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Glass that can be stepped or walked on Laminated glass is also used for glazing that can be stepped or walked on, to ensure that no one will tall (ill. 16). Glass that can be stepped on is accessi ble only to cleaning and service person nel. Concentrated loads are taken into account as well as distributed loads when dimensions are calculated. Glazing that can be walked on is accessi ble to all and is thus dimensioned like a normal floor slab. It also has to be possi ble to carry heavy objects across them. A wear-pane is often provided as a protec tive layer on load-bearing glass. It will have a mail surface or rough enamel printing to avoid slippage. Laminated glass resistant to thrown objects, breakage and bullets Various safety requirements can be met by combining different thicknesses of glass and film (ill. 18). The glass can be resistant to: - thrown objects breakage bullets - explos yes. 17: Examples of various fire-retardant glass compositions contraflam® Basis: soda-lime glass, tempered (Sekurit) Structure: A gel containing a water-soluble salt solution is sandwiched between two panes Function: The sandwiched water evaporates, the gel becomes opaque and forms a heat shield Service life: The gel layer is enlarged to increase the high fire resistance life Promaglas Basis: soda-lime glass Structure: several panes of glass of different thickness with alkali silicate layers between the panes Function: Intermediate layers loam to produce a tough, solid mass service tile: The number of panes and layers is increased to achieve the high teve of fire resistance Pyrostop Basis: Structure: Function: Service I fe: Glass blocks Basis: Structure: Function: soda-lime glass (Optif loaf) Several panes of glass with alkali silicate layers between the panes ntermediate layers foam to produce a tough, solid mass The number of panes and layers is increased to achieve the high level of fire resistance DIN 18175 glass blocks double-layer compact glass blocks with tie bar Laminated safety glass combinations of this kind can be up to 10cm thick (SSG Contracrime®). Laminated glass for sound insulation Sound waves can be damped by soft and sound-absorbent intermediate layers. Here the vibrations in the two glass panes are neutralized. Most laminated glass for sound insulation is made with a cast resin layer about 1 mm thick (Ipaphon®). Plastic film for sound insulation has also appeared on the market recently (Trosifol-Sound Control®). Fire-retardant laminated glass Fire-retardant glass is used as a preven tive measure intended to restrict or at least delay fire from spreading in a build ing. Fire-retardant requirements vary between integrity for 30 minutes to 90 minutes thermal insulation, dependent on the structure and thickness of the lami nated glass. Layers of water-glass 1 to 2 mm thick or water-glass gels 10mm and more thick are used as intermediate lay ers. When water-glass layers are used a fluid water-salt solution is poured on to the base pane, dried and then laminated on to the covering pane. The number of F30 F90 r~i r~ H Single glass: 25mm single glass: 60mm Insulating glass: >36mm Insulating glass: >71 mm F30 F90 RT~U T HRflRF i~ single glass: 17mm Single glass: 43mm Insulating glass: >35mm Insulating glass; >61 mm F30 F90 Single glass: 15mm Single glass: 50mm Insulating glass: >32mm Insulating glass: >56mm F60 ~1Rflf~ flThi1T[~1U”fl~ Overal thickness 200mm 18 Glass as a building material Multilayered glass — Laminated glass layers can be increased to meet the appropriate requirements. Fire-retardant glass using water-gels is made by the cast resin process. The water solution is poured in fluid form and then treated. The fire-retardant time afforded is calculated from the thickness. Fire-retardant glass is approved as a unit with the frame construction and the seal ing system and thus only be used as a complete component (ill. 17, 19).
ICnPiJIA mi I ~.GEOFTHhAHIa SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107 Glass as a building mater al Multilayered glass — Laminated glass Laminated glass with functional layers Functional layers that diffract light or serve the needs of sunscreening and thermal protection are another promising development. • Incidence angle-selective layers Transparent plastic films are available that transmit light only at a certain angle of incidence, becoming non-transpar ent in the process. In principle they consist of a microscopic louvre struc ture created in the film by photo-polym erization. Layers with holographic-optical ele ments Holographic optical elements (HOE) make various light deflection variants possible through diffraction, rather like mirrors, lenses, prisms and other opti cal elements. They are records of inter ference patterns created by laser light on high-resolution photographic film. The light is deflected only for the set angle of incidence, so the holograms have to track the incident light. In architecture, holographic-optica ele ments are used for light deflection, sunscreening and displays. In displays the light decomposition creates spectral colours of extraordinary luminosity (ill. 20, 21). Layers with photovoltaic modules Laminated glass with photovoltaic (PV) modules can convert solar energy into electricity and provide sunscreening at the same time (ill. 22). PV modules usu ally consist of silicon solar cells; a dis tinction must be made between mono and polycrystalllne, and also amor phous, solar cells. Monocrystalline so a cells are opaque, range in colour from blue or dark grey to black, and are 14—16 % effic ent. They are made by an elaborate and therefore expensive j process from silicon crystal. Polycrys talline solar cells are usually blue and 20 opaque. They are more affordable 20 because they are derived from cast sili con blocks, but they are only 11—13°o effective. Crystalline solar cells are 21 manufactured as panes 0.4 mm thick and with dimensions of 10 x 10 to 15 x 15 cm. They are then assembled as modules and bedded into the cavity in the laminated glass with cast resin. Different colours like gold, brown, green magenta, purple etc. have been available for some time now. As they are not dark, they absorb less solar energy and are less effective. Amorphous solar cells are non-crystal line. They are manufactured by the thinfilm process and are 8 to 10% effec tive. They are available as opaque or semi-transparent modules. In the case of the sem -transparent modules, parts of the layers are removed by laser sep aration so that transparent strips are created between the active areas (Asi- Glas®). Amorphous solar cells made of other materia s like CdTe and CuInSe are sti I being developed; they are intended to be lOb 12% efficient. shopping centre in Lute, arcade facade Material: insulating gtass with holographic titm and images Architect: Jean N. vet. Paris Further education . cademy in Herne 1-lotographic elem:nts in the overhead glazing Architects: Jourda et Perraudin, Lyon (compet tion. planning) F-logger Hegger Schleiff, Kassel (ptanning) 22 F rther education academy in Herne Photovoltaic modules in the facade 23 L.yers with liquid crystals Glazing for a seminar room. v~Ath and without a v-w through 24 Schematic diagram of micro-encapsulated liqu crystals 25 structure of a thermotropic layer 26 structure of electrochromic layers accord ng to Professor claes C. Grandquist, Lippsala —— — — — a — —t~’ ~L-~t ~. a r
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