genderuli Tanasworobis gaumjobeseba saqarTveloSi
genderuli Tanasworobis gaumjobeseba saqarTveloSi
genderuli Tanasworobis gaumjobeseba saqarTveloSi
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<strong>genderuli</strong><br />
<strong>Tanasworobis</strong><br />
<strong>gaumjobeseba</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>
©hainrih biolis fondi<br />
Tbilisi 2009<br />
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
Semdgeneli: eka wereTeli<br />
redaqtori: nino beqiSvili<br />
fotoebi: irina abJandaZe, eka aRdgomelaSvili<br />
foto 73-e gverdidan: hainrih biolis fondi. 2008<br />
winamdebare publikacia gamoica <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> evrokavSiris delegaciis<br />
mier dafinansebuli proeqtis “sazogadoebrivi ndobis<br />
Camoyalibeba da marginaluri jgufebis Tanamonawileoba gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis procesSi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> gamWvirvale arCevnebis<br />
xelSewyobis gziT” farglebSi.<br />
publikacia gamoica evrokavSiris daxmarebiT. mis Sinaarsze pasuxismgebelia<br />
hainrih biolis fondis samxreT kavkasiis regionaluri<br />
biuro da is ar asaxavs evrokavSiris Sexedulebebs.<br />
hainrih biolis fondis samxreT kavkasiis regionaluri biuro<br />
zovreTis q.38<br />
0160 Tbilisi, saqarTvelo<br />
u!!!+995 32 38 04 67/68<br />
g!!!+995 32 91 28 97<br />
f!!!info@boell.ge<br />
w!!!www.boell.ge
sarCevi<br />
winasityvaoba 4<br />
proeqtis Sesaxeb 5<br />
kanonmdeblobis analizi da<br />
samomavlo perspeqtivebi 9<br />
xaTuna WiTanava 9<br />
nino javaxiSvili 17<br />
qalebi politikaSi 25<br />
lela gafrindaSvili 26<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili 32<br />
qalTAa roli konfliqtebis daregulirebaSi 39<br />
nino cixisTavi 39<br />
qalTAa ekonomikuri<br />
mdgomareobis <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> 45<br />
marina TabukaSvili 45<br />
nana fanculaia 53<br />
irma inariZe 59<br />
mixeil ToqmaziSvili 65<br />
qalebi da mdgradi ganviTareba 73<br />
marina elbaqiZe 73<br />
nino SavguliZe 81<br />
homofobia 89<br />
homofobia, rogorc socialuri problema 91<br />
homofobia: kerZo sivrcidan sajaro sivrcemde 104
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
winasityvaoba<br />
winamdebare krebuli warmoadgens konferenciis masalebs,<br />
romelic 2009 wlis noemberSi q. TbilisSi Sedga da <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
<strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sakiTxebs mieZRvna. konferencia<br />
ganxorcielda evrokavSiris mier dafinansebuli proeqtis<br />
`samoqalaqo iniciativa Tanabari monawileobisaTvis~ farglebSi.<br />
organizatorebi SevecadeT sxvadasxva speqtrSi warmogveCina<br />
qalebis monawileoba sazogadoebriv da politikur<br />
cxovrebaSi da misi ganviTarebis samomavlo perspeqtivebi.<br />
konferenciis msvlelobisas ganvixileT iseTi sakiTxebi,<br />
rogoricaa qalebis monawileoba samSvidobo procesebSi, qalebi<br />
politikaSi, sakanonmdeblo bazis analizi <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
kuTxiT, qalebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis da qalebi<br />
mdgrad ganviTarebaSi da sxv.<br />
konferenciis Tematikis aqtualobis gamo saWirod CavTvaleT<br />
am masalebis calke publikaciad gamocema.<br />
publikaciaSi Sevida TerTmeti moxseneba, sadac ganxilulia<br />
is sakiTxebi, romelTa gadaWra uaxloesi wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
unda moxdes.<br />
publikaciis bolo nawili daeTmo ramdenime Canawers sajaro<br />
debatebidan, romlebic hainrih biolis fondSi 2004<br />
wlidan imarTeba proeqtis `sajaro debatebi saqarTvelos<br />
modernizaciis Sesaxeb~ farglebSi. am gamocemaSi Sesuli<br />
diskusiebis Tema homofobiaa, romelic konferenciis samuSao<br />
Temebs Sorisac moiazreboda, Tumca konferenciis<br />
formatma misi ganxilvis saSualeba ar mogvca. homofobia<br />
Cveni sazogadoebisTvis aqtualur sakiTxad rCeba da<br />
aucileblad migvaCnia misi, rogorc sadiskusio Temis win<br />
wamoweva. publikaciaSi Sevida 2007 da 2009 wels Semdgari<br />
ori diskusiis Canaweri (16 marti, 2007 da 20 maisi, 2009),<br />
raTa gveCvenebina dinamika da sazogadoebis ganwyobis cvlileba<br />
droSi. gvinda avRniSnoT, rom sajaro debatebi<br />
hainrih biolis fondis samxreT kavkasiis regionalur biuroSi<br />
2004 wlidan imarTeba. fondi cdilobs gansaxilvelad<br />
wamowios is Temebi, rac sazogadoebaSi im normebisa<br />
da Rirebulebebis damkvidrebas Seuwyobs xels, romelebic<br />
demokratuli da samoqalaqo politikuri kulturis ganviTarebas<br />
waadgeba. sajaro debatebi publikaciis saxiT<br />
yovelwliurad gamoicema da yvela diskusiis Canawers<br />
moicavs.<br />
dasasrul, gvsurs madloba vuTxraT <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> evrokavSiris<br />
warmomadgenlobas, romlis finansuri daxmarebiTac<br />
ganxorcielda es proeqti, statiebis avtorebs, romlebmac<br />
TavianTi codna da gamocdileba gagviziares da imeds<br />
vitovebT, rom winamdebare publikacia saintereso masalad<br />
iqceva msjelobisaTvis da momavali diskusiebisTvis.<br />
4
proeqtis Sesaxeb<br />
hainrih biolis fondis samxreT kavkasiis regionaluri biuros mier evrokavSiris<br />
finansuri mxardaWeriT 2007-2009 wlebSi ganxorcielda<br />
samwliani proeqti `samoqalaqo iniciativa Tanabari monawileobisaTvis~.<br />
proeqti mimarTuli iyo marginaluri jgufebis, kerZod qalebis,<br />
eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebisa da iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli<br />
pirebis gaaqtiurebisaken. proeqtis umTavresi mizani iyo gaezarda<br />
samizne jgufis CarTuloba saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSi da xeli<br />
Seewyo qveyanaSi demokratiuli procesebis gamWvirvalobisa da am procesebis<br />
mimarT ndobis zrdisaTvis.<br />
proeqti xorcieldeboda 3 adgilobriv partnior-organizaciasTan er-<br />
Tad – `samoqalaqo kulturis saerTaSoriso centrTan~, `qalTa politikuri<br />
resurs centrTan~ da `qalTa ganaTlebis saerTaSoriso resurscentrTan~<br />
erTad da xuT ZiriTad nawilad iyo gayofili.<br />
amomrCevelTa ganaTlebis programa xorcieldeboda `samoqalaqo kulturis<br />
saerTaSoriso centris~ mier samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi.<br />
igi moicavda specialurad SemuSavebul satreningo programas eTnikuri<br />
umciresobebisaTvis da mimarTuli iyo saarCevno procesis proceduruli<br />
sakiTxebis ukeT gacnobisken. specialuri satreningo programis SemuSavebis<br />
Semdeg adgilobrivi multiplikatorebi muSaobdnen soflis<br />
TemebSi.<br />
proeqtis am nawilis mizani iyo safuZveli Caeyara momavalSi am miznobrivi<br />
jgufebis aqtiuri monawileobisaTvis <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> mimdinare demokratiul<br />
procesebSi.<br />
SesaZleblobebis Seqmnis programa parlametis wevrobis kandidati da<br />
politikosi qalebis xelSewyobisaTvis SemuSavda `qalTa ganaTlebis<br />
saerTaSoriso resurs-centris~ mier da moicavda treningebis cikls<br />
regionuli lideri qalebisaTvis, aseve konsultaciebs politikur partiebTan<br />
qali kandidatebis gasaaqtiureblad.<br />
misi mizani iyo, sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis qalebisaTvis mieca<br />
saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSi aqtiuri monawileobis SesaZlebloba,<br />
qalebSi gaeCina SegrZneba, rom isini politikuri diskursis ganuyofel<br />
nawils Seadgenen da, imavdroulad daerwmunebinaT isini, gamoeyenebinaT<br />
sakuTari saamomrCevlo uflebebi.<br />
JurnalistTa treningebis programa SemuSavda da ganxorcielda `samoqalaqo<br />
kulturis saerTaSoriso centris~ mier.<br />
regionaluri mediis JurnalistebisTvis SemuSavebul iqna specialuri<br />
programa, romelic moicavda sxvadasxva sakiTxebs, rogoricaa saarCevno<br />
sistemebi, marginaluri jgufebis politikuri monawileobis dadebiTi<br />
mxareebi, samoqalaqo kontrolisa da moqalaqeTa monawileobis modelebi.<br />
demokratiuli sajaroobis ganviTarebaSi mediis mier umciresobaTa<br />
sakiTxebis gaSuqebis mniSvneloba. aseve specialuri yuradReba eTmoboda<br />
genderisa da eTnikuri sakiTxebis mimarT mgrZnobelobis gazrdis<br />
sakiTxebs.<br />
5
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
komponenti mimarTuli iyo saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionebis JurnalistTa<br />
cnobierebis amaRlebisaken da marginaluri jgufebis mimarT maTi<br />
mgrZnobelobis gazrdisaken.<br />
piar-kampania marginalur jgufTa warsadgenad moamzada da organizeba<br />
gauwia `qalTa politikurma resurs-centrma~. kampaniis mizani iyo, gam-<br />
Wvirvalobisa da Tanamonawileobis ideis xelSewyoba saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki marginalur jgufebs Soris.<br />
kampaniis specialuri masalebi (posterebi, broSurebi, video da radioklipebi)<br />
SemuSavda miznobrivi jgufebis saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
da mTel <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> gavrcelda.<br />
am komponentis farglebSi daigegma da ganxorcielda regularuli tele<br />
da radio ganxilvebi. maTi ZiriTadi Temebi iyo demokratiuli faseulobebi,<br />
samarTliani da gamWvirvale arCevnebi, politikuri pasuxismgebloba<br />
da mosaxleobis ndobasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva sakiTxebi.<br />
rigi ganxilvebisa gansazRvrulad iyo mimarTuli eTnikuri umciresobebis,<br />
iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis da qalTa problemebisken.<br />
adgilobrivi Temis unarebisa da ndobis formirebisa da monawileobis<br />
programa xorcieldeboda hainrix biolis fondis mier da mimarTuli iyo<br />
regionaluri resursis gansaviTareblad.<br />
sasurveli Sedegis misaRwevad SeirCa Semdegi regionebi: samcxe-javaxeTi<br />
(axalcixe da axalqalaqi), qvemo qarTli (marneuli da bolnisi), Sida qar-<br />
Tli (gori), imereTi (quTaisi da wyaltubo), aWara (baTumi) da samegrelo<br />
(zugdidi).<br />
komponentis pirvel etapze Catarda specialurad SemuSavebuli<br />
treningebi qalebisaTvis, romlebic regionebis specifikidan gamomdinare<br />
sxvadasxva sakiTxebze akeTebda aqcentirebas. kerZod, erT-erTi<br />
moduli iyo mimarTuli arasamTavrobo seqtoris ganviTarebaze da ganixileboda<br />
iseTi Temebi, rogoricaa proeqtebis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba,<br />
strategiuli dagegmva, lideroba, xolo meore modulSi aqcenti<br />
keTdeboda koaliciuri muSaobis principebsa da solidarobaze. aseve<br />
SemuSavebul iqna specialuri satreningo modulebi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
warmomadgenelTaTvis, romlebic exeboda warmomadgenlobiTobis<br />
genderulad dabalansebasa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi<br />
mosaxleobis CarTulobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.<br />
am aqtiobebis paralelurad mowyobilma sajaro debatebma da mrgvali magidis<br />
diskusiebma Tavisi wvlili Seitana kritikuli azrovnebis, azrisa<br />
da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis kulturis safuZvlebis SeqmnaSi.<br />
komponentis meore etapze moewyo sazafxulo skola wina aqtiobebidan<br />
SerCeuli monawileebisTvis, romlebic samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ideebis<br />
Semdgomi ganmaviTareblebi iqnebodnen TavianT raionebSi. sazafxulo<br />
skolis ZiriTadi samuSao modulebi iyo proeqtis menejmentis treningi,<br />
informaciis mopoveba da marTva. bolo etapze yuradReba gamaxvilebuli<br />
iyo koaliciis Seqmnaze, liderobasa da lobirebis meqanizmebze.<br />
proeqtis Semajamebeli RonisZieba gaxldaT saerTaSoriso konferencia<br />
`<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>~. konferenciis<br />
6
samuSao Temebi iyo sakanonmdeblo bazis analizi da samomavlo perspeqtivebi,<br />
qalebi politikaSi, qalebi konfliqtebis daregulirebis sakiTx-<br />
Si, qalTa ekonomiuri mdgomareobis <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong>, qalebi da mdgradi<br />
ganviTareba. konferenciis erTgvar Sejamebas warmoadgenda publikacia,<br />
romelSic konferenciaze gakeTebuli moxsenebebis umetesi nawili Sevida.<br />
amas garda gamoica proeqtis Semajamebeli publikacia.<br />
proeqti `samoqalaqo iniciativa Tanabari monawileobisaTvis~ mTlianad<br />
regionebze iyo fokusirebuli da misi ganxorcielebisas hainrih biolis<br />
fondi Seecada gamoeyenebina adgilobrivi regionaluri resursi,<br />
gaezarda samizne jgufebis CarTuloba da amiT proeqtis mier wamoWrili<br />
iniciativebi ufro sicocxlisunariani gaexada. am strategiam saSualeba<br />
mogvca ganviTarebuliyo regionaluri resursi, romelic samomavlo<br />
proeqtebis ganxorcielebisas realur dasayrden Zalad SeiZleba iqces.<br />
fondi Semdgomac ganagrZobs TanamSromlobas proeqtis partniorebTan<br />
da monawileebTan da mxars dauWers adgilobrivi iniciativebis win<br />
wamowevasa da ganxorcielebas.<br />
7
lboponefcmpcjt!bobmj{j!eb!<br />
tbnpnbwmp!qfstqfrujwfcj!<br />
xaTuna WiTanava
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis<br />
mimoxilva <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
<strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sferoSi<br />
xaTuna WiTanava saqarTvelos axalgazrda<br />
iuristTa asociaciis `ojaxuri<br />
Zaladobis da adamianebiT vaWrobis<br />
(trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis~ programis<br />
koordinatori.<br />
2004 wlidan muSaobs qalTa mimarT Zaladobis<br />
sakiTxebze. monawileobs<br />
sakanonmdeblo saqmianobaSi – aris ramdenime<br />
samarTlebrivi dokumetis Tanaavtori,<br />
uwevs samarTlebriv daxmarebas<br />
ojaxuri Zaladobis da trefikingis msxverplebs<br />
da monawileobs cnobierebis<br />
amaRlebis kampaniebSi.<br />
aqvs ori magistris xarisxi – samarTal-<br />
Si - savaWro da biznes samarTali (floridis<br />
universitetSi, florida aSS) da<br />
sajaro mmarTvelobaSi (sajaro mmarTvelobis<br />
instituti, Tbilisi)
saqarTvelos kannonmdeblobis mimoxilva <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sferoSi<br />
xaTuna WiTanava<br />
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT <strong>genderuli</strong> Tanasworoba uzrunvelyofilia<br />
_ mamakacebi da qalebi Tanabari uflebebiT sargebloben,<br />
rac konstituciasa da sxva kanonebSia areklili. saqarTvelos ratificierebuli<br />
aqvs saerTaSoriso dokumentebi, romlebic krZalavs diskriminacias:<br />
`adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia~, `samoqalaqo da<br />
politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti~, `qalTa diskriminaciis yvela<br />
formis aRmofxvris konvencia~ da sxv. magram, miuxedavad amisa, Cvens<br />
qveyanaSi SesaZleblobebis Tanasworoba jer kidev sakmaod problematur<br />
sakiTxs warmoadgens.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba genderulad neitraluria<br />
– dagmobilia diskriminacia, magram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
raime wamaxalisebeli zomebi qalTa monawileobis gasazrdelad; ar arsebobs<br />
meqanizmebi, romlebic xels Suwyobda qalebis monawileobas qveynis<br />
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi magaliTad, politikasa da biznesSi maT CarTvas.<br />
2006 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma daamtkica saqarTvelos <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
<strong>Tanasworobis</strong> saxelmwifo koncefcia, rac, safuZvlad daedo kanonproeqts<br />
`<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> Sesaxeb~, romelic parlamentSi 2009 wels<br />
waradgines.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom 2006 wels koncefciis miReba wingadadgmuli nabiji<br />
iyo Tanasworuflebianobis mopovebis sferoSi. koncefcia saparlameto<br />
doneze damtkicebuli pirveli erovnuli dokumentia da aRiarebs, rom<br />
qveyanaSi aucilebelia <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> miRweva, magram is mainc<br />
deklaraciul xasiaTs atarebs da ufro metad problemis aRiarebas emsaxureba,<br />
vidre raime qmediTi meqanizmebis SemoRebas. am sferoSi kanonis<br />
miReba <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> instutucionalur doneze damkvidrebas<br />
da regulirebas Seuwyobs xels. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
<strong>Tanasworobis</strong> mxriv 1995 wlidan dRemde sakmaod bevri ram gakeTda. 2006<br />
wlis koncefciis da 2009 wels kanonproeqtis SemuSavebas am sferoSi momuSave<br />
arasamTavrobo da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mravalmxrivi<br />
muSaoba uZRoda win.<br />
1994 wlis 22 seqtembers saqarTvelo SeuerTda konvencias’~qalTa diskriminaciis<br />
yovelgvari formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~, riTac valdebuleba<br />
aiRo, rom yvela saWiro zomas miiRebda qveynis politikur da<br />
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad.<br />
konvenciiT qalebisTvis gaTvaliswinebulia Tanabari uflebebis<br />
uzrunvelyofa: saxeldobr, arCevnebsa da sajaro referendumebSi xmis<br />
micemis ufleba, sajarod arCeul organoebSi kandidaturis wamoyenebis<br />
SesaZlebloba da mTavrobis politikis Camoyalibebasa da ganxorcielebaSi<br />
monawileoba; agreTve imis SesaZlebloba, rom qalebma saxelmwifo<br />
postebi daikavon da monawileoba miiRon saxelmwifo organizaciebisa da<br />
asociaciebis saqmianobaSi.<br />
gaeroSi gaigzavna angariSi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> diskriminaciis yvela formis<br />
aRmofxvris da konvenciis cxovrebaSi gatarebis Sesaxeb. uSiSroebis sab-<br />
Wos adamianis uflebebis ganyofilebam SeimuSava specialuri programebi<br />
yvela sferoSi qalTa uflebebis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
1995 wlis seqtemberSi saqarTvelom monawileoba miiRo qalTa sakiTxebze<br />
gaeros IV msoflio konferenciaSi `<strong>Tanasworobis</strong>, ganviTarebisa da mSvi-<br />
11
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
dobisaTvis~, sadac saqarTvelos arasamTavrobo organizaciebma qveynis<br />
angariSi waradgines. am konferenciis Sedegad 189 saxelmwifos mTavrobebi,<br />
maT Soris saqarTvelosic, SeTanxmdnen da daamtkices qalebis ganviTarebisa<br />
da gaZlierebisaken mimarTuli xuTwliani samoqmedo gegma,<br />
romelic aseve ~pekinis samoqmedo platformis~ saxeliT aris cnobili da<br />
miznad isaxavs qalebisaTvis meti SesaZleblobebis micemas da maT gansaxorcieleblad<br />
pirobebis Seqmnas.<br />
1997 wlis 27 noembers prezidentis brZanebulebiT #593, `pekinis samoqmedo<br />
platforma 2000 wels~ momzadda erovnuli samoqmedo gegma pekinis<br />
samoqmedo platformis ganxorcielebis mizniT. TebervalSi prezidentis<br />
#48 brZanebulebis Sesabamisad dafuZnda ~saxelmwifo komisia<br />
saxelmwifo politikis srulyofisaTvis qalebis xelSewyobis mizniT~.<br />
komisia unda yofiliyo mTavari sameTvalyureo organo saxelmwifo <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
politikis gansaxorcieleblad.<br />
1998 wels miRebuli iqna gaeros ganviTarebis programis mier SemuSavebuli<br />
samoqmedo gegma <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> 1998-2000 wlebSi qalTa mdgomareobis<br />
gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb _ `qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi~, romelic<br />
prezidentis mier iqna damtkicebuli. samoqmedo gegma pekinis platformis<br />
Tormeti prioritetidan Svids moicavda. misi mTavari mizani<br />
saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
<strong>Tanasworobis</strong> uzrunvelyofa iyo da iTvaliswinebda qalTa daxmarebis<br />
aucileblobas gardamaval periodSi arsebul socialur problemaTa gadasaWrelad,<br />
rac qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi konkretuli cvlilebebis Setanas<br />
gulisxmobda.<br />
`qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris~ komitetis rekomendaciebis<br />
sapasuxod 1999 wlis agvistoSi saxelmwifom gamosca specialuri<br />
brZanebuleba #511, romelic mimarTuli iyo qalTa uflebebis dacvis<br />
gaumjobesebisaken. am brZanebulebiT `qalTa adamianis uflebebis dacvis<br />
gaZlierebis RonisZiebebis Taobaze~ saxelmwifo komisiam SeimuSava<br />
da amocanebi dausaxa 13 samTavrobo uwyebas. es amocanebi miznad isaxavda<br />
qalTa uflebebis xelSewyobasa da qveyanaSi qalebisTvis pirobebis <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong>s.<br />
2000 wlis 25 Tebervlis prezidentis #64 brZanebulebis Tanaxmad damtkicda<br />
qalebis mimarT Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolis samwliani gegma<br />
(2000-2002). Semdegi vada ki 2004 wlamde gagrZelda.<br />
2003 wlis `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ganxorcielda<br />
rigi administraciuli cvlilebebisa, romlebmac garkveuli gavlena<br />
moaxdina qalTa winsvlis sakiTxze – marTalia, uSiSroebis sabWosTan arsebuli<br />
`qalTa winsvlis komisia~ 2004 wlis ianvarSi gauqmda, magram mis<br />
nacvlad saqarTvelos parlamentis TavmjdomaresTan arsebuli <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
<strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sakiTxebis sakonsultacio sabWo Camoyalibda.<br />
2003 agvistoSi, genderis problemebze momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebma<br />
parlamentSi wamoayenes iniciativa politikur partiebSi<br />
kvotebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb. es winadadeba deputatebis mier ugulvelyofil<br />
iqna, kenWisyris proceduraSi 235-dan mxolod 67 deputatma<br />
miiRo monawileoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavad arasamTavrobo seqtorSic<br />
sxvadasxva Sexeduleba aqvT kvotirebis proncipis SemoRebasTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT.<br />
12
2004 wels parlamentis spikeris #105/3 brZanebulebiT da gaeros ganvi-<br />
Tarebis programis proeqtis ~genderi da politika samxreT kavkasiaSi~<br />
mxardaWeriT, saqarTvelos parlamentis TavjdomaresTan arsebuli <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
<strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sakiTxebis sabWo Camoyalibda. sabWos uZRveboda<br />
spikeri da igi Cvidmeti wevrisagan Sedgeboda: Svidi parlamentis wevri,<br />
sami samTavrobo struqturis warmomadgeneli (Sromis, janmrTelobisa<br />
da socialur saqmeTa saministro, saqarTvelos evropuli integraciis<br />
saxelmwifo ministris kabineti, erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWosa da saqarTvelos<br />
saxalxo damcvelis aparati), da eqvsi piri arasamTavrobo seqtoridan.<br />
sabWo gansazRvravda saxelmwifos genderul politikas da<br />
genderis kuTxiT qveynis kanonmdeblobis saerTaSoriso normebTan da<br />
standartebTan Sesabamisobas uzrunvelyofda.<br />
2005 wlis 28 ivniss saqarTvelos mTavrobis #109 dadgenilebis safuZvelze<br />
da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis iniciativiT daarsda `droebi-<br />
Ti samTavrobo komisia <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sakiTxebze~. sakonsultacio<br />
sabWos msgavsad, iqac warmodgenili iyo parlamenti, samTavrobo<br />
struqurebi da arasamTavrobo seqtori. komisias daevala, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
SeemuSavebina erovnuli koncefcia da <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong><br />
miRwevis gegma. droebiTi samTavrobo komisia 2006 wels gauqmda.<br />
2006 wlis TebervalSi, gaeros sxvadasxva saagentoebis mxardaWeriT<br />
(gaeros ganviTarebis programa, gaeros ganviTarebis fondi qalebisaTvis,<br />
gaeros mosaxleobis fondi), komisiam da sakonsultacio sabWom Seqmnes<br />
samuSao jgufi, sadac am komisiisa da mrCevelTa sabWos wevrebis<br />
garda, monawileobdnen mTavrobis, arasamTavrobo seqtoris da saxalxo<br />
damcvelis aparatis warmomadgenlebi. amave wlis 24 ivliss parlamentma<br />
miiRo <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> saxelmwifo koncefcia, romelic saparlamento<br />
doneze miRebuli erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani dokumentia.<br />
2007 wlis maisSi <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> koordinaciis sakiTxebze pasuxismgebloba<br />
mTavrobis aRmasrulebeli Stodan saxelmwifo ministris<br />
daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida. 20 ivliss #97/3 brZanebulebiT ganaxlda<br />
saqarTvelos parlamentis TavjdomaresTan arsebuli <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong><br />
sakiTxebis sakonsultacio sabWos Semadgenloba, sadac parlamentis<br />
eqvsi wevri Sevida.<br />
amave wlis 26 seqtembers momzadda da #539 samTavrobo brZanebulebiT<br />
damtkicda erovnuli samoqmedo gegma (2007-2009 ww.), romelic Semdeg<br />
sakiTxebs moicavs:<br />
• <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> disciplinaTSorisi komisiis Seqmna;<br />
• <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> samarTlebrivi safuZvlis SemuSaveba;<br />
• genderul sakiTxebze mosaxleobis cnobierebis amaRleba, <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
sakiTxebis popularizaciis da maTze informaciis gavrcelebis meSveobiT;<br />
• genderul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli stereotipebis genderul Tanasworobze<br />
orientirebuli axali xedviT Secvla ganaTlebis sistemis yvela<br />
doneze.<br />
agreTve #211 brZanebulebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong><br />
politikis SemmuSavebeli uwyebaTaSorisi komisia. komisiis<br />
aT wevrs, romlebic samTavrobo uwyebebidan iyvnen warmodgenilni, reformebis<br />
koordianaciis sferoSi saxelmwifo ministri xelmZRvanelobsaqarTvelos<br />
kannonmdeblobis mimoxilva <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sferoSi<br />
xaTuna WiTanava<br />
13
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
da. komisia Seiqmna, magram ar umuSavia.<br />
2009 wels saqarTvelos parlamentSi sakomiteto mosmena gaira kanonproeqtma<br />
`<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> Sesaxeb~. kanonproeqtis SeqmnaSi<br />
aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo saqarTvelos parlamentis TavjdomaresTan<br />
arsebuli <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sakiTxebis sakonsultacio sabWom,<br />
UNDP-m da arasamTavrobo organizaciebma. kanoni ayalibebs saxelmwifo<br />
politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs qalisa da mamakacis Tanabari uflebebis,<br />
Tavisuflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis sferoSi, avalebs Sesabamis<br />
uwyebebs Seagrovon da daamauSavon statistika <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong><br />
sferoSi, ayalibebs saqarTvelos parlamentSi mudmivmoqmed samuSao<br />
jgufs da <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> uwyebaTaSoris samTavrobo komisias,<br />
gansazRvravs qalisa da mamakacis <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> garantiebs socialuri<br />
cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. sakanonmdeblo paketSi agreTve Sedis<br />
cvlilebebi saqarTvelos administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsSi,<br />
romlebic <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> darRvevisTvis Sesabamis pasuxismgeblobas<br />
Seexeba. paketi agreTve Seicavs Sesabamis cvlilebebs sxva<br />
sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi, romlebic am kanonidan gamomdinareobs. magali-<br />
Tad, cvlilebebi saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsSi, saqarTvelos SromiT<br />
kodeqsSi, statistikis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonSi da sxva.<br />
Sesabamisad, kanoni xazs usvams saqarTvelos mier aRiarebul saerTaSoriso<br />
principebs da diskriminaciis aRmofxvras. kanonSi gansakuTrebuli<br />
fokusi keTdeba diskriminaciis aRmofxvraze:<br />
dasaqmebisa da SromiTi movaleobebis Sesrulebisas;<br />
SromiTi urTierTobisas;<br />
jandacvisa da socialur sferoSi;<br />
saojaxo urTierTobebSi;<br />
qalisa da mamakacis mier yvela saxis saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi<br />
zogadi, profesiuli, umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebisas;<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri da sainformacio resursebisadmi Tanabari<br />
xelmisawvdomoba;<br />
kanoni agreTve exeba saojaxo urTierTobebs, xazs usvams, rom qali da<br />
mamakaci sargebloben Tanabari piradi da qonebrivi uflebebiT da maT<br />
Tanabari movaleobebi ekisrebaT, Tanaswori ufleba aqvT damoukideblad<br />
gadawyviton SromiT da sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi monawileobis<br />
sakiTxi, Svilebis aRzrdisa da sxva problemebi. gansakuTrebiT<br />
sainteresoa, rom kanoni ayalibebs Tanasworobas qonebrivi sakiTxebis<br />
aspeqtSi, radgan miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonmdeblobiT qalsa da mamakacs<br />
Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba aqvT socialur-ekonomikur resursebisadmi<br />
da memkvidreobis miRebisas, qveyanaSi damkvidrebuli praqtika aCvenebs,<br />
rom qonebis da memkvidreobis gadacema mamakacebis sasargeblod ufro<br />
xSirad xorcieldeba.<br />
winamdebare kanonis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso muxli (muxli 13) Seexeba<br />
Tanaswori saarCevno uflebebis garantiebs da ayalibebs, rom saarCevno<br />
subieqtebis mier kandidatTa siebis momzadebisas, daculi unda<br />
iqnes <strong>genderuli</strong> Tanasworoba; aseve saarCevno subieqtebis xelmZRvanel,<br />
aRmasrulebel, makontrolebel da sxva organoebSi qalTa da mamakacTa<br />
Tanaswori warmomadgenloba. msgavsi specialuri zomebi msoflio praqtikaSi<br />
sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba. arCevnebze moqmedebs e.w. `<strong>genderuli</strong><br />
cenzi,~ rac vlindeba partiis mier kandidatTa SerCevis meqanizmebSi,<br />
14
saqarTvelos kannonmdeblobis mimoxilva <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sferoSi<br />
xaTuna WiTanava<br />
saarCevno kampaniis dafinansebaSi, masmediis saSualebebiT qali kandidatebis<br />
reklamirebaSi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong><br />
formalurad aRiareba ar iZleva realuri uzrunvelyofis garantiebs.<br />
amitom, zogierTma qveyanam kanonmdeblobaSi garkveuli daTqmebi Cado,<br />
romlebic xels Seuwyobs <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> principebis ganxorcielebas.<br />
kanonproeqtis avtorebma didi kamaTis Semdeg gadawyvites, am<br />
etapisTvis ar SemoeRoT kvotirebis principi, rac am kuTxiT, patara, magram<br />
mainc wingadadgmuli nabiji iqneboda.<br />
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> Sesaxeb kanons Semoaqvs kidev ramdenime mniSvnelovani<br />
cvlileba. magaliTad, <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sferoSi<br />
statistikis Segroveba (sqesis niSniT gancalkevebuli monacemebi) da damuSaveba<br />
uflebamosili saxelmwifo organoebis mier da maTi Semdgomi<br />
sistematizacia statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis mier. es informacia<br />
sasargeblo iqneba genderis sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis dagegmvisas<br />
da ganxorcielebisas.<br />
kanonis me-3 Tavi <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> uzrunvelyofis sferoSi saxelmwifo<br />
organoTa uflebebsa da movaleobebs Seexeba. yalibdeba ori<br />
uwyeba – saqarTvelos parlamentSi Sesabamisi mudmivmoqmedi samuSao<br />
jgufi, romlis funqciaa genderul sakiTxebze sistemuri da koordinirebuli<br />
muSaobis uzrunvelyofa. saqarTvelos mTavrobaSi ki Seiqmneba<br />
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebze momuSave mudmivmoqmedi<br />
uwyebaTaSorisi komisia.<br />
2006 wels miRebuli saqarTvelos <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
koncefcia zogadad ayenebda <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sakiTxs da ayalibebeda<br />
ZiriTad mimarTulebebs, romlebic saqarTvelos xelisuflebas<br />
unda gaetarebina. es kanoni ki gansazRvravs <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong><br />
ZiriTad safuZvlebs, garantiebs iZleva politikur da socialur,<br />
agerTve sazogadoebriv sferoebSi, dasaqmebisa da ganaTlebis sakiTxSi,<br />
saojaxo urTierTobebSi, jandacvaSi; ori axali uwyebis Seqmna <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
<strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sakiTxSi parlamentis da mTavrobis koordinirebul<br />
muSaobas daexmareba; ayalibebs qalTa warmomadgenlobis gazrdas<br />
saarCevno siebSi da Sesabamisad, qalTa monawileobas gazrdas gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis procesebSi. Tumca, migvaCnia, rom xelmZRvanel,<br />
aRmasrulebel, makontrolebel da sxva organoebSi Tanaswori warmomadgenlobis<br />
misaRwevad droTa ganmavlobaSi kidev ufro meti wamaxalisebeli<br />
zomebis Cadeba SeiZleba.<br />
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> kuTxiT 1995 wlidan dRemde, marTlac, sakmaod<br />
bevri ram gakeTda, magram miuxedavad amisa, realurad bevri araferi<br />
Secvlila. amis erT-erTi mizezi isicaa, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba<br />
gendrulad neitraluria – ar arsebobs iseTi specialuri normebi,<br />
romlebic xels Seuwyobda <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> miRwevas. amasTan<br />
tradiciuli Sexedulebebi da warmodgenebi qalisa da kacis stereotipuli<br />
rolebis Sesaxeb, qveyanaSi <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> miRwevas zRudavs.<br />
zogadad, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> aris ramdenime sfero, sadac qalis monawileoba<br />
genderulad mgrZnobiare cvlilebebis gatarebiT unda iqnes miRweuli:<br />
• saparlamento da adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi qalTa<br />
monawileoba;<br />
15
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
• aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi (gadawyvetlebis mimRebis doneze) qalTa<br />
dasaqmeba;<br />
• qalTa qonebivi uflebebis ganxorcieleba – miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1153 muxli pirdapir krZalavs diskriminacias<br />
sqesis niSniT, faqtobrivad arsebuli tardiciebidan gamomdinare,<br />
qalebi sakmaod xSirad amboben uars qonebrivi (memkvidreobiTi)<br />
uflebis ganxorcielebaze Zmis sasargeblod;<br />
• ojaxSi Zaladoba – damcavi da Semakavebeli orderebis gacema;<br />
• qalTa monawileoba qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi<br />
• <strong>genderuli</strong> biujetis Seqmna;<br />
• <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sferoSi statistikuri informaciis arseboba<br />
da/an kvlevebis Catareba saxelmwifo doneze.<br />
• qalTa uflebebis dacvis gaumjobesebis mizniT saWiroa arsebuli<br />
meqanizmebis gaZliereba da xelisuflebis mxridan mkafiod gamoxatuli<br />
politikuri neba. agreTve Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba<br />
sazogadoebis gaTviTcnobierebas <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> Sesaxeb.<br />
amitom, saxelmwifom gansakuTrebuli aqcenti unda gaakeTos gana-<br />
Tlebis rolze da Caataros sainformacio kampaniebi.<br />
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom bevr qveyanaSi <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> miRweva<br />
jer kidev problemad rCeba. evropis qveynebSic ki Tvlian, rom bevri<br />
ram aris gasakeTebli, sanam realurad miiRweva Tanasworuflebianoba.<br />
magram am qveynebSi muSaobs garkveuli meqanizmebi, romlebic <strong>Tanasworobis</strong><br />
principebis cxovrebaSi gatarebas uzrunvelyofs. aseve, gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba axali Taobis <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong><br />
principebze aRzrdas.<br />
saqarTvelos mTavroba Tu gamoxatavs politikur nebas da Tanasworuflebianobis<br />
misaRwevad da qalTa gadawyvetilebis procesebSi CasarTavad<br />
kanonSi da kanonqvemdebare aqtebSi realuri meqanizmebi Caideba, ma-<br />
Sin, nel-nela Seicvleba midgoma da gaizrdeba qalTa monawileoba qveynis<br />
sazogadoebriv, politikur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. winaaRmdeg Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, es kanonic 2006 wlis koncefciis msgavsad, deklaraciuli xasiaTisa<br />
iqneba da ubralo faratina furclad darCeba, romlis miRebac mxolod<br />
qveynis mier aRebulma saerTaSoriso valdebulebebma ganapiroba.<br />
16
lboponefcmpcjt!bobmj{j!eb!bybmj!<br />
lboponefcmpcjt!qfstqfrujwfcj<br />
nino javaxiSvili
winaaRmdegoba pozitiuri qmedebisadmi:<br />
studentebis da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis<br />
warmomadgenlebis poziciebi<br />
nino javaxiSvili _ arasamTavrobo<br />
organizacia „dinamikuri fsiqologia<br />
ganviTarebisa da demokratiisaTvis“<br />
aRmasrulebeli direqtori da <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
<strong>Tanasworobis</strong> saparlamento<br />
sabWos wevri, fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, Tsu profesori. Tsu<br />
socialur mecnierebaTa centris mier<br />
administrirebuli genderis samagistro<br />
programis avtori da xelmZRvaneli<br />
2005-2008 wlebSi. kiTxulobs<br />
leqciebs da eweva kvlevas socialuri<br />
fsiqologiisa da genderis sakiTxebze.
winaaRmdegoba pozitiuri qmedebisadmi: studentebis da<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebis poziciebi<br />
nino javaxiSvili<br />
2008 wlis ap ril Si sa qar Tve los par la ments wa rud gi nes jgu fis ini ciativa,<br />
romelic miznad isaxavs politikur partiebSi kvotebis sistemis<br />
Se mo Re bas ise, rom par ti is si is yo ve li me o re wev ri gan sxva ve bu li sqe sis<br />
war mo mad ge ne li 1 iyos. parlamenti valdebulia ganixilos es winadadeba<br />
da da de bi Ti, an uar yo fi Ti pa su xi gas ces. es mo va le o ba axa li mow ve vis<br />
par la ments ekis re ba da jer je ro biT uc no bi a, ro dis ga ni xi lavs is gende<br />
ru li Ta nas wo ro bi sa ken mi mar Tul am ini ci a ti vas. Tum ca, uk ve cno bilia<br />
wi na mow ve vis par la men tis zo gi er Ti wev ris mkveT rad uar yo fi Ti damo<br />
ki de bu le ba am sa kiTx i sad mi.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom parlamentis is wevrebi, romlebmac am iniciativasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT gamoTqves mosazreba, gansxvavebuli politikuri Sexedulebebis<br />
arian, sakmarisad erTsulovanni iyvnen im argumentebis warmodgenisas,<br />
romlebiTac politikur partiebSi <strong>genderuli</strong> kvotebis sistemis SemoRebas<br />
ewinaaRmdegebodnen. argumentebi Semdegi iyo: `saerTod, kvotebis winaaRmdegi<br />
var, kvota niSnavs, rom aRiareb qalebis sisutes da uunarobas da xelovnurad<br />
cdilob mis moyvanas politikaSi~. `qali ratom avirCioT, iqneb<br />
mamakaci sjobs?~ aRmoCnda, rom kvotebisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba<br />
gavrcelebuli fenomenia (Schu man et al. 1997). socialur da politikis fsiqologiaSi<br />
ganxorcielebuli mravali kvleva aCvenebs, rom pozitiuri qmedebis<br />
2 es da sxva formebi adamianebis mier araerTgvarovnad aRiqmeba da aigeba.<br />
pozitiuri qmedeba politikuri sistemis gavrcelebuli da damkvidre<br />
bu li ia ra Ria Ta nas wo ro bis mi saR we vad, mas aq ti u rad iye ne ben aS S-Si<br />
ra sob ri vi uTa nas wo ro bis, in do eT Si kas te bis sis te mis, ev ro pis mra val<br />
qveyanaSi (norvegiaSi, safrangeTSi, germaniaSi da sxv.) <strong>genderuli</strong> uTanas<br />
wo ro bis aR mo saf xvre lad. rad ga nac ga dawy ve ti le bis mi Re bis or ganoebSi<br />
qalTa warmomadgenlobis zrdis koeficienti mcirea, politikaSi<br />
gen de ru li dis ba lan sis da saZ le vad msof li os 70-ze met ma qve ya nam ga moiyena<br />
iseTi specialuri RonisZiebebi, rogoricaa saarCevno kvotebi.<br />
pozitiuri qmedebisadmi winaaRmdegoba Tavdapirvelad elitarul poli<br />
ti kur dis kur sSi gaC nda da Sem dgom gav rcel da far To wre eb Si (Gamson,<br />
Mo dig li ani, 1987) pozitiuri qmedebis sawinaaRmdego argumentacia Semde<br />
gi a: is usa mar Tlod ani Webs upi ra te so bas gar kve ul jgu febs, es igi ve<br />
dis kri mi na ci a a, is stig mas adebs zus tad im xalxs, vi si dax ma re bac surs,<br />
is xazs us vmas ide as, rom gar kve u li jgu fe bi sxveb ze ua re sia (Car mi nes and<br />
Mer ri man, 1993). ro gorc vxe davT, qar Tve li res pon den te bis ar gu men te bi<br />
prqti ku lad em Txve va ze moT moy va nil mo saz re bebs.<br />
1 cvlileba unda Sevides saqarTvelos organul kanonSi moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerToianebebis<br />
Sesaxeb. 96-e muxlis me-7 nawili Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:<br />
7. partiuli siis Sedgenis wess gansazRvraven partiebi da saarCevno blokebi, imgvarad, rom<br />
siis yoveli meore iyos gansxvavebuli sqesis warmomadgeneli.~.<br />
97-e muxlis me-4 nawili Camoyalibdes Semdegi redaqciiT:<br />
`4. partiam/saarCevno blokma maJoritaruli wesiT asarCevad unda waradginos ZiriTadi da<br />
sarezervo maJoritari kandidatebi, imgvarad, rom yovel sam kandidatSi iyos aranakleb erTi<br />
gansxvavebuli sqesis warmomadgeneli, xolo im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac warsadgenia xuTi kandidati,<br />
maT Soris ori unda iyos gansxvavebuli sqesis warmomadgeneli. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac<br />
mravalmandatian saarCevno olqSi warsadgen kandidatTa raodenoba samze naklebia, magram<br />
ZiriTad da sarezervo maJoritarul kandidatebad erTianobaSi warsadegia oTxi kandidati,<br />
warsadgen oTxeulSi unda iyos aranakleb ori gansxvavebuli sqesis warmomadgeneli.~<br />
2 am terminis qarTuli versiis kidev erTi variantia pozitiuri diskriminacia. Cemi azriT,<br />
sityva qmedeba ukeT gamoxatavs am terminis arss, vidre diskriminacia, radgan pozitiuri<br />
qmedeba swored diskriminaciis aRmofxvriskenaa mimarTuli.<br />
19
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
• pozitiuri qmedebis ramdenime forma arsebobs. mkvlevrebi maT 6<br />
jgu fad yo fen. si da ni u si da ha lei (Haley, Sidanius, 2006) aCveneben, rom<br />
res pon den te bi gan sxva ve bul da mo ki de bu le bas av le nen po zi tu ri<br />
qme de bis am eq vsi for mis mi marT, ker Zod ga mo ik ve Ta sa mi qvej gu fi:<br />
• pir veli qvej gu fis for me bi sad mi da mo ki de bu le ba da de bi Ti a:<br />
• garkveuli jgufebis wevrTa ganaTleba maTi kvalifikaciis asamaRleb<br />
lad;<br />
• gan sa kuT re bu li Za lis xme vis da xar jva gar kve ul jgu feb Si kva li ficiuri<br />
kadrebis mosaZieblad;<br />
• meore qvejgufis formebisadmi respondentebi zomier damokidebule<br />
bas av le nen;<br />
• garkveuli jgufis wevrobis gaTvaliswineba erT-erT faqtorad;<br />
• garkveuli jgufis wevrobis faqtorad gamoyeneba Tanabari kvalifika<br />
ci is mqo ne ap li kan teb Tan;<br />
• me sa me qvej gu fis for me bi sad mi yve la ze uar yo fi Ti da mo ki de bu le ba<br />
ga mov lin da;<br />
• kvo te bi, anu gar kve u li jgu fis wev re bi saT vis ad gi le bis da be ve ba;<br />
• garkveuli jgufis naklebad kvalificirebuli wevrisaTvis privilegi<br />
is mi ni We ba.<br />
kvle veb ma aC ve na, rom po zi ti u ri qne de bis mxar da We ra da mo ki de bu lia<br />
politikur orientaciaze — mas liberalebi metad uWeren mxars, vidre<br />
kon ser va to re bi (Si da ni us, Prat to, Bo bo 1996); ra sa ze _ um ci re so be bi (i gulis<br />
xme ba aSS-s um ci re so be bi, la Ti no a me ri ke le bi, azi e le bi da af ro a meri<br />
ke le bi) me tad uWe ren mxars, vid re um rav le so ba _ TeT rka ni a ne bi (Fe deri<br />
co and Si da ni us, 2000, Si da ni us et all., 1996); in di vi u a liz mze _ rac uf ro mxars<br />
uWers individualizms respondenti, miT ufro ewinaaRmdegeba pozitiur<br />
qme de bas (Si da ni us 2000).<br />
gar da ze moT moy va ni li faq to re bi sa, po zi ti u ri dis kri mi na ci i sad mi<br />
da mo ki de bu le ba ze ze moq me debs so ci a lu ri do mi nan to bis ori en ta ci a,<br />
kerZod, maRali socialuri dominantobis mqone adamianebi da aseTebi<br />
ume te sad do mi nan tu ri jgu fis wev re bi ari an, po zi ti ur qme de bas uf ro<br />
miuRebeli formebiT ayalibeben (mag: kvota), xolo daqvemdebarebuli<br />
jgu fe bis wev re bi, rom leb sac ume te sad da ba li so ci a lu ri do mi nan tobis<br />
ori en ta cia aqvT, po zi ti ur qme de bas Se da re biT mi sa Re bi for me biT<br />
(mag: ga naT le ba) aya li be ben.<br />
socialuri dominantobis Teoriis mTavari debulebaa, rom yovel sazogadoebaSi<br />
arsebobs jgufuri ierarqia. TiToeuli ierarqiuli struqtura<br />
sa Ta ve Si mi ni mum erT an mci re ra o de no biT do mi nan tur da he ge mo nur<br />
jgufs da ram de ni me daq vem de ba re bul jgufs mo i cavs. do mi nan tur jgufs<br />
pozitiuri socialuri pozicia aqvs — politikuri avtoriteti da Zala,<br />
cxovrebis saukeTeso pirobebi, maRali socialuri statusi da sxv. daqvem<br />
de ba re bul jgufs yo ve li ve es ar ga aC nia (Si da ni us, Prat to, 1999; ja va xiSvi<br />
li, be ru aS vi li, kldi aS vi li, 2007).<br />
sak vle vi kiTx va Sem de gi a: aris Tu ara gen de ri kav Sir Si po zi ti u ri qme debi<br />
sad mi wi na aR mde go bas Tan? gan xi lul li te ra tu ra Si am kiTx va ze pa su xi<br />
ar Cans, Tu ar Cav TvliT na kos tes da mi si ko le ge bis mo na ce mebs imis Sesa<br />
xeb, rom biz ne sis fa kul te tis stu den te bi uar yo fi Tad ari an gan wyobil<br />
ni qa leb ze mi mar Tu li po zi ti u ri qme de bi sad mi. sa va ra u dod, gen de ri<br />
nam dvi lad iq ne ba faq to ri, ro me lic aZ li e rebs po zi ti u ri qme de bis mo wi-<br />
20
winaaRmdegoba pozitiuri qmedebisadmi: studentebis da<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebis poziciebi<br />
nino javaxiSvili<br />
na aR mde ge Ta re zis ten to bas im mo ti viT, rom qa le bi ar ari an da Cag ru lebi<br />
da maT Ta vad ar surT po li ti ka Si mos vla. Se sa ba mi sad, Cve ni hi po Te za<br />
Sem de gi a: wi na aR mde go ba gen de ru li kvo te bi sad mi uf ro ma Ra li iq ne ba,<br />
vid re zo ga dad kvo te bis sis te mi sad mi.<br />
kvo te bis sis te mi sad mi uar yo fiT da mo ki de bu le bas da so ci a lu ri do minan<br />
to bis ori en ta ci as So ris kav Si ris kvle vi sas, aR moC nda, rom hi po Teza<br />
Sem de gi a: rac uf ro ma Ra lia so ci a lu ri do mi na to bis ori en ta ci a, miT<br />
uf ro wi na aR mde gi iq ne bi an ada mi a ne bi kvo te bis (maT So ris gen de ru lis)<br />
mi marT; xo lo, rac uf ro da ba lia so ci a lu ri do mi nan to bis ori en ta ci a<br />
miT ufro dauWeren mxars kvotebis sistemas.<br />
me To di<br />
gavzome socialuri dominantobis orientacia da damokidebuleba kvotebis<br />
sis te mis, xo lo Sem deg gen de ru li kvo te bis mi marT.<br />
socialuri dominantobis orientacia amave Teoriis avtorebis - sidaniusisa<br />
da pratos mier Seqmnili kiTxvariT gavzome. kvotebisadmi damokide<br />
bu le ba fo kus -jgu fu ri in ter vi us me To diT vik vli e. jgu fe bis mo nawi<br />
le ebs ve kiTx e bo di, ras fiq rob dnen po zi ti ur qme de ba ze, mis cak le ul<br />
formebze, dauWerdnen Tu ara mxars kvotebs saerTod da im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tu es zo ma mi mar Tu li iq ne bo da qa leb ze. fo kus jgu fis mo na wi le e bi Tavi<br />
anT da mo ki de bu le bebs ase ve 7-qu li an ska la ze afiq si reb dnen, sa dac 1<br />
niS nav da mi ni ma lur mxar da We ras, xo lo 7 — maq si ma lurs.<br />
kvle va Ca tar da sul 14 fo kus jguf Si. maT gan, 9 stud ne teb Tan (63 studenti),<br />
xolo 5 arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebTan (35<br />
mo na wi le).<br />
sainteresoa, rom mTel SerCevaSi - sul 98 adamiani, mxolod 15 mamakaci monawileobda,<br />
anu, SerCevis 14.7%. monacemebis damuSavebam aCvena, rom qal<br />
da mamakac monawileTa mosazrebebi erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdeboda.<br />
Se de ge bi:<br />
fo kus jgu fe bi<br />
aR moC nda, rom sa er Tod kvo te bis da ker Zod, gen de ru li kvo te bis mxar da-<br />
We ra gan sxva ve bu li a:<br />
cxri li #1 kvo te bi sa da gen de ru li kvo te bis mxar da We ra fo kus jgu fis<br />
wev re bis mi er<br />
stu den te bi<br />
ara sam Tav ro bo<br />
organizaciebis<br />
war mo mad gen le bi<br />
kvo te bis mxar da We ra Qqa le bi ma ma ka ce bi qa le bi ma ma ka ce bi<br />
sa Su a lo qu la 5.7 5.6 6.3 6.1<br />
stan dar tu li ga dax ra 1.2 0.5 17 0.6<br />
gen de ru li kvo te bi Qqa le bi ma ma ka ce bi qa le bi ma ma ka ce bi<br />
sa Su a lo qu la 4.9 4.8 5.4 5.1<br />
stan dar tu li ga dax ra 1.1 0.6 1.3 0.7<br />
21
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
ori ve fo kus jguf Si ga mov lin da po zi ti u ri qme de bis ro gorc mxar dam-<br />
We ri, ase ve sa wi na aR mde go mo saz re be bi. gan sa kuT re biT un da aRi niS nos<br />
stu den te bis fo kus jgu fe bi, sa dac sa qar Tve lo Si qal Ta po li ti ka Si<br />
nak le bad war mod ge nis prob le mis ga daW ris gzad mo na wi le eb ma Ta vad daasaxeles<br />
kvotebis sistema da ganixiles misi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi.<br />
stu den te bi:<br />
da de bi Ti mxa re e bis aR mwe ri ti pu ri fra za ase Ti iyo:<br />
`kvotebis sistema droebiTi zomaa, es cnobilia. me mas mxars vuWer, mimaCnia,<br />
rom mdgomareobas namdvilad gamoasworebs da meti qali iqneba politi<br />
ka Si, rac gaz rdis de mok ra ti u lo bas~.<br />
kvo te bis sis te mis uar yo fi Ti mxa re e bis am sax ve li ti pu ri fra za ase Ti<br />
iyo:<br />
`mxolod raodenobis gazrda ar aris sakmarisi, radgan bevri qalis mosvla<br />
po li ti ka Si ar niS navs imas, rom isi ni da mo u ki de be li po li ti ko se bi<br />
iq ne bi an da se ri o zul clvi le bas Se i ta nen gad wyve ti le bis mi Re bis proces<br />
Si~.<br />
`par ti is li de re bi Zi ri Ta dad im gvar qa lebs asa xe le ben kan di da te bad,<br />
rom le bic ma Ti mor Ci le bi iq ne bi an da maT Se xe du le bebs ga a ta re ben mxolod<br />
da ara sakuTar, damoukidebel azrs. kvotebis sistemis SemoReba,<br />
savaraudod, gamoiwvevs amgvari qalebis ricxvis zrdas, rac raodenobriv<br />
zrdas niS navs, da ara xa ris xob rivs~. es mo saz re ba eTan xme ba gav rcele<br />
bul ar gu ments kvo te bis sis te mis wi na aR mdeg, ro me lic am bobs, rom<br />
par ti is li de re bi swo red am gva ri me qa ni ku ri ricx vis gaz rdiT Se mo i-<br />
far gle bi an da amiT `or kur dRels~ mok la ven: val sac mo ix di an kvo te bis<br />
wi na Se da Ta vi si mor Ci li kon tin get is ra o de no ba sac gaz rdi an.<br />
ara sam Tav ro bo or ga ni za ci is wev re bi:<br />
`ar maqvs ime di, rom Cve ni wi na da de ba kvo te bis Se sa xeb ga va, rad gan<br />
sa zo ga do e ba, par la men tis sa xiT, mas mxars ar da u Wers, jer ar aris<br />
mzad. mag ram ma inc wa mo viwy eT es ini ci a ti va, ra Ta far To sa zo gado<br />
e bis yu radR e ba mi viq ci oT da de ba te bis sag nad vaq ci oT qal Ta<br />
po li ti ka Si mci red war mod ge nis prob le ma.~<br />
`par la men tSi am gva ri ini ci a ti vis war dge nis pro ce du ra Za li an<br />
rTu li a, jer jgu fi re gis trir de ba, Sem deg un da Se ag ro vo 32000<br />
xel mo we ra, Sem deg es xel mo we re bi un da da a das tu ro no ta ri us Tan.<br />
amas di di dro, ener gia da Tan xe bi Wir de ba, mag ram Cven ga vi a reT<br />
yve la es eta pi qa le bis po li ti ka Si mos vlis uke Te si pi ro be bis Seqmnis<br />
miz niT~<br />
`kvo te bis sis te ma Si ve ra fer sa gan ga Sos ver vxe dav, sa yo vel Ta o-<br />
daa cnobili, rom es droebiTi zomaa disbalansis aRsadgenad. gasage<br />
bi a, rom es xe lov nu ri gza a, mag ram sak ma od na yo fi e ri, msof lio<br />
ga moc di le ba amas aC ve nebs~.<br />
sa wi na aR mde go mo saz re ba:<br />
`kvo te bis sis te mis Se mo Re ba na ad re vi a, sa zo ga do e ba amas ver ga i-<br />
22
winaaRmdegoba pozitiuri qmedebisadmi: studentebis da<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebis poziciebi<br />
nino javaxiSvili<br />
gebs, arc par la men ti da u Wers mxars, miT ume tes, rom ami si ga mocdi<br />
le ba gvaqvs, er Txel uk ve iyo mcde lo ba ram de ni me wlis win da<br />
Ca ag des~.<br />
`miuxedavad imisa, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoeba CvenTan TiTqmis<br />
Ca mo ya lib da, is ma inc ar aris mzad qal Ta sa kiTx is gan xil vi saT vis.<br />
iT vle ba, rom am etap ze sxva uf ro mniS vne lo va ni prob le maa ga dasaW<br />
re li.~<br />
socialuri dominantobis orientacia<br />
ara sam Tav ro bo or ga ni za ci e bis war mo mad gen le bis 97%-s aR mo aCnda<br />
dabali socialuri dominantobis orientacia, xolo studente<br />
bi dan - 65%-s.<br />
socialuri dominantobis orientaciis saSualo monacemebi warmodgenilia<br />
cxril Si:<br />
cxri li #2 socialuri dominantobis orientaciis saSualo qula<br />
stu den te bi<br />
ara sam Tav ro bo<br />
organizaciebis<br />
war mo mad gen le bi<br />
so ci a lu ri<br />
do mi nan to bis<br />
ori en ta ci is<br />
qa le bi ma ma ka ce bi qa le bi ma ma ka ce bi<br />
sa Su a lo qu la 38.7 38.5 21.3<br />
stan dar tu li<br />
ga dax ra<br />
4.34 1.45<br />
socialuri dominantobis orientaciis saSualo qula orive jgufSi daba<br />
lia (ma Ra li qu la iwy e ba 70-dan).<br />
gan xil va<br />
ga mo kiTx ul Ta aS ka ra ume te so bas so ci a lu ri do mi nan to bis ori en ta cia<br />
da ba li aR mo aC nda, es araa ga sak vi ri da em Txve va am kon struq tis av to rebis<br />
da ma Ti ko le ge bis mi er Ca ta re bul kvle vebs msof li os mra val qveya<br />
na Si. ker Zod, ara sam Tav ro bo or ga ni za ci e bis war mo mad gen lebs so ci a-<br />
lu ri do mi nan to bis Te o ri is av to re bi pro fe si a Ta im jgufs - ie rar qi is<br />
Se ma sus te be li — mi a kuT vne ben, ro me lic ada mi an Ta Ta nas wo ro ba ze zrunavs<br />
da Se sa ba mi sad, maT so ci a lu ri do mi nan to bis ori en ta ci ac da ba li<br />
un da hqon deT. (Si da ni us & Prat to, 1999). rac Seexeba studentebs, aq ierarqiis<br />
Se ma sus te be li an ga maZ li e reb li spe ci a lo be bi/ fa kul te te bi ga mo i yo fa,<br />
kerZod, fsiqologia da sociologia calsaxad ierarqiis Semasustebeli<br />
specialobebia, ekonomika da iurisprudencia 1 - ierarqiis gamaZlierebeli.<br />
kvo te bis sis te mi sad mi mxar da We ris sa Su a lo maC ve neb li sak ma od ma Ra-<br />
1 Tumca, Tu iuristi e. w. `daCagruli mosaxleobis~ advokatad imuSavebs, maSin, es ierarqiis<br />
Semasustebeli profesia iqneba.<br />
23
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
lia — 5.9, (maqsimumi SeiZleba 7 yofiliyo), rac aseve mosalodneli iyo,<br />
radgan arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenelebi Tavad ibrZvian<br />
de mok ra ti is dam kvid re bi saT vis. ase ve, stu den te bi iT vle bi an Se da re biT<br />
li be ra lu ri fa se u lo be bis ma ta reb le bad (Si da ni us & Prat to, 1999; Car mi nes &<br />
Mer ri man, 1993).<br />
is faq ti, rom gen de ru li kvo te bi sad mi mxar da We ra nak le bi iyo - sa Su a-<br />
lo maC ve ne be li 5.05, ase ve ar iw vevs gak vir ve bas ga mom di na re Cve ni sa zogadoebis<br />
aSkara maskulinuri xasiaTidan (surmaniZe, 2003; javaxiSvili,<br />
2003; Ja vak his hvi li, Kho me ri ki, 2003) da iqedan, rom zogadad, qalebisadmi mimar<br />
Tul kvo tebs nak le bad uWe ren mxars, vid re mo xu ce bis, an SezR u du li<br />
Se saZ leb lo bis mqo ne pir Ta mi marT (Qu inn et all, 2001; Mur rell et all, 1994; Na cos te,<br />
Hum mels, 1994). ama ve dros, es maC ve ne be li sak ma ri sad ma Ra lia da isev studen<br />
te bi sa da ara sam Tav ro bo or ga ni za ci e bis war mo mad gen le bis de mok ratiulobiT<br />
SeiZleba aixsnas.<br />
rac uf ro da ba lia so ci a lu ri do mi nan to bis ori en ta ci a, miT uf ro uWeren<br />
mxars kvo te bis sis te mas (po zi ti ur qme de bas), xo lo rac uf ro ma Ralia<br />
socialuri dominantobis orientacia, miT ufro ewinaaRmdegebian<br />
kvo te bis sis te mas. igi ve Se iZ le ba iT qvas gen de rul kvo teb ze. da das turda<br />
ag reT ve hi po Te zac, rom wi na aR mde go ba gen de ru li kvo te bi sad mi ufro<br />
ma Ra li a, vid re, zo ga dad, kvo te bi sad mi.<br />
24
mfcj!qpmjujlbTj<br />
lela gafrindaSvili
ariergardSi Tu avangardSi –<br />
qalebis arCevani<br />
Llela gafrindaSvili (1967) kavSiris `qalebis<br />
iniciativa <strong>Tanasworobis</strong>aTvis~<br />
Tavmjdomare da iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
Tbilisis saxelwofo universitetis<br />
profesori (sociologiis mimarTuleba).<br />
misi akademiuri da sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba<br />
dakavSirebulia <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> qal-<br />
Ta kulturis, qalTa moZraobis istoriis<br />
kvlevasTan, <strong>genderuli</strong>/qalTa/feministuri<br />
kvlevis da ganaTlebis xelSewyobas-<br />
Tan. Aaris am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
mravali kvlevis da publikaciis avtori.
ariergardSi Tu avangardSi – qalebis arCevani<br />
lela gafrindaSvili<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>genderuli</strong> Tanasworobaze refleqsia<br />
moiTxovs gaviazroT am sakiTxis mTeli istoria, rac gulisxmobs pasuxs<br />
kiTxvaze: aqvs Tu ara <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> ideas sakuTriv qarTuli saTave? Dda<br />
Tu sawyisi wertili arsebobs, maSin rogor ukavSirdeba igi dRevandelobas?<br />
mxolod aseTi samuSaos Sesruleba mogvcems saSualebas racionalurad<br />
SevafasoT qalTa moZraobis postsabWoTa gamocdileba da gaviazroT samomavlo<br />
perspeqtiva.<br />
XIX saukunis <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> qalebma SeZles gadaelaxaT feodalur-partiarqaluri<br />
Sexedulebebi da moepovebinaT TavianTi adgili sazogadoebaSi.<br />
maTi Zalisxmeva erT-erTi mZlavri nakadi iyo rusifikaciis sawinaaRmdego<br />
moZraobaSi, romelic saganmanaTleblo kampaniis saxiT gaformda. 1879 wels<br />
Camoyalibebuli `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~<br />
gaxda qalebis, rogorc socialuri jgufis, Camoyalibebis provokatori.<br />
swored am jgufis mecadineobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda gogonebisTvis<br />
ganaTlebis uflebis mopoveba, ramac niadagi moamzada maTi ekonomikuri<br />
damoukudeblobisaTvis. TiTqmis yvela mazraSi gaCnda qalTa SemoqmedebiTi,<br />
sazogadoebrivi da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi. amis paralelurad<br />
gamoica qarTvel mweral qalTa nawarmoebebi, maT mier naTargmni, ucxouri<br />
literatura da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, daiwyo sazogadoebrivi diskusia<br />
<strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sakiTxebze.<br />
70-iani wlebidan moyolebuli saukunis dasasrulamde ar arsebobda<br />
perioduli gamocema, romelSic weliwadSi erTxel mainc ar gamarTuliyo<br />
polemika `dedaTa kiTxvaze~. am polemikas Sedegad mohqonda qalis<br />
rolisa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb tradiciuli Sexedulebebis gadasinjva,<br />
<strong>Tanasworobis</strong> ideis evropuli istoriis gacnoba da qalTa jgufebs Soris<br />
solidarobis gaZliereba.<br />
meoce saukunis dasawyiss da social-demokratiis ideis gamoCenas ukav-<br />
Sirdeba qalTa moZraobis meore talRa, romlis samizned socialuri samar-<br />
Tlianobis da <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> ideebi iqca. yvelaze aqtualuri gaxda qalis<br />
samoqalaqo uflebebi: arCevnebSi monawoleobis ufleba: iTargmna avgust<br />
bebelis `qali da socializmi~, `amomrCeveli qali~, gaCndnen qarTveli<br />
sufraJistebi da maTi gaerTianebebi: `qalTa <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> saqarTvelos<br />
kavSiris `qarTvel qalTa sazogadoeba~, `kavkasiel qalTa sazogadoeba~. am<br />
moZraobas SeuerTda pirveli talRis monawile qalTa didi nawili.<br />
1918 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo arCevnebisTvis emzadeboda. yvela<br />
partia Tavis kandidatebs asaxelebda. social-demokratebis Sekrebaze,<br />
roca nino tyeSelaSvilma kandidatebs Soris vercerTi qali ver<br />
aRmoaCina, sityva moiTxova:<br />
`me mWermetyveli ara var, sazogadoebaSi laparaks gavurbivar. warsulma,<br />
qalis fexSekrulma cxovrebam qali daamunja, magram Tqven axla iseTi<br />
usamarTlobis winaSe dagvayeneT, rom qvac enas amoidgams. qali ojaxs<br />
uvlis, Svilebs uzrdis qveyanas, sazogadoebas emsaxureba, riTac da rogorc<br />
SeuZlia, cota gvyvandnen revolucioneri qalebi? Tqven 20 kacSi<br />
27
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
erTi qalic ver amogirCeviaT..~. gamosvlis bolos, ninom partias 5 kandidati<br />
qali SesTavaza, magram amaod. Ggawbilebulma oratorma da misma<br />
Tanamoazreebma (k. miqelaZe, a. RviniaSvili, a. xaxutaSvili, d. gelovani, b.<br />
xositaSvili) protestis niSnad, demonstraciulad datoves kreba.<br />
qalebis samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis mopovebisaTvis gaSlilma<br />
moZraobam mainc gamoiRo Sedegi. 1919 wlis TebervalSi Catarebuli<br />
sayovelTao arCevnebis Sedegad, damfuZnebeli krebis wevri gaxda 130<br />
deputati, maT Soris iyo 4 (3%) qalic: e. ColoyaSvili. Ee. maxvilaZe, a.<br />
soloraSvili. q. SaraSiZe. (26 adgiliani kvota ganisazRvra erovnuli umciresobebis<br />
warmomadgenelTaTvis!) 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis konstituciaSi<br />
ki Caiwera:<br />
`orive sqesis moqalaqe Tanasworia rogorc politikur, ise samoqalaqo,<br />
ekonomikur da saojaxo uflebiT~ (moxli 39).<br />
magram qalebi xedavdnen, rom <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> konstituciuri garantia da<br />
realoba Zalian gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan. `demokratiis~ rogorc<br />
Rirebulebis gaufasurebas eZRvneba maT mier am periodSi dawerili<br />
uamravi publicisturi werili. maT Soris Zalian mniSvnelovania dramaturgi<br />
qalis, natalia azianis, werili: `interviu qalbaton demokratias-<br />
Tan~. sayovelTao qaosiT da usamarTlobiT gabezrebuli natalia gadawyvets<br />
qalbatoni demokratiis monaxulebas da aRmoaCens, rom nacvlad<br />
mdidruli apartamentebisa, igi bnel sardafSi cxovrobs. SimSilisa da<br />
sicivisagan datanjuli demokratia uambobs Tavis stumars misi tanjuli<br />
bedis Sesaxeb: rogor miaTxoves jer ruseTis imperiis moxeles, Semdeg –<br />
menSeviks da rogor uRalata orive qmarma:<br />
` ...ubedudureba is aris, rom mesameT mipireben gaTxovebas. Aar vici, viRac<br />
bolSeviki gamoCenila, exla is mearSiyeba, did bednierebas mpirdeba, magram<br />
ra vqna, rogor gavbedo?...~<br />
Tavzardacemuli natalia gulwrfelad urCevs qalbaton demokratias – aRaravis<br />
aRar misTxovdes, radgan aucileblad giRalatebeno.<br />
bolSevikebis mmarTvelobam, sabWoTa reJimma ideologiur saburvelSi<br />
gaaxvia <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> idea. magram bevrisTvis maSinac naTeli iyo, rom am<br />
kriminalur wyobas mxolod `rabotnica-kolxoznicebi~ da `komsomolka-komunistkebi~<br />
ainteresebda da ara – kritikulad moazrovne qalebi.<br />
swored amitom gausworda igi sazogadoebis yvelaze niWier, Semoqmed da<br />
progresul nawils, romelTa Soris bevri iyo qali.<br />
postsabWoTa periodis <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> qalTa sazogadoebrivi aqtiurobis<br />
dasaxasiaTeblad, aucilebelia arasamTavrobo seqtoris, samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis tendenciebs gadavxedoT. 1992 wlidan dRemde<br />
9000-ze meti arasamTavrobo organizacia registrirebuli, romelTaganac,<br />
cxadia, mxolod 10-20 procentia aqtiuri. maT ricxvSi daaxloebiT<br />
40% orientirebulia iseT problemebze, romlebic qalTa sakiTxebs<br />
nawilobriv an srulad faravs. organizaciaTa liderTagan 25%-s qalebi<br />
Seadgenen.<br />
qalTa politikuri liderobis ideis realizaciis mTavar instruments war-<br />
28
ariergardSi Tu avangardSi – qalebis arCevani<br />
lela gafrindaSvili<br />
moadgens gaeros `qalis mimarT Zaladobis yvela formis aRmofxvris konvencia~,<br />
romelsac saqarTvelo 1994 wels miuerTda.<br />
1999 wlidan qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebma daiwyes konvenciis<br />
erT-erTi fundamenturi sakiTxis `kvotirebis ideis~ lobireba. 2001-2003<br />
wlebSi saqarTvelos parlamentSi 4 aseTi iniciativa Sevida. zogi maTgani<br />
interfraqciul jgufSive Cavarda, zogi ki – saparlamento mosmenebisas.<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> qalis politikuri monawileobis suraTi<br />
zustad imeorebs saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis logikas: qalebis warmomadgenloba<br />
yvelaze maRalia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi,<br />
Semdeg modis – sakanonmdeblo organo da bolos – aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisufleba.<br />
`vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg, xelisuflebis yvela doneze, qalebis raodenobis<br />
mkveTri kleba SeiniSneba.<br />
sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalebis monawileobis dinamika kargad Cans Semdeg<br />
monacemebSi:<br />
weli<br />
sakanonmdeblo<br />
organo<br />
deputatTa<br />
saerTo<br />
raodenoba<br />
deputat<br />
qalTa<br />
raodenoba<br />
deputat<br />
qalTa<br />
raodenoba<br />
%-ulad<br />
damfuZnebeli<br />
1919<br />
130 4 3%<br />
kreba<br />
1990 uzenaesi sabWo 250 18 (7.2%)<br />
1992 parlamenti 222 14 6.3 %<br />
1995 parlamenti 250 16 6.4 %<br />
1999 parlamenti 235 17 7.2 %<br />
2003 parlamenti 217 22 9.7 % %<br />
2008 parlamenti 150 8 5.3%<br />
mTavari kiTxva, romelic qalTa moZraobis warmomadgenlebisaTvis<br />
dRemde aqtualuria, aris garkveva imisa, Tu ras irCevs Tanamedrove<br />
saqarTvelos moqalaqe qali: iSromos da imoRvaweos ariergardSi Tu demokratiuli<br />
gardaqmnebis nakads saTaveSi moeqces da misi avangardi gaxdes?<br />
ra aris maTi arCevanis mizezi?<br />
qalis politikuri monawileobis da <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> ideaTa realizaciis<br />
procesSi aseve lobirebisas, umniSvnelovanesia qalTa jgufebs Soris<br />
solidaroba. pirveli da meore talRis qalTa moZraobas <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
es problema hqonda, magram misma nawilma gaerTianeba SeZlo da mxolod<br />
maSin miaRwia warmatebas. Tumca, jer kidev 1918 wels, kato miqelaZe ekaterine<br />
gabaSvils swerda:<br />
`veraviTari zemodan boZebuli ufleba Cven ver gvixsnis, Tu TviT qalebi<br />
ar movindomebT Cveni adamianuri pirovnebis aRdgenas. gadaxedeT Cvens<br />
ubadruk cxovrebas, Tu ra cota sWirdebaT mamakacebs saxelisa da avtoritetis<br />
mosapoveblad da ra didi Sroma da tanjva – qalebs, rom ubralo<br />
29
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
yuradReba miiqcion. Cven unda SevqmnaT atmosfera qalTa Semoqmedur<br />
ZalTa da aqtiurobis asaRorZineblad da es moxdeba maSin, roca qalebi<br />
daiswavlian sakuTari Tavisa da urTierT pativiscemas, romelsac miscems<br />
maT sazogadoebrivi cxovreba. is, vinc dRes iZaxis `sworuflebianni<br />
varT~-o , mas arasodes ganucdia sulieri tanjva Tavisi uuflebo mdgomareobis<br />
gamo.. Cven unda SevqmnaT namdvili sulieri kavSiri, rom aravi-<br />
Tarma winaaRmdegobam ar SegvaSinos da ar gagvacalkeos. saWiro ar aris<br />
simravle ricxvisa. Zala erTobaSia da ara – ricxvSi...~<br />
2009 wlis dasawyisidan, xelisufleba `demokratiis meore talRaSi~<br />
CasarTvelad gvixmobs. qarTuli qalTa moZraobis mesame talRas ki jerjerobiT<br />
ar moufiqrebia idea an ideebi, romelTa garSemo gaerTianebas<br />
SeZlebs. cxadia, dRes 19-20-e saukunis realobisgan gansxvavebuli realobaa,<br />
magram qalTa problemebis simravle gvaiZulebs davfiqrdeT<br />
sakiTxze, romelic am problemaTagan umTavresia.<br />
30
mfcj!qpmjujlbTj<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili
~mTavaria profesionalizmi<br />
da ara sqesi?~<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili (1969) `qalTa<br />
iniciativebis mxardam-<br />
Weri jgufis~ aRmasrulebeli<br />
direqtori. genderis specialisti.<br />
upiratesad muSaobs genderisa<br />
da seqsualobis Temebze,<br />
2006 wlidan aris pirveli<br />
lgbt Jurnal`me~-s redaqtori.<br />
2000 wlidan muSaobs mediakvlevebze.
~mTavaria profesionalizmi da ara sqesi?~<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili<br />
qarTulenovani media yovelTvis iCenda met-nakleb yuradRebas calkeuli<br />
politikosi qalebis mimarT (calke sakiTxia, Tu rogor xdeboda<br />
politikaSi monawile subieqtebis <strong>genderuli</strong> markireba). Tumca, iseTi<br />
sakiTxebiT, rogoricaa qalTa politikuri monawileobis dabali<br />
done qveyanaSi, misi gamomwvevi mizezebi Tu problemis gadaWris gzebi,<br />
naklebad interesdeboda. am TvalsazrisiT, 2008 wlis winasaarCevno<br />
maraToni imiTac iyo mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac mediaSi kanti-kuntad,<br />
Tumca mainc daiwyo saubrebi zogadad qalTa politikuri aqtivobis<br />
mniSvnelovanebasa da saWiroebaze. qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis<br />
politikur partiebTan mravalwliani muSaobis garda, am sakiTxiT mediis<br />
dainteresebas da sajaro diskusebis provocirebas amjerad xeli qar-<br />
Tul politikaSi gamoCenilma axalma politikurma subieqtma ~qalTa partiamac~<br />
Seuwyo.<br />
winasaarCevno mediis mimoxilvamde, suraTis ukeT warmosaCenad statistikas<br />
moviSvelieb. 2008 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi monawile 12<br />
partiidan da blokidan xuTprocentiani barieris gadalaxva mxolod<br />
4 saarCevno subieqtma SeZlo. Tu winasaarCevno partiul siebSi qalebi<br />
saerTo raodenobis 28 procentiT iyvnen warmodgenilebi, kidev ufro<br />
TvalSisacemi iyo <strong>genderuli</strong> disbalansi maJoritar kandidatTa Soris<br />
_ 12%. centraluri saarCevno komisiis mier 4 ivliss gamoqveynebuli<br />
saboloo Sedegebis mixedviT, 150-kacian parlamentSi sul 9 qalia (6%).<br />
maT Soris 8 proporciuli wesiTaa arCeuli, 1 ki maJoritaruli siiT<br />
gavida. qveynisaTvis, sadac mosaxleobis 53 procents qalebi Seadgenen,<br />
amgvari Tanafardoba sakmaod araadekvaturia. Tu wina saparlamento<br />
arCevnebis Sedegebs gadavavlebT Tvals, movlenaTa ganviTarebis dinamika<br />
naklebad iZleva optimizmis safuZvels (1992 w – 5%, 1995 – 5.8%,<br />
1999 – 6.8%, 2004 – 9,3%).<br />
mizezebi, romlebic negatiur gavlenas axdens qalebis aqtiur CarTvaze<br />
politikur procesebSi, sxvadasxvaa – saarCevno kanonmdeblobidan<br />
dawyebuli, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli tradiciuli <strong>genderuli</strong> stereotipebiT<br />
damTavrebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis umravlesoba<br />
`qarTveli qalis gansakuTrebul rolsa da adgilze~ saubrisas sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi, politikur aqtivobas rom namdvilad ar gulisxmobs,<br />
es am statistikidanac kargad Cans.<br />
partiaSi qalebis ricxviT jerjerobiT `saqarTvelos respulikur partia~<br />
da `leiboristuli (Sromis)~ partia lideroben. Tumca, qalTa politikuri<br />
aqtivobis gazrdis aucileblobaze dRes yvela politikuri Zala<br />
Tanxmdeba. rac Seexeba misaRwev strategiebs, amaze umetesobas sakmaod<br />
bundovani warmodgena aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT, erTaderTi, rac maT aer-<br />
TianebT, genderul kvotebis SemoRebis mimarT kritikuli damokidebulebaa.<br />
`qalTa partiis~ garda, politikuri speqtris arc erTi warmomadgeneli<br />
misaRebad ar Tvlis kvotirebis princips rogorc <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
disbalansis daZlevis erT-erT saSualebas. kvotirebis mowinaaRmdegeTa<br />
mTavari argumenti parlamentSi araprofesionali kadrebis Sedinebis<br />
saSiSroebaa. profesionalebs moZebna da waxaliseba sWirdebaT, ara-<br />
33
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
profesionalebs _ momzadeba, am yvelafers ki politikuri neba da Zalauflebis<br />
gadanawilebis realuri survili. ise ki, profesionalurobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, Cveni parlamentis Semadgenlobas Tu gadavxedavT,<br />
amgvari SiSi cota gazvidebuli meCveneba.<br />
specialuri meqanizmebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, situaciis Secvla mniSvnelovanwilad<br />
damokidebulia calkeuli politikuri partiebis xelmZ-<br />
Rvanelobis keTil nebaze, romelTa umetesobac daaxloebiT amgvarad<br />
afasebs qalTa politikuri gaaqtiurebis xelSesawyobad specialuri<br />
meqanizmebis SemuSaveba-amoqmedebas:<br />
`politika avtobusi ar aris da qalisTvis adgilis daTmoba ar Rirs.<br />
qalma sakuTari adgili Tavad unda moipovos. rogorc ki vityviT, qalebs<br />
adgili unda davuTmoT, es ukve Seuracxyofaa. es ukve niSnavs,<br />
rom raRaciT arasrulfasovania qali da Tu adgili ar dauTme, ise Tavisas<br />
ver miaRwevs. es rom araswori warmodgenaa, gviCvenebs rogorc<br />
msoflio istoria da ise _ saqarTvelos warsulic. ubralod, dro<br />
unda imas, rom qalma Tavis TavSi igrZnos is Tavdajerebuloba, romelic<br />
politikur moRvaweobas sWirdeba~. _ ramaz sayvareliZe.<br />
cxadia, amgvari midgoma Tavidanve ugulvebelyofs im araTanabar winasastarto<br />
pirobebs, romelSic qalebi da kacebi imyofebian: mag. politikuri<br />
socializaciis procesSi arsebuli <strong>genderuli</strong> gansxvavebebi,<br />
romelic Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs qalis politikaSi mosvlis dabal<br />
motivacias; rogorc materialuri, ise aramaterialuri resursebis<br />
araTanabari xelmisawvdomoba qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis, rac zRudavs<br />
qali politikosebis SesaZleblobebs; Sidapartiuli diskriminaciuli<br />
damokidebuleba, romlis wyalobiTac qalebi naklebad arian<br />
warmodgenilebi sapasuxismgeblo postebze da rogorc wesi, partiuli<br />
siis boloSi arian moqceulebi; sazogadoebaSi arsebuli stereotipebi,<br />
romelic gavlenas axdens amomrCevlis gadawyvetilebaze Tanabari pirobebis<br />
SemTxvevaSic ki arCevani mamakaci politikosis sasargeblod gaake-<br />
Tos da a.S.<br />
SedarebiT aqtiuri politikosi qalebi, romlebic, erTi mxriv, akrZalul<br />
sajaro sivrceSi iWrebian da imavdroulad, cdiloben SeinarCunon<br />
patriarqaluri kulturisaTvis misaRebi imiji (raTa ar dakargon<br />
qaluroba), politikuri ambiciebis gasamarTleblad sakuTar aqtivobas<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis socialurad daucvel fenebze zrunvis moTxovnilebiT<br />
xsnian. iziareben ra gavrcelebul Teziss, rom qaluri politika socialuradaa<br />
orientirebuli da es daadastura msoflio gamocdilebam,<br />
am tipis politikosebi cdiloben Seesabamebodnen tradiciul molodinebs<br />
da ar iTxoven imaze met Zalauflebas, vidre amis saSualebas <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
sistema aZlevs. am tipis politikosi qalebi, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba<br />
orientirebulni iyvnen problemebis gadaWraze, romelic gavlenas<br />
moaxdens qalebis mdgomareobaze, magram, imavdroulad, rogorc wesi,<br />
naklebad cdiloben Secvalon tradiciuli midgomebi qalTa sakiTxisadmi.<br />
maTi saarCevno politika mSvidia da gawonasworebuli, raTa ar<br />
gaaRizianon mamakaci amomrCevlebi. maT ritorikaSi sakmaod xSirad gvx-<br />
34
~mTavaria profesionalizmi da ara sqesi?~<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili<br />
vdeba sityvaTSeTanxmebebi: qali-deda, qali-erTguli meuRle, mzrunveli<br />
diasaxlisi da a.S.<br />
`qveynisaTvis rTul periodSi qarTvelma qalebma sakuTar mxrebze itvirTes<br />
mZime funqcia. Tavis droze mec amitom momiwia biznesSi CarTva<br />
da moxaruli var, rom qalebis es keTilSobiluri aqtivoba fasdeba.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> jer kidev uamrav adamians uWirs da es yvelaze zustad<br />
qalebma viciT. qali xom deda da meuRlea...<br />
... iq sakuTari Tavis warmosaCenad da salaparakod misvlas ar vapireb...<br />
konstruqciul, saqmian parlamentSi Cemi Tavi warmomidgenia dedafutkris<br />
mdgomareobaSi.~<br />
rusudan kervaliSvili. kviris qronika, #16, 21-27 aprili.<br />
qali politikosis kidev erTi imiji, genderulad neitralur pozicias<br />
gulisxmobs. am tipis qali politikosebi aqcents profesionalizmze<br />
akeTeben da rogorc wesi, an Tavs arideben qalTa problemebis calke<br />
sakiTxad gamoyofas da masze saubars, an meorexarisxovnad Tvlian („ara<br />
mgonia, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> es sakiTxi mwvaved idges, Tumca, udavod, arsebobs.`<br />
nino burjanaZe). vinaidan qalis politikuri monawileoba, es ufro<br />
metad gamonaklisia, vidre wesi, amitom maTi magaliTi ar gamodgeba sxva<br />
qalebis cxovrebiseuli TviTrealizaciisaTvis.<br />
profesional politikos qalTa am tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia imis mtkiceba,<br />
rom qalisaTvis profesiuli politikuri kariera aratipiuria.<br />
imisaTvis, rom xazi gausvavn sakuTar gansakuTrebulobasa da rols,<br />
isini aucileblad Tvlian amtkicon stereotipuli <strong>genderuli</strong> normebis<br />
uryevoba sxva danarCeni qalebisaTvis („mimaCnia, rom qali <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
isedac privilegirebul mdgomareobaSia, xolo, Tu is diasaxlisia, sulac<br />
ar niSnavs, rom daCagrulia. ver vityvi, romelia ukeTesi, ojaxi Tu<br />
politika - maT Soris ukeTesi an uaresi ar arsebobs`. fiqria CixraZe).<br />
sakiTxis mimarT genderulad neitraluri midgoma aqvs Tina xidaSelsac.<br />
arsebuli rTuli struqturuli Tu situaciuri barierebis daZlevis<br />
mTavar strategiad is maRal profesionalizmsa da politikuri mokav-<br />
Sirebis Ziebis gzas miiCnevs da ewinaaRmdegeba kvotirebis sistemis SemoRebis<br />
saWiroebas. Tumca, sxva `profesionali~ qali politikosebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, Tavs ar aridebs am sakiTxebze sakuTari poziciis Riad<br />
dafiqsirebasa da argumentirebas.<br />
`im qalebma, romlebic ukve arian politikaSi, biznesSi, mediaSi... unda<br />
gaaCinon motivacia, rom mTavaria profesionalizmi da ara sqesi...<br />
politikaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, qali xar Tu kaci. pirvel rigSi mniSvnelovania<br />
profesionalizmi, codna, gamocdileba, principuloba.<br />
mTavari is ki araa parlamentSi vin iqnebian, qalebi Tu kacebi, aramed -<br />
goniereba, wesiereba... qalebis sasargeblod erTaderTi ram SemiZlia<br />
vTqva, rom qalebi ufro met pasuxismgeblobas grZnoben xolme, rogorc<br />
wesi...~<br />
(Tina xidaSeli. Toq-Sou `tabu~. 07.05.08)<br />
35
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
saerTo isteriam, romlis fonzec bolo saparlamento arCevnebSi<br />
monawile subieqtebis mTavari strategiad amomrCevlebisaTvis sxvaze<br />
metad `prouflisturobis~ mtkiceba iqca, qali-politikosis kidev erTi<br />
imijis Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. moinanie codvili, romelic aRiarebs saku-<br />
Tari qcevis Seusabamobas eklesiis SexedulebasTan qalis rolisa da adgilis<br />
Sesaxeb sazogadoebaSi:<br />
~minda Tqveni pirveli kiTxviT daviwyo: qali politikaSi ufro uke-<br />
Tesi arCevania Tu mamakaci politikaSi. Tema Tavisi SinaarsiaTa da<br />
specifikiT cota saxifaToc ki SeiZleb iyos winasaarCevno period-<br />
Si, imitom rom Cveni poziciis gamo, SeiZleba mamakaci amomrCeveli<br />
dagvakargvinos, magram mainc gavbedoT da vTqvaT, rasac vfiqrobT...<br />
dasawyisSive minda vTqva, rom me, rogorc erTi TqvenTagani, marTlmadidebeli<br />
aRmsarebeli upirobod viReb formulas, frazasa da mtkicebulebas,<br />
rom kaci aris Tavi da qali mas unda morCilebdes, es mec<br />
ki, qals, romelsac miaCnia, rom yovelTvis viyavi damoukidebeli, aqtiuri<br />
da a.S. upirobod viReb am frazas da am ganmartebas~.<br />
eka beselia. gadacema `tabu~. 07.05.08<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili imijis matarebeli qali politikosebi, imisda miuxedavad,<br />
aRiareben Tu uaryofen sakuTar gansxvavebuloba, uars amboben<br />
qalebis, rogorc specifiuri jgufis interesebis gamoyofaze. cxadia,<br />
maTi politikuri karierisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania ara jgufuri, aramed<br />
zogadsamoqalaqo interesebi.<br />
~qalebi zogadad politikaSi da, miT umetes, maRali rangis Tanamdebobebze<br />
faqtiurad ar arian. an Tu arian, ZiriTadad iseTebi, romlebic<br />
Tavad Cven, qalebs ar mogvwons da romlebic qaluri solidarobis<br />
principiT ar moqmedeben anu ar TamaSoben `qaluri TamaSebiT~. gamodis,<br />
rom qali absoluturad gamoTiSulia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisgan<br />
maSin, roca yvela sxva doneze qali gadamwyvet rols asrulebs.~<br />
lia muxaSavria. sainformacio biuleteni ~qali da politika~.<br />
marti.2008<br />
~qalTa partia~, romelic swored arCevnebiswina periodSi Seiqmna,<br />
jerjerobiT erTaderTi politikuri Zalaa, romelic zemoaRniSnuli<br />
strategiebis sapirispirod aqcents swored gansxvavebulobaze akeTebs<br />
da <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> politikuri sivrcis Tvisobrivi cvlilebis aucileblobaze<br />
saubrobs.<br />
~nakvlevia rom Tu qali da mamakaci politikosebi gansxvavdebian<br />
maTi ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis mixedviT, politikis prioritetebis<br />
da sakanonmdeblo stilis mixedviT, aseT SemTxvevaSi Tu parlamenti<br />
gadadis arabalansirebulidan titulirovan jgufisken an dabalansebulisken,<br />
adgili eqneba transformacias institucionalur kulturaSi,<br />
politikur diskursSi da politikur dRis wesrigSi~. (guguli<br />
maRraZis sityva qalTa partiis damfuZnebel yrilobaze)<br />
~qalTa partiis~ Seqmnas araerTgavarovani gamoxmaureba mohyva. umetesoba<br />
daaxloebiT iseTive Sinaarsis iyo, rogorc b-ni ramaz sayvareliZis<br />
36
~mTavaria profesionalizmi da ara sqesi?~<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili<br />
SeniSvna imis Taobaze, rom ~qalebs politika da avtobusi erTmaneTSi<br />
erevaT~, mcire nawili - qedmaRlur-Semwynarebluri:<br />
`guguli maRraZes rac Seexeba, igi Cveni partiis wevri iyo da didi xania<br />
vicnob.... axla `qalTa partia~ daafuZna, rac Cemi azriT, misaRebi da<br />
momxiblavi idea iyo. Tvals Tu gadavavlebT maT wevrebs, darwmundebiT,<br />
rom am adamianebs qveynisaTvis bevri sikeTis motana SeuZliaT, magali-<br />
Tad advokat lia muxaSavrias... `qalTa partiis~ wevrebi roca aq modian,<br />
gancvifrebuli var maTi aqtiurobiTa da sazogadoebrivi azrovnebiT.~<br />
akaki asaTiani.<br />
qarTuli politikuri speqtrisaTvis amgvari paradoqsebi namdvilad<br />
araa ucxo xili, Tumca, dameTanxmebiT, iseTi mravlismnaxveli politikuri<br />
figuris gancvifreba da moxibvla `aqtiurobiTa da sazogadoebrivi<br />
azrovnebiT~, romelic kondoliza raizs `im Sav qalad~ moixseniebs, arc-<br />
Tu ise advili saqmea. miT umetes, politikur aliansSi Sesvla da maTTan<br />
erTad blokis Camoyalibeba.<br />
arCevnebamde ori kviriT adre, gadacema `tabum~ calke gadacema miuZRvna<br />
qalTa politikur monawileobas . kiTxvebs, romelic gadacemaSi daisva -<br />
arian Tu ara qalebi saWiro raodnobiT warmodgenili parlamentSi; Tu<br />
ara, ra aris imisTvis saWiro, rom gaizardos qalTa monawileoba politikaSi<br />
da ra SeiZleba Secvalos qalis mosvlam politikaSi - winasaarCevno<br />
maraTonSi Cabmuli qali kandidatebi pasuxobdnen.<br />
mowveuli stumrebidan rusudan mkervaliSvili erTaderTi aRmoCnda,<br />
romelic saerTod uaryofs <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> qalTa politikuri monawileobis<br />
problemis arsebobas:<br />
`me saerTod ver daveTanxmebi imas, rom qali aris raime disbalansSi<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>. ver warmomidgenia... saqarTvelo is qveyanaa sadac lekvi<br />
lomisa sworia da ese iyo es yovelTvis... im qveyanaSi, sadac qeTevan<br />
wamebulis kultia, sadac wminda nino aris ganmanaTlebeli qveynis.<br />
erTaderTi qveyanaa, sadac qalisagan miiRes ganmanaTlebloba... qveyanaSi,<br />
sada Tamar-mefe marTavda qveyanas...~<br />
gadacemis monawile qali kandidatebisaTvis guguli maRraZis gamoklebiT,<br />
aseve miuReblad miaCniaT kvotebis SemoReba. kvotirebis saWiroebasa<br />
da aucileblobis argumentireba kritkiuli masis TeoriiT da misi<br />
gamyareba skandinaviuri qveynebis gamocdilebiT, rogorc Cans, arasakmarisad<br />
miiCneva Cvens realobaSi.<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT aqtiuri politikosi qalebis damokidebulebas qalTa<br />
sakiTxebisadmi, iseTi patriarqaluri Rirebulebebis mqone qveyanaSi,<br />
rogorc saqarTveloa, sakiTxis marginalizacias didxans ver davaRwevT<br />
Tavs. qalTa uflebebze momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebis<br />
simravlis miuxedavad ki, Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qalTa moZraobis<br />
samoqalaqo aqtivobis xarisxi mTlianobaSi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, aradamakmayofilebelia.<br />
rogorc erT-erTi qalTa organizaciis warmomadgenelisa<br />
da feministisaTvis, am problemasa da misi daZlevis gzebze<br />
37
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
saubari Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> qalTa moZraobis<br />
susti ganviTareba praqtikulad gamoricxavs ara mxolod politikosi qalebis<br />
rekrutirebas sazogadoebrivi aqtivizmidan, aramed, qalTa uflebebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli problemebis artikulirebis SesaZleblobasac sajaro<br />
sivrceSi.<br />
38
mUBb!spmj!<br />
lpogmjrufcjt!ebsfhvmjsfcbTj<br />
nino cixisTavi
a aris qalTa roli konfliqtebisa da<br />
omis Semdgom periodSi<br />
Tu vsaubrobT qalTa usafrTxoebaze<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>?<br />
nino cixisTavi (1966)<br />
arasamTavrobo organizacia `kavkasiis<br />
qalTa qselis~ damfuZnebeli, Tavmjdomare,<br />
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sakiTxTa<br />
eqsperti, qalTa globaluri fondis<br />
mrCeveli <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>.<br />
gamoqveynebuli Sromebidan aRsaniSnavia<br />
– qalTa problemebis profilireba <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
2002, ojaxuri Zaladobis mravalkomponentiani<br />
kvleva <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
2005, <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
instituciuri meqanizmebi, saxelmwifo<br />
politikisa da moqmedebaTa gegmis<br />
proeqti <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> 2006, <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
<strong>Tanasworobis</strong> mdgomareobis angariSi<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> 2009.
a aris qalTa roli konfliqtebisa da omis Semdgom periodSi<br />
Tu vsaubrobT qalTa usafrTxoebaze <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>?<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> didi xania saubroben qalebze, maT mdgomareobaze, gamocdilebasa<br />
da saqmianobis Sedegebze. xSirad svamen SekiTxvas, aris Tu ara<br />
gamokveTili qalTa roli konfliqtebSi, maT Semdgom periodSi, samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebaSi, Tu aris, ra feria, rogori forma aqvs; zogi apirebs<br />
gemo gausinjos, zogi ki cdilobs, perioduloba mianiWos – rodisaa<br />
saWiro da rodis _ ara. zogi Tvlis, rom is – qali Tavisi socialuri da<br />
politikuri roliT, SeiZleba, kidevac arsebobdes, magram daSlil-dacalkevebulia<br />
da solidaroba ar arsebobs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, qalTa aqtioba<br />
angariSgasawevi Zala cota Tu vinmes hgonia.<br />
msgavsi gansjebis Sedegad xandaxan iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom es<br />
Cveni roli erTjeradi moxmarebis sagania, romelsac viRacis saWiroebis<br />
mixedviT ujridan amoiReb, moixmar da mere SegiZlia, gadaagdo.<br />
diax, xSirad Cvensken iSveren xels da amboben, rom Cven, qalebi, solidarulni<br />
ara varT, da pirvel rigSi, erTmaneTis mimarT.<br />
Tumca, Cveni miznebis erTgulni vrCebiT da agreTve vacxadebT mzaobas, ara<br />
marto movaxdinoT gavlena politikaze, aramed pasuxismgebloba Tanabrad<br />
gaviziaroT miRebul Sedegebze.<br />
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, Camoyalibdes gaziarebuli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
is safuZvlebi, romlebic Tanabar saSualebas mogvcems, mivi-<br />
RoT monawileoba da viyoT CarTulni, erTi mxriv, Cveni qveynis prioritetebisa<br />
da strategiebis dagegmvaSi, da aseve, ukve SemuSavebuli<br />
gegmebis ganxorcielebaSi.<br />
ras vgulisxmobT qalTa usafrTxoebaSi<br />
dRevandel dRes isev grZeldeba diskusia imis Taobaze, Tu ra aris adamian-<br />
Ta usafrTxoeba, aris Tu ara igive, rac qalTa usafrTxoeba, rogoria misi<br />
Semadgeneli komponentebi. sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso Tu samTavroboT-<br />
Soriso organizacias gansxvavebuli midgoma aqvs SemuSavebuli, romelsac<br />
am sferoSi samuSaod eyrdnoba.<br />
adamianTa (qalTa da mamakacTa cal-calke) usafrTxoebis sakiTxiT Segvi-<br />
Zlia rogorc saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis gazomva, aseve, misi gansazRvrac.<br />
arsebobs usafrTxoebis tradiciuli da adamianTa usafrTxoebis 1 gageba.<br />
tradiciuli usafrTxoeba exeba saxelmwifos mTlianobas. adamianTa<br />
usafrTxoeba ki gulisxmobs individs, adamians, adamianTa jgufs, mis/<br />
maT mTlianobas, romelic dgas daavadebaTa, siRaribis, Zaladobis,<br />
naRmebis, adamianis uflebaTa Selaxvisa da zewolis problemaTa winaSe,<br />
an ukve ganicdis maT.<br />
am midgomaSi swored adamianebi da ara saxelmwifoa usafrTxoebis strategiis<br />
fokusi. adamianTa usafrTxoebam unda uzrunvelyos adamianis, individis,<br />
da Temis, sazogadoebis fizikuri dacva, mTlianoba da ara gaamagros<br />
sazRvrebi gareSe safrTxeebisgan. adamianTa usafrTxoebis strategiebi<br />
proaqtiuri unda iyos da ara reaqtiuri.<br />
Cven regularulad gviwevs vamtkicoT, sazogadoebis Semadgeneli mniSvnelovani<br />
nawilia Tu ara qalTa usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi, gamowveuli maTi<br />
mdgomareobiT, da, unda mieqces Tu ara, bolos da bolos, am sakiTxebs jerovani<br />
yuradReba. Tumca, Cvens qveyanaSi Camoyalibebuli midgomebisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, serTaSoriso sazogadoebebSi sxvagvari, sruliad sapirispiro<br />
damokidebulebaa.<br />
1 HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN SECURITY AND DISARMAMENT, 2004<br />
nino cixisTavi<br />
41
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
gaero-s ganviTarebis programa (UNDP) adamianTa usafrTxoebis mimar-<br />
TulebiT adgens 7 komponents, romelTac eyrdnoba kvlevisas: ekonomikuri,<br />
sasursaTo, janmrTeloba, garemo, personaluri, politikuri da<br />
saTemo/socialuri usafrTxoeba. amaTgan, yveli komponenti eyrdnoba<br />
konkretuli problemis arsebobas 1 .<br />
siRaribiT gamowveuli ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba;<br />
SimSiliTa da naxevradSimSiliT gamowveuli sasursaTo usafrTxoeba;<br />
dazianebebiTa da daavadebebiT gamowveuli janmrTelobis usafrTxoeba;<br />
dabinZurebiT, garemos degradaciiTa da gamofitviT gamowveuli garemos<br />
usafrTxoeba;<br />
Zaladobis sxvadasxva formiT gamowveuli personaluri usafrTxoeba;<br />
politikuri represiebiT gamowveuli politikuri usafrTxoeba;<br />
socialuri areulobebiT, arastabilurobiT gamowveuli saTemo/socialuri<br />
usafrTxoeba.<br />
rodesac adamianTa usafrTxoebaze vsaubrobT, mniSvnelovania, komponentebze<br />
dafuZnebuli midgoma. magaliTad, Jorj nefi 2 adamianTa usafrTxoebaSi<br />
xuT urTierTdakavSirebul qvesistemas aRwers. esenia: ekosistema,<br />
ekonomika, sazogadoeba, xelisufleba da kultura.<br />
adamianTa usafrTxoebis farTo koncefciaSi mesame, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis<br />
atributia pirdapiri fokusi wevrTa (liderebis, individebis)<br />
ZiriTad Semadgenlobaze, maT Sefasebebze. es mniSvnelovania, raTa gavmijnoT<br />
cnebebi `adamianTa usafrTxoeba~ da `adamianis ganviTareba~. es<br />
ukanaskneli ufro metad dakavSirebulia `karg(ad) yofasTan (yofnasTan)~,<br />
vidre `saswrafo, kritikul mdgomareobasTan~.<br />
adamianTa usafrTxoebis damoukidebeli komisia 3 , iaponiis mTavrobis<br />
iniciativiT Seiqmna, misi Tana-Tavmjdomare 4 - q-ni sadako ogata prioritetulad<br />
ayenebs adamianTa usafrTxoebis fokusis mimarTvas wevrTa<br />
(liderebis, individebis) ZiriTad Semadgenlobaze da ara zianis gamomwvev<br />
problemaze. nacvlad imisa, rom komisias waredgina problemaTa mogvarebis<br />
gzebis sia, man daadgina mTavari kriteriumi: rogorc ki problema wevrTa<br />
ZiriTadi Semadgenlobis mxridan wamoiweva, is unda identificirdes da<br />
mogvardes, rogorc adamianTa usafrTxoebis Semadgeneli nawili. komisia<br />
agreTve adgens, rom Sesabamisi institutebi da organizaciebi, ra Tqma<br />
unda, ver daicaven xalxs yvela SesaZlo zianisagan, magram maT aucileblad<br />
unda mianiWon didi mniSvneloba yvela im problemas, Tundac is arc<br />
ki iyos adamianis sicocxlisaTvis safrTxis Semcveli.<br />
zemoT moyvanili sami midgomis mimoxilvis Semdeg ufro naTeli xdeba<br />
adamianTa usafrTxoebis farTo koncefcia, romelic unda mijnavdes mis<br />
Semadgenel komponentebs usafrTxoebis sxvadasxva tipebisagan, unda<br />
gaimijnos qalTa da mamakacTa usafrTxoeba, raTa SevZloT, rom cal-calke<br />
gavnvixiloT (an SeviswavloT) da Semdeg, gavamaxviloT yuradReba problemebis<br />
mosagvareblad.<br />
1 United Nations Development Programme, 1994, ‘New Dimensions of Human Security’, Human Development<br />
Report 1994, New York, Oxford University Press<br />
2 J. Nef, 2003, Human Security and Mutual Vulnerability, The Global Political Economy of Development and<br />
Underdevelopment (second edition), Ottawa, IDRC Books<br />
3 Commission on Human Security, 2003, Human Security Now:<br />
The Human Security Commission Report, New York, at .<br />
4 On 1 May 2003, Co-Chairs of the Commission on Human Security, Sadako Ogata and Amartya Sen, presented<br />
the Commission’s Final Report, Human Security Now, to the United Nations Secretary-General, Koi Annan.<br />
42
a aris qalTa roli konfliqtebisa da omis Semdgom periodSi<br />
Tu vsaubrobT qalTa usafrTxoebaze <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>?<br />
nino cixisTavi<br />
2003 wels germaniaSi Seiqmna qalTa uSiSroebis sabWo 1 , romelmac gaaerTiana<br />
50 wevri qali sxvadasxva kvleviTi, politikuri da arasamTavrobo organizaciidan,<br />
moamzada specialuri Crdilovani angariSi qalTa usafrTxoebis<br />
sakiTxze gaeros rezolucia 1325-is SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
germaniis federaciul respublikaSi.<br />
am mimarTulebiT <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> didi da mravalferovani saqmianobaa ganxorcielebuli.<br />
qarTulma arasamTavrobo organizaciebma 2000 wlidan<br />
saqmianoba araerTi mimarTulebiT ganaxorcieles da Sedegad sxvadasxva<br />
forumze (mag. bolo periodis erT-erTi didi saerTaSoriso konferencia 2<br />
euTos adamianis uflebaTa dacvis biuros mxardaWeriT ganxorcielda<br />
2006 w. ivnisSi) gaitanes konkretuli rekomendaciebi, rogori unda iyos<br />
qveynis politika da misi implementacia qalTa da <strong>genderuli</strong> sakiTxebis<br />
asaxvisaTvis konfliqtebisa da omisSemdgom qveyanaSi.<br />
araerTi saganmanaTleblo, Tu instituciuri gaerTianebis (koalicia, qseli<br />
da sxva) programa 3 ganxorcielda, araerTi mowodeba da saerTo xelmowerili<br />
werili 4 daigzavna erovnul Tu saerTaSoriso adresatTan.<br />
2008 wlis agvistos omis Sedegad isev Tavidan gaviareT es gza – ramdenime<br />
organizaciam Caatara kvlevebi (raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi) 5 , raTa xelaxla<br />
dagvenaxebina yvela Sesabamisi struqturisaTvis, rom didi problemebia<br />
jer aRsaricxi da Semdeg _ mosagvarebeli, magram, samwuxarod, adamianis,<br />
adamianTa jgufebis da mTlianad sazogadoebis usafrTxoebis problemebi<br />
ufro metia, vidre maT mosagvareblad gadadgmuli konkretuli nabijebi.<br />
dRes am saerTo sainformacio fonze mwvaved dgas omiT dazaralebuli<br />
adamianebis, kerZod ki – qalebis Semdegi problemebi:<br />
gansxvavebuli (e.i diskriminaciulia) midgomebi sakompensacio Tanxebis<br />
gadacemisas: saxlebisaTvis fuladi Semweobis gamoyofisa da ganawilebis<br />
principis gaumWvirvalobis problema _ goris raionSi dabrunebuli mosaxleobisaTvis<br />
(15 000 aSS dolaris eqvivalenti) da didi da patara liax-<br />
1 http://www.glow-boell.de/en/rubrik_2/813_998.htm<br />
2 International Conference Increasing Women’s Participation in Democratic Processes , 22-23 June, 2006,<br />
Tbilisi, Georgia<br />
3 euTo-s adamianis uflebaTa dacvis biuros, (OSCE/ODIHR) da gaero-s qalTa fondis (UNIFEM)<br />
mxardaWerili programebi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> bolo 10 wlis manZilze, aseve sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso<br />
fondebi da maTi mxardaWerili programebi miZRvnili konkretulad qalTa gaaqtiurebisaTvis<br />
postkonfliqtur qveyanaSi mSvidobismSeneblobisaTvis.<br />
4 OPEN STATEMENT OF GEORGIAN CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS to PACE Members, 28 September, 2009;<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> moqmedi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis, qalTa da mamakacTa <strong>Tanasworobis</strong>a da<br />
<strong>genderuli</strong> sakiTxebis eqspertTa mimarTva q-n rusudan kervaliSvils, saqarTvelos parlamentis<br />
vice-spikers, 31 ivlisi, 2009 w. Tbilisi, saqarTvelo;<br />
AEPALAND DEMANDS OF WOMEN’S NGOs OF GEORGIA TO THE GOVERNMENT OF GEORGIA IN RESPONSE TO CURRENT<br />
POST-WAR SITUATION AFTER RUSSIAN-GEORGIAN AUGUST ‘08 WAR , 23 OCTOBER, 2008 , TBILISI, GEORGIA;<br />
saqarTvelos qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mimarTva gaero-s generalur mdivans,<br />
b-n pan gi muns, gaero-s generalur asambleas, gaero-s uSiSroebis sabWos, 10 dekemberi, 2008<br />
Tbilisi, saqarTvelo;<br />
5 devnil qalTa saWiroebebis aRwera devnilTa kompaqturad dasaxlebul centrebSi, 10 oqtomberi,<br />
2008 w. kavkasiis qalTa qseli, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo.;<br />
2008 wlis 12 oqtombridan goris raionSi dabrunebuli mosaxleobis - e.w. dabrunebul<br />
devnilTa problemebi 11 soflis mixedviT: karaleTi, tyviavi, karbi, mereTi, guguTianTkari,<br />
meRvrekisi, ergneTi, qsuisi, disevi, koSkebi, tirZnisi, - kavkasiis qalTa qselis kvleva, 25 noemberi,<br />
2008 w. Tbilisi, saqarTvelo.<br />
gaero-s qalTa fondis mier xelSewyobili kvleva 2008 w. agvistos omis Sedegad devnili mosaxleobis<br />
saWiroebebze, sazogadoebrivi politikis instituti, noemberi, 2008, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo<br />
43
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
vis xeobis mosaxleobisaTvis gamoyofili kotejebis sanacvlod (10 000 aSS<br />
dolaris eqvivaleti);<br />
gayris sakiTxi TavSesafris damatebiT gamoyofis gamo dauregulirebeli<br />
da problemuria. aseve, xdeba TbilisSi myofi devnili ojaxebis fiqtiuri<br />
gayra da amis Sedegad binebiT cal-calke dakmayofileba, rac savaraudod,<br />
korufciis wyaros warmoadgens mavani Tanamdebobis pirisTvis; maT Soris,<br />
am mimarTulebiT mkvidrdeba e.w. sakomlo gayris instituti, romelic ar<br />
efuZneba raime oficialur dokumentacias.<br />
samsaxuridan usafuZvlod daTxovnis problema. miTumets, axlandel<br />
gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi – kerZod, saubari iyo samxreT oseTis administraciaze;<br />
kerZo seqtorSi CasaxlebulTa mimarT fuladi Semweobisa da humanitaruli<br />
daxmarebis miuwvdomlobisa da e.i. praqtikulad ararsebobis problema;<br />
liaxvis xeobis da aseve zogi e.w. `sasazRvre soflebis~ mosaxleobisaTvis<br />
saflavebze gasvlis problema;<br />
dasaqmebisa da umuSevarTa profesiuli da kvalifikaciis problema;<br />
wamlebiT droulad uzrunvelyofis problema (saWiro iyo gaevlo komisia<br />
da 12 dRis Semdeg aZlevdnen wamlebs, axla esec Sewyda);<br />
TavSesafris micema xdeba mxolod kacebze da ara qalebze, martoxela adamianebze<br />
maTTvisve aSenebuli koteji ar gaicema.<br />
gaumWvirvale da daxuruli procesis dakanonebis tendenciebi, devnilTa<br />
monawileobisa da CarTulobis ardaSveba;<br />
humanitaruli daxmarebiT gaTvaliswinebuli kvebis produqtebis mwiri<br />
raodenoba da erTferovani racioni (sul makaroni da lobio);<br />
omiT dazaralebulma an devnilis statusis mqonem an Semweobaze unda<br />
Tqvas uari, an socialurad daucvelis statusis Semweobaze. orive er-<br />
Tad ar gaicema.<br />
erT-erTi magaliTi: siRaribis zRvaris damdgenma komisiam 99 000<br />
quliT Seafasa vanaTidan devnili qalis (romelic 2008 w. omiT<br />
dazaralebulia, devnilia da cxovrobs q. Tbilisis isnis r-nis<br />
yofili samxedro hospitlis SenobaSi _ droebiT TavSesafarSi)<br />
`qoneba~ da ar Casva umweoTa daxmarebis programaSi, maRali<br />
qulebis gamo. aseTi magaliTebi sakmaod bevria, Tumca es problema<br />
mogvardeba, Tu dauyovnebliv daiwyeba devnilTaTvis socialuri<br />
dacvis kriteriumebis gadaxedva: gadasaxedia socialurad<br />
daucvelTa statusis ganmsazRvreli koeficienti. migvaCnia, rom<br />
TavSesafrisa da devnilobis koeficienti Seusabamod dabalia.<br />
erTi ram naTelia: dRes <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> niadagi momzadebulia qalTa uSiSroebis<br />
sabWos Sesaqmnelad, romelic moamzadebs angariSs, Tu ratom ver<br />
xorcieldeba saqmianoba saxelmwifos mxridan ise, rom masSi aisaxos konfliqtebisa<br />
da omisSemdgom qveyanaSi qalTa saWiroebebisa da problemebis<br />
mogvarebis gzebi.<br />
migvaCnia, rom arsebuli gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobis gamo, saxelmwifo<br />
struqturebma adamianTa usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze unda Seqmnan adamianTa<br />
usafrTxoebis specialuri samTavrobo komisia, romelic SeimuSavebs er-<br />
Tian midgomas da dasaxavs am problemaTa gadaWris gzebs.<br />
44
mUBb!flpopnjlvsj!nehpnbsfpcjt!<br />
hbvnkpcftfcb<br />
marina TabukaSvili
soflad mcxovreb qalTa gaZliereba<br />
ekonomikuri saqmianobisTvis da<br />
sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisTvis<br />
marina TabukaSvili profesia: klasikuri<br />
filologia, xelovnebaTmcodneoba.<br />
1995 wlidan: sazogadoebrivi/humanitaruli<br />
saqmianoba. 2000-2006 wlebSi:<br />
fondis `Ria sazogadoeba - saqarTvelo~<br />
qalTa programis koordinatori.<br />
2007 wlidan _ am programis memkvidre<br />
damoukidebeli fondis, `fondis<br />
taso~ direqtori.
soflad mcxovreb qalTa gaZliereba ekonomikuri<br />
saqmianobisTvis da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisTvis<br />
marina TabukaSvili<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom ukve 10–wleulze metia, rac qalTa arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebi moqmedeben <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> da mraval miRweul warmatebas<br />
Tan sdevs am organizaciebis da maTi liderebis profesiuli zrda da<br />
seriozuli winsvla organizaciaTaSorisi TanamSromlobis mimarTulebiTac,<br />
mainc Znelia imis Tqma, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> qalTa moZraoba namdvilad<br />
Sedga, rogorc sazogadoebrivi moZraoba, romelic momTxovni da<br />
qmediTia qveyanaSi <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong>a da samarTlianobis misaRwevad.<br />
Sesabamisad, miuxedavad qalTa organizaciebis mier mosaxleobis<br />
cnobierebis asamaRleblad ganxorcielebuli araerTi media kampaniisa,<br />
qveyanaSi ar aris Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebrivi moTxovna genderul<br />
samarTlianobasa da Tanasworobaze, iseve, rogorc mraval sxva sakiTxze,<br />
rac mosaxleobis ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebas, sabolood ki, demokratiuli<br />
ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebs Seexeba. sazogadoebrivi<br />
moTxovnis deficitis gamo <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sakiTxi kvlav<br />
marginalizirebulia, mZimed iwevs win <strong>genderuli</strong> niSniT Zaladobis sawinaaRmdegod<br />
mimarTuli kanonebis ganxorcielebis saqme.<br />
demokratiuli ganviTarebisTvis, socialuri samarTlianobisa da <strong>Tanasworobis</strong>ken<br />
mimarTul muSaobas didad aferxebs qveynis ekonomikuri<br />
ganuviTarebloba, umravlesobis siRaribe da soflis mosaxleobis,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki, qalebis izolacia sazogadoebrivi da politikuri<br />
cxovrebisgan.<br />
soflad mcxovreb qalTa sazogadoebrivi aqtivizmis gamosawvevad<br />
aucilebelia siRaribis dasaZlevad mimarTuli saqmianobis Serwyma samoqalaqo<br />
ganaTlebis programebTan, qalaqad mcxovrebi eqspertebisa da<br />
soflis mosaxleobis mWidro TanamSromlobaze dafuZnebuli Tanmimdevruli<br />
da mizandasaxuli muSaoba soflis mosaxleobis CasarTavad demokratiuli<br />
ganviTarebis saqmeSi.<br />
2004 wlidan OSGF qalTa programa, 2007 wlidan ki „fondi taso~, uSualod<br />
TanamSromlobs soflad mcxovreb qalebTan maTi iniciativebis mxardasaWerad.<br />
2005 wlidan – mcire biznesis/Semosavlis momtani proeqtebis<br />
mxardasaWerad. yovel wels tardeba mcire biznesis marTvis swavleba,<br />
2007 wlidan ki qalTa liderobisa da qalTa uflebebis skolebi. 2007 wels<br />
„fondma tasom~ gamosca wigni „soflis Rirseba~, sadac dokumenturad<br />
aisaxa saqarTvelos soflis mosaxleobis socialur–ekonomikuri mdgomareoba.<br />
soflad mcxovreb qalTa ekonomikuri gaZlierebis samuSao mimarTuleba<br />
imTaviTve ukavSirdeboda saqarTvelos regionebSi qalTa gaaqtiurebis<br />
amocanas. Cven ar vwyvetT kavSirs wina wlebis grantismimReb partniorebTan<br />
da viTvaliswinebT am adamianur resurss samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />
mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebul sxva proeqtebSi.<br />
2004 wlidan Cven, rogorc OSGF qalTa erovnulma programam prioritetul<br />
mimarTulebad davisaxeT qalTa moZraobis gavrceleba dedaqalaqidan<br />
qveynis siRrmeSi da soflad mcxovreb qalTa/eTnikur umciresobaTa<br />
warmomadgeneli qalebis CarTva sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. es iyo xangrZlivi,<br />
mravalmxrivi da Tanmimdevruli muSaobis dasawyisi.<br />
2004 wels qalTa programam, Ria konkursis safuZvelze, soflad mcxovreb<br />
qalTa sainiciativo jgufebTan uSualo TanamSromloba daiwyo. am wels<br />
47
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
dafinansda humanitaruli, sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani proeqtebi – xuT<br />
sofelSi gayvanili iqna sasmeli wyali, erT sofelSi bunebrivi gazi Sevida<br />
da kidev erTgan sabavSo baRis Senobis aRdgena moxda. soflebi: ninowminda<br />
(sagarejos r-ni), RoreSa (xaragaulis r-ni), dedalauri (xonis r-ni),<br />
eris imedi (siRnaRis r-ni), Saraxevi (duSeTis r–ni), orTaSeni (goris r–<br />
ni), gergeTi (yazbegis r–ni).<br />
qalTa programis koordinatoris xSirma mogzaurobam soflebSi, saubrebma,<br />
yofisa da problemebis adgilze gacnobam moitana daskvna imis<br />
Sesaxeb, rom iniciativian da mizandasaxul qalebs/qalTa jgufebs<br />
warmatebuli muSaobisTvis, pirvel rigSi, siRaribis daZleva da ekonomikuri<br />
gaZliereba sWirdebodaT.<br />
imis gamo, rom soflad mcxovreb qalebs, arc winaT da arc axla, ar miuwvdebaT<br />
xeli iaf sesxebze ekonomikuri saqmianobis dasawyebad, CavTvaleT,<br />
rom mcire grantebiT qalTa ekonomikuri saqmianobis mxardaWera<br />
is dasawyisia, rac, Tanmimdevruli muSaobis Sedegad, soflel qalTa<br />
sazogadoebriv da politikur cxovrebaSi CarTvas gamoiwvevs.<br />
2005 wels sagranto konkursSi soflad mcxovreb qalTaTvis pirvelad<br />
iqna daSvebuli iseTi proeqtebis wardgena, romlebic qalTa sainiciativo<br />
jgufebis mogebaze gaTvlil, Semosavlis momtan saqmianobas iTvaliswinebda.<br />
mxardaWerili proeqtebis ganxorcielebis msvlelobam<br />
daadastura soflad mcxovreb, socialurad daucvel qalTaTvis mcire<br />
biznesis dasawyebad grantebis gacemis mizanSewoniloba, magram gamarjvebuli<br />
proeqtebis gamovlenas win uZRvoda Tvenaxevriani jgufuri<br />
konsultaciebi TbilisSi, fondis ofisSi. sakonsultacio SexvedrebSi<br />
monawileobda sagangebod mowveuli biznes konsultanti zurab janjRava.<br />
qalTa programis komisiis daskvniT saintereso, realisturi iniciativebi<br />
bevrad meti aRmoCnda, vidre dafinansebis SesaZlebloba. Seiqmna<br />
winanswarSerCeuli proeqtebis sia. saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebamde<br />
adgilebze, soflebSi Semowmda winaswarSerCeuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebadoba.<br />
dafinansda 5 proeqti soflebSi: nijgori, idomala da oSora<br />
(aspinZis r–ni), timoTesubani (borjomis r/ni), ruispiri (Telavis r–<br />
ni), natanebi (ozurgeTis r–ni), maRaroskari (duSeTis r–ni).<br />
mcire biznesis marTvis sferoSi Cven ganaTlebas vaZlevT im qalebs, romlebsac<br />
ukve aqvT mopovebuli granti ekonomikuri saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad.<br />
2005 wels mxardaWerili proeqtebis ganmaxorcielebeli gundebis wevri<br />
qalebisTvis fondis „Ria sazogadoeba – saqarTvelo~ darbazSi gaimarTa<br />
seminari, romelzec qalTa programam da misma partniorebma sakuTari<br />
saqmianoba da ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi warmoadgines, xolo fondis<br />
finansurma menejerma nino kiknaveliZem da mTavarma buRalterma daviT<br />
jaSiaSvilma usasyidlod Caatares swavleba Temaze – „mcire biznesis ganviTareba<br />
da sagadasaxado valdebulebebi~.<br />
2006 wlis dasawyisisTvis qalTa programas saqarTvelos soflebSi ukve<br />
eguleboda qalTa saimedo, warmatebuli jgufebi, amitom programis am<br />
wlis saqmianoba axali partniorebis Ziebasa da mxardaWerasTan erTad,<br />
moicavda muSaobasac ukve gamocdil da sando jgufebTanac maTi sazogadoebrivi<br />
moRvaweobis xelSesawyobad.<br />
48
soflad mcxovreb qalTa gaZliereba ekonomikuri<br />
saqmianobisTvis da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisTvis<br />
marina TabukaSvili<br />
2006 wels gamocxadebuli konkursis mizanTa Soris ZiriTadi iyo soflad<br />
qalTa xelSewyoba individualuri da kooperaciuli mcire biznesis<br />
gasaviTareblad. orTviani sakonsultacio periodis Semdeg programis<br />
koordinatorma isev imogzaura saqarTvelos soflebSi. sabolood<br />
SeirCa da dafinansda rva proeqti soflebSi: dedofliswyaro, asureTi,<br />
axalqalaqi, leliani, nafareuli, axalsofeli, vardisubani, qurTa. sakmarisi<br />
saxsrebis qonis SemTxvevaSi winaswarSerCeuli proeqtebidan programa<br />
kidev erT amden perspeqtiul proeqts daafinansebda.<br />
aq unda iTqvas, rom did sirTules warmoadgens fondebis mozidva Semdgom<br />
grantebis gasacemad, gansakuTrebiT ki, grantebis gasacemad mcire<br />
biznesis damwyebTaTvis.<br />
zafxulis miwuruls, roca dafinansebuli qalTa jgufebi proeqtebze muSaobas<br />
Seudgnen, organizacia „adamianuri kavSirebi~ da saqarTvelos megobrebis<br />
holandiuri fondi iwyebdnen <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> axal proeqts „qalebi<br />
ganviTarebis procesSi~. es proeqti gulisxmobda saqarTvelos regionebSi<br />
macxovrebel qalTa momzadebas mcire biznesis dasawyebad. Catarda qalTa<br />
programisa da „adamianuri kavSirebis~ ramdenime samuSao Sexvedra, Sejerda<br />
faseulobebi, miznebi da amocanebi, daisaxa erToblivi muSaobis gegmebi,<br />
romelTagan pirveli – erTkviriani trening-seminari, romelic 28 qalma (qalTa<br />
programis partniorebi/ gundebis wevrebi) gaiara, fondis „Ria sazogadoeba<br />
– saqarTvelo~ ofisSi ganxorcielda. treningi Caatares giorgi<br />
xuciSvilma da arsen onianma („adamianuri kavSirebi~), xolo erTi samuSao<br />
dRe qalTa programis TanamSromlebTan erTad Caatara qalTa dasaqmebis<br />
eqspertma nino SioSvilma. treningis yoveli dRis bolos monawileebs sa-<br />
Sualeba hqondaT enaxaT TiTo filmi `Ria sazogadoebis~ institutis qalTa<br />
qseluri programis dokumenturi filmebis koleqciidan „<strong>genderuli</strong> montaJi<br />
2~.<br />
Catarebulma samuSaom (Semosuli ganacxadebis ganxilva, konsultaciebi<br />
da mxardaWerili proeqtebis monitoringi), mravalricxovanma Sexvedrebma<br />
rogorc soflad, aseve fondis „Ria sazogadoeba – saqarTvelo`<br />
ofisSi, dagvarwmuna, rom mcire biznesis xelSewyoba grantis saxiT swori<br />
gadawyvetileba iyo saqarTvelos soflebSi qalTa konkretuli jgufebisTvis<br />
siRaribis dasaZlevad da gasaaqtiureblad, Tumca, cxadi iyo isic,<br />
rom saboloo mizanTan misaaxloveblad qveynis agraluri politikis<br />
<strong>gaumjobeseba</strong>a aucilebeli.<br />
2006 wlis 31 dekembers qalTa programam daasrula 1988 wels dawyebuli<br />
muSaoba fondis „Ria sazogadoeba – saqarTvelo` farglebSi da 2007<br />
wlidan, qalTa programis misiis gasagrZeleblad, Tanmimdevrulad gavlili<br />
mosamzadebeli periodis Semdeg, gardaiqmna damoukidebel organizaciad<br />
– „fondi taso~. 2007 wlidan fondi agrZelebs saqmianobas soflad<br />
mcxovreb qalTa iniciativebis mxardasaWerad, afinansebs rogorc<br />
Semosavlis momtan proeqtebs, agreTve demokratiuli ganviTarebisken<br />
mimarTul iniciativebs. mravalwliani saqmianobis Sedegad ukve arsebobs<br />
soflad mcxovrebel partnior qalTa erToba, romlis gasamtkiceblad<br />
da gasaviTareblad „fondi taso~ kvlav awyobs trening-seminarebsa da<br />
samuSao Sexvedrebs. qalTa ekonomikuri gaZlierebis garda, am samuSaos<br />
miznad soflad mcxovreb qalTa sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis zrdac<br />
isaxeba.<br />
49
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
2007 wels „fondma taso~, Ria konkursis safuZvelze, orsafexuriani<br />
SerCeviTa da proeqtebis ganxorcielebadobis gasarkvevad 32 proeqtis<br />
adgilze SemowmebiT (29 sofeli), 18 proeqts dauWira mxari. proeqtebi<br />
ganxorcielda soflebSi: arTana, leliani, hereTiskari, nafareuli, saniore,<br />
badiauri, araSenda, veliscixe (2 proeqti), Semoqmedi, didi jixaiSi,<br />
Walovani, gobroneTi, arSa, noqalaqevi, kaxaTi, roSka, Zevri. 2007 wlis<br />
seqtemberSi soflad mcxovreb 11 qals Cautarda socialur–fsiqologiuri<br />
treningi liderobis Temaze (treneri zurab mxeiZe).<br />
proeqtebis SerCevis procesSi, adgilebze Semowmebisas, da mxardaWerili<br />
proeqtebis ganxorcielebis monitoringis dros Cawerili 41 interviu,<br />
gadaRebuli 100–ze meti foto da damatebiTi masala „fondis taso~ arqividan<br />
safuZvlad daedo publikacias „soflis Rirseba~. es aris wigni qalTa<br />
mdgomareobis, qalTa aqtivizmisa da SromiTi migraciis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos<br />
soflebSi. savele samuSaoebSi monawileobda wovinar nazarova,<br />
eqsperti SromiTi migraciisa da trefikingis sferoSi.<br />
„fondTan taso` TanamSromlobiT, fondis „Ria sazogadoeba – saqarTvelo`<br />
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programam, Tavisi Sida proeqtis farglebSi<br />
2007 wlis noemberSi uzrunvelyo mcire biznesis marTvis sferoSi<br />
ori erTkviriani skolis Catareba „fondis taso` partniori 40 soflad<br />
mcxovrebi qalisTvis (skolebi Caatara „konsultaciisa da treningis<br />
centrma; CTC). proeqtis monawile qalTa saprezentacio/saangariSo Sexvedra<br />
fondis „Ria sazogadoeba – saqarTvelo` sxdomaTa darbazSi 1 dekembers<br />
Sedga.<br />
am mimarTulebiT muSaoba gagrZelda 2008 welsac da Tebervlis dasawyisSi<br />
gamocxadda axali konkursi. orTviani, sagangebo periodis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
„fondis taso` ofisSi konsultaciebi 120–ze metma qalma miiRo.<br />
„fondis taso` gamgeobam ganixila 84 sakonkursod registrirebuli<br />
proeqti da Camoayaliba winaswarSerCeuli proeqtebis sia. proeqtebis<br />
ganxorcielebadobis xarisxis gasarkvevad ganmcxadeblebis soflebSi<br />
mgzavrobebi 2 aprilidan daiwyo. am procesSi voluntarad iyo CarTuli<br />
frangi eqsperti humanitaruli da ganviTarebis programebis sferoSi<br />
lin makki. igi warmarTavda zogierT intervius ganmcxadeblebTan, uwevda<br />
konsultaciebs da programis xelmZRvanelTan erTad afasebda samizne<br />
jgufis saWiroebebs maTi piradi da adgilobrivi Temis ganviTarebis potencialis<br />
TvalsazrisiT.<br />
konkursis Sedegad 2008 wels dafinansda 29 proeqti soflebSi: norio,<br />
nagebi, maxaraZe, vaqiri, saniore, giorgeTi, fSaveli, leliani, Sroma, winandali,<br />
udabno, Toxliauri, dvabzu, sarbevi, laxundara, arali, vale,<br />
gobroneTi, ufliscixe, bulaCauri, ingiri, duisi, arTana, lemSveniera,<br />
Tamarisi, saCino.<br />
2008 wels, fondis `Ria sazogadoeba – saqarTvelo~ mier mxardaWerili<br />
proeqtis `saTemo centri sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobisTvis demokratizaciis<br />
procesSi~ farglebSi `fondma taso~ soflad mcxovrebi qalebisTvis<br />
moawyo erTkviriani skolebi: `qalTa uflebebi~ da `mcire biznesis<br />
marTva~ (es ukanaskneli Caatara „konsultaciisa da treningis centrma~).<br />
2009 wels „fondi taso~ Tavis saqmianobas soflis qalebis ekonomiuri ga-<br />
ZlierebisaTvis agrZelebs ukve konfliqtis regionSi, Sida qarTlSi da<br />
50
soflad mcxovreb qalTa gaZliereba ekonomikuri<br />
saqmianobisTvis da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisTvis<br />
marina TabukaSvili<br />
saqarTvelos bankis „konfliqtis Sedegad dazaralebulTa fondis~ mxardaWeriT<br />
iwyebs proeqts „qalTa ekonomikuri gaZliereba Sida qarTlis 9<br />
TemSi~. samuSao ganxorcielda Semdeg soflebSi: tyviavi, mereTi, tirZnisi,<br />
variani, niqozi, iZulebiT adgilnacvalTa karaleTis dasaxleba (goris municipaliteti)<br />
da frones xeobis sam sofelSi: breTi, dvani, dirbi (qarelis<br />
municipaliteti). proeqti daiwyo rigi mizanmimarTuli SexvedrebiT adgilobrivi<br />
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan, qalebTan; yvela TemSi Catarda<br />
proeqtis saprezentacio da sakonsultacio xalxmravali Sexvedrebi.<br />
TiToeul sofelSi SeirCa 2–2 adgilobrivi konsultanti qali, romlebic<br />
gvexmarebodnen adgilobrivi mosaxleobis socialuri mdgomareobis, maTi<br />
SesaZleblobebis ukeT gacnobaSi. konkursis farglebSi 126 ganacxadi<br />
Semovida. amaTgan SeirCa da adgilobriv konsultantebTan erTad miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebiT dafinansda 53 proeqti.<br />
mxareTa SeTanxmebiT, am proeqtis monawile qalebma gaiares erTTviani swavleba<br />
mcire biznesis marTvis sferoSi saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomist-<br />
Ta asociaciis mier gaeros qalTa fondis mxardaWeriT ganxorcielebuli<br />
proeqtis „momavlis imedi~ farglebSi.<br />
2009 wlis gazafxulze evraziis TanamSromlobis fondisa da norvegiis<br />
ltolvilTa sabWos mxardaWeriT „fondma taso~ daiwyo ganxorcieleba<br />
proeqtisa „karaleTis qalTa centri ZaladobasTan sabrZolvelad da<br />
saTemo ganviTarebisaTvis`. centris saganmanaTleblo/qalTa liderobis<br />
programaSi monawileoben gorisa da qarelis municipalitetebis im<br />
soflebis warmomadgeneli qalebic, sadac Cven, saqarTvelos bankis „konfliqtis<br />
Sedegad dazaralebulTa fondis~ mxardaWeriT, qalTa ekonomikuri<br />
gaZlierebis proeqti ganvaxorcieleT. karaleTis proeqtis mizania<br />
adgilobriv doneze demokratiuli ganviTarebis xelSewyoba qalTa<br />
liderobiTa da mosaxleobis mobilizaciiT.<br />
fondis „Ria sazogadoeba – saqarTvelo~ qalTa programis / „fondis<br />
taso~ ekonomikuri gaZlierebisken mimarTuli saqmianobis safuZvelze<br />
Camoyalibebuli qalTa sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis centrebi muSaoben<br />
soflebSi: leliani (lagodexi), saniore (Telavi), dvabzu (ozurge-<br />
Ti), dirbi (qareli), karaleTi (gori).<br />
amJamad, qalTa im jgufebis gamosavlenad, da mxardasaWerad, romelnic<br />
sazogadoebriv saqmianobas ewevian saqarTvelos soflebSi, Cveni fondi<br />
atarebs konkurss `soflis qalTa gaZliereba sazogadoebrivi da politikurad<br />
mniSvnelovani saqmianobisTvis~.<br />
Cveni mizania soflis qalTa, da maTi liderobiT, soflis mosaxleobis<br />
cnobierebisa da sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis amaRlebis gziT mivaRwioT<br />
mosaxleobis umravlesobis CarTvas demokratiuli ganviTarebis<br />
procesSi da, Sesabamisad – demokratiis xarisxis amaRlebas saqarTvelo-<br />
Si. am mizanTan miaxloveba miT ufro mniSvnelovania, rom, miuxedavad<br />
qalTa organizaciebis mravalwliani muSaobisa, arc xelisuflebisgan<br />
da arc mosaxleobisgan, araa gacnobierebuli <strong>genderuli</strong> Tanasworoba,<br />
rogorc ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelobis mqone Semadgeneli mSvidobiani da<br />
stabiluri demokratiuli ganviTarebisTvis.<br />
iseve, rogorc sxva Rarib qveynebSi, romelTac ganviTarebis demokratiuli<br />
gzis arCevani ganacxades, aucilebelia qalTa moZraoba gaZlierdes<br />
51
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
da gafarTovdes intensiuri muSaobiT Semdegi mimarTulebebiT:<br />
• qalTa moZraobam, politikuri da socialuri problemebis sirTulisa<br />
da urTierTkavSiris gaazrebis safuZvelze, unda ganacxados, rom mas,<br />
rogorc qveynis mosaxleobis umravlesobis warmomadgenels, exeba<br />
ara mxolod e.w. qalTa problemebi, aramed qveyanaSi arsebuli yvela<br />
problema; unda gaaZlieros urTierTqmedeba arasamTavrobo organizaciebis<br />
sxva konsolidirebul jgufebTan/organizaciebTan samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis gasaZliereblad da Semdgomi urTierTTanamSromlobisTvis<br />
mSvidobis, garemos dacvis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa<br />
da sxva umniSvnelovanes sferoebSi;<br />
• ganviTarebulma/dawinaurebulma qalTa organizaciebma xeli unda<br />
Seuwyon soflad mcxovreb qalTa sazogadoebriv aqtivizms, intensiurad<br />
da sistematiurad gadascen codna da gamocdileba soflebSi<br />
da qalaqebis gareubnebSi mcxovreb qalebs, eTnikuri unciresobebis<br />
warmomadgenel qalebs maTi kompaqturi dasaxlebis adgilebSi raTa<br />
daexmaron maT TanamSromlobis damyarebaSi adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan/TviTmarTvelobis<br />
organoebTan adamianis uflebebis/<br />
qalTa uflebebis gansaxorcieleblad da socialurad samarTliani<br />
adgilobrivi biujetebis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis saqmeSi;<br />
Tanmimdevruli da mizandasaxuli muSaobiT, unda Seuqmnan soflad<br />
mcxovreb qalebs aucilebeli winapirobebi maTi saqmianobis pirdapiri<br />
saerTaSoriso dafinansebisTvis;<br />
• qalTa moZraobam, qalTa politikuri warmomadgenlobis ricxobrivad<br />
da xarisxobrivad gasazrdelad, intensiurad unda imuSaos<br />
qalebSi sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis, Tavdajerebulobisa da<br />
liderobis SegrZnebis dasanergad da kvalifikaciis miznobrivad<br />
amaRlebis mimarTulebiT;<br />
• qalTa moZraobam unda iTanamSromlos mediasTan imisaTvis, raTa<br />
aCvenos sazogadoebas, rom qalTa moZraobisgan, wlebis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
xorcieldeba mTeli sazogadoebisTvis margi da mniSvnelovani saqmianoba,<br />
rom <strong>genderuli</strong> Tanasworoba, rac adamianis uflebebis ganxorcielebas<br />
gulisxmobs, xels uwyobs ekonomikur ganviTarebas, samar-<br />
Tlianobisa da stabilurobis damkvidrebas; amgvarad, unda aRdges<br />
demokratiuli faseulobebis Rirseba farTo sazogadoebis TvalSi;<br />
• qalTa moZraobam unda iTanamSromlos ganviTarebis/donor organizaciebTan<br />
am ukanasknelTa programebis dagegmarebis etapze am<br />
programebis asagebad qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebis/qalTa mdgomareobis<br />
realuri suraTis safuZvelze da imisTvis, rom SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxdes qalTa moZraobisa da donori organizaciebis strategiuli<br />
gegmebis harmonizacia.<br />
• dasasrul, unda gaZlierdes erovnuli fondebi, raTa gaizardos soflad<br />
mcxovreb qalebTan/mosaxleobasTan uSualo TanamSromlobis<br />
SesaZleblobebi Tundac im dromde, sanam es ukanasknelni imdenad<br />
daxvewaven TavianT inglisurs, daeuflebian samuSao enas, SeiZenen Sesabamis<br />
Cvevebs, organizaciulad ganviTardebian imisaTvis, rom daakmayofilon<br />
saerTaSoriso donor organizaciebTan TanamSromlobis<br />
moTxovnebi.<br />
52
mUBb!flpopnjlvsj!nehpnbsfpcjt!<br />
hbvnkpcftfcb<br />
nana fanculaia
qalTa ekonomikuri<br />
damoukideblobis Seqmnis modeli<br />
nana fanculaia (1958) xelmZRvanelobs<br />
qalTa fonds <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>. aqvs mesame<br />
seqtorSi aRmasrulebel poziciaze<br />
muSaobis ToTxmetwliani gamocdileba<br />
- adgilobrivi filanTropiis, <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
<strong>Tanasworobis</strong>a da qalTa samoqalaqo<br />
aqtiobis ganviTarebis kuTxiT.<br />
aris Semdegi publikaciebis da perioduli<br />
gamocemebis avtori da Tanaavtori:<br />
`filanTropia <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> – warsulis,<br />
awmyosa da momavlis paradigmebi~,<br />
`qalTa organizaciebis gzamkvlevi~,<br />
`filanTropia – Teoria da praqtika~,<br />
`filanTropiis gakveTilebi~, `qalTa<br />
aqtivizmi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>~ da sxv.
sqesTa Tanasworoba da qalTa uflebamosilebis gazrda dRes msoflioSi<br />
yvelgan aqtualurad ganixileba da erTnairad moicavs samarTlebriv,<br />
ekonomikur da socialur aspeqtebs. patriarqalur sistemebSi qalTa<br />
moZraoba ibrZvis socialuri samarTlianobisaTvis, aRiarebs <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
<strong>Tanasworobis</strong>a da qalTa uflebebisaTvis brZolis sayovelTaobas (globalurad).<br />
es Zalisxmeva sazogado sargeblis momtani rom gaxdes, masSi<br />
qalTa sxvadasxva jgufebis monawileobaa saWiro.<br />
dRes qalebi kanonier moTxovnebs ayeneben: esenia Tanasworoba, individualuri<br />
Tavisufleba, araZaladoba, usafrTxoeba, ekonomikuri damoukidebloba,<br />
aRiareba da a.S., oRond ara marto deklarirebuli, aramed<br />
cxovrebaSi realurad ganxorcielebuli da sazogadoebis mier<br />
mxardaWerili.<br />
imisaTvis, rom qalTa uflebebi cxovrebaSi namdvilad ganxorcieldes,<br />
imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebam ifiqros da saRad Seafasos, Tu ra<br />
aris gasakeTebeli qalTa mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad, imisaTvis,<br />
rom qalebi davinaxoT da maTi xma gavigonoT – qalTa jgufebs realuri<br />
daxmarebis gaweva sWirdebaT. amitomaaa, rom mTels msoflioSi qalTa<br />
fondebi TavianT saxsrebs warmarTaven qalTa moZraobis yvelaze marginalizebuli<br />
nawilisaken, rogoricaa soflis qalebi, eTnikuri Tu<br />
seqsualuri umciresobebi, patimrebi, Zaladobisa da trefikingis msxverplebi<br />
da a.S. es is adamianebi arin, romelTac, rogorc wesi, uWirT<br />
mxardaWeris mopoveba da xSirad qalTa fondebisagan miRebuli finansuri<br />
daxmareba maTi gadarCenis erTaderTi resursi da saSualebaa.<br />
`qalTa fondi~ <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> 2005 wels saganmanaTleblo TanamSromlobisa<br />
da ganviTarebis centris iniciativiT dafuZnda. centrs mesame<br />
seqtorSi Svidi wlis muSaobis gamocdileba gaaCnda, adgilobrivi<br />
filanTropiis ganviTarebisa da mTian regionebSi saganmanaTleblo<br />
programebis ganxorcielebis, kvleviTi da sainformacio saqmianobis,<br />
qalTa jgufebis gaZlierebis kuTxiT. `qalTa fondis~ Seqmna logikuri<br />
nabiji gaxldaT, erTi mxriv, gamocdilebiT nakarnaxevi, meore mxriv, ki<br />
am rTul saqmeSi wvlilis Setanis didi surviliT ganpirobebuli. `qalTa<br />
fondi~ <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> damoukidebeli adgilobrivi grantisgamcemi organizaciaa,<br />
romelic mxars uWers qalTa jgufebis saqmianobasa da iniciativebs<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>. `qalTa fondi~ naTlad xedavs qveyanaSi qalTa<br />
problemebs, xels uwyobs qalTa axali organizaciebis dafuZnebasa da<br />
novaciebis danergvas, qalTa iniciativebis programul ganviTarebas. es<br />
yovelive kidev ufro drouli da gadaudeblad aucilebelia saqarTvelos<br />
regionebSi, radgan iq problemebi gansakuTrebiT mwvavea, situacia<br />
ki, ufro damZimebuli. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, qalTa fondis<br />
prioritetebi moicavs qalTa gaZlierebisa da maTi uflebebis dacvis<br />
farTo speqtrs, maT Soris qalTa ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebas,<br />
konfliqtis zonaSi mcxovrebi qalebis daxmarebas, qalTa gaTviTcnobierebas<br />
genderul sakiTxebze, sazogadoebis mgrZnobelobis amaRlebas<br />
qalTa sakiTxebisadmi, qalTa erToblivi iniciativebis mxardaWeras.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ekonomikuri gadarCenis<br />
umTavres faqtors mcire da saSualo biznes-iniciativebis ganviTareba<br />
warmoadgens. saqarTvelos aqvs mcire biznesis ganviTarebis Zlieri<br />
potenciali qveynis regionebSi, sadac soflis meurneobis tradicieqalTa<br />
ekonomikuri damoukideblobis Seqmnis modeli<br />
nana fanculaia<br />
55
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
bi jer kidev arsebobs. Tumca, saqarTvelos regionebSi, aseve Zalian<br />
TvalsaCinod dgas socialuri da ekonomikuri daucvelobis sakiTxi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki Znelad misadgom da izolirebul adgilebSi. aseT<br />
regionebSi rTuli garemoa Seqmnili qalebisTvis, romlebic ojaxisa<br />
da partiarqaluri struqturebis mkacri da rigiduli wesebis gavlenis<br />
qveS cxovroben, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uSlis Zalauflebis Tanabar<br />
ganawilebas genderebs Soris da bunebrivad aferxebs qalTa uflebebis<br />
srulyofil realizacias, gaZlierebas da Sesabamisad, TemebSi<br />
maT aqtiur moTamaSeebad Camoyalibebas. Mmravali kvlevis Tanaxmad,<br />
cnobilia, rom finansuri saxsrebis xelmisawvdomoba aumjobesebs qalis<br />
statuss ojaxSi da sazogadoebaSi. es umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria<br />
qalis asertiulobisa da TavdajerebulobisaTvis, ekonomikuri damoukideblobis<br />
mopovebis gziT igi axerxebs iyos aRiarebuli da gaxdes<br />
angariSgasawevi Zala.<br />
`qalTa fondma~, romlis umTavresi mizani saqarTvelos regionebSi qalebis<br />
gaZlierebaa, Tavis erT-erT mimarTulebad daisaxa qalTa ekonomikuri<br />
damoukideblobis programa, romelic Semdeg models efuZneba:<br />
• qalTa biznes da menejeruli SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba;<br />
• qalebisaTvis mcire biznesis wamowyebis xelSewyoba;<br />
• mikrosafinanso institutebis interesis gafarToveba damwyebi biznesebis<br />
dafinansebis sferoSi;<br />
• qalebisTvis mcire biznesis SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba.<br />
programa gulisxmobs regionebSi mcxovrebi qalebis daxmarebas biznes<br />
Cvevebis ganviTarebaSi, saintereso biznes ideis CamoyalibebaSi, biznesgegmis<br />
dawera-damuSavebaSi, dabolos, finansuri SesaZleblobebis SeqmniT<br />
sakuTari mcire biznesis wamowyebaSi. es finansuri SesaZlebloba,<br />
SesaZloa, orgvarad Seiqmnas: davexmaroT damwyeb qalebs mikrosafinanso<br />
institutebTan urTierTobaSi, rom mikro sesxebi aiRon; an mivceT maT<br />
finansuri wyaro mcire biznesis wamosawyebad mcire grantebis saxiT.<br />
programaSi monawileobisaTvis qalebis SerCevisas prioriteti eniWebaT<br />
socialurad daucvel, umuSevar an dabalxelfasian, iZulebiT adgilnacval,<br />
ojaxis marCenal qalebs.<br />
programiT gaTvaliswinebuli saqmianobebi kompleqsuria da gulisxmobs<br />
Semdeg umTavres komponentebs:<br />
1. programis monawile qalebis SerCeva regionebSi testirebis gziT;<br />
2. SerCeuli qalebis treningi `mcire biznesis ganviTareba~<br />
3. treningis monawile qalebis dakavSireba mikrosafinanso organizaciebTan<br />
an sagranto konkursi mcire grantebis mosapoveblad.<br />
SerCeul qalebs utardebaT SviddRiani intensiuri treningi groningenis<br />
(holandia) universitetSi SemuSavebuli meTologiiT – `inovaciuri<br />
mewarmeoba~, romlis mflobelia `saqarTvelos megobarTa asociacia~,<br />
xolo treneri am asociaciis damfuZnebeli - giorgi xuciSvili.<br />
programis holandielma konsultantma, petra Taamsma holandiaSi<br />
daafuZna sagarantio fondi `Stichting Queen Tamar Foundation~, romelic<br />
2008 wlis dasawyisSi sagangebod Seiqma mikrosafinanso institutebis<br />
56
qalTa ekonomikuri damoukideblobis Seqmnis modeli<br />
nana fanculaia<br />
wasaxaliseblad axaldawyebuli biznesebis dafinansebaSi da momzadebuli<br />
qalebisTvis liberaluri sakredito pirobebis SesaTavazeblad.<br />
sagarantio fondi Tavis Tavze iRebda gacemuli kreditis darCenili<br />
Tanxis 50%-is dafarvas difoltis SemTxvevaSi. Ggarda amisa, `qalTa<br />
fondi~ da mikrosafinanso institutebi aformeben memorandums Tanam-<br />
Sromlobaze, romlis mixedviTac sakredito instituti programis<br />
monawile damwyeb qalebs gansakuTrebuli SeRavaTs sTavazobs (mag.,<br />
giraos armoTxovna).<br />
programis ganxorcielebis pirvel etapze, sakuTari biznesi daiwyo proeqtis<br />
monawileTa 46 %-ma, aqedan biznes-gegmebis naxevari dafinansda<br />
mikrosafinanso institutebis mier, xolo naxevari dafinansda qalebis<br />
mier Tavad moZiebuli saxsrebiT.<br />
gamovlenili problemebi da rekomendaciebi<br />
• qveyanaSi arastabiluri ekonomikuri mdgomareoba - arsebulma krizisma<br />
qalebi ufro frTxili gaxada;<br />
• kreditis Tanxa sasurvelia iyos erovnul valutaSi, an dafiqsirdes<br />
ucvleli kursi sesxis aRebis mTlian periodze;<br />
• qalebi iTxoven SeRavaTiani periodis gazrdas, radgan maTi biznesi an<br />
sezonuria, an mogebas iZleva mxolod garkveuli periodis Semdeg;<br />
• gasaumjobesebelia momsaxurebis pirobebi, iyo SemTxvevebi, roca qalebs<br />
ar Seatyobines uaryofiTi pasuxi, Sesabamisad qalebma pasuxis<br />
molodinSi dakarges didi dro.<br />
programis Sedegebi<br />
• proeqtSi monawile qalebi gaZlierdnen, SeZles gadawyvetilebis damoukideblad<br />
miReba;<br />
• proeqtSi monawileebs miecaT finansuri damoukideblobis SesaZlebloba;<br />
• qalebma miiRes aucilebeli codna mcire biznesis wamowyebis, marTvisa<br />
da adgilobriv konteqstSi saqmianobis sworad warmarTvisaTvis;<br />
• qalebma SeiZines biznes da menejeruli Tvisebebi, darwmundnen TavianT<br />
SesaZleblobebSi;<br />
• qalebma moipoves finansuri saxsrebi sakuTari biznesebis dasawyebad;<br />
• mikrosafinaso institutebma daafinanses damwyebi biznesebi;<br />
• qalebma gamoavlines didi pasuxismgebloba da windaxeduleba sesxis<br />
aReba/dafarvasTan dakavSirebiT;<br />
• qalebma daiwyes sakuTari biznesi imis miuxedavad, rom araferi icodnen<br />
sagarantio fondis Sesaxeb;<br />
• gamoikveTa proeqtis gagrZelebis realuri SesaZlebloba sxva mikrosafinaso<br />
organizaciebTan TanamSromlobis safuZvelze.<br />
amjerad, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> SeiraRebuli konfliqtis Semdgom, qveyanaSi Seqmnilma<br />
rTulma socialurma, ekonomikurma da politikurma situaciam<br />
kidev ufro daZaba situacia, marginalizebuli jgufebis raodenoba<br />
gaizarda, qalebisTvis aseve Semcirda sakuTari cxovrebis gaumjobesebis<br />
SesaZleblobebi.<br />
57
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
<strong>genderuli</strong> paradigma kidev ufro TvalsaCino gaxda, radgan Seiara-<br />
Rebuli konfliqti, rogorc wesi, zrdis socialuri usamarTlobis<br />
xarisxs. Kkonfliqtis travmuli gamocdileba zegavlenas axdens qalebze<br />
da metwilad saqme gvaqvs iseT SemTxvevebTan, romlebic saWiroeben ara<br />
mxolod swraf humanitarul, aramed Sedegze orientirebul, mdgrad<br />
da grZelvadian daxmarebas. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom amgvar eqstremalur<br />
situaciebSi, qalebma gamoiCines maqsimaluri elastiuroba,<br />
aRmoCndnen sakmarisad Zlierebi, rom gadarCeniliyvnen da aqtiurad<br />
CarTuliyvnen, rogorc humanitarul, ise socialur Tu ekonomikur<br />
saqamianobebSi.<br />
yovelive zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare da aseve programis pirveli<br />
etapis ganxorcielebisas gamovlenili problemebisa da Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
amjerad, `qalTa fondi~ gegmavs imuSaos iZulebiT adgilnacval<br />
qalebTan Sida qarTlSi da aseve, yvelaze Rarib da izolirebul<br />
regionebSi, sadac qalTa mewarmeobis waxaliseba moxdeba ekonomikuri<br />
gaZlierebis aRniSnuli modelis danergviT, rac gulisxmobs:<br />
• biznesis wamowyebisaTvis aucilebeli da saWiro codnis miRebas;<br />
• biznes-konsultaciebs;<br />
• sakuTari mcire biznesis dawyebas fondisgan miRebuli finansuri<br />
saxsrebis (mcire grantebis) meSveobiT.<br />
58
mUBb!flpopnjlvsj!nehpnbsfpcjt!<br />
hbvnkpcftfcb<br />
irma inariZe
qalTa gaZliereba ekonomikur sferoSi –<br />
socialuri cvlilebebis<br />
mniSvnelovani agenti<br />
irma inariZe (1966) agroturistuli<br />
qselis - `glexebis<br />
maspinZloba <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>~<br />
Tavmjdomare, `qalTa iniciativebis<br />
mxardamWeri jgufis~<br />
damfuZnebeli. 2001 wlidan muSaobs<br />
soflad macxovrebel qalTa<br />
ekonomikuri gaZlierebis<br />
proeqtebze. muSaobs kulturul-gacvliT<br />
programebze<br />
saqarTvelosa da safrangeTs<br />
Soris.
qalTa gaZliereba ekonomikur sferoSi –<br />
socialuri cvlilebebis mniSvnelovani agenti<br />
irma inariZe<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi momxdarma movlenebma (samoqalaqo<br />
omi, eTnokonfliqtebi afxazeTsa da samaCbloSi) kidev ufro<br />
daamZima gardamavali periodis qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
mdgomareoba. sabazro ekonomikaze moumzadebelma,<br />
stiqiurma gadasvlam qali gamoaZeva inteleqtualuri da maRalanazRaurebadi<br />
samuSaos sferodan. pirvelive saparlamento arCevnebma mkveTrad<br />
Seamcira qalTa raodenoba sakanonmdeblo organoSi. Seicvala sabWoTa<br />
reJimisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ideologiuri midgoma qalTa sakiTxisadmi<br />
- gaZlierda tradiciuli patriarqaluri Sexedulebebi qalis rolisa<br />
da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebaSi, rac gansakuTrebiT regionebSia<br />
sagrZnobi.<br />
erTiani sabWoTa ekonomikuri sivrcis daSlisa da qveyanaSi gatarebuli<br />
araswori ekonomikuri reformebis fonze, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis naxevarze<br />
meti siRaribis zRvars miRma aRmoCnda. mosaxleobis 52,7% siRaribis<br />
zRvars miRma cxovrobs. ukiduresi siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi<br />
mosaxleobis ricxvi ki 16,9%. aTaswleulis miznebis gansaxorcieleblad<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> 2003 wlis ivnisSi xelisuflebam SeimuSava saqarTvelos<br />
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa. programis<br />
dawyebidan 2 wlis Tavze ucxouri da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis<br />
monitoringis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT, prognozi arcTu saxarbieloa.<br />
wina wlebTan SedarebiT Raribi mosaxleobis wili umniSvnelod Semcirda<br />
(1,8%–iT). ucvleli darCa ukiduresi siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi<br />
mosaxleobis ricxvi. eqspertTa azriT, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> siRaribis maCveneblebi<br />
zrdis tendencias atareben da arsebiTi zemoqmedebis gareSe, 2015<br />
wlisaTvis siRaribis maCveneblebi ara Tu Semcirdeba, aramed 68,2%–s miaRwevs<br />
(ukiduresi siRaribisa ki - 29,6%–s) 1 . sainteresoa siRaribis zrdis<br />
maCvenebelTa gansxvaveba soflisa da qalaqis WrilSi. 2004 welTan SedarebiT,<br />
siRaribis donis maCvenebeli zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba: qalaqSi<br />
_ 2.8 procentuli punqtiT, xolo soflad – 4.6 procentuli punqtiT 2 .<br />
msoflio bankis monacemebiT, saqarTvelo meore qveyanaa postsabWoTa<br />
sivrceSi, sadac ojaxis ufrosis sqesi mWidro kavSirSia siRaribesTan. 3<br />
konfliqtebisa da SromiTi migraciis Sedegad mkveTradaa gazrdili im<br />
ojaxebis raodenoba, romlebsac saTaveSi qalebi udganan. rogorc wesi,<br />
aseTi ojaxebi mosaxleobis uRaribes fenas miekuTvnebian.<br />
gardamaval periodSi qveyanaSi ukontrolo privatizaciis procesebma gamoiwvia<br />
qalTa dasaqmebis tradiciuli sferoebis arealis Semcireba, ramac am<br />
sawarmoebSi dasaqmebuli qalebis umetesoba umuSevari datova. samsaxurTan<br />
erTad maT samuSao adgilebTan dakavSirebuli socialuri daxmarebebi da<br />
SeRavaTebic dakarges, romelTa sanacvlodac sxva socialuri dacvis meqanizmebi<br />
ar Seqmnila.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli problemebis miuxedavad, saxelmwifo dRes naklebadaa<br />
orientirebuli Sromis bazarze arsebuli <strong>genderuli</strong> disbalansis mizezebis<br />
aRmofxvraze. SeiniSneba uaryofiTi tendenciac, rac gamoixateba<br />
aSkara diskriminaciuli xasiaTis mqone kanonproeqtis SemuSavebas<br />
1 `aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>~. Tbilisi. 2005<br />
2 `aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi TbilisSi~. Tbilisi. 2007<br />
3 „<strong>genderuli</strong> problemebi gardamaval periodSi~. msoflio banki. 2002 w.<br />
61
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
SromiTi kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb. 1<br />
2008 wlis monacemebiT, qalebi dasaqmebulTa saerTo ricxvis 44,9%–s Seadgenen.<br />
maTi umetesoba dabalanazRaurebad samsaxurebSi muSaobs (mag. pedagogTa<br />
70% qalia. dawyebiTi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebSi, sadac yvelaze<br />
dabali anazRaurebaa, qalebi 83%-s Seadgenen). 56,6% soflis meurneoba-<br />
Sia dasaqmebuli 2 , 12,6 % – ganaTlebis sferoSi, 9,9 % – vaWrobaSi, 6,2 % –<br />
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socuzrunvelyofis sferoSi. qalebis nominaluri<br />
xelfasi ekonomikis yvela seqtorSi naklebia daqiravebiT dasaqmebul<br />
kacTa saSualo nominalur xelfasze. Semosavlebis saerTo maCveneblebze<br />
gavlenas axdens dabali pensiebic. saSualo pensia saarsebo minimumze 5–<br />
jer naklebia, pensionerTa 64,6%-s ki qalebi Seadgenen. 3<br />
TviTdasaqmebul qalebSi mcirea mewarme qalebis wili (13,8%), roca igive<br />
statusiT kacebSi 26,2% dasaqmebuli. sazogadoebis damokidebulebis<br />
garda, es SeiZleba imiTac aixsnas, rom qalebs naklebad miuwvdebaT xeli<br />
resursebze, kreditebze, teqnologiebze. ar floben biznesis sawarmoeblad<br />
saWiro codnas.<br />
amasTan, saqmiani/mewarme qalebi naklebad arian orientirebulni Tanam-<br />
Sromlobaze, jgufur muSaobaze, rac erTi mxriv, xels Seuwyobda maT<br />
TviTganviTarebas, meore mxriv, gaaZlierebda maT samoqalaqo aqtivobas.<br />
jansaRi socialuri garemo da ekonomika aucileblad gulisxmobs<br />
amgvari tipis TanamSromlobas. 4<br />
gansakuTrebiT mZimea soflad mcxovreb qalTa mdgomareoba. patriarqaluri<br />
tradiciebis gavlena regionebSi ufro sagrZnobia, soflad<br />
mcxovreb qalebs naklebad miuwvdebaT xeli informaciaze qalTa uflebebis<br />
Sesaxeb. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas saWiroeben musulmanebiTa<br />
da eTnikuri umciresobebiT mWidrod dasaxlebuli regionebi, sadac<br />
qalebis saqmianoba mTlianad Semoifargleba ojaxur/SinameurneobaSi<br />
dasaqmebiT. Sesabamisad ar xdeba maTi Sromis valorizeba da maTi sazogadoebriv<br />
saqmianobaSi CarTuloba maqsimalurad SezRudulia.<br />
kreditebi da sesxebi soflad macxovrebeli qalebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT<br />
xelmiuwvdomelia ramdenime mizezis gamo: rogorc wesi, qalebi naklebad<br />
arian mesakuTreebi; mikrosafinanso organizaciebisa da sabanko<br />
seqtoris sakredito politika faqtobrivad ar iTvaliswinebs sasoflo–sameurneo<br />
sesxebis specifikas (grZelvadiani da mcireprocentiani<br />
kreditebi da sxv.).<br />
siRaribis donis zrdam qveyanaSi uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina qveynis ekologiazec.<br />
mosaxleobis dabalma ekologiurma sensitiurobam mzardi siR-<br />
1 Sromis kodeqsis mixedviT orsuloba, mSobiaroba da bavSvis movla SromiTi urTierTobis<br />
SeCerebis safuZvels warmoadgens, romlis drosac daqiravebuls ar miecema anazRaureba. gasul<br />
wels gauqmda kanoni savaldebulo socialuri dazRvevis Sesaxeb, romelic aregulirebda<br />
droebiTi Sromisuunarobisa da dekretuli Svebulebis anazRaurebis sakiTxebs. am sakiTxebis<br />
maregulirebeli norma amoRebuli iqna Sromis kodeqsidanac. droebiTi Sromisuunarobisa da<br />
dekretuli Svebulebis anazRaurebis wess wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb kanoni gansaz-<br />
Rvravs, romelic Seusabamod mcire, araadeqvatur anazRaurebas iTvaliswinebs.<br />
2 „dasaqmebis ucvleli tendenciis pirobebSi, Sinameurneobebi, romelTa Semosavlis wyaro<br />
sasoflo TviTdasaqmebaa, siRaribis maRali riskis jgufad rCeba~. aTaswleulis ganviTarebis<br />
miznebi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>. ganxorcielebis angariSi 2004-2005 ww. Tbilisi. 2005 w.<br />
3 „qali da kaci~. statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti. Tbilisi. 2008 w.<br />
4 Gender Assessment for USAIDCaucasus . June 2003. Tbilisi.<br />
62
aribis fonze gazarda anTropogenuli zewola, rogorc biznes-seqtoris,<br />
aseve marginaluri fenebis mxridanac, romlebic praqtikulad arseboben<br />
bunebrivi resursebis xarjze. bunebrivi resursebis aragegmazomieri<br />
gamoyeneba (xe-tyis ukontrolo Wra, savargulebisa da saZovrebis, wylis<br />
resursebis aragegmazomieri moxmareba, brakonieroba da sxv.) safrTxes<br />
uqmnis regionis biomravalferovnebas. meores mxriv, dasaqmebisa da Semosavlis<br />
alternatiuli saSualebebis gareSe ki praqtikulad uSedego<br />
da araefeqturia saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier rekomendebuli sxvadasxva<br />
ekoprogamebis ganxorcieleba da implementacia.<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom soflad macxovrebel qalTa gaZlierebaze mimar-<br />
Tuli proeqtebi met-naklebad iTvaliswinebdes zemoCamoTvlil problemebsa<br />
da tendenciebs.<br />
`qalTa iniciativebis mxardamWeri jgufi~, romelic 2000 wlidan muSaobs<br />
soflad macxovrebel qalTa gaZlierebaze socialur-ekonomikur<br />
sferoSi orientirebuli iyo proeqtebze, romelic xels Seuwyobda maT<br />
TviTdasaqmebasa da gaZlierebas organizebuli urTierTTanamSromlobis<br />
gziT.<br />
soflad macxovrebel qalebTan ramdenimewlianma muSaobam dagvanaxa, rom<br />
maTi resursebisa da sxva gare faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, maTi TviTdasaqmebis<br />
erT-erT optimalur gzas agroturizmi da agroturistuli<br />
qselis Camoyalibeba warmoadgenda. maspinZlobis tvirTi ojaxSi tradiciulad<br />
qals ekisreba, magram es Sromac, iseve rogorc zogadad misi saqmianoba<br />
ojaxur SinameurneobaSi, valorizebuli araa. agroturizmis kidev<br />
erTi Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is xels uwyobs maspinZeli<br />
ojaxebis garSemo saTemo meurneobebis Seqmnas, mcire turistuli infrastruqturis<br />
Camoyalibebas. es yovelive soflad mcxovrebi qalebis ekonomikuri<br />
gaZlierebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis garda, xels uwyobs<br />
qalebis aqtiur Cabmas qveyanaSi mimdinare socio-kulturulsa da ekonomikur<br />
cxovrebaSi sakuTari meurneobisagan mouwyvetlad.<br />
2001 wlidan `qalTa iniciativebis mxardamWerma jgufma~ daiwyo saqarTvlos<br />
sxvadasxva regionebSi iseTi ojaxebis moZebna, romlebic akmayofilebdnen<br />
agroturizmis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro moTxovnebs.<br />
organizaciam maTTvis SeimuSava individualuri agroturistuli koncefciebi,<br />
informacia maT Sesaxeb ganTavsda rogorc organizaciis vebgverdze,<br />
ise ucxour agroturistul katalogebSi, movizideT maTTvis<br />
turistebi.<br />
adgilobrivi ganviTareba, romlis erT-erT agentsac warmoadgens<br />
agroturistuli saqmianoba dakavSirebulia mudmiv formaciebTan,<br />
informaciis gacvlasTan. amasTan, izrdeba agroturizmiT dainteresebul<br />
ojaxTa ricxvic. Sesabamisad, Cven SevimuSaveT permanentuli<br />
treningebisa da formaciebis kursi regionSi mcxovrebi qalebisaTvis,<br />
vinc agroturizmiTaa dainteresebuli (kursi moicavs iseT sakiTxebs<br />
rogoricaa: qveynisa da regionuli turistuli resursebi; ekoganaTleba,<br />
mdgradi ganviTareba da <strong>genderuli</strong> balansi; samoqalaqo aqtivoba da<br />
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba; solidarobis mniSvneloba da qseluri<br />
muSaobis upiratesobebi; koleqtiuri aqtivoba; individualuri turistuli<br />
servis-paketis damoukideblad Sedgenis praqtikuli unar-Cvevebi;<br />
informacia qveyanaSi arsebuli sagadasaxado politikis, mikrosqalTa<br />
gaZliereba ekonomikur sferoSi –<br />
socialuri cvlilebebis mniSvnelovani agenti<br />
irma inariZe<br />
63
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
afinanso da sakredito institutebis Sesaxeb; biznes-gegmebis Sedgenis<br />
praqtikuli unar-Cvevebi da sxv.).<br />
6 wlisani muSaobis Sedegad, 2006 wels agroturistuli qseli damoukidebel<br />
iuridiul pirad daregistrirda rogorc fondi „glexebis<br />
maspinZloba <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>`dResdReobiT fonds hyavs 10 namdvili da 16<br />
asocirebuli wevri saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. qseli momxmarebels<br />
sTavazobs: mwvane, ornitologiur, musikalur, Rvinis turebs; sazafxulo<br />
skolebis organizebas.<br />
qalTa ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli<br />
erTmaneTTan. amitomac, vTvliT, rom miRwevebi, romelic<br />
Cvens jgufs aqvs mniSvnelovania ara mxolod qselis wevrebisaTvis, aramed<br />
mniSvnelovan resurss warmoadgens qveyanaSi saWiro socialuri cvlilebebis<br />
ganxorcielebis inicirebisTvisac.<br />
64
mUBb!flpopnjlvsj!nehpnbsfpcjt!<br />
hbvnkpcftfcb<br />
mixeil ToqmaziSvili
saqarTvelos neoliberaluri<br />
politikis <strong>genderuli</strong> problemebi<br />
mixeil ToqmaziSvili (1955)<br />
ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,<br />
profesori. muSaobs<br />
sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi.<br />
wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
iyo gaeros programis<br />
`genderi da politika samxreT<br />
kavkasiaSi~ eqsperti. aris<br />
naSromebis avtori makroekonomikis,<br />
ekonomikuri politikis,<br />
saerTaSoriso ekonomikisa<br />
da socialuri ekonomikis<br />
sferoebSi.
saqarTvelos neoliberaluri politikis <strong>genderuli</strong> problemebi<br />
mixeil ToqmaziSvili<br />
Sesavali<br />
ukanaskneli 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ganxorcielebulma instituciurma<br />
cvlilebebma da ekonomikis ganviTarebis winaaRmdegobebma<br />
kvlav daayena dRis wesrigSi <strong>genderuli</strong> problemebis gadaWris<br />
aucilebloba, romelic dakavSirebulia rogorc memkvidreobiT miRebul<br />
gadmonaSTebTan da ojaxis tradiciul modelTan, aseve srulad axali<br />
tendenciebis aRmocenebasTan, romelic Sromis bazris ganviTarebam,<br />
socialuri dacvis sistemis cvlilebam da socialuri infrastruqturis<br />
ganviTarebam warmoSva. <strong>genderuli</strong> problemebi kidev ufro gaamwvava<br />
globaluri krizisis Sedegad saqarTvelos ekonomikis zrdis tempebis<br />
dacemam da saqarTvelo-ruseTis omis Sedegad devnilebis axali talRis<br />
gamoCenam. yovelive aman moiTxova saxelmwifo finansebis ganawilebis<br />
axali midgomebis gamoyeneba da socialur da genderul problemebze<br />
orientirebuli politikis SemuSaveba. biujetis socialurma orientaciam<br />
kidev ufro gazarda saxelmwifos roli <strong>genderuli</strong> problemebis<br />
gadaWraSi. dRes sakanonmdeblo organoSi ganixileba <strong>genderuli</strong> koncefciis<br />
miRebis sakiTxic.<br />
Sromis bazris <strong>genderuli</strong> problemebi<br />
sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi, saqarTvelosaTvis, iseve<br />
rogorc sxva postkomunisturi qveynisaTvis, damaxasiaTebeli gaxda<br />
mosaxleobis dabali Semosavlebi, SezRuduli fiskaluri resursebi da<br />
ganuviTarebeli sabazro institutebi. politikurma arastabilurobam,<br />
ekonomikis dargobrivma krizisebma da mouwyobelma sagareo urTier-<br />
Tobebma eqstremaluri viTareba Seqmna <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> da Zalze gaamwvava<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi. yovelive es ki refleqsurad aisaxa<br />
Sromis bazris ganviTarebaSi: mkveTrad Semcirda dasaqmeba, warmoiSva<br />
regionaluri da <strong>genderuli</strong> disproporciebi da umuSevrobam, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
axalgazrdobaSi, xangrZlivi xasiaTi SeiZina.<br />
2004 wlidan <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> safuZveli eyreba e.w. `radikalurad liberaluri~<br />
ekonomikis principebis ganxorcielebas, romlis Tanaxmad, ekonomikis<br />
yvela seqtori imarTeba mxolod Tavisufali sabazro kanonebis<br />
Tanaxmad da saxelmwifo ar aniWebes prioritets arc erT seqtors. instituciuri<br />
reformebis Sedegad saqarTvelo iqca mowinave reformistul<br />
qveynad. biznesis gamartivebam da ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo Carevis<br />
minimalizaciam xeli Seuwyo pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis zrdas.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, Sromis bazari daZabuli darCa.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> Sromis bazris arsebuli struqtura ZiriTadad daefuZna<br />
demografiuli, socialur-ekonomikuri da institucionaluri faqtorebis<br />
zemoqmedebas. daqiravebiT dasaqmebulebi dRemde ver gaxdnen<br />
ekonomikis warmmarTveli ZiriTadi Zala, romelsac SeuZlia qveyanaSi<br />
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrda uzrunvelyos.<br />
gamokvlevebma sxvadasxva qveyanaSi daadastures, rom rodesac mamakacebis<br />
dasaqmeba mcirdeba, qalebis dasaqmeba procentulad naklebad<br />
mcirdeba an kidev igive rCeba, da piriqiT. umuSevrobis dros aunazRaurebeli<br />
Sromis raodenoba qalebSi ufro metad izrdeba, vidre mamakacebSi.<br />
amdenad, qalis dasaqmeba ufro moqnilia da mgrZnobiarea bazris<br />
67
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
cvlilebebis mimarT, vidre mamakacis, Tumca, dasaqmebis `komercializaciis~<br />
maCvenebeli, anu anazRaurebadi Sromis wili SromiTi danaxarjebis<br />
mTlian moculobaSi qalebSi sagrZnoblad dabalia mamakacebTan<br />
SedarebiT. yovel 100 mamakacze qalebis raodenoba saojaxo meurneobaSi<br />
dasaqmebulTa Soris orjer da metad aRemateba aRniSnul Tanafardobas<br />
daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa Soris. amasTan, qali profesiuli samuSaodan<br />
advilad gadaerTveba ojaxur saqmeebze, mamakaci ki ufro mWidrod aris<br />
~mibmuli~ profesiul saqmianobasTan, amitom samuSaos dakargva masze<br />
ufro mtkivneulad moqmedebs, vidre qalze.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> Sromis bazari genderulad segmentirebulia. qalebi<br />
ZiriTadad saxelmwifo seqtorSi arian dasaqmebuli. rogorc gamokvlevebi<br />
cxadyofs, Sromis bazarze qalebis kvalifikacia ar CamorCeba<br />
mamakacebis kvalifikacias. miuxedavad amisa, Tu 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />
saqarTvelos erovnul meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli qalis saSualo<br />
xelfasi mamakacis saSualo xelfasis 75 procents Seadgenda, 1990-iani<br />
wlebis bolosaTvis igi 52 procentamde daeca da Semdeg kidev ufro metad<br />
Semcirda. Yyovelive es, ojaxur meurneobaSi qalis aunazRaurebel<br />
Sromis mniSvnelobis zrdasTan erTad, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> Sromis bazarze <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
problemebis arsebobazec metyvelebs.<br />
siRaribis zrdam gazarda qalebis dasaqmeba mamakacis proporciulad,<br />
Tumca, <strong>genderuli</strong> vertikaluri uTanasworoba, rogorc Tanamdebobebis<br />
dakavebaSi da karieris keTebaSi, aseve Sromis anazRaurebaSi, kvlav didia.<br />
amis magaliTia is, rom Tu evropis qveyenebSiD saSualod 17 procentiT<br />
CamorCeba qalis erToblivi anazRaureba mamakacis erTobliv anazRaurebas,<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> es sxvaoba 52 procents aRwevs.<br />
amasTan, bolo wlebSi ekonomikuri tempebis zrda mcirediT uzrunvelyofda<br />
dasaqmebis arasaxarbielo struqturis cvlilebas. Tu 2003 wels<br />
TviTdasaqmebulebs ekavaT yvelaze didi wili mTlianad dasaqmebulebSi<br />
da Seadgenda 75 procents, 2007 wels igi Semcirda daaxloebiT 20 punqtiT,<br />
xolo im sferoebSi ki, romlebic swrafi tempebiT izrdeboda (komunikaciebi,<br />
gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba, mSenebloba, safinansoDSuamavloba<br />
da sxv), ver uzrunvelyofda dasaqmebis mkveTr zrdas am seqtorebisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli dasaqmebis SezRuduli bunebis gamo.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> dasaqmebis didi wili agrarul seqtorze modis, magram<br />
seqtorSi dabali Sromis mwarmoeblurobis gamo, mosaxleobis migracia<br />
qalaqad kvlav did problemas warmoadgens. amas emateba migraciuli procesebis<br />
„feminizacia` ucxoeTis qveynebSi, sadac qalze modis SromiTi<br />
emigracis yvelaze didi tvirTi. Mmigraciis „feminizaciam` mowyvita qali<br />
Sinameurneobisagan da kidev ufro gaamwvava <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> isedac arasaxarbielo<br />
demografiuli mdgomareoba.<br />
SromiTi migracia<br />
qalTa raodenobis masiuri zrda SromiT migraciaSi damaxasiaTebeli tendencia<br />
gaxda saerTaSoriso migraciiasaTvis. qali martoxela, gaTxovili,<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi ukeTesi ganaTlebiT, vidre mamakaci, cxovrebis pirobebis<br />
gaumjobesebis mizniT sazRvrebs gareT eZebs samuSaos. bolo periodSi<br />
SromiT migrantTa Soris qalTa wili ufro metad izrdeba, vidre<br />
68
saqarTvelos neoliberaluri politikis <strong>genderuli</strong> problemebi<br />
mixeil ToqmaziSvili<br />
mamakacebis. kvlevebiT dadasturebulia, rom mraval qveyanaSi Sromis bazris<br />
struqturulma cvlilebebma ganapirobes SromiTi migraciis feminizacia.<br />
1<br />
ganaTlebisa da profesionalizmis maRali done qalebs stimuls aZlevs,<br />
rac SeiZleba naklebad iqnen dakavebuli SromiT ojaxSi. Sromis danawilebis<br />
tradiciuli <strong>genderuli</strong> modeli TandaTanobiT icvleba. qalic<br />
iseve monawileobs ojaxis biujetis formirebaSi, rogorc mamakaci. qalisTvis<br />
mniSvnelovania ara marto finansuri faqtori, aramed moraluric.<br />
qalis saqmianoba mxolod ojaxSi araprestiJuli gaxda. Sromis bazarze<br />
dasaqmebuli qali Tavs ufro komfortulad da damoukideblad<br />
miiCnevs, amitomac SesaZleblobis pirobebSi Sromis bazars irCevs.<br />
saSualo Semosavlebis ojaxebSi qalis reproduqciuli saqmianoba daqiravebul<br />
Sromis Zalam Secvala. ganviTarebuli qveynebSi qalTa umravlesobam<br />
aunazRaurebeli saojaxo Sromidan gadainacvla anazRaurebad<br />
SromaSi, xolo maTi adgili daikava ganviTarebadi qveynebidan Camosulma<br />
SromiTma migrantebma. miuxedavad garkveuli kvalifikaciisa da profesionalizmisa,<br />
gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebidan Camosuli qalebi<br />
dasaqmdnen momsaxurebis infrastruqturis dabal safexurze. maTi umravlesoba<br />
moaxled, momvlelad, damxmare muSad, gamyidvelad da oficiantad<br />
muSaobs. samxreT aziisa da aRmosavleT aziis Tavisufal ekonomikur<br />
zonebSi mTeli samuSaos Zalis 80 % qalia. igi iafi samuSao Zalaa.<br />
maTgan sakmaod didi nawili SromiTi emigrantia da Cabmulia gasarTob<br />
industriaSi, umetesad prostituciaSi. 2<br />
1990-ian wlamde <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> qalTa SromiTi migracia ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
tradiciuli, qarTuli mentalitetisaTvis miuRebeli iyo,<br />
rom qals ojaxi mietovebina da saSovarze Sors wasuliyo. magram arsebulma<br />
realobam, Rrma socialur - ekonomikurma krizisma, cxovrebis donis<br />
dacemam ganapiroba is, rom SromiTi migracia gaxda saqarTvelos mosaxleobis<br />
fizikuri arsebobis SenarCunebis erT-erTi gza. man dasabami<br />
misca qalTa farTo monawileobas SromiT migraciaSi. SromiT migrantTa<br />
<strong>genderuli</strong> struqtura naTlad gviCvenebs qalTa da mamakacTa xvedriTi<br />
wilis gaTanabrebas am procesebSi.<br />
gamokvleviT dadginda, rom qalebi dasaqmebulni arian momsaxureobis<br />
seqtorSi momvlelebad, aRmzrdelebad, oficiantebad, damlageblebad,<br />
gamyidvelebad da a.S.<br />
qalTa SromiTi migracia gamowveulia mZime socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebiT,<br />
romelic uaryofiT gavlenas axdens ojaxze, demografiul ganviTarebaze.<br />
mamakacebTan SedarebiT qalebs ufro uWirT ojaxidan Sors yofna.<br />
xSiria SemTxveva, roca mcirewlovani Svilebis patroni migranti qalebi<br />
sxvis Svilebs zrdian. sakuTari Svilebi ki samSobloSi axloblebis amara<br />
hyavT datovebuli. maTi wili, visac qmari da Svilebi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> hyavT,<br />
mTel nakadSi erTi mesamedia, aqedan, Sviliani ki ufro meti.<br />
qalTa SromiTi emigraciis intensiurobis zrdam mniSvnelovnad Secvala<br />
ojaxis struqtura da <strong>genderuli</strong> roluri funqciebi. gaxSirda<br />
1 Castles S., Miller J., The Age of Migration, International Population, Movements to the Modern World, London,<br />
1993;International organization For Migration, Migrant Workers 1999 ,International Migration. IMO: April<br />
2001<br />
2 Becker G.S. ``A Theory of the allocation Time``. The Economic Journal vol.80 Harvard page 15<br />
69
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevebi. Sesustda axalgazrdebsa da bavSvebze<br />
ojaxis moraluri zegavlena. rTulma ekonomikurma da socialurma faqtorebma<br />
gamoiwvies trefikingTan, prostituciasa da damnaSaveobasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli movlenebis gavrceleba qveyanaSi, sadac Zaladobis msxverplTa<br />
Soris qalebi umravlesobas warmoadgenen.<br />
qveynis gareT qalebi ZiriTadad dakavebuli arian araformalur seqtor-<br />
Si, sadac ar arsebobs SromiTi uflebebis dacvis legaluri meqanizmi.<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTareba<br />
am problemebs emateba mcire mewarmeobis ganuviTarebloba. saqarTvelo-<br />
Si bolo wlebSi (2002-2006ww.) Camoyalibebuli proporciebis mixedviT,<br />
biznes-seqtoris mTlian brunvaSi mcire biznesis wilad modis daaxloebiT<br />
15 procenti, saSualo biznesis wilad – 10 procenti da msxvili biznesis<br />
wilad – 75 procenti. SedarebisaTvis, evrokavSirSi gacilebiT<br />
dabalia msxvili biznesis wili da Seadgens mTeli brunvis daaxloebiT<br />
42 procents. Sesabamisad, maRali - saSualo (19%) da mcire (39%) biznesis<br />
wili.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> 2002-2008 wlebSi Camoyalibebuli proporciebis mixedviT,<br />
biznes-seqtoris mTlian brunvaSi mcire biznesis wilad daaxloebiT 15<br />
procenti modis, saSualo biznesis wilad – 10 procenti, msxvili biznesis<br />
wilad ki – 75 procenti. mTlianad saSualo da mcire biznesis wili<br />
mTlian gamoSvebaSi 1/4-s ar aRemateba. 1<br />
oficialuri statistikuri monacemebiT, 2000 wlidan dRemde grZeldeba<br />
samewarmeo seqtoris mTlian brunvasa da saerTo gamoSvebaSi mcire<br />
da saSualo biznesis wilis Semcireba da msxvili biznesis wilis zrda.<br />
amis Sedegad katastrofulad dabali rCeba samuSaos damqiraveblebis<br />
ricxovnoba. amJamad, damqiravebulTa saerTo raodenoba 20 aTasze naklebia<br />
da 2003 welTan SedarebiT maTi ricxvi ara Tu ar gaizarda, aramed<br />
Semcirda kidec daaxloebiT 2,5 aTasi kaciT.<br />
Ees sfero gansakuTrebiT genderulad mgrZnobiarea, radgan qali rogorc<br />
mewarme, ZiriTadad am sferoSi ikeTebs karieras. garda amisa, igi<br />
dasaqmebis erT-erTi mTavari potenciuri sferoa. Aam seqtorSi dasaqmebulia<br />
momuSaveTa naxevarze meti, magram mTlian gamoSvebaSi maTi erToblivi<br />
wili Zalian dabalia, 20 procentze naklebia. dRes <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
ekonomikuri zrda ZiriTadad msxvili sawarmoebis wilad modis, sadac<br />
ZiriTadad mamakacebia dasaqmebuli (gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba). mas<br />
zrdadi tendencia aqvs, xolo mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis konkurentunarianoba<br />
da efeqtianoba dabalia da sul ufro mcirdeba. maTi ganvi-<br />
Tareba recesiul mdgomareobaSia.<br />
saxelmwifo seqtoris <strong>genderuli</strong> tendenciebi<br />
<strong>genderuli</strong> disbalansi arsebobs saxelmwifo dasaqmebis sferoSic. rogorc<br />
gamokvlevebi adasturebs, es sfero qalebisaTvis dasaqmebis<br />
yvelaze sasurvelia.<br />
1 evrokavSirSi msxvili biznesis wili mTeli brunvis daaxloebiT 42 procents ASeadgens da<br />
maRalia saSualo da mcire biznesis wili, Sesabamisad, - 19 da 39 procenti.<br />
70
saqarTvelos neoliberaluri politikis <strong>genderuli</strong> problemebi<br />
mixeil ToqmaziSvili<br />
saxelmwifo seqtori 2006 wels iyo qalis upiratesi dasaqmebis sfero, magram<br />
saminitroebis reorganizaciis Sedegad misi wili 2006-2008 wlebSi<br />
mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. es aris imis dasturi, rom reorganizacia upirveles<br />
yovlisa amcirebs qalis dasaqmebas.<br />
Semcirda xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobeze maTi xverdriTi wilic da 2008<br />
wels Seadgina 28-29 procenti. amasTan, saxelmwifo seqtorSi qalis sa-<br />
Sualo Tviuri xelfasi Sedagens mamakacis mxolod 80 procents. qalis<br />
upiratesma gamonTavisuflebam am seqtorSi kidev ufro gazarda qalisa<br />
da kacis xelfasebs Soris sxvaoba 2005-2007 wlebSi, magram 2008 wels igi<br />
mkveTrda gauaresda, miuxedavad amisa misma xelfasma Sedagina kacis xelfasis<br />
90 procenti. Erac aris <strong>genderuli</strong> gansxvavebis gamovlineba.<br />
faqtobrivad 2005-2008 wlebSi saxelmwifo seqtorSi qalis dasaqmebis<br />
maCveneblebi gauaresda, marTalia, saxelmwifo setorSi erToblivad<br />
dasaqmebuli qalebis ganaTleba aRemateba mamakacebis ganaTlebis dones,<br />
magram Tanamdebobisa da anazRaurebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT disbalansi<br />
sakmaod didia. amasTan, saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa saer-<br />
To raodenobaSi yovel 100 mamakacze marTvis organos xelmZRanelia 36<br />
qali, 161 umaRlesi donis kvalificiuri specialisti, 159 saSualo donis<br />
kvalificiuri specialisti, 254 informaciis momzadebiT, dokumentebis<br />
gaformebiT, aRricxviTa da momsaxurebiT dakavebuli muSaki. Bukanaskneli<br />
wlebis ganmavlobaSi kidev ufro gaZlierda profesiuli da vertikaluri<br />
segregacia Sromis bazarze.<br />
Nneoliberaluri politikidan socialur orientaciaze transformacia<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> mimdinare ekonomikuri politika efuZneba Eneoliberalur<br />
Rirebulebebs, sadac socialur problemetikas meorexarisxovani mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeba. am Rirebulebebis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo sakuTrebis<br />
gansaxelmwifoebriobis procesma da biznesis keTebis liberalizaciam<br />
unda uzrunvelyos damatebiTi samuSao adgilebis gaCena da dasaqmebis donis<br />
zrdac, rac Tavis mxriv, aqtiuri socialuri politikis ganxorcielebas<br />
Seuwyobda xels. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> mniSvnelovani reformebi gatarda<br />
sagadasaxado, sabaJo sferoebSi, Semcirda sagadasaxado ganakveTebi da<br />
gamartivda sabaJo procedurebi. amis paralelurad Semcirda saxelmwifos<br />
instituciuri Careva ekonomikaSi. Sedegad daCqarda ekonomikis zrdis<br />
tembebi, magram importze orientirebulma politikam mniSvnelovnad<br />
imoqmeda inflaciis importzec da globaluri krizisis Sedegad ki Semcirda<br />
pirdapiri investiciebi. mravali sawarmo gakotrebis safrTxis win<br />
dadga. gaizarda umuSevroba da qalis dasaqmebis wili SinameurneobebSi.<br />
yovelve aman kidev erTxel moiTxova xelisuflebis mxridan radikaluri<br />
RonisZiebebis gatarebis aucilebloba, gansakuTrebiT ki socialur<br />
sferoSi.<br />
2008 wlamde saqarTvelos biujeti orientirebuli iyo im urTierTobebze,<br />
romlebsac unda ganemtkicebina usafrTxoeba da uzrunveleyo<br />
saxelmwifo saqmianobis efeqtianobis amaRleba. biujeti mxolod 2008<br />
wlidan gaxda orientirebuli socialuri problemebis mogvarebaze. saxelmwifo<br />
safinanso politikam <strong>genderuli</strong> elferic SeiZina. aseTi radikaluri<br />
cvlilebebi ganpirobebuli iyo socialuri daZabulobis zrdiT,<br />
71
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
romelmac Tavis mxriv, moiTxova socialuri reformebis warmarTvis<br />
aucilebloba. saxelmwifo biujetis resursebis ganawileba radikalurad<br />
Seicvala da mTel rig infrastruqturaSi (ganaTleba, jandacva)<br />
dafinanseba ganxorcielda sadazRvevo principebisa da Sedegze orientirebuli<br />
politikis safuZvelze. Sesabamisad, Seicvala danaxarjebis<br />
dinamika. amasTan, miznobrivma socialurma dafinansebam gazarda saxelmwifo<br />
biujetis socialuri tvirTi da pozitiurad imoqmeda Raribi<br />
socialuri fenebis dacvaze. Mmiuxedavad amisa, yovelive es arasakmarisi<br />
aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom <strong>genderuli</strong> balansi damyarebuliyo. saqarTvelo<br />
<strong>genderuli</strong> ganviTarebis indeqsis mixedviT 124 qveyanas Soris 93 adgilze<br />
aRmoCnda, xolo <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> indeqsiT ki 65 adgilze, maSin<br />
rodesac biznesis keTebis indeqsiT igi me-11 adgilzea msoflios 153<br />
qveyanas Soris.<br />
daskvna<br />
mTlianobaSi neoliberaluri politikis gaxorcielebam, marTalia, xeli<br />
Seuwyo ekonomikis daCqarebas, magram igi araadekvaturi iyo imisaTvis,<br />
rom qveyenaSi gadaWriliyo socialuri problemebi da orientacia sayovelTao<br />
keTildReobaze yofiliyo aqcentirebuli. axalma sabiujeto iniciativebma<br />
Seqmna sastarto pirobebi siRaribis dasaZlevad da socialuri<br />
fonis gasaumjobeseblad, magram ekonomikis zrdis tempebis mkveTri<br />
dacema kidev ufro zrdis socialur problemebs da umuSevrobas da mtkivneuls<br />
xdis <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sakiTxebs.<br />
72
mfcj!eb!nehsbej!hbowjUbsfcb<br />
marina elbaqiZe
ganaTlebis misawvdomoba araqarTulenovani<br />
qalebisaTvis da maTi monawileoba<br />
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi<br />
marina elbaqiZe kiTxulobs fsiqologiis<br />
kurss Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetSi. 1996 wlidan muSaobs<br />
`mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganvi-<br />
Tarebis kavkasiur institutSi~; misi<br />
kvlevis ZiriTad sferos warmoadgens<br />
konfliqtebis analizi, aseve<br />
eTnikuri, religiuri da <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
sakiTxebi.
ganaTlebis misawvdomoba araqarTulenovani qalebisaTvis<br />
da maTi monawileoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi<br />
marina elbaqiZe<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> konteqstSi, ZiriTadad samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis farglebSi, mimdinareobs msjeloba ramdenad arian<br />
CarTuli qalebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, gadawyvetilebis miRebis<br />
procesSi, magaliTad, politikis, biznesis da sxva sferoebSi. am sakiTxebze<br />
msjelobisas xSirad gaismis kiTxva, ramdenad aqvT qalebs Sesabamisi kvalifikacia,<br />
profesiuli unarebi da, rac mTavaria, ramdenad aqvs qalebis<br />
monawileobis saWiroeba, `moTxovnileba~ sazogadoebas da Tavad qals.<br />
aseTi msjelobebi xSirad spekulaciuri xasiaTisaa an sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani<br />
nawilis mier <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> problemebi xelovnul<br />
sakiTxad miiCneva. sqesTa <strong>Tanasworobis</strong>a da qalis adamianis uflebebis Temis<br />
wamoWra calkeul SemTxvevebSi ironiasac ki iwvevs. am Temisadmi aseTi<br />
araerTmniSvnelovani da xSirad emociuri damokidebuleba adasturebs,<br />
rom igi imsaxurebs siRmiseul ganxilvas, analizs da wamoWril kiTxvebze<br />
damajerebeli, argumentirebuli pasuxebis gacemas. Tundac imis garkveva,<br />
es marTlac xelovnuri Tu arsebiTi sakiTxia Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis,<br />
mniSvnelovnad waadgeboda reformebis procesSi myof qveyanas.<br />
faqtia, rom bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze, mkveTri politikuri da ekonomikuri<br />
ryevebis fonze, qalisa da kacis roli socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
indikatorebis mixedviT mniSvnelovnad Seicvala; garkveuli wvlili<br />
Seitanes qalebma politikur procesebSic. magram rogoria am wvlilis<br />
mniSvneloba, ra moutana aman sazogadoebas da momavalSi saiT da ra formiT<br />
unda warimarTos qalebis potenciali, amis sistemuri analizi da Sefaseba,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, ar gakeTebula. Tumca, Catarda calkeuli mniSvnelovani<br />
kvlevebi <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> mdgomareobis Seswavlis<br />
mimarTulebiT da arsebobs eqspertuli Sefasebebi (angariSebi), romelTagan<br />
mniSvnelovan nawilSi aRniSnulia, rom <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong><br />
TvalsazrisiT <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> mniSvnelovani xarvezebia sxvadasxva sferoebSi.<br />
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sakiTxze, iseve rogorc sxva socialur movlenebze<br />
msjelobisas, unda ganvixiloT sakiTxis samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri,<br />
socialuri, fsiqologiuri da zogierTi sxva aspeqti. am<br />
sakiTxis samarTlebrivi mxare, SeiZleba iTqvas, ZiriTadad dadebiTad<br />
fasdeba dargis eqspertebis mier _ saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT uzrunvelyofili<br />
iuridiuli baza arsebiTad sakmarisia <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong>aTvis.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom am samarTeblivi safuZvelis Seqmna<br />
daiwyo eduard SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis periodSi, xolo vardebis<br />
revoluciis Semdeg sakanonmdeblo baza am mimarTulebiT kidev ufro<br />
gaumjobesda. gamarTuli samarTeblivi safuZvlis arsebobis miuxedavad,<br />
eqspertebis mniSvnelovani nawili aRniSnavs, rom es kanonebi ar aris<br />
qmediTi, radgan maTSi ar aris Cadebuli maTi aRsrulebis meqanizmi da,<br />
rac mTavaria, qveyanaSi am kanonebis srulyofilad amoqmedebis politikuri<br />
neba ar arsebobs.<br />
kanonebis qmediTunarianobas SesaZloa erTgvar dabrkolebas uqmnis<br />
sazogadoebrivi cnobierebac, romelic ar aris mzad, Riad imsjelos<br />
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul problemebze;<br />
sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa sistemaSi es sakiTxi TiTqosda ar warmoadgens<br />
prioritets. amis dasturad gamodgeba, magaliTad, parlamentis<br />
calkeuli wevrebis (kanonSemomqmedTa!) cinikuri reaqcia, romelic 2006<br />
wels parlamentSi ojaxuri Zaladobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kanonpro-<br />
75
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
eqtis ganxilvas mohyva. Tavad samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSic ki <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
<strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sakiTxebsa da qalis adamianis uflebebze momuSave arasam-<br />
Tavrobo organizaciebi xSirad marginalebad aRiqmeba. sazogadoeba ar<br />
iRebs `axal genderul ideebs~ da Tavad am organizaciebmac ar ician, rogor<br />
miawodon `ucxo~ mosazrebebi sazogadoebas ise, rom agresia an ironia<br />
ar gamoiwvion, rogorc mamakacebSi, aseve Tavad qalebSi. gavrcelebuli<br />
stereotipebi da Tavad qalebis tradiciuli warmodgenebi sqesTa<br />
rolebze da qalTa uflebebze, SeiZleba, aranaklebi winaRoba iyos, vidre<br />
mamakacebis xedva.<br />
cxadia, politikuri nebis simwire politikuri Zalebis mxridan, ekonomikuri<br />
sirTuleebi da sazogadoebis SexedulebaTa arsebuli sistema<br />
qmnis erTgvar dabrkolebas sazogadoebriv da politikur procesebSi<br />
qalebis aqtiuri monawileobis mimarTulebiT. am faqtorebis garda<br />
mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis am sakiTxebSi informirebulobis xarisxi<br />
da sazogadod, ganaTlebis misawvdomoba. informirebulobisa da gan-<br />
Tlebis dabali xarisxi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani winapiroba iyos, rogorc<br />
qalTa uflebebis darRvevisa, aseve maTi sazogadoebriv procesebSi dabali<br />
xarisxiT monawileobisa. informirebulobis dabali xarisxi <strong>genderuli</strong><br />
<strong>Tanasworobis</strong> sakiTxebSi dRes mTel sazogadoebas sqesis miuxedavad<br />
Tanabrad axasiaTebs; ganaTlebis misawvdomobis TvalsazrisiT, ar<br />
arsebobs raime diskriminacia sqesis mixedviT, samarTlebrivad yvelas<br />
Tanabari ufleba eZleva – qalsac da kacsac. faqtobrivi mdgomareobac<br />
adasturebs amas, mgaliTad, bolo saswavlo wlis statistika gviCvenebs,<br />
rom qali studentebis raodenoba umaRles saswavleblebSi mamakacebis<br />
raodenobaze cota metic ki aris. es faqti, cxadia, TavisTavad ar aris<br />
garanti imisa, rom qalebi karieris Semdeg safexurzec mamakacebis Tanabari<br />
konkurentebi iqnebian.<br />
rogoria sazogadoebis araqarTulenovani nawilis da, kerZod, araqar-<br />
Tulenovani qalebis mdgomareoba am TvalsazrisiT? rogoria maTi informirebulobis<br />
xarisxi da ganaTlebis miRebis perspeqtivebi? sazogadoebis<br />
araqarTulenovani nawilis monawileoba (miuxedavad sqesisa)<br />
qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaSi gacilebiT mcirea, vidre<br />
qarTulenovani mosaxleobisa. am jgufis warmomadgeneli qalebi sazogadoebriv<br />
procesebTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi naklebad<br />
monawileoben. es sruliad ar niSnavs imas, rom maT ara gaaCniaT Sesabamisi<br />
unarebi an aqtivobis potenciali, maTi rogorc personaluri, aseve maTi,<br />
rogorc jgufis, SesaZleblobebi iseTivea rogorc danarCeni qalebis,<br />
magram es SesaZleblobebi dRes ufro qmediTia Temis doneze da pasiuria<br />
mTeli sazogadoebis masStabiT. aseTi mdgomareobis arsebiTi winapiroba<br />
aris saxelmwifo enis (qarTulis) codnis dabali xarisxi, romelic ufro<br />
xSirad sruli arcodnis donezea (ZiriTadad eTnikuri umciresobebiT<br />
dasaxlebul regionebSi). enis arcodna da aqedan gamomdinare informirebulobis<br />
dabali xarisxi bariers uqmnis am jgufs aqtiuri monawileoba<br />
miiRos sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.<br />
saxelmwifo enis arcodna qmnis bariers ganaTlebis miRebaSi, romelic,<br />
`maRal doneze~ gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobisaTvis erT-erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. rogoria zogadi (saskolo) da umaRlesi ganaTlebis<br />
misawvdomoba araqarTulenovani mosaxelobisaTvis? am kiTxvaze<br />
pasuxis gasacemad gadavxedoT statistikas. araqarTulenovan mo-<br />
76
ganaTlebis misawvdomoba araqarTulenovani qalebisaTvis<br />
da maTi monawileoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi<br />
marina elbaqiZe<br />
saxleobas ZiriTadad eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi qmnian<br />
– saqarTvelos mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 17 %; araqarTulenovani skolebi<br />
sajaro skolebis saerTo raodenobis 11,96 % Seadgens (sul 265 araqarTulenovani<br />
skolaa); araqarTulenovani skolebis moswavleebi moswavleTa<br />
saerTo raodenobis 8,79 % Seadgenen. ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba<br />
kanonmdeblobiT yvelasaTvis Tanabrad aris garantirebuli (ix. saqarTvelos<br />
`kanoni zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~). miuxedavad amisa, calkeuli<br />
kvlevebi adasturebs, rom swavlebis xarisxi araqarTulenovan skolebSi<br />
ufro dabalia, vidre qarTulenovan skolebSi. amis dasturad gamodgeba<br />
2009 wels Catarebuli saskolo olimpiada - olimpiadis meore etapze gasulTa<br />
Soris sul ramdenime moswavle iyo araqarTulenovani skolidan.<br />
amis ZiriTadi mizezebia moZvelebuli da qarTuli skolebisagan gansxvavebuli<br />
saswavlo programebi da saxelmZRvaneloebi, pedagogTa kvalifikacia<br />
da a.S. magram mTavari problema mainc saxelmwifo enis swavlebis<br />
da misi codnis dabali xarisxia. xelisuflebis mxridan am problemebis<br />
dasaZlevad aris rigi mcdelobebisa (ramdenime klasisaTvis iTragmna saxelmZRvaneloebi<br />
qarTulidan araqarTulenovan moswavleTa mSobliur<br />
enaze, momzadda qarTTuli enis Semswavleli saxelmZRvanelo `TavTavi~,<br />
xorcieldeba programa qarTuli enis pedagogTa mosamzadeblad da a.S.),<br />
miuxedavad amisa, am skolebis warmomadgenlebis mniSvnelovani nawili<br />
miiCnevs, rom am mimarTulebiT xelisufleba da ganTlebis saministro<br />
ar axorcielebs gaazrebul da efeqtur politikas, Sesabamisad, SiSoben,<br />
rom uaxloes momavalSi dagegmili cvlilebebic ver iqneba warmatebuli.<br />
magaliTad, ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-5 muxlis me-4 punqtis<br />
Sesabamisad, im zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi, sadac swavleba<br />
xorciledeba arasaxelmwifo enaze, saqarTvelos istoria, saqarTvelos<br />
geografia da sxva sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi unda iswvlebodes qar-<br />
Tulad (afxezeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi - qarTulad an afxazurad).<br />
kanonis 58-e muxlis Sesabamisad me-5 muxlis me-4 punqti unda amoqmeddes<br />
etapobrivad araugvianes 2010-2011 saswavlo wlisa. magram, dRevandeli<br />
relobidan gamomdinare, es araganxocilebadia, radgan am skolebis<br />
pedagogebs da moswavleebs ar gaaCniaT Sesabamisi enobrivi kompetencia<br />
da qarTuli enis swavlebis dabali donis gamo verc eqnebaT uaxloes 2-3<br />
weliwadSi. aseTi fonis pirobebSi unda davuSvaT, rom ganaTleba am jgufisaTvis<br />
ufro rTulad misawvdomia.<br />
skolis mitoveba - kidev erTi indikatoria, romelic gviCvenebs, rom<br />
zogad ganaTlebas araqarTulenovani moswavleebis ufro mcire procentuli<br />
wili iRebs, vidre qarTulenovani moswavleebisa. skolis mitovebis<br />
procentuli maCvenebeli araqarTulenovani skolebis moswavleebs Soris<br />
ufro maRalia (skolis mitovebis saerTo maCvenebeli daaxloebiT erT<br />
procents aRwevs). am niSniT azebaijanuli skolebi gamoirCevian, skolis<br />
mitovebis saerTo ricxvidan maTze 30% modis. am SemTxvevaSi mkafiod<br />
Cans <strong>genderuli</strong> sxvaoba. maT did nawils, vinc skolas tovebs, Seadgenen<br />
gogonebi. mitovebis yvelaze didi wili modis sabazo safexurze (zogadi<br />
ganaTlebis sistema moicavs sam safexurs: dawyebiTi, sabazo da saSualo).<br />
qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis skolebSi zeda klasebSi (ZiriTadad<br />
soflad) gognebs praqtikulad ver naxavT – isini an gaTxovili arian, an<br />
skolaSi ojaxi ar uSvebs. azrebaijaneli gogonebis mniSvnelovani nawili<br />
saskolo ganaTlebis gareSe rCeba.<br />
77
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, yuradReba unda mivaqcioT araqarTulenovani<br />
skolebis pedagogebisa da direqtorebis problemebsac, miT<br />
umetes, ganaTlebis sistema qalebis mier umravlesobiT `dapyrobili~<br />
lamis erTaderTi dargia. statistikuri monacemebiT, ganaTlebis sferoSi<br />
dasaqmebulTa 80% qalia (statistikis departamentis 2004 wlis monacemebi).<br />
Tu qalebi `Civian~, rom politikaSi da `seriozul~ biznesSi<br />
mcired arian warmodgenili, ganaTlebis sferoSi umravlesobas qmnian.<br />
araqarTulenovani skolebis pedagogebi Sedgenen pedagogebis saerTo<br />
rodenobis 9,5%-s. maT SemTxvevSic monawileobis arsebiT dabkolebas<br />
enis arcodna warmoadgens. Znelia isaubro maT sazogadoebiriv aqtivobaze,<br />
roca xSirad profesiul saqminobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebic<br />
ki dauZlevelia maTTvis. magaliTad, ori wlis win skolis direqtorebisaTvis<br />
Catarebul sakvalifikacio gamocdebze sruli pasiuroba gamoi-<br />
Cines. Tu erT qarTuli skolaze konkursiT ramdenime kandidati modioda,<br />
erT araqarTulenovan skolaze saSualod 0,3 konkursanti midioda.<br />
maT winaswar gadawyvites, rom ver daZlevdnen sasertifikacio testis<br />
qarTulenovan nawils. marTalic iyvnen, saxelmwifo enis mwiri codnis<br />
gamo, konkursi bolomde mxolod 26 kandidatma gaiara, anu 265 araqarTulenovani<br />
skolidan mxolod 26 skolaSia sertificirebuli direqtori.<br />
uaxloes momavalSi dagegmilia maswavlebelTa sertificireba. amisaTvis<br />
araqarTulenovani skolebis pedagogebis momzadeba TiTqmis ar xdeba qarTuli<br />
enis arcodnis gamo (mosamzadebeli treningebi maswavlebelisaTvis<br />
ZiriTadad qarTul enaze mimdinareobs). araqarTulenovani skolebis<br />
pedagogebi mcired arian CarTuli mosamzadebel etapSi da SiSoben, rom<br />
ver daZleven testirebas ara marto enis arcodnis gamo, aramed programebisa<br />
da saxelmZRvaneloebis gansxvavebis gamo. maT aSfoTebT isic,<br />
rom ar mzaddeba axali kadri da pedagogiuri koleqtivis `daberebis~<br />
procesi qarTul skolebTan SedarebiT ufro swrafad midis, pedagogTa<br />
62 % araqarTulenovani skolebSi ormoc wels aris gadacilebuli da<br />
ase Tu gagrZelda, 20 wlis Semdeg praqtikulad axalgazrda maswavlebeli<br />
aRar eyolebaT. dabereba rom ar moxdes, saSualod weliwadSi 100<br />
pedagogi unda momzaddes da Caenacvlos Zvel Taobas. es ki faqtia, dRes<br />
ver xorcieldeba, praqtikulad ar mzaddeba kadri araqarTulenovani<br />
skolebisaTvis. dRes ukve ara marto qarTuli enis pedagogebis, aramed<br />
sxva sagnebis pedgogebis deficitic aris regionebSi da soflis skolebSi.<br />
Sesabamisad, imedi imisa, rom Semdegi Taoba am skolebidan ufro<br />
ganaTlebuli wamova, mcirea.<br />
umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba dRes yvelaze mwvave sakiTxia araqarTulenovani<br />
axalgazrdebisaTvis. unda aRiniSnos, rom sazogadoebis araqarTulenovani<br />
nawili (iseve rogorc sazogadoebis danarCeni nawili)<br />
umaRles saswavleblebSi misaReb erTian erovnul gamocdebs, rogorc<br />
samarTlian da arakorufciul principze agebuli sistemas, dadebiTad<br />
afasebs, miiCnevs ganaTlebis sistemaSi mimdinare reformis yvelaze<br />
warmatebul komponentad. magaram savaldebulo gamocda qarTul enaSi,<br />
maTi didi nawilisaTvis miwvdomels xdis sauniversiteto ganaTlebas.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos universitetebSi Cabarebis msurvel<br />
araqarTulenovan abiturientTa ricxvi abiturientebis saerTo raodenobis<br />
daaxloebiT 1 % Seadgens, Sesabamisad, studentTa ricxvic mcirea,<br />
Caricxul studenTa raodenobis daaxloebiT - 0,5% (univesitetSi mis-<br />
78
3. ganaTlebis sistemaSi mimdinare reformebis Sefaseba. mSvidobis,<br />
demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri institutis mier CatareganaTlebis<br />
misawvdomoba araqarTulenovani qalebisaTvis<br />
da maTi monawileoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi<br />
marina elbaqiZe<br />
aReb gamocdaze savaldebulo sagnebia: zogadi unarebi, qarTuli ena,<br />
ucxo ena da bolo cvlilebiT daemateba meoTxe savaldebulo gamocda.<br />
abiturients SeuZlia zogadi unarebi Caabaros qarTul, rusul, somxur<br />
an azerbaijanul enaze, danarCeni gamocdebi - rusul an qarTul enaze.<br />
qarTuli ena savaldebuloa da erTiani standartia yvelasaTvis).<br />
unda aRniSnos, rom xelisufleba bolo wlebis manZilze cdilobs araqarTulenovani<br />
abiturientebis problemebis gadaWras, Tumca eqspertebis<br />
azriT, xelisufleba xSirad `cdis da Secdomis meTodiT~ eZebs swor<br />
gadawyvetilebas da ara aqvs Camoyalibebuli grZelvadiani strategia.<br />
xelisuflebis mxridan problemis gadawyvetis mcdelobaze metyvelebs<br />
calkeuli programebis moqmedeba. magaliTad, dRes `erTiani gamocdebisaTvis<br />
momzadebis programis~ farglebSi moqmedebs mosamzadebeli kursebi<br />
regionebSi kompaqturad gansaxlebul eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis;<br />
moqmedebs euTo-s erovnul umciresobaTa umaRlesi komisrisa da saqarTvelos<br />
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros erToblivi proeqtebi enis<br />
saswvleblad; SemuSavda da damtkicda araqarTulenovan skolebSi qarTuli<br />
enis swavlebis axali saswavlo gegma, romelic momzadda saqarTvelos<br />
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosa euTo-s erovnul imciresobaTa<br />
dargSi umaRlesi komisris programebis – qarTulis, rogorc meore enis<br />
swavleba samcxe-javaxeTis araqarTulenovan skolebSi da qarTulis, rogorc<br />
meore enis swavlebis xelSwyoba qvemo qarTlis araqarTulenovan<br />
skolebSi – farglebSi; 2008 wels saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa saministrosa<br />
da euTo-s erovnul umciresobaTa umaRlesi komisris ofisis TanamSromlobiT<br />
SemuSavda bilingvuri ganaTlebis strategia. amJamad saqarTvelos<br />
ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministroSi ganixileba proeqti, romelic<br />
qvotirebis sitemiT (Casaricxi studentebis 5%) saSualebas miscems araqarTulenovan<br />
abiturienebs Cairicxon mxolod unarebis gamocdiT umaRles<br />
saswavlebelSi da erTi weli, `noli~ kursi (garkveuli odenobis saxelmwifo<br />
dafinansebiT) dauTmon enis swavlas. enis aTvisebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
ugamocdod gadavlen Sesabamisi fakultetis pirvel kursze. es arsebiTad<br />
Secvlis ganaTlebis misawvdomobis sakiTxs, rogorc araqarTulenovani<br />
qalebis, aseve mamakacebisaTvis.<br />
magram umaRlesi ganaTleba ar aris erTaderTi faqtori sazogadoebriv<br />
procesebSi qalebis an araqarTulenovani mosaxleobis CasarTavd; gana-<br />
Tleba da informirebuloba aris sasargeblo safuZveli, magram aucilebelia<br />
yvela sxva socialuri da samarTleblivi meqanizmebis amuSaveba,<br />
romelic xels Seuwyobs sazogadod qalebis da araqarTulenovani qalebis<br />
monawileobas gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi sxvadasxva<br />
doneze.<br />
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi<br />
1. gamocdebis erovnuli centris veb-gverdi www.naec.ge<br />
2. sabedaSvili Tamar. genderi da demokratizacia. saqarTvelo: 1991-<br />
2006. hainrix biolis fondi. Tbilisi, 2007 w.<br />
79
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
buli kvleva. 2009 w.<br />
4. saqarTvelos kanoni ganaTlebis Sesaxeb www.parliament.ge<br />
5. saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros veb-gverdi<br />
www.mes.gov.ge<br />
6. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> sqesTa Tanabari SesaZleblobebis <strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong><br />
mdgomareoba. kavkasiis qalTa qseli. angariSi, 2006-2008 w.<br />
7. tabataZe Salva. saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemis reforma da<br />
araqarTulenovani skolebi: rekomendaciebi politikis SesamuSaveblad.<br />
mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis instituti. Tbilisi,<br />
2009 w.<br />
80
mfcj!eb!nehsbej!hbowjUbsfcb<br />
nino SavguliZe<br />
81
samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi soflad<br />
mcxovreb qalTa unar-SesaZleblobebis<br />
gazrda da maTi CarTva bunebrivi<br />
resursebis mdgrad marTvaSi<br />
nino SavguliZe (1972) ganaTlebiT<br />
qimikosi, 2003 wels mieniWa doqtoris<br />
akademiuri xarisxi. wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
kiTxulobda leqciebs<br />
Tbilisis samedicino universitetis<br />
samedicino qimiis kaTedraze<br />
qarTveli da ucxoeli studentebisTvis.<br />
2007 wlidan moRvaweobs kavkasiis<br />
garmeosdacviTi arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebis qselSi (CENN) proeqtis<br />
menejeris poziciaze. gamoqveynebuli<br />
aqvs 23 samecniero naSromi da<br />
aris 2 patentis avtori.
samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi soflad mcxovreb qalTa<br />
unar-SesaZleblobebis gazrda da maTi CarTva<br />
bunebrivi resursebis mdgrad marTvaSi<br />
nino SavguliZe<br />
samxreT kavkasiis regioni bunebrivi resursebis mravalferovnebiT<br />
gamoirCeva. qali ki am resursebis sakmaod aqtiuri momxmarebelia. amitomac,<br />
bunebrivi resursebis mdgradi marTvis uzrunvelsayofad, mniSvnelovania<br />
aRniSnul sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi qalebis<br />
monawileoba.<br />
Tumca, realoba sxvagvaria. qalebis umravlesoba bunebrivi resursebis<br />
marTvaSi monawileobas ar iRebs da xeli ar miuwvdeba garemosdacviT<br />
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli politikis gansazRvrisa da gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebaze. gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas sakiTxi soflebSi,<br />
sadac qalis monawileoba adgilobrivi bunebrivi resursebis marTvaSi<br />
sakmaod mniSvnelovania.<br />
mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad, <strong>genderuli</strong> rolis ganawilebis arsebuli<br />
dogmebis rRvevasTan erTad, aucilebelia qalebis codnis donis<br />
amaRleba da Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba bunebrivi resursebis<br />
mdgradi marTvis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia is iniciativa, romelsac kavkasiis garemosdacvi-<br />
Ti arasamTavrobo organizaciebis qseli (CENN) axorcilebs transsasazRvro<br />
mdinareebis _ xrami-debedasa da alaznis _ auzebSi. iniciativis<br />
mizania:<br />
qalTa unar-SesaZleblobebis gazrda samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi (saqarTvelo,<br />
somxeTi, azerbaijani)<br />
qalTa aqtiuri CarTvis xelSewyoba bunebrivi resursebis marTvis procesSi<br />
regionuli TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba<br />
adgilobrivi qalebis gaaqtiurebis da bunebrivi resursebis marTvis<br />
procesSi maTi CarTvis mizniT, samxreT kavkasiis samive qveyanaSi soflad<br />
mcxovreb qalTa 4 sabWo Seiqmna – gulgula-fSavelis 1 , ratevanis 2 ,<br />
SnoRis 3 da gerexli-Talas 4 .<br />
soflebi swrafi garemosdacviTi Sefasebis safuZvelze SeirCa _<br />
gaanalizda arsebuli literaturuli monacemebi, moewyo Sexvedrebi<br />
mosaxleobasTan, samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo struqturebis warmomadgenlebTan,<br />
ris Sedegadac identificirebuli iqna adgilze arsebuli<br />
problemebi. Catarebuli Sefasebis safuZvelze gamoikveTa garemosdacviTi<br />
kuTxiT met-naklebad msgavsi problemebis mqone soflebi,<br />
rac oTxive qalTa sabWosTvis gamosadegi erTiani samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebis<br />
saSualebas iZleva.<br />
daarsebisTanave, qalTa sabWoebma aqtiurad daiwyes muSaoba adgilze<br />
arsebuli problemebis identificirebisa da gadaWris kuTxiT da ukve<br />
mniSvnelovan Sedegebsac miaRwies:<br />
sofel ratevanSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi mougvarebeli sakiTxi gadawyda,<br />
romelic 11 kustaruli sawarmos mier garemos organuli narCenebiT<br />
dabinZurebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. zafxulSi organuli narCenebi ixrwneba,<br />
gamoiyofa suni da adgilobriv mosaxleobas cxovrebis gausaZlisi<br />
pirobebi eqmneba. ratevanis qalTa sabWos warmomadgenlebis ZalisxmeviT<br />
miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba bunebrivi gamwmendi saSualebebis<br />
– septikuri avzebis _ mSeneblobis Sesaxeb, romelsac Tavad mewarmeebi<br />
da adgilobrivi mTavroba daafinansebs.<br />
1 soflebi gulgula da fSaveli mdebareobs Telavis raionSi, saqarTvelo<br />
2 sofeli ratevani mdebareobs bolnisis raionSi, saqarTvelo<br />
3 sofeli SnoRi mdebareobs Tumanianis raionSi, somxeTi<br />
4 soflebi gerexli da Tala mdebareobs Sesabamisad belaqanis da zaqaTalas raionebSi, azerbaijani<br />
83
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
Telavis raionSi, qalTa sabWos da saTemo centris warmomadgenlebis<br />
mier ganxorcielebuli proeqtebis Sedegad, sofeli gulgula 4 mcire<br />
zomis, aralegaluri nagavsayrelisgan gasufTavda; xolo fSavelSi<br />
bavSvebisaTvis gasarTobi parki moewyo.<br />
SnoRis qalTa sabWos aqtiurobis Sedegad soflis mosaxleoba onkanis<br />
wylis sasmelad gamoyenebas SeZlebs 1 . miRweulia SeTanxmeba frangulsomxur<br />
kompania `armenia-jurTan~, romelic wylis sistemis reabilitacias<br />
ganaxorcielebs.<br />
sofel gerexlSi qalTa sabWosa da adgilobrivi mTavrobis aqtiuri<br />
TanamSromlobiT bunebrivi airi iqna Seyvanili.<br />
amave dros gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi qalebis CarTvis efeqturobis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad sabWos wevrebs CautardaT treningebi Sesabamisi<br />
unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis mizniT Temebze: samoqalaqo seqtoris<br />
da sxva dainteresebuli pirebis uflebebi da pasuxismgebloba,<br />
sazogadoebis CarTulobis mniSvneloba bunebrivi resursebis marTvis<br />
procesSi, proeqtis weris unar-Cvevebi, biujetis monitoringi, koaliciis<br />
Seqmna, molaparakebis warmoebis unar-Cvevebi, liderobis unar-<br />
Cvevebi, advokatireba da lobireba, sazogadoebrivi monitoringi.<br />
transsasazRvro mdinareebis auzSi arsebuli problematikis ukeT gacnobisa<br />
da Semdgomi nabijebis swored dagegmvis mizniT Catarda sociologiuri<br />
kvleva 2 , romlis farglebSic Seswavlili iqna mdinareebis _<br />
xrami-debedasa da alaznis auzebSi bunebrivi resursebis marTvasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
sakiTxebis <strong>genderuli</strong> aspeqtebi, anu:<br />
garemos mdgomareobis zegavlena sakvlev teritoriaze mcxovreb qalebze;<br />
qalebis roli bunebrivi resursebis marTvaSi;<br />
bunebrivi resursebis marTvis procesSi sakvlev teritoriaze mcxovrebi<br />
qalebis CarTvis mzaoba.<br />
sociologiuri gamokiTxva specialurad momzadebuli kiTxvarebis sa-<br />
SualebiT Tavad qalTa sabWos wevrebma Caatares. amisTvis maT Sesabamisi<br />
treningi gaiares3.<br />
kvlevam moicva saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da Aazerbaijanis eqvsi raioni _<br />
Telavi, yvareli, zaqaTali, belaqani, bolnisi da Tumaniani.<br />
sul gamokiTxuli iqna 810 respondenti, maT Soris:<br />
518 qali, ramac gamokiTxulTa 64% Seadgina da<br />
292 mamakaci, gamoTxulTa 36%<br />
asakobrivi kategoriis mixedviT, gamokiTxvaSi monawileoba miiRo yvela<br />
srulwlovani asakobrivi kategoriis warmomadgenelma. kvlevis farglebSi,<br />
garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli problematikis garda,<br />
Seswavlil iqna mosaxleobis demografiuli struqtura:<br />
respondentis ojaxuri mdgomareoba<br />
respondentTa ganaTleba<br />
respondentTa dasaqmebuloba<br />
ojaxis raodenobrivi Semadgenloba da <strong>genderuli</strong> struqtura<br />
migracia da misi mizezebi<br />
1 BdaaxloebiT bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi onkanSi mRvrie wyali modis, romelic sasmelad gamouyenebelia<br />
2 kvleva ganxorcielebuli iqna CEN-is sociologis, nino TevzaZis mier<br />
3 treningi Caatara CENN-is sociologma, nino TevzaZem, 2008 wlis 22-25 seqtembers<br />
84
samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi soflad mcxovreb qalTa<br />
unar-SesaZleblobebis gazrda da maTi CarTva<br />
bunebrivi resursebis mdgrad marTvaSi<br />
nino SavguliZe<br />
respondentis ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba<br />
ojaxSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi<br />
Tumca, winamdebare naSromSi kvlevis mxolod is nawili ganixileba, romelic<br />
bunebrivi resursebis marTvasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs exeba.<br />
garemos mdgomareobis zegavlena sakvlev teritoriaze mcxovreb qalebze<br />
gamokiTxuli qali respondentebis azriT, bunebrivi resursebis moxmareba<br />
(tyis Wra, Zoveba, Tevzis Wera da sxv.) mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens<br />
maTi ojaxebis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze.<br />
46%<br />
11,2% 15,1%<br />
26,8%<br />
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens<br />
praqtikulad aranair gavlenas ar axdens<br />
umniSvnelo gavlenas axdens<br />
ar vici/ver getyviT<br />
grafiki #1. qalebis azri Temis ojaxebis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze<br />
bunebrivi resursebis moxmarebis gavlenis Sesaxeb<br />
sakmaod mravalferovania im garemosdacviTi problemebis sia, romlebic,<br />
qalebis azriT, aqtualuria maTi soflebisaTvis da saswrafo<br />
gadawyvetas moiTxovs. Tumca, aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom sakvlev areal-<br />
Si mcxovrebi qalebisTvis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania Semdegi sami<br />
sakiTxi 1 :<br />
wyalTan dakavSirebuli problemebi (sasmeli da sairigacio wyali);<br />
mdinaris dabinZureba;<br />
tyis gaCexa.<br />
qalebis roli bunebrivi resursebis marTvaSi<br />
sakvlev teritoriaze mcxovrebi qalebis umravlesoba Tvlis, rom qalebis<br />
CarTva bunebrivi resursebis marTvis procesSi mniSvnelovania,<br />
Tumca, miuxedavad am gancxadebisa, Temis qalebis umravlesoba mainc ar<br />
aris CarTuli am procesSi.<br />
31,1% 37,5% 28,8% 27,7%<br />
29,4% 34,3%<br />
19,1%<br />
14,3% 17,2%<br />
26,4%<br />
17,1% 17,2%<br />
qali<br />
Zalian an mniSvnelovania<br />
i a<br />
mamakaci<br />
sul<br />
nawilobriv mniSvnelovania<br />
i a<br />
saerTod ar aris mniSvnelovani<br />
i<br />
ar vici/miWirs pasuxis s gacema<br />
grafiki #2. bunebrivi resursebis marTvis procesSi qalebis CarTvis<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom qalebTan (14.3%) SedarebiT ufro meti mamakaci (27.7%)<br />
Tvlis, rom bunebrivi resursebis marTvis procesSi qalebis CarTva ar<br />
aris mniSvnelovani. sakuTar pozicias es respondentebi ZiriTadad ori<br />
85
<strong>genderuli</strong> <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> <strong>gaumjobeseba</strong> <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
sakonferencio masalebi<br />
mizeziT xsnian:<br />
qalebi datvirTulebi arian umTavresad saojaxo saqmeebiT da amis gamo<br />
sxva saqmeebisTvis dro Zalian cota, an saerTod ara aqvT;<br />
qali ojaxis saqmeebiT unda iyos dakavebuli.<br />
xolo is respondentebi, romlebic qalebis CarTvas bunebrivi resursebis<br />
marTvis procesSi mniSvnelovnad miiCneven, asaxeleben Semdeg mizezebs:<br />
am sferoSi arsebuli problemebi qalebsa da mamakacebs erTnairad<br />
awuxebT;<br />
qals ufro meti Sexeba aqvs bunebriv resursebTan;<br />
bunebrivi resursebis marTvis procesSi qalebis CarTva mniSvnelovania<br />
qalebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis gamo, rogorebicaa: aqtiuroba,<br />
sandooba, niWiereba, goniereba, TavSekavebuloba, mimtevebloba, moTminebis<br />
unari, samarTlianoba, pasuxismgebloba, nebisyofa, siZliere;<br />
qalis roli da CarTva yvela sakiTxis gadaWrisas mniSvnelovania.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gamokiTxuli respondentebis umravlesoba<br />
Tvlis, rom misi Temis qalebi ar arian CarTulebi adgilobrivi bunebrivi<br />
resursebis marTvis procesSi. sxvaoba am mxriv qali da mamakaci respondentebis<br />
pasuxebs Soris ar fiqsirdeba.<br />
63,9%<br />
51,7% 59,5%<br />
24,3% 26,4% 25,1%<br />
11,8% 21,9%<br />
15,4%<br />
qali<br />
mamakaci<br />
sul<br />
diax<br />
ara<br />
ar vici / ver getyviT<br />
grafiki #3. arian Tu ara CarTulebi Temis qalebi adgilobrivi bunebrivi<br />
resursebis marTvaSi<br />
bunebrivi resursebis marTvis procesSi qalebis arCarTvis ZiriTad<br />
mizezad orive sqesis respondentebis mier saxeldeba drois uqonloba.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom aRzrdaze, tradiciaze, rogorc bunebrivi resursebis<br />
marTvis procesSi qalebis arCarTvis mizezze, qalebTan SedarebiT<br />
ufro metad mamakacebi saubroben.<br />
mizezebi qali mamakaci sul<br />
aRzrda, tradicia 13.9% 21.2% 16.1%<br />
drois uqonloba 45.0% 47.0% 45.4%<br />
Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis arqona 16.9% 11.9% 15.3%<br />
interesis arqona 15.1% 9.3% 13.2%<br />
ar vici / getyviT 4.8% 6.6% 5.4%<br />
cxrili #2. bunebrivi resursebis marTvaSi Temis qalebis CaurTvelobis<br />
mizezebi piradad gamokiTxul qal respondentTa umravlesobac<br />
86
samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi soflad mcxovreb qalTa<br />
unar-SesaZleblobebis gazrda da maTi CarTva<br />
bunebrivi resursebis mdgrad marTvaSi<br />
nino SavguliZe<br />
(89.6%) ar aris CarTuli bunebrivi resursebis marTvaSi. amis mizezad<br />
gamokiTxul qalTa 36.4% survilis arqonas asaxelebs; gamokiTxuli qalebis<br />
30% saubrobs drois simcireze da mxolod 18.9% - Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis<br />
arqonaze.<br />
bunebrivi resursebis marTvis procesSi sakvlev teritoriaze<br />
mcxovrebi qalebis CarTvis mzaoba<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom gamokiTxuli qalebis umravlesoba (65.5%) mzadaa,<br />
SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi piradad CaerTos bunebrivi resursebis mar-<br />
TvaSi.<br />
cxrili 3. piradad Tqven xarT Tu ara mzad, SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi<br />
CaerToT bunebrivi resursebis marTvaSi?<br />
%<br />
diax 65.5%<br />
ara 29.4%<br />
ar vici / getyviT 5.1%<br />
imisaTvis, rom SeZlon bunebrivi resursebis marTvis procesSi CarTva,<br />
gamokiTxuli qalebis azriT, maT esaWiroebaT daxmareba _ Sesabamisi informaciis<br />
miReba.<br />
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom orive mdinaris auzSi mcxovrebi qalebis<br />
umetesobas aqvs aSkarad gamoxatuli survili CaerTos bunebrivi<br />
resursebis marTvis da zogadad, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.<br />
Tumca, jer-jerobiT es survili ganuxorcielebeli rCeba, rac dakav-<br />
Sirebulia, erTi mxriv, zogadad sazogadoebis damokidebulebasTan am<br />
sakiTxisadmi da meore mxriv Tavad qalebis pasiurobasTan. adgilobrivi<br />
qalebis pasiurobis erT-erT mizezs ki Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis arqona<br />
da informaciis simcire warmoadgens.<br />
Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania am kuTxiT intensiuri muSaoba, anu sxvadasxva<br />
saganmanaTleblo kampaniis da treningis Catareba, rac xels Seuwyobs<br />
Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas da zogadad sakiTxis irgvliv informirebis<br />
donis amaRlebas.<br />
87
homo<br />
fobia
homofobia, rogorc socialuri problema (16.03.2007)<br />
homofobia, rogorc socialuri problema<br />
16 marti, 2007 w.<br />
daviT paiWaZe _ Cven adrec gvisaubria hainrih biolis<br />
fondis ofisSi am Temaze da maSin darbazSi, Cemi CaTvliT,<br />
sul ori Tu sami mamakaci viyaviT, rac, albaT, kanonzomieria,<br />
radgan, cnobilia, rom im sakiTxis mimarT, romelsac<br />
dRes Cven ganvixilavT, qalebi met tolerantobas iCenen.<br />
vgulisxmob, cxadia, ara homofobias, aramed homoseqsualur<br />
urTierTobebs da am urTierTobaTa subieqtebs.<br />
dRevandel diskusiaze mamakacTa simravle ki, SesaZloa,<br />
imis mimaniSnebeli iyos, rom ori wlis ganmavlobaSi Cveni<br />
sazogadoeba ufro Semwynarebluri gaxda am sakiTxisadmi.<br />
cxadia, CvenTvis cnobilia sazogadoebaSi arsebuli homofobiis<br />
ganmsazRvreli ramdenime faqtori. homofobias<br />
iwvevs ganaTlebis simcire, Tumca, TavisTavad, ganaTleba<br />
ar aris is, rac ama Tu im socialur problemas<br />
dagaZlevinebs. ganaTleba pirobas qmnis, raRac gaiazro<br />
da daZlio. erT-erTi mizezia tradiciul SexedulebaTa<br />
sistema, romelic aseve tradiciuli institutebiTaa<br />
gansazRvruli. homofobiis gamomwvevi SeiZleba iyos religia,<br />
romelsac aRiarebs Cveni moqalaqeebis umravlesoba,<br />
SeiZleba iyos <strong>genderuli</strong> stratifikaciis SenarCunebis<br />
sakiTxic.<br />
momxseneblebi:<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili<br />
fondi `inkluzivi~<br />
programebis menejeri<br />
Sorena SaverdaSvili<br />
Jurnalis `cxeli Sokoladi~<br />
mTavari redaqtori da<br />
Tanagamomcemeli<br />
sofio jafariZe<br />
saqarTvelos axalgazrda<br />
iuristTa asociaciis wevri<br />
moderacia<br />
daviT paiWaZe<br />
warmogidgenT Cvens stumrebs _ eka aRdgomelaSvili, fondis `inkluzivi~,<br />
programebis menejeri da Jurnal `me~-s redaqtori, Sorena SaverdaSvili<br />
_ Jurnalis, `cxeli Sokoladi~, mTavari redaqtori da sofio<br />
jafariZe _ saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis warmomadgeneli.<br />
upirveles yovlisa, aseTi kiTxviT minda mogmarToT _ cnobilia, rom homoseqsualoba<br />
determinirebulia, aris Tu ara igi depaTologizebulic?<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili _ depaTologizebasTan dakavSirebiT guSindeli<br />
SemTxveva minda gagacnoT. miuxedavad imisa, rom jandacvis msoflio<br />
sazogadoebam homoseqsualoba daavadebaTa siidan 1991 wels amoiRo,<br />
mis mimarT aseTi damokidebuleba bevrgan kvlav Tavs iCens. erovnul<br />
biblioTekaSi, iq, sadac perioduli Jurnalebis klasifikacias axdenen,<br />
Cveni JurnalisTvis Sesabamisi kodis asaRebad viyavi misuli. rodesac<br />
davinteresdi, ra kods aniWebdnen Jurnals, pasuxi aseTi iyo _ `sqesobrivi<br />
garyvnileba~. wignSi, romelic 2002 wels aris gamocemuli, da romlis<br />
mixedviTac gansazRvraven gamocemis klasifikacias, versad vnaxe sityvebi<br />
`genderi~, `seqsualoba~. rodesac vikiTxe, ra iyo JurnalisTvis<br />
aseTi klasifikaciis miniWebis mizezi, biblioTekis TanamSromlebma mipasuxes,<br />
rom maT sxvagvarad moqcevis ufleba ar hqondaT da Cveni Jurnalis<br />
garekanze dabeWdil sityvaze mimiTiTes. es iyo sityva `lesboseli~.<br />
mogvianebiT aRmoCnda, rom klasifikatorSi sityva `genderi~ mxolod qalTa<br />
uflebebis mniSvnelobiT aris moyvanili.<br />
vidre ganvmartavdeT, ras niSnavs `homofobia~, albaT, ukeTesi iqneba, Tu<br />
jer homoseqsualobaze visaubrebdiT. iseve rogorc genderi, homoseqsualobac<br />
socialuri konstruqtia, imitom, rom ar arsebobs erTiani war-<br />
91
sajaro debatebi<br />
modgena homoseqsualur qcevaze, romelic aRwerda am qcevas nebismier<br />
sazogadoebasa da kulturaSi. calke sakiTxia, kultura rogor afasebs<br />
mas, dadebiTad Tu uaryofiTad. seqsualoba, seqsologia, axalgazrda<br />
mecnierebaa. damoukidebel mecnierebad is gvian, wina saukuneSi Camoyalibda.<br />
seqsualobis, da maT Soris, homoseqsualobis Seswavla, mecnierebma<br />
me-19 saukunis bolos daiwyes. maSin gaCnda swored es terminic, romelic<br />
aseT qcevas aRwerda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im periodis garemos, da imas,<br />
Tu rogori gavlena hqonda arsebul, maT Soris, religiur, warmodgenebs<br />
mecnierebaze, advilad gasagebi gaxdeba, rogor aRwerdnen imdroindeli<br />
mecnierebi homoseqsualobas.<br />
mogiyvanT ramdenime magaliTs. jer kidev me-19 saukunis dasawyisidan,<br />
swored religiuri warmodgenebis zegavleniT, mecnierulad `asabuTebdnen~,<br />
rom qalis gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi CamorCeboda mamakacisas,<br />
aseve `asabuTebdnen~, rom masturbacia nerviul aSlilobas iwvevda,<br />
da rom, qali aseqsualuri da frigiduli unda yofiliyo. qalis mxridan<br />
seqsualobis nebismieri gamovlineba nerviul aSlilobad aRiqmeboda. qalis<br />
seqsualobis, rogorc aranormatiuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb warmodgena,<br />
SemdgomSi fsiqoanalizmac gaaZliera. amas isic iwvevda, rom mecnierebis<br />
umetesoba am movlenaze sakuTari pacientebidan gamomdinare<br />
msjelobda. mogvianebiT, rodesac daiwyes zogadi kvlevebi, sadac is adamianebi<br />
monawileobdnen, romlebic sakuTar Tavs da sakuTar seqsualobas<br />
adekvaturad aRiqvamdnen, mecnierebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom es<br />
ar iyo fsiqologiuri daavadeba da 1971 wels amerikis fsiqoTerapevtTa<br />
asociaciam homoseqsualoba daavadebaTa siidan amoiRo. 1975 wels aseve<br />
moiqca fsiqoTerapevtTa msoflio asociaciac; sabolood, 1991 wels<br />
msoflio jandacvis sazogadoebamac amoiRo homoseqsualoba daavadebaTa<br />
siidan. am dRes, 17 maiss, homoseqsualobis depaTologizaciis dRes,<br />
msoflios bevr qveyanaSi homofobiis winaaRmdeg brZolis dRed moiazreben.<br />
Cvenc gvsurda am dRisTvis RonisZiebebi migveZRvna. erT-erTi maTgania<br />
swored dRevandeli Cveni Sexvedra, sajaro debatebi am Temaze, romelic<br />
hainrih biolis fondis xelSewyobiT imarTeba.<br />
rac Seexeba homofobias, homoseqsualobis msgavsad, misi konkretuli<br />
portretis gansazRvra Zalian Znelia. termini `homofobia~, Tavdapirvelad<br />
mamakacis mimarT SiSs an zizRs gamoxatavda. fsiqoTerapevtebma<br />
am terminis mamakaci homoseqsualis an homoseqsualuri qcevis mimarT<br />
gamoyeneba 70-iani wlebidan daiwyes. termini `homofobia~ garkveul winaaRmdegobebs<br />
Seicavs, imitom, rom xSirad igi ganisazRvreba, rogorc<br />
sxva fobiebi, anu, konkretuli adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli SiSi, da<br />
gamoricxavs am movlenis mimarT koleqtiuri damokidebulebis moments,<br />
rac arasworia. mogvianebiT gaCnda ramdenime termini, romlis saSualebiTac<br />
cdilobdnen arsebuli mdgomareobis zizRisa da SiSis koleqtiuri<br />
damokidebulebisadmi dakavSirebas. esenia `heteroseqsizmi~ da<br />
`seqsualuri winaswarganwyoba~. sabolood, homofobiaSi ZiriTadad,<br />
ufro gafarToebuli mniSvneloba ideba. magaliTad, evroparlamentis<br />
rezoluciaSi, homofobia ganmartebulia, rogorc iracionaluri SiSi<br />
da siZulvili lesboselebis, geebis, biseqsualebisa da transgenderi<br />
adamianebis mimarT, efuZneba winaswarganwyobas da emsgavseba rasizms,<br />
qsenofobias, antisemitizmsa da seqsizms. homofobia, rogorc movlena,<br />
SemTxveviT ar moxvedrila am CamonaTvalSi. mas bevri ram anaTesavebs seqsizmTan,<br />
genderul Sovinizmsa da antisemitizmTanac. am movlenebs bevri<br />
92
homofobia, rogorc socialuri problema (16.03.2007)<br />
saerTo aqvT. am tipis movlenebze saubrisas gverds ver avuvliT verc winaswarganwyobebs,<br />
verc crurwmenebsa da verc stereotipebs.<br />
erTi ram minda aRvniSno. seqsizmTan, rasizmTan, antisemitizmTan,<br />
da saerTod, aseT movlenebTan mimarTebaSi, kvlevis da analizis sagani<br />
iyo is konkretuli adamianebi an maTi jgufi, vis winaaRmdegac iyo<br />
mimarTuli diskriminacia. ratomRac, yovelTvis yuradRebis miRma rCeboda<br />
medlis meore mxare, anu is, Tu ra gavlenas axdens zemoT CamoTvlili<br />
movlenebi Tavad winasawarganwyobis matarebel adamianebze an maT<br />
jgufebze da mTlianad sazogadoebaze. arsebobs mcdari mosazreba imis<br />
Sesaxeb, rom homofobia mxolod geebze, lesboselebze, biseqsualebsa<br />
da transseqsualebze moqmedebs. erT martiv magaliTs movixmob. es ambavi<br />
80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, amerikis erT-erT universitetSi moxda.<br />
gei-aqtivistebma gadawyvites, daxmarebodnen adamianebs, romlebic Tavs<br />
geid moiazrebdnen, magram xmamaRla amis aRiareba ar SeeZloT. imisaTvis,<br />
raTa waexalisebinaT maTi iatakqveSeTidan gamosvlis procesi da misTvis<br />
masobrivi xasiaTi miecaT, daiTqva konkretuli dRe da gadawyda, rom am<br />
dRes universitetSi geebi cisferi jinsiT misuliyvnen. rogorc Cans, es<br />
gancxadeba gaxmaurda, mis Sesaxeb mTelma universitetma Seityo, da moxda<br />
ucnauri ram _ geebis iatakqveSeTidan amosayvani aqcia sul sxva movlenaSi<br />
gadaizarda. daTqmul dRes universitetSi mamakacebis 90% SortebiT<br />
mivida. es SemTxveva kargad gamoxatavs imas, Tu rogor gavlenas axdens<br />
homofobia heteroseqsualebze, romlebmac, imis SiSiT, vinmes isini<br />
homoseqsualebad ar aReqva, uari Tqves sakuTar Cvevasa da gemovnebaze.<br />
Cven weRan homoseqsualobis depaTologizaciaze vsaubrobdiT. masze<br />
gavlena geebis ganmaTavisuflebel, diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mimar-<br />
Tul moZraobasTan erTad, mecnierebaSi momxdarma mniSvnelovanma cvlilebamac<br />
iqonia. am meTods poststruqturalisturi ewodeba da dRemde<br />
arsebobs. manamde iyo esencialisturi midgoma, romelic ama Tu im movlenis<br />
aRwerisas yovelTvis binaruli opozitebiT sargeblobs. esencializmi<br />
seqsualobas, zogadad, adamianis seqsualobas, gansazRvravs,<br />
rogorc destruqciul da saSiS survils, romelic aucileblad unda<br />
eqvemdebarebodes garkveul socialur kontrols. SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
savsebiT Seesabameba seqsualobaze iudaistur-qristianul tradiciebSi<br />
arsebul warmodgenas da im represiul meqanizmebs, romlebic axasiaTebT<br />
am institutis warmomadgenlebs. meore meTodi _ feministuri, poststruqturalisturi,<br />
aRar oponirebs binaruli opozitebiT, da iZleva<br />
imis saSualebas, srulad davinaxoT arsebuli gradacia. igi gvaCvenebs<br />
imasac, rom genderic SeiZleba iyos transpresiuli, anu ar iyos mxolod<br />
feminuroba da maskulinoba da arsebobdes gradacia am or polarul mxares<br />
Soris. es cvlileba mecnierebaSi Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo, radgan<br />
homofobiis doneze sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens swored<br />
<strong>genderuli</strong> Sovinizmi da <strong>genderuli</strong> rolebis mkveTri polarizacia.<br />
daviT paiWaZe _ Tu SeiZleba, gangvimarteT, ras niSnavs `<strong>genderuli</strong> Sovinizmi~.<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili _ mamakacurobasa da qalurobaze warmodgena bevr<br />
kulturaSi maqsimalurad polarizebuli da urTierTgamomricxavia.<br />
SekiTxvaze, Tu romelia dominanturi da waxalisebuli, romeli aRiqmeba<br />
normatiulad, pasuxi patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi calsaxaa. aseT<br />
sazogadoebaSi aris agresiuli maskulinobis kulti.<br />
93
sajaro debatebi<br />
dRevandel situaciazec minda visaubro. yovelive imas, rac dRes Cvens<br />
qveyanaSi xdeba, SeiZleba, neopatriarqalizmi uwodo. faseulobebis,<br />
maTi Secvlis da Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT Zalian ukan gadavcvivdiT.<br />
es ar gamoixateba mxolod calkeul lozungebsa da metyvelebaSi me-19<br />
saukunis sxvadasxva terminis damkvidrebis mcdelobaSi. aseTia, magali-<br />
Tad sityva `mandilosani~. politikosebis mxridan karg tonad iTvleba<br />
qalis mandilosnad moxsenieba.<br />
daviT paiWaZe _ SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom politikosTa axalma Taobam<br />
sul ar icodes am sityvis warmomavloba, is neologizmi egonos da gansxvavebul<br />
mniSvnelobas debdes am cnebaSi.<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili _ homofobiaze saubrisas Zalian mniSvnelovania<br />
konkretuli adamianis an konkretuli jgufis mimarT winaswarganwyobis<br />
sakiTxi. winaswarganwyobis bunebaze saubrisas ki, unda gaviTvaliswinoT,<br />
Tu ra amarTlebs maT arsebobas. winaswarganwyoba gaxlavT is, risi<br />
meSveobiTac xdeba socialuri u<strong>Tanasworobis</strong> racionalizacia da misi<br />
gamarTleba. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli socialurad araTanabari statusi,<br />
ierarqiebi, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs, winaswarganwyobis Camoyalibebasac.<br />
es urTierTgadajaWvuli procesia. da ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom igi<br />
strategizaciis mniSvnelovani etapia. iseTi movlenebis arseboba ki, rogorebicaa<br />
seqsizmi, Sovinizmi da antisemitizmi, mxolod adamianisTvis<br />
an adamianTa jgufisTvis, araTanabari statusebis miniWebas emsaxureba.<br />
Sesabamisad, sazogadoebaSi araTanabrad gadanawildeba Zalauflebac.<br />
es aris erT-erTi mTavari mizezi, ris gamoc, homofobias saSiS socialur<br />
movlenad miviCnevT.<br />
daviT paiWaZe _ rogorc ekam aRniSna, am movlenam SeiZleba moqalaqeebisTvis<br />
araTanabari statusis miniWeba gamoiwvios. moqalaqeebis xseneba<br />
ki, samarTlebriv sferos gulisxmobs, romelzec sofio jafariZe isaubrebs.<br />
sofio gvesaubreba am niadagze arsebuli diskriminaciis Sesaxeb<br />
da im lokalur da saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo aqtebsac mimoixilavs,<br />
romlebic exeba da aregulirebs am sakiTxs.<br />
sofio jafariZe _ upirveles yovlisa, nebismierma demokratiulma saxelmwifom<br />
unda Seqmnas efeqturi kanonmdeblobloba, raTa maqsimalurad<br />
iyos daculi seqsualuri umciresobebis garantiebi, rogorc qveynis<br />
uzenaesi kanoniT _ konstituciiT, ise sxva normatiuli aqtebiT. Cvens<br />
qveyanaSi konstitucia uzenaesi kanonia da yvela sxva normatiuli aqti<br />
mas unda Seesabamebodes. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebsa da SeTanxmebebsac,<br />
Tu isini ar ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias da konstituciur Se-<br />
Tanxmebas, upiratesi Zala gaaCniaT Sida saxelmwifoebriv normatiul<br />
aqtebTan mimarTebaSi. Cven mierTebulni varT sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso<br />
xelSekrulebas da SeTanxmebas, romelic krZalavs diskriminacias,<br />
maT Soris, iseT niSnebze dayrdnobiT, rogoric seqsualuri orientaciaa.<br />
aseTia, magaliTad, adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis<br />
evropuli konvencia. konstituciisa da am saerTaSoriso meqanizmebis<br />
urTierTdamokidebulebaze msjelobamde, unda aRvniSnoT, rom sqesobrivi<br />
Tanacxovreba da seqsualuri orientaciis arCeva is sakiTxebia,<br />
romlebic piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis garantiebiTaa regulirebuli.<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-20 muxli, ra Tqma unda, icavs piradi<br />
cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobas, romelic sxvadasxva komponentebisgan<br />
Sedgeba. evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxli aseve icavs piradi cxovrebis<br />
xelSeuxeblobas. diskriminaciis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli me-14 muxlic.<br />
94
homofobia, rogorc socialuri problema (16.03.2007)<br />
Cven axlaxan mivuerTdiT evropuli konvenciis me-12 oqmsac, romelic<br />
aseve krZalavs diskriminacias.<br />
mogexsenebaT, rom piradi cxovreba, arc Cveni konstituciiT, da arc<br />
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT, ar aris absoluturi ufleba, da is,<br />
garkveul garemoebebSi, SesaZloa, SeizRudos kidec. magaliTad, konstituciis<br />
mixedviT, es SeiZleba moxdes sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, an Tu arsebobs amis gadaudebeli aucilebloba, sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetilebis gareSec. rac Seexeba evropul konvencias, aqac<br />
aris garkveuli CamonaTvali, romelTa safuZvelzec SeiZleba SeizRudos<br />
es ufleba. es SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos erovnuli uSiSroebiT,<br />
usafrTxoebiT, sxvisi uflebebis dacviT, moraliT da a.S. magram, piradi<br />
cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis SezRudva aucileblad kanoniT unda iyos<br />
gansazRvruli. unda arsebobdes Tanafardoba mizansa da SezRudvas Soris.<br />
es aris aucilebeli piroba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.<br />
rac Seexeba diskriminacias, konstituciis me-14 muxli acxadebs, rom kanonis<br />
winaSe yvela Tanasworia, ganurCevlad kanis feris, sqesis, politikuri<br />
da religiuri Sexedulebebisa, magram evropuli konvenciis me-14<br />
muxlsa da Cveni konstituciis me-14 muxls erTi ram ganasxvavebs. saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciaSi es wertiliT dasrulebuli debulebaa, rac<br />
imas niSnavs, rom iq aris konkretuli CamonaTvali im niSnebisa, romelTa<br />
safuZvelzec ikrZaleba pirovnebis diskriminacia da maT Soris ar aris<br />
moxseniebuli seqsualuri orientacia. ra Tqma unda, amis sawinaaRmdego<br />
argumentad SeiZleba daasaxelon is, rom saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs<br />
da SeTanxmebebs CvenTan pirdapiri moqmedebis Zala aqvs da isini integrirebulia<br />
Cvens sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi, da rom CvenTvis savaldebuloa<br />
is movaleobebi, romlebsac gvakisrebs es xelSekrulebebi da SeTanxmebebi.<br />
magram, miuxedavad amisa, mainc ukeTesi iqneboda, rom seqsualuri<br />
orientacia, rogorc niSani, pirdapir yofiliyo moxseniebuli diskriminaciis<br />
amkrZalav muxlSi. seqsualuri orientacia arc adamianis uflebaTa<br />
dacvis evropuli konvenciis konkretuli niSnebis CamonaTvalSia<br />
moxseniebuli, magram es Ria dasasrulis debulebaa, rac niSnavs, rom debuleba<br />
sruldeba terminiT `da sxva...~, da amaSi seqsualuri orientaciac<br />
igulisxmeba.<br />
diskriminaciis akrZalvis TvalsazrisiT, Cvens Sromis kanonTa kodeqsSi<br />
Setanili bolo cvlilebebi, diskriminaciis SromiTi urTierTobebis<br />
dros akrZalvis Sesaxeb, wingadadgmuli nabijia. es saerTaSoriso<br />
sazogadoebamac aRiara. me-2 muxlSi, diskriminaciis amkrZalav normaSi,<br />
ukve saxeldeba seqsualuri orientacia, da es pozitiuri nabijia.<br />
rac Seexeba sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobas, aqac gvaqvs mocemuli<br />
adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli,<br />
magram problema absoluturad identuria, gadmotanilia konstituciis<br />
Sesabamisi debuleba da aqac gamorCenilia seqsualuri orientacia,<br />
rogorc diskriminaciis amkrZalavi erT-erTi niSani. rasizmisa da<br />
Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg brZolis evropulma komitetma am muxlTan<br />
dakavSirebiT SeniSvna gamoTqva da ganacxada, rom ukeTesi iqneboda, Tu<br />
es muxli naklebad SemzRudavi iqneboda. amaSi igulisxmeba konkretuli<br />
CamonaTvalis daboloeba sityvebiT _ `es adamianis uflebebis arsebiT<br />
darRvevas unda iwvevdes~. evropuli komitetis azriT, ar iyo savaldebulo<br />
muxlSi `arsebiTi darRvevis~ Cadeba.<br />
95
sajaro debatebi<br />
problemaa isic, rom Cven ar gvaqvs mkveTrad da mkafiod Camoyalibebuli<br />
antidiskriminaciuli kanonmdebloba, Tundac, vTqvaT, siZulvilis motivze<br />
damyarebuli danaSaulebis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqssa Tu sxva<br />
kodeqsebSi Cadebis mxriv, risi gamocdilebac sxva qveynebs aqvT. siZulvilis<br />
motivze damyarebuli gancxadebebi bevri qveynis sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo<br />
sivrceSi gvxvdeba. CvenTan problemaa is, rom aseTi gancxadebebis<br />
akrZalva, Tuki ar gaviTvaliswinebT diskriminaciis amkrZalav zogad debulebas,<br />
principSi, ar arsebobs. es ki xSirad xdeba imis safuZveli, rom<br />
maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis mxridan gakeTdes siZulvilze damyarebuli<br />
gancxadebebi, rac uSualod aisaxeba sazogadoebis ganwyobaze.<br />
ar SeiZleba, ar aRiniSnos, rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 408-e muxlis<br />
mixedviT adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulad CaiTvleba<br />
nebismieri qmedeba, Cadenili samoqalaqo mosaxleobaze an pirebze,<br />
farTomasStabiani an sistematuri Tavdasxmis farglebSi, gamoxatuli<br />
mkvlelobiT an sxva niSnebiT, aseve, pirTa jgufis devniT, politikuri,<br />
rasobrivi, erovnuli, eTnikuri, kulturuli, religiuri, sqesobrivi an<br />
sxva niSnis safuZvelze. es SeiZleba miviRoT, rogorc Ria dasasrulis<br />
debuleba da `sxva niSanSi~ seqsualuri orientaciac moviazroT.<br />
mniSvnelovania, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> seqsualuri umciresobebis uflebebis<br />
darRveva arasrulyofili kanonmdeblobiT aris ganpirobebuli, Tu<br />
misi araadekvaturi implimentaciiT da praqtikaSi gamoyenebiT. sisxlis<br />
samarTlis kodeqsis 142-e muxliT (adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobis<br />
darRveva) romelzec weRan vsaubrobdi, 2006 wels sul oTxi saqmea aRZruli.<br />
maTgan oTxive religuri umciresobebis xelyofis faqtebs exeba.<br />
Tamamad SemiZlia vTqva, rom seqsualuri orientaciis niadagze ganxorcielebuli<br />
qmedebebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis gamo jer arc<br />
erTi saqme ar aRZrula. Tumca, iyo erTi SemTxveva, rodesac axalgazrda<br />
iuristTa asociacia seqsualuri umciresobis erT-erTi warmomadgenlis<br />
interesebs icavda. am adamians Tavs daesxnen, mis mimarT seqsualur<br />
orientaciasTan dakavSirebuli Seuracxmyofeli gancxadebebic gakeTda.<br />
magram, sayuradReboa is, rom, sisxlis samarTlis saqme mxolod Zarcvis<br />
muxliT aRiZra. miuxedavad dazaralebulisa da misi advokatebis mxridan<br />
didi mcdelobisa, es qmedeba dakvalificiriebuliyo danaSaulad adamianTa<br />
Tanasworuflebianobis winaaRmdeg, es ar moxda, rac, piradad me, makeTebinebs<br />
daskvnas, rom es SesaZloa mentalitetis problema ufro iyos,<br />
vidre arasrulyofili kanonmdeblobis. Cemi azriT, mTavari problema<br />
saxelmwifosa da samarTaldamcveli organoebis mxridan umoqmedoba da<br />
aseT faqtebze reagirebis survilis arqonaa.<br />
daviT paiWaZe _ am sakiTxze msjeloba, Cemi azriT, SeuZlebelia im vi-<br />
Tarebis gauTvaliswineblad, romelic mas-mediaSi SeiZleba amoikiTxos<br />
adamianma. amaze Sorena SaverdaSvili isaubrebs.<br />
Sorena SaverdaSvili _ swored am diskusiisTvis mzadebisas gavecani<br />
fond `inkluzivis~ mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebs, romlebic amave<br />
fondis saitzea ganTavsebuli da qarTul mas-mediaSi homoseqsualobisa<br />
da homoseqsualebis reprezentirebas warmoadgens. aq amokrefilia am<br />
TemasTan dakavSirebuli yvela is `margaliti~, romelsac SeiZleba gadavawydeT<br />
bolo 4-5 wlis presaSi. ramdenime maTgans gagacnobT _ `geirevolucia<br />
modis da unda movemzadoT, rom ar gairyvnan Cveni Svilebi~,<br />
`dasavluri talRa sul male wagvlekavs~. aqve waawydebiT `cisferTa<br />
SeTqmulebis Teorias~ `cisferTa mafiis~ Sesaxeb, romelic `mZvinvarebs~<br />
96
homofobia, rogorc socialuri problema (16.03.2007)<br />
yvela sferoSi, dawyebuli Sou-biznesidan, politikiT damTavrebuli. am<br />
kvlevaSi kargadaa naCvenebi is tendenciebi, romlebic realurad arsebobs<br />
Cvens sazogadoebaSi, amitomac girCevT mis wakiTxvas.<br />
Sevecdebi visaubro Cems pirad gamocdilebaze da im SekiTxvebze, romlebic<br />
miCndeba da mawuxebs, rogorc `cxeli Sokoladis~ redaqtors da adamians,<br />
romelsac protesti uCndeba am yvelafris mimarT da aqvs survili,<br />
raRac daupirispiros aseT medias. amaswinaT vnaxe `postskriptumSi~ gasuli<br />
siuJeti, romelsac, wesiT, axal Jurnalze, `meze~, unda moeTxro.<br />
aRmaSfoTa siuJetSi gakeTebulma aqcentebma. aqcenti iyo gakeTebuli<br />
imaze, rom JurnalSi ar aris miTiTebuli redaqciis misamarTi. CemTvis<br />
gaugebaria, ratom CaiTvala es aseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxad. meore, razec<br />
gamaxvilda yuradReba _ xom ar Seuwyobs Jurnali xels gei-praidebs<br />
da xom ar aRaSfoTebs es marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSiris wevrebs.<br />
kidev erTi `mniSvnelovani~ aqcenti iyo gakeTebuli _ Jurnalis gadacemaSi<br />
Cawerili erT-erTi avtoris heteroseqsualoba sagangebod iyo dakonkretebuli.<br />
es aqcentebi CemTvis gaugebari iyo. `mes~ bolo nomerSi<br />
Zalian sworad aris Sefasebuli es siuJeti.<br />
imave periodSi wavikiTxe eka aRdgomelaSvilis ese erT-erT krebulSi da<br />
gadavwyvite, im yvelafris sapasuxod, rac xdeboda, rame gagvekeTebina<br />
`cxel SokoladSi~ am Temaze da ekaze, radgan igi, misi nawerebidan gamomdinare,<br />
CemTvis Zalian saintereso adamiani aRmoCnda. visac wagikiTxavT<br />
`cxeli Sokoladi~, iciT, rom istoriebi pirovnebebze Cveni tradiciuli<br />
rubrikaa. Cveni interviu Sedga, magram, samwuxarod, sabolood, is statia<br />
Zalian mSrali gamovida im sivrcisTvis, romlisTvisac momzadda. Cemi,<br />
rogorc redaqtoris mizani iyo, xma migvewvdina ara im 100 da 200 adamianisTvis,<br />
romelsac am Temis, homoseqsualobis an homoseqsualebis mimarT,<br />
isedac Camoyalibebuli da swori pozicia aqvs, aramed, pirobiTad, danarCeni<br />
4800 mkiTxvelisTvis, romelic, veWvob, rom, Tu agresiuli ara,<br />
neitraluri damokidebulebiT Semoifargleba am sakiTxis mimarT. samwuxrod,<br />
momzadebuli statia ver CaiTrevda aseT mkiTxvels, ver gaxsnida<br />
maTTvis xedvis axal rakurss. Zalian bevri vifiqre, ra formiT, ra<br />
xerxebiT migveRwia Cveni miznisTvis. erTi SexedviT, amocana Zalian ioli<br />
iyo _ Cven ekasTvis unda gvekiTxa, Tu ratom muSaobs am Temebze, unda<br />
gadmogveca personaluri istoriebi, aq, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> arsebul realobaze<br />
gvsurda saubari _ aseTi iyo Cemi molodini, magram am molodinma ar<br />
gamimarTla.<br />
sainteresoa, rom roca CvenTan keTilganwyobili media-saSualeba Cndeba,<br />
am Temaze Riad saubari mainc gaWirda. momzadebuli interviu, informaciulobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, Zalian saintereso iyo. piradad CemTvis, am<br />
intervium bevri ucnobi faqti gaxada cnobili, magram ufro moxsenebis<br />
formiT gakeTebuli saxelmZRvanelo teqsti gamovida. Zalian damwyda<br />
guli. ar vici, visi bralia, iqneb Cemi, rogorc redaqtoris, romelmac<br />
sworad ver Camoayaliba amocana, iqneb Jurnalistis, romelic dakompleqsda<br />
da sworad ver dasva SekiTxvebi, iqneb, ekasic, romelmac ver<br />
gasca SekiTxvebs adekvaturi pasuxebi. bolos mivageniT aseT gzas _ JurnalSi<br />
daibeWda realur istoriaze dafuZnebuli mza masala. mzad varT<br />
am Temebze momavalSic vweroT. vimeoreb, CemTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
SekiTxvaa, rogor unda vweroT am Temaze Jurnalistebma ise, rom momzadebuli<br />
statia misaRebi iyos im adamianebisaTvis, romlebic maT agresiulad<br />
ekidebian.<br />
97
sajaro debatebi<br />
daviT paiWaZe _ CvenTan xSirad usaubriaT sazogadoebis Seuwynareblobasa<br />
da aratolerantulobaze. fond `Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos~<br />
grifiT gamoqveynebuli qarTuli sazogadoebis Rirebulebebis kvleva,<br />
gviCvenebs, rom arseboben adamianebi, romlebsac ar surT mezobloba,<br />
magaliTad, religiuri umciresobis warmomadgenelTan.<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili _ kvlevebTan dakavSirebiT minda mogaxsenoT. Zalian<br />
mniSvnelovania, rogor atareb amas, rogor kiTxvebs usvam adamianebs,<br />
Rias Tu faruls. Tu Ria SekiTxvas svam da magaliTad, ekiTxebi, Tu<br />
vis ar isurvebda mezoblad, adamiani ufro metad aris Tavisufali sakuTar<br />
arCevanSi, da, SesaZloa, saerTod ar gaaxsendes am dros arc romelime<br />
eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgeneli, arc narkomani da homoseqsuali.<br />
lela gafrindaSvili, filosofosi, kavSiri `qalebis iniciativa <strong>Tanasworobis</strong>aTvis~<br />
_ homofobia dakavSirebulia qsenofobiasTan _ gansxvavebulisadmi<br />
SiSTan. erTia SiSi da meorea siZulvili. Cven gvainteresebs,<br />
rogor gadaizrdeba SiSi siZulvilSi. SiSi ucxos da ucnauris<br />
mimarT, adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobaa, magram raRac etapze, am ucxo<br />
obieqtis Seswavlis Semdeg, es SiSi an daiZleva, moixsneba, an piriqiT, si-<br />
ZulvilSi gadaizrdeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT erTi magaliTi maxsendeba<br />
media-sivrcidan. daaxloebiT ori wlis win inga grigoliam homoseqsualobis<br />
Temas specialuri gadacema miuZRvna, sadac parlamentari goCa<br />
fifia, poeti daviT gogibedaSvili, erT-erTi modeli da telereJisori<br />
gia Wanturia monawileobdnen. am gadacemaSi goCa fifiam hitleris naTqvami<br />
gaixsena imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda gaeyvanaT gemiT zRvaSi homoseqsualebi<br />
da erTad CaeZiraT isini, da daamata, rom isic ase moiqceoda,<br />
amis saSualeba rom miscemoda. albaT, gaxsovT, igive deputati parlamentis<br />
tribunidan xmamaRla saubrobda parlamentarTa genealogiisa da<br />
eTnikuri warmomavlobis dadgenaze. homoseqsualobis, rogorc dominantisagan<br />
gansxvavebulis, dakavSireba dominanturi eTnosisagan aseve<br />
gansxvavebuli kulturisa da eTnikurobis warmomadgenlebTan, Zalian<br />
mniSvnelovania, radgan orive SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulis mimarT SiSiT<br />
aris ganpirobebuli.<br />
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, ra tipis mxardaWera SegviZlia Cven. mesmis, rom<br />
aseTi kulturuli represiis pirobebSi am socialuri jgufis warmomadgenelTa<br />
mxridan sakuTari seqsualuri orientaciis Sesaxeb xmamaRla<br />
saubari Zalian Znelicaa da SesaZloa, riskTanac iyos dakavSirebuli.<br />
magram, Cemi azriT, Tundac erTi maTgani rom gamovides da Tqvas, rom am<br />
jgufs ekuTvnis, da rom am jgufs aqvs yvela sxva interesTa jgufisgan<br />
gansxvavebuli interesi, da iCagrebian, magaliTad, SromiT bazarze, sxva<br />
socialuri jgufebis mxridan mxardaWera am adamianebis mimarT gaizrdeba.<br />
es precedenti sakanonmdeblo aqtivobasac gazrdis da xels Seuwyobs mis<br />
integrirebas romelime samarTalSi. es socialuri jgufebi unda amovidnen<br />
`andergraundidan~. unda moxdes maTi saxeldeba. faruli socialuri<br />
jgufis interesebis dacva ar xdeba, es arc erT qveyanaSi ar momxdara. `andergraundSi~<br />
yofna amZafrebs am jgufis interesebis miTologizacias<br />
da mis mimarT qsenofobiisa da homofobiis xarisxs zrdis.<br />
nestan cecxlaZe, Jurnalisti _ rogor warmogidgeniaT am socialuri<br />
jgufis mxridan sakuTari seqsualuri orientaciis xmamaRla aRiareba,<br />
roca sazogadoebis aseTi maRali procenti ambobs, rom ar isurvebda<br />
mezoblad homoseqsualis yolas?<br />
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homofobia, rogorc socialuri problema (16.03.2007)<br />
lela gafrindaSvili _ me pasuxismgebloba da socialuri gmiroba vigulisxme.<br />
ra Tqma unda, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> bevri problemaa, romelTa daZlevac,<br />
mesmis, Zalian rTulia. magram precedenti akeTebs saqmes. jer erTi, socialurad<br />
aqtualurs xdis sakiTxs. iwyeba am Temaze saubari, am formiT<br />
ki ara, rogorc axla vsaubrobT. ar SeiZleba am Temebze mxolod Caketil<br />
sivrceSi saubari. vici, rom am adamianebs haeriviT sWirdebaT mxardaWera.<br />
maT aqvT sociluri urTierTobebis SiSi. deklarirebis gareSe SeuZlebelia<br />
maT mxardaWera moipovon. es gamoiwvevs kvlevebsac am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
paata sabelaSvili, fondi `inkluzivi~ _ azri minda gamovTqva Sorenas<br />
SekiTxvaze, imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ratom vkargavT aseT sakiTxebze<br />
weris dros gaxsnilobas. rogorc wesi, respodenti, aseT Temebze saubris<br />
dros, kadrs miRma rCeba xolme. mas xSirad xmasac ucvlian, da am fonze,<br />
rodesac uceb Jurnalists respodenti stigmis gareSe, Riad esaubreba,<br />
mas SeiZleba iTqvas, stigmis kompensacia emarTeba. Cemi azriT, rodesac<br />
am Temaze farul saubars eli da sapirispiros iReb, es garkveul reaqcias<br />
iwvevs. aris proeqciis momentebic. bevri Jurnalisti, samwuxarod, saku-<br />
Tari fobiebis proeqcirebas axdens.<br />
CvenTan mosuli Jurnalistebi xSirad gveubnebian, rom Cven `andergraunduli~<br />
organizacia varT. me ki maT vpasuxob, rom mesame sarTulze<br />
vimyofebiT. xSirad gvekiTxebian imasac, Tu ratom ar vuTiTebT Cvens<br />
misamarTs. Jurnalze sul ramdenime adamiani vmuSaobT da mudmivad redaqciaSi<br />
arasodes varT. miTiTebuli gvaqvs imeili, sistematurad vpasuxobT<br />
Semosul werilebs. CvenTan dakavSirebis problema, dRemde aravis<br />
hqonia. Cven arafers vmalavT da arc SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas<br />
varidebT Tavs. arc im gadacemebSi monawileobaze vambobT uars, sadac<br />
monawileoba Cveni sainformacio politikidan gamomdinare, saWirod da<br />
sasargeblod migvaCnia. magaliTad, uari vTqviT monawileobaze gadacemaSi<br />
`tabu~, radgan migvaCnia, rom am gadacemis formati ar iyo iseTi, sadac<br />
Cveni sainformacio politikis miznis mosaxleobisTvis sworad da<br />
obieqturad gacnobis saSualeba mogvecemoda. uari vuTxariT `re-aqciasac~.<br />
saerTod, JurnalistebTan Zalian frTxili damokidebuleba gvaqvs,<br />
imitom, rom Zalian bevr arakompetentur siuJets da statias vawydebiT.<br />
arakompetenturobaze miTiTeba ki, ratomRac, zewolad aRiqmeba. imedi<br />
maqvs, Catardeba am Temaze treningebi da raRac Seicvleba.<br />
daviT paiWaZe _ lelam rogorc Tqva, deklarirebis gareSe mxardaWeras<br />
ver moipoveb, oRond es deklarireba jgufis saxeliT unda iyos gakeTebuli.<br />
ar vici, ramdenad gaamarTlebs es gza. erT SemTxvevas gavixseneb. es<br />
ambavi quTaisSi moxda da JurnalistebTan urTierTobis sailustraciodac<br />
kargi iqneba. axalgazrda kacma Riad ganacxada sakuTari seqsualuri<br />
orientaciis Sesaxeb. ar minaxavs am Temaze momzadebuli satelevizio<br />
siuJeti, sagazeTo publikacia maqvs mxedvelobaSi. mamam sakuTari Svili<br />
policias misi seqsualuri orientaciis gamo daaWerina. Tumca, mere<br />
gamoixsna kidec. am biWs ar daumalavs sakuTari vinaoba, magram sainteresoa,<br />
rom Jurnalisti mas mainc inicialebiT moixseniebda. es adamiani jgufis<br />
saxeliT ar gamosula. man sakuTari nebiT ganacxada sakuTari seqsualuri<br />
orientaciis Sesaxeb. mainteresebs, ramdenad aucilebelia, aseTi<br />
gancxadebebis maincdamainc jgufis saxeliT gakeTeba? aq isic iTqva, rom<br />
homofobia aris winaswarganwyoba garkveul adamianTa jgufis mimarT.<br />
Tqvens msjelobebSi sityva `jgufi~ figurirebs. Tu aseT gancxadebas<br />
99
sajaro debatebi<br />
individi gaakeTebs da ara jgufi, am adamianebis gageba da tolerantuli<br />
damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba ufro Zneli iqneba?<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili _ rodesac xilvadobasa da `qaming auTzea~ saubari,<br />
ra Tqma unda, ar unda dagvaviwydes is garemo, romelSic vcxovrobT. rac<br />
ufro meti adamiani aRiarebs sakuTar seqsualur orientacias, SiSi, ra<br />
Tqma unda, miT ufro Semcirdeba am socialuri jgufis mimarT, magram es<br />
ar niSnavs imas, rom aseTi ganwyoba SesaZloa mTlianad gaqres. rac Seexeba<br />
daTos SekiTxvas, me, magaliTad, ver warmomidgenia, Tu ras unda niSnavdes<br />
jgufuri aRiareba. sagulisxmoa isic, rom xilvadobis gazrdasTan erTad<br />
izrdeba Zaladobis talRac, rogorc jgufis, ise konkretuli adamianebis<br />
mimarTac.<br />
lela gafrindaSvili _ magram, sainteresoa, amis Semdeg ra periodi<br />
iwyeba. amis Semdeg iwyeba yvelaze mniSvnelovani etapi. amas mohyveba saqmis<br />
sasamarTlomde misvla, anu zogadad rezistencia xdeba.<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili _ geTanxmebiT, magram ar unda daviviwyoT, arc<br />
erTi aRiarebuli geisTvis an lesboselisTvis ar aris es erTjeradi procesi.<br />
yvela axali nacnob-megobris wreSi mas xelaxla uwevs aseTi aRiareba,<br />
da xSirad es procesi mTeli cxovreba grZeldeba.<br />
rac Seexeba qsenofobias, erTi mxriv, raRac drois ganmavlobaSi, TiTqos<br />
Seicvala situacia. iyo periodi, roca aratradiciuli seqsualuri<br />
orientacia CvenTan dasavleTidan xelovnurad Semotanil produqtad<br />
iTvleboda. iTvleboda, rom sxvagan, Sors, SeiZleboda yofiliyvnen<br />
gansxvavebuli seqsualuri orientaciis adamianebi, magram es CvenTvis<br />
ucxo unda yofiliyo. dRes situacia Secvlilia. bolo ramdenime welia,<br />
Seicvala diskursi. dRes es movlena ukve, ara rogorc ucxo, aramed, rogorc<br />
Cveni daavadebuli nawili, ise ganixileba. aq ukve absoluturad<br />
gansxvavebuli meqanizmebi muSaobs da sazogadoebis mxridan wamosul<br />
damsjel RonisZiebebs da agresias sul sxvanairi simZafre aqvs. es agresia,<br />
arasodes miemarTeba erTi konkretuli adamianisken. is jgufiskenaa<br />
mimarTuli. SesaZloa, es CvenSi damkvidrebuli koleqtiuri RirebulebebiTac<br />
iyos ganpirobebuli. CvenTan jgufi, romelsac miekuTvnebi,<br />
ojaxi, megobrebi, samsaxuri, ufro faseulia. anu, CvenTan aseTi aRiareba<br />
aucileblad gulisxmobs pasuxismgeblobas ara marto sakuTari Tavis winaSe,<br />
aramed ojaxis winaSec, romlis wevrebic aseve xdebian homofobiis<br />
msxverplni.<br />
elizbar elizbaraSvili, filosofosi _ Tuki mizezebis speqtri mxolod<br />
Tqvens mier CamoTvliliT Semoifargleba, maSin unda vTqvaT, rom<br />
homofobia calsaxad negatiuri movlenaa da mis dasaZlevad didi Zalisxmevaa<br />
saWiro. magram msurs, ufro Rrmad gavaanalizoT yvelaferi. kidev<br />
ra mizezebiT SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli sazogadoebaSi homofobia?<br />
amaze pasuxis gasacemad me dRevandeli qarTuli sazogadoebis Zvel ber-<br />
Znul sazogadoebasTan Sedareba mWirdeba. homofobia funqcionaluri<br />
xdeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom antikur saberZneTSi homoseqsuali adamiani<br />
Cveulebriv adamianad iTvleboda. <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong>, qristianuli da qarTuli<br />
tradiciebidan da Rirebulebebidan, aseve mamakacisa da qalis Sesaxeb<br />
arsebuli zogadi warmodgenebidan gamomdinare, homoseqsuali adamiani<br />
qarTuli wiaRidan mowyvetilad moiazreba. amitom qarTveli homoseqsuali<br />
Tavs yovelTvis gamijnulad da gariyulad aRiqvams. igi sazogadoebis<br />
mxridan yovelTvis awydeba agresias, ris Sedegadac Tavad masac<br />
100
homofobia, rogorc socialuri problema (16.03.2007)<br />
umuSavdeba sapasuxo agresia sazogadoebis mimarT. sabolood, is, misi<br />
damsjeli sazogadoebis mimarT agresiuli da asocialuri xdeba. ar vambob,<br />
rom es kargia, magram faqtia, da imis gamo, rom berZeni homoseqsualisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, romelsac yvela berZeni, rogorc Cveulebriv berZens,<br />
ise uyurebda, <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> homoseqsualebi eWvs iwveven _ arian Tu ara<br />
isini qarTuli saqmis mimarT, qarTuli saxelmwifos mimarT erTgulebi.<br />
Cemi azriT, homofobiis erT-erT mizezad, vimeoreb, SeiZleba is garemoeba<br />
CaiTvalos, rom es adamianebi saqarTvelosaTvis brZolaSi, misi<br />
interesebis dacvaSi, iqneba es brZolis velze Tu kalmiT xelSi, saqarTvelos<br />
mosaxleobis mier arasandoebad aRiqmebian. Tumca, es ar aris calsaxad<br />
negatiuri mizezi, radgan yvela eri cdilobs Tavis gadarCenas da<br />
ucxo elementebs eWvis TvaliT uyurebs.<br />
SiSi, rogorc ukve vTqvi, ar aris mxolod negatiuri fenomeni.<br />
vidre es socialuri jgufi sazogadoebas ar daarwmunebs, rom misi wevrebi<br />
ar ewinaaRmdegebian mas da saxelmwifoebriv midgomebSi iseTive qarTvelebi<br />
arian, rogorc sxva adamianebi, maT mimarT damokidebuleba ar<br />
Seicvleba.<br />
paata sabelaSvili _ erTia pozicia, magram mniSvnelovania, rogor axden<br />
mis reprezentacias. arsebobs Tanasworoba da ar arsebobs sxvebTan<br />
SedarebiT ufro Tanaswori adamiani. ase rom, Tu SenTvis arsebobs Tanasworoba,<br />
ar SeiZleba iyo tolerantuli, vTqvaT, somexis mimarT da ar<br />
iyo tolerantulad ganwyobili iehovas mowmis mimarT. tolerantoba<br />
arCeviTi ar aris. Tanasworoba aris Tanasworoba, miuxedavad imisa, es<br />
SenTvis misaRebia Tu ara, es aris obieqturi realoba da Cveni azrebisgan<br />
damoukideblad arsebobs. ramdenad viRebT mas, es ukve sxva momentia. yvelas<br />
aqvs ufleba raRac ar miiRos, magram aseve yvelas aqvs ufleba icxovros<br />
absoluturad Tanaswor mdgomareobaSi imis miuxedavad, vis ras daudasturebs<br />
da sxvebi rogor daijereben mis naTqvams.<br />
oriode sityva mindoda meTqva institucionalur homofobiaze. evrosabWos<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis komisarTan Sexvedrisas daviT dar-<br />
CiaSvilma aseTi SekiTxviT mogvmarTa, raRa unda gvdomoda amaze meti,<br />
axlandeli mTavroba SevardnaZisa da gamsaxurdias mTavrobebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
xom gacilebiT ukeT ekideba am sakiTxs. vis moeTxoveba <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
adamianis uflebebis dacva? amisTvis, bunebrivia, ramdenime<br />
saxelmwifo uwyeba arsebobs, da isini angariSvaldebulni arian qveynis<br />
yvela moqalaqis mimarT. aviRoT, magaliTad, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis<br />
saparlamento komiteti. SegiZliaT ixiloT q-n elene TevdoraZis<br />
citatebi am Temaze. maT Cemi komentari ar sWirdeba. Cven ombudsmenis<br />
poziciazec gamovTqviT pretenzia. misi TqmiT, igi mzad aris daicvas<br />
yvela calkeuli adamianis ufleba, magram ar aris valdebuli gaiziaros<br />
jgufTa <strong>Tanasworobis</strong> ufleba. amazec uxerxulad migvaCnia komentaris<br />
gakeTeba. igive, daviT baqraZe, saqarTvelos evropaSi integraciis saparlamento<br />
komitetis Tavmjdomare _ mas moeTxoveba im evropuli<br />
sakanonmdeblo velis codna, romelsac mierTebulia saqarTvelo, ambobs,<br />
rom konstitucia unda icavdes iseT moTxovnebs, romlebic adamians<br />
dabadebis momentSi uCndeba da ar SeiZleba maTi Secvla _ kanis feri,<br />
rasa da sqesi. Cemi azriT, samives Secvla SeiZleba da adamianis gemovneba<br />
da piradi Sexedulebebi konstituciis dasacavi ar aris. amas rom qveyanaSi<br />
reagireba mohyveba, es ukve didi problemaa.<br />
101
sajaro debatebi<br />
kidev erT yofil saxelmwifo struqturas Sevexebi. sazogadoebriv mauwyebels<br />
vgulisxmob, romelmac yvelaferi gaakeTa evropis mauwyebelTa<br />
kavSirSi mosaxvedrad, raTa sofo xalvaSs saqarTvelo wels `evroviziaze~<br />
esaxelebina. Cven SevTanxmdiT, rom 17 maiss sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis<br />
eTerSi unda gasuliyo germanuli kompaniis mier gadaRebuli filmi<br />
`cisartyelas dasasruli~. iq aRwerilia, Tu rogor sTxoven britaneTSi<br />
TavSesafris Ziebis sistemaSi adamians Tavisi seqsualuri umciresobebisadmi<br />
mikuTvnebulobis dadasturebas, igive, islamSi rogor ekidebian<br />
am sakiTxs, holandiaSi, amsterdamSi rogor xdeba geebis diskriminacia.<br />
miuxedavad miRweuli SeTanxmebisa, q-n Tamar kinwuraSvilis TbilisSi<br />
dabrunebis Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom filmis saeTero sivrceSi Casma qronometraJis<br />
gamo veRar moxerxdeboda. Cven Riad vdebT brals sazogadoebriv<br />
mauwyebels homofobiaSi. maT erTi Txovna maqvs _ ar vTqvaT `-zmi~<br />
da `-sti~, radgan, rogorc ar SeiZleba unarSezRuduls invalidi ewodos,<br />
aseve gaumarTlebelia terminebi `homoseqsualizmi~ da `homoseqsualisti~.<br />
es formebi rusulidanaa Semosuli da kriminalTan, garyvnilebasa da<br />
daavadebasTan asocirdeba, rac ar aris swori.<br />
da kidev erT sakiTxze msurs Tqveni yuradRebis SeCereba _ ganvasxvavoT<br />
homoseqsualuri qceva homoseqsualuri orientaciisgan. imitom, rom<br />
esec ukve dadasturebulia, rom homoseqsualTa umravlesobas ar axasiaTebs<br />
homoseqsualuri sqesobrivi kavSiri da im adamianebis umravlesoba,<br />
romlebsac aqvT aseTi kavSirebi, heteroseqsualebi arian.<br />
daviT gabunia, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, genderis magistratura<br />
_ Cveni socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti am Temaze<br />
kvlevebs atarebs. aq meTodologiis Sesaxeb daisva SekiTxva. Cven gvaqvs<br />
fokus-jgufebi, kvlevis Tema ki zustad emTxveva dRevandeli diskusiis<br />
Temas _ `homofobia, rogorc socialuri problema~. jerjerobiT kvleva<br />
mxolod or fokus-jgufTan gvaqvs Catarebuli _ 27-dan 35 wlamde<br />
dauqorwinebel mamakacebTan da amave asakis qalebTan. jer saboloo<br />
Sedegebze laparaki zedmetia, arc imas vfiqrobT, rom am azrebs mTeli<br />
saqarTvelo iziarebs. sociologiuri principebidan gamomdinare, rasakvirvelia,<br />
ase ar xdeba. es kvleva ar aris reprezentatuli da aqve unda<br />
iTqvas, rom <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> iseTi kvlevebis nimuSebi, romelTa ganzogadebac<br />
SesaZlebelia da statistikurad sandoa, TiTze CamosaTvlelia.<br />
sadac ar aris saxelmwifos mxridan dakveTa, aseTi masStabis kvlevebi ar<br />
tardeba. Cven vapirebT kvlevis gagrZelebas, magram saintereso tendenciebi<br />
gamoikveTa da maTze msurs gesaubroT.<br />
Cven velodiT, rom mamakacebSi homofobia gacilebiT ufro xSiri iqneboda,<br />
vidre qalebSi. da Cveni es varaudi 99,9%-iT dadasturda. ra Tqma unda,<br />
ar gvifiqria, rom qalebi naklebad homofobebi aRmoCndebodnen, qalTa<br />
jgufidan ar velodiT nakleb homofobiur azrebs, magram saintereso<br />
iyo Tavad midgoma am sakiTxisadmi, Tu vis gulisxmoben isini homoseqsualebSi.<br />
aRmoCnda, rom yovelTvis mamakaci homoseqsualebi igulisxmebian.<br />
anu, ganxilvis sagani yovelTvis kaci xdeba. sainteresoa, ratomaa, rom<br />
lesboseloba saerTod ar aRiqmeba seriozul movlenad.<br />
da kidev erTi, Cven aseTi SekiTxviTac mivmarTeT Cvens kvlevis obieqtebs:<br />
maTi neba rom yofiliyo, romel sferoSi ar daasaqmebdnen homoseqsualebs?<br />
rogorc qalebis, ise mamakacbis 100%-ma gvipasuxa, rom homoseqsualTa<br />
dasaqmebis sfero araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iyos pedagogika da<br />
samxedro da sasazRvro sferoebi.<br />
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homofobia, rogorc socialuri problema (16.03.2007)<br />
nino leJava, hainrih biolis fondi _ msurs gamovexmauro b-n elizbaris<br />
SekiTxvas imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu sad vxedavT homofobias. rodesac 6<br />
maiss saqarTvelos `konservatiuli partiis~ wevrebma giorgoba da safrangeTSi<br />
konservatorebis gamarjveba izeimes, zviad ZiZigurma brZana,<br />
rom evropaSi konservatorebis dabruneba imaze miuTiTebs, rom `wavida<br />
sayuriani biWebis dro da evropaSic ki Coxosani biWebi modian~. ar aris es<br />
homofobia, Tqveni azriT?<br />
rodesac parlamentarma beso juRelma `mikirtumebi~ axsena, amas sazogadoebis<br />
nawilis mxridan sajaro sivrceSi reagireba mohyva, magram, samwuxarod,<br />
me ar gamigia, rom vinme zviad ZiZiguris am komentars aReSfoTebina.<br />
daviT paiWaZe _ gazeT `24 saaTSi~ daiwera amis Sesaxeb.<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili _ aq saubari iyo imis Sesaxeb, rom Cven arasrulad<br />
CamovTvaleT homofobiis mizezebi. maTze marTlac dausruleblad Sei-<br />
Zleba saubari. calsaxad gamomwvevi mizezebi ar arsebobs. mxolod imis<br />
Tqma SegviZlia, Tu ra SeiZleba uwyobdes xels winaswarganwyobas. arc<br />
is unda daviviwyoT, rom raimes logikuri dasabuTeba am adamianebis winaswarganwyobis<br />
avtomaturad Secvlas ar gulisxmobs. erTaderTi, rac<br />
SeiZleba amas mohyves, saamisod adamianis metad gaxsnaa. mizezi marTlac<br />
bevria da isini saZiebelia rogorc individualur, ise koleqtiur cnobierebaSi.<br />
individualur Taviseburebebze saubari Zalian Sors wagviyvans.<br />
homofobiis mizezebze dRevandeli Cveni zogadi saubris mizani<br />
imis Cveneba iyo, rom seqsizms, antisemitizms, homofobias da sxva aseT<br />
movlenebs, erTnairi meqanizmebi axasiaTebT. dafuZnebulia Tu ara es<br />
winaswarganwyobaze, warmoadgens Tu ara es viRacis winaswarganwyobas,<br />
romelzec, Tavis mxriv, religiurma Sexedulebebma moaxdina gavlena? magram<br />
swored imazea saubari, rom adamians araferi, Tundac misi religiuri<br />
an piradi Sexedulebebi, ar aZlevs uflebas, moaxdinos sxva adamianis<br />
diskriminacia.<br />
103
sajaro debatebi<br />
homofobia: kerZo sivrcidan sajaro sivrcemde<br />
nino danelia _ diskusia, konkretul TariRs, 17 maiss eZRvneba _ homofobiis<br />
winaaRmdeg brZolis saerTaSoriso dRes. msoflio jandacvis organizaciam<br />
am dRes amoiRo homoseqsualoba fsiqiuri daavadebebis siidan.<br />
gaeroSi mimarTvis Semdeg es dRe Semdeg gadaiqca saerTaSoriso dRed.<br />
yovelive amaze Cveni momxseneblebi ufro dawvrilebiT isaubreben.<br />
paata sabelaSvili _ didi madloba hainrih biolis fonds imisaTvis, rom<br />
es faqtobrivad, erTaderTi organizaciaa, romlis mizanic ar aris am Temaze<br />
principulad muSaoba da romelic Cven tribunas gviTmobs.<br />
Cveni mowinaaRmdegeebi xSirad gveubnebian _ ra saWiroa am Temis sajarod<br />
ganxilva? maTi TqmiT, es Cveni piradi problemaa, unda viyoT CvenTvis<br />
saxlSi. maTive TqmiT, Cven aravin gviSlis xels: avtobusSic Tavisuflad<br />
avdivarT, arc samsaxuridan gvagdeben. Riad ar unda davenaxoT aravis, ar<br />
unda mivawodoT axalgazrdobas informacia Cvens Sesaxeb, – es <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
ar SeiZleba. ar SeiZleba saubari erTsqesiani qorwinebis dakanonebazec<br />
ki, araTu partniorebis mier erToblivad Svilis ayvanaze da a.S.<br />
ar SeiZleba iseT struqturebSi vimsaxuroT, romlebzec damokidebulia<br />
qveynis usafrTxoeba, sazRvris dacva da a.S. diskusiis ganviTarebasTan er-<br />
Tad, qronologiuradac ase xdeba xolme, aris argumentirebis aseTi artikulireba,<br />
iwyeba piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobidan da bolos mTavrdeba<br />
am pirad cxovrebaSi uxeSi CareviT ukve sajaro sivrceSi. faqtobrivad,<br />
saxelmwifo, sazogadoeba da eklesia “gviwveba loginSi”, da Semdeg, rodemomxseneblebi:<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili<br />
qalTa iniciativebis<br />
mxardamWeri jgufi<br />
paata sabelaSvili<br />
fondi `inkluzivi~<br />
nodar sarjvelaZe<br />
fsiqologi,<br />
qristian-demokratiuli<br />
institutis xelmZRvaneli<br />
moderacia<br />
nino danelia<br />
20 maisi, 2009 w<br />
nino leJava, hainrih biolis fondis samxreT kavkasiis regionaluri<br />
biuro direqtoris moadgile _ mogexsenebaT,<br />
homofobiis Tema sakmaod tabuirebulia. Cven 2005 wels<br />
movaxerxeT am tabus cotaTi mainc garRveva, rodesac<br />
fondSi pirveli diskusia CavatareT. maSindeli diskusiis<br />
Tema iyo `seqsualuri umciresobebi: tabu saqarTvelo-<br />
Si?~ maSinac da homofobiis Sesaxeb 2007 wels gamarTul<br />
meore diskusiaSic erT-erTi momxsenebeli gaxldaT eka<br />
aRdgomelaSvili, romelic dResac moviwvieT. pirveli<br />
diskusiisTvis Cven Zalian gagviWirda Tanamomxseneblebis<br />
povna. maxsovs, rogor davdiodiT da vxumrobdiT, rom ve-<br />
ZebdiT heteroseqsual mamakacs, romelic isaubrebda homoseqsualur<br />
Temebze. es gambedavi adamiani maSin levan<br />
TarxniSvili, sociologi aRmoCnda.<br />
meore diskusia am Temaze Sedga ori wlis win, 16 maiss. am<br />
dRis Sesaxeb, albaT, momxseneblebi Tavadac isaubreben.<br />
es diskusia saTauriT “homofobia, rogorc socialuri<br />
problema” Sevida krebulSi “Careva sasurvelia: sajaro<br />
debatebi hainrih biolis fondSi”.<br />
sajaro diskusiebi CvenTan 2004 wlidan imarTeba. maT samuSao<br />
saTaurad aqvs “diskusiebi saqarTvelos modernizaciis<br />
Sesaxeb”. sxva diskusiebs Soris, Tu ar CavTvliT konfliqtebis<br />
Temaze da religiisa da nacionalizmis Sesaxeb<br />
gamarTul diskusiebs, homofobiis Temaze gamarTul diskusiebs<br />
yovelTvis mwvave gamoxmaureba mohyveboda xolme.<br />
imedi maqvs, rom es diskusiac aseve Sinaarsiani iqneba.<br />
.<br />
104
homofobia: kerZo sivrcidan sajaro sivrcemde (20. 05. 2009)<br />
sac movakiTxavT Cvens uflebas sajaro sivrceSi, mkacrad gvewinaaRmdegeba<br />
amaSi.<br />
1990 wlis 17 maiss msoflio jandacvis organizaciam homoseqsualoba<br />
amoiRo fsiqiuri daavadebebis siidan. es dRe ukve xuTi welia aRiniSneba,<br />
rogorc homofobiis winaaRmdeg brZolis saerTaSoriso dRe. wels am formulirebas<br />
daemata transfobiac, vinaidan xSirad, lesbosel, gei, biseqsual<br />
da transgender adamianebs erT jgufad moixsenieben, sazogadoeba<br />
ki araa informirebuli, rom lesboseli, gei da biseqsuali adamianebi sxva<br />
adamianebisgan orientaciis mxriv arian gansxvavebulebi, transgenderebi<br />
ki, _ <strong>genderuli</strong> identobis mxriv. amitom, wels ukve oficialurad, es dRe<br />
formulirdeba, rogorc homofobiisa da transfobiis winaaRmdeg brZolis<br />
saerTaSoriso dRe.<br />
minda Sevexo saqarTvelos saxelmwifos pozicias am TemasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
deklarirebis doneze saqarTvelos saxelmwifo cdilobs – am bolo<br />
periodSi mainc, – rom aSkara homofobiuroba Riad ar daadasturos, metic,<br />
Cveni sagareo politikis prioritetebidan gamomdinare, kargi imiji<br />
SeinarCunos dasavleT evropul da CrdiloeT amerikul organizaciebTan,<br />
struqturebTan da fondebTan. Tumca, es yvelaferi xSirad mxolod<br />
deklarirebis doneze xdeba da sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom saqarTvelos<br />
saxelmwifo raime qmediT nabijebs dgams qveyanaSi homofobiis aRmosafxvrelad.<br />
gagacnobT im dokumentebs, romlebsac saqarTvelom moawera xeli. aman<br />
SesaZloa, gagakvirvoT kidec, imitom, rom qveyanaSi amis msgavsi araferi<br />
SeiniSneba. daviwyeb sul axali dokumentiT, romelic 16 maiss, sul ramdenime<br />
dRis win gamoqveynda briuselSi. es aris CexeTis prezidentobiT,<br />
evrokavSiris saxeliT gakeTebuli gancxadeba, romelic gmobs homofobiis<br />
nebismier gamovlinebas. am deklaraciis xelmosawerad miiwvies ara marto<br />
evrokavSiris qveynebi, aramed is qveynebic, romlebTanac raime saxis Tanam-<br />
Sromloba samomavlod moiazreba. Cvenda sasixarulod, im qveynebs Soris,<br />
romlebmac Tanxmoba ganacxades, am deklaracias mierTebodnen, iyo saqarTveloc.<br />
cota xniT adre, gasuli wlis 18 dekembers, niu-iorkSi generaluri asambleis<br />
mTavari Tema iyo adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciis 60<br />
wlisTavi. evrokavSirma maSinac, safrangeTis TavmjdomareobiT gaakeTa<br />
amave Sinaarsis gancxadeba, oRond gaeros doneze es ufro rbilad xdeba<br />
xolme (vinaidan, gaeros 80-ze meti qveyana jer kidev axdens homoseqsualuri<br />
urTierTobis kriminalizacias. ganvmartav, es aris zrdasrul adamianebs<br />
Soris urTierTTanxmobiT Semdgari seqsualuri aqtebi) da gakeTda<br />
mowodeba msoflioSi homoseqsualobis universaluri dekriminalizaciisaken.<br />
saqarTvelom am gancxadebasac moawera xeli. minda aRvniSno, rom ruseTs<br />
da aSS-s misTvis xeli ar mouweriaT. buSis administracia cnobili iyo<br />
Tavisi homofobiurobiT. aSS am deklaracias mxolod TebervalSi, obamas<br />
administraciis mosvlis Semdeg SeuerTda.<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> homoseqsualobis dekriminalizacia moxda 2000 wlis 1<br />
ivniss. manamde or zrdasrul mamakacs Soris nebayoflobiTi sqesobrivi<br />
kavSiri iTvleboda sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad.<br />
garda saxelmwifo poziciisa, aRsaniSnavia sazogadoebis damokidebulebac<br />
am sakiTxis mimarT. amas Zalian bevri winapiroba aqvs: patriarqaluri wyoba,<br />
<strong>genderuli</strong> Sovinizmi, tradiciuli ideologiebis gavlena da a.S. homofobia<br />
Zalian Rrmad aris gamjdari qarTul sazogadoebaSi. amas adasturebs<br />
Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevebic, iseve rogorc sxva organizaciebis mier<br />
105
sajaro debatebi<br />
Catarebuli zogadi sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebi. homoseqsualebi<br />
yovelTvis lideroben im jgufebs Soris, romlis naxvac sazogadoebis<br />
Zalian did nawils mis gverdiT ar surs. amas emateba sxvadasxva organizaciebisa<br />
da jgufebis mxridan gamwvavebuli da politizirebuli homoseqsualobis<br />
Tema. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesia, mas Semdeg<br />
rac Cven daviwyeT Riad da daufaravad moRvaweoba, axdens homoseqsualobis<br />
inkriminacias patriarqis mier gamoqveynebul saSobao da saaRdgomo<br />
epistoleebSi. garda amisa, sxva sazogadoebrivi jgufebic xSirad cdiloben<br />
am Temis gamoyenebas politikuri dapirispirebis dros, sakuTari<br />
oponentis diskreditaciisTvis. amis damadasturebeli mravali faqti arsebobs.<br />
nino danelia _ kidev erTxel Sevecdebi, ganvmarto, ra aris homofobia.<br />
igi aixseneba, rogorc iracionaluri SiSi da siZulvili lesboseli, gei,<br />
biseqsuali da transgenderi adamianebis mimarT, romelic efuZneba winaswarganwyobas<br />
da emsgavseba rasizms, qsenofobias da seqsizmis.<br />
paata sabelaSvili _ imisaTvis, rom Cveni saxelmwifo deklarirebul faseulobebTan<br />
SesabamisobaSi movides, qveyanaSi homofobiis daZlevisTvis,<br />
unda idgmebodes garkveuli nabijebi. amas xels uSlis Zalian bevri faqtori,<br />
Tundac sakanonmdeblo doneze. saqarTvelos ara aqvs integrirebuli<br />
antidiskriminaciuli kanonmdebloba. mxolod ramdenime dokumentSia<br />
naxsenebi homoseqsualoba, rogorc is statusi, romlis mixedviTac<br />
ar SeiZleba adamianis diskriminacia. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar icnobs<br />
iseT mniSvnelovan koncefcias, romelsac hqvia `siZulviliT motivirebuli<br />
danaSauli~, da “siZulvilis ena”. garda amisa, sxvadasxva politikis<br />
formirebisas saqarTvelos mTavroba Segnebulad axdens gamoricxvas,<br />
gamotovebas seqsualuri orientaciis mxriv sakuTari Tanamoqalaqeebisa,<br />
magaliTad, ganaTlebis erovnul koncefciaSi da kidev bevr sxva RonisZiebaSi,<br />
romelic samoqalaqo integracias exeba. maSin, rodesac igi SedarebiT<br />
warmatebebs aRwevs sxva socialuri jgufebis inkluziaSi.<br />
Cven unda SevexoT homofobiis erTi-or aSkara gamovlinebas, rom ufro na-<br />
Teli iyos, dRes raze vsaubrobT. 2007 wlis ivlisSi gazeT «aliaSi» daibe-<br />
Wda irakli mamalaZis statia, romelic exeboda evropis sabWos mier organizebul<br />
kampanias «yvela gansxvavebuli, yvela Tanaswori». Jurnalistma<br />
warmoadgina damaxinjebuli informacia da aRniSna, rom sinamdvileSi es<br />
kampania SeniRbuli Tbilisis gei-praidi iyo, ise, rom mas aravisTvis ukiTxavs<br />
amis Sesaxeb. amas mediaSi didi aJiotaJi mohyva. ramdenime politikosi<br />
iqamdec mivida, rom homoseqsuali adamianebisTvis saarCevno uflebis CamorTmevas<br />
moiTxovda. es Cven imaSi dagvexmara, rom evrosabWo dagverwmunebina,<br />
rom homofobia aReniSna saqarTvelos Sesaxeb moxsenebaSi, rogorc<br />
problema.<br />
sul cota xnis win JurnalSi ”cxeli Sokoladi”, gamoqveynda statia saxelwodebiT<br />
”arSemdgari diskusia”, romelSic monawileobdnen sazogadoebrivi<br />
mauwyeblis sameurveo sabWos Tavmjdomare, aseve generaluri prodiuseri<br />
da sxva TanamSromlebi sazogadoebis sxva warmomadgenlebTan erTad.<br />
am moxsenebisas generalurma prodiuserma, b-nma giorgi Wanturiam homoseqsualebi<br />
moixsenia aramarTebuli leqsikiT, romelic pirdapir aris<br />
aRniSnuli sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis qcevis kodeqsSi, rogorc dauSvebeli.<br />
minda SegaxsenoT, rom sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis qcevis kodeqsi<br />
aris normatiuli aqti. Sesabamisi struqturebidan reagireba am faqts ar<br />
mohyolia. davwereT saprotesto werili, magram pasuxis Rirsic ar gavxdiT.<br />
radgan es aris samarTaldarRveva, amitom CavrTe es saqme Cems moxsenebaSi.<br />
araTu reagireba ar moyolia, generalurma direqtorma – levan<br />
106
homofobia: kerZo sivrcidan sajaro sivrcemde (20. 05. 2009)<br />
yubaneiSvilma – gaamarTla sakuTari TanamSromeli. Semdeg es gamarTleba<br />
werilobiT gaformda im mxriv, rom sazogadoebrivma mauwyebelma dawera<br />
sapasuxo statia, sadac gaamarTla generaluri prodiuseri da daadanaSaula<br />
`cxeli Sokoladi» da yvela is adamiani, romelsac bunebrivi protesti<br />
gauCnda am faSisturi gamonaTqvamebis winaaRmdeg. citatas wagikiTxavT:<br />
”naxevarmilionian ltolvilian qveyanaSi sagulSematkivro meti aRaravin<br />
aRar dagvrCa?”<br />
Cven gvaqvs konkretuli rekomendaciebi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis<br />
mimarT, romlebzec cota mogvianebiT, diskusiis gaxsnis Semdeg visaubreb.<br />
bolos davZen, rom xSirad gveubnebian, rom sazogadoebrivi mauwyebelia<br />
dRes mTavari problema, vinaidan eklesias aqvs Tavisi legitimuri<br />
ufleba gamoxatos Tavisi azri nebimier movlenasTan dakavSirebiT. isic<br />
minda SegaxsenoT, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqe lesbosel, gei, biseqsual da<br />
transgender gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs saqarTvelos eklesiis Senaxva orjer<br />
meti ujdeba, vidre saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis. gmadlobT.<br />
nino danelia _ iqneb gangvimartoT bolo winadadeba?<br />
paata sabelaSvili _ 12-milionnaxevari lari aris saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi<br />
mauwyeblis biujeti, romelsac igi iRebs saxelmwifo biujetidan,<br />
romelic yvela Cvenganis mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebiT ivseba. saqarTvelos<br />
marTlmadidebel eklesias aqvs pirdapiri dafinanseba 25 milioni<br />
laris odenobiT dRevandeli biujetidan. sazogadoebriv mauwyebelTan<br />
SedarebiT orjer meti gvijdeba mTel mosaxleobas da maT Soris Cvenc.<br />
nino danelia _ axla sityvas eka aRdgomelaSvils gadavcem. paatam<br />
ZiriTadad isaubra imaze, Tu sad xdeba sajaro sivrceSi homoseqsualebis<br />
diskriminacia da kanonmdebloba ramdenad uwyobs amas xels.<br />
ramdenadac vici, Tqven gaqvT mediis analizi, romelic am Temas Seexeba.<br />
swored mediaSi Cndeba xolme tendenciebi, romlebic Semdeg mTel sazogadoebaze<br />
vrcldeba. yvelam viciT, rom media mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs<br />
sazogadoebriv azrs.<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili _ es Tema sajaro sivrceSi daxloebiT 90-iani wlebis<br />
Semdeg moxvda. kvlevac, Sesabamisad, am periodidan SegviZlia daviwyoT.<br />
nino leJavam Tqva, rom me mesamed miwevs biolis fondSi am Temisadmi miZ-<br />
Rvnil diskusiaSi monawileoba. pirveli diskusia exeboda 90-iani wlebidan<br />
2003 wlamde, ”vardebis revoluciamdel” periods, Tu rogor xdeboda am<br />
periodSi homoseqsualobis reprezentireba.<br />
2006 wels, ukve fond ”inkluzivis” dakveTiT Catarda aseTi kvleva, ramac<br />
saSualeba mogvca, dagvenaxa tendenciebi da cvlilebebi. dRes swored am<br />
cvlilebebze minda gesaubroT; minda warmogidginoT 2007-2008 wlebis mediis<br />
analizi. im ZiriTad tendenciebze gavamaxvileb yuradRebas, romelic<br />
dReisTvis ikveTeba. 2006 wlis Semdeg Cven ukve mediis sistemur analizs<br />
vawarmoebT, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavakeToT rogorc xarisxobrivi,<br />
ise Tvisobrivi analizi.<br />
90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, mTlian dinamikas Tu SevxedavT, rogorc<br />
wesi, homoseqsualobis Tema, ukavSirdeboda politikaSi Zalauflebis<br />
gadanawilebis procesebs. Tema mediisaTvis aqtualuri xdeboda swored im<br />
periodSi, rodesac garkveuli Zalebi iwyebdnen xelisuflebaSi mosvlas.<br />
ar vici, ramdenad gaxsovT, magram arCevnebis periodSi, 1999-2003 wlebSi<br />
Zalian aqtualuri iyo miTi `cisferTa SeTqmulebis~ Sesaxeb, romlebic xelisuflebaSi<br />
apirebdnen mosvlas. maSindeli presa saSinlad homofobiuri<br />
iyo _ gajerebuli homofobiuri gamonaTqvamebiT rogorc xelisuflebis,<br />
107
sajaro debatebi<br />
ise maSindeli opoziciis mxridan. `vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg es panika<br />
Cacxra. is saarCevno procesis dawyebasTan erTad kvlav agorda. arCevnebs<br />
Soris periodSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, sazogadoebriv-politikuri presis<br />
furclebidan Temam nel-nela `yviTeli presis” furclebze gadainacvla.<br />
amasac Tavisi axsna aqvs. rogorc mogexsenebaT, socialuri, ekonomikuri<br />
da politikuri krizisis dros nebismier qveyanaSi Zlierdeba xolme qsenofobiuri<br />
tendenciebi. CvenTan ki 90-iani wlebis Semdeg mudmivad aris es<br />
krizisi, igi ubralod, mZafrdeba xolme arCevnebis moaxloebasTan erTad.<br />
rac Seexeba wina wlebis kvlevis Sedegebs, ramdenime punqts gamovyof, raTa<br />
SevZloT axal tendenciebze saubari. 2005-06 wlebSi Catarebuli kvlevis<br />
Sedegebi SegiZliaT ixiloT fond “inkluzivis” veb-gverdzec (www.inclusive-foundation.org).<br />
vnaxoT, rogor konstruirdeboda homoseqsualoba qarTulenovan mediaSi:<br />
1. sazogadoebriv-politikuri presisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba<br />
hqonda ara homoseqsualobas, aramed `aratradiciuli~ seqsualobis<br />
sazogadoebriv problemad qcevis process. Sesabamisad, isini met adgils<br />
uTmobdnen zogadi xasiaTis saubrebs homoseqsualobaze mowveuli<br />
eqspertebis saSualebiT. mimarTavdnen diskursis monopolizebis praqtikas<br />
da naklebad aZlevdnen Sanss lgbt adamianebs Tavad moexdinaT saku-<br />
Tari Tavis reprezentireba.<br />
2. analitikuri xasiaTis publikaciebSi araheteroseqsualuri qceva<br />
ZiriTadad samedicino aspeqtSi ganixileboda.<br />
3. ar xdeboda homofobiis, rogorc socialuri problemis identifikacia.<br />
4. lgbt adamianebisaTvis TviTreprezentaciis saSualebas mxolod yvi-<br />
Teli presa iZleoda, magram maTi respodentebis umetesoba negatiurad<br />
iyo warmoCenili. Sesabamisad, maT mier warmoCenili tipaJebi mxolod<br />
aZlierebda homoseqsualis uaryofiT xats.<br />
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, rac ukavSirdeba bolo ori wlis medias, is gaxlavT,<br />
rom wina wlebTan SedarebiT, mkveTrad gaizarda negatiur Sefaseba-<br />
Ta procentuli maCvenebeli (65%-dan 86%-mde). Tumca, neitralur SefasebaTa<br />
Semcirebis xarjze gaCnda pozitiuri Sefasebebic (21%).<br />
nino danelia _ vin akeTebs aseTi Sefasebebs, Tavad Jurnalistebi? ras<br />
gulisxmobT negatiur SefasebebSi?<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili _ uaryofiTi Sefasebis SemTxvevaSi homofobiis<br />
ZiriTadi gamovlenis formebad miviCnevdiT:<br />
1. homofobiuri teqstebis citirebas komentaris an saredaqcio SeniSvnis<br />
gareSe, rodesac SeuZlebelia ganvasxvavoT respodentis teqsti Jurnalistis<br />
mosazrebsagan an redaqciis poziciisagan;<br />
2. lgbt adamianebis damamcirebel konteqstSi moxsenieba (maT Soris dehumanizacia,<br />
deindividualizacia damamcirebeli metsaxelebiT moxsenieba);<br />
3. lgbt adamianebisagan mtris xatis Seqmna (magaliTad, adamianis diskreditaciis<br />
mizniT miTiTebebi mis kavSirze narkomaniasTan, qurdobasa da<br />
prostituciasTan; adamianebis arasrulfasovnebis mtkiceba moraluri,<br />
fsiqologiuri Tu sxva TvalsazrisiT; adamianebis dadanaSauleba sazogadoebaze<br />
negatiuri gavlenis moxdenaSi; maTi dadanaSauleba Zalauflebis<br />
borotad gamoyenebis mcdelobaSi, dominireba)<br />
4. Sefaruli an pirdapiri mowodeba Zaladobisa da diskriminaciisaken<br />
(magaliTad, Zaladobisa da diskriminaciis istoriuli magaliTebis, homofobiuri<br />
poziciis ideologiuri, moraluri Tu sxva mizeziT gamarTleba,<br />
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homofobia: kerZo sivrcidan sajaro sivrcemde (20. 05. 2009)<br />
uSualo mowodebebi Zaladobisaken konkretuli pirebis miTiTebiT an<br />
zogadad, lgbt jgufis winaaRmdeg).<br />
pozitiur SefasebebSi, lgbt adamianTa pozitiuri xatis Seqmnis garda, moviazrebT<br />
homofobiuri poziciis, Zaladobisa da diskriminaciisaken mowodebebis<br />
kritikasa da homofobiis socialur problemad Sefasebis faqtebsac.<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT wina kvlevis Sedegebs, neitralur SefasebaTa 88%<br />
Seadgenda ucxouri presidan gadmobeWdil informacias ucxoel Sou-biznesisa<br />
da sportis sferoSi moRvawe homo/bi/transseqsualebis Sesaxeb.<br />
am gziT xdeboda distancireba `gansxvavebuli” seqsualobisagan, rogorc<br />
`dasavluri movlenisagan~. neitraluri xasiaTis publikaciebSi es tendencia<br />
dResac SenarCunebulia.<br />
pozitiuri xasiaTis SefasebaTa mateba SesaZloa, ukavSirdebodes lgbt<br />
jgufis xilvadobis gazrdas, aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia is politikur da<br />
socio-kulturuli movlenebic, romlebic dRes qveyanaSi xdeba. sabWouri<br />
memkvidreoba da `tradiciul~ faseulobebTn dabrunebis mcdeloba mxolod<br />
qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri krizisis saxiT ar iCens Tavs. faseulobaTa<br />
gadafaseba sakmaod mZimed mimdianreobs. SefasebaTa amgvari<br />
gadanawileba erTgvarad aireklavs swored amgvari krizisuli periodisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebel faseulobaTa da RirebulebaTa polarizaciis process.<br />
meore mniSvnelovani movlena, romelic moxda, mediis homofobiis problemiT<br />
dainteresebaSi gamoixateba. zogadad, rogorc wesi, mediis yuradRebis<br />
centrSi diskriminirebuli jgufi eqceva, rac xels uwyobs jgufis stigmatizacias,<br />
rogorc msxverplisa. erTi SexedviT, rCeba STabeWdileba, rom<br />
es mxolod diskriminirebuli jgufis an konkretuli adamianis problemaa<br />
da ara mTeli sazogadoebisa. sakmaod gvian daiwyes mecnierebma imis kvleva,<br />
Tu ra gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis umravlesobaze homofobia, rasizmi an<br />
seqsizmi. homofobia gavlenas axdens rogorc umciresobis, ise umravlesobis<br />
wevrebzec, rac SeiZleba, qcevaSic gamoixatebodes.<br />
homofobiis kritika qsenofobiis konteqstSi daiwyo. Zalian mniSvnelovani<br />
iyo imis xazgasma, rom homofobia aris qsenofobiis iseTive gamovlineba,<br />
rogoric rasizmi da seqsizmia, rom maT erTi safuZveli aqvT. Tumca, arsebobs<br />
gansxvavebac. magaliTad, rodesac mediaSi Suqdeba umciresobasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, Tu saqme exeba erovnul umciresobas, Jurnalisti<br />
cdilobs, rom metnaklebad dabalansebulad warmoaCinos situacia.<br />
homoseqsualobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi media cota<br />
sxvagvarad iqceva. magaliTad, aravis mouva azrad, rom situaciis dasabalanseblad<br />
SavkanianTa problemebze saubrisas `ku-kluqs-klans” Txovos<br />
azris gamoTqma, an antisemitizmTan dakavSirebiT – neonacistur dajgufebas.<br />
CvenTan homoseqsualobaze saubrisas maSinve axsendebaT «marTlmadidebel<br />
mSobelTa kavSiri» da komentars sTxoven aseTi radikaluri mosazrebis<br />
jgufs.<br />
rac Seexeba dagegmil aqcias, `yvela gansxvavebuli, yvela Tanaswori~,<br />
romelsac aseTi vnebaTaRelva mohyva, politikosTa da ara marto politikosTa<br />
aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia swored homofobiis qsenofobiis sxva<br />
formebTan erT planSi ganxilvam:<br />
daTo zurabiSvili, saparlamento fraqcia `demokratiuli frontis~<br />
Tavmjdomare: `Tu aseTi aRlumi gaimarTeba, albaT mis monawileebs scemen,<br />
policia, albaT, gaaSvelebs, magram erTi-ors Tavadac daamatebs. ramdenadac<br />
me vici, igegmeba seqsualuri, religiuri da eTnikuri umciresobebis<br />
109
sajaro debatebi<br />
erTiani aqcia, rac arasworad mimaCnia. me am umciresobebs erT sibrtyeSi<br />
ar ganvixilav. SeiZleba Zalian konservatorad CamTvaloT, magram CemTvis<br />
termini `seqsualuri umciresoba” Zalian miuRebelia”.<br />
mamuka giorgaZe, `saxalxo partiis” lideri: `geiaRlumis~ organizatorma<br />
organizaciam sibinZuris metnaklebad dasafarad Tvalis axvevis sakmaod<br />
ususur xerxs mimarTa da `interkulturuli~, `interreligiurobis” terminis<br />
qveS, Zalauneburad, Tanamonawile gaxades religiuri da eTnikuri<br />
umciresobebi <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> sodomuri codvis stimulireba-propagandisa”.<br />
rogorc Tvisobrivma da diskursiulma analizma aCvena, Seicvala negatiur<br />
SefasebaTa konteqstic. Tuki 1999-2003 wlebSi homoseqsualobis ”problemad”<br />
qcevas met-naklebad racionaluri argumentebiT cdilobdnen (mag.<br />
arsebuli homofobiuri mosazrebebis gasamyareblad media mimarTavda<br />
misTvis sasurvel eqspertebsa da specialistebs), dRes ”gansxvavebuli” seqsualobis<br />
problematizaciisaTvis sakmarisad miiCneva ”SeuTavsebloba/<br />
winaaRmdegoba qarTul da marTlmadideblur tradiciebTan”.<br />
Tu moraluri panikis xelovnurad Seqmnaze vsaubrobT, avtomaturad Cndeba<br />
kiTxva, vis aZlevs xels am sakiTxis garSemo arajansaRi aJiotaJis Seqmna<br />
da situaciis apokalipturad warmoCena?<br />
negatiuri Sefasebebis TvalsazrisiT kvlevisas gamoikveTa adresantebis<br />
sami ZiriTadi jgufi:<br />
pirveli antrepeniori, romelic homofobiuri teqstebis gavrceleba/tiraJirebas<br />
axdens, yviTeli presaa da am mxriv, misi daintereseba am TemiTa<br />
da ”saSineli mtris xatis” SeqmniT advili asaxsnelia, radgan maTi tiraJi<br />
uSualod ukavSirdeba maT arsebobas.<br />
meore jgufs politikosebi Seadgenen, rasac Tavisi mizezebi aqvs: rogorc<br />
aRvniSneT, socialuri fobiebi, rogorc wesi, qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri,<br />
ekonomikuri Tu socialuri krizisis periodSi Zlierdeba xolme,<br />
roca aucilebeli xdeba ”xiluli mtris” xatis Seqmna (dRes amgvari ”xiluli<br />
mtris xats” qveyanaSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebis<br />
garda homoseqsualebi da Cinelebic miematnen). amgvari fobiebis arseboba<br />
kargi niadagia sazogadoebrivi azriT manipulirebisaTvis da mas xSirad<br />
iyeneben rogorc politikuri brZolis iaraRs politikosebi;<br />
mesame jgufs marTlmadidebluri eklesiisa da masTan arsebuli jgufebis<br />
wevrebi warmoadgenen. maTTvis mniSvnelovania simboluri dominirebis<br />
sakiTxi. rogorc wesi, socialuri jgufebi, romlebic dainteresebulni<br />
arian moraluri panikis SeqmniT, ekonomikuri da politikuri dainteresebis<br />
garda, miiswrafvian iqiTken, rom flobdnen simbolur Zalauflebasac,<br />
rac gamoixateba socialuri realobis sakuTar xedvaSi, situaciis<br />
sakuTar SefasebaSi, raTa yvelas Tavs moaxvion sakuTari azri da gazardon<br />
sakuTari jgufis gavlenis sfero. am jgufis pretenzia ZiriTadad ”sajaro<br />
sivrcis codvisagan ganwmendas” ukavSirdeba.<br />
aq pirvel rigSi sapatriarqos vgulisxmob. aris aseTi arasamTavrobo organizaciac,<br />
romelic sapatriarqosTan arsebobs, mas ewodeba `adamianis<br />
uflebaTa dacvis organizacia~. `me movedi geiaRlumis gamarTvis sawinaaRmdego<br />
aqciaze, radgan saqarTvelos mosaxleobis udidesi nawili marTlmadidebeli<br />
qristiania~, es sityvebi am organizaciis prezidents ekuTvnis.<br />
`SevniSnavT, rom bibliurad dagmobili aRniSnuli gaukuRmarTeba mxolod<br />
sulisaTvis ki ara, fizikuri arsebobisTvisac saxifaToa. amitomac homoseqsualizmTan<br />
brZolas mxolod religiuri aspeqti ar gaaCnia. sayuradReboa<br />
isic, rom amjerad sodomis codvis gamamarTlebelni cdiloben,<br />
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homofobia: kerZo sivrcidan sajaro sivrcemde (20. 05. 2009)<br />
TavianT gamosvlas politikuri xasiaTi SesZinon: isini eTno, religiur da<br />
seqsualur umciresobebs aerTianeben da zogadad, umciresobis saxeliT<br />
gamodian. ara gvgonia, am tipis `gaerTianebas~ miesalmon eTnikuri da religiuri<br />
umciresobebi.... es aqcia saqarTvelos strategiul interesebze<br />
SeiZleba cudad aisaxos, ramdenadac arc afxazeTs da arc samxreT oseTs<br />
<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> gaerTianeba ar moundeba, Tu iq gei-aRlumebi gaimarTeba” _<br />
sruliad saqarTvelos adamianis uflebebis dacvis asociacia.<br />
wina wlebTan SedarebiT ufro metad daintereseda am TemiT eleqtronuli<br />
media. amerikelma mecnierebma, romlebic sxvadasxva umciresobis<br />
reprezentirebas swavlobdnen, televiziis meSveobiT oTxi ZiriTadi qronologiuri<br />
stadia gamoyves: miCumaTeba, rodesac umciresobebi da maTTan<br />
dakavSirebuli Temebi saerTod ar xvdeba sajaro sivrceSi teleeTeris<br />
meSveobiT; dacinva, rodesac dominirebuli jgufi sakuTari imijis ukeT<br />
warmoCenas umciresobis jgufis warmomadgenelTa stereotipizaciisa da<br />
damcirebis xarjze axdens; regulireba (umciresobaTa warmomadgenel-<br />
Ta warmoCena xdeba mxolod pozitiurad. iqmneba warmatebuli adamianis<br />
dadebiTi imiji) da pativiscema, rodesac aRar xdeba apelireba gansxvavebulobaze,<br />
Cndeba pativiscema am adamianebis mimarT da maT warmoaCenen<br />
iseve, rogorc dominirebuli jgufis wevrebs. Tu am kriteriumebiT SevafasebT<br />
qarTul telesivrceSi homoseqsualTa reprezentirebis process,<br />
advili dasanaxia, rom am Temebze tabus moxsnis Semdeg, bolo aTi wlis man-<br />
Zilze <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> telekompaniebi ver gascdnen meore etaps.<br />
nino danelia _ didi madloba. axla b-n nodar sarjvelaZes movusminoT.<br />
b-no nodar, ra tipis iracionalur SiSzea saubari, homofobiis SemTxvevaSi<br />
da aris Tu ara es iseTive problema umravlesobisTvis, rogorc umciresobisTvis.<br />
nodar sarjvelaZe _ rodesac homofobiaze vsaubrobT, igulisxmeba adamianebi,<br />
romlebsac gansxvavebuli swrafvani aqvT seqsualur sferoSi da<br />
igulisxmeba maTdami da maTi qmedebebisadmi damokidebuleba, romelsac<br />
vuwodebT fobias, SiSs, da iTvleba, rom is iracionaluria. albaT, unda<br />
veZioT am iracionaluri SiSis Zirebi. marTlac, arsebobs Tu ara es SiSi<br />
da aqvs Tu ara mas safuZveli. safuZveli yvela SiSs aqvs. SiSi biologiuri<br />
reaqciaa, romelic raRac safrTxes efuZneba da sruliad mizanSewonili<br />
reaqciaa. sxva ambavia, rodesac SiSi gadadis fobiaSi, anu fiqsirdeba<br />
rogorc qronikuli mdgomareoba, da adamiani gadametebulad ufrTxis<br />
raimes..<br />
SiSis arabunebrioba iwvevs. es aris SiSi imis mimarT, rac bunebis kanonebis<br />
winaaRmdegia. adamians, romelic Tavisi swrafvebiT umravlesobas miekuTvneba,<br />
miaCnia, rom seqsualuri swrafva bunebrivia, rodesac is aris qalsa<br />
da mamakacs Soris da romlis Sedegadac ibadeba axali arseba. seqsualoba<br />
ganixileba mis im nawilTan kavSirSi, romelic momavali Taobis warmoqmnas<br />
ukavSirdeba. adamianSi, marTalia, erotizmi gamravlebis instinqtisgan<br />
gamocalkevda im TvalsazrisiT, rom damoukidebeli swrafvis funqcia<br />
SeiZina, gansxvavebiT cxovelebisgan. orsqesovan mentalitets efuZneba<br />
warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom Tavdapirveli arseba iyo erTsqesianiovani,<br />
androgini, mere gaixliCa orad, da maT Soris aris bunebrivi swrafva, raTa<br />
am swrafvis niadagze warmoiqmnas mesame arseba.<br />
qorwineba ganxilulia, rogorc ojaxis Seqmnis winapiroba. ojaxi yovelTvis<br />
samwevriania: mSoblebi da Svili. yvelafer amas, saR azrs ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
homoseqsualoba. is upirispirdeba adamianis swrafvas bunebriobisaken.<br />
Tavisi Zirebi SeiZleba mas antikur epoqaSic hqonda, magram es problema<br />
yvelaze mkafiod protestantizmis periodSi wamoiWra, rodesac CaTvales,<br />
111
sajaro debatebi<br />
rom adamiani mxolod RmerTis winaSea angariSvaldebuli. kalvinistebma<br />
isic ki Tqves, rom bediswera gardauvalia, da Sesabamisad, yvelafris gakeTeba<br />
SeuZliaT, imitom, rom am SemTxvevaSi, gardauvalia maTi seqsualuri<br />
orientaciac, radgan is dakavSirebulia bediswerasTan. Tu bediswera<br />
dakavSirebulia uzenaesis nebasTan, maSin adamiani Tavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisgan,<br />
is mxolod ganmxorcielebelia da meti araferi. naxes, rom<br />
Tu Tavisufldebi eklesiuri gansazRvrulobidan, da Tu pirdapir xar angariSvaldebuli<br />
gangebasTan, maSin gaqvs ufleba, Seni Rirseba da ufleba<br />
sakuTari ZalebiT daicva da wardge RmerTis winaSe rogorc sakuTar TavSi<br />
dafuZnebuli TviTkmari arseba. da Tu TviTkmari var, es Cems orientaciasac<br />
exeba. es xazi Seicavs dilemas, progresi kargia, adamianis uflebebi<br />
kargia, swrafva diskriminaciis moxsnisaken kargia, magram ratomRac bunebriobas<br />
upirispirdeba. iseve rogorc teqnologiuri progresi upirispirdeba<br />
ekologiur sisufTaves da arRvevs bunebis wonasworobas.<br />
meore SiSi imiT aixsneba, rom adamians aqvs miswrafeba, rom daefuZnos Tavis<br />
Zirs. es Ziri xSirad aris ara mxolod biologiuri, aramed igulisxmeba<br />
tradiciebic, im TvalsazrisiT, rom es aris istoriuli memkvidreoba da<br />
istoriulad aris ganpirobebuli da ara, vTqvaT, genetikurad. istoriuli<br />
ganipirobebulobis TvalsazrisiT, adamians aqvs midrekileba, SeinarCunos<br />
da daicvas tradiciebi. yvelaferi is, ras amas upirispirdeba, iwvevs<br />
SiSs. Tu Cemi istoriuli tradicia dairRva, miCndeba SiSi, rom raRac<br />
memuqreba. es SiSi istoriuli mdgradobis dakargvas ukavSirdeba.<br />
mesame axsna SeiZleba iyos is, rom arc erTi socialuri jgufi ar aris mSvidobiani.<br />
yvelas aqvs Tavisi agresiuli muxti. sicocxle, rogorc ki warmoiSoba,<br />
iltvis eqspansiisaken, yovelTvis cdilobs gafarToebas da sivrcis<br />
amovsebas. nebismieri socialuri jgufi cdilobs Tavi ganavrcos. es<br />
swrafva axasiaTebs ara marto umravlesobas, aramed umciresobasac. mas<br />
zemoqmedebis Tavisi resursebi gaaCnia. umciresobis misia aris cvlilebis<br />
gamowveva. swored amis meoxebiT cdilobs umciresoba Tavis damkvidrebas.<br />
erTi mxriv aris cvlilebis gamowveva, meore mxriv TviTsegregacia, anu sakuTar<br />
TavSi Caketva da dapirispireba imiT, rom is ar aris iseTi, rogoric<br />
sxvaa. is Tavisi gansxvavebulobiT imkvidrebs sakuTar Tavs. Tu amas seqsualur<br />
planSi gadavitanT, da gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom seqsi yovelTvis<br />
dakavSirebulia agresiulobasTan, gansakuTrebiT mamakacuri seqsi<br />
(nevrologiuradac, seqsualobis centri Tavis tvinSi axlos mdebareobs<br />
agresiulobis centrTan), gaupatiurebis, rogorc fenomenis arsebobac,<br />
metyvelebs imaze, rom agresiis muxti Cveulebriv seqsualobasac Tan axlavs.<br />
homoseqsualobasac axasiaTebs Tavisi agresiuloba. imitom, rom<br />
SeuZlebelia, moipovo partniori, Tu vinme ar acdune. seqsualuri partniori<br />
unda gaiCino. SeTavazebis dros, iseve rogorc mamakacsa da qals<br />
Soris flirtis dros xdeba SeTavazeba, cduneba, ayolieba, igivea aqac. es<br />
qmnis imis safuZvels, rom adamianebs eSiniaT homoseqsualTa mxridan agresiisa.<br />
miT umetes, Tu homoseqsualuri aqti cixeebSi an garkveul situaciebSi,<br />
dasjis saSualebad iTvleba.<br />
nino danelia _ iqneb, ufro gamokveToT gansxvaveba homoseqsualur da<br />
heteroseqsualur seqss Soris im TvalsazrisiT, rom SiSs mamakacis mier<br />
qalis gaupatiurebac iwvevs.<br />
nodar sarjvelaZe _ gansxvaveba SeiZleba is iyos, rom seqsualuri urTierTobebisadmi<br />
SiSi ufro qalisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, misi bunebidan<br />
modis. mamakaci, piriqiT, dakavSirebulia ara SiSTan, aramed Setevas-<br />
Tan. mamakacs kastraciis SiSi aqvs; qals ki pretenzia, moipovos falosi. es<br />
aris gankacebis tendencia. qalma racionalurad icis, rom seqsSi araferi<br />
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homofobia: kerZo sivrcidan sajaro sivrcemde (20. 05. 2009)<br />
saSiSi ar aris, magram bavSvobidan esmis, rom es mtkivneulia da uyalibdeba<br />
iracionaluri SiSi. arsebobs virgoqorwinebis, – anu qalwulebrivi qorwinebis<br />
– uamravi faqti, rodesac qali wlebis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs<br />
qalwulobas. magram es qalebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli SiSia. mamakaci ki, Tu<br />
mas meore mamakaci utevs, iZulebulia qalis situaciaSi aRmoCndes. amitom,<br />
mas uCndeba bunebrivi SiSi homoseqsualebis mimarT. am SiSs efuZneba<br />
siZulvili.<br />
amis garda, aris sazogadoebis rRvevis SiSic. arsebobs SesaniSnavi wigni,<br />
`samasTa komiteti~, sadac naCvenebia msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis<br />
marTva elitaruli mmarTvelebis mier. albaT, gsmeniaT aldo moros skandaluri<br />
mkvlelobis Sesaxeb, 70-iani wlebis bolos. aldo moro gaxldaT<br />
italiis premier-ministri. is moitaces da awames. gamoZiebis Semdeg aRmoCnda,<br />
rom am ambavSi CarTulebi iyvnen `samasTa komitetis~ wevrebi, romlebsac<br />
surdaT italiaSi SeemsubuqebinaT vatikanis zegavlena. maT davaleba<br />
hqondaT micemuli aldo morosTvis, rom aucileblad gaetarebina<br />
kanoni kontracepciisa da abortebis legalizaciisa da homoseqsualobis<br />
mfarvelobis Sesaxeb. aldo moro amis winaaRmdegi iyo da rogorc am wign-<br />
Sia moTxrobili, es gaxda misi mokvlis mizezi. anu, ara marto politikosebi<br />
iyeneben am Temas rogorc iaraRs, mowinaaRmdegis diskrimiaciisTvis,<br />
aramed piriqiTac xdeba, rodesac homoseqsualoba gamoiyeneba rogorc<br />
politikuri manipulaciis saSualeba garkveuli Zalebis xelSi.<br />
nino danelia _ gmadlobT. axla albaT ukve darbazsac SeuZlia CaerTos<br />
diskusiaSi. Zalian saintereso sakiTxebi iyo ganxiluli. iyo saubari imaze,<br />
Tu rogor xdeba sakanonmdeblo sferoSi am sakiTxebze aqcentireba, ras<br />
akeTebs media, romelic didwilad gansazRvravs sazogadoebriv azrs, ramdenad<br />
legitimuria es iracionaluri SiSi.<br />
ana Tvauri, studenti _ xom ar SeiZleba homofobiis gamomwvevi mizezi<br />
iyos arainformirebuloba an araswori informirebuloba am sakiTxze?<br />
Temur qoriZe, iuristi _ saqarTvelos realobaSi, rodesac adamianebs,<br />
SesaZloa, Sexeba ar hqondeT homoseqsualur garemosTan, maTi SiSi riT<br />
SeiZleba iyos gamowveuli? es mxolod sazogadoebisgan gariyvis SiSia Tu<br />
kidev sxva mizezebi aqvs mis warmoSobas?<br />
nodar sarjvelaZe _ rac Seexeba arainformirebulobas, homofobia Tavisi<br />
arsiT iracionaluri SiSia. amitom, ramdeni informaciac ar unda miiRos<br />
adamianma, es SiSi ki ar moexsneba, piriqiT, gauZlierdeba. informaciam am<br />
SiSs SeiZleba axali argumentebic ki gauCinos. Cven gvgonia, rom informacia<br />
yovlisSemZlea, magram sinamdvileSi ase ar aris. adamianis cxovrebaSi<br />
aranaklebi Ziri aqvs emocias. xandaxan mopovebuli codna emsaxureba im<br />
emociuri mdgomareobis ganmtkicebas, rac mas ukve aqvs.<br />
rac Seexeba Tqvens SekiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu piradad ar icnoben maT, ratom<br />
aqvT winaswar maT mimarT SiSi, aqac igive faqtori moqmedebs. Tu mas<br />
iracionaluri SiSi aqvs, miaCnia, rom homoseqsualTan kontaqtSi Sesvlis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, viRacis mier daiZraxeba. es SiSi erTdroulad aris individualuric<br />
da socialuric.<br />
nino danelia _ Tu SeiZleba sakiTxis ase dasma, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis<br />
umravlesoba icavs raRac normebs, maTi gadasinjva, eWvqveS dayeneba<br />
da axleburad gaazreba ki iyos qveynis Semdgomi ganviTarebis sawindari?<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili _ albaT, aris msgavsebac da gansxvavebac. homofobiis<br />
Temas davubrundebi. Zalian didi xnis ganmavlobaSi eZebdnen termins,<br />
romelsac unda aRewera es damokidebuleba seqsualuri umciresobebis<br />
mimarT. iyo terminebi ”seqsualuri winaswarganwyoba”, ”heteroseqsizmi”,<br />
113
magram sabolood ”homofobiaze” SeCerdnen. homofobia ufro individualur<br />
doneze ganixileboda, Tumca ki, dRes ra datvirTviTac ixmareba es<br />
termini, es ar aris fobia wminda fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT. xSir Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi es aris sakmaod gaazrebuli damokidebuleba sazogadoebis erTi<br />
nawilisa sazogadoebis meore nawilis mimarT. fobia SeiZleba mJRavndebodes<br />
individualur, da koleqtiur donezec da amis uamravi magaliTi<br />
gvaqvs.<br />
b-nma nodarma brZana, rom homofobiis gamovlenis erT-erTi mizezi Sei-<br />
Zleba iyos adamianis survili, warmoCindes sxvaze ufro aRmatebulad. es<br />
SeiZleba iyos romelime socialuri jgufisadmi mikuTvnebulobis damtkiceba,<br />
magaliTad, binZurad ixumros im mizniT, rom garSemomyofTa mowoneba<br />
daimsaxuros.<br />
koleqtiur fobiaze did gavlenas axdens konkretuli qveynis tradiciebi,<br />
ideologia da religia. erT-erTi faqtori namdvilad aris seqsualuri ganaTleba,<br />
romlis donec CvenTan Zalian dabalia. rodesac qveyanaSi zogadad<br />
seqsualobaa tabuirebuli da represirebuli, da Cven swored aseTi<br />
kultura gvaqvs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Zalian Znelia, adamianma, romelic ver<br />
iRebs sakuTar seqsualobas, miiRos gansxvavebuli seqsualuri orientaciis<br />
mqone adamiani..<br />
nika wiklauri, fotografi _ Tqven kavSiri gaavleT progressa da homoseqsualobas<br />
Soris. riTi aris ganpirobebuli homoseqsualobis ganviTareba,<br />
legitimacia saxelmwifoSi, sociumSi da ra kavSiri aqvs amas progresTan.<br />
Tu gavixsenebT Zvel elinur samyaros, vnaxavT, rom iq homoseqsualuri kavSirebi<br />
savsebiT legitimuri iyo. maSinelinuri samyaro marTlac iyo progresis<br />
maRal doneze.<br />
meore SekiTxviT b-n paatas minda mivmarTo. mainteresebs, ra pozitiuri<br />
nabijebi idgmeba Tqveni organizaciis mier situaciis gamosasworeblad?<br />
avTandil zumbaZe, ”marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSiri” _ orientacias<br />
xom ver dagvisaxelebT?<br />
paata sabelaSvili _ Tu me mekiTxebiT, me homoseqsuali var.<br />
avTandil zumbaZe _ Tqven isedac cnobili iyaviT.<br />
nodar sarjvelaZe _ ratom gaiJRera progresis cnebam, progresis ideam<br />
protestantizmis Semdgom epoqaSi...? progresi xSirad moiazreba ise,<br />
rodesac adamiani imaze mets akeTebs, vidre SeuZlia biologiurad. arc<br />
mobilur telefons, arc kompiuters bunebaSi analogi ar aqvs, is adamianis<br />
mier aris Seqmnili. ase viTardeba progresi. Sesabamisad, adamiani sul<br />
ufro gansxvisebuli xdeba bunebrivisagan, bunebisagan. Tu am TvalsazrisiT<br />
mivudgebiT seqsualobas, maSin, erotizmi, romelic dakavSirebulia<br />
seqsualobasTan, nel-nela wydeba Tavis biologiur safuZvels, gamravlebis<br />
biologiur instinqts. is gamoeyofa, rogorc damoukidebeli ram,<br />
da kulturis an cxovrebis nawili xdeba.. SeiZleba bevri homoseqsualuri<br />
qorwinebis dakanonebas moiazrebdes rogorc kacobriobis Zireuli principebis<br />
damangrevlad.<br />
avTandil zumbaZe, ”marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSiri” _ Tavidanve<br />
cxadi iyo, ra rakursiT warimarTeboda es Sexvedra. amaze saTauri ”saqarTvelos<br />
modernizaciac” metyvelebs. qalbatonma isaubra, gagvacno ras<br />
niSnavs homofobia, homoseqsualizmi.<br />
homoseqsualizms damangreveli zegavlena aqvs kacobriobaze, rameTu homoseqsualoba<br />
erTsqesian urTierTobas gulisxmobs da aq kvdeba yvelanairi<br />
gamravleba, risTvisac kacobrioba aris mowodebuli. urTierTosajaro<br />
debatebi<br />
114
a swored amisTvis aris. momxseneblebis saubridan gamoikveTa, rom es<br />
yvelaferi dasavleTidan modis. batonma axsena, rom protestantuli mimdinareobidan,<br />
Tumca gacilebiT ufro Rrma fesvebi aqvs, Tundac antikur<br />
saberZneTSi, elinur kulturaSi. yvelaferi es emsaxureba adamianis xrwnas,<br />
rameTu dasavleTis politikaa adamianis gaxrwna da garyvna. garyvnili<br />
adamiani advilad samarTavia.<br />
ai, SexedeT axla: Semdeg aqvs pretenzia adamians, rom sazRvris dacvis<br />
samsaxurSi ar ayeneben. sakuTari kacoba ver dagicvia da qveynis dacva vin<br />
unda mogandos? madloba RmerTs, rom ar gandoben amas da rom kidev arian<br />
aseTi Rirseuli adamianebi SerCenilebi am qveyanaSi.<br />
ratom eCxireba yelSi yvela uzneo da eris mter organizacias `marTlmadidebel<br />
mSobelTa kavSiri?~ maT Soris fond ”inkluzivs”, `21-e saukunes~,<br />
hainrih biolis fonds?<br />
paata sabelaSvili _ CvenTvis ar aqvs mniSvneloba. Tu gindaT pasuxi miiRoT<br />
SekiTxvaze, miiRebT, Tu ar gindaT, ar miiRebT. Tu gainteresebT,<br />
getyviT.<br />
2006 wlis noemberSi gavida siuJeti `kurier-postskriptumSi~, romelic<br />
am gadacemis Jurnalistma sandro kakabaZem moamzada. is ideaSi amzadebda<br />
siuJets Cvenmier gamocemul Jurnal `me~-ze, da komentarisTvis mivida<br />
`marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSirTan~. aq Cven «marTlmadidebel mSobelTa<br />
kavSiris» pozicias ki ar vakritikebdiT, Jurnalistebis damokidebulebaze<br />
vsaubrobT. am Jurnalistma miakiTxa «marTlmadidebel mSobel-<br />
Ta kavSirs», romelmac arc ki icoda am Jurnalis Sesaxeb da sakuTari nebiT<br />
gamosZala negatiuri pozicia sruliad ganyenebuli movlenis, gei-praidis<br />
Sesaxeb. Cven sxva rames vgulisxmobdiT, magram Tqven SeiZleba sxvanairad<br />
miiReT, radgan am organizaciis wevrebi xarT.<br />
avTandil zumbaZe _ ”marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSiri” ratom geCxirebaT<br />
yelSi uzneo adamianebs?<br />
nino danelia _ Zalian gTxovT, pirad Seuracxyofaze nu gadaxvalT,<br />
Torem aucilebad dagatovebinebT darbazs.<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili _ aq ramdenjerme gamoiTqva mosazreba homoseqsualobis<br />
”dasavlur” warmoSobaze. es axali idea ar aris. SemiZlia gavixseno<br />
sabWoTa kavSirSi rogor mzaddeboda ideologiuri niadagi mediaSi homoseqsualobis<br />
kriminalizaciisaTvis. es gaxldaT maqsim gorkis werili,<br />
romelic homoseqsualobas ”dampali dasavluri burJuaziis” nayofad<br />
naTlavda. komikuria, magram 60-ian wlebSi amerikaSi musirebda azri, rom<br />
homoseqsualoba iyo sabWoeTis propagandis muSaobis Sedegi amerikaSi.<br />
ramdenjerme axsenes saberZneTi da dasavluri kultura. seqsualuri<br />
orientacia, rogorc termini, gaCnda me-19 saukunis bolos. amitom, orientaciis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, ver vilaparakebT Zvel saberZneTze. arsebobda<br />
kulturebi, sadac iyo amgvari tipis seqsualuri qceva waxalisebuli.<br />
Tqven xom ver ityviT, rom spartis yvela moqalaqe homoseqsuali iyo? es<br />
iyo ubralod, seqsualuri qceva. dResac Zalian xSirad ureven erTmaneTSi<br />
seqsualur qcevasa da seqsualur orientacias. es sxvadasxva ram gaxlavT.<br />
jgufi, romelic Tqven warmoadgineT, me vaxsene gaazrebulad da SemiZlia<br />
gavimeoro, rogorc is iseTive radikaluri dajgufeba, rogoric aris<br />
neofaSisturi dajgufeba; Tundac Tqveni bolo sityvidan gamomdinare,<br />
iseTive, rogoric iyo “kuklusklani” amerikaSi, swored radikaluri moqmedebebis<br />
da jgufis mier gamoxatuli agresiis gamo. CemTvis naklebi mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs imas, es agresia Cemsken aris momarTuli Tu romelime socialhomofobia:<br />
kerZo sivrcidan sajaro sivrcemde (20. 05. 2009)<br />
115
sajaro debatebi<br />
uri jgufisken.<br />
paata sabelaSvili _ SekiTxva dagvisves, Cven ras vakeTebT. Cven vmuSaobT<br />
ramdenime doneze; upirveles yovlisa, es aris jgufTan muSaoba, imitom<br />
rom TviTon jgufi aris Zalian stigmatizebuli, marginalizebuli da Zalian<br />
dabali TviTSefasebis mqone; gamomdinare iqidan, ra stigmaSic aqcevs<br />
mas Cveni sazogadoeba. Cven gvaqvs fsiqologis ufaso konsultaciebi,<br />
jgufis wevrebs aseve vTavazobT ufaso iuridiul daxmarebas. garda amisa,<br />
vcdilobT informirebas. b-nma nodarma aRniSna rom informireba ar<br />
aris erTaderTi gamosavali. araerT ganaTlebul da Wkvian adamians vicnobT,<br />
romelsac rac ar unda bevri informacia miawodo, mimReoba mainc ar<br />
gauCndeba. amas Tavisi siRrmiseuli mizezebi gaaCnia.<br />
sami weli xdeba, rac gamovcemT Jurnal ”mes”. garda amisa, gvaqvs veb-saitic.<br />
Jurnali ufasod vrceldeba. gvaqvs sxvadasxva sainformacio RonisZiebebi,<br />
vavrcelebT pres-relizebs mniSvnelovan movlenebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
Cveni sainformacio politikis erT-erTi nawilia Cveni aq yofna, raTa<br />
Tqveni informireba movaxdinoT. Tqveni gadasawyvetia, ras miiRebT, ras<br />
gaiTvaliswinebT da ras ara. garda amisa, gvaqvs saresurso centri im adamianebisTvis,<br />
romlebic dainteresebulni arian am sakiTxebis samecniero<br />
kvleviT. aseve vawarmoebT adamianis uflebebis darRvevis faqtebis aRricxvas,<br />
organizebas da Sesabamis reagirebas. samarTalwarmoebis donemde<br />
jer verc erTi saqme ver mivida iqidan gamomdinare, rom maT, visi uflebac<br />
dairRva, ar surT identobis gamJRavneba. magram Cven am informacias<br />
vagrovebT da Crdilovani angariSebis saxiT vawvdiT sxvadasxva organizacias<br />
da sxvadasxva tribunas.<br />
daviT gabunia _ b-n nodaris argumentebidan gamomdinare, gamovitane<br />
daskvna, rom homofobiis arsebobis gamamarTlebeli ramdenime safuZveli<br />
arsebobs. erT-erT magaliTad dasaxelebuli iyo Zaladoba, gamovlenili<br />
mamakacsa da mamakacs Soris. ratomRac araferi ar xorcieldeba am<br />
tradiciuli institutebis mier Tundac, ojaxuri Zaladobis winaaRmdeg.<br />
Tu ar vcdebi, mxolod patrulis SemoRebis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli<br />
ojaxuri Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi daereka cols an qmars. arc bavSvebze ganxorcielebul<br />
ZaladobasTan dakavSirebiT gamoiTqmeba protesti.<br />
me mgonia, rom arainformirebulobis bralia is, rom seqsualuri orientaciis<br />
mqone adamianebs tragizmis kuTxiT, saSiS pirovnebebad aRiqvams qar-<br />
Tuli sazogadoeba.<br />
mainteresebs, ratom iTvleba Tundac am organizaciis mier gasarTobi<br />
RonisZiebis, ”helovinis” darbeva gamarTlebulad, da ori xelCakidebuli<br />
geis seirnoba TbilisSi Zaladobis aqtad? (xmauri darbazSi)<br />
nodar sarjvelaZe _ me Sevecade mesaubra homofobiaze, anu am fobiis arsze<br />
da CamovTvale bunebriobis dakargvis SiSi, sazogadoebis rRvevis SiSi,<br />
garda Zaladobisa. Zaladoba erT-erTi maTgani iyo. rac Seexeba Zaladobis<br />
formebis proporciebs da imas, rogori reagireba movaxdinoT, es sakiTxis<br />
sxva mxarea. geTanxmebiT, rom ojaxuri Zaladobac problematuria da bavSvebze<br />
Zaladobac. magram Cemi mizani ar yofila specialurad Zaladobaze<br />
saubari.<br />
daviT gabunia _ Tqven ojaxis institutis darRvevazec isaubreT da TqviT,<br />
rom aman SesaZloa demografiul problemamde migviyvanos. me mgoni,<br />
ufro met problemas qmnis ojaxuri Zaladoba ojaxebSi, vidre gei-qorwinebis<br />
Sedegad bavSvis ayvana.<br />
nodar sarjvelaZe _ uSvilo ojaxi – ojaxi ar aris. uSvilo ojaxi aris<br />
qorwineba. ojaxi yovelTvis samwevrovania.<br />
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homofobia: kerZo sivrcidan sajaro sivrcemde (20. 05. 2009)<br />
giorgi lasuraSvili, ”marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSiri” _ mainteresebs,<br />
am adamianebTan erTad ratom ar moiwvieT samedicino muSaki, romelic<br />
auxsnida ra dadebiTi mxare aqvs, Tu aqvs am problemas, da ra _ uaryofiTi,<br />
rogorc sulierad, ise xorcielad, rogorc fsiqologiurad, ise adamianuri<br />
fizikuri problemis mxriv.<br />
b-nma nodarma Zalian kargad Camoayaliba, kmayofili var. is, rom aq aris<br />
winaaRmdegoba bunebriobasa da arabunebriobas Soris da daaskvna, rom es<br />
yvelaferi urtyams kacobriobis fesvebs, anu, iwvevs kacobriobis gadagvarebas.<br />
aqdan gamomdinare Cndeba SekiTxvebi. pirveli: rodesac vsaubrobT<br />
imaze, rom es <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> ar unda iyos, rom amas giSlian, rom eklesia sawolSi<br />
giwvebaT...<br />
paata sabelaSvili _ es metafora iyo da gageba sWirdeba.<br />
giorgi lasuraSvili _ amisTvis saTanadod unda CamoayaliboT. eklesia<br />
ar aris Tqveni xelwamosakravi da Tu koreqtulobisken sxvas mouwodebT,<br />
pirvel rigSi Tavad unda iyoT koreqtulebi. es gaiTvaliswineT, meored<br />
aseTi Secdoma ar dauSvaT.<br />
Tqven xelovnurad qmniT am problemas, rom damcirebulad igrZnoT Tavi.<br />
sinamdvileSi Tqveni ”mamebi»”dasavleTidan xels giwyoben rom wamowioT<br />
win es mavne da bodiSs vixdi, uzneo orientacia da tradiciuli azrovnebis<br />
adamianebi, romlebic Seadgenen mosaxleobis umravlesobas,<br />
da am tradiciebiT modis Cveni qveyana, saukunea, am tradiciebs CvenTvis<br />
problema arasodes ar Seuqmnia. b-nma nodarmac brZana, ori sxvadasxva<br />
pirovnebis urTierTmizidviT xdeba gamravleba. da saukuneebis dasawyisSi<br />
homoseqsualebi rom yofiliyvnen, riTi gamravldebodnen?<br />
me gamaRizianes da gamanerviules aq Sekrebilma pirebma. Tqven, qalbatono,<br />
rodesac sxvis oxvraze laparakobT, da sxvisgan ar mogwonT SeniSvnebi, ratom<br />
moixseniebT ase ”marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSirs”, rom visac ar moswons<br />
Tqveni orientacia, garbian ”marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSirSi?”<br />
citirebas vaxden Tqveni sityvebis. ra SuaSia gaqceva? adamiani, romelsac<br />
awuxebs Tavisi tradiciebi, awuxebs im adamianis sve-bedi, romelic acda<br />
gzas, daRupvisken midis da sxvasac ubiZgebs daRupvisken, es aris uzneobis<br />
da gadagvarebis gza, rogorc b-nma nodarmac Tqva. Tqveni SefasebiT ki, Tu<br />
vinmem ar dagicvaT, is aris radikali, fanatikosi da a.S. didi madloba.<br />
paata sabelaSvili _ am problemis xelovnurobas xazi esmeva darbazSi,<br />
ramdenad xelovnurad aris igi warmodgenili Cvens sazogadoebaSi. rac Seexeba<br />
imas, rom aqamde amas <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> problema arasodes ar Seuqmnia,<br />
da es dasavleTidan Semovida, aris tyuili. TviTon saeklesio teqstebSic<br />
dasturdeba. 1103 wlis ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis ZiriTadi Tema,<br />
sxvaTa Soris, iyo homoseqsualobis problemac. es dRes ar damdgara qar-<br />
Tuli eklesiis dRis wesrigSi.<br />
vasil kobaxiZe, ”kavkasiuri saxli” _ sekularul sazogadoebaSi yvelas<br />
aqvs ufleba, Tavisi protesti da Sexeduleba daafiqsiros, maT Soris,<br />
eklesias, marTlmadidebel eklesiasac. axlaxans obama gamovida indianas<br />
universitetSi da amas saprotesto manifestaciebi mohyva. amerika,<br />
– albaT, yvelaze religiuri qveyana, – axerxebs dabalansebas. erTi mxriv,<br />
konservatoruli pozicia aqvs protestantul eklesiebs, baptistebs,<br />
evangelur eklesiebs, magram iq ar aris diskriminacia. yovel SemTxveva-<br />
Si, am filmSi, ”harvi milqSi” es ar Cans, garda religiuri umravlesobis<br />
damokidebulebisa.<br />
Tqven axseneT manifestacia, romelic ramdenime wlis win unda gamarTuliyo<br />
da aRar gaimarTa. demokratizacia damokidebulia TviTon sazogadoebis<br />
117
sajaro debatebi<br />
gaJRenTilobasTan religiur-nacionaluri ideologiiT. am mxriv, gamodis,<br />
rom ruseTi ufro demokratiuli qveyanaa. 2006 wlidan iq es msvlelobebi<br />
imarTeba, masSi cnobili adamianebi, momRerlebic monawileoben; marTalia<br />
cemen, magram vin cems maT? religiur-eqstremistuli jgufebi, faSistebi<br />
da bolo periodSi daiwyes komunistebmac, policiamac, magram, yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />
imarTeba. aq es mcdeloba gancxadda da Semdeg ukan daixies. mainteresebs,<br />
es ratom moxda, ra SiSi gaCnda. me vfiqrob, rom es umciresobebis, ginda<br />
religiuris da eTnikuris Sekreba ki ar unda yofiliyo, aramed, es unda yofiliyo<br />
manifestacia adamianis uflebebisaTvis. SeiZleba marto am Temaze,<br />
homoseqsualTa diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg, da unda moewviaT yvela adamiani,<br />
visac amis survili eqneboda, orientaciis da kanis feris miuxedavad. Tu<br />
iqneba aseTi manifestacia, me miviReb masSi monawileobas.<br />
daviT arabiZe _ Tu vsaubrobT demokratiaze, maSin unda vifiqroT, rom<br />
am qveyanaSi aris eri, romelsac gaaCnia Tavis faseulobaTa sistema, anu<br />
ideologia. is, rasac Tqven gvTavazobT, ideologiaa. rasakvirvelia, dRes<br />
SeiZleba mas ar gvTavazobT foladis xmliT. magram ra gansxvavebaa im<br />
qmedebaSi, romelic jalaledinma Caidina, rodesac cdilobda garkveuli<br />
ideologia xmliT moexvia CvenTvis, da Tqvens qmedebaSi.<br />
dRes Tqveni ideologia Tavs maxvevs imas, rom Turme ojaxi aris daxuruli<br />
saaqcio sazogadoeba, romelic iqmneba mxolod erToblivi qonebis<br />
samarTavad. es, rasakvirvelia, warmoSobs Cvengan winaaRmdegobis gawevis<br />
survils. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni organizacia saero da profkavSiruli<br />
tipis organizaciaa, minda icodeT, rom CvenTvis legitimurad arsebuli<br />
saSualebebiT ideologiuri barikadis im mxares davdgebiT, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac Tqveni qmedeba aRiqmeba rogorc murvan yrus da jalaledinis<br />
qmedeba. minda, TqvenTvis naTeli iyos, rom es ar aris mxolod politikuri<br />
radikalebis da eqstremistebis pozicia. es aris im adamianebis pozicia,<br />
romlebic dganan im RirebulebaTa sistemaze, romelsac mravalsaukunovani<br />
pozicia gaaCnia.<br />
Tqven ikiTxeT, ratom ar unda imsaxuron SeiaraRebul ZalebSi am orientaciis<br />
adamianebma. magaliad, satanko ekipaJSi aris tradiciuli orientaciis<br />
adamiani da aris ori aratradiciuli orientaciis adamiani. am adamianebma<br />
sabrZolo operaciis Sesrulebis dros mterze unda ifiqron Tu<br />
imaze, rom SeiZleba seqsualuri interesis sagani gaxdes?<br />
paata sabelaSvili _ b-no daviT, erTi SekiTxva maqvs TqvenTan. Tqvens organizaciaSi<br />
Tu gyavT qali TanamSromlebi? samsaxureobrivi movaleobis<br />
Sesrulebis dros seqsualuri devna Tu ,,домогание’’ dauSvebelia nebismieri<br />
sqesis adamianebs Soris. ratom fiqrobT, Tu ori adamiani erTad zis<br />
tankSi, es aucileblad ase unda damTavrdes?<br />
nodar sarjvelaZe _ es isev im bunebrivi SiSis gamoxatulebaa, rac aqvT<br />
adamianebs.<br />
paata sabelaSvili _ ratom amarTlebT amas b-no nodar?<br />
nodar sarjvelaZe _ me arafers ar vamarTleb, ubralod, vambob, rom SiSs<br />
arsebobis ufleba aqvs.<br />
paata sabelaSvili _ b-no nodar, SegiZliaT miTxraT, ratom ver SeZlebT<br />
Tqveni gvaris gamravlebis, me Tu homoseqsuali viqnebi? ratom gadawyviteT,<br />
rom homoseqsual adamians ar SeiZleba hyavdes bavSvi? saidan<br />
mogaqvT aseTi argumentebi? Tqven ggoniaT, rom Tqvens garSemo dafarulad<br />
ar cxovroben homoseqsuali adamianebi, romlebsac uwevT qorwinebaSi<br />
yofna, sxva mamakacebTan sqesobrivi kavSiris damyareba da Svilebis<br />
yola, miuxedavad yvelafrisa? am iluziiT cxovrobT?<br />
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eka aRdgomelaSvili _ aseT SemTxvevaSi, es iqneboda norma, es xumrobiT.<br />
rac Seexeba raodenobas, xSirad argumentad iyeneben imas, rom rodesac<br />
homoseqsualobaze xmamaRla saubroben, es iTvleba propagandad. zust<br />
ricxvs, romel qveyanaSi ramdeni homoseqsualia, ver dagisaxelebT verc<br />
erTi mecnieri. savaraudod, kvlevebidan gamomdinare, es aris qveynis mosaxleobis<br />
3-dan 7%-mde.<br />
homoseqsualoba ar aris SeZenili. is ar SeiZleba gadagedos.<br />
(darbazSi xangrgZlivi ayalmayalis Semdeg `marTlmadidebel mSobelTa<br />
kavSiris~ wevrebs daatovebines Senoba.)<br />
paata sabelaSvili _ b-n nodaris moxsenebas minda Sevxebodi. Cven ar<br />
mogveca imis saSualeba, rom Cveni diskusia gadagvetana adamianis uflebebis<br />
dacvis WrilSi. minda aRvniSno, rom Cven mxolod qorwinebaze vsaubrobdiT<br />
da ara ojaxze. Cveni organizacia ar moiTxovs <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />
erTsqesiani qorwinebis dakanonebas am etapze. ubralod, me gangimartavT,<br />
ras emyareba xolme aseTi qorwinebis moTxovna. ratom ar gvesmis es<br />
moTxovna? imitom rom Cven jer heteronormatiul konteqstSic ar gvaqvs<br />
qorwineba srulebiT gacnobierebuli, Tavisi uflebrivi meqanizmebiT da<br />
SedegebiT.<br />
saqarTvelos konteqstSi, rogorc wesi, qorwineba ar aRiqmeba uflebebisa<br />
da movaleobis samoqalaqo gaformebad. ratom iTxoven dasavleli lgbt<br />
aqtivistebi erTsqesiani qorwinebis dakanonebas? iseT SemTxvevaSi, roca<br />
qveyanaSi ar arsebobs sxva registrirebuli partnioroba, aRiarebuli saxelmwifos<br />
mxriv, mxolod qorwineba SeiZleba gaxdes rigi uflebebis warmoSobis<br />
saSualeba, romlebic sxva SemTxvevaSi ver warmoiqmneba. mxolod<br />
registrirebul partniors aqvs ufleba xangrZliv paemanze imyofebodes<br />
sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebaSi, aseve saavadmyofoSi, garkveuli daavadebis<br />
simwvavis dros, memkvidreobis miRebis da a.S.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac qal da mamakac partniorebs aqvT saxelmwifosgan<br />
miRebuli ufleba, daaregistriron TavianTi partnioroba da amiT moipovon<br />
is uflebebi, rac dauregistrireblad ar eqnebodaT, da rodesac erTi<br />
sqesis partniorebsac surT daaregistriron TavianTi uflebebi igive kanoniT,<br />
da maT amis alternatiuli saSualeba ar eZlevaT, amas diskriminacia<br />
hqvia. adamiani ar SeiZleba iyos nawilobriv Tanaswori. Tanasworoba aris<br />
absoluturi kategoria da ver iqnebi ufro metad an naklebad Tanaswori.<br />
da davamateb, homoseqsualoba ar aris daavadeba, es gadawyvetili ambavia,<br />
mogvwons Tu ara, es Cvenze ar aris damokidebuli. Cven ar vambobT iseT<br />
rames, rac ukve gadawyvetili ar aris da razec ar aris msoflios civilizebuli<br />
nawili SeTanxmebuli. amis miRma Cven ar gavdivarT. Cveni muSaobis<br />
principi aris adamianis uflebebi. yvelaze mniSvnelovani faseulobaa adamianis<br />
uflebaTa kanonis uzenaesoba.<br />
Sorena gabunia, xelovnebaTmcodne, hainrih biolis fondis stipendianti<br />
_ Tqven isaubreT homofobiis gare faqtorebze. me erT sakiTxze minda<br />
yuradReba gavamaxvilo. bolo periodSi Sexeba mqonda am TemasTan, Tu rogor<br />
aRiqvams Tbilisis gei sazogadoeba Signidan homofobias. aris aseTi<br />
gamoTqma, Tu ginda gaigo, vin aris yvelaze didi homoseqsuali, daakvirdi,<br />
vin akeTebs yvelaze xmamaRal homofobiur gancxadebebs.<br />
homoseqsualebisgan gamigia, rom maT homofobia saerTod ar awuxebT.<br />
maTgan isic gamigia, rom eTanxmebian aseT ganwyobas. imitom, rom aRizianebT<br />
maneruli geebi, adamianebi, romlebic Tavian qamin-auTs am formiT<br />
akeTeben, yvelafriT, CacmiTac da verbaluradac afiqsireben TavianT seqsualur<br />
orientacias. da maT aseT manerul adamianebTan ufro meti konhomofobia:<br />
kerZo sivrcidan sajaro sivrcemde (20. 05. 2009)<br />
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sajaro debatebi<br />
fliqti aqvT, vidre homofobiurad ganwyobil adamianebTan. Cemi azriT, es<br />
tradiciuli patriarqaluri fesvebidan mowyvetis SiSia.<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili _ imas, razec Tqven saubrobT, uwodeben internalizebul<br />
homofobias. sxvaTa Soris, sakuTari orientaciiT hipertrofirebuli<br />
siamayec SeiZleba iyos sazogadoebis zewolis Sedegi.<br />
rac Seexeba manerulobas, aq genderul normebTan gvaqvs saqme. esec aris<br />
konkretuli kulturebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, dasavleTSi,<br />
geipopulaciaSi ufro naklebad aris maneruloba SesamCnevi mamakacebSi<br />
da qalebi ufro manerulebi arian. CvenTan sxvanairad aris. es konkretul<br />
subkulturazea damokidebuli.<br />
is, rom homoseqsuali mamakaci aucileblad maneruli unda iyos, gavrcelebuli<br />
stereotipia, rac simarTles ar Seesabameba. sinamdvileSi, maTi<br />
umetesoba aris Caketili mamakacuri, mkveTrad maskulinuri sazogadoeba.<br />
ase rom, es gavrcelebuli stereotipia.<br />
ina inariZe, `qalTa iniciativebis mxardamWeri jgufi~- SekiTxva maqvs b-n<br />
nodarTan: Tqven TqviT, rom bunebrivia, rom ar unda iCagrebodnen adamianebi,<br />
magram es unda gavigoT. mainteresebs, igive gansazRvreba exeba Tu<br />
ara, magaliTad, erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenlebs? gamosavali ra<br />
SeiZleba iyos?<br />
nodar sarjvelaZe _ Cemi azriT, erT qvabSi Cayra yvelanairi umciresobis,<br />
erTgvari gatacebaa demokratiuli institutebis, romelic eyrdnoba<br />
raRac sabazo daSvebas. am sabazo daSvebis mixedviT, Tu aris umciresoba, is<br />
aucileblad iCagreba, mas Cagravs umravlesoba. es iseTive winaswarganwyobaa,<br />
rogorc, magaliTad, rasizmi. gansakuTrebiT xSirad aseTi damokidebuleba<br />
aqvT saerTaSoriso organizaciebs. sinamdvileSi, es yovelTvis ase<br />
ar aris. piriqiT, xandaxan umciresoba sakmaod agresiulia da utevs umravlesobas.<br />
rogorc wesi, umciresoba axdens revoluciebs. umciresoba yovelTvis<br />
ar aris daCagruli. piriqiT, xandaxan umciresoba aris mCagvreli.<br />
Tumca, diskriminaciebi, rogorc eTnikuri, ise seqsualuri, arsebobs. magram<br />
eseni absoluturad gansxvavebuli Temebia. magaliTad, segregacia<br />
arsebobs eTnikuri umciresobis dros, magram ar arsebobs seqsualuri umciresobis<br />
dros. ginaxavT Tqven mxolod homoseqsualebiT dasaxlebuli<br />
teritoria?<br />
eka aRdgomelaSvili _ arsebobs getoebi. getoebi gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT.<br />
nodar sarjvelaZe _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, es erTeuli SemTxvevebia. me<br />
imis Tqma minda, rom gaigiveba eTnikuri umciresobis Tematikisa da problemebisa,<br />
seqsualuri umciresobis sakiTxebTan me arasworad mimaCnia. maT<br />
mxolod is akavSirebT, rom umciresobani arian. diskriminaciis wesebi da<br />
meqanizmebic sxvadasxvaa da mizezebic. imaSi geTanxmebiT, rom rodesac<br />
adamianis uflebebis dacviTi RonisZiebebi tardeba, iq unda iyos situaciis<br />
gaTanabreba.<br />
paata sabelaSvili _ adamianis uflebebis dacva an daucveloba aris erTi<br />
konkretuli faqti da ara aqvs mniSvneloba, romel umciresobas miekuTvneba<br />
adamiani. am niadagze Tu irRveva misi ufleba, es aris aRmosafxvreli.<br />
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