MANEJO DE LA VÍA AÉREA POR ACCESO INFRAGLÓTICO: VENTILACIÓN JET Y CRICOTIROTOMÍAel Quicktrach II (cánu<strong>la</strong> con cuff) con una so<strong>la</strong>presentación <strong>de</strong> diámetro interno <strong>de</strong> 4 mm.En ambos dispositivos, <strong>la</strong> cánu<strong>la</strong> tiene incor<strong>por</strong>adoun “stopper” <strong>de</strong> plástico extraíble, diseñadopara limitar <strong>la</strong> profundidad <strong>de</strong> inserción <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> agujay un sistema <strong>de</strong> fijación al cuello.El procedimiento <strong>de</strong> inserción también serealiza puncionando <strong>la</strong> membrana cricotiroí<strong>de</strong>a <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong> misma forma que con el equipo <strong>de</strong> cricotirotomía<strong>de</strong> Melker (Figura 10). Se pue<strong>de</strong> mejorar el paso<strong>de</strong>l dispositivo realizando antes <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> punción unapequeña incisión con bisturí. Una vez puncionada <strong>la</strong>membrana cricotiroí<strong>de</strong>a se aspira aire <strong>por</strong> <strong>la</strong> jeringay se extrae el “stopper” <strong>de</strong> plástico. Luego se retirael trócar y <strong>la</strong> jeringa y se avanza el dispositivoQuicktrach en el interior <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> tráquea. Finalmentese une el conector universal a <strong>la</strong> máquina <strong>de</strong>anestesia o Ambú y se fija al cuello.Rendimiento y discusiónEn general el rendimiento re<strong>por</strong>tado <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cricotirotomíaes alto en manos entrenadas, fluctuandoentre un 80 a 100% 38,39 .La literatura publica resultados comparablesentre el Quicktrach y el Melker en re<strong>la</strong>ción a <strong>la</strong> tasa<strong>de</strong> éxito (venti<strong>la</strong>r efectivamente al paciente). Si <strong>la</strong>observación se remite a <strong>la</strong>s tasas <strong>de</strong> complicaciones,parece ser que los dispositivos que usan técnica <strong>de</strong>Seldinger tienen una tasa menor, sobre todo <strong>de</strong>lesiones <strong>de</strong> pared posterior <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> tráquea (0% vs20%) 37 . Por otro <strong>la</strong>do, el diámetro <strong>de</strong>l Quicktraches 1 ó 2 mm menor al Melker, lo que se traduceen una menor capacidad <strong>de</strong> venti<strong>la</strong>ción. Existendiferencias publicadas respecto al tiempo <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>inserción a <strong>la</strong> venti<strong>la</strong>ción efectiva y parece habercierto consenso que el Quicktrach o dispositivosque no utilizan técnica <strong>de</strong> Seldinger, son los quelogran menores tiempos (48 vs 126 segundospara <strong>la</strong> técnica Seldinger) 36 , sobre todo si se trata<strong>de</strong> resi<strong>de</strong>ntes <strong>de</strong> urgencia que no han recibidoentrenamiento específico en cada dispositivo.Una cánu<strong>la</strong> provista <strong>de</strong> cuff permitiría una mejorventi<strong>la</strong>ción y en teoría podría disminuir el riesgo<strong>de</strong> aspiración. En <strong>de</strong>finitiva, no existe suficienteevi<strong>de</strong>ncia para inclinarse <strong>por</strong> uno u otro 36-37 , y <strong>la</strong><strong>de</strong>cisión es más bien personal.La situación <strong>de</strong> emergencia <strong>de</strong> “no po<strong>de</strong>r venti<strong>la</strong>ry no po<strong>de</strong>r intubar”, tiene una muy baja inci<strong>de</strong>ncia,<strong>por</strong> lo que <strong>la</strong> formación en simu<strong>la</strong>dores,maniquíes, cadáveres o mo<strong>de</strong>los animales es muyrecomendable, <strong>de</strong> manera que cada profesionalpueda <strong>de</strong>terminar qué dispositivo es el mejor en susmanos 40 .El éxito <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cricotirotomía está directamentere<strong>la</strong>cionado con <strong>la</strong> capacitación previa. En un estudioen resi<strong>de</strong>ntes <strong>de</strong> anestesiología sobre el entrenamientoen técnicas percutáneas <strong>de</strong> cricotirotomía eintubación retrógrada en cadáveres, Hatton re<strong>por</strong>taun aumento <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> notificación <strong>de</strong>l uso <strong>de</strong> ésta <strong>de</strong> 0 a78%, y <strong>la</strong> tasa <strong>de</strong> éxito en una situación <strong>de</strong> urgenciaaumentó <strong>de</strong> 17 a 94% post entrenamiento 41 ; lo que<strong>de</strong>muestra que el dominio está asociado con <strong>la</strong> experiencia42-44 .Sólo a través <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> formación se logrará unrápido, eficiente y atraumático <strong>acceso</strong> a <strong>la</strong> <strong>vía</strong> <strong>aérea</strong>con los dispositivos <strong>de</strong> cricotirotomía.BIBLIOGRAFÍA1. Benumof JL, Scheller MS. 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