politikuri kultura: Tavisufleba da wesrigi~ Zi
politikuri kultura: Tavisufleba da wesrigi~ Zi
politikuri kultura: Tavisufleba da wesrigi~ Zi
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2008 wlis 13 Tebervals hainrih biolis fondSi gaimarTa sajaro diskusia Temaze:<br />
<strong>Zi</strong>riTadi momxseneblebi:<br />
ia anTaZe, radio `<strong>Tavisufleba</strong>~<br />
`<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>: <strong>Tavisufleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>wesrigi~</strong><br />
malxaz sal<strong>da</strong>Ze, politologi/ombudsmenis aparatTan arsebuli eTnikuri<br />
umciresobebis sabWos aRmasrulebeli mdivani<br />
emzar jgerenaia, sociologi/ilia WavWava<strong>Zi</strong>s saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
moderacia: <strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe<br />
<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ erTi SexedviT, TiTqos naTelia, ras niSnavs <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
<strong>kultura</strong>, ra SinaarsiT SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>itvirTos es cneba, magram am codnas gamoxatva<br />
<strong>da</strong> artikulireba sWirdeba. Cveni momxseneblebisgan veli am cnebis Sinaarsis<br />
warmoCenas <strong>da</strong> misi qarTuli Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb saubars. warmogidgenT Cvens<br />
dRevandel momxseneblebs: malxaz sal<strong>da</strong>Ze - politologi; emzar jgerenaia -<br />
sociologi <strong>da</strong> ia anTaZe - Jurnalisti. SevecadeT, profesiuli speqtri rac<br />
SeiZleba mravalferovani yofiliyo, raTa gansxvavebuli kuTxiT Segvexe<strong>da</strong><br />
problemisTvis _ <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong> saqarTveloSi.<br />
malxaz sal<strong>da</strong>Ze _ ra aris <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>? amis Sesaxeb erTiani<br />
definicia ar arsebobs. <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis Seswavlis mimarT midgomebis<br />
gansxvavebis Sesabamisad, definiciac, skolebis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad iyos Camoyalibebuli. zoga<strong>da</strong>d, rasac <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong><br />
gulisxmobs, es aris sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi, ganwyobebi, molodinebi, qcevis<br />
formebi <strong>da</strong> socializaciis is meqanizmebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen politikur<br />
procesebze ama Tu im qveyanaSi.<br />
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong> ikveTeba saqarTveloSi,<br />
farTomasStabiani debatebi ar yofila <strong>da</strong> amas Tavisi mizezebi aqvs. TviTon imaze,<br />
rom <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong> mniSvnelovani faqtoria politikis gansazRvrisas, Cveni<br />
bolodroindeli <strong>politikuri</strong> ganviTarebis etapebi <strong>da</strong> politikur elitaSi<br />
gamokveTili swrafi cvlilebebic miuTiTebs.<br />
2007 wlis noembramde gvqon<strong>da</strong> aSkarad gamokveTili neolibertanuli midgoma<br />
saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis gagebisa, noembris Semdeg ki, mmarTveli <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
elitisgan uceb viRebT axal formulirebebs ufro memarcxene-populisturi<br />
mimarTulebis diskursis saxiT. magaliTad, is lozungi, rac mmarTvel politikur<br />
partias hqon<strong>da</strong> winasaarCevnod _ `saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe~ - <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas<br />
garkveulwilad gamoxatavs. es niSnavs, rom vaSenebT saxelmwifos neolibertanuli<br />
1
gziT <strong>da</strong> mere uceb socialuri keTildReobis saxelmwifoze keTdeba aqcenti. es<br />
SemTxveviT, <strong>da</strong> mxolod diskursis doneze momx<strong>da</strong>ri cvlileba ar gaxlavT, mas Rrma<br />
sazogadoebriv-socialuri ganmapirobebeli faqtorebi axlavs.<br />
swored im definicii<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, Tu ras moicavs <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vwyvite komponentebad <strong>da</strong>meyo Cemi moxseneba. <strong>da</strong>viwyeb imiT, Tu ra<br />
sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi ganapirobeben politikis procesis Taviseburebebs<br />
saqarTveloSi. am SemTxvevaSi rTulia Rirebulebebis akademiur analizs <strong>da</strong>veyrdnoT.<br />
ufro, SesaZlebelia, sakuTari gamocdilebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kvirvebi<strong>da</strong>n gamovitanoT<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi, diskursebis safuZvelze gavaanalizoT isini. ver vityvi, rom arsebobs<br />
erTi dominanturi RirebulebaTa sistema, romelsac emyareba politika, aseve, ar<br />
ikveTeba <strong>Zi</strong>riTadi tendenciebi, Tu ra Rirebulebebze SeiZleba iyos politika<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobili. aseT diskursebad, pirobiTad SeiZleba gamovyoT eTnonacionalizmi,<br />
religiuri nacionalizmi, nacionalizm-etatizmi, es aris ga<strong>da</strong>savlurebuli<br />
nacionalizmis forma, romelic `vardebis revoluciam~ moitana saqarTveloSi; aseve<br />
pirobiTad SeiZleba gamovyoT e.w. modernuli <strong>da</strong>savluri diskursi, romelic yvelaze<br />
viwroa. TavisTavad, rodesac vambobT, rom es pirobiTi <strong>da</strong>yofaa, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
imasTan, Tu ra socialur struqturebs moicavs RirebulebaTa es sistemebi. sias<br />
rom ga<strong>da</strong>vxedoT, qarTuli <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis ganviTarebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapze,<br />
politikur ganviTarebaTa es sistemebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva JReradobiT gvxvdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
Sesabamisad, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva poziciebi hqon<strong>da</strong> TiToeul maTgans.<br />
90-ian wlebSi prevalireb<strong>da</strong> eTnikuri nacionalizmi, romelic gansxvavdeba<br />
religiuri nacionalizmisgan, romelic <strong>da</strong>iZlia 90-ian wlebSi garkveuli Zvrebis<br />
wyalobiT. es ukavSirdeba Zveli sazogadoebrivi struqturebis rRvevas, romelic<br />
sabWoTa kavSirSi iyo Camoyalibebuli, Tumca, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, es ar gulisxmobs, rom<br />
RirebulebaTa sistema mTlianad iqna <strong>da</strong>kninebuli <strong>da</strong> gaqra Cveni dRevandeli<br />
diskursi<strong>da</strong>n. bolo dros vxe<strong>da</strong>vT iseTi diskursis warmoCenas, gansakuTrebiT im<br />
ritoriki<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, romelic 2008 wels hqon<strong>da</strong>T politikosebs Tu garkveul<br />
politikur jgufebs, rogoric aris religiuri nacionalizmi. man, dominanti<br />
diskursi, romelic nacionalizm-etatizmSi SeiZleba movaqcioT, ase Tu ise, <strong>da</strong>Cagra.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, empiriuli <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis doneze mediis ga<strong>da</strong>xedvac sakmarisia imis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sanaxavad, Tu rogor Semodis religiuri nacionalizmi qarTul diskursSi.<br />
maxsendeba erTi fraza: inga grigolias ga<strong>da</strong>cemaSi - `praim-Taimi~ - erT-erTma<br />
monawilem Tqva, rom `mkrexelobaa, raRac ar aRiaro, imitom rom mas aRiarebs wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
sinodi <strong>da</strong> patriarqi~. bevri sxva magaliTis moyvanac SeiZleba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> gemovnebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>politikuri</strong> jgufebi<br />
ikveTeba, mainc ori banaki gvaqvs ase Tu ise mocemuli <strong>da</strong> orive apelirebs am<br />
Tematikaze. rac Seexeba modernul-<strong>da</strong>savlurs, igi, marTalia, sustad, jer kidev 90-<br />
iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n iyo mocemuli; susti rCeba dResac. misi gamovlineba politikaSi<br />
realurad arc gvxvdeba, igi ufro samoqalaqo seqtorSia akumulirebuli <strong>da</strong> iqac ki<br />
sustia. amis maCvenebelia is, rom memarcxene-<strong>da</strong>savluri diskursi, romelic am<br />
segmentisTvis aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli, saqarTveloSi sakmaod sustad aris warmoCenili.<br />
rac Seexeba sazogadoebriv ganwyobebs, SeiZleba ramdenime punqti gamoiyos.<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> ganwyobebis CamoyalibebaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponenti<br />
socializaciis is meqanizmebia, romlebic socialur kapitals <strong>da</strong> amaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebiT<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> sistemisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis mimarT individebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas,<br />
momavlis xedvis TvalsazrisiT gansazRvraven. socialuri kapitalis akumulirebis<br />
meqanizmebi socializaciis meqanizmebSi un<strong>da</strong> ve<strong>Zi</strong>oT. samwuxarod, verc am SemTxvevaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>veyrdnobi akademiur kvlevebs, imitom, rom msgavsi kvleva saqarTveloSi jer ar<br />
Catarebula, magram SemiZlia visaubro isev sakuTari <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiTa <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebiT.<br />
2
am TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli sazogadoeba win namdvilad ar wasula. socialuri<br />
kapitali ndobis xarisxis indeqss gulisxmobs <strong>da</strong> misi gazomva sazogadoebaSi<br />
jgufuri kuTvnilebis an amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, individebisadmi ndobas efuZneba. anu,<br />
socialuri kapitali maRalia sazogadoebebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ndoba individebs Soris ar<br />
efuZneba pirad urTierTobebs an jgufur kuTvnilebebs. es imas niSnavs, rom a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />
mxolod imitom ki ar vendobi, rom is marTlmadidebeli an qarTvelia an sxva<br />
erovnebis warmomadgeneli, aramed vendobi imis gamo, rom is am qveynis moqalaqea. Tu<br />
am tipis ndoba gvaqvs sazogadoebaSi, socialuri kapitali ufro maRalia. aseTi<br />
tipis ndoba ganapirobebs zoga<strong>da</strong>d urTierTqmedebas soli<strong>da</strong>robis <strong>da</strong> garkveuli<br />
sakiTxebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris TvalsazrisiT, mobilizebis maRalunarianobas sazogadoebaSi.<br />
Sesabamisad, aseTi tipis kapitalis mqone, anu maRali socialuri kapitalis mqone<br />
sazogadoebas, SesaZlebelia <strong>politikuri</strong> institutebis kontrolis meti albaToba<br />
hqondes. sazogadoeba, sa<strong>da</strong>c socialuri kapitali <strong>da</strong>balia, <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema<br />
sazogadoebriv cxovrebas mowyvetilia. amis sapirispirod saqarTveloSi SeiZleba<br />
moiyvanon argumenti, rom arsebobs mobilizebis meqanizmebi: rom noemberSi vxe<strong>da</strong>vdiT<br />
100-aTasian Tu 200-aTasian mitingebs, magram isic un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu ris<br />
safuZvelze xdeba moqalaqeebis mobilizeba. arsebobs mobilizebis ganmapirobebeli<br />
ori <strong>Zi</strong>riTadi faqtori <strong>da</strong> isini ar ukavSirdeba socialur kapitals. Cvens<br />
SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi mobilobis unari sazogadoebas negatiuri faqtoriT<br />
mobilizaciis garemoebam misca. anu, sazogadoebas uaryofiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba aqvs<br />
garkveul sakiTxebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, iqmneba gare faqtori, romelic iwvevs<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebas am problemasTan. am SemTxvevaSi gare mobilizebis meqanizmTan gvaqvs<br />
saqme.<br />
radgan ndobaze vsaubrobdiT, kargi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, bolodroindeli movlenebis<br />
Semdeg gvqono<strong>da</strong> analizis saSualeba, Tu ra <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebi <strong>da</strong> ndobis xarisxi<br />
ikveTeba ama Tu im <strong>politikuri</strong> institutis Tu saerTod, sazogadoebrivi<br />
institutebis mimarT. samwuxarod, arc aseTi kvleva Catarebula saqarTveloSi.<br />
rTulia, isaubro, romeli institutebis mimarT aris ndoba ufro maRali. magram Tu<br />
kvlav sakuTar gamocdilebas movixmobT, <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, rom Tu 2003 wlis revoluciis<br />
Semdeg ndoba saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> insitutebis mimarT mkveTrad gaizar<strong>da</strong>, am etapisTvis,<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>texa 2007 wlis noembris movlenebis dros ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra, ndobis <strong>da</strong>kargvis<br />
procesi ufro adre <strong>da</strong>iwyo. dReisTvis, sazogadoebrivi institutebis didi speqtria<br />
diskreditirebuli. mTeli is media-kampaniebi, romelTa mowmenic Cven gavxdiT, imis<br />
mixedviT, Tu rogor kampanias awarmoebdnen <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalebi erTmaneTis mimarT <strong>da</strong><br />
ra Sedegebic miviReT, yovelive aman sazogadoebaSi <strong>politikuri</strong> institutebis mimarT<br />
ndoba mkveTrad Seamcira. kampaniebs imitom gavusvi xazi, rom saidumlo Canawerebis<br />
gaJRerebam mkveTrad Seamcira ndoba mediis mimarTac <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />
institutebis mimarTac ki. Tumca, saqarTveloSi am mxriv, gansakuTrebuli<br />
mdgomareoba arc yofila. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis institutebs naklebad icnob<strong>da</strong><br />
farTo sazogadoebrioba. politikur cnobierebaSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />
segmentebis muSaoba miTologizebuli iyo. erTaderTi instituti, romelic<br />
saqarTveloSi ndobis maRal xarisxs inarCunebs, aris eklesia. eklesiis mimarT<br />
ndobis maRali xarisxi ganpirobebulia religiuri nacionalizmiT, romelzec weRan<br />
vsaubrobdi.<br />
erT-erTi sakiTxi, romelic ganwyobebSi ikveTeba <strong>da</strong> romelic aseve xdeba<br />
Sefasebis sagani, aris pluralizmi. ramdenad aris <strong>da</strong>culi igi saqarTveloSi,<br />
rogorc Rirebuleba? ra ganwyobaa mis mimarT? dRevandel politikur diskursebSi,<br />
gansxvavebuli azris miuRebloba, saqarTveloSi pluralisturi kulturis<br />
uqonlobaze miuTiTebs. amis Sedegia eqstremizmis maRali done, rac qarTul<br />
3
politikas axasiaTebs. vaRiarebT, rom arseboben Zalebi, romlebic absolutur<br />
WeSmaritebas floben <strong>da</strong> maT vemxrobiT, gadis raRac periodi, Cveni molodini ar<br />
marTldeba <strong>da</strong> mere uceb mTlianad vupirispirdebiT am politikur Zalas. amis mizezi<br />
ar aris sazogadoeba. amis mizezia is, Tu rogor muSaobs <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema,<br />
romelic Tavad aris socializaciis garemo. rodesac <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema Caketilia<br />
sazogadoebrivi monawileobisTvis, TavisTavad, <strong>politikuri</strong> aqtivobis formebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, igi radikaluri <strong>da</strong> xSirad, eqstremistuli gzebiTac ki vlindeba. am<br />
Caketilobis Sedegi iyo swored noembris aqciebi <strong>da</strong> misi Semdgomi movlenebi.<br />
pluralizmTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT kidev erT moments gamovyofdi _ cnobierebaSi mxareebi<br />
gamarjvebul <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Cagrul Zalebad iyofa. iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, rom sistemisgan<br />
sazogadoeba ver iRebs Tavisi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad <strong>da</strong>debiT Sedegebs, simpaTiebi<br />
yovelTvis <strong>da</strong>Cagrulis mxares ga<strong>da</strong>dis <strong>da</strong> esec <strong>politikuri</strong> aqtivobis<br />
eqstremistuli gamovlinebaa.<br />
rac Seexeba molodinebs, romlebic <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis erT-erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani komponentia, risi <strong>da</strong> rogori molodini SeiZleba ikveTebodes qarTul<br />
sazogadoebaSi <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis mimarT? ra xedvebi SeiZleba yalibdebodes<br />
momavlis TvalsazrisiT im krizisis fonze, romelic axlaxans ganviTar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> jerac<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>srulebula realurad? erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania <strong>da</strong> Cveni diskusiis<br />
saTaurSic aris gamotanili es sityvebi _ `<strong>Tavisufleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>wesrigi~</strong>, am or cnebas<br />
Soris aris sakiTxebis gamaSualebeli fena, romelsac SeiZleba zoga<strong>da</strong>d,<br />
samarTlianoba <strong>da</strong>varqvaT. sistemis mimarT molodini ukve noemberSi gamoikveTa.<br />
xalxi samarTlianobas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. <strong>Tavisufleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> wesrigs Soris zRvarsac swored<br />
samarTlianobis cneba aregulirebs. wesrigi SeiZleba iyos nebismieri saxis, amis<br />
gamocdileba arsebobs. idealuri wesrigi stalinuri tipis reJimis drosac SeiZleba<br />
iyos <strong>da</strong> iseT sistemaSic, rogoric aris aSS-Si, sa<strong>da</strong>c samarTlianobis ganc<strong>da</strong> ufro<br />
maRalia, vidre es sabWoTa kavSirSi, stalinis periodSi iyo. amitom samarTlianobis<br />
gagebis gareSe wesrigis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba absoluturad gamoricxulia. es <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
mignebaa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTs ar ekuTvnis. realurad kanonmorCileba <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
sistemis mimarT <strong>da</strong>debiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, rogorc legitimuri formis aRiareba,<br />
samarTlianobis ganc<strong>da</strong>s efuZneba. wina periodisgan gansxvavebiT saqarTveloSi dRes<br />
swored samarTlianobaze keTdeba aqcenti. samwuxarod, samarTlianobis moTxovnam<br />
<strong>da</strong>azarala demokratiis imiji saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>azarala <strong>da</strong>savleTis, rogorc<br />
demokratiis uzrunvelmyofeli faqtoris saxe. Tu gavixsenebT mTel im aqciebs,<br />
romlebic imarTebo<strong>da</strong> arCevnebis Semdeg, apelireba rogorc gamaSualebel Zalaze,<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis mimarT xdebo<strong>da</strong>. sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong>savleTisgan elo<strong>da</strong> Carevas demokratiuli<br />
TamaSis wesebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad. aq Cven iseT problemas vukavSirdebiT, rogoric aris<br />
sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis ganc<strong>da</strong>. sazogadoebas naklebad aqvs gacnobierebuli is,<br />
rom gare<strong>da</strong>n TamaSis wesebi ar mkvidrdeba, SesaZlebelia mxolod gavlenis moxdena.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis saxe, romelic gaidealebuli iyo qarTul sazogadoebaSi, SesaZloa, nelnela<br />
racinalur CarCoebSic moeqces, Tumca aris safrTxe, rom isev moxdes<br />
miTologizacia <strong>da</strong> gaidealebi<strong>da</strong>n sapirispiro mxares - stigmatizaciasa <strong>da</strong><br />
demokratiuli Rirebulebebis diskreditaciaSi ga<strong>da</strong>veSvaT. es, TavisTavad, gaRvivdeba,<br />
Tuki religiuri nacionalizmis diskursi saqarTveloSi dominanturi diskursis<br />
saxes miiRebs.<br />
<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ didi madloba, malxaz. axla ia anTaZes movusminoT.<br />
ia anTaZe _ <strong>da</strong>viwyeb imiT, rom me politologi ar gaxlavarT <strong>da</strong> sakmaod<br />
subieqturi warmodgenebi maqvs <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis Sesaxeb. amitom, CemTvis<br />
4
advili iyo, <strong>da</strong>vTanxmebuliyavi, rom am CemTvis sakmaod bundovan Temaze mesaubra im<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan, romlebsac udides pativs vcem. amitom, CemTvis didi pativi iqneba,<br />
movismino Tqveni azri <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis Sesaxeb.<br />
me, Cemi mxri<strong>da</strong>n, sayrden wertilad SevarCie mimdinare <strong>politikuri</strong> momenti,<br />
romelic, vfiqrob, saetapoa swored <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
pirobiTad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es momenti <strong>da</strong>iwyo 2007 wlis or noembers <strong>da</strong>,<br />
albaT, saparlamento arCevnebiT <strong>da</strong>sruldeba. am etapisaTvis ra aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
iseTi, rac <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis Tvisebriv cvlilebaze saubris safuZvels<br />
gvaZlevs?<br />
vfiqrob, es aris <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul ZalTa met-naklebi wonasworoba, rac<br />
saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikur process, rogorc wesi, ar axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong>. am<br />
wonasworobis gulisgulSi aris sazogadoeba, romelsac, erTi mxriv, aRar un<strong>da</strong><br />
Zveleburad cxovreba, magram, meore mxriv, arc radikaluri <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis momxrea.<br />
diax, mimdinare politikur moments axasiaTebs xalxmravali mitingebi, saprotesto<br />
suliskveTeba, periodulad dialogis Sewyveta xelisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> opozicias Soris.<br />
magram swored es a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic Tavs iyrian saprotesto mitingebze, qmnian<br />
politikur kalapots rogorc xelisuflebisTvis, ise – opoziciisTvis.<br />
Cven, albaT, vTanxmdebiT, rom sazogadoebis protestma aiZula prezidenti<br />
mixeil saakaSvili, va<strong>da</strong>mdeli arCevnebi <strong>da</strong>eniSna. am arCevnebze, pirvelad<br />
saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi, gaCn<strong>da</strong> realuri saprezidento alternativa;<br />
pirvelad arCevnebis win ar iyo cnobili, vin gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> gamarjvebuli; <strong>da</strong> is faqti,<br />
rom centraluri saarCevno komisiis monacemebiT mixeil saakaSvilma orjer meti xma<br />
miiRo, vidre meore adgilze gasulma levan gaCeCilaZem, jer kidev ar niSnavs imas,<br />
rom prezidents <strong>da</strong> mis partias orjer meti momxre hyavs, vidre opozicias.<br />
sinamdvileSi, mimdinare politikur process axasiaTebs orientacia dialogze, radgan<br />
ZalTa realuri balansi xelisuflebasac <strong>da</strong> opoziciasac aiZulebs, erTmaneTTan<br />
salaparako ena moZebnon.<br />
sazogadoeba dRes <strong>politikuri</strong> procesis mTavari mokarnaxea. sazogadoebrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong>kveTis safuZvelze opoziciis mniSvnelovani nawili iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong>,<br />
gaerTianebuliyo, <strong>da</strong> erTian saprezidento kandi<strong>da</strong>tze SeTanxmebuliyo. dResac,<br />
rodesac opozicia saparlamento arCevnebs saprezidento arCevnebis meore turad<br />
ganixilavs, sazogadoeba isev iTxovs erTianobas <strong>da</strong> arCevnebze erTiani siiT gasvlas.<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Zlieri <strong>da</strong> reitinguli partiebi iZulebulni arian, sazogadobriv azrs<br />
angariSi gauwion, sakuTari ambiciebi gverdze ga<strong>da</strong>don <strong>da</strong> iseTi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi Seiyvanon<br />
parlamentSi sakuTari xmebiT, romlebic, <strong>da</strong>moukideblad, 5%-ian bariers ver<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>laxavdnen. ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miReba ara sakuTari ambiciebis karnaxiT, aramed,<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> mizanSewonilobis principiT, mimdinare <strong>politikuri</strong> momentis erT-erTi<br />
<strong>Zi</strong>riTadi maxasiaTebelia.<br />
Tavis mxriv, prezidentic iZulebulia, xalxis azrs angariSi gauwios. misi<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>Svebuli Secdomebis aRiareba, saxalxo <strong>da</strong>mcvelis ofisSi stumroba 1 <strong>da</strong><br />
sozar subarisTvis instituciuri TanamSromlobis SeTavazeba, mTavrobis wevrebis<br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c erTi nawilis SerCeva profesiuli niSniT <strong>da</strong> partiuli siis <strong>da</strong>kompleqteba<br />
upartio a<strong>da</strong>mianebiT – es swored is kalapotia, romelSic prezidenti moZraobs ara<br />
sakuTari gemovnebis Sesabamisad, aramed, sazogadoebrivi azris zewoliT.<br />
1 2008 wlis 5 ianvris saprezidento arCevnebis Semdeg (14.01.2008) saqarTvelos saxalxo <strong>da</strong>mcvelma<br />
sozar subarma Ria weriliT mimarTa mixeil saakaSvils. 15 ianvars mixeil saakaSvili saxalxo<br />
<strong>da</strong>mcevls estumra sasaubrod.<br />
5
ese igi, sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong>kveTa dRes ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone<br />
faqtoria rogorc xelisuflebisTvis, aseve opoziciisTvis. sazogadoeba qmnis erTian<br />
kalapots, romelSic yvela <strong>politikuri</strong> Zala moZraobs. amitom, mimdinare<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> momentis gar<strong>da</strong>uvali atributia dialogi erTian kalapotSi moqceul<br />
xelisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> opozicias Soris. am process axasiaTebs Tvisebrivad axali<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>, ris gamoc procesi xarvezebiT, CavardnebiT, rTulad<br />
mimdinareobs, magram ualternativoa manam, sanam romelime mxare – xelisufleba an<br />
opozicia – sazogadoebis mier moniSnul kalapots Zalis gamoyenebiT ar <strong>da</strong>arRvevs<br />
<strong>da</strong> jebirebs ar ga<strong>da</strong>va. swored aseT Zaladobad SeiZleba ganvixiloT saparlamento<br />
arCevnebi, Tu es arCevnebi gayalbdeba. amitom, me vfiqrob, swored arCevnebamde<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCenil droSi un<strong>da</strong> moxdes cvlilebebi, romlebic sazogadoebas miscems<br />
garantiebs, rom saparlamento arCevnebic Cajdeba, moTavsdeba mis mier Camoyalibebul<br />
kalapotSi. am TvalsazrisiT, ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet faqtorebad mimaCnia saarCevno<br />
kanonmdeblobisa <strong>da</strong> saarCevno administraciis maqsimalurad gakeTilSobileba <strong>da</strong>, ra<br />
Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblobis ga<strong>Tavisufleba</strong> cenzurisgan.<br />
Zalian gulaxdilad getyviT, rom gasuli kviris samSabaTs miviRe<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba, CaverTo procesSi <strong>da</strong> kenWi viyaro sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis<br />
generaluri direqtoris postze gamocxadebul konkursSi. aqve min<strong>da</strong>, bodiSi<br />
mogixadoT yvelas imis gamo, rom ori kviris ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT uars<br />
vambobdi am konkursSi monawileobaze <strong>da</strong> Semdeg Sevcvale ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba. magram<br />
axali ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miviRe imis Semdeg, rac Sevityve, rom Zalian mcire iyo<br />
resursi xelisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> opoziciis SesaTanxmeblad am sakiTxze <strong>da</strong> Cemi Tanxmoba<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Sansi sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad. albaT, konkursSi monawileobas<br />
miviReb im SemTxvevaSi, Tu procesSi CarTuli yvela mxare mzad iqneba, momandos es<br />
Zalian rTuli <strong>da</strong> sapatio posti. arian Cemi kolegebi, romlebsac me TviTon didi<br />
siamovnebiT <strong>da</strong>vuWer mxars generaluri direqtoris postze <strong>da</strong> aseve didi<br />
siamovnebiT vimuSaveb maTTan erTad am televiziaSi. vici, zogs ar moswons,<br />
generaluri direqtoris posti <strong>politikuri</strong> SeTanxmebis sagnad rom iqca. magram me<br />
mgonia, rom es Zalian misaRebia, radgan is a<strong>da</strong>miani, romelsac sameurveo sabWo<br />
airCevs, un<strong>da</strong> sargeblobdes ara mxolod am cxra a<strong>da</strong>mianis ndobiT – Cven ukve<br />
vnaxeT, rom es sakmarisi ar aris – aramed, un<strong>da</strong> sargeblobdes ndobiT rogorc<br />
xelisuflebis, ise opoziciis mxri<strong>da</strong>n. jer erTi, televiziis ama Tu im saxis<br />
cenzurisgan ga<strong>Tavisufleba</strong> SeuZlia mxolod im a<strong>da</strong>mians, romelic procesSi<br />
CarTuli yvela mxaris ndobiT sargeblobs. meorec, verc erTi mxare ver gabe<strong>da</strong>vs,<br />
mxari <strong>da</strong>uWiros im kandi<strong>da</strong>ts, romelsac ar endoba sazogadoeba. swored<br />
sazogadoebis ndoba un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong> iqneba kidec ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti faqtori rogorc<br />
centraluri saarCevno komisiis Tavmjdomaris <strong>da</strong>niSvnis, ise televiziis<br />
xelmZRvanelis arCevis dros. Tu arCevnebamde <strong>da</strong>rCenil ramdenime Tves Cveni qveyana<br />
gaivlis sworad – dialogis, SeTanxmebis gziT – <strong>da</strong> Cven yvela erTad SevqmniT<br />
patiosani, gauyalbebeli arCevnebis Catarebis winapirobebs, <strong>da</strong>rwmunebiT SemiZlia<br />
vTqva, rom saparlamento arCevnebis Semdeg, swored <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>va ganviTarebis Tvisebrivad axal –<br />
kidev ufro maRal – safexurze.<br />
<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ didi madloba. movusminoT emzar jgerenaias <strong>da</strong> Semdeg ukve<br />
diskusias gaxsnilad gamovacxadebT.<br />
emzar jgerenaia _ mogesalmebiT. erTi ambavi min<strong>da</strong> mogiTxroT. amaswinaT avad<br />
gavxdi <strong>da</strong> eqimi gamoviZaxe. un<strong>da</strong> genaxaT ojaxis eqimis gaocebuli saxe, rodesac<br />
6
varkeTilSi, oTaxnaxevrian, gauremontebel binaSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. arafriT undo<strong>da</strong> imis<br />
<strong>da</strong>jereba, rom me am binaSi vcxovrob. radgan zogjer televizorSi mxe<strong>da</strong>ven,<br />
sazogadoebas hgonia, rom aucileblad faliaSvilis quCaze un<strong>da</strong> vcxovrobde <strong>da</strong><br />
cotaTi korumpirebulic un<strong>da</strong> viyo. ras izam, aseTia Cveni sazogadoebis molodini.<br />
dRevandeli moxsenebis ramdenime varianti maqvs mofiqrebuli. pirveli, rac<br />
vifiqre, mindo<strong>da</strong> TqvenTvis meTxova, erTad migvego pativi u<strong>da</strong>naSaulod<br />
`mokvdinebuli~ <strong>da</strong> `jeo-bari<strong>da</strong>n~ gagdebuli pakosTvis 2 . sityva `mokvdinebuli~, ra<br />
Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, metaforuli mniSvnelobiT un<strong>da</strong> vixmaroT <strong>da</strong> ara pir<strong>da</strong>piri. rogorc<br />
Semdeg gairkva, es biWi iqi<strong>da</strong>n sazogadoebis, eklesiisa <strong>da</strong> prezidentis erToblivi<br />
CareviT gaaZeves. yvelani erTgulni aRmoCndnen am saqmeSi. sabolood, albaT pako<br />
uaryof<strong>da</strong> sakutar orientacias <strong>da</strong> xatzec <strong>da</strong>ificeb<strong>da</strong>, rom misi mxri<strong>da</strong>n es mxolod<br />
uwyinari xumroba iyo. vin icis, iqneb es marTlac asea <strong>da</strong> Cven mxolod mogveCvena.<br />
axla <strong>da</strong>vubrundebi Cvens dRevandel Temas. politikur <strong>kultura</strong>ze vsaubrobT.<br />
ras gulisxmobs es cneba? Cemi azriT, politikur <strong>kultura</strong>ze iq SeiZleba saubari,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis moxsna SeuZliaT socialur institutebs, an saerTod,<br />
institutebs, anu, sa<strong>da</strong>c institutebs aqvT konfliqtebis STanTqmis/absorbaciis<br />
unari. sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos stabiuluroba, bevrad aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />
moqnili institutebis arsebobaze, romelsac konfliqtebis moxsna SeuZlia. dRes am<br />
<strong>da</strong>rbazSi rom vikiTxoT, gayalb<strong>da</strong> Tu ara arCevnebi, TiTqmis yvela ityvis, rom<br />
gayalb<strong>da</strong>. SesaZloa, vinmem Tqvas, rom ar gayalbebula. magram sai<strong>da</strong>n viciT an erTi,<br />
an meore? problema is aris, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebi socialur institutebs ar endobian.<br />
amaswinaT no<strong>da</strong>r la<strong>da</strong>riasTan viyavi ga<strong>da</strong>cemaSi “Ramis saubrebi” <strong>da</strong> mkiTxa, Tu ra<br />
ufro kargad aRwers Cvens sazogadoebas, eTnografia Tu sociologia. es Zalian<br />
Wkvianurad <strong>da</strong> eSmakurad <strong>da</strong>smuli SekiTxva iyo. ra mkiTxa me am a<strong>da</strong>mianma? _ aris Tu<br />
ara Cveni sazogadoeba modernuli, romelsac, rogorc wesi, Seiswavlian<br />
sociologebi, Tu aris tradiciuli, romelic eTnografebis Seswavlis obieqtia?<br />
Sevecade bundovani pasuxi gameca, radgan mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc didi gambe<strong>da</strong>obiT ar<br />
gamovirCevi. vTqvi, rom sociologiis obieqtia. ufro swori iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, Tu vityodi,<br />
rom Cveni sazogadoebis zogierTi socialuri fenis aRsawerad sociologia, zogis<br />
ki, eTnografia ufro upriani iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. es kiTxva politikur sistemaSi rom<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vitanoT <strong>da</strong> sakiTxi ase <strong>da</strong>vayenoT, ra ufro kargad Seiswavlis Cvens politikur<br />
sistemas, eTnografia Tu sociologia, amaze pasuxi ar maqvs. magram aseTi kiTxva<br />
SeiZleba gaCndes. aris Tu ara is sociologiis Seswavlis obieqti, Tu is iseTive<br />
eTnografiuli obieqtia, rogorc romelime kunZulis mkvidrTa cxovreba, romelic<br />
frezerma an tailorma SeiZleba aRweron?<br />
wesrigi <strong>da</strong> <strong>Tavisufleba</strong> _ ras vgulisxmob me am cnebebSi. saerTod,<br />
sociologiac <strong>da</strong> eTnografiac, iseTi mecnierebebia, romlebic mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc di<strong>da</strong>d ar<br />
2 Ppako tabataZe monawileob<strong>da</strong> rusTavi-2-is realur SouSi „bari-4“. Sou 2007 wlos 13 oqtombers<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo pir<strong>da</strong>pir eTerSi. Sous msvlelobis dros pakom Riad ganacxa<strong>da</strong> misi homoseqsualobis Sesaxeb.<br />
meore diliT Sous saprodiusero jgufma auwya mas, rom Sou un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>etovebina. am faqtze komentari<br />
rusTavi-2-is dierqtorma koba <strong>da</strong>varaSvilma gaakeTa <strong>da</strong> aRniSna, rom rusTavi-2-isTvis<br />
sazogadoebrivi morali komerciul <strong>da</strong>interesebaze metad mniSvnelovani iyo. ramdenime dReSi k.<br />
<strong>da</strong>varaSvilma televiziis direqtoris posti <strong>da</strong>tova. rusTavi-2-is TanamSromlebi <strong>da</strong> zogierTi mediasaSualeba<br />
avrceleb<strong>da</strong> informacias, rom pakos Sou<strong>da</strong>n gagdeba ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong> patriarqis mier<br />
prezidentTan ganxorcielebul satelefono zars, romelsac maSinve mohyva prezidentis gamoxmaureba.<br />
Tavad monawile acxadebs, rom igi swored im pirobiT aiyvanes SouSi, rom mas Riad gaecxadebina<br />
sakuTari seqsualuri orientaciis Sesaxeb. wyaro: Georgia: TV Show Reveals Country's Changing Mores/<br />
By Salome Asatiani/ http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/10/8d13efe1-2b1d-4a6a-920d-476761394ab8.html<br />
7
megobroben istoriasTan. Cveni problema ki, mainc mgonia, rom istoriuli problemaa.<br />
malxaz sal<strong>da</strong>Zes msurs mivmarTo, misi gamosvla Zalian kompetenturi iyo <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri politologii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> sociologii<strong>da</strong>n aRebuli cnebebiT gajerebuli. es<br />
iyo swori <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi midgoma. magram rodesac axal droSi, an sulac,<br />
reformaciis, martin luTeris Semdeg evropuli azri iwyebs imaze fiqrs, Tu rogor<br />
un<strong>da</strong> moewyos sazogadoeba, ras niSnavs saxelmwifo, vin aris moqalaqe, ra uflebebi<br />
aqvT a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, rogoria <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema an rogori un<strong>da</strong> iyos is <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
saqarTveloSi am dros qarTveli poetebi sxe<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> weren Tavian poetur Sedevrebs.<br />
literaturas aravin uaryofs, es Zalian didi <strong>kultura</strong>a, magram is, rasac hqvia<br />
socialur wesrigsa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis mowyobaze refleqsia,<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> sistemebis Sesaxeb msjeloba, anu rogorc dRes vambobT – diskursi,<br />
Cvens <strong>kultura</strong>s an saerTod ar aqvs an literaturuli formiTaa mowodebuli. amis<br />
gamo vitanjebiT <strong>da</strong> vTamaSobT <strong>da</strong>savleTs, magram sinamdvileSi ra aris <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
buneba, rogor aris mowyobili <strong>da</strong>savleTis socialuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> yofa CvenTvis<br />
srulebiT gaugebaria. amitom, umTavresad, mainc im barbarosebiviT viqceviT,<br />
evropuli kostumiT rom Semoses, magram mentalitetis TvalsazrisiT, mainc iq varT,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c didi xnis win viyaviT. Sesabamisad, Cvens <strong>kultura</strong>s ar aqvs “sacecebi”<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur politikur sistemasTan <strong>da</strong>sakavSireblad, <strong>da</strong> dRes arsebuli <strong>politikuri</strong>,<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri struqturebi “xeliT gakeTebuls” ufro hgavs, vidre<br />
Cveni sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTarebis bunebriv produqts – nacionalur<br />
“brends”.<br />
erTi raRac maxsendeba: 2002 welia. zaza SaTiriSvilTan erTad Tbilisobaze<br />
var, Zveli qarTuli tipis, uwesrigo, WuWyian Tbilisobaze - sufrebiT qalaqis<br />
centrSi, `iveriis~ win. maSin vTqviT, rom es bolo aseTi Tbilisoba iyo <strong>da</strong> rom<br />
male moxdebo<strong>da</strong> misi “evropeizacia.” rac marTlac mox<strong>da</strong>. problema is aris, rom<br />
erTi mxriv, arsebobs Zveli <strong>kultura</strong>, <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv, arsebobs axali fenomeni<br />
qarTuli saxelmwifos saxiT. me meCveneba, rom arsebobs kolizia am Zvel <strong>kultura</strong>sa<br />
<strong>da</strong> axal warmonaqmns Soris, romelsac saxelmwifo hqvia. Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur cnebebze, gamoviyenoT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Teoria, magram racionalizaciis<br />
gamocdileba ar gvaqvs. ratom? _ pirvel rigSi imitom, rom reformacia ar<br />
gagvivlia. Cven gamovtoveT hipebis moZraoba, evropuli <strong>da</strong>pirispireba mamebis<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong> bevri sxva ram. Cven Sinagani, inteleqtualuri muSaoba ar<br />
Cagvitarebia tolerantobaze sasaubrod. sad laparakoben tolerantobaze? _<br />
luTeris Semdeg, rodesac kaTolikuri eklesiis erTiani sxeuli <strong>da</strong>iSala, evropuli<br />
sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong>iyo mraval erTmaneTTan moqiSpe religiur Temad, rodesac<br />
moqalaqeebma religiuri gansxvavebis gamo erTmaneTi <strong>da</strong>xoces, <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
kontrreformacia <strong>da</strong> a.S. mxolod am gamocdilebis wiaRSi ibadeba tolerantobis<br />
cneba. Cven dRes vlaparakobT tolerantobaze <strong>da</strong> amiT Cven vimeorebT evropis<br />
istorias istoriuli gamocdilebis gareSe.<br />
wesrigisadmi ndoba arsebobs iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c a<strong>da</strong>mianebi wesrigisaTvis muSaoben,<br />
rodesac wesrigi gaigeba, rogorc sakuTari kulturis Sinagani muSaobis produqti,<br />
rogorc wesrigis qmnadobaSi moqalaqeebis monawileobis produqti. CvenTan,<br />
tradiciulad, wesrigTan mimarTebaSi yovelTvis arsebob<strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegoba <strong>da</strong> es<br />
winaaRmdegoba gaigebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc <strong>Tavisufleba</strong>. imitom, rom es wesrigi Cven<br />
istoriaSi didi xnis man<strong>Zi</strong>lze gare<strong>da</strong>n iyo importirebuli. Cveni wesrigi iyo an<br />
sparsuli, an Turquli, rusuli <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa wesrigi. am “wesrigebs” Cven<br />
Tavisuflebis Cveneul gagebas vagebebdiT. Sesabamisad, gvaqvs winaaRmdegoba wesrigis<br />
mimarT, imitom, rom igi Cveni istoriuli aqtivobis organuli produqti ar aris.<br />
aris Tu ara wesrigi, romelic dRes gvaqvs, Cvens mier Seqmnili? saSualo<br />
8
statistikuri qarTveli getyviT, rom is wesrigi, romelic Cven gvaqvs, ukiduresad<br />
araqarTuli movlenaa, rom es aris sazizRari <strong>da</strong> aramarTlmadidebluri, radgan<br />
globalizaciis mier aris Tavsmoxveuli, rom un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja <strong>da</strong><br />
hamurabis kanonebi. istoriulad wesrigis Sinaganad formirebisTvis qarTvels<br />
muSaobis Catareba ar <strong>da</strong>scal<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>naa problemebi.<br />
rac Seexeba ia anTa<strong>Zi</strong>s mosazrebas, rom sazogadoeba karnaxobs xelisuflebasac<br />
<strong>da</strong> opoziciasac Tavis moTxovnebs, Cemi azriT, es ufro Cveni sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebis perspeqtivaa. sazogadoebis SekveTa aris dialogze, magram mTavaria, sad<br />
Catardeba es “dialogi”: quCaSi Tu <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis SigniT. Tu moxdeba<br />
problemis “institucionaluri <strong>da</strong>muSaveba”, politikur sistemas miecema Semdgomi<br />
arsebobis saSualeba. amitom, vfiqrob, rom Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoebis<br />
umTavresi gamowveva aris instituciuri krizisis <strong>da</strong>Zleva, anu, instituciebisadmi<br />
ndobis amaRleba.<br />
inteleqtualur wreebSi yovelTvis dominireb<strong>da</strong> mosazreba, rom arCevnebis<br />
Sedegebis garkveuli koreqcia aucilebelia, imitom, rom qarTveli xalxis nebaze<br />
miSveba warsulSi <strong>da</strong> komunistur Tu fsevdokomunistur bnelSi <strong>da</strong>gvabrunebs. ar<br />
vici. SesaZloa es marTalac ase iyos, magram amgvar koreqcias ufro cudi Sedegi<br />
moaqvs: wesrigisadmi undobloba.<br />
<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ diskusias gaxsnilad vacxadeb. manamde, mec min<strong>da</strong> mogaxsenoT<br />
Cemi azri. SekiTxvac maqvs. iam sazogadoebis ndobaze, ndobis aucileblobaze isaubra,<br />
malxazma, piriqiT, socialuri kapitalis ararsebobaze.<br />
emzar, Tqven TqviT, rom qarTvelebs ar <strong>da</strong>scal<strong>da</strong>T im gzis gavla, romelic<br />
gaiara <strong>da</strong>savleTma imisTvis, rom Camoyalibebuliyo iseTi saxiT, rogoric dRes aqvs.<br />
amis Sesaxeb xom aris <strong>da</strong>grovili codna <strong>da</strong> gamocdileba, xom arsebobs literatura,<br />
romelic ireklavs am gzas, nuTu am codnis gaziarebas <strong>da</strong> aTvisebas is dro<br />
sWirdeba, rac mis <strong>da</strong>grovebas <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>?<br />
emzar jgerenaia _ Tuki qarTvelebi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi varT, es imas niSnavs, rom sxva<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri gamocdilebis aTviseba SegviZlia. SeiZleba raRac <strong>da</strong>iswavlo, magram<br />
problema is aris, rom amas, etyoba, mainc sWirdeba didi dro. nacia yalibdeba didi<br />
sisxliT, samoqalaqo omebiT - gaixseneT safrangeTis revolucia. demokratiis<br />
mimarT nu geqnebaT gansakuTrebuli molodini. demokratia es aris tanjva, brZola,<br />
es triali, maias samyaroa, mdinare romelSiac orjer ver Sexval. <strong>da</strong> yovelTvis ase<br />
iqneba, sanam iqneba demokratia.<br />
<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ ia, rodesac saubrobT imaze, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> konsensusia<br />
saWiro sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblobis sameurveo sabWos <strong>da</strong> Semdeg generaluri<br />
direqtoris SesarCevad, Tuki es xalxi mxolod <strong>politikuri</strong> subieqtebis mier <strong>da</strong><br />
ara farTo sazogadoebis mier SeirCeva, xom ar fiqrobT, rom aseT pirobebSi,<br />
SesaZloa, rogorc direqtori, aseve sameurveo sabWo, romelime <strong>politikuri</strong> klanis<br />
mZevali aRmoCndes?<br />
Cven aq arCevnebi <strong>da</strong> kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi vaxseneT. dRes universitetSi saarCevno<br />
geografiasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli erTi Zalian saintereso kvlevis prezentacias<br />
<strong>da</strong>veswari. kvlevis avtorebma kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi or jgufad <strong>da</strong>yves. iam Tqva, rom es<br />
konkurentunariani arCevnebi iyo <strong>da</strong> realurad arsebob<strong>da</strong> oponenti. am kvlevis<br />
mixedviT, erT jgufSi iyvnen kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi, romlebic socialur dRis wesrigs<br />
warmoudgendnen moqalaqeebs, socialuri problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wraze iyvnen<br />
orientirebulni, meoreni _ umTavresad politikur cvlilebebsa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
9
uflebebze saubrobdnen. pirvel jgufSi moeqcnen badri patarkaciSvili, Salva<br />
naTelaSvili <strong>da</strong> mixeil saakaSvili, meoreSi _ <strong>da</strong>viT gamyreliZe <strong>da</strong> levan gaCeCilaZe.<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong> im maxasiaTebliTac warmoCndeba Cvens winaSe, Tu ras aniWebs<br />
amomrCeveli met mniSvnelobas - politikosebis socialur problemebze Tu<br />
politikur cvlilebebsa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebze orientirebas. kvlevaSi geografia<br />
regionebis mixedviT gamoisaxebo<strong>da</strong>. Zalian saintereso <strong>da</strong>skvna iyo imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />
regionebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mohyavT citrusebi, yurZeni <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c isxmeba borjomi, saakaSvilma<br />
marcxi ganica<strong>da</strong>; regionebSi ki, sa<strong>da</strong>c modis xil-bostneuli <strong>da</strong> marcvlovani<br />
kulturebi, met xmas agrovebs. es naxevrad xumrobiT iyo naTqvami, magram mainc<br />
sainteresoa.<br />
me maqvs ganc<strong>da</strong>, rom ver ga<strong>da</strong>vWeriT, Tumca ki ramdenadme mivuaxlovdiT<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis, rogorc cnebis, Sinaarsis gagebas. diskusia gaxsnilia,<br />
SegiZliaT <strong>da</strong>svaT SekiTxvebi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT arabiZe, maswavlebelTa Tavisufali profkavSiris Tavmjdomare _ b-no<br />
malxaz, ra socialur, klasobriv, ideologiur <strong>da</strong> strategiul gansxvavebas xe<strong>da</strong>vT<br />
im or kandi<strong>da</strong>ts Soris, romlebmac centraluri saarCevno komisiis monacemebiT 53<br />
<strong>da</strong> 26 procenti aiRes?<br />
q-no ia, sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli dRes <strong>da</strong>ketilia iseTi principebisTvis,<br />
rogoric aris socialuri demokratia. iq ar aris saubari Sromis uflebaze, Sromis<br />
teqnikur, samarTlebriv, ekologiur usafrTxoebaze. rogor fiqrobT, sameurveo<br />
sabWos Secvlis Semdegac ase gagrZeldeba?<br />
<strong>da</strong> b-n emzarTanac maqvs SekiTxva _ aris Tu ara liberaluri demokratiis<br />
zeoba guantanamo <strong>da</strong> is, rac dRes xdeba avRaneTSi?<br />
emzar jgerenaia _ Tqven fiqrobT, rom liberaluri demokratiis iseTi momxre<br />
var, rom Tavs moviklav mis gamo? aris erTi saflavi vakis sasaflaoze. saflavis<br />
qvaze <strong>da</strong>badebisa <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis TariRi aweria: 1935 - 1985. zaza SaTiriSvilis<br />
TqmiT, es a<strong>da</strong>miani bednieri iyo. imitom, rom meore msoflio omSi ar wauyvaniaT <strong>da</strong><br />
is saSinelebebi ar unaxavs. 37 welic asc<strong>da</strong> mas. 1985 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo `perestroika~,<br />
Sesabamisad, arc sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>ngrevas moswrebia. Tu es a<strong>da</strong>miani komunisti<br />
iyo, mokv<strong>da</strong> im rwmeniT, rom komunizmi kargia; Tu disidenti iyo, im rwmeniT<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>icvala, rom <strong>da</strong>savleTia kargi <strong>da</strong> sadRac mainc aris sikeTe. Tanamedrove<br />
samyaro aseTia. aseTia demokratia, es aris mudmivi procesi. gavimeoreb adre Cems<br />
mier naTqvam frazas _ demokratia weliwadis drosaviT Cveni Carevis gareSe ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgeba. is TavisTavad arasodes <strong>da</strong>dgeba. mas sWirdeba Zalisxmeva, am process Tan<br />
axlavs Secdomebic. nu elodebiT samoTxes. liberaluri demokratia ar aris<br />
samoTxe, <strong>da</strong> is saerTo<strong>da</strong>c aq de<strong>da</strong>miwaze ar aris <strong>da</strong> Cven meti realizmi gvWirdeba.<br />
malxaz sal<strong>da</strong>Ze _ socialur-klasobriv CarCoebSi cota rTuli asaxsneli<br />
iqneba Tqveni SekiTxva. rom SevxedoT, Tu rogor ga<strong>da</strong>nawil<strong>da</strong> TbilisSi xmebi<br />
saakaSvilsa <strong>da</strong> gaCeCilaZes Soris, did sxvaobas ver <strong>da</strong>inaxavT, imitom rom<br />
saakaSvilma ara marto vakeSi, aramed, im raionebSic waago, romlis mosaxleobac<br />
naklebi socialuri statusiT sargeblobs. am niSnuliT gamijvna WeSmarit suraTs<br />
ver mogvcems. rac Seexeba ideologiurs, erTi saintereso <strong>da</strong>kvirveba SemiZlia<br />
SemogTavazoT. jer kidev 2003 wli<strong>da</strong>n nacionalur moZraobas realurad, yvela<br />
ideologiuri niSa hqon<strong>da</strong> Sevsebuli. masSi iyo nacionaluri komponentic,<br />
socialisturic, memarjvenec <strong>da</strong> a.S. rodesac winasaarCevno periodSi kandi<strong>da</strong>tebma<br />
TavianTi programebi warmoadgines, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT Soris gansxvaveba arc<br />
10
yofila. TiTqmis yvela kandi<strong>da</strong>ti erTsa <strong>da</strong> imaves sTavazob<strong>da</strong> amomrCevels. Tumca,<br />
levan gaCeCila<strong>Zi</strong>s programasa <strong>da</strong> mis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWerTa ritorikaSi socialuri sakiTxebi<br />
naklebad iyo wamoWrili, iseve, rogorc naklebad iyo saubari am Temebze noembris<br />
aqciebSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom socialuri Tematika prioritetuli ar yofila.<br />
sazogadoeba win samarTlianobis sakiTxs ayeneb<strong>da</strong>. arCevnebis Semdgom ritorikaSi<br />
ufro wamovi<strong>da</strong> win socialuri sakiTxebi.<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom opozicia antisistemuri iyo <strong>da</strong> dRemde aseTia, imitom<br />
rom mTeli opoziciuri speqtri gaerTianebulia im ideis irgvliv, rom arsebuli<br />
sistema ar aris swori. es opoziciis antisistemurobaze miuTiTebs. opoziciis<br />
mTavari ganmasxvavebelic es iyo, <strong>da</strong>narCen sakiTxebSi gansxvavebas opozicias <strong>da</strong><br />
xelisuflebas Soris ver naxavT.<br />
<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ emzarma Tqva, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong> aris iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabulobis moxsna institutebs SeuZliaT. kargad maxsovs, irakli melaSvilis<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 17 wlis win gakeTebuli komentari amis Sesaxeb. maSin igi uzenaesi<br />
sabWos wevri iyo, 1991 wlis Semodgoma idga, xalxi ukve gamofenili iyo quCaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
arc Cqarob<strong>da</strong> sadme Sesvlas <strong>da</strong> iq saubars. imxanad irakli melaSvili garkveul<br />
jgufTan erTad distancirdebo<strong>da</strong> zviad gamsaxurdiasgan <strong>da</strong> maSin man zustad es Tqva.<br />
misi TqmiT, <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba mxolod saparlamento <strong>da</strong>rbazSi SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> moxsniliyo.<br />
axla irakli melaSvili erovnuli forumis wevria <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>politikuri</strong> taqtika<br />
aqvs.<br />
hamlet zukakiSvili, `kavkasiuri saxli~ _ Tqven neolibertanuli <strong>da</strong><br />
memarcxene ideebi axseneT. dRevandeli xelisufleba TiTqos neolibertanul ideebs<br />
atareb<strong>da</strong>. nuTu neolibertanizmia, rodesac prokuraturaSi <strong>da</strong>ibareben <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>barebuli<br />
Tavis qonebas saxelmwifos Cuqnis, an sakuTrebas arTmeven, ungreven? aviRoT, Tun<strong>da</strong>c,<br />
ganaTlebis reforma. ra miviReT, arsebobs dRes skola? aris arbitraJi? aris<br />
sasamarTlo? iqneb, yvelaferi marTlac TamaSi iyo?<br />
Sorena Saver<strong>da</strong>Svili, Jurnal `cxeli Sokoladis~ mTavari re<strong>da</strong>qtori _ ras<br />
niSnavs xalxi? Cven viciT, razec dgas demokratia. es aris samoqalaqo sazogadoeba.<br />
aris dRes CvenSi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba? Sedga igi CvenTan? uamravi kvleva<br />
arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa umravlesoba qsenofobiuri <strong>da</strong><br />
viwronacionaluria, aseve migvaCnia, rom marTlmadidebloba privilegirebuli<br />
religia un<strong>da</strong> iyos. anu, maSin, rodesac sazogadoeba ar aris Camoyalibebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas, ramdenad<br />
angariSgasawevia demokratiul institutebsa <strong>da</strong> maT gaZlierebaze saubari? ramdenad<br />
yuradRebiT un<strong>da</strong> vusminoT xalxis miTiTebebs?<br />
guram svimoniSvili, moZraoba `mdgradi saqarTvelo~ _ erTi SekiTxva b-n<br />
malxazTan maqvs _ Tu gicdiaT, gageanalizebinaT <strong>politikuri</strong> mdgomareoba,<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebuli, Tun<strong>da</strong>c 1918-21 wlebi<strong>da</strong>n dRemde, rogori viTareba iyo <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
kulturis TvalsazrisiT? Cemi azriT, <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong> urTierTobis<br />
<strong>kultura</strong>a.<br />
malxaz sal<strong>da</strong>Ze _ pirveli SekiTxva imas exebo<strong>da</strong>, jdeba Tu ara liberalizmis<br />
CarCoebSi saqarTveloSi gatarebuli reformebi. me vaxsene sityva `deklarirebuli~.<br />
ramdenad realuri iyo, es kidev sxva sakiTxia. iseve, rogorc demokratiaze<br />
saubrisas aris ori midgoma _ demokratia, rogorc substancia <strong>da</strong> demokratia,<br />
11
ogoc aqcidencia. es exeba imas, rom aris <strong>da</strong>savleTi, romelsac Cven vaRiarebT,<br />
rogorc demokratiis akvans <strong>da</strong> arsebobs <strong>da</strong>narCeni samyaro, sa<strong>da</strong>c demokratiis<br />
imitireba mainc xdeba. peruel politologs, ernando de sotos, amavdroulad<br />
samoqalaqo aqtivists, aqvs wigni: `ratom aris kapitalizmi <strong>da</strong>savleTSi <strong>da</strong> arsad<br />
sxvagan~. Cven libertanelobas varqmevT imas, rac saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri<br />
reformebis TavlsazrisiT xdebo<strong>da</strong>. libertanelobis <strong>Zi</strong>riTadi principi ki, ra Tqma<br />
un<strong>da</strong>, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferoSi, maT Soris ekonomikis<br />
sferoSic, saxelmwifos minimaluri Carevaa. 90-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli CvenSi<br />
sakuTrebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis procesSi saxelmwifo Zalian aqtiurad monawileob<strong>da</strong>. am<br />
procesebSi libertanuls verafers <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT. magram isini, vinc am reformebs<br />
axorcielebdnen <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri reformebis bloks xelmZRvanelobdnen,<br />
deklarirebulad mainc, Tavs libertanelebad aRiarebdnen. ase iyo kaxa benduqi<strong>Zi</strong>sa<br />
<strong>da</strong> asea lado gurgeni<strong>Zi</strong>s SemTxvevaSic. cota gaugebrad ki gamoiyureba, roca<br />
mTavrobaSi gavleniani pirebi gyavs, romlebic Tavs libertaneleblad moiazreben <strong>da</strong><br />
meores mxriv, maT mier populisturi reformebis gatareba. esec aris swored pasuxi<br />
imaze, Tu ra aris demokratia <strong>da</strong> liberalizmi <strong>da</strong>savleTSi <strong>da</strong> rogor aRiqmeba igi<br />
saqarTveloSi.<br />
hamlet zukakiSvili _ Tu asea, rogor gvaniWebdnen saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciebi aseT maRal reitings liberalur reformebSi, ver xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen, ra<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong>?<br />
emzar jgerenaia _ SeiZleba iyos ideologiuri momenti. viRac iRebs Sens<br />
Rirebulebebs. es ukve mniSvnelovania <strong>da</strong> upirispirdeba im mosazrebas, rom<br />
aRmosavleTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTi verasodes Sexvdebian erTmaneTs.<br />
malxaz sal<strong>da</strong>Ze _ maRali qulebis <strong>da</strong>weris mizezi isic aris, rom<br />
oficialurad garkveuli RirebulebaTa sistemis deklarireba mainc xdeba. aviRoT<br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c SromiTi kodeqsi. saqarTvelos mxri<strong>da</strong>n misi miReba liberaluri reformebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT winga<strong>da</strong>dgmul nabijad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. mas SromiTi urTierTobebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
gaemartivebina <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos monawileoba am urTierTobebis regulaciaSi<br />
gamoericxa.<br />
<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ me rogorc maxsovs, Sromis kodeqsis miRebas kidev erTi<br />
aspeqti hqon<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>axloebiT ori wlis win hainrih biolis fondSi gvqon<strong>da</strong> diskusia<br />
am Temaze. is, rac Sromis kodeqsis kritikosebisTvis <strong>da</strong>qiravebulTa <strong>da</strong>ucvelobad<br />
aRiqmeba, am kodeqsis adeptebisTvis aris piroba ucxouri investiciebis mosazi<strong>da</strong>d.<br />
visac fuli Semoaqvs, imas uqmni maqsimalurad komfortul pirobebs imisaTvis, rom<br />
vinc un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iqiravos <strong>da</strong> roca un<strong>da</strong>, gauSvas, oRond ki, fuli Semoitanos.<br />
malxaz sal<strong>da</strong>Ze _ meore kiTxva samoqalaqo sazogadoebas exebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>savleTSi,<br />
magaliTad, sazogadoeba imdenad aris samoqalaqo, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c sazogadoebis SigniT<br />
urTierTobebs samoqalaqo Rirebulebebi aregulirebs. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar<br />
aris mxolod samoqalaqo institutebi <strong>da</strong> formalurad arsebuli organizaciebi.<br />
saqarTvelo, samwuxarod, am segments ver gasc<strong>da</strong>. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba CvenTan<br />
gaigeba, rogorc arasamTvarobo seqtori <strong>da</strong> igi demonizebulia farTo sazogadoebis<br />
TvalSi. SeiZleba visaubroT imaze, Tu ramdenad aqtiuria sazogadoebis esa Tu is<br />
segmenti sazogadoebriv sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi. ratom gamodis saqarTveloSi<br />
konfliqti quCaSi? imitom, rom instituciuri garemo <strong>da</strong>ketilia. arsebobs<br />
12
parlamenti, sa<strong>da</strong>c absolutur umravlesobas erTi partia warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> arseboben<br />
partiebi, romlebic parlamentSi Zalian mcired, an saerTod ar arian<br />
warmodgenilebi. amave dros arsebobs interesTa jgufebi, romlebic imis gamo, rom<br />
dominant partiaze gavlenis meqanizmebi ar aqvT, ver SeZleben saparlamento sivrceSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebis procesze gavlenis moxdenas. Sesabamisad, erTaderTi gzad<br />
politikaze gavlenis mosaxdenad <strong>da</strong> imisTvis, raTa SenTvis sasurveli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miaRebino, quCis aqciebi iqceva.<br />
emzar jgerenaia _ maqs vebers hqon<strong>da</strong> SekiTxva _ ras niSnavs <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
kapitalizmi <strong>da</strong> ras niSnavs <strong>da</strong>savleTi zoga<strong>da</strong>d. <strong>kultura</strong>, garkveulwilad, Cveni im<br />
sabaziso survilebis represiaa, romelTa pir<strong>da</strong>piri wesiT <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba ar<br />
SegviZlia <strong>da</strong> mrude sarkis saxiT vlindeba. <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>, veberis droi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
moyolebuli mainc, <strong>da</strong>savleTSi problemis instituciis SigniT, racionaluri gzebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wras gulisxmobs. es aris <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis arsi. albaT, yvela Tqvenganma<br />
icis aleqsis de tokvilis wigni `demokratia amerikaSi~. <strong>da</strong>meTanxmebiT, ramdenad<br />
araorganulia Cveni kulturisTvis is, rac am wignSia aRwerili. erT SemTxvevas<br />
movixmob. Cems korpusSi 1999 wlis Semdeg ar umuSavia lifts, saxuravic<br />
SesakeTebeli gvqon<strong>da</strong>. ga<strong>da</strong>vwyviteT am yvelafris mogvareba. meriam amxanagobis<br />
Sesaqmnelad Tanxa gamogviyo. TiTqos Zalian iolad un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>gveWra problemebi,<br />
magram mxolod didi tanjvis Semdeg moxerx<strong>da</strong> liftis SekeTeba. meore magaliTsac<br />
getyviT _ Cems sofelSi udenobis periodSi, mdinareze patara generatoris <strong>da</strong>dgma<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites, magram Zlivs mividnen konsensusamde. rodesac wesrigi qvevi<strong>da</strong>n iwyeba,<br />
maSin adis is zeviT <strong>da</strong> maSin aqvs mas azri, magram am <strong>kultura</strong>s ar aqvs wesrigis<br />
qvemo<strong>da</strong>n, - anu konstrurebis gamocdileba. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi<br />
didi tyuilia.<br />
<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis kidev erTi aspeqti msurs<br />
SemogTavazoT gansaxilvelad: Tu SeiZleba, rom saqarTveloSi vilaparakoT realur<br />
<strong>da</strong> oficialur politikur <strong>kultura</strong>ze, anu normebsa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebze, romlebsac<br />
gvTavazobs saxelmwifo moqalaqeebs <strong>da</strong> normebsa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebze, romlebic<br />
gansxvavebulia <strong>da</strong> maT moqalaqeebi atareben?<br />
guram svimoniSvili _ <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis mxriv, Cemi azriT, adgili aqvs<br />
ukusvlas. is konstitucia, romelic menSevikurma mTavrobam SeimuSava, maRali<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis nayofi iyo. iq maT araferi CauweriaT iseTi, rac maT pirad<br />
interesebs exebo<strong>da</strong>. masSi mxolod is iyo Cadebuli, rac xalxs waadgebo<strong>da</strong>. iq ewera,<br />
rom demokratiul respublikaSi xelmwifoba xalxs ekuTvnis. Cadebuli iyo<br />
meqanizmebic, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> ganexorcielebina es xalxs. gamsaxurdias dros es<br />
konstitucia Cven safuZvlad aviReT. SevardnaZem xalxis Zalaufleba Zalian Cumad<br />
<strong>da</strong> SeumCnevlad SezRu<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ maSindeli <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis Camoyalibebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, ise <strong>da</strong>ikarga <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba, rom konsesusi, vTqvaT, 1921 wlis 25<br />
Tebervlis <strong>da</strong> Semdgom ambebze, sazogadoebaSi ar yofila. sazogadoebis nawilma es,<br />
erTi partiis meore partiiT Canacvlebad aRiqva <strong>da</strong> ara qveynis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargvad.<br />
13
emzar jgerenaia _ aris aseTi wigni _ `istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasruli anu ukanaskneli<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani~ 3 . misma erTma Tavma gansakuTrebiT miipyro Cemi yuradReba. gansakuTrebiT<br />
erTma magaliTma: mravali indoeli, romelic <strong>da</strong>savleTSi miemgzavreba saswavleblad,<br />
Zalian did warmatebas aRwevs profesiuli TvalsazrisiT, magram rogorc ki<br />
brundeba indoeTSi, es warmatebebi qarwyldeba. ratom? isini xvdebian induri<br />
sazogadoebis socialur struqturaSi <strong>da</strong> warmatebas ver aRweven. magaliTad, salome<br />
zurabiSvili am <strong>kultura</strong>Si “iqauri” kulturi<strong>da</strong>n aris mosuli <strong>da</strong> Cven, iqneb arc<br />
viciT, vin aris igi, an SesaZloa, mas ar esmodes, aq ra xdeba? aviRoT sasamarTlo.<br />
ratom ar aris is <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli? ar SeuZlia mosamarTles, iyos <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli?<br />
magram is socialur urTierTobaTa iseT qselSia Cabmuli, romlis gawyveta mas<br />
qarTvelobisa <strong>da</strong> kacurkacobis imijs <strong>da</strong>ukargavs. Cvens <strong>kultura</strong>s aklia askeza.<br />
ia anTaZe _ min<strong>da</strong> vupasuxo Sorena Saver<strong>da</strong>Svils samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. absoluturad veTanxmebi emzars. amaze mec bevri mifiqria <strong>da</strong> Ria<br />
eTerSic misaubria imis Sesaxeb, rom Cven jerjerobiT ar gvaqvs unari, rom<br />
lokaluri problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad TviTorganizeba movaxdinoT. es Zalian<br />
mniSvnelovani nawilia <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis, romelic Cven ar gagvaCnia. magram me<br />
mainc optimisturad vuyureb erT moments. Cvens xalxs aRmoaCn<strong>da</strong> ori mniSvnelovani<br />
Rer<strong>Zi</strong>. pirveli _ Rirsebis, <strong>da</strong> meore _ samarTlianobis ganc<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>viwyoT imiT, rom<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebsac procesebSi monawileobis misaRebad instituciurad marTlac<br />
<strong>da</strong>xuruli hqon<strong>da</strong>T yvelanairi saSualeba, quCaSi gamovidnen. isini protests<br />
acxadebdnen qveyanaSi arsebuli usamarTlobis mimarT. 7 noembers es a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />
Rirseulad idgnen quCaSi, Tumca, maT rogorc uRirs a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, ise gaumaspinZldnen.<br />
ra mox<strong>da</strong> amis Semdeg? _ <strong>da</strong>iniSna arCevnebi. me vfiqrobdi, rom Tu am arCevnebze<br />
mTeli saqarTvelo kvlav prezidentis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong>, aRarasodes<br />
gavidodi mitingebze. magram ase ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra. xalxi arCevnebze wavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xma misca<br />
sakuTar kandi<strong>da</strong>ts. yazbegis raionSi levan gaCeCilaZem meti xma <strong>da</strong>agrova. is maT<br />
gansakuTrebuls arafers Sehpirebia. amis Semdeg isev gamovi<strong>da</strong> xalxi quCaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
wesieri arCevnebi moiTxova. wynarad modian, dganan, amboben saTqmels <strong>da</strong> mere<br />
iSlebian. me es Zalian mniSvnelovan procesad mimaCnia.<br />
Sorena Saver<strong>da</strong>Svili _ is a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebsac ar gamouxatavT protesti <strong>da</strong><br />
ar miuRiaT monawileoba am aqciebSi, uRirsi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi iyvnen? SesaZloa Tu ara, rom<br />
iyo Rirseuli a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong> ar monawileobde quCis aqciebSi?<br />
ia anTaZe _ ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>. yvela a<strong>da</strong>mians aqvs Tavisi funqcia. a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />
TavianTi bunebiT arian pasiurebi <strong>da</strong> aqtiurebi. arian a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic<br />
monawileoben aqciaSi <strong>da</strong> moiTxoven centraluri saarCveno komisiis Secvlas. magram<br />
arian a<strong>da</strong>mianebic, romlebsac SeuZliaT, xelewifebaT xeli Seuwyon am komisiis<br />
Secvlas. magram im a<strong>da</strong>mianebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n rom ar iyos Zalian seriozuli wnexi<br />
xelisuflebaze, Cvennairi a<strong>da</strong>mianebis saqmianoba, romlebic ar gavdivarT quCaSi,<br />
Sedegs ar moitan<strong>da</strong>. demokratia Sendeba didi simamaciT <strong>da</strong> didi SromiT. me vfiqrob,<br />
rom qarTvel xalxs erTic aRmoaCndeba <strong>da</strong> meorec <strong>da</strong> isini aaSeneben demokratias. am<br />
modelSi yvelas Cveni funqcia <strong>da</strong> adgili gvaqvs.<br />
<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ eleqtoraluri TvalsazrisiT saqarTveloSi yvelaze<br />
pluralisturi mTa aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. svaneTsa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi oTxma<br />
3 Francis Fukuyama (frensis fukuiama): The End of History and the Last Man.<br />
14
kandi<strong>da</strong>tma ga<strong>da</strong>laxa aTprocentiani zRvari. es ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra saqarTvelos sxva<br />
regionebSi. yazbegis raionSi gaCeCila<strong>Zi</strong>s gamarjvebis mizezi ki, SeiZleba isic iyos,<br />
rom yazbegis raions adre gacilebiT msubuqi savizo reJimi hqon<strong>da</strong> ruseTTan<br />
mimosvlisTvis. es iqauri mosaxleobisTvis ekonomikurad xelsayreli iyo. aseve<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>T gazi, romlis safasursac ar ixdidnen, an ixdidnen Zalian <strong>da</strong>bali tarifiT.<br />
axla arc erTi es sikeTe arsebuli xelisuflebis xelSi aRar aqvT. SesaZloa, esec<br />
yofiliyo maTi pasuxi am xelisuflebisaTvis.<br />
irakli xorbalaZe, respublikuri partiis iuristi _ Tqven ikiTxeT, aris Tu<br />
ara a<strong>da</strong>miani, romelic qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebs saxli<strong>da</strong>n adevnebs Tvals,<br />
Rirseuli? Cemi azriT, aseTi a<strong>da</strong>miani SeiZleba iyos Rirseuli.<br />
Sorena Saver<strong>da</strong>Svili _ me mxolod pasiuri <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli ar migulisxmia.<br />
vigulisxme isic, vinc gansxvavebulad fiqrobs.<br />
irakli xorbalaZe _ Cemi azriT, Cveni kulturis done gansazRvravs im<br />
viTarebas, romelSic vimyofebiT. magram aris sxva <strong>kultura</strong>c, <strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>kultura</strong>.<br />
iq aseTi sakiTxebi instituciurad wydeba. Cvenc gvsurs, saqarTveloSic ase<br />
xdebodes, magram rodesac ase ar xdeba, Cndeba saWiroeba, maT ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad sxva<br />
gzebi gamoinaxos. amis gamo gamodis xalxi quCaSi. maTi pirveli moTxovna aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis Secvla, rom problemebi quCis nacvlad instituciebSi wydebodes<br />
<strong>da</strong> xalxs hqondes ndoba institutebis <strong>da</strong> ara pirovnebebis mimarT. dRes CvenTan<br />
yvelaze avtoritetuli pirovneba <strong>da</strong> instituti, patriarqi <strong>da</strong> eklesiaa. magram<br />
warmovidginoT erTi momenti. patriarqs rom mieces qveynis marTvis ufleba, rogori<br />
iqneba sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba mis mimarT aseT SemTxvevaSi? ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />
Seicvleba.<br />
sakiTxebis instituciebSi ga<strong>da</strong>Wris ufleba Cven Tavad un<strong>da</strong> movipovoT.<br />
ubrZolvelad es arc erT demokratiul <strong>kultura</strong>Si ar <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebula.<br />
emzar jgerenaia _ yvela problema institutis SigniT un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wydes.<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> problema <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis SigniT un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>iWras. magram aris ki,<br />
Camoyalibebuli aseTi sistema? problemac es aris <strong>da</strong> amitom movlenebi, romlebsac<br />
sistema ver akontrolebs, gareT viTardeba.<br />
irakli xorbalaZe _ Cemi azriT, dRevandeli procesebi Cveni <strong>da</strong>bali<br />
kulturis maniSnebelia.<br />
<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ me velodi aseT Sefasebebs _ `maRali~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>bali~. imis Tqma,<br />
rom qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> an maRalia, an <strong>da</strong>bali, Tu am naTqvams konkretuli SinaarsiT<br />
ar Seavseb, arafris mTqmelia. iam xalxis Rirsebis niSnad mis mitingebze gamosvla,<br />
iq dgoma <strong>da</strong> Semdeg mSvidobianad <strong>da</strong>Sla miiCnia. SeiZleba, aman sxva problemaze<br />
gagviyvanos. es aris mediaciis meqanizmebis sisuste, radgan, rodesac Sen quCaSi<br />
gixdeba gamosvla saimisod, rom xelisuflebas Seni Setyobineba gaugzavno, imaze<br />
metyvelebs, rom media ar varga, arc xelisuflebisadmi loialuri <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
opoziciisadmi loialuri. ar varga imitom, rom is orientirebulia politikur<br />
klasze; klasi<strong>da</strong>n ganisazRvreba, misadmi loialuria <strong>da</strong> ara sxva kriteriumebisadmi.<br />
Tqven SeiZleba TqvaT, rom varga <strong>da</strong> amaze misi popularoba metyvelebs. modiT,<br />
aviRoT ga<strong>da</strong>cema `praim-Taimi~. Tu SegiZliaT, gaixsenoT Tun<strong>da</strong>c erTi SemTxveva,<br />
rodesac SouSi warmodgenili mxareebis mier ga<strong>da</strong>cemis msvlelobisas garkveula<br />
15
aime idea? me miWirs aseTi SemTxvevis gaxseneba. aris ki am ga<strong>da</strong>cemi mizani es? es<br />
aris swored saqme. mediis yvelaze produqtiuli procesi ar emsaxureba im <strong>Zi</strong>riTad<br />
funqcias, romelic aqvs mas; ar emsaxureba mediacias, xaxunis Zalis Semcirebas<br />
interesebs Soris. Sesabamisad, rogorc xalxi gamodis quCaSi realur SouSi, aseve,<br />
nacvlad imisa, rom am realuri Sous wuxili ga<strong>da</strong>vides mediaSi, iq sxvanairad<br />
artikulirdes <strong>da</strong> Serbildes, <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebamac Seisminos iq gamoTqmuli azrebi,<br />
amis nacvlad isev Sou imarTeba, oRond televiziaSi.<br />
aris media, romelic cdilobs amis gakeTebas, magram radio ar aris<br />
popularuli. mas cota msmeneli hyavs, iq Sous ver moawyob, un<strong>da</strong> isaubro. amas<br />
vinmes saqebrad an <strong>da</strong>saZraxad ar vambob politikur klasSi, magram merwmuneT,<br />
rodesac Jurnalistebs sayveduroben, rom isini ar iwveven politikosebs, un<strong>da</strong><br />
gaiTvaliswinon is, rom rom es ori banaki amJamad erTdroulad mxolod inga<br />
grigoliasTan midis. me sazogadoebriv radioSi vmuSaob <strong>da</strong> seriozuli problema<br />
maqvs erTmaneTTan ori mxaris <strong>da</strong>smis. maT ar surT ga<strong>da</strong>cemaSi erTad monawileoba <strong>da</strong><br />
saubari, ris gamoc cal-calke momyavs. amitom, mosTxovo pasuxi Jurnalists,<br />
prodiusers an mauwyebels imis gamo, rom is xSirad calmxrivia, ar aris<br />
informirebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba. Tu vinme am procesebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>sust<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
moralurad <strong>da</strong>zaral<strong>da</strong>, Cemi azriT, erT-erTi, mediaa, imitom, rom man ver Seasrula<br />
is funqcia, rac mas bunebrivad akisria. man Seasrula sul sxva funqcia, erTma<br />
mediam gansakuTrebiT, <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>yva kidec am funqciis Sesrulebas <strong>da</strong> aRarc iarsebebs.<br />
`imeds~ vgulisxmob.<br />
ia baxtaZe, mxatvari/ Tarjimani _ me arCevnebze <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli viyavi <strong>da</strong><br />
aqtiurad viyavi masSi CarTuli. mqon<strong>da</strong> saSualeba <strong>da</strong>vkvirvebodi amomrCevlebs,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>satan yuTTan erTad ojaxebSic momiwia Sesvla. amitom <strong>politikuri</strong> procesebis<br />
Sesaxeb bevri a<strong>da</strong>mianis azris mosmenis saSualeba momeca. xalxi absoluturad<br />
gauTviTcnobierebuli iyo imaSi, Tu visTvis mieca xma. xalxi politikurad<br />
gaunaTlebelia <strong>da</strong> Tavs ar aRiqvams politikosebis gverdiT, procesebis monawiled.<br />
is ar cdilobs am procesebSi ufro aqtiurad CarTvas. sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis<br />
sakiTxi didi kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas. sakiTxavia, ramdenad varT Cven sazogadoeba,<br />
ramdenad SegviZlia vmarToT qveyana <strong>da</strong> avaSenoT normaluri saxelmwifo.<br />
<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ albaT, klasikuri literaturi<strong>da</strong>n gamoyolili Cvevaa, miyvars<br />
rodesac wre ikvreba xolme. sruldeba imiT, riTic <strong>da</strong>viwyeT. modiT, amiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>vasruloT dRevandeli diskusia.<br />
16
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