ISBN: 978-0-620-54069-8 - Sustainable Human(e) Settlements: The ...

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housing associations can really fulfil their mandate of developing liveable neighbourhoods over and above providing decent quality and affordable housing. (DS+V, 2012). This is in-keeping with the current municipal policy which is focussed on four main objectives namely: improving housing quality; matching demand and supply; improving affordability; and improve neighbourhoods. In order to achieve this, the municipality has entered into an agreement with the housing associations to create more affordable homeownership opportunities. The municipality of Rotterdam has the highest number of lowincome households in the Netherlands; due to this reason one of its key strategies is to attract more middle- and high-income residents to the city and for those who are already living there not to leave (e.g. university students receive attractive packages to remain in the city). The City also encourages housing associations to develop more expensive rental and ownership housing within the municipality of Rotterdam, provided that they deliver more affordable rental housing in the adjacent municipalities, where currently relatively low numbers of lowincome households live. This privatisation process contributes to the overall development of sustainable human settlements. (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2012) REGULATION, PRIVATISATION TRENDS AND MANAGEMENT MODELS Regulation The regulation of the social housing sector in the Netherlands and South Africa shares some similarities although the current subsidy frameworks for social housing differ. It is also noted that the current subsidy scheme of the social housing sector in South Africa is somewhat similar to that of the Netherlands during the period before 1995. One major difference is that in South Africa the (institutional) subsidy for social housing is exclusively geared towards social housing institutions and private companies, to the exclusion of local authorities, whereas in the Netherlands private companies are excluded but not local authorities. On the other hand, the Community Residential Units (CRU) subsidy does bring the local authority back into the fold in the sense that it is available for existing municipal stock and such stock can be managed by the local authority as an option. CRU is meant to provide secure, stable rental tenure for lower income people (DHS, 2006). Although the social housing sector was privatised in 1995 in the Netherlands, it is still heavily regulated. All housing associations require approval of their status under the Housing Act and their functions and conditions of operation are laid down within the Decree on Social Housing (BBSH). The BBSH stipulates that all approved housing associations have the task of providing good, affordable housing to those who are otherwise not catered for by the market. Over and above this, local government policies also have to be taken into account ( e.g. through performance agreements). In 1997, the concept of ‘liveability’ was added to the BBSH and has since become a major goal for the social housing sector to achieve. This goal compares well with the development of ‘sustainable human settlements’ as it is known by in South Africa. Regulations for the social housing sector in South Africa area laid down in the Social Housing Act of 2008. This Act describes the roles and responsibilities of the different spheres of government, the social housing institutions and provides the basis for the establishment of the Social Housing Regulatory Authority (SHRA). Since 2010 the SHRA regulates the social housing activities in South Africa. The Social Housing Policy (2005) addresses itself to the 25
national priority of restructuring South African society in order to address structural, economic, social and spatial dysfunctionalities and to improve and contribute to the overall functioning of the housing sector. The introduction of Restructuring Zones provides a further measure to create social housing as part of sustainable human settlements (Social Housing Policy, 2005). Keeping the social housing stock affordable is one of the main objectives in both countries. In South Africa, a set of capital subsidies is available to finance the social housing stock, which is connected to income levels of future beneficiaries. In the Netherlands, rental allowances are available for tenants depending on the rental amount as well as the income of the household. These interventions are regulated in both countries and in both instances the expected outcomes are the construction of good quality housing stock, the building of viable neighbourhoods and the provision of affordable rental stock. Indeed all these are premised on the implementation of appropriate management and tenure models for social housing. Privatisation trends Social housing in South Africa still has to grow and at this stage cannot compare with housing associations in Europe. Across European countries, housing associations are increasingly facing a paradoxical challenge in which they are expected to fulfil a social mission (creating liveable and sustainable human settlements) and at the same time operate more like a business. This is true considering business principles such as ‘performance management’ and increased ‘market orientation’ introduced in their operations. Their social role has in fact even expanded given the withdrawal of the States from the provision of social services and the cutting of the welfare budget. Indeed it can be seen that national governments put an increased pressure on social housing providers to deliver social services beyond housing in order to address even the increasing challenge of urban decline and segregation (Czischke, 2009). In the Netherlands the financial and property crises of the last 5 years has seriously impacted on the business models for social housing and has put the social policy of income redistribution model under threat (Els inga, 2011). The current neoliberal policies focus primarily on home-ownership. Social housing is increasingly regarded as a safety net only for the poorest households. However, this approach does not encourage the development of sustainable human settlements. Tenure and management models As a consequence of the Dutch governments’ withdrawal of subsidies, social landlords experienced increased pressure in terms of improving their performance efficiency and effectiveness. Social housing institutions’ main focus is the management of their housing stock as a development activity and the strategic asset management has subsequently become the core of their business models. (Gruis, et.al., 2004). The main criterion for management decisions is the achievement of social housing objectives, which includes affordable and good-quality housing and building sustainable communities. Financial performance is not the key driver, although in South Africa social housing institutions are expected to be sustainable. In the Netherlands, the social housing associations have a choice of different business models for allocation policies; stock quality; policy of housing sales and financial returns. This also includes a range of tenure options. In South Africa, only rental or co-operative housing options are available for low to medium income households at a level of scale and built form which requires institutionalised management and which is provided by social housing 26
Page 1 and 2: ISBN: 978-0-620-54069-8
Page 3 and 4: HOST University of Johannesburg Fac
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Organising Com
Page 7 and 8: The conference had a particular app
Page 9 and 10: ORGANISING COMMITTEE The Organising
Page 11 and 12: ORGANISING COMMITTEE’S DECLARATIO
Page 13 and 14: September 2012 Dear Author PEER REV
Page 15 and 16: informal settlements (J. CROSWELL)
Page 17 and 18: The conclusions found in this resea
Page 19 and 20: DISCUSSION: FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINAB
Page 21 and 22: Table 3: Social Development. Compon
Page 23 and 24: Kenworthy, J. (1997). Greening the
Page 25 and 26: 213). Documentation as a method for
Page 27 and 28: Although Dharavi historically emerg
Page 29 and 30: without slums by 2013- and its inte
Page 31 and 32: Meanwhile, establishing Dharavi as
Page 33 and 34: Weinstein, L. “Redeveloping Dhara
Page 35 and 36: Defining key aspects for social hou
Page 37 and 38: uyers, the apartheid government con
Page 39: incorporates a rental or co-operati
Page 43 and 44: Development Works, 2005. Guidelines
Page 45 and 46: ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN IN RESPONSE TO
Page 47 and 48: study sought to engage with the inh
Page 49 and 50: cement and water; Generally the bri
Page 51 and 52: Mobility has been described by Cres
Page 53 and 54: similar fashion. The intervention a
Page 55 and 56: occupant to grow the unit with the
Page 57 and 58: process in Mamelodi of temporality
Page 59 and 60: Edjabe, N. and Pieterse, H., (eds.)
Page 61 and 62: less damage to the environment (Eco
Page 63 and 64: including the fact that they are co
Page 65 and 66: addressing this challenge as it is
Page 67 and 68: ASSESSING FINANCIAL VIABILITY AND S
Page 69 and 70: maintenance of the building is not
Page 71 and 72: system breakdown as well as depende
Page 73 and 74: Support of Self-Help Activities The
Page 75 and 76: analyse institutional sustainabilit
Page 77 and 78: purchasing from them the newly acqu
Page 79 and 80: the developer than the one in the a
Page 81 and 82: Figure 4 : Suggested structure of d
Page 83 and 84: MCGM 2011, Municipal Corporation of
Page 85 and 86: REFLECTING ON THE LEARNING CENTRE R
Page 87 and 88: that arise as a result of the socia
Page 89 and 90: of an appropriate storage system wa
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� Be zoned for various activities
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Advantages-of-Modular-Building-Cons
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DEVELOPMENT OF RATING PERFORMANCE C
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een the main approach by “accommo
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community as suggested by (Love et
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2005) also argues that with a sampl
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Labour relations at site - 1.945 64
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The position of duration (which is
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Managers, ILO, Geneva Kangari, R. F
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(2006) is an environmental standard
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incidence of household fires. It ma
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Comparative study 2: Use Phase ener
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and hence the families, communities
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Waste water is via these drains. Ho
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SATISFACTION LEVEL WITH NEIGHBOURHO
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with the ability to accurately iden
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the individual pegs/beacons to the
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As mentioned above there have been
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traditionally followed rectilinear
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Figure 2: shows a first attempt at
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McCutcheon R.T, Fitchett A, J.A. Cr
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found ways of coping with which sha
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and makes use of traditional buildi
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integrated with the skin or envelop
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This scheme is exemplary in the inn
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transport and consultation. The hou
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Figure 9: Butterfly House is organi
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In addition to the technical produc
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As stated above: Housing is Urbanis
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CONNECTING THE DOTS BETWEEN SETTLEM
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y the resistance that come from som
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Cross and her colleagues at the HSR
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of organisation within the local co
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may well be played as effectively a
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project and also at levels beyond t
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The following three case studies by
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Building an active citizenry It is
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Building an active citizenry It is
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ensure that where there are multipl
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THE CHALLENGE FACING SOCIAL HOUSING
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housing delivery and to provide she
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GUIDING PRINCIPLE OF SOCIAL HOUSING
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2012:1). Inspite of this success st
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ADAPTING CITIES TO CLIMATE VARIABIL
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The description above presents oppo
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Figure 2 the 3 pilot location are e
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Figure 4 Location of JUFMP in West
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is to facilitate the local governme
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As explained before PAC is an advis
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Finally, the process of community a
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Hardiono, M. (2011). GIS and Mappin
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equitable system of planning and go
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isolated efforts and governance at
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Table 1: Spheres of e-Government an
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Figure 1: Dimensions of Transparent
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BEST PRACTICES ON TRANSPARENT AND O
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2001 Layne and Lees Four stage Cata
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These limitations have reflections
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Regional Wards India 3 Ahmedabad Re
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Gustetic J. (n.d). E-Gov Versus Ope
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TOWARDS ‘PROGRESSIVE’ HOUSING D
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areas, such as Cape Town, Stellenbo
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THE POLITICAL NATURE OF HOUSING DEL
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In terms of social and spatial inte
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Huchzermeyer, M. and Karam, A. (eds
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