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La pêche au crabe girafe : l'expérience des Seychelles = The ... - IRD

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IA ECHE AU CRABE GIRAFE - L'WERIENCE ES SEYCHELLES<br />

THE "A CRAB FISHERY - THE. SEYCHELLES EXPERIENCE<br />

Guy de Moussac et Michel de San<br />

Assistants techniques CEE <strong>au</strong>pres de la SFA<br />

Le <strong>crabe</strong> <strong>girafe</strong> íRanina ranina) est prdrent<br />

dans tout 1 'octrn tropical, pacifique<br />

(H<strong>au</strong>aii, Japon, Forrose, Philippines.-.),<br />

ainsi que dans l'ocean Indien. Les 2<br />

gran<strong>des</strong> pecheries .<strong>au</strong> monde sont celles<br />

d'Hawaii qui a debut6 avant 1950 et cel,le du<br />

Queensland en Australie dont l'exploitation<br />

remonte a 1970.<br />

Daas . .l'oc,rn Indien occidental, <strong>au</strong>cuns.<br />

granda pCcherie cormerciale n'existe, seules<br />

2 petites exploitations sont prCsentes a la<br />

RCunion et l'fle H<strong>au</strong>rice Cstatistiques non<br />

disponibles). Hais il est probable que le<br />

<strong>crabe</strong> <strong>girafe</strong> soit prtsent dans les captures<br />

annexes de certaines pecherics <strong>au</strong> chalut,<br />

notairent <strong>au</strong> chalut a crevettes.<br />

Cet article ,se propose de dtcrire le<br />

dCVe2OppeRent de cette nouvelle 'FCcherie eu<br />

<strong>Seychelles</strong>, ses techniques et ses captures. ,<br />

Quelques Clhents de biologie seront<br />

proposes.<br />

Les rxe?pIes Hawaïen et Australien seront<br />

f rbqucmmen t cites.<br />

1. HISTORIQUE DE LA PECHERIE SEYCHELLOISE<br />

Le <strong>crabe</strong> <strong>girafe</strong> et signal& pour le pre8i)t-e<br />

fois <strong>au</strong>x <strong>Seychelles</strong> par Ratcliffe (1976) qui<br />

avec la Division <strong>des</strong> pechcs seychelloise<br />

captura en 1974 et 1975 <strong>au</strong> filet raillant<br />

les premiers individuç.<br />

Plu#+ de 10 annes aprbs, l'Autorit8 de5<br />

Peches seychelloise CSFA) m i t en place yn<br />

programme de prospection de cette ressource<br />

<strong>au</strong>ec l'assistance technique de la CEE, Les<br />

resultats d'octobre 1986 a f4vrier 1987 .<br />

furent trts emcourahjeants et dBs mars 1987, .<br />

2 bate<strong>au</strong>x correrci<strong>au</strong>x se consacraient P<br />

cette peche.<br />

Les dbbarquements d'octobre 1986 O Rai 1987<br />

s'kl&vent P ?,t dont ?,t proviennent de<br />

capturer commerciales (tabl. 1 J . <strong>La</strong><br />

majorit4 der <strong>crabe</strong>s est vendue k une sOCi4te<br />

paraltatique de distribution de p[QduitSr 1.<br />

<strong>Seychelles</strong> Harketing Board, fish Division, k<br />

enuiron'30 RS le ki;lo (6RS I. 1 USI). Face A<br />

un important afflux de ce nouve<strong>au</strong> produit,<br />

quelques problhes de comuercialisation se<br />

posent, et le SHE n'achbte plus de <strong>crabe</strong>s<br />

avant d',couler une partie de ses stocks,<br />

Un march4 d'exportation est h l'ltudr re 3<br />

tonnes ont deja et¿ exportCeo vers la<br />

RCunion où le produit est dcie connu et se<br />

vend & un prix dlevc).<br />

<strong>The</strong> Kona crab (Ranina ranina) ir found<br />

throughout the tropical Pacific Ocean<br />

(Hawaii, Japan, Taiwan, Phillipineo.. .) a5<br />

well as in the Indian Ocean. <strong>The</strong> two major<br />

fisheries are those of Hawaii, which started<br />

prior to 1950, and of Queensland in<br />

Australia which has operated since 1970-<br />

In the western Indian Ocean, there are Only<br />

two small fisheries, in M<strong>au</strong>ritius and<br />

Reunion, for which no statistics are<br />

available. <strong>The</strong>se crabs may however exist in<br />

the bycatch of shrimp trawlers.<br />

This article will <strong>des</strong>cribe the development<br />

of a fishery in <strong>Seychelles</strong>, the fishing<br />

techniques and landings, as well as some<br />

biological parameters. Comparison wi 11 be<br />

made with the Hawaiian and Australian<br />

* f3gheries.<br />

I. HISTORY OF THE SEYCHELLES FISHERY<br />

<strong>The</strong> .Kona crab was first reported in<br />

Seychelies by Ratciiffe (1976) who, with the<br />

<strong>Seychelles</strong> Fisheries Division, c<strong>au</strong>ght the<br />

first specimens with gill nets in 1974 a*<br />

1975. More than 10 years later, tk<br />

<strong>Seychelles</strong> Fishing Authority (SFA), in tf&<br />

context of an -EEC techn<br />

programme, started to search<br />

Between October 1986 and<br />

results were very encourag<br />

March 1987, two commercial<br />

the fishery.<br />

W<br />

<<br />

cal assi stance<br />

for them again.<br />

February 1987,<br />

ng, and as of<br />

vessels entered<br />

Between October 1986 and May 1987, landings<br />

totalled 9.4t, of which 7.2t were from the<br />

commercial fishery (Tab1.e 1). Most of the<br />

crabs.are sold through a parastatal company,<br />

.the <strong>Seychelles</strong>; Marketing Board, Fish<br />

"Division (SMB), at a producer price of about<br />

Rs.30/kg (Rs.6 = $1). <strong>The</strong> SMB has had<br />

problems selling 50 much of a new product<br />

and now only purchases crab after having<br />

sold some of its stock. Export marketing<br />

trials are afoot, and 2t have already been<br />

exported to RBunion where the kona crab is<br />

'known and is sold for a high prsce.<br />

II. FISHING TECHNIQUES<br />

Kona crabs are commonly c<strong>au</strong>ght with hoopnets<br />

which are made up of an iron ring about Im<br />

in diametre, hung loosely with a double<br />

layer of netting (usually 5cm stretched<br />

mesh); 10 to 20 hoopnets are strung at 1O'tto<br />

20m intervals on a longline. <strong>The</strong> nets are<br />

baited, preferably with - fresh bonito, %d<br />

each set lasts 40 minutes on average. <strong>The</strong><br />

crabs, which are carnivorous, are meshed by<br />

the legs. Up to 50 crabs have been c<strong>au</strong>ght ~<br />

on a single net, but average catches are 1<br />

to 4.<br />

,,<br />

t<br />

i<br />

h<br />

9<br />

a<br />

5<br />

3<br />

P<br />

5<br />

(<br />

P<br />

I<br />

U,<br />

i.<br />

n<br />

LE<br />

di


._ .J<br />

2. LA..TECHHIQUE VE FECHE<br />

captufCs avec <strong>des</strong><br />

11 s'aoit d'un<br />

~~ercle de fer d'environ 1 &tre de diaretre<br />

recouvert d'une double nappe de filet<br />

maillant (naille etirte d'environ SC.); 10 P<br />

20 balances sont æontCcs, espacCes de 10 P<br />

20m, sur une filibre principale, <strong>La</strong> balance<br />

est;rappatCe, prefCrentielIemcnt avec de la<br />

bonite fraiche, et IaissCc en peche environ<br />

une quarrntainc de minutes. Le <strong>crabe</strong><br />

<strong>girafe</strong>, chrnivore, vient railler ses pattes<br />

dans le filet sans pouvoir ~'Cchapper. Les<br />

t<strong>au</strong>x de capture peuvent ateindre jusqua& 30<br />

<strong>crabe</strong>s par balance, mais varient en gCnOr.1<br />

entre 1 & 4 <strong>crabe</strong>s par carrelet. ,<br />

Les bate<strong>au</strong>x iæpliquts dans cette peche <strong>au</strong>x<br />

<strong>Seychelles</strong> sont de tailles tr&s variables:<br />

6,. A i4a selon les zones de peche et<br />

utilisent en -moyenne 4 filibres de 15<br />

balances. <strong>La</strong> duree de la rarCe varie entre<br />

1 et 4 ìours et .les <strong>crabe</strong>s sont conservCs<br />

sur grace.<br />

f<br />

3. LES zuws VE PECHE<br />

Le <strong>crabe</strong> <strong>girafe</strong> est un <strong>crabe</strong> fouisseur dont<br />

l'hsbitat est constitu¿ de vastes zones de<br />

sable dont la fraction ffne est importante.<br />

On le trouve surtout dans ¿es fondsde 30 P<br />

50r. En. Australie, (Br<strong>au</strong>n, 1986) il est<br />

signal4 de.0 A 80. de profondeur et B H<strong>au</strong>eii<br />

(YANSANT, i9782 de 2 d 200~. Il sewblerait<br />

qu'<strong>au</strong>x SeychrJJes, il soit present Fur<br />

l'enserb1e du plate<strong>au</strong> 'de Hahe, 18 o& le<br />

substrat est adCquate, nais avec <strong>des</strong><br />

densites parfois tres variables,<br />

4. ETUDES EH COURS ET PREHIERS RESULTATS<br />

<strong>La</strong> section recherche de Ia SFA est<br />

responsable de statistiques de peche<br />

ícaptures, effort en nombre de balances<br />

pos4esJ et a m i s en.place un programme de<br />

bioloaie pour connaitre les caractCristiques<br />

de la population:<br />

Le table<strong>au</strong> 2 donne les rCsultats<br />

preliminaires de cette Ctude et Its compare<br />

A ceux d'Hawaii et d'Australie.<br />

5. LES AUTRES PECHERIES :<br />

LES EXEtfPLES HAWAIEN ET AUSTRALIEH<br />

H<strong>au</strong>eii exploite depuis longteaps le <strong>crabe</strong><br />

<strong>girafe</strong>, les preiiPres statistiques remontent<br />

a 1950, les captures annuelles maximales<br />

s'CICvent A 18,8t en 1968 et 29,Zt en 1972.<br />

3 A 4 bate<strong>au</strong>x sont ConCernCs, a temps<br />

partiel, par cette pecherie. Les <strong>crabe</strong>s<br />

sont conservCs et vendus vivants en viviers<br />

(t<strong>au</strong>x de mortalit4 infCrieur d 5%) B <strong>des</strong><br />

prix de 7 & 10 US$ par kg (prix 1985)- Les<br />

Stocks ne semblent pas surexploites rralgre<br />

une peche rCcr4ative non controllCe tres<br />

importante: Suerdloff (1979) propose un<br />

M.S.Y. de 70t/an.<br />

Les pecherìes <strong>au</strong>straliennes du Queensland et<br />

du Neu South Uales sont be<strong>au</strong>coup plus<br />

rkcntes (1970) et d'envergures PIUS<br />

Boats 'of different sizes are used in this<br />

fishery in <strong>Seychelles</strong>: 6-5 to 14m (with a<br />

catcher boat), depending on the area firhed.<br />

<strong>The</strong> usually use 4 linea of 13 nets. Fiahing<br />

trips last 1 to 4 days, and the crabs are<br />

kept on ice.<br />

III. FISHING<br />

<<br />

<strong>The</strong> Kona crab normally lises buried in thi;<br />

sand, %o that extensive fine sand areas arcs<br />

its h8bitat. In <strong>Seychelles</strong> it is fbund<br />

mainly at depths of 30 to Som, Wtrile in<br />

fiustrrlia the range i5 O to 8Om (Bronn,<br />

1986) and 2 to 200m in Hawaii (Vanunt,<br />

1978). <strong>The</strong> <strong>crabe</strong> seem to exist all over the<br />

nah& plate<strong>au</strong> whære the substrate ir<br />

appropriate, but at varying densities.<br />

IV. [XIRENT RESEARCH AND FSRST RESUtTS<br />

Catch md d+wt (number of hoopnet acts)<br />

are kept by the SFA, which ir also<br />

conducting a biological sampling progrman<br />

in order to determine the population<br />

charactwistlcr. fable 2 gives prclfninary<br />

results, comparad to those obtaained in<br />

Austral i a and Hawai i.<br />

V. THE AUSTRALICHJ AND HMAIICUJ FISHERIES<br />

F.? Stætictical sampling of the Uduriisn fishery<br />

strrtd in 1950. Maximum -annual catches<br />

m œ ' recorded in 1968 (18.8t) and 1972<br />

(29.2tJ. 3 to 4 boats are engaged part time<br />

in t'he +irhuy. <strong>The</strong> crabs are kept alive in<br />

*11a (mortality rate under W.), and sold at<br />

prices ranging from $7 to *lO/kg (1985)Qz<br />

Stocks do not æpptar overexploited <strong>des</strong>pite a<<br />

large warts fishery; Snrrdloff (1979%<br />

suggests an PtSY of 70t/year. , .--<br />

T h Austrrl i en ti aheri es of Queenal and and<br />

New South Maler are more recent (1970) and<br />

much largw, &th annual catches of the<br />

order of SOOt (Bronn, 1986). Pricer range<br />

from USS4 - S/kg. <strong>The</strong> fleet is compared of<br />

6 - 7171 outboard-propelled craft, using<br />

several lines of 20 traps. <strong>The</strong> fishery is<br />

not seasanal and catch rates are high,<br />

averaging 4.3 saleable crabs per net set-<br />

Export of crabs to Hawaii is envisaged at<br />

thi,s time. .<br />

. z<br />

IRecmendati ais - 1 egi 81 ati on and its<br />

results in the 2 cwntries:<br />

CI minimum size l i m i t is applied both in<br />

Hawaii (95", posterior carapace margin to<br />

right æye stalk) and in Australia (100mm).<br />

Versant (1978) suggests a close season for<br />

females during the reproductive period<br />

(summer), rather than limiting fishing<br />

ef f art. In both countries, as in<br />

<strong>Seychelles</strong>, fishing berried females is<br />

prohibited. No attcmpt is made to control<br />

mesh sirca, as trials have demonstrated that<br />

there is little relationship between meaty"<br />

size and the size o+ crabs c<strong>au</strong>ght.<br />

w<br />

Jn Hawaii, the high mortality among crab,<br />

releasee if legs are broken off uhile<br />

unmeshing them (70% mbrtality for one broken<br />

leg - Onizuka, 1972) we5 publicised among<br />

fishermen.<br />

t<br />

u1<br />

Co


Saison de ponte: et& (dec-janv)<br />

Reproductive seasoni summer ,I<br />

Poids moyen d'un <strong>crabe</strong>: O. 45 kg,<br />

*an weight per crab:<br />

Taille moyenne mile: 103mm I<br />

Mean size, male:<br />

Tai 11 e cayenne f emel 1 e:<br />

Mean size, female: . 88"<br />

I<br />

Tai 1 le h maturi th' sexuel 1 e:<br />

Size at sexual maturityi<br />

tndl elmal e: -<br />

femelle/female: -<br />

BIBLIOGRAPHIE<br />

&te<br />

summer<br />

-<br />

&t& (nov-f ev)<br />

summmer<br />

BSmm 105"<br />

ao"<br />

99"<br />

75mm<br />

89"<br />

-<br />

70mm<br />

mWN, I. U., 1985. <strong>The</strong> Hawaian kona crab fishery. Study tour report (mimeo),<br />

Pueensland Dpt of primary ind. Brisbane.<br />

BROWN, I- W., 1986. South Queensland's spanner crabs - a growing fishery.<br />

Austrlian fisharias - Oct 86.<br />

ONIZWA, E. W., 1972. Management and deveropment investigations of, the kona crab,<br />

Ranina canina, Linnaeus, .final Report, Division of Fish and<br />

game, Department of <strong>La</strong>nd and Natural ressources, State of<br />

Hawaii, Honolulu, 2Bpp. .<br />

RATCLIFFE, C., 1976. A report on the results of preliminary fishing investigations<br />

West Coast Mahe, <strong>Seychelles</strong> 1973/1976. ' Hinistry for<br />

Agri cul ture. Seychel 1 es<br />

SWERM-OFF, S. N.,197?. Hawaii Fisheries Development Plan. Dapt <strong>La</strong>nd 7 Nat. Res.<br />

(Hawaii) publn, 297pp.<br />

VANSANT. J.P., 1978. A survey. of the hawaim kana crab fishery unpubl: tl. SC.<br />

thesis, Univ. Hawaii 52PP.<br />

. i


moyenne est<br />

19861. Les<br />

USS/kg- <strong>La</strong><br />

puisque la production annuelle<br />

d'environ 500 tonnes (Brown,<br />

prix pratiques sont de 4 a 5<br />

flottille est constituCe de<br />

petites unites de 6 A 7. equipeas de moteur<br />

hors-bord, utilisant plusieurs filibres de<br />

20 balances. Les captures sont peu<br />

saisonnieres et les t<strong>au</strong>x de captures eleves:<br />

4,3 <strong>crabe</strong>s commercialisables par balance.<br />

Un marche d'exploitation vers Hawaii est a<br />

1 'etude.<br />

Reco o a an dati on - legislation et<br />

resultats obenus dans ces 2 Pays<br />

Une taille limite est appliquee Hawaii<br />

(95Rm) Comme tn Australie (100~~ : longueur<br />

bord posterieur de la czrapace - cavitt!<br />

orbitale droite). Versant (1978) pr'oposc<br />

une interdiction de peche <strong>des</strong> femelles<br />

pendant la periode de reproduction tetel<br />

plutfit que de. controler l'effort de phche<br />

pour proteger la population. Dans ces deux<br />

Pays, ainsi qu'<strong>au</strong>x <strong>Seychelles</strong>, la peche <strong>des</strong><br />

femelles grainees est interdite. Il<br />

n'c'xistc pas de- rPglementation precise quant<br />

d la taille minimale <strong>des</strong> eaillrs de filets,<br />

<strong>des</strong> essais ayant ~0ritr8 que la taille <strong>des</strong><br />

les t<strong>au</strong>x- de<br />

les <strong>des</strong> <strong>crabe</strong>s<br />

railles ;I SinflucnGait pis<br />

capture et. trPs peu les tai<br />

capturbs.<br />

Une campagne d'inforration<br />

. H<strong>au</strong>üii pour sensibiiiser les<br />

fait que la aortalit4 <strong>des</strong><br />

acgmente . tres fortewent si<br />

a t!tB menee a<br />

pechectrs sur le<br />

<strong>crabe</strong>s relacht5s<br />

les pattes du<br />

<strong>crabe</strong> sont alimecs ou cassers lors du<br />

dewaillage (cortalitc! de 70% po.ur 2 patte<br />

entiere casseel ION;'ZUKA, 19721,<br />

ONlZUkA (1972) a montre que les aigrations<br />

de ce <strong>crabe</strong> scnt nulles et qu'il n'existe<br />

pas de melange de populations d l'agc<br />

adulte. Les metho<strong>des</strong> d'evaluation de ¡'age<br />

par progression Rodale ont toute dchoubes,<br />

seul le marquage a donRe les resultats<br />

Suivants: croissance de 9-3. par mue pour<br />

un male adulte et de 7.5.~ pour une femelle.<br />

CONCLUSIONS<br />

Des ressources en <strong>crabe</strong>s <strong>girafe</strong> sont<br />

prbbablement prpsentes dans de nombreux pays<br />

de 1 'ocean Indien Uccidental. <strong>La</strong> simplacite<br />

de la techniquede peche et la h<strong>au</strong>te valeur<br />

commerciale de ce crustace sont <strong>au</strong>tant de<br />

motifs pour la prospection de cette<br />

ressource que d 'atobts pour son<br />

de v e 1 o p pe m en t.<br />

VI. CONCLUSIONS<br />

Kona crab resources are most probably<br />

present in the waters of many western Indian<br />

Ocean countries. <strong>The</strong> ease of fishing and<br />

high commercial value of this crustacean are<br />

strong motivations for prospecting this<br />

resource aand developing fisheries.<br />

Onizuka (1972) demonstrated that this;<br />

species does not migrate, and there is'<br />

little intermixing in adult poplations. ' All<br />

attempts to date at age determination from<br />

modal size progression have failed, the only<br />

stock size estimates coming from tagging<br />

studies. . T,hese have. eqtabl *shed a_ gronth<br />

per mpult of 9.9". for males and 7.5m for<br />

f emal es.<br />

. .<br />

. . .<br />

Chabe Gihn& maieet? Kona Crab meshed<br />

danb Cahhetd / meshed in a hoopnet<br />

Tab. 1 : Captures mensuelles de <strong>crabe</strong>s <strong>girafe</strong> (R. ranina) <strong>au</strong>x<br />

<strong>Seychelles</strong> - Prospution et essais romrnerci<strong>au</strong>x (en tonnes)<br />

Monthly catches of Kona ceab' in <strong>Seychelles</strong> - research and<br />

commercial fishing (in tonnes)<br />

4<br />

3<br />

Mi<br />

-.<br />

_.


os .<br />

Saison de ponte: et& (dec-janv)<br />

Reproductive season: <strong>au</strong>mer<br />

Poids moyen d'un <strong>crabe</strong>s<br />

ban weight per crab:<br />

Tai 11 e moyenne male:<br />

Mean size, male:<br />

Tai 11 e moyenne f emel 1 e:<br />

Mean size, female:<br />

L.<br />

Taille h maturit&. sexuelle:<br />

Size at sexual maturity8<br />

mal elmal e:<br />

f emel le/f emal e:<br />

¡+te<br />

summer<br />

0.45 kg. -<br />

103mm<br />

BIBLIOGRAPHIE<br />

&te (nov-f ev)<br />

eummmec<br />

8Smm 105mm<br />

80"<br />

99"<br />

75mm<br />

8?mm<br />

-<br />

70mm<br />

E@3WJN, I. W., 1985. <strong>The</strong> Hawaian kana crab fishery. Study tour report (mimeo),<br />

Queensland Dpt of primary ind. Brisbane.<br />

BROWN, I. W., 1986. South Queensland's spanner crabs - a growing fishery.<br />

Austrlian fisheries - Oct 86.<br />

. !<br />

ONIZUKA, E. W., 1972. Management and devdopment investigations of the kona crab,<br />

Ranina raninr, Linnaeus, !Final Report, Division of Fish and<br />

game, Department of <strong>La</strong>nd and Natural ressources, State of<br />

Hawaii, Honolulu, 28pp. .<br />

RATCLIFFE, C., 1976. A repart on the results of preliminary fishing investigations<br />

West Coast Plah&, <strong>Seychelles</strong> 1973/1976. Ministry for<br />

Agri cul ture. Scychel les<br />

SWERDLOFF, S. N., 1979. Hawaii Fisheries Development Plan. Dept <strong>La</strong>nd 7 Nat. Res.<br />

(Hanaiil publn, 297pp-<br />

VANSANT, J.P., 1978. A survey, of the hawaian kona crab fishery unpubl.' M. SC.<br />

thesis, Univ. Hawaii 52PP-<br />

w<br />

V<br />

r)


COMORES- KENYA-MADAGASCAR-MAUR IT1 US-MOZAMB I QUE-SEYCHELLES- SOMALI A-TANZAN I A<br />

SWIO Fisheries<br />

TRAINI BATEAU ECOLE 'my'<br />

A quarterly publication of the Project for the<br />

Development and Management of Fisheries in the<br />

Southwest Indian Ocean, P.O.- Box 487, VICTORIA<br />

Mahé, <strong>Seychelles</strong><br />

JUNE 1987 JUIN<br />

RAF/79/065<br />

e<br />

W<br />

-:a<br />

. r: h<br />

w<br />

. m<br />

N

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