodemus
flavicollis, Clethrionomys
glareolus.
Uukuniemi, UUK, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE, antibodies,
human pathology, HI, CF, ticks,
school children, natural foci.
RSFSR, hemorrhagic fever, Omsk
hemorrhagic fever, OHF, muskrats,
tularemia, Crimean hemorrhagic
fever, CHF, foci, Hyalomma
plumbeum, ticks, cattle, birds,
hedgehogs, rodents.
Tick, bovine hemosporidioses,
Boophilus calcaratus,
Hemosporidia.
To study the role of different
biocenosis links in Uukuniemi
(UUK) virus circulation in a natural
focus in the Pukhtu Peninsula on
the western coast of Estonia, birds
of the Order Passeriformes and the
murine rodents, Apodemus
flavicollis and Clethrionomys
glareolus, trapped in this natural
focus were investigated
virologically.
Persons inhabiting the territory of
natural foci of Uukuniemi virus and
tick-borne encephalitis virus in
Estonia showed an increase in the
complement-fixing antibodies
against Uukuniemi virus. No
clinical manifestations of the
disease were noted.
The importance of hemorrhagic
fever problems increases in the
Republic. New infection foci appear
every year in the RSFSR and their
epidemiology is being determined.
When working out measures against
hemosporidioses, it is very
important to consider a country free
of disease, threatened by disease,
and epizootic, or with latent
infections. To answer this question,
it is helpful to examine ticks for
infection with Hemosporidia.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974),
pp. 62-63.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1224
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, (2):110-
114, Translation
1146 from
Russian
Mater. Konf.
Kleshch, Entsef.
Virus.
Gemorragich.
Likhoradki
(Omsk,
December 1963),
pp. 355-358.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 863
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Zool.
Parazit. Akad.
Nauk Kirgiz.
SSR 5: 129-134,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1357
from Russian.

Veseloskaya, O. V., S.
M. Gromashevsky, V.
L. Zakaryan, D. K.
L'vov, and S. A.
Demidova.
Veselov, Yu. V., N. S.
Corbunov, and Z. I.
Krasitskaya.
Vesenjak, J. and M.
Jung.
Study of reproduction
of Tyuleniy, Sakhalin,
and Baku arbovirus in
cell cultures.
Mixed natural foci of
tularemia, tickborne
encephalitis, and tick
typhus in Altai region.
Laboratory
investigations of
meningoencephalitis
cases with
consideration of
complement-fixing
and hemagglutinating
antibodies.
1973
1965
1964
Arbovirus, Tyuleniy, Sakhalin,
Baku, cell systems, chicken, duck,
human embryo, fibroblasts, pig
embryo, kidneys.
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus,
Dermacentor reticulatus, D.
silvarum, D. marginatus, D.
nuttalli, Haemaphysalis concinna,
human cases, typhus, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE.
Tick, meningoencephalitis,
hemagglutinating antibodies.
Reproduction of new arboviruses,
Tyuleniy, Sakhalin, and Baku, was
investigated in human and animal
cell cultures. Primary cell cultures
(chicken, duck, and human embryo
fibroblasts, and human embryo
kidney) and reinoculated cell lines
(L, RH, VERO, pig embryo
kidneys, A-1, and BHK-21) were
used. The possibility of culturing
these viruses in several cell systems
was established. Duck embryo
fibrolasts proved to be a highly
sensitive cell system to arboviruses.
In 1954, 112 human tularemia cases
were recorded but in 1963 only 7.
The most stable epidemiological
manifestation was observed in
Zonal'naya, Altai, and Kytmanovo
regions and Forno-Altai
Autonomous Oblast. In these areas,
diseases with natural focality, such
as tick typhus 1 and tickborne
encephalitis, TBE 2, are quite
broadly distributed.
Tickborne meningoencephalitis
virus is one of the most important
agents of aseptic meningitis. Until
now, there are no data on morbidity
of tickborne meningoencephalitis in
other regions of Yugoslavia but
preliminary investigations have
showed the presence of specific
antibodies in human and animal
sera.
Vop. Virus., 18
(6) :693-696,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 732
from Russian.
Mater. Nauch.-
Prakt. Konf.
Tulyarem.
Soputst.
Infeckts., pp. 324-
325, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1527
from Russian.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus
Entsef. Mater.
11: 317-319,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1284
from Russian.

Vidomsky, E. V., A.
V. Balykin, L. F.
Romasheva, and V. P.
Shcherbak.
Vigovsky, A. I., and I.
A. Vinograd.
Vil'ner, D. M., I. M.
Rodin, L. M.
Brodskaya, B. V.
Finogenova, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Histopathological
structure
characteristics of
internal organs and
hemolymph of the tick
Argas persicus under
the effect of B.
thuringiensis cultures.
Bloodsucking
parasites of birds in
Ukraine in connection
with the problem of
transcontinental
transportation of
arboviruses by
migratory birds.
Influence of
temperature on
infective and
interferonogenic
properties in two
arboviruses.
1973
1974
1971
Histopathological, internal organs,
hemolymph, ticks, Argas persicus,
B. thuringiensis.
arboviruses, Ixodid ticks, gamasid
mites, trombiculid mites, T.
talmiensis, I. latyshevi, fleas,
Certatophyllus, C. gallinae, C.
garei, S. styx, C. maculatus,
ectoparasites, I. ricinus, L.
redikorzevi, Hyalomma plumbeum
plumbeum, Haemaphysalis
punctata, Dermacentor marginatus,
mosquitoes, Aedes, Culiseta,
Anopheles, Culex, Mansonia, A.
vexans, A. punctor, A.
maculipennis, Culicoides,
tickborne encephalitis, TBE, West
Nile virus, Rhinonyssidae,
Dermanyssidae, Liponyssidae,
Laelaptidae, Omsk hemorrhagic
fever, OHF, Ukraine, Africa,
Middle East, Uukuniemi virus,
Chalova-Batai virus, equine
encephalomyelitis, Japanese
encephalitis, migratory birds.
Tick, arbovirus, interferonogenic,
temperature.
Argas persicus ticks were infected
perorally with crystal-forming
bacilli of the B. thuringiensis group
and with bacterial preparations. Ten
hours following infection, bacteria
were found among blood
erythrocytes aggregating near the
intestinal epithelium of the
gastrointestinal content.
The bird fauna of Ukraine is
represented by 315 species of 21
orders of which 275 are frequently
recorded, including 196 migratory
(126 nesting, 70 descending
temporarily to the ground), 56
resident, and 23 wandering birds.
Ixodid ticks, gamasid and
trombiculid mites, and fleas were
recorded among bloodsucking
ectoparasites of birds as well as
mosquitoes and biting midges and
determine the importance of
migratory birds in transportation of
arboviruses between 2 regions;
western Ukraine and Africa-Middle
East.
The data confirm the conclusion
that arboviruses reproduce more
poorly at 400C than at 370 C
inducing at 400 C more intense
interferonogenesis.
Izv. Akad. Nauk
Kirgiz. SSR, (6):
79., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1229
from Russian.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974),
pp.54-55,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 974
from Russian.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR
(October 19-21),
pt. 2:98-99,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 496
from Russian.

Vil'ner, L. M., A. V.
Gagarina, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Vil'ner, L. M., L. M.
Brodskaya, M. M. Goldrarb,
I. V.
Finogenova, and I. M.
Rodin.
Vinograd, A., I.
Vigovsky, V. R.
Obukhova, E. G.
Rogochy, S. S.
Chumachenko, G. V.
Beletskaya, and N. V.
Pal'chevsky.
Determining
interferonogenesis
conditions as a
substantial criterion
for developing an
optimum method for
obtaining tickborne
encephalitis virus in
the serial production
process of culture
vaccine.
Comparison of
interferonogenic
activity and virulent
properties of strains of
tickborne encephalitis
complex viruses in
relation to the cell
system type used.
Isolation of
Uukuniemi arbovirus
from common
hawfinch and
European turtle dove
in the Carpathian
mountain area and
western Ukrainian
Polesye.
1968
1968
1975
Tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
interferonogenesis, serial
production, culture vaccine.
Interferonogenic activity, virulent
properties, tickborne encephalitis,
TBE, cell system.
Uukuniemi, common hawfinch,
European turtle dove, Carpathian,
Ukraine, Polesye, Turdus merula,
Fringilla coelebs, Coccothraustes
coccothraustes, Streptopelia tutur,
Ixodes ricinus, birds.
The data accumulated in our
Experimental Institute and
voluminous material obtained
during the process of improving the
method for obtaining serial
production of culture vaccine
against tickborne encephalitis
(TBE) allowed us to make certain
conclusions concerning this
question.
Study of the relationship between
interferonogenic activity and
virulent properties of viruses may
help to determine one of the
substantial reasons for their
different degrees of pathogenicity.
This question has been little studied
in relation to arboviruses of the
encephalitis complex.
Two strains of the Uukuniemi virus
were isolated from a hawfinch and a
turtle-dove caught in the area of the
Carpathian mountain and west
Ukrainian woodlands. The strains
were pathogenic for newborn white
mice, irregularly caused the clinical
picture of encephalitis in 3-4 week
old white mice, and were not
pathogenic for adult white mice.
The strains were placed into the
Uukuniemi group based on the
results of their identification in the
CF test.
Mater. 15.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus.
Entsef. (October,
1968), (1):11-13,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1617
from Russian.
Mater. 15.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio Virus.
Entsef. (October,
1968), (1): 7-9,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1534
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, (1): 84-
87., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1153
from Russian.

Vinograd, I. A.
Vinograd, I. A. and S.
Y. Gaidamovich.
Vinograd, I. A., A. I.
Vigovsky, and E. G.
Rogochy.
Arboviruses in
Ukraine.
Climatic-geographical
and faunal- floral
characteristics of foci
of Uukuniemi group
of arboviruses in
western regions of the
Ukrainian SSR.
Results from
investigating birds of
western Ukraine for
arboviruses.
1978
Tick, foci, lymphocytic
choriomeningitis, LCM,
hemorrhagic fever, HF.
1971 Tick, foci, arbovirus, Ixodes ricinus.
1974
arboviruses, birds, Uukuniemi,
Ukraine, arthropods, blackbirds,
chaffinches, ticks, Khatin,
Chernovitsy, Zbovov, Ternopol,
Carpathian.
TBE, LCM, and HFs (Carpathian,
Bukovina, and Crimean) were long
ago known in the Ukraine. Foci of
new (for the Republic) arboviruses
were recently found: Uukuniemi,
Kemerovo, Bunyamwera and JE
(WN) groups. Data are presented on
the geographical regions and the
sources of isolation of the new
viruses. Biological relationship
between the isolated arboviruses
and the bloodsucking arthropods,
the persistent infections of
vertebrates, and the influence of
these arboviruses on the
immunogenesis were investigated.
Climatic conditions that are
peculiarities of natural biocenoses
in southwest regions of Ukraine are
favorable for the existence of foci
of some arboviruses. Three strains
of arboviruses of the Uukuniemi
group were isolated from Ixodes
ricinus in the process of
investigation of over 4 thousand
ticks.
On investigating 126 bird blood
sera, antibodies to tickborne
encephalitis virus were detected in
2.9% and to Uukuniemi virus in
3.6%. It should be mentioned that
blood sera from terrestrial bird
species trapped in broad-leaf forest
in Poles'ye and Carpathian regions,
biotopes with high pasture tick
concentrations, gave positive results.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. Imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk SSSR
3: 13-16,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1356
from Russian.
Vop. Med. Virus
11: 110-112,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1326
from Russian.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974),
p. 53., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1223
from Russian.

Vinograd, I. A., A. I.
Vigovsky, and S. S.
Chumachenko.
Vinograd, I. A., A. I.
Vigovsky, and V. R.
Obukhova.
Contribution to the
question of the role of
arboviruses new for
Ukrainian SSR in
infectious pathology
of man and animals.
Biological properties
of a Kemerovo group
virus isolated in
Zakarpat'ye.
1982
1977
Heterologous antigen, immune
response immunodepressant
effect , adjuvant effect, Batai,
Tribec, Uukiniemi,
immunocompetent body systems.
Tick, Mircha virus, guinea pigs,
cows, newborn, white mice, rats,
chick embryo, yolk sac, Ixodes
ricinus.
Data showing changed immune
response of the host to introduction
of heterologous antigen during
virus infections; immunodepressant
effect is observed in some cases and
adjuvant effect in others. In this
experiment, we aimed at studying
the effect of Batai, Tribec and
Uukuniemi arboviruses on
immunocompetent body systems.
A strain of an arbovirus named
Mircha was isolated from Ixodes
ricinus L. ticks (30 incompletely
engorged females) collected in
May, 1972 from cows pastured in a
forest near the village of Mircha of
the Velikobereznyansky district of
the Zakarpathye region of the
Ukrainian SSR. The strain was
found to be pathogenic for newborn
white mice and rats by the
intracerebral and intraperitoneal
routes, and for chick embryo
inoculated into the yolk sac, and to
replicate in chick embryo fibroblast
culture producing a marked
cytopathic effect to be relatively
stable to ethyl ether and sodium
desoxycholate. On the basis or the
results of serological identification
(CFT) it was classified into
arboviruses of the Kemerovo group,
the antigenic subgroup Kemerovo-
Tribec. The factors of natural
focality are described briefly, and
the results of the study of virus
persistence in adult white mice,
rats, and guinea pigs and of its
immunodepressive effect are
presented.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Inst. Virus.
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 75-78,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1655
from Russian.
Vop. Virus 22
(4): 456-459,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1290
from Russian.

Vinograd, I. A., A. I.
Vigovsky, S. S.
Chumachenko, G. V.
Beletskaya, E. G.
Rogochy, N. V.
Pal'chevsky, and B. D.
Lutsik.
Vinograd, I. A., S. Ya.
Gaidamovich, A. I.
Vigovsky, E. G.
Rogochy, and V. R.
Obukhova.
Vinograd, I. A., S. Ya.
Gaidamovich, A. I.
Vigovsky, E. G.
Rogochy, V. R.
Obukhova, G. V.
Beletskaya, and O. G.
Marushchak.
Vishnyakov, S. V., M.
A. Gorbunov, and L.
I. Konosh.
New arbovirus isolates
in Ukraine and their
biological properties.
Investigation of the
role of birds in
ecology of arboviruses
in western Ukraine.
Isolation of Olyka
arbovirus in Rovno
and Ternopol Oblasts
of Ukrainian SSR.
Effectiveness of forest
deratization within
natural foci of
hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome
(HFRS).
1981
1975
1974
1966
Tick, Ixodes ricinus, mosquitoes,
Anopheles maculipennis,
virological investigations.
birds, arboviruses, Ukraine,
mammals, mosquitoes, blackbirds,
chaffinches, hawfinch, doves,
mice, guinea pigs, mice, rats.
Olyka, Rovno, Ternopol, Ukraine,
Podol Plateau, Bunyamwera,
Anopheles maculipennis, Aedes
punctor, A. cantan, mosquitoes.
Tick, foci, hemorrhagic fever, renal
syndrome, HFRS, deratization,
rodent removal.
In this report, we give results of
virological investigations of
arbovirus carried out in the
Republic in 1977-1980 and certain
biological properties of new isolates.
Isolation of Uukuniemi virus from
migratory and wandering birds
expands the circle of its ecological
associations and shows the
important role of birds in
distribution of this virus.
Four strains of Olyka arbovirus of
the Bunyamwera group were
isolated from 45 pools (2126
individuals) of blood-sucking
mosquitoes. The data obtained
suggest that domestic animals are
the reservoir of the virus, along
with wild mammals and birds, and
mosquitoes take part in wide
dissemination of the virus in warm
seasons.
Little is known about hemorrhagic
fever with renal syndrome (HFRS),
for which till now no effective
specific prophylactic measures have
been proposed. Recently for
prevention of this infection, a plan
was put in the forefront for
deratization, measures directed for
protection of the human population
and their dwellings from forest
rodents (Common Red-backed Vole
and others) that may be possible
reservoirs of the virus in nature.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 45-49,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1574
from Russian.
Mater. 9, Simp.
Ekol. Virus.
(Dushanbe,
October 1975),
pp. 156-157.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1139
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, (1): 96-
99., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1150
from Russian.
Pp. 74-75 in
Problems of
natural focal
infections and
medical
geography, Tula
(Demianov, A.
G., et al. eds.).
Conference
Proceedings,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 225
from Russian.

Vlasov, Ya. P.
Voinov, I. N.
On the biology of
Hyalomma asiaticum
P. Sch. and Schl.,
(Hyalomma
dromedarii asiaticum).
Study of arbovirus
infections in
Belorussia and other
western regions of the
USSR.
1940
1978
Tick, Hyalomma dromedarii
asiaticum, Hyalomma asiaticum,
Ixodoidea, Ashkhabad.
Tick, foci, Tyuleniy virus,
Belorussia, birds.
In respect to systematics and
ecology, ticks of the genus
Hyalomma belong to the less-well
studied group of Ixodoidea. During
recent years, owing to increasing
interest in ixodid ticks by veterinary
workers, as well as by physicians
and biologists, considerable
collections of the genus Hyalomma
have accumulated from various
regions of USSR. Most material,
however, is from domestic animals,
which are the chief hosts of the
great majority of Hyalomma
species, while collections from
nature are rare and of accidental
character, and do not have
accompanying ecological
observations. The present article is
based on ticks of the genus
Hyalomma collected by systematic
trips in the environs of Ashkhabad.
Arboviruses are detected in
Belorussia mainly in the woodlands
(Polesiye). Foci of TBE,
Uukuniemi, Oltush viruses and 2
non-identified groups of
arboviruses were found. The
properties and ecology of
Uukuniemi virus were studied, the
ecology of Oltush virus is under
research. The transportation of
arboviruses in the West of the
USSR by migrating birds is proved,
as well as the possibility of new
foci formation as a result of this
transportation. The virus Okhotskiy
was for the first time isolated in
Europe. Syndromes of human
infection with Tyuleniy virus are
described.
Parasit. Sborn.
Zool. Inst. Akad.
Nauk, USSR, 7:
134-141,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation No.
213 from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. Imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk SSSR
3: 20-24,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1361
from Russian.

Voinov, I. N., P. G.
Rytik, A. I. Grigor'ev,
T. I. Samoilova, and
Parnyuk-Podol'skaya.
Voinov, I. N., T. I.
Samiolova, S. T.
Leshkov, A. S.
Gembitsky, and V. A.
Michurina.
Voinov, I. N., T. I.
Samoilova, A. I.
Grigor'ev, and S. T.
Leshkov.
Study of ecological
circulation cycles of
Tyuleniy virus.
Contribution to the
study of the role of
migratory birds in
transporting
arboviruses over the
Black Sea during the
period of spring
migrations.
Study of the role
played by migratory
birds in introduction
and circulation of
arboviruses in
Belorussina SSR.
1982
1974
1974
Tick, Ixodes uriae, Hyalomma
asiaticum Dermacentor andersoni,
Aedes aegypti, A. hexadontus,
Ceratixodes putus, Tyuleniy virus,
rupestral, tundra, marine.
Zmeinyi Island, Kilinsky Danube
estuary, Odessa, passerines,
migratory birds, thrushes, starlings,
swallows, ixodid, ticks, tickborne
encephalitis, ectromelia, TBE,
Uukuniemi, Tyuleniy, Black Sea,
Dardanelles, Italy, Balkan
Peninsula.
Tick, mosquito, HI test, tickborne
encephalitis, TBE, West Nile, WN,
Japanese encephalitis, JE,
Venezuelan equine
encephalomyelitis, VEE, western
equine encephalomyelitis, WEE,
eastern equine encephalomyelitis,
EEE, Uukuinemi Larus, UUK,
migratory birds.
The circulation of widely spread
and pathogenic for man Tyuleniy
virus was developed in the form of
three interconnected cycles:
rupestral, tundra, and marine. The
data of literature and our own
studies are presented in the
confirmation of existence of these
cycles.
Birds trapped on the island were
tested and the investigation isolated
2 arbovirus strains from internal
organs of common starlings. The
starlings were migrating and did not
overwinter in 1973-74. Thus, direct
virological evidence was obtained
for arbovirus transportation by birds
during spring migrations over the
Black Sea to nesting areas.
The results of serological
examination in the HI test of 636
sera of birds caught in 1972 and
1973 in Belorussia during the
nesting period, spring migration and
in autumn indicated the possibility
of importation to the territory of the
Republic of West Nile, Uukuniemi,
tickborne encephalitis viruses and
an important role of birds in
maintaining the arbovirus foci in
the BSSR.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Inst. Virus.
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 78-82,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1656
from Russian.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974),
pp.56-58,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 975
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus.,
2 :65-68,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 771
from Russian.

Volkov, V. I. and N.
E. Ershov.
Volkova, A. A., R. V.
Grebenyuk, A. F.
Timofeev, and R. S.
Galiyev.
Volkova, A. A., R. V.
Grebenyuk, and A. F.
Timofeev.
Quantitative
forecasting of taiga
tick (Ixodes
persulcatus P. Sch.)
abundance.
Study of the role of
ticks of the genera
Dermacentor and
Haemaphysalis in
transmission of
brucellosis.
Comparative data on
infection of ticks of
the genus
Dermacentor with
brucelleae.
1979
1960
1961
Tick, taiga tick, Ixodes persulcatus,
conifer-broadleaf forest,
quantitative forecasting, flag-hr
method.
Tick, brucellosis, farm animals,
Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis.
Tick, brucelleae, Dermacentor
marginatus, Dermacentor
pavlovskyi.
In the report, we give data on
quantitative forecasting of adult I.
persulcatus abundance in the Amur
River area. Results of detailed
monthly observations in 1962-1976
of conifer-broadleaf forest in
Bolshoi Khekhtsir served as the
base for forecasting. We also used
data of the meteorological station
situated in the region. Abundance of
adult ticks in nature was determined
by the "flag-hr" method.
Eradication of brucellosis among
farm animals is of primary
importance in veterinary work.
Revealing all possible sources of
brucellosis infection in nature, and
finding ways of transmission of the
agent from an infected animal to a
healthy one, is of major importance
in order to curtail devastation
caused by brucellosis.
In 1957 and 1958, we made an
experimental investigation on the
relationship of Dermacentor
marginatus and D. pavlovskyi ticks
to brucelleae of the types bovis and
melitensis in order to study the role
of these ticks in transmission of
brucellosis infection, and attempted
to reveal the cause of different
results obtained by investigators
while studying this question.
Vestn/ Zool.,
Kiev, (4):69-73,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1485
from Russian.
Izv. Akad. Nauk
Kirgiz SSR, s.
Biol. Nauk (Part
3), 2(7): 5-24,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 134
from Russian.
Trud. 4. Konf.
Prirod. Ochag.
Colez. Vopr.
Parazit. Akad
Nauk Kazakh
SSR Alma-Ata
(3): 106-107,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 135
from Russian.

Voltsit, O. V.
Volyents, L. V., I. I.
Bogdanov, G. I.
Netsky, and T. N.
Fedorova.
Review of arboviruses
isolated from ixodid
ticks in Afghanistan,
Pakistan, and India.
The role of
bloodsucking
mosquitoes in
transmitting
arboviruses in the
forest-steppe lake zone
of western Siberia.
1982
1972
Tick, Hyalomma asiaticum, H.
plumbeum, H. anatolicum, H.
marginatum, Amblyomma
variegatum, Rhipicephalus brusa,
R. turanicus, R. ramachandrai,
Argas abdussalami, A. hermanni,
Afghanistan, Pakistan, India.
Mosquito, Aedes flavescens, Ae.
excrucians, Mansonia richiardii,
tick, Dermacentor reticulatus,
forest steppe, foci, migratory birds.
Literary data on the isolation of
arboviruses from ixodid ticks in
Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, as
well as in adjoining Asia Republics
of the USSR are presented.
Serological examination of birds in
the forest-steppe zone in 1964-1966
revealed a relatively high degree of
contact, particularly in water fowl,
with the agent of OHF (from 13 to
21%) in practically complete lack
of their contacts with Ixodidae
ticks. Mosquitoes appear to by the
most probable source of
immunization of birds under these
circumstances. In studies of
spontaneous virus infections of
8,936 mosquitoes in 1966 and 1968
in to forest-steppe foci of OHF,
Aedes flavescens, Ae. excrucians,
Mansonia richiardii yielded
repeatedly several strains of
neurotropic virus which in some
serological tests was found to be
related with OHF virus.
Sborn. Nauch,
Trud. Inst. Virus,
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk.
SSSR. pp. 111-
119, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1659
from Russian.
Mater. 5. Simp.
Izuch. Roli
Pereletn. Ptits
Rasp. Arbovirus.
(Novosbirsk, July
20-27, 1969), pp.
365-367,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1682
from Russian.

Vorob'eva, A. M. Yu.
I. Dokuchaeva, and T.
A. Vershinina.
Vorob'eva, M. S.
Combined foci of
tickborne encephalitis
and Omsk
hemorrhagic fever in
Southern taiga of
Irtysh region.
Study of attenuated
variants of tickborne
encephalitis complex
viruses.
1971
1982
Tick, virological, serological
investigation, forest steppe,
subtaiga forests, muskrats, birds,
OHF, RSSE, foci, Ixodes
persulcatus.
Tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
attenuated variants, mice, Syrian
hamsters, monkeys.
From virological and serological
investigation results, it may be
assumed that combined OHF and
RSSE foci occur in the southern
taiga of Irtysh region. These foci
probably are associated with
introduction of OHF virus by birds
or muskrats shifting from foreststeppe
and subtaiga forests to the
north or with changing antigenic
structure of the RSSE complex
viruses.
This paper presents the results of
the study of 8 attenuated strains of
viruses of the tickborne encephalitis
complex by the marker of
pathogenicity for Syrian hamsters
in comparison with virulent virus
strains. The group of the attenuated
strains was found to be
nonhomogeneous in this marker of
pathogenicity for Syrian hamsters.
One of the 8 strains, Pan-114,
proved to be highly virulent for
these animals by the intracerebral
route. The analysis of the
experimental results and data from
the literature shows the degree of
pathogenicity of attenuated strains
to differ for mice, Syrian hamsters
and monkeys, apparently indicating
that each virus variant is attenuated
only for a given species of
laboratory animals.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 29-30,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 712
from Russian.
Vop. Virus., 27
(3):311-316,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1690
from Russian.

Vorob'eva, M. S., A.
V. Razgulyaeva, and
V. R. Obukhova.
Vorob'eva, M. S., S.
G. Dzagurov, I. P.
Ladyzhenskaya, L. V.
Grigor'eva, and A. E.
Chigirinsky.
Vorob'eva, M. S., V. I.
Gavrilov, S. G.
Dzagurov, I. P.
Levenbuk, I. A.
Robinson, I. P.
Ladyzhenskaya, E. A.
Borsuk, and A. E.
Chigirinsky.
Reference reagents of
tickborne encephalitis
group diagnosticums
for the HI and CF test.
Study of attenuated
variants of tickborne
encephalitis complex
viruses.
Modelling of chronic
infection caused by
attenuated tickborne
encephalitis virus
strains in random-bred
white mice and Syrian
hamsters.
1981
1982
1975
Tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
Sofjin, TP-21, HI test, CF test,
arbovirus diagnosticums.
Tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
hamsters, pathogenicity, complex
virus strains.
RSSE, tickborne encephalitis,
fluorescent antibody technique,
FAT, central nervous system, CNS,
mice, Syrian hamsters, Sef'in,
Langat, Elantsev, astrocytes,
meningoencephalitis.
Two reference arbovirus
diagnosticums, reference reagents
for TBE virus, strain Sofjin, and TP-
21, for the HI and CF tests were
first obtained and studied according
to the biological standardization
requirements. The preparations are
characterized by sufficient specific
activity and stability and can be
used as reference preparations for
differential serodiagnosis as well as
on isolation and typing of viruses.
In this report, we give results of
studying several attenuated TBE
complex virus strains according to
the degree of pathogenicity for
hamsters in comparison with TBE
virus strains.
Investigation of different laboratory
models to study pathogenesis of the
infection course following
inoculation of tickborne
encephalitis (RSSE) virus strains
(attenuated to different degrees) and
dynamics of virus antigen
accumulations (by FAT) and longterm
morphological changes in the
central nervous system (CNS) in
random-bred mice and Syrian
hamsters.
Sborn, Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 140-
145, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1597
from Russian.
Vop. Virus, 27
(3): 311-316,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1609
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 58-59,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1021
from Russian.

Vorob'eva, N. N.
Vorob'eva, N. N. and
N. N. Kharitonova.
Vorob'eva, N. N., K.
T. Yurlov, L. P.
Kukharchuk, V. S.
Karavaev, and V. M.
Strizhak.
Voronin, V. N.
Biocenotic
interrelationships
between OHF virus
and animals in a
natural focus.
Latent infection with
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever in small
mammals.
Participation of birds
and early-spring
mosquito species in
existence of Omsk
hemorrhagic fever
focus in Baraba
lowland.
Parasitism of
microsporidia
(Microsporidia,
Nosematidae) in
parthenogenetic
generation and in
trematode cercariae
from fresh water
molluscs.
1972
1971
1978
1974
Tick, Dermacentor riticulatus, D.
pictus, D. marginatus, muskrats,
root voles, water voles, redcheeked
susliks, Ondatra zibethica,
Citelllus erythrogenys, Arvicola
terrestris, Microtus oeconomus,
Sorex araneus, OHF, biocenotic
interrelationships.
Muskrats, Omsk hemorrhagic
fever, OHF, acute, latent infection,
natural focus.
Mosquito, Omsk hemorrhagic
fever virus, OHF, birds, foreststeppe.
Trematodes, microsporidia species,
parthenogenetic generations, water
molluscs, Lymnaea palustris, L.
stagnalis, L. ovata, Coretus
corneus, Nosema.
Virological and serological studies
established wide dissemination of
OHF virus in the natural focus.
Animals of different species vary in
their susceptibility of the virus.
These data show that OHF virus
circulating among animals in a
natural focus causes 2 infection
types, acute and latent.
In 1971-75 in the area of Chany
Lake where all the main landscape
elements of the forest-steppe zone
of Western Siberia are represented,
230 species of birds and 23 species
of bloodsucking mosquitoes were
found and Omsk hemorrhagic fever
virus was discovered.
This paper describes 3
microsporidia species from
parthenogenetic generations and
cercariae of trematodes, 2 of which
are new. The systematic status of
these protozoan species is discussed
in the light of recent changes in the
diagnosis of the genus Nosema.
Mater. 5. Simp.
Izuch. Roli.
Pereletn. Ptits
Rasp. Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July 20-27,
1969), pp. 339-
341, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1544
from Russian.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch. Virus.
Ekol. Svyazan.
Ptits. (Omsk,
1971), pp. 32-33,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 713
from Russian.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Ptits Rol'v Rasp.
Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July-Aug. 1976),
pp. 156-160,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1468
from Russian.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 8
(4) :359-364,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 751
from Russian.

Voshchakina, N. V.
and M. S. Davydova.
Votyakov, V. I.
Votyakov, V. I., I. N.
Vloinov, T. I.
Samiolova, S. T.
Leshkov, A. S.
Gembitsky, and V. A.
Smirnov.
A focus of tick
encephalitis in
Krasnoyarsk Region
with Haemaphysalis
concinna Koch as the
main vector.
Contribution to the
question of
classification of zonal
provincial, and
landscape foci of
tickborne encephalitis.
Ecological study of
viruses in the
European part of the
USSR; isolation of
arboviruses from bird
colonies in the Barents
Sea.
Unknown
- no year
was
printed in
our
reprint,
and we
have
been
unable to
find this
paper
listed
elsewhere.
1964
1974
Tick, encephalitis, Haemaphysalis
concinna.
Tickborne encephalitis, TBE, foci,
Ixodes persulcatus, goats, forests.
Barents Sea, arboviruses, birds,
foci, kittiwakes, guillemots, ticks,
Ixodes uriae, newborne white mice,
NWM, IAF, immune ascitic fluids,
lymphocytic choriomeningitis,
murine encephalomyelitis,
tickborne encephalitis, Zaliv
Terpeniya, Uukuniemi, West Nile,
Okhotskyi, Tyuleniy, Sakhalin.
From 1942 to 1950, only clinical
studies of tick encephalitis in
Krasnoyarsk territory were carried
out (M. S. Shetser). In 1950, we
conducted a parasitological and
virological study of this disease,
which in 1951 was extended into
one of the southern districts of
Krasnoyarsk territory.
Comparative study of TBE zonal,
primary, and landscape foci in
Belorussia allowed us to conclude
that the largest TBE foci in
Belorussia are associated with
moderately drained area
(confirming the data of Birulya et
al. 1950) with particular landscapes,
many goats, and many forests.
To study the role of birds in
maintaining arbovirus foci and in
transmitting arboviruses from
subarctic areas to lower latitudes,
the Belorussian Scientific Institute
sent two expeditions to the
Murmansk littoral of the Barents
Sea to collect material from marine
and tundra bird colonies.
Inst. Epidemiol.
Microbiol.
Krasnoyarsk, 43-
51 (reprint*).
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 107
from Russian.
Mater. 11.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio. Virus
Entsef., pp. 218-
221, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1464
from Russian.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974),
pp. 42-44.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1221
from Russian.

Votyakov, V. I., I. N.
Voinoc, I. I. Protas, O.
A. Lemeshch, G. I.
Sidorenko, N. V.
Bondareva, and A. I.
Grigor'ev.
Vshivkov, F. N.
Wagner-Jevseenko, O.
Wakkerman, O. T. B.
and J. F. A. van Rijn.
Contribution to the
question of the role of
Tyuleniy virus in
human pathology.
Evaluation of the role
played by wild birds
in feeding and
transportation of
ixodid ticks in Crimea.
Reproduction in
Ornithodoros moubata
and genital
transmission of
Borrelia duttoni.
Strophulus
arthropodicus caused
by Ixodidae.
1974
Tyuleniy, Podpakhta Bay, gulls,
kittiwakes, humans, West Nile
fever, WN, mosquitoes.
1956 Tick, wild birds, Crimea, ixodid.
1958
1965
Tick, African tick, genital
transmission, copulation,
fertilization, Ornithodoros
moubata, Borrelia duttoni, Argas
persicus, Ixodes ricinus, A.
reflexus, O. savigny, H. syriacum,
H. aegyptum, Dermacentor
reticulatus, Haemaphysalis
coccinea,A. columbarum, H.
anatolicum, A. miniatus, O.
nicollei, O. turicata, O.
tartakowski, O. papillipes.
Tick, Ixodidae, Strophulus
arthropodicus, Dermanyssus
gallinae.
Human case study of three persons
who became sick while on an
expedition to trap gulls and
kittiwakes in Podpakhta Bay.
Ticks collected in 1954 and 1955
from 1,255 specimens of birds
belonging to 103 species in Crimea
served as material for this work.
Paper regarding male and female
genital system, copulation and its
effects, discussion of the
fertilization problem and infection
experiments.
A small epidemic of a strophuluslike
affliction that broke out among
blueberry pickers is described. One
of the authors (van Rijn) found
several parasites, identified as
Ixodidae, on a number of patients.
Mater. Resp.
Simp.
Kamenyuki
"Belovezh.
Pushcha" (Minsk,
September 1974),
pp. 51-52.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 973
from Russian.
Trud. 2. Nauch.
Konf. Parasitol.,
Ukrain. SSR,
Kiev. 2: 33-34,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 139
from Russian.
Acta Tropica, 15
(2) : 118-168,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 322
from German.
Hautarzt, 16(1):
37-38, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 347
from German.

Weidner, H.
Weyer, F.
A tick, Ixodes
succineus sp. n. found
in baltic amber.
On the role of
arthropods as
reservoirs of
psittacosis.
1964
1970
Tick, amber insects, Ixodes
succineus, I. ricinus, I. tertiarius,
Dermacentor reticulatus.
Tick, parakeets, psittacosis,
arthropods, Ornithodoros moubata.
A tick found in the baltic amber,
Ixodes succineus sp. n. is described.
It is distinguished from the recent
Ixodes ricinus L. only by the
slightly different conformation of
the coxal spine. It probably lived as
a bloodsucker of lizards and small
mammals, as does the recent form.
As is the case with many amber
insects, its nearest relatives today
prefer a moderately warm and moist
clamatic region. Since the amber
pine is supposed to have preferred a
dry warm climate, passive
transportation of the tick from
another biotope is probable.
The causative agent of psittacosis
(genus Bedsonia) isolated from
parakeets was experimentally
transmitted to arthropods: Small
amounts of peritoneal exudate and
suspensions of spleen and liver
from infected mice were inoculated
in Ornithodoros moubata (through
the intersegmental membrane of the
coxa by means of a glass capillary)
and in the body louse (via the rectal
and intracoelomic route).
Successful transmission to the
arthropods was verified by
intraperitoneal inoculation of mice
with triturated arthropods; as a rule,
a single tick (exceptionally 2-3
specimens) and 3-4 lice were used
to prepare the inoculum.
Veroff.
Uberseemus.
Bremen, 3 (3) :
143-151,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 123
from German.
Z. Tropenmed.
Parasit. 21(2):
146-153,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 448
from German.

Weyer, F. and H.
Mooser.
Wildfuhr, G.
Yagodinsky, V. N.
and B. I. Skvortsov.
Laboratory
observations on strains
of Borrelia.
Book review:
Parsitologische
Arbeitsmethoden in
Medizin and
Veterinarmedizin.
On the question of
epidemiology and
incidence of tickborne
encephalitis by
unknown means of
infection.
1957
1967
1963
Tick, Borrelia recurrentis,
Ornithodoros erraticus, O. turicata,
Borrelia truncate, Cimex
lectularius.
book review, symbiosis, euryxene
parasites, final host, intermediate
host, auxilary host, parasite,
mutualism, commensalism,
facultative and obligatory
parasitism, stenoxene parasite.
Tick, encephalitis, taiga, I.
persulcatus.
The following report deals with a
number of observations on these
lines, in particular: with culture of 5
strains of spirochetes in the
bodylouse; also with the transfer of
spirochetes to bedbugs and with
experiments on the preservation of
spirochetes at low temperatures. In
these experiments we used 3 strains
of louseborne and 2 strains of
tickborne recurrent fever agents.
A book review where after defining
the concept of "parasite" the
following concepts are discussed:
"symbiosis", "mutualism",
"commensalism", "facultative", and
"obligatory" parasitism, stenoxene
parasites, euryxene parasites, "final
host", "intermediate host",
"transport" or "auxilary" host.
At present, the infection mechanism
of tickborne encephalitis cannot be
established in 15-20% of cases.
While carrying out our research
works in Sovgansk and
Komsomol'sk areas of Khabarov
region, we frequently encountered
cases confirmed by typical serology
as tickborne encephalitis in which
the most accurate epidemiological
examination proved to be without
result. However, association with
the taiga was usually recorded.
Z. Tropenmed.
Parasit., 8(1-2):
294-304,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 258
from German.
Engelbrecht, H.,
O., Jirovec,
Nemeseri, L. &
B., Rosicky,
Akademie-
Verlag, Berlin,
1965, pp. 259.
Angew. Parasit., 8
(4): 250-251,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 289
from German.
Avtoref. Kratk.
Soobshch.
Ob'edinen. 7.
Sess. Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
AMN SSR
Beloruss. Inst.
Epidem.
Mikrobiol. Gig.
(Minsk), p. 169-
170, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 338
from Russian.

Yajima, A.
Yakhontov, B. V. and
D. M. Murtazaev.
Yakunin, M. P.
Yakunin, M. P. and A.
M. Krivkova.
Yalvac, S.
On two new species of
ticks from Iwate
Prefecture.
Tickborne
spirochetosis in Isfara
region, Tadzhikistan.
Spirochaetes of wild
birds.
New bloodparasite
species of the family
Babesiidae
(Piroplasmidae) in
birds.
Histological
investigations on the
development of the
adult tick within the
nymph.
1955
1981
1962
1971
1939
Tick, physical description, Ixodes,
Haemaphysalis.
Tickborne spirochetosis, relapsing
fever, foci.
Tick, wild birds, rooks, Spanish
sparrows, doves, foci, Spirochaetes
anserinum.
Tick, birds, bloodparasite,
Babesiidae, Nuttallia frugilegica,
Corvus frugilegus, N. krylovi,
Upupa epops, N. rustica, Hirundo
rustica, N. kazachstanica, Galerida
cristata, N. majunkumica, Passer
indicus, N. emberizica, Emberiza
burniceps, Hyalomma plumbeum,
H. scupense.
Tick, nymphs, Hyalomma
anatolicum, H. aegyptium,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus,
Boophilus calcaratus balcanicus.
The physical description of female
Ixodes and female Haemaphysalis.
This report analyzes the questions
of tickborne spirochetosis from our
observations, Sanitary-
Epidemiological Station data, and
Isfara Central Regional hospital
archive data.
Analysis of peripheral blood from
rooks, Spanish sparrows, and little
brown doves, which nest in
southern Kazakhstan, established
spirochetosis for the first time in the
Soviet Union. Routes of spirochaete
circulation between natural and
urban foci were determined.
This paper describes new Nuttallia
species: Nuttallia frugilegica sp. n.
from rook (Corvus frugilegus), N.
krylovi sp. n. from hoopoe (Upupa
epops), N. rustica from barn
swallow (Hirundo rustica), N.
kazachstanica sp. n. from crested
lark. (Galerida cristata), N.
majunkumica sp. n. from sparrow
(Passer indicus), and N. emberizica
sp.n. from red-headed bunting
(Emberiza burniceps).
Interest in the formerly rather
neglected ticks has constantly
grown since it was recently
recognized that these ectoparasites
are not merely a nuisance but that
they transmit a large number of
diseases to man and particularly to
domestic animals.
Jap. J. Sanit.
Zool., 6(1): 52-
53, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
349 from
Japanese.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 50
(3):81-83,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1561
from Russian.
Trud. Kazan.
Inst. Zool., Akad.
Nauk SSR 16: 15-
22, NAMRU No.
3, Translation 97
from Russian.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 5
(5) :462-465,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 674
from Russian.
Z. Morph. Okol.
Tiere, 35(4) :
535-585,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 274
from German.

Yanina, V. P. and L.
S. Mukharova.
Yanovich, T. D.
Yarovaya, O. P.
Certain aspects of
tularemia
epidemiology in
Kemerovo Oblast.
Report of the
committee on
coordinated study of
prophylactic measures
against CHF in Rostov
Oblast.
Epidemiology and
clinical picture of little
studied endemic viral
neuroinfection:
hemorrhagic fever of
Stavropol Region:
encephalomeningitis,
and lymphadenitis.
1965
1970
1970
Tularemia, contaminated water,
human cases.
Tick, CHF, prophylactic measures,
Hyalomma plumbeum.
neuroinfection, hemorrhagic fever,
HF, ticks, Stavropol, Kalmyk,
Rostov Oblast, Krasnodar,
Daghestan, Caucasus, patients,
encephalomeningitis,
lymphadenitis, Hyalomma
marginatum.
Tularemia in Kemerovo Oblast was
first diagnosed in 1935 by Professor
Karpovich and Antonov (1963) in
Yurga (former Yashkino) region.
The outbreak described by them
was caused by contaminated water.
Afterward, epidemic tularemia
outbreaks were also chiefly caused
by contaminated water. Tularemia
cases associated with infections
through river and stream water
comprised 98% of all patients.
In 1963, the necessity arose to
organize the committee for
coordinated study and prophylactic
measures against CHF in
connection with detecting a CHF
natural focus for the first time in
Rostov. Klimkina, Leshchinskaya,
Perelatov, Pokrovsky, and Slyshoko
diagnosed CHF clinically and
epidemiologically while Chumakov
et al., demonstrated this disease
virologically.
Our aim was to describe the
epidemiology and clinical picture of
little studied infections of Stavropol
region, such as hemorrhagic fever,
encephalomeningitis neuroinfection
type, and endemic lymphadenitis.
In all, 245 patients with these
infections were recorded; 194 of
them were clinically investigated.
Mater. Nauch.-
Prakt. Konf.
Tulyarem.
Soputst. Infekts.,
pp. 308-310,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1526
from Russian.
Mater. 3. Oblast.
Nauch.-Prakt.
Konf. (Rostov-na-
Donu, May,
1970), pp. 3-6,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 521
from Russian.
Sverdlov. Gos.
Med. Inst.,
Minist.
Zdravookhr.
RSFSR:
Stavropol, pp.
19., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1181
from Russian.

Yarovoi, L. V.
Yarovoy, L. V. and O.
P. Yarovaya.
Clinicoepidemiological
characteristics of
hemorrhagic fever in
Stavropol.
Endemic virual natural
focal infections in
Stavropol' region.
1965
1969
Tick, hemorrhagic fever,
Hyalomma plumbeum.
Stavropol', hemorrhagic fever, HF,
viral lymphadenitis,
encephalomeningitis, Hyalomma
plumbeum plumbeum, ticks,
tickborne encephalitis, TBE.
Clinico-epidemiological
observations established endemicity
of tick-borne hemorrhagic fever in
Stavropol region. Based on our
observations, hemorrhagic fever in
Stavropol region was contracted not
only through tickbites, but also by
person-to-person contact, i.e. by
contact of the skin and mucous
membranes with blood and body
secretions of the patients (sputum,
vomiting masses, etc.) as actually
happened in this type of infection
within a hospital.
From 1953 to 1965, study observed
20 HF patients (10 male, 10 female)
from six regions. Among the
patients, 14 were inhabitants of
rural populations; 6 were
inhabitants of Stavropol'. Ten
persons had been bitten by ticks and
tick bites were assumed in 4
persons; six others became infected
by contact.
Another observation was a hospital
outbreak during which 4 persons
were infected by contact with a HF
patient. The patients present a
danger on day 3 or 4 of the disease,
when there is a pronounced
hemorrhagic syndrome. Incubation
period is 4-6 days in infections
contracted from patients. The paper
offers epidemiological and clinical
data that concern little known
natural focus virual infections;
lymphadenitis and
encephalomeningitis, which are
endemic for the Stavropol' territory.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Encefal. Akad.
Med. Nauk
USSR (Med.
Moscow), (7) :
255-261,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 192
from Russian.
Sovetsk. Med.
3:80-84,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 933
from Russian.

Yarovoy, P. I.
Yastrebov, V. K.
Yastrebov, V. K. and
K. T. Yurlov.
Preliminary data on
the detection of
antibodies against
some flaviviruses in
blood sera of the
human population in
the northern
Moldavian foreststeppe
region.
Finding of natural
infection of D.
sibiricus rickettsia in
Haemaphysalis
concinna Koch ticks in
Altai Region.
Possible arbovirus
dissemination in
western Siberia in
connection with data
on migrations and
overwinterings of west
Siberian birds.
1981
1969
1978
Tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
antibodies, flaviviruses, natural
foci, natural biotic factors, blood
sera, humans.
Ticks, Dermacentor marginatus,
Dermacentor pictus, D. silvarum,
D. nuttalli, Haemaphysalis
concinna.
Tickborne encephalitis, TBE,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever , OHF,
Kyasanur Forest disease, KFD,
Japanese encephalitis, JE, West
Nile, WN, western equine
encephalomyelitis, WEE, birds,
migration.
Analysis and ecological and
epidemic evaluation of natural
biotic and abiotic factors allowed us
to assume that arborviral infections
occur in Moldavian SSR.
In western Siberia by the present
time 4 species of Ixodid ticks of the
genus Dermacentor have been
found to be vectors of Asian tick
rickettsiosis: D. marginatus Sulz.,
D. pictus Herm., D. silvarum 01.,
D. nuttalli 01. Ticks H. concinna
Koch prevalent in the Altai region
were not formally studied in
connection with this infection.
We investigated virologically 1,174
birds (32 species and 1,200 bird
blood sera in the HI tests.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivansovsky,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR, pp.
120-121,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1680
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva 38(1):
105-106,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 388
from Russian.
Dokl. Simp.
Transkont.
Svyazi Pereletn.
Ptits Rol'v Rasp.
Arbovirus.
(Novosibirsk,
July-August,
1978), pp. 167-
172, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1702
from Russian.

Yastrebov, V. K., F.
F., Busygin, G. I.
Netsky, L. V.
Volynets, K. T.
Yurlov, O. V.
Grigor'ev, and N. P.
Grigor'eva.
Yeropov, V. I.
Yu-Shen, T., Chih-
Hai, and Mai.
Immunological
structure of group B
arboviruses in rooks of
the forest-steppe in
western Siberia.
Some data on diurnal
activity of Ixodes
persulcatus P. Sch. in
Irkutsk Olbast.
Isolation of plague
bacillus (Pasteurella
pestis) from
Haemaphysalis and
Dermacentor ticks.
1971
1962
1959
Tick, rooks, encephalitis, TBE,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
Kyasanur Forest Disease, KFD,
West Nile, WN, foci, forest steppe,
HI data, serological investigations.
Tick, encephalitis, diurnal activity,
foci, Ixodes persulcatus.
Tick, plague bacillus, Pasteurella
pestis, Dermacentor,
Haemaphyslais.
In this report, we present this HI
data from serological investigations
of rooks nesting in the forest-steppe
of western Siberia. Investigations
were carried out chiefly near Chany
Lake in birch clearings on islands
and shores where rooks live in
colonies. We collected blood
samples from living birds which
afterward were banded. Rook
fledglings were collected from nests
in May-June before the first flight.
Knowledge of diurnal activity of
Ixodes persulcatus, the chief vector
of tickborne encephalitis, is
necessary for the epidemiologist
and is of great importance for
conducting a proper study of
seasonal dynamics of number and
activity of adult forest ticks.
We started our research on tick
investigation in 1955 upon the
suggestion of the Soviet Science
Delegation headed by B. N.
Pastukhov. From the investigation,
studies started in 1955 to the
present time , showed that
Dermacentor and Haemaphyslais
ticks found in China also carried
plague bacillus.
Mater. 6. Simp.
Izuch.Virus. Ekil.
Svyazan. Ptits.
(Omsk, 1971), p.
67, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
722 from Russian.
Master. Yubil.
Nauch, Konf.
Irkutsk. Nauch.-
Issled, Inst.
Epidem.
Mikrobiol., pp.
15-16, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 302
from Russian.
Acta, Microbiol.
Sinica, 7 (3) :
205-208,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 59
from Chinese.

Zakaryan, V. A.
Zakaryan, V. A., V. L.
Gromashevsky, A. I.
Chubkova, G. S.
Akopyan, and T. M.
Skvortseva.
Zalutskaya, L. I.
Modification of
indirect method for
determining nucleic
acid type of
arboviruses.
Isolation of Bhanja
virus from
Dermacentor
marginatus Sulz.
(1776) ticks in
Armenian SSR.
Zoological and
parasitological
observations in a
hemorrhagic fever
focus; seasonal adult
tick abundance
dynamics in nature
and seasonal incidence
of hemorrhagic fever
cases among
inhabitants in
Astrakhan Oblast.
1982 Nucleic acid type, RNA, DNA.
1974
1964
Tick, Bhanja virus, Dermacentor
marginatus.
tick, Hyalomma plumbeum,
Astrakhan, nymph.
In this study, we give data on
modification of the indirect
determination method of nucleic
acid type in non-cytopathogenic
viruses.
A virus strain was isolated from
Dermacentor marginatus Sulzer
1776 collected in May 1973 in
pastures of Sevan region, Armenia
SSR. In this work, we present
isolation and identification of this
virus.
Tick infestation rates were
established in different arable land,
pastures, etc., with peak abundance
of adult ticks in nature lasting
approx. 50 days (April 20-June 10).
The most dense adult tick
infestation rate was observed in hay
and weed-meadow floodland
(where cattle graze), and mostly in
sparse willow forests. Rooks are the
main bird hosts of immature
Hyalomma plumbeum, the mean
abundance index was 1,021; the
highest 1,621 larvae and nymphs.
Larval and nymphal abundance on
rooks was 99.5%; on other bird
species was about one-tenth. An
especially high infestation of rooks
was by engorged nymphs.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Inst. Virus.
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR. pp. 66-68,
NAMRU. No. 3,
Translation 1654
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud.
Ekol. Virus., 2 :
82-84, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 773
from Russian.
Mater, Konf.
Kleshch. Entsef.
Virus.
Gehmorragich.
Likhoradki
(Omsk,
December 1963),
pp. 359-360,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 861
from Russian.

Zarubinsky, V. Ya.
Zarubinsky, V. Ya.,
G. A. Klisenko, V. V.
Kuchin, V. V.
Timchenko, and N. K.
Shanoyan.
Zarubinsky, V. Ya.,
V. F. Kondratenko, N.
M.
Blagoveshchenskaya,
L. V. Zarubina, and V.
V. Kuchin.
Comparative study of
CHF virus strains
isolated during
different periods of the
existence of the CHF
virus natural focus in
Rostov Oblast.
Application of the
indirect
hemagglutination
inhibition test for
serological
investigation of the
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever focus in Rostov
Oblast.
Susceptibility of
calves and lambs to
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever virus.
1975 CHF, Sudarkina, Rostov Oblast.
1975
1976
indirect hemagglutination
inhibition, IHI, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF, foci,
Rostov Oblast, mice, IAF, AGDP,
cattle, hares, magpie Vulpes
vulpes, Pica pica.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
calves, lambs, Rostov Oblast, foci,
cattle, sheep, goats, ixodid ticks,
Sudarkina, NWM, Hyalomma
marginatum, Rhipicephalus
rossicus, Dermacentor marginatus,
CF, AGDP.
It was established that CHF virus
strains isolated in Rostov Oblast
during epidemic development of the
focus and during the period of its
extinction are characterized by
certain identical biological and
antigenic properties.
A serological survey of a CHF
focus in Rostov region was carried
out employing two tests, IHI and
AGDP test. the IHI test detected the
number of positive cattle sera 7
times greater than the AGDP test.
The use of this reaction made it
possible to demonstrate for the first
time the antibodies against CHF
virus in Vulpes vulpes and Pica
pica. The IHI test also revealed
specific antibodies in 4 CHF
convalescents 6-9 years after
infection. Thus, the IHI test is a
more valuable tool for serological
examinations in a CHF focus as
compared with the AGDP test.
We report results of experimental
infection with CHF virus of 4
calves and 5 lambs and also from
coercive feeding adults of 3 tick
species on 2 calves. All animals
were brought from areas free of
CHF and had no contact with
ixodid ticks.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975), p.
291, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 996
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Virus. imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, (2): 73-
77., NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1145
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 9.
Vses. Konf.
Prirod, Ochag.
Bolez. Chelov.
Zhivot. (Omsk,
May 1976) pp.
130-131.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1178
from Russian.

Zasukhin, D. N.
Zavodova, T. I, M. P.
Chumakov, A. M.
Butenko, E. A.
Tkachenko, and V.
Ya. Karmysheva.
Zavodova, T. I., A. M.
Butenko, E. A.
Tkachenko, and M. P.
Chumakov
Biological campaign
method against
Dermacentor ticks.
Biological method of
tick control.
Plaque formation in
rodent-pathogenic
strains of Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
(CHF) virus.
Properties of the
neutralization test in
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever.
1934
1969
1971
Ticks, Dermacentor, biological
control method.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
rodent-pathogenic strains, plaque
formation, chicken embryo, ChEC,
Macaca rhesus, MRC, green
monkey kidney, GMKC, mouse
fibroblast, MFC, reinoculated,
Vero, BHK-21, L, FL, L-1, PEK-
44.
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Omsk hemorrhagic fever, OHF,
neutralization, N, newborn white
mice, NWM, Sytrian hamster
kidney cell, HKC, vasicular
stomatitis virus, VSV, green
monkey kidney cell, GMKC,
AGDP.
Agricultural pests and human and
domestic animal arthropod
ectoparasites cause much damage.
Many different control measures
against pests are now known,
beginning with measures against a
single pest to complicated
combined measure against
individual pests and ectoparasites or
the entire group. These control
measures also include using natural
enemies from the fauna and flora
against agricultural pests. This is
named the "biological control
method."
In this work, we studied the
sensibility spectrum in 10 primary
types, (chicken embryo (ChEC)),
Macaca rhesus (MRC green
monkey kidney (GMKC)), and
mouse fibroblast (MFC), and
reinoculated (Vero, BHK-21, L, FL,
L-1, PEK-44) cell cultures to
cytopathogenic and plaque forming
activities of rodent-pathogenic CHF
viurs strains, isolated in 1967-1968
in the USSR and Bulgaria.
Parallel investigations of 63 CHF
patients (in the year of infection) by
CF and AGDP, and N tests in HKC
cultures showed that CF and AGDP
results (these reactions give the
same dianostic response when
investigating patients during the
year of infection) were the same in
87.3% of cases (some were
incomplete). Among sera positively
reacting by CF, AGDP, and N tests,
we frequently (44.4%) recorded a
type in which neutalizing antibody
titers were lower than those of CF
Vestn.
Mikrobiol,
Epidem. Parazit.
13(2):169-171,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1643
from Russian.
Mater. 16.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Polio, Virus.
Entsef. (Moscow,
October 1969),
(2) :132-133,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 843
from Russian.
Trudy Inst. Polio.
Virus. Entsef.
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR,
19:61-65,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 926
from Russian.

Zaytzev, A. A., and E.
V. Popova.
Zemskaya, A. A. and
A. A. Pchelkina
Zemskaya, A. A. and
I. M. Grokhovskaya.
On distribution of
Ixodes redikorzevi
redikorzevi ticks in
Stavropol region.
Gamasid mites and Q
fever.
Ticks and mites of
chipmunks in
Primor'ye Region.
1967
1967
1959
Tick, voles, Ixodes redikorzevi
redikorzevi, tularemia.
Rickettsia burneti, mites, gamasid
mites, ixodid ticks, Q fever, D.
gallinae, Ornithonyssus bacoti, Al.
sanguineus.
Tick, chipmunks, Eutamias
sibiricus, mites, Trombiculids.
and AGDP. Several (25%) sera
reacted by the CF test in higher
titers than by AGDP and N tests.
The authors established some areas
of occurrence of ticks of the
subspecies I. redikorzevi
redikorzevi in the Central North
Caucasus (Stavropol region) and
isolated from these ticks a culture of
the causative agent of tularemia
(Zaytsev et al., 1960). Ticks were
collected from burrows and nests of
common voles both in free state on
the flag and from rodents belonging
to 9 species. All active stages of
ticks were found on rodents in all
seasons of the year and in all types
of cultural and natural habitats. The
authors attach special importance to
these ticks in maintaining natural
focality of tularemia in arable lands.
Experimental study of relationship
between gamasid mites and R.
burneti was made on 3 sinanthropic
species: D. gallinae, Ornithonyssus
bacoti, and Al. sanguineus.
Four tick species, 15 Gamasoidea
and 10 species of Trombiculidae
have been found on Eutamias
sibiricus, 8 species of Gamasides
and 4 Trombiculids are new for this
host.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 36(4):
492-493,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 438
from Russian.
Tezisy Kokl. 5.
Nauch. Konf.
Ukrain. Respub.
Nauch. Obshch.
Parazit., Kiev,
pp. 258-259 ,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 296
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.
Moskva, 28(2):
152-157,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 344
from Russian.

Zgurskaya, G. N. and
M. P. Chumakov.
Zgurskaya, G. N., M.
P. Chumakov, and S.
E. Smirnova.
Zgurskaya, G. N., S.
E. Smirnova, and M.
P. Chumakov.
Titration of antibodies
to Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
virus in a drop from
infected tissue culture
suspension by the
indirect
immunofluorescence
method.
Titration of antibodies
to CHF virus in drops
of cell suspensions
from infected tissue
cultures by the indirect
immunofluorescence
method.
Immunofluorescent
antibody technique
(FAT) application to
detect Crimean
hemorrhagic fever
(CHF) virus in
naturally infected ticks.
1977
Tick, CF test, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
immunofluorescence, IIF.
1975 CHF, titration, IIF.
1972
CHF, Crimean hemorrhagic fever,
FAT, Hyalomma asiaticum,
Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma
m. marginatum, Hyalomma
detritum, Demacentor
daghestanicus, Rhipicephalus
sanguineus, R. bursa, R. pumilio,
Boophilus annulatus, B. calcaratus,
ticks, NWM.
A relatively simple method has
been developed to determine and
titrate antibodies to Crimean
hemorrhagic fever (CHF) virus by
indirect immunofluorescence (IIF)
on slides with previously prepared
acetone-inactivated virus in drops
from infected BHK-21 and 6619
cell culture suspensions. Antibody
titers determined by the IIF were 4
and 8-fold higher than those by the
CF test.
A comparatively simple method
was developed and approved for
determining and titrating antibodies
to CHF virus by the indirect
immunofluorescense technique on
slides with virus rendered harmless
in acetone in dry cell suspension
drops from infected cultures.
Negative results were obtained
when investigating CHF virus
antigen by the FAT in salivary
gland preparations from ticks
collected in control areas where
serological indications of CHF
virus were absent.
Vop. Virus., 22
(5): 606-608,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1289
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975), p.
293, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 998
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 362-363.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1069
from Russian.

Zgurskaya, G. N., S.
E. Smirnova, V. V.
Berezin, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Zgurskaya, G. N., V.
V. Berezin and S. E.
Smirnova.
Zhanseitova, M. T., I.
Kh. Shuratov, N. I.
Drobishchenko, and
A. V. Chizhov.
Investigation of
susceptibility of
Hyalomma p.
plumbeum Panz. ticks
to experimental
infection with
Crimean hemorrhagic
fever (CHF) virus.
Threshold levels of
blood infectiousness
for Hyalomma
plumbeum plumbeum
ticks during viremia
caused by CHF virus
in hares and rabbits.
Isolation of influenza
viruses from
bloodsucking
arthropods in
Kazakhstan.
1972
1975
1982
Hyalomma p. plumbeum, CHF,
Crimean hemorrahagic fever, ticks,
hares, hedgehogs, rabbits,
Khodzha, NWM, newborn white
mice, FAT, guinea pigs.
Hyalomma plumbeum plumbeum,
ticks, hares, rabbits, NWM, ticks,
CHF.
Influenza, tick, Hyalomma
asiaticum, Dermacentor
daghestanicus, gadfly, Tabanus
agrestis, camel sera.
The susceptibility of Hyalomma p.
plumbeum tick vectors to CHF
virus was investigated by different
infection methods. Different
developmental stages (larva, lymph,
adult) were fed on animals (hares,
hedgehogs, rabbits) that had been
inoculated with a 10% brain
suspesion from newborn white mice
(NWM) infected with the highly
virulent CHF virus strain Khodzha.
H. plumbeum plumbeum larvae
were fed on hares and rabbits
infected with different doses of
virus containing NWM brain
suspensions. We determined the
virus concentrations in the tick
hosts and the concentrations of the
agent in engorged nymphs collected
from these animals.
Influenza virus with antigenic
formula HIN3 (14 strains) were
isolated from gadflies Tabanus
agrestis during 2 years (1979-1980)
in Irgiz region of Actjubinsk area
(Kazakhstan). Influenza virus H1N1
was isolated from ticks Hyalomma
asiaticum collected on camels.
Antibody to this strain was
discovered in camel sera. One
hemagent, the preliminary
identification of which showed its
belonging to influenza virus Type
A, was isolated from tick
Dermacentor daghestanicus
collected in nature.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 360-362.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1068
from Russian.
Tezisy Konf.
Vop. Med. Virus.
(Moscow,
October 1975),
pp. 290-292,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 997
from Russian.
Sborn. Nauch.
Trud. Inst. Virus.
imeni D. I.
Ivanovsky, Akad.
Med. Nauk
SSSR, pp. 154-
159, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1667
from Russian.

Zhmaeva, Z. M.
Zhmaeva, Z. M., A.
A. Pchelkina, and V.
S. Belashova.
Zhmaeva, Z. M., and
A. A. Pchelkina.
Parthenogenetic
development of
Haemaphysalis
bispinosa Nemann.
Natural infection with
Rickettsia burneti in
Argas vespertilionis of
southern Kazakhstan.
On the role of
Ixodoidea in
circulation of
Rickettsia burneti in
nature.
1950
1966
1966
Tick, parthenogenetic
development, Haemaphysalis
bispinosa, Amblyomma agamum,
Rhipicephalus bursa, Hyalomma
anatolicum excavatum, guinea
pigs, cows, reindeer farms, rabbits.
Tick, guinea-pigs, Rickettsia
burneti, Argas verpertilionis,
Xenopsylla cheopsis, A. reflexus,
A. hermanni.
Tick, Ixodoidea, Rickettsia burneti,
Ixodes persulcatus, Hyalomma
asiaticum vespertilionis, Ixodes
ricinus, Rhipicephalus turanicus,
Dermacentor pictus.
Occurrence of parthenogenetic
development among ixodid ticks
has been repeatedly noted by
different authors. As example, one
can refer to parthenogenesis in
Amblyomma agamum Ar., in
Rhipicephalus bursa Can, and in
individual species of the genus
Hyalomma.
In the south of Kazakhstan, Argas
vespertilionis were found to be
natural carriers of Rickettsia
burneti. Dry ticks of this species
yields strain of Rickettsia burneti.
Infected guinea-pigs showed fever,
massive subcutaneous infiltrate and
developed complement-fixing
antibodies to the specific antigen in
titers up to 1:80-1:320. Living
Rickettsia burneti were found to
persist in dry A. vespertilionis for
17-25 months. In areas of their
mass prevalence, these ticks were
found to attack man.
By serological and virological
methods we recently showed
Rickettsia burneti infection in
Ixodes persulcatus (Khabarovsk
region, Tyumen and Kirov Oblasts),
Hyalomma asiaticum vespertilionis
(Kazakh SSR, Chimkent and Alma
Ata Oblasts). Trans-stadial and
transovarial transmission of
rickettsia were studied in naturally
infected I. persulcatus and H.
asiaticum and in experimentally
infected I. ricinus, Rhipicephalus
turanicus, and Dermacentor pictus.
Ent. Obozr., 31(1-
2):121-122,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 32
from Russian.
Med. Parazit.,
Moskva, 35 (5) :
595-596,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 599
from Russian.
Tezisy. Dokl. 1.
Akarol.
Soveshch., 1: 95-
96, NAMRU No.
3, Translation
410 from Russian.

Zhmaeve, Z. M. and
O. S. Korshunova.
Zhmayeva, Z. M., A.
A. Pchelkina, N. K.
Mischenko, and B. E.
Karulin.
Zhmurova, O. P., A.
P. Belokon, Z. S.
Khodykina, E. G.
Konstant, A. L.
Leibman, S. K.
Andreeva, E. A.
Klyushkina, and V.
M. Domrachev.
Preservation of the
agent of Far Eastern
tick typhus in the tick
Haemaphysalis
concinna Koch.
The epidemiological
importance of
ectoparasites of birds
in a natural focus of Q
fever in southern
central Asia.
Methods for
liquidating brucellosis,
tularemia, malaria, and
sandfly and
hemorrhagic fevers in
Crimea Oblast.
1948
1955
1964
Tick, Far Eastern tick typhus,
Haemaphysalis concinna,
Dermacentor andersoni, D.
parumapertus marginatus,
Amblyomma americanum, D.
occidentalis, A. cajennense,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus,
Ornithodoros turicata, D. nuttalli.
Tick, birds, Q fever, natural focus,
Haemaphysalis concinna,
Dermacentor andersoni, D.
parumapertus marginatus,
Amblyomma americanum, D.
occidentalis, D. nuttalli, A.
cajennese, Rhipicephalus
sanguimeus.
Tick, tularemia, brucellosis,
malaria, sandfly, hemorrhagic fever.
Expedition (1939) of the All-Union
Institute of Experimental Medicine
found a new form of rickettsial
disease, the so-called Far Eastern
tick typhus. The present work was
undertaken to find the possible
vector of this disease and to
determine the survival of the Far
Eastern agent in the ixodid tick
Haemaphysalis concinna.
In this article, we present data
concerning research on
transportation of ectoparasites by
birds spontaneously infected by
rickettsiae in agricultural zones of
the desert.
In accordance to the decision of
22nd Congress of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU),
medical and veterinary workers in
Crimea carried out liquidation
measures against malaria, tularemia
and sandfly fevers and provided
conditions for liquidating
brucellosis and Crimean
hemorrhagic fever (CHF) in the
coming years.
Epidem.- Parazit.
eksped. Iran
Parazit. Issled.,
pp. 287-289,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 487
from Russian.
Dokl. Akad.
Nauk. USSR s.
Parasit. 101(2):
387-389,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 136
from Russian.
Vrach. Delo.
Kiev (10): 118-
119, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 1288
from Russian.

Zhogolev, D. T.
Zhukova, L. I.
Zil'fayan, B. N. and Y.
L. Ananyan.
Zimina, Yu V., N. V.
Birulya, L. I.
Zalutskaya, T. P.
Povalishina, and D. N.
Stolbov.
Action of blood of
blunt-nosed viper
(Vipera lebetina L.) on
ticks of the genus
Ornithodoros.
Test on individual
protection of humans
against ixodid ticks.
The tick Ornithodoros
lahorensis as carrier
and transmitter of
Brucellae.
Materials on zoologicparasitologic
characteristics of
Crimea hemorrhagic
fever in Astrakhan
Oblast.
1965
1976
1953
1965
Tick, blunt-nosed viper, Vipera
lebetina, Ornithodoros papillipes,
O. moubata, O. verrucosus.
Ixodid, ticks, Hyalomma
marginatum, Dermacentor
marginatus, Rhipicephalus
mossicus, Haemaphysalis punctata,
taiga, flies.
Tick, brucellae, sheep, goats,
Ornithodoros lahorensis.
Tick, foci, Hyalomma plumbeum,
Crimean hemorrhagic fever, CHF.
When feeding ticks Ornithodoros
papillipes Bir. and O. moubata
Murr. on the snakes Vipera lebetina
L. it turned out that the blood of
three snakes of nine, experimental
ones were toxic for the ticks that
perished after blood sucking. When
infecting experimental snakes with
spirochaetae which are transmitted
by the ticks O. verrucosus Sl., Sas.,
Fen., and O. papillipes Bir.,
negative results are obtained.
Test of clothing for protection
against taiga ticks and bloodsucking
flies.
Study of brucellosis infection in
sheep and goats as infected by
Ornithodoros lahorensis.
According to our observations,
seasonal dynamics of Hyalomma pl.
plumbeum numbers coincide with
dynamics of incidence of CHF in
Astrakhan Oblast. This fact
confirms the participation of
Hyalomma ticks in transmitting
hemorrhagic fever in Astrakhan
Oblast. Considering the specificity
of natural conditions in the newly
discovered CHF foci, we present
the necessary information about
Zool. Zh. 44(9):
1422-1423,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 228
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 3.
Vses. Soveshch.
Teoret. Priklad.
Akarol.
(Tashkent,
October 1976),
pp. 112-113.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1162
from Russian.
Zh. Mikrobiol.
Epidemiol.
Immunobiol. (6):
14, NAMRU No.
3, Translation 45
from Russian.
Sborn. Trud. Inst.
Polio. Virus.
Encefal., Akad.
Med. Nauk
USSR,
(Medicine,
Moscow), (7) :
288-295,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 197
from Russian.

Zimina, Yu. V. and N.
A. Ivanova
Zimina, Yu. V. and N.
A. Ivanova.
Zolotarev, E. Kh.
Zolotarev, Y. K. and
Y. Y. Sinitsyna.
Zolotov, P. E.
On the question of
species composition
and numbers of ixodid
ticks in foci of tickborne
hemorrhagic
fever in Astrakhan
Oblast.
Importation of certain
ixodid ticks into
Astrakhan Oblast.
The leg and its
terminology in
parasitiform ticks.
Chemoreceptive
organs on the forelegs
of ixodid ticks.
Sex ratios in ixodid
tick collections from
Leningrad Oblast.
1964
1976
1962
1965
1981
Ticks, fauna, antitick measures,
Hyalomma plumbeun, H. scupense.
ixodid ticks, Astrakhan Oblast,
Hyalomma marginatum, H.
impressum, Boophilus annulatus,
birds.
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus, tick legs,
mites.
Tick, chemoreceptive organs,
foreleg, ixodid.
Tick, Ixodes persulcatus, I. ricinus,
I. lividus, sex ratios.
Astrakhan Oblast itself.
Study the fauna and dynamics of
ixodid ticks in order to determine
the vector of this disease and to
organize the most timely and
rational antitick measures.
From 1963-1975, we collected
104,011 ixodid ticks. The most
widely distributed species was
Hyalomma marginatum.
The terminal podites of the legs of
mites belonging to the order
parasitiformes are described
differently by different authors. The
present author suggests to preserve
for them long ago accepted
designations, tibia, tarus, praetarsus,
and to avoid others which often are
a result of misunderstanding or not
a strict treatment of terminology.
We attempted to evaluate
quantitatively the degree of
development of the organs that
furnish these chemoreception types
(contact and distance) in ticks.
This report contains data on the sex
ratios in Ixodes persulcatus, I.
ricinus, and I. lividus tick
collections and its changes in
different years and different seasons
of adult tick activity.
Moscow, pp. 274-
277, NAMRU
No. 3,
Translation 170
from Russian.
Tezisy Dokl. 3.
Vses. Soveshch.
Teoret. Priklad.
Akarol.
(Tashkent,
October 1976),
pp. 121-122.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1163
from Russian.
Zool. Zh., 41
(11) : 1739-1741,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 306
from Russian.
Vestn. Mosk.
Gos. Univ., s.6,
20(1): 17-25,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 314
from Russian.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 15
(5):469-471,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1559
from Russian.

Zolotov, P. E., and V.
P. Buker.
Zotov, A. P.
Zubri, G. L., A. P.
Savinov, S. E.
Smirnova, and M. P.
Chumakov.
Zvurskaya, G. N., G.
V. Popov, V. V.
Berezin, S. E.
Smirnova, and M. P.
Chumakov.
The life cycle of
Ixodes lividus Koch
from Lenigrad region.
Infectious
encephalomyelitis in
horses.
Histological and
immunofluorescent
investigations of
newborn white mice
infected with CHF
virus.
Application of
fluorescent antibody
method (FAM) in
detecting CHF virus in
tick vectors.
1976
Ixodes lividus Koch, Leningrad,
Moscow Oblast, Volkhov, sand
martins.
1951 Encephalomyelitis, horses.
1972
1971
NWM, newborn white mice, CHF,
FAT, foci, intracerebral, ic,
extracerebral, ec, Drozdov,
Sudarkina, histological,
immunofluorescent.
Tick, foci, Fluorescent antibody
method, FAM, Crimean
hemorrhagic fever, CHF,
Hyalomma p. plumbeum.
Under conditions prevailing in the
Leningrad region I. lividus has, in
general, a one-year life cycle.
Article on infectious
encephalomyelitis in horses.
Results of histological and
immunofluorescent investigations
of CNS in animals infected with
strain Khodzha isolated in Central
Asia were analogous to the earlier
data obtained by A. P. Savinov, A.
M. Butenko, and G. V. Popov on
investigations of strains Drozdov
and Sudarkina isolated in the
European CHF foci.
By means of FAM, positive results
of CHF virus were obtained in tick
vectors experimentally and
naturally infected with CHF, which
proves the possibility of further
expansion of observations with the
application of FAM aiming to
define distribution of CHF
tickborne infection in potential foci.
Parazitologiya,
Leningrad, 10
(4):376-378.,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1121
from Russian.
Veterinariya,
6:20-29,
NAMRU No.3,
Translation 28
from Russian.
Tezisy 17.
Nauch. Sess.
Inst. Posvyashch.
Aktual. Probl.
Virus. Profilakt.
Virus. Zabolev.
(Moscow,
October 1972),
pp. 346-347.
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 1056
from Russian.
Tezisy, Dokl.
Vop. Med.
Virus., Inst.
Virus. imeni
Ivanovsky, D. I.,
Akad. Med.
Nauk SSSR
(October 19-21),
pt. 2 : 135-136,
NAMRU No. 3,
Translation 509
from Russian.