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BOLETÍN DE ESTÉTICA 14, JUNIO 2010 – ISSN 1668-7132<br />

BOLETÍN DE ESTÉTICA 14, JUNIO 2010 – ISSN 1668-7132<br />

Autonomy and Emancipation. On Friedrich Schiller’s aesthetic-educative<br />

Proposal and the Dialectic of Enlight<strong>en</strong>m<strong>en</strong>t<br />

Abstract<br />

This article aims to introduce the aesthetic education i<strong>de</strong>a of the poet and<br />

philosopher Friedrich Schiller, <strong>de</strong>parting from the c<strong>en</strong>tral notion of autonomy.<br />

In or<strong>de</strong>r to perform this task, the starting point will be the rec<strong>en</strong>t investigation<br />

lines inaugurated by Laura Anna Macor and Fre<strong>de</strong>rick Beiser.<br />

These authors arrive to a new perspective of the Schillerian work, beyond<br />

the traditional conception of it as a mere re-elaboration of the Kantian<br />

Kritik <strong>de</strong>r Urteilskraft. Likewise, some of the diverse Marxist interpretations<br />

of the thought of this author will also be tak<strong>en</strong> in account, in or<strong>de</strong>r to propound<br />

the fundam<strong>en</strong>tal conception of human autonomy and emancipation<br />

in history as the c<strong>en</strong>tral notion of Schiller’s <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t.<br />

Consi<strong>de</strong>ring the Schillerian work as a manifest self-criticism of the <strong>en</strong>light<strong>en</strong>ed<br />

thought, this study will focus into the possibility of translating this<br />

i<strong>de</strong>al into reality, a problem that Schiller examines, more intuitively than<br />

systematically, in his dramatic work, paradigmatically in his early plays Die<br />

Räuber and Don Carlos, Infant von Spani<strong>en</strong>. Here, Schiller <strong>de</strong>velops a strong<br />

critique of the difficulties involved in the application of the <strong>en</strong>light<strong>en</strong>ed educative<br />

project to reality: its <strong>de</strong>structive pot<strong>en</strong>tial and the possible becoming<br />

fanatic of a freedom i<strong>de</strong>al that disregards the actual historic conditions, both<br />

the individual and the socio-political ones. In or<strong>de</strong>r to overcome this problem,<br />

Schiller precisely proposes his aesthetic education, by which he seeks to<br />

solve the fragm<strong>en</strong>tation and lack of human freedom produced by a unilateral<br />

domain of reason over s<strong>en</strong>sibility.<br />

Keywords<br />

Autonomy –Human Fragm<strong>en</strong>tation– Aesthetic Education– Enlight<strong>en</strong>m<strong>en</strong>t.<br />

INTRODUCCIÓN<br />

Kein M<strong>en</strong>sch muß müss<strong>en</strong>.<br />

Friedrich Schiller 1<br />

Llevar a cabo una acotación <strong>de</strong> la compleja noción <strong>de</strong> autonomía <strong>en</strong><br />

el p<strong>en</strong>sami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong>l filósofo, poeta y dramaturgo Friedrich Schiller<br />

(1759-1805) no es una tarea fácil. Una posible manera <strong>de</strong> resumir<br />

sumariam<strong>en</strong>te esta i<strong>de</strong>a <strong>en</strong> el caso <strong>de</strong> este autor es la <strong>de</strong> concebirla<br />

como la necesidad <strong>de</strong> la urg<strong>en</strong>te realización <strong>de</strong> la emancipación y libertad<br />

<strong>de</strong>l ser humano como un todo <strong>en</strong> la historia, si<strong>en</strong>do éste el baremo<br />

que el Schiller maduro <strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ría como la pl<strong>en</strong>itud <strong>de</strong>l mismo.<br />

Éste es el hilo que este artículo pret<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> seguir, proponiéndose <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong><br />

el principio que dicho problema es precisam<strong>en</strong>te la piedra <strong>de</strong> toque<br />

<strong>de</strong> todo el p<strong>en</strong>sami<strong>en</strong>to schilleriano. De hecho, la c<strong>en</strong>tralidad <strong>de</strong>l<br />

concepto es más que evid<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> todas y cada una <strong>de</strong> sus obras teóricas<br />

2 , ya sean las referidas a problemas estéticos como los escritos so-<br />

1<br />

Así comi<strong>en</strong>za el escrito <strong>de</strong> Schiller Über das Erhab<strong>en</strong>e (1801): “ningún hombre está<br />

constreñido a obrar por necesidad”. Cfr. Schiller, Friedrich, “Sobre lo Sublime”, <strong>en</strong><br />

Lo sublime (De lo sublime y Sobre lo sublime), estudio <strong>de</strong> Pedro Aullón <strong>de</strong> Haro, traducción<br />

<strong>de</strong> José Luis <strong>de</strong>l Barco. Málaga, Ágora, 1992. p. 101.<br />

2<br />

De <strong>en</strong>tre ellas, la que más se refiere directam<strong>en</strong>te al problema <strong>de</strong> la libertad, <strong>en</strong> relación<br />

con una concepción totalm<strong>en</strong>te política <strong>de</strong> la belleza y <strong>de</strong>l arte, es probablem<strong>en</strong>te<br />

Die Ästhetische Erziehung <strong>de</strong>s M<strong>en</strong>sch<strong>en</strong> in einer Reihe von Briefe (1795-96), <strong>de</strong> la<br />

cual existe una excel<strong>en</strong>te edición bilingüe: Kallias; Cartas sobre la Educación Estética<br />

<strong>de</strong>l Hombre, estudio introductorio <strong>de</strong> Jaime Feijóo, traducción y notas <strong>de</strong> Jaime Feij-<br />

6<br />

7

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