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Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy Based on Physical ...

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C<strong>on</strong>tents<br />

Abstract i<br />

Résumé iii<br />

List of notati<strong>on</strong>s xiii<br />

1 Introducti<strong>on</strong> 1<br />

1.1 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Super</str<strong>on</strong>g>-resoluti<strong>on</strong> in optical microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . 2<br />

1.1.1 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Super</str<strong>on</strong>g>-resoluti<strong>on</strong> through localizati<strong>on</strong> . . . . . . . . . 2<br />

1.2 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Fluorescence</str<strong>on</strong>g> localizati<strong>on</strong> microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4<br />

1.3 C<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7<br />

1.4 Organizati<strong>on</strong> of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8<br />

2 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Fluorescence</str<strong>on</strong>g> microscopy 9<br />

2.1 Introducti<strong>on</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9<br />

2.2 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Fluorescence</str<strong>on</strong>g> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<br />

2.2.1 e physical principles of uorescence . . . . . . . . 11<br />

2.2.2 e green revoluti<strong>on</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12<br />

2.3 Microscopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17<br />

2.3.1 e wideeld microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17<br />

2.3.2 e c<strong>on</strong>focal scanning microscope . . . . . . . . . . . 20<br />

2.3.3 Sample setup and aberrati<strong>on</strong>s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />

2.4 Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22<br />

2.4.1 Characteristic parameters of detecti<strong>on</strong> systems . . . . 22<br />

2.4.2 Detecti<strong>on</strong> technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br />

2.5 Limitati<strong>on</strong>s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<br />

2.5.1 Noise sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26<br />

2.5.2 Sample-dependent limitati<strong>on</strong>s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26<br />

2.6 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Fluorescence</str<strong>on</strong>g> Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br />

2.6.1 FRET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28<br />

2.6.2 FRAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28<br />

2.6.3 FLIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29<br />

vii

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