xaTuna ioseliani
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saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro<br />
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi<br />
J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis<br />
departamenti<br />
ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da<br />
eTnologiis instituti<br />
D<strong>xaTuna</strong> <strong>ioseliani</strong><br />
saqarTvelos cixesimagreebi<br />
da safortifikacio qseli<br />
meomris biblioTeka #17<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2008
Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ meCvidmete wigni; seria<br />
iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli<br />
saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.<br />
seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli<br />
aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es<br />
patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa<br />
udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi<br />
warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel<br />
oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da<br />
a.S.<br />
seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />
instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.<br />
didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos<br />
yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.<br />
seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom<br />
brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.<br />
seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe<br />
recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe<br />
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lleila xurcia<br />
ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe<br />
redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe<br />
teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili<br />
istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe<br />
damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />
gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo<br />
departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier<br />
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis<br />
topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.<br />
q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20<br />
tel.: +995 32 91-19-83<br />
faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83<br />
2<br />
vaJa kiknaZe
`verkvlis cixe var mglisferi,<br />
amoziduli didgorsa,<br />
Svidpirad makravs Rrubeli,<br />
Gveli milokavs libosa,<br />
ver izams wuTisofeli,<br />
fexebze damikidosa~<br />
kavkasia mniSvnelovani strategiuli mdebareobis gamo, uZvelesi<br />
droidanve, didi saxelmwifoebis yuradRebis arealSi iyo moqceuli.<br />
saqarTvelos, rogorc kavkasiis erT-erT umTavres saxelmwifos,<br />
odiTganve uxdeboda omebis warmoeba sakuTari teritoriebisa da<br />
interesebis dasacavad. am viTarebam, Cveni qveynis Tavdacvaze orientacia<br />
gansakuTrebiT gaaZliera.<br />
rTuli geopolitikuri mdebareoba, sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis<br />
gamudmebiTi Semosevebi, mudmivi saomari mdgomareoba moiTxovda samxedro<br />
xelovnebis, safortifikacio qselis, sabrZolo-TavdacviTi iaraRis<br />
maRal doneze ganviTarebas, meomruli suliskveTebis gaRvivebas, radganac<br />
am yovelives gareSe, SeuZlebeli iqneboda qveynis dacva da gadarCena.<br />
saqarTvelos gadarCenaSi, udidesi roli swored TavdacviTma<br />
nagebobebma da safortifikacio qselma Seasrula. Amitomacaa, rom<br />
saqarTvelos teritoria sasimagro nagebobebiTaa mofenili da<br />
strategiuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani TiTqmis yvela punqti<br />
cixesimagriTaa gamagrebuli.<br />
safortifikacio qselisa da nagebobebis umTavres daniSnulebas<br />
qveynis erTianad dacva da usafrTxoeba warmoadgenda, magram es mxolod<br />
qveynis erTianobis dros iyo SesaZlebeli. im pirobebSi, roca qveyana<br />
daSlili iyo, Tavdacvis erTiani sistema ar arsebobda, is mxolod<br />
regionebis interesebs emsaxureboda. amitom cixesimagreTa ganlagebis da<br />
mdebareobis mixedviT kargad SeiZleba ama Tu im epoqis politikuri<br />
suraTis aRdgena – roca qveyana erTiani iyo, simagreTa ZiriTadi nawili<br />
qveynis gare sazRvrebis piras igeboda, xolo daSlilobis periodSi,<br />
simagreebi qveynis Sida nawilebSi, istoriul kuTxeTa sasazRvro<br />
zolebSi Sendeboda.<br />
TavdacviTi nagebobis efeqturobas ganapirobebda misi simtkice,<br />
mSeneblobisa da dagegmarebis xarisxi da mdebareoba. qarTul<br />
cixesimagreTa udidesi nawili, yvela am komponentis gaTvaliswinebis<br />
Sedegad, auReblad iTvleboda da saukuneebis manZilze asrulebda Tavis<br />
movaleobas. cixeebi Zalze xarisxianad Sendeboda, gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba ki maT adgil-mdebareobas eqceoda. cixesimagris asaSeneblad<br />
adgilis SerCevas sxvadasxva mizezi gansazRvravda, xolo dro-Jamis<br />
Sesaferad es mizezic cvalebadi iyo, cixesimagris miuvalobasTan erTad,<br />
3
mTavari iyo misi strategiuli daniSnuleba, amitomac simagreebs<br />
aSenebdnen gzebisa da gadasasvlelebis gasakontroleblad. amasTanave,<br />
cixe iseT adgilas unda yofiliyo aSenebuli, rom iqidan sivrcis<br />
kontrolic SesaZlebeli yofiliyo. cxadia, cixis agebisas<br />
iTvaliswinebdnen adgilis miuvalobasac – rTuli reliefuri pirobebi<br />
gamoiyeneboda simagreTa Tavdacvisunarianobis gasaZliereblad – maTi<br />
nawili miuval da maRal adgilas Sendeboda, bunebrivi monacemebi ki<br />
(klde, mTa, mdinare) simagreTa simtkicis gasaZliereblad gamoiyeneboda.<br />
qarTul cixesimagreTa udidesi nawili moxerxebulad da harmoniuladaa<br />
Serwymuli geografiul garemosTan, rac saqarTvelos gansakuTrebul da<br />
ganumeorebel iers aZlevs.<br />
cixesimagreTa efeqturobas gansazRvravda maTi CarTva erTian<br />
safortifikacio qselSi, rac sxvadasxva adgilebSi mdebare ZiriTadi<br />
cixeebis urTierTkavSirs niSnavda. rogorc miRebulia da es<br />
eTnografiuli masalidanac kargad Cans, ZiriTadi cixeebi erTmaneTs<br />
koSkebis meSveobiT ukavSirdebodnen. swored am saguSago koSkebze<br />
danTebuli cecxliT xdeboda cixeebisTvis signalis gadacema, ris<br />
Sedegadac mTeli safortifikacio qseli mtris Semosevisas mzadyofnaSi<br />
iyo. es sistema moqmedebda mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze. saguSago<br />
koSkebi gansakuTrebiT miuval adgilebSic ki Sendeboda, saidanac<br />
moxerxebulad da droulad xdeboda signalis gadacema. cecxlsasroli<br />
iaraRis SemoRebis Semdeg cecxlis nacvlad am mizniT Tofs da<br />
zarbazans iyenebdnen, Tumca saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gvianobamde<br />
SenarCunda sagangaSo signalis cecxliT gadacemis wesi, vinaidan<br />
geografiuli pirobebidan gamomdinare, is bevrad efeqturi iyo, vidre<br />
cecxlsasroli iaraRi.<br />
cixesimagreebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, kargad esmodaT ara marto<br />
samxedro wris warmomadgenlebs, aramed ubralo mosaxleobasac; qarTuli<br />
matianeebi savsea cixesimagreTa Sesaxeb cnobebiT. aseve, uamravi xalxuri<br />
leqsia miZRvnili qveynis usafrTxoebis damcveli godol-burjebisadmi,<br />
sadac xazgasmulia am nagebobaTa simtkice, miuvaloba da auRebloba.<br />
sainteresod axasiaTebs SoTa rusTaveli qajTa miTiur cixes, rac<br />
cxadia, zogadad cixis aRwerilobas gulisxmobs:<br />
`cixes vzi ezom maRalsa, Tvalni Zliv gardaswvdebian,<br />
gza gvirabiTa Semova, mcvelni mun zeda dgebian.~<br />
4
qarTuli TavdacviTi nagebobebis saxeobebi<br />
sacxovrebeli adgilis gamagreba adamianma binadar cxovrebaze<br />
gadasvlisTanave daiwyo. am periodidan moyolebuli iwyeba TavdacviTi<br />
nagebobebis ganviTarebis rTuli da mravalferovani procesi. sasimagro<br />
nagebobebi viTardeba adamianis cxovrebis wesisa da moTxovnilebebis<br />
Sesabamisad – mis stilsa da xasiaTs ganapirobebs iaraRisa da sabrZolo<br />
xelovnebis ganviTareba, geografiuli garemo, ama Tu im xalxis<br />
cxovrebis wesi, sameurneo yofa da socialur-ekonomikuri viTareba.<br />
xangrZlivi drois manZilze iqmneba sxvadasxva saxeobis TavdacviTi<br />
nagebobebi, romlebic icvlebian epoqis Sesabamisad. rogorc aRiniSna,<br />
saqarTvelo mdidaria rogorc TavdacviTi nagebobebis simravliT, ise<br />
misi saxeobebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq TviToeuli kuTxe da epoqa,<br />
Sesabamisi stilis TavdacviTi nagebobiTaa warmodgenili.<br />
TavdacviTi nagebobebis saxeobaTa ZiriTad cvlilebas sazogadoebis<br />
cxovrebaSi momxdari gardamtexi xasiaTis movlenebi ganapirobebda.<br />
Tavdapirvelad, simagreebi igeboda qvis mSrali wyobiT, SemakavSirebeli<br />
xsnaris gareSe. pirveli seriozuli saxis cvlileba mSeneblobaSi,<br />
rkinis iaraRis gamoyenebam gamoiwvia, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada<br />
samSeneblo masalis ukeT damuSaveba. Semdgomi cvlileba duRabis<br />
gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba, ris Semdegac simagreebi aRar igeba mSrali<br />
wyobiT. leonti mrovelis cnobis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi duRabi Zv.w.<br />
III saukunidanaa cnobili.<br />
saxelmwifos warmoSobas da gaZlierebas mohyva qalaqebis gaCena da<br />
aRmavloba, ris Sedegadac viTardeba gamagrebuli, zRude Semovlebuli,<br />
cixe-qalaqebi. es periodi Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebs moicavs. qalaqebis<br />
mSeneblobis ganviTareba ax.w. IV-V saukunidan ufro farTo masStabebs<br />
iZens. IX-X s-dan ki qalaqebis dawinaureba swrafi tempiT mimdinareobs,<br />
rasac Tan axlavs cixesimagreTa masStabebis zrdac.<br />
simagreTa mSeneblobaSi kardinaluri gardatexa xdeba XVI s-dan,<br />
rac gamoiwvia cecxlsasroli iaraRis gavrcelebam. saWiro gaxda<br />
cixesimagreTa dagegmarebis Zireuli cvlileba, saisreebis da salodeebis<br />
nacvlad, Semodis saTofurebi da sazarbazneebi, cixeTa galavnebi<br />
ramdenime iarusiani xdeba. TavdacviT nagebobebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
cvlilebebi mTeli sami saukunis manZilze grZeldeboda.<br />
qarTuli TavdacviTi nagebobebis klasifikacia:<br />
qarTuli TavdacviTi nagebobebis klasifikacia daaxloebiT ase<br />
warmogvidgeba:<br />
1 – megaliTuri (ciklopuri) cixe<br />
5
2 – cixe-qalaqi<br />
3 – cixe-simagre<br />
4 – cixe-darbazi<br />
5 – cixe-galavani<br />
6 – kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi, gamoqvabuli<br />
7 – koSki (koSkuri dasaxleba)<br />
8 – cixe-saxli<br />
9 – gamagrebuli eklesia-monasteri;<br />
klasifikaciis es forma zogadia, vinaidan TviToeuli maTgani<br />
Seicavs mraval qve-tips, rasac emateba ama Tu im eTnografiuli kuTxis,<br />
geografiuli pirobebisa da sameurneo-kulturuli specifikis<br />
TaviseburebebiT gamowveuli sxvaobebi.<br />
megaliTuri cixe<br />
uZvelesi saxeobis simagre, romelic saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />
gvxvdeba, aris megaliTuri anu ciklopuri saxis cixe. misi gavrcelebis<br />
periodad ZiriTadad Zv.w. II aTaswleulis bolo da I aTaswleulia<br />
miCneuli. aseTi cixeebi agebulia natexi qviT, Tumca urevia didi – orisami<br />
metris qvebic. aseTi simagreebi dagegmarebiT iyo wriuli da<br />
kuTxovani.<br />
kedlebi naSenia mSrali wyobiT, qvas damuSavebis aranairi kvali ar<br />
etyoba. qvas iseTs iyeneben, rogoric bunebaSia. kedlebis sisqe 1,5<br />
metridan 3,5 metramde meryeobs. dRemde SemorCenili galavnebis<br />
maqsimaluri simaRle 4-5 metria. galavnis kedlebSi mxolod karebia<br />
datanebuli, ar gvxvdeba satransporto Sesasvleli – WiSkari.<br />
aseTi saxis simagreebi ZiriTadad ganlagebulia SemaRlebul adgilze<br />
– goris an mTis wverze, Tumca gvxvdeba ufro rTuli formisac, roca<br />
cixeebi ferdobze ganlagebulia iarusebad.<br />
ciklopuri cixeebi cxadia, ufro iq iyo gavrcelebuli, sadac qva<br />
bunebrivad, blomad moipoveba. SemorCenili Zeglebis mixedviT Tu<br />
vimsjelebT, ZiriTadad es istoriuli qvemo qarTlia. megaliTuri<br />
cixeebia: gornari, sanTa, giumbaTi, nordevani, CxikvTa, avralnu da sxva.<br />
cixe-qalaqi<br />
antikuri periodidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze Cndeba cixeqalaqebi,<br />
maT Sesaxeb informacias ZiriTadad berZnul da bizantiur<br />
6
saistorio mwerlobaSi da qarTlis cxovrebaSi vxvdebiT, rac<br />
arqeologiuri gaTxrebiTac dasturdeba.<br />
cixe-qalaqis aucilebel niSans misi daculobis maRali xarisxi<br />
warmoadgenda. qalaqi, romelic politikuri an savaWro centri iyo,<br />
aucileblad unda yofiliyo daculi, amisTvis pirvel rigSi yuradReba<br />
eqceoda adgil-mdebareobis sworad SerCevas – qalaqisTvis<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad irCevdnen bunebrivad gamagrebul adgils, romlis<br />
dacvac zRudeebiTa da koSkebiT, ufro xelsayreli iqneboda. amasTanave,<br />
cixe-qalaqi savaWro magistralebis siaxloves unda gaSenebuliyo,<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo agreTve bunebrivi wylis maragis arseboba. Semdeg<br />
xdeboda qalaqis gamagreba – mas Semoevleboda zRude (galavani),<br />
romelSic burjebi da koSkebi iyo CarTuli. qalaqSi aucileblad<br />
igeboda ZiriTadi cixe-citadeli, romelic yvelaze metad iyo<br />
gamagrebuli.<br />
qalaqis zRudeSi anu galavanSi CarTuli iyo karebi, rogorc<br />
werilobiTi wyaroebidan Cans, karebi iyo `didni karni zRudisani~ da<br />
`cotani karni~. `didni karni~ gankuTvnili iyo qaravnebisa da jaris<br />
msvlelobisTvis, xolo `cota karni~ Cveulebriv mosiaruleTaTvis.<br />
karebi cxadia, ZiriTadi samimosvlo gzebis mimarTulebiT iyo<br />
gakeTebuli. SebindebisTanave qalaqis yvela kari iketeboda da mxolod<br />
gamTeniisas iReboda. gamonaklisi iyo aRdgoma, roca mTeli Rame qalaqis<br />
karebi Ria iyo. karebi kliteebiT iketeboda da mas guSagebi icavdnen.<br />
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, saqarTveloSi Zv.w. I aTaswleulis<br />
meore naxevarSi ukve arsebobs Zlieri da gamagrebuli qalaqebi: hereTi,<br />
egrisi, xunani, rusTavi, gaCiani, mcxeTa, wunda, ufliscixe, urbnisi,<br />
kaspi da a.S. ufro gviandel periodSi, ucxour wyaroebSi dasturdeba<br />
biWvinTis, dioskuriis, Sorapnis, fazisis da sxva cixe-qalaqebis<br />
arseboba.<br />
uZvelesi periodis qalaqebis Sesaxeb naTel warmodgenas qmnis<br />
arqeologiuri masala. rogorc gaTxrebidan Cans, antikur periodSi<br />
galavnebi Rrma saZirkvelze igeboda – saZirkvelSi Tlili qvebi<br />
iwyoboda, romelzec amoyavdaT aliz-aguris zRude-galavnebi, koSkebi da<br />
burjebi (vani, bagineTi, armaziscixe, goriscixe da a.S.) Senebis aseTi<br />
stili gavrcelebulia Zv.w. III saukunemde.<br />
amave periodis galavnebis sisqe 3-metrs aRwevs. es sabrZolo<br />
iaraRis axali saxeobiTaa ganpirobebuli – gamoiyeneboda kedlis<br />
Sesangrevi mowyobilobebi, ris gamoc, galavani sqeli unda yofiliyo,<br />
rom SemotevisTvis gaeZlo. saZirkvelis siRrme da simtkicec imas<br />
emsaxureboda, rom mters CixisaTvis Ziri ar gamoeTxara da kedeli ar<br />
Cangreuliyo.<br />
7
antikuri xanis cixe-qalaqebidan, gamagrebis stiliT da srulyofili<br />
saxiT gamoirCeoda dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ vani, xolo aRmosavleT<br />
saqarTveloSi _ mcxeTa.<br />
vani (antikuri surioni) Zv.w. III s-dan mZlavri galavnebiTaa<br />
gamagrebuli, amasTanave SesaniSnavad aris gamoyenebuli bunebrivi<br />
pirobebic, igi ganlagebulia borcvze, xolo aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi<br />
mxridan akravs Rrma xevebi, romelTa napirebi miuval, cicabo kldeebs<br />
warmoadgens. qalaqs Semovlebuli aqvs galavani, koSkebiT gamagrebuli,<br />
gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia karibWe, romelic mZime xis karebiT<br />
iketeboda. karibWes hqonda rkiniT moWedili ori kari, aqedan erTi –<br />
gareTa vertikalurad, bagirebis saSualebiT moZraobda. karibWesTan<br />
mdgara ori didi zomis koSki, erTi naxevarwriuli, meore ki rvagverda.<br />
galavnis dRemde SemorCenili naSTebidan Cans, rom igi 5-metris sisqis<br />
yofila.<br />
mcxeTa, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, antikur xanaSi, erT-erT<br />
yvelaze Zlierad gamagrebul cixe-qalaqs warmoadgenda. igi mdebareobda<br />
mtkvrisa da aragvis SesarTavTan da masTan misasvleli yvela ZiriTadi<br />
gza cixe-qalaqebiT iyo gamagrebuli: CrdiloeTidan aragvis gza<br />
gadaketili iyo cixe-qalaqi wiwamuriT, dasavleTidan momavali gza<br />
mtkvris viwroebSi – sarkineTi, aRmosavleTis Semosasvleli ki – armaz-<br />
cixeTi.<br />
adre da gvian feodalur xanaSi erT-erT Zlierad gamagrebul cixeqalaqs<br />
warmoadgenda saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi Tbilisi.<br />
Tbilisi sxvadasxva ubnebad iyofoda da yvela ubani cixeebiT da<br />
galavnebiT iyo gamagrebuli. Tavisi arsebobis TxuTmeti saukunis<br />
manZilze, Tbilisma mravaljer ganicada cvlileba, vinaidan Semosevebis<br />
Sedegad, igi xSirad nadgurdeboda, magram yovelTvis xdeboda misi<br />
aRdgena. cnobebis naklebobis gamo, Cven ar SegviZlia zustad aRvweroT,<br />
rogori iyo Tbilisi SuasaukuneebSi. qalaqis Sesaxeb Canaxatebi da<br />
aRwerilobebi mxolod XVII saukunidan gagvaCnia. am cnobebidan Cans, rom<br />
Tbilisi sxvadasxva cixeebiTaa gamagrebuli da galavanSemortymulia.<br />
vaxuStis mixedviT, Tbilisi sami qalaqis _ Tbilisis, kalisa da<br />
isnisgan Sedgeboda.<br />
Tbilisma Zveli saxe sabolood XIX saukuneSi dakarga, roca<br />
rogorc cixe-qalaqs, funqcia daekarga.<br />
cixe-qalaqebis stili da gamagrebis sistema droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
icvleba, rogorc adre, ise gvianfeodalur xanaSi. am dros qalaqebi<br />
iyofa rogorc administraciul, ise savaWro da feodalis cixeqalaqebad.<br />
mudmivi Semosevebis Sedegad, cixe-qalaqebi xSirad<br />
nadgurdeboda, magram maTi umetesobis aRdgena mainc xdeboda, nawili ki,<br />
sabolood aRigveboda xolme pirisagan miwisa.<br />
8
qarTul cixe-qalaqebs Soris aRsaniSnavia: urbnisi, rusTavi,<br />
samSvilde, gori, Telavi, dmanisi, surami, axalcixe, axalqalaqi, cixegoji,<br />
cixisZiri (petra), quTaisi, anakofia da sxva.<br />
cixe (cixsimagre)<br />
cixe-simagre qveynisTvis Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis mTavari<br />
saSualeba iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom simagreTa danarCeni saxeobebic did<br />
rols asrulebdnen, Tavdacvis funqcia, ZiriTadad, mainc cixe-simagres<br />
ekisreboda.<br />
cixe-simagreSi mudmivad unda mdgariyo garnizoni, romelic mzad<br />
iqneboda sabrZolvelad, is qveynis ZiriTad mmarTvels emorCileboda da<br />
qveynis centraluri xelisuflebis interesebs icavda.<br />
cixe-simagris agebis dros umTavresi yuradReba mis mdebareobas<br />
eniWeboda, vinaidan mas unda daecva qveyanaSi Semomavali yvela ZiriTadi<br />
magistrali da gza, amasTanave, SeZlebisdagvarad unda yofiliyo miuvali,<br />
risTvisac xdeboda bunebrivi simagreebis gamoyenebac. amdenad, cixe<br />
strategiulad mniSvnelovan adgilas unda mdgariyo. swored amitomaa,<br />
rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze araTu yvelaze mniSvnelovani adgilebia<br />
cixeebiT gamagrebuli, aramed TiTqmis yvela gzajvaredini da goraki<br />
didi Tu patara cixeebiTa damSvenebuli.<br />
strategiuli adgilebis gamagrebis garda, qveynis Tavdacvis<br />
qmediTunarianoba safortifikacio qselis efeqturobaze iyo<br />
damokidebuli. qveynis erTianobisa da Zlierebis xanaSi, cixe-simagreebi<br />
swored erTiani qselis Seqmnis principiT igeboda. Tavis mxriv,<br />
analogiuri principi moqmedebda yvela eTnografiul kuTxesa da<br />
safeodaloSi _ aqac iyo safortifikacio qseli, romelic konkretul<br />
kuTxes icavda, Tumca erTianobis xanaSi, cxadia mniSvnelovan rols<br />
asrulebda mTeli qveynis dacvis saqmeSi.<br />
safortifikacio qselis efeqturobisTvis, cixe-simagreTa swori<br />
ganlagebis garda, aucilebeli iyo maT Soris komunikacia. cixeSi myof<br />
guSags unda mieRo da gadaeca informacia mtris Semosevis Sesaxeb,<br />
risTvisac saukuneebis manZilze sasignalod koconi gamoiyeneboda _<br />
sasazRvro punqtidan momavali gangaSi am saSualebiT yvela ZiriTad<br />
cixe-simagres gadaecemoda. cecxlsasroli iaraRis gavrcelebis Semdeg,<br />
am mizniT Tofsa da zarbazans iyenebdnen (anu cecxli, xmovanma signalma<br />
Secvala).<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom cixesimagreTa umetesoba ise iyo ganlagebuli,<br />
rom guSagebs erTmaneTis danaxva siSorisa da geografiuli pirobebis<br />
9
gamo ar SeeZloT. Amitomac, Sualedur adgilebze Sendeboda saguSago<br />
koSkebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofdnen signalis droulad gadacemas.<br />
cixe-simagris mSeneblobas, ZiriTadad, centraluri anu samefo<br />
xelisufleba uzrunvelyofda. igi igeboda saxelmwifo xarjebiT,<br />
qveynisTvis konkretuli periodisTvis mniSvnelovan adgilze;<br />
cixesimagris mSeneblobisas dgeboda arqiteqturuli naxazi, anu gegma da<br />
misi ageba saukeTeso xuroTmoZRvrebs evalebodaT. mSeneblobis process<br />
mTlianad akontrolebda xelisufleba.<br />
rac Seexeba feodalTa cixe-simagreebs, maT feodalebi agebdnen<br />
sakuTari saxsrebiT, Tumca erTiani xelisuflebis pirobebSi, es<br />
simagreebic erTiani qveynis interesebs emsaxureboda. erTiani samefos<br />
daSlis Semdeg, is simagreebi mxolod feodalTa, anu mcire regionebis<br />
interesebs emsaxureboda.<br />
qveynisTvis gansakuTrebiT mZime periodebSi, sasimagro nagebobaTa<br />
mSeneblobaSi mTeli mosaxleoba iRebda monawileobas.<br />
cixe-simagres unda daekmayofilebina ramdenime ZiriTadi piroba:<br />
unda yofiliyo mtkiced naSeni; garnizonisTvis unda Seqmniliyo<br />
saZinebeli, dasasvenebeli da sabrZolo pirobebi; aucilebeli iyo<br />
saWmel-sasmelis sakmao odenobis Sesanaxi saTavsoebi, raTa xangrZlivi<br />
alyis SemTxvevaSi, meomrebs SimSilisa da uwylobis problema ar<br />
SeqmnodaT. cxadia, calke iyo gamoyofili iaraRis saTavso. cixeebSi<br />
ezidebodnen agreTve garkveuli raodenobis qvebs, rasac moalyeebs<br />
zemodan uSendnen.<br />
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo cixis sasmeli wyliT momarageba.<br />
amisTvis, Tavidanve xdeboda Ria cis qveS rezervuarebis aSeneba, an Tu<br />
kldiani adgili iyo, kldeSi gamoWra, sadac wvimis wyals agrovebdnen,<br />
gvxvdeba iseTi cixe-simagreebic, sadac bunebrivi wyaro modioda SigniT,<br />
rac garantirebulad uzrunvelyofda garnizons sasmeli wyliT. zogjer<br />
garedan, saidumlod iyo Semoyvanili wyali, magram aseTi momarageba ar<br />
iyo bolomde saimedo, vinaidan alyis SemTxvevaSi, mteri pirvel rigSi,<br />
swored am wyals moZebnida da gadaWrida.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTul cixe-simagreebSi yvelgan iyo Rvinis<br />
garkveuli maragi, rasac miwaSi Cadgmul qvevrebSi inaxavdnen. aseTi<br />
qvevrebi TiTqmis yvela cixesimagreSia napovni.<br />
cixeebi strategiuli mniSvnelobisa da simtkicis mixedviT<br />
gansxvavdebodnen, rac kargad aris asaxuli werilobiT ZeglebSi –<br />
cixeTa daxasiaTebisas gamoyenebuli saxeldebebi naTlad gamoxataven<br />
cixe-simagreTa daniSnulebasa da simtkices. magaliTad, vaxuSti<br />
batoniSvili saqarTvelos cixeTa aRwerisas maT ase axasiaTebs:<br />
`aramtkice~, `velsa zeda~, `kldezed~, `kldiTmozRudvili~, `magari~,<br />
mindorsa zeda~, `ori mdinaris Soris~, `uqvitkiro~, `qalaqis Tavze~,<br />
`Seuvali~, `Zveladi~, `xidsa zeda~, amasTanave, Cans, rom mTavar cixes,<br />
10
omelsac strategiuli TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mniSvnelovani roli<br />
ekisreboda, `dedacixe~ an `Tavadi cixe~ erqva.<br />
sainteresoa cixe-simagris erT-erTi saxeoba, romelic saalyo da<br />
sxva cixisagan gansxvavebul strategiul mizans emsaxureboda. aseT<br />
cixes qarTvelebi Suriscixes uwodebdnen. Suriscixis saxeliT, garda<br />
Tbilisisa, cixeebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSic gvxvdeba. mis<br />
daniSnulebas konkretuli punqtisa Tu gzis paralizeba warmoadgenda,<br />
amitomac daerqva Suris (Suri – mwuxarebai sxvisa keTilsa zeda, saba)<br />
– anu sxvisi `sawinaaRmdegodo~ (ara Tavdasacavi) cixe.<br />
cixe-simagris mniSvnelobasa da mis simtkiceze miuTiTebs agreTve is<br />
epiTetebi, riTac moixsenieba qarTul metyvelebaSi auRebeli cixesimagre,<br />
aseTia `modamnaxe~, `rkinis cixe~, `mglis cixe~, `mglisferi~,<br />
`qajeTis cixe~ da a. S. amaTgan yvelaze gavrcelebulia `modamnaxe~,<br />
romelic Semdeg Secvlili formiT `modi naxe~ konkretuli cixeebis<br />
saxelwodebad iqca.<br />
qarTuli cixe-simagre is obieqtia, romelsac miuZRvis erT-erTi<br />
umniSvnelovanesi roli saqarTvelosa da qarTveli xalxis gadarCenaSi –<br />
swored maTi simtkicisa da auReblobis didi damsaxurebaa, rom<br />
qarTvelebma gauZles udides da uamrav dampyroblebs da qveyana da<br />
TavisTavi SeinarCunes. kldeze, kldis wverze, mTebze, xerTvisebSi,<br />
velze Tu goraze agebuli cixeebi icavdnen qveyanas Tavis simtkiciTa da<br />
auReblobiT. maTi aRwerisas qebis amsaxvel uamrav epiTets vxvdebiT<br />
ucxour wyaroebSi: `cadawvdili~, `auRebeli~, `miuvali~, `cixis<br />
koSkebi cis sferos uTanaswordebian~ da a.S.<br />
mraval qarTul cixeTa Soris romelimes gamorCeva Znelia, Tumca<br />
gansakuTrebiT mainc aRsaniSnavia: darialis cixe, bebris cixe, Sorapani,<br />
Tmogvi, xerTvisi, birTvisi, awyuri, Zama, kldekari, farcxisi, boWorma,<br />
manavi, muris cixe, orbelis cixe, xotevi da a.S.<br />
Tmogvis<br />
cixe<br />
11
kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi; gamoqvabuli<br />
Ggoris<br />
cixe<br />
simagreTa erT-erT saxeobas warmoadgens kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi,<br />
romelic Tavisi daculobiTa da gamZleobiT gamoirCeoda, Tumca<br />
saqarTveloSi aseTi qalaqebi bevri ar gvxvdeba.<br />
kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi uamravi qvabulisagan Sedgeboda. es iyo<br />
bunebrivi cixesimagre, sadac ganTavsebuli iyo sacxovrebeli, salocavi<br />
da saomari punqtebi. mas gaaCnda wylis bunebrivi an xelovnuri rezervi,<br />
ris gamoc, kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi TiTqmis auReblad iTvleboda. i.<br />
javaxiSvili mas Tavisi Seuvalobidan gamomdinare, rusTaveliseul qajTa<br />
cixes adarebs.<br />
saqarTveloSi aseTi qalaqebi cota, magram srulyofili saxiT<br />
mogvepoveba: ufliscixe, varZia, vanis, SiomRvimis da daviT garejis<br />
qvabebi.<br />
ufliscixe erT-erTi uZvelesi qalaqia, romelic Cv. welT<br />
aRricxvamdea daarsebuli. is mTlianad kldeSia gamokveTili da bunebriv<br />
pirobebTan erTad, xelovnuradac aris gamagrebuli. klde isea SerCeuli,<br />
rom igi mtrisTvis Znelad misadgomi yofiliyo, igi dasavleTidan<br />
pitalo kldiT aris daculi; aRmosavleTiT, grZeli xevia, romelic<br />
ufro gauganierebiaT da CauRrmavebiaT; amave mxareze augiaT kedeli<br />
koSkebiTurT, xolo CrdiloeTiT, maRali klde CauWriaT da kldekari<br />
SeuqmniaT.<br />
12
samxreTiT, mdinaris Tavze CaWrilia 3-metri diametris mqone<br />
gvirabi, romliTac mdinareze Cadiodnen. am gziT gadaWrili iyo wyliT<br />
momaragebis problema, Tumca am gvirabs mkvlevarTa azriT,<br />
navmisadgomadac iyenebdnen, e. i. qalaqs samxreTidan sanaosno gza hqonda,<br />
xolo danarCeni sami mxridan – satransporto (saxmeleTo). ufliscixe<br />
Znelad misadgomi da mtkice qalaqi iyo, amitom misi dapyroba iSviaTad<br />
xerxdeboda, mas mniSvnelovani roli ekisra qveynis cxovrebaSi, rac misi<br />
saxelwodebidanac Cans.<br />
simagris erT-erT saxeobas warmoadgenda gamoqvabuli. saqarTvelos<br />
teritoriaze mravlad iyo bunebrivi gamoqvabulebi, romelTac<br />
mosaxleoba saxizrad da simagred iyenebda. bunebriv gamoqvabulebs<br />
aumjobesebdnen, aseve miuval adgilebSi, xelovnuri qvabebis gamokveTa<br />
xdeboda. vaxuStis aRwerili aqvs aseTi gamoqvabulebi da miuTiTebs, rom<br />
maT `saxizari da sasimagro~ daniSnuleba hqondaT. aseTi bunebrivi da<br />
xelovnurad gakeTebuli gamoqvabulebi saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze<br />
unda yofiliyo, garda kolxeTis dablobisa da alaznis velisa. vaxuStis<br />
cnobiT, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavi iyo Zamis xeobis zemoT mdebare<br />
qvabebi, romelSic eklesiac yofila mowyobili da kacTagan miuvali iyo.<br />
aseTive qvabebs aRwers vaxuSti javaxeTSi, xomlis kldeSi, yvirilas<br />
xeobaSi da a.S. cnobilia aragvis xeobaSi da SiomRvimeSi arsebuli<br />
gamoqvabulebic, romelsac Seexizna mosaxleoba Temur lengis erT-erTi<br />
Semosevis dros. am gamoqvabulebTan sisxlismRvreli brZolebi gaimarTa<br />
da miuxedavad imisa, rom gamoqvabulebis gaswvriv, Tokze mobmuli<br />
kalaTebiT CauSves meomrebi, Temur lengma mainc ver moaxerxa<br />
gamoqvabulebSi Sexiznulebis damorCileba.Aai rogor aRwers am<br />
brZolebs Temur lengis erTerTi yvelaze cnobili istorikosi nezam addin<br />
Sami: `qarTvelebs Tavi maRal mTebsa da gamagrebul mRvimeqvabebisTvis<br />
SeefarebinaT da Zneladmisadgom adgilebSi TavSesafrebi da<br />
simagreebi aegoT Tavdacvis mizniT. omSi gamocdili meomrebi (Temur<br />
lengis meomrebzea saubari) simxnisa da mamacobis zRvars gadadiodnen,<br />
zandukebSi sxdebodnen, zandukebs mTidan TokiT dabla uSvebdnen da<br />
gamoqvabulebs rom gauswordebodnen isriT, xmliTa da SubebiT<br />
ebrZodnen Sig gamagrebul urwmunoebs, cecxlmokidebul navTis qoTnebs<br />
esrodnen da uwvavdnen nagebobebs. urwmunoebic TavganwirviT ibrZodnen<br />
sikvdilis SiSiT.~<br />
amdenad, Cans, rom bunebrivi da xelovnuri qvabebi did rols<br />
asrulebda qveynisa da mosaxleobis Tavdacvis saqmeSi.<br />
13
kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi varZia<br />
cixe-darbazi<br />
TavdacviTi nagebobebis erT-erT saxeobas warmoadgens cixe-darbazi.<br />
misi warmoSoba sazogadoebis socialur diferenciacias ukavSirdeba.<br />
amasTanave, saqarTveloSi, cixe-darbazebis raodenobis zrda erTiani<br />
saxelmwifos dasustebisa da daSlis fonze xdeba.<br />
cixe-darbazi aris socialurad dawinaurebuli piris rezidencia,<br />
romelic TavisTavSi aerTianebs komfortuli cxovrebis pirobebsa da<br />
Tavdacvis uzrunvelyofas. rac ufro metad Zlieria feodali, miT ufro<br />
mtkice, gamagrebuli da keTilmowyobili cixe-darbazi gaaCnia.<br />
cixe-darbazi galavanSemovlebuli rezidenciaa. Aam nagebobisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli iyo galavanSi yofiliyo ramdenime koSki da hqonoda mtkice<br />
WiSkari. galavnis SigniT mowyobili iyo gamagrebuli sacxovrebeli da<br />
yvela damxmare nageboba (sameurneo, sajinibo, abano da sxva).<br />
14
cixe-darbazisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo galavnis SigniT ganTavsebuli<br />
karis eklesia, sadac feodalis ojaxi religiuri msaxurebis<br />
aRsrulebas SeZlebda.<br />
cxadia, rezidenciebi gaaCndaT mefeebs da mTavrebsac. Tumca Cveni<br />
azriT, mefeTa sasaxleebi cixe-darbazis kategorias ar unda mivakuTvnoT,<br />
vinaidan maTi Tavdacvisa, adgilmdebareobisa da keTilmowyobis pirobebi<br />
bevrad ufro maRal doneze iyo gadawyvetili. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
saqarTveloSi ar gvaqvs srulyofilad SemorCenili arc erTi samefo<br />
sasaxle werilobiTi wyaroebidan Cans, rom qarTvel mefeebs brwyinvale,<br />
mdidruli da friad daculi samefo rezidenciebi hqondaT, romelnic<br />
mtris Semosevebis Sedegad ganadgurdnen.<br />
mTavarTa sasaxleebi SeiZleba cixe-darbazTa kategorias mivakuTvnoT,<br />
vinaidan maTi rezidenciebi, ZiriTadad did feodalTa sasaxleebis dones<br />
ver scdeboda.<br />
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, cixe-darbazi socialur niadagzea<br />
warmoSobili da man es datvirTva bolomde SeinarCuna. vaxuStis<br />
klasifikaciiT, piri Tavadad ver CaiTvleboda, Tu mas cixe-darbazi ar<br />
gaaCnda.<br />
aseTi rezidenciis agebisas, umTavresi mniSvneloba adgil-mdebareobis<br />
SerCevas eniWeboda, rac epoqebis Sesabamisad icvleboda. adre da Sua<br />
feodalur xanaSi, cixe-darbazs aSenebdnen SedarebiT miuval adgilas,<br />
mTis an goris wverze; am SemTxvevaSi, feodali ufro metad iyo daculi.<br />
gvianfeodalur xanaSi xdeba rezidenciebis adgilis cvlileba – cixedarbazebs<br />
aSenebdnen SedarebiT vake adgilebSi, mTis ZirebSi. amis<br />
mizezad miCneulia rTuli samxedro-politikuri viTareba. sakuTar<br />
safeodalos moSorebuli feodali, xSiri Semosevebisagan ver icavs<br />
mosaxleobas da maTi marTvac gaZnelebulia. Amitom, mas rezidencia<br />
Camoaqvs Tavisi safeodalos SuagulSi, raTa saWiroebis dros Seifaros<br />
Tavisi mosaxleoba, ufro axlo kontaqti hqondes masTan da ukeT<br />
marTos Tavisi safeodalo. amis naTel magaliTs waromadgens qsnis<br />
erisTavTa rezidenciis gadaadgileba – Tavdapirvelad igi mdebareobda<br />
qsnis xeobis zeda welSi, qvenifnevSi, XVII s-Si igi gadmodis xeobis<br />
gaSlil adgilSi – axalgorSi. aseTive magaliTia muxran-batonTa<br />
rezidenciis moZraoba qsnis cixidan muxranis velze.<br />
aqve unda SevexoT gavrcelebul mosazrebas, rom TiTqos<br />
svaneTisaTvis, cixe-darbazi ar aris damaxasiaTebeli (garda<br />
dadeSqelianebis rezidenciisa). sinamdvileSi, klasikuri tipis svanuri<br />
sacxovrebeli, romlis ramdenime nimuSi axlac aris Semonaxuli,<br />
sapirispiros metyvelebs. svanuri gamagrebuli sacxovrebeli, romlis<br />
aSenebac mxolod dawinaurebul gvarebs (vargebs) SeeZloT, Sedgeboda<br />
sacxovrebeli saxlis, koSkis da galavaniT SemozRuduli ezosagan.<br />
15
amdenime SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba vigulisxmoT, rom ezoSive iyo karis<br />
eklesia, rac srulad akmayofilebs cixe-darbazis yvela moTxovnas.<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze mraval cixe-darbazs vxvdebiT, romelTa<br />
Sorisac aRsaniSnavia: qvemoWala, ananuri, sxvilo, qvenifnevi, duSeTi,<br />
largvisi, axalgori, qsnis cixe, aCabeTi, yornisi, ZaRina, matani,<br />
xuluti, samwevrisi da sxva.<br />
Aananuris cixe-darbazi<br />
cixe-galavani<br />
XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, daSlil-daqucmacebuli saqarTvelo metad<br />
mZime viTarebaSi aRmoCnda. igi sxvadasxva dampyroblebis saTareSod iyo<br />
gamxdari, ris gamoc, mosaxleobis elementaruli usafrTxoebis dacvac<br />
ki TiTqmis SeuZlebeli gaxda.<br />
16
swored am mdgomareobam ganapiroba qarTlsa da kaxeTSi simagris<br />
axali tipis _ cixe-galavnis gaCena.<br />
cixe-galavnis ZiriTad daniSnulebas mosaxleobis Sefareba da<br />
dacva warmoadgenda, amitomac igi igeboda didi zomebis, raTa<br />
mosaxleobas gangaSis SemTxvevaSi SeZleboda Tavis sarCo-sabadeblianad<br />
cixe-galavanSi Sexizvna. Tavdacvis am saxeobas sxvanairad `saTemo~ cixe<br />
erqva, vinaidan mas mTeli Temi erTad agebda da TviToeul Tems an<br />
sofels Tavisi koSki hqonda gamoyofili; mosaxleobave uvlida da<br />
darajobda cixe-galavans. SeiZleboda cixe-galavani aego mefes an<br />
romelime feodalsac, magram ZiriTadad, mas is agebda, visi<br />
interesebisTvisac Sendeboda TavSesafari.<br />
sxva tipis nagebobebisgan, cixe-galavani adgil-mdebareobiTac<br />
gansxvavdeboda. mas agebdnen dasaxlebul punqtebSi, punqtebs Soris, an<br />
maT siaxloves.<br />
tevadobas gansazRvravda damkveTTa raodenoba, mas sxva<br />
cixeebisgan gansxvavebiT farTo Sesasvleli unda hqonoda. dagegmarebis<br />
da formis mixedviT, cixe-galavnebi Cveulebrivad kvadratulia an<br />
sworkuTxa, magram gvxvdeba gamonaklisic, zogi maTgani momrgvalebuli<br />
formisaa.<br />
muxranis cixe-galavani erT-erTi RirsSesaniSnavia rogorc Tavisi<br />
moculobiT, ise arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT.<br />
XVIII saukuneSi agebuli es cixe-galavani ori nawilisgan Sedgeba.<br />
pirveli da mTavaria kvadratuli gegmis mqone galavani, romlis<br />
kuTxeebSic cilindruli koSkebia aRmarTuli. masze CrdiloaRmosavleTiT<br />
midgmulia trapeciis gegmis mqone galavani, aseve<br />
cilindruli koSkebiT. galavnis simaRle 4 metria, galavnis xazTan<br />
miedineba ru, rac, savaraudoa, rom Tavidan galavnis SigniT iqneboda<br />
moqceuli, rac wyliT momaragebas uzrunvelyofda. aseTi tipis<br />
simagreebi ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli mudmiv samyofelad, amitomac iq ar<br />
iyo mowyobili sxvadasxva saxis sameurneo nagebobebi, is mxolod<br />
droebiT TavSesafrad Sendeboda.<br />
cixe-galavnebidan aRsaniSnavia: qsovrisi, wilkani, qvemo Wala,<br />
mejvrisxevi, aradeTi, Sindisi, yvareli, nafareuli, lalisyuri, siRnaRi<br />
da sxva.<br />
koSki; koSkuri sacxovrebeli<br />
TavdacviTi nagebobis erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul saxeobas<br />
warmoadgens koSki, romelic gvxvdeba rogorc calke, damoukidebeli<br />
saxiT, ise sxva nagebobebTan erTad. igi TiTqmis yvela simagris<br />
17
Semadgenel nawilad warmogvidgeba – cixe-simagris, cixe-darbazis Tu<br />
cixe-galavnis.<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze koSki IV saukunidan dasturdeba (ufro<br />
adreuli monacemebi ar gvaqvs, rac ar niSnavs imas, rom manamde koSks ar<br />
agebdnen), am periodidan moyolebuli, koSkebis Seneba XVIII saukunemde<br />
grZeldeboda.<br />
koSkebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian rogorc formisa da moculobis,<br />
ise daniSnulebis mixedviT. koSki ZiriTadad oTxkuTxa formis da<br />
maRali, 5-6 sarTuliani iyo. gvxvdeba agreTve zurgiani, piramiduli da<br />
cilindruli formis koSkebi. zurgiani koSki gavrcelebulia Sida<br />
qarTlSi. mkvlevarTa azriT, aRniSnuli formis koSki V-VI saukuneebSi<br />
unda gaCeniliyo, igi mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze arsebobda da<br />
umniSvnelo cvlileba ganicada cecxlsasroli iaraRis SemoRebis Semdeg,<br />
roca mas daemata saTofurebi.<br />
cilindruli formis koSkebi ZiriTadad cixe-simagreebSi, galavnebSi<br />
iyo CarTuli.<br />
yvelaze metad gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens oTxkuTxa da<br />
maRali koSki, romelic masiurad iyo gavrcelebuli saqarTvelos<br />
mTianeTSi.<br />
koSki gansxvavdeboda Tavisi daniSnulebiTac – iyo TavdacviTi,<br />
saguSago-saTvalTvalo, saTavdacvo-sacxovrebeli da koSkuri saxlebi,<br />
romelsac Cven sasimagro nagebobis calke saxeobad _ cixe-saxlad<br />
ganvixilavT.<br />
TavdacviTi daniSnulebis koSkebi iseT adgilebSi iyo agebuli, rom<br />
am koSkidan SesaZlebeli yofiliyo mtrisTvis brZolis gamarTva da misi<br />
mogerieba. aseTi koSki iseTnairad iyo mowyobili, rom SesaZlebeli<br />
yofiliyo dasveneba, Zili, saWmlis momzadeba – anu SedarebiT<br />
xangrZlivad cxovreba.<br />
saTvalTvalo koSkebi akontrolebdnen gzebsa da gadasasvlelebs.<br />
maTSi myof guSagebs mxolod signalis gadacema evalebodaT da ara<br />
mterTan SebrZoleba. aseTi koSkebi mniSvnelovan, TiTqmis mTavar rols<br />
asrulebdnen qveynis Tavdacvis saqmeSi, vinaidan maTi saSualebiT gangaSi<br />
umokles xanSi mTel qveyanas gadaecemoda. aseTi koSkebi cixe-simagreTa<br />
damakavSirebel ZiriTad rgolebs warmoadgendnen.<br />
saTavdacvo-sacxovrebeli koSkebi iTvaliswinebda orive komponentis<br />
SeTavsebas – aseT nagebobaSi cxovrebac SeiZleboda da Tavdacvac, Tumca<br />
e.w. cixe-saxli am koSkTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro rTul nagebobas<br />
warmoadgenda.<br />
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa saqarTvelos mTianeTi, sadac koSkuri<br />
kultura yvelaze metadaa gavrcelebuli, ramac ganviTarebis mwvervals<br />
svaneTSi miaRwia.<br />
18
svaneTi mofenilia TeTrad Selesili maRali (5-7-sarTuli, 20-25<br />
metri simaRlis) koSkebiT, romlebic ganlagebulia rogorc<br />
strategiulad mniSvnelovan gzebsa da gadasasvlelebze, ise soflebSi.<br />
samecniero wreebSi gavrcelebulia umarTebulo Tvalsazrisi svanur<br />
soflebSi koSkebis simravlis Sesaxeb. miCneulia, rom svans koSki<br />
mezoblis sawinaaRmdegod da samtrod sWirdeboda.<br />
sinamdvileSi ki, Tu davakvirdebiT, koSkebidan saTvalTvaloebi im<br />
mxaresaa gakeTebuli, saidanac sofelSi gzebi Semodis, amasTanave, koSkis<br />
aSenebas wlebi, didi materialuri danaxarjebi da swored mezoblebisa<br />
da Tanasoflelebis daxmareba sWirdeboda. mtrad mokidebuli mezobeli<br />
ki aravis miscemda saSualebas, masTan saomrad vinmes koSki aeSenebina da<br />
miTumetes, daxmareba gaewia misTvis.<br />
svaneTSi, koSkebis simravlidan gamomdinare (aq koSki gvxvdeba<br />
rogorc calke, ise sacxovrebel kompleqsSi CarTuli) marTebuli<br />
iqneboda migveCnia, rom gavrcelebulia koSkuri dasaxlebebi, anu<br />
soflebi, romelTac mTlianad simagris saxe aqvT micemuli. Amas<br />
gvafiqrebinebs soflebi, sadac 10-20-koSkia aSenebuli.<br />
svanuri koSki Tavisi stiliT, dagegmarebiT da mSeneblobis<br />
xelovnebiT, radikalurad gansxvavdeba saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi<br />
gavrcelebuli koSkebisagan. mas Tavis ganumeorebel iers aniWebs<br />
simaRle, Selesiloba da koSkis Tavze ganlagebuli maSikulebi<br />
(qongurebi). svanuri koSki zeviT odnav viwrovdeba, rac mas harmoniul<br />
saxes aniWebs, amasTanave, am daviwroebis saSualebiT, koSki inarCunebs<br />
wonasworobasa da simtkices. maRalsarTuliani nagebobis Senebis aseTi<br />
stili sainJinro xelovnebis miRwevadaa miCneuli. sainteresoa, rom<br />
xalxuri gadmocemis mixedviT, svanuri koSkis Senebisas duRabs kvercxsa<br />
da xorbli fqvils urevdnen, raTa is ufro metad gamZle yofiliyo.<br />
svanuri koSkis formebma gavrceleba hpova raWaSi, leCxumsa da<br />
samegreloSi. misi erTi analogi agebulia Sua qarTlSi, sofel<br />
winarexSi.<br />
saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi Sendeba<br />
piramiduli da cilindruli formis koSkebi, amaTgan galavnebSi mxolod<br />
cilindruli formis koSkebs urTaven.<br />
piramiduli koSkebidan aRsaniSnavia worbisi, yornisi, Zagani, nekresi,<br />
Silda da sxva.<br />
zurgiani koSkis yvelaze karg magaliTs warmoadgens zemo mleTaSi<br />
arsebuli koSki, romelic XVI saukuneSia agebuli. igi ferdobze dgas<br />
da swori piriT gzisken (an xevisken) aris mimarTuli, xolo<br />
momrgvalebuli zurgiT mTisken. karebi da swor anu wina mxarezea<br />
mowyobili.<br />
cilindruli formis koSkebi saqarTveloSi uamravia, rogorc calke<br />
mdgomi, ise galavanSi CarTuli, aseT koSkebs garedanac rTavdnen<br />
19
CuqurTemebiT, proporciuli iyo karebisa da sarkmlebis ganlageba.<br />
SigniT mowyobili iyo buxari, rasac agreTve dekoratiuli<br />
gamosaxulebebiT alamazebdnen.<br />
cilinruli koSkebidan aRsaniSnavia TuSmalaSvilebis koSki,<br />
kisisxevi, qemerti, patarZeuli, fca, giorgiwminda, xeiTi da a.S.<br />
amrigad, saqarTveloSi koSkuri kultura metad maRal donezea<br />
ganviTarebuli, rac ganpirobebulia rogorc rTuli geografiuli<br />
pirobebiT, ise mwvave politikuri da saomari mdgomareobiT. swored am<br />
mizezebis gamo moxda, rom saqarTveloSi koSkuri kultura xalxuri<br />
xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erT yvelaze ganviTarebul da srulyofil<br />
mimdinareobas warmoadgens.<br />
sainteresoa koSkebTan dakavSirebuli terminologia, rac i.<br />
javaxiSvilis mier aris gamokvleuli. termini `koSki~ qarTul<br />
werilobiT wyaroebSi IX saukunidan gvxvdeba. sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT,<br />
koSki `maRali da wvrili cixea.~ cxadia, koSkis damkvidrebamde am<br />
nagebobis saxeli sxva unda yofiliyo, am mniSvnelobiT werilobiT<br />
ZeglebSi godoli ixmareba, sulxan-sabasve ganmartebiT godoli `koSki<br />
maRalia, gina burji.~ Tumca i. javaxiSvils miaCnia, rom koSkis<br />
saxelwodeba mTel saqarTveloSi unda yofiliyo `muryvami~ e.i. is<br />
termini, romelic svaneTSia Semonaxuli da svanurad dResac koSks<br />
aRniSnavs. am termins ukavSirebs didi mecnieri xevsuruli, fSauri da<br />
TuSuri warmarTuli RvTaebis pirimzis epiTets - `muryvnoseli~,<br />
romelic svanurad garkveviT ixsneba da niSnavs RvTaebas, romelic<br />
koSkis mflobelia. misive daskvniT, oTxkuTxa koSkebis Tavdapirveli<br />
saxelwodeba aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSic, `muryvami~ unda<br />
yofiliyo.<br />
20<br />
Satili<br />
koSkuri<br />
dasaxleba
cixe-saxli<br />
cixe-saxli sasimagro nagebobaTa is saxeobaa, romelic mTian<br />
regionebSia gavrcelebuli da TavisTavSi moicavs sacxovrebel,<br />
sameurneo da TavdacviTi funqciebs, sadac es yovelive, ZiriTadad<br />
vertikalur zonalobaSia ganlagebuli.<br />
sacxovrebeli da TavdacviTi saxeobis aseTi stilis Camoyalibeba<br />
ganapiroba geografiulma da socialur-politikurma mdgomareobam;<br />
saqarTvelos mTaSi, sadac rTuli reliefuri da bunebrivi pirobebi iyo,<br />
rasac emateboda socialur-politikuri viTarebis sirTule, Seiqmna<br />
sacxovrebeli saxeobis is tipi, romelic yovelmxriv uzrunvelyofda<br />
ojaxs.<br />
am tipis sacxovreblebi sxvadasxva saxelwodebiTaa cnobili: cixe<br />
_ TuSeTSi; saxli _ fSavSi; qviTkiri _ xevSi, xevsureTsa da<br />
mTiuleTSi; duroiani saxli _ raWaSi; lazga-muryuam _ svaneTSi.<br />
saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gavrcelebuli es cixe-saxlebi 2-dan 7sarTulamde<br />
meryeobda, miCneulia, rom isini TavdacviTi nagebobebis erTerT<br />
uZveles saxeobas warmoadgenen, romelsac bolo dromde ar<br />
daukargavs aqtualoba.<br />
cixe-saxlebi mkvlevarTa mier miCneulia erT-erT uZveles<br />
sasimagro nagebobad.<br />
epoqaTa Sesabamisad, cixe-saxlic ganicdida cvlilebas, Tavidan<br />
mas saisre xvrelebi da Cardaxebi gaaCnda, Semdgom mxolod saTofuri.<br />
SigniT mowyobili iyo mravali niSa, rac saojaxo inventaris Casawyobad<br />
iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
cixe-saxlebis nairsaxeobad SeiZleba CaiTvalos svaneTSi, kerZod<br />
balsqvemo svaneTSi gavrcelebuli TavdacviTi nagebobebi _ `sancxviriani<br />
da svaniriani~ saxlebi.<br />
am qve-tipebis warmoSoba calsaxad socialur-politikuri<br />
mdgomareobiTaa motivirebuli. svaneTis samTavrosa da qvemo svaneTSi<br />
mcxovrebi mosaxleobis umetesoba kargavs klasikuri tipis svanuri<br />
koSkis aSenebisa da flobis uflebas, mTavrebis mier xdeba maTi<br />
CamorTmeva an dangreva. aseT viTarebaSi ganviTarda TavdacviTi nagebobis<br />
aRniSnuli ori tipi, romelic, s. makalaTias, cixe-saxlis ganviTarebis<br />
axal etapad miaCnia.<br />
svaniriani saxli samsarTulian nagebobas warmoadgenda, romelic<br />
ZiriTad sacxovrebelTan gamavali kariT iyo dakavSirebuli, mas hqonda<br />
`Sdurebi~ (maSikuli) da saisre-saTofurebi. igi amave dros damxmare<br />
nageboba iyo sacxovrebeli da sameurneo TvalsazrisiT, ris gamoc Cven<br />
mas cixe-saxlis erT-erT qve-tipad miviCnevT.<br />
21
sancxviriani saxli aris nageboba, romelsac mTavari gzis mxares<br />
miSenebuli hqonda Cardaxi, saidanac isris an Tofis srola SeiZleboda,<br />
terminis mixedviT is saisres niSnavs _ `cxvi~ – isari.<br />
cixe-saxlis erT-erT qve-tips warmoadgens raWuli `duroiani<br />
saxli~, romelic svanur koSks waagavs, magram dabalia, qviTkiriT nagebi<br />
da SeTavsebuli aqvs sacxovrebeli funqciac _ aRWurvilia<br />
sacxovreblad saWiro yvela aucilebeli komponentiT.<br />
saqarTveloSi cixe-saxlebidan aRsaniSnavia: CaJaSis, Rebis, mnis,<br />
oqroyanis, araxveTis, Satilis, mTaTuSeTis da sxva cixe-saxlebi.<br />
gamagrebuli eklesia-monastrebi<br />
im mZime viTarebam, romelic saqarTveloSi Seiqmna, XVIII saukuneSi<br />
Tavdacvis damatebiTi saSualebebis Seqmna ganapiroba. Aamis Sedegi iyo<br />
is, rom eklesia-monastrebi da wisqvilebic ki sabrZolo elementebiT<br />
aRiWurva.<br />
TavdacviTi funqcia ekisreboda eklesia-monasters Semovlebul<br />
galavans, romelSic koSkebi iyo CarTuli, ukeTdeboda saTofurebi da<br />
guSagTa bilikebi. amave mizniT, xdeboda samreklos gamoyenebac, xolo<br />
Tavad taZars ukeTdeboda ramdenime xvreli, rac gamoiyeneboda<br />
saTvalTvalodac da saTofuradac.<br />
gamagrebuli eklesia-monastrebidan aRsaniSnavia: sveticxoveli,<br />
alaverdi, samTavisi, ninowminda, Silda, tbisi; mZovreTis, urbnisisa da<br />
sxva samrekloebi.<br />
22<br />
alaverdi<br />
gamagrebuli<br />
eklesia
X X X<br />
rogorc aRniSnuli gvqonda, TavdacviTma nagebobebma Zalze didi<br />
roli iTamaSes saqarTvelos gadarCenaSi. dampyrobelTa uricxvi laSqari<br />
swored cixeebTan awydeboda yvelaze did winaaRmdegobas, maTi aReba ki<br />
uzarmazar msxverplad ujdeboda mters.<br />
qarTuli cixe-simagreebis simtkicis Sesaxeb werdnen dampyrobelTa<br />
istorikosebic. magaliTad moviyvanT msoflios erT-erTi uZlieresi da<br />
usastikesi dampyroblis, Temur-lengis istorikosTa aRwerilobebs.<br />
Temur-lengs yoveli laSqrobisas Tan axlda `samefo kancelaria~,<br />
romelic mwignobrebisa da ganaTlebuli adamianebisgan Sedgeboda. isini<br />
dawvrilebiT aRwerdnen laSqrobebsa da brZolebs, iwereboda istoriebi.<br />
swored am wignebSi vxvdebiT cnobebs qarTuli cixe-simagreebis Sesaxeb.<br />
Temur-lengis meeqvse Semosevis dros, erT-erTi brZola gaimarTa<br />
Zamis cixesTan. Temuris istorikosebis mier cixe asea aRwerili: `es<br />
cixe iseTi maRali da miuvali iyo, rom jer arvis smenia vinmes odesme<br />
ZaliT aeRos. is iseTi maRali iyo, rom Rrubeli rom fuZes miaRwevda,<br />
cixes Sublze ofli sdioda da qveynad mborgavi qarborbala misi<br />
sunTqvisgan warmoiSoboda.~<br />
cixis asaRebad brZola erT kviras grZeldeboda. Temur-lengi Tavad<br />
Caudga saTaveSi jars `mefuri ieriSis~ misatanad. cixis asaRebad<br />
farTod gamouyenebiT lodsatyorcnebi da sxva saalyo iaraRebi.<br />
mecixovneTa Tavganwiruli brZolis miuxedavad, cixe mainc daeca.<br />
aseTive brZola gamarTula TorTumis cixesTan. Temur-lengs am<br />
cixis asaRebad 25 000 aTasi meomari gaugzavnia. cixeSi am dros 200<br />
qarTveli mecixovne iyo gamagrebuli. isini eqvsi dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />
gmirulad umklavdebodnen mtris uzarmazar Zalas. sabolood cixe mainc<br />
daeca, cocxlad darCenili mecixovneebi ki Temur-lengis jariskacebma<br />
xmlebiT akuwes.<br />
gansakuTrebul winaaRmdegobas Temur-lengi birTvisis cixis aRebis<br />
dros wawydomia. am cixis aRebis istoria Temur-lengis istorikosebs<br />
imdenad mniSvnelovnad miuCneviaT, rom yvelas cal-calke aRuweriaT.<br />
nezam ad-dinis mixedviT, romelic piradad daswrebia birTvisis<br />
cixis aRebas da Temur-lengis sardalTa Soris gamarTul TaTbirSic<br />
miuRia monawileoba, `birTvisis cixe iseTi myari da miuvali iyo, rom<br />
qveynierebis momvlel mogzaurebs ufro Zlieri cixe arsad enaxaT,<br />
xolo Temuris meomrebi, romlebsac aTasobiT simagre aeRoT qveynierebis<br />
sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, erTxmad aRiarebdnen, rom amaze miuvali cixe arsad<br />
Segxvedriao.~<br />
amave istorikosebis aRweriT, or uZiro xeobas Soris amarTuli<br />
yofila maRali mTa, romelsac yoveli mxridan sipi cicabo klde ertya,<br />
23
am mTaze asvla Tokebisa da kibis gareSe SeuZlebeli yofila. swored am<br />
mTis wverze iyo agebuli birTvisis cixe.<br />
cixes bunebrivad SemozRuduli kldeebis viwro gasasvlelSi myari<br />
WiSkari hqonia datanebuli, romelic meore cixes warmoadgenda. am mTas<br />
erTi viwro bilikis meti araferi udgeboda. garSemo mxolod<br />
uswormasworo xevebi da Zneladsavali mTebi iyo ise, rom karvis<br />
gasaSleli adgili arsad yofila.<br />
mecixovneebi ki saimedod yofilan momzadebuli: kldeSi amokveTili<br />
veeba auzebi wvimis wyliT hqoniaT savse, hyoliaT cxvris fara da<br />
Rorebis kolti, didi raodenobiT xorbali da bevri Wuric RviniT<br />
savse.<br />
Temur-lengis cnobil sardlebs am cixis aReba SeuZleblad<br />
miuCneviaT da dauskvniaT, Tu Temur-lengs moviyvanT da mecixovneebs misi<br />
SeeSindebaT da Cagvbardebian, Torem am cixis aRebis aranairi saSualeba<br />
ar ariso.<br />
Temur-lengi piradad mivida birTvisis cixesTan da TviTon Caudga<br />
saTaveSi saalyo-sabrZolo moqmedebebs. man cixis garSemo, xis oTxi<br />
maRali simagre aaSenebina, dRe da Rame cixes yoveli mxridan uSendnen<br />
saalyo manqanebiT lodebs, magram cixis aRebas aranairi piri ar uCanda.<br />
qarTvelebi mtris dasanaxad dro da dro mTaze gadmodgebodnen da<br />
Rvinis smiTa da simReriT iqcevdnen Tavs.<br />
cixeSi am dros gamagrebuli iyo: cixis patroni col-SviliT, 30<br />
didebuli aznauri, aseve col-Svilianad da 150 meomari. mecixovneebis<br />
Sesaxeb sparseli istorikosi ambobs, rom `maT ca qudad ar miaCndaT da<br />
dedamiwa qalamnado.~<br />
Temur-lengs laSqarSi sxvadasxva ostatebTan erTad hyolia<br />
kldeze cocvaSi gawvrTnili meomrebi. birTvisis cixes samxreTis<br />
mxridan miuvali, gluvi, cicabo klde ertya. igi imdenad miuvali<br />
yofila, rom qarTvelebi am mxares arc-ki akontrolebdnen. swored am<br />
kldeze amZvrala erT Rames kldeze mcocavi meomari, Separula cixeSi,<br />
dauklavs Txa da Txis Tavi Temur-lengisTvis wamouRia, niSnad<br />
dasturisa, rom marTlac iyo cixeSi Sesuli.<br />
Temur-lengs amaze augia cixis aRebis gegma: am kldiT cixeSi unda<br />
Separuliyo meomarTa jgufi, romlebic Semdeg mTavari WiSkrisken<br />
brZoliT gaikvalavdnen gzas da mas Temuris laSqars gauxsnidnen.<br />
am mizniT dagrixes 400 safexuriani Tokis kibe, laSqarSi ki<br />
gamoarCies yvelaze TavzexelaRebuli da gawvrTnili meomrebi. isini<br />
gvian RamiT am kibiT avidnen birTvisis cixeSi.<br />
brZola dilaadrian dawyebula, Temur-lengis meomrebma moaxerxes<br />
alayafis karebis gaxsna, saidanac ZiriTadi laSqari SemoiWra.<br />
qarTvelebis Tanganwirvas Sedegi ar mohyva _ isini TavianTi daudevrobis<br />
gamo sastikad damarcxdnen.<br />
24
X X X<br />
amrigad, saqarTvelo gamorCeviT mdidaria TavdacviTi nagebobebiT,<br />
mravalferovania misi saxeobebi da saxeobaTa qve-tipebi, maRalia<br />
samSeneblo xelovneba, SerCeulia samSeneblo masala, daxvewilia<br />
gadaxurvis teqnika; maRal donezea simagreTaTvis adgilis SerCevis,<br />
strategiulad mniSvnelovani adgilebis gamagrebisa da nagebobis<br />
garemosTan Sexamebis xelovneba; es yovelive ki zrdis simagris<br />
TavdacviTunarianobas, da amasTanave, srulyofils xdis garemosTan<br />
Serwymis, anu esTetikur mxares.<br />
TavdacviTi nagebobebi qmnian erTian safortifikacio qsels, rac<br />
qveynis daculobis mTavari garantiaa. magram erTiani saxelmwifos<br />
daSlis Semdeg, es qseli irRveva da iqmneba regionebis Tu samefosamTavroebis<br />
damcavi qseli, romelic imave principiT moqmedebs, rogorc<br />
moqmedebda gaerTianebuli da Zlieri saxelmwifos arsebobis dros.<br />
saqarTvelos TavdacviTi nagebobebi, amave dros, gvevlinebian<br />
qarTuli materialuri kulturis erT-erT umTavres nawilad. es<br />
nagebobebi kargad aCveneben xuroTmoZRvrebisa da sabrZolo xelovnebis<br />
maRal kulturas.<br />
25
Ggamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:<br />
• a. afaqiZe, antikuri xanis saqarTvelos kultura (mSeneblobis<br />
xelovneba da xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi), sin, t. I, Tb., 1970.<br />
• vaxuSti batoniSvili, `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, t. IV, teqsti<br />
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier,<br />
Tb., 1973.<br />
• d. berZeniSvili, Zveli saqarTvelos cixesimagreTa zogierTi saxeoba<br />
werilobiTi Zeglebis mixedviT, `analebi~, Tb., 2007.<br />
• g. gegeWkori, cixe-saxlebi saqarTveloSi, `saqarTvelos istoriuleTnografiuli<br />
atlasi~, Tb., 1986.<br />
• p. zaqaraia, qarTul cixe-simagreTa istoria, Tb., 2002.<br />
• r. <strong>ioseliani</strong>, TavdacviTi nagebobis zogierTi saxeobis Sesaxeb<br />
svaneTSi, `istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebani~, IX, Tb., 2007.<br />
• x. <strong>ioseliani</strong>, muJalis Temi, `istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani~, VII,<br />
2005.<br />
• o. lorTqifaniZe, Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan, Tb., 2002.<br />
• s. makalaTia, mTis raWa, Tb., 1987.<br />
• s. makalaTia, sabrZolo da TavdacviTi nagebobani saqarTvelos<br />
mTianeTSi, Tb., 1945.<br />
• l. meliqsed-begi, megaliTuri kultura saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1938.<br />
• sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. I, Tb., 1991.<br />
• k. tabataZe, qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg<br />
XIV-XV saukuneebis mijnaze, Tb., 1974.<br />
• a. qaldani, centraluri kavkasionis mTielTa koSkuri kultura, Tb.,<br />
1990.<br />
• i. javaxiSvili, masalebi qarTveli xalxis materialuri kulturis<br />
istoriisaTvis, I, mSeneblobis xelovneba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tb.,<br />
1946.<br />
26
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