gramatikuli analizi, teqstebi, leqsikoni

l a t a v r a s a n i k i Z e
bacburi (wova-TuSuri) ena
(gramatikuli analizi, teqstebi, leqsikoni)
Tbilisi
2010

acburi erT-erTi im mcirericxovani xalxis enaa, romelic kompaqturad
saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba. bacburi enis Seswavlas safuZveli eyreba XIX s. pirvel
naxevarSi, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT am enaze XVIII s. fragmentul
Canawerebs. bacburi ena enaTa Zlieri interferenciis nimuSia saukuneTa
manZilze qarTul (resp. qarTvelur)-bacburi orenovnebis pirobebSi. bacbebis
axali Taoba (15 wels qvemoT) mxolod qarTul enaze metyvelebs, ojaxsa da
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi sasaubro enac saerTod, Cveulebriv, qarTulia.
bacburi enis leqsikis did nawils enacvleba qarTuli. qarTuli enis gavlena
metnaklebad moicavs enis yvela dones (fonetikas, morfologias, sintaqss). am
TvalsazrisiTac bacburi enis Seswavla did interess iwvevs.
winamdebare leqsikonSi warmodgenilia ramdenime iseTi sityva (martivi,
Sedgenili) an sityvis mniSvneloba, romlebic dRemde calke wignad
gamoqveynebul Tu bacburi enis gramatikebze darTul leqsikonebSi ar aris
Setanili (buReS, dur, vaReS, ven-meƒ, zoster, TeZCavji, Turs, kes, lo, mo,
o, sixqoTin, Ram, yartal, werqoxa, winus).

s a r C e v i
samecniero literaturis kritikuli analizi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
fonetika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
arsebiTi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
zedsarTavi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
ricxviTi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
nacvalsaxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
bacburi enis zmna. I. zmnuri kategoriebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
II. dro-kiloTa sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
zmnisarTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Tandebuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
nawilakebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
sintaqsi. I. saxeluri Sesityveba (atributuli sintagma) . . . . . . . 86
II. predikatuli sintagma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
bacburi teqstebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
bacbur-qarTuli leqsikoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
3

II
samecniero literaturis kritikuli analizi
pirveli cnobebi kavkasiur enaTa Sesaxeb da leqsikis nimuSebis (da sxva xasiaTis)
Canawerebi ekuTvnis i. giul
ulden
denStedts
(D. Johann Anton Güldenstädt, Reisen
durch Rußland und im Caukasischen Gebürge, St.-Retersburg. Bd. I (1787), XXIV+511 gv., Bd.
II (1791), 552 gv.) kavkasiur enebSi i. giuldenStedti rvidan erT-erT jgufad
gamoyofs miZjegurs _ sami (CaCnuri, inguSuri, _ bacburi (wova-TuSuri) erTeuliT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom masala Cawerilia laTinuri da goTuri anbaniT da
metwilad sizustes moklebulia, igi rogorc pirveli Canaweri, metad mniSvnelovania
bacbu
buri
leqsikis SeswavlisaTvis.
i. klapro
roTis
azriT, CaCnuri, inguSuri da TuSuri axlos aris xunZur
ZurTan
da lakur
kurTan
Tan, magram c i m b i r u l enaTa monaTesave SeiZleba iyos (Kaukasische
Sprachen Anhang zur Reise in den Kaukasus und nach Georgien. Halle und Berlin, 1814).
bacburi enis pirveli gramatika Краткая тушино-цовская грамматика, вновь
составленная священником тушинской Алванской церкви тушином Иовом Цискаровым
daiwera 1848 w. wova-TuSis i. ciska
kariS
riSvi
vilis
mier n. greCis rusuli enis gramatikis
mixedviT, amitom masSi umetesad gvaqvs uzustobani. miuxedavad amisa, bacburis
gramatikis zogi faqti marTebulad aris aRwerili da dadgenili, rasac a.
Sifneri da mere _ i. jolbordic (A. Schiefner, Versuch über die Thusch-Sprache oder
die Khistische Mundart in Thuschetien, St.-Retersburg, 1856; i. jolbordi, iob ciskariSvilis
`mokle wova-TuSuri gramatika~, zogadi da iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis
sakiTxebi, Tb., 1978) aRniSnaven. gansakuTrebiT faseulia enobrivi masalasityvebi,
frazebi.
a. Sifne
neris
naSroms "Versuch über die Thusch-Sprache" maRal Sefasebas aZleven
iv. javaxiSvili (`qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli buneba da naTesaoba",
tfilisi, 1937) da arn. Ciqobava (iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Seswavlis istoria,
Tb., 1965, gv. 176), arn. Ciqobavas TqmiT, es aris iberiul-kavkasiur enaTaTvis pirveli
mecnieruli aRweriTi gramatika.
a. Sifneris gamokvlevis (gv. 7-158) nawilebia: fonetika (gv. 7-28), morfolo-
5

gia (gv. 29-66), sintaqsi (gv. 66-89), teqstebi, bacburi enis nimuSebi (gv. 90-104),
leqsikoni (gv. 105-158).
f o n e t i k a S i Seswavlilia xmovnebi, Tanxmovnebi, bgeraTa Sexamebani calke
da sityvis (sakuTarisa da nasesxebis) yvela poziciaSi. gamoyofilia bacburis
specifikuri bgerebi.
fonetikuri procesebi xmovnebSi, TanxmovnebSi warmodgenilia calkec da
morfologiis monakveTebSic, sadac SeiniSneba es procesebi.
garkveulia maxvilis adgili sityvaSi.
ZiriTadad sruli suraTi iqmneba bacburis bgeraTa sistemisa da masSi fonetikuri
cvlilebebis Sesaxeb, Tumca zogi ram Sefaseba-dazustebas moiTxovs: avtori
amCnevs mokle xmovnebs (-o, u) _ moklexmovniani erTi da igive fuZe damowmebulia
sada xmovniT da uxmovnodac (qorTo _ qorT `Tavi", Jero-Jer `qvrivi"...
($ 100), magram mokle xmovnisaTvis niSani ar Semoaqvs.
aseve amCnevs nazalur xmovnebs ($ 99) arn. Ciqobava 1966), oRond es xmovnebic
aRunusxveli (specialuri niSnis _ asoebis gareSe) rCeba (Sdr. r. gagua
gua
1983, i. jolbor
bordi
1978).
SeumCneveli darCenia bacburis zogi bgera _ spirantebi D da ۶, laringaluri
G (qarTulisa da zogi sxva enis TanxmovanTagan gansxvavebuli) da h´; ara
aqvs gamoyofili intensiuri Tanxmovnebi...
morfologiaSi ganxilulia arsebiTi saxelebi, sakuTari da nasesxebi, erT
da ormarcvlianebi, maTi mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi ($ 70-80). arkvevs gramatikuli
sqesis-klasis adgils saxelebSi, zmnebSi. ajgufebs gramatikul klasebad saxelebs
mravlobiTis viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT. misi kvlevis sferoSi Semodis zedsarTavi
saxeli, ricxviTi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli, zmna, zmnizeda, Tandebuli, kavSiri, nawilaki,
Sorisdebuli (5 131-226). asaxelebs 22 brunvas sufiqsebiT, Cerdeba brunvaTa
fuZis sakiTxze ($ 99-118), gvacnobs zedsarTavis, ricxviTi saxelis mawarmoeblebsa
da zedsarTavis, ricxviTi saxelisa da nacvalsaxelis brunebas ($ 131-162),
aqvea mimReobis brunebac ($ 134)...
zmnaSi SeniSnulia TanxmovanfuZianTa simravle, gardamaval da gardauval
zmnaTa aRweriTi warmoeba. Cerdeba faqtitivis (kontaqtis) warmoebazec. ganar-
Cevs uRvlilebis tipebs Zireuli xmovnis cvlilebis mixedviT ($ 179). moyvanilia
anomaluri uRvlilebis nimuSebi wesier uRvlilebasTan erTad. TandebulebSi Se-
6

aqvs calke mdgomi Tandebulebi.
s i n t a q s i ($ 227-302) mimoixilavs sintagmebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom a. Sifneri
yuradRebas amaxvilebs instruqtivis (= ergativis) sxva enaTa saxelobiTis (subieqtis)
funqciiT xmarebaze gardamaval zmnasTan. SemCneulia isic, rom I da II piris
nacvalsaxelebi gardauval zmnebTanac instruqtivis formiTaa subieqtad ($
252).
t e q s t e b i (TviTonve _ a. Sifners ar miaCnia bunebriv Targmanad) rusulidan
zedmiwevniT Targmans uaxlovdeba.
l e q s i k o n S i Sedis 2168 erTeuli (maTgan 718 qmnis leqsikur budes) iz.
jolbordi): saxelebi, zmna, sxva metyvelebis nawilebi. TargmniTi leqsikonia, magram
masSi mTel rig sityvebTan warmodgnelia maTi warmomavloba an etimologia.
amasTanave leqsikografiuli TvalsazrisiT angariSgasawevia leqsikonSi mocemuli
leqsikonis Sedgenis garkveuli principebi: saleqsikono erTeulis SerCeva, leqsikuri
budeebis gamoyofa-gansazRvra. metad faseulia arqauli leqsika da zogjer
formebic, romlebic leqsikonSi dasturdeba.
trubec
beckoi
(trubeckoi 1931) iZleva bacburis zogi bgeris daxasiaTebas da
adgens bgeraTSesatyvisobebs.
somer
merfel
feltis
naSromSi (somerfelti 1934, 1937) bacburis, aseve CaCnurisa
da inguSuris xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa sistemebia warmodgenili (gv. 205-209), iyenebs
laTinur anbans diakritikuli niSnebiT. adgens bgeraTSesatyvisobebs am eneb-
Si mdidari leqsikuri masalis Sedarebis safuZvelze. gvxvdeba zogi uzustoba
dawerilobasa da fuZeTa SedarebaSi (mag.: h > (C) D-s adgilas... b. ZuCa `daTvi" (a.
Sifneris leqsikonidan) udarebs CaCn.-ing. zud `Zu"-s, (a. Sifneridan) (gv. 204) ma-
Sin, rodesac bacburSi calke gvaqvs `Zu(3)"; pe mohyavs `gverdis" mniSvnelobiT,
nacvlad fe-si (gv. 199)...
d. imna
naiS
iSvi
vili
(imnaiSvili 1942) wovurSi (bacburSi) saxelobiTsa da naTesaobiTs
ZiriTad pirvelad brunvebad miiCnevs (gv. 216), gamoyofs 4 ZiriTad
brunvas, 6 erTTandebulians da agreTve erTze metTandebulian brunvebs (gv. 216-
217).
i. deSe
Seri
rievis
naSromi `bacburi ena" (deSerievi 1953) gramatikis yvela
dargs moicavs, agreTve gvawvdis bacbur leqsikasa da teqstebs.
f o n e t i k a S i Seswavlilia sityvis Zirisa da afiqsebis bgeriTi Sedgeni-
7

loba. ganixilavs bgeriT sistemas. SemCneuli aqvs bacburis yvela Taviseburi
Tanxmovani. nazalur xmovnebs aRniSnavs diakritikuli niSniT. Cerdeba fonetikur
procesebze (gv. 46-50). arkvevs maxvilis adgils sityvaSi.
ar SeuniSnavs i da u xmovnebis epenTezisis Sedegad difTongebis warmoqmnis
SemTxvevebi.
sadavoa sakiTxi, naxur enaTa TanxmovnebSi romelia amosavali abruptivebi
Tu mJRerebi.
m o r f o l o g i a iwyeba sityvawarmoebiTa da formawarmoebiT (gv. 55-56).
mas mosdevs arsebiTi saxeli (gv. 57-77), 22 brunvaa gamoyofili; i, e, a, o, u
xmovnebi naTesaobiTi brunvis daboloebaSi fonetikur variantebad aris miCneuli.
i. deSerievi brunebis 3 tips asaxelebs, miTiTebulia romel tipSi nawildeba
sxva saxelebi (zedsarTavi, ricxviTi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli) da saxelzmnebi (gv.
67-78). iZleva brunebis paradigmebs.
zmna mocemulia arsebiTi saxelis Semdeg (gv. 79-168). avtori ganixilavs
zmnur sityvawarmoebasa da formawarmoebas, dros, kilos, gramatikul klasebs,
aspeqts, zmniswinebs, mimReobas, absolutivs, `grZnoba-aRqmis" zmnebs, uRvlilebis
tipebs. darTuli aqvs saTanado paradigmebi.
SeiniSneba zogi uzustoba (namyo uaxloesisa (gv. 89) da mimReobaTa sufiqsebSi.
-no
da -nor
sufiqsebiT nawarmoebi droebi TurmeobiTebia.
droTa sistemaSi ratomRac ar Cans namyo usrulis drois forma. awmyos mawarmoebel
sufiqsebSic gamorCenilia ˜ < i.
mizanSewonili iqneboda gramatikuli klasebi arsebiT saxelamde yofiliyo
ganxiluli. moulodnelia mimReobis brunebis moyvana am TavSi (gv. 153-154).
i. deSerievi zedsarTavis, ricxviTi saxelis, nacvalsaxelis analizs zmnis
momdevnod gvTavazobs (gv. 169-203). ar aris naTeli ratom uZRvis maT win zmna.
z m n i s a r T e b i d a n i. deSerievi droisa da adgilis zmnisarTebze Cerdeba,
mokled exeba maT warmoebasac (gv. 207).
d a m x m a r e s i t y v e b i da S o r i s d e b u l i c naSromSi sakmaod sruladaa
warmodgenili.
s i n t a q s S i dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli sityvaTa SekavSirebis saxeebi,
winadadebis wevrebi, martivi da rTuli winadadebis tipebi, gamovlenilia bacburi
enis zogi Tavisebureba.
l e q s i k a gveZleva dargoblivi leqsikis saxiT, calkea agreTve toponimika,
8

eTnonimika, onomastika. leqsemebi dajgufebulia Zvel da axal, sakuTar da ucxo
sityvebad.
danarTi _ t e q s t e b i gabmuli metyvelebisa, rogorc wesi, sandoa da
mniSvnelovani (naxevari saukunis (da kidev meti) winandeli).
n. qada
dagi
giZe
(n. qadagiZe 1953) cdilobs gaarkvios, saxelTa ra semantikuri
jgufebi Sedis mravlobiTis viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoyofil rva gramatikuli
klasidan TiToeulSi da amasTanave iZleva maTs procentul raodenobas. n.
qadagiZesTan Seswavlilia saxelebis formac, SinaarsTan erTad, gramatikul klasebad
ganawilebis principis dadgenisas.
i. deSe
Seri
rievi
naSromis "Сравнительно-историческая грамматика нахских языков"
(deSerievi 1963) gv. 3-549) dasawyisSi mTis kavkasiel xalxTa (maT Soris b a c -
b e b i s) da maTi enebis warmoSobis, istoriuli ganviTarebis problemebze Cerdeba
(gv. 3-100). monografiaSi warmodgenilia: naxur enaTa fonologiuri sistema
(gv. 175-370), morfologia (gv. 371-489), sintaqsi (gv. 491-513), saerTo naxuri ena
(gv. 517-531).
`naxur enaTa fonologiur sistemaSi" daxasiaTebulia naxur enaTa, ZiriTadad
CaCnur-inguSuris, xmovani da Tanxmovani fonemebi. bacburis fonematur sistemaSi
gamoyofs saerTosa da gansxvavebuls CaCnur-inguSurisagan. bacburSi gamoricxavs
grZeli da palatalizebuli xmovnebis arsebobas (gv. 220), K-s ar miiCnevs
fonemad (gv. 200), Tumca is (K) am enaSi fonemaa. faringalur xSuls (I-s) bacburSi
mxolod anlautSi adasturebs (gv. 223). aq ar gamoyofs geminirebul Tanxmovnebs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi Tanxmovnebi bacburSi faqtia. adgens sityvaSi
bgeraTa poziciebs (gv. 235). ganixilavs fonetikur procesebs (gv. 335-
336). termini umlautic Semoaqvs regresuli asimilaciis aRsaniSnavad (gv. 269-
270). `morfologiaSic" (gv. 473-476) gaanalizebulia bgeraTSesatyvisobani naxur
enebSi. `morfologiaSi" sityvawarmoebas uWiravs gv. 380-407). ar aris naTeli -
rig, -rik sufiqsis genezisis sakiTxi (gv. 390).
saxelTa brunebaSi ergativis fuZesac miiCnevs meore fuZed, oRond, avtoris
azriT, istoriulad am SemTxvevaSi ZirTan gvaqvs saqme (gv. 408), rac ar Cans damajerebeli:
cnobilia, rom saxelobiTi emTxveva Zirs. mr. ricxvis warmoebisas
bacburSi ufro xSiriao r, n, a~r, ar, er, r savrcobebi (gv. 414).
gramatikuli klasis niSnebi (sul 4 klasi) istoriulad prefiqsebiao (gv.
384).
9

arsebiT saxelebSi dadgenilia ergativis s da v daboloebebis gavrcelebis
are. x-Tandebuls _ brunvis daboloebas marTebulad miiCnevs R-s fonetikur variantad
(gv. 435).
gansazRvrulia zedsarTavis adgili SesityvebaSi, misi bruneba, xarisxis
warmoeba.
nacvalsaxelebSi so-s `me" aRdgena meore fuZisaTvis _ ar aris misaRebi (gv.
456). CvenebiTebis saxelobiTSi areulia meore fuZis formebi (uB...) gv. 461.
`zmnaSi" bacburis uRlebis paradigma CaCnur-inguSurTan SedarebiT ufro
martivad esaxeba (gv. 479-80), oRond aRniSnavs, rom yvela SesaZlo formis gaTvaliswinebiT
bevrad ufro rTuli sistema warmogvidgeba (gv. 480). uRlilebaSi
dadgenilia brZanebiTisagan nawarmoebi formebi, (gv. 480-482) _ agreTve _ awmyosagan
(gv. 482) da namyouaxlesisagan (gv. 484).
mokled iZleva zmnizedis, damxmare sityvebis (Tandebuli, kavSiri, nawilaki)
mimoxilvas (gv. 485-490).
`sintaqsi" SesityvebiT, misi saxeebis ganxilviT iwyeba (gv. 491-496). mocemulia
martivi da rTuli winadadebis analizi gaxazavs, rom qvemdebaris brunvebia:
saxelobiTi, ergativi, micemiTi, naTesaobiTi, lokativi (gv. 499-500). pirdapiri
damatebis formad mohyavs CaCn. loma, bacb. laum, romlebic gansxvavebulia saxelobiTisagan
(CaCn. bacb. lam `mTa") da varaudobs, rom am SemTxvevaSi akuzativis
CamoyalibebasTan gvaqvs saqme. amgvar Tvalsazriss dasabuTeba sWirdeba.
gardauval zmnebTan ergatiuli konstruqciis pirveladobas (gv. 503) ver
gaviziarebT.
k. WrelaS
laSvi
vilis
naSromSi `naxuri enebis TanxmovanTa sistema" (k. WrelaSvili
1975), warmodgenilia naxuri enebis, maT Soris wova-TuSuri (bacburi) enis
TanxmovanTa sistemebis paradigmatul-distribuciuli analizi (gv. 3-314).
bacburi enis TanxmovanTa sistemis paradigmatuli analizis Sedegad avtorma
daadgina: wova-TuSurSi gamoiyofa 41 Tanxmovani fonema, aqedan 7 intensiuria, 6
_ sonanti. sakuTriv intensivebi mxolod Zireul morfemebSi Sedis. bacburSi
Semonaxulia apikaluri warmoebis intensivebi. intensiuri Tanxmovnebi fonemebia.
mocemulia naxuri enebis CqamierTa daxasiaTeba binarul-akustikur diferencialur
niSanTa terminebSi, Svidi diferencialuri niSnis SemotaniT, am niSanTa
met-naklebi kombinacia qmnis ama Tu im fonemis fonologiur Sinaarss. matriceb-
Si asaxulia fonologiur opoziciaTa ierarqiuli Tanmimdevrobac, rac mniSvne-
10

lovania diaqroniul kanonzomierebaTa dasadgenad. unda aRiniSnos, rom f a -
r i n g a l e b i s sakiTxi saerTod s a d a v o a saenaTmecniero literaturaSi.
monografiaSi ganxilulia naxuri enebis fonemaTa d i s t r i b u c i i s yvela
SemTxveva (axlavs distribuciuli analizis amsaxveli saTanado tabulebi. gansakuTrebiT
sayuradReboa: intensiuri fonemebi funqcionireben mxolod Zireuli
morfemis auslautSi; faringaluri mJReri spiranti(D) funqcionirebs Tavkidur
poziciaSi mJReri Tanxmovnebisa da abruptivebis Semdeg; laringaluri mJReri
xSuli (G) gvxvdeba Zireuli morfemis auslautSi. faringaluri mJReri (۶) mxolod
anlautSi iCens Tavs.
TanxmovanTa k o m p l e q s e b i orwevrovania. samwevrovani kombinaciebi mxolod
sporadulad aris SemCneuli. sami ZiriTadi tipia kompleqsebisa: 1. sonanturi
kompleqsebi, 2. frikatiuli kompleqsebi da 3. xSulTa kompleqsebi. gamoiyofa
9 modeli (СF, FC, SF, SC, SS, CS, FS, FF, CC). sintagmaturi modelebi mzardi
sonorobis mixedviT qmnian sam models: mzardi sonorobisa, klebadi sonorobisa,
neitralurisa.
interess aRZravs CF tipis kompleqsebi, qarTuli enis decesiur-harmoniul
kompleqsTa B-sistemis msgavsi.
d. imna
naiS
iSvi
vilis
monografiis (imnaiSvili 1977 (gv. 5-299) kvlevis sagania naxuri
enebis xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa sistema istoriul aspeqtSi. naSromSi ganxilulia
fonetikuri procesebi am enaTa xmovnebsa da TanxmovnebSi. dgindeba fonetikuri
Sesatyvisobebi naxur enebSi. aRdgenilia SedarebiT martivi sistema rogorc
xmovnebisa, ise _ Tanxmovnebisa saerTo naxurisaTvis.
abruptivebisaTvis amosavlad miiCnevs mJRer xSulebs, arsebobs sxva Tvalsazrisic
(abruptivebisgan momdinareoben mJReri xSulebi).
d. e. holis
liski
kisa
da r. gagu
guas
naSromSi (holiski, gagua 1994) mokled aris
mimoxiluli fonologia (gv. 149-161), morfologia (gv. 162-189), sintaqsi (gv. 190-
212).
f o n o l o g i a S i mokle da grZeli xmovnebis, agreTve difTongebis sakiTxi
Tanamedrove bacburSi sxvagvarad dgeba. Tanxmovnebidan aseTive viTarebaa laringalebsa
da faringalebSi (gv. 151, 152-153).
m o r f o l o g i a uRvlilebis ramdenadme martiv sistemas gvawvdis (gv. 180).
nacvalsaxelebSi brunvaTa rigi asea Secvlili: erg., naT., sax. ... (gv. 173).
11

mr. ricxvSi gramatikuli klasebis diferenciaciis gaTvaliswinebiT 5 gramat.
klasis gamoyofa bacburSi sadavoa (gv. 162).
brunvis niSanTa winamavali xmovnis raoba sakvlevia.
k. WelaS
laSvi
vilis
naSromSi `wova-TuSuri ena" (WrelaSvili 2002) warmodgenilia:
winasityvaoba (gv. 7-42); wova-TuSuri enis TanxmovanTa paradigmatuli sistema
(gv. 43-94); morfologia (gv. 95-291); wova-TuSuri gvarebis Sesaxeb (gv. 292-
296); statiebi (gv. 297-438), teqstebi (gv. 439-464); mcire leqsikoni (gv. 465-504);
ablauti wova-TuSurSi (gv. 505-507).
avtori iZleva naxur enebSi diaqroniul fonemur procesTa axsnis cdas
fonemur erTeulTa identifikaciis matricebze damyarebiT (gv. 43-94);
zmnis uRvlilebis mravalricxovani sinTezuri da analizuri formebi _
mwkrivebi ZiriTadad maTi struqturis mixedviT aris dajgufebuli, dadgenilia
sauRlebel fuZeTa sistema _ 3 seria, I da II seriebSi cxra-cxra da III-Si 12
mwkriviT, rac aZlevs avtors SesaZleblobas warmogvidginos wova-TuSuri zmnis
uRlebis sistemis sruli, simetriuli paradigma (gv. 160-198). aqve unda aRiniSnos,
rom ar aris SeuZlebeli mowodebuli paradigmis gamartiveba.
wova-TuSurSi gvaris gramatikuli kategoriis markerad gamoyofs la/l
elements, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom igi la/l vnebiTi gvaris markerad gvevlineba
mxolod awmyosa da myofadis fuZeebisagan nawarmoeb mwkrivebSi (~ay-la
`iWmeva",
dDog-la
`daimtvreva"...).
naSromSi gvaqvs aspeqtis kategoriis tradiciulisagan gansxvavebuli ganmarteba,
gamoyofilia aspeqtis samwevrovani korelacia, romlisTvisac ganmsazRvrelia
moqmedebis grZliobis xasiaTi (gv. 115)...
12

fonetika
xmovnebi. xuT sada xmovans gamoyofs bacburSi am enis yvela mkvlevari:
esenia: a, e, i, o, u. sada xmovnebis gverdiT aq gvaqvs nazaluri xmovnebi: a n ,
e n , i n , o n , u n , grZeli xmovani ‰, agreTve Š da ‹ grZeli xmovnebi, adastureben
mokle xmovnebsac: š, ˜, , —.
nazaluri xmovnebi miRebulia sada xmovani + n Tanxmovanisagan n
Tanxmovnis dakargvis Sedegad (qalaCu n < `qalaCuna, farta n < `fartena~...).
nazaluri xmovnebi gvxvdeba Cveulebriv sityvis bolos (gaga n `kvercxi, go n
`azri~, Raze n `kargi~, dike n `waiyvana~... am poziciaSi isini fonemebia, vlindeba
minimaluri wyvilebi (xa n
`barkali~, Sdr. xa `xari, dro~. nazaluri xmovnebi
afiqsis funqciiTac dasturdeba (naT. br. niSnebad, zog SemTxvevaSi mic. br.
niSnadac nacvalsaxelebSi).
iSviaTad nazaluri xmovnebi Tavs iCens inlautSic (ma n dari n
`mandarini~,
go n li n
`gonieri~, ga n g `jaglagi~. ba n dul `fexsacmeli~...), Tumca am poziciaSi
maT fonematuri Rirebuleba ar gaaCniaT.
sufiqsebis win n Tanxmovani Semonaxulia erTi da imave sityvebSi (gaga n
`kvercxi~ _ mr. r. gagan-i < gagan+i; Sori n
`farTo~ _ kiTxviTi forma Sorini?
`farTo?~..).
grZeli xmovnebi bacburSi Cven Tvalwin viTardeba. grZeli ‰ xmovnis
fonemuroba sarwmunoa (k. WrelaSvili).
SeiniSneba ‹, Š da grZeli xmovnebic fakultaturad, romlebic sruli
asimilaciisa da xmovanTa Serwymis gziT arian miRebuli.
grZeli xmovnebi da difTongebi paralelurad gvxvdeba, maTi gavrceleba
Taobebis mixedviTaa gansxvavebuli: difTongebi ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenelTa
metyvelebsTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, grZeli xmovnebi _ umcrosi Taobis
13

metyvelebisaTvis, Tumca amaTTan difTongebis xmarebac ar aris gamoricxuli.
e. w. mokle (reducirebul) xmovnebs gamoyofen erTze metmarcvlian
sityvaTa absolutur boloSi (bay `kvici~, gašgš `muxli~, v‹l˜ `icinis~,
lel— `dadis~. akustikurad mokle xmovnebi Zneli aRsaqmelia TviT
bacbebisTvisac ki.
maxvili mokle xmovnebs ar moudis, marcvals ar qmnian, amdenad isini ar
gvxvdeba erTmarcvlian sityvebSi. mokle xmovnebi miRebulia sityvis bolos
maxviliani xmovnis momdevnod umaxvilo poziciaSi. xolo a xmovani amave
poziciaSi ukvalod ikargeba (r. gagua, d. imnaiSvili). sxva Tvalsazrisis
Tanaxmad (T. uTurgaiZe, m. miqelaZe) or- da metmrcvlian sityvebis auslautSi
xmovanTa reduqciisas Tavs iCens enis miswrafeba _ Riamarcvliani
struqturis formebi gardaqmnas daxurulmarcvliani struqturis formebad.
safiqrebelia orive faqtoris moqmedebasTan gvqonoda saqme. gavrceleba pova
nareduqcialma formebma.
erTi mxriT, ˜, — da, meore mxriT, š, erTmaneTisagan akustikurad aRar
ganirCeva — da ˜ winamavali Tanxmovnebis sust palatalizacas iwvevs, da š
_ sust labializacias. amdenad, mokle xmovnebTanac ki ara gvaqvs saqme,
aramed maTs SerwymasTan winamaval TanxmovnebTan. ˜ da —-s SemTxvevaSi maTi
winamavali Tanxmovnebis rbil variantebs viRebT, xolo o da u ki winamaval
TanxmovnebTan iZleva maTs labializebul variantebs. aseTi palatalizebuli
da labializebuli Tanxmovnebi fonemis poziciuri variantebia, afiqsis
funqciiT ar gvxvdeba da maT fonemebad ver miviCnevT.
dubletebis arsebobac imaze metyvelebs, rom mokle xmovnebi ar
warmoadgenen fonemebs: rbili Tanxmovani / Cveulebrivi Tanxmovani;
labializebuli Tanxmovani / Cveulebrivi Tanxmovani.
amisda kvalad transkrifciuli Caweris TvalsazrisiTac e. w. `mokle
xmovnebis~ grafikuli Cawera ar Seesabameba realur viTarebas. maT nacvlad
sjobda sirbilis (½) da labializaciis (◦) niSnebi iqnes gamoyenebuli
TanxmovnebTan, romlebic win uZRodnen istoriul i, e, o, u xmovnebs.
14

difTongebi. bacburSi ori xmovani uSualod erTmaneTis gverdiT ver
Zlebs, 1
ganicdis difTongizacias (CaCnur-inguSuris …o, e difTongebi
bacburSi ar SeiniSneba. gvxvdeba difTongebi da … komponentebiT,
romlebic sonantebia (d. imnaiSvili).
da … yvela xmovanTan iCens Tavs, garda i da u xmovnebisa, Sesabamisad.
difTongizacias adgili aqvs: 1) ori xmovani erTad iyris Tavs
boloxmmovnian fuZesa da xmovansufiqsis an xmovniT dawyebuli sufiqsis
darTvisas:
mag.: Jer (`qvrivi~) _ mr. Jeru (< Jero).
2) epenTezisis Sedegad, fuZiseul wina xmovanTan momdevno xmovnis
gadanacvlebis SemTxvevaSi: qaniz (`yurZeni~) _ naT. qanze n . ufro farTod
aris gavrcelebuli -is Semcveli difTongebi: a, e, rac Zvel Canawerebsa da
ufrosi Taobis metyvelebaSi vlindeba: Tumca axali Taobac paralelurad
Caunacvlebs a, e difTongebs grZel xmovnebs, romlebic maTgan aris
miRebuli: a, e > Š, ‹, agreTve _ e-s auslautSi daqne n , qaliqe n
magram
iSviaTad i-sac (dadi n fstu) ‹-s inlautSi (r. gagua).
o difTongi > u-s (a. Siferi) Cak `skami~ mr. Caku < Cako …-ian
difTongebSi a… > o…-s ƒa…ƒu ƒo…ƒu `mtredi~, ƒa…pš > ƒo…pš `matli~. r.
gagua adasturebs o…-s -Si gadasvlis SemTxvevas: ošƒš || uuƒ || ƒ `is~, Sdr.
erg. oƒus.
arc Tu iSviaTad mosalodneli …-s Semcveli difTongebis adgilas
gvxvdeba -iani difTongebi, rasac winaenismier TanxmovnebTan disimilaciis
Sedegad miiCneven (r. gagua).
disimilaciiT axsnas winaaRmdegoba xvdeba bacburSi (sxva SemTxvevebSic
gvaqvs u > labializaciis moSlis gziT (boRur (palo~) _ buRren).
aRmavali difTongebi bacburSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba: a, e
dadasturebulia zog styvaSi, exk `savarcxa~, eT´ `Zroxa~...
1 gamonaklisia ricxviT saxelebSi _ Sii
iit´ (`Tormeti~), ƒoi
oit´ (`cameti~)...
15

kiTxviTs formebSi …i difTongic iCens Tavs axali Taobis
warmomadgenlebTan (vot…i? `dadis?~ vaR…i? midis? aW…i? _ Sexedavs?
maxvili amJamad bacburSi susti dinamikuria, fiqsirebuli, romelic,
Cveulebriv, sityvis pirvel marcvals moudis (höwuk `Citi~...)
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac maxvili morfologiur funqcias iRebs (mx. r.
naT. br. C¤xo n _ mr. naT. br. Cuo n ...).
SnS. es faqti SeiZleba gadmonaSTi iyos im viTarebisa, rodesac maxvili
naxur enebSi moZravi iyo: bacb. knaT < kanöT (CaCnuri enis Weberlour
dialeqtSi dasturdeba (d. imnaiSvili), sityvis meore marcvalsac moudioda,
SeiZleboda gvqonoda fuZezec da sufiqsis darTvisas sufiqsze
gadainacvlebda. maxvili sufiqsze fuZiseuli xmovnis reduqcias iwvevda.
xmovnis reduqcia sityvis fuZeSi sufiqsis darTvisas axlac farTod aris
gavrcelebuli bacburSi, rac Zveli tradiciis gagrZelebaa.
fonetikuri procesebidan xmovnebSi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia
reduqcia da epenTezisi. reduqcias or da metmarcvlian sityvebze xmovnis an
xmovniT dawyebuli sufiqis darTva iwvevs. reducirdeba a, e, o xmovnebi: sax.
bader `bavSvi~, naT. badr-e n
v: yiol `siRaribe, sigamxdre~, aqedan _ yivlare n
`Raribuli~, lebiv < qarT. lobio. epenTeziss ganicdian i da u xmovnelbi, Tu
fuZeSi a, e, o xmovnebia. i da u xmovnebi am (a, e, o) xmovanTa momdevnod
gadainacvleben fuZeSi da masTan qmnian difTongebs: sax. qaniz `yurZeni~ _
naT. qa
anz-e n
tarisko n
"сафьян", makarta n `makrateli~. arsebobs am faqtis sxvagvari axsnac 1 _ aqac
reduqcia xdeba da ara epenTezisi. reducirebuli xmovnis kompensaciaa xmovnis
dagrZeleba, romelic mere gadadis difTongSio.
es Tvalsazrisi Teoriulad dasaSvebia, magram amasTan dakavSirebiT enaSi
1 A. Dirr, Einführung... gv. 36.
16

sxva faqtebi dasturdeba, sapirispiro: difTongebi amosavalia grZeli
xmovnebisTvis da ara _ piriqiT. difTongebi warmodgenilia xandazmulTa
metyvelebaSi amJamd da XIX s.-is dasasrulisa da XX s.-is dasawyisis
TxzulebebSi (a. SifnerTan, i. ciskariSvilis `TuSuri enis gramatikaSi~, d.
da n. qadagiZeebis wova-TuSur-qarTul-rusul leqsikonSi), grZeli (zogjer
mokle) xmovnebi gvxvdeba axalgazrdebisa da bavSvebis metyvelebaSi, rogorc
wesi (iSviaTad gvxvdeba difTongebi).
xmovani + xmovani Tanmimdevroba ar aris damaxasiaTebeli wova-
TuSurisaTvis, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT tolad Serwymul saxelebs
(metwilad ricxviT saxelebs), ix. zemoT. zog nasesxeb sityvaSic xmovani +
xmovani ucvlelad warmoCndeba meurm— `meurme~... (iqve).
xmovani + xmovani, Cveulebriv, Serwymis gziT, difTongs qmnis: Wanik
`nikapi~ _ naT. Wa
ank-e n < Wanik-e n ...
zogjer viTardeba an ‡ xmovnebs Soris marcvalTgamyarad:
dar _ keTeba _ d-ie n `gaakeTa~... (gagua).
awmy. daR `modis~, dexe n _ `movida~
difTongebSi SeimCneva fonetikuri procesebi; Serwyma, nawilobrivi da
sruli asimilacia: a difTongi > e. inlautSi: at´iv `bedniereba~ _ erg.
at´v-ev || et´v-ev-. a > e auslautSi tanjv (< qarT. tanjva) _ naT. tanjv-e n (<
tanjva n ... (r. gagua).
a >> e > ‹ || ‹ (Tu mas marcvali mosdevs: levdar `Tqma~, magram l‹v˜ <
lev˜ `ambobs~ da livas `vambob~ (r. gagua).
oš difTongSi o > u-s: ošƒš || ušƒ || uƒ `im~ (saxelobiTis garda sxva
brunvebSi `is~ nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelis funqciiT).
erTze metmarcvlian xmovanfuZian saxelebSi boloxmovnebi ganicdian
sruls an nawilobriv reduqcias (ix. zemoT).
saxelTa brunebisas da zmnebSi aspeqturi dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi
dasturdeba fuZiseul xmovanTa monacvleoba, amJamad spontanuri xasiaTisa,
ablauti (am sakiTxebze SevCerdebiT qvemoT saxelTa brunebisa da zmnis
17

aspeqtis ganxilvisas).
naxur enaTa TanxmovanTa sistema yvelaze axlosaa qarTvelur enaTa
TanxmovanTa sistemasTan (arn. Ciqobava).
bacburSi warmodgenilia mJRerebi, fSvinvierebi. abruptivebi. amas garda
_ naxuri enebisaTvis specifikuri Tanxmovnebi _ geminatebi. lÀ _ laterali
naxur enaTagan mxolod bacburSi gvxvdeba.
gamoiyofa Tanxmovana sameulebrivi sistema xSulebsa da afrikatebSi,
msgavsad sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisa: bagismierebi _ b f p; p kbilismierebi
_ d T t; winavelarulebi _ g q k, k ukanavelarulebi ƒ y; y winasibilanturebi
_ Z c w, w ukanasibilanturebi _ j C W.
W
wyvileulebrivi TanxmovanTa istema gvaqvs spirantebSi:
winasibilanturebi _ z s; s ukanasibilanturebi _ J S; S winavelarulebi _ R x,
x
laringaluri _ h.
sameulTa sistemidan kbilismierTa rigSi geminatebTan erTad viRebT
xuTeuls bacburSi _ d T t T´ t´, spirantebSi _ sameulebs _ z s s´ s da a.
S.
bacburSi geminatebia: T´ t´ l´ s´ S´ x´ ƒ´ y´ (k. WrelaSvili).
specifikuri faringaluri bgerebia bacburSi „ mJReri da h´ yru
spirantebi da mJReri ۶; laringaluri _ ‡; es bgera unda iyos spiranti an
spirantoidi (q. lomTaTiZe), sibilanti sibilantoidi, magram _ yru.
sonori Tanxmovnebi r l m n bacburSic aris warmodgenili da agreTve
kbilbagismieri mJReri v-c.
TanxmovanTa kompleqsebi
bacburSi TanxmovanTa kompleqebi o r w e v r i a n i a (samwevriani
kombinaciebis mxolod sam SemTxvevas adastureben).
gamoiyofa sami ZiriTadi tipi kompleqsebisa: 1. sonanturi kompleqsebi,
2. frikatiuli kompleqsebi, 3. xSulTa Semcveli kompleqsebi. am tipebSi
18

sintagmaturi struqturis mixedviT Semdegi qvejgufebi SeiZleba
warmovadginoT: CF, * FC, SF, SC, SS, CS, FS, FF, CC.
S n S. bacburSi TanxmovanTa TanmimdevrobaTa simravle bacbebis bacburqarTuli
orenovnebis Sedegi unda iyos.
TanxmovanTa jgufebi mzardi sonorobis mixedviT qmnian sam models: 1.
mzardi sonorobis modeli, 2. klebadi sonorobis modeli, 3. neitraluri
sonorobis modeli.
S n S. CaCnur-inguSurisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac CF tipis kompleqsebi
Zireuli morfemis mxolod Tavkidur poziciaSi gvxvdeba, bacburSi
auslautSic dasturdeba.
TanxmovanTa kompleqsebidan specifikuria bacburisaTvis iseve, rogorc
CaCnur-inguSurisaTvis, CF tipis kompleqsebi:
bR dR Z- j-
b„ d„ zR J„
fx Tx cx Cx
fh´ Th´ ch´ Ch´
p„ t„ w„ W„
py ty wy Wy
S n S. es kompleqsebi qarTuli enis decesiur-harmoniul kompleqTa B
sistemasTan tipologiur msgavsebas avlenen (k. WrelaSvili).
* C _ xSuli, F _ frikativi, S _ sonanti.
19

TanxmovanTa fonetikuri cvlilebebi
farTod aris gavrcelebuli auslautSi bolo Tanxmovis n-s mokveca,
iSviaTad r, l, m-c reducirebulia. r, l, m-s sruli reduqcia xdeba, n _ ki,
Cveulebriv, winamaval xmovans erwymis da viRebT nazalur xmovnebs (ix.
zemoT). igi saxelobiTis garda sxva brunvebSi n-s saxiTve warmoCndeba (amis
Sesaxeb _ saxelTa brunebaSi).
Tanxmovnebis win anlautSi ikargeba m Tanxmovani gansakuTrebiT nasesxeb
sityvebSi. Txovar < mTxovar-i (qarT.), tkor < mtkvar-i (qarT.)...
sityvis bolos v gadadis …-Si an -Si verx… < verxv-i (qarT.), loc <
locv-a (qarT.)...
TanxmovnebSi SeiniSneba asimilaciis SemTxvevebi: z > s: yarfuz
`sazamTro~; naT. br. yarfse n ... n > l: goli n < gonli n `gonieri~; b > p
anlautSi, b aq fuZes Sezrdili gramat. kl. niSania: fxi < bxi `xuTi~... b > f,
b > p aspeqtis warmoebisas:
sr. asp. Toxar `dartyma~, `dakvra musikalur instrumentze~ _ usr. asp.
Tefx
fxar < Tebx
bxar...
(mJRerebTan ki b Semonaxulia: sr. asp. d-oJar `dacema, dacureba (fexisa)
_ usr. asp. d-ebJar).
asimilaciiT: R > x: yalCaR _ naT. br. yalCxe n ... mr. yalCxi...
b > m: bos `feri~ _ mr. basmi || < bas-bi (nb
> nm > mn)...
d > T anlautSi TelÀar usxa p nasesxeb sityvaSi: prowol < browol < `broweuli~.
r > l: zedsarTav saxelTa arsebiTi saxelisagan mawarmoebel sufiqsebSi:
re n || le n , ru n || lu n , ri n || li n . Sdr. maTxore n `mziani~ da gargle n `axlo,
axlobeli~, k„okrun `Rrma~ da fsarlu n `saRamosi, вечерний~, mawri n `tkbili~,
20

qokli n `fexiani~ da a. S.
TanxmovanTa gadasmiT: nl > ln: h´u n (`tye~) + lo- (sufiqsi) > h´unl >
h´uln
ln (`tyeSi, tyisken~).
lg > gl: Segl
glba-d-ar < Selg
lgba-d-ar `dalageba~ (qarT. Selageba).
nr > rn: Rern
rnal < Renr
nral < Reneral `generali~
sb > bs: ibsi < isbi `isini~ (II pirTan axlos myofni) (r. gagua).
garda aRniSnuli bgeraTa cvlilebebisa bacburSi dadasturda: m, r, n
Tanxmovnebis ganviTareba gansakuTrebiT nasesxeb sityvebSi: memcxor <
`mecxvare~, traSt < `taSti~, sanTx < saxTo (saRvTo)...
TanxmovanTa gadasma: rb > br _ xabro n
< `xarbi~, `Zunwi~, jib < bij
`nabiji~...
TanxmovanTa monacvleoba: f > p : pir < `fara~, f > b _ Zab < `Zafi~, n >
m: xumw < `xunwi~, tum < `tvini~; m > n _ nugzur < `muguzali~; l/n celu n
`wlevandeli~ _ cenex `wleuls~, m > v _ vinam < minam, j > J _ JonJol <
`jonjoli~.
SesaZlebelia, n > l disimilaciis Sedegi iyos: kanol < `kanoni~.
21

arse
sebi
biTi saxe
xeli
bacbu
buri ena iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis naxuri enebis jgufs ganekuTvneba,
igi aglutinaciuri enaa fleqsiuris elementebiT.
arse
sebi
biTi saxe
xeli
gramatikul formaTa siuxviT gamoirCeva.
grama
mati
tiku
kuli klase
sebi
bi. bacburSi gramatikuli klasebis sistema moqmedia.
arsebiTi saxelebi mxolobiT ricxvSi 4 klasad jgufdeba, gamoiyofa oTxi klasis
niSani: I klasisa _ v, II klasisa _ , III klasisa _ b, IV klasisa _ d. I
klass, Cveulebriv, ganekuTvneba mamakacis aRmniSvneli saxelebi, II klass _ qalis
aRmniSvneli saxelebi, agreTve zogi sulieri da usulo sagnebis _ niv-
Tis aRmniSvneli saxelebi, III da IV klasebSi nawildeba nivTis aRmniSvneli saxelebi.
mravlobiT ricxvSi xdeba II, III da IV klasebis gaxleCa or da sam klasebad.
I klasis niSania mravlobiTSi b: mx. r. v _ mr. r. b.
II klasi orad ixliCeba
Á
d
III klasi orad ixliCeba b
IV klasi ixliCeba orad d
b
d
Á
d
Á
mx. da mr. ricxvSi saxelTa aseTi ganawilebis mixedviT gvaqvs rva saxis
mimarTeba: I. mx. v _ mr. b; II. mx. _ mr. d; III. mx. d _ mr. d; IV mx. b _ mr. d;
V. mx. _ mr. ; VI. mx. b _ mr. ; VII. mx. d _ mr. ; VIII. mx. b _ mr. b. mx. v _
mr. b klasis niSnebs, Cveulebriv, mxolod mamakacis aRmniSvneli saxelebi aCenen;
mx. _ mr. d klasis niSnebs _ mxolod dedakacebis _ qalis aRmniSvneli
saxelebi. danarCeni _ nivTis aRmniSvneli saxelebis ganawilebis motivacia am-
Jamad ar Cans: rogorc wesi, ar aris Sepirobebuli saxelis aRmniSvneli si-
22

tyvis bgeriTi mxariT an mniSvnelobiT.
damajerebelia Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelTa `gramatikul
klasebad dajgufebaSi mkveTrad Cans pirovnebisa da nivTis dapirispireba (arn.
Ciqobava).
nivTis aRmniSvneli saxelebis gramatikul klasebad dayofas, Tavis mxriv,
agreTve istoriulad socialuri Rirebulebis Tvalsazrisi edo safuZvlad
(a. diri, arn. Ciqobava). garkveuli motivaciiT, `magram droTa viTarebaSi es
motivacia daiCrdila da u m o t i v a c i o t r a d i c i u l i dajgufeba SemogvrCa...~
(arn. Ciqobava).
specialur literaturaSi aris cda saxelTa gramatikul klasebad ganawilebis
axsnisa saxelis bgeriTi mxaris mixedviT: b- Tavkiduriani an b-bolokiduriani
saxeli b klass ganekuTvneba, d-iani _ d- klass... (a. Timaevi, n. qadagiZe).
magram Tanxvedris SemTxveviTobasac ver gamovricxavT aseT ganawilebaSi
gamonaklisebis (b _ Tavkiduriani saxeli ar ganekuTvneba b _ klass: baz-d d
`samarile~, bay - d d baSar- `unari~, bej - `Tma~, borag - b-b; `CiTi
(naqsovi fexsacmeli)~, borS - d d `mozveri~, boh´ - d d `cikani~, busa -
`Rame~, buc- `balaxi~, bÄaka n – `guda~, bÄara- `maryuJi~...) simravlis
gamo da sxva Tavkidur-bolokidur (b d -is gamoklebiT) Tanxmovnebian yvela
saxelis Tavkidur-bolokidur TanxmovanTa fonetikuri cvlilebebis (Tu aseTi
iyo) gauTvaliswineblad.
aseTive viTareba gvaqvs _ SemTxveviTobis faqtori moqmedebs, Tanamedrove
gagebiT, mniSvnelobis mixedviT saxelTa klasebad dajgufebis SemTxvevaSic.
martivi saxelebisagan gansxvavebiT nawarmoebi saxelebi da nasesxebi leqsika
Cveulebriv d d da klasebs ganekuTvnebian. zogaddeba d d klasi (n.
qadagiZe).
msgavsi tendencia SeiniSneba agreTve rTul-toladSerwymul da fuZegaorkecebul
saxelebSi:
I. d klass ganekuTvnebian, tolad Serwymuli saxelebi:. maTx-buTT d `mze
23

_ mTvare~ qarT. mze da mTvare; Sdr. maTx b `mze~, buT´ b `mTvare~, xalaT-samuƒl
d, Sdr. xalaT `perangi~, samuƒl `Sarvali~; qorT-quk˜ dd `Tav-fexi
(cxovelisa)~, Sdr. qorT b d `Tavi~, qok b `fexi~;
mox-yar d `qar-wvima~, Sdr. mox. b `qari~, yar `wvima~; moxk-gorC d
`filTaqva~, Sdr. moxk b d `fili~, gorC `filTaqva~; niav-mox d d `niavqari~,
Sdr. niav b `niavi~, mox b d `qari~; dad-nan d d `ded-mama~, zedmiw. `mama-deda~,
Sdr. dad v b `mama~, nan d `deda~, mar-fstu d `col-qmari~, zedmiw.
`qmar-coli~, Sdr. mar `qmari~, fstu d `coli~...
2) d klass ganekuTvnebian umetesad fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitebi, romelTa
gauorkecebeli fuZe ar Cans: h´arh´ar `qSena~; RipRip `qaqani~; SaxSax
`Sriali~ yuSyuS `CiCini~; xamwxamw `knawaknuwi~...
II. ufro iSviaTia klasis warmoCena SeerTebiT da fuZegaorkecebul
kompozitebSi: 1. mag., SeerTebiTi kompozitebi klasSi Sedian: dÄe’-doki
`gul-mkerdi~, zedmiw. `RviZl-gulebi~, Sdr. dÄe’ d d `RviZli~, dok d d `guli~;
tot-qoki `xel-fexi~, zedmiw. `xel-fexebi~, Sdr. tot d, `xeli~, qok
b `fexi~... 2) mag., fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitebi i klasSi warmoCnedbian:
ƒarTƒurTni `kurkuSelebi~; fal-fandi `zRaprebi~, Sdr. fal b d `zRapari~...
bacburSi klasis ganzogadebis tendencia ufro mkrTalad aris warmodgenili.
farTovdeba d klasis gavrcelebis are. masSi (d-klasSi) gadadian
adamianis klasis (v v b; b d) garkveuli jgufis martivi saxelebic (a. Sifneri,
i. deSerievi, n. qadagiZe...).
fuZegaorkecebul da SeerTebiT kompozitebSi d da klasebis povniereba,
istoriuli motivaciis daCrdilva martiv saxelTa gramatikul klasebad
ganawilebaSi iwvevs ryevas gramatikul klasebSi. amJamad es procesi ufro
farTo xasiaTs iRebs. amasTanave d-{d} klasi ifarToebs gavrcelebis ares.
mag.: h´¡rw-merw < h´aw{i}maw{} b d (q. l.) || d d (d. m.) `jiblibo~;
quhki d (q. l.) || (d. m.) `oCofexebi~, cu b d `qumeli~, Sdr. CaCn. b b id
24

(Timaevi 19); mar½l b (Sifneri l.) || b d (q. l.) `cxviri~; b¡T´ar b b || b d
(q. l.), d || d (d. m.), b (Sifneri 146); wipw || d d (q. l., d. m) `wipwa~;
weng || d (q. l., d. m.) `wengo~; Wig d || d d (q. l., d. m); kval b
(Sifneri 119), d d (d. m.) `kvali~...
arsebiTi saxelis gramatikuli klasi warmoCndeba gramatikuli klasis
niSniT masTan sintaqsur kavSirSi Semaval zmnasa da nazmnar saxelebSi, rogorc
wesi, ufro iSviaTad _ zedsarTav da ricxviT saxelebsa da nacvalsaxelebSi,
msgavsad rigi sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisa. arsebiT saxelebSi mxolod
ori sityva ganarCevs gramatikul klasebs saTanado niSnebiT _ I klasisa
_ v, II klasisa _ : v-aS `Zma~ da -aSo `da~: v-oh´ `vaJiSvili~ da -ah´ `qaliSvili~.
arsebiT saxelebSi iZebneba gaqvavebuli gramatikuli klasis niSnebi: mag.:
oh´qot || doh´qot `pirisaxe~...
ricxvis kate
tego
goria
ria. saxelebSi ramdenime mravlobiTi ricxvis niSani gamoiyofa:
-i || > , -iS
iS, -Si
Si, -bi
bi, -ar
ar, -ar || -er
er, -arC
|| > erC > elC, -rC
|| -C, -
rS, -ni
ni, -mi
mi, -u.
mr. r. sufiqsTa simravle meoreulia _ ZiriTadad fonet. cvlilebebis
Sedegi an rTuli Sedgenilobis sufiqsebs warmoadgenen.
-i (xmovnebis Semdeg gadadis --Si) sufiqsi produqtiulia, xmovanfuZian
da TanxmovanfuZian saxelebTan, sakuTar da nasesxeb sityvebSi iCens Tavs: stak
`kaci- mr. r. stak-i.
-iS
ZiriTadad gvaqvs fuZeSi xmovanmonacvle da arqauli brunebis saxelebTan:
buT´ `mTvare; Tve~ _ mr. r. baT´-iS
iS...
-S warmoCndeba arsebiT saxelebSi xmovnebs Semdeg: fSa `wyaro~ _ mr. r.
fSa-S...
ergativsa da irib brunvebSi zedsarTavi saxelebisa da namyos mimReobeb-
Si: Razen `kargi~ _ mr. r. erg. RaziCuSv, mic. RaziCuSn... dayin `SeWmuli~
_ mr. r. erg. dayinCuSv, mic. dayinCuSn...
-Si
-iS
sufiqsis fonetikur variantad miaCniaT (r. gagua), rac naklebad
25

damajerebeli Cans. SesaZlebelia, Si < iS + i, -iS
mr. sufiqss daerTo mravlobiTis
produqtiuli sufiqsi i: yan˜ `moxuci~ _ mr. r. yanSi
arS
> arC
rC, C < S sonorebTan mezoblobaSi (k. WrelaSvili).
SnS. 2
-i sufiqsi, sityvis bolos, rogorc wesi, ar reducirdeba, radgan
mas gramat. funqcia aqvs. igi fuZeSi iwvevs fonetikur cvlilebebs. -bi sufiqsi
erTvis rogorc fuZeucvlel, ise fuZeSi xmovanmonacvle saxelebsac: ƒer
`qva~ _ mr. r. ƒer-bi
bi...
qiT `tiki~ _ mr. r. qaTbi
bi...
-bi sufiqsi iCens Tavs erovnebisa da profesiis aRmniSvnel saxelebSi: bacav
`bacbi~ _ mr. r. bacbi
bi.
dabwxov `mwyemsi, batknis mcnobi (Tu romeli cxvrisaa)~ _ mr. r. dabwxo-
bi.
es sufiqsi vlindeba CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis sax. br. formaSi: o `is~
_ mr. r. obi
bi, i || e `es~ _ mr. r. ibi
|| ebi
bi, is `is~ (SenTan axlos myofi) ibsi
< isbi
(Р. Р. Гагуа, Основные вопросы..., gv. 203).
-ar
warmodgenilia: 1) ramdenime arsebiT saxelSi: vaS `Zma~ _ mr. r. va-
Jar
ar, aS `da~ _ mr. r. aJar
ar mravlobiTis formebSi (vaJar, aJar) yuradRebas
iqcevs J-s gamJRereba. gaza n `Txa~ _ mr. r. gazar
ar.
2) CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis ergativsa da irib brunvaTa formebSi: obi
`isini~ _ erg. mr. r. oƒar
ar, mic. oƒar
arn... ebi `eseni~ _ mr. r. erg. eƒar
ar, mic.
eƒar
arn... ibsi `eseni~, `isini~ (II pirTan myofi) _ mr. r. erg. icxar
< isƒar
ar, mic.
icxar
arn...
-er
< || -ar˜: nus `rZali~ _ mr. r. naser || nasar˜, Tof `Tofi~ _ mr.
r. Tafar˜...
26

SnS. -ari
> ar+i.
-arC
|| > -erC
erC, alC
|| elC (r-Tanxmovnian fuZeebSi): Tašbu `dakodili
cxvari~ _ mr. r. TabarC
rC, ƒaŸƒŸ `mtredi~ _ ƒaƒarC
|| ƒaƒerC
rC...
kur `kvamli~ _ kurelC || kuriS,
-{a}rC
rC: Ca `daTvi~ _ mr. r. CarC...
-rS
rS: mxolod erT sityvaSi: ƒa `Rori~ _ mr. r. ƒarS
-ur: h´ik `saxeluri~ _ mr. r. h´akur, muR `kudi~ _ mr. r. maRur...
-ni
sufiqsi nazalur xmovnebze daboloebul saxelebSi Cans: qarsa n
`Toki~
_ mr. r. qarsni...
SnS. -ni
sufiqsSi n fuZis kuTvnilebaa, zogan n analogiiTac Cndeba (r.
gagua).
-u sufiqsia sityvasTan kil `quTuTo~ _ mr. r. kil-u.
SnS 2 -u sufiqsSi u(

n a T e s a o b i T i brunvis ZiriTadi funqcia kuTvnilebis gamoxatvaa
(d a d e n Jagn `m a m i s wigni~); m i c e m i T i brunva iribi da ubralo damatebis
funqciiT gvxvdeba (nan b a d r e n let— `deda Svils exmareba~, d a d e n
h´aS ve’e n `m a m a s T a n stumari movida~).
-Vv
Vv- niSniani e r g a t i v i i n s t r u m e n t a l i s T a n saziaro formaa.
maTTvis amosavalia i n s t r u m e n t a l i s i s mniSvneloba.
martivi (resp. erTsufiqsiani) brunvebia: g a m s W v a l v i T i, g a r d a -
q c e v i T i, T a n a o b i T i, m i m a r T u l e b i T e b i (martivi, mimarTulebiTi
I, mimarTulebiTi II), a d g i l o b i T i. zogi maTgani adgilisa da mimarTulebis
Cvenebis garda sxva (zogad) mniSvnelobasac gamoxatavs. es brunvebi funqciiT
axlos dganan micemiT brunvasTan.
g a m s W v a l v i T i (x-sufiqsiani, romelic mx. ricxvSi saxelobiTs, mr.
ricxvSi ki brunvisniSniseuli TanxmovanCamoSrrebul naTesaobiTis formas daerTvis)
brunva iribi damatebisa da ufro iSviaTad ubralo damatebis funqciiT
gvxvdeba (d a d a x xat´in `mamas hkiTxa~).
m i m a r T u l e b i T i I-s (-go-sufiqsians) kauzativTan Semsrulebeli,
iribi obieqtis funqcia aqvs (o ƒ u g o bavin don a ƒ i T e n
`mas m a s dakarguli
cxeni azRvevines~).
g a r d a q c e v i T i (-R- sufiqsiani) ubralo damatebis funqcias asrulebs
(e qoj a h> o R berwi n `es cocxi q a l i S v i l a d iqca~).
m i m a r T u l e b i T i II mxolod garkveuli semantikis saxelebSi dasturdeba
(krebiT, nivTierebaTa... saxelebSi) Cveulebriv mr. ricxvSi da aRniSnavs
mimarTulebas (aTx h´ulno
< h ´u n l ) dut dasag _ Cven tyeSi mivdivarT
SeSaze...
T a n a o b i T - m i m a r T u l e b i T i brunva (_ci
n -sufiqsiani) erTad an
erTdroul, Tanadroul moqmedebas da agreTve moqmedebis mimarTulebas aRniSnavs:
h´e n aSas se n
v a S e c i n ‘amod _ Seni da Cems ZmasTan erTad swavlobs...
CamCeci n Txil Camlin da _ CamiCTan Txili gemrieli aris (q. l.)...
28

obi soci n baxke n _ isini (kacebi) CemTan movidnen...
m i m a r T u l e b i s gamomxatveli martivi forma (mimarTulebiTi III) e, i
(ufro iSviaTad( u, a xmovnebze bolovdeba. es xmovnebi xSirad emTxveva naTesaobiTi
brunvisniSniseul xmovnebs, magram fuZe zogjer gansxvavebulia: Sdr.
naT. xake n
(xak `tomara~) _ mimarTulebiTi martivi forma _ xake → || x‰k...
magram naT. aluna → || alvinen (aluna `alvani~) _ mimarTulebiTis martivi
forma _ alun˜...
naTesaobiTi brunvisniSniseuli xmovnisgan SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos
mimarTulebiTis martivi formis daboloeba: naT. br. bulye n
(bulay `Wa~) _
mimarTulebiTi martivi _ bulyi...
a d g i l o b i T i martivi brunvis SemTxvevaSic analogiuri viTareba
gvaqvs, oRond aq h´ _ aris dakarguli or da met marcvlian sityvebSi da i
SenarCunebulia, erTmarcvldianebSi ki h´-c dasturdeba: xak `tomara~ _ naT.
xake n , adgilob. xake... Sdr. erTmarcvliani sityva dro `dro~ _ naT. drun _
adgilob droh´...
garda erTafiqsiani adgilobiTi brunvebisa, bacburSi gvxvdeba rTuli
Sedgenilobis sufiqsebiani adgilobiTi brunvebi da Tandebuliani brunvebi.
-re
n
|| -le
n
Tandebuli daerTvis naTesaobiTis formas rogorc mxoloobiT,
ise mr. ricxvSi, re n
|| le n
_ Tandebuliani sityva miugebs kiTxvaze `saidan?~,
`risgan?~ (axmetre n ve’e n Txe n vaS _ axmetidan movida Cveni Zma...) (-re
n
|| -le
n zedsarTav saxelebsac awarmoebs: maTxore n `mziani~...).
-xi
n
Tandebuli mr. ricxvSi, Cveulebriv, naT. br.-is TanxmovanCamoSorebul
formas daerTvis, mxoloobiTSi naT. brunvisniSniseuli xmovani reducirebulia,
upasuxebs kiTxvaze `saidan?~ (o vaR kolxoz gamgeobaxi n
_ is kolmeurneobis
gamgeobidan modis...).
-mci
n
Tandebuliani forma upasuxebs kiTxvaze `sanamde?~ (maclomcin do
Riplip? _ sanamde ixmaureb?..)
29

ɺɺ
-mci
n -Si SeiZleba gamoiyos ci n TanaobiT-mimarTulebiTi brunvis niSani: -
mci n
< m + ci n , m ki qarTulis -mdis TanzebulTan kontaminaciis Sedegad iyos
ganviTarebuli (bacburSi qarTulTan integraciis Sorswasuli procesi gvaqvs,
afiqsebis sesxebac ki dasturdeba).
-gu
guh´ Tandebuli (SnS. Sedgeba go+h´+i, goh´i > goh´ > guh´. i naTesaobiTi
brunvis niSnidan momdinareobs (a. Sifneri Versuch...) qarT. -ken Tandebulis
mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba (vaSaguh´(a) Ros _ Zmisken mivdivar...)
e n da i n naT. br. niSnebi gamoiyofa agreTve -re
n
|| -le
n , - Re n
(qarT. -ebr,
-ebur sufiqsis fardia), -xi
n , xi n , mci n
elementebSi. - Re n
sufiqsi zedsarTav
saxelebs awarmoebs, -re
n
|| -le
n , sufiqsis erT-erTi funqciac zeds. sax.
warmoebaa, am elementebSi naTes. br. daboloeba moulodneli ar aris, -en da
in zedsarTav saxelebSic dasturdeba. danarCen afiqsebSi naT. br. niSnebis Sedgeniloba
sakvlevia.
-g da -l _ segmentebiani brunvebisagan iwarmoeba Tandebuliani formebi.
-g-ian brunvis formas daerTvis sxvadasxva elementebi: 1) adgilobiTis
martivi sufiqsi h´: go + h´ > goh´ || go. -go
go{h´}-iani brunvis forma da `aris~
zmnasTan `maqvs~, `myavs~ mniSvnelobas gamoxatavs: CiTgTh´ Toyal Sorla a _
CiTs sakmarisi sigane aqvs. egeve forma vnebiTi gvaris mniSvnelobis mqone orvalentovan
zmnebTan realuri subieqtis funqcias asrulebs: knaTego{h´}
marl‘ wegbali n _ biWs cxviri gauwiTlda.
2) Tandebuli -re
n : -go+re n > gore n > || gre n : gaTigore n herw de’nas _
gaTisagan movitane qvabi.
3) -mci
n Tandebuli: go+mci n > gomci n : sogomci n _ Cemamde.
4) -re
n
+ dah´ Tandebulebi: go+re n +dah´ > gorenda{h´} || grenda{h´}:
oƒugorenda{h´} aR e ambu _ misgan modis es ambavi.
-lo
loɺ
ɺ-ian brunvis formas daerTvis igive elementebi, (-ren+dah´-is gamokle-
30

iT), rac -go
go-ian brunvas: 1) adgilobiTi martivis sufiqsi h> : l + h> >
loh> || lo: xilo{h´} `wyalSi~ (zedmiw. wylisken + wyalSi _ `wyliskenSi~...
lošflo{h´} kab deni’ ah>laqalin sogo{h>} _ lafSi kaba sulmTlad amomesvara
(q. l. 68)...
2) -re
n : l + re n
→ lore
n
|| lre n : xilore n
_ wylidan (zedmiw. `wyal-
Sigan~)
stexos h´o! _ rodemdis ge-
3) (-mci n : -lo
+ -mci
n
lodo Sen!
> -lom
lomci
n : mac-lom
lomci
n
garda aRniSnuli elementebisa, -lo
lo- segmentian brunvis formas daerTvis
agreTve -x || R + -dah
dah>: -l + x + dah> || -lo
+ R + dah>: alzneloRdah> votur
o stak _ alaznis gavliT midioda is kaci...
arse
sebiT saxel
xelTa brune
neba
sinqroniul doneze SeiniSneba brunvis niSanTa simravle: ergativis niSnebia
Vv, v; Vs, s; naTesaobiTisa _ V n , n ; micemiTis _ Vn, n... xmovnian brunvis
niSnebSi, Cveulebriv, erTi da igive xmovani meordeba: e, i, u, o; zogjer paradigmaSi
sxvadasxva xmovania warmodgenili.
s a x e l o b i T i fuZis saxiT gvxvdeba, uniSnoa, w r f e l o b i T i, a b -
s o l u t i v i.
gvaqvs e r T f u Z i a n i da o r f u Z i a n i bruneba.
SnS. orfuZian brunebaSi meore fuZe an determinantiani fuZea, an ergativis
formaa warmoSobiT.
brunebisas saxelis fuZe SeiZleba iyos u c v l e l i an c v a l e b a d i:
1. fuZeze xmovnis an xmovniT dawyebuli sufiqsis darTva iwvevs: a) a, e,
i, o, u xmovnebis srul reduqcias, difTongebis _ nawilobriv kumSvas; b) i
da u xmovnebis epenTeziss, maSin rodesac fuZeSi gvaqvs a, e, o xmovnebi.
2. dasturdeba fuZiseuli xmovnebis monacvleoba _ saxelobiTisa, erTi
31

mxriT, da danarCen brunvebSi, meore mxriT: a _ o(u), a _ i, o _ a.
fuZisa da brunvis niSanTa saxeobebis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos
b r u n e b i s Semdegi j g u f e b i:
I. brunvis niSnebia: mx. r. sax. -Ø, erg. -ev
ev, naT- -e n , mic. -en
en, gamsW. -ex
ex, mimarT.
I -g, gardaqc. -R, Tanaob. -ci
n ; mr. r. sax. -i... erg. -v, naT. -a n , mic. -n,
gamsW. -x, mimarT. g, gardaqc. R, Tanaob. ci n TanxmovanfuZiani.
a) erTfuZiani fuZeucvleli erTmarcvliani sityvebi
mx. r. sax. knaT `biWi~ gamsW. knaT-ex mr. r. sax. knaT-i
erg. knaT-ev
mimarT.
knaT-eg
erg. knaT-i-v
I
naT. knaT-e n gardaqc. knaT-eR naT. knaT-a n
mic. knaT-en Tanaob. knaT{e}-
ci n mic. knaT-i n ...
b) erTfuZiani fuZecvalebadi or- da metmarcvliani sityvebi
mx. r. sax. bubuk `yvavili~ gamsW. bubk-en
erg. bubk-ev

fuZecvalebadi, xdeba xmovnis epenTezisi
mx. r. sax. at´iv `bedi~ gamsW. at¾v-ex
erg. at´v-ev

II. brunvis niSnebia: mx. r. sax. Ø, erg. Vs, naT. e n , mic. en... ramdenime sityva
ganekuTvneba.
mx. r. sax. br. dad gamsW. död-ax
erg. dad-as gardaqc. dad-eR
naT.
mic.
dad-e n
dad-en
mr. r. sax. dad-i afeqt. dadöx
erg. dad-i-v gardaqc. dad-i-R
naT.
mic.
dad-a n
dad-i-n
SnS. istoriulad e n
< a n –r. g.) naTesaobiTisa da micemiTi brunvis daboloebebSi.
III. brunvis niSnebia: mx.r. sax. Ø, erg. -iv
iv, naT. -i n , mic. -in
in...
1. erTfuZiani bruneba
a) fuZeucvleli xmovanfuZianebi erTmarcvliani
mx. r. sax. br. fSa `yinuli~
erg.
naT.
mic.
fga-v
fSa- n
fSa-n
ormarcvlianebi:
mr. r. sax. daqna `sikeTe~
erg.
naT.
mic.
daqna-v > || daqn-ev
daqna- n < || daqn-e n
daqna-n > || daqn-en
34

TanxmovanfuZianebi, fuZeucvleli
mx. r. sax. daxk `Tagvi~
erg.
naT.
mic.
daxk-iv
daxk-i n
daxk-in...
mr. r. sax. daxk-erC
erg.
naT.
mic.
daxk-erC-v
daxk-erC-i n
daxk-erC-n...
SnS. es saxeoba mxolod ori sityviT Semoifargleba (aseve ibrunvis
qorT `Tavi~) da warmoSobiT xmovanfuZiania: qorT < qorTo, daxk < daxko.
IV. sax. Ø, erg. Vs, naT. i n , mic. in
erTfuZiani bruneba, fuZecvalebadi reducirebulia fuZiseuli xmovani:
mx. r. sax. bacav `wova-TuSi~ gamsW. bacv-ax
erg. bacv-as || bacv-es gardaqc. bacva-R || bacv-e-R
naT.
mic.
bacv-a+ n || bacv-e n
bacv-an || bacv-e n
mr. r. sax. bac-bi gamsW. bac-b-ax
erg. bac-bi-v gardaqc. bac-bi-R
naT. bac-b-a n mimarT. I bac-bi-g
mic. bac-bi-n Tanaob. bac-bi-ci n
35

orfuZiani bruneba, fuZeucvleli. a) xmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani, am saxeobas
saxelTa mcire jgufi ganekuTvneba:
mx. r. sax. xa `barZayi~ gamsW. xa-vn-ix...
erg.
naT.
mic.
xa-vn-iv
xa-vn-i n
xa-vn-in
mr. r. sax. xa-vn-i ||
xa-vn-u ||
xa-vn-i
naT.
xa-vn-a n
xa-vn-o n
b) TanxmovanfuZianebi:
mx. r. sax. qoj `cocxi~ gamsW. qoj-n-i-x...
erg.
naT.
mic.
qoj-n-iv
qoj-n-i n || qoj-u n
qoj-n-in
mr. r. sax. qoj-erC || qoj-n-i gamsW. qoj-erC-ax
erg. qoj-erC-v gardaqc. qoj-erC-aR...
naT.
mic.
qoj-erC-a n
qoj-erC-n
36

V. brunvis niSnebia: erg. _ av, naT. _ i n , mic. _ in
erTfuZiani bruneba. fuZecvalebadi, TanxmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani;
fuZiseuli xmovnis monacvleobiT
mx. r. sax. mot´ `ena~ gamsW. mat´-iS-ax
erg. mat´-av gardaqc. mat´-iS-R
naT.
mic.
mat´-i n
mat´-an
mr. r. sax. mat´-iS gamsW. mat´-iS-ax
erg. mat´-iS-v gardaqc. mat´-iS-R
naT. mat´-iS-a n ||
mat´-a n
mic.
mat´-iS-n
VI. brunvis niSnebia: sax. -Ø, erg. -ov
ov, naT. -o n , mic. -o n ,
erTfuZiani bruneba, fuZeucvleli, TanxmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani
mx. r. sax. mawr `Srati~ gamsW. möwr-ox
erg. mawr-ov gardaqc. mawr-oR
naT.
mic.
möwr-o n
mawr-on
mr. r. sax. mawr-u gamsW. mawr-£x
erg. mawr-u-v gardaqc. mawr-u-R
naT.
mic.
mawr-£ n
mawr-u-n
37

SnS. istoriulad o fuZiseulia: mawr

VII. brunvis niSnebia: sax. -Ø, erg. -uv, mic. -un, naT. u n
erTfuZiani bruneba. fuZeucvleli, TanxmovanfuZiani. erTmarcvliani:
mx. r. sax. kmat `klde~ gamsW. kmat-ux
erg. kmat-uv gardaqc. kmat-uR
mic.
naT.
kmat-un
kmat-u n
mr. r. sax. kmat-ni gamsW. kmat-n-ax
erg. kmat-ni-v gardaqc. kmat-n-iR
mic.
naT.
kmat-ni n
kmat-a n
fuZecvalebadi. TanxmovanfuZiani. ormarcvliani, reducirebulia fuZiseuli
xmovani:
mx. r. sax. taTeb `fuli, vercxli~ gamsW. taTb-ux
erg. taTb-uv gardaqc. taTb-uR
mic.
naT.
taTb-un
taTb-u n
mr. r. sax. taTb-u gamsW. taTb-ox
erg. taTb-u-v gardaqc. taTb-uR
mic.
naT.
taTb-u-n
taTb-o n
39

VIII. brunvis niSnebia: sax. -Ø, naT. n , erg. -v, mic. n
naTesaobiTi brunva sxva brunvaTa fuZes xmovnis anazalobiT upirispirdeba.
SnS. nazaluri xmovnebi momdinareoben xmovani + n Tanxmovnisagan, amdenad,
naTes. br. niSnad gvqonda n Tanxmovani.
erTfuZiani bruneba. fuZeucvleli. xmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani:
mx. r. sax. fh>e `sofeli~ gamsW. fh>-e-x
naT. fh>e n gardaqc. fh>-e-R
erg.
mic.
fh>e-v
fh>e-n
mr. r. sax. fh>-iS, fh>e-S gamsW. fh>-iS-ax, fx>e-ax
naT. fh>-iS-a n gardaqc. fh>-iS-R
erg.
mic.
fh>-iS-v
fh>-iS-n
IX. naT. i n , erg. v, mic. n
orfuZiani bruneba. TanxmovanfuZiani. fuZeucvleli:
mx. r. sax. nÄap `Zili~ gamsW. nÄapar-x
naT. nÄap-r-i n gardaqc. nÄapar-R
erg
mic.
nÄap-ar-v
nÄap-ar-n
mr. r. sax. n-Äapar˜...
SnS. aq naTesaobiTis daboloebad i n
gvaqvs, mxovniani, erg., mic.-Si brun-
40

vis daboloebad mxolod Tanmxovania.
TanxmovanfuZiani fuZecvalebadi
mx. r. sax. obst `miwa~ gamsW. abst-ar-x
naT. abst-r-i n gardaqc. abst-ar-R
erg
mic.
abst-ar-v
abst-ar-n
X. naT. i n , erg. -av, mic. -an || -n, mimarT. I ag, -go
erTfuZiani bruneba, fuZeucvleli, TanxmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani.
mx. r. sax. mar `qmari~ gamsW. mör-a-x
naT. mar-i n gardaqc. mar-a-R
erg
mic.
mar-a-v
mar-a-n || mar-n
41

zedsarTavi saxeli
bacburSi gamoiyofa z e d s a r T a v i s a x e l i specifikuri semantikiT,
funqciiTa da warmoebiT.
dasturdeba viTarebiTi da mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi.
viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi, Cveulebiv, azalur xmovnebze _ i n , e n ,
o n , u n , a n , iSviaTad difTongebze bolovdeba. xmovanTagan a n
metwilad
danarCen xmovnebs enacvleba zogjer mr. ricxvSi, ramdenime saxelTan igi
mxoloobiTSic iCens Tavs: Reli n _ susti, ۶arWi n _ Savi... dax´e n _ grZeli,
Raze n _ kargi, yae n _ mware... WaRo n _ magari, daƒo n _ didi... laxu n _
dabali... zora n _ mamaci, xala n _ sawyeni, samwuxaro... ku
n _ TeTri...
mx. ricxvSi zedsarTavi saxeli o n xmovanze bolovdeba, mr. ricxvSi _ a n -
ze:
mx. ricxvi daƒo n `didi~ _ mr. r. daƒa n ;
mx. ricxvi kawko n `patara~ _ mr. r. kawka n ...
iSviaTia iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac viTarebiT zedsarTav saxelebSi
nazaluri boloxmovani ar aris warmodgenili: duƒ _ bevri, bax _ mdidari.
m i m a r T e b i T i zedsarTavi saxelebi iwarmoeba -re
n , -ri
n , -ru
n , -le
n , -
li n , -lu
n , -Re
n , -wi
n
sufiqsebiT: diTxore
n
`xorciani~, Cure
n
_ Sinauri...
mawri
n
_ tkbili, gogri
n
_ mrgvali... yarole
n
_ wvimiani... Camli
n
_
gemrieli, niwyli
n
_ Zlieri... Txalu
n
_ dRevandeli... badreRe
n
_
bavSviseburi, bavSvuri, SuRe
n
_ Tqveneburi... aT´wi
n
_ uZroxo, badrewi
n
_
uSvilo...
mimarTebiTi zedsarTavebis s u f i q s e b i c nazalur xmovnebze (e n , i n ,
u n ) bolovdeba (ix. aqve, zemoT).
iseTi SemTxvevebic gvxvdeba, rodesac mimarTebiT zedsarTavebs awarmoebs
42

oden nazaluri xmovnebi: xie n _ wylis, wyliani, maTxe n _ rZiana... uni n _
tyis, tyiuri, maTxi n
_ mzis, mziuri... Tumca zedsarTavebis aseTi (oden
nazaluri xmovnebiT) warmoebisas paraleluri -re
n -sufiqsini
formebic
dasturdeba: xie n
|| ciere
n , uni
n
|| unare
n ... uali
n , ualre
n ...
viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebis daboloebebs _ nazalur xmovnebs
naTesaobiTi brunvis formebisagan momdinared miiCneven (p. uslari, i.
deSerievi...) (bacburSi nazaluri xmovnebi gvaqvs naTesaobiTi brunvis
niSnebad). aseTi genezisi moiTxovs dasabuTebas: dgeba viTarebiTi
zedsarTaveis fuZis sakiTxi, istoriulad ras warmoadgens is. gasarkvevia
agreTve mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebis sufiqsTa (-re n , -li n ...), romlebic
agreTve nazalur xmovnebze bolovdeba, mimarTeba maTTan (viTarebiTi
zedsarTavi saxelebis nazalur boloxmovnebTan). asaxsnelia amasTanave -e n
||
-re
n
paraleluri formebis povniereba mimarTebiT zedsarTav saxelebSi (ix.
zemoT). mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelis sufiqsi -re
n , romelic emTxveva
erTTandebuliani gamosvliTi brunvis daboloebas, SesaZlebelia, masTan
saerTo warmomavlobisa iyos (r. gagua, i. deSerievi), -Re
n
sufiqsSi R-s
gardaqceviTi brunvis R- daboloebas ukavSireben (r. gagua).
viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebis daboloebaTa naTesaobiTi brunvis
niSnebTan dakavSirebis TvalsazrisiT interess moklebuli ar unda iyos is,
rom bacburSi dasturdeba substantiuri gansazRvreba (x e n
۶ a b k e v
qakdie n murab _ x i s k o v z i T mouria muraba).
qarTulidanaa nasesxebi mimarTebiTi zedsarTavis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi
-ur: dalur _ RvTaebrivi, lamzur _ lamazi...
ramdenime viTarebiT zedsarTav saxelSi dasturdeba cocxali _ moqmedi
gramatikuli klasis niSani: d-aƒo n _ didi (d-aƒo n bader _ didi bavSvi, v-
aƒo n stak _ didi kaci, -aƒo n o _ didi gogona, b-aƒo n do n _ didi cxeni),
dawi n _ mZime; d-utyi n _ wvrili, Txeli; daxe n _ grZeli; duyi n _ sqeli,
xSiri; davi g _ msubuqi; d-acu n _ mlkde; dase n _ carieli...
43

garda gramatikuli klasebis mixedviT cvlilebisa, zedsarTavi saxelebi,
viTarebiTi da mimarTebiTic, icvleba brunvaTa da ricxvis mixedviT.
bacburSi, CaCnur-inguSurisagan gansxvavebiT, damokidebuli da
damoukidebeli zedsarTavi saxelebi erTi formiTaa warmodgenli saxelobiT
brunvaSic.
damokidebuli zedsarTavi saxeli msazRvrelis gansazRvrebis funqcias
asrulebs. sazRvrulTan erTad msazRvrelis brunebisas ori formaa garCeuli
_ saxelobiTisa da danarCeni brunvebis rogorc mxoloobiT, ise _
mravlobiT ricxvSi:
mx. ricxvi
mr. ricxvi
sax.
mate n atam _ mwife atami mateni atm-i
erg.
mate-C atme-v
mate-C atm-iv
mic. mateC atme-n mate-C atm-in
naT. mate-C atme n ... mate-C atm-a n ...
damoukidebeli zedsarTavi saxelic ibruneba, saxelobiTs upirispirdeba
-Co-afiqsiani meore fuZe:
sax.
erg.
mx. ricxvi
mate n
mate-Co
Co-v
mr. ricxvi
mateni
mate-CuS
CuS-v
mic. mate-Co-n mate-CuSn
naT. mate-Co n ... mate-Co n ...
aseve ibruneba msazRvreli (zedsarTavi), Tu is mosdevs sazRvruls,
Tumca postpoziciuri msazRvreli bacburSi Zalze iSviaTad dasturdeba.
meore fuZiseul -Co
Co- elements sxvadasxvagvar geneziss uZebnian
(deSerievi, imnaiSvili), ufro sarwmuno Cans misi (-Co-s) nacvalsaxeluri
warmomavloba (k. WrelaSvili, r. fareuliZe).
viTarebiT zedsarTav saxelebs (iSviaTad mimarTebiTebsac) ewarmoeba
ufroobiTi (SedarebiTi) xarisxis forma. š/vx
vx, x sufiqsebiT, romlebic
daerTvis bolo xmovnis nazalizaciaCamoSorbul zedsarTavis fuZes.
44

vx, x < xš < xu-sagan. e n
da i n - boloxmovnian zedsarTavebSi u
boloxmovnis metaTezisis Semdeg u < š(v)-Si. -e n -ze daboloebul zedsarTav
saxelebSi e > i-s š-sTan mezoblobaSi daviwroebis Sedegad: davi n
`msubuqi~,
ufr. xarisxi _ davivx
vx `ufro msubuqi~, TiSi n
`Zveli~, (ufr. xarisxi _
TiSivx
_ `ufro Zveli~... wege n
`wiTeli~ _ ufr. xarisxi _ wegivx
< wegevx
`ufro wiTeli~, Raze n
`kargi~ _ ufr. xarisxi Razivx
(|| Razišx), Razevxš <
Razevxu, Razexu
`ufro kargi~.
u n -boloxmovnian zedsarTav saxelebSi xu sufiqsidan u metaTezisis
Semdeg erwymis zedsarTavi saxelis nazalobaCamoSorebul u-boloxmovans da
u-s saxes iRebs, aseve o n -boloxmovnian zedsarTav saxelebSi u-s o xmovanTan
Serwymis Sedegad gvaqvs u: dacu n
`mokle~ _ dacux < dacušxš `ufro mokle,
SedarebiT mokle~; laxu n
`dabali~ _ laxux `SedarebiT ufro dabali~; daƒ´o n
`didi~ < _ daƒ´ux < daƒ´ošxš 1 `(SedarebiT) ufro didi~; kawko n `patara~ _
kawkux 1
`(SedarebiT) ufro patara~...
amrigad, u n
da o n -boloxmovnian zedsarTav saxelTa SedarebiTi xarisxis
mawarmoeblad -x sufiqsi daCndeba. i n
da e n -boloxmovnianebisaTvis _ -vx
sufiqsi, magram aqac (i n da e n _ boloxmovnianebTan) x sufiqsic gvxvdeba
paralelurad: laƒe n `maRali~ _ laƒi-x `ufro maRali~, stami n `sqeli~ _
stamix `ufro sqeli~...
x iCens Tavs agreTve TanxmovanfuZian zedsarTav saxelebis SedarebiTi
xarisxis formebSi: lamzur `lamazi~ _ lamzurx < lamzuurx < lamzurxš <
lamzurxu `ufro lamazi~; juRur `uSno~ _ juRurx `ufro uSno~... 2
bacburi xu sufiqsi saerTo Cans SedarebiTi xarisxis mawarmoebel CaCn. -
x…o, ing. -Ra sufiqsebTan.
1 d. da n. qadagiZeebis `wova-TuSur-qarTul-rusul leqsikonSi~ (Tb., 1984, romelic
Sedgenilia XIX s.-is dasawyisSi, dasturdeba daƒošxš (ufro didi) da kawko xuW (ufro
patara, umciresi) formebi.
2
SeiniSneba -W da -ka‡
nawilakebiT (aRmatebiTi (-W elementiT), odnaobiTi (-ka‡
elementiT) xarisxis formebis Camoyalibebis tendencia.
45

icxviTi saxeli
bacburSi ganirCeva raodenobiTi da rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi.
agebulebis mixedviT raodenobiT ricxviT saxelebSi gamovyofT martiv
(Zireul) da warmoqmnil (Sedgenil) ricxviT saxelebs.
martivia: 1) erTidan aTis CaTvliT ricxviTi saxelebi$ ca _ 1, Si _
2, ƒo _ sami, d„ivØ _ 4, fxi _ 5, eTx _ 6, vorlÀ _ 7, barlÀ _ 8, is´ _ 9,
it´ _ 10; 2) nasesxebi ricxviTi saxelebia: azar (spars.) aTas (qarT.) _ 1000,
milvan (qarT.) _ milioni.
warmoqmnili ricxviTi saxelebi TerTmetidan Tvrametis CaTvliT,
Sedgenilia erTeulis aRmniSvneli ricxviTi saxelebisa da aTisagan cait´ _
11 < ca _ 1 + it´ _ 10...); Siit´ _ 12, ƒoit´ _ 13, d„evait´ _ 14, fxiit´ _
15, eTxait´ _ 16, vorlÀait´ || vorlÀeit´ _ 17, barlÀait´ || barlÀeit´ _ 18;
erTeuli pirvel adgilzea, mas daerTvis aTis aRmniS#vneli ricxviTi saxeli
_ t´. 14-idan 18-is CaTvliT erTeulebis aRmniSvneli ricxviTi saxelebi
aTTan a, e kavSiriTaa SeerTebuli (d„evait´ d„ev 4 + a + it´ _ 10).
Taviseburi Cans tyexw (19) ricxviTi saxelis Sedgeniloba. SesaZlebelia,
19 bacburSi (da agreTve CaCnur-inguSurSi) oci + erT(iT) naklebs niSnavdes
(iv. javaxiSvili i. oxdoevi).
bacburSi gvaqvs ocobiTi T v l i s s i s t e m a, iseve rogorc CaCnuringuSurSi.
tya (`oci~) fuZes ukavSireben it´ (`aTi~) + tyo‡ (`kidev~) fuZeebs (iv.
javaxiSvili, i. deSerievi).
oceulebis aRmniSvneli rTuli ricxviTi saxelebi 20-is Semdeg
Sedgenilia erTeulis saxelisa, romelic pirvel adgilze dgas da ocisagan,
maerTad gvevlineba saerTo naxuri wa (> w), z < zu _ jerobis sufiqsi. maTi
ganawileba ricxviT saxelebSi am enisaTvis niSandobliv fonetikuri
cvlilebebis wess eqvemdebareba: Sa-uz
uz-tya _ 40, ƒo-uz
uz-tya _ 60, d„e-uz
uz-tya
_ 80, fxa-uz
uz-ty(a) _ 100; ex-wa
wa-tya _ (eTxwatya) _ 120; vorlÀ-wa
wa-tya _
46

140; barlÀ-wa
wa-tya _ 160, is´-wa
wa-tya _ 180, it´-wa
wa-tya (iwat´ya) _ 200...
800-s zemoT ricxviTi saxelebi erT rTul fuZes ar warmoadgenen _
gviandeli warmoeba Cans (Sa-w tyauztya `rvaasi~ (zedmiw. `orjer oTxasi~).
rTul ricxviT saxelebSi martivi fukZeebis (ricxviTi saxelebis(
ukavSiro SeerTebac (mirTva) vlindeba. saxeldobr, 20-iT, 20-ze daboloebuli
ricxviTebiTa da erTeulebiT Sedgenil ricxviTebSi: 21 _ t´yaca (t´ya
(`oci~) + cp (`erTi~)... 41 _ Sauzt´ya
yaca (Sauz+t´ya (`ormoci~) + ca
(`erTi~)... 121 _ exwat´ya
yaca (exwat´ya (`asoci~) + ca (`erTi~).
30, 50... 20-ze, 40-ze... 10-is mirTviT iwarmoeba: 30 _ t´yait´ (t´ya
(`oci~) + it´ (`aTi~)... Sesabamisad 31, 51... agreTve _ 20-ze, 40-ze 11-is, 12-
is... mirTviT: 31 _ t´ya cait´ (t´ya (`oci~) + cait´ (`TerTmeti~)...
rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi iwarmoeba raodenobiTi ricxviTi
saxelebisagan _ lRe n
sufiqsi...).
sufiqsiT (fci-lRe n
(`mexuTe~): fxi _ 5 + lRe n
`p i r v e l i~, qarTulis msgavsad, `p i r~-(piri) fuZisgan aris nawarmoebi:
dure n
`pirveli~, Sdr. Ju `piri~ (mWreli iaraRisa), doqot `pirisaxe,
piri~: du < doi(?), paralelurad oqot-ic gvxvdeba amave mniSvnelobiT.
SesaZlebelia, inguSurSic uera (`pirveli~) u-idan (`piri~) iyos
nawarmoebi, Tumca u aq `piris~ mniSvnelobiT calke ar dasturdeba.
moqmedi gramatikuli klasis niSani d-„ivØ (`oTxi~) ricxviT saxelSia
warmodgenili da yvela im rTul ricxviT saxelSi, romlis SemadgenlobaSic
d-„ivØ ricxviTi saxeli Sedis (d-„ev
„evait´ _ 14, d-„eu
„euztya _ 80...).
ricxviTi saxelebi bacburSi ibruneba r a o d e n o b i T i r i c x v i T i
saxelebi 4-idan 10-is CaTvliT TanxmovanfuZian arsebiT saxelTa naTesaobiT
brunvaSi -e n -niSnian brunebas misdevs: sax. d„ivØ (`oTxi~), naT. d„iv-en n ... es
ricxviTi saxelebi TanxmovanfuZianebia fxi-s (`xuTi~) gamoklebiT.
47

gansxvavebulad ibrunvis 1 2 3 ricxviTi saxelebi, romelTa fuZe xmovanze
bolovdeba: naTesaobiTis daboloebad i n Cans (ca (`erTi~) _ naT. can-i n ...),
sxva brunvebSi (ergativis msgavsad) brunvis daboloebis win a xvaonia: erg.
can-a-v, gardaqc. can-a-R xmovani brunvis daboloebis win ar aris
dadasturebuli mic. da gardaqc. brunvebSi _ mic. can-n (|| can-na),
gardaqc. can-R (|| can-a-R).
mic. brunvis niSnad arqauli -na
(|| n) gvevlineba ca da Si (`ori~)
nacvalsaxelebTan: ca _ mic. can-na
na; Si _ mic. Sin-na
na.
`sami~ nacvalsaxelis meore fuZeSi amosavali a-xmovani iCens Tavs,
naTesaobiTis daboloebasa da meore fuZeSi amosavali a xmovania,
naTesaobiTis daboloebasa da meore fuZeSi e xmovani daCndeba: sax. ƒo
(`sami~), naT. ƒa-e n , erg. ƒa-ev, mic. ƒa-en...
msazRvreli raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi arsebiT saxelTan erTad
brunebisas ar ibruneba (-sax. fxi stak (`xuTi kaci~), erg. fxi
stakov...). am
mxriv gamonaklisia 1, 2, 3 ricxviTi saxelebi, romlebic or formas avlenen
arsebiT saxelTan erTad brunebis dros:
sax.
ca stak (`erTi kaci~) _ naT. can
stako
Si stak (`ori kaci~) _ naT. Sin stako n
ƒo stak (`sami kaci~) _ naT. ƒa stako n ...
msazRvreli rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi arsebiT saxelebTan erTad iseve
ibruneba, rogorc _ zedsarTavi saxeli (ix. zemoT).
jerobas awarmoebs w nawilaki (ƒow `samjer~, tyaw `ocjer~...).
ganawilebiTis funqcias asrulebs fuZis gaorkeceba (SiS (< SiSi) `orori~,
cac (< caca) `TiTo-TiTo~...). 1
1
gvxvdeba ricxviTi saxelebisagan nawarmoebi saxelebi: cave n
`marto(d)~, cana
`orSabaTi~; `erTxel~ Sinli n `oriani~, maTx `ormagi~...
48

nacvalsaxeli
bacburSi gamoiyofa nacvalsaxelTa Semdegi jgufebi: piris, CvenebiTi,
kiTxviTi, kuTvnilebiTi, kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi, ukuqceviTi, saurTierTo,
gansazRvrebiTi, ganusazRvrelobiTi, uaryofiTi, mimarTebiTi.
moqmedi gramatikuli klasis niSani SeiniSneba mxolod erT gansazRvrebiT
nacvalsaxelSi _ d-ani‡ `yvela~.
nacvalsaxelebi metwilad brunebadi saxelebia.
I da II piris nacvalsaxelebis bruneba
sax. so `me~ o `Sen~ Txo `Cven~ (eqsk.) Su `Tqven~
naT. se n , sa n e n , a n Txe n , Txa n Su n , Su n
erg. as , a Txon, Txo n aS, aSš
mic. son, so n on, o n Txon, Txo n Sun, Su n
gamsWv. sox og Txog Sug
mimarT. I sog og Txog Sug
gardaqc. soR oR TxoR SuR
Tanaob. soci n oci n Txoci n Suci n
I da II piris nacvalsaxelTa brunebisas Ziriseuli s (I pirSi) da (II p.)
ucvlelad aris SenarCunebuli: amosavali fuZiseuli difTongia …a (d.
imnaiSvili, a. qurqievi): …a > o, rasac SeiZleba mowmobdes qisturSi
dadasturebuli so `me~ da Txo `Cven~ nacvalsaxelebis micemiTis formebi:
s…an, Txuan.
I p. eqskluziuri nacvalsaxelisagan gansxvavebiT (ix. aqve zemoT), mr.
ricxvis inkluziuri nacvalsaxeli va erTi formiTaa saxelobiT brunvasa da
ergativSi: sax. va `Cven (inkl.). erg. va, mic. va-n, naT. va- n , gardaqc. ve-R,
gamsWv. ve-x... (a. Sifneri, r. gagua).
49

saxelobiTsa da ergativs erTi
forma aqvs agreTve III piris
gansazRvrebiT _ ukuqceviT nacvalsaxelSi Sarva n ; (>) Saro n
`TviTon, Tavad~:
ivseb Sarva n vaxe n axmit `iosebi Tavad wavida axmetaSi~; o Saro n
liv˜ Sarax
`is TviTon laparakobs Tavis Tavze~; am winadadebebSi gardauval zmnebTan _
vaxe n , liv˜ Sarva
n , Saro n
saxelobiTi brunvis formaa, gardamaval zmnasTan
alÀ
Saro n
ergativis funqciiT iCens Tavs Semdeg winadadebaSi: oƒus Saro n
aloÀ Sarax `is TviTon ityvis Tavis Tavze~...
aqve warmovadgenT Sarva n , Saro n
nacvalsaxelis sxva brunvis formebsac:
Sargore n
xa‡i n so n `TviT misgan gavige~, so n Sarg le‡— alÀa n
`me TviT mas
msurs vuTxra~, Sarna‡ co xe‡— oƒun `TviTon ar icis man~, davTes badri
Sarax duwnor ... `daviTs bavSvebi TviTon auyolebia...~
zemoT ganxiluli magaliTebidan Cans, rom Sarva, Saro n
nacvalsaxeli
winadadebaSi gvxvdeba rogorc gansazRvrebiTi, ise _ ukuqceviTi
nacvalsaxelis funqciiT.
kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebis me n ? `vin?~, vux `ra?~ brunebisas oris
gansxvavebuli fuZe iCens Tavs: erTi _ saxelobiTsa, meore _ ergativis da
irib brunvaTa, mr. ricxvSi mxolod saxelobiTis formebia garCeuli:
sax.
me n ? `vin?~
vux? `ra?~
erg. a n ste-v
mic. an
ste-n
naT. a-n ste-in > st-in
gardaqc. an-R
*sten-R
gamsWv. an-x sten-x...
III p. p
nacvalsaxelisa da sinqroniulad martivi CvenebiTi
nacvalsaexelebis saxelobiTisa da ergativis da irib brunvaTa fuZeebi
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba ƒu segmentiT, romelic warmoCndeba ergativsa da
50

irib brunvaTa formebSi: mx. r. o `is~, erg. o-ƒ-u-s, mic. o-ƒu-n, naT. o-ƒu- n ,
gardaqc. o-ƒu-R, gamsWv. o-ƒu-x... mr. ricxvSi ƒu-s enacvleba ƒar segmenti: o-bi
`isini~, erg. o-ƒar, mic. o-ƒar-n, naT. o-ƒr-i n ...
is (`eg~) nacvalsaxelis ergativsa da irib brunvebSi ƒu-s adgilas
daCndeba cxu < sƒu (r. gagua, k. WrelaSvili): is `eg~, erg.. i-cxu-s, mic.
i.cxu-n, naT. i-cxu- n , gardaqc. i-cxu-R...
Co segmentisagan gansxvavebiT (ix. qvemoT), ƒu mxolod nacvalsaxelebSi
dasturdeba.
mx. da mr. ricxvSi saxelobiTi gansxvavebulia danarCen brunvaTa
formebisagan Co segmentiT kuTvnilebiT, CvenebiT, ukuqceviT, gansazRvrebiT,
ganusazRvrelobiT, kiTxviT, kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebSi, romelTac
zedsarTauli semantika da funqcia aqvT.
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebia: mx. r. se n `Cemi~, e n `Seni~, oƒu n `misi~;
mr. r. Txe n `Cveni (eqskl.), va n `Cveni~ (inkl.), Su `Tqveni~, oƒri n `maTi~.
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi emTxveva piris nacvalsaxelebis naTesaobiTi
brunvis formas.
bacburSi dasturdeba CvenebiTi nacvalsaelebi: eStru n
`aseTi~, iStru n
`egeTi~, oStru n `iseTi~.
ukuqceviT nacvalsaxelTa jgufs ganekuTvneba: mx. r. sa n
`Cemi (Tavisi)~,
a n `Seni (Tavisi)~, Sari n `Tavisi~; mr. r. Txa n `Cveni (Tavisi~) eqskl., va n
(inkl.), Su n `Tqveni~ (Tavisi), oƒri n `maTi~ (Tavisi); ukuqceviTi
nacvalsaxelebi warmoSobiT piris nacvalsaxelTa naTesaobiTi brunvis formaa:
naTesaobiTis daboloeba -e n < -a n . e n || a n paralelurad dasturdeboda: maTi
funqciuri diferenciacia gviandeli faqtia (a. Sifreni, r. gagua).
51

kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebia: an? `visi?~ stin? `risa?~
kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis miRebulia kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebis _
me n ?, vux? naTesaobiTi brunvis formebidan.
gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelebidan gvxvdeba ƒena `sxva~ 1
ganusazRvrelobiT nacvalsaxelTa jgufs qmnian: memli `vnme~, vum `rame~,
menax `viRaca~, vunax `raRaca~; aqedan ubrunvelia memli da vum
nacvalsaxelebi.
magaliTi:
brunebis nimuSebad nacvalsaxelTa TiToeuli jgufidan mogvyavs TiTo
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis sen
`Cemi~ bruneba
mx. r. sax. se n
`Cemi~, erg. se-Co
Co-v, mic. se-Co
Co-n, naT. se-Co n , gardaqc. se-Co-
R, gamsWv. se-Co-x...
mr. r. sax. Txe n
`Cveni~, erg. Txe-Co-v, mic. Txe-Co-n, naT. Txe-Co-n, gardaqc.
Txe-Co-R...
CvenebiTi nacvalsxelis eStrun
`aseTi~ bruneba
mx. r. sax. eStru n
`aseTi~, erg. eStru-Co-v, mic. eStru-Co-n, naT. eStru-
C-o n , gardaqc. eStru-Co-R...
ukuqceviTi nacvalsaxelis san
`Cemi~ (Tavisi) bruneba
mx. r. sax. sa n
`Cemi~, erg. sa-Co-v, mic. sa-Co-n, naT. sa-C-o n , gardaqc.
sa-Co-R...
1 sakvlevia Saro n , Sarva, agreTve suva, uva `TviTon~, mr. r. Txuva, Suva `TviTon~
nacvalsaxelTa romel jgufs ganekuTvneba.
52

mr. r. sax. Txa n `Cveni~, erg. Txa-Co-v, mic. Txa-Co-n, naT. Txa-C-o n ,
gardaqc. Txa-Co-R...
kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis an
an? `visi~? bruneba
mx. r. sax. an? `visi~? erg. an-Co-v, mic. an-Co-n, naT. an-C-o n ,
gardaqc. an-Co-R...
gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelis ƒena `sxva~ bruneba
mx. r. ƒena `sxva~, erg. ƒe-Co-v, mic. ƒe-Co-n, naT. ƒe-C-o n , gardaqc. ƒe-Co-R.
mr. r. sax. ƒen-I `sxvebi~, erg. ƒe-Cu-S-v, mic. ƒe-Cu-S-n, naT. ƒe-C-o n ,
garcaqc. ƒe-Cu-S-R...
mr. ricxvSi Cu < Co-sgan -sTan mezoblobaSi (o >u): ƒe-Cu-S-v < ƒe-Co-
S-v...
ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelis menax `viRaca~ bruneba
mx. r. sax. menax `viRaca~, erg. anax-Co-v, mic. anax-Co-n naT. anax-C-o n ,
gardaqc. anax-Co-R, gamsWv. anax-Co-x
mr. r. sax. menax-Si, erg. anax-Cu-S-v, mic. anax-;Cu-S-n naT. anax-C-o n ,
gardaqc. anax-Cu-S-R...
aqac mr. ricxvSi Cu < Co (ix. aqve, zemoT).
bacburSi dsturdeba mimarTebiTi (mena `vinc~, vune `rac~, menuxa
`romelic~, melÀe `ramdenic~) da uaryofiTi (comena `aravin~, com
`araferi~...) nacvalsaxelebi (d. imnaiSvili). meore fuZeSi Cosegmenti
daCndeba mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelis _ menuxa brunebisas: mx. r. sax. menuxa-
`romelic~, erg. menxu--Co-v-a- mic. menxu--Co-n-a-... mr. r. sax. menxu--a
`romlebic~, erg. menxu-Cu-S-v-a- (< menxu-Co-S-v-a-), mic. menxu-Cu-Sn, menxu-
Cu-S-i n ...
53

uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi Sesabamisi dadebiTi nacvalsaxelebis (saidanac
uaryofiTi formebi iwarmoeba) brunebas misdevs.
saurTierTo naxvalsaxelia vaS{ba} `erTmaneTi~, romelic ibrunvis:
saxelobiTi brunvis, ergativisa da naTesaobiTis saerTo formaa vaS{b}a n ,
micemiTisa _ vaSbin, gvxvdeba gamsWvalviTi brunvis formac _ vaSax da
lokatiur brunvebSi: vaS{b}ig, vaS{b}ici n .
kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli melÀ `ramdeni?~ arsebiTi saxelis brunebis erTerT
models misdevs: sax. mel{—} `ramdeni~ erg. melÀe-v, mic. melÀe-n, gardaqc.
melÀe-R...
54

zmna. I zmnuri kategoriebi
bacburis zmna sakmaod rTul sistemas warmoadgens rogorc
gramatikuli kategoriebis, ise uRlebis TvalsazrisiTac.
zmnur kategoriaTagan bacburSi gamoiyofa: gramatikuli klasis
kategoria, aspeqtis, gramatikuli ricxvis, kauzativis, kilos,
potencialisis kategoriebi.
gramatikuli klasis kategoria bacburSi reliefurad aris
gamoxatuli, saxezea ganviTarebuli gramatikuli klasebis sistema
(gramatikuli klasis Sesaxeb zogadad ix. arsebiTi saxeli).
zmnebi, martivi da rTuli, iyofa or jgufad: uklasniSno da
klasniSnian zmnebad. mag., martivi uklasniSno zmnebia: abar -{Se}ekerva,
aTar -{da}nayva. axar- {mo}xvna, eyar-moSla (moiSleba), ecar _ aReba
(aiRebs)... martivi klasniSniani zmnebi: d-axar _ wasvla (wava): knaT v-axe n
_ biWi wavida, cokal d-axe n _ melia wavida, nan Á-axe n , axrub _ b-axe n _
Toxli wavida; d-aSar _ {ga}dnoba ({ga}dneba), d-aWar _ RrRna (RrRnis),
d-acar _ Tibva ({ga}Tibavs), d-ar _ Seqmna (Seqmnis), keTeba (akeTebs),
d-aJar _ Zova (Zovs)...
bacburSi warmodgenilia klasniSniani da uklasniSno r T u l i
zmnebic: klasniSniani rTuli zmnebis SemadgenlobaSi gvaqvs ori an erTi
martivi klasniSniani zmnis fuZe; uklasniSnoebia martivi uklasniSno
zmnebisagan zmniT makar-SeZleba (SeuZlia) da laTe (xolme-s
mniSvnelobiT) segmentiT Sedgenili zmnebi.
mag., rTuli uklasniSno zmnebi: co-a l ‘ m a k — -ver ityvis (ar SeuZlia
Tqvas)... leva n l a T — _ ambobs xolme... rTuli klasniSniani zmnebi: eg-dar
_ gareva ({ga}revs, {ga}urevs), Sdr. egar _ gareva, d-ar- _ keTeba... d-aSd-ar
_ {ga}dnoba, Sdr. d-aSar _ {ga}dnoba, d-ar _ keTeba; d-ak-d-ar dawva
({da}wvavs), Sdr. d-akar _ wva (iwvis), d-ar _ keTeba... d-aS-d-ar _ {ga}dnoba,
Sdr. d-aSar _ {ga}dnoba, d-ar _ keTeba; d-ak-d-ar dawva ({da}wvavs), Sdr.
d-akar _ wva (iwvis), d-ar _ keTeba...
erTi da igive zogi zmna uRlebis sxvadasxva formebSi klasniSniT
da uklasniSnod warmoCndeba (ix. aspeqti).
55

zmnaSi aisaxeba ZiriTadad arsebiTi saxelis (iSviaTad _
zedsarTavisa da ricxviTi saxelebis) gramatikuli klasis zmnaSi
warmoCenili gramatikuli klasis niSnis mixedviT irkveva, romel
gramatikul klass ganekuTvneba saxeli) _ saxelobiT brunvaSi
gardauvali zmnis subieqtisa da gardamavali zmnis uaxloesi obieqtis,
agreTve saxelisa saxelobiTSi grZnoba-aRqmis aRmniSvnel datiuri
konstruqciis zmnebTan (ix. arsebiTi saxeli, gardamavloba, sintaqsi).
gramatikuli klasis niSnebiT zmnaSi saxelis g r a m a t i k u l i
r i c x v i c aRiniSneba, rac meoreuli faqtis Cans, Tumca am enis
teqstebi XVII saukunemde (isic fragmentulad) ar mogvepoveba:
raodenobrivma cvlilebam socialuri Rirebulebis Secvla gamoiwvia (??),
ix. gramatikuli ricxvis kategoria).
gramatikuli klasis niSani zmnaSi prefiqsia martiv zmnebsa (mag.,
d-efxar _ Cacma, d-e-lar _ siciliT...) da rTul zmnebSi, rodesac misi
(rTuli zmnis) pirveli fuZe klasnisnian zmnad gvevlineba (mag., d-Šfx—dar
– Cacma (acmevs), Sdr. d-efxar _ Cacma (icvams), _ d-aJ-d-ar _ Zoveba
(aZovebs), Sdr. d-aJar _ Zova (Zovs)...).
gramatikuli klasis niSani i n f i q s i a rTul zmnebSi, Tu maTi
meore fuZe (an fuZec, pirvel fuZesTan erTad) klasniSniania (mag., ak-d-ar
_ anTeba (anTebs), Sdr. akar_anTeba (anTia); at-d-ar _ {ga}Cumeba
({ga}aCumebs), Sdr. atar _ gaCumeba ({ga}Cumdeba)... d-aS-d-ar _ {ga}dnoba
({ga}adnobs), Sdr. d-aSar _ {ga}dnoba ({ga}dneba), d-ar _ keTeba; d-av-d-ar _
{da}kargva ({da}kargavs), Sdr. d-avar _ dakargva ({da}ikargeba), d-ar _
keTeba...
gramatikuli klasis niSnebi sufiqsis saxiTac gvxvdeba dar `keTeba~
meSveli zmnis awmyos formaSi, metwilad d, Á, b, v _ d, Á, b, v
gramat. klasis niSnebis labializebuli fonetikuri variantebi (zogjer
d, Á, b, v gramatikuli klasis niSnebic daCndeba). mag.: Ãori akod _
vaSlebs yrian, e knaT akov _ im biWs akankalebs, memcxoriv Je daJod _
mecxvareebi cxvars aZoveben, fu TeÃob _ ZaRls miaTreven...
gramatikuli klasis niSnis infiqsad, miT ufro sufiqsad warmoCena
bacburSi meoreuli faqtia: martiv zmnebSi mxolod prefiqsi SeimCneva.
b infiqsis Sesaxeb ix. aspeqti.
56

aspeqti. bacburi enis mTeli rigi zmnebisaTvis niSandoblivia
aspeqtis gramatikuli kategoriis mixedviT dapirispireba, gamoiyofa
sruli da usruli aspeqti (r. gagua, d. imnaiSvili, d.-e. holiski). maT
gverdiT mniSvnelovani raodenobiT dasturdeba uaspeqto zmnebic.
I. garCeulia aspeqti
1. a s p e q t i a n i formebi fuZiseuli xmovniTaa gansxvavebuli, fuZis
fleqsiasTan gvaqvs saqme: zmnis sruli aspeqtis formaSi a o i xmovnebia
warmodgenili, usrulSi _ e an eb (f, p):
sr. asp. a usr. asp. e, eb (f, p)
Ãal´ar Ãel´ar _ daxurva
karCar kerCar _ gagoreba
laTar leTar _ brZola
laqdar leqdar _ gadagdeba, mogdeba
laWydar leWydar _ damalva
TaT´dar TeT´dar _ gaweva
Tasar Tefsar _ dagdeba...
lasar lesar _ gacra 1
xarcar xercar _ gacvla 1
sruli aspeqti o usruli aspeqti e, eb (f, p)
dofcar defcar _ wvna
doT´ar deT´ar _ sxma
doxkar dexkar _ gayidva
oT´ar eT´ar _ dadgoma
1 CaCnuris (dialeqt.) am fuZeebSi sr. asp. o… _ usr. ‹, i xmovanTmonacvleoba gvaqvs:
sr. lo…sa _ usr. l‹sa n _ gacra, sr. xo… _ usr. x‹ca _ gacvla; (bacburis x a r c
fuZeSi r Tanxmovnis sakiTxic dgeba).
bacb. afSar _ ReWva uaspeqto zmnaSi fuZiseuli f-s adgilas CaCn. (dialeqt.) o…
iCens Tavs: ‘o…Sa n .
57

ot´ar
et´ar _ dageba (loginisa)
dowar depwar _ dabma
doRar debRar _ dageba
Ãosar Ãefsar _ gasrola
Toxar Tefxar _ dartyma 1
sr. asp. i usr. asp. e, eb (f, p)
xitar xetar _ gawyveta 2
Titar Tetar _ gaWra 2
dillar deblar _ dadeba 3
Tillar Teblar _ darqmeva 3
Til‘ar Teflar _gacdena (ascdeba), gaZroba 3
2. a) sruli aspeqtis forma klasniSniania, usrulisa – uklasniSno.
amasTanave fuZiseuli xmovnebi sxvadasxvaa, erTi mxriT, srulsa da, meore
mxriT, usruli aspeqtis formebSi, Tumca oden xmovanTa monacvleobiT
dapirispirebul srul da usrul aspeqtSi warmodgenil xmovanTagan
gansxvavebuli: usr. aspeqtis e xmovani sruli aspeqtis formaSi, nacvlad
sr. aspeqtis a xmovnisa, da piriqiT, usr. aspeqtis e xmovnis adgilas usr.
aspeqtSi – sr. aspeqtis a xmovani daCndeba:
sr. asp.
usr. asp.
1 d. imnaiSvili calke saxeobad gamoyofs: 1) sr. asp. ab (p, f) _ usr. asp. eb (-p, f)
Ã-a-pta n `miwvdoma (xeliT)~ _ Ã-e-pta n `wvdoma (xeliT)~; y-a-pya n `daquxeba~ _ y-e-pya n
`quxili~, ‘a-fSa n `daReWva~ _ ‘e-fSa n _ `ReWva~; safsa n `afueba~ _ s-e-f-sa n `fuvili~.
2) sr. asp. ob _ usr. asp. eb: d-o-fxa n `Cacma~ _ d-e-fxa n (Ca)cma (icvams); d-o-fsa n `gaberva~
_ d-e-fsa n `(ga)berva~ (ibereba).
SesaZlebelia, aq aspeqtis oden ablautiT warmoebasTan gvqondes saqme, py, pt, fS,
fx... ki fuZiseuli TanxmovanTa jgufebi iyos (Sdr. Áopy _ nacari, Áofx _ ofli...), Tumca
b (f, p)-s gamoyofac garkveuli funqciiT (mravlobiTobis, mravalgzisobis) gamoxatva
(d. imnaiSvili) gamoricxuli ar aris.
2 bacb. xitar formis Sesatyvisia CaCn. xado _ gawyveta, bacb. T i t a r -isa –
d a t o – gaWra, sruli (erTgzisi) aspeqtis fuZeSi a xmovniT, bacburis i xmovnis
adgilas. usrulSi (mravalgzisSi) CaCnurSicö e xmovania: xed-ar – wyveta, et-o – Wra.
3 bacb. dill-, Till-, Til‘ da CaCn. dill-ar (id.), (we)Till-a (id.), tex-Til-a (id.)
fuZeebi saerToa bacburisa da CaCnurisaTvis: i xmovani gvaqvs bacburisa da
CaCnurisTvisac. usruli (erTgzisi) aspeqtis forma gansxvavebulia.
58

d-exkar
d-eyar
d-ekar
d-ekdar
axkar _ kvra
ayar _ gayofa
akar _ cvena
akdar _ kankali
b) usr. aspeqtis formaSi sruli aspeqtis formis gramatikuli
klasis niSnis momdevno Tanxmovania gansxvavebuli, SesaZlebelia, misi
fonetikuri varianti iyos:
sr. asp.
d-Äevar
d-Äogar
usr. asp.
۶avar _ kvla, xocva
yegar _ texa, mtvreva
g) usr. aspeqtis uklasniSno formaSi klasniSniani sr. aspeqtis fuZe
meordeba, oRond sr. aspeqtis formis gramatikuli klasis niSnis
(Tanxmovnis) adgilas Tavs iCens sxva Tanxmovani:
sr. asp.
usr. asp.
d-eqar Ã-eqar _ Zaxili, yvirili
d-erwar -erwar _ triali, dabruneba
d-al‘ar micema T-el‘ar _ Zleva, Wmeva
d-aar -eÃar _ zidva, waReba, fuZiseuli
/Ã TanxmovanTa monacvleobiT.
d) dagar _ danaxva, dagi n _ dainaxa zmnis sruli aspeqtis fuZeSi a
xmovania, usr. aspeqtis gu _ xedavs zmnis fuZeSi SeiniSneba nulovani
gaxmovaneba, aseve: sr. asp. dalar _ sikvdili _ usr. asp. la _ kvdeba.
xmovanTa monacvleoba (ablauti) dasturdeba rogorc uklasniSno
(Ãalar _ Ãelar `daxurva~...), ise klasniSnian (dofcar _ defcar `wvna~...)
zmnebSic (ix. zemoT): ablauti aspeqtis warmoebaSi Zvel movlenad unda
miviCnioT.
59

klasis niSnis mixedviT garCeuli aspeqtis formebidan (sr. asp.
d-exkar _ usr. asp. axkar ({Se}kvra) klasis niSani usr. aspeqtis formebSia
dakarguli (usr. aspeqti ufro gamoxatavs zogad mniSvnelobas, amasTanave
aq _ usrul aspeqtSi fonetikuri garemoc unda yofiliyo klasis niSnis
_ dakargvis xelSemwyobi faqtori).
ufro adrindeli Cans aspeqtis warmoeba a b l a u t i T: sr. asp. a, o _
usr. asp. e (sr. asp. laTar – usr. asp. leTar `brZola~; sr. asp. oTTar –
usr. asp. eTTar `d{a}dgoma~...). sxva SemTxvevebi, sr. asp. i _ usr. asp. e, sr.
asp. e _ usr. asp. a (sr. asp. xitar – usr. asp. xetar `gawyveta~... sr. asp.
deyar – usr. asp. ayar `{ga}yofa~...) formaTa aRrevis Sedegi unda iyos.
sr. aspeqtis warmoeba p r e v e r b e b i T qarTulidan nasesxeb zmnebSi
iCens Tavs qarTulis msgavsad, (sr. asp. datkepnaddar _ usr. asp.
tkepnaddar `{da}tkepna~), mcire gadaxvevebiT. aseT zmnaTa gavleniT
qarTulTan interferenciis Sedegad Cveulebrivi gaxda sr. asp. warmoeba
bacburi preverbebiT sakuTriv bacbur sityvebSi (sr. asp. CuoT´ar – usr.
asp. eT´ar `{da}dgoma~), ablautTan erTad. mxolod CakiTxvisas SeiZleba
warmoCndes preverbi paralelurad bacb. zmnis usr. asp. formebSi da,
piriqiT, sr. asp. formebi – upreverbod.
bacburSi sr. da usr. aspeqti SeiZleba iyos dapirispirebuli zmnis
s u p l e t u r i formebiT (sr. asp. Ãal´ar _ usr. asp. dayar `Wama~).
gamoiyofa u a s p e q t o zmnebic. uaspeqtoa s t a t i k u r i zmnebi
(d. imnaiSvili) an aspeqti zmnis supleturi formebiTaa garCeuli): dawa n -
devna, Ãawa n _ {Camo}kideba...
uaspeqtoa rigi sxva znebic: 1) zogi m a r t i v i z m n a: abar _ kerva,
dÄapar _ {da}grexa, aTar _ nayva, ÃaCar _ miRweva... stexar _ lodini,
lefsar – {a}dRveba, defcar _ mboba... 2) -dar, -dalar, -iTar... segmentebiT
n a w a r m o e b i z m n e b i: kawkar-dalar _ dapataraveba, dav-dar _
dakargva, darJ-dar _ {ga}Sla... arl-iTar _ galewvineba, dafx-iTar _
gaxdevineba...
s t a t i k u r da z o g sxva u a s p e q t o zmnebSi -doli n da -
doldali n elementebi awarmoeben srul aspeqts: (Ãirl‘ `eSinia~ - sr. asp.
Ãerl‘-d-oli n `SeeSinda~, ax— `yefs~ _ axa-d-oli n `daiyefa~ _ axa-b-ol-bali
n `ayefda~...), romlebic SeiZleba ukavSirdebodnen d-ol-d-ar (grdm.)
60

da d-ol-d-alar (grduv.) `dawyeba~) zmnebs.
bacburSi ise, rogorc CaCnursa da inguSurSi gamoiyofa kauzatiuri
formebi. kauzativis sakiTxi am enaSi mkvlevarTa yuradRebis gareSe ar
darCenila (a. Sifneri, i. deSerievi, r. gagua...).
kauzativis mawarmoebelia -iT-, romelic warmodgenilia masdarsa da
infinitivSic: ax-iT-ar, ax-iT-a n ) `sirbili, rbena~.
-iT awarmoebs kauzativs gardamavali da gardauvali martivi da
agreTve -dar, -dalar segmentebiT Sedgenili zmnebisagan: ax-iT-ar
`moxvnevineba~ (kauzativi), Sdr. ax-ar `xvna~ (martivi gardamavali zmna);
{۶}it-iT-ar `rbenineba~ (kauzativi), Sdr. {۶}itar `rbena~ (mativi
gardauvali zmna), le-d-iT-ar `akrefineba~ (kauzativi), Sdr. le-d-ar
`krefa~ (dar-iT nawarmoebi gardamavali zmna); daÃ-d-al-iT-ar `{ga}zrda,
{ga}zrdis SesaZlebloba~ (kauzativi), Sdr. daÃ-d-alar `{ga}zrda~
(-dalar-iT nawarmoebi zmna).
ar aris gamoricxuli, -iT- d - i T a r `datoveba; daTmoba~ zmnisgan
mimdinareobdes (n. iakovlevi, r. gagua, r. fareuliZe).
gardamavali zmnebisagan -iT- afiqsiT nawarmoebi formebi, rogorc
saerTod kauzativi, gamoxatavs obieqtis mier subieqtis nebiT, iZulebiT,
TxovniT... Sesasrulebel moqmedebas:
oÃus oÃuÁg maÃox naCx x e r c - i T - _ is mas purze yvels
a c v l e v i n e b s (Sdr. oÃus maÃox naCx x e r c _ is purze yvels
cvlis).
-iT afiqsiT gardauvali zmnebisagan gardamavali zmnebi iwarmoeba
ramdenadme gansxvavebuli semantikiTac: dadas Sari n knaT v-ax-iT-iÁe n _
mamam g a u S v a Tavisi vaJi (Sdr. knaT Sarn v - a x e n _ vaJi w a v i d a...).
subieqtisa da obieqtis urTierTmimarTeba gardauvali da
gardamavali zmnebisagan -iT afiqsiT nawarmoeb zmnur formebSi
gansxvavdeba maTTvis amosaval gardamaval da gardauval zmnebSi
dadasturebuli mimarTebebisagan. orive SemTxvevaSi zmnur konstruqciaSi
Cndeba erTi wevriT meti, oRond: 1) gardamavali zmnisgan nawarmoeb
kauzatiur zmnasTan Tavs iCens saxeli – obieqti mimarTulebiT brunvaSi,
romelic moqmedebis Semsrulebelia, subieqti ergatiul brunvaSi. rCeba
61

da moqmedebis `SemkveTia~ (nana-s Jagn xet´ _ deda wigns kiTxulobs,
Sdr. nanas b a d r e - g Jagn xet´-iT- _ deda bavSvs wigns akiTxebs);
2) gardauvali zmnisgan nawarmoeb kauzativTan konstruqcias emateba
saxeli – subieqti ergatiul brunvaSi, ar icvleba gardauvali zmnis
subieqti _ saxelobiT brunvaSi, igi aq, kauzatiur konstruqciaSi,
obieqtad gvevlineba. moqmedebis Se:msrulebeli SeiZleba iyos rogorc
saxeli – subieqti ergatiul brunvaSi, ise _ saxeli _ obieqti
saxelobiTSi (stak naymaq l‰T´— _ kaci gzaze dgas, Sdr. dadas stak (nay
maq) l‰T´-iT- _ mama kacs nebas aZlevs (gzaze) idges.
kilo. bacburis gramatikuli kilos Seswavlas mniSvnelovani adgili
eTmoba specialur literaturaSi (a. Sifneri, i. deSerievi, d. imnaiSvili,
r. gagua...), kiloTa sxvadasxva raodenobas asaxeleben).
bacburSi dasturdeba TxrobiTi, brZanebiTi da kavSirebiTi kilo.
II p i r i s brZanebiTi kilo iwarmoeba: 1) nulovani sufiqsiT,
emTxveva zmnis sawarmoebel fuZes dil´! `dadevi!~ Sdr. inf. dil´-a n , masd.
dil´-ar; verw! `mibrundi!~ Sdr. inf. verw-a n , masd. verw-ar).
nulovani sufiqsis adgilze a xmovani daCndeba inlautSi
gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi: a) e kavSiris (ata-e!... `gaCumdi da!..~); b) -ge
nawilakis (daata-ge! `gaCumdi-Ra!~); g) mravlobiTis afiqsis T-s (xeca-T!
`gauSviT!~); d) TxovniTi brZanebiTis niSnis -l—-s win (ÁaÃa-l—! `amoiRera!);
a brZanebiTis niSnad gvaqvs CaCnurSi. safiqrebelia, brZanebiTi
kilos mawarmoebeli a sufiqsi bacburSi reducirebuli iyos auslautSi,
am poziciaSi a xmovnis mokvecis bacburisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
fonetikuri procesis Sedegad.
2) anomaliur zmnebsa (li-b! `mieci!~ Sdr. dal‘a n `micema~) da -dar, -
dalar segmentebiT nawarmoeb zmnebSi (Tag-d-e-b! `gaakeTe!~, Sdr. Tag-dar
`gakeTeba~) _ b sufiqsiT;
3) -l{—}, -l{} sufiqsebiT (d-oTa-l—! `Caasxi-ra!~ Sdr. d-oT´-ar
`Casxma~), m a x v i l i a xmovanze moudis (k. WrelaSvili).
III p i r i s brZanebiTsac -l{}, -l{—} afiqsebi awarmoebs (d-oT´a
62

-l{}! `Caasxas! Sdr. doT´ar `Casxma~).
bacburSi gavrcelebulia I p. brZanebiTis m r. r i c x v i s forma
qarTulidan SeTvisebuli T sufiqsiT (r. gagua, k. WrelaSvili).
bacburSi gvxvdeba brZanebiTis u a r y o f i T i formebic:
brZanebiTis uaryofiTi formebis sawarmoeblad TxrobiTi kilos awmyos
an myofadis formas daerTvis uaryofiTi nawilaki ma `nu~ (ma Á a y ! `nu
Wam!~ Sdr. Á a y
`vWam, Wam, Wams~ _ awmyo). CaCnurSi uaryofiTi
brZanebiTis sxvagvari warmoeba dasturdeba (r. fareuliZe). am SemTxvevaSi
bacburSi q a r T u l i s gavlenasTan unda gvqondes saqme.
k a v S i r e b i T i kilos sufiqsebia -lo, -le (lete-l `rom
Seewios~, Sdr. letar `Svela, `Sewevna~). kavSirebiTi kilos sufiqsebi
saerToa zemoT aRniSnul brZanebiTis -l—, -l sufiqsebTan. brZanebiTis
sufiqsebi (-l—, -l) kavSirebiTis sufiqsebisagan unda momdinareobdes
(Sdr. k. WrelaSvili), rogorc cnobilia, analogiuri viTarebaa
qarTvelur enebSi kavSirebiTi kilosa da brZanebiTis urTierTmimarTebis
TvalsazrisiT.
potencialisi da gvari. p o t e n c i a l i s i analizuri warmoebisaa,
mawarmoebelia makar `SeZleba~ zmna (romelic calkec gvxvdeba da
cvalebadia nakvTebis mixedviT); -dar da -iTar elementebiT nawarmoeb
zmnebSi makar a w m y o - m y o f a d i s formas daerTvis da aqac icvleba
zmnis nakvTebSi (co T a g - d o-mak— `ver akeTebs~, Sdr. T a g - d o || <
Tago-d `akeTebs~; co T a g - i T o -maki n `ver gaakeTebina~, Sdr. Ta-giT
`akeTebinebs~). martiv zmnebTan awmyos (myofadis) nakvTebis mawarmoebeli
xmovnis dakargvis Sedegad potencialisis formebi organuli warmoebis
saxes iRebs (co l e l - mak— `ver dadis~, Sdr. lel-— (< lel-e) `dadis~;
co al‘-mak— `ver vityvi~, Sdr. a l ‘- (al‘-o) `vityvi~).
potencialisis mniSvnelobiT dalar-segmentiani warmoebac
SeiniSneba. dalar-is adrindeli mniSvneloba CvenTvis ucnobia.
dalar drois sxvadasxva nakvTebSi dal da la-s saxiT Cndeba (ax-la
`ixvneba~, Sdr. ax `xnavs~; ax-d-ali n `moixna~, Sdr. ax-i n `moxna~), Sdr.
dalar `kvdoma~ zmna, romelic dronaklia (dali n `mokvda~ da la
63

`{mo}kvdeba~).
-la da -dal segmentebi daerTvis awmyos (myofadis) formas
(a l ‘- l a < a l ‘o -la `iTqmeba~, Sdr. al‘ `ambobs~, `ityvis~ a l‘-dal-i n
`iTqva~).
dalar _ segmentiani formebi dinamikuri gardauvali zmnebia,
romlebic SeiZleba gamoxatavdnen uneburobis, potencialisis, gvaris,
qcevis mniSvnelobas.
gardamavali zmnebisagan dalar-iT nawarmoeb zmnis formebs
u n e b u r o b i s (p o t e n c i a l i s i s) mniSvneloba aqvT (stakgo Áobst
axla `kacs miwa exvnevineba~, Sdr. glexiv Áofst ax `glexebi miwas
xnaven~).
bacburSi martivi gardamavali da misgan dalar-iT nawarmoebi
gardauvali zmna qmnian aqtiv-pasivis dapirispirebas. -dalar- segmentiani
formebi iZenen vnebiTi gvaris gagebas. as xil Ãer Tefsos `me wyalSi
qvas vagdeb~. Tefsos _ `vagdeb~ gardamavali zmnis formaa, masTan
sintaqsur kavSirSia subieqti-qvemdebare as `me~ ergatiul brunvaSi,
romelic zmnaSi (SemasmenelSi) aCens s subieqtis piris niSans (s < as) _
Tefs-o-as > Tefso-s: Ãer pirdapiri obieqti-damatebaa. (dalar >)lasegmentiani
zmniT winadadebaa: Ãer Tefsla `qva vardeba~, romelSic
gardamavalzmniani winadadebis damateba-obieqti Ãer subieqtad aris
warmoCenili, misi niSani zmnasTan ar daCndeba. amdenad, T e f s l a
T e f s o s zmnis k o n v e r s i u l formad SeiZleba miviCnioT,
T e f s o s -s moqmedebiTi gvaris semantika aqvs. la vnebiTi gvaris
mawarmoeblis funqcias asrulebs. 1 bacburSi g v a r i s gramatikuli
kategoriis C a s a x v i s p r o c e s T a n gvaqvs saqme, risTvisac xeli
unda Seewyo subieqturi piris kategoriis gaCenas am enaSi, subieqtis
gaaqtiurebas.
preverbebi. Sedgenilobis mixedviT bacburSi dasturdeba m a r t i v i
da r T u l i preverbebi. m a r t i v i preverbebia: da- `ga-~, a-; `Ca-~,
al- `a-~, maq- `a-~, Cu- `Ca-~, so- `mo-~, nÄaÁ‘- `ga-~, d-ux- 2 `Semo-~, `ukan~. Cu-
1 k. WrelaSvili -la || -l-s vnebiTi gvaris niSnad miiCnevs.
2 d-ux preverbSi d moqmedi gramatikuli klasis niSania.
64

mniSvnelobiT da masalobrivad emTxveva svanuris Cu- preverbs
(r. faruliZe).
specialur literaturaSi cnobilia umTavresad martivi preverbebi,
rTuli preverbebi saZebnia. rTuli preverbebia: soda- `momi-~, ala-
`-ze-qve~ (r. gagua, d.-e. holiski), Cu-al- `-qvevidan zemoT~.
martivi preverbebis ZiriTadi funqciaa, sxva enebis msgavsad,
moqmedebis sivrceSi lokalizaciis gamoxatva (ix. zemoT). gancalkevebiT
dgas so `aqeT~ da da `iqiT~ preverbebi (so-vote n _ gadmovida, da-vote n
_ gadavida), romlebic sivrceSi orientacias aRniSnaven.
preverbebis semantikuri niuansebi Sesaswavlia.
bacburSi preverbebi sityvawarmoebis funqciiTac iCens Tavs (dadar
`micema~, `Cuqeba~, Sdr. dar `keTeba~, `qmna~).
65

zmna. II. dro-kiloTa sistema
rTulia.
bacbur (wova-TuSur) enaSi zmnuri formacvalebis sistema _ uRleba
uRleba bacbrSi k l a s n i S n i a n z m n e b S i SeiZleba iyos:
klasovani da pirovani; u k l a s n i S n o z m n e b S i _ n e i t r a l u r i
da pirovani.
klasovan uRlebaSi zmna icvleba g r a m a t i k u l i k l a s e b i s
mixedviT: v-aR _ movdivar, modixar, modis (m a m a k a c i); Á-aR _
movdivar modixar, modis (q a l i), b-aR _ modis (Z r o x a); d-aR _ modis
(k v i c i)...
g a r d a m a v a l zmnaSi o b i e q t i s klasia asaxuli,
g a r d a u v a l S i _ s u b i e q t i s a.
p i r o v a n uRlebaSi p i r i s n i S n e b i piris nacvalsaxelebi an
nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobis sufiqsebia, daerTvis zmnas I-sa da II pirSi
rogorc mxoloobiT, ise _ mr. ricxvSi, oRond mr. ricxvis pirvel
pirSi _ mxolod eqskluziur pirs.
III piri gauformebelia.
S n S. nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobis piris niSnebs romlebic piris
nacvalsaxelebisagan momdinareoben, ganucdiaT garkveuli kanonzomieri
fonetikuri cvlilebebi.
klasovani da neitraluri bruneba pirovani da klasovan-pirovani
uRlebis paralelurad a m J a m a d a c gavrcelebulia.
piris niSnebi Ziriadad, subieqturi pirisa dasturdeba. maT zmnaSi
aCens g a r d a m a v a l i zmnis s u b i e q t i c, g r a m a t. k l a s i s
niSnebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic mxolod g a r d a u v a l i zmnebis
s u b i e q t s aRniSnaven.
66

piris niSnebiT zmnaSi, pirdapiri obieqtis piric aRiniSneba (a.
Sifneri, n. qadagiZe, k. WrelaSvili). amdenad, piris niSani zmnaSi
s a x e l o b i T i s a an e r g a t i v i s formiT warmodgenili saxelis
pirs gamoxatavs.
s u b i e q t u r i piris niSnebi g a r d a u v a l zmnebsa (Cveulebriv,
statikur zmnebSi) da o b i e q t u r i piris niSnebig a r d a m a v a l
zmnebSi (orive SemTxvevaSi saxeli, romelic piris niSans aCens zmnaSi,
s a x e l o b i T brunvaSi dgas) Semdegia:
mx. r. mr. r.
1. -s (< so) -Tx (< Txo) eqskl.
2. - (< o) -ÁSš, -Sš (< Su)
S n S. 1. Sdr. qarTulSi II s u b i e q t u r i da III o b i e q t u r i
piris niSnebi.
2. piris niSnebi saxelobiT brunvaSi mdgomi Sesabamisi piris
nacvalsaxelebidan momdinareoben. sityvis bolokiduri xmovnebi
reducirdeba.
gardamaval zmnebSi subieqturi piris niSnebi (subieqturi piri
e r g a t i v S i dgas) Semdegia:
mx. r. mr. r.
I II I II
1. -as -s (< as) -aTx -Tx (< aTx)
2. -a -{} (< a) -aÁS -ÁS (< aÁS)
S n S. piris niSnebi an ergativis formis piris nacvalsaxelebia, an
maTi fonetikurad saxecvlili variantebi.
I rigis piris niSnebi gvxvdeba I da II pirTan awmyoSi (myofadSi: as
al‘o-s _ me getyvi).
aq II piris (mx. r.) niSani ikargeba mravalmarcvlian sityvebSi,
saTanado forma xmovnebze bolovdeba.
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I rigis piris niSnebi r da n boloTanxmovnian formebSia (mag. as
aÁolna-s `me vTqvi“).
gardauvali klasniSniani zmnis diSar `wola“ awmyos formebi
mx. r. mr. r.
I p. v(S)-iS-u-s(S) b(S)-ifS-u-TxS
II p. v(S)iS-u(S)-(S) b(S)-ifS-u-(S)ÁS
III p. v(S)-iS-š b(S)-ifS-š
gardamavali klasniSniani zmnis dÄevar `mokvla~ awmyos formebi:
mx. r. mr. r.
I p. d(O)-Äevo-s(S) I p. d(O)-Äev-o-Tx(S)
II p. d(O)-Äevo-{}(S) II p. d(O)-Äev-u-ÁS(S)
III p. d(O)-Äev III p. d(O)-Äev
S n S. erTiapiani klasniSniani zmnis uRlebisas zmnaSi aRiniSneba
subieqtis klasi da piri, k l a s i s n i S a n i c a da p i r i s
n i S a n i c e r T i d a i g i v e s a x e l s g a m o x a t a v s.
gardamavali klasniSniani zmnis uRvlebisas, rodesac o b i e q t i
i c v l e b a, obieqturi wyoba gvaqvs.
gardamavali klasniSniani zmnis uRleba, rodesac
i c v l e b a, subieqtur wyobas warmoadgens.
s u b i e q t i
S n S. 1. am SemTxvevaSi k l a s i s n i S a n i obieqtze miuTiTebs,
p i r i s n i S a n i subieqtze. klasis niSani p o l i f u n q c i u r i a, is
saxelis klassac gamoxatavs da pirsac ragvarobis mixedviT, obieqturi
piris niSania. amgvarad, aseT zmnebSi ori piri aRiniSneba _ obieqturi _
68

klasis niSniTa da subieqturi _ piris niSniT. SeiZleba vilaparakoT
polipersonalizmze (k. WrelaSvili) Tu ara, mis Canasaxze mainc.
2. fuZeSi dadasturebuli f o n e t i k u r i p r o c e s e b i zmnis
uRlebisas imave xasiaTisaa, rac saxelTa brunebaSi vlindeba.
m r a v l. ricxvi: 1) klasovan uRlebaSi klasis niSniT gamoixateba,
romelic amasTanave saxelis saTanado klaszec miuTiTebs: mx r. va va
`Zma aris“ _ mr. r. vaJar b-a; mx. r. nan Á-a `deda aris“ _ mr. r. nani d-a, mx.
r. fu b-a `ZaRli aris“ _ mr. r. fah´arC d-a.
2) pirovan uRlebaSi mr. ricxvi da piri erTi da imave elementiT _
saTanado p i r i s n a c v a l s a x e l e b i T mr. ricxvSi an imave
nacvalsaxelebiT, romelTac ganucdiaT fonetikuri cvlileba,
gadmoicema (so maÁl‘n-as `me davlie“, aTx maÁl‘n-aTx _ Cven davlieT).
3) usruli aspeqtis formiTac SeiZleba iyos g a m o x a t u l i
mravlobiTi ricxvi: sr. aspeqti – as Á-ofc- `me v w n a v (nawnavs)~“, usr.
asp. _ aTx Á-efc- `Cven v w n a v T (nawnavs).
4) qarTulidan nasesxebi T sufiqsi mr. ricxvis niSania (b-aRo-T vaÁ!
_ wavideT (Cven qalebi)!~
T sufqsi gvxvdeba TxrobiTi kilosa da brZanebiTis formebSi.
S n S. d. i m n a i S v i l i s azriT, T sufiqsi gramatikuli klasis d
niSnisagan aris miRebuli.
araerTi enaTmecnieri (a. S i f n e r i, i. d e S e r i e v i, d.
i m n a i S v i l i, r. g a g u a, d.-e- h o l i s k i) warmogvidgens bacburi
zmnis uRlebis sistemas. mocemul sistemebSi SeiniSneba sxvadasxvaoba:
gamoyofen drois (mwkrivis) formebs, romelTaTvisac amosaval fuZed
miiCneven awmyosa da namyos formebs (a. S i f n e r i, r. g a g u a), awmyos,
69

myofadisa da namyos formebs (k. W r e l a S v i l i), brZanebiTis formas
(i. d e S e r i e v i).
gvaqvs namyos mwkrivTa (nakvTTa) mniSvnelobis sxvadasxvagvari gageba,
Sesabamisad terminebic (TurmeobiTebi _ SedegobiTebi, namyo winare
warsuli, I namyo, II namyo...).
e. w. wesieri uRlebis zmnebSi mwkrivTa gamoyofa xdeba sayrdeni
fuZisa da misi zogadi semantikis safuZvelze. rigi mwkrivis
mniSvnelobis dadgena metad rTulia, rogorc samarTlianad aRniSnaven
mkvlevrebi, gansakuTrebiT namyo drois mwrikvebSi, Tumca miaxloebiTi
mniSvnelobis dadgena mainc SesaZlebelia.
fuZeTa mixedviT mwkrivebis dajgufebisas amosaval fuZeebad
gvevlineba awmyos, myofadis, namyos formebi.
I (awmyos) jgufi (seria)
magaliTad: abar `kerva“ zmnis, romelic a s p e q t s a r
g a n a r C e v s, a w m y o s a da m y o f a d i s mwkrivebs saerTo fuZe da I
da II j g u f s saerTo formebi aqvs. mogvyavs I piris formebi:
awmyo _ ab-o-s `vkerav“
namyo usr. _ abra-s (< abora-s) `vkeravdi“
TurmeobiTi _ abra-lo-s (< abora-lo-s)
T u r m e o b i T i s f u Z e a n a m y o u s r u l i s f o r m a.
zmnebSi, romlebic s r u l da u s r u l a s p e q t s g a n a r C e v e n,
II (myofadis) jgufi s r u l i a s p e q t i s formebia (mag. awmyo _ Á-efxo-s
(usr. asp.) `vicvam (kabas...)“,
myofadi _ Á-ofx-o-s (sr. asp.) `Cavicvam (kabas...)“.
III (namyos) jgufi
namyo I _ aÁb-na-s (< ab-i n -as) `Cavicvi (kaba)“
namyo II _ aÁb-ra-s (< ab-i n -ra-s) `Cavicvi (kaba)“
namyo III _ aÁb-ra-lo-s (< ab-i n -ra-lo-s) `Camicvams (kaba)“
70

III (namyos) jgufSi SeiZleba gvqondes rogorc s r u l i, ise _
u s r u l i a s p e q t i s formebi.
S n S. kiloebi (ix. kilo), brZanebiTic ki (i. d e S e r i e v i). zog
mkvlevars uRlebis sistemaSi Seaqvs.
mwkrivTa daboloebani s u f i q s e b i a da m a T T a n e r T a d fuZis
f l e q s i a c daCndeba aspeqtis mixedviT dapirispirebul formebSi (ix.
aspeqti).
I jgufis mwkrivebSi o, u, e, i, erTeul SemTxvevebSi a daboloebania
dadasturebuli. SeiniSneba gardamavlobis mixedviT sufiqsebis erTgvari
ganawileba: gardamaval zmnebTan metwilad o daboloeba iCens Tavs,
gardauvalTan _ e.
-dar- da -dalar-iT Sedgenili zmnebis uRvlebisas iuRvleba -dar da
-dalar Sesabamisad maTi damoukideblad uRlebisa. awmyosa da myofadis
mwkrivebSi ZiriTadi zmnis daboloebanic povnieria, namyos mwkrivebSi
dabolobebi reducirebulia bacburSi cnobili reduqciis Tanaxmad.
rTul zmnebad Camoyalibebis procesi jer kidev dasrulebuli ar aris.
bacburSi gamoiyofa Taviseburi uRlebis zmnebi:
1. r i c x v S i monacvle (mag.: daÃi n `waarTva“ _ daxi n `waarTva
bevri“).
2. m w k r i v S i monacvle (mag.: liv˜ `ambobs“ _ al‘ `ityvis“).
71

zmnisarTi
zmnisarTi, misi warmoeba da funqciebi bacburSi met-naklebi sisruliT
ganxiluli aqvT an. Sifners, d. imnaiSvils, i. deSerievs, r. gaguas _
d.-i. holiskis, k. WrelaSvils, l. sanikiZes agreTve m. miqelaZes, v. Coqaevs...
bacburSi ise, rogorc rig sxva enebSi gamoiyofa pirveladi _ martivi
(resp. aramotivirebuli( da nawarmoebi (resp. motivirebuli) zmnisarTebi.
I. pirveladi _ martivi zmnisarTebia:
bÄa (bÄarCe‡) _ mudam, yovelTvis; garg _ axlos; duà _ bevrad;
{۶}eÁrTva n , {۶}aÁrTva n _ blomad, mravlad; eh>aT _ maSin; vux, Áux _ ukan;
vÄala{‡} _ srulad, srulebiT; Txa, Txe _ dRes; ie, ine? _ axla? Sifn. 64;
inc-axla; ise _ aq; isev _ aqeT; iSna, uÁSna _ aq, iq; iSt _ ase; maca n ? _
rodis? mawy _ xan, zogjer; mel‘? _ ramdeni? miC? _ saiT? moh> _ rogor?
mo‡ _ mainc, daaxloebiT; mÄal _ ziarad, saziarod; nifs _ sworad. aseve;
nÄaÁ‡{˜} _ gareT; nÄaiv _ gareT; oÁSt, uÁSt _ ise; palo _ mexuTe dRes;
so `aqeT~; tyo‡ – kidev, kvlav; tyo‡lo _ momavalSi; uÁs˜, osi, oÁs _ iq;
palo _ dReidan mexuTe dRes; ulo – dReidan meoTxe dRes; fsare{h>} _
guSin; qaste n _ Cqara, swrafad; qiqo‡ _ adre, winaT, uwin; Cax _ Sors; wye _
erTxel; Ãa n _ xval; Ãe n _ Semdeg, mere; h>aT{e‡} _ maSinve, myisve; h>aTx{—} _
win; jer _ dasawyisSi, jer...
aq moyvanil martiv zmnisarTTagan zogi warmoSobiT nawarmoebia:
eh>aT _ maSin: e+h>aT, Sdr. h>aT, h>aTe‡ _ maSinve, myisve; ise _ aq: i+se, Sdr.
uÁsi < oÁsi < o+si _ iq; iSna _ aq: i+Sna; uÁSna _ iq: uÁSna < u+iSna < u-
iSna: iSt _ ase: i+St, Sdr. uÁSt < oÁSt < o-iSt `ise~, romelTaTvisac saerToa
i, e, o anlautSi, romlebic SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes nacvalsaxelur
Zirebs _ e `es~, is `eg~, o `is~. s warmodgenilia so _ aqeT zmnisar-
72

TSic. nacvalsaxelur ZirebTan kavSirze ganxilul zmnisarTebSi pirvelad
miuTiTebs a. Sifneri.
lo Tandebuli SeiZleba gamoiyos zmnisarTebSi: tyo‡-lo – momaval-
Si, Sdr. tyo‡ _ kidev, kvlav; pal _ mexuTe dRes –dReidan (zedmiw. xuT
dReSi) Sdr. fxa < bxa `xuTi~(?)
Áuh>a-lo _ pirdapir, Sdr. Áuh> _ piri, pirisaxe.
zmnisarTebs n a x e v r a d f o r m a c v a l e b a d sityvebs ganukuTvneben.
igi SeiZleba Segvxvdes: 1. moqmedebiTi da gamsWvalviTi brunvis
formebSi; 2. erT-, or- da iSviaTad sam- Tandebulian brunvaTa formebSi.
zmnisarTi g a m s W v a l i T i s formiT: h>aT-x, h>aT-x-a! _ win! (вперед!)
h>aT-x— _ uwin, maSin, Sdr. h>aT _ maSinve; tyo-ax _ Cveulebriv, Sdr. tyo‡
_ kidev. kvlav : miC-ux? – sad? Sdr. miC? – sad? saiT? maca-x _ erTxel,
odesRac, Sdr. maca n ? _ rodis? icax _ amasobaSi (a. Sifneri, gv. 64), Sdr.
ise (?).
zmnisarTi m o q m e d e b i T i brunvis formiT:
is-ev – aqeT, Sdr. ise – aq; es-ev _ iqiT, iqiTken; os-iv _ iqiT, iqiTken,
Sdr. uÁsi < osi _ iq; nÄa-iv _ gareT, gareTa mxares, gareTken, Sdr. nÄaÁ‡
< nÄa‡i (nÄa‡ih> fuZea nÄa‡i) _ gareT.
_ sad?
-r e n - T a n d e b u l i a n i zmnisarTebi:
ese-re n , ise-re n _ aqedan; oÁs-ren _ iqidan; miC-re n ? _ saidan? Sdr. miC?
-h> _ T a n d e b u l i a n i zmnisarTebi:
ese-{h>}, ise-{h>} _ aq; osi-{h>} _ iq; osi-{h>} _ iq; garge-h> _ axlos;
tyuÁ-h> _ ukan, Sdr. tyo‡ _ kidev, kvlav, ukan; sibsre-h> (sifsr-{h>}) _
guSinwin, Sdr. fsare-{h>} _ guSin; miCa-h>? Sdr. miC—? – sad?
73

-mci n _ T a n d e b u l i a n i zmnisarTebi
ise-mci n _ aqamde; osim-mci n _ iqamde
-doli n _ T a n d e b u l i a n i zmnisarTebi:
inc-doli n _ amis Semdeg, dReidan, Sdr. inc _ axla; {e}h>aT-doli n _
iqidan moyolebuli, im droidan; qiq-doli n _ didi xnidan, odiTgan, Sdr.
qiqo‡ _ adre, winaT;
e r T T a n d e b u l i a n i a agreTve zogi zmnisarTi, romelic -iv, -R, -
x- segmentebze bolovdeba:
garg-iv-h> _ axlos; iÃs-iv-h> _ aqeTken: laÃ-iv-h> _ zemoTken; miC-iv-h>?
_ saiTken? os-iv-h> _ iqiT, iqiTken, miRma, Sdr. os-iv _ iqiT, iqiTken.
garge-R-da{h>} _ axlos, Sdr. garge-R siaxloves; isi-R-dah> _ iqidan.
garge-x-dah> _ axlodan; miCxdah>{a}? saidan? Sdr. miCx-ma‡ _ yvelgan
(miC? – sad? ma-ara, zedmiw. sad ara? – yvelgan).
zmnisarTi o r T a n d e b u l i a n i brunvis formiT
h> + dah> Tandebuliani
tyuÁ+h>+dah> _ uknidan (aqeT), Sdr. tyo‡ _ kidev, ukan; tyui-h>— _ ukan;
re n +dah> _ Tandebuliani
ise-re n -dah> _ aqedan, Sdr. ise{h>} _ aq, ise-re n _ aqedan; uÁs-re n -dah> _
iqidan, Sdr. osi{h>} _ iq, oÁs-re n _ iqidan; miC-re-dah>? _ saidan? Sdr. miC—?
_ sad? miC-re n ? _ saidan?
lo+mci n _ Tandebulianebi
mac-lo-mci n ? _ sanamde? rodemde? Sdr. maca n _ rodis? maca-x _ er-
Txel, odesRac; i{n}c-lo-mcin _ aqamdis (am dromde), Sdr. inc-axla;
h>aTlo(mci¹) _ aqamde (am dromde), Sdr. h>aT _ maSinve; exaT-lo-mci¹ _ iqamde
(im dromde), Sdr. eh>aT— _ maSin;
74

-i v s e g m e n t z e d a b o l o e b u l i zmnisarTebidan o T a n d e b u -
l i a n i brunvis formebi:
garg-iv-h>-re¹ _ axlodan (axlo adgilidan)
miC-iv-h>-re¹? _ saidan? (romeli mxridan?)
zmnisarTi s a m T a n d e b u l i a n i brunvis formiT tyuÁ-h>-re{n}-{d}ah>
_ uknidan (aqeT), Sdr. tyo‡ _ kidev, ukan, Sdr. tyuÁ-h> _ ukan.
gvxvdeba agreTve zmnisarTis aseTi formebic h>aT-x-ren-dah> _ winidan,
Sdr. h>aT-e‡ _ maSinve, myisve; h>aT-x- _win;
tyuÁ-h>-iv-h> _ ukan (ukana mxridan), Sdr. tyo‡ _ kidev, ukan, Sdr.
tyuÁ-h> _ ukan.
kikel-dah>-iv-x _ qvemoT (qvemoT mxares), Sdr. kikel _ qvemoT, qveS.
II. nawarmoebi zmnisarTebi
1. zmnisarTis mawarmoebelia –S, -iS sufiqsebi, aseTi -iS-sufiqsiani
zmnisarTebi, Cveulebriv, iwarmoeba z e d s a r T a v i saxelebisagan: niwyli-S
_ Zalian, Zlier, Sdr. niwyli¹ _ Zlieri; neTxi-S _ Txlad, Sdr.
neTxi¹ _ Txeli; moÁ-S ( muÁS _ cudad, Sdr. mosÁi¹ _ cudi, dav-iS
_ msubuqad, Sdr. davi¹ _ msubuqi; daxe-S _ grZlad, Sdr. daxe¹ _ grZeli;
darst-eS – msuqani, Sdr. darste¹ _ msuqnad dacu-S _ mokled, Sdr. dacu¹
_ mokle; laxu-S _ dabla, Sdr. laxu¹ _ dabali... Zviro-S – Zvirfasad,
Sdr. Zviro¹ _ Zvirfasi; Sxiro-S _ xSirad, Sdr. Sxiro¹ _ xSiri...
zora-ÁS _ < zora-iS Zalian, Sdr. zora _ Zlieri; at´-ÁS (< at´a-iS) _
advilad, Sdr. at´a¹ _ advili.
i¹, e¹, o¹, u¹-ze daboloebuli zedsarTavi saxelebisagan nawarmoeb
zmnisarTebSi -S segmenti daerTvis n (n)-CamoSorebul zedsarTavis formas
(niwyli¹ _ Zlieri, Sdr. niwyli-S... ix. zemoT), a n -ze daboloebulebSi –iS
segmenti _ agreTve n (n)-CamoSorebul zedsarTavis formas (zora¹ _ Zlieri,
Sdr. zora-ÁS _ Zalian... ix. zemoT).
75

-S < -iS: -iS sufiqsis i xmovnisa da (n>)¹-TanxmovanCamoSorebuli zedsarTavi
saxelis boloxmovnis Serwymis Sedegad i + i > i, e + e > e, u +
i > ui > uÁ > u, o + i > oi > oÁ > o. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa,
rom -e¹-ze daboloebuli zedsarTavebisagan nawarmoeb zmnisarTTagan -iS
sufiqsi Semonaxulia laÃe-ÁS ( || laÃ-iS-maRla (Sdr. laÃ-e¹ _
maRali); Raze-ÁS (< Raze-iS) || > Raz-iS _ kargad (Sdr. Raz-e¹ - kargi)
zmnisarTebSi.
eÁ (< ei) difTongma bacburSi SeiZleba mogvces e || i xmovnebi.
-iS sufiqsi gamoiyofa o¹-ze daboloebuli zedsarTavisagan nawrmoeb
daÃuÁS (< daÃo-iS) _ didad (Sdr. daÃo¹ _ didi) zmnisarTSic.
iS bacburSi absolutivsac awarmoebs, igi zmnisarTisa da absolutivis
saerTo sufiqsi Cans (zmnisarTi da absolutivi, rogorc cnobilia,
semantikur-funqciurad axlos dganan erTmaneTTan).
2. bacburSi dasturdeba a r s e b i T i da r i c x v i T i saxelebisagan
nawarmoebi zmnisarTebi brunvis an Tandebuliani brunvis formiT: Cu-h> _
saxlSi, Sin, Sdr. Cu{v}a _ Tavisi saxli, bina; at´-ex – marjvniv, Sdr. at´i¹
_ marjvena... ch>an-R _ erTad, Sdr. ch>a – erTi.
3. u a r y o f i T i zmnisarTebi co _ ara, ma _ nu nawilakebis darTviT
miiReba: co-macne _ arasodes, Sdr. macne _ rodesac; co-miCe _ arsad,
Sdr. miC{a} _ sad? ma-miCe _ nursad, Sdr. miC{a} sad? mawy{—} _ zogjer,
Sdr. wye _ erTxel...
4. m i m a r T e b i T i zmnisarTebi kiTxviTi zmnisarTebisgan aris nawarmoebi
e a nawilakebis darTviT: macn-e? (< maca¹+e) _ rodis?
z m n i s a r T i miiReba martivi z m n i s a r T i s g a o r k e c e b i T
mawymawy _ xandaxan, Sdr. mawy _ zogjer; bed-bed{a} _ cal-calke, Sdr.
bed _ calke;
CaÃi¹ Caà CaÃren Caà _ SoriSors, Sdr. Caà _ Sors
wyege‡wye
Sdr. wye _ erTxel
76

gargmarge _ axlomaxlo, Sdr. garg _ axlos.
gaorkecebulia zmnisarTis T a v k i d u r i m a r c v a l i: kaZkaZik _
Sdr. kaZik _ cota; q a s q a s t e {S} _ xSirad, Sdr. q a s t e ¹ _ xSirad;
wÄerwÄerqva¹ _ sruliad moulodnelad, Sdr. wÄaÁrqva¹ _ moulodnelad;
wyerwyeÁrlo _ ucbad, Sdr. wyaÁrqva¹, wyaÁrqo¹ _ ucbad, moulodnelad.
zmnisarTi warmoadgens saxelebis gaorkecebas:
xp xaneh> _ drodadro, Sdr. xa¹ _ dro, xani, de denih> _ dRiTidRe,
Sdr. de _ dRe.
zmnisarTi m a r t i v i z m n i s a r T e b i s a g a n Sedgenili kompozitia:
so-da{h>} _ aqeT-iqiT, Sdr. so _ aqeT, da{h>} _ -gan Tandebuli _ zmnisarTi
(aqedan iqiTa mimarTulebas aRniSnavs _ iqiT).
busu-busu _ RamRamobiT, Sdr. buÁsa (>busu) _ Rame
zmnisarTi Txabus _ wuxel Sedgenilia Txa _ dRes da buÁsš
(< buÁsa) _ RamiT zmnisarTebisgan.
r i c x v i T i s a x e l e b i s a g a n Sedgenili kompoziti zmnisarTi:
ch>aSinR _ erTiorad, Sdr. ch>a _ erTi, Si _ ori; ch>aÃaeR _ erTisamad,
Sdr. ch>a _ erTi, Ãa _ sami...
gvxvdeba f r a z e o l o g i z m i zmnisarTis mniSvnelobiT: mel‘— de
daR _ yoveldRe (zedmiw. `ramdenic dRe modis~).
gvaqvs qarTulidan n a s e s x e b i zmnisarTebi rogorc martivi, ise _
nawarmoebi.
martivi zmnisarTebi: jer _ jer; Àa¹ _ xval(?)
nawarmoebi zmnisarTebi qarTuli sufiqsebiT: laÁmzr-aT _ lamaz-ad;
sanaÁdr-od _ sanadirod...
nawarmoebi zmnisarTi zogjer Sedgeba b a c b u r i da q a r T u l i
fuZeebisagan: stemaferad _ yoveli mxriv, Sdr. bacb. sten (> stem, asimilaciis
Sedegad), vux? _ ra? nacvalsaxelis meore sabrunebeli fuZe +
ferad, stemaferad (zedmiw. ra(ginda ra) ferad _ yvelanairad _ yoveli
mxriv.
77

z m n i s a r T i da sxva m e t y v e l e b i s n a w i l e b i
zmnisarTs SeiZleba hqonoda z e d s a r T a v T a n s a e r T o f o r m a
(Sdr. CaCn.-inguSuri da sxv. enebi). bacburSi aseTi SemTxvevebi saZebnia.
specialuri literaturidan cnobilia erTi sityva _ duà _ 1. bevri; 2.
bevrad, _ zedsarTavisa da zmnisarTis mniSvnelobiT.
SesaZlebelia gamoiyos kide mÄal forma, romelsac zedsarTavisa _
ziari, saziaro da zmnisarTis _ ziarad, saziarod mniSvneloba aqvs:
oÃargoh> m Ä a l baR ba _ mao saziaro baRi aqvT... Ãav m Ä a l dive¹ _ yana
ziarad daTeses...aseve _ wyartu n , wyarto n 1. xalasi, wminda; 2. sruliad,
erTianad: w y a r t u C taTbe¹ CaÁ¹ ۶aibki icnor _ x a l a s i vercxlis
kovzebi uyidia.
e daTxur w y a r t u¹ daTe¹ da _ es xaviwi e r T i a n a d erboa. zmnisarTicaa
da zedsarTavic agreTve e Á r T v a¹, a Á r T v a¹ _ 1. bevri;
2. blomad, mravlad: bacbigo{h>} e Á r T v a¹ Je da _ wova-TuSebs b e v r i
cxvari hyavT (cxvari blomad hyavT).
zmnisarTebi formiT emTxveva bolonazalurxmovnian zedsarTavebs:
wÄaÁrqva¹, wÄaÁrqvo¹, wÄirqva¹ _ ucbad, moulodnelad, qaste¹ _ Cqara...
zedsarTavebSi V¹ daboloeba warmoSobiT ar unda iyos naTesaobiTi
brunvis niSani.
zmnisarTebis n a c v a l s a x e l e b T a n s a e r T o segmentebis Sesaxeb
ix. zemoT.
zmnisarTebi da T a n d e b u l e b i (resp. zmniswinebi, ix. qvemoT).
l e q s i k u r i m n i S v n e l o b i s mixedviT z m n i s a r T e b i SeiZleba
davajgufoT v i T a r e b i T da g a r e m o e b i T zmnisarTebad.
v i T a r e b i T i zmnisarTebia: at´aÁS˜ _ advilad; daxeS _ grZlad,
darsteS _ msuqnad; dacuS _ mokled; zoraÁS _ Zalian; daviS _ msubuqad;
iafad (satabo}h>) naCx ÁaviS Áexkla _ Semodgomaze yveli iafad iyideba)...
mo’ _ ise, ubralod daaxloebiT: iSt _ ase; uÁSt _ ise; bed-bed _ cal-
78

calke; qast-qasteS _ Cqara-Cqara; kaZ-kaZik _ cota-cota; ch>anR _ erTad;
saub-eSuS- metnaklebad; laÁmzraT _ lamazad...
g a o r k e c e b u l i zmnisarTebi i n t e n s i v o b a s gamoxataven (qaste¹
- Cqara, Sdr. qast-qasteS – Cqar-Cqara...).
-S, -iS sufiqsebiT nawarmoei zmnisarTebi ganarCeven xarisxis formebs.
g a r e m o e b i T i zmnisarTebi
a d g i l i s: oÁs{˜}, uÁs{˜} _ iqiT; osi _ iq; ise{h>} _ aq; iSna _ aq;
uÁSna _ iq; Caà _ Sors; garg _ axlos; nÄai‡ _ gareT; isev _ aqeT; esev,
osiv _ iqiT, iqiTken; tyuÁh> _ ukan; isemci¹ _ aqamde; osimci¹ _ iqamde,
h>aTx _ win; gargeRa _ axlos, `siaxloveSi~; isiRdah> _ iqidan; gargivh>re¹
_ axlodan; uÁsrendah> _ iqidan; tyuÁh>ivh> _ ukan (mxarisken); kikeldah>ivx
_ qvemoTken; sodah> _ aqeT-iqiT...
d r o i s: wye – erTxe; Txa _ dRes; bÄa _ yovelTvis; inc-axla; qiqo’ _
uwin, adre; eh>aT _ maSin; h>aTe‡ _ maSinve myis{ve}; lamo’ _ zeg; jer _
jer; macax _ erTxel, odesRac; h>aTx{—} _ uwin; tyo‡lo – momavalSi; incdoli¹
_ amieridan; sifsreh> _ guSinwin; inclomci¹ _ aqamde (am dromde);
mawymawy _ zogjer; de denih> _ dRiTi dRe; xa xaneh> – drodadro; Txabus
_ wuxel...
k i T x v i T i zmnisarTebi
mel½? _ ramdeni? moh>? _ rogor? miC{e}? _ sad? vu¹? _ ratom? maca¹? _
rodis? miCqre¹? _ saidan? miCux? _ sad? miCih>? _ saiTken? miCxdah>? _ saidan
(romeli mxridan)? miCi{v}h>? _ saiTken? miCredah>? _ saidan? maclomci¹?
_ sanamde? rodemde?
79

u a r y o f i T i zmnisarTebi
comiC{h>}e _ arsad; comacne, comacme _ arasodes; comiCrena _ arsaidan
mamiCe – nursad; mamiCrena _ nursaidan...
uaryofiTi zmnisarTebi nawarmoebia dadebiTisagan co _ ar an ma _
nu uaryofiTi nawilakebis darTviT anlautSi.
m i m a r T e b i T i zmnisarTebi
miC{h>}a, miC{h>}e _ sadac; macne, macme _ rodesac; moh>e _ rogorc...
mimarTebiTi zmnisarTebi miRebuli aris kiTxviTi zmnisarTebisagan e,
a _ c nawilakebis darTviT.
uaryofiTi da mimarTebiTi zmnisarTebi bacburSi qarTulTan interferenciis
Sedegia, Sdr. CaCnur-inguSuri (CaCnuri enis qisturi dialeqtis
gamoklebiT), sadac uaryofiT da mimarTebiT zmnisarTebs ver vadasturebT
(d. imnaiSvili).
80

Tandebuli
Tandebuli bacburSi postpoziciuria, saxels mosdevs. Tandebulebi
aq, sxva enebis msgavsad, damoukidebeli sityvebisagan momdinareoben. gamoiyofa
p i r v e l a d i (saxelTan S e r w y m u l i) da m e o r e u l i (c a l -
k e m d g o m i) Tandebulebi.
pirveladia Tandebulebi, romelTa kavSiri zmnisarTsa da saxelTan
met-naklebad daCrdilulia. meoreuli Tandebulebi ramdenadme inarCuneben
zmnisarTisa (da saxelis) mniSvnelobasac.
pirvelad Tandebulian formebs brunvis formebad miiCneven. brunvaTa
Tandebuliani formebis gamoyofa brunvisniSnian formaTagan rTulia, Tu
maTs mniSvnelobebsac gaviTvaliswinebT; maTi funqciebi Sesaswavlia, amis
gamo Tandebulian brunvaTa sxvadasxva raodenobas iTvlian specialur
literaturaSi.
pirveladi Tandebulebi, brunvis niSnebis msgavsad, meore sabrunebel
fuZes daerTvian, meoreuli Tandebulebi _ micemiTis, naTesaobiTisa,
absolutivisa (saxelobiTis) da gamsWvalviT brunvaTa formebs.
p i r v e l a d i – s a x e l T a n S e r w y m u l i Tandebulebi
-R || < -Ra (Sdr. g < go, l < lo) gamoxatavs mimarTulebas Teyila-Ra
– salocavis gavliT... gavrcelebulia qarTuli viTarebiTi brunvis
niSnis analogiuri funqciiT: o Ãere-R verwi¹ _ is qvad iqca...
duÁxtre-R xil‘ar _ eqimad yofna...
-x: gvxvdeba damatebasTan: xi-x val‘e¹ _ wyalze gavida...
-g < go aRniSnavs moqmedebis mimarTulebas: aT´i-g _ ZroxasTan...
gvxvdeba damatebasTan: as badre-g xi daÁTnas _ me bavSvs wyali movatanine...
-l < lo gamoxatavs mimarTulebas (krebiT, nivTierebaTa... saxeleb-
Tan): vene-l _ RvinoSi...
-ci¹ aRniSnavs Tanaobasa da mimarTulebas: naybiste-ci¹ _ amxanagTan
erTad... mami-ci¹ vuÁt… _ mamidasTan midis...
81

-re¹ || le¹ -gan Tandebulia: skole-re¹ _ skolidan...
-xi¹ aRniSnavs mimarTulebas, viRacisgan an raRacisgan gamoyofiT:
fstu mar-ci¹ bed Áal‘e¹ _ coli qmars gaeyara (qmrisgan calke gavida)...
masTxove-xi¹ ch>aÁn˜ h>exe{h>} qorT ۶ofbiÁe¹ _ mtrisagan erT gamoqvabuls
Seafara Tavi...
-mci¹-s -m d i s Tandebulis mniSvneloba aqvs: ise-mci¹ _ aqamdis...
m e o r e u l i (c a l k e m d g o m i) Tandebulebi
maq _ zed{a}: tiv-en m a q va _ xidze(da) aris...
kikel _ qveS: tiv-en k i k e l Áaixnas _ xidis q v e S vseirnob...
h>aTx _ win: o don-en h>aTx laT´— _ is cxenis win dgas.
Áuye _ Sua; SuaSi: bÄark-i-n Áuye mar‘l ba _ Tvalebs Sua cxviria...
fex || fenix _ gverdiT: wen-in fenix kakal xa‡ÁiÁe¹ _ saxlis gverdiT
kakali dargo...
laÃiS _ maRla: ben-en laÃiS _ budis maRla...
laxuS _ dabla: oÃu-Án laxuS _ imis dabla...
garg _ axlos: ben-in garg _ budis axlos...
Áux _ Ziras: xe-n Áux _ xis Ziras...
gogex _ garSemo: naJtr-en gogex _ binis garSemo...
tyuÁh> _ ukan: wen-in tyuÁh> Je daJ— _ saxlis ukan cxvari Zovs...
r T u l i _ ori da meti Tandebuli saxelis formebSi
ori an meti Tandebulisagan Sedgenili rTuli Tandebuli ama Tu im
TandebuliT gamoxatul mniSvnelobas ufro akonkretebs. bacburSi fuZes-
Tan Serwymul Tandebuls SeiZleba daerTos sxva Tandebuli, romelic
agreTve gvxvdeba saxelis fuZesTan Serwymuli saxiT -re¹, -Ra, -h>, -x...) da
agreTve mci¹, ar aris dadasturebuli calke (zmnisarTis saxiT). analogiuri
viTareba gvaqvs calke mdgom Tandebulian formebSi, maTTanac igive
Tandebulebi iCenen Tavs.
82

unvis formasTan Serwymuli r T u l i T a n d e b u l e b i
-go-re¹: qoc-go-re¹
_ qvevridan...
-go-mci¹: fh>e-{go}-mci¹ _ soflamde...
-go-x: h>una-go-x _ tyesTan da mis aremareSi...
-go-R: lamu-go-Ra _ mTasTan gavliT...
-go-{h>}: h>are-go-{h>} _ wisqvilTan...
-lo-re¹: Ãave-lo-ren _ yanidan (`yanaSidan~)...
-lo-mci¹: stab-lo-mci¹ _ Semodgomamde...
-lo-x: Ãevbi-lo-x _ xeobebis SemogarenSi...
-lo-Ra: h>un{a}-lo-Ra _ tyeSi gavliT...
lo-R-da{h>}: xi-lo-R-da{h}
_ wyalze gavliT...
h>aTx-re¹: lamun h>aTxe-re¹ _ mTis winidan...
h>aTx-Ra: qocon hoaTx-Ra _ qvevris Sinidan gavliT...
kikl-ere¹: wenin kikle-re¹ _ saxlis qvemodan...
kakle-Ra: xenen kikl-eRa _ xis qveS gavliT...
Áuy-re¹: Ãagen Áuy-re¹
_ yanis Suidan...
83

nawilakebi
bacburSi SeiniSneba, msgavsad CaCn.-ing. da sxva enebisa, calkeuli
bgerebi, bgeraTa jgufebi da sityvebic nawilakis funqciiT. nawilaki
prepoziciuri da postpoziciuricaa, _ sityvasTan Sezdilic da calke
mdgomic. mniSvnelobis mixedviT nawilakTa sxvadasxva jgufebi gamoiyofa:
m i T i T e b i T i nawilakebi:
e, eh> _ es: e wa daÃo¹ da _ es saxili didia...
i, ih> _ es
o _ igi; is: o lam _ is mTa...
k i T x v i T i nawilakebi
-i: xi d a à à o n -i dar? _ mdinare didi iyo?
-a’ (gvxvdeba CakiTxvisas, SeiZleba iyos emfatikuri xmovani): fh>u-a’? _
ZaRli?...
Wik: vaÁ do¹ W i k be‡noli? _ Cveni cxeni x o m ar mosula?..
xum: dayar x u m Ãeqdo? _ saWmels x o m amzadeb?..
Tur _ nuTu
m i g e b i T i nawilakebi
dadebiTi:
ha‡ _ diax, xo, ki
uaryofiTi:
co _ ara
ma _ nu
g a n u s a z R v r e l o b i T i nawilakebi
84
-me, -mi, -m: miC-me _ sad-me... moh>-mi _ rogor-me... vu-m (< vu-x) _ ra-me...
-ge‡, -ge, -g _ -Ra: Ãen-g e ‡ _ mereRa...

s i t y v a s i t y v i T i nawilakebi
-aÁn{} _ -o
g a Z l i e r e b i T i nawilakebi
-i, -e < aÁ, uÁ _ -c: nana-Á Cuh> Áa _ dedac saxlSia...
-c _ -c: natuÁ-c lo…m h>al vaxen _ natoc mTaSi asula...
bacburSi sakuTari nawilakebis gverdiT da paralelurad qarTulidan
SeTvisebuli nawilakebic gvxvdeba (ix. xemoT _ Wik, xum, -i, -e, c...).
85

sintaqsi. I. saxeluri Sesityvebis
(atributuli sintagmis) analizi
bacbur enaSi sazRvruli (arsebiTi saxeli, mimReoba, masdari) da masTan
dakavSirebuli msazRvreli saxeli (zedsarTavi, ricxviTi saxeli,
nacvalsaxeli, arsebiTi saxeli...) warmoadgens atributul sintagmas, saxelur
Sesityvebas:
z e d s a r T a v i saxeli msazRvrelad-gansazRvrebad
wege n barax _ wiTeli bairaRi; dax´e n lark _ grZeli yuri; Raze n aTx— _
kargi salesavi; kui n do n _ TeTri cxeni; ۶arWi n ve n _ Savi Rvino...
mawri n qaniz _ tkbili yurZeni; mutore n tot _ WuWyiani xeli; toRwi g
kambeC _ utolo, ucalo kameCi...
zedsarTavis x a r i s x i s formac gvxvdeba msazRvrelad: mos´i…x busa _
ucudesi Rame; kawku{v}x knaT _ umcrosi biWi; Razivxš xi _ saukeTeso wyali.
r i c x v i T i saxeli msazRvrelad (gansazRvrebad)
ca bader _ erTi Svili; ƒo ƒor _ sami vaSli; is´ cark _ cxra kbili.
SilRe n klas _ meore klasi; fxilRe n fxakal _ mexuTe kurdReli;
tyalRe n de _ meoce dRe...
n a c v a l s a x e l i gansazRvrebad
se n Tur _ Cemi xmali; sai n nan _ Cemi deda; e n mar _ Seni qmari; Txai n
maƒ˜ _ Cveni (sakuTari) puri; Txe n wa _ Cveni saxli...
86

e wa _ es saxli; i stak _ is kaci; o ag _ is bebia
oSt{r}u n stak _ iseTi kaci;
molu n
kowol? _ rogori nawnavi? menux do n ? _ romeli cxeni? miCre n
o? _ sadauri qali? melÀ tark? _ ramdeni TiTi?
an Jagn? _ visi wigni?
st‹n ۶abik? _ risi kovzi?
ƒenƒena‡ daJri _ sxvadasxva balaxebi...
a r s e b i T i saxeli gansazRvrebad s a x e l o b i T brunvaSi ca Tofr
fsu n _ erTi Tofra qeri;
ca Tof fanle n _ erTi Tofi bambazia...
m i m R e o b a gansazRvrebad
baT´in wod _ Semwvari mwvadi; Txun˜ o _ mtirali qali;
maqxe‡un˜ kex _ sajdomi unagiri; davdien Je _ daxocili cxvari; davdien
Jagn _ dakarguli wigni...
a r s e b i T i s a x e l i gansazRvrebad atributul msazRvrelad
naTesaobiTi brunvis formiT gvxvdeba mx. ricxvSi da mravlobiTSic:
lamu n angloz _ mTis angelozi; xi n bulay _ wylis Wa; amrike n qarcx˜
_ mitklis tanisamosi; Cxindra n (mr. r.) axni _ windebis narTi...
msazRvreli (gansazRvreba) arsebiTi saxeli SeiZleba iyos saxelobiT
brunvasa da naTesaobiTSi paralelurad: oqro n
(oqru n ) (oqr
oqr saxelis
naTesaobiTi brunvis forma) tard _ oqros beWedi da oqr{} saaT _ oqros
saaTi (deSerievi): oqr{} sax. brunvis formas warmoadgens. amosavalia
naTesaobiTis forma atributul sintagmaSi.
87

atributuli sintagmis mTavari wevria s a z R v r u l i saxeli.
gramatikul klasniSnian msazRvrelSi (gansazRvrebaSi) sazRvruli arsebiTi
saxelis gramatikuli klasis niSani warmoCndeba: d-axe n
lark _ grZeli yuri
(Sdr. lark (mx. ricxvSi d klass ganekuTvneba) da _ yuri aris); b-avi n
mu _
msubuqi tvirTi (Sdr. mu mx. ricxvSi b klass ganekuTvneba) ba _ tvirTi
aris; v-aƒo n knaT _ didi vaJi, -aƒo n o _ didi gogona; d-aƒo n wa (Sdr. wa
mx. r. d klass ganekuTvneba) _ didi saxli; b-aƒo n xe n (Sdr. xe n , mx. r. b klass
ganekuTvneba) _ didi xe.
atributul sintagmaSi gansazRvreba metwilad pirvel adgilze dgas.
brunebisas msazRvreli ori formiT iCens Tavs: _ erTi _ saxelobiTis
da meore _ danarCeni (ergativis, micemiTis, naTesaobiTis...) brunvebisa.
meore formaSi C{} `savrcobi~ gvaqvs: zedsarTav saxelebTan sax. kui n do n _
TeTri cxeni. erg. kuC donev, mic. kuC donen _ naT. kuC done n ... sax.
wege n
fstu _ wiTeli xari, erg. wegeC fstarav, mic. wegeC fstaran, naT.
wegeC fstara n ...
-C{}- `savrcobiT~ ibruneba agreTve r i g o b i T i r i c x v i T i
saxelebi da zogi C v e n e b i T i n a c v a l s a x e l i, romelTac zedsarTavi
saxelis forma aqvT: r i g o b i T i ricxviTi saxelebi, -Re
n
sufiqsiT
nawarmoebi (Sdr. zeds. saxelTa mawarmoebeli -Re
n
sufiqsi: vaSa-Re n
Zmuri,
Zmiseburi...): sax. SilRe n
klas _ meore klasi, erg. SilReC klasev, mic.
SilReC klasen, naT. SilReC klase n ) da u n -boloxmovniani C v e n e b i T i
nacvalsaxelebi (Sdr. u n -boloxmovniani zedsarTavi saxelebi: gamu n `mrude~,
dacu n
`mokle~...): sax. oStu bader _ iseTi bavSvi, erg. oStuC badrev, mic.
oStuC badren, naT. oStuC badre n ... -C `savrcobiT~ ibruneba mimReoba: sax.
aTin Tux˜ _ danayili marili, erg. aTinC Tuxov, mic. aTinC Tuxon, naT.
88

aTinC Tuxo n ... -C{} `savrcobi~ iCens Tavs n a T e s a o b i T S i dasmuli
msazRvreli ars. saxelis brunebisas meore sabrunebel fuZeSi: sax. xi n
(naT.
br. xi `wyali~ saxelisa) bulay _ wylis Wa erg. xiC bulyev, mic. xiC
bulyen...
sazRvrulTan erTad m s a z R v r e l i saxeli n a T e s a o b i T
b r u n v a S i ibruneba C{} `savrcobis
savrcobis~ gareSec. ganirCeva sami SemTxveva:
1) msazRvrelSi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis n Tanxmovania m o k v e c i l i: sax.
staki n
SalT _ kacis xanjali; erg. stak
tak˜ (< staki < staki n
< stakin) SalTev;
mic. stak˜ SalTen... 2) n a T e s a o b i T i b r u n v i s daboloeba mTlianad
ikveceba da m e o r e f u Z e e m T x v e v a s a x e l o b i T s: sax. dade n
Jagn _
mamis wigni, erg. dad (< dade n ) Jagnov, mic. dad Jagnon... Sdr. saxelobiTi
d a d `mama~; 3) n a T e s a o b i T i b r u n v i s daboloeba mokvecilia, meore
fuZe (aq SesityvebaSi) saxelobiTis formisaa da ukumSveli; sax. badre n
iS _
bavSvis xma, erg. bader aSirv, mic. bader aSirn... maSin rodesac saxelis
damoukideblad brunebisas meore fuZed SekumSuli forma gvaqvs (sax. bader
`bavSvi~, Sdr. erg. badrev (< baderev), mic. badren iseve, rogorc msazRvrelsazRvrulis
saxelobiTi brunvis formaSi _ badre n
iS.
msazRvrelis aseTi forma bacburSi qarTvelur enaTa SesityvebaSi
m s a z R v r e l i s a n a l o g i u r i c v l i l e b i s (ix. arn. Ciqobava,
T. uTurgaiZe, a. kiziria) Sedegi unda iyos.
-C{} `savrcobiT~ ibrunvis d a m o u k i d e b e l i zedsarTavi saxeli,
rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli, kiTxviTi da kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi.
magaliTad, damoukidebeli zedsarTavi saxeli m a w r i n
ibrunvis ase:
mx. r. sax. mawri n `tkbili~
erg. mawriCo
Cov
mic. mawriCo
Con
naT. mawriCo
n
moqm. mawriCo
Cov...
89

m s a z R v r e l - s a z R v r u l i s brunebisas ergativsa da irib brunvebSi
mxolod -C{} savrcobiani meore sabrunebeli fuZea warmodgenili.
naTesaobiTis formiani msazRvreli arsebiTi saxelis -C{} savrcobiT
bruneba (ix. zemoT) ufro gviandeli Cans, naTesaobiTSi msazRvreli arsebiTi
saxelis atributul saxelebTan gaTanabrebis Sedegi. CaCnursa da inguSurSi
naTesaobiTi brunvisniSniani msazRvreli saxeli, Cveulebriv, ucvlelad
gvxvdeba yvela brunvaSi (iakovlevi, z. malsagovi).
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi, romlebic piris nacvalsaxelebis
naTesaobiTi brunvisagan momdinareoben, msazRvrelis funqciiT sazRvrulTan
erTad brunebis dros -C `savrcobis~ gareSe ibrunvian da meore, _
naTesaobiTis daboloebis n _ TanxmovanCamoSorebuli, _ f u Z i s s a x i T
daCndebian ergativsa da irib brunvebSi (aseTive viTareba gvaqvs raodenobiT
ricxviT saxelebsa da CvenebiT nacvalsaxelebSi).
magaliTad, kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad:
sax. se n Tur _ Cemi xmali, Sdr. se n _ Cemi
erg.
mic.
se Turev
se Turen
en...
erg. seCo
Cov
mic. seCo
Con...
calke unda SevCerdeT m i m R e o b a z e s a z R v r u l i s funqciiT _
`mimReobur gansazRvrebaze~.
sazRvrulad mimReoba Cveulebriv gvxvdeba `mimReobur gansazRvrebaSi~,
rodesac masTan Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia msazRvreli saxeli: msazRvreli
saxeli + mimReoba sazRvruli (sazRvruli ← mimReoba → msazRvreli) +
sazRvruli arsebiTi saxeli.
wova-TuSur enaSi, rogorc cnobilia, mimReobas axasiaTebs saxeluri da
zmnuri niSnebic, msgavsad sxva enebisa: saxelis gramatikuli kategoriebidan _
bruneba, ricxvi; zmnuridan _ aspeqti, dro; saxelisa da zmnisTvis saerTo
gramatikuli klasisa da ricxvis kategoriebi.
90

mimReobis zmnuri niSnebidan wova-TuSuri enisaTvis specifikuria
SesityvebaSi _ substantiuri msazRvreli + mimReoba + sazRvruli saxeli _
zmnuri funqcia: igi marTavs saxels (substantiur msazRvrels) brunvaSi
iseve, rogorc misTvis amosavali gardamavali zmna (Sdr. wova-TuSuris
monaTesave enebis _ CaCnuris, inguSurisa da agreTve daRestnuri enebidan
didouris... analogiuri viTareba), meore mxriv, mimReobaSi aisaxeba saTanado
saxelis substantiuri msazRvrelis gramatikuli klasi.
mimReoba, nazmnari zedsarTavi saxeli, arsebiT saxelTan msazRvrelis
funqciiT gvxvdeba: dacin ƒav _ gaTibuli yana (ix. zemoT).
es wesi im SemTxvevebzec vrceldeba, rodesac sazRvrul mimReobasac
axlavs substantiuri msazRvreli saxeli: sax. as aTin Tux˜ (Cemi danayili
marili), erg. as aTinC Tuxov, naT. as aTinC Tuxo n ...
aseT konstruqciaSi, rodesac mimReobasTan warmodgenilia prepoziciuri
substantiuri msazRvreli saxeli da mimReoba misi sazRvrulia, igi (mimReobasazRvruli)
avlens zmnur Tvisebas. mimReoba marTavs msazRvrel saxels iseve,
rogorc misTvis amosavali gardamavali zmna (msgavsi viTareba SeiniSneba
CaCnur-inguSursa 1
da agreTve zog daRestnur enaSi 2 ), Sesabamisad aris
warmodgenili masSi (mimReobaSi) saxelis gramatikuli klasis niSnebi.
(msazRvrel mimReobaSi sazRvruli saxelis gramatikuli klasis niSnis
warmoCenisa da sazRvrulTan brunvaSi Sewyobis Sesaxeb ix. zemoT).
es wesi im SemTxvevebzec vrceldeba, rodesac sazRvrul mimReobas axlavs
Tavis mxriv substantiuri msazRvreli saxeli: sax. as aTin Tux˜ _ Cemi
danayili marili, erg. as aTinC Tuxov, naT. as aTinC Tuxo n ... msazRvrel
mimReobas, Cveulebriv axlavs msazRvreli, romelTanac axla ukve igive
mimReoba sazRvrulis funqciiTaa da sazRvruli mimReoba Seiwyobs msazRvrel
1 msgavsi konstruqciis Sesaxeb ix. О. В. Чапанов, Основные типы словосочетаний в ингушском
языке, krebulSi Вопросы вайнахского синтаксиса, Грозный, 1980, gv. 63, 88.
2 n. ardoteli, nazmnari saxelebi didour enebSi, Tb., 2009, gv. 163.
91

saxels saxelobiT brunvaSi an ergativSi: gardamavali zmnisgan nawarmoebi
mimReoba erTdroulad moqmedebiTi (aqtiuri) da vnebiTi (pasiuri) gvaris
mniSvnelobisaa, omonimia. mniSvnelobaTa gamijvna xdeba sintaqsur doneze.
SesityvebaSi _ mimReoba sazRvrulad msazRvreliT + sazRvruli saxeli
ormxrivi daqvemdebareba gvaqvs. dasturdeba ori saxis mimReoburi
konstruqcia: I. nanas Tetun˜ maƒ˜ `dedis (dedam) dasaWreli puri~; II. maƒ˜
Tetun˜ nan `puris {da}mWreli deda~. orive konstruqciisaTvis amosavalia
gardamavali zmnis konstruqcia _ nanas Tet maƒ˜ `deda Wris purs~:
gardamavali zmnis konstruqciam orgvari mimReoburi konstruqcia SeiZleba
mogvces: I _ obieqti sazRvrulad, II _ subieqti sazRvrulad.
I konstruqciidan _ nanas Tetun˜ maƒ˜ SesityvebaSi (msazRvrelsazRvruli)
Tetun˜
maƒ˜ _ maƒ˜ sazRvrulia, am mimReoburi
konstruqciisaTvis amosaval zmnur konstruqciaSi, _ nanas Tet maƒ˜, _
maƒ˜ obieqti-damatebaa, amdenad _ pasiuri. mimReobur konstruqciaSi
rogorc sazRvruli, igi Seiwyobs Tavis msazRvrel mimReobas da mas pasiuri
mniSvnelobis mqoned xdis. mimReoba inarCunebs zmnur niSans _ marTavs
mxolod saxels, _ substantiur msazRvrels, romelic momdinareobs zmnuri
konstruqciis subieqtidan (qvemdebaridan) ergativSi (nanas
nanas),
zmnuri
konstruqciis obieqti (damateba) maƒ˜) masTan sazRvrulad daCndeba da ar
aris marTuli mimReobisagan: msazRvreli mimReoba daqvemdebarebulia
sazRvruli saxelisadmi, Seewyoba mas atributuli msazRvrelis formiT (ix.
zemoT).
II konstruqciaSi, _ maƒ˜ Tetun˜ nan, _ nan sazRvrulia, aqtiuri,
subieqti, zmnuri konstruqciidan. mimReobas (Tetun˜) igi aqtiur Sinaarss
sZens. msazRvreli mimReoba ver marTavs Tavis sazRvruls nan-s. Tetuin˜,
Tavis mxriv, sazRvrulia substantiuri msazRvrelisa maƒ˜ da mas marTavs
saxelobiT brunvaSi, rogorc saTanado zmnuri konstruqciis zmna. aqac
substantiuri msazRvreli (maƒ˜) pirvel adgilzea, sazRvruli mimReoba
(Tetun˜) _ meoreze.
92

mimReoba z m n u r m a r T v a s inarCunebs nawilobriv: erTi mxriv,
rogorc sazRvruli, oRond z m n u r i b u n e b i s a, msazRvrels m a r T a v s
brunvaSi, magram meore mxriv, TviTon S e e w y o b a sazRvruls, rogorc
msazRvreli.
sazRvrulad SeiZleba Segvxvdes masdaric, romelsac mimReobis msgavsad
aqvs zogi zmnuri niSani. am SemTxvevaSi igi mimReobis analogiurad masTan
dakavSirebul msazRvrel saxels marTavs brunvaSi ise, rogorc saTanado zmna:
Sur ‰T´ar `rZis sxma~, d-‰T´ar zmna gardauvalia da saxelobiTSi Seiwyobs
subieqts: qoco{} ۶arWi n
ve n
daT´š `qvevrSi Savi Rvino asxia~. masdarTanac
a T ´ a r misi msazRvreli (zmnis subieqti) Sur (rZe) saxelobiT brunvaSia,
zedmiw. `rZe sxma~.
fstu ikar `colis (zedmiw. coli) moyvana~ (q. l.); fstu ƒelar `colis
(zedmiw. coli) SerTva (q. l.).
ol (sax. br.) qeqar `Tivis (zedmiw. Tiva) damzadeba~
admia n (sax. br.) dalar `adamianis (zedmiw. adamiani) sikvdili~
masdarTan msazRvrelad naT. br.-Si
mdgomi arseb. saxelic gvxvdeba,
SesaZlebelia, q a r T u l i s g a v l e n i T: (davdienC) ƒavan (ƒav `yana~ _
ars. saxelis naTesaobiTi br.-is forma) aƒar _ (gafuWebuli) yanis zRveva.
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis ricxvSi SeTanxmeba.
m s a z R v r e l i (zedsarTavi saxeli, mimReoba, nacvalsaxeli, saxeli naT.
brunvaSi) s a z R v r u l sazogado saxelTan, romelic mravlobiT ricxvSia,
mxoloobiT ricxvSi gvxvdeba: duƒ (mx. r.) ašgri (ošgri) mr. r.) _ bevri
agurebi; daydalin (mx. r.) xenbi (mr. r.) _ gamxmari xeebi; se n
(mx. r.) du
(mr. r.) _ Cemi cxenebi; ƒave n
(mx. r.) qorTmi (mr. r.) yanis TavTavebi, qanze n
(mx. r.) akidu (mr. r.) _ yurZnis akidoebi...
93

krebiT sazRvrul saxelebTanac msazRvreli mxoloobiT ricxvSi daismis:
Teyin˜ (mx. r.) nax (mx. r.) _ mTxovneli xalxi...
sazRvruli mravlobiT ricxvSi msazRvrels zogjer g a o r k e c e b u l i
fuZiT iTanxmebs: a f x - a f x e gagni (mr. r.) _ c x e l - c x e l i
kvercxebi: R a z - R a z e n
dayri (mr. r.) _ k a r g - k a r g i saWmelebi...
ricxviT saxels (erTis gamoklebiT) msazRvrelad sazRvruli mxoloobiT
ricxvSi ukavSirdeba: ƒa aTa‡ (mx. r.) _ sami naTlia; aTas Je (mx. r.) _
aTasi cxvari; Siƒ qoc (mx. r.) _ ori qvevri.
erT sazRvrulTan SeiZleba gvqondes r a m d e n i m e e r T g v a r i an
a r a e r T g v a r i
msazRvreli: kawko n , Raze n
b a d r i _ patara, kargi
b a v S v e b i; e ۶iri
n
S a l T i _ e s b a s r i x a n j l e b i...
araerTgvar msazRvrelebs Soris Tavis mxriv myardeba sintaqsuri
kavSiri: RazeC xi n
bulay _ kargi wylis Wa. RazeC meore sabrunebeli
fuZea, is eqvemdebareba Tavis sazRvruls _ xi n , romelic naTesaobiTi brunvis
formaa xi saxelisa da masTan msazRvrelic (RazeC) naTesaobiT brunvaSi
(meore sabrunebeli fuZea) dgas.
94

predikatuli sintagma
predikatuli sintagma, atributuli sintagmisagan gansxvavebiT, Sedgeba
zmnisa da saxelisagan (atributul sintagmaSi zmna ar monawileobs).
maSasadame, Tu zmna da saxeli sintaqsurad aris dakavSirebuli, saqme gvaqvs
predikatul sintagmasTan. aseTi sintagma SeiZleba kompleqssac warmoadgendes,
romlis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris sintaqsuri kavSiria. ara aqvs mniSvneloba,
predikatuli sintagma orwevraa Tu mravalwevra, predikatuli sintagmis
birTvs zmna warmoadgens. swored `zmnis morfologiur Taviseburebazea
damokidebuli, pirvel yovlisa, predikatuli sintagmis Tavisebureba~ (arn.
Ciqobava).
moviyvanoT predikatuli sintagmis nimuSebi wovaTuSuridan. aseTia,
magaliTad:
mux doJe n
badri skoli dutš
maTxov maTxa efxo
dok deTTla
knaTev fh´aran Tefx
lav daR
alax we laTi n
Warego(h´) lašyCi a
sogo(z´) Si vaS va
`muxa waiqca~;
`bavSvebi skolaSi midian~;
`mze qveyanas aTbobs~;
`guli Zgers~;
`biWi ZaRls scems~;
`Tovli modis~;
`Tivas cecxli waekida~;
`Tevzs layuCebi aqvs~;
`me ori Zma myavs~.
msjeloba dakavSirebulia predikatul sintagmasTan. Tavis mxriv, msjeloba
Seexeba faqts, romelsac amtkiceben (an uaryofen). maSasadame, msjelobaSi
unda gamoiyos subieqti da predikati. dok deTTla `guli Zgers~ sintagmaSi
dok `guli~ subieqtia, deTiTla
`Zgers~ _ predikati. winadadebaSi baye‡
95

RaziS labwir knaTi `marTla kargad TamaSobdnen biWebi~ knaTi `biWebi~ aris
realuri subieqti, baye‡ RaziS labwir `marTla kargad TamaSobdnen~
predikatia. Sdr., agreTve:
taranin vutš Sarenmaq moƒ boS `taranina midis quCaSi simReriT~,
sadac taranin
(sakuTari saxelia) subieqtia, danarCeni sityvebi predikatuli
sintagmis Semadgenlebs warmoadgenen. aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom
msjelobis terminebi (subieqti, predikati) logikis kvlevis sagania, xolo
winadadebis wevrebs (qvemdebare, Semasmeneli, damateba, gansazRvreba,
garemoeba) gramatika Seiswavlis, logikuri subieqti da predikati orwevrian
winadadebaSi SeiZleba efardebodnen gramatikul (sintaqsur) qvemdebares da
Semasmenels.
winadadebis uSualo SemadgenelTa Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT qvemdebare _
damatebis nacvlad ixmareba realuri subieqti da realuri obieqti.
zmnasTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli realuri subieqti wovaTuSurSi
sxvadasxva brunvaSi dgas. realuri subieqtis brunvis forma damokidebulia
zmnaze, zmna marTavs saxels (subieqtsac da obieqtsac) brunvaSi.
wovaTuSurSi realuri subieqtis brunvebi Semdegia:
1. saxelobiTi
2. ergativi
3. micemiTi
4. instrumentalisi
5. adgilobiTi
nominatiuri konstruqcia. realuri subieqti saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas
gardauval zmnasTan. aseT SemTxvevaSi subieqti gadmocemulia ars. saxeliT an
III piris nacvalsaxeliT (o `is~, obi `isini~) orive ricxvSi. magaliTad:
fxakalyure mar-fstu daxral `fxakalyureSi Turme col-qmari
cxovrobda~;
muxex fiTr h´arCnor
h
lamf xel—
`muxas fiTri Semoexvia~;
`lamfa qreba~;
96

o skoli vutš
obi miC daxe n
`is (biWi) skolaSi midis~;
`isini sad wavidnen?~
subieqtis brunvis mixedviT aseT konstruqcias nominatiurs eZaxian.
maSasadame wovaTuSurSi zogi gardauvali zmna, sxva naxur enebTan
SedarebiT, Taviseburebas gviCvenebs. zogi mkvlevaris azriT, gardauval
zmnasTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli I da II piris nacvalsaxelebi ergativSi
dganan, e. i. aRniSnul nacvalsaxelebs zogi gardauvali zmna marTavs
ergativSi. msgavsi movlena, rogorc iTqva, CeCnuri enis dialeqtebsa da
inguSur enaSi SeniSnuli ar aris. akdar `kankali~, dalar `mokvdoma~, dakar
`wva~, doJar `vardna~ zmnebi gardauvalia, miuxedavad amisa, es zmnebi I da II
piris nacvalsaxelebsac marTaven saxelobiT (da ara ergatiul) brunvaSi.
gardauval zmnasTan realuri subieqtis ergativSi Sewyobis nimuSebia,
magaliTad:
as qalqih´ vutas `me qalaqSi mivdivar~;
aTxo labwi
ah´ miC vutah´
aSi miC daxer
`Cven vTamaSobT~;
`Sen sad midixar?~
`Tqven sad waxvediT?~
aRsaniSnavia, rom I piris inkluziuri nacvalsaxeli va wovaTuSurSi ar
ganarCevs saxelobiTsa da ergativs, va `Cven~ aRniSnul brunvebSi
gauformebelia. Sdr.:
zmna gardauvalia: Txa h´unl RoT va `dRes tyeSi wavideT Cven
(bevrni)~.
zmna gardamavalia: va Txa Camli n matr dayi n `Cven dRes gemrieli sadili
vWameT~.
sainteresoa, rom RoT formaSi -T sufiqsi subieqtis simravles
aRniSnavs. Sdr. Ro va `wavideT Cven (orni)~ da RoT va `wavideT Cven
(bevrni)~. pirvel formas (Ro va) CeCnurSi Seesatyviseba Ro vaSa `wavideT
Cven (orni)~, Ro va ki niSnavs amas: `wavideT Cven (uklebliv yvela)~. vaSa
ase daiSleba: va `Cven~ da Sa (< Si' `ori~), e. i. Sa ukavSirdeba ricxviT
97

saxels
Si' `ori~. igive ricxviTi saxeli Cans CeCnurSi II piris
nacvalsaxelTanac. Sdr.: S ‘ S i' `Tqven (orni)~. aseTi formebi wovaTuSurSi
ar Cans. diferencireba `Cven~ da `Cven
(orni)~ formebs Soris gansxvavebuli
zmnuri formebiT aris miRweuli da ara gansxvavebuli nacvalsaxeluri
formebiT, rogorc es CeCnurSia.
maSasadame, gardauvali zmnis Taviseburebas wovaTuSurSi, sxva naxur
enebTan SedarebiT, warmoadgens I da II piris nacvalsaxelTa ergativSi dasma
(inkluziuri
va `Cven~ formis gamoklebiT), rac sxva naxuri enakiloebisaTvis
ucxoa, niSandoblivi ar aris.
garda amisa, nominatiur konstruqciaSi realuri subieqti, Tu zmna
klasniSniania, marTavs zmnas klasSi. magaliTad:
se n
aS alni -utš `Cemi da alvanSi midis~;
boWk dah´ b-ate-n- `kasri gaskda~;
xen kikel duƒ ƒori d-ater `xis Ziras bevri vaSlebi eyara~...
CamoTvlil magaliTebSi gramatikuli klasis niSnebi - (utš),
b- (bate n ), d- (dater) gamoxataven realuri subieqtis klass. maSasadame, msgavs
zmnebTanac realuri subieqti sax. brunvaSi dgas. klasniSnian zmnur formebSi
gramatikuli klasis niSani subieqtis klasis niSnis mixedviT Seicvleba,
magaliTad, ase: v-utš, -utš, b-utš, d-utš...
Tavis mxriv, subieqti _ qvemdebare saxelobiT brunvaSi zmnas _
Semasmenels iTanxmebs ricxvSi:
ricxvSi SeTanxmeba aSkaraa maSin, rodesac saxeli mxoloobiTsa da
mravlobiT ricxvSi sxvadasxva gramatikul klass ganekuTvneba:
danlobi b-axke b
n _ cxenosnebi movidnen
donlov (mx. v _ mr. b) _ cxenosani
du d-aR _ cxenebi modian
(do n _ b d)
bazzi b-avi b
n _ bazazebi daikargnen (aRar arian)
(bazaz _ v. b)
98

ergatiuli konstruqcia. ergatiul konstruqcias qmnis gardamavali
zmna. es aris gardamavali zmnis erTaderTi konstruqcia (danarCen
konstruqciebs gardauvali zmnebi qmnian).
ergatiuli konstruqcia warmoadgens predikatul sintagmas, romelic,
sul mcire, sami wevrisagan Sedgeba. ergatiuli konstruqciis sintagmis
wevrebs warmoadgenen: gardamavali zmna-Semasmeneli da masTan Sexamebuli ori
saxeli _ realuri subieqti da realuri obieqti. moviyvanoT saTanado
magaliTebi:
oƒus zaral aƒi n `man zarali zRo~;
oƒar davin asi lex `isini dakargul xborebs eZeben~;
knaTiv yuv lecov `biWebi qurds iWeren~;
se n aSas atam leW badrunan `Cemi da atams fcqvnis bavSvebisaTvis~;
fisos daxk labwob `kata Tagvs aTamaSebs~;
yodla‡os TanTi day `kodala WianWvelebs Wams~...
gardamaval zmnasTan Sewyobili realuri obieqti dgas saxelobiT
brunvaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gardamaval zmnasTan Sewyobili realuri obieqti
yvela kavkasiur enaSi saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas. garda amisa, klasniSnian
gardamaval zmnebSi klasis niSniT gamoxatulia realuri obieqti (da ara
realuri subieqti, rogorc es mosalodneli iyo). am niSnis mixedviTac
kavkasiuri enebi, da maT Soris wovaTuSuric, msgavsebas amJRavneben. orive
saxelis brunvaTa formebi (ergativi realuri subieqtisa da saxelobiTi
realuri obieqtisa) Taviseburia kavkasiur enebTan SedarebiT. TviT kavkasiur
enebSi, rogorc es gaziarebulia specialistebis mier, gardamavali zmnis
bunebidan gamomdinareobs masTan Sexamebul saxelTa brunvebis formebi, zmna
marTavs saxelebs brunvaSi.
ergatiuli konstruqciis zmna-Semasmenels ricxvSi iTanxmebs saxelobiTi
brunvisformiani saxeli obieqti damateba:
makas yarwe n
falzi d-ie g _ makam Wreli fardagebi moqsova.
99

falzi a cu d-arJ-d-inaS? _ fardagebi ar CamofineT?
fsteiv atlase n
kabi -efxor _ dedakacebi atlasis kabebs icvamdnen.
subieqti-qvemdebare brZanebiTi kilos zmna-Semasmenels iTanxmebs ricxvSi,
am SemTxvevaSi mravlobiTi ricxvis sufiqsia T:
ƒefsa-T! _ dayareT!
maxkar, kawko n
bakal ƒalo-T vai (inkl. forma)! _ qalebo, cota puri
SevWamoT!
Ro-T va! _ wavideT!
Tu zmna klasniSniania, mravlobiToba ormagad (klasis niSniTa da
mravlobiTobis T _ niSniT) iqneba gamoxatuli: b-aSliba-T! gaiparseT! maxkar,
baxtrinl temaq d-alÀu-T va! _ qalebo, baxtrionis ferdobze avideT!
datiuri konstruqcia. datiur konstruqcias wovaTuSurSi, rogorc
sxva enebSi, qmnian grZnoba-aRqmis zmnebi. aseT zmnebTan realuri subieqti
dgas datiur brunvaSi, xolo realuri obieqti saxelobiT brunvaSia.
maSasadame, datiuri konstruqciis predikatuli sintagmac, sul cota, sami
wevrisagan Sedgeba, rogorc ergatiuli konstruqciis predikatuli sintagma,
romlisgan gansxvavebiTac datiuri konstruqciis zmna gardauvalia. rogorc
sxva enebSi, grZnoba-aRqmis zmnebi wova-TuSurSic mcirericxovania. moviyvanoT
saTanado magaliTebi:
kotin (mic. br.) daxk (sax. br.) b-agi n `katam Tagvi dainaxa~;
badren nan -agi n `dedam bavSvi dainaxa~;
aleqsin ch´an˜ larkex dawiS˜ xawdanor `aleqsis erT yurSi mZimed
esmoda~;
so n ƒor b-ew— `me vaSli minda~;
o vah´on e oh´ -ew— `im vaJs es qali uyvars~;
lošmre n -aRoS Talzi dicdali n so n `mTidan wamosvlisas xurjini
damaviwyda~...
100

dasaxelebul magaliTebSi realuri obieqtia klasniSnian zmnasTan klasSi
SeTanxmebuli, e. i. am konstruqciaSic moqmedebs wesi, romlis mixedviTac zmna
klasSi eTanxmeba saxels, romelic saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas.
datiur konstruqciasTan dakavSirebiT wovaTuSurSi saintereso masalas
iZleva i. deSerievi. kerZod, igi asaxelebs magaliTebs, sadac datiuri
konstruqciis zmnasTan realuri subieqti dgas rogorc dativSi, ise
ergativSi. Sdr., magaliTad:
1. mitun (mic. br.) h´o (sax.) gu
mitos (erg.) h´o gu `mito Sen gxedavs~;
2. oƒun (mic. br.) kort(b)i— i boTx
oƒus (erg.)
kort(b)i— i boTx `imas mobezrda es samuSao~...
realuri subieqtis msgavsi paraleluri formebis arseboba datiur
konstruqciaSi wovaTuSuris Taviseburebaa. analogiuri formebi CeCnuringuSurSi
jerjerobiT gamovlenili ar aris. aRsaniSnavia, rom CeCnuri enis
pirvel saanbano wignSi (q. dosovi,.. ix. ikew, t. VI, 1979) xa'a `codna~
zmnasTan, romelic amJamad datiuri konstruqciisaa, II piris nacvalsaxeli
ergativSi aris Sexamebuli. am rigis sxva SemTxvevebi CeCnur inguSurSi ar
Cans.
posesiuri konstruqcia. winadadebaSi ch´a do n
ba sen
`erTi cxeni myavs
me~ se n
so `me~ nacvalsaxelis naTesaobiTis formaa. do n
`cxeni~ realuri
obieqtia, romelic warmoadgens realuri subieqtis kuTvnilebas. sxvagvarad:
realuri subieqti aris realuri obieqtis mflobeli. subieqtis brunvis
mixedviT (se n
`Cemi~) aseT konstruqcias posesiur konstruqcias eZaxian. garda
amisa, zmna klasSi eTanxmeba realur obieqts, rogorc ergatiul da datiur
konstruqciebSi. realuri obieqti am SemTxvevaSic saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas.
posesiuri konstruqciis nimuSebia, magaliTad, qok bestin h´e n
`Sen fexi
dagisivda~ da misT.
analogiur magaliTebSi logikuri (realuri) subieqti SeiZleba idges
erT-erT lokatiur brunvaSic. Sdr.:
101

sogo(h´) qok lawir
`me fexi mtkioda~
uƒgo(h´) qorT law˜ `mas Tavi stkiva~ da misT.
posesiuri da, gansakuTrebiT, lokatiuri konstruqciebi wovaTuSurSi
SedarebiT iSviaTia.
vlindeba neitraluri bunebis zmnuri fuZeebi, romlebic subieqts _
qvemdebares marTaven rogorc saxelobiT brunvaSi, kerZod, winadadebaSi
gardauvali zmnis mniSvnelobiT, ise _ ergatiul brunvaSi winadadebaSi
gardamavali zmnis funqciiT. am SemTxvevaSi amasTanave pirdapir (uaxloes)
obieqt-damatebas zmna-Semasmeneli saxelobiT brunvaSi marTavs
mox aƒi n _ qarma daubera
mox _ subieqti, saxelobiT brunvaSi
oƒus urem burblin taut aƒi
n
_ urmis Tvlebs taoti wausva
brunvaSi
oƒus _ subieqti, ergatiul brunvaSi; taut _ obieqti _ saxelobiT
nik ve‡e n
_ niko movida
nik _ subieqti _ saxelobiT brunvaSi
naybistev Jagn de‡e n
so n _ amxanagma wigni momitana
naybistev _ subieqti ergatiul brunvaSia; Jagn _ obieqti _
saxelobiT brunvaSi.
bacburSi zmna icvleba ara mxolod g r a m a t i k u l i k l a s e b i s,
aramed g r a m a t i k u l i p i r e b i s mixedviTac, rac SedarebiT axali
movlenaa.
gram.klasebis mixedviT cvlis dros zmnas marTavs saxeli, romelic
saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas, gardauval zmnasTan _ subieqti-qvemdebare,
gardamaval zmnasTan _ pirdapiri, uaxloesi obieqti _ damateba.
zmnis cvla piris mixedviT xdeba I da II pirSi.
sxva viTareba gvaqvs pirebis garCevis SemTxvevaSi: I da II piris gardamaval
102

zmnas marTavs pirSi subieqti ergatiul brunvaSic, igi zmnaSi aCens niSans,
warmoSobiT piris nacvalsaxels, romelic piris niSnad Camoyalibebis
procesSia:
(aTx
aTx) duƒ qaniz ayn-aTx
aTx _ bevri yurZeni vWameT
(as
as) do n naybisteg gagbiTo-s _ cxens amxanags vanaxvineb.
amasTanave saxelobiT brunvaSic gardauvali zmnis subieqti da
gardamavali zmnis obieqti zmnas marTavs pirSi:
(so
so) ayr viSra-s _ gulaRma viweqi
zmnaSi erTdroulad SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili rogorc klasis, ise
piris niSanic. ganirCeva ori SemTxveva: 1) rogorc klasis, ise piris niSanic
erTi da imave saxels (subieqts an obieqts) miemarTeba:
asqalaqi{} v-ut-as
_ me qalaqSi mivdivar
a miC v-ut-a? _ Sen sad midixar?
Su d-a-Sš? _ Tqvena xarT?
aS vux Teg-d-uS
uS-˜ _ Tqven ras akeTebT?
2) prefiqsuli klasis niSani da sufiqsuri piris niSani sxvadasxva
saxels _ subieqtsa da obieqts ukavSirdeba: klasis niSani obieqts aRniSnavs,
piris niSani _ subieqts:
kawko n
o -ilo-s _ patara gogos vban
Cxindren du d-il´n-as
_ windis qsova daviwye (zedmiw. `wveri davde~).
do n
b-av-b-in-as
as _ cxeni davkarge
pirdapiri obieqti _ damateba, qarTvelur enaTa msgavsad, bacburSi
winadadebis mTavari wevria _ pirmimarTi obieqti _ danarCeni damatebebi,
qarTvelur enaTa iribi obieqtis mniSvnelobiTac, pirmiumarTavi obieqti _
ubralo damatebaa: calmxrivi sintaqsuri kavSiri dasturdeba _ mxolod
zmnaSemasmeneli marTavs obieqts-damatebas
sxvadasxva brunvaSi. obieqts
damatebas ar uTanxmdeba zmna-Semasmeneli (gramatikul klasSi, arc ricxvSi).
ubralo damatebis funqciiT gvxvdeba: 1) micemiTi brunva 2) -x, -g <
103

-go
go, -ci
n , -lo
-elementebiani, iSviaTad agreTve rTulTandebuliani formebi
(rTuli TandebulebiT metwilad garemoebebi iwarmoeba).
1) oƒun Cui SalTa malÀe n _ mucelSi xanjali Casca.
oƒarn dadol debalalÀi n _ imaT (daxocilebs) upatronono.
vaxe n Sar naybisten
_ wavida Tavis amxanagTan
ann
malÀie n SalT? _ vis Casca xanjali?
yalCaRalÀnor as al qeqdoes onal
onalÀnor
nor _ gudaso me mogimzadebo
Sen
bakaltakli farana
ƒasi n _ naWer-nuWrebi ZaRls gdauyares...
2) oTxi{} Cu dotuS qok dafxiTie n knaTi-g _ oTaxSi Sesvlisas fexze
gaaxdevines biWebs.
can˜ meurme-g dos daƒeiTis alvin˜ _ erT meurmes SeSas
vazidvineb alvanSi
yonoC nax-g dakmi daƒdiTar dewe _ axalgazrda kacebs waTamameba
esaWiroeba
o feSre-g alÀi n , naybiste-g _ im biWs uTxra, amxanags
al defci n oƒu-g _ mouyva mas.
dos TetCo-x, oƒu-x xati n _ SeSis mWrels, imas hkiTxa
o stako-x b„arvaxe n _ im kacs Sexvda
o wkipo-x b„ark ƒa‡bii n _ im wkipos Tvali mohkra.
moe aSe-x, uSt TeS so-x-a-lÀnor! _ rogorc das, ise mende meo!
oƒar-ci
n
Cu baxe n _ maTTan Sevidnen
SarCu var oƒu-go{}... _ Rame iqa hyavda imas...
o Tur dah Teƒ— oƒ-go
go{} _ is xmali misTravs imas
bader datdie n
Txo-go
go{} _ bavSvi mogvtaces Cven
ca kux vagur Txo-go
go{} koxiv _erTi kaxuri soflidan gveria Cven
kaxeli
104

go < go + -sgan xSirad, rTuli (go+) formidan momdinareobs.
go-s saxiT aris warmodgenili `yofna~ zmnasTan, rodesac igi `qonis~
mniSvnelobas iZens:
ogo Tof a _ Sen Tofi gaqvs
zogi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom -x, -g, -go
go{} elementebi Tandebulebia.
arsebobs sxva azric, romlis Tanaxmadac –x, -go- elementebiani formebi
runvis formebia.
m. m i q e l a Z e -x, -go
go-s micemiTi brunvis niSnebad miiCnevs, romlebic
micemiTi brunvis n niSanTan erTad erTmaneTTan damatebiTi distibuciis
mimarTebaSi ariano: `qarTuli micemiTis funqciebi wova-TuSurSi oTx
sxvadasxva brunvasSoris aris ganawilebuli. adgili aqvs brunvis formaTa
konkretizacias Sinaarsobriv niuansebTan dakavSirebiT~.
Tumca aseTi konkretizacia swored ufro TandebulebisTvisaa damaxasia-
Tebeli. sakiTxi damatebiT kvlevas moiTxovs:
qarTuli Tavisufali Targmani albaT kriteriumad ar gamogvadgeba, unda
amovdiodeT garkveuli enis (bacburis) zedmiwevniTi Targmanidan. 1
1 am mxriv sainteresoa, rom CaCnurSic msgavsi viTareba gvaqvs (magaliTad, -go elementis
SemTxvevaSi).
105

acburi t e q s t e b i
andazebi
qastdali n
xi n
xil
co ignor.
Cqari wyali wyalSi ar gaerevao
itin
itwi n
co
disnor.
morbenali urbenali ar
darCenila,
ƒeÀin
in˜ ƒawi n
co d„i‡nor.
mwevari dauwevari ar darCenila.
zoraC (itiC
itiC)
don
Svet
co ew.
karg (morbenal) cxens maTraxi ar sWirdeba (unda)
b„agurmaq
(bac maq) ma k„avla!
beltze (balaxze) nu koWlob!
fstunCox fstuno RaziC badriv
Tulnor.
qalisTvis qals kargi SvilebiT ejobna
gamocanebi
u (ux
ux) _ Wolik, Si m„aÀ (makarta
makarta)
piri _ joxi, ori rqa
(makrateli)
106

uye dalin diS, siv-div
div leTxan ix (mar
mar½lo
lo-b„arki
b„arki)
SuaSi mkvdari wevs, aqeT-iqiT cekvaven
(cxvir-Tvali)
Cu dexkoes _ dalel
lel—, daxecoes
_ Cu laTT— (jani
jani)
Sevkrav _ dadis, gavxsni (gavuSveb) _ dgas (qalamnebi)
aTx
_ suki, tyu _ gaga‡ (wik
wik)
win _ zurgi, ukan
_ muceli (kanWi)
ku n
baso n
_ naCx
co as
TeTri var _ yveli ara var
muR ew sogo, daxko co bas
(bolka‡
lka‡)
kudi mabia me, Tagvi ara var (boloki)
cen
en˜ erwni Culi n
fsti
lepw˜
(xink
xinkli
li)
erT
qvabSi orsuli qalebi TamaSoben (xinklebi)
kecad bose, co kecadbomakso (niy
niy)
vkece da ver davkece (gza)
Tetose, co Tetmakso (xi
xi)
vWeri da ver gavWeri (wyali)
107

ambebi bacbebis cxovrebidan
bacbi qiqdoli n
d‰xno nax bar
bacbebi odiTganve mesaqonle
(dar). ufr Jex bawur, cavCon Je
gagdar co xilÀur, eƒun dallö
melÀme n naybist vaSbar Roer
naJtara exkor. naJtrego Sari n
vaƒux var. nidag, oStu n stak
xilÀur vaƒuCoR, ango-a sošb
(doƒux) Je dar. naStar vaƒuCov
naybistax (naybistin) angriS (or)
TelÀor Sar¡ Saw. sanam Je
daq¡qalar doe e ƒe n stab£,
macne loumre Je adaRor bare.
naStre n boTx naybistigo
sodabeyin˜ bar. an¡ vux dewer
Tagda n , xeÀer. Sari n boTx
alcoTagbien stak (Turqad
vor) baqad vor. naStre Jeg
aWuS ixor baSbar naybisti.
daaxloebiT fxauzty JelreCox
ca stak evvor. uStme can RaziC
naStre aTas Je mainc dewer xilÀa n .
eaT naJtre it¾ego stak
erwalaTer (erwir). daƒuC
۶afuR dar naybistes (naybistiv)
vaSbiwi n maƒ˜ ayar, maƒ˜ caR
xalxi iyo. ufro cxvars (mecxvareobas)
misdevdnen, martoka cxvars
ver upatronebda, amis gamo ramdenime
amxanagi erTad wavidoda da
binas daidebda (kravda). binas Tavisi
ufrosi hyavda. ra Tqma unda,
iseTi kaci iqneboda ufrosad, visac
meti (ufro bevri) cxvari hyavda.
binis ufrosi amxanagebs angariSs
abarebda (ukeTebda) weliwad-
Si orjer. sanam cxvari daiZvreboda
gazafxulze da mere _ Semodgomaze,
roca mTidan cxvari Camovidoda
barSi. binis saqme amxanagebs
ganawilebuli hqondaT. visac
ra unda ekeTebina, icodnen. Tavis
saqmes rom ar akeTebda (ar gamke-
Tebeli), kacs (lanZRavdnen) kicxavdnen.
binaSi cxvris misaxedad midiodnen
erTad amxanagebi. daaxloebiT
as cxvarze erT kacs iyvandnen.
ase rom, erT karg binaSi aTasi
cxvari mainc unda yofiliyo. maSin
binaSi aTiode kaci trialebda
xolme (trialebda). didi sircxvi-
108

ewer aya n , mo¡ naJtrego daric
dil´en. bacbigo naJtre dil´en
dar ƒekdien diTx sodaayor.
li iyo amxanagis (amxanagebis) mier
erTmaneTis gareSe puris Wama, puri
erTad unda eWamaT, rogorc binaSi
aki iyo miRebuli (dadebuli).
bacbebs binaSi miRebuli hqondaT
moxarSuli xorcis erTmaneTSi
ganawileba.
duƒ ambuar bacbigo co dar.
duƒ ambun stak mot¾baxbienC
_ laqaT stakoR lerÀlor.
bevri laparaki bacbebma ar
icodnen (iyo). bevri molaparake
kaci enawagrZelebul _ ybed kacad
iTvleboda.
Je n
cxvris patroni daqiravebul
dadas qirbadvienC stakon
(۶unan) Tel½or baT´a n
Si Jel-
kacs (mwyemss) aZlevda TveSi or
re (RaziCon _ Si …isTx, eSuSka‡
stakon usTxa axroba le Si axrob.
Tegardar baT´biTa dinC
Sarva. Sarav TegvienC stakon
sošbka‡ max TelÀor, tyait´
usTxgomci n . ye‡ stak can˜ na-
Jtre ne‡ co valÀuS mawy it´ Sare n
vaxer, iStuC zoraCe golniC
stakox Jen dad (daxno n dad_ Teglar.
ƒe n o xazeinegore ne‡
valÀuer, Sari n naJtara axkor. magram
naJtar exkar at´a n saqm co
ar. ۶alvni saZovri co qorlar,
cxvars (kargs _ or nerbs, cotaTi
nakleb kacs _ nerbsa da Toxls an
or Toxls). urigdebodnen Tveobi-
Tac da mTeli wliTac. wliT garigebul
kacs cota met fass (anazRaurebas)
aZlevdnen, ocdaaT nerbamde.
Raribi kaci erT binaSi gareT
gamousvlelad zogjer aTi weli
cxovrobda, aseTi yoCaRi da gonieri
kacisagan cxvris patroni (saqonlis
patroni) xdeboda (keTdeboda),
Semdeg im patronisgan gadioda
(midioda) Tavis binas daideb-
109

TiSiC xazeinig saZovri qore
alir, dalbarin xazeinob qor
daar Znelbalar.
da. magram binis dadeba advili saqme
ar iyo. alvanSi saZovrebi ar
iyo (iSoveboda), Zvel patronebs
saZovrebi ekavaT. sawylebs mepatroneobis
xelSi Cagdeba uZneldebodaT.
*
* *
aTascxraas Sauzt´yaƒa Sare n
dimitrovba n koletiv n Je Sirqile n
daqeqadali n ÀalvuC naJtrigu.
so eaT koleqtiv TavmjdomareR
varas. tyureC naJtrex
vawras. eƒ naJtre n brigadir
daqra n zurab bar. ۶uv bar: bRujra
gabral, aWyura n cim... Txoci n
tyo‡ var koleqtive n aRmricxvel
paCra n lev.
*
* *
aTacxraas ormocdasam wels
dimitrovis saxelobis koleqtivis
cxvari Siraqidan daiZra alvanis
binebisaken. me maSin kolmeurneobis
Tavmjdomared viyavi. ukana binas
mivsdevdi. am binis brigadiri
daqaanT zurabi iyo. mwyemsebi iyvnen:
bRujoanT (uSarauli) gabrieli,
ajayianT (WrelaSvili) cimo...
CvenTan kidev iyo kolmeurneobis
aRmricxveli paCoanT leo.
can „urde n naJtre „ebaxkeTx,
maƒ˜ co ƒal´inaTx. gabrales
dayar eqod, vedre vaTlar
ƒexkob. warmaq Jeqone n vaTlar
ƒexk—. eƒ dro aS TaTriv ve‡en
(//aS de‡e n ) Txo: vaSbin marSol
elÀnaTx. TaTriv gabralq fenix
xa‡e n . SinvaÀ TeTrlen˜ laƒi n . as
erT dilas binaSi vsxedvarT,
puri ar gvqonda naWami. gabrieli
saWmels amzadebs, vedroSi
vaTlars xarSavs. cecxlze
cxvrisqonis vaiTlari ixarSeba. am
dros stumari TaTari mogvivida.
Cven: erTmaneTs mivesalmeT
(gamarjoba vuTxariT). TaTari
110

levun˜ fenix ‡evaRer divka‡.
w„irqo n levugo velar dalÀe n . so
TaTrul coxawer (co ƒeTer), levox
xat´valnas: {v}u vilaano?
moecvilasan! alÀi n levos, a
va‡ar xiynoerTxo n , flav ƒexkdi-
enodaraTxan, liv˜ gabral TaiTruago.
TaTruas ma (magram)
alÀi n : eƒ maciC dro e xilÀara
aƒo n saqman. levugo tyo‡ velar
dalÀe n . tyo‡ xat´nax: stev
velvo, ev? moecvilas,
gabrales alÀi n : baye‡da, mosi n
dro a vago, magram a va‡ar
xa‡invaxeroTxo, dayrelo ƒai n qo n
co enaraTxo. TaTr…as alÀi n :
barÀl So dageg— as ƒa bayun˜.
gabralen com alÀmakingeg˜,
daatarvali n ; daaWenes gabralegu,
ohö so aWe sogu, Ta n
b„ark Toxbieso n . daTolinc sox,
ev, e fari n kaw TaTriv!
gabrielis gverdiT dajda. orive
TaTruls mieZalnen (miewebnen). me
leos gverdiT vijeqi, cota iqiT.
uceb levans sicili waskda. me
TaTruli ar mesmoda (ar vicodi),
leos vkiTxe: ras icinio? rogor
ar vicinoo! Tqva leom, Seni
mosvla rom gagvego, flavs
movxarSavdiTo, eubneba gabrieli
TaTars. TaTarma ki uTxra: am
SimSilobis dros amis qonac didi
saqmeao. leos isev sicili waskda.
isev vkiTxe: ra gacinebs, Wo?
rogor ar vicino, gabrielma Tqva:
marTalia, cudi droa CvenTvis,
magram Seni mosvla rom gagvego,
saWmel(Si)s Roris qons ar
gavukeTebdiT. TaTarma uTxra: rva
welia TiTqmis me Roris xorcs
(Rors) vWam. gabrielma veraferi
ver Tqva, gaCumda; gavixede
gabrielisken, manac Cemken gamoixeda,
Tan Tvali Camikra. majoba, Wo,
am ZaRlis lekvma TaTarma!
111

*
* *
menSevika dro ƒkolix
aleqsigo naJtar qaCalgorex
levor. oƒun aSeR ixralo
axalqalaqi baxin inglisba aficr¢.
aliqs oƒarn RaziS b„ar ixral,
dok dagdoral, Tux˜-meƒ
darJdoral, moegu oƒarna vewavoli
n aliqs. wye aa vol Txo n
aSeR, elÀnor inglisbiv.
*
* *
menSevikebis dros zafxulSi
aleqsis bina qaCalgoraze yofila
(amboben). mis stumrad midiodnen
Turme axalqalaqSi mcxovrebi ingliseli
oficrebi. aleqsi maT Zalian
kargad xvdeboda (TvalSi mosdioda),
gulianad xvdeboda, pur-marils
(maril-purs) uSlida Turme.
rogorc Cans, maTac SeuyvardaT
aleqsi. erTxelac Senc modi CvenTan
stumrad, uTqvamT ingliselebs.
aSeR v‹xnor aliqs. alÀinC
dnlun aliqs donev axalqaliq
aSeR vexnor inglisbin. oƒar
dakreS miRebadvinor. maƒmaq (matremaq)
aficrigo Su n fstiaTa n
levdor. maƒ ayoS, can˜ aficrev
besibinor aleqsigo, menux o
lamzurxano? aleqsis cangu
tark laƒbinoer _ is a lamzurx,
elÀnor. vun dan, gakvirbadalnor
vomay. oƒun dalla, me, alÀnor
aleqsis: koxix a Tar½len.
stumrad wasuliyo aleqsi.
daTqmuli dRisTvis aleqsi cxeniT
axalqalaqSi stumrad wasuliyo
ingliselebTan. maT gulianad mieRoT,
purobisas (sadilze) oficrebs TavianTi
colebic Tan hyolodaT.
puris Wamisas erTi oficeri gaxumrebia
aleqsis, romeli gogoa, ufro
lamazio? aleqsis erTisken TiTi
gauSveria _ es aris ufro lamazi,
uTqvams. ratomo, gakvirvebula
yvela. imisTvis, rom, uTqvams aleqsis:
qarTvels hgavso (qarTvelis
aris msgavsi).
112

*
* *
*
* *
s— nanvaS cixlura aleqs
davali n aTas cxraas Sauzty Sare
ƒouztyaTx Sarlu n . uSt me, inc
o vewer xilÀa d„euztyabar½lait´
Sarlu n .
cixlura aliqs bacbigo
maxven var zoraC stakoR.
vor½l stak var uhgo v„evin,
bani‡ masTxu. miCuSn˜ co vewer,
Cemi biZa (dedis Zma)
cixeliSvili aleqsi gardaicvala
aTas cxraas ormoc wels
samocdaaTi wlisa. ase rom, axla
is unda yofiliyo (yofnad)
oTxmocdaTvrameti wlisa.
cixeliSvil aleqsis bacbebi
miiCnevdnen (dafasebuli hyavdaT)
yoCaR kacad. Svidi kaci hyavda imas
mokluli, yvela mtrebi. zogs ar
nax bavbien van. duƒiC Je n
dad
uyvarda, xalxis mkvleli ariso.
var. fstu-bader Jego Sarci n (Ta n )
bevri cxvris patroni iyo. col-
leldor. baƒo n
karav lelb£ral,
Svili cxvarSi TavisTan (Tan)
fstu-bader kraotax difSdoral.
doe Je ƒŠlor aleqsis TrilaT.
qaCal gorexe ar naJtar. aleqsigo
doaxgard ƒo furguna bar daƒa n
kamCi doJin. eƒ furgniv leldor
fstu-bader e owin naCx, keWa
furgniv ƒeor qalaq˜. stabo Je
bar akir. qalqiRa a dalen Je
Siriq aoRor. melÀax || melÀme
naJtar ar aleqsigo Sirqi.
uala lecor „alun˜
afstar daJrenan.
dahyavda. didi karavi dahqonda
Turme, col-Svils sawolze
awvenda. gazafxulze cxvari
mihyavda aleqsis TrialeTSi. qaCal
goraze hqonda bina. aleqsis
cxenebis garda sami furgunic
hqonda didkameCebSebmuli. am
furgunebiT atarebda col-Svils
da (mowvelili) yveli, matylic
furgunebiT mihqonda qalaqSi.
Semodgomaze cxvari barSi
Camodioda (cvioda), qalaqze
113

Cavlili cxvari SiraqSi Cadioda.
ramdenime bina hqonda aleqsis
SiraqSi. gaRma ikavebda alvanSi
miwebs saZovrebad.
aTas cxraas tyafxi Sare
aleqsis Sari n Je dadoxki n . Telve
Raze n wa eci n . oa bacvan al½i n .
Ser fstunci n Telve
alvolvali n vaxa n . it´eg Sare n
vaxi n Telve. ƒe n Telvere n wa
dadoxkin˜, acin siZecin
sodaxke n alvun d‰xa n . aliqs
davali n sovutCedoli n fxi Sare n
doli n , aTas cxraas Sauzty Sare n .
aTas cxraas ocdaxuT wels
aleqsim Tavisi cxvari gayida.
TelavSi kargi saxli iyida.
qaliSvilic bacbs misca. Tavis
colTan erTad TelavSi daiwyo
cxovreba. aTiode weli icxovra
TelavSi. mere Telavis saxli
gayida, qaliSvilTan da siZesTan
gadmovidnen alvanSi sacxovreblad.
aleqsi gardaicvala gadmosvlis
Semdeg xuTi wlis Semdeg, aTas
cxraas ormoc wels.
aliqsi n o nat dakax lawiS
ar. nat nanego, evag, alÀnor
duxtriv, natun Sineƒ baT´a n
bede n co axmakin. dok„erd„avin-
C nanas can˜ bus qorT b„evi n
womal malÀenCov. ba‡e‡, Sineƒ
baT´adoli n nat daali n . iSt
axe n cixlura aliqs fstu-badre n
saqm.
aleqsis qaliSvili nato
guliT avadmyofi iyo. natos
dedisTvis, evasTvis, eTqvaT eqimebs,
nato or-sam Tveze mets (garda)
ver icocxlebso. gulmkvdarma
dedam erT Rames Tavi moikla wamliT
(wamlis daleviT). marTlac,
ori-sami Tvis Semdeg nato
gardaicvala. ase wavida cixeli-
Svili aleqsis col-Svilis saqme.
114

daqra n
(abaSiZe) lev RaziS
abaSiZe (daqaanT) leo kargad
dakovaso n . dinCo fev maxvor
moe golni n stak. durelu n
fstun daalini ƒe n SilRena
ike n , dureluC fstunCoci n Si
o xilÀe n , SilReCo fstunCci n _
it´ bader: vor½l knaTa ƒo oa.
Sar knaTigo daqra n levos
al۶amdiTe n . miCuS umaRlesaS
axi n . levu n kawkox knaT iC Txa
profesoreR va, vaƒux knaT gig
docenteR va.
maxsovs, mTeli sofeli afasebda
rogorc gonier kacs. pirveli
coli moukvda da Semdeg meorec
moiyvana, pirvel colTan ori
qaliSvili gauCnda, meore colTan
_ aTi bavSvi: Svidi biWi da sami _
gogo. Tavis biWebs abaSiZe leom
ganaTleba misca (aswavla). zogma
umaRlesebi daamTavra. leos
umcrosi biWi iCo dRes
profesorad aris, ufrosi biWi
gigo docentad aris.
levugo duƒ Je levdor.
۶un˜ zoraS Raze n levvor.
eaTluC ۶uv inca veweS
ebvalaT lev. kara ivnes,
menxume monamglaT v‰xral ۶al
naJtrax, busu-busu yoruR aJa n
laTnor levugo. can˜ bus
donmaq ƒaÀnoer le yurRen gogo
baƒnor. vux gu ese? oƒu n farxe n
gogex, uymaT yurRe, duwin˜ Je
dat—, fenix ma (magram) kawko n
۶arWi n ivane laT´—, qore Sarax
axivx RoW lacien, leos
alao b„arkbuwnor ivnex e
leos bevri cxvari hyoloda
(?) mwyemsad Zalian kargs ambobdnen.
maSindeli mwyemsebi axlac
siyvaruliT ixseneben leos. kaianT
ivane, romelic monamgled cxovrobda
Turme zamTris binebSi, Ram-
RamobiT yoruRSi mosaZoveblad
(cxvrisa) dauyenebia leos. erT Rames
cxenze Semjdariyo leo yoru-
RisTvis gars Semouvlia. ra Cans
aq? misi farexis irgvliv, Sua yoruRSi,
maZRari cxvari yria, gverdiT
ki patara Savi ivane dgas,
xelSi masze ufro grZeli joxi da-
115

marSola xat´nor. mo va£ ivan—,
mo baxiS, Je (daxn) goni da
Sugo, stemas xum co qoT´buSš,
xum com iSu n ? ivnen vux co
lavmaknor, dist ƒer bol´balinsa
n daT´ral. leos do n gogex
berwnbinoer Sarna vaxnor.
da۶efxeTinC ivnes laxknoer
Sari n Je aTx Cu co oTdoS, Sar
naJtri alomalÀdinor. udrood
Je daxkdarev knaTi qoki maq
oT´binor. vux ambua e n
qurTmaqan, xat´nor. ivnes
aldifcnor, vune de oT´die n
levos. vune ۶efdil´e n Sarn ivnen,
RoW Cu laqinoer _ knaTig
alÀnor: a, Su Je, a _ Sue, as
Txadoli n Jex co vowlages,
alÀnor. iSt Tewinor daqra
leos go n kara ivneg.
*
* *
Cxur (Zev) yen stak levvor.
o dallavovienCog Cu lawiS
fstun˜ ۶eaRral. vaSaxi n bedval½noer
ca oTax wenina ƒaCnor
lapin fenix, dir laƒalin.
uWiravs, leos auTval-CauTvalierebia
ivane da misalmebia. rogora
xar, ivane, rogor cxovrob, cxvar
(saqoneli) kargad gyavT Tqven, rame
xom ar gawuxebT, rame xom ar
gakliaT? ivanes veraferi uTqvams.
pirSi qvaCadebuliviT mdgara. leos
cxeni gamoubrunebia da (Tavis-
Tvis) wasuliyo. Sercxvenil ivanes
gaereka Tavisi cxvari win SeuCereblad,
Tavis binaSi amoereka. udrood
cxvris morekvam biWebi fexze
wamoayena. ra ambavia Sens Tavso,
ukiTxavT. ivanes mouyolia, ra dRe
daayena leom. rogor Searcxvina
TviTon ivane.joxi gadaegdo _ bi-
WebisTvis eTqva: a, Tqveni cxvari,
ai Tqven, me dReidan cxvars aRar
gavyvebio, uTqvams. ase eswavlebina
daqaanT leos Wkua kaanT ivanes-
Tvis.
*
* *
Cxuiri Raribi kaci yofila. am
sacodavs (kacs) Sin avadmyofi
coli hyavda (esva). Zmisgan gamoyofila,
erTi oTaxi saxlisa rgebia
kibis gverdiT, diregamoSverili.
116

erTxel, odesRac es ojaxi na-
Tesavebs qorwilSi daupatiJebiaT:
wye macax i(e) ojax(kur) naTesviv
qurwlex bixnor: raki fstun˜
lawiS ar, Cxorin xil½e n
qurwlex
vaxar. xat maq aTx— daana-
n fstunCox taTeb d‹xnor.
fstunCov xurd del½nor: SinSourlin˜,
ƒaSourlin˜, abzilin˜, Cxoris
alÀnor: o Tumnili oqro solibalso
n , jibe dal´al sogo, stak
vaciso, stakox Tar½len! fstun
W„eRlaral, magram Cxoris Sari
Tagdinor, oqr jibi dul´nor.
raki coli avad iyo, Cxoris mouwia
qorwilSi wasvla. xatis win
dasadebad cols fuli sTxova.
cols xurda miucia: orSauriani,
samSauriani, abaziani. Cxoris uTqvams:
is Tumniani oqro momeci-ra,
jibeSi medos. aki kaci var, kacad
viTvlebi! coli uZaliandeboda
Turme, magram Cxoris Tavisi gautania,
oqro jibeSi Caudvia.
qurwlex macne xat deÀe n , mayri
aTx ixa n balÀnor. bax naxv abzex
so…b co TelÀar. malÀ-ƒalÀeno
Cxura dauTnor aTx vaxa n . kna-
Ti buRa balÀnor, gari, Cxur
vaR. aSenbalibal, Cxur aSenbalibal,
Cxur, viwvaƒalinC Cxoris
jibere n taTeb aldaƒnoer, wegen
Tumnili oqr langarmaq xat aTx
Cu laqdinor. nef-winusgo qo
daƒnoer, ijfegore n maWrele n Carqa‡
solecnor, dalocad
valnoer (dalocadinoer) nef-winus,
saduxcodaƒoS alomalÀnor.
qorwilSi rodesac xati moitanes,
mayrebi win wamomdgaran
Turme. mdidar xalxs abazze meti
ar miucia Turme. SezarxoSebuli
Cxoric amdgra misasvlelad. vaJebs
yvirili aRmoxdomiaT, aba, Cxori
modis, aSendes Cxori aSendes, Cxori.
gaamayebul Cxoris jibidan fuli
amoeRo Turme, wiTelTumniani
oqro langarze xatis win daegdo.
mefe-patarZlisTvis xeli Camour-
Tmevia, TamadisTvis Rviniani Careqa
gamourTmevia, daulocavs Turme
mefe-patarZali, sulmouTqmelad
daulevia Turme.
117

qorwil cer dalÀe n . Cxur
Sarn veÀe n . gagugomci n lav
dil´nor (deÀnor) uƒ bus. fSeliC
oTxe maWrev vofxuen Cxur
Toral div ka‡, ma maT´e lawiS
fstun aTxral. i yeCo margo
jiba dayinoer, macne oqr co xe-
Ti n , natyar˜ co laco maknoger.
„urde n fstunC aTxrev awamvinor
Cxur, magram vux alÀor! Sari
n danaSaul aTx laT´er! vux we
va daxrex, dosa‡ co da vago we
„ayun, vux co laveS alƒiTnoer
Cxur, n„eÀa valÀnor. lavegoren
da com gural, karik dasi n
co xiTnor. vux dor, alicnoer
dik, lapigo leƒlan˜ dir Tetana
valÀnor. Curenda fstun˜ iqnor,
uRral: vux Tegdo, naxax
cu ۶efxeT´?!
qorwili damTavrda. Cxori
Sin wasula. muxlebamde Tovli dadebula
(mosula) im Rames. gayinul
oTaxSi Rvinisgan gamTbar
Cxors dauZinia moSorebiT, login-
Si ki avadmyofi coli tiroda
Turme. mas Raribi qmris jibeSi Cauyvia
(xeli), rodesac oqro ver
(ar) ipova, cremlebis Sekaveba ver
SeZlo. diliT colis tirilisgan
gaRviZebia Cxoris, magram ra eTqva!
Tavisi danaSauli aSkara iyo (win
idga)! ra hqvia Cvens cxovrebas, Se-
Sa ara gvaqvs cecxlis dasanTebad,
usityvod amdgara Cxori, gareT gasula.
Tovlisgan araferi Canda,
fiCxi SeSac ver ipova. ras izamda,
auRia culi, kibis gamoSverili
diris Wras Sedgomia. Sinidan
cols uyviria, uRrialia: ras ake-
Teb, xalxis ara grcxvenia?!
118

leqsebi
* * *
۶arWiC ۶amura guvalÀur
do n , dafxarx bilobieno,
gagu v…xval e n , voalo!
son dalla Cqerbadbieno.
* * *
Sav RameSi gamoCndeboda
cxeni, oflad daRvrili (oflSi nabanebi),
muxlebi mogtydes (Cagengres) netav,
Sen (Seni), biWuna!
CemTvis gametebuli!
* * *
dolaT, maxkar, ixoT va,
daxna vaSbar laxvoT va,
qone RaWbi ecoT va,
lomreC naymaq oT´uT va,
baxtriln temaq dalÀuT va,
osi Cua TuT (xabJoT) va,
kawko n bakal ƒaloT va,
wye-Saw garmon ToxoT va,
RaziS leTxa n daRoT va!
* * *
va labwino gogri e‡
t„akuRa erwaalino,
vaa deficino daxen doS
dutyCoa xitandalino.
vaa ledieno kik-bubuk
qerigo maxna dalÀino!
* * *
modiT, gogonebo, viaroT (wavideT),
saqoneli erTad gavrekoT.
xelSi joxebi aviRoT,
mTebis gzas gavudgeT!
baxtrionis serze avideT,
iq davisvenoT (davsxdeT),
erTi (cota) lukma SevWamoT,
erTi-orjer garmoni davukraT,
kargad vicekvoT!
* * *
Cven rom vTamaSobdiT, is
Cveni (naTamaSebi) mrgvali mindori
talaxad qceula,
Cveni naTqvami (moyolili) grZeli sityva
wvril adilas (wvrilSi) gamwydara.
Cveni dakrefili mZiv-yvavili
naqeralasTan qarisTvis gagvitanebia
(migvicia).
119

* * *
sagar baRo sag-sagano,
winus aRo JRar-JRarano,
nefe vaRo tyar-tyarano!
* * *
sagoravi qva modis raxraxiT,
patarZali modis JRarun-JRaruniT,
mefe modis medidurad!
Cawerilia axmetis raionis sofel zemo
alvanSi 1962-63 w.w. mTqmeli _
bacbi (wova-TuSi) giorgi maCabli-
Svili (maCra n giurg˜), 50-51
wlisa.
* * *
badri fe afsdinas, obi
uln dexnor. oSti‡ mindri
derwi n .
SilReC deni qaliq daxen. obi
Telvi dadixCe aga-bab adaxke.
ƒo-d„iv deni vuma‡ axmit daxe.
* * *
baSvebi sofelSi gavagzavne, isini tyeSi
wasulan. isev mindorSi dabrundnen.
meore dRes qalaqSi gaemgzavrnen. maTi
CasvlisTanave bebia-babuac Camovidnen.
sam-oTx dReSi yvelani axmetaSi wavidnen.
2008 w.
* * *
moleci n ca stak vaxe n . mol,
va n babu n bab me n var? xet´
stakov. adam-pasxabadie n molas.
va age n ag-ge? _ ev. a va naTesvi
ban-ba va. a, a a qonbe n ca
day so n dewe dal½a n ! daqi n da _
al½ine molas ۶arWi n taTeb daa
paptdie n . mol, e vux da? dinC
* * *
molasTan erTi kaci wavida. mola, Cveni
babuis babua vin iyo? ekiTxeba kaci. adami
_ upasuxa molam. Cveni bebiis bebia? _
eva. maS, Cven naTesavebi vyofilvar _
(varT Cven). maS, Sen Seni qonebis erTi
nawili me unda momce! kargi (aris) _ upasuxa
molam da Savi fuli gauwoda. mola,
es ra aris? mTeli Seni qonebidan mxolod
es Savi fuli argune Sens naTesavs?
120

e n qonbelore n daCo e ۶arWi n
taTebi ƒaCdina ha n naTesven?
_ daat! coek e ƒeC
naTesvin xawCe, on i ۶arWi n
_ gaCumdi! Torem es sxva naTesavebma
rom gaigon, Sen es Savi fulic ar gergeba!
taTeba co ƒaCš!
Cawerilia zemo alvanSi 2008-2009 w.w.
mTqmeli _ mamulaSvili ciuri, 64
wlisa.
a v t o r i ioseb longiSvili (bacbi _ wova-TuSi)
tbaTnirna zurit vaxara
tbaTanidan zuros gorze wasvla
madel mo‡ baral wye tyo‡a
tbaTnirna zurit vaxana;
nayaa alxakvalinCov
wyaru xia mal½ana.
madli iqneboda erTxed kidev
tbaTanidan zuros gorze wasvla.
gzaze mowyurebulis mier
wyaros wylis daleva.
quC-xerbiloCu TivenCov
kawko n RiRina al½ana;
nayre-nay marwyo bayoSa
SavsofleRa alvaxana.
buCq-xeebSi svenebiT
mcire RiRini;
gzadagza marwyvis WamiT
SavsofelSi asvla.
Rarmaqa n kaprSaT soƒefsun
veZena xia mal½ara.
gube n laxSurna eT´-eT´iS
zurita daguval½ana.
Rarebze yviTlad (kapraSad) amoxeTqili
veZinis wylis daleva,
gubis qvemodan sveneb-svenebiT
zuros goraze gasvla.
121

lungRari n ivseb ve‡enen,
naxae n„a dal½ara;
mo vao, RaziS cu vaun?
bacba n fsteiva al½ana.
longianT iosebi movidao,
xalxis gareT gamosvla;
rogor xar, kargad ar xaro?
bacbi qalebis SekiTxva.
qorT CuboS oTxi Cuvaxa n ,
CamliSa meƒa ayana.
weni gogxirna xawana
kawkeC badrana yayana.
Tavis CaRunviT oTaxSi Sesvla,
gemrielad puris Wama.
saxlis garSemo mosmena
patara bavSvebis Jriamulisa.
veSgurRar Silos kecmaqa
kalte n daTxura Tagbana.
mWedlura n natos w„erqona
daT´nere n cua qakbara.
veSgurianT Silos kecze
xaWos xaviwis gakeTeba.
mWedlianT natos mier swrafad
erboiani qumlis mozela.
baZra n Tamrosa laWy-laWyoS
aryele n boTl Cua‡ara.
lemzraT ToxinCo n garmonmaq
ca-Si moƒ aloalÀana.
baZoanT Tamros mier malva-malviT
aryiani boTlis Semotana.
lamazad dakrul garmonze
erTi-orjer damRereba.
RaziS gunebaq oT´eno
oSti‡ tbaTin davaxara.
magram co xawic dalena
ivsebe n daki n al½ara.
karg gunebaze damdgaris
isev tbaTanaSi wasvla.
magram ar esmis RmerTsa
iosebis gulisTqma.
1998 w.
122

aR-bosta
bosta n
morwyadar
baR-bostnis bostnis morwyva
qoT´deln baR-bosta n morwyada n
alovolvelnas ۶urdena,
durelu n xia daxiTnas
zoreS qoT´balinC gulbena.
daRonebuli baR-bostnis morwyva
daviwye diliT,
Tavidan wyali mivuSvi
Zalian daRonebul gulabze.
ƒe n xi daxiTnas kat-ketkoS
Wermen, msxalena, ƒorena,
xix W„aRoS dawyafadbalin
prowle n lamzura ƒo xenna.
Semdeg wyali mivuSvi nel-nela
Weramze, msxalsa da vaSlze.
wyals Zlier dawafebula
broweulis lamazi xeca.
alawamdali n w„erqona,
Zire xi oT´e n qliava,
alo baxiTe n totigu
laSxurna fSeli n niava.
gaiRviZa uceb (yvelam).
ZirSi wyali Caudga qliavs,
auSva zemoT totebisken
qvemodan civi niavi.
alo owbali n laƒiS-ka‡
Wigox ƒeT´bisen lebiva.
CqerbalaS almorwyadali n
atma n gogrina xenbia.
odnav zemoT aiwia
Wigos mokidebulma lobiom,
uxvad moirwya mTlianad
atmis da gogris xeebi.
kitrov, kombostov, badrijnev
dakreSa xia mal½ena,
xaxu n kvalaxa fSeli n xi
ZarRvax wigsana lalena.
kitrma, kombostom, badrijanma
wyali gulianad (gulianad wyali) dalies.
xaxvis kvlebSi civma wyalma
ZarRvebSi sisxliviT gaiara.
123

alawamalin◦ fsarlunen◦
۶urde n CuToin nakveTa.
malvalis, alo macvalis◦,
fstunCov kecmaq daT´ katleta.
gaiRviZa saRamos(ken)
diliT mZinare nakveTma.
daviRale, momSivda kide,
coli katlets kecze miwvavs.
cervel½nas, xia axicnas,
aldexnas dani‡ ficria.
qoT´alin nakveT enneec!
oƒu n xil½ala inc xia.
movrCi, wyalic gavuSvi,
amoviRe sul mTeli (yvela ) ficrebi.
daRonebuli nakveTebi sxvebic xom aris!
maT miuvides (maTTvisac iyos) axla wyali.
2000 w.
124

acbur-qarTuli leqsikoni
a
abar grdm. kerva
abu˜n˜, aba n dewin˜ Sesakeri
ag, d bebia
agur , `aguri~
admia n
d d adamiani
admianRe n , admienRen `adamianuri~
d-av
av-d-ar
ar grdm. 1. kvla, xocva, 2. dakargva
avRri aRviri
avSri mr.
azör Zv. `aTasi~
aTar grdm. nayva; begva
aTas `aTasi~
aTun˜ 1. dasanayi (nigozi...). 2. mnayveli
aTwi daunayveli
aTa‡ d d naTlia
amrik ad mitkali
aprel b. aprili
arqel v b egzarxosi
ar½l b d yoCi, erkemali
atno
d d siCume
at´ve
n
bednieri, iRbliani
ay˜ b i sipi qva
akar 1. cvena; 2. danTeba
axn£ moxnuli, naxnavi
a˜ d nawlavi, weli
125

ak-d-ar
ar grdm. 1. Camoyra; TrTola, kankali- 3. anTeba
akva n
d d akvani
akid d d Wido (yurZnisa)
dalar grduv. gardacvaleba
alar grdm. Tqma
ambu mr. ambavi
angeloz d angelozid-ani‡ yvela, yvelaferi
anw d d anwli
apyarbasi n nacrisferi
arke n
mkvaxe
arkum d mxali
arlar grdm. lewva
arli n
marcxena
d-arst
arst-d-ar
grdm. gasuqeba
artax d d artaxi
asti
n
xeleCo, eCo
asa‡
a‡ d d dekeuli
ass— d d xbo
as´ Tasma
atar grduv. gaCumeba
afuS b d tyuili, sicrue
aRri mr. aRviri
afe n
mwvane
auš d xvela
ayar grdm. gayofa
ax naxevari
axar grdm. xvna
öCar
grdm. mityepa, mibegva
126

ax-d-ar
ar motyueba
axkar bma grdm. 1. dabma; 2. Txra; 3. grduv. bma.
ah´ar
ar grdm. 1. parva; 2. fqva
a, a zmns. qveviT
aƒ, aƒ— d d nadiri
ösareb
aRsareba
b
bag b d baga (patara venaxi)
bader d d `bavSvi~
baderdar Soba
bad v b; d oboli
badrewin
`uSvilo~
baz d d samarile
baT´win
umTvaro (Rame)
baiylaØ
bayila, norCi xe
baWaØ
d d `baWia~
b–kal
b d lukma
bak-d-ar
ar dawva
balko
n
b d aivani
barkal b d kvirti (uvargisi matyli); naWeri
barlim
b d barnela rZis sadRvebi joxi
barod-d-ar
grdm. dabarva
bar½l rva
bata
n b d iataki (miwis, Tixis)
batr d tuCi
baq b piri
127

aqaddar grdm. lanZRva
baqaraxaš d d sagobi
baye‡ marTali, namdvili
bay d d kvici
böSar
unari
baSt b d gomuri
böSforT
d d pasporti
baca mTa-TuSeTSi wova-TuSebis sacxovrebeli adgilis saxelwodeba
b‰x didari
baj v b qvisli
baƒo n
didi
bed calke
beT´Tar
Tar b d mewveli cxvari, Zroxa...
beba‡ d bebia qali
bej Tma
biZza d bicola
be n
b d bude
bluv
v b; d munji
bo b d niori
boTx b d saqme (ZiriTadad qalisa)
bot
t˜ d d boti
borS d d mozveri
bos d feri
borc b d fetvi
bot b d comi
bot umi, mouxarSavi an naklebad moxarSuli
b£Rur
b d palo
boh´ d d cikani
brag d d weraqvi Zv.
128

ubuk d d yvavili
buT´ b d 1. mTvare. 2. Tve.
bu b 1. muSti. 2. muWa, peSvi.
buReS ucxo enaze
buh d d bu
bulay b d Wa
bunag d d WurWeli
buy b d weli
buc balaxi
bux 1. Ziri, fskeri; 2. naZirali
buh´ b Cxubi, omi
b„a n
b d wveri
b„aka n
guda
b„ark b Tvali
b„arkiwi
n
brma
b„arwe n ix. b„arkiwi n
b„arwo n
d d jori
b„ok b d vaci
babv b papa, babua
g
gaga n
kvercxi
gaga‡
ga‡ d d 1. muceli; 2. kuWi
gav d d Sulo
gaza n
b d Txa
gal aryis xe
gala n
gunda
gam-d-ar
ar gamrudeba
129

garge axlos
garf SeWamadi, xarSo, salafavi
ga…g… b muxli
gaƒinod-d-ar
ar grdm. gaWedva, gaglesa
girgam b d gvirgvini
gog b d 1. rgoli; 2. wre
gogri n
mrgvali
gol fiWi
go n
Wkua, goneba
gorC filTaqva
guga‡ Tojina
guTa n
guTani
gul gunda (damrgvalebuli comi...).
gurgur d grgvinva, guguni
d
dad v b 1. mama; 2. d d patroni
dada n
mamapapiseuli (qoneba, Cveuleba)
dadbuy b STamomavloba
dadvaS v b biZa (mamis Zma)
dadi mama-papani, winaprebi q.
dad-nan
d mSoblebi, ded-mama
dadoldar patronoba
dazepad-d-ar
ar mZimed datvirTva
dabaR d d yabaxi
daT´e n d d erbo
daTxur b d xaviwi (erboSi moSuSuli xaWo an fqvili)
dakar-d-ar
ar grdm. daTvla
130

daklavar 1. fiqri; 2. grduv. dafiqreba.
dakli n
guladi
dal, dal— v RmerTi
dalocaddar
dalocva
dalu d mr. safuari
daJar
ar d d saZovari balaxi, moli
dardaxar, dardaƒar grdm. daniSvna (qal-vaJisa)
darva patara ru
darjik d d xinklis guli
daqeqad-d-alar
alar grduv. ganZreva
daqi n
Zv. kargi
day d d 1. wili, xvedri
dayar d d saWmeli, sanovage
daymalÀar
ar d d saWmel-sasmeli
day{} d d cxedari
daSmattli n enamWevri, enawyliani
daZm d d naTesavi
daxe‡; dax amitom, imitom
daxk b d Tagvi
daxn— d d saqoneli
de d d dRe
debusva d d dRe-Rame
den˜, d‹n˜ 1. cocxali; 2. saRi, mTeli
dekar-d-ar
Tvla
deni‡ mTlad, sruliad
deR d d tani
deRli n
tanadi
de n -d-ar
ar, den-d-ar
grdm. morCena, gamTeleba
dib b fici
131

div{—} iqiT
dik d d culi
dok d d guli
donyuz (xarixa (risame gadasaRobad gadebuli joxi)
dos d SeSa
doS d d sityva
doxk d d Rrubeli
doa gazafxuli
doqot
qot d d prisaxe
duri n
mlaSe
durk d d kasri
dur nabadi
dustar d d sazomi
duxka n
d d sartyeli (qalisa, ganieri, naqsovi)
duƒ bevri, mravali
e
e n
d d Crdili, grilo
d-ebJar
grduv. waqceva, vardna.
ebwar, epwar 1
ebwar, epwar 2
grdm. 1. gaweva; 2. wvela
grdm. wona (wonis)
egar grduv. Careva, Sereva
ev-d-ar
grdm. 1. aReba; 2. yidva
d-eT
eT´d-alar
2
grduv. farTxali, Zgera.
d-eT
eT´ar
grdm. wvela
{e}rTva
n 'arTva
n blomad, mravlad
d-elar
sicili
d-eptar
grdm. ylapva, sr. d-optar.
132

d-erwar
grduv. mobruneba, mibruneba, dabrundeba; datrialeba. usr. erwar
esev— aqeT, aqeTken
d-estar
grduv. dasiveba
etar grduv. gaskdoma, gabzarva
et´iTar
grdm. Rebineba
d-efsar
grduv. gaberva
d-efSar
grduv. dafSvna, dafxvna
d-efcar
grdm. 1. dawvna; 2. moyola
d-efx
efx-d-alar
gacxeleba, gaTboba
d-eqar
grdm. Zaxili, yvirili
d-eyar
grdm. gayofa
eSar grduv. kleba
d-eSar
grdm. dapireba
ec-d-alar
frena
ecar grdm. 1. aReba, miReba; 2. yidva
d-ewar
grduv. siyvaruli
dewar d d satrfo, sayvareli
d-eWar
grdm. CeCva
d-exar
Txovna
d-ex
ex-d-ar
ngreva, Sla
exkar grdm. Txra
ehaT— maSin
d-ear grdm. moparva
e‡ mindori
133

v
vado n 1. mavne, mawyinari; 2. mkacri, ukmexi
vaReS Cveneburad (wova-TuSurad)
vast d d seri
vaSva n , vaSba n
erTmaneTi
ve n
d d Rvino
venqmeƒ purmarili (Rvino-puri)
vaS v b Zma
vedr d d vedro
venaƒ venaxi
viryanW WriWina, kalia
vT v b vaJi
vuma‡ yvela, yvelaferi
vu n
ratom?
vux? ra?
v„ala‡ sruliad
z
zar d d lasti
zaro mocxari (roWos yurZeni)
zay´ d d bzari
zora n
guladi, uSiSari; mkacri
zoster qamari
zoq niskarti
zrinad-d-alar
alar grduv. zmuili
zoq
niskarti
134

T
Tabw
d d Subi
Tag-d-alar
alar grduv. gakeTeba; galamazeba
TaTa n xmauri, xma
Talzi d mr. xurjini
Takar grdm. dakereba
Tarsar grduv. Wixvini
Tarq-d-ar
darweva
Tarl½-d-ar
1. mimsgavseba; morgeba
Tasar
ar grdm. dagdeba, Cagdeba
Tašbš d d Wedila
Tebar grdm. Tqma, Txroba
Tetar grdm. 1. Wra; 2. mka
Tetin 1. moWrili; 2. daWrili
Tetun˜ mWreli
Tef borcvi
Tefsar grdm. dagdeba, Camogdeba
Teyar grduv. xvewna, vedreba
TeSar grduv. dajereba
TeZ-Cavji
barZayi
Tew-d-ar
grdm. swavleba, miswavleba
Teƒar grduv. Treva cocva
Tivar grduv. dasveneba; damSvideba
Til´ar
grdm. (saxelis) darqmeva
TiSi n
Zveli, adrindeli
Tol d d derefani
Tolar grduv. moreva, damarcxeba
Toxar grdm. 1. cema; 2. dakvra
135

Toh´ar
grduv. Zili
Tux˜ d d marili
Tur d d xmali
Turs uzani (xea)
i
d-ivar
1. Tesva; 2. rgva
d-iT
iT´ar
grdm. recxva
d-iT´u
un˜ 1. mrecxavi; 2. {ga}sarecxi
d-ikar
grdm. wayvana; garekva
is eg, ege
d-isar
grduv. darCena
iseva 1. saaqao; 2. aqauroba
ise aq{a}
iskamp b d wkipurti
isa cxra
itar ۶itar
grduv. rbena, sirbili
it´ aTi
iS xma, hangi
d-iS
iS-d-ar
daxeTqveba, dartyma
iSt ase, agre
iStu n aseTi
ixar grduv. svla, dena
136

al½ar
ar grduv. SeZlebis, Zalis qona.
aS d da
eg d d ludi
eT´ b b Zroxa
exk savarcxeli
obst, ofst miwa
ol Tiva
opy nacari
ofx sicxe, siTbo
io d qali, qaliSvili
ub sadgisi
uy weli
u saxe, pirisaxe
„e‡ tari; TiTistari
k
kav d d xorbali
kaTaTv b d mkaTaTve
kalav v b mklavi
kalax
bexreki
kalt xaWo
kamar 1. grduv. qavili; 2. d d muni
k´ar
arkara‡
ara‡ d yba
karCar grduv. gagoreba
karcxil d d rcxila
kat-d-ar
ar grdm. darbileba
137

kate n rbili, Cvili
katkoS, katkuS nela, Cumad
kaSkaS kiskisi
kaZak, kaZik cota
kaw— d d lekvi
kes sipi (qva)
keWaxar grdm. aduReba
kikel qveS
kok tyapuWi
kor b naxSiri
kotar grduv. mobezreba
kotor qada
kur d kvamli
kurbungal b d korianteli `bolomtveri~
kurk rko
kuW b d gorakis Tavi, mTis wveri, 2. grova
k„ave n koWli
k„ak b qusli
k„akam b d abedi
l
labJar grduv. dasxltoma, fexis dacurva
lbwar grduv. TamaSi
lagaz mocvi
lav d d Tovli
lavar 1. daZaxeba; 2. gamolaparakeba
laTar 1. mikvra, miwebeba; 2. daWideba, waWideba
laT´ d d nagavi
138

laT´ar
ar grduv. dgoma
lalar grduv. davla, Semovla
lam b d mTa 2. bca
lm zeg
lap b d kibe
lara‡ ukve, uceb
lark d yuri
larkar grdm. gakreWa
lardar grdm. CamoTvla
lasar grdm. gacra
last-d-ar
ar gaqneva
latar grduv. Svela, daxmareba
lafsar grduv. gaSroba
lacar grdm. daWera
lawar 1. grduv. tkivili; 2. d d tkivili
laWy-d-ar
ar damalva
laxar grdm. moZebna
laxkar grdm. garekva
laxu n
dabali; mdare
la‡ar grduv. survili, mowadineba
lah´ b d gveli
laƒeS˜ maRla, aRma
le an, anu
lelar grduv. siaruli
lekar kreWa, parsva
lesar grdm. cra
lefsar grduv. Sroba
le-d-r krefa; Segroveba
139

lear
dabraleba
lo, lašš 1. Sesatanebeli; 2. xaWo
m
maTxa samzeo, qveyana
ma˜ puri
max-d-ar
ar dafaseba
makar grduv. SeZleba
mali n
Tbili
mal½ar
ar 1. grdm. Sesma, daleva; 2. d d sasmeli
maJ-d-ar
ar grdm. moSveba, darbileba
maJdar b mWadis fqvili
maJu
n
rbili
mar v b qmari
marlØ
b d cxviri
marSol mSvidoba
masTxov v b; d d mteri
mate n
mwife
maqre n zed
maSö sinaTle
maS— b d Sali
mac-d-ar
ar damSeva
maca n rodis
maw b d tili
mawri n tkbili
maW ulvaSi
max b d fasi
m‰x b d nemsi
140

maxk-d-ar
ar daRvra, dafantva
ma b d iabo
me n
1. vin; 2. zogi
mercar grdm. trusva
meyar grduv. darCena
meƒ b d taxti
mil-d-ar
Seciveba
m‹C sad? saiT?
moT´ b d logini
moT´ar
grduv. miCneva
mow d Tafli
mox b d qari
moxk 1
moxk 2
b miwa, dedamiwa
d d fili, rodini
moƒ b d simRera
mo, mu nawlavi (gamxmari)
mut˜ b d WuWyi, usufTaoba
murji n
mRvrie
muR kudi
muy b d tari, vada
mu b d tvirTi
m„ar˜ b frCxili
m„al— saziaro, saerTo
m„a‡
a‡ rqa
141

n
nan d deda
naneS d deida
nanvaS v b dedis Zma, biZa
naJtar bina (adamianisa, saqonlisa)
nast Zlivs, Znelad
natyar
tyar˜ Cirqi, wirpli
naybist v b; d; d d amxanagi
nax d xalxi
naƒ b d xaxa, sasa
neTxi n
Txeli
nek d d dana
nit´ b d WinWari
nifsor toli
niy bb; b d gza
n¢wy
b Zala, Rone
o
oT´ar
grduv. dadgoma, gaCereba
os, us iq
oSt, uSt ise
olok idayvi
d-oJar
grduv. waqceva
orkul d d gorgali
d-otar
grduv. wasvla
otar grdm. dageba, dafena
d-ofxar
grdm. Cacma
142

d-owar
grdm. mibma
d-Œxkar
gayidva, miyidva
oh´ nawlavi
o‡ b d marcvali
p
pai b d kocna, ambori
pal dReidan mexuTe dRe
parask d d paraskevi
pepel d d Rili
pir b d fara
ob b d sadgomi
J
Jab kreb. Zroxa
Jagn d d wigni, werili
Je d d kreb. cxvari
Jer d; v b qvrivi (qali, kaci)
Ji n b d Tirkmeli
Jome n mcire, patara
JorJdar grdm. faTuri
r
raR jeri, rigi
ricxv d d ricxvi
ru{v} ru
143

s
sa d d suli
sag b, d iremi
saker kiseri
samuƒl Salvari
san ezo
sanTx b d saRmrTo
sani d mr. karebi
sartar grduv. wyevla
sašb{š} meti, Warbi
safs-d-ar
ar afueba
saSori n
sulgrZeli
sixqoTin nerviuli. ficxi
so me
stak v v mamakaci
stašxk
xkš SarSan
sta Zewvki; jaWvi
sto d d saWreteli, satexi
su b d nakvercxali
t
ta d d beWi, mxari
tav d d xis toti, wylis toti
taTeb d vercxli, fuli
tamar-d-ar
ar grdm. gaToSva
tar b d ZuZu
144

tard d d beWedi
tark TiTi
tar d d sila
tat-d-ar
ar grdm. dasveleba
tate n sveli
tafleƒar gaelveba
te xseni
tea mTis seri
terk xvanjari
tiv 1
tiv 2
xidi
d d laviwi
tkmel b mtveri
tolik d d uxeSi qeCis nabadi
tot d xeli
tontr wirpli
totkikla iRlia
toR d d toli
toRwi n
utolo{d}, ucolo{d}
trayal troyi axmaxi
tum 1. Zvlis tvini; 2. nigozi
tut b d buzi
tya oci
tyexw cxrameti
tyo‡ kidev
tyusin
sinlu n ukanaskneli
t„ak b d talaxi
t„er˜, t„‹r˜ b d varskvlavi
145

u
ugundaqna bodva, Zilburani
uTo-d-dar
dar, uTa-d-dar
dar grdm. gauToeba
uTx naWeri; natexi
ul´-d-isar
grduv. {ga}modeba
us˜, os˜ iq
usTx˜ b d nerbi, dedali cxvari
d-ut
ut-d-aRar
aRar, d-ot
ot-d-aRar
grduv. misvla-mosvla, aqeT-iqiT siaruli
uqm˜ d d uqme
d-u
utar
tar, d-u
utex
pirqve
ukdaveb ukvdaveba
unZrax umZraxad
uriv, urov
v b uria, ebraeli
urum, urem b d uremi
urZ b mWvartli
d-ustar
grdm. zomva
d-ustiTar
grdm. {ga}zomvineba
d-utyi
n
wvrili
d-uR
uR-d-akar
grduv. wivil-kivili
d-uRar
grduv. yvirili, kivili, bRavili
d-uyar
grdm. SerWoba, darWoba
d-uy
uy-d-ar
grdm. 1. SerWoba; 2. gasqeleba
d-uyi
n
sqeli, xSiri, Sededebuli
uCar-d-ar
grdm. dabneleba
uCi n
sibnele
d-uwar
grduv. avseba
d-uwin
uwin 1. savse; 2. maZRari
d-ux
ukan
d-uxe
uxe{˜} ukuRma
146

d-uxli
n
ukuRmarTi, jiuti
d-ux
ux-waRm
waRma-ukuRma
uhamur 1. usiamovno; 2. briyvi
d-ua
ali
n d ukuRmarTi, jiuti
d-ua
a{v} ukuRma, pirukuRma
f
fal b d zRapari
falaz b d fardagi
fargul d d farguli, gulispiri
farTid gamWol
fafaR b d fafaxi
faSkut b d fSukura, gudafSuta
fe b d 1. gverdi, ferdi; 2. mxare
fezuk d d paiWi
feTefsar grdm. mkerdis aqceva
fers ferso
feska
n d d wvivi
feSqar, feSkar d d biWuna
fifinar iribad, almacerad
foloc pirferi
fsa b d qeri
fsad d wiTela
fsare guSin
fso n
mx. fsoni
fstu 1
fstu 2
d coli
b d xari
147

fstun dedakaci; gaTxovili qali
fstunan d sidedri
fstunli n
coliani
fuk narCeni (naCeCi matylisa); matylis kvirti
fuS kopi
fuSkad-d-ar
ar d b pepvla
fSa b d yinuli
fSel, fSel sicive
fSel-d-ar
gaciveba
fSeli n
civi
fxuv xufi, sarqveli
fxa b d ZarRvi
fars
b mklavi
faS
aS{—} d d sudara
fe b d sofeli
fit
b d bayayi
fo b d saxelo
for
d d vaxSami
fu b d ZaRli
q
qajbera d d oboba
qazdar miwa
qak-d-ar
ar moreva
qake n
wvrili
qamzok qama soko
qaniz yurZeni
148

qarsa n Toki
qast-d-ar
ar aCqareba
qalvard d d kopi, bebera
qatar grduv. Civili
qaSnur
d d qaSanuri
qaC b d sayelo
qevx v b qevxa (mamasaxlisi)
qek-d-ar
1
qek-d-ar
2
dawvrileba, dakuwva, daWra
{mo}reva
qereW d qereWi (sqeli qerqi xisa)
qesar grduv. Sroma, muSaoba
qeq ad-d-ar
ar {gan}Zreva, rxeva
qeqil ava-r amowyveta, amowydoma
qeSel qeSela, didmucliani
qiT d d tiki, tikWora
qiTi n
qviTini
qindla‡
ndla‡ d fafa
qir Srati
qirjod-d-ar
Zageba
qiqo‡ adre, winaT
qiCil d d Ciqila
qo d xeli
qodarJdar
guluxvoba
qodas´e n 1. xelcarieli, 2. xelmokle.
qoT´-d-ar
1. daviwroeba; 2. Seviwroeba
qoT´i n 1. viwro; 2. duxWiri
qok b fexi
qokƒe‡bar fexis wakvra, waborZikeba
qokdošfx
fxš, qokdfxš d d fexsacmeli
149

qolT d d saxeluri, tari
qolatdar
xelis SeSveleba, daxmareba
qoloS Tanabrad, Tavisuflad
qomo n
qor 1
qor 2
xvadi, mamali
d d sarkmeli; saTofuri
d d xelTaTmani
qor-d-aar
ar grdm. xelSi Cagdeba, damorCileba
qorT, qorT b d Tavi
qosmel d d qosmeni
qocave
n martoxela
qoW„aRo n xelmoWerili
qsiv qsu, qsuvi
qeq
eq-d-ar
momzadeba, damzadeba
R
Ra d ferdi, sazarduli
Rag b d sasTumali
Raze n kargi
Razol sikeTe
Rar 1. kona, 2. jgufi, 3. xrova.
RafSebad
fSebad-d-ar
ar layboba
Ral-d-ar
ar vargisad miCneva
Ram gadasafarebeli (tyavisa)
Ra n d d sizmari
Rar ; d Rari
RarSan cxadad, aSkarad
Rafang i xafangi
150

Raw d d bzari, naprali
Rel-d-ar
dasusteba
Reli n
susti
Rernal v b generali
RvTisrisxva d RvTisrisx RvTis risxva.
RvTisSobel, RTiSobel RvTismSobeli
Roz b d wneli
Ror 1
Ror 2
didi sicive, yinva
Rvari
RosxeTar, RozxeTar grduv. gaxareba
RoW joxi
Rrant aƒar grdm. krintis daZvra, xmis amoReba
Rruv Rru
y
ya b d codva
yan˜ beberi
yak d uro
yatš d d duqardi
yalar grduv. Cxvleta
yalyala‡À
yaryara
yan-d-alar
alar grduv. dabereba
yar wvima
yartal Wreli
yarR d d lerwami
yaryuri
mr. laqlaqi
yarwe n Wreli
yasadoten uqoneli, sacodavi
151

yast-d-ar
ar {Ca}moSoreba
yatar grdm. gaxela (Tvalisa)
yat-d-ar
ar dabCena; gaReba
yaR i yaRi
yawim d d yawimi
yaW d d Zafi, yaWi
yaxeTar grduv. Secodeba
ya-d-ar
ar gamwareba
yae n mware
yegar grdm. mtvreva, texa
ye n
1. Raribi; 2. gamxdari
yepyar grduv. Weqa, quxili
yepyar grdm. moTmena
yest-d-ar
moSoreba
yexk-d-ar
dabrkoleba
yiv yloti
yivol, yiol i 1. sigamxdre; 2. siRaribe
yintro n axladamosuli, norCi, qorfa
yit wvintli
yol d d qurdoba
yol b d xarSo
yomral yomrali, lega
yono n
axalgazrda
yopy mx. fifqi
yo‡ b d yvavi
yu{v} v, b qurdi
yunad-d-ar
ar RrRna
yuru n
yru
152

S
Salo i xanjali
Savan£ siCume, simyudrove
SaT dorbli, nerwvi
Sanar wynari, mSvidi
Sar d d do
Sar-d-ar
moSandakeba, gasworeba
Sare n
Sat 1
Sat 2
1. swori, gluvi; 2. Tavisufali, Seuferxebeli
d d fiwali
b d kvanZi, naskvi
Se mtkaveli
Setraƒ 1. sabeli; 2. nawnavi
Svet i maTraxi; Solti
Svriv d d Svria
Si ori
Si n
b d curi
SiSliq d d SiSligi
SiC— SinSi (mxolod deidaSvili)
So d d weliwadi
Sor-d-ar
gaganivreba
Sorb Sorba
Sori n
ganieri, vrceli
SoSar d d nestari
Su Tqven
Sur rZe
Surale n
rZiani
SuSua n
TavTavisi, TavTavianTi
153

C
Ca b d daTvi
CöbJirod
bJirod-d-ar
Camtvreva, Calewva
Cavar-d-ar
ar arCeva
CaTkok Cadkoko
Cak d d skami
Calmali n
rbili
Cam b gemo
Caƒ Sors
CeCil d d bulula
Cila i ube
Cim b d ferfli
CeCil d d bulula
Cim b d ferfli
Co b d bewvi, Tma, balani
Cua Tavisi bina (Sin)
Cuv faSvi, Sigani
Cux˜ d batkani, kravi
Culaq
aq-d-ar
ar dagdeba, mogdeba
Cul-d-ar
damakeba; daorsuleba
Culi n make; orsuli
Cup i Cumpe (daSvebuli muceli)
Cure n
Sinauri
Cutu mr. nawlavebi
Cu Sin
CqafdiTar grdm. Cqafuni
Cqerbad
rbad-d-ar
ar gameteba, ardazogva
Cxabad-d-ar
ar jRabna
154

CxamCxama‡o
Cxama‡o, CxamCxam saknatela
Cxik{v}, Cxik d d Cxikvi, jafara
Cxindur d d winda
Cxint Cxinti
Cxir b d Cxiri
Cxot b d CanCqeri
Cog
d moTali yveli
c
cal d d cali, cxenze orive mxares gadasakidi Sekruli bargis erTi mxare
cark kbili
cac b d saceri
celu n
wlevandeli
cenex wels
cer napiri
cerle
n
ganarira
cil eWvi
cic d d kata
cica‡ d d mweri
cix cixe
co ara
cokal d d mela
com 1
com 2
araferi
comi
coqeseS gaurjelad
cruv amayi, Tavmomwone; kopwia
cu b d qumeli
cun˜ mSrali
155

cqaf cqafi, cqviti
cxav b d cxavi
ca erTi
cave
n marto
ca{n}R erTad
Z
Zab b d simi, alya
Zabr Zabri
Zagrod-d-alar
alar grduv. dawafeba
Zviro n Zviri
Zirkv Zirkvi, jirkvi
Zirxvna‡ d d orovandi
Zu{v} Zu
Zu{v} 2
Zua
w
wa d d saxli
wli b d wali (wlinaxevris dedali Txa)
wan˜ wminda, sufTa
wak, waúk d d kudusuni
walam b d walami
walt d d waldi
wam-d-ar
ar gawmenda, gasufTaveba
wandil b d wandili
156

warak d d orRobe
wast d d spilenZi
waq d d isari
waxk d d ganakawri, nafxaWni
we 1. cecxli 2. saxeli
weg-d-ar
gawiTleba
wege n
wiTeli
wevar d d mwevari
weT´ d mx. saxeli, dideba
weg{˜}, w‹g{˜} d d sisxli
welti d mr. axali weli
wem-d-ar
grdm. {ga}wmenda
werqoxa samzadi saxli (cecxlis qoxi)
wib wmindani
wik wvivi, kanWi
win˜ axali
win d d SiSaqi
winus d 1. patarZali; rZali; 2. bicola
wip d d xinkali
wipworikela nemsi
wir{}, wirv wirva
wiway d d WuWrutana
wiwka‡
wka‡ d d; b d wiwkana
wkunad-d-alar
alar wkmutuni
wnil b d mwnili
wnor d d wnori
wok, wašk{š}, woškš 1. mwikvi 2. d d kudusuni, kudi
wonil d d mwvanili
wowkar d d; b d wkepla
157

wuT wuTi
wup-d-ar
wuwna, wova
wur b d 1. mwkrivi, striqoni 2. b d furis Sardi
wurbla‡ d d wurbela
wyartu n , wyarto n
xalasi, wminda
wye erTxel
wyurwur
d d wurwuri
w„arqva n , w„irqo n ucabd, moulodnelad
w„era n
wero
w„ver b d wveri, mwvervali
w„op d d wveri
W
Wagar d d jagari
Wad Wde
Wan˜ Wani (cudad dakodili cxoveli)
Wal d d Wala
Walk Cliqi
WamaR d loya, Rawvi
Wanib Txoris wibo
Wanik nikapi
WanWur d d WanWuri
War d d kani, piri
War— b d Tevzi
Warke n
Warko n
mokle joxi
mixveul-moxveuli
Warxal b d Warxali
158

WaRƒeTin WaRaragareuli
WaSnik
d WaSniki
Waxrak
b d Waxraki
Wek b d 1. urduli 2. b mwvane lobio.
Weram d d Werami
Wir-d-ikar
ikar grdm. dartyma, daSena
Wiyol
d Ritini
Wot´ d d Woti
WoW b d 1. piri; 2. kriWa
Wu d d cxemli
Wuk d d yanwi
Wyemp b yeli
Wyvinad-d-alar
alar brWyviali
W„aR-d-ar
ar, WaR-ar
ar gamagreba, daxSva
W„aRo n
magari, Zlieri
x
xa d barkali, TeZo, barZayi
xabro n
Zunwi
xabor b obi
xabJar grduv. dasxdoma
xaverd d d xaverdi
xavs d mx. xavsi
xaz d d xazi
xazi n xazina
xazod-d-ar
ar xazva
xaTr b d xaTri
159

xalze n xalisiani
xasaT xasiaTi
xak d d tomara
xak-d-ar
ar mowyureba
xala n
samwuxaro, arasasiamovno (ambavi)
xalar grduv. gaqroba, Caqroba
xalx mx. xalxi
xa n
xani, dro, Jami
xanlu n
xnieri, moxuci
xaraz
xarazi
xarTuT xarTuTa
xarisx xarisxi
xarix b d xalxa, grZeli keti
xartul d d xaratuli
xarc araswori, mcdari
xarcar grdm. gacvla, Secvla, gadacvla
xarc
arc-d-ar
grdm. gamocvla
xarj xarji
xas d xasa
xat d d jvari
xat´ar
ar 1
xat´ar
ar 2
grdm. 1. SekiTxva; 2. wakiTxva
grduv. akravs, midgmulia
xašk-d-ar
ar, xošk-d-ar
grduv. wyurvili
xaS d d xaSi
xawar grduv. smena; gageba
xaxkar
xkar grdm. gaWeneba
xax b d xaxvi
xa‡ar grduv. gageba, SemCneva
x‰ar, xa‡ar grduv. dajdoma
160

xeTar grduv. povna
xeibar xeibari
xelaT, ƒelaT xelad, axlave
xelar grduv. qroba
xeldaxel xeldaxel
xelda‡, ƒelda‡ xelada
xelfas b d xelfasi
xelCaf xelCafi
xelweril d d xelwerili
xe n
b d xe
xeptar grduv. srutva
xerg xergi
xercar grdm. cvla
xety d mx. xetye
xecar grdm. {ga}Sveba, gaTavisufleba
xexad-d-ar
ar grdm. xexva
xexil mx. xexili
xvniS, xvriS
i xvriSi
xi d mx. wyali
xizlal d d xizilala
xil½ar
qona, yola
xkar d d yore
xke{a} xeoba
xko d d zafxuli
xkor d d buSti
xmiad xmiadi
xobs, xofs b d namceci
xod xvadi
xo b kona
161

xoptar {Se}srutva
xoroSah´ar
ar grdm. msxvilad fqva
xorSa‡{} cieba, cieb-cxeleba
xot´ar
grdm. mikvra, gadabma
xsnil d mx. xsnili
xul d d xula
xum xom
xumw b d xunwi
xupal½ar
ar grdm. Sexvrepa
xurm xurma
xurs d d nasicxi, msxmo, zRmurdli
xursTaƒar grdm. waZineba, Tvalis motyueba
xucur xucuri
xurxur
d mx. xvrinva
ƒ
ƒadal b d faSati cxeni, Waki cxeni
ƒav d d yana
ƒal´ar
ar Wama
ƒa n
xval
ƒaptar
xelis gawodeba
ƒasar
grdm. da gdeba, yra.
ƒastar Semovla
ƒašpš matli
ƒašƒš b d mtredi
ƒafsar grdm. fxana
ƒaCar 1. grduv. misvla, miRweva 2. rgeba
162

ƒaC— b d sagzali
ƒawar grduv. dakideba
ƒaW b d naWeri, wili
ƒa‡ar grduv. daweva
ƒah´ar
ar grdm. kbena
ƒaƒa n b d tyavi
ƒaƒol
b d Rababi
ƒeT´ar
adgoma
ƒel b mx. 1. wesi, adaTi, Cveuleba 2. samarTali
ƒe n mere
ƒer b d qva
ƒerl½ar
grduv. SeSineba
ƒet niCabi
ƒo 1
ƒo 2
sami
wiva
ƒog muxudo, cercvi
ƒoT´ar
grdm. dasxma, mopkureba
ƒor b d vaSli, vaSlis xe
j
ja n
d d qalamani
jomard jomardi, guladi
joyar kaWaxi
juRur ulamazo
jijaƒ bibilo
jRarT d d CxarTvi
163

h
har˜ wisqvili
hal´o n
hapti n
mSvidi, wynari
qorfa, axali (xorci, Tevzi, mwvanili)
herw d d qvabi
hik tari, saxeluri
him d d lokokina
huv d d Tesli
a maS!
adb
d d baga
aTe‡
maSinve, saCqarod
aTxe‡
winaT, uwin
ar
arš d d fqvili
aW
aW˜ mx. suni
ama‡
yvela
ap
ap-d-ar
ar dakecva, daxuWva
arC
arC-d-ar
Semoxveva
arwar
rTva, darTva
aR
b jibri, Suri
aRar
yorani
aS
aS— d d stumari
ac
ac-d-ar
ar gamZaReba
awuk
d d Citi
aWar
Sexedva, yureba
164

aWore
n suniani, myrali
aWyar
grdm. gawurva, moWera
haƒar grmd. 1. wasma; 2. xveta
edar
grduv. dagvianeba
evar
grdm. moTelva, moqna (tyavisa), zela
erCar
grduv. xvevna
erwar
grduv. triali, brunva
etar
grduv. mirbena
ewam
ewam-d-ar
ar gaRviZeba
eW
eWar
grduv. yureba, cqera
eWyar
grdm. 1. moWera, gawurva
orSar
orSar, orCar
dagoreba
oƒar
grdm. Cveneba, danaxveba
u n tye
„
d-„apar
grdm. grexa, dagrexa, daZaxva
d-„a‡ar
grdm. anTeba
d-„evar
grdm. mokvla; dakvla
d-„ep
„ep-d-isar
grduv. momwyvdeva; darCena
d-„iar
„iar, d-„i‡ar
grduv. darCena
d-„ogar
grdm. gatexa, damtvreva
165

۶
۶a d d 1. zamTari 2. orTqli, oSxivari
۶abik
b d kovzi
۶avar
grdm. kvla, xocva
۶amar
grdm. daCveva, SeCveva
۶anar
mx. oxSivari
۶afli
n
morcxvi, moridebuli
۶e-d-aRar
ar grduv. jdoma
۶ef
d d sircxvili
۶iri
n basri, mWreli
۶ok
Rvezeli
۶of
of-d-ar
Sefareba, mofareba
۶u Rame
۶uv
v b mwyemsi
۶unal
d d xelfasi, jamagiri
۶urdna
dila
166

lite
tera
ratu
tura
gagua 1953 _ r. gagua, zmnis cvla gramatikuli klas-kategoriis niSnis mixedviT
bacbur enaSi, ike, IV, Tb., 1953.
deSerievi 1953 _ Д. Ю. Дешериев, Бацбийский язык, М., 1953.
deSerievi 1963 _ Ю. Д. Дешериев, Сравнительно-историческая грамматика
нахских языков, Грозный, 1963.
diumezili 1932 _ Dumezil G., Études comparatives sur les Langues caucasiennes du
Nord-Ouest (Morphologie), Paris, 1932.
imnaiSvili 1942 _ d. imnaiSvili, ZiriTadi da Tandebuliani brunvebi ingu-
SurSi, saq. ssr akad. moambe, t. XII, Tb. 1942.
somerfelti 1934 _ A. Sommerfelt, Études comparatives sur le caucasique du Nord-
Est (Norst Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, B. VII, 1934, B. IX, 1938, B. XIV, 1947.
imnaiSvili 1977 _ Д. С. Имнайшвили, Историко-сравнительный анализ фонетики
нахских языков, Тб., 1977.
trubeckoi 1930 _ N. Trubetzkoy, Die Konsonantensysteme der ostkaukasischen
Sprachen, Caucasica, fasc. 8, Leipzig, 1930.
qadagiZe 1953 _ Н. Д. Кадагидзе, Грамматические классы в цова-тушинском
(бацбийском) глаголе, Автореферат дисс., Тб., 1953.
Ciqobava 1965 _ arn. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Seswavlis istoria,
Tb., 1965.
WrelaSvili 1975 _ k. WrelaSvili, naxur enaTa Tanxmovnebis sistema, Tb.,
1975.
WrelaSvili 2002 _ k. WrelaSvili, wova-TuSuri ena, Tb., 2002.
javaxiSvili 1937 _ iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli
buneba da naTesaoba, Tb., 1937.
jolbordi 1978 _ i. jolbordi, a. Sifneri da wova-TuSuri enis fonetikis
sakiTxebi, ike, XX, Tb., 1978.
holiski _ gagua 1994 _ D. A. Holisky-R. Gagua, Tsova-Tush (Batsbi), The Indigenous
Languages of the Caucasus, Volume 4, Delmar, Niwiork, 1994.
167