axali da uaxlesi istoria
axali da uaxlesi istoria
axali da uaxlesi istoria
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<strong>axali</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>uaxlesi</strong> <strong>istoria</strong><br />
mzia tyavaSvili<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa <strong>da</strong> eTnologiis instituti<br />
ruseTis imperiis migraciuli politika<br />
Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi XIX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi<br />
ruseTis politikuri wreebi kavkasiis sakiTxiT XVI saukunis meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>interesdnen<br />
1 , Tumca saimperatoro karma kavkasiis mimarT aqtiuri <strong>da</strong>mpyrobluri politikis<br />
gatareba XVIII saukunis meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo. 1777 wels imperator ekaterine<br />
II-is brZanebiT, azovi<strong>da</strong>n kaspiis zRvamde ga<strong>da</strong>iWima e. w. `kavkazskaia linia~, romelic<br />
aTasobiT cixe-simagresa <strong>da</strong> reduts moicav<strong>da</strong>. xazi mudmivad ga<strong>da</strong>adgildebo<strong>da</strong> kavkasiisken.<br />
misi siZlieris saidumloeba kazakobasa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis xelisuflebis mier SemuSavebul<br />
kazakTa migrirebis organizebul sistemaSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />
kazakoba iyo wodeba, romelic Tavisi samxedro-sameurneo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebiT zustad miesa<strong>da</strong>gebo<strong>da</strong><br />
ruseTis kolonialur miswrafebebs. mis movaleobas Seadgen<strong>da</strong> ara marto <strong>da</strong>epyro<br />
<strong>axali</strong> miwebi, aramed ojaxianad <strong>da</strong>saxlebuliyo kidec masze <strong>da</strong> Seeqmna baza ruseTis<br />
Semdgomi samxedro eqspansiisTvis 3 . es politika ruseTis batonobis ganmtkicebas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> misi saboloo miznis _ <strong>da</strong>pyrobili qveynis rusifikacias uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels.<br />
migracia saomar moqmedebebTan erTad warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> im ZiriTad saSualebas, romelmac<br />
ruseTis <strong>da</strong>mpyrobluri politikis warmatebas Seuwyo xeli.<br />
ruseTis xelisuflebis migraciulma politikam <strong>axali</strong> Seferiloba miiRo kavkasiasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi.<br />
1817 wlis 18 marts aleqsandre I-ma miiRo <strong>da</strong>dgenileba kavkasiaSi kazakebisTvis ga<strong>da</strong>sacemi<br />
miwis nakveTebis farTis gazrdis Sesaxeb. aman kavkasiis mTiswineTSi kazakTa<br />
migracia gaaZliera 4 .<br />
kazakTa raodenobis gazr<strong>da</strong>m kavkasiis mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>l al. ermolovs (1816-1826 ww.)<br />
saSualeba misca kavkasiis xazi mdinare Tergi<strong>da</strong>n kavkasiis mTiswineTSi ga<strong>da</strong>etana.<br />
rusebma md. sunji<strong>da</strong>n sulakamde (yoisu) <strong>axali</strong> rusuli postebisa <strong>da</strong> simagreebis xazi<br />
aaSenes 5 , <strong>da</strong>Restnis erT-erTi yvelaze `mousvenari~ aulis _ andreevskis (enderis)<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir ki safuZveli Cauyares cixe-simagre vnezapnaias 6 .<br />
am RonisZiebebis Semdeg CeCneTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Restnis kuTvnili nayofieri miwebi ruseTis<br />
xelSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, ramac mTielebis samarTliani ukmayofileba <strong>da</strong> ruseTis xelisuflebisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>umorCilebloba gamoiwvia. maT rusul postebze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebi gaaxSires.<br />
mTielTa urCobas ermolovma samxedro eqspediciebiT upasuxa.<br />
samxedro eqspediciebisa <strong>da</strong> kazakebis gegmazomier CasaxlebasTan erTad kavkasiis<br />
<strong>da</strong>pyrobis mTel manZilze rusuli xelisufleba sistematurad axorcieleb<strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi<br />
mosaxleobis mSobliuri adgilebi<strong>da</strong>n iZulebiT ayras <strong>da</strong> maT <strong>da</strong>blobze Casaxlebas.<br />
kavkasiis omis bolo wlebSi masiuri xasiaTi miiRo muhajirobam, anu mTielTa masStaburma<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebam osmaleTis imperiaSi, romelic provocirebuli iyo ruseTis xelisuflebis<br />
mier 7 .<br />
Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi mTielTa <strong>da</strong>blobze iZulebiTi Casaxleba gansakuTrebiT<br />
gaZlier<strong>da</strong> XIX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi. 1852 wels didi CeCneTi<strong>da</strong>n ayares rusebis<br />
1 Белокуров А. С., Сношения России с Кавказом (Москва, 1987).<br />
2 m. tyavaSvili, kazakTa yofa-cxovreba Crdilo kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong> maTi ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebis sistema, <strong>axali</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>uaxlesi</strong><br />
istoriis sakiTxebi, II (Tbilisi, 2007), gv. 61-62.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 61-62.<br />
4 История народов Северного Кавказа (конец XIX века _ 1917 г.) (Москва, 1988), стр. 33.<br />
5 iqve, gv. 35-36.<br />
6 iqve, gv. 36.<br />
7 m. tyavaSvili, Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleT kavkasielTa migracia TurqeTSi XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong> grigol<br />
orbeliani, istoriisa <strong>da</strong> eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, VIII, eZRvneba gelaTis monastris <strong>da</strong>arsebis<br />
900 wlisTavs (Tbilisi, 2008), gv. 191-203.<br />
321
mimarT mtrulad ganwyobili aulebis mcxovreblebi <strong>da</strong> groznos Semogarensa <strong>da</strong> yumiye-<br />
Tis <strong>da</strong>blobSi Caasaxles. maTi ga<strong>da</strong>yvana kaCkalikis mTis ga<strong>da</strong>vliT ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>. kavkasiis<br />
mefisnacvali mixeil voroncovi did Tavad konstantine nikolozis Zes wer<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom ase warmoiqmna `didi mSvidobiani auli~ Zvelad arsebul aul isti-sus nacvlad.<br />
rusebma ayares auli xan-kalec. es auli mdebareob<strong>da</strong> groznosa <strong>da</strong> vozdviJenskoes cixe-simagreebis<br />
SuaSi, mTian <strong>da</strong> tyian adgilze, mdinare arRunis marcxena napirze. marTalia,<br />
am aulis mosaxleoba ruseTis xelisuflebas TviTon arafers uSaveb<strong>da</strong>, magram isini<br />
TavSesafars aZlevdnen ruseTis xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdegeebs.<br />
kavkasiis mefisnacvali m. voroncovi am operaciis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb wer<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
1852 wlis zafxulSi man <strong>da</strong>avala aleqsandre bariatinskis, gamoecxadebina am aulis mcxovreblebisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>blobSi ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebis Sesaxeb. procesis <strong>da</strong>wyeba mosavlis aRebis Semdeg<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong>gegmili. brZanebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi auls Zirfesviani ganadgureba<br />
elo<strong>da</strong>. mosaxleobam ar Seasrula miTiTeba, rac <strong>da</strong>msjeli samxedro eqspediciis mizezi<br />
gax<strong>da</strong>. auli miuvalad miiCneo<strong>da</strong>. bariatinskim ga<strong>da</strong>laxa yvela siZnele, ieriSi miitana xankaleze<br />
<strong>da</strong> gamTeniisas aiRo igi. imave dRes cocxlad <strong>da</strong>rCenili yvela mcxovrebi (<strong>da</strong>axlovebiT<br />
350 a<strong>da</strong>miani) TavianTi ojaxebiT groznos garSemo mdebare `mSvidobian~ aulebSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>asaxles. mTeli maTi qoneba ganadgurebul iqna brZolis dros 1 .<br />
yirimis omis (1853_1856) Semdeg ruseTis xelisuflebam Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad Crdilo-aRmosavleT<br />
kavkasiis <strong>da</strong>pyroba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita. amitom kavkasiis am regionSi mox<strong>da</strong> rusebis samxedro<br />
Zalebis ZiriTadi nawilis koncentracia. ieriSebi CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> samxreTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
_ lekeTis sakordono xazi<strong>da</strong>n xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani samxedro operacia 1857 wlis noember-dekemberSi CeCnebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>samorCileblad moewyo. rusebma auxelebs Seuties. aul xulxulauze ganxorcielebuli<br />
ieriSis Semdeg es <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli punqti mTlianad iqna <strong>da</strong>ngreuli. ganadgur<strong>da</strong> Tivisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> puris maragic. mosaxleobas ori gamosavali <strong>da</strong>rCa _ an rusebs <strong>da</strong>morCilebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
an mTebSi gaqceuliyo. maT pirveli arCies. isini <strong>da</strong>blobSi Caasaxles.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebas ase aRweren rusi moxeleebi: `aul cacinTan idgnen <strong>da</strong>morCilebuli CeCnebi<br />
_ 400 komlze meti. maTi saqoneli <strong>da</strong> urmebi ver eteo<strong>da</strong> verenicis <strong>da</strong>blobze. maT mTeli<br />
Ramis ganmavlobaSi ematebo<strong>da</strong> xalxi. <strong>da</strong>morCilebulebi ga<strong>da</strong>diodnen rusul cixe-simagreebSi.<br />
kolonebs gamudmebiT esxmodnen Tavs miuridebi. rusebi agrZelebdnen <strong>da</strong>umorCilebeli<br />
aulebis ga<strong>da</strong>wvas. am operaciis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>blobze ga<strong>da</strong>saxl<strong>da</strong> 2000 komli CeCeni (7-14 dekembers<br />
1857w.) 2 , rac Seadgen<strong>da</strong> didi CeCneTis <strong>da</strong>blobis mTel aramSvidobian mosaxleobas 3 .<br />
kavkasiis marcxena flangis mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>li gen. evdokimovi wer<strong>da</strong>: `didi CeCneTis <strong>da</strong>blobi<br />
mTlianad <strong>da</strong>gvmorCil<strong>da</strong>. arc erTi saxli aq aRar <strong>da</strong>rCa. mxolod ramdenime urCma moaxerxa<br />
mTebis ga<strong>da</strong>vla. ase <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> 18 wlis omi CeCneTis <strong>da</strong>blobis <strong>da</strong>samorCileblad~ 4 .<br />
<strong>da</strong>msjeli samxedro eqspediciebi 1858 welsac gagrZel<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am periodSi gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurdnen mTielebis <strong>da</strong>blobze Casaxlebis momxreebi.<br />
1858 wels kavkasiis mefisnacvalma al. bariatinskim ministrTa komitets warudgina<br />
proeqti Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasielTa donis marjvena napirze did aulebad <strong>da</strong>saxlebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kavkasiaSi rusuli mosaxleobis raodenobis gazrdis Sesaxeb 5 .<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebis Sesaxeb gamoucxades nazranelebs, galaSevelebsa <strong>da</strong> yarabulayebs.<br />
mosaxleobaSi mRelvareba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. ajanyebulTa deputatebma ruseTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs<br />
im adgilebis Cveneba mosTxoves, romelic maTi <strong>da</strong>saxlebisTvis iyo gamoyofili.<br />
rusebi mosaxleobis raodenobiT <strong>da</strong>interesdnen. aman nazranelebi gaaRiziana.<br />
maT SamilTan molaparakebebi <strong>da</strong> imamis erTgulebaze <strong>da</strong>ficeba <strong>da</strong>iwyes 6 . nazranelTa winaaRmdeg<br />
rusuli jari gaigzavna. bariatinski wer<strong>da</strong>, rom mRelvareba sastikad CaaxSes,<br />
ajanyebis moTaveebi ki samxedro sasamarTlos ga<strong>da</strong>sces.<br />
am ajanyebis Semdeg ruseTis imperatorma mTielTa <strong>da</strong>blobze Casaxlebis proeqti<br />
aRar <strong>da</strong>amtkica. man ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom `Tuki mxolod gancxadebam did aulebad <strong>da</strong>saxlebaze<br />
mSvidobian nazranelebSi aseTi ajanyeba gamoiwvia, ra moxdeba maSin, rodesac mTie-<br />
1 Акты собранные Кавказской археографической коммиссией, Х (Тифлис, 1885), стр. 61-62.<br />
2 Акты собранные Кавказской археографической коммиссией, ХII, ч. 2 (Тифлис, 1904), стр. 1063-1064.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 1063.<br />
4 iqve, gv. 1065.<br />
5 iqve, gv. 1091.<br />
6 iqve, gv. 1081-1085.<br />
322
lebs, morCilebis gamocxadebis momentSi, mSobliuri adgilebis <strong>da</strong>tovebas <strong>da</strong> donze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebas vaiZulebT. es gaxdeba Seupovari omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis sababi. amas ki mTielebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>morCilebis nacvlad maTi amowyveta mohyveba~ 1 .<br />
am sakiTxisadmi imperatoris uaryofiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad mTielTa <strong>da</strong>blobze<br />
Casaxleba ar Sewyvetila.<br />
nazranelebis, yarabulayebisa <strong>da</strong> galaSevelebis ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg rusebma ma-<br />
Ti aulebi win<strong>da</strong>win <strong>da</strong>wves, rom mosaxleobas Tavis Sefareba versad moexerxebina. amis Semdeg<br />
maTi <strong>da</strong>blobze Casaxleba <strong>da</strong> did aulebad <strong>da</strong>saxleba Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT advilad moxerx<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />
mTielebis mTi<strong>da</strong>n barSi Casaxleba mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> Tveebis ganmavlobaSi. maTi mdgomareoba<br />
iyo umZimesi. maT karga xnis Semdegac ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T binebi <strong>da</strong> TavSesafari 3 .<br />
Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasielTa <strong>da</strong>blobze Casaxlebis paralelurad mimdinareob<strong>da</strong><br />
samxedro eqspediciebi jer kidev Tavisufali mTis Temebis morCilebaSi mosayvanad.<br />
1857 wli<strong>da</strong>n ruseTma maRalmTiani <strong>da</strong>Restnis <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad <strong>da</strong>iwyo sistematuri ieriSebi.<br />
1857 wlis ivlisSi lekeTis sakordono xazi<strong>da</strong>n rusTa razmma vrevskis xelm-<br />
ZRvanelobiT didoSi ilaSqra. vrevski samxedro ministr suxozenats wer<strong>da</strong>: `mowinaaRmdege<br />
mkacra<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>sjili: xalxmravali soflebi mtkice qvis nagebobebiT <strong>da</strong> xorblis<br />
naTesebiT mTlianad ganadgurebulia~ 4 . razmma agvistoSi miwasTan gaaswora am mxaris<br />
<strong>da</strong>narCeni soflebi: enuxa, elmuki, gunixi, zexidi, guntoxi <strong>da</strong> a. S., romlebSic cxovrob<strong>da</strong><br />
400-500 komli 5 . moxsenebiT baraTSi vkiTxulobT: `mTlianad movspeT 21 auli, sauke-<br />
Tesod nagebi <strong>da</strong> kargad movlili yanebiT~ 6 .<br />
1857 wels <strong>da</strong>Restnelebma SimSiliT sikvdilisTvis Tavi gawires, rusebs ar <strong>da</strong>mor-<br />
Cilnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>blobze ar Casaxldnen.<br />
mogvianebiT ruseTis morCileba gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> xuSeTis Temma 7 . didos mezoblad mdebare<br />
bebulois Temma ki morCilebasTan erTad <strong>da</strong>blobze ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebis survilic gamoTqva 8 .<br />
1858 wels samxedro eqspediciebi gagrZel<strong>da</strong>. rusebma anwuxs Seuties. igi iTvlebo<strong>da</strong><br />
unkratlisa <strong>da</strong> mTeli samxreT <strong>da</strong>Restnis gulad. ieriSiT iqna aRebuli sami koSki,<br />
romelTagan ori qvis iyo. kargad gamagrebuli 34 mdi<strong>da</strong>ri sofeli koSkebiT Zirfesvianad<br />
iqna ganadgurebuli. mTlianad moispo yanebic 9 . aRebul iqna tlaratac, mTavari auli,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c naibi cxovrob<strong>da</strong> 10 .<br />
1858 wlis agvistoSi antratlis Temma ruseTs morCileba gamoucxa<strong>da</strong> 11 . ruseTis xelisuflebam<br />
<strong>da</strong>morCilebuli mosaxleobis lekeTis sakordono xazze ga<strong>da</strong>saxleba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita.<br />
rusebma <strong>da</strong>RestnelTa ojaxebis, qonebisa <strong>da</strong> saqonlis kaxeTSi Seuferxebeli gadmoyvanisTvis<br />
gagzavnes jariskacTa ramdenime kolona. aulebi<strong>da</strong>n mosaxleobis gamoyvana<br />
7 dRis ganmavlobaSi, 12-<strong>da</strong>n 19 agvistomde, mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. maT ubrZanes, rom <strong>da</strong>blobze<br />
saboloo ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebamde SeCerebuliyvnen vanTlaSeTTan, sacxenisis cixe-simagris<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir, sa<strong>da</strong>c maT <strong>da</strong>sacavad <strong>da</strong> kaxeTSi usafrTxod ga<strong>da</strong>sayvanad mivido<strong>da</strong> rusi jariskacebisgan<br />
Semdgari specialuri razmi 12 .<br />
20 agvistos rusTa jari gaeSura ilanxevis aul keturisken, romlis mosaxleoba<br />
SemCneuli iyo lekeTis xazze ganxorcielebul Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebSi. aulis mcxovreblebma Seupovari<br />
winaaRmdegoba gauwies rusebs, romlebsac TiTqmis yvela saxlisa <strong>da</strong> koSkis<br />
aReba ieriSiT uxdebo<strong>da</strong>T. vrevski wer<strong>da</strong>: `mTielebi xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen ra sikvdilis garduvalobas,<br />
Tavs icavdnen gaafTrebiT, magram ar nebdebodnen... RamiT yvela saxli aRebul<br />
iqna. soflis <strong>da</strong>mcvelebi<strong>da</strong>n yvela <strong>da</strong>iRupa~. keturis aRebis Semdeg rusebma mTlianad<br />
gaanadgures kidev sami auli 13 .<br />
1 Акты..., XII, ч. 2, стр. 1106.<br />
2 iqve, gv. 1116-1120.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 1123, 1132.<br />
4 iqve, 1047-1048.<br />
5 iqve, 1050.<br />
6 iqve, 1053.<br />
7 iqve, 1072.<br />
8 iqve.<br />
9 iqve, 1093-1094.<br />
10 iqve, 1096.<br />
11 iqve, 1102.<br />
12 iqve.<br />
13 iqve, gv. 1105.<br />
323
1858 wlis agvistoSi rusebma Seuties didos aulebs <strong>da</strong> mTlianad gaanadgures isini.<br />
soflis yvela <strong>da</strong>mcveli aqac <strong>da</strong>iRupa 1 .<br />
brZolebs Seewira rusTa razmis sar<strong>da</strong>li vrevski 2 .<br />
1858 wlis 24-25 agvistos rusi moxeleebi kavkasiis mefisnacval bariatinskis werdnen:<br />
`<strong>da</strong>vwviT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vangrieT wina wels <strong>da</strong>ngreuli <strong>da</strong> kvlav aRdgenili aulebi: gunixi,<br />
didi <strong>da</strong> patara kederi, didi <strong>da</strong> patara kutotli, elmuka, Sopixo, xvalaxo, uici, xibia<br />
koSkebiTa <strong>da</strong> yanebiT~ 3 .<br />
27 agvistos rusebma aiRes `koSkebiani auli cibaro~. maT cecxli waukides <strong>da</strong> saaTnaxevris<br />
ganmavlobaSi angrevdnen samsarTulian koSks, sa<strong>da</strong>c miuridebi imyofebodnen 4 .<br />
`didos Temi, mTeli ankratlis sazogadoebis beReli, ga<strong>da</strong>iqca qvebis grovad <strong>da</strong><br />
ferflad. mTeli xorbali <strong>da</strong> naTesebi ganadgur<strong>da</strong>~ 5 .<br />
aulebis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas mosaxleobis ga<strong>da</strong>saxleba mohyva. maT sxva gza aRarc hqon<strong>da</strong>T,<br />
radganac sacxovreblisa <strong>da</strong> sarCo-sabadeblis gareSe <strong>da</strong>rCnen <strong>da</strong> zamTarSi SimSiliTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> siciviT sikvdilisTvis iyvnen ganwirulni. ruseTisTvis morCilebis gamocxadebis<br />
Semdeg mTielebi moRalateebad miiCneodnen <strong>da</strong> imam Samilis mier mkacrad isjebodnen.<br />
esec iwvev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>blobSi ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebaze mTielTa Tanxmobas.<br />
aulebi<strong>da</strong>n: asaxo<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> atkoreli<strong>da</strong>n mosaxleobis gamosaxleba 27-<strong>da</strong>n 29 agvistomde<br />
mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. isini <strong>da</strong>cvis TanxlebiT saqonliTa <strong>da</strong> qonebiT gaamgzavres kaxeTisken,<br />
lekeTis sakordono xazze <strong>da</strong>sasaxleblad. vinai<strong>da</strong>n mosalodneli iyo miuridebisgan<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma, rusebma <strong>da</strong>Restnelebi gaSlil mindorze _ xupros-TavTan Sekribes, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
naklebi saSiSroeba elo<strong>da</strong>T 6 .<br />
sifrTxilis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad miuridebis Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma Tavi<strong>da</strong>n ver iqna acilebuli. Samilis<br />
momxreebma rusebis tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n TanamemamuleTa gamoxsna moindomes. mTielebi kolonas<br />
malulad xupris xeobi<strong>da</strong>n mieparnen. Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma sakmaod Zlieri iyo. rusebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
miuridebs Soris sisxlismRvreli brZola gaimarTa. mTielebi gaafTrebiT ibrZodnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> mxolod didi msxverplis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>ixies ukan. brZola 7 saaTze <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
yvela anwuxeli <strong>da</strong> kapuWeli, vinc ki morCileba gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> ojaxiT, qonebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
saqonliT ga<strong>da</strong>yvanil iqna lekeTis sakordono xazze 7 .<br />
<strong>da</strong>RestnelTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n aseTi Seupovari winaaRmdegobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad rusi moxeleebi<br />
werdnen kavkasiis umaRles mTavarsardlobas: `kapuWis, anwuxisa <strong>da</strong> didos <strong>da</strong>rCenili<br />
aulebis mosaxleoba nebayoflobiT Camosaxl<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>blobze Cveni mfarvelobis qveS~ 8 .<br />
1858 w. kaxeTSi gadmosaxlebulTa ricxvi 4000-s Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. maTi nawili sacxenisTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>asaxles 9 .<br />
anwux-kapuWelebs <strong>da</strong>usaxlebeli sivrce gamouyves ultexilTan, asaxoelebs ki _<br />
sofel sabuesTan (1000 suli), naTlismcemlis xeobaSi, Telavisa <strong>da</strong> siRnaRis mazrebs<br />
Soris. sxva kavkasielebSi ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebis wasaqezeblad <strong>da</strong> samagaliTod isini uzrunvelyofilni<br />
iyvnen saxnav-saTibi miwebiT, saZovrebiTa <strong>da</strong> tyeebiT 10 .<br />
1858 w. Semodgomaze <strong>da</strong>RestanSi <strong>da</strong>rCenilma anwuxelebma molaparakeba <strong>da</strong>iwyes ruseTis<br />
kavkasiur xelisuflebasTan ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebis Taobaze. amis Sesaxeb Seityo Samilma.<br />
man anwuxis naibi ibaidula moxsna <strong>da</strong> mis nacvlad <strong>da</strong>niSna xosro-mola. am ukanasknelma<br />
30 aprils Samilisgan miiRo brZaneba anwuxelebis Sua <strong>da</strong>RestanSi ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebis Sesaxeb.<br />
magram Samils rusebma <strong>da</strong>aswres. gamoiyenes kaxeTSi Casaxlebuli <strong>da</strong>Restnelebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT moindomes anwuxelebis aulebi<strong>da</strong>n gamoyvana. xosro-molam <strong>da</strong>xmarebisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>niel-begs mimarTa. manve alya Semoartya aul xoro<strong>da</strong>s. ibaidulam <strong>da</strong> sxva ga-<br />
1 Акты..., XII, ч. 2, стр. 1107.<br />
2 iqve.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 1109.<br />
4 iqve.<br />
5 iqve.<br />
6 iqve.<br />
7 iqve, gv. 1109.<br />
8 iqve, gv. 1107.<br />
9 n. omaraSvili, kaxeTSi mcxovrebi <strong>da</strong>Restnelebi (Camosaxlebis <strong>istoria</strong>, yofa <strong>da</strong> kultura) (Tbilisi,<br />
2008), gv. 97; saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, fondi 16, saqme #1054, gv. 1-2.<br />
10 iqve.<br />
324
<strong>da</strong>saxlebulebma SeZles miuridebis mier alyaSemortymuli aulebi<strong>da</strong>n 300 a<strong>da</strong>mianis kaxeTSi<br />
gadmoyvana. isini wina wels Camosaxlebul TanamemamuleebTan <strong>da</strong>asaxles 1 .<br />
rusebis mier vedenoze mitanili ieriSis Semdeg 1859 wlis 10 Tebervals Samili vedeno<strong>da</strong>n<br />
iCqeriis aul gunibSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. aman mosaxleobaze imdenad <strong>da</strong>mTrgunvelad imoqme<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom `isini did jgufebad gamodiodnen aulebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> iwyebdnen Crd. kavkasiis<br />
<strong>da</strong>blobze, axal aulebSi Casvlas~ 2 . `Casaxlebas uamindoba <strong>da</strong>emTxva, ramac ltolvilTa<br />
mdgomareoba gaarTula. amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebis procesi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> Seuferxeblad~<br />
3 .<br />
Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi omis <strong>da</strong>mamTavrebel etapze (1859 w. agvisto) rusebma<br />
kaxeTSi Camosaxlebul <strong>da</strong>Restnelebs ukan _ samSobloSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis neba <strong>da</strong>rTes. 18<br />
agvistos un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wyebuliyo anwux-kapuWelTa gasaxleba, 1 seqtembers ki _ didoelebis.<br />
kaxeTi <strong>da</strong>toves asaxoelebma <strong>da</strong> kapuWelebma, anwuxelebi ki adgilze <strong>da</strong>rCnen 4 .<br />
1858 wlis noemberSi evdokimovma <strong>da</strong>iwyo nazransa <strong>da</strong> Satois Soris arsebuli tyeebis<br />
gaCexva. ekologiuri diversiebi moewyo galaSevelebis miwebzec.<br />
paralelurad moewyo samxedro eqspediciebi inguSur <strong>da</strong> CeCnur <strong>da</strong>umorCilebel<br />
aulebze. rusebTan sisxlismRvreli brZolebis Semdeg mosaxleobam morCileba gamoacxa<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> mTlianad ga<strong>da</strong>saxl<strong>da</strong> Crd. kavkasiis <strong>da</strong>blobze 5 .<br />
1858 wlis Semodgomaze mRelvarebam kvlav ifeTqa iCqeriaSi. 1858 wlis noembris meore<br />
naxevarSi maT evdokimovma Seutia. mdinare bassas xeobaSi rusebi or kolonad Sevidnen.<br />
maT CaaxSes ajanyeba. dekembris bolos 800 komli iCqerieli rusebis mier Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebiT<br />
iqna Casaxlebuli <strong>da</strong>blobze 6 .<br />
kavkasiis armiis mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>l al. bariatinskis mier ganxorcielebuli sastiki<br />
<strong>da</strong>msjeli eqspediciebis Semdeg 1858 wli<strong>da</strong>n CeCnebma Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan Sewyvites winaaRmdegoba<br />
<strong>da</strong> rusebs morCileba gamoucxades. es didi <strong>da</strong>rtyma iyo Samilis ZlierebisTvis, radganac<br />
CeCneTi mTiani <strong>da</strong>RestnisTvis warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> beRels <strong>da</strong> strategiul gasaRebs.<br />
samxedro eqspediciebTan erTad <strong>da</strong>Restnis <strong>da</strong>samorCileblad rusuli xelisufleba<br />
Samilis naibebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva moxeleebis mosyidvis politikasac warmatebiT iyeneb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
sakmaod kargad iyo organizebuli jaSuSuri saqmianobac. ruseTis xelisufleba yovel-<br />
Tvis flob<strong>da</strong> informacias <strong>da</strong>RestanSi arsebuli viTarebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> droulad iReb<strong>da</strong><br />
Sesaferis zomebs.<br />
rusebma Seuwyveteli brZolebis Semdeg saimamos de<strong>da</strong>qalaq vedenos garSemo Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan<br />
rkali Seaviwroves. 1859 wlis 17 marti<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo misi <strong>da</strong>bombva. igi 1 aprils iqna<br />
aRebuli. bevri naibi ruseTis mxares ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. Samilma andiisken <strong>da</strong>ixia. ruseTis armia<br />
mas fex<strong>da</strong>fex mihyvebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Samili iCqeriis aul RunibSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. am periodSi <strong>da</strong>RestanTan mobilizebuli<br />
iyo rusebis 270 aTasiani armia. Samilma Runibi gaamagra, romelsac 10 agvistos ruseTis<br />
10-aTasianma armiam alya Semoartya. cixe-simagres mxolod 332 miuridi icav<strong>da</strong> 7 .<br />
18 agvistos RunibTan mivi<strong>da</strong> kavkasiis mefisnacvali <strong>da</strong> armiis mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>li Tavadi<br />
bariatinski. 25 agvistos RamiT erTi mxri<strong>da</strong>n, Tavad Tarxanovis, meore mxri<strong>da</strong>n, ki<br />
tergukasovis razmebi saSineli sirTuleebis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvis Semdeg, Tokebisa <strong>da</strong> kibeebis<br />
gamoyenebiT, avidnen Runibis ze<strong>da</strong> moe<strong>da</strong>nze. Samilis sacxovrebeli alyaSemortymuli<br />
iyo me-14 batalioniT. miuridebma mcire xans gaibrZoles <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegoba Sewyvites.<br />
1859 wlis 25 agvistos SuadRis 4 saaTze Samili tyved Cabar<strong>da</strong> Tavad bariatinskis,<br />
romelmac imami miiRo aryis mcire tyeSi, qvaze mjdomma. am qvaze Semdeg amokveTes am<br />
movlenis aRmniSvneli warwera 8 .<br />
Samili ga<strong>da</strong>yvanil iqna jer kalugaSi, Semdeg ki kievSi. ruseTis xelisuflebam,<br />
mas bariatinskisgan RunibSi miRebuli <strong>da</strong>pirebis Tanaxmad, meqaSi, wmin<strong>da</strong> adgilebis mosalocad<br />
wasvlis nebarTva misca.<br />
1 Акты…, ХII, ч. 2, стр. 1140-1143; n. omaraSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 97.<br />
2 iqve, 1131.<br />
3 iqve.<br />
4 iqve, gv. 1170.<br />
5 iqve, gv. 1289.<br />
6 iqve.<br />
7 Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebi, II (Tbilisi, 1987), gv. 78.<br />
8 Ковалевский П., Покоренний Кавказ (С-Петербург, 1914), стр. 448-449.<br />
325
imami Samili gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 1871 wlis martSi q. medinaSi <strong>da</strong> iqve <strong>da</strong>asaflaves janaT-al-baqis<br />
sasaflaoze.<br />
Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasielTa mRelvarebebi omis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis Semdegac, mTeli<br />
XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>, rasac Tan sdev<strong>da</strong> rusebis mier <strong>da</strong>blobze ma-<br />
Ti iZulebiTi Casaxleba <strong>da</strong> ajanyebis aqtiuri monawileebis cimbirSi ga<strong>da</strong>saxleba 1 .<br />
CeCneT-<strong>da</strong>Restnis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis Semdeg ruseTis imperiis winaSe sxva amocana _ <strong>da</strong>pyrobili<br />
teritoriebis SenarCuneba-Semomtkicebis sakiTxi <strong>da</strong>dga, romlis ganxorcielebis-<br />
Tvisac ruseTis saxelmwifos mmarTvel wreebSi SemoerTebuli mxaris ekonomikur aTvisebasTan<br />
erTad adgilobrivi mosaxleobis asimilaciisTvis xelsayreli RonisZiebebis<br />
gatarebaze <strong>da</strong>iwyes fiqri. ruseTis xelisufleba am miznis miRwevas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saSualebiT<br />
Seudga. maT Soris erT-erTi <strong>da</strong>RestanSi ruseTis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gubernii<strong>da</strong>n rusi erovnebis<br />
mosaxleobisa <strong>da</strong> kazakebis <strong>da</strong>saxleba, am gziT adgilobrivTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mosulTa<br />
ricxobrivi upiratesobis miRweva <strong>da</strong> mkvidri mosaxleobis asimilaciisaTvis xelsayreli<br />
pirobebis Seqmna iyo.<br />
maRalmTiani <strong>da</strong>Restnis rusebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebis gegma rusulma administraciam Samilis<br />
tyved Cagdebamde sul cotaTi adre, 1859 wlis agvistos <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, SeimuSava. vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mkacri klimatisa <strong>da</strong> mwiri bunebrivi pirobebis gamo <strong>da</strong>Restnis mTianeTSi kazakebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> ruseTis Si<strong>da</strong> guberniebis mcxovreblebi ar <strong>da</strong>saxldebodnen, ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong> am saqmeSi kavkasiis<br />
omis mimdinareobisas Samilis mxares gaqceuli <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv pirobebTan ukve<br />
Seguebuli ojaxiani rusi dezertirebi gamoeyenebinaT. maTi soflebisTvis SeirCa Saroargunsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> andiis yoisus zemo wels Soris arsebuli teritoria 2 .<br />
<strong>da</strong>Restnis <strong>da</strong>blob, gansakuTrebiT kaspiispireTis, raionebSi rusi mosaxleobis gadmosaxleba<br />
XIX saukunis mTel manZilze mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. am procesis mastimulirebeli<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> XIX saukunis 10-iani wlebis bolo<strong>da</strong>n aq mimdinare rusuli cixe-simagreebis mSenebloba.<br />
maT garSemo nel-nela imperiis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxis mosaxleoba <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />
XIX s-is 60-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n migracia gaaqtiur<strong>da</strong>. igi rusuli xelisuflebis adgilobrivi<br />
mmarTvelobis organoebis xelSewyobiT mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. ruseTis xazini<strong>da</strong>n gamoyofili<br />
soliduri saxsrebiT xdebo<strong>da</strong> `pirveli~ rusuli <strong>da</strong> kazakuri <strong>da</strong>saxlebebis-<br />
Tvis miwebis SeZena 4 .<br />
mraval adgilobriv miwaTmflobels ar sur<strong>da</strong> mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwis nakveTis<br />
gayidva, Tumca rusma moxeleebma sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saSualebiT aiZules isini saukeTeso<br />
miwebi ruseTis xazinisTvis faqtiurad groSebis fasad <strong>da</strong>eTmoT 5 .<br />
axalmosaxleebs mTeli rigi SeRavaTebi eZleo<strong>da</strong>T. isini 10 wliT ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebisganac<br />
Tavisufldebodnen.<br />
ruseTis imperiis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>Restnis <strong>da</strong>blob raionebSi mosaxleobis ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebam<br />
gansakuTrebiT farTo xasiaTi XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze, aq gaCaRebuli sarkinigzo<br />
mSeneblobis periodSi miiRo 6 . am politikiT ruseTma kavkasiaSi xelsayreli pirobebi<br />
Seuqmna adgilobrivi mosaxleobis asimilaciisa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis aTvisebis process.<br />
1 Акты…, ХII, ч. 2, стр. 1217, 1223; e. anTelava, kavkasia <strong>da</strong> ruseTi, I, naw. I (Tbilisi, 2007), gv. 218-219, 252-291.<br />
2 Акты…, ХII, ч. 2, стр. 1167.<br />
3 m. tyavaSvili, qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong>RestanSi (Tbilisi, 2000), gv. 62-63.<br />
4 Акты…, ХII, ч. 2, стр. 1215.<br />
5 iqve.<br />
6 m. tyavaSvili, qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong>Restnis rkinigzis mSeneblobaze (XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebi) (gaz. `cnobis<br />
furclis~ monacemebis mixedviT), klio (saistorio almanaxi), 21 (Tbilisi, 2004), gv. 113-123.<br />
326
<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />
1. e. anTelava, kavkasia <strong>da</strong> ruseTi, I, naw. I (Tbilisi, 2007).<br />
2. n. omaraSvili, kaxeTSi mcxovrebi <strong>da</strong>Restnelebi (Camosaxlebis <strong>istoria</strong>, yofa <strong>da</strong> kultura)<br />
(Tbilisi, 2008).<br />
3. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, fondi 16, saqme # 1054.<br />
4. m. tyavaSvili, qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong>RestanSi (Tbilisi, 2000).<br />
5. m. tyavaSvili, qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong>Restnis rkinigzis mSeneblobaze (XIX saukunis 90-iani<br />
wlebi) (gaz. `cnobis furclis~ monacemebis mixedviT), klio (saistorio almanaxi), 21<br />
(Tbilisi, 2004).<br />
6. m. tyavaSvili, kazakTa yofa-cxovreba Crdilo kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong> maTi ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebis<br />
sistema, <strong>axali</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>uaxlesi</strong> istoriis sakiTxebi, II (Tbilisi, 2007).<br />
7. m. tyavaSvili, Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleT kavkasielTa migracia TurqeTSi XIX saukunis 60-ian<br />
wlebSi <strong>da</strong> grigol orbeliani, istoriisa <strong>da</strong> eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, VIII,<br />
eZRvneba gelaTis monastris <strong>da</strong>arsebis 900 wlisTavs (Tbilisi, 2008).<br />
8. Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebi, II (Tbilisi, 1878).<br />
9. Акты собранные Кавказской археографической комиссией, X (Тифлис, 1885).<br />
10. Акты собранные Кавказской археографической комиссией, XII, ч. 2 (Тифлис, 1904).<br />
11. Белокуров А. С., Сношения России с Кавказом (Москва, 1887).<br />
12. История народов Северного Кавказа (конец ХIX – 1917 г.) (Москва, 1988).<br />
13. Ковалевский П., Покоренный Кавказ (С-Петербург, 1914).<br />
MZIA TKAVASHVILI<br />
Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,<br />
Ivane javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
THE MIGRATION POLICY OF RUSSIA IN THE CAUCASUS IN THE 1950ES<br />
During the Caucasian war together with military expeditions Russia was widely using migration policy.<br />
From one hand it meant to resettle Cossacks and the population living in the provinces of Russia in the Caucasus<br />
and on the other hand to settle highlanders in plane regions. The process of their forcedly settlement became largescaled<br />
at the final stage of the Caucasian war. It was determined by negative processes taking place in the political,<br />
economic and military spheres of the empire.<br />
In 1858 the project of Baratinski-Evdokimove was offered to the committee of ministers. According to this<br />
project the Caucasians living in the North-East Caucasus should have been resettled near the river Don.<br />
Galashevians, Karabulakians and Nazranians organized uprising against the government because of this decision.<br />
The uprising was suppressed and population was resettled in the plain regions.<br />
Together with hostilities the mass resettlement of Daghestanians and Chechens in the plain regions was intensive<br />
in the fallowing period too. The government was resettling migrants in auls (villages) consisting of 250-300 families. In<br />
1857-1859 in the plain region of the Caucasus only 15000 Chechens were resettled. Daghestanians were also resettled in<br />
the plain, mostly in Kakheti, on cordon line of Lakia. Thus, Lakian villages appeared in Kakheti.<br />
After capturing the North-East Caucasus the mass migration of Russians from the provinces of Russia on the<br />
plain of the North-East Caucasus became intensive. The migrants were given special privileges and advantages the<br />
native Caucasian population was lacking.<br />
With the help of this policy Russian empire was promoting the quick assimilation of the captured territory.<br />
327
nato sonRulaSvili<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
qarTuli identobis istoriis kvlevis wyaroTmcodneobiTi<br />
<strong>da</strong> meTodologiuri problemebi XX saukunis pirveli<br />
ocwleulis memuaruli literaturis magaliTze<br />
qarTuli identobis istoriis kvlevas bolo dros <strong>da</strong>eTmo yuradReba qarTul istoriografiaSi.<br />
Aamis mizezi is gaxlavT, rom marqsistuli sociologia, romelsac<br />
efuZnebo<strong>da</strong> istoriografiuli praqtika sabWoTa periodis saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> garkveuli<br />
xnis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa saxelmwifos ngrevis Semdgomac, naklebad iZleva saSualebas<br />
iseTi fenomenis kvlevisaTvis, romlis arsi ganisazRvreba sazogadoebrivi aRqmebiT.<br />
swored amitom im mkvlevarTa winaSe, romlebic qarTuli identobis <strong>istoria</strong>s ikvleven,<br />
dgas sakiTxi Sesatyvisi meTodologiur-wyaroTmcodneobiTi midgomis SemuSavebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> praqtikaSi gamoyenebisa.<br />
<strong>axali</strong> problema bunebrivad moiTxovs wyaroTa bazis axlebur gansazRvras <strong>da</strong><br />
axleburad svams sakiTxs am wyaroTa informaciuli SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiTac.<br />
qarTuli identobis Camoyalibeba aris procesi, romelic iwyeba uZveles periodSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> grZeldeba dRemde. mis Sesaswavlad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis wyaroTa gamoyeneba aris SesaZlebeli.<br />
wyaros tipis arCevans pirvel rigSi sakvlevi periodis qronologiuri CarCo<br />
ganapirobebs. magaliTad, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli identobis Sesaswavlad saintereso<br />
informacias Seicavs, rogorc hagiografiuli Zeglebi, romlebic sazogadoebis farTo<br />
fenebzea gaTvlili <strong>da</strong> kargad asaxavs epoqis suliskveTebas, agreTve istoriografiuli<br />
wyaroebi, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebis pozicias gamoxatavs. modernuli<br />
periodis qarTuli erTobis identobis Sesaswavlad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eni-<br />
Weba beWdur medias, rogorc erovnuli idealebis SenarCunebasa <strong>da</strong> aRorZinebaSi moqmed<br />
mTavar saSualebas.<br />
amjerad Cveni kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens qarTuli identobis analizi XX saukunis<br />
pirvel ocwleulSi memuaruli literaturis mixedviT. samecniero literaturaSi<br />
memuarebi, rogorc saistorio wyaro, ara erTxel yofila gamoyenebuli, Tumca identobis<br />
kvlevis istoriisaTvis mis gamoyenebas dRemde adgili ar hqonia.<br />
cnobil sazogado Tu politikur moRvaweTa memuarebi saintereso faqtebs Seicavs<br />
epoqis Sesaxeb. marTalia, aq nebismieri movlena avtoris Sexedulebisamebr aris Sefasebuli,<br />
magram radganac Cveni naSromis mizani sazogadoebrivi aRqmebia mas pirvelwyaros<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba.<br />
kvlevis procesSi memuaruli literatura, romelic XX saukunis pirvel ocwleuls<br />
exeba <strong>da</strong>vyaviT or nawilad: 1. politikur moRvaweTa memuarebi, mogonebebi. isini<br />
ufro mdi<strong>da</strong>ria rogorc politikuri, aseve social-ekonomikuri, kulturuli mdgomareobis<br />
Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebiT. memuarebis avtorebs warmodgenili aqvT Tavisuflebis<br />
mopovebis <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis sakuTari xedvebi. 2. sazogado<br />
moRvaweTa memuarebi, mogonebebi, romlebic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d aqcents akeTeben kulturuli<br />
RonisZiebebis saWiroebaze <strong>da</strong> aRweren Tavisi epoqis sazogado moRvaweTa cxovrebas.<br />
Cven srulad <strong>da</strong>vamuSaveT is memuaruli literatura, romlebic zemoTaRniSnul periods<br />
Seexeba. bunebrivia, naSromSi TiToeul maTgans ver <strong>da</strong>vimowmebdiT, Tumca Cvens mier<br />
miTiTebuli citatebi mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c isini motanilia iseTi sazogado<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikuri moRvaweebis memuarebi<strong>da</strong>n romlebic arian: noe Jor<strong>da</strong>nia, grigol<br />
lorTqifaniZe, samson fircxalava, <strong>da</strong>viT kldiaSvili, iakob mansvetaSvili. maT didi wvlili<br />
Seitanes saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis procesSi.<br />
memuarul literaturaSi arsebuli monacemebi naTlad gamoxataven XX saukunis<br />
pirveli ocwleulis movlenebs. aRniSnuli epoqa erT-erTi gamorCeuli <strong>da</strong> rTuli monakveTia<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>istoria</strong>Si. erTi mxriv, aq gamoiyofa ori sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />
periodi 1900-1917 <strong>da</strong> 1918-1921 wlebi <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv, swored drois am monakveTSi mimdinare<br />
erovnul-politikuri <strong>da</strong> socialur-ekonomikuri gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebi. rodesac wyaroTa aRniSnul<br />
tips viyenebT qarTuli identobis istoriis kvlevisTvis, un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT<br />
328
is faqti, rom memuarebi ekuTvnis qarTuli kulturuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri elitis warmomadgenlebs,<br />
romelTac gacnobierebuli aqvT epoqis moTxovnileba <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
mniSvnelobis sakiTxTa arsi.<br />
aRniSnul wyaroTa bazis gaTvaliswinebiT Cven gamovyaviT Semdegi ZiriTadi saki-<br />
Txebi: 1. rogor aRiqvams qarTveli sakuTar Tavs gareSeebTan mimarTebaSi <strong>da</strong> 2. rogor<br />
aRiqvams rusi qarTvels. 3. socialur fenaTa gaerTgvarovnebis procesi. rogorc memuaruli<br />
literaturi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, qarTuli sazogadoebis garkveuli nawili ruseTis xelisuflebis<br />
mizanmimarTuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad metismetad <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>mpyrobelze. radgan ruseTis xelisufleba miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> ara marto, saqarTvelos<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis ideis aRmofxvras, aramed erovnuli TviTSegnebis ganadgurebas:<br />
qarTuli kulturuli tradiciebis <strong>da</strong> istoriuli maxsovrobis, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli<br />
eklesiis uflebebis mospobas. XX saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi qarTuli erToba<br />
jer kidev unugeSo mdgomareobaSi iyo. XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi qarTveli inteligenciis<br />
mier <strong>da</strong>wyebuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebuli brZolis <strong>axali</strong> etapi, romelic gulisxmob<strong>da</strong><br />
SeiaraRebuli brZolis nacvlad ideologiur moRvaweobas, <strong>da</strong>srulebuli<br />
saxe ar hqon<strong>da</strong> miRebuli <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi rwmena brZolisTvis ar iyo gamyarebuli.<br />
`is azri, rom qarTveloba arafris SemZle iyo <strong>da</strong> gonebiT susti, TiTqmis saerTo azri<br />
iyo im xanebSi. es yovelmxri<strong>da</strong>n gvesmo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> TviT Cveneburobac eTvisebo<strong>da</strong> am azrs <strong>da</strong><br />
erwmunebo<strong>da</strong>. yovel fexis ga<strong>da</strong>dgmaze ismo<strong>da</strong> xolme: Cven ar SegviZlia, Cven ra viciT,<br />
Cven ras movaxerxebT, ras gavakeTebT~ 1 . am ideologiis meore mxare iyo qarTvelebis garusebis<br />
mcdeloba. ris ganxorcielebasac aqtiurad cdilobdnen saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis meSveobiT. samson fircxalava igonebs Tavis memuarebSi:<br />
`...gvikrZalavdnen Cveni TavisTvis qarTvelebi gvewodebina. ai, amis erTi magaliTi:<br />
meeqvse klasSi erTi mowafe rusuli enis maswavlebels puSkinis `poltavas~ Sinaarss<br />
uyvebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c ambavia rusebis <strong>da</strong> Svecielebis omis, imis magier, rom eTqva rogorc<br />
avtors aqvs, `Cven~ (e. i. rusis jari), mowafem Tqva `rusebi~, maswavlebelma<br />
maSinve SeaCera <strong>da</strong> hkiTxa: ratom `rusebs~ ambob <strong>da</strong> ara `Cven~? mowafem miugo: me xom<br />
rusi ara var <strong>da</strong> rogor un<strong>da</strong> vTqva `Cven~. `rogor Tu rusi ara xar!~ _ Seuyvira<br />
maswavlebelma, pe<strong>da</strong>godiur sabWoSi <strong>da</strong>abezRa <strong>da</strong> mowafe ramdenime saaTiT karcerSi<br />
Casves~ 2 . qarTuli sazogadoebis SezRuduli uflebebis <strong>da</strong>samtkiceblad uamravi<br />
argumentis moyvana SeiZleba, romlebic naTlad aRweren qarTvelebis mdgmareobas. erTerTi<br />
maTgani: `qarTveloba ise grZnob<strong>da</strong> Tavs, TiTqos ucxoeTSi iyo <strong>da</strong> ara Tavis<br />
qveyanis gulSi. gaZarculi, ufleba-ayrili, <strong>da</strong>beCavebuli, devnili, sakuTar bazas _<br />
ekonomiur, samrewvelo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaT moklebuli, abuCad agdebuli mTavrobisagan <strong>da</strong><br />
mezoblebisagan _ qarTveloba meore <strong>da</strong> mesame rigSi iyo Cayenebuli~ 3 .<br />
qarTuli kulturuli <strong>da</strong> politikuri elitis mizani <strong>da</strong> mTavari problema XX saukunis<br />
pirvel ocwleulSi iyo socialur fenaTa <strong>da</strong>axloeba-gaerTgvarovneba erovnul<br />
ideologiaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. gansakuTrebiT glexebis, muSebis erovnuli cnobierebis ama-<br />
Rleba. nebismieri sakiTxi: qarTuli enis, saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo procesis <strong>da</strong> qar-<br />
Tuli Teatris aqtualizeba erovnuli problemis aRorZinebaSi pirvel rigSi, sazogadoebis<br />
farTo fenebze iyo gaTvlili. saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi nacionaluri sakiTxi jer<br />
kidev nakleb aqtualuri iyo sazogadoebaSi. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT noe Jor<strong>da</strong>nia wers:<br />
`xalxSi aseTi azri iyo: Tu sadme rame kargi keTdeba _ sul yvela rusis xelmwifis<br />
meoxebiT. qarTveli xalxisTvis jer kidev gaugebaria nacionalur moTxovnilebaTa wamoyeneba.<br />
nacionalistebi ayeneben zog amaTgans, gvarian zomierad, magram Sors wasvlas<br />
ver be<strong>da</strong>ven. es imitom, rom saqarTvelos Tavisufleba xalxisTvis niSnavs osmaleTsparseTis<br />
tyved gaxdomas, aseTi lozungiT wavagebT mTel brZolas, xalxi zurgs Segvaqcevs<br />
ekonomiur <strong>da</strong> politikur sakiTxebSiac~ 4 . sazogadoebis didi nawilis amgvari<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba rusifikaciis erT-erT gamoxatulebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
jer kidev XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n SemuSavebuli erovnuli programa, romelmac<br />
<strong>axali</strong> ganzogadeba <strong>da</strong> aqtualoba SeiZina XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi mimarTuli<br />
iyo socialurad <strong>da</strong>bali fenis warmomadgenlebze. batonymobis gauqmebis Sem-<br />
1 d. kldiaSvili, Cemi cxovrebis gzaze (baTumi, 1984), gv. 40.<br />
2 s. fircxalava, mogonebaTa furclebi (Tbilisi, 1988), gv. 18.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 39.<br />
4 n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nia, Cemi warsuli (Tbilisi, 1990), gv. 13, 33.<br />
329
deg <strong>axali</strong> etapi <strong>da</strong>iwyo saqarTvelos <strong>istoria</strong>Si. saWiro gax<strong>da</strong> Tavisufali fenis ara<br />
mxolod ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba, aramed maTi CarTva erovnul-sazogadoebriv<br />
sferoSi. Tavisufali glexoba un<strong>da</strong> gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo saqarTvelos Tavisuflebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis erT-erTi mTavari monawile. swored amitom, gasakviri<br />
ar aris, rom aRniSnul pariodSi glexobis, rogorc Tavisufali fenis sakiTxi aqtualuria.<br />
iakob mansvetaSvilTan vkiTxulobT: `... m<strong>da</strong>bio xalxisTvis, muSa-glexobisaTvis<br />
un<strong>da</strong> vizrunoT. Cvens movlas, Cvens zrunvas fasi eqneba mxolod maSin, Tu imaTi eniT<br />
<strong>da</strong>viwyebT laparaks, Tu Cveni sityva imaT yurs miswvdeba, imaT guls moxvdeba. ai gegma<br />
Cvenis muSaobisa. ai, visTvis un<strong>da</strong> vfiqrobdeT, visTvis un<strong>da</strong> vzrunavdeT, visTvis un<strong>da</strong><br />
vwerdeTo~ 1 .<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg sacialuri sakiTxi<br />
Tavis aqtualobas ar kargavs. saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis procesSi qarTuli<br />
sazogadoebis yvela nawilis CarTva aucilebeli movlena iyo <strong>da</strong> maT Soris, yvelaze<br />
mniSnelovani sacialurad <strong>da</strong>bali fenebis warmomadgenlebis: glexebis, muSebis. saWiro<br />
iyo TiToeul maTgans egrZno saxelmwifos mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera <strong>da</strong> Tavi usafrTxod <strong>da</strong> ekonomikurad<br />
uzrunvelyofilad egrZno, radgan antisaxelmwifoebrivi ideebi yvelaze metad<br />
swored maTTan poulob<strong>da</strong> asaxvas. epoqis moTxovnilebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare aRniSnuli periodis<br />
TiTqmis yvela wyaroSi <strong>da</strong> maT Soris, memuarul literaturaSi sicialuri sakiTxi<br />
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria. XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulis saqarTvelos mTavari<br />
problema socialuri fenaTa <strong>da</strong>axloeba-gaerTgvarovnebaa.<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sazogadoebis farTo fenebis, masis CarTva erovnuli<br />
saqmis keTebis procesSi sirTules warmoadgens. am mxriv gamonakliss arc saqar-<br />
Tvelo warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> miT umetes, rom 117 wlis manZilze rusul Rirebulebebs ziarebuli<br />
masis qarTul idealebze ga<strong>da</strong>yvana martiv sakiTxs ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. noe Jor<strong>da</strong>nias<br />
azriT, `mTavari iyo xalxSi ar qono<strong>da</strong> gasavali moskovelTa propagan<strong>da</strong>s, ar momx<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />
azrTa <strong>da</strong> gzaTa arev-<strong>da</strong>reva, yofiliyo farTe masebis mier gagebuli <strong>da</strong> Segnebuli<br />
Cveni <strong>da</strong> maTi wyobis <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis (e. i. rusebis _ n. s.) wesebis gansxvaveba. Cveni<br />
xelmZRvaneli azri iyo, saqarTvelos mcxovrebTa did umravlesobas _ glexobas <strong>da</strong>enaxa,<br />
rom saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobam mas moutana miwa, misca cxovrebis <strong>axali</strong> saSualebani.<br />
ase rom, agraruli reforma gax<strong>da</strong> uaRresaT nacionaluri reforma CvenSi~ 2 .<br />
grigol lorTqifaniZis azriT, `60-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli qarTuli sazogadoebrivi<br />
azris <strong>istoria</strong> aris Zieba kontaktisa xalxis masebTan. yvela momdinareobani met-naklebis<br />
unarianobiT eZiebs fsiqologiur kontaqts <strong>da</strong> organizaciul kavSirs axlaT ganTavisuflebul<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv asparezze gamosul xalxis jgufTan~ 3 .<br />
memuarebis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos is sakiTxebi, romlebic, identobrivi<br />
procesebis mTavari saSualebaa: 1. qarTuli ena; 2. swavla-ganaTlebis sakiTxi; 3. istoriuli<br />
maxsovroba <strong>da</strong> tradiciebi; 4. qarTuli Teatris aRorZineba; 5. ekonimikuri<br />
sakiTxi; 6. Tavisuflebis brZolisken mowodeba. bunebrivia, TiToeuli sakiTxi saqarTvelis<br />
istoriis yvela etapze aqtualuri iyo, Tumca XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi es<br />
procesebi mimarTulia socialur fenaTa <strong>da</strong>axloeba-gaerTgvarovnebisken.<br />
rogorc Catarebuli kvleva cxadyofs, memuaruli literatura qarTuli identobis<br />
istoriis wyaroTa bazis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens.<br />
1 i. mansvetaSvili, mogonebebi (Tbilisi, 1985), gv. 78.<br />
2 n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 101, 107.<br />
3 g. lorTqifaniZe, fiqrebi saqarTveloze (Tbilisi, 1995), gv. 96.<br />
330
<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />
1. d. kldiaSvili, Cemi cxovrebis gzaze (baTumi, 1984).<br />
2. g. lorTqifaniZe, fiqrebi saqarTveloze (Tbilisi, 1995).<br />
3. i. mansvetaSvili, mogonebebi (Tbilisi, 1985).<br />
4. n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nia, Cemi warsuli (Tbilisi, 1990).<br />
5. s. fircxalava, mogonebaTa furclebi (Tbilisi, 1988).<br />
NATO SONGULASHVILI<br />
Tbilisi state University Of Ivane Javaxihvili<br />
THE PROBLEMS OF METHODOLOGICAL AND OF SOURCE THE ANALIZISIS<br />
OF THE HISTORY GEORGIAN IDENTITY THE EXAMPLE OF MEMOIRS<br />
IN FIRST AND SECOND DECADES OF 20 TH CENTURY<br />
The present study is focused on Georgian national community at the stage of its shaping, in<br />
particular, in first and second decades of 20 th century, when process of consoli<strong>da</strong>tion was wery intensive<br />
and the sentimemts of in-group soli<strong>da</strong>rity especially salient. The said period in history of Georgia was<br />
investigated by many scholars and results of the investigations in this field are rather impressiv, however,<br />
the representation of Georgian national identity forging process still iacks relevant depth and insights. It<br />
was customary for Georgian historiography of the previous period to be concerned on objective factors<br />
while subjective factors were missed altogether.<br />
Ethno-symbolic paradigm in interpretation of nation serves as a theoretical basis for the present<br />
investigation and, accordingly, it elaborates on subjective factors like perceptions of past, shared values<br />
and symbols.<br />
In the first and second decades of 20 th century is one important and many-sauded period. There<br />
divaded two difference period: 1900-1917 and 1918-1921.<br />
The memoirs were meny times testify in the Georgian historiography, bat it isn , t utilize the process<br />
of the analizisis of the Georgian identity. The memoirs of the Georgian politikal and cultural elite are very<br />
important bazis the analizisis of the Georgian identity.<br />
331
irina arabiZe<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa <strong>da</strong> eTnologiis instituti<br />
saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis delegaciis<br />
moRvaweoba petrogradSi (1917 wlis ivnisi-agvisto)<br />
(delegaciis moxsenebis mixedviT)<br />
saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi mmarTveloba 1917 w. 12(25) marts, saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />
avtokefaliis aRdgenis Tanadroulad Seiqmna guria-samegrelos episkopos leonidis<br />
TavmjdomareobiT, romelic sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydred<br />
iqna arCeuli. mmarTvelobis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen: episkoposebi: antoni (giorgaZe)<br />
<strong>da</strong> pirosi (oqropiriZe), dekanozebi: korneli kekeliZe, kalistrate cincaZe<br />
(SemdgomSi (1932-1952) saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi), nikita TalaqvaZe, mRvdlebi:<br />
polievqtos <strong>da</strong> vasil karbelaSvilebi, qristefore cicqiSvili (SemdgomSi (1927-1932) saqarTvelos<br />
kaTolikos-patriarqi), diakvani timoTe bakuraZe, me<strong>da</strong>viTne gabriel yubanei-<br />
Svili, vasil barnovi, anton natroSvili, petre kiziria, petre baraTaSvili, sofrom<br />
mgalobliSvili, grigol yifSiZe, ipolite varTagava, sergi gorgaZe, <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>viTaSvili,<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT naxucriSvili, Tedo saxokia, solomon axvlediani, simon maWavariani. Semdeg-<br />
Si <strong>da</strong>ematnen: ioseb yifSiZe, ivane javaxiSvili, zurab avaliSvili, nino gelovani. solomon<br />
axvledianma didi pasuxismgeblobis gamo 23 ivniss uari Tqva wevrobaze 1 .<br />
droebiTma mmarTvelobam kolosaluri muSaoba gawia saqarTvelos eklesiis uflebrivi<br />
mdgomareobis gansazRvrisa <strong>da</strong> I adgilobrivi krebis momzadebis saqmeSi. ipolite<br />
varTagavas TqmiT, droebiTi mmarTvelobis moRvaweobis periodi iyo ”saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />
avtokefalobis principebis ganmtkicebis di<strong>da</strong>d pasuxsagebi xana” 2 .<br />
eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis erT-erT pirvel RonisZiebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> droebiTi<br />
mTavrobis, misi adgilobrivi organos _ amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetisa<br />
(„ozakomi“) <strong>da</strong> yofil egzarqos platonisaTvis saqarTvelos eklesiaSi Seqmnili vi-<br />
Tarebis moxseneba 3 .<br />
a/kavkasiis gansakuTrebul komitetSi warsadgeni deklaraciebi korneli kekeliZis mier<br />
iyo SemuSavebuli. maTSi gadmocemuli iyo saqarTvelos eklesiis <strong>istoria</strong>, aRniSnuli<br />
iyo ruseTis mier saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebis ukanonoba <strong>da</strong> misi uaryofiTi<br />
Sedegebi. deklaraciebSi mocemuli iyo is debulebebi, romelic Semdeg saqarTvelos<br />
eklesiis uflebrivi mdgomareobis gansazRvras un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>debo<strong>da</strong> safuZvlad.<br />
saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi mmarTveloba gamoTqvam<strong>da</strong> survils, emsaxura <strong>axali</strong><br />
saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis ganmtkicebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> _ imeds, rom <strong>axali</strong> xelisufleba<br />
aRmouCen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebas deklaraciaSi gadmocemuli debulebebis safuZvelze cxovrebis<br />
mowyobis saqmeSi 4 . gamoTqmuli imedis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, avtokefalistebi fiqrobdnen, rom eklesiis<br />
uflebaTa aRdgenis process droebiTi mTavroba <strong>da</strong> uw. sinodi <strong>da</strong>brkolebebs<br />
Seuqmnidnen. 20 martis sxdomaze vladimer miqelaZis iniciativiT wamoiWra sakiTxi petrogradSi<br />
warmomadgenlis gagzavnis saWiroebis Sesaxeb. am gziT saqmis viTarebas<br />
ufro <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT gaecnobodnen Cveni Tanamemamuleni: aleqsandre cagareli, zurab avaliSvili,<br />
ivane javaxiSvili <strong>da</strong> Semdeg, SesaZleblobis farglebSi, saqarTvelos eklesias<br />
qmediT <strong>da</strong>xmarebas gauwevdnen.<br />
mosazreba droebiTi mmarTvelobis wevrebis umravlesobas moewona, magram adgilobrivi<br />
xelisuflebisagan pasuxis miRebamde misi ganxorcieleba naadrevad CaTvales.<br />
petrogradSi warmomadgenlis gagzavnis TariRze msjeloba momavlisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>ido 5 .<br />
24 marts a/kavkasiis komiteti wardgenili deklaraciis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas <strong>da</strong>hpir<strong>da</strong><br />
avtokefalistebs. magram 28 marts viTarebis cvlilebis gamo Tanadgomaze uari ganac-<br />
1 sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme #6421, gv. 10-11.<br />
2 iqve, gv. 12.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 3-7, 9-10, 15.<br />
4 iqve, gv. 17-23, 31-32; i. arabiZe, amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetis (`ozakomi~) wvlili saqarTvelos<br />
eklesiis avtokefalur uflebaTa ganxorcielebis saqmeSi (droebiTi mmarTvelobis sxdomis oqmebis<br />
mixedviT), <strong>axali</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>uaxlesi</strong> istoriis sakiTxebi, II (Tbilisi, 2007), gv. 242-245.<br />
5 sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme #6421, gv. 15-16.<br />
332
xa<strong>da</strong>. amis mizezi iyo eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis moqmedebiT petrogradis mTavrobis<br />
ukmayofileba. adgilobrivi komitetis warmomadgenelma kita abaSiZem mmarTvelobis<br />
wevrebs urCia, eklesiaSi arsebuli wyobis sawinaaRmdego nabijebi aRar ga<strong>da</strong>edgaT<br />
<strong>da</strong> rusTa komisiis wevrebTan molaparakebaze <strong>da</strong>Tanxmebuliyvnen. aRniSnulma informaciam<br />
petrogradSi delegatis gagzavnis sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi isev <strong>da</strong>ayena 1 .<br />
29 marts saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTma mmarTvelobam moismina petrogradis saagentos<br />
telegrama, romliTac Seityo, rom 27 marts ruseTis droebiTma mTavrobam saqarTvelos<br />
eklesiis avtokefalia erovnuli niSniT aRiara. saqarTvelos eklesiis SemadgenlobaSi<br />
mxolod qarTveli marTlmadideblebi un<strong>da</strong> gaerTianebuliyvnen. rusebi ma-<br />
Tive survilisamebr ruseTis eklesiis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSi rCebodnen, sxva erovnebis marTlmadideblebs<br />
arCevanis saSualeba miecaT. amasTanave, droebiTma mTavrobam saqarTvelos<br />
eklesias SesTavaza, umokles droSi SeemuSavebina ruseTis saxelmwifoSi saqar-<br />
Tvelos eklesiis uflebrivi mdgomareobis ZiriTadi debulebebi. mTavrobis mier aRniSnuli<br />
debulebebis <strong>da</strong>mtkicebamde saqarTvelos yofili saegzarqosos saeklesio <strong>da</strong>wesebulebani<br />
Zvel mdgomareobaSi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo. saqarTvelos eklesiis uflebaTa saboloo<br />
gansazRvra <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis kompetenciad gamocxad<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />
saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTma mmarTvelobam gaaprotesta droebiTi mTavrobisagan<br />
saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis erovnuli <strong>da</strong> ara teritoriuli niSniT aRiareba.<br />
saprotesto depeSa gaegzavna <strong>axali</strong> mTavrobis Tavmjdomares giorgi lvovs, aslebi<br />
_ sinodis ober-prokuror vladimer lvovs, saTaTbiros Tavmjdomare mixeil roZiankos<br />
<strong>da</strong> a/kavkasiis gansakuTrebul komitets.<br />
droebiTi mmarTvelobis wevrebisaTvis araoficialuri wyaroebiT cnobili gax<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom droebiT mTavrobas saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis mimarT pirvelad uaryofiTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba gamouxatavs. depeSiT gamocxadebuli cnoba petrogradSi mcxovrebi<br />
qarTvelebis, aseve profesorebis: beneSeviCisa <strong>da</strong> niko maris mcdelobaTa Sedegad<br />
yofila miRweuli. aRniSnul sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT Sedgenil instruqciaSi SeutaniaT<br />
avtokefalistebisaTvis arasasurveli ori muxli: 1. kaTolikos-patriarqis rezidenciad<br />
cxaddebo<strong>da</strong> mcxeTa, rusebis mTavarepiskoposis samyofad ki _ Tbilisi; 2. marTlmadideblebSi,<br />
romlebic ruseTis eklesiis gankargulebaSi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCeniliyvnen, droebiTi<br />
mTavroba moiazreb<strong>da</strong> afxazebsac. rac badeb<strong>da</strong> SiSs saqarTvelos eklesiisagan maTi mosalodneli<br />
CamoSorebis Sesaxeb.<br />
aseve petrogradSi myofi qarTvelebisagan cnobili gax<strong>da</strong>, rom ober-prokurori <strong>da</strong>-<br />
JinebiT moiTxov<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa delegaciis Casvlas uw. sinodTan Sesarigeblad <strong>da</strong> avtokefaliis<br />
sakiTxze mosalaparakeblad 3 .<br />
qarTuli mxare sinodSi deputaciis gagzavnas principul mniSvnelobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
avtokefalistebi aRniSnavdnen, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis Tavisufleba ruseTis saero<br />
xelisufalTa ZalmomreobiT gauqm<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi aRdgenisaTvis sinodis winaSe wardgoma<br />
saWiro ar iyo. ober-prokurorma am sakiTxze profesor ivane javaxiSvilisgan pasuxad<br />
miiRo: „araviTari saqme sinodTan qarTvel samRvdeloebas ara aqvs <strong>da</strong> amisTvis igi arc<br />
deputacias gamogzavnis-o“.aseTive pasuxi miiRo kaTolikos-patriarqis mosaydrisagan<br />
rus-qarTvelTa saeklesio interesebis SemTanxmebeli komisiis Tavmjdomarem vladimer<br />
nikolozis Ze beneSeviCmac 4 .<br />
avtokefaliis sakiTxs politikuri xasiaTi mieca, droebiTi mTavroba mis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad<br />
saeklesio kanonebis moTxovnebs ar iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. es azri komisarma beneSeviCmac<br />
<strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura, roca aRniSna, rom avtokefaliis sakiTxs is ganixilav<strong>da</strong> ara rogorc<br />
kanonisti, aramed rogorc mTavrobisagan gamogzavnili moxele 5 .<br />
mmarTvelobis ramdenime sxdomaze msjelobis Sedegad ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong>, qarTul mxares<br />
bolomde eca<strong>da</strong> teritoriuli avtokefaliis principis <strong>da</strong>cva. magram Tu es SeuZlebeli<br />
gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>, „avtokefaliis sakiTxis sul <strong>da</strong>marxvas“ job<strong>da</strong>, ganecxadebinaT, „rom droebiTi<br />
mmarTveloba emorCileba mxolod Zalas <strong>da</strong> uneblieT kisrulobs eqsteritoria-<br />
1 iqve, gv. 31, 36, 43.<br />
2 iqve, gv. 37-38.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 45, 75-78, 87-90.<br />
4 iqve, gv. 75-78, 87-90.<br />
5 iqve, gv. 49-54, 71-74.<br />
333
lurs _ erovnuls avtoekefalias, Tumca pasuxismgebloba istoriisa <strong>da</strong> msoflio eklesiis<br />
winaSe <strong>da</strong>edeba rusis eklesias“ 1 .<br />
14 aprils ukve aSkara iyo, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis<br />
wevrebs teritoriuli avtokefaliis principis <strong>da</strong>sacavad Zala ar Seswev<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> politikur<br />
partiebTan SeTanxmebis Semdeg erovnuli avtokefaliis miRebaze <strong>da</strong>Tanxmdnen.<br />
politikur partiaTa warmomadgenlebi fiqrobdnen, rom momavalSi saqarTvelos<br />
politikuri avtonomiis sakiTxis <strong>da</strong>debiTad ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta eklesias rTuli mdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
TavisTavad gamoiyvan<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />
`ruseTis saxelmwifoSi saqarTvelos eklesiis uflebrivi mdgomareobis ZiriTadi<br />
debulebebi“ dekanozma korneli kekeliZem SeimuSava.QdroebiTma mmarTvelobam konsultacia<br />
mmarTvelobis wevr petre kizirias gar<strong>da</strong> miwveuli iuristebis: ivane zurabiSvilisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> grigol rcxilaZisganac miiRo. „debulebebSi“ garkveviT iyo miTiTebuli, rom<br />
erovnul avtokefaliaze <strong>da</strong>Tanxmeba iyo iZulebiTi nabiji <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos eklesia Semdgom<br />
garTulebebze pasuxismgeblobas ixsni<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />
`ZiriTad debulebebs~ droebiTi mmarTvelobis warmomadgenlebma <strong>da</strong> beneSeviCma xeli<br />
17…aprils moaweres <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n petrogradSi 18 aprils ga<strong>da</strong>ica 4 . maTi <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Cqarebaze iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli saqarTvelos eklesiis cxovrebis normalur kalapotSi<br />
Cayeneba.<br />
beneSeviCis wina<strong>da</strong>debiT, debulebaTa <strong>da</strong>mtkicebamde un<strong>da</strong> Semdgariyo komisiebi: rusTaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTaTvis, romlebic moamzadebdnen masalas eklesia-monastrebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis gamijvnisaTvis, qonebis raodenobis <strong>da</strong>angariSeba-ganawilebisaTvis. Semdeg<br />
es ori komisia beneSeviCis TavmjdomareobiT SeerTdebo<strong>da</strong> 5 . (beneSeviCis moRvaweobis<br />
Sesaxeb ix. i. arabiZe, saqarTvelos saeklesio saqmeTa ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti komisris profesor<br />
beneSeviCis moRvaweoba <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxi (1917 w.), <strong>axali</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>uaxlesi</strong> istoriis sakiTxebi (Tbilisi, 2008), 1(3).<br />
petrogradSi delegaciis gagzavnis sakiTxi droebiTi mmarTvelobis dRis wesrig-<br />
Si gamudmebiT idga, magram misi <strong>da</strong>debiTad ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta ver xerxdebo<strong>da</strong>. 9 maisis sxdomaze<br />
gamoitanes ganCineba, avtokefaliis saqmeze zrunva im dros petrogradSi myof qarTvelTagan<br />
nino gelovanisa <strong>da</strong> zurab avaliSvilisaTvis eTxovaT 6 .<br />
delegaciis gagzavnis aucilebloba kidev erTxel <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong> maSin, roca droebiTi<br />
mmarTvelobis sxdomaze moismines beneSeviCis mier SemuSavebuli `proeqti safuZvlebisa,<br />
romliTac imarTeba marTlmadidebeli eklesia amierkavkasiaSi~ («Проекть оснований,<br />
на которых управляется православная церковь в Закавказьи).<br />
s. gorgaZis miniSnebiT, proeqtis saTauric ki Zalian moxerxebulad iyo SerCeuli<br />
_ masSi qarTuli eklesiis <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba nagulisxmevic ar iyo. dekanoz nikitasa <strong>da</strong><br />
giorgi Jor<strong>da</strong>nias azriT, aRniSnuli proeqtiT beneSeviCi saqarTvelos eklesias avtokefaliis<br />
nacvlad avtonomias sTavazob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
proeqtis mosmenis Semdeg sxdomaze <strong>da</strong>isva sakiTxi, azris gamoTqma politikuri<br />
partiebis warmomadgenlebisTvisac eTxovaT <strong>da</strong> saqmeSi CaeriaT a/kavkasiis gansakuTrebuli<br />
komiteti 7 . am ukanasknelebma proeqtis miReba SesworebebiT SesaZlod cnes. magram<br />
droebiTma mmarTvelobam misi ganxilva mainc uaryo <strong>da</strong> erTaderT praqtikul gamosavlad<br />
`ZiriTad debulebaTa~ <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis <strong>da</strong>Cqareba miiCnia. miT umetes, rom proeqts beneSeviCis<br />
varaudiT mxolod `ZiriTad debulebaTa~ <strong>da</strong>mtkicebamde un<strong>da</strong> emoqme<strong>da</strong>. TviTon<br />
beneSeviCi ki 4 ivnisisaTvis petrogradSi gamgzavrebas apireb<strong>da</strong>: sakuTari moRvaweobis<br />
Sesaxeb angariSis warsadgenad, `ZiriTadi debulebebis~ <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis <strong>da</strong>saCqareblad, <strong>axali</strong><br />
rwmunebebisa <strong>da</strong> instruqciebis misaRebad 8 .<br />
30 maiss ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong> delegaciis gagzavna petrogradSi episkopos antonis (giorgaZe)<br />
<strong>da</strong> dekanoz kalistarate cincaZis SemadgenlobiT. maT un<strong>da</strong> SeerTebo<strong>da</strong> ruseTSi myofi<br />
arqimandriti ambrosi (xelaia, SemdegSi (1921-1927) saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi,<br />
1 iqve, gv. 57-58.<br />
2 iqve, gv. 71-74, 75.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 42-43, 82-87.<br />
4 iqve, gv. 79-8; sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme #6465, gv. 34-35.<br />
5 sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme #6421, gv. 79-81.<br />
6 iqve, gv. 117-120.<br />
7 iqve, gv. 133-140.<br />
8 iqve, gv. 145-151, 153.<br />
334
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier wmi<strong>da</strong>nad Seracxuli). delegacias iqauri<br />
qarTvelebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT `ZiriTad debulebaTa~ <strong>da</strong>mtkicebisaTvis un<strong>da</strong> mieRwia 1 .<br />
ivnisis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi TbilisSi Camovi<strong>da</strong> profesori niko mari. misi informaciiT, `ZiriTad<br />
debulebaTa~ <strong>da</strong>mtkiceba mciredi SesworebiT ober-prokurors <strong>da</strong> mis TanaSemwes<br />
ukve ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili hqon<strong>da</strong>T. winaaRmdegoba SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> gaewiaT sinodis wevrebs. magram,<br />
niko marisave ganmartebiT, isini saqmis Seferxebas ver SeZlebdnen.<br />
marma xazi gausva im garemoebas, rom mTavarepiskoposi platoni petrogradSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong><br />
rogorc saqarTvelos eqzarqosi, maSin, rodesac mTavrobis 27 martis deklaraciiT<br />
saegzarqoso gauqmebuli iyo. delegaciis gagzavna, romelic sinods gamoucxadeb<strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalur uflebaTa ganaxlebas <strong>da</strong> ruseTis eklesiasac<br />
ganTavisuflebas usurveb<strong>da</strong>, profesormac mizanSewonilad miiCnia.<br />
maris gancxadebis Semdeg petrogradSi delegaciis mivlinebis saWiroeba ufro na-<br />
Teli gax<strong>da</strong>. droebiTma mmarTvelobam <strong>da</strong>adgina, gaefarToebina deputatTa Semadgenloba:<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n mixeil maCablis, xolo <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n erTi<br />
sasuliero <strong>da</strong> erTi saero piris <strong>da</strong>matebiT. deputatebis gamgzavreba 9 ivnisisaTvis <strong>da</strong>igegma.<br />
delegaciis Casvlamde profesor beneSeviCsa <strong>da</strong> mTavarepiskopos platons erToblivi<br />
moqmedebiT saqme rom ar gaefuWebinaT, saWirod miiCnies, delegaciis mivlinebis<br />
Sesaxeb ober-prokurorisaTvis depeSiT ecnobebinaT.<br />
saxelmZRvanelo instruqciis <strong>da</strong>samuSaveblad <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> komisia dekanozebis: kornelisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> nikitas, istorikosebis: sergi gorgaZis <strong>da</strong> sargis kakabaZis, aseve <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>viTaSvilis SemadgenlobiT.<br />
komisiis muSaobaSi monawileoba un<strong>da</strong> mieRoT delegaciis wevrebsac 2 .<br />
SemuSavebuli instruqciis mixedviT, saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis<br />
delegaciis valdebulebas Seadgen<strong>da</strong>: ganemarta droebiTi mTavrobis warmomadgenelTaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong> kerZod, ober-prokurorisaTvis saqarTvelos eklesiis mdgomareoba; ezruna `ZiriTadi<br />
debulebaTa~ <strong>da</strong>mtkicebaze; <strong>da</strong>ecva saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis azri saswavleblebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> yofili saegzarqosos sxva <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis Sesaxeb; eTxova: saxelmwifo<br />
xazinis xarjze TbilisSi umaRlesi saRvTismetyvelo saswavleblis <strong>da</strong>arseba, yovelwliuri<br />
Tanxa kaTolikosis, misi binisa <strong>da</strong> Statis Sesanaxad, <strong>axali</strong> eparqiebis gasaxsnelad; ganemarta<br />
eklesiis mamulebisa <strong>da</strong> qonebis sakiTxi <strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ruseTis saxelmwifo xazinis<br />
valdebuleba saqarTvelos eklesiis winaSe; un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eyenebina aTonis iverTa monastris<br />
saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis <strong>da</strong>brunebis sakiTxi (qarTveli berebis mier saloniki<strong>da</strong>n gamogzavnili<br />
werili am sakiTxSi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis TxovniT droebiTma mmarTvelobam 8 ivniss ganixila);<br />
delegacias aseve un<strong>da</strong> moexsenebina saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis<br />
azri profesor beneSeviCis muSaobis unayofobis Sesaxeb. Tu saqarTvelos eklesiis saqmeebisaTvis<br />
mTavrobis warmomadgeneli kidev gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> saWiro, moeTxova ori komisris: rusis<br />
<strong>da</strong> qarTvelis <strong>da</strong>niSvna; delegacias evalebo<strong>da</strong>, sinodisaTvis ecnobebina saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />
avtokefaliis aRdgena <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Tavisufali eklesiis survili ruseTis eklesiasTan<br />
megobruli urTierTobis gagrZelebisa. drois SerCeva Tu rodis wardgebodnen sinodis<br />
winaSe _ `ZiriTad debulebaTa~ <strong>da</strong>mtkicebamde Tu mis Semdeg _ delegacias hqon<strong>da</strong> mindobili;<br />
delegacias saqarTvelos eklesiis saqmeebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT urTierToba un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis warmomadgenlebTan. uw. sinodTan urTierTobis<br />
aRdgena mis kompetenciaSi ar Sedio<strong>da</strong>. sinodTan <strong>da</strong> mis wevrebTan raime sakiTxis Sesaxeb<br />
molaparakeba delegacias SeeZlo mxolod saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiT mmarTvelobas-<br />
Tan SeTanxmebiT. instruqciis mixedviT, sasurveli iyo delegacia moridebo<strong>da</strong> urTierTobis<br />
gamwvavebas yofil egzarqos platonTan, romelic im dros sinods Tavmjdomareob<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> delegaciis samoqmedo instruqciisa, dekanozma korneli kekeliZem <strong>da</strong>amuSava im<br />
sakiTxTa proeqtebi, romlebic SemTanxmebel komisiaSi ar ganxilula, kerZod: saswavleblebis,<br />
saeparqio cxovrebis mowyobis, samRvdelmTavro kaTedraTa <strong>da</strong>arseba-gamravlebis <strong>da</strong><br />
eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis cxovrebis pirobebis Rirseulad mowyobis Sesaxeb 4 .<br />
delegacia Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n 1917 wlis 9 ivniss gaemgzavra. delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebulma vasil maCabelma <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos warmomadgenelma dekanozma<br />
melitonma (kelenjeriZe) subieqturi mizezebis gamo 9 ivniss gamgzavreba ver SeZles.<br />
1 iqve, gv. 145-151.<br />
2 iqve, gv. 161-163.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 165-168.<br />
4 iqve, gv. 165, 169-184.<br />
335
maCablis gamgzavrebis Sesaxeb droebiTma mmarTvelobam <strong>da</strong>dgenileba 20 ivniss gamoitana,<br />
magram, rogorc Cans, is petrogradSi ar wasula. TbilisSi <strong>da</strong>brunebuli delegaciis<br />
moxsenebaSi misi saxeli erTxelac ar aris naxsenebi, moxsenebis bolos ar aris misi<br />
xelmowera, <strong>da</strong> rac mTavaria, droebiTi mmarTvelobis ivnis-ivlisis sxdomis oqmebSi misi<br />
saxeli mravaljeraa <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebuli 1 .<br />
petrogradi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>brunebuli delegaciis moxseneba, Cveni varaudiT, <strong>da</strong>werili un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos dekanoz kalistrates mier. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, imisa, rom kaligrafia amis Tqmis saSualebas<br />
ar gvaZlevs, delegaciis saqmismwarmoebeli swored dekanozi kalistrate iyo. amas-<br />
Tan, moxsenebaSi III pirSi arian <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli episkoposi antoni <strong>da</strong> arqimandriti ambrosi,<br />
dekanozi kalistrate naxsenebi ar aris. xolo delegaciis wevris mier rom aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>werili, amaze miuTiTebs frazebi: `17, SuadRis 4 saaTzed, sinodis SenobaSi oberprokuroris<br />
winaSe warsdga delegacia, _ Cven <strong>da</strong> TT. z. avaliSvili <strong>da</strong> n. gelovani”,<br />
an<strong>da</strong>: `ivlisis 3 <strong>da</strong>wyebulma kontrrevoluciam Cveni sakiTxis adre gaTavebis imedi<br />
TiTqmis <strong>da</strong>gvikarga: mTavrobis wevrebs CvenTvis aRar ecalaT~ 2 .<br />
vfiqrobT, dekanoz kalistrates mier <strong>da</strong>werili moxseneba ga<strong>da</strong>werilia sxva piris<br />
mier.<br />
moxsenebis <strong>da</strong>weris TariRi _ 1917 wlis 10 agvisto <strong>da</strong> adgili _ Tbilisi _ miTiTebulia<br />
moxsenebis bolos 3 . Canawerebi petrogradSive rom keTdebo<strong>da</strong>, amis erT-erT <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas<br />
warmoadgens ober-prokuror lvovis fraza moxsnebi<strong>da</strong>n: «Я не допущу, чтобы<br />
каталикос сидел в Тифлисе» _ aq saxelmZRvanelo mcnebad aqvT aRsarebuli“ 4 . „aq“, ra Tqma<br />
un<strong>da</strong>, petrograds gulisxmobs.<br />
petrogradSi 14 ivniss Casuli delegacia 17-Si Sexv<strong>da</strong> sinodis ober-prokuror vladimer<br />
nikolozis-Ze lvovs. gaacno mas saqarTvelos eklesiis mZime mdgomareoba: rom droebiTi<br />
mTavrobis mier saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRiarebas Sedegi ar mohyolia;<br />
mTavrobis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT, eklesiis sferoSi cvlilebaTa <strong>da</strong>gvianebam gaugebrobani <strong>da</strong><br />
ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. moaxsenes, rom gamosavals mxolod `ZiriTad debulebaTa~ <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>CqarebaSi xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen 5 . ober-prokurorma delegacias <strong>da</strong>xmareba aRuTqva <strong>da</strong> male ukan<br />
<strong>da</strong>brunebis imedic misca.<br />
ober-prokuroris TanaSemwe aleqsandre kartaSovma delegaciis wevrebTan saubar-<br />
Si aRniSna, rom eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenilad gamocxadebis Semdeg petrogradSi<br />
qarTvelebis mimarT mtrulad ganewyvnen rusi memarjveneebic <strong>da</strong> memarcxeneebic. memarjveneebs<br />
batonobaze xelis aReba ar sur<strong>da</strong>T, memarcxeneebs ki ori eklesiis cal-calke<br />
arseboba miuReblad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T. memarcxeneTa mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris mopoveba SesaZlebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
Tu qarTuli delegacia am ukanasknelT <strong>da</strong>arwmuneb<strong>da</strong>, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis gan-<br />
Tavisufleba ruseTis eklesiisagan separatistoba <strong>da</strong> klerikalizmi ki ara, erovnuli<br />
Tavisuflebis Semadgeneli nawili iyo 6 .<br />
delegacia petrogradSi yofnis manZilze araerTxel waawy<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> ruseTis<br />
saeklesio interesTa SemTanxmebeli komisiis Tavmjdomaris _ beneSeviCis orpirobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>sawyveti sakiTxisadmi calmxrivi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis gamovlinebas. aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom “ZiriTad debulebaTa” <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis Seyovneba, nawilobriv mainc, saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mis mier gagzavnili depeSis `<strong>da</strong>msaxureba~ iyo. is iTxov<strong>da</strong>, `debulebebi~ mis Casvlamde<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>emtkicebinaT, maSin, roca droebiTi mmarTvelobis winaSe Tavs imarTleb<strong>da</strong>, debulebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkicebis <strong>da</strong>Cqarebis Sesaxeb 3-jer mivwere mTavrobaso 7 .<br />
saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sruli formiT ganxorcielebis erT-erTi mowinaaRmdege<br />
rom beneSeviCi iyo, es saqarTveloSic kargad Can<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> petrogradSic mravaljer<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong>. magaliTad gamodgeba beneSeviCis paeqroba kanonist kuznecovTan,<br />
rasac uw. sinodic ki gaurkvevlobaSi Caugdia. komisari amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, erovnuli avtokefaliis<br />
ganxorcieleba <strong>da</strong>saSvebia <strong>da</strong> axlave ga<strong>da</strong>wyviteT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaTa,<br />
1 iqve, gv. 189, 205, 225, 257-273; sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme #6465, gv. 16.<br />
2 sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme #6465, gv. 2, 10v, 35.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 16.<br />
4 iqve, gv. 13.<br />
5 iqve, gv. 17.<br />
6 iqve, gv. 4.<br />
7 iqve, gv. 3-4; sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme #6421, gv. 118, 123.<br />
336
m.S. skolebis sakiTxico. kuznecovi ki erovnul avtokefalias saeklesio kanonebis <strong>da</strong>r-<br />
Rvevad Tvli<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sakiTxis saeklesio krebamde ga<strong>da</strong>debas uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars 1 .<br />
beneSeviCi ormag TamaSs TamaSob<strong>da</strong>. saqarTveloSi myofi avtokefalistebs Tavis<br />
gulSematkivrobas umtkiceb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saqmis gaWianurebas Tavisi uuflebobiT xsni<strong>da</strong>. ruseTSi<br />
ki saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalur uflebaTa SezRudvis saWiroebas sinodis<br />
winaSe TavgamodebiT icav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
delegaciisDmoxsenebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis wargzavnilni imedis<br />
TvaliT ucqerdnen ober-prokuroris TanaSemwe a. kartaSovs. jero<strong>da</strong>T, rom saqarTvelos<br />
eklesiis sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis <strong>da</strong>Cqareba masze ar iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli 2 .<br />
petrogradSi Casuli qarTuli delegaciis moRvaweobi<strong>da</strong>n erT-erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
iyo uw. sinodTan <strong>da</strong> calkeul rus sasuliero pirebTan urTierTobis sakiTxi. rogorc<br />
zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, delegacias evalebo<strong>da</strong>, sinodisaTvis ecnobebina saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />
avtokefaliis ganaxleba. sinodTan urTierTobis aRdgena mis kompetenciaSi ar<br />
Sedio<strong>da</strong>.<br />
uw. sinodis wevrebi Tvlidnen, rom eklesiis avtokefalia saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
gzaze ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo, amitom maTi umetesoba qarTvelebs<br />
ar endobo<strong>da</strong>. samaris episkoposma mixeilma piradi saubrisas delegaciis wevrebs<br />
isic ki hkiTxa: ”sinods rad CamoSordiT, eklesia xom uufrosod ver iarsebebs,<br />
TqvenTvis gana sul erTi ar aris, _ sinodi iqmneba Tqveni ufrosi Tu kaTalikosio? aq<br />
rom CamosulxarT droebiTi mTavrobisagan ZiriTadi debulebebis <strong>da</strong>samtkiceblad, is<br />
ara sjobia, mixvideT sinodSi <strong>da</strong> iTxovoT gangaTavisuflon TavianTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebisaganao?”<br />
qarTul mxares amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT martivi pasuxi hqon<strong>da</strong>: `sinodi samoqalaqo<br />
mTavrobis <strong>da</strong>JinebiT <strong>da</strong> zed gavleniT iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> gaevrcelebia Tavisi baton-patronoba<br />
saqarTvelos eklesiazed <strong>da</strong> Cvenc am mTavrobasTan gvaqvs saqme. sinodis-<br />
Tvis rom migvemarTa, sul erTia is uamTavrobod avtokefalias ver <strong>da</strong>gvibruneb<strong>da</strong>, anu<br />
ukeT rom vsTqvaT, ar <strong>da</strong>gvibruneb<strong>da</strong>, vinaiTgan es ewinaaRmdegeba mis politikas, _ qar-<br />
Tvelebis garusebis <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>gvarebisas-o~ 3 .<br />
saqarTvelos eklesiis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mowinaaRmdege rusi sasuliero Tu saero<br />
pirebi aRar ganixilavdnen im garemoebebs, romelSic avtokefaliis gauqmeba mox<strong>da</strong>. isini<br />
qarTvelebs mouwodebdnen angariSi gaewiaT maTi eklesiis uuflebo mdgomareobis<br />
xan<strong>da</strong>zmulobisaTvis (106 weli) <strong>da</strong> samarTlianobis aRdgena sinodisTvis eTxovaT an mis<br />
<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSi <strong>da</strong>rCeniliyvnen. aRiarebdnen, rom ”inorodcebis” garusebasa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>gvarebaze<br />
zrunva Zveli sinodis politika iyo. Tumca miuTiTebdnen, rom revoluciis<br />
Semdeg viTareba Seicvala. samaris episkoposma mixeilma qarTvelebs rCeva misca: ganaxlebul<br />
pirobebSi samarTliani iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, qarTvelebs qarTveli egzarqosi moeTxovaT <strong>da</strong><br />
ara eklesiis <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba aRedginaTo 4 .<br />
Tumca, sinodis yvela wevri ase ar fiqrob<strong>da</strong>. qarTul delegacias didi <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />
gauwia saqarTveloSi, kerZod, afxazeTSi namsaxurma andria ufelma. man sinodTan qar-<br />
Tuli eklesiis kavSiris aRadgena delegaciis petrogradSi CasvlisTanave moindoma.<br />
qarTvelebs saqmis <strong>da</strong>CqarebisaTvis SesTavaza, aRniSnul sakiTxze Suamdgomloba misTvis<br />
oficialurad eTxovaT.<br />
qarTvelebma rCevisaTvis madloba ga<strong>da</strong>uxades, magram misi wina<strong>da</strong>deba 3 mizezis gamo<br />
uaryves: 1. sinodisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis Txovna mis winaSe qedis moxra iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. 2. sinods<br />
rom marTla mieRwia SedegisaTvis, saqarTvelos eklesias uTuod <strong>da</strong>ayvedri<strong>da</strong>: `uCvenod<br />
vera miiReT-rao~. 3. SesaZlo iyo, sinods werili saqarTvelos eklesiis winaaRmdegac<br />
gamoeyenebina 5 .<br />
andria ufelis mcdeloba, Seerigebina ori erTmorwmune eklesia, uSedegod <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>,<br />
magram misi misia amiT ar amowurula. man Tavis Tavze aiRo beneSeviCis moxsenebis (27<br />
ivnisi) Sedegad aRSfoTebuli uw. sinodis wevrTa <strong>da</strong>mSvideba: maTma umravlesobam 12 martis<br />
aqti sqizmad <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa TviTnebobad miiCnia, ramac viTareba kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>Zaba.<br />
1 sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme #6465, gv. 13.<br />
2 iqve, gv. 3, 10.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 6.<br />
4 iqve, gv. 6, 9.<br />
5 iqve, gv. 4-5.<br />
337
andria ufelis azriT, Seqmnil viTarebaSi, or eklesias Soris ganxeTqilebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
asacileblad, qarTvelebs sinodisagan locva-kurTxeva `ZiriTadi debulebebis~<br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkicebamde un<strong>da</strong> aeRoT, rac delegaciis wevrebma uaryves. didi xvewna-mu<strong>da</strong>ris Semdeg<br />
isini <strong>da</strong>Tanxmdnen, meufe andrias eSuamdgomla sinodis winaSe, rom delegacia ruseTis<br />
eklesiis umaRles organos saqarTvelos Tavisufali eklesiis saxeliT misalmebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
werilis proeqti qarTvelebTan stumrobis dros, 28 ivniss <strong>da</strong>wera TviTon andria<br />
ufelma <strong>da</strong> dekanoz kalistrates mier Sesworebuli imave dRes warudgina sinods.<br />
sinodma amasTan erTad moismina saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n im dRes miRebuli cnobebi bodbis wm.<br />
ninos monastrisa <strong>da</strong> avlabris mTavarangeloz miqaelis eklesiis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.<br />
rogorc Semdeg andria ufelisagan Seityves, werils saqarTvelos eklesiaSi imJamad<br />
arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb sinodSi didi gavlena mouxdenia. ober-prokurors<br />
is gamouyenebia mtkicebulebad, rom saqarTvelos eklesia eresisaken namdvilad ar mieqanebo<strong>da</strong><br />
1 .<br />
30 ivnisis Sexvedraze ober-prokurorma <strong>da</strong> misma TanaSemwem qarTvelebs miuloces sinodis<br />
mier saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis Sewynareba: `droebiTi mTavroba warmavalia,<br />
eklesia ki maradisia, <strong>da</strong> amisTvis eklesiaTa Soris keTili ganwyoba jobia gabutvasao”.<br />
ruseTis eklesiis ukanasknel sityvas am sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT kreba ityviso.<br />
qarTuli delegacia ki yovelTvis xazs usvam<strong>da</strong> im garemoebas, rom uw. sinodis Tu<br />
krebis <strong>da</strong>dgenilebas saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis mniSvneloba aRar hqon<strong>da</strong>, misi bedi<br />
ukve ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili iyo <strong>da</strong> masze uaryofiT gavlenas gare Zalebi veRar moaxdendnen.<br />
Tumca, rusuli mxare bolomde cdilob<strong>da</strong>, saqarTvelos eklesia isev ruseTis sinodze<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulad warmoeCina <strong>da</strong> ama Tu im sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad isev sinodTan<br />
molaparakebas urCev<strong>da</strong>. ase iyo bodbis wm. ninos monastrisa <strong>da</strong> avlabris mTavarangelozis<br />
eklesiebSi arsebul viTarebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiTac. aRniSnuli siwmideebi<strong>da</strong>n rusebi<br />
qarTvelebs erekebodnen. Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n qarTulma delegaciam cnoba amis Sesaxeb<br />
swored meufe andrias saxelze werilis mzadebis dros miiRo. ober-prokurorma am saqmeSi<br />
Carevaze uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebs mouwo<strong>da</strong>, sinodTan SeTanxmebuliyvnen an<br />
saeklesio qonebis gayofas <strong>da</strong>lodebodnen 2 .<br />
`ZiriTadi debulebebis~ ganxilva petrogradSi delegaciis <strong>da</strong>swrebiT 1 ivliss Sedga.<br />
qarTul mxares moux<strong>da</strong> ganmarteba, rom `debulebebSi~ gaTvaliswinebuli iyo<br />
mdgomareoba, romelsac <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis Semdeg, savaraudod <strong>da</strong>ikaveb<strong>da</strong> rusuli eklesia,<br />
rom am ukanasknelTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT saqarTvelos eklesiis mdgomareoba momavalSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mcrobili ar un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo.<br />
krebaze aseve <strong>da</strong>va gamoiwvia saxelmwifos mier saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis Camor-<br />
Tmeuli mamulebis ukan <strong>da</strong>brunebis moTxovnam. qarTvelebma aRniSnuli punqtis amoRebaze<br />
uari ganacxades. ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong>, is <strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo rogorc saxelmwifosagan eklesiisaTvis<br />
saWiro Tanxebis gamoyofis `motivi~ <strong>da</strong> ara rogorc saxelmwifos valdebuleba eklesiis<br />
mimarT. rusuli mxare xazs usvam<strong>da</strong> im garemoebas, rom saxelmwifo xelSekrulebebs<br />
debs ara mis sazRvrebSi arsebul romelime organizaciasTan, aramed mxolod sxva saxelmwifoebTan.<br />
qarTul eklesiasTan, rogorc ruseTis sazRvrebSi arsebul organizaciasTan<br />
xelSekrulebebis <strong>da</strong>deba saWiro ar iyo.<br />
qarTvelebma Seaxsenes, rom saxelmwifos saqarTvelos eklesiis winaSe raRac valdebuleba<br />
aRebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> misTvis CamorTmeuli qonebis safasurad. saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />
saWiroebisaTvis swored am qonebis Semosavli<strong>da</strong>n yovelwliurad iZleo<strong>da</strong> 100 aTas<br />
maneTs.<br />
sakiTxze msjeloba <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>ido.<br />
TaTbirze saubari Seexo 12 martis aqtsac. kartaSovma aRniSna, rom 106 wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
saqarTvelos eklesiis uuflebo mdgomareobam miiyvana qarTvelebi avtokefaliis<br />
revoluciurad aRdgenamde. saeklesio kanonebis TavalsazrisiT maTi moqmedeba<br />
ukanonobas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, magram sxva gamosavali ar Can<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rac mox<strong>da</strong>,<br />
droebiTi mTavrobis survilisamebr ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos eklesiebi megobrulad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Sorebodnen erTmaneTs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mTavrobas saqarTvelos eklesia<br />
SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> kerZo sarwmunoebriv jgufad ecno. rac qarTvelebisaTvis arasasurvel Sedegebs<br />
gamoiReb<strong>da</strong> msoflio eklesiasTan urTierTobis TvalsazrisiTac.<br />
1 iqve, gv. 6-7, 8, 19.<br />
2 iqve, gv. 8.<br />
338
ogorc qarTuli, ise rusuli mxare rTuli mdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>n gamosavals `ZiriTad<br />
debulebaTa~ <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis <strong>da</strong> qonebis gamijvnis <strong>da</strong>CqarebaSi xa<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />
TaTbiris Semdeg `ZiriTadi debulebebi~ ober-prokurorma isev iuridiul komisias<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>sca.<br />
delegaciis mier petrogradSi Catanili moxsenebebi saswavleblebis, administraciuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebisa <strong>da</strong> kaTolikos-patriarqis sacxovreblis Sesaxeb ober-prokurors<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>eca gansaxilvelad <strong>da</strong> reagirebisaTvis 2 .<br />
iuridiuli komisiisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cemam `ZiriTadi debulebebis~ <strong>da</strong>mtkiceba Seaferxa.<br />
amas <strong>da</strong>emata 3 ivliss <strong>da</strong>wyebuli kontrrevoluciac. mTarobis wevrebs eklesiis sakiTxis<br />
gansaxilvelad aRar ecalaT. gazeTebis saSualebiT vrceldebo<strong>da</strong> xmebi, saqarTvelos<br />
kaTolikos-patriarqs tfilelis titulze uars eubnebian <strong>da</strong> mxolod mcxeTaSi aZleven<br />
rezidenciaso.<br />
episkoposma antonma 4 ivliss <strong>da</strong>xmarebis TxovniT werilobiT mimarTa irakli wereTels:<br />
“moixmareT Tqveni gavlena, Semwed moiwvieT samarTlianoba <strong>da</strong> xeli aaRebineT<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir ugunur saSualebazed. winaaRmdegi ar viqmnebiT Cven, rom rusis mRvdelmTavarma<br />
TbilisSi icxovros, magram Tbilisis saxelwodebazed <strong>da</strong> kaTalikosis mcxeTaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>binavebazed xeli un<strong>da</strong> aiRon, amas ver <strong>da</strong>vTmobT, miT umetes, rom maTTvis sul erTia<br />
elizavetpolels, yarsels Tu sxva raimes uwodeben TavianT mRvdelmTavars, xolo Cven<br />
kaTalikoss un<strong>da</strong> ewodos mcxeTisa <strong>da</strong> Tbilisis mRvdelmTavari <strong>da</strong> ueWvelad ijdes saqarTvelos<br />
de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi <strong>da</strong> ara sofelSi” 3 .<br />
xmebi gamarTl<strong>da</strong>, 12 ivliss iuridiuli komisiis axlad<strong>da</strong>niSnuli Tavmjdomaris<br />
lazarevskis iniciativiT ganixiles saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis titulis sakiTxi.<br />
qarTulma delegaciam Seityo, rom sxdomaze Tbilelis tituls icavdnen karta-<br />
Sovi <strong>da</strong> iuridiuli komisiis wevri galperini. magram maTi azris winaaRmdeg beneSeviCis<br />
wina<strong>da</strong>debam gaimarjva _ saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyroblisaTvis mxolod mcxeTis<br />
mTavarepiskoposis titulis miniWebis <strong>da</strong>dgenileba gamoitanes.<br />
delegaciamDiuridiuli komisiis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis winaaRmdeg protesti droebiT<br />
mTavrobas warudgina 4 .<br />
qarTvelebma <strong>da</strong>xmareba 14 ivliss kvlav karlo CxeiZesa <strong>da</strong> irakli wereTels sTxoves<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTgan <strong>da</strong>pirebac miiRes. „Cveni patriarqi ar SeiZleba tfilisSi ar <strong>da</strong>brZandes,<br />
Cvens sionSi ucxos ra xeli aqvs; Cveni eklesiisaTvis sul erTi ar aris tfileli erqmeva<br />
ruseTis mRvdelmTavars Tu sxva ram saxelio“ _ aseTi iyo karlo CxeiZis azri.<br />
irakli wereTelma delegaciis wevrebs sifrTxilisaken mouwo<strong>da</strong>: “garemoeba SeiZleba<br />
ise Seicvalos, rom yvelaferi <strong>da</strong>vkargoTo. marTalia, b. lvoviT Tqven kmayofilni<br />
ara xarT, magram Tu kokoSkini Cadga mis adgilzed _ <strong>da</strong> es Zalian un<strong>da</strong>T kadetebs,<br />
maSin saqme wasuliao. me mTelis Cemis arsebiT <strong>da</strong>vicav tituls `mcxeTisa <strong>da</strong> tfilisisas~,<br />
magram Tu Sevatye, xel axla iuridiul komisiaSi ga<strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong>upires sakiTxs, pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
moviTxov, rom saqme imave sxdomazed ga<strong>da</strong>swyviton: iuridiuli komisia kadetebis<br />
gavleniT sul gaafuWebs saqmes, SeiZleba binac ki mcxeTaSi misceno. Tu cxovrebis<br />
unars gamoviCenT, tituls mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc mniSvneloba ara aqvso. waiReT is, risi waRebac<br />
SeiZleba, Torem mere sananurad <strong>da</strong>gvrCebao” 5 .<br />
delegaciis wevrebma karlo CxeiZes ga<strong>da</strong>sces “saxsovari baraTebi”, romelSic aRniSnuli<br />
iyo, rom kaTolikos-patriarqisaTvis mxolod mcxeTis mTavarepiskoposis titulis<br />
miniWeba laxavs saqarTvelos eklesiisa <strong>da</strong> qarTveli xalxis Rirsebas. misi mizania<br />
axlad<strong>da</strong>arsebuli rusuli eparqiis mTavarepiskoposisaTvis tfilelis titulis<br />
miniWeba. aqve iyo gafrTxileba `ZiriTad debulebebSi~ aRniSnulma cvlilebebma SeiZleba<br />
mxareSi arasasurveli garTulebebi gamoiwvioso 6 .<br />
delegaciis wevrebi amiTac ar <strong>da</strong>kmayofildnen, nino gelovanma maTi TxovniT miRebaze<br />
aleqsandre kerenskic <strong>da</strong>iTanxma.<br />
qarTvelebma prezident-ministrsac warudgines werilobiTi protesti kaTolikospatriarqis<br />
titulTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. kerenskis azriT, tituls istoriuli mniSvneloba<br />
1 iqve, gv. 9-10v.<br />
2 iqve, gv. 8-9.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 10, 28.<br />
4 iqve, gv. 11.<br />
5 iqve, gv. 12.<br />
6 iqve, gv. 30.<br />
339
hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara faqtiuri, magram delegacias aRuTqva, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis sakiTxs<br />
fronti<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>brunebis Semdeg ganixilav<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />
rogorc qarTulma delegaciam 18 ivliss Seityo, gammijnavi komisiis SemadgenlobaSi,<br />
romelsac muSaoba petrogradSi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ewyo, mTavrobas ganzraxuli hqon<strong>da</strong> delegaciis<br />
wevrTa Seyvana, rusebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n ki mamebi: razumovski, nogatirevi <strong>da</strong> erTic sinodis<br />
warmomadgeneli. Tu komisiis wevrobaze <strong>da</strong>Tanxmdebo<strong>da</strong> zurab avaliSvili, maSin<br />
erTi warmomadgeneli rusebsac <strong>da</strong>ematebo<strong>da</strong> Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n. Tavmjdomared fiqrobdnen beneSeviCis<br />
<strong>da</strong>tovebas.<br />
komisiis Semadgenlobis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis prerogativas<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amis Sesaxeb episkopos leonidis gankarguleba yovladsamRvdelo<br />
antonma depeSiT iTxova 2 . beneSeviCTan muSaobis gagrZelebaze ki delegaciam kategoriuli<br />
uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, radgan mas qarTvelebis TvalSi ndoba hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>karguli. qarTvelebi<br />
iTxovdnen, Tavmjdomared ori piri <strong>da</strong>niSnuliyo: rusi <strong>da</strong> qarTveli. rac karta-<br />
Sovma SeuZleblad CaTvala, radgan es sirTuleebs Seqmni<strong>da</strong> xmebis gayofis dros. mas<br />
sur<strong>da</strong>, am Tanamdebobaze iseTi piri SeerCia, romelsac saeklesio wodebasTan kavSiri<br />
ar eqnebo<strong>da</strong>. ober-prokuroris TanaSemwe sruliad realurad fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, rom akademiis<br />
profesorebi <strong>da</strong> kanonistebi am saqmisaTvis ar gamodgebodnen, radgan “gaJRenTilni iyvnen<br />
specialur sino<strong>da</strong>lur reJimis suniT” <strong>da</strong> sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis dros obieqturi ver<br />
iqnebodnen 3 .<br />
21 ivliss kerenskim uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong> ministr-prezidentobaze <strong>da</strong> eklesiis sakiTxis<br />
ganxilva kvlav gaWianur<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qarTul delegacias aSineb<strong>da</strong> sakiTxi, eklesiis saWeTmpyroblisaTvis Tbilelis titulis<br />
CamorTmevaze protestma ufro mZime Sedegi ar gamoiRos <strong>da</strong> kaTolikos-patriarqis<br />
TbilisSi jdomac saTuo ar gagvixdeso. miT umetes, lvovi rom patriarqis rezidenciad<br />
Tbilisis gamocxadebis winaaRmdegi iyo, es saidumlos aravisTvis warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gaurkvevlobas bolo moeRo 25 ivliss, roca ministrTa <strong>axali</strong> kabineti Sedga <strong>da</strong><br />
ober-prokurorad a. kartaSovi <strong>da</strong>iniSna. delegaciis milocvaze <strong>da</strong> saqmis <strong>da</strong>Cqarebis<br />
Txovnaze kartaSovma aRniSna, rom Tavisi moRvaweobis <strong>da</strong>wyebas saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />
ganTavisuflebiT apireb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> marTlac, iuridiuli komisiis <strong>da</strong>dgenileba im dResve Seitana<br />
mTavrobis sxdomaze gansaxilvelad 4 .<br />
irakli wereTeli ministrTa kabinetSi aRar Sedio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mTavrobis sxdomas ver<br />
<strong>da</strong>eswro. saqarTvelos eklesiis winaaRmdeg xma aRimaRles socialistebma <strong>da</strong> kadetebma.<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom socialistebisaTvis mniSvneloba ar hqon<strong>da</strong> patriarqis tituls, magram<br />
isini winaaRmdegi iyvnen kreditebis gamoyofisa. kadetebi uars acxadebdnen kaTolikosisaTvis<br />
tfilelis titulis miniWebaze: `maSin xom qarTvelebi ityvian, Tbilisi rom<br />
Cveni de<strong>da</strong> qalaqia, _ es mTavrobisganac <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuliao~. ober-prokuroris mcdelobiT,<br />
saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis kreditebis gamoyofis sakiTxi <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebel krebamde<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ido.<br />
iuridiuli komisiis <strong>da</strong>dgenileba mTavrobam imave dRes ucvlelad <strong>da</strong>amtkica. Tumca,<br />
kaTolikos-patriarqis titulTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT mTavrobis <strong>da</strong>dgenileba qarTvelebisaTvis<br />
samwuxaro movlenas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, magram mTavari is iyo, rom `ZiriTadi debulebebi~<br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli iyo. saqarTvelos eklesiis ufleba-movaleobani saxelmwifo xelisuflebis<br />
mier iyo aRiarebuli.<br />
ober-prokurorma delegaciasTan saubrisas imedi gamoTqva, rom <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebel krebaze<br />
rusebs TavianTi mRvdelmTavris `tfilelobaze~ uars aTqmevineb<strong>da</strong>. fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
amaze mTavarepiskopos platonsac <strong>da</strong>iTanxmeb<strong>da</strong>. magram saWiro iyo qarTvelebi krebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>swrebodnen. kartaSovis azriT, survilis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, qarTvelebis momxreebi aRmoCndebodnen<br />
kanonistebi, radgan isini erovnuli avtokefaliis ideas ar iziarebdnen. Tbiliseli<br />
rusebis winaaRmdegoba ki Sedegs ver gamoiReb<strong>da</strong>.M<br />
ober-prokurorma qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong>ariga: eklesiebSi kaTolikos-patriarqis moxsenieba<br />
ganagrZeT iseve, rogorc ixseniebdiT, amas didi mniSvneloba aqvso. SemTanxmebeli<br />
komisiis Tavmjdomaris kandi<strong>da</strong>turis Secvlaze man uwmidesi sinodi, mTavroba <strong>da</strong> Tvi-<br />
1 iqve, gv. 11-12.<br />
2 iqve, gv. 39.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 12-13.<br />
4 iqve, gv. 13.<br />
340
Ton beneSeviCic <strong>da</strong>iTanxma. kartaSovis kandi<strong>da</strong>tura am Tanamdebobaze iyo tarnovski <strong>da</strong><br />
sur<strong>da</strong>, sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi zurab avaliSvilic Caeria 1 .<br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli `ZiriTadi debulebebis~ gamoqveyneba droebiTi mTavrobis uwyebebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>gvian<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qarTulma delegaciam misi asli 29 ivliss aiRo 2 . delegaciis sazrunavs<br />
ukve warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> gammijvneli komisiis <strong>da</strong>arsebis <strong>da</strong>Cqareba, TbilisSi misi muSaobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebaze mTavrobis <strong>da</strong>yolieba <strong>da</strong> sinodisaTvis misalmeba saqarTvelos Tavisufali<br />
eklesiis saxeliT.<br />
1 agvistos kartaSovs isev Seaxsenes komisiis Sesaxeb. aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom tarnovskis<br />
Tavmjdomareobaze uari eTqva. ober-prokurors ki miukerZoebeli kaci ver moeZebna. misi<br />
azriT, <strong>axali</strong> reJimis momxreTa Soris advili iyo kargi Teoretikosis povna, magram saqmis<br />
mcodne <strong>da</strong> gamocdili moRvawe Zalian cota iyo. verc nabokovma gamoZebna am adgilis<br />
Sesaferi kandi<strong>da</strong>tura, radgan yvelas esmo<strong>da</strong> gammijvneli komisiis mniSvneloba am<br />
etapze. beneSeviCis komisiisagan gansxvavebiT, mas zogierT sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebac<br />
un<strong>da</strong> mieRo. qarTvelebma droebiT mTavrobas SesTavazes, komisiis xelmZRvaneloba<br />
a/kavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetisaTvis miendo. magram am wina<strong>da</strong>debaze<br />
uari miiRes im motiviT, rom saqme petrogradSi iyo <strong>da</strong>wyebuli 3 .<br />
sinodis winaSe wardgoma qarTvelebs sasurvelad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T mTavrobis mier `Ziri-<br />
Tad debulebaTa~ <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis Semdeg, e.i. maSin, roca saqarTvelos eklesiis iuridiulad<br />
arsebobas droebiTi mTavroba kidev erTxel <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stureb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
sinodic Tavs arideb<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Tavisufali eklesiis warmomadgenelTa miRebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> sur<strong>da</strong>, maTi gancxadeba momaval krebas moesmina. Tumca, Tavmjdomare yofili egzarqosi<br />
platoni agvistos <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis Tanaxma iyo delegacia sinods mieRo. magram<br />
is petrogradSi ar imyofebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos eklesiis misalmebis sakiTxi yovladsamRvdelo<br />
sergisTan (stragorodski, SemdegSi (1943-1944) sruliad ruseTis patriarqi)<br />
SeTanxmebiT un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetiliyo. ober-prokuroric Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom, radgan sinodi<br />
saeklesio krebamde ruseTis eklesiis mmarTvelobis umaRlesi organo iyo, qarTuli<br />
delegacia mas un<strong>da</strong> mieRo <strong>da</strong> krebisTvis moexsenebina, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis<br />
aRdgena sinodis mier cnobili <strong>da</strong> Sewynarebuli iyo 4 .<br />
qarTuli delegaciisaTvis saWiro iyo sinodis oficialuri pasuxi audienciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT,<br />
rom or eklesias Soris kavSiris Sewyvetis iniciatori qarTuli mxare ar gamosuliyo.<br />
delegaciis wevrebma winaswar gaafrTxiles ober-prokurori, rom Tu sinodi<br />
qarTvelTa miRebas saeklesio krebisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>deb<strong>da</strong>, isini krebaze ar Cavidodnen.<br />
kartaSovi petrogradSi jer kidev axladCasul delegacias sTavazob<strong>da</strong>, ruseTis<br />
saeklesio krebas saqarTvelos eklesiis wevrebic <strong>da</strong>swrebodnen <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis eklesiis<br />
warmomadgenlebis Tan<strong>da</strong>swrebiT gaeSuqebinaT TavianTi sakiTxi 5 .<br />
qarTvelebi ruseTis saeklesio krebaze <strong>da</strong>swrebas SesaZleblad Tvlidnen maSin,<br />
Tu miwveuli iqnebodnen, rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi.<br />
katraSovis azriT, saqarTvelos saeklesio krebas sasurveli iyo, kultTa saministros<br />
warmomadgeneli <strong>da</strong>swrebo<strong>da</strong>. raTa mas adgilzeve gaeca pasuxi wamoWril kiTxvebze.<br />
magaliTad moiyvana muslimanTa kreba, romelsac profesori kotliarski <strong>da</strong>eswro.<br />
saWiro iyo krebaze gansaxilvel sakiTxTa sia <strong>da</strong> ganrigebac (`nakazi~), raTa mTavroba<br />
maT Sesaxeb informirebuli yofiliyo, ganrigebac ZalaSi yofiliyo Sesuli <strong>da</strong> amiTi<br />
krebas anarqia Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aecilebina 6 .<br />
es, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, eklesiis avtonomiismagvari uflebebi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, ris Tavs moxvevasac<br />
avtokefaliaaRdgenili saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis rusuli mxare mudmivad cdilob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1918 wlis xarjTaRricxva, rusul <strong>da</strong> qarTul eklesiebs cal-calke un<strong>da</strong> waredginaT.<br />
kantora <strong>da</strong> prokurori ruseTis eklesiis organoebad rCebodnen, qarTul mxares ki gamijvnamde<br />
saqme eqnebo<strong>da</strong> im komisiasTan, romlis saqarTveloSi gagzavnac iyo <strong>da</strong>gegmili.<br />
2 agvistos 12 saaTze sinodma miiRo qarTuli delegacia. miRebis ceremoniali winaswar<br />
iyo SeTanxmebuli mTavarepiskopos sergisTan, romelic platonis nacvlad xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong><br />
sinods.<br />
1 iqve, gv. 14.<br />
2 iqve.<br />
3 iqve.<br />
4 iqve, gv. 15.<br />
5 iqve, gv. 13.<br />
6 iqve, gv. 15.<br />
341
delegaciis wevrebma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites, ar <strong>da</strong>msx<strong>da</strong>riyvnen, sityvac fexze mdgomebs eTqvaT.<br />
<strong>da</strong>rbazSi maT oberprokurori SeuZRva. uwmindesi sinodis mTeli Semadgenloba _<br />
mTavarepiskoposebi: sergi, aRaTangeli, episkoposi mixeili, dekanozebi: roJdestvenski,<br />
smirnovi <strong>da</strong> filonenko, oberprokuroris amxanagi profesori kotliarski, sinodis kancelariis<br />
ufrosi gurievi <strong>da</strong> mdivnebi, fexze adgomiT miesalmnen. mciredi locvis Semdeg<br />
yovladsamRvdelo antoni miesalma sinods iveriis Tavisufali eklesiis saxeliT<br />
<strong>da</strong> gamoTqva survili, rom ori erTmorwmune eklesia cxovrebas urTierTsiyvarulis atmosferoSi<br />
gaagrZeleb<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />
pasuxSi yovladsamRvdelo sergi rusuli eklesiis saxeliT miesalma qarTvelebis<br />
sanukvari survilis aRsrulebas. aRniSna, rom rusuli eklesiuri azrisaTvis arasdros<br />
iyo ucxo iveriis eklesiisaTvis samarTlebrivi wyobis <strong>da</strong>brunebis aucilebloba. misi<br />
ganxorcielebis gaWianureba sinodisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli mizezebiT axsna. qarTvel<br />
xalxs usurva sulieri ayvavebisaTvis <strong>axali</strong> Zalebis gamoZebna <strong>da</strong> gamoTqva imedi, rom<br />
momaval saeklesio krebaze Zmurad Sexvdebodnen erTmaneTs, gamoZebnidnen gzebs urTierTgagebisaTvis.<br />
qarTvelebma pirjvari ga<strong>da</strong>iweres, Tavi <strong>da</strong>ukres <strong>da</strong> wamovidnen. kartaSovma isini<br />
karebamde miacila, sinodi ki maT gamosvlamde fexze idga 2 .<br />
sinodis SexvedriT qarTuli delegaciis wevrebi ukmayofilo ar <strong>da</strong>rCenilan. maT<br />
kartaSovTan gamomSvidobebisas aRniSnes, rom sinodisagan amasac ar moelodnen. oberprokurors<br />
kidev erTxel Seaxsenes komisiis TbilisSi gamogzavnis <strong>da</strong>Cqarebis aucilebloba,<br />
ober-prokurors madloba ga<strong>da</strong>uxades TanagrZnobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebisaTvis, usurves<br />
janmrTeloba, nayofieri moRvaweoba <strong>da</strong> siamovnebiT gamovidnen uwmindesi sinodis<br />
sasaxli<strong>da</strong>n, im imediT, rom amis Semdeg qarTvelebs iq Sesvla aRar <strong>da</strong>Wirdebo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
imave dRes saRamos 10-is naxevarze delegacia ukve Tbilisisaken gamoemgzavra 3 .<br />
kaTolikos-patriarqisaTvis mcxeTis mTavarepiskoposis titulis miniWebis sapasuxod<br />
qarTvelma avtokefalistebma 1917 wlis 13 agvistos tfilelis kaTedra aRadgines<br />
<strong>da</strong> guria-samegrelos episkoposi leonidi tfilel mitropolitad <strong>da</strong>adgines.<br />
gammijvneli komisiis Sedgenis <strong>da</strong>Cqareba ver moxerx<strong>da</strong>. kartaSovma 11 seqtembers<br />
Seatyobina mitropolit leonids, rom komisiis Tavmjdomared mTavrobam baroni nolde<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSna 4 . Tumca, ruseTSi Semdgom ganviTarebul movlenaTa Sedegad gammijvnel komisias<br />
muSaoba aRar uwarmoebia.<br />
delegaciam Tavisi mTavari misia, Tumca didi wvalebis Sedegad, magram mainc Seasrula.<br />
saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiT mmarTvelobaTan <strong>da</strong> petrogradel qarTvelebTan<br />
SeTanxmebuli, frTxili moqmedebiT `ZiriTad debulebaTa~ <strong>da</strong>mtkicebas miaRwia. Tavian-<br />
Ti simtkiciTa <strong>da</strong> eklesiis interesebis ganuxreli <strong>da</strong>cviT delegaciis wevrebma ruse-<br />
Tis eklesiis warmomadgenlebs <strong>da</strong>anaxes, rom saqarTveloSi kakanonieri saeklesio wyoba<br />
momavalSi usaTuod aRdgebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />
1. i. arabiZe, amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetis (`ozakomi~) wvlili saqarTvelos<br />
eklesiis avtokefalur uflebaTa ganxorcielebis saqmeSi (droebiTi mmarTvelobis<br />
sxdomis oqmebis mixedviT), <strong>axali</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>uaxlesi</strong> istoriis sakiTxebi, II (Tbilisi,<br />
2007).<br />
2. sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme #6421.<br />
3. sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme #6465.<br />
1 iqve, gv. 55.<br />
2 iqve, gv. 15.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 15-16.<br />
4 sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, saqme #6421, gv. 337.<br />
342
IRINA ARABIDZE<br />
Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,<br />
Ivane javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
THE ACTIVITY OF THE DELEGATION OF GEORGIAN CHURCH<br />
PROVISIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN PETROGRAD<br />
(JUN-AUGUST, 1917)<br />
The provisional administration of the Church of Georgia, chaired by the bishop of Guria-Samegrelo Leonide,<br />
was active from March, 12 till September, 17, 1917. The bishop was elected as joint patriarch of the Catholicos-Patriarch<br />
of All Georgians. Provisional administration worked tremendously to define the rights of the Church of Georgia.<br />
From this point of view the activity of its delegation in Petrograd from the middle of Jun till August, 2 was of<br />
great importance. The delegation was responsible to give representatives of the provisional government information<br />
about the state of the Church of Georgia; promote stating “the main regulations of the legal status of the Georgian<br />
Church in the state of Russian”; to define the issue of the church lands and property and thus the obligation of the<br />
Russian state treasure towards the Church of Georgia.<br />
To renew the relations with synod was not the competence of the delegation. It has to inform synod that independent<br />
Church of Georgia wanted to maintain the friendly relations with the Church of Russia.<br />
During the visit in Petrograd Georgians living there helped a lot the delegation.<br />
The provisional government passed “The regulations” with significant changes in July, 25.<br />
The protest of the members of the delegation against giving the patriarch of Georgia only the title of the Archbishop<br />
of Mtskheta was unsuccessful. But the principle position of the members of the delegation once more<br />
assured Russian canonists that the legal church rule in Georgia will be restored in future by all means.<br />
343
SoTa va<strong>da</strong>Wkoria<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa <strong>da</strong> eTnologiis instituti<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osebis teritoriuli mowyobis sakiTxi<br />
<strong>da</strong> qarTuli politikuri azri 1918-1920 wlebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mSeneblobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan saki-<br />
Txs, eTnikur umciresobebTan urTierTobis mogvareba warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. qarTvel politikosebs<br />
kargad hqon<strong>da</strong>T gacnobierebuli, rom saqarTvelos specifiki<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
qveynis SigniT erovnuli sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>uwyvetloba, gamudmebuli Si<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>pirispirebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos saxelmwifos formirebis Semafarxebeli faqtori gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>. aRniSnulis<br />
gaTvaliswinebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, am problemis samarTlebriv farglebSi moqcevas,<br />
qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurebi <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis saxelmwifoTa gamocdilebis<br />
safuZvelze cdilobdnen. amis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli<br />
krebis mier 1918-1921 wlebSi miRebuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi warmoadgens. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
amisa, qarTulma sabWourma istoriografiam, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi sakanonmdeblo organos mier eTnikur umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi gatarebuli<br />
erovnuli politika, `erovnuli umciresobebis abuCad agdebisa~ 1 <strong>da</strong> `menSevikuri<br />
mTavrobis didmpyrobelur politikad~ gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />
istoriis falsifikaciis aRniSnuli forma, sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos<br />
mTavrobis diskreditacias <strong>da</strong> separatistebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n qveynis winaSe Cadenili <strong>da</strong>naSaulis<br />
gamarTlebas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>. 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikuri<br />
procesebis _ istorikosTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi obieqturad arSefasebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sinamdvilis mrude sarkeSi warmoCeniT ganpirobebuli Sedegebi, qarTul saxelmwifosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qarTvel ers bumerangiviT <strong>da</strong>ubruna. ara<strong>da</strong>, dokumenturi masaliT <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebulia,<br />
rom qarTulma politikurma speqtrma, eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebis mogvarebis sakiTxi<br />
im periodis evropis saxelmwifoebisaTvis misaReb doneze aiyvana. am mimarTulebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabiji, TviT qarTuli politikuri elitis nebis gamoxatulebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> erovnuli saxelmwifos interesebis CarCoSi Tavsdebo<strong>da</strong>. isini moqmedebdnen ise, rogorc<br />
civilizebuli qveynebis politikur moRvaweebs Seeferebo<strong>da</strong>. maT kargad esmo<strong>da</strong>T,<br />
rom eTnikurad aWrelebul saqarTveloSi, eTnikur umciresobaTa uflebebis saerTaSoriso<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis Sesatyvis doneze mougvarebloba, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mSeneblobas<br />
udidesi sirTuleebis winaSe <strong>da</strong>ayeneb<strong>da</strong>. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saqarTvelos<br />
erovnuli sabWos 1918 wlis 26 maisis sxdomaze n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nia xazgasmiT acxadeb<strong>da</strong>:<br />
`Cvens saxelmwifo farglebSi mosaxleobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva erTa umciresoba. vacxadebT, rom<br />
erovnuli umciresobani iqnebian iseve uflebamosilni, rogorc iqneba Cveni saxelmwifos<br />
erovnuli umravlesoba _ qarTveloba~ 3 .<br />
es ar iyo erTi romelime politikuri partiis lideris mier gacemuli <strong>da</strong>pireba.<br />
dokumenturi masaliT <strong>da</strong>sturdeba, rom imave Tvalsazriss erovnuli sabWos wevri politikuri<br />
partiebis sxva liderebic iziareb<strong>da</strong>. amis saukeTeso nimuSs saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
aqtis mexuTe <strong>da</strong> meeqvse muxlebi warmoadgens. `5. saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />
respublika _ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi _ Tavis sazRvrebSi Tanasworad uzrunvelhyofs<br />
yvela moqalaqis samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong> politikur uflebebs ganurCevlad erovnebisa,<br />
sarwmunoebisa, socialuri mdgomareobisa <strong>da</strong> sqesisa. 6. saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />
respublika ganviTarebis Tavisufal asparezss gauxsnis mis teritoriaze mosaxle yvela<br />
ers~ 4 .<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis aucilebloba, saqar-<br />
Tvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aqtiT iqna aRiarebuli. amas arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> im<br />
TvalsazrisiT, rom eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis prioritetulobas, <strong>da</strong>mo-<br />
1 u. baxtaZe, samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmna <strong>da</strong> misi samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba (Tbilisi, 1968),<br />
gv. 30-31.<br />
2 g. bregaZe, saqarTveloSi erovnuli sakiTxis leninuri gamocdilebis istoriuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta (Tbilisi,<br />
1970), gv. 79.<br />
3 26 maisi, 1918, saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis gamocxadeba (Tbilisi, 1918), gv. 6-7.<br />
4 iqve, gv. 4.<br />
344
ukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mesveurni qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis<br />
pirveli safexuri<strong>da</strong>nve oficialurad a<strong>da</strong>sturebdnen. misi Sesrulebis garantias, saqar-<br />
Tvelos mTavrobis mier erovnuli sabWos 1918 wlis 15 ivnisis sxdomaze gamoqveynebuli<br />
deklaracia iZleo<strong>da</strong>. `mTavroba Tavis movaleobad miiCnevs, _ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi<br />
_ cxovrebaSi gaataros saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aqtSi aRiarebuli is debuleba,<br />
romliTac saqarTvelos teritoriaze mosaxle erovnul umciresobaTa moqalaqeebs mieniWebaT<br />
iseTive politikuri, moqalaqeobrivi <strong>da</strong> erovnul-kulturuli uflebebi, romliTac<br />
aRWurvili iqneba TviT qarTveli moqalaqeni~ 1 . aRniSnuli amonaweri imaze miu-<br />
TiTebs, rom axladSeqmnili <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifos liderebi, eTnikuri<br />
umciresobebis qarTvel erTan uflebrivad gaTanabrebis, politikuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli ganviTarebis safexurebrivad saTanado pirobebis SeqmniT iyvnen <strong>da</strong>interesebulni.<br />
am mimarTulebiT, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n realuri qmediTi nabiji<br />
1918 wlis 13 seqtembers ga<strong>da</strong>idga. mxedvelobaSi maqvs kanoni `erovnuli umciresobaTa<br />
warmomadgenlobisa saqarTvelos erovnul sabWoSi.~ am dokumentis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi<br />
mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobebs qveynis sakanonmdeblo organoSi 26 adgili<br />
mieca, aqe<strong>da</strong>n 2 saqarTvelos osebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili 2 . <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqar-<br />
Tvelos xelisuflebam es nabiji im dros ga<strong>da</strong>dga, roca Crdilo kavkasiis osebs, sab-<br />
WoTa ruseTis federaciis sakanonmdeblo organoSi arcerTi warmomadgeneli rom ar<br />
hyav<strong>da</strong>. Cems mier motanili faqtebi imis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri<br />
umciresobebis uflebebis samarTlebriv CarCoSi mosaqcevis mizniT, Sesabamisi<br />
meqanizmis SemuSavebas <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavroba maqsimalurad cdilob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, oficialurad miRebuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi Semdegi<br />
garemoebiT iyo ganpirobebuli: 1) eTnikuri umciresobebisadmi un<strong>da</strong> eCvenebinaT, rom<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis gamocxadeba <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa erovnuli saxelmwifos mSenebloba,<br />
araqarTvelebisadmi <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas ar iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. mis mizans safexurebrivad<br />
eTnikur umciresobaTa politikuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli ganviTareba<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>; 2) xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi varaudobdnen, rom eTnikur umciresobebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi gatarebuli demokratiuli reformebi, saxelmwifos arsebobis pirveli<br />
safexuri<strong>da</strong>nve urTierT<strong>da</strong>pirispirebis aRmofxvrisa <strong>da</strong> qveynis stabilurobis garanti<br />
gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> 3 . am TvalsazrisiT, qveynis interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saqarTvelos xelisuflebas<br />
swori politikuri kursi qon<strong>da</strong> aRebuli <strong>da</strong> misi praqtikuli ganxorcieleba<br />
etapobrivad iyo <strong>da</strong>gegmili, magram, problemas TviT eTnikuri umciresobebi qmnidnen.<br />
am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis osebi gamoirCeodnen. maTi qmedeba, saqarTveloSi<br />
mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobebSi gasatarebel RonisZiebebs ara Tu aferxeb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
aramed misi praqtikulad ganxorcielebis perspeqtivas saTaveSive spob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qarTuli saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> qarTveli erisadmi mtruli <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
osebTan mimarTebaSi 1920 wlis ivnisamde qveynis xelisufleba gansakuTrebul loialobas<br />
iCen<strong>da</strong>. 1918-1919 wlebSi Cadenil <strong>da</strong>naSaulebriv qmedebebs ar uxseneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
eTnikur umciresobebTan erTad, osuri sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas im periodis demokratiuli<br />
saxelmwifosaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli samarTlebrivi normebiT cdilob<strong>da</strong>. am sakiTxis obieqturad<br />
warmoCenis mizniT, osi separatistebis pretenziebisadmi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis safexurebrivad ganxilva, qarTuli saxelmwifos interesebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebis fonze un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcieldes. <strong>da</strong>namdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom osuri<br />
saxelmwifo warmonaqmnis Seqmnis motiviT, saqarTvelos osebis separatistuli aqtivoba<br />
gacilebiT ufro maRali iyo, vinem maT istoriul samSobloSi _ Crdilo kavkasiis<br />
oseTSi mcxovrebi osebisa. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osebi gamoirCeodnen.<br />
mxedvelobaSi maqvs amierkavkasiis osebis javis yrilobaze (1917 wlis ivnisi)<br />
miRebuli rezolucia. am dokumentSi garkveviT iyo miTiTebuli, rom im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tuki amierkavkasiis xalxebi ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi erovnul-teritoriul avtonomias<br />
miiRebdnen, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebi, teritoriulad erT erovnul erTeulad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaerTianebuliyo <strong>da</strong> maTTvisac `Tavisufali TviTgamorkvevis ufleba miecaT~ 4 . es<br />
imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom erovnuli saxelmwifos Sesaqmnelad, qarTvelebis, somxebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
1 saqarTvelos mTavrobis deklaracia, erToba, 16 ivnisi (1918).<br />
2 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli (Tbilisi, 1990), gv. 62.<br />
3 S. va<strong>da</strong>Wkoria, saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi (XX saukune), wigni I (Tbilisi, 2006), gv. 214.<br />
4 u. baxtaZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 41.<br />
345
azerbaijanelebis swrafvas, Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi Semoxiznuli osebi tols ar udebdnen <strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelos teritoriis xarjze, osebis saxelmwifo erTeulis Canasaxis Seqmnis<br />
samarTlebrivad <strong>da</strong>kanonebas _ pirvelxarisxovan amocanad Tvlidnen. marTalia, sakiTxi<br />
gamokveTili formiT iyo <strong>da</strong>smuli, magram misi ganxorcielebis sirTuleebi os separatistebs<br />
kargad hqon<strong>da</strong>T gacnobierebuli. amitom, <strong>da</strong>saxuli miznis misaRwevad Sesabamis<br />
politikur situacias elodnen. am SemTxvevaSi maTi moqmedeba lodinisa <strong>da</strong> lavirebis<br />
taqtikas emyarebo<strong>da</strong>. amis erT-erT <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas 1917 wlis 15-<strong>da</strong>n 17 dekembers cxinvalSi<br />
Catarebuli osebis meore yrilobis mier erovnul sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT miRebuli<br />
rezolucia warmoadgens. `1) samxreT oseTSi _ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi _ <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv<br />
iqnas SemoRebuli eroba; 2) exlave gamoiyos administraciul samazro <strong>da</strong> saerobo<br />
erTeulad osebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli mTis zoli raWis, Sorapnis, goris <strong>da</strong> duSeTis mazris<br />
soflebisa; 3) eroba arCeuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos sayovelTao, Tanaswori, pir<strong>da</strong>piri, faruli<br />
<strong>da</strong> proporciuli saarCevno uflebebiT; 4) mas un<strong>da</strong> hqondes savaldebulo <strong>da</strong>dgenilebaTa<br />
gamocemis ufleba; 5) samxreT oseTSi erobis <strong>da</strong>uyovneblivi SemoReba <strong>da</strong>evalos<br />
samxreTel osTa erovnul sabWos~ 1 . rezoluciis am amonaweri<strong>da</strong>n gansakuTrebuli yuradReba<br />
or mniSvnelovan faqts un<strong>da</strong> mieqces; 1) rezoluciis meore punqts, radgan masSi<br />
goris, duSeTis, raWisa <strong>da</strong> Sorapnis mazrebSi arsebuli osuri soflebis am mazrebisadmi<br />
Camocilebisa <strong>da</strong> mis bazaze `samxreT oseTis~ gansakuTrebuli administraciuli<br />
saerobo erTeulis <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv Seqmnis sakiTxia <strong>da</strong>smuli; 2) `samxreT oseTis~ erobisadmi<br />
amierkavkasiis xelisuflebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n savaldebulo <strong>da</strong>dgenilebebis gamocemis<br />
uflebis micemis moTxovna. marTalia, aRniSnuli dokumenti `samxreT oseTis~ administraciuli<br />
erTeulis sazRvrebs ar akonkreteb<strong>da</strong>, magram igi saqarTvelos teritoriisadmi<br />
wayenebuli pretenziebisa <strong>da</strong> misi mitacebis gamJRavnebis survilis pirvel oficialur<br />
gamovlinebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. aseTi <strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas, imave rezoluciis<br />
meore nawili _ `saskolo saqmis~ Sesaxeb iZleva. masSi principulad iyo <strong>da</strong>smuli<br />
_ `samxreT oseTis~ skolis amierkavkasiis ganaTlebis sistemi<strong>da</strong>n gamoyofis, `samxreT<br />
oseTis avtonomiuri samoswavlo sabWos~ Seqmnis <strong>da</strong> Crdilo kavkasiis oseTis sab-<br />
Wosadmi <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebis Sesaxeb. es dokumenti, im etapze moqmedi amierkavkasiis mTavrobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos ignorirebas axden<strong>da</strong>.<br />
osebis am arasamarTlebrivi moTxovnisadmi, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c amierkavkasiis mTavrobas<br />
mkacri reagireba ar mouxdenia, am faqtma osebis erovnul sabWos aqtiuri moqmedebis<br />
stimuli misca. mxedvelobaSi maqvs `samxreT oseTis~ erovnuli sabWos mier `samxreT<br />
oseTis~ saerobo TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb SemuSavebuli proeqti, romelic 1918 wlis<br />
10 ianvars amierkavkasiis komisariats waredgina 2 . `samxreT oseTs~ samazro an saokrugo<br />
gansakuTrebuli calke administraciuli erTeulis Seqmnis aucilebloba am dokument-<br />
Si kategoriuli formiT iyo <strong>da</strong>smuli. sxva dokumentebisagan gansxvavebiT, es proeqti<br />
garegnulad saerobo TviTmmarTvelobis moTxovnis SeniRbul fons qmni<strong>da</strong>. sinamdvile-<br />
Si, oTxi samazro erTeulis teritoriebis CamonaWrebis bazaze, erovnuli niSniT, teritoriul<br />
principebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli `samxreT oseTis~ calke administraciuli mazris an<br />
okrugis Seqmnas amierkavkasiis mTavrobisagan moiTxov<strong>da</strong>.<br />
osebis erovnuli sabWos mier amierkavkasiis komisariatisadmi wardgenili es proeqti,<br />
pirobiTad sam ZiriTad nawilad SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>iyos: 1)Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osebisaTvis<br />
gansakuTrebuli samazro an saokrugo administraciuli erTeulis Seqmnis aucileblobis<br />
`<strong>da</strong>sabuTebis~ mcdeloba. proeqtis am nawilSi ZiriTadi aqcenti demokratizmis cnebis<br />
manipulirebazea gakeTebuli. am fonze, demografiuli, geografiuli, ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> kulturuli faqtorebis moSveliebiT, erovnul principebze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli osuri administraciuli<br />
erTeulis Seqmna aucilebloba<strong>da</strong>a gamocxadebuli. magram, erTi sityvi-<br />
Tac ar aris naxsenebi qveynis teritoriul mTlianobasTan mimarTebaSi saqarTvelos<br />
saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong> TviT qarTveli eris interesebis Sesaxeb. Tavisi pretenziuli xasia-<br />
TiT, proeqtis es nawili iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs, TiTqos Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTiani zoli<br />
osebis istoriuli samemkvidro yofiliyos <strong>da</strong> misi momavlis sakiTxi, mxolod osi<br />
separatistebis naazrevis mixedviT un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetiliyo. 2) `samxreT oseTis~ samazrosaerobo<br />
administraciuli erTeulis mmarTvelobis mowyobis principi. aq gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba oTx ZiriTad sakiTxzea gamaxvilebuli: a) axladSeqmnili administraciu-<br />
1 osTa meore yriloba, saqarTvelo, 21 ianvari (1919).<br />
2 l. ToiZe, rogor Seiqmna samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi (Tbilisi, 1991), gv. 16.<br />
346
li mmarTvelobis sistema osi xalxis fsiqologiis Sesatyvisad agebuliyo; b) yvela<br />
adgilobriv <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi osuri ena Tanminmdevrulad yofiliyo gamoyenebuli;<br />
g) mTis osebis kultutul-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis myari safuZveli Seqmniliyo;<br />
d) erovnuli sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra `samxreT oseTis~ sinamdvileSi gamartivebuliyo.<br />
amierkavkasiis komisariatisa <strong>da</strong> SemdegSi <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebisaTvis<br />
aRniSnuli moTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba problemas ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, radgan<br />
igi eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli kulturuli avtonomiis CarCoSi<br />
Tavsdebo<strong>da</strong>. am mxriv, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisufleba, evropuli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis<br />
Sesatyvis doneze problemis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetasd mzadyofnas acxadeb<strong>da</strong>. 3) rac Seexeba<br />
proeqtis mesame nawils, _ `samxreT oseTis~ gansakuTrebuli administraciuli erTeulis<br />
Seqmnas, igi goris, duSeTis, raWisa <strong>da</strong> Sorapnis mazrebisadmi CamoWrili teritoriebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> masSi Semavali soflebis _ axladSeqmnili administraciuli erTeulis SemadgenlobaSi<br />
moqcevas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. imavdroulad, soflebis, mdinareebis, xevebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mTebis CvenebiT, `samxreT oseTis~ administraciuli erTeulis sazRvars azusteb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
proeqtis mixedviT, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c igi vrcel teritorias moicav<strong>da</strong>, misi <strong>da</strong>yofa 4 mcire<br />
administraciul (cxinvalis, javis, goris, qsanis) saerobo erTeulad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
iqve CamoTvlilia yvela is Temebi (soflebis SemadgenlobiT), romlebic zemoaRniSnuli<br />
mcire saerobo erTeulebis SemadgenlobaSi un<strong>da</strong> Sesuliyo. Tuki am proeqts<br />
qarTuli saxelmwifos interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare ganvixilavT, naTeli gaxdeba: 1) Si<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTlSi `samxreT oseTis~ momavali administraciuli erTeulis (mazris an okrugis)<br />
sazRvari osi separatistebis mier TviTneburad iyo gavlebuli; 2) zemoaRniSnuli mazrebis<br />
teritoriebis CamonaWrebis xarjze, amierkavkasiis mTavrobas Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi osebisaTvis<br />
vrceli teritoriis SemofargvliT, `samxreT oseTis~ saxelwodebiT <strong>axali</strong> administraciuli<br />
erTeulis xelovnurad Seqmnis pretenziis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas karnaxob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
konkretulad Tu ra moTxovnebi iyo Cadebuli osebis mier warmodgenil proeqtSi, ra<br />
sazRvrebSi moiazrebdnen osi separatistebi osebis axal administraciul (samazro an<br />
saokrugo) erTeuls <strong>da</strong> ra formiT iTvaliswinebdnen mis mowyobas, am kiTxvaze pasuxs<br />
imave proeqtis Semajamebeli nawili iZleva. CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />
aRniSnuli dokumenti<strong>da</strong>n Sesabamis amonawers movitan <strong>da</strong> Tavad mkiTxvelma gansajos,<br />
osebis mier wamoyenebuli pretenziebi Tu ramdenad jdebo<strong>da</strong> samarTlebriv CarCo-<br />
Si. «Резюмируя наши соображения в пользу образования сомостоятельного южно-осетинского уездного<br />
административного земского деления, можно свести их к таким основным положениям: Создание южно-осетинской<br />
уездной административно-земской единицы подсказывается жизненной необходимостью, потому<br />
что при наличности такой единицы возможно: 1) построить систему административного управления применительно<br />
к психологии осетинского народа, 2) провести последствовательно во всех учреждениях применение<br />
осетинского языка, 3) заложить прочную основу для культурно- экономического развития горно-осетинского<br />
раиона и 4) в сильной степени упростить разрешение национального вопроса, в условиях южноосетинской<br />
действительности. В каких пределах очерчивается проектируемая нами южно-осетинская уездная<br />
административно- земская единица? Начинаясь по реке Урус-дану в Рачинском уезде, западная граница<br />
южно-осетинского района идет на юг, пересекает верхнее течение речек Кведрули и Джоджори, спускается<br />
в шорапанский уезд, проходит у слияния рек Лопани. Здесь пограничная линия уже с юга идет от Лопнисцкали<br />
у села Цпелиси, захватывает осетинские поселения Авлевского (Оконского) общества, заворачивает<br />
немного на северо- восток, проходит через местечко Цхинвал и направляется на восток выше с. Эредви и<br />
Арбо. Идя далее по Меретскому обществу, южная граница осетинского раиона захвативает все Андоретское<br />
(Меджирисхевское) общество, проходит у Меджирисхеви, пересекает северную полосу Хелтубанского<br />
и Квемочальского обществ с осетинским населением, сворачивает в Душетском уезде по реке Ксанке на северо-восток<br />
у сел. Одзиси и упирается в Военно-Грузинскую дорогу, которая служит восточной границей<br />
южно-осетинского округа. Вся территория в намеченных нами границах заселена осетинами, исключая Тамарашенское<br />
общество (938 душ ос.) и Цхинвала, где осетинское население составляет меньшинство. Эта<br />
территория обнимает все Часавальское общество и часть Горского (Онского) общества (Нижняя и верхняя<br />
Кважа.). Рачинского уезда, поселение Теделет в Чихском обществе Шорапанского уезда, Кемултское,<br />
Рокское, Джавское, Ортевское, Белотское, Меджирисхевское, Цунарское и Корнисское общества Горийского<br />
уезда. Сюда необходимо отнести и большую полосу Авлевского общества (сел. Телагина, Лиса,<br />
Ожора, Телегевани, Гадигина, Чурисхеви, Пичиджин, Лопани, Гвирчини, Колети, Цнелиси, Гористави, Дзагина,<br />
Мугриси, Схлити и др.); Меретского общества, Хелтубанского общества (сел. Цховери, Парейсхеви,<br />
Гучаантскари, Кеди, Вучаанткари, Цинагори, Гдулети, Метесмани, Гудианткари, Багеби и др.) и Квемочальского<br />
общества (Абреви, Земо-кури, Орчошани, Земо-рене, Мехлеби, Хвити, Ване, Понтыани, Квемо-ре-<br />
347
не, Гамолискари, Ргвалчали, Земо-гораки, Нигози, Горакеби и др.). Из обществ Душетского уезда южно-осетинская<br />
уездная единица захватит все Рехульское общество, Монастерское общество, Верхнехевское общество<br />
(Трусовское ущелье, Коби), большую часть Ахалгорского общества и Гуткомское ущелье в верхнем-<br />
Мтиулетском обществе. В южно-осетинскую уездную единицу возможно будет отнести и некоторые<br />
поселения Згударского общества, где численность осетинского населения простирается до 1606 душь обоего<br />
пола. Географическим и экономическим центром для всех осетинских обществ является М. Цхинвал,<br />
расположенное на реке Лиахве, в том месте, где начинается горная полоса. Без Цхинвала горно-осетинское<br />
население потеряет естественный выход на плоскость и в значительной степени проиграет в культурноэкономическом<br />
отношении. Само население Цхинвали кровно заинтересовано в том, что-бы по прежнему<br />
занимать свое выгодное положение по отношению к горной полосе. Являясь торговым пунктом, Цхинвали<br />
живет исключительно горно-осетинским населением, так как это население снабжает Цхинвал сырьем<br />
(скот, сыр, масло, лес) в обмен на продукты фабричной промышленности. Лишившись Цхинвала, как торгового<br />
центра осетины с проведением перевальной дороги бросят все свое сырье на Алагирский рынок, и<br />
это в первую очередь будет в ущерб интерессам цхинвальской торговли.<br />
В основу земского самоуправления, как его низшая ячеика, должна лечь мелкая земская единица, самоуправляющаяся<br />
дробь, наиболее близко стоящая к населению. При определении числа мельких земских<br />
единиц южно-осетинского уезда, следует разумеется, держаться хозяйственного принципа, поскольку это<br />
позволяет топографический рельеф. Кроме того, мелкая земская община не должна быть слишком мала,<br />
чтобы не справиться со своими задачами. Наоборот если мелкое местное самоуправление будет чересчур<br />
велико по пространству и по количеству населения, то это помешает ему быть в достаточной мере гибким,<br />
чтобы приспособляться к местним нуждам и пользам. Исходя из этих соображений, возможно наметить в<br />
южно-осетинском уездном земстве около 3-4 мелких самоуправляющихся делений; численность населения<br />
каждого из этих делений будет колебаться между 15000 и 20000 душ.<br />
В одну мелкую земскую единицу _ Цхинвальскую необходимо объединить Корнисское, Цунарское,<br />
Авлевское (осетинския поселения) и Тамарашенское общества. Это будет преимущественно земледельческий<br />
район. Здесь климатические и почвенные условия благоприятствуют вполне применению рациональных<br />
приемов земледелия, а местами садоводства. Этот район будет в состоянии выделять некоторый избыток<br />
хлеба смежному Джавскому населению.<br />
Вторую – Джавскую самоуправляющуюся общину возможно образовать из Часавальского общества<br />
со смежными поселениями Горского и Чихского общества, Кемултского, Рокского, Верхне-Хевского и<br />
Джавского обществ. Большинство обществ этого района, а именно Часавальское, Кемултское, Рокское, Верхно-Хевское<br />
представляют скотоводственную полосу. Задача земства будет заключаться в том, чтобы поставить<br />
здесь молочное хозяйство на рациональную почву. Что касается собственно Джавского общества, то<br />
в этом районе умелая культура хлебных злаков может обеспечить своим зерном местное население.<br />
Территориально смежные осетинские общества Ортевское, Белотское, Меретское (сел. Земо-кере,<br />
Дмениси, Снекви, Сатехари, Хелчуа) и Меджирсхевское, вероятно, выделяется в особую мелкую земскую<br />
единицу – Горскую.<br />
Четвертый земский участок Ксанский возможно составить из Рехульского, Монастырского, Ахалгорского<br />
и осетинских поселений Квемо-Чальского и Хельтубанского обществ.<br />
Само собой разумеется, что наше деление южно-осетинских мелких земских единиц не исключает<br />
иных группировок. Мы намечаем лишь приблизительные вехи, которых следует держаться при разделении<br />
южно-осетинского уезда на мелкия самоуправляющиеся общины (участки). Кроме вдумчивого детального<br />
выяснения вопроса на местах, решающее слово конечно, остается за осетинским населением, которое само<br />
прекрасно разбирается, какая из возможных комбинаций больше всего соответствует его интересам».<br />
osebis aRniSnuli proeqti<strong>da</strong>n Cems mier motanili am vrceli amonaweris mixedviT,<br />
sivrcis TvalsazrisiT Tu ra moculobis teritoriis mitacebas cdilob<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi<br />
osi separatistebi, amis sailustraciod iusticiis saministrosTan arsebuli sauwyebaTaSoriso<br />
komisiis mier Sedgenili ruka gamodgeba. am dokumentze garkveviTaa moxazuli<br />
is teritoriebi, romelic osebis zemoaRniSnuli proeqtis mixedviT _ goris,<br />
duSeTis, raWisa <strong>da</strong> Sorapnis mazrebisaTvis un<strong>da</strong> CamoeWraT. swored, am CamonaWrebis bazaze<br />
`samxreT oseTis~ gansakuTrebuli samazro an saokrugo administraciuli saerobo<br />
erTeulis Seqmnis pretenzias acxadeb<strong>da</strong> osebis erovnuli sabWo.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, osebis es proeqti saqarTvelos teritoriis mitacebis <strong>da</strong>uokebel<br />
survilze iyo agebuli <strong>da</strong> arasamarTlebriv saxes atareb<strong>da</strong>. amitom, Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi<br />
istoriulad ararsebuli _ arabunebrivi principiT osuri samazro an saokrugo administraciuli<br />
erTeulis xelovnurad `gamoWra,~ saqarTvelos sxeulze mizanmimarTulad<br />
qirurgiuli proceduris Catarebas niSnav<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, qarTveli erisa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi teritoriuli mTlianobis sazianod nebismieri sakiTxis ganxil-<br />
348
vis an ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis ufleba _ amierkavkasiis komisariatis kompentencias<br />
scildebo<strong>da</strong>. amierkavkasiis mTavrobis wevr qarTvel politikur moRvaweebs <strong>da</strong> TviT saqarTvelos<br />
erovnuli sabWos deputatebs kargad esmo<strong>da</strong>T, rom osebis aRniSnuli proeqtis<br />
mixedviT sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta, qarTveli eris samomavlo TviTmkvlelobisaTvis safexuris<br />
momzadebas niSnav<strong>da</strong>. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c problemis mogvareba uaRresad sapasuxismgeblo<br />
riskTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong> uSualod qarTveli eris interesebs exebo<strong>da</strong>, misi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta _ arga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis sakiTxi saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos prerogativas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
masze iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, wavido<strong>da</strong> Tu ara qarTveli erisa <strong>da</strong> misi teritoriuli<br />
mTlianobis saziano kompromisze. am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
amierkavkasiis komisariatma am dokumentis meore piri savsebiT kanonzomierad saqarTvelos<br />
erovnul sabWos ga<strong>da</strong>ugzavna, xolo am ukanasknelma, 1918 wlis 18 marts administraciuli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mijvnisa <strong>da</strong> saerobo TviTmmarTvelobis ganyofilebas ga<strong>da</strong>sca gansaxilvelad.<br />
rogorc irkveva, misi ganxilva ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra, radgan: 1) saqarTvelo im etapze <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />
politikur subieqts ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qveynis teritoriuli ga<strong>da</strong>mijvnis<br />
Sesaxeb erovnul sabWos Sesabamisi kanonproeqti ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. aseTi dokumenti mxolod<br />
mogvianebiT, saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis mier 1920 wlis Sua ricxvebSi iqna miRebuli.<br />
mxedvelobaSi maqvs `proeqti saqarTvelos teritoriis <strong>da</strong>nawilebisa axal saadministracio<br />
erTeulebad (olqebad).~ analogiur mdgomareobaSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiis<br />
komisariatic. sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad pirvel rigSi mecnierulad <strong>da</strong>sabuTebuli<br />
iseTi proeqtis Seqmna iyo saWiro, romelic ara marto osebis, aramed saqarTveloSi<br />
mcxovrebi sxva eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebs samarTlebriv CarCoSi moaqcev<strong>da</strong>. meore<br />
mxriv, erobisa <strong>da</strong> saerobo TviTmmarTvelobis uflebebis Sesaxeb, Sesabamisi kanonis<br />
saWiroeba aucileblobas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, radgan am sferoSi sakanonmdeblo bazis<br />
TvalsazrisiT sruli vakumi arsebob<strong>da</strong>; 2) saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis gamocxadebi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
qveynis saxelmwifo aparatis formirebasa <strong>da</strong> srulyofilad funqcionirebas eqvsi<br />
Tve <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>; 3) mdgomareobas isic arTuleb<strong>da</strong>, rom osmaleT- saqarTvelos Soris saomari<br />
moqmedebebi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qveyana teritoriebis <strong>da</strong>kargvis realuri safrTxis<br />
winaSe imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. aseT pirobebSi, saqarTvelos erovnul sabWoSi administraciuli ga<strong>da</strong>mijvnis<br />
Sesaxeb debatebi alogikur saxes miiReb<strong>da</strong>. miTumetes, im Znelbedobis Jams,<br />
qarTveli erisadmi Tanadgomisa <strong>da</strong> momxdur mterTan erToblivi brZolis nacvlad, 1918<br />
wlis 14 marts <strong>da</strong> imave wlis ivnisSi osebis mier mowyobil cxinvalis <strong>da</strong> saCxeris<br />
ajanyebebs hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili. aRniSnuli faqtebis gaTvaliswinebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, arasworad<br />
<strong>da</strong> tendenciurad mimaCnia u. baxtaZis Sexeduleba; _ osebis zemoaRniSnuli proeqtiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnas saqarTvelos xelisuflebam TiTqos Segnebulad gaukeTa<br />
ignorireba. `mas Semdeg rac menSevikurma mTavrobam, _ wers u. baxtaZe, _ uaryo<br />
samxreT oseTis teritoriul safuZvelze agebuli saerobo TviTmmarTvel erTeulad<br />
gamoyofis ufleba, osma xalxma bolSevikebis xelmZRvanelobiT javis, wunaris <strong>da</strong><br />
cxinvalis saxalxo yrilobebze 1918 wlis maisSi (28 maisi _ S. v.), ivnisSi <strong>da</strong> agvistoSi<br />
aSkarad gamoTqva survili SeerTebodnen sabWoTa ruseTs~ 1 . XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi<br />
gamoTqmuli es <strong>da</strong>usabuTebeli Tvalsazrisi, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebis<br />
diskreditaciaze <strong>da</strong> osi separatistebis mier 1918-1920 wlebSi qarTvel erTan mimarTebaSi<br />
Cadenili moRalaturi qmedebis gamarTlebis mcdelobaze iyo gaTvlili. samwuxaroa,<br />
rom u.baxtaZis aRniSnul mc<strong>da</strong>r Sexedulebas zogierTi Cemi kolega dResac<br />
iziarebs 2 . ara<strong>da</strong>, msoflio <strong>istoria</strong>Si ar arsebobs precedenti, <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis gamocxadebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mesame dRes, romelime qveynis mTavrobis saqmianoba separatistebis pretenziebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebiT <strong>da</strong>wyebuliyos. angariSs arc imas uweven, Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis teritoriis<br />
ra sazRvrebSi moiTxov<strong>da</strong> osi separatistebi `samxreT oseTis~ administraciuli<br />
erobis Seqmnas. misi <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi ra mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> momavali Taobebi rogor Sefasebas miscem<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos<br />
xelisuflebis mier qveynis sazianod miRebul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas.<br />
dokumenturi masaliT <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebulia, rom Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osebis problemis<br />
ganxilvis <strong>da</strong>Cqareba <strong>da</strong> misi praqtikulad ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisaTvis saTanado bazis Seqmna, ara<br />
marto sakanonmdeblo aqtebis momzadebas, aramed did finansur xarjebsac moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. xelisuflebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n am mimarTulebiT pragmatuli nabijis ga<strong>da</strong>dgmas, TavianTi qmedebiT<br />
1 u. baxtaZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 49.<br />
2 a. sonRulaSvili, `samxreT oseTi~ saqarTveloSi?! (Tbilisi, 2009), gv. 97.<br />
349
TviT osebi aferxebdnen. am SemTxvevaSi is 1 miliard 12 milioni maneTia gasaTvaliswinebeli,<br />
romelic saqarTvelos axladSeqmnili saxelmwifos xazinas saCxeris osebis ajanyebis<br />
salikvi<strong>da</strong>ciod <strong>da</strong> osebisgan <strong>da</strong>zaralebuli qarTuli soflebis mosaxleobis sakompensaciod<br />
<strong>da</strong>uj<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, es srulebiTac ar niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli<br />
sabWos an saqarTvelos mTavrobis mxri<strong>da</strong>n osebis erovnuli sabWos zemoaRniSnuli proeqtis<br />
ganxilvas im etapze uari eTqva, radgan amis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebl oficialur dokuments<br />
jer-jerobiT ver mivakvlieT. miTumetes, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi osur<br />
problemas qarTuli saxelmwifos interesebis gaTvaliswinebis WrilSi ganixilavdnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> mis droul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas aucileblobad miiCnevdnen. amis <strong>da</strong>madstureblad erovnuli<br />
sabWos 1918 wlis 2 agvistos sxdomaze n. ramiSvilis mier warmoTqmuli sityva gamodgeba.<br />
igi xazgasmiT aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom osebs `kulturuli avtonomia aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> mieniWos~ 1 .<br />
rac Seexeba osebis erovnul sabWos, droTa ganmavlobaSi misi wevrebi TavianT pretenziebs<br />
kidev ufro afarToebdnen <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osebisaTvis samazro-saerobo administraciuli<br />
erTeulis nacvlad, calke administraciuli olqis Seqmnas moiTxovdnen. amis<br />
Sesaxeb `samxreT oseTis~ erovnuli sabWos 1918 wlis 15 seqtembris <strong>da</strong>dgenilebaSi vkiTxulobT:<br />
`saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobas Seaxsenos oseTis calke administraciul<br />
olqad gamoyofis saWiroebaze <strong>da</strong> sTxovos <strong>da</strong>Cqarebul iqnas am sakiTxis ganxilva. sakiTxis<br />
ganxilvas mTavrobaSi <strong>da</strong>eswron oseTis sabWos mxri<strong>da</strong>n aleqsandre Tibilovi, qristifore<br />
jioevi <strong>da</strong> petre Tedeevi~ 2 .<br />
Cems mier motanili faqtebis mixedviT Tuki vimsjelebT, saqarTvelos mTavrobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> osebis erovnuli sabWos interesebi erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong>. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />
rom 1918 wlis seqtembri<strong>da</strong>n osebis pretenziebi mkveTrad gaizar<strong>da</strong>. igi calke<br />
samazro <strong>da</strong> misadmi <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli saerobo TviTmmarTvelobebis Seqmni<strong>da</strong>n, oficialurad<br />
calke administraciuli saolqo avtonomiis moTxovniT Seicvala. osebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
aseTi ganacxadi, qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurTaTvis miuRebeli iyo. amis<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas im periodis presis furclebze gamoqveynebuli publikaciebi warmoadgens.<br />
am mxriv, gansakuTrebul intersess gazeT `alionSi~ <strong>da</strong>beWdili statia `cxinvalis<br />
tragediis gamo~ iqcevs. statiis avtori osebis separatizms, osuri inteligenciis `SemoqmedebiT~<br />
nayofad acxadeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi `Tavisufali oseTis~<br />
arsebobis <strong>da</strong>Svebas <strong>da</strong>naSaulebriv qmedebad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>. `Tavisufleba _ vkiTxulobT werilSi<br />
_ yvelasaTvis aucilebelia, ... magram Cven viciT oseTi mxolod Tergis olqSi,<br />
saqarTveloSi ki ara. saqarTveloSi arian osebi, romelTanac qarTvel xalxs mu<strong>da</strong>m ke-<br />
Tili ganwyobileba hqon<strong>da</strong>. magram naTqvamia, sikeTisaTvis sikeTe vis miuzRavso. Cvens<br />
osebs sruli ufleba aqvs Tavisuflad moewyon saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi, xolo isini<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebaron saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiis mTavrobas. osebis mTavroba iq<br />
aris SesaZlebeli <strong>da</strong> saWiro, sa<strong>da</strong>c osebis miwa-wyalia _ Tergis olqSi. rodesac isini<br />
cdiloben saqarTvelos SuagulSi sakuTari <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli mTavrobis Seqmnas, es aris<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>nawileba, <strong>da</strong>gleja, ris nebasac qarTveli eri aravis miscems sanam<br />
pirSi suli edgmeba~ 3 .<br />
am amonaweri<strong>da</strong>n kargad Cans, rom osebTan mimarTebaSi saqarTvelos mTavrobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
qarTuli politikuri azris warmomadgenelTa pozicia identuri iyo. imave statiaSi savsebiT<br />
kanonzomiera<strong>da</strong>a miniSnebuli, rom osebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli mTavrobisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
erTeulis Seqmna mxolod osebis istoriul samSobloSi _ Crdilo kavkasiis oseTSi<br />
iyo mizanSewonili. am sakiTxs im periodis qarTul politikur azrovnebaSi gansakuTrebuli<br />
adgili ekava. amis Sesaxeb iv. gomarTeli statiaSi `saqarTvelos respublika<br />
<strong>da</strong> erovnul umciresobaTa sakiTxi~ principulad svam<strong>da</strong> SekiTxvas _ `visa aqvs<br />
ufleba moiTxovos _ politikuri avtonomia?~ <strong>da</strong> iqve pasuxob<strong>da</strong>: `mxolod im saxelmwifoSi<br />
teritoriul ers, romelsac Tavisi istoriuli teritoria aqvs <strong>da</strong> am teritoriaze<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi cxovreba hqonia... politikuri avtonomia <strong>da</strong> sruli gamoyofa<br />
SeuZlia moiTxovos namdvilma oseTma, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiaSia. am uflebas<br />
mas veravin waarTmevs, radgan osis xalxs iq aqvs sakuTari teritoria <strong>da</strong> am teritoriaze<br />
politikuri uflebanic mis xelSi un<strong>da</strong> iyos. saqarTvelos respublikis miwa-<br />
1 saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, f. 1836, aRw. 1, saq. 43, furc. 81.<br />
2 scssa, f. 1863, aRw. 1, saq. 4, furc. 242.<br />
3 cxinvalis tragediis gamo, alioni, 29 marti (1918).<br />
350
wyalze ki politikuri uflebebis matarebelia qarTveli eri, mis mTavrobas <strong>da</strong> kanonebs<br />
emorCileba yvela, vinc am respublikis farglebSi cxovrobs~ 1 .<br />
aRniSnuli amonaweri imis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifos interesebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, qarTuli politikuri speqtri Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osebisaTvis politikuri<br />
avtonomiis micemis winaaRmdegi iyo. am ideiis ganxorcielebas isini ruseTis<br />
SemadgenlobaSi _ Crdilo kavkasiis oseTSi un<strong>da</strong> cdiliyvnen, xolo saqarTveloSi<br />
kulturuli avtonomiiT <strong>da</strong>kamayofilebuliyvnen. am debulebas iv.gomarTeli saqarTvelos<br />
erovnuli sabWos 1918 wlis 2 agvistos sxdomaze<strong>da</strong>c icav<strong>da</strong>. marTalia, sakiTxi<br />
sworad iyo <strong>da</strong>smuli, magram im etapze igi ideologiur-propagandistul <strong>da</strong> SegonebiT<br />
xasaiaTs atareb<strong>da</strong>. aseTi forma mxolod im civilizebuli eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> gasagebi, romlebic genetikurad sxvisi teritoriebis mitacebis mourCeneli<br />
seniT ar iyvnen <strong>da</strong>avadebulni <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa amagis <strong>da</strong>mfaseblebad rCebodnen. es<br />
elementaruli Rirseba, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osebis inteligenciis<br />
did nawils _ samwuxarod ar aRmoaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> separatizmis gziT, qarTvelTa xarjze,<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi `samxreT oseTis~ niRbiT osuri saxelmwifo erTeulis Seqmnas cdilobdnen.<br />
saqarTveloSi xelovnurad agorebul osur separetizmTan mimarTebaSi garkveul<br />
sapirispiro nabijs, goris mazris erobis xmosanTa yrilobis (1919 wlis 16 marti) mier<br />
miRebuli <strong>da</strong>dgenileba warmoadgens. mxedvelobaSi maqvs, goris mazris 20 wvril saTemo<br />
erTeulad <strong>da</strong>yofisa <strong>da</strong> TiToeul maTganSi Sesatyvisi soflis sazogadoebebis gaerTianebis<br />
faqti. am dokumentis mixedviT, javis Temi, sami soflis (javis, yemulTis, rokis)<br />
sazogadoebiT Semoifargla. am faqtis Sesaxeb, goris mazris erobis gamgeobis Tavmjdomaris<br />
mier saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosadmi gagzavnil werilSi (1919<br />
wlis 4 aprili) xazgasmiT iyo miTiTebuli. xolo, imave saministrosadmi 11 noembers<br />
gagzavnil SetyobinebaSi, TiToeul TemebSi soflis sazogadoebaTa gaerTianebis ganmapirobebeli<br />
faqtorebi iyo wina planze wamoweuli. `goris mazris erobis gamgeoba _<br />
vkiTxulobT dokumentSi _ auwyebs saministros, rom goris mazra ukve <strong>da</strong>yofilia Temebad,<br />
romlebSiac is soflebia moqceuli, romlebic ufro uaxlovdebian Tems Tavisi<br />
mdgomareobiT. mazra aris <strong>da</strong>yofili 20 Temad, romelTagan marto 17 awarmoebs Temur<br />
marTva-gamgeobas. <strong>da</strong>narCeni 3 Seadgens mTa oseTis Tems, romlebic jer isev Zveli pirobebiT<br />
moqmedeben~. am SemTxvevaSi javis Temi (javis, yemulTis, rokis sazogadoebebi)<br />
igulisxmebo<strong>da</strong>. RniSnuli sakiTxiT Sinagan saqmeTa saministros <strong>da</strong>intereseba imiT iyo<br />
ganpirobebuli, rom am uwyebasTan arsebuli sagangebo komisia, im etapze Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />
mTis osebSi administraciuli erTeulis SemoRebis proeqtze muSaob<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
goris mazris erobis yrilobis monawileTa poziciis garkveva, misi mxri<strong>da</strong>n problemisadmi<br />
sworad midgomis TvalsazrisiT aucileblobas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. miTumetes, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miRebis TvalsazrisiT, samazro erobisa <strong>da</strong> samTavrobo uwyebis urTierT<strong>da</strong>pirispireba,<br />
im rTuli politikuri situaciis fonze, osi separatistebisaTvis<br />
xelsayrel ideologiur garemos Seqmni<strong>da</strong>. dokumenturi masaliT <strong>da</strong>sturdeba, rom es<br />
faqtori, Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosTan arsebuli komisiis mxri<strong>da</strong>n maqsimalurad iqna<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli. rac Seexeba Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osebSi saerobo erTeulis SemoRebas,<br />
amis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis 1919 wlis 5 ivlisis sxdomam sagangebod<br />
imsjela. mxedvelobaSi maqvs aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi Sinagan saqmeTa<br />
ministris moadgilis p.WiWinaZis mier gakeTebuli moxseneba <strong>da</strong> imave sxdomisadmi wardgenili<br />
Sesabamisi dekretis proeqti. am dokumentis ZiriTadi debulebebi Semdegnairad<br />
SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: 1) saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebis kulturuli ganviTarebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi cxovrebis mosawesrigeblad, Sinagan saqmeTa saministro maTTvis far-<br />
To TviTmmarTvelobis erTeulis Seqmnas saWirod Tvli<strong>da</strong>; 2) osebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli Si<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTlis mTiani zolis farglebSi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mazrebis soflis sazogadoebebis Seer-<br />
Tebis safuZvelze `egreT wodebuli javis mazra, samazro administraciuli <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebiT~<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Seqmniliyo; 3) osebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli javis mazra, Semdegi mazrebis<br />
teritoriuli `CamonaWrebis~ xarjze iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>: a) Sorapnis mazri<strong>da</strong>n _ Cixis sazogadoebis<br />
soflebi _ TedeleTi, jalabeTi, xaxeTi; b) raWis mazri<strong>da</strong>n _ Casavlis soflis<br />
sazogadoeba; g) goris mazri<strong>da</strong>n _ `samTo oseTis~ raionis _ rokis, yemulTis <strong>da</strong><br />
javis sazogadoebebi; d) cxinvalis raionis _ ortevis, yornisis <strong>da</strong> wunaris soflis<br />
sazogadoebebi.<br />
1 iv. gomarTeli, saqarTvelos respublika <strong>da</strong> erovnul umciresobaTa sakiTxi, alioni, 2 seqtemberi (1918).<br />
351
am monacemebis mixedviT, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministro,<br />
osebTan mimarTebaSi mniSvnelovan kompromisze midio<strong>da</strong> im TvalsazrisiT, rom ruseTis<br />
imperiis xelisufalTa mier Tavis droze administraciul erTeulebad <strong>da</strong>nawilebul<br />
saqarTvelos sxeulze, xelovnur `qirurgiul~ Carevas axden<strong>da</strong>. mxedvelobaSi maqvs Si<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTlis mTis osebisTvis javis mazris <strong>axali</strong> administraciuli erTeulis `gamoWris~<br />
mizniT, zemoT aRniSnuli sami samazro erTeulisaTvis Sesabamisi soflis sazogadoebebis<br />
xelovnurad `mokveTis~ sakiTxis <strong>da</strong>sma. es dokumenti imiTac iqcevs yuradRebas,<br />
rom meore muxlisadmi <strong>da</strong>rTuli SeniSvnis mixedviT, axladSeqmnili mazris teritoriis<br />
sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>dgena, sakanonmdeblo gziT _ saerobo yrilobis wardgenis safuZvelze<br />
un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo. am proceduris Catarebamde, droebiT administraciul centrad<br />
sofeli java cxaddebo<strong>da</strong>. javis mazris Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi, imave dokumentis mixedviT,<br />
mesame, meoTxe, mexuTe <strong>da</strong> meeqvse muxlebi Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatarebas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>:<br />
1) javis mazraSi un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo samazro <strong>da</strong> wvrili saerobo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis<br />
Seqmna. rac Seexeba samazro <strong>da</strong> saerobo yrilobis xmosanTa raodenobas _ 25 xmosniT<br />
isazRvrebo<strong>da</strong>; 2) administraciul, sasamarTlo, sazogadoebriv sammarTveloebSi saqmis<br />
warmoeba <strong>da</strong> sja-baasi, skolebSi swavleba osur enaze un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo. javis mazraSi<br />
mcxovrebi araosi erovnebis warmomadgenlebs, swavlis miReba mSobliur enaze SeeZlo;<br />
3) saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan javis mazris administraciuli organoebis urTier-<br />
Toba saxelmwifo enaze un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo; 4) javis mazris mosazRvre soflebs, kanonis<br />
wesis <strong>da</strong>cviT Sedgenili ganaCeniT, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros winaSe Suamdgomlobis<br />
aRZvris SesaZlebloba eZleo<strong>da</strong> im TvalsazrisiT, rom aRniSnuli mazris sazRvrebSi<br />
ama Tu im soflis Caricxvis sakiTxi, respublikis sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi yofiliyo<br />
ganxiluli. analogiuri uflebebiT iyo aRWurvili javis mazris SemadgenlobaSi<br />
moqceuli soflis sazogadoebebi. mxedvelobaSi maqvs, javis mazri<strong>da</strong>n maTi gamoyofis<br />
Sesaxeb kanonieri wesiT Suamdgomlobis aRZvris SesaZleblobis faqti. igi sakanonmdeblo<br />
organos ganxilvis sagani mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>, Tuki es procedura,<br />
mazris teritoriuli mTlianobis <strong>da</strong>rRvevas ar <strong>da</strong>emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>; 5) imave dokumentiT,<br />
saerobo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis SemoRebamde, javis samazro komisariati <strong>da</strong> miliciis<br />
Stati mtkicdebo<strong>da</strong>. am saWiroebisaTvis saxelmwifo xazini<strong>da</strong>n 553440 maneTi un<strong>da</strong> gamoyofiliyo,<br />
xolo 1919 wlis 1 ivlisi<strong>da</strong>n 276720 maneTi. samwuxaroT, zogierTma istorikosma<br />
aRniSnuli proeqti gasabWoebuli saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatTan<br />
arsebuli administraciul erTeulTa ganyofilebaSi momzadebulad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong><br />
1 , riTac mkiTxveli SecdomaSi Seiyvana. ara<strong>da</strong>, am dokuments 1919 wlis 5 ivlisis TariRi<br />
azis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministris moadgile p. WiWinaZe<br />
<strong>da</strong> vice direqtori i. naneiSvili awers xels.<br />
marTalia, Sinagan saqmeTa ministris moadgilis p.WiWinaZis mier gakeTebuli moxseneba<br />
<strong>da</strong> dekretis proeqti, wamoWrili problemis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad garkveul argumentebs<br />
Seicav<strong>da</strong>, magram, saqarTvelos mTavrobis aRniSnuli sxdomis monawileebma misi oficialurad<br />
miRebisagan Tavi Seikava. sakiTxis siRrmiseuli Seswavlis mizniT, warmodgenili<br />
masalis kompententuri komisiisadmi ga<strong>da</strong>cemis aucilebloba mizanSewonilad iqna<br />
miCneuli. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT miRebul <strong>da</strong>dgenilebaSi vkiTxulobT: `warmodgenili<br />
dekretis winaswar gansaxilvelad Sesdges komisia Sinagan saqmeTa, iusticiis (Tavmjdomare)<br />
<strong>da</strong> finansTa saministros warmomadgenelTagan.~ aRniSnuli <strong>da</strong>dgenilebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
dekretis proeqti, javis mazris Seqmnisa <strong>da</strong> masSi saerobo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaTa<br />
SemoRebis sakiTxebis Semswavlel sauwyebaTaSoriso komisias gansaxilvelad ga<strong>da</strong>eca.<br />
imave komisiis 11 ivlisis sxdomis saoqmo Canawerebi<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom finansuri <strong>da</strong> teqnikuri<br />
gaumarTaobis motiviT, finansTa <strong>da</strong> iusticiis saministroebis warmomadgenlebma<br />
(muxranski, v. demidovi) aRniSnuli proeqtis miReba im etapze SeuZleblad CaTvales. <strong>da</strong>ayenes<br />
sakiTxi _ <strong>axali</strong> samazro erTeulisaTvis saWiro yvela niuansis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
proeqtis finansuri nawili respublikis finansTa saministrosTan SeTanxmebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebuliyo. aseTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, osur sakiTxs komisia<br />
mTeli gul<strong>da</strong>smiT swavlob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Sesabamis sxdomebze osebis erovnuli sabWos warmomadgenlis<br />
pretenziebis mizanSewonilobis ganxilvas axden<strong>da</strong>. debatebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
sami dokumentis _ 1) osebis erovuli sabWos mier amierkavkasiis komisariatisadmi 1918<br />
1 l. saraliZe, e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis istorii<strong>da</strong>n (1917-1922 ww.), <strong>axali</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>uaxlesi</strong> istoriis sakiTxebi, 1 (7) (Tbilisi, 2010), gv. 155-156<br />
352
wlis 10 ianvars wardgenili proeqtis, 2) saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros<br />
proeqtisa <strong>da</strong> 3) osebis delegaciis mier saqarTvelos mTavrobisadmi 1919 wlis 27 ivnisiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>TariRebuli gancxadebis garSemo mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am ukanaskneli dokumenti<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom misi avtorebi Sinagan saqmeTa saministros<br />
proeqtis mixedviT osebisaTvis samazro erobis SemoRebaze acxadebdnen Tanxmobas.<br />
amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT imave gancxadebaSi vkiTxulobT: «делегация согласилась с предложением<br />
правительства ограничиться уездним земским самоуправлением для территорий населенной сплошной осетинской<br />
массой». sauwyebaTasoriso komisiis 11 ivlisis sxdomaze gr. gvelesianma am faqtis<br />
a.Tibilovis sawinaaRmdegod gamoyenebas Seeca<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mas osTa erovnuli sabWos warmomadgenlebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros proeqtis ZiriTadi debulebebisadmi<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera Seaxsena. am sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT komisiis sxdomaze a. Tibilovma<br />
oficialurad ganacxa<strong>da</strong>: `Sinagan saqmeTa ministrTan myofi delegaciis wevrebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas<br />
Cvenebi ar <strong>da</strong>eTanxmnen <strong>da</strong> amiT aixsneba, rom imis Semdeg orjer SevitaneT<br />
gancxadeba amis Sesaxeb.~ es faqti imaze miuTiTebs, rom osuri sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi, osebis erovnuli sabWo or <strong>da</strong>jgufebad iyo gayofili <strong>da</strong> urTierTsawinaaRmdego<br />
poziciaze idga. es garemoeba, komisias udidesi sirTuleebis winaSe ayeneb<strong>da</strong><br />
im TvalsazrisiT, rom saerTo enis gamoZebna <strong>da</strong> konsesusis miRweva orive <strong>da</strong>jgufebas-<br />
Tan un<strong>da</strong> moexdina.<br />
rac Seexeba osebis pirvel proeqtsa <strong>da</strong> gancxadebas, misi avtorebi mxolod erT<br />
sakiTxSi Tanxmdebodnen; kerZod, Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osebis samazro eroba eTnografiuli<br />
niSniT _ `samxreT oseTis~ saxelwodebiT Seqmniliyo. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c es moTxovna kategoriul<br />
formas atareb<strong>da</strong>, igi sauwyebaTaSoriso komisiis 13 ivlisis sxdomaze sagangebo<br />
msjelobis sagani gax<strong>da</strong>. miRebul rezoluciaSi garkveviT iqna miTiTebuli, rom<br />
mazris saxeli, samazro centris saxelwodebis mixedviT gansazRvruliyo. `am azrs komisia<br />
im mosazrebiT <strong>da</strong>adga, _ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi, _ rom TiTqmis arsad mazris<br />
saxeli eTnografiuli Semadgenlobis mixedviT ar atarebs saxels, aramed mas ewodeba<br />
im soflis, <strong>da</strong>bis an qalaqis saxeli, romelic samazro centrs warmoadgens.~ marTalia,<br />
eTnikuri niSnis mixedviT samazro erTeulis Seqmna samarTlianad iqna uaryofili, magram,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, qarTuli politikuri speqtris winaSe principulad iyo <strong>da</strong>smuli<br />
osuri samazro saerobo erTeulis _ Tugind javis mazris saxelwodebiT Seqmnis kanonzomiereba.<br />
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros zemoaRniSnuli proeqtis farglebSi problemis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta, qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurebs saqarTvelos saxelmwifosaTvis osebis<br />
mxrei<strong>da</strong>n <strong>axali</strong> safrTxis Seqmnis safuZvlad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T. adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> TviTmmarTvelobis komisiis 1919 wlis 30 aprilis sxdomaze d. oniaSvilis mier<br />
gakeTebuli gamafrTxilebeli gancxadeba am garemoebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. `cxinvalis<br />
raionSi osebisaTvis calke erTeuli rom <strong>da</strong>vaarsoT, _ ambob<strong>da</strong> igi, _ es <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
oseTis winaSe <strong>da</strong>gvayenebs~. am SemTxvevaSi d. oniaSvili ar tyuo<strong>da</strong>, radgan os separatistebs<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis teritoriis Crdilo kavkasiis oseTTan mierTebiT, ruseTis<br />
federaciaSi erTiani osuri saxelmwifos Seqmna hqon<strong>da</strong>T miznad <strong>da</strong>saxuli. amas osebis<br />
warmomadgeneli a. Tibilovic ar malav<strong>da</strong>. iusticiis saministrosTan arsebuli sauwyebaTaSoriso<br />
komisiis 1919 wlis 13 ivlisis sxdomaze igi <strong>da</strong>ufaravad acxadeb<strong>da</strong>: `cxinvalis<br />
konferenciis <strong>da</strong>dgenilebiT... un<strong>da</strong> Seiqmnas erTi mTliani oseTis saxelmwifo, romelic<br />
Sesdgeba samxreTi <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeTi oseTis SeerTebiT <strong>da</strong> igi momavalSi ruseTis<br />
federaciul respublikas un<strong>da</strong> SeuerTdes~. am amonaweri<strong>da</strong>n kargad Cans osi separatistebis<br />
samomavlo miznebi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobasTan mimarTebaSi maTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba. isic angariSgasawevia, rom a. Tibilovis es gancxadeba im dros gakeT<strong>da</strong>,<br />
roca osebis erovnuli sabWos warmomadgenels sauwyebaTaSoriso komisiisadmi `er-<br />
Tiani oseTis~ ruka hqon<strong>da</strong> wardgenili. TavianTi miznebis warmosaCenad, osma separatistebma<br />
am SemTxvevaSi hugo Suxartis samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTi kavkasiis qarTveluri enebis eTnografiuli<br />
ruka gamoiyenes. osebis saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi gansaxlebis aRmniSvneli<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli Ria vardisferi, mkveTri vardisferiT ga<strong>da</strong>Rebes <strong>da</strong> osebis gansaxlebis<br />
arealSi TviTneburad wmin<strong>da</strong> qarTuli soflebic Seitanes. rac Seexeba Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi<br />
`samxreT oseTis~ gamokveTili formiT warmoCenas <strong>da</strong> misataceblad Cafiqrebul teritorias,<br />
saqarTvelos farglebSi Savi sasazRvro zoli Semoavles. imavdroulad, samomavlod<br />
Cafiqrebuli `erTiani osuri saxelmwifos~ teritoriis moculobis TvalsaCinoebis<br />
mizniT, Crdilo kavkasiis oseTis mimarTac analogiuri feri gamoiyenes. Crdilo<br />
oseTi <strong>da</strong> ararsebuli `samxreT oseTi~ Segnebulad erTian ferebSi warmoadgines. aRniS-<br />
353
nuli faqti, sauwyebaTaSoriso komisiis wevrebsa <strong>da</strong> TviT saqarTvelos xelisuflebas<br />
im realur safrTxeze mianiSneb<strong>da</strong>, romelic saqarTvelos saxelmwifos, teritoriuli<br />
erTianobis <strong>da</strong>rRvevis TvalsazrisiT samomavlod osebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
osuri sakiTxisadmi midgoma <strong>da</strong> misi ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta iseT formebSi un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo,<br />
rom igi momavali TaobebisaTvis Tavsatex problemad ar qceuliyo. qveynis sasicocxlo<br />
interesebisadmi am kuTxiT midgomis aucileblobas, qarTul politikur speqtrs<br />
erisa <strong>da</strong> istoriis winaSe aRebuli pasuxismgebloba avaldebuleb<strong>da</strong>. miTumetes,<br />
osebis erovnuli sabWos liderebis yoveli qmedeba, saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> mis garSemo Seqmnil<br />
politikur situaciaze iyo gaTvlili. amis erT-erT magaliTs, sauwyebaTaSoriso<br />
komisiis sxdomaze a. Tibilovis gamosvlebi warmoadgens. mis mier gakeTebuli zemoaRniSnuli<br />
radikaluri gancxadebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, sauwyebaTaSoriso komisiis imave sxdomaze<br />
Tuki osebisaTvis igi im etapze politikur avtonomias ar moiTxov<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />
farTo saerobo TviTmmarTvelobiT ifarglebo<strong>da</strong>, arsebuli politikuri situaciis koniunqturiT<br />
iyo ganpirobebuli. misi mxri<strong>da</strong>n `kompromisuli~ pozicia, problemasTan mimarTebaSi<br />
SexedulebaTa cvalebadobaze ar iyo <strong>da</strong>myarebuli. igi droebiTi xasiaTis<br />
movlenas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> osebisTvis xelsayreli situaciis SeqmnisTanave saqarTvelos<br />
winaaRmdeg aisbergiviT aRimarTebo<strong>da</strong>. es faqti, komisiis Tavmjdomares gr. gvelesians<br />
mxedvelobis miRma ar <strong>da</strong>rCenia <strong>da</strong> imave sxdomaze a. Tibilovs Seaxsena: `yovelgvari<br />
sakiTxi am komisiaSi SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnas mxolod im farglebSi, romelic<br />
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros proeqtSia naCvenebi.~ ramdena<strong>da</strong>c, osebis warmomadgenels,<br />
teritoriis moculobis TvalsazrisiT, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros zemoaRniSnuli<br />
proeqti ar akmayofileb<strong>da</strong>, gr.gvelesianisadmi sapasuxod warmoTqmul sityvaSi misi separatistuli<br />
zraxvani erTxel kidev sajarod gamoavlina. mxedvelobaSi maqvs a. Tibilovis<br />
mier 13 ivliss gakeTebuli gancxadeba; `vacxadebT, rom Cveni saboloo mizani<br />
politikuri avtonomiaa, magram, radganac dRes-dReobiT amis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli<br />
xdeba, amitom jer-jerobiT am minimums moviTxovT. un<strong>da</strong> vTqvaT, Cven yovelgvar<br />
kanonier zomebs miviRebT, raTa ganxorcieldes is minimumi, romelic Cven warmovadgineT.~<br />
a. Tibilovis mier gamoTqmuli zemoaRniSnuli pretenzia, qarTuli politikuri speqtrisaTvis<br />
siaxles ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. ganvlilma istoriulma procesebma <strong>da</strong> osebis orpirovani<br />
ianusisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelma qmedebebma, osebisadmi undobloba qarTul politikur<br />
azrovnebaSi savsebiT kanonzomierad <strong>da</strong>amkvidra. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, osebisaTvis teritoriul<br />
safuZvelze agebuli gansakuTrebuli mazris an erobis SemoReba, <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebal<br />
krebasTan arsebulma adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa <strong>da</strong> TviTmmarTvelobis komisiis 1919<br />
wlis 6 ivnisis sxdomam im etapze naCqarevad CaTvala. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, miRebul <strong>da</strong>dgenilebaSi<br />
vkiTxulobT: `kiTxva Riad <strong>da</strong>rCes im dromde, sanam garCeuli ar iqneba saer-<br />
Tod respublikis teritoriis <strong>axali</strong> administraciuli ga<strong>da</strong>mijvnis sakiTxi.~ aseTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
miReba savsebiT kanonzomieri iyo, radgan <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebel krebasTan arsebul<br />
mmarTvelobisa <strong>da</strong> TviTmmarTvelobis komisias, saqarTvelos teritoriis ga<strong>da</strong>mijvnis sakiTxTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT muSaoba <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli ar qon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> uaxloesi sxdomebisaTvis saboloo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis misaRebad Sesabamis safuZvels amzadeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Tuki osebis erovnuli sabWos warmomadgeneli a. Tibilovi radikalizms oficialurad<br />
avlen<strong>da</strong>, misgan gansxvavebiT, osi social-demokratebis warmomadgenlebi garegnulad<br />
`kompromisis~ niRbiT moqmedebdnen <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis osebisaTvis mxolod erTi<br />
samazro erobis Seqmnis moTxovniT ifarglebodnen. am mxriv gansakuTrebul yuradRebas<br />
osebSi momuSave social-demokratiuli partiis wevrebisa <strong>da</strong> organizaciebis warmomadgenlebis<br />
goris konferenciis (1919 wlis 16-17 aprili) muSaobis amsaxveli masalebi iqcevs.<br />
osebisaTvis samazro erobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb g.gagloevis mier gakeTebul moxsenebaSi<br />
wina planze ekonomikuri faqtori iyo wamoweuli. misi mtkicebiT `eroba, rogorc<br />
sameurneo <strong>da</strong> saxalxo TviTmmarTveloba, un<strong>da</strong> emyarebodes Tavis sakuTar Zalebs.<br />
is ar un<strong>da</strong> moiTxovdes saxelmwifosagan <strong>da</strong>xmarebas, Tu mTavrobis opeka ar surs.~ aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, osebisaTvis igi erTi samazro erobis mowyobis aucileblobas ayeneb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
imavdroulad, aRniSnuli erobis xarjTaRricxvis winaswar garkvevas pirvelxarisxovan<br />
amocanad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, erobis SemoRebas saxifaTod Tvli<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rac Seexeba TviT erobis formas, g.gagloevis mtkicebiT, pirvel etapze osebisaTvis wvrili<br />
saerobo erTeulebi un<strong>da</strong> Seqmniliyo. garkveuli drois monakveTSi, erobaTa warmomadgenlobis<br />
yrilobis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis safuZvelze, erT msxvil saerobo erTeulad<br />
354
gar<strong>da</strong>qmniliyo 1 . swored aRniSnul sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT gamovlin<strong>da</strong> osi social-demokratebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n qarTuli miwebis mitacebisa <strong>da</strong> gaTavisebis Sinagani kodis amoqmedebis<br />
mcdeloba. mxedvelobaSi maqvs imave konferenciis mier sasoflo sazogadoebebis<br />
gaerTianebis motiviT, osebisaTvis 8 saerobo erTeulis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb miRebuli<br />
rezolucia. am dokumentis mixedviT, osebisaTvis Semdegi saerobo erTeulebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
Seqmniliyo: 1) mTa oseTis eroba (soflis sazogadoebebi _ javis, felis, rokis, Casavlis);<br />
2) arkneTis eroba (yornisis, wunaris, avlevis sazogadoebebi); 3) vanaTis eroba<br />
(ortevis, beloTis, andoreTis sazogadoebebi); 4) atenis eroba (ba<strong>da</strong>anis, bobnevis, axalsoflis<br />
sazogadoebebi) 5) qarelis eroba (zRu<strong>da</strong>risa <strong>da</strong> qarelis Sereuli sazogadoebebisagan<br />
Semdgari); 6) xaSuris eroba; 7) axalgoris eroba; 8) Trusos eroba.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki osebis saerobo erTeulebi am formiT Seiqmnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Semdeg-<br />
Si erT samazro saerobo erTeulad gaerTiandebo<strong>da</strong>, Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis teritoriis udidesi<br />
nawili osebis samazro erTeulis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSi aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong>. es imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, aRniSnuli teritoriis gankargvis uflebas<br />
osuri administracia samarTlebrivad <strong>da</strong>ikanoneb<strong>da</strong>. teritoriuli TvalsazrisiT, aseTi<br />
farTo samazro saerobo erTeulis osebisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cema, qarTuli saxelmwifos interesebs<br />
ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan: a) igi osebis ganuzomeli pretenziebis gamovlinebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> osuri saxelwodebis erobebis SemadgenlobaSi Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis teritoriis didi<br />
nawilis moqcevis mcdelobas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>; b) am gegmis ganxorcieleba, samomavlod osebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n teritoriuli avtonomiis moTxovnis safuZvlis Semzadebis pirveli safexuri<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
osebis samazro-saerobo administraciuli erTeulis teritoriuli sazRvrebis Semofargvlis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros, osebis erovnuli sabWos 1918<br />
wlis 10 ianvris proeqtebs <strong>da</strong> osi social-demokratebis goris konferenciaze (1919<br />
wlis aprili) miRebul <strong>da</strong>dgenilebas _ Tuki erTmaneTs Seva<strong>da</strong>rebT, maT Soris udidesi<br />
sxvaoba aRmoCndeba. am masalebs Tuki qarTuli saxelmwifos interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
gavukeTebT analizs, garkveviT warmoCndeba is mtacebluri ma<strong>da</strong>, romelsac osi separatistebi<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis teritoriis misaTviseblad iCendnen. <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqar-<br />
Tvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mier SeTavazebuli proeqtis kompromisuli varianti<br />
_ javis samazro erobis 8 sasoflo sazogadoebaze <strong>da</strong> 3 soflis bazaze <strong>da</strong>fuZneba<br />
os separatistrbs ar akmayofileb<strong>da</strong>. amis sanacvlod, osebis erovnuli sabWos mier 1918<br />
wlis 10 ianvars amierkavkasiis komisariatisadmi wardgenili proeqtis farglebSi acxadebdnen<br />
pretenzias. maTi azriT, `samxreT oseTis~ administraciuli eroba erTi qalaqis,<br />
22 sasoflo sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> 3 soflisgan un<strong>da</strong> Seqmniliyo, xolo centrad cxinvali<br />
gamocxadebuliyo 2 . rac Seexeba osi social-demokratebis mier 1919 wels miRebul<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenilebas, osebis samazro erobas 15 sasoflo sazogadoebisgan Seqmnili 8 saerobo<br />
erTeuli un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>debo<strong>da</strong> safuZvlad.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, osebis erovnuli sabWos proeqtisa <strong>da</strong> osi social-demokratebis<br />
goris konferenciaze miRebuli <strong>da</strong>dgenilebisagan gansxvavebiT, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros<br />
proeqti samazro erTeulisaTvis osebs, pirvel proeqtTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT samjer, xolo<br />
meore proeqtTan mimarTebaSi orjer nakleb teritorias) sTavazob<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
amisa, es faqti saqarTvelos xelisuflebisagan im etapze udides <strong>da</strong>Tmobas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
miTumetes, Crdilo kavkasiis oseTSi (osebis istoriul samSobloSi), osebs ara Tu<br />
samazro erobis, aramed kulturuli avtonomiis elementaruli uflebebi ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, isini sabWoTa ruseTis xelisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi Semgueblis<br />
mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen. rac Seexeba Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi mTis osebis gaaqtiurebas <strong>da</strong><br />
osuri administraciuli erTeulis Seqmnis motivaciiT saqarTvelos teritoriis mitacebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>uokebel mcdelobas, sabWoTa ruseTis mxri<strong>da</strong>n mmarTvad saxes atareb<strong>da</strong>. im Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, Tuki osi separatistebi <strong>da</strong>saxul mizans miaRwevdnen <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mTavroba<br />
sasurvel teritorias samarTlebrivad <strong>da</strong>ukanoneb<strong>da</strong>, osebs ruseTTan SeerTebis Canafiqris<br />
ganxorcielebis samomavlo perspeqtiva eZleo<strong>da</strong>T. administraciuli erTeulis<br />
_ `samxreT oseTis~ saxelwodebiT Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi, <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saqarTvelos, Si<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTlSi sabWoTa ruseTi `Causaxldebo<strong>da</strong>.~ aq ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols, regionis geostrategiuli<br />
mniSvneloba gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>. amitom, sabWoTa ruseTis interesebSi misi ze<strong>da</strong>m-<br />
1 goris konferencia, erToba, 7 maisi (1919).<br />
2 administraciul erTeulTa ganyofilebaSi, moambe, # 20 (1921), gv. 15-16.<br />
355
xedvelobis sa<strong>da</strong>veebis xelSi aReba warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara osebis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis<br />
brZola. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli, qarTuli politikuri speqtrisaTvis siaxles ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros proeqti, pirvel rigSi<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv interesebs garkveulwilad mainc iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. am ku-<br />
TxiT ganixilebo<strong>da</strong> osTa savaraudo samazro erTeulis administraciuli centris sakiTxic.<br />
proeqtis mixedviT, cxinvalis nacvlad samazro centrad sofeli java iyo<br />
droebiT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli. sauwyebaTaSoriso komisiis <strong>da</strong>skvnis, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros<br />
moxsenebisa <strong>da</strong> imave saministros mier Sedgenili proeqtis (dekretis) mixedviT<br />
Tuki vimsjelebT, javis mazra ramdenime wvril saerobo erTeulad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nawilebuloyo.<br />
aq erT metad mniSvnelovan arsebiT niuanss un<strong>da</strong> mieqces yuradReba. mxedveloba-<br />
Si maqvs osebis moTxovna; mazris saxelwodebas eTnikuri niSani _ `osuri~ <strong>da</strong>debo<strong>da</strong><br />
safuZvlad. am SemTxvevaSi, komisiam swori arCevani gaakeTa, roca proeqtSi aqcenti<br />
mxolod javis mazraze SeaCera <strong>da</strong> misi uflebebi kulturuli avtonomiis CarCoTi Semofargla.<br />
igi administraciis sazRvrebSi _ a) sasamarTlos, b) sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis,<br />
g) skolebis nacionalizacias _ saxelmwifo enis paralelurad osuri enis<br />
xmarebas <strong>da</strong> osur enaze skolebSi swavlebis SemoRebas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas sauwyebaTaSoriso komisiis 1919 wlis 13 <strong>da</strong> 19 ivlisis sxdomebis<br />
saoqmo Canawerebi warmoadgens. 13 ivlisis sxdomam sagangebod imsjela `samxreT<br />
oseTis~ saswavlenlebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi saxmari enis SemoRebis sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
SirebiT. imave dokumenti<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom osebis erovnuli sabWos warmomadgeneli a.<br />
Tibilovi erTis mxriv osuri skolebisa <strong>da</strong> administraciuli <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis nacionalizacias<br />
uWer<strong>da</strong> mxaras, xolo meores mxriv, osuri enis mcodne adminitraciuli kadrebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogebis ukmarisobis motivi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros<br />
proeqtSi osuri enis nacvlad, ucxo enis _ rusulis Caweras moiTxov<strong>da</strong> 1 . am SemTxvevaSi<br />
igi osebis erovnuli sabWos wevrTa pozicias axmovaneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> garkveuli argumentebis<br />
moSveliebiT sauwyebaTaSoriso komisiis mxri<strong>da</strong>n misTvis sasurveli <strong>da</strong>dgenilebis miRebas<br />
cdilob<strong>da</strong>. qarTuli politikuri elitisaTvis <strong>da</strong> komisiis wevrebisaTvis, osebis Canafiqri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare mosalodneli Sedegebi winaswar iyo cnobili. miTumetes, saqar-<br />
Tvelos xelisuflebasTan komunikaciis motiviT, Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osebSi _ e. w.<br />
`samxreT oseTSi~ rusuli enis oficialurad <strong>da</strong>kanonebis miRwevas, osebis erovnuli<br />
sabWo jer kidev 1919 wlis martSi Seeca<strong>da</strong>. mxedvelobaSi maqvs saqarTvelos mTavrobis<br />
Tavmjdomarisadmi gagzavnili 4 martiT (# 1490) <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli werili. igi patara<br />
formatis qaRaldze lurji melniT gakrili xeliTaa <strong>da</strong>werili. masSi CvenTvis saintereso<br />
sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT vkiTxulobT: «Южно-Осетинский Национальный Совет просит<br />
Вас не отказать сделать распоряжение подведомственным учреждениям и должностным лицам о том,<br />
чтобы переписку с Осетинским национальным Советом и Осетинскими Обществами велась на русском<br />
языке, так как знающих грузинский язык в учреждениях Осетии почти нет, а о содержании переводчиков за<br />
отсуствием средств не приходится и говорить» 2 . rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, qarTulis mcodne kadrebis<br />
aryolis motivaciiT, saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebTan <strong>da</strong> sxva uwyebebTan rusul enaze<br />
mimoweris oficialuri nebarTvis <strong>da</strong>kanonebas osebis erovnuli sabWo saqarTvelos<br />
xelisuflebis umaRlesi eSelonebisgan iTxov<strong>da</strong>. Zneli <strong>da</strong>sajerebelia, rom osebis<br />
erovnul sabWos, saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan saxelmwifo enaze mimoweris mizniT,<br />
qarTuli enis ramdenime mcodne kadri <strong>da</strong> mbeW<strong>da</strong>vi memanqane ver eSovna. isic<br />
sayuradReboa, rom aRniSnul dokumentSi saubaria ara Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis qarTulis<br />
armcodne mTis osebze, aramed geografiuli cnebiT aRmniSvnel oseTze _ «так как<br />
знающих грузинский язык в учреждениях Осетии почти нет». iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi marTlac arsebuliyo `oseTi.~ es faqti imaze migvaniSnebs, rom<br />
aRniSnuli werilis avtorebs, Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTiani zolis osebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli<br />
teritoria _ `oseTad~ hqon<strong>da</strong>T moazrebuli. swored am `oseTSi~ cdilobdnen saxelmwifo<br />
enis nacvlad rusulis <strong>da</strong>kanonebas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki osebis erovnuli sabWo<br />
saxelmwifo enis rusuliT Canacvlebis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas miiReb<strong>da</strong>, aseTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />
qveyanaSi orenovani sakomunikacio wesis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebasa <strong>da</strong> qarTulis, rogorc saxelmwifo<br />
enis ignorirebis precedentis <strong>da</strong>Svebis samarTlebrivad <strong>da</strong>kanonebas moaxden<strong>da</strong>.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebis fonze, osebis erovnuli sabWos moTxovnis<br />
1 administraciul erTeulTa ganyofilebaSi, moambe, # 20 (1921), gv. 16.<br />
2 scssa, f. 1861, aRw. 1, saq. 355, furc. 3; l. ToiZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 64.<br />
356
ganxilvisas pirvel rigSi iyo gasaTvaliswinebeli: a) Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osebis ruseTTan<br />
SeerTebisa <strong>da</strong> b) saqarTvelos teritoriis mitacebis xarjze ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi<br />
`didi oseTis~ saxelmwifo warmonaqmnis Seqmnisken miswrafeba. ruseTis federaciaSi<br />
moqceul politikur erTeulSi macxovrebeli osebisaTvis, qarTuli ena saWiro<br />
namdvilad ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis zolSi Semaval saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebeb-<br />
Si rusuli enis oficialurad <strong>da</strong>tovebiT, osebis erovnuli sabWo zemoaRniSnuli teritoris<br />
rusulenovan samyaroSi Sesayvanad garkveul nia<strong>da</strong>gs amzadeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
osebis erovnuli sabWos es miznebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos saSualo donis moxelisTvisac<br />
ki cnobili iyo. amitom, osur sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul nebismier dokuments<br />
didi sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen. amis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas saqarTvelos mTavrobis saqmeTa<br />
sammarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> iusticiis saministros kancelariis mimoweris amsaxveli masalebi<br />
warmoadgens. mxedvelobaSi maqvs respublikis mTavrobis saqmeTa mmarTvelis k. jafari-<br />
Zis mier, osebis erovnuli sabWos werilis yvela sapasuxismgeblo uwyebisadmi ga<strong>da</strong>gzavnisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> masze Sesabamisi reagirebis faqti. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT iusticiis saministros<br />
kancelaria gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong>. iusticiis saministros kancelariis direqtoris mier<br />
respublikis mTavrobis saqmeTa mmarTvelisadmi 11 marts gagzavnil sapasuxo werilSi<br />
konkretuli SekiTxva iyo <strong>da</strong>smuli: 1) visi gankargulebiT ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> iusticiis saministros<br />
kancelariisadmi osebis erovnuli sabWos werilis ga<strong>da</strong>gzavna; 2) saqarTvelos<br />
mTavrobis saqmeTa sammarTvelos hqon<strong>da</strong> Tu ara respublikis mTavrobis Sesabamisi<br />
brZaneba, osebis erovnuli sabWos moTxovnis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis Sesaxeb 1 . am dokumentis mixedviT<br />
Tuki vimsjelebT, iusticiis saministros kancelariis direqtors, osebis erovnuli<br />
sabWos Txovnis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miaCn<strong>da</strong> SesaZleblad, Tuki<br />
am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis Sesabamisi uwyebis pirveli piris oficialuri<br />
brZaneba iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. iusticiis saministros kancelariis direqtori ar tyuo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
radgan sakiTxi erT-erT regionSi saxelmwifo enis (qarTulis) rusuliT Canacvlebas<br />
exebo<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, aseTi sapasuxismgeblo sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta ama Tu im<br />
uwyebis kancelariis, an saqmeTa mmarTvelis prerogativas aRematebo<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />
saqarTvelos mTavrobis saqmeTa mmarTveli k. jafariZe pozicias ar icvli<strong>da</strong>. imavdroulad<br />
imasac aRiareb<strong>da</strong>, rom 1) osebis erovnul sabWosa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mTavrobas<br />
Soris rusul enaze miwer-moweris mizanSewonilobis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba, demokratiuli<br />
saxelmwifosTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli normebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare _ mis mier iqna miRebuli;<br />
2) imave k.jafariZis `mtkicebiT,~ osebis erovnuli sabWos Txovnis ar<strong>da</strong>kmayofileba, demokratiuli<br />
respublikis principebisadmi Ralati <strong>da</strong> usamarTlo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
.2 k.jfariZis am arakonstituciur moTxovnas, iusticiis saministros kancelariis<br />
direqtorma 20 marts gagzavnili weriliT <strong>da</strong>majerebeli pasuxi gasca. `pasuxad Tqvenis<br />
a. w. 7-is # 605 momarTvisa osTa erovnuli sabWos Suamdgomlobis Sewynarebis Sesaxeb,<br />
rom miwer-mowera saministrosi masTan swarmoebdes rusul enaze, iusticiis saministros<br />
kancelaria gacnobebT, rom mas ar SeuZlian <strong>da</strong>icvas Tqvens momarTvaSi aRniSnuli<br />
wesi miwer-mowerisa, vinai<strong>da</strong>n kancelarias aqvs b.n. ministris kategoriuli gankarguleba,<br />
romlis mixedviT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba, saxelmwifo enaze<br />
un<strong>da</strong> awarmoebdes miwer-moweras, Tun<strong>da</strong>c qveSevrdomi araqarTvel toms ekuTvnodes. xsenebuli<br />
gankargulebis gauqmeba an Secvla Seadgens mxolod ministris an respublikis<br />
mTavrobis kompetencias~ 3 . aRniSnuli dokumentis <strong>da</strong>sabuTebulma pasuxma <strong>da</strong> problemis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad zemdgomi organoebis kompetenciis wina planze wamowevam, k.jafariZe iZulebuli<br />
gaxa<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi weriliT (1919 wlis 24 marti) saqarTvelos respublikis<br />
mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris moadgilis e.gegeWkoriasadmi miemarTa. igi im ZiriTadi mizezebis<br />
axsnas Seeca<strong>da</strong>, romlis safuZvelze<strong>da</strong>c 1) oasebis erovnuli sabWos `samarTliani<br />
moTxovnis~ <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis aucilebloba iusticiisa <strong>da</strong> sxva saministroebs mosTxova;<br />
2) iusticiis saministros kancelariis direqtoris moqmedeba man miuReblad miiCnia <strong>da</strong><br />
mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris moadgiles misadmi Sesaferisi zomebis gatareba sTxova 4 . saarqivo<br />
masalebi<strong>da</strong>n ar <strong>da</strong>sturdeba, rom aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi saqarTvelos<br />
xelisuflebis romelime uwyebas konkretuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba mieRo. es arc aris gasa-<br />
1 scssa, f. 1861, aRw. 1, saq. 355, furc. 6; l. ToiZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 64-65.<br />
2 scssa, f. 1861, aRw. 1, saq. 355, furc. 6; l. ToiZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv 65.<br />
3 scssa, f. 1861, aRw. 1, saq. 355, furc. 4; l. ToiZe. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi. gv. 65.<br />
4 scssa, f. 1861, aRw. 1, saq. 355, furc. 11; l. ToiZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 66.<br />
357
kviri, radgan Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osebis sakiTxis safuZvliani Seswavla, osuri skolebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis nacionalizaciis mizanSewonilobis garkveva, saTanado rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis<br />
SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miReba zemoaRniSnuli sauwyeba-<br />
TaSoriso komisiis kompetencias warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. am komisiis muSaobis msvlelobaSi, osebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n rusuli enis wina planze wamowevis faqti erTxel kidev gamovlin<strong>da</strong>. mxedvelobaSi<br />
maqvs: a) saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n osuri skolebis nacionalizaciis<br />
sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi SemuSavebuli wina<strong>da</strong>debisadmi a. Tibilovis uaryofiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
<strong>da</strong> b) osuri enisadmi rusuli enis upiratesobis micemis mcdeloba. es<br />
faqti imis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa, rom nacionalizaciis Tema osi separatistebisaTvis ideologiuri<br />
propagandis niRabs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. sauwyebaTaSoriso komisiis wevrebi Tuki osebis<br />
mier <strong>da</strong>gebul badeSi aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong>, am xelsayrel moments isini qarTuli saxelmwifos<br />
sawinaaRmdegod mosaxleobaSi ideologiuri propagandisaTvis gamoiyenebdnen. yovelive<br />
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, sauwyebaTasoriso komisiis 21 ivlisis<br />
sxdomam obieqturi <strong>da</strong> civilizebuli qveynisTvis Sesatyvisi <strong>da</strong>dgenileba miiRo.<br />
`pirvel<strong>da</strong>wyebiT saswavleblebSi _ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi _ osebs ufleba eZlevaT<br />
swavla awarmoon mxolod samSoblo enaze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu swavlas samSoblo enaze<br />
ar awarmoeben, maSin igi saxelmwifo enaze un<strong>da</strong> awarmoon... sazogadoebriv <strong>da</strong> administraciul<br />
erTeulebSi osebs ufleba eZlevaT saqmeebi awarmoon samSoblo enaze. centr-<br />
Tan <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba iqneba saxelmwifo enaze.~ es iyo savsebiT swori ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mSobliur enas osebi rusuls amjobinebdnen, am <strong>da</strong>dgenilebis safuZvelze<br />
iZulebulni xdebodnen rusuli-qarTuliT CaenacvlebinaT.<br />
sauwyebaTaSoriso komisiis ganxilvis erT-erT sagans osebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
javis mazris saerobo erTeulis sazRvrebis <strong>da</strong>dgena warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. dokumenturi masaliT<br />
<strong>da</strong>sturdeba, rom imave komisiis sxdomebze, osebis erovnuli sabWos warmomadgeneli<br />
a.Tibilovi yovelmxriv cdilob<strong>da</strong>, javis mazra 1918 wlis 10 ianvris osebis proeqtiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebul teritoriul sazRvrebSi yofiliyo warmodgenili. amis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas<br />
komisiis 13 ivlisis sxdomaze mis mier pretenziuli toniT gakeTebuli gancxadeba<br />
warmoadgens. `un<strong>da</strong> icodeT, _ ambob<strong>da</strong> igi _ rom Tu sofeli beloTi saqarTvelos<br />
raions SeuerTeT, maSin Tqven samxreT oseTs 35 aTass os CamoaSorebT. Sinagan saqmeTa<br />
saministros proeqtiT oseTis raionSi 70 aTasi mcxovrebis magier, xolod 35 aTasi<br />
mcxovrebi Sedis.~ aq erTi metad mniSvnelovani niuansia yuradsaRebi, kerZod, Si<strong>da</strong> qar-<br />
Tlis mTiani zolis `oseTad~ gaTaviseba. am amonaweris mixedviT ise gamodis, rom a.<br />
Tibilovis mier Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi moazrebuli `oseTi~ <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyana<br />
yofiliyo, rom sofeli beloTis saqarTvelosTan `SeerTeba,~ `oseTs~ 35 aTas mcxovrebs<br />
<strong>da</strong>akargvineb<strong>da</strong>. imave sxdomaze a.Tibilobma saqarTvelos teritoriis mitacebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi `osTa teritoriad~ gamocxadebis mcdeloba erTxel kidev gamoavlina. `saqar-<br />
Tvelos respublikis sazRvrebSi _ acxadeb<strong>da</strong> igi _ osTa teritoria Seicavs 3 aTas mi<strong>da</strong>mos.<br />
am teritorias uWiravs goris, duSeTis, Sorapnisa <strong>da</strong> raWis mTiani adgilebi <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>saxlebulia mTlianad osuri masiT. saqarTveloSi mcxovreb osTa mosaxleobis ricxvi<br />
100000 adis. gar<strong>da</strong> zemoaRniSnuli adgilebisa, arian osebi kidev Telavis, siRnaRis<br />
mazraSi, borjomis raionSi <strong>da</strong> manglisis maxloblad. Cvens proeqtSi aRniSnuli goris,<br />
duSeTis, Sorapnisa <strong>da</strong> raWis mazris mTian adgilebSi cxovroben marto osebi... mcxovrebTa<br />
ricxvi am raionebSi udris 70000 suls.~ am amonaweris mixedviT Tuki vimsjelebT,<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTiani zolis oseTad gaTavisebis argumentad, a. Tibilovi demografiul<br />
monacemebs asaxeleb<strong>da</strong>. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c os separatistebs qarTuli teritoriebis<br />
mitacebis amosaval safuZvlad, demografiuli monacemebi miaCn<strong>da</strong>, gakvirvebas ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
iwvevdes, rom 1918, 1919, 1920 wlebis osuri ajanyebebis erT-erT mizans, Si<strong>da</strong> qarTli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
qarTuli mosaxleobis gamodevna warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c im etapze am Canafiqris ganxorcieleba<br />
ver SesZles, osTa raodenobis Sesaxeb a. Tibilovis mier motanili statistikuri<br />
monacemebi komisiam kiTxviTi niSnis qveS <strong>da</strong>ayena. miTumetes, 1917 wels Catarebuli<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo aRweris dros, `samxreT oseTad~ moazrebuli teritoriis farglebSi<br />
aRweras ara saxelmwifos oficialuri, aramed osebis rwmunebulebi awarmoebdnen.<br />
komisiis mier <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli iqna, rom am aRweris Sedegad regionSi qarTvelTa<br />
raodenobis ganzrax Semcirebas <strong>da</strong> osebis xelovnurad zr<strong>da</strong>s qon<strong>da</strong> adgili 1 . es xarvezi<br />
statistikuri anketebisa <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis uSualo gamokiTxvis meSveobiT un<strong>da</strong> gamo-<br />
1 administraciul erTeulTa ganyofilebaSi, moambe, #23 (1921), gv. 9.<br />
358
sworebuliyo. marTalia, am proceduris Catareba garkveul drosa <strong>da</strong> finansur xarjebs<br />
saWiroeb<strong>da</strong>, magram igi aucileblobas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, komisiis 13 ivlisis<br />
sxdomaze gr.gvelesianma, v.demidovma <strong>da</strong> m.imnaiSvilma principulad <strong>da</strong>ayenes sakiTxi,<br />
osebis warmomadgenelis mier sapretenziod qceuli mazrebis soflis sazogadoebebis<br />
_ gansakuTrebiT eTnografiuli kuTxiT safuZvlianad Seswavlis Sesaxeb. <strong>da</strong>saxuli<br />
miznis ganxorcielebis erT-erT saSualebad, miwaTmoqmedebis saministrosTan arsebuli<br />
statistikuri ganyofilebis saqmeSi CarTva iqna miCneuli. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT,<br />
iusticiis saministros kancelaria, miwaTmoqmedebis saministros statistikur ganyofilebas<br />
wer<strong>da</strong>: `Tanaxmad mTavrobis ama wlis 3 ivlisis <strong>da</strong>dgenilebisa, samxreT oseTSi<br />
erobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb, gTxovT saswrafod moawodoT iusticiis saministrosTan <strong>da</strong>arsebul<br />
komisias Sorapnis mazris, Cixis sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> raWis mazris, gorisa <strong>da</strong> Casavlis<br />
sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb statistikuri cnobebi.~ aRniSnul mimarTvasTan erTad,<br />
imave statistikur ganyofilebas SekiTxvaTa is nusxa gaegzavna, romelic statistikuri<br />
ganyofilebis TanamSromelTa muSaobas un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>debo<strong>da</strong> safuZvlad. esenia: 1) cal-calke<br />
<strong>da</strong>edginaT yoveli soflis sazogadoebis mcxovrebTa _ qarTvelebis, osebis <strong>da</strong> sxva erovnebaTa<br />
raodenoba; 2) gaerkviaT ra enaze laparakobdnen osebi _ osurad Tu qarTulad;<br />
3) ra sarwmunoebisani iyvnen saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebi; 4) yuradReba gaemaxvilebinaT<br />
adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis midrekilebisadmi: a) gaerkviaT ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva mosazrebebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare undo<strong>da</strong>T Tu ara gorisa <strong>da</strong> sxva mazrebi<strong>da</strong>n gamoyofa;<br />
b) sur<strong>da</strong>T Tu ara administraciul centrad hqono<strong>da</strong>T java an cxinvali; 5) Tanaxma iyvnen<br />
Tu ara administraciul <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi, skolebSi <strong>da</strong> sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoeba<br />
osur enaze yofiliyo.<br />
osuri problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, Tu ramdenad did mniSvnelobas ani-<br />
Web<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos xelisufleba Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mosaxleobis zusti statistikuri monacemebis<br />
Seqmnas, amis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis 1919 wlis 5<br />
agvistos sxdomis saoqmo Canaweri warmoadgens. am dokumentidn irkveva, rom iusticiis<br />
ministris mier gakeTebuli moxsenebis safuZvelze, osi mosaxleobisaTvis gansakuTrebuli<br />
javis mazris <strong>da</strong>wesebisa <strong>da</strong> am mazraSi saerobo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaTa SemoRebis Sesaxeb<br />
_ saqarTvelos mTavrobas sagangebo <strong>da</strong>dgenileba miuRia. `wina<strong>da</strong>deba mieces centralur<br />
sastatistiko komitets _ vkiTxulobT dokumentSi _ specialuri komisiis sa-<br />
SualebiT moaxdinos statistikuri gamokvleva osTa mosaxleobis raionebSi (raWis, Sorapnis,<br />
goris <strong>da</strong> duSeTis mazrebSi).~<br />
miwaTmoqmedebis saministrosTan arsebuli statistikuri ganyofilebis mier aRniSnuli<br />
kuTxiT Catarebuli muSaobis Sedegad mopovebul monacemebs un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>yrdnobo<strong>da</strong><br />
im eTnografiuli rukis Sedgena, romlis Seqmnis aucileblobis Sesaxeb sauwyebaTaSoriso<br />
komisiis 21 ivlisis sxdomam imsjela. am sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT miRebul <strong>da</strong>dgenilebaSi<br />
vkiTxulobT: `mieweros samxedro saministros topografiuli ganyofilebis<br />
rwmunebuls gen. benaSvils Seadginos eTnografiuli ruka oTxi (zemoT<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli)<br />
mazris farglebSi.~ komisiis mier miRebul am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, iusticiis<br />
saministros kancelariam 1919 wlis 28 ivliss, samxedro saministros topografiuli<br />
ganyofilebis rwmunebuls gen. benaSvils Semdegi Sinaarsis telefonograma gaugzavna:<br />
`Tanaxmad b.n. ministris <strong>da</strong>valebisa, iusticiis kancelaria gTxovT, gankarguleba moaxdinoT,<br />
raTa saswrafod iqnas Sedgenili goris, duSeTis, raWisa <strong>da</strong> Sorapnis mazrebis<br />
eTnografiuli rukebi, romlebic sWirdeba im komisias, romelsac mTavrobis ama wlis<br />
ivlisis 3-s <strong>da</strong>dgenilebis Tanaxmad mindobili aqvs samxreT oseTSi erobis sakiTxis ganxilva.~<br />
Sesabamisi saarqivo masalis Seswavlis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, samxedro saministros topografiuli<br />
ganyofilebis mier aseTi rukis Sedgenis faqti ar <strong>da</strong>sturdeba. miTumetes,<br />
aRniSnul ganyofilebas miwaTmoqmedebis saministros statistikuri sammarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n im<br />
etapze zemoT CamoTvlili mazrebis mosaxleobis aRweris zusti monacemebi ar qon<strong>da</strong><br />
miRebuli. rac Seexeba osuri samazro erobis teritoriul SemofargvlasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />
gamarTul diskusiebs, komisiis wevrebi qveynis usafrTxoebis garantiis Seqmnis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedebdnen. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, isini ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d Sinagan saqmeTa saministros<br />
mier Sedgenili proeqtis garSemo msjelobdnen <strong>da</strong> misi praqtikulad gatarebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelosTvis mosalodnel sirTuleebze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas.<br />
am mxriv, interess sauwyebaTasoriso komisiis 21, 31 ivlisisa <strong>da</strong> 1 agvistos sxdomebis<br />
saoqmo Canawerebi iqcevs. am dokumentebi<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom osuri sakiTxis ganxilvisas,<br />
komisiis wevrebi, saxelmwifos interesebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul yvela niuanss maqsimalurad<br />
359
iTvaliswinebdnen <strong>da</strong> qveynis strategiuli usafrTxoebis garantiebis Seqmnis aucileblobiT<br />
xelmZRvanelobdnen. pirvel rigSi wina planze im mosalodneli safrTxis win<br />
wamowevas cdilobdnen, romelic Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osebis samazro erTeulis Seqmnis<br />
SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>. am TvalsazrisiT, komisiis wevrebis (gen. a. bena-<br />
Svili, prof. i. javaxiSvili) mxri<strong>da</strong>n gansakuTrebuli yuradReba Semdeg faqtorebze iqna<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>tanili: a) Cafiqrebuli javis mazris SeqmniT, osebis mier Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis Suaguli<br />
teritoriis <strong>da</strong>Wera; b) aRmosavleT-<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos sarkinigzo magistral-<br />
Tan 10-20 versiT <strong>da</strong>axloeba; g) Crdilo oseTTan mosazRvreoba; d) saqarTvelosTvis yvelaze<br />
strategiuli sauReltexilo gadmosasvlelebis (mamisoni, roki <strong>da</strong> Truso) osebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n gakontroleba. mamisonis uReltexili dvaleTs <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelosTan, xolo<br />
roki dvaleTs liaxvis xeobasTan (qarTli) akavSireb<strong>da</strong>. rac Seexeba Trusos xeobas,<br />
igi dvaleTs Tergisa <strong>da</strong> aragvis xeobebTan _ saqarTvelos samxedro gzasTan aer-<br />
Teb<strong>da</strong>. aseTi strategiuli mniSvnelobis geografiuli punqtebis osebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n gakontroleba,<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifosadmi winaswar gamoweril momakvdinebel politikur<br />
recepts warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. miTumetes, osuri separatizmis aRmavlobis, misi rusuli<br />
orientaciis gaTvaliswinebisa <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n Semomavali sauReltexilo gzebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>ucvelobis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTs am strategiuli obieqtebis maqsimalurad gamoyeneba<br />
SeeZlo. mxedvelobaSi maqvs, sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos teritoriaze CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
cocxali Zalis farulad Semoyvanis didi albaToba. aseTi safrTxis realobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, osebTan kompromisze wasvla, saqarTvelos respublikis usafrTxoebis<br />
garantiis xelovnurad ignorirebas niSnav<strong>da</strong>. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom imave ruseTs,<br />
an os separatistebs, mcirericxovani partizanuli razmebis amoqmedebiT, qveynis<br />
centraluri sarkinigzo magistralis gakontrolebis <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT-<strong>da</strong>savleT saqar-<br />
Tvelos erTmaneTisgan mowyvetis SesaZlebloba eZleo<strong>da</strong>. zemoaRniSnuli faqtorebis<br />
safuZvlianad gaanalizebis Sedegad, komisia im <strong>da</strong>skvnamde mivi<strong>da</strong>, rom Tuki farTo saerobo<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis uflebebiT erovnul principze agebuli osuri mazris Seqmna<br />
aucilebeli gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>, 1) misi sazRvari mTavar rkinigzas <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos samxedro<br />
gzas maqsimalurad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Sorebo<strong>da</strong>; 2) aRniSnuli osuri administraciuli erTeuli<br />
Crdilo kavkasiis oseTi<strong>da</strong>n politikurad un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo mowyvetili <strong>da</strong> 3) qveynis usafrTxoebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, dvaleTi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Sesuliyo. komisiis<br />
wevrebs kargad esmo<strong>da</strong>T, administraciuli ga<strong>da</strong>mijvnisa <strong>da</strong> garkveul sazRvrebSi osuri<br />
erovnuli mazris Seqmnis paralelurad, sakiTxi ucxo saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n qveynis <strong>da</strong>cvas<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi usafrTxoebis kiTxviTi niSnis qveS ar<strong>da</strong>yenebas exebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aRniSnuli sirTuleebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, problemis im etapze bolomde ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta<br />
sauwyebaTaSoriso komisiis mxri<strong>da</strong>n SeuZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, qveynis sasicocxlo<br />
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saTanado rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebTan erTad mis mier Sesabamisi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvna iqna gakeTebuli. mxedvelobaSi maqvs sauwyebaTaSoriso komisiis 1 agvistos<br />
sxdomis <strong>da</strong>dgenileba. `mTavrobas waredginos moxseneba, raTa naucfaTevi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />
ar miiRos am didmniSvnelovan sakiTxze dRevandeli <strong>da</strong> momavali Cveni (saqar-<br />
Tvelos) mdgomareobisaTvis.~<br />
SezRuduli droisa <strong>da</strong> saWiro finansuri xarjebis uqonlobis gamo, miwaTmoqmedebis<br />
saministrosTan arsebulma statistikis ganyofilebam, <strong>da</strong>kisrebuli <strong>da</strong>valebis forsirebuli<br />
tempiT maRal doneze Sesruleba ver SeZlo. amitom, iusticiis saministrosadmi<br />
1919 wlis 2 oqtombers miwodebuli statistikuri monacemebi arsrulyofil saxes<br />
atatreb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
osuri mosaxleobis zusti statistikuri monacemebis arqona <strong>da</strong> 1919 wlis 23 oqtombers<br />
rokis raionSi osebis morigi ajanyebis <strong>da</strong>wyeba, sauwyebaTaSoriso komisiis<br />
muSaobis SesaCereblad sakmarisi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. amis Sesaxeb gr.gvelesianis mier iusticiis<br />
saministrosadmi 1919 wlis 6 noembriT <strong>da</strong>TariRebul werilSi xazgasmiT iyo miTiTebuli.<br />
erTi ram <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom javis mazris erobis Seqmnis sakiTxTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, Cems mier zemoT CamoTvlili yvela faqtoris gaTvaliswinebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
komisiam im etapze veranairi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba ver miiRo. am SemTxvevaSi, igi javis<br />
mazris saerobo erTeulis SeqmnasTan mimarTebaSi qarTuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri<br />
azris uaryofiT <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebasac iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aRniSnul sakiTxze qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurTa poziciis warmiosaCenad<br />
gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ <strong>da</strong>beWdili sare<strong>da</strong>qcio statia _ `osebis moZraoba~ gamodgeba.<br />
`javis xeobaSi <strong>da</strong> saerTod am mxareSi _ vkiTxulobT werilSi _ osebis TviTmmarTvel<br />
360
erTeulze laparaki an saocari gaugebrobaa, an yovlad miuRebeli zoma osebis sakmaod<br />
gaSlili moZraobis SesaCereblad. orive SemTxvevaSi es faqti metad seriozulia <strong>da</strong><br />
friad mavne saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi interesebisaTvis. miTumetes, igi Zalas ukargavs<br />
saqarTvelos mTavrobis moqmedebas, romelic amJamad... mimarTuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes osuri<br />
moZraobisa <strong>da</strong> misi erovnuli sabWos aRmosafxvrelad.~<br />
mimdinare politikurma procesebma, qarTuli politikuri speqtri <strong>da</strong>arwmuna, rom<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis arsebobisaTvis osuri samazro erTeulis Seqmna saxifa-<br />
To nabijs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. exebo<strong>da</strong> ra aRniSnul sakiTxs gazeTi `erToba~ mowinave statiaSi<br />
`kidev oseTze~ xazgasmiT wer<strong>da</strong>: `javis TviTgamorkveva aris saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>r-<br />
Rvevis boroti surviliT wamoyenebuli... sad gagonila, rom ramdenime milioni mcxovrebi<br />
msxverplad Sewirodes ramdenime aTaseuls! javis xeobis <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba, kaxeTis<br />
osebis <strong>da</strong> sxva wvrili erovnuli naSTebis iqnebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>rRveva, misi saz-<br />
Rvrebis moSla <strong>da</strong> bolSevikebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n advil <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad ga<strong>da</strong>qceva.~ am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
qarTuli politikuri speqtri <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis<br />
garantiis SeqmniT moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>. warsulis mware gamocdilebi<strong>da</strong>n kargad hqon<strong>da</strong>T gacnobierebuli,<br />
rom Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osoba qveynis xelisuflebisgan ndobasa <strong>da</strong> gamor-<br />
Ceul upiratesobas ar imsaxureb<strong>da</strong>. am SemTxvevaSi pirvel rigSia gasaTvaliswinebeli<br />
osi separatistebis mier politikuri <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaken swrafvis tendenciebi. osuri<br />
inteligenciis umravlesobas, Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi osebis erovnuli sabWos 1918 wlis proeqtis<br />
farglebSi osuri saxelmwifo warmonaqmnis sokosaviT aRmoceneba, misi ruseTTan<br />
SeerTeba <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis <strong>da</strong>rRveva miznad rom hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxuli.<br />
amis erTxel kidev <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas, osebis erovnuli sabWos uflebamosilebis Sesaxeb,<br />
saqarTvelos osebis delegatTa meeqvse yrilobis (1918 wlis 4 dekemberi) mier mi-<br />
Rebuli debuleba iZleva. es 26 muxliani dokumenti, samarTlebrivad ararsebul `samxreT<br />
oseTs~ politikuri avtonomiis rangSi ganixilav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> osebis erovnul sabWos<br />
Sesatyvis uflebamosilebas aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. am dokumentis mixedviT; 1) osebis erovnuli sabWo<br />
sakanonmdeblo uflebebiT un<strong>da</strong> aRWurviliyo <strong>da</strong> misi kontroli saqarTveloSi ararsebuli<br />
`oseTis~ teritoriaze gavrcelebuliyo; 2) osebis erovnuli sabWo, `oseTis~<br />
mTel teritoriaze (igulisxmeba Crdilo <strong>da</strong> `samxreT oseTi~) qmni<strong>da</strong> erovnul jars,<br />
romelsac oseTis teritoriis (cxinvalis regionis CaTvliT) farglebSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis <strong>da</strong> xelmZRvanel pirTa gakontrolebis uflebebi eZleo<strong>da</strong>;<br />
rac Seexeba osebis erovnul yrilobas, `samxreT oseTis~ teritoriaze komisaris<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>yeneba, komisaris TanaSemweebis, miliciisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo organoTa gamgeebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSvna SeeZlo; 3) mezobel erebTan xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>deba <strong>da</strong> am dokumentis ratifikacia,<br />
osebis erovnuli yrilobis prerogativad rCebo<strong>da</strong>; 4) `samxreT oseTis~ erovnuli<br />
sabWo, kavkavSi arsebuli Crdilo kavkasiis osebis erovnuli sabWos <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul<br />
seqciad cxaddebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> masSi ruseTis moqalaqe osebs 4 adgili qon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tmobili, xolo<br />
qarTvelebs _ 1; 5) osebis erovnuli sabWos deputatebi, romlebic fics debdnen<br />
osebis konstituciaze, xelSeuxeblobis imunitetiT iyvnen aRWurvilni; 6) saerTo osuri<br />
sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta, imave dokumentiT, sruliad oseTis (Crdilo <strong>da</strong> `samxreT ose-<br />
Tis~) saxalxo yrilobis uflebamosilebad iyo gamocxadebuli 1 .<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, am `debulebis~ mixedeviT, `samxreT oseTad~ Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis is teritoriaa<br />
moazrebuli, romelic osuri samazro erTeulis SemadgenlobaSi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
rac Seexeba osebis erovnul sabWos, igi ruseTis federaciaSi myofi<br />
Crdilo kavkasiis oseTis erovnuli sabWos qvemdebare organizaciad <strong>da</strong> misi miTiTebebis<br />
Semsruleblad cxaddebo<strong>da</strong>. am faqtiT, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo organosa <strong>da</strong><br />
mTavrobis uflebamosilebis ignorireba xdebo<strong>da</strong>. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki osebis erovnuli<br />
sabWo saerobo an samazro erTeulis SeqmniT marTlac kmayofildebo<strong>da</strong>, es `debuleba~:<br />
1) saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobisa <strong>da</strong> samazro-saerobo erTeulisaTvis gaTvaliswinebul<br />
CarCoSi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo moqceuli. aRniSnul dokumentSi Cadebuli moTxovnebi<br />
ara Tu samazro erobis, aramed politikuri avtonomiis uflebebs scildebo<strong>da</strong>; 2) saqarTvelos<br />
osebis erovnuli sabWo, ruseTis federaciis teritoriaze arsebuli osebis<br />
erovnuli sabWos seqciad ar un<strong>da</strong> gamocxadebuliyo <strong>da</strong> ucxo qveynis kanonebi saxelmZRvanelod<br />
ar gaexa<strong>da</strong>. Tuki am mimarTulebiT Sesabamis nabijs ar dgamdnen, maTTvis im<br />
etapze araxelsayreli politikuri situaciiT iyo ganpirobebuli.<br />
1 oseTis erovnuli sabWo, saqarTvelo, 6 ianvari (1919).<br />
361
ac Seexeba osi separatistebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n samarTlebrivad ararsebuli `samxreT oseTisaTvis~<br />
teritoriuli avtonomiis moTxovnas, am sakiTxs maSindeli qarTuli politikuri<br />
speqtri farTod gamoexmaura. imasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, Tu ramdenad kanonzomieri<br />
iyo osebis aRniSnuli pretenziuli ganacxadi, amis Sesaxeb gazeTi `erToba~ mowinave<br />
statiaSi `osebis erovnuli sabWo~ wer<strong>da</strong>: osebi `ruseTTan ASeerTebis survils gamoTqvamdnen,<br />
magram Semdeg am survilze xeli aiRes <strong>da</strong> avtonomias moiTxoven. kidevac rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>vuSvaT... maTTvis avtonomiis micema, cxadia maT un<strong>da</strong> eqnes teritoria, aseT teritoriad<br />
SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> javis xeobis sami soflis sazogadoeba. oseTis sabWo ki, ... Tavis Zalas<br />
avrcelebs yvela im adgilebze sa<strong>da</strong>c osebi cxovroben. aseTi Tavxedoba aq jer-jerobiT<br />
aravis gaubedia, TviT didi germania <strong>da</strong> inglisi ar wasulan ise Sors, ar Caudenia<br />
is, rasac osebis erovnuli sabWo sCadis...Qosebis erovnuli sabWo... qarTul enaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>weril brZanebebs ganuxilvelad stovebs, Tavis `sabrZanebloSi~ qarTul enas ar<br />
scnobs~ 1 . es vrceli amonaweri imis naTeli <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa, rom saqarTvevelos osebis<br />
erovnuli sabWo, qveynis xelisuflebas ar emorCilebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> TviTnebobiT Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />
mTis osebisaTvis teritoriuli avtonomiis legitimacias cdilob<strong>da</strong>. am mimarTulebiT<br />
Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo dokumentis proeqtic ki Seadgines. mxedvelobaSi maqvs<br />
`samxreT oseTis~ IV erovnuli sabWos mier SemuSavebuli `samxreT oseTis kantonis konstituciis<br />
proeqti,~ romelic 5 Tavisa <strong>da</strong> 47 muxlisagan Sedgeba. es dokumenti 1919<br />
wlis 19 ivniss saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis sakonstitucio komisias waredgina.<br />
aRniSnuli komisia osebis proeqtTan erTad saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis<br />
sxva proeqtebsac (sul 9 proeqti) ixilav<strong>da</strong>. TiToeuli maTgani qarTuli politikuri<br />
azrisa <strong>da</strong> sakanonmdeblo saqmis mcodneTa farTo ganxilvis sagani gax<strong>da</strong>. am<br />
mxriv, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas sakonstitucio komisiis sxdomebis stenografiuli<br />
angariSebi <strong>da</strong> l.naTaZis mier gazeT `erTobaSi~ <strong>da</strong>beWdili statiebi _ `erovnul umciresobaTa<br />
uflebebis uzrunvelyofa~ (sul 7 statia) iqcevs. am publikaciebis Rirseba<br />
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom eTnikuri umciresobebis problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris gzebi <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebi<br />
l.naTaZem im periodis saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebis fonze<br />
ganixila <strong>da</strong> sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas _ erovnuli saxelmwifos interesebi <strong>da</strong>udo safuZvlad.<br />
yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> mivaqcioT im garemoebas, rom sakonstitucio komisiisadmi wardgenili<br />
9 proeqti<strong>da</strong>n, gansakuTrebuli radikalizmiT osebis proeqti gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong>. igi<br />
kompaqturad <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osebisaTvis kantonis Seqmnas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>,<br />
xolo qalaqSi mcxovrebi osebisaTvis kulturul avtonomias. marTalia, osebis konstituciis<br />
proeqtis pirveli muxli `samxreT oseTis~ kantons saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />
respublikis avtonomiur nawilad acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, magram sityva _ avtonomia, mxolod konstituciis<br />
pirvel muxlSia naxmari. igi iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs, rom am manipulirebiT,<br />
misi avtorebi osebisaTvis proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis garegnulad SeniRbvas<br />
cdilobdnen. aseTi gancxadebis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas TviT aRniSnuli proeqti<br />
iZleva. Tuki am dokuments safuZvlianad gavecnobiT, <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, rom sityva avtonomiis<br />
nacvlad yvelgan kantonia gamoyenebuli. mxedvelobaSi maqvs: 1) proeqtis II, III<br />
<strong>da</strong> IV Tavebis <strong>da</strong>saTaureba. 2) pirveli Tavis $1, $3, $6, $7, $8, $9, $10, $11, $17; meore Tavis<br />
$26, $33, $35. imave dokumentis mixedviT Tuki vimsjelebT, osebisaTvis Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi ara<br />
avtonomia, aramed gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT aRWurvili saxelmwifo warmonaqmnis mqone<br />
kantoni un<strong>da</strong> Seqmniliyo. amis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>stureblad imave konstitucii<strong>da</strong>n ramdenime amonawers<br />
movitan: 1) muxli 6. `samxreT oseTis kantons eniWeba gansakuTrebuli ufleba<br />
tyeebis, saZovris, miwis wiaRis <strong>da</strong> sxva bunebrivi simdidris eqsploataciisaTvis teritoriis<br />
sazRvrebSi.~ muxli 8. `kantonis yvela moqalaqeni samxedro begaras ixdian kantonis<br />
teritoriaze <strong>da</strong> Seadgenen calke kantonur mxedrobas respublikis armiisas.~<br />
muxli 9. `mSvidobian dros, kantonis samxedro nawilis sar<strong>da</strong>li kantonis xelisuflebis<br />
warmomadgenlis mier iniSneba.~ muxli 46. `konstitucia kantonis uzenaesi kanonia.<br />
veraviTari kanoni, sawinaaRmdego am konstituciisa ver iqneba gamoqveynebuli.~ aRniSnuli<br />
faqtebi imis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebelia, rom osebis moTxovna Cveulebrivi avtonomiis farglebs<br />
scildebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos xelisuflebas qveynis mowyobis Sveicarul _ konfederaciul<br />
models sTavazob<strong>da</strong>. magram, Sveicariis kantonebisagan gansxvavebiT, 1) osebis<br />
kantonis xelisuflebas, saqarTvelos mTavrobis winaSe aranairi pasuxismgebloba<br />
ar ekisrebo<strong>da</strong>; 2) osebis kantonis konstitucia, saqarTvelos respublikis sakanonmde-<br />
1 osebis erovnuli sabWo, erToba, 15 maisi (1919).<br />
362
lo organos mier miRebuli kanonebis gaTvaliswinebas ar isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad; 3) respublikis<br />
teritoriis farglebSi igi saqarTvelos konstituciis uzenaesobas ar aRiareb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
`samxreT oseTis~ erovnuli sabWos aRniSnul proeqts ukeTeb<strong>da</strong> ra analizs, l. na-<br />
TaZe savsebiT kanonzomierad <strong>da</strong>sZen<strong>da</strong>, rom `samxreT oseTis~ konstituciis proeqti<br />
`samxreT oseTis~ kantonis uzenaesobas aRiareb<strong>da</strong>, misi uflebebi federacias scildebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> kantons saxelmwifos xasiaTs aniWeb<strong>da</strong>~ 1 . konstituciis proeqtis avtorebi<br />
`samxreT oseTisaTvis~ iseTi saxelmwifo warmonaqmnis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebdnen, romelic<br />
saqarTvelos respublikasTan mxolod `cxovrebis ramdenime <strong>da</strong>rgSi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> sustad<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli~ 2 .<br />
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxis aseTi formiT ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta<br />
l. naTaZes SeuZleblad miaCn<strong>da</strong>, radgan igi erovnuli sakiTxis mogvarebis nacvlad,<br />
gamokveTil teritoriaze umravlesobis saxiT mcxovrebi mxolod erTi romelime eTnikuri<br />
jgufis interesebs emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>. am SemTxvevaSi mas osebi hyav<strong>da</strong> mxedvelobaSi.<br />
`osebis erovnuli sabWos proeqti, _ wer<strong>da</strong> l. naTaZe, _ imaze ki ar zrunavs, rom erovnuli<br />
sakiTxi moagvaros cxinvalis raionSi, javis mazraSi <strong>da</strong> sxvagan, misi mizani mxolod<br />
is aris, rom osebis erovnuli saWiroebebi <strong>da</strong>ikmayofilos. amnairi meTodi mxolod<br />
im adgilebisaTvis gamodgeba... sa<strong>da</strong>c erTad-erTi eri cxovrobs <strong>da</strong> sxva aravin. osebis<br />
erovnuli sabWos proeqtSi srulebiT araferia naTqvami... Tu romeli teritoriis<br />
sazRvrebSi fiqrobs `samxreT oseTis kantonis~ moqcevas. visac ki erTi Tvalis ga<strong>da</strong>vlebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>uxedia imaTi eTnografiuli rukisaTvis, <strong>da</strong>inaxavs, rom SeuZlebelia gamokve-<br />
Ta imisTana teritoriis, sa<strong>da</strong>c mxolod osebi cxovroben, sa<strong>da</strong>c ar <strong>da</strong>rCeba mozrdili<br />
ricxvi qarTvel mxcovrebTa... `samxreT oseTis kantonis~ Seqmna erovnul sakiTxs amnairad<br />
ver moagvarebs~ 3 .<br />
am debulebisadmi meti <strong>da</strong>majereblobis micemis mizniT, l.naTaZe erovnuli sakiTxis<br />
mcodne evropel avtoritetebs (o. baueri, r. Springeri) mimarTav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maT Sexedulebebze<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT <strong>da</strong>sZen<strong>da</strong>: `osebis nacionaluri sabWos... mier warmodgenili proeqti<br />
gulisxmobs, ... qarTveli eri <strong>da</strong>Tanxmdes, raTa osebis saqmes msxverplad Seswiros<br />
Tavisi sxeulis is nawilebi romlebic `samxreT oseTis kantonis~ sazRvrebSi moyvebian.~<br />
es imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, erovnuli saxelmwifos interesebi<br />
ukana planze ga<strong>da</strong>etana <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos teritoriaze Crdilo kavkasiis oseTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
tabarukad Semoxiznuli osebisTvis Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi `samxreT oseTis~ saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
warmonaqmni Seeqmna. am mimarTulebiT praqtikuli nabijis ga<strong>da</strong>dgma, saqarTvelos teritoriuli<br />
mTlianobis SemakavSirebeli arteriis Segnebulad ga<strong>da</strong>Wras <strong>da</strong> samomavlod<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis teritoriis gasasxviseblad myari nia<strong>da</strong>gis Semzadebas niSnav<strong>da</strong>. es mosalodneli<br />
safrTxe l.naTaZes kargad qon<strong>da</strong> gacnobierebuli <strong>da</strong> osuri kantonis Seqmnisadmi<br />
uaryofiT <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas amJRavneb<strong>da</strong>. imavdroulad, osi separatistebis Canafiqris<br />
xelSemSlel faqtorad _ cxinvalis raionSi qarTuli mosaxleobis procentul<br />
umravlesobas asaxeleb<strong>da</strong>. im etapze am upiratesobis SenarCuneba <strong>da</strong> osi separatistebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n qarTvelTa eTnowmendis mavnebluri Canafiqris ramdenime mcdelobis verganxorcieleba,<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebis Zalisxmevis Sedegs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, Si<strong>da</strong> qarTli<strong>da</strong>n qarTvelTa gamodevnis osuri idea, maTSi ar<br />
Camkv<strong>da</strong>ra <strong>da</strong> Taobebs `anderZis~ saxiT ga<strong>da</strong>ecemo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rac Seexeba `samxreT oseTis~ kantonis proeqts, igi <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebel krebasTan arsebuli<br />
mmarTvelobisa <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis komisias ga<strong>da</strong>eca gansaxilvelad.<br />
qveynis administraciuli ga<strong>da</strong>mijvnis sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli nebismieri dokumenti<br />
am komisiis ganxilvis sagani xdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi <strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTebis Semdeg ga<strong>da</strong>ecemo<strong>da</strong><br />
qveynis sakanonmdeblo organos. es savaldebulo procedura osebis erovnuli<br />
sabWos mier SemuSavebulma `samxreT oseTis kantonis~ proeqtmac gaira. aRniSnuli<br />
faqti imaze migvaniSnebs, rom saqarTvelos maSindeli xelisufleba, ama Tu im problemas<br />
qveynis interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT ekidebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saki-<br />
Txs mxolod maRalkvalificirebuli specialistebis <strong>da</strong>skvnis maqsimalurad gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
wyvet<strong>da</strong>. amis u<strong>da</strong>o <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas, <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebel krebasTan arsebuli adgilobrivi<br />
mmarTvelobisa <strong>da</strong> TviTmmarTvelobis komisiis sxdomebis saoqmo Canawerebi warmoad-<br />
1 l. naTaZe, erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis uzrunvelyofa, erToba, 16 aprili (1920).<br />
2 iqve.<br />
3 iqve.<br />
363
gens. am dokumentebi<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom saqarTvelos teritoriis axal administraciul<br />
erTeulebad ga<strong>da</strong>mijvnis sakiTxs Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosTan arsebuli komisiac<br />
swavlob<strong>da</strong>. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c es uwyeba arsebuli problemis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas ver axerxeb<strong>da</strong>, misi<br />
mecnieruli <strong>da</strong>muSavebis pasuxismgebloba <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebel krebasTan arsebulma komisiam<br />
Tavis – Tavze aiRo. imave komisiis 1919 wlis 11 aprilis sxdomaze miRebuli <strong>da</strong>dgenilebiT,<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriis ga<strong>da</strong>mijvnis Sesaxeb moxsenebis gakeTeba p.ingoroyvas <strong>da</strong>avala.<br />
xolo 25 aprilis <strong>da</strong>dgenilebiT, aRniSnuli moxseneba _ proeqti, erobaTa warmomadgenlebTan<br />
30 aprils <strong>da</strong>niSnuli sagangebo sxdomisaTvis un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo mzad. saoqmo<br />
Canawerebis mixedviT, am TaTbirze miwveulni iyvnen: Sinagan saqmeTa saministros<br />
warmomadgeneli, saistorio <strong>da</strong> saeTnografio sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare e. TayaiSvili,<br />
prof. iv. javaxiSvili, d. eliava, erobaTa centris mTeli Semadgenloba. mosawvevebi <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli<br />
krebis fraqciaTa warmomadgenlebsac <strong>da</strong>egzavna. adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> TviTmmarTvelobis komisiis 30 aprils gafarToebuli sxdomis stenografiuli<br />
angariSi<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom <strong>da</strong>wyebuli saqmis ukeT organizebis mizniT, sxdomaze mcire<br />
komisiis Semadgenloba (s. fircxalava, d. oniaSvili, g. ciskariSvili) <strong>da</strong>amtkices. imave<br />
komisiaSi miwveulni iqnen p. ingoroyva, d. CxeiZe, g. rcxilaZe <strong>da</strong> yazaxaSvili. mcire komisiis<br />
1919 wlis 7 oqtombris sxdomam proeqtis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> erTi Tvis va<strong>da</strong>Si warmodgena<br />
p. ingoroyvas miando. xolo 1920 wlis aprilSi miRebuli <strong>da</strong>dgenilebiT, p. ingoroyvas<br />
qveynis teritoriuli ga<strong>da</strong>mijvnis proeqtis saboloo re<strong>da</strong>qtirebuli variantis<br />
warmodgena <strong>da</strong>evala. p. ingoroyvas mier Sesrulebuli samuSao, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> TviTmmarTvelobis komisiis 1920 wlis 23 ivlisis sxdomam ganixila <strong>da</strong> mas<br />
maRali Sefaseba misca. am sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis<br />
prezidiumis 1920 wlis 24 ivlisis sxdomis saoqmo CanawerebSi vkiTxulobT: `es proeqti<br />
metad seriozuli <strong>da</strong> didi naSromia. proeqti <strong>da</strong>myarebulia mecnierulad <strong>da</strong> praqtikulad<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebul debulebebze. saqarTvelos administraciul erTeulebad <strong>da</strong>yofa ga-<br />
Tvaliswinebulia rogorc istoriulisa, eTnografiulisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomiuri, ise politikuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT... yovelive es elementi harmoniulad aris SeTanxmebuli <strong>da</strong> erTi<br />
meores ar sWarbobs. ase, rom aucilebloba teritoriis swored ise <strong>da</strong>nawilebisa, rogorc<br />
avtors aqvs nagulisxmevi, sruliad bunebrivia <strong>da</strong> u<strong>da</strong>o xdeba... b.n. ingoroyvas mier<br />
Sesrulebuli proeqti warmoadgens... namdvil mecnierul gamokvlevas... saqmis interesi<br />
moiTxovs, rom es Sroma stambis saSualebiT iqnes <strong>da</strong>beWdili.~ es sayuradRebo naSromi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis grifiT 1920 wels gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong>. am 103 gverdian dokumentSi<br />
goris mazris orad gayofa-argayofis sakiTxs sagangebo paragrafi aqvs <strong>da</strong>Tmobili.<br />
Tuki am dokuments safuZvlianad CavukvirdebiT, igi Sinagan saqmeTa saministros zemoaRniSnul<br />
proeqts ewinaaRmdegeba im TvalsazrisiT, rom goris mazris or samazro<br />
erTeulad <strong>da</strong>yofas <strong>da</strong>uSveblad miiCnevs. `goris mazris <strong>da</strong>nawileba, _ vkiTxulobT<br />
dokumentSi, _ SeuZlebelia SeviwynaroT geografiuli pirobebis mixedviTac. mazra warmoadgens<br />
geografiuls provincias <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuls Tavis sazRvrebSi hidrografiulad<br />
<strong>da</strong> orografiulad. swored am bunebrivi geografiulis mTlianobiT aixsneba, rom<br />
warsulSiac es mxare yovelTvis erT mTels <strong>da</strong> ganuyofel provincias warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>...<br />
goris mazris orad gayofa <strong>da</strong>scem<strong>da</strong> mazris ekonomiur SesaZleblobas. Tu mazra dRevandels<br />
sazRvrebSi Tavisi meurneobiT Tavisuflad SeZlebs saerobo TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
saqmeebis sakuTaris ZalRoniT gaZRolas, mazris <strong>da</strong>nawilebis Semdeg erTi ekonomiurad<br />
SemZle mazris nacvlad Cven miviRebT or sust mazras, romelTac saerobo meurneobis<br />
mowyobisaTvis <strong>da</strong>sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>T mudmivi subsidia centraluri mmarTvelobisa~ 1 .<br />
Cems mier motanili es vrceli amonaweri imaze miuTiTebs, rom goris mazris Semadgeneli<br />
nawilebis bunebrivi erTianobis xelyofa, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> polirikuri TvalsazrisiT,<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelosaTvis zianis momtani aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong> rac mTavaria,<br />
am nabijis ga<strong>da</strong>dgmiT, arsebuli xelisufleba istoriisa <strong>da</strong> momavali Taobebis winaSe<br />
udides <strong>da</strong>naSauls Caiden<strong>da</strong>. maSindeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis Rirseul qmedebad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Sefasdes, roca qveynis sasicocxlo interesebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul problemebs, separatistuli<br />
an ucxo Zalis karnaxiT <strong>da</strong>ufiqreblad <strong>da</strong> naCqarevad ar wyvet<strong>da</strong>, maSindeli<br />
qarTuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri azris mesveurTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> wina<strong>da</strong>debebis gaTvaliswinebiT rom moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>. amis erT-erT <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas, Si-<br />
1 proeqti saqarTvelos teritoriis <strong>da</strong>nawilebisa axal saadministracio erTeulebad (olqebad) (Tbilisi,<br />
1920), gv. 26-27.<br />
364
nagan saqmeTa saministros zemoaRniSnuli `kompromisuli~ proeqtis mixedviT, osebisaTvis<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli javis calke mazris Seqmnaze uarisTqma warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Tuki saqarTvelos xelisuflebam <strong>da</strong> zemoaRniSnulma komisiam, osebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli<br />
javis mazris Seqmna qveynis interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare mizanSeuwonlad<br />
scno, am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebaSi lomis wili isev os separatistebs edo. mxedveloba-<br />
Si ori umniSvnelovanesi faqti maqvs: 1) rkp (b) `samxreT oseTis~ saolqo komitetis<br />
xelmZRvanelobiT 1919 wlis oqtombris bolos sofel javaSi SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyeba <strong>da</strong> javis mTel xeobaSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis gamocxadeba; 2) ruseT-saqarTvelos<br />
omis (1920 wlis maisi-ivnisi) dros osebis mier mowyobili ajanyeba, maT <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad<br />
CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n Semosuli rusuli samxedro Zala <strong>da</strong> qarTuli saxelmwifos arsebobis<br />
kiTxviTi niSnis qveS <strong>da</strong>yeneba. aRniSnulma faqtebma erTxel kidev TvalnaTliv<br />
aCvena is mosalodneli garduvali safrTxe, romelic <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobas<br />
osebisTvis javis samazro administraciuli erTeulis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi<br />
emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, osebis problemebi qveynis SigniT mcxovreb sxva<br />
eTnikur umciresobebTan erTad Tanabaruflebian WrilSi un<strong>da</strong> ganxiluliyo. saqarTvelos<br />
xelisuflebis es Seuvali pozicia, osebis 1920 wlis ajanyebis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg<br />
amoqmed<strong>da</strong>. es iyo swori <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba, radgan qveynis xelisufalTa<br />
aseTi qmedeba, saqarTveloSi im etapze mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis erovnuli<br />
sabWoebis warmomadgenlebis gaRizianebis safuZvels ar qmni<strong>da</strong>. dokumenturi masaliT<br />
<strong>da</strong>sturdeba, rom saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis sakonstitucio komisiis<br />
msjelobis erT-erT prioritetul sagans, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis<br />
mowyobis uzrunvelyofis gzebis Zieba <strong>da</strong> maTTvis iseTi modelis Seqmna warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romelic qarTuli saxelmwifos sazianod ar imuSaveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad eTnikuri<br />
umciresobebis kulturul ganviTarebas win waswev<strong>da</strong>. sakonstitucio komisiis<br />
sxdomebis masalebis Seswavlam <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura, rom aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, qar-<br />
Tuli politikuri azris warmomadgenlebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d erT poziciaze idgnen. isini qveynis<br />
konstituciaSi eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebis Sesaxeb iseTi formulirebis SemuSavebas<br />
cdilobdnen, romelic saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazianod separatistebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n gamoyenebuli ver iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, sajaro uflebebiT aRWurvili<br />
eTnikuri umciresobebis raime saxis organizaciebis arsebobas <strong>da</strong>uSveblad miiCnevdnen.<br />
`Cven vdgevarT erovnuli saxelmwifos nia<strong>da</strong>gze <strong>da</strong> misi interesebis TvalsazrisiT _<br />
ambob<strong>da</strong> p. sayvareliZe _ vsinjavT erovnul umciresobaTa sakiTxs... Cven yvelafers <strong>da</strong>vuSvebT,<br />
magram ver SevqmniT sajaro uflebriv organizaciebs... erovnul umciresobaTa<br />
uflebebi konstituciaSi un<strong>da</strong> ganisazRvros Semdegi saxiT _ mtkice erovnuli saxelmwifo;<br />
SeuZlebelia saxelmwifoSi <strong>axali</strong> saxelmwifos, an raime sajaro uflebrivi organizaciebis<br />
Seqmna. erovnul umciresobaTa sakiTxSi Cven un<strong>da</strong> vidgeT maTi uflebrivi<br />
uzrunvelyofis nia<strong>da</strong>gze~ 1 . aq garkveviTaa naTqvami, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri<br />
umciresobebis uflebrivi sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas, qarTuli saxelmwifos interesebi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>debo<strong>da</strong> safuZvlad. maT mier miRebuli <strong>da</strong>dgenilebebi civilizebuli qveynebisa-<br />
Tvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli CarCoTi SemosazRvruliyo. p. sayvareliZis am poziciis winaaRmdeg<br />
ak. Cxenkelma gailaSqra. saqarTvelos sinamdgilisaTvis <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis saxelmwifoTa<br />
gamocdileba mas arasakmarisad miaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sakonstitucio komisiis wevrebis misamarTiT<br />
acxadeb<strong>da</strong>: `Cven veravis mivbaZavT, veravisgan gadmoviRebT rasmes, radgan ar<br />
aris <strong>istoria</strong>Si saTanado, Cveni <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebeli magaliTebi. es kiTxva un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>v-<br />
WraT imdenad safuZvlianad, rom sxvisTvis gaxdes samagaliTod~ 2 . aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
igi eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis sajaro uflebebis micemas aucileblobad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
imavdroulad, saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi eTnikuri umciresobebisagan pasuxismgeblobis<br />
gazr<strong>da</strong>s moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. `umciresobam un<strong>da</strong> SeiTvisos is azri _ ambob<strong>da</strong> ak. Cxenkeli, _<br />
rom Cveni respublika maTi respublikaa <strong>da</strong> rac avnebs saxelmwifos, avnebs maTac.~ mar-<br />
Talia, ak. Cxenkeli am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> eTnikur umciresobaTa Soris movaleobis<br />
funqciebze amaxvileb<strong>da</strong> yuradRebas, magram konkretulad ar asaxeleb<strong>da</strong> Tu ra<br />
meTodis gamoyenebiT gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> SesaZlebeli eTnikuri umciresobebis, Tugind osebis<br />
cnobierebis saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sasikeTod Semobruneba. sajaro uflebebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
teritoriuli avtonomiis <strong>da</strong>kanonebis SemTxvevaSi, osebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n arsebob<strong>da</strong> Tu ara<br />
1 scssa, f. 1833, aRw. 1, saq. 180, furc. 178.<br />
2 scssa, f. 1833, aRw. 1, saq. 181, furc. 126.<br />
365
aime garantia, rom isini; 1) saqarTvelos samSoblod aRiarebdnen <strong>da</strong> mis samsaxurSi<br />
Cadgebodnen; 2) qarTuli saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>mangrevlis rols ar Seasrulebdnen. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
aRniSnuli sakiTxebi ak. Cxenkelma upasuxod <strong>da</strong>tova, es faqti p. sayvareliZem SesaniSnavad<br />
gamoiyena <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri umciresobebisadmi sajaro uflebebis micemis sawinaaRmdegod<br />
<strong>axali</strong> argumentebi moitana. am fonze, osebis mier warmodgenili osuri kantonis<br />
Seqmnis proeqti erTxel kidev safuZvlianad gaakritika. `Cven vwerT konstitucias,<br />
_ ambob<strong>da</strong> p. sayvareliZe, _ unitaruli saxelmwifosaTvis. osebs ki surT <strong>da</strong>gvawerinon<br />
konfederaciuli, an federaciuli saxelmwifosaTvis, CvenTvis es sruliad miuRebelia,<br />
radgan Cven vdgevarT zed sajaro uflebebis sazRvarze. am sazRvars ver gavcildebiT,<br />
magram u<strong>da</strong>od vaZlevT im uflebebs, romelic sazRvris SigniT aris, aq ki... Zalian far-<br />
To uflebebia, romelic savsebiT uzrunvelyofs umciresobebis Tavisufal arsebobas<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas~ 1 . analogiuri pozicia eWira g. gvazavasac. `sajaro uflebebs _ ambob<strong>da</strong><br />
igi _ veravis mivcemT, <strong>da</strong>misaxeleT iseTi saxelmwifo sa<strong>da</strong>c amas adgili hqondes...<br />
avtonomiis gareSec SeiZleba savsebiT uzrunvelyofili iqnes umciresobaTa Tavisufali<br />
ganviTareba, amis saukeTeso garantia aris Cveni demokratiuli mmarTveloba... Cven<br />
aSkarad winaaRmdegni varT sajaro uflebebisa. me... viziareb p. sayvareliZis proeqts~ 2 .<br />
p. sayvareliZisa <strong>da</strong> g. gvazavas pozicias l. naTaZec miemxro. man erovnuli sakiTxis saukeTeso<br />
specialistebis (o. baueri, r. Springeri, v. adleri, e. bogeni, g. ielinski,<br />
prof. SerSeneviCi) debulebebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, <strong>da</strong>majereblad <strong>da</strong>asabuTa, rom eTnikuri<br />
umciresobebisadmi sajaro uflebebis micema, qarTuli saxelmwifos ngrevisken ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli<br />
nabiji iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. am fonze, l. naTaZem gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis<br />
erovnuli Temebisa <strong>da</strong> saerobo erTeulebis Seqmnaze gaamaxvila. misi<br />
mtkicebiT, aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT praqtikuli nabijis ga<strong>da</strong>dgma qarTuli saxelmwifos<br />
interesebs ar upirispirdebo<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, Temis meSveobiT erovnuli<br />
gamijvna, mas eTnikuri umciresobebis problemaTa mogvarebis saukeTeso saSualebad miaCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am mxriv, igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas eTnikuri umciresobebis swavla _ ganaTlebaze<br />
amaxvileb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sZen<strong>da</strong>: `demokratiuli saskolo sistema moiTxovs, rom<br />
xalxis swavla-ganaTlebis mTeli saqme adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis xelSi iyos.<br />
ase aris yvela qveynebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c swavla-ganaTleba <strong>da</strong>winaurebulia, am qveynebis gzaze<br />
dgebian is qveynebic, sa<strong>da</strong>c es saqme ufro CamorCenilia~ 3 . es imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom axlad-<br />
Seqmnil qarTul saxelmwifos, evropis qveynebis gamocdilebiT un<strong>da</strong> esargebla <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi<br />
mmarTvelobis aprobirebuli forma <strong>da</strong>energa. miTumetes, eTnikur umciresobaTa<br />
urTierTTanamSromlobis gaRrmavebis safuZvlad, evropeli specialistebi erovnul<br />
Temebs asaxelebdnen. qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis erT-erTi cnobili warmomadgeneli<br />
l. naTaZec am pozicias icav<strong>da</strong>. `erovnuli sakiTxis mogvarebaSi _ wer<strong>da</strong> igi<br />
_ adgilobrivma TviTmmarTvelobam TvalsaCino roli un<strong>da</strong> iTamaSos. Cven gvgonia, rom<br />
erovnuli SuRlis ganelebaSi, erTa TanamSromlobis <strong>da</strong>myarebaSi <strong>da</strong> maT SerigebaSi<br />
veraviTari gansakuTrebuli kanonmdebloba ver gaakeTebs imdens, rasac gaakeTebs swor<br />
<strong>da</strong> naTel demokratiul principebze mowyobili TviTmmarTveloba~ 4 .<br />
aseTi <strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba l. naTaZes evropuli saxelmwifoebis gamocdilebis<br />
qarTuli sinamdvilis SesatyvisobaSi gaazrebam misca. cnobili faqtia, rom evropis<br />
demokratiul qveynebSi, TviTmmarTveli erTeulebi (Temebi) im etapze eTnikuri umciresobebis<br />
sakiTxis mogvarebis erTaderTi saSualeba gamodga. am principiT ganixilav<strong>da</strong><br />
l. naTaZe saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis, maT Soris osebis sakiTxsac.<br />
misi mtkicebiT, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c osebis mosaxleobis ZiriTad raionebs gorisa <strong>da</strong> duSeTis mazris<br />
CrdiloeTi nawili warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, `osuri~ Temebic aRniSnul raionebSi un<strong>da</strong> mowyobiliyo.<br />
osuri mosaxleobis interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, igi `osuri~ Temebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas<br />
arc raWis mazraSi gamoricxav<strong>da</strong> 5 . miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom am Tvalsazriss qar-<br />
Tuli politikuri azris mesaWeTa umravlesoba iziareb<strong>da</strong>, problemis garSemo debatebi<br />
kvlavac grZeldebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> igi presis furclebze<strong>da</strong>c iqna ga<strong>da</strong>tanili. gamoqveynebuli publikaciebis<br />
avtorebi, osebis uflebebis imave CarCoSi moqcevas moiTxovdnen, rogoric<br />
1 scssa, f. 1833, aRw. 1, saq. 180, furc. 185.<br />
2 scssa, f. 1833, aRw. 1, saq. 180, furc. 186.<br />
3 l. naTaZe, erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis uzrunvelyofa, erToba, 17 ivnisi (1920).<br />
4 l. naTaZe, erovnuli sakiTxi <strong>da</strong> TviTmmarTveloba, eroba <strong>da</strong> qalaqi, #6 (1920), gv. 3.<br />
5 iqve, gv. 16.<br />
366
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxva eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. amasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT gazeT `alionSi~ gamoqveynebul werilSi `saqarTvelos respublika <strong>da</strong> erovnul<br />
umciresobaTa uflebebi~ iv. gomarTeli xazgasmiT wer<strong>da</strong>, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi<br />
eTnikuri umciresobebi isargebleben `yvela im uflebiT, rac miRebulia respublikaSi.<br />
am mxriv araviTar SezRudvas ara aqvs adgili <strong>da</strong> qarTveli, somexi, TaTari, osi, ebraeli,<br />
berZeni, rusi <strong>da</strong> sxva srulebiT gaTanasworebulni arian. isini rogorc moqalaqeni<br />
sargebloben yvela im politikuri uflebiT, rac miRebulia respublikaSi. amitom Cveni<br />
respublikis moqalaqe <strong>da</strong> qveSevrdomi imgvarive monawileobas miiReben Cveni respublikis<br />
cxovrebaSi, rogorc qarTvelebi.~ amis myar garantias saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier<br />
gamocemuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi iZleo<strong>da</strong>. swored es garemoeba qon<strong>da</strong> mxedvelobaSi<br />
s. abulaZes, roca misi avtorobiT <strong>da</strong>beWdil werilSi `osebis amoZravebaze~ osebis misamarTiT<br />
wer<strong>da</strong>: `un<strong>da</strong>T osebs Tavisufali kulturuli ganviTareba? saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />
respublikis gavleniani jgufebi, mTeli konstitucia Cveni saxelmwifosi amis<br />
srul SesaZleblobas aZlevs maT~ 1 .<br />
s. abulaZis es gancxadeba WeSmaritebas Seicav<strong>da</strong>, radgan im periodSi gamoqveynebuli<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis proeqtSi, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebis<br />
uflebebis gansazRvras XII Tavis 12 muxli qon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tmobili 2 . es uflebebi mxolod<br />
saqarTvelos im moqalaqeebze gavrceldebo<strong>da</strong>, romlebic qveynis mSeneblobis <strong>da</strong><br />
ara ngrevis samsaxurSi iqnebodnen Camdgari. amis Sesaxeb TbilisSi gamarTuli osi social-demokratebis<br />
TaTbirze (1920 wlis 21 seqtemberi) warmoTqmul sityvaSi saqarTvelos<br />
Sinagan saqmeTa ministris moadgile par. WiWinaZe osebis misamarTiT acxadeb<strong>da</strong>:<br />
`vimeoreb, yvela moqalaqe, romelic dgas Cveni respublikis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis platformaze<br />
sworuflebiani wevria Cveni ojaxisa~ 3 . am elementaruli <strong>da</strong> aucilebeli moTxovnisadmi<br />
morCileba, im etapze saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma TiTqmis yvela eTnikuri umciresobebis<br />
warmomadgenlebma (osebisa <strong>da</strong> afxazebis gar<strong>da</strong>) aucileblobad miiCnies. aRniSnulis<br />
gaTvaliswinebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, qveyanaSi Seqmnili politikuri situacia, eTnikuri<br />
umciresobebis sakiTxis sabolood ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad <strong>da</strong> sakonstitucio CarCoSi mosaqcevad,<br />
drouli nabijis ga<strong>da</strong>dgmas <strong>da</strong> konsesuss <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli platformis SemuSavebas<br />
saWiroeb<strong>da</strong>. am mxriv, gansakuTrebuli roli ssdm partiis centraluri komitetis<br />
1920 wlis 20 maisis sxdomam Seasrula. rogorc stenografiuli angariSi<strong>da</strong>n irkveva,<br />
sxdomis monawileTa yuradrebis centrSi n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nias moxseneba moeqca. qarTuli erovnuli<br />
saxelmwifos mowyobisa <strong>da</strong> politikuri azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnuli<br />
moxsenebis mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom n. Jor<strong>da</strong>niam eTnikur umciresobaTa<br />
sakiTxi saqarTvelos specifikisa <strong>da</strong> qveynis erovnuli interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
ganixila, xolo ak. Cxenkeliseuli `sajaro uflebebis~ moTxovna kritikis qarcecxlSi<br />
gaatara. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi `patara erebis naWrebisadmi~ avtonomiiis<br />
miniWeba politikur Secdomad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. imave n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nias mtkicebiT,<br />
demokratiuli ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi 1917 wels saqarTvelosTvis avtonomiis moTxovnis<br />
ideiis saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobebze gadmotana _ <strong>da</strong>uSvebeli iyo<br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c im elementaruli mizezis gamo, rom ruseTSi rac un<strong>da</strong> didi uflebebi `miecaT<br />
patara erebisaTvis, mainc verafers <strong>da</strong>aklebdnen ruseTs, rogorc did saxelmwifos.~<br />
xolo aseTive uflebebis saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobebze gavrcelebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifosaTvis <strong>da</strong>mRupveli aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong>. `Cven patara<br />
saxelmwifo varT, _ ambob<strong>da</strong> n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nia, _ aq... 16-mde natexi erebia. amdeni xalxi rom<br />
sajaro uflebebiT aRvWurvoT, isini ufro didi centri Seiqmnebian Cvens respublikaSi.<br />
dRes sul sxva pirobebia <strong>da</strong> maSindeli ruseTis pirobebs ver Seva<strong>da</strong>rebT~ 4 . aq garkveviTaa<br />
miniSnebuli im mosalodnel saSiSroebaze, romelic eTnikuri umciresobebisadmi<br />
sajaro uflebebis micemiTa <strong>da</strong> `didi centrebis~ SeqmniT emuqrebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos.<br />
gamosavals n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nia mxolod eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis Temuri sistemis SemoRebaSi<br />
xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>, radgan masze saxelmwifos erTiani kontrolis ganxorcieleba iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
SesaZlebeli. eTnikur umciresobebs `Tu Temebis farglebSi movaTavsebT _ ambob<strong>da</strong> igi<br />
1 s. abulaZe, osebis amoZraveba, mxe<strong>da</strong>ri, #5 (1920), gv. 7.<br />
2 saqarTvelos konstituciis proeqti, Sedgenili <strong>da</strong> gamocemuli saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis mier<br />
(Tbilisi, 1920), gv. 26-27.<br />
3 javelebis ukanaskneli gamosvla <strong>da</strong> osi social-demokratebis pozicia am sakiTxSi, erToba, 3 oqtomberi<br />
(1920).<br />
4 scssa, f. 1825, aRw. 1, saq. 126, furc. 34.<br />
367
_ nacionalur _ teritoriuli kavSiri iqneba <strong>da</strong> eris kultura ganviTardeba. skolebs<br />
Tu... moawyoben, saxelmwifo valdebuli iqneba fuliT <strong>da</strong>exmaros... Temuri sistema ajobebs<br />
maTTvisac <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos interesebic <strong>da</strong>culi iqneba. iseT gabneul ers,<br />
romelsac Temi ara aqvs, maT eqnebaT erovnuli kavSiri. saxelmwifo skolebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebas miscems~ 1 . n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nias mxri<strong>da</strong>n poziciis aseTi formiT oficialurad <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebam,<br />
sxdomis monawileebze garkveuli zemoqmedeba moaxdina. amis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas<br />
eTnikur umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi miRebuli <strong>da</strong>dgenileba warmoadgens. am dokuntSi<br />
garkveviT iqna miTiTebuli: `1) nacionalur-teritoriul Temebs mieceT ufleba Sekav-<br />
Sirdnen, swavla-ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> saerTod kulturuli saqmeebisaTvis saxelmwifo maT<br />
<strong>da</strong>exmareba; 2) maTi erovnul-kulturuli moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad, saxelmwifo<br />
iRebs Tanxas... wesi Tanxis miRebisa isazRvreba kanoniT; 3) im erovnebebs, romelTac<br />
ar SeuZliaT TemebSi moxvdnen, eqnebaT calke kavSiri~ 2 . aseTi <strong>da</strong>dgenilebis<br />
miRebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, eTnikuri umciresobebis mowyobis Sesaxeb qarTuli politikuri<br />
azris warmomadgenelTa Soris, gansakuTrebiT social-demokratebis rigebSi, kamaTi ar<br />
cxrebo<strong>da</strong>. mimdinare politikuri procesebi, <strong>da</strong>smuli problemis droul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas<br />
<strong>da</strong> mmarTveli politikuri partiis SigniT erTiani Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebas saWiroeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am mxriv, gansakuTrebuli roli saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis<br />
meore yrilobam (1920 wlis 13-22 ivnisi) Seasrula. eTnikur umciresobaTa sakiTxze<br />
vrceli moxseneba l. naTaZem gaakeTa. man ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d `erovnuli Temebis~ mowyobis koncefcia<br />
ganaviTara. misi mtkicebiT, kompaqturad <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli araqarTuli mosaxleobis<br />
bazaze erovnuli Temebis Seqmna, maTi erovnul-kulturuli saqmeebis mosawesrigeblad<br />
met SesaZleblobas iZleo<strong>da</strong>. miTumetes, Temebs eyolebo<strong>da</strong> erovnuli administracia,<br />
erovnuli sasamarTlo, erovnuli skola <strong>da</strong> maswavlebeli. rac Seexeba erTiani erovnuli<br />
Semadgenlobis Temebs, momavalSi maTi erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSireba <strong>da</strong> eTnikur umciresobaTa<br />
kavSirebis Seqmna l. naTaZes SesaZleblad miaCn<strong>da</strong>. am poziciis mizanSewonilobis<br />
ukeT warmoCenis mizniT, man eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxis mogvarebis sami<br />
varianti ganixila; 1) teritoriuli principi _ igi eTnikur umciresobaTa teritoriulad<br />
gamoyofas <strong>da</strong> saqmis <strong>da</strong>moukideblad gaZRolas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. am konteqstSi<br />
wina planze osebis zemoaRniSnul kantonis proeqtSi <strong>da</strong>smuli sakiTxebi wamoswia <strong>da</strong><br />
yrilobis monawileebs Seaxsena, rom `osebi moiTxoven teritorialur avtonomias. magram<br />
im teritoriaze, romelsac isini moiTxoven mravlad cxovroben qarTvelebi, qar-<br />
Tveli ebraelebi. amisTana adgilebSi teritoriuli sistema erTa urTierTobas mxolod<br />
gaamwvavebs. amitom, social-demokratiuli partia winaaRmdegia erovnul umciresobaTa<br />
teritoriuli gamoyofisa;~ 2) personaluri anu eqsteritorialuri avtonomia<br />
_ sakiTxis am formiT ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta l. naTaZes SeuZleblad miaCn<strong>da</strong>, radgan igi eTnikuri<br />
umciresobebisaTvis personaluri kavSiris Seqmnas <strong>da</strong> misTvis sajaro uflebebis mini-<br />
Webas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>; 3) erovnuli Temebis mowyoba _ saqarTvelos sinamdvilis fonze<br />
pirveli <strong>da</strong> meore variantis miuRebloba l. naTaZem argumentirebulad <strong>da</strong>asabuTa <strong>da</strong><br />
aqcentireba mesameze _ erovnuli Temebis Seqmnaze SeaCera. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mis mier<br />
warmodgenili debulebis praqtikuli realizacia moxdebo<strong>da</strong>, TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis<br />
saxiT, saxelmwifos organizaciulad mowyobil erovnebebTan eqnebo<strong>da</strong> saqme,<br />
romlebic gansakuTrebuli pirobebis gareSe mxolod erovnul-kulturuli avtonomiis<br />
uflebebiT isargeblebdnen. l. naTaZis es debuleba myari argumentebiT iyo gamagrebuli,<br />
magram social-demokratebis zemoaRniSnuli yrilobis zogierTi monawilis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n igi mwvave diskusiis sagani gax<strong>da</strong>. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c aucilebloba saerTo platformis<br />
SemuSavebas saWiroeb<strong>da</strong>, imave yrilobis mier arCeuli komisiis (n. Jor<strong>da</strong>nia, n. ramiSvili,<br />
ak. Cxenkeli, i. wereTeli, l. naTaZe, r. arseniZe) umravlesobam l. naTaZis debulebebis<br />
ZiriTadi nawili gaiziara eTnikuri umciresobebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> komisiis mier<br />
SemuSavebuli rezoluciis proeqts Semdegi formulireba misca: `erovnuli umciresobebisgan<br />
Semdgari adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis erTeulebs (Temi, eroba, qalaqi) ufleba<br />
aqvT SeerTdnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>arson erovnuli kavSiri Tavis kulturul-ganmanaTlebeli<br />
saqmeebis ukeT mosawyobad <strong>da</strong> gasaZRolad konstituciisa <strong>da</strong> kanonis farglebSi. erovnul<br />
umciresobas, romelsac aseTi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi ar moepoveba, SeuZlia<br />
amis gareSec Seadginos erovnuli kavSiri am muxlSi aRniSnuli uflebiTa <strong>da</strong> kompen-<br />
1 iqve.<br />
2 scssa, f. 1825, aRw. 1, saq. 126, furc. 35.<br />
368
tenciiT. erovnul kavSirSi Sesvla xdeba salaparako enis mixedviT. erovnul umciresobaTa<br />
kulturul-ganmanaTlebel saWiroebaTa <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong><br />
TviTmmarTvelobaTa biujeti<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>ideba finansuri saSualebebi proporciulad<br />
mcxovrebTa raodenobisa~ 1 . yrilobis mier miRebuli es rezolucia, <strong>da</strong>mfuZnebeli krebis<br />
sakonstitucio komisiam saqarTvelos konstituciis meToTxmete TavSi 30-e muxlis<br />
saxiT ucvlelad Seitana. am umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo dokumentis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi<br />
mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis mowyoba mxolod adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
erTeulebis (Temi, eroba, qalaqi) saxiT <strong>da</strong>kanon<strong>da</strong>. bunebrivia, saqarTveloSi<br />
mcxovrebi osebic adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebrivi CarCo-<br />
Ti iqna Sefasebuli.<br />
amrigad, 1. osebis erovnuli sabWos 1917-1919 wlebis saqmianoba, qarTuli saxelmwifos<br />
interesebis sawinaaRmdego qmedebas Seicav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis teritoriis didi<br />
nawilis Crdilo kavkasiis oseTTan misaerTeblad Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmnas<br />
isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. am mavnebluri Canafiqris safexurebrivad momzadebas, Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />
osebisaTvis saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnis politikuri erTeulis <strong>da</strong>kanonebis<br />
moTxovnebi edo safuZvlad. igi politikuri situaciis cvalebadobas eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> formis TvalsazrisiT _ etapobriv xasiaTs atareb<strong>da</strong>. 2. osi separatistebis pretenziuli<br />
moTxovnebi, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul ramdenime safexurs Seicav<strong>da</strong>: a) 1917<br />
weli _ saqarTvelos osebisaTvis `Tavisufali TviTgamorkveva~; b) 1918 wlis ianvari _<br />
goris, duSeTis, raWisa <strong>da</strong> Sorapnis mazrebis 13 sasoflo sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> sami soflis<br />
bazaze Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osebisaTvis farTo samazro _ saerobo erTeulis Seqmnis<br />
moTxovna; g) 1918 wlis seqtemberi _ `samxreT oseTisaTvis~ calke administraciuli<br />
avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis moTxovna; d) 1919 wlis ivnisi _ Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mTis osebisaTvis<br />
kantonis Seqmnis moTxovna. es faqtebi imaze migvaniSnebs, rom os separatistebs<br />
saqarTvelos xelisuflebisadmi pretenziebis Tavsmoxveva <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos teritoriuli<br />
mTlianobis SemakavSirebeli arteriis Segnebulad ga<strong>da</strong>Wra qon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxuli. 3. qar-<br />
Tuli politikuri speqtris mier osi separatistebis `SefarviTi politikuri eSmakobis~<br />
saaSkaraoze droulad gamotana, javis samazro saerobo erTeulis saxiT osebisa-<br />
Tvis alternatuli proeqtis SeTavazeba, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n udides<br />
kompromis <strong>da</strong> erovnuli saxelmwifos interesebis garkveulwilad ignorirebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, aRniSnuli proeqtis ganxorcieleba, osebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n Cafiqrebuli<br />
mosalodneli safrTxis droulad aRkveTis SesaZleblobas iZleo<strong>da</strong>. 4. 1920 wlis<br />
mais-ivnisis osebis ajanyebam <strong>da</strong> qarTuli saxelmwifos arsebobis kiTxvis niSnis qveS<br />
<strong>da</strong>yenebam, osebisadmi qarTuli politikuri speqtris undobloba ganapiroba, ris gamoc<br />
osuri samazro-saerobo erTeulis Seqmnis dRis wesrigi<strong>da</strong>n moxsna <strong>da</strong> osuri sakiTxis<br />
sxva eTnikur umciresobebTan erTian CarCoSi moqceva logikuri gaxa<strong>da</strong>. eTnikuri umciresobebisadmi,<br />
maT Soris osebisadmi sajaro uflebebis miniWebaze uarisTqma <strong>da</strong> saTemo-saerobo<br />
uflebebiT Semofargvla, saqarTvelos erovnuli saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis<br />
interesebs efuZnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qarTuli politikuri speqtris mxri<strong>da</strong>n swor politikur<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1 scssa, f. 1825, aRw. 1, saq. 125, furc. 2.<br />
369
<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />
1. s. abulaZe, osebis amoZraveba, mxe<strong>da</strong>ri, #5 (1920).<br />
2. administraciul erTeulTa ganyofilebaSi, moambe, #20; #23 (1921).<br />
3. u. baxtaZe, samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmna <strong>da</strong> misi samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba<br />
(Tbilisi 1968).<br />
4. g. bregaZe, saqarTveloSi erovnuli sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis istoriuli gamocdileba<br />
(Tbilisi, 1970).<br />
5. iv. gomarTeli, saqarTvelos respublika <strong>da</strong> erovnul umciresobaTa sakiTxi, alioni,<br />
2 seqtemberi (1918).<br />
6. goris konferencia, erToba, 7 maisi (1919).<br />
7. S. va<strong>da</strong>Wkoria, saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi (XX saukune), wigni II<br />
(Tbilisi 2006).<br />
8. l. ToiZe, rogor Seiqmna samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi (Tbilisi, 1991).<br />
9. l. naTaZe, erovnuli sakiTxi <strong>da</strong> TviTmmarTveloba, eroba <strong>da</strong> qalaqi, #6 (1920).<br />
10. l. naTaZe, erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis uzrunvelyofa, erToba, 16 aprili, 17<br />
aprili (1920).<br />
11. osebis erovnuli sabWo, erToba, 15 maisi (1919).<br />
12. osTa meore yriloba, saqarTvelo, 21 ianvari (1919).<br />
13. 26 maisi, 1918, saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis gamocxadeba (Tbilisi, 1919).<br />
14. proeqti saqarTvelos teritoriis <strong>da</strong>nawilebisa axal saadministracio erTeulebad<br />
(olqebad) (Tbilisi, 1920).<br />
15. l. saraliZe, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis istorii<strong>da</strong>n (1917-1922<br />
ww.), <strong>axali</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>uaxlesi</strong> istoriis sakiTxebi, 1 (7) (Tbilisi, 2010).<br />
16. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, 1918-1921<br />
(Tbilisi, 1990).<br />
17. saqarTvelos konstituciis proeqti, Sedgenili <strong>da</strong> gamocemuli saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>mfu-<br />
Znebeli krebis mier (Tbilisi, 1920).<br />
18. saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli partiis meore yriliba, 17 ivnisis sxdoma,<br />
erToba, 23 ivnisi (1920).<br />
19. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, f. 1825, aRw. 1, saq. 125, 126.<br />
20. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, f. 1836, aRw. 1, saq. 43.<br />
21. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, f. 1863, aRw. 1, saq. 4.<br />
22. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, f. 1861, aRw. 1, saq. 355.<br />
23. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, f. 1833, aRw. 1, saq. 180, 181.<br />
24. a. sonRulaSvili, `samxreT oseTi~ saqarTveloSi?! (Tbilisi, 2009).<br />
25. cxinvalis tragedia, alioni, 29 marti (1918).<br />
26. javelebis ukanaskneli gamosvla <strong>da</strong> social-demokratebis pozicia, erToba, 3 oqtomberi<br />
(1920).<br />
370
SHOTA VADACHKORIA<br />
Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,<br />
Ivane javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
TERRITORIAL ARRAIGNMENT ISSUE OF SHIDA KARTLI MOUNTAINOUS<br />
OSSETIANS AND GEORGIAN POLITICAL THINKING IN 1918-1920<br />
On the basis of documentary materials it is stated that: 1. The activities of The National Committee of<br />
Ossetians in 1917-1919 was against the interests of Georgian state and aimed to work out the suitable legislation<br />
for uniting one big part of Shi<strong>da</strong> Kartli territory with the North Caucasian Ossetia. Special preparations were carried<br />
on to reach the goal; mainly there were demands to legitimize the political unit of Shi<strong>da</strong> Kartli Ossetians as a<br />
kind of state formation. It was determined by changes ofpolitical situation and was of gradual character. 2. Ossetian<br />
separatists’ pretentious demands differed from each other and were consisted of different stages: a) 1917 – “free<br />
self-determination” of Ossetians in Georgia; b) January, 1918 – demand of forming wide uyezd _ community unit<br />
for the Ossetians living in Shi<strong>da</strong> Kartli on the basis of the uyezds of Gori, Shorapani, Dusheti, Racha 13 village<br />
communities and three villages; c) September, 1918 – demand of forming “South Ossetia” independent administrative<br />
autonomous oblast; d) Jun, 1919 – demand to form canton for mountainous Ossetians of Shi<strong>da</strong> Kartli. All<br />
these facts show that Ossetian separatists wanted to dictate their willto the government of Georgia and deliberately<br />
cut the artery, main rout uniting the unity of Georgia. 3. Georgian political spectrum in proper time could manage<br />
to unveil “disguised political slyness” of separatists and Georgian government alternatively proposed them to have<br />
Java uyezd – community. It was a serious compromise and somehow neglecting of national interests from the side<br />
of Georgian government. Despite of this, carrying on the project was a possibility to stop in proper time the<br />
expected threat coming from Ossetians. 4. May-June, 1920 uprising of Ossetians and the <strong>da</strong>nger of Georgian state<br />
existence determined Georgian political spectrum distrust Ossetians that caused annulling the project of forming<br />
Ossetian uyezd – community unit from the agen<strong>da</strong>. This decision made possible to enclose Ossetian issue logically<br />
together with other ethnic minorities in one frame. Denial of giving general rights to ethnic minorities and to<br />
Ossetians among them and giving only uyezd – community rights was based on security interests of Georgian state<br />
and was right political decision of Georgian political spectrum.<br />
371
oTar gogoliSvili<br />
baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
bolSevikuri xelisuflebis pirveli wlebi aWaraSi<br />
(`Savi~ <strong>da</strong> `wiTeli~ mejlisi)<br />
aWaraSi bolSevikuri xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>myarebis Semdeg (1921 wlis marti), gaaqtiur<strong>da</strong><br />
aWaris mejlisi. un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom aWaris mejlisis saqmianoba saintereso <strong>da</strong> sayuradReboa,<br />
radgan maT am kuTxis sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis gaaqtiurebis<br />
saqmeSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis. saerTod, aWaris mejlisebis <strong>istoria</strong>, maTi<br />
moRvaweobis are, programebi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad bolo wlebSi gamoqveynebuli literaturisa,<br />
jer kidev bolomde Seswavlili ar aris. aWaris pirveli mejlisi (parlamenti) misi SeqmnisTanave<br />
(1919 wlis 31 agvisto) ucxoeTis intervenciis mZime wlebSi mTlianad iziarebs<br />
manamade arsebul musliman qarTvelTa organizaciis `samuslimano saqarTvelos<br />
ganmanTavisuflebel komitetis~ (<strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> 1918 wlis 15 maiss) saqarTvelos erTianobis-<br />
Tvis brZolis programas. cnobilia, rom masTan erTad samuslimano saqarTveloSi saTaveSi<br />
Caudga erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobas <strong>da</strong> mtkiced <strong>da</strong> Tanmimdevrulad ibrZo<strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelos erTianobisTvis, misi saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebisTvis.<br />
mejlisi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom kritikulad uyureb<strong>da</strong> social-demokratebis (rogorc<br />
menSevkebis, ise bolSevikebis) politikas, ar iyo sazogadoebis erTi romelime<br />
klasis intresebis gamomxatveli, yvelaze maRla ayeneb<strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>sakacobrio Rirebulebebs,<br />
aqtiurad ibrZo<strong>da</strong> demokratiisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri samarTlianobisaTvis, nebismieri<br />
klasisa <strong>da</strong> partiis diqtaturis, nebismieri Zaladobis winaaRmdeg. saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
Semadgeneli nawilis momavali warmoedgina, rogorc Tavisufali, demokratiuli<br />
parlamentaruli respublika. mejlisi gamodio<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi arsebuli erebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
erovnebis Tanasworuflebianobis, arsebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva religiebis TanasworuflebianobisaTvis.<br />
mejlisis wevrebi, misi Tavmjdomare memed abaSiZe araerTxel aRniSnavdnen,<br />
rom isini rwmeniT muslimanebi arian <strong>da</strong> amas maTTvis xeli ar SeuSlia yofiliyvnen qarTveli<br />
eris Rirseuli Svilebi. ase mtkiced edga mejlisi musliman qarTvelTa brZolas<br />
interventebis winaaRmdeg. miaRwia kidec sawadels. 1920 wlis 7 ivliss aWara <strong>da</strong><br />
mTlianad samuslimano saqarTvelo kvlav <strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos. is, rom am movlenis<br />
mTavar Zalad aRiarebuli iyo mejlisi, imaSic gamoixateba, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />
respublikis jaris nawilebs, romlebsac sastikad ebrZodnen bolSevikebi <strong>da</strong> ma-<br />
Ti momxreebi, raTa antantas saokupacio jarebis wasvlis Semdeg ar SemoeSvaT isini aWaraSi,<br />
baTumTan axlos, barcxanaSi xvdebian erTmaneTs inglisis saokupacio jarebis<br />
mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>li kuk-kolisi <strong>da</strong> mejlisis Tavmjdomare memed abaSiZe, romelmac Tavis misasalmebel<br />
sityvaSi ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom mejlisis mTavari mizani ganxorcielebuli iyo.<br />
mejlisi gamodis aramarto erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli brZolis medroSed, aramed<br />
demokratiuli wyobilebis momxre<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, sabWoTa wyobilebis winaaRmdeg 1 .<br />
barcxanaSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis jaris nawilebTan Sexvedris dros<br />
warmoTqmul misasalmebel sityvaSi memed abaSiZem masebs mouwo<strong>da</strong> bilSevizmis winaaRmdeg<br />
sabrZolvelad. mejlisis pozicia bolSevikebisa <strong>da</strong> bolSevizmisadmi naTla<strong>da</strong>a gamoxatuli<br />
mejlisis erT-erTi aqtiuri wevris jemal qiqavas sityvaSi, romelic man warmoTqva q. baTumis<br />
profkavSirTa konferenciaze 1920 wlis 29 marts. man Tqva: `aWaris mSromelebi, Tqven, batono<br />
bolSevikebo, ar gamogyvebian. es yvelasaTvis cnobilia. isini Tqven ar gamogyvebian,<br />
sxvaTa Soris, imitomac, rom Tqvens Soris ar aris arc erTi aWareli (xmebi adgili<strong>da</strong>n:<br />
`aris~). Tu Tqvens Soris aris qarTveli muslimani, is TurqeTi<strong>da</strong>n gamoqceuli avanturistia,<br />
Turqia, panislamistia, romlebTanac Tqven, batono bolSevikebo, <strong>da</strong>deT kavSiri <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis<br />
panislamistebTan erTad cdilobT <strong>da</strong>RupoT Cveni qveyana~ 2 . amis Semdeg mejlisis warmomadgenlebi<br />
demonstraciulad toveben profkavSirTa konferencias <strong>da</strong> TavianTi beWdviTi<br />
organos gazeT `samuslimano saqarTvelos~ saSualebiT sastikad akritikeben konferenciis<br />
bolSevikur ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas sabWoTa xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>myarebis Sesaxeb. werilSi aRniSnulia,<br />
rom `bolSevikebs surT <strong>da</strong>umorCilon Cveni qveyana leninur ruseTs. Cven vafrTxilebT<br />
1 memed abaSiZe (baTumi, 1993), gv. 113.<br />
2 samuslimano saqarTvelo, #328 (1920).<br />
372
maT, Cven vurCevT maT uari Tqvan TavianT avanturaze. aq ruseTi araa. Tu lenini ase uyvarT,<br />
wavidnen iq, mis samSobloSi, <strong>da</strong> rogorc un<strong>da</strong>T, ise <strong>da</strong>Salon ruseTi~ 1 .<br />
bolSevikebs ar <strong>da</strong>viwyebiaT mejlisis brZola maT mimarT <strong>da</strong> cxadia arc SemTxveviTi<br />
yofila sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli represiebi mejlisisa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
wevrebis winaaRmdeg. Tumca mejlisi arc menSevikebis mmarTvelobisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />
demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis dros yofila prvilegirebul mdgomareobaSi.<br />
mas, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad misi <strong>da</strong>msaxurebisa, mainc almacerad uyurebdnen, ar endobodnen,<br />
devnidnen, Senobac ki ar gamouyves. maT mejlisi esaWiroebo<strong>da</strong>T mxolod TavianTi<br />
xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis aWaraSi.<br />
aseTive miznebs isaxavdnen bolSevikebic, rodesac sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirveli<br />
dRi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>Slilad ar gamoacxades mejlisi, aramed neba <strong>da</strong>rTes Sekrebiliyvnen <strong>da</strong> Sedgomodnen<br />
muSaobas. mas gamouyves Senoba, saWiro Tanxa, misi Tavmjdomare memed abaSiZe<br />
<strong>da</strong> erT-erTi wevri rejeb niJaraZe _ regionis mkvidrTagan pirveli iuristi, Seiyvanes<br />
baTumisa <strong>da</strong> misi olqis revoluciuri komitetis SemadgenlobaSi. revkomma <strong>da</strong>uSva specialuri<br />
brZaneba mejlisis wevrebisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlebis qonebis xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb.<br />
sabWoTa xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>myarebi<strong>da</strong>n mesame dRes, baTumis samxedro revoluciuri<br />
komitetis nacvlad Seiqmna baTumisa <strong>da</strong> baTumis olqis revkomi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi<br />
Seiyvanes memed abaSiZe. revkomis Tavmjdomare bolSeviki sergo qavTaraZe mas-<br />
Tan saubarSi aRniSnavs mejlisis did rolze erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi,<br />
musliman qarTvelTa erovnul TviTSegnebaSi <strong>da</strong> im brZolaze, romelic warmoeb<strong>da</strong> mejlissa,<br />
menSevikebsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelmZRvanelobas Soris.<br />
xazi gausva imas, rom mejlisis moRvaweobas revkomi <strong>da</strong> pira<strong>da</strong>d TviTon, misi Tavmjdomare<br />
mxars <strong>da</strong>uWeren. revkomi <strong>da</strong> misi wevrebi _ komunistebi ar malavdnen imasac,<br />
rom mejlisi maT esaWiroebo<strong>da</strong>T maTi politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. mejlisi<br />
winandeburad qarTuli orientaciis aqtiuri mebrZolis rolSi gamodio<strong>da</strong>, rac<br />
aucilebeli iyo misi gamoyeneba aWaraSi im antiqarTuli atmosferos SenelebisaTvis,<br />
romelic proTurqul organizaciaTa agitaciis Sedegad arasasurvel Sedegs Rebulob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
bolevikebma Turqofilur agitacias <strong>da</strong>upirispires qarTuli orientaciis idea, romelsac<br />
mejlisi Tavisi moqmedebis mTavar principad aRiareb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amave dros mejlisi winandeburad muslimanur <strong>da</strong> qristianul, sxva konfesiaTa Tanasworuflebianobis<br />
ideas aRiareb<strong>da</strong>, am mimarTebiT aWaris specifikas usvam<strong>da</strong> xazs <strong>da</strong> moiTxov<strong>da</strong><br />
aWaris avtonomiur respublikad gamocxadebas, rac saqarTvelos komunisturi<br />
partiisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos ssr maSindel e. w. uklonistur xelmZRvanelobas ar moswon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
saqarTvelos revkomis Tavjdomaris f. maxaraZis 1921 wlis 20 martis mejlisis saxelze<br />
gamogzavnili depeSis sapasuxod memed abaSiZe 24 marts wer<strong>da</strong>, rom aWaram un<strong>da</strong><br />
moawyos Tavisi sakuTari cxovreba Tavisi yofis, religiisa <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa Taviseburebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiTo, rac ufro metad ganamtkicebs samuslimano saqarTvelos mosaxleobis<br />
miswrafebas TqvenTan erTad ganaxorcielos Tavisi amocanebio. mejlisi, misi Tavmjdomare<br />
gamoTqvamdnen rwmenas, rom saqarTvelos revkomi, sabWoTa xelisufleba yvela<br />
Rones ixmardnen, raTa cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebuliyo saqarTvelos revkomis deklaracia<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rom aWara miiRebs mTlian SesaZleblobas moawyos Tavisi cxovreba<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblad, Tavisi yofis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, mejlisis mosazrebaTa<br />
sruli SesabamisobiT mSromelTa <strong>da</strong> samuslimano saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleobis<br />
sakeTildReod.<br />
saqarTvelos revkomis misalmebaSi mejlisisadmi miTiTebuli iyo, rom mxolod aWaris<br />
muSebi <strong>da</strong> glexebi miiRebdnen SesaZleblobas moawyon TavianTi cxovreba Tavisi<br />
yofis TaviseburebaTa SesabamisobiT, mejlisi ki Tavis sapasuxo depeSaSi aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli principebis ganxorcieleba un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo ara mxolod muSebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> glexebis, aramed mTeli mosaxleobis sakeTildReod.<br />
rogorc Cans, erTis mxriv, komunistebisa <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong> meores<br />
mxriv, mejlisis interesebi sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirveli dRi<strong>da</strong>nve <strong>da</strong>upirispirdnen<br />
erTmaneTs. saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa <strong>da</strong> aWaris avtonomiis idea, romlis cxovrebaSi<br />
ganxorcielebisaTvis mejlisma <strong>da</strong> misma Tavmjdomarem memed abaSiZem xangrZlivi drois<br />
ganmavlobaSi didi rudunebiTa <strong>da</strong> ZalisxmeviT iRvawes, mejlisi ar wavi<strong>da</strong> imaze, rom<br />
sazogadoeba ar gayofiliyo `wiTlebad~ <strong>da</strong> `TeTrebad~, ar <strong>da</strong>upirispira erTmaneTs<br />
1 iqve.<br />
373
klasebi <strong>da</strong> fenebi, ar <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong> imas, rom gaenadgurebinaT mosaxleobis SeZlebuli<br />
fenebi, moewyoT represiebi, gaeCaRebinaT samoqalaqo omi, amiT igi, faqtiurad <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong><br />
kompartiasa <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa xelisuflebas, romlebmac, arc <strong>da</strong>ayovnes administraciuli<br />
wesiT gaeuqmebinaT igi <strong>da</strong> misi wevrebis mimarT, pira<strong>da</strong>d misi Tavmjdomaris<br />
m. abaSiZis mimarT, gaetarebinaT usastikesi represiebi.<br />
mejlissa <strong>da</strong> mis wevrebs, kargad hqon<strong>da</strong>T Segnebuli ra sazogadoebis erT nawilis<br />
moaxlovebuli ubedureba, rasac moitan<strong>da</strong> im droisaTvis muSur-glexuri avtonomia, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites<br />
wasuliyvnen bolo c<strong>da</strong>ze _ aWaris avtonomiis debulebis SemuSavebisaTvis<br />
saqarTvelos kompartiisa <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebis xelmZRvanelobasTn<br />
ewarmoebinaT molaparakeba. am mizniT, 1921 wlis aprilis meore naxevris <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi mejlisis<br />
Tavmjdomerem memed abaSiZem gamosca brZaneba mejlisis arCevnebis Sesaxeb.<br />
brZanebaSi ganmartebulia mejlisis arCevnebis mizezebi. kerZod, aRniSnulia, rom mejlisis<br />
arCevnebi tardeba <strong>axali</strong> sabWoTa xelisuflebis <strong>da</strong>myarebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, saqarTvelos<br />
revkomis Tavmjdomaris momarTvasTan aWaris mejlisisa <strong>da</strong> revkomis saxelze,<br />
pira<strong>da</strong>d mis mimarTvasTan aWaris mosaxloebisadmi aWarisaTvis avtonomiis micemis<br />
Taobaze. brZanebaSi naTqvamia, rom mejlisi aWarisaTvis avtonomiis sakiTxs Tvlis<br />
principulad ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilad, magram miaCnia saWirod <strong>axali</strong> mejlisis arCeva moxdes sayovelTao<br />
saarCevno uflebebis safuZvelze, rac <strong>da</strong>edeba safuZvlad avtonomiuri mSeneblobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebas aWaraSio. mejlisis mier arCeul komisias evalebo<strong>da</strong> revkomis warmomadgenelTan<br />
erTad Sedgomo<strong>da</strong> mejlisis arCevnebs. mejlisis Tavmjdomaris aRniSnuli<br />
brZaneba, bunebrivia, ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa xelisuflebis imdroindel saarCevno<br />
sistemas, sabWoTa avtonomiis principebsa <strong>da</strong> uflebebs. amitom, mejlisis delegaciis<br />
molaparakeba saqarTvelos kompartiis `uklonisturi~ centraluri komitetisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mTavrobis xelmZRvanelobasTan, romelic aragulwrfeli, <strong>da</strong>mcinavi, agdebuli <strong>da</strong> motyuebiTi<br />
toniT warmarTav<strong>da</strong> Sexvedrebs, didxans gagrZel<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> orkviriani molaparakebis<br />
Semdeg uSedegod <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>. mejlisis delegacias, ramazanis <strong>da</strong>dgomasTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
SirebiT, droebiT Seuwyvetia molaparakeba <strong>da</strong> baTumSi <strong>da</strong>brunebula. maT aq SeutyviaT,<br />
rom baTumSi aryofnis dros, mejlisi <strong>da</strong>uTxoviaT. saqarTvelos kompartiisa <strong>da</strong> sabWo-<br />
Ta xelisulebis xelmZRvanelobas arc ki CauTvlia mizanSewonilad ecnobebinaT amis<br />
Sesaxeb mejlisis delegaciisaTvis.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, mejlisis xelmZRvaneloba, rogorc saqarTvelos erTianobis momxreebi,<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>dgomia separatizmis gzas, isini ar gavidnen politikuri areni<strong>da</strong>n, saqar-<br />
Tvelos maSindel xelisuflebas arwmunebdnen kidec, rom <strong>axali</strong> mejlisi, romelic 1921<br />
wlis 6 ivniss Seqmnila, Zalze SemWidrovebul vadebSi, saSiSroebas Seuqmni<strong>da</strong> ara marto<br />
saqarTvelos erTianobas, aramed socialur politikasac, magram revoluciamdel,<br />
brZolebSi gamowrTobili mejlisis progresuli xelmZRvanelobisTvis ar mousmeniaT<br />
<strong>da</strong> yovelive es Zvira<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>jdomiaT. Rrmad Secdnen bolSevikebi, rodesac naCqarevad<br />
<strong>da</strong>askvnes, TiTqos axlad Seqmnili mejlisi `ganamtkicebs aWaris mSromelTa Zmur, mWidro<br />
kavSirs saqarTvelos muSebTan <strong>da</strong> glexebTan~ 1 . arc <strong>axali</strong> mejlisis saxelze mosuli<br />
saqarTvelos revkomis telegrama iyo gulwrfeli, romelSic aRniSnuli iyo, rom<br />
TiTqos saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli sabWoTa wyobileba niSnav<strong>da</strong> `yovelgvari eqsploataciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> yovelgvari Cagvris mospobas~. saqarTvelos revkomma mouwo<strong>da</strong> aWaris axal<br />
mejliss `mtkiced idges sabWoTa xelisuflebis sawyisebze <strong>da</strong> cxovrebaSi gaataros misi<br />
winaswar <strong>da</strong>saxuloba~, rom TiTqos mxolod aseTi gziT SeiZleba aWaraSi sasurveli<br />
mSvidobis aRdgena <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis ga<strong>da</strong>rCena ganadgurebisagan, siRaribisa <strong>da</strong> SimSilisagan,<br />
rom TiTqos `mxolod sabWoTa xelisufleba _ TviT mSromეlTa xelisufleba _<br />
iqneba xalxis bednierebis garantia~ 2 .<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, <strong>axali</strong>, TiTqos<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa mejlisi, saqarTvelos revkomis aRniSnul<br />
telegramas ar Rebulobs seriozul dokumentad. mejlisi ar dgeba sabWoTa xelisuflebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> kompartiis platformaze, ar Rebulobs komunistebis ideas sazogadoebis<br />
klasebad <strong>da</strong>yofisa <strong>da</strong> klasTa brZolis Sesaxeb, romelsac kolosaluri msxverpli mohqon<strong>da</strong><br />
revoluciis Semdgom, sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel wlebSi <strong>da</strong> romelic mTeli<br />
klasebis fizikuri ganadgurebis saSiSroebas qmni<strong>da</strong>. mejlisi yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe<br />
gamodis im RonisZiebaTa winaaRmdeg, romelsac komunistebi <strong>da</strong> komkavSirlebi at-<br />
1 Известия, 5 июля, #227 (1921).<br />
2 Известия, 6 июля, #228 (1921).<br />
374
arebdnen. is erTsaxovnad ewinaaRmdegeba begebis, aRebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva SeZlebuli fenebis winaaRmdeg<br />
represiebs, agreTve mosalodnel represiebs muslimanuri sarwmunoebis mesveurTa<br />
winaaRmdeg. igi samoqalaqo omis nacvlad samoqalaqo mSvidobis politikas uwevs<br />
propagan<strong>da</strong>s.<br />
mejliss, rogorc xelisuflebis umaRles organos aWaraSi, ar surs gaxdes kompartiis<br />
saTamaSo Tojina, ufro metic, is cdilobs <strong>da</strong>imorCilos revkomi, partiuli,<br />
profkavSiruli, komkavSiruli, sabWoTa organizaciebi <strong>da</strong> miaRwios mejlisis erTxelisuflebianobas.<br />
man moamza<strong>da</strong> brZanebis proeqti aWarisaTvis farTo avtonomiuri uflebebis<br />
miniWebis Sesaxeb, sa<strong>da</strong>c naTqvamia: `1. mejlisi, rogorc xelisuflebis sruluflebiani<br />
organo, arCeuli aWaris mSromelTa mier, gamoxatavs am ukanasknelis survils,<br />
Sevides saqarTvelo ssr SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc misi nawili, farTo avtonomiis safuZvelze,<br />
romlis sabWoTa mmarTveloba organizebuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnas Semdeg formebSi...~,<br />
<strong>da</strong> CamoTvlili iyo yvela komisariati, romlebic un<strong>da</strong> Seqmniliyo, samxedro, sagareo<br />
vaWrobis <strong>da</strong> a. S. CaTvliT. 2. `aWaris sabWoebis pirveli yrilobis mowvevamde mTeli xelisufleba<br />
rCeba mejliss~ 1 .<br />
imasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, rom aWaras avtonomia eZleo<strong>da</strong> pirvel rigSi konfesiis safuZvelze,<br />
mejlisi Tavis proeqtSi aWaris avtonomiuri uflebebis Sesaxeb iTxov<strong>da</strong> aWarisaTvis<br />
mezobeli, muslimanuri mosaxleobiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli axalcixis raionis _ saqarTvelos<br />
farglebSi <strong>da</strong>rCenili mesxeTis nawilis mierTebas.<br />
aWaris avtonomiuri uflebebis Sesaxeb mejlisis proeqtis momzadebaSi saq. kp. (b) aWaris<br />
saolqo komitets, baTumis olqis revkoms, sabWoTa, profkavSirul, komkavSirul organizaciebs<br />
araviTari monawileoba ar miuRiaT. mejlisi araerTxel moagoneb<strong>da</strong> maT, rom aWaraSi mTeli<br />
Zalaufleba ekuTvnis mas <strong>da</strong> amis Sesaxeb sanqcias Txov<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos revkoms.<br />
ase, aWaraSi <strong>axali</strong>, sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSi Seiqmna orxelisuflebianoba.<br />
erTis mxriv, xelisufleba ekuTvno<strong>da</strong> baTumis olqis revkoms, romlebic muSebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
glexebis xelisuflebis umaRles organod iyo gamocxadebuli <strong>da</strong> axorcieleb<strong>da</strong> proletariatis<br />
diqtaturas, meore mxriv _ mejliss, romelic acxadeb<strong>da</strong>, rom icavs aWaris<br />
mTel mosaxleobas, maT Soris begebis, aRebisa <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis religiur interesebs.<br />
aWarisaTvis farTo avtonomiuri uflebebis miniWebis Sesaxeb, mejlisis <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />
proeqtis ganxilvisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis Semdeg, misi wardgenisaTvis saqarTvelos<br />
revkomSi, mejlisma Seqmna delegacia Tavisi Tavmjdomaris _ cnobili sazogado moRvawis,<br />
iuristis xasan lorTqifaniZis xelmZRvanelobiT, romelmac TbilisSi saqarTvelos<br />
xelmZRvanelobasTan molaparakebis safuZvelze nawilobrivi SesworebiT, miaRwia<br />
Tavisi proeqtis <strong>da</strong>mtkicebas. am mxriv man didi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera hpova i. b. stalinisagan, romelic<br />
1921 wlis ivlisis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi specialurad Camovi<strong>da</strong> TbilisSi politikuri sakiTxebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisaTvis, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, maT Soris aWarisaTvis avtonomiis miniWebis<br />
Sesaxeb, agreTve rkp (b) amierkavkasiis samxareo komitetis xelmZRvanelis g. k. orjonikiZisagan,<br />
mejliss uari eTqva aWarisaTvis axalcixis raionis mierTebis moTxovnaze,<br />
erTiani muslimanuri avtonomiis Seqmnaze, agreTve imaze, rom mejliss <strong>da</strong>morCilebo<strong>da</strong><br />
partiuli, komkavSiruli, profkavSiruli organizaciebi.<br />
mTavari mainc is iyo, rom sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSi saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobam<br />
aWaraSi <strong>axali</strong>, sabWoTa xelisuflebis umaRles organod cno mejlisi.<br />
amave dros ar gauqmebula baTumis olqis revkomi, romelic axorcieleb<strong>da</strong> umaRles xelisuflebas<br />
aWaraSi, rac niSnav<strong>da</strong> imas, rom mejlisis winaaRmdeg neli moqmedebis naRmi<br />
Caido. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi komunisturi, miT umetes, e. w. saqarTvelos kp (b) ck<br />
`nacional-uklonisturi~ xelmZRvaneloba, revkomis Tavmjdomare budu mdivani aravi-<br />
Tar SemTxvevaSi ar wavidodnen imaze, rom 1921 wlis 16 ivliss miRebuli yofiliyo saqarTvelos<br />
revkomis dekreti # 54 aWaris avtonomiis Sesaxeb, romlis safuZvelze aWaraSi<br />
mTeli xelisufleba ga<strong>da</strong>eca mejliss. dekretSi naTqvamia `2. aWaris assr mmarTvelobis<br />
organoebia: mejlisi, saxkomsabWo <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi sabWoebi, arCeuli saqarTvelos<br />
ssr konstituciis safuZvelze. SeniSvna: me- 4punqtSi <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli komisariatebis<br />
saxalxo komisrebi iniSnebian saqarTvelos Sesabamisi komisariatebis mier aWaris<br />
respublikis saxkomsabWosTan SeTanxmebiT <strong>da</strong> mtkicdebian aWaris mejlisis mier~ 2 . dekretSi<br />
miTiTebuli iyo, rom aWaris assr Sinagan saqmeTa, ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis,<br />
1 socialist-federalisti, #109 (1921).<br />
2 aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, partiuli arqivi, f. 1, aRw. 1, saqme 40, furc. 21.<br />
375
socialuri uzrunvelyofis <strong>da</strong> miwaTmoqmedebis saxalxo komisariatebi TavianT moqmedebaSi<br />
avtonomiurebia <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgebeli arian saqarTvelos umaRlesi organoebis winaSe<br />
aWaris mejlisis meSveobiT. dekretSi xazgasmuli iyo, rom `aWaris assr sabWoebis<br />
pirveli yrilobis mowvevamde, mTeli xelisufleba aWaris assr-Si, am dekretSi miTiTebul<br />
sazRvrebSi, ekuTvnis aWaris mejliss~.<br />
naTlad sCans, rom am dekretiT aWaraSi mTeli xelisufleba ga<strong>da</strong>eca mejliss. amave<br />
dros, dekretiT baTumis olqis xelisuflebis sagangebo organo _ revkomi ar gauqmebula,<br />
Tumc is dekretSi naxsenebic ar aris, laparakia jer ararsebul saxkomsabWoze,<br />
romelic un<strong>da</strong> Seqmniliyo aWaraSi sabWoebis arCevnebis Catarebis Semdeg.<br />
rogor uyurebdnen <strong>da</strong> afasebdnen saqarTvelos komunistebi aWaris mejliss <strong>da</strong> dekrets<br />
aWaris avtonomiis Sesaxeb, romelmac mejliss ganumtkica xelisufleba, sCans ba-<br />
Tumis olqis revkomis erT-erTi xelmZRvanelis, komunist k. sajaias nafiqrali<strong>da</strong>n. is<br />
wers: `am dekretiT Cven absoliturad vkargavdiT aWaras, sa<strong>da</strong>c mdgomareobis baton-patroni<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gamx<strong>da</strong>riyvnen qemalistebi. meore mxriv, es saxelganTqmuli mejlisi baTumis<br />
baton-patroni <strong>da</strong> baTumis proletariatis xelmZRvaneli xdebo<strong>da</strong>~ 1 .<br />
es iyo mejlisis araswori, subieqturi Sefaseba. mejlisis mTeli Semadgenlobis<br />
gamocxadeba qemalistebad, ar iyo swori. isini SerCeulni iyvnen TviT aWaris revkomisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saq. kp (b) aWaris saolqo komitetis xelmZRvanelobis mier. saqme imaSi iyo, rom mejlisi<br />
Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod aWarlebisgan, romlebic, rogorc muslimanuri religiis mimdevrebi,<br />
bevri qarTveli komunisti _ xelmZRvanelis azriTac iTvlebodnen Turqebad,<br />
TaTrebad, <strong>da</strong> bunebrivia, Turquli orientaciis gamtareblad. gamomdinare aqe<strong>da</strong>n, rogorc<br />
wesi, Tbilisi maT mimarT gaaTkecebul sifrTxilesa <strong>da</strong> sifxizles iCen<strong>da</strong>. amis<br />
Sesaxeb ruseTis kompartiis XII yrilobaze, 1923 wels, saqarTvelos kompartiis erTerTma<br />
maRali rangis xelmZRvanelma, saqarTvelos revkomis Tavmjdomarem budu mdivanma,<br />
sajarod ganacxa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> i. b. stalinis miTiTebiT xeli moawera dekrets aWaris avtonomiis<br />
Sesaxeb. amitom, saqarTvelos kompartiis erT-erT cnobil xelmZRvanels k. sajaias<br />
<strong>da</strong>uSveblad miaCn<strong>da</strong> mejlisis, e. i. aWarlebis ufrosoba baTumSi. baTumis proletariats<br />
Soris <strong>da</strong> saerTod baTumSi aWarlebi Zalze cotani iyvnen. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, aseve<br />
cotani iyvnen isini saqarTvelos kompartiis aWaris organizaciis SemadgenlobaSi. ase-<br />
Ti politika nebsiT Tu uneblieT TiSav<strong>da</strong> ers or nawilad, aSoriSoreb<strong>da</strong> qarTvel-muslimans<br />
qarTveli-qristianisagan.<br />
aWaris mejlisi atareb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebel politikas, romelic gamomdinareob<strong>da</strong> aWaris<br />
cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n, misi specifikuri Taviseburebebi<strong>da</strong>n. es politika ki saqarTvelos kompartiisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi aWaris organizaciis mier Sefas<strong>da</strong> rogorc separatistuli, rogorc<br />
aWaris izolacia bolSevizmisa <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa xelisuflebis ideisagan. magram ar SeiZleba<br />
mxedvelobaSi ar miRebuliyo is, rom antisabWoTa Zalebi, iyenebdnen ra aWaraSi Seqmnil<br />
mdgomareobas, mejlisis Zalauflebas, gaaqtiurdnen, aZlierebdnen brZolas sab-<br />
WoTa xelisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> kompartiis winaaRmdeg, ganumartavdnen masebs, rom bolSevizmi<br />
<strong>da</strong> religia SeuTvsebeliao, komunistebi sabolood mospoben muslimanTa salocavebs,<br />
aWarelTa yofas <strong>da</strong> a. S. 2 .<br />
komunistebi, komkavSirlebi, revkomebi Tavis mxriv iwyeben gaZlierebul agitacias<br />
antisabWoTa Zalebisa <strong>da</strong> mejlisis winaaRmdeg, diskreditacias uweven mis xelmZRvanelobas,<br />
sazRvargareTis qveynebis jaSuSad acxadebdnen maT. <strong>axali</strong> mejlisis arCevi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ori Tvec ki ar iyo gasuli, rom baTumis olqis Cekas (jaSuSebis, diversantebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva antisabWoTa elementebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli sagangebo komisia) Tavmjdomare, saqarTvelos<br />
kompartiis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli, 1921 wlis 3 agvistos avrcelebs yalb<br />
cnobas, `TiTqos mejlisi Sesdgeba mTlianad qemalistebisagan, maTi umravlesoba mdi<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
begebia. mejlisis erT-erTi cnobili wevri beqir abuseriZe _ TurqeT-gemaniis yofili<br />
jaSuSia~ 3 . sinamdviles ar Seeferebo<strong>da</strong> agreTve komunistTa mtkiceba, TiTqos maT<br />
mier arCeuli mejlisi iswrafvo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelosagan moewyvita aWara.<br />
aseTi propagandis gar<strong>da</strong>, romliTac SeuZlebeli iyo mejlisis avtoritetis Seryeva<br />
aWarelTa Soris ise rom miRweuli yofiliyi misi <strong>da</strong>Txova, sabWoTa xelisuflebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> partiis xelmZRvanelobam ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita aWaris sofelSi klasTa brZolis gamwvaveba. am<br />
1 aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, partiuli arqivi, f. 1, aRw. 1, saqme 40, furc. 36.<br />
2 Правда Грузии, #278 (1922).<br />
3 aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, partiuli arqivi, f. 1, aRw. 1, saqme 14, furc. 4.<br />
376
mizniT <strong>da</strong>iwyo aWaris Rarib glexTa organizeba <strong>da</strong>moukidebel Zalad <strong>da</strong> amiT maTi gan-<br />
Tavisufleba begebisa <strong>da</strong> aRebis gavlenisagan. amrigad, aWaris soflebSi 1921 wlis agvistos<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo RaribTa komitetebis Seqmna.<br />
RaribTa komitetebis funqciebSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> _ Raribi <strong>da</strong> saSualo glexoba moewyvita<br />
begebis, aRebis, kulakebis, TviT mejlisis gavlenisagan <strong>da</strong> maTi urTierT<strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />
nia<strong>da</strong>gze gaeCaRebinaT soflad klasTa brZola, mejlisisaTvis gamoecalaT socialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>sayrdeni, gaeuqmebinaT beguri revkomebi, begebis, aRebis <strong>da</strong> sxva SeZlebuli klasebis<br />
likvi<strong>da</strong>ciiT <strong>da</strong>Slilad gamoecxadebinaT mejlisi.<br />
Tu ruseTSi RaribTa komitetebi iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> soflis sabWoebTan paralelurad <strong>da</strong><br />
isini maTTan erTad moqmedebdnen, aWaris sofelSi RaribTa komitetebi, sabWoTa saxelmwifo<br />
xelisuflebis erTaderT organod gamodiodnen, vinai<strong>da</strong>n soflis revkomebis umravlesoba<br />
mejliss emorCilebo<strong>da</strong>, sabWoebi ki jer kidev ar iyo Seqmnili. revkomis sa-<br />
TaveSi begebis, aRebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva SeZlebuli pirebis moxvedra SemTxveviTi ar iyo. glex-<br />
Ta absoluturi umravlesoba wera-kiTxvis ucodinari iyo.<br />
RaribTa komitetis Seqmna <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>da</strong>pirispireba beguri revkomebisadmi, maTi umaRlesi<br />
organos _ mejlisisadmi komunistebisaTvis yvelaze ufro momgebiani <strong>da</strong>rCa, vinai<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
faqtiurad, Zalaufleba wera-kiTxvis ucodinari a<strong>da</strong>mianebis xelSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> isini ise<br />
warmarTavdnen mas, rogorc sur<strong>da</strong>T. Sedegmac ar <strong>da</strong>ayovna. RaribTa komitetebis Seqmni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
sul cota dro gavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> naTlad gamoikveTa, rom mejlisis Zala sustdebo<strong>da</strong>, misi avtoriteti<br />
iryeo<strong>da</strong>, mas soflis mosaxleobis didi nawili eclebo<strong>da</strong> xeli<strong>da</strong>n. iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> garkveuli<br />
undobloba mejlisisadmi. ufro metic, Rarib glexTa gamosvlebma begebis, aRebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> soflis mosaxleobis sxva SeZlebuli fenebis winaaRmdeg, mejlisi Rrmad Caafiqra, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
sofeli samoqalaqo omis alSi exveo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> es pirvel rigSi mis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.<br />
sabWoTa xelisuflebis xelmZRvanelebi aRniSnavdnen: `Tu adre begi laparakob<strong>da</strong><br />
xalxis saxeliT, xolo <strong>da</strong>brmavebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>beCavebuli Raribi glexoba eTanxmebo<strong>da</strong><br />
mas, axla is politikuri TviTSegnebiT SeiaraRebuli, begebs ar alaparakeb<strong>da</strong>. is TviTon<br />
alaparak<strong>da</strong>, TviTon ganacxa<strong>da</strong> xmamaRla Tavisi gaWirvebisa <strong>da</strong> moTxovnebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> pirvel<br />
rigSi gamovi<strong>da</strong> imave begebis winaaRmdeg~ 1 . bunebrivia, rogorc aRiniSna, es iyo komunistebis<br />
muSaobis Sedegi <strong>da</strong> ara TviTon Rarib glexTa <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli moqmedeba. komunistebi<br />
TavianT angariSSi Rarib <strong>da</strong>, miT umetes, saSualo glexTa moqmedebasa <strong>da</strong> aqtiurobas<br />
begebis, aRebisa <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa winaaRmdeg, azviadebdnen, aZlevdnen araswor informaciebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
cnobebs. is, rom TiTqos xulos glexobam 1921 w. 18 agvistos mitingze miiRo <strong>da</strong>dgenileba<br />
SuamdgomlobiT miemarTa saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis mejlisis <strong>da</strong>Txovis Sesaxeb, komunistebis<br />
mier iyo mowyobili. ar iyo swori agreTve saqarTelos kompartiisa <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa<br />
xelisuflebis umaRlesi xelmZRvanelobis warmomadgenlis f. maxaraZis gancxadeba, TiTqos<br />
aWaris RaribTa komitetebis xelmZRvanelebi `ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis eraTderT saSualebas komunizmis<br />
ganxorcielebaSi xe<strong>da</strong>ven~ 2 .<br />
Seqmnes ra RaribTa komitetebi aWaris yvela mazraSi, Temsa <strong>da</strong> sofelSi, komunistebi<br />
TviTon Caudgnen saTaveSi maT <strong>da</strong> TavianTi survilisa <strong>da</strong> Sexedulebis mixedviT amoqmedebdnen.<br />
isini Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT ga<strong>da</strong>iqcnen im Zalad, romelTa saSualebiT komunistebi axorcielebdnen<br />
TavianT miznebs. mejliss, romelsac komunistebis iniciativiT ewo<strong>da</strong> `Savi mejlisi~,<br />
RaribTa komitetebis saxiT soflad sawinaaRmdego xelisufleba gauCn<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelos<br />
komunisturi partiis aWaris saolqo komiteti, samazro RaribTa komitetebis xelmZRvanelebad<br />
agzavnis mis wevrebs, baTumSi ki qmnis aWaris RaribTa komitetebis centralur<br />
komitets 15 kacis SemadgenlobiT <strong>da</strong> mas aWaris mejliss upirispirebs.<br />
mejlisi iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> ukan <strong>da</strong>exia, kompromisze wasuliyo, Tumca eZeb<strong>da</strong> agre-<br />
Tve manevrirebis saSualebas. am mizniT, is Tanxmdeba wavides molaparakebaze revkomm-<br />
Tan <strong>da</strong> RaribTa komitetebis centralur komitetTan. 1921 wlis 31 agvistos mejlisis,<br />
revkomisa <strong>da</strong> RaribTa komitetebis ck-is warmomadgenlebi xels aweren SeTanxmebas, ris<br />
safuZvelzec aWaraSi xelisuflebis umaRles organod gamocxad<strong>da</strong> aWaris revkomi, magram<br />
am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas mejlisi ar emorCileba <strong>da</strong> ganagrZobs brZolas Tavisi poziciebis<br />
SesanarCuneblad. mdgomareoba sastikad iZabeba. saqmeSi ereva ruseTis komunisturi<br />
partiis amierkavkasiis samxareo komiteti, pira<strong>da</strong>d misi xelmZRvaneli g. k. orjonikiZe<br />
<strong>da</strong> 1921 wlis 8 seqtembers saqarTvelos revkomi aqveynebs aWaris assr Seqmnis dekretis<br />
1 aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, partiuli arqivi, f. 1, aRw. 1, saqme 14, furc. 2.<br />
2 Правда Грузии, #195 (1921).<br />
377
<strong>da</strong>matebiT dokuments _ <strong>da</strong>dgenilebas, romliTac aWaraSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis umaRles<br />
organod gamocxad<strong>da</strong> aWaris revoluciuri komiteti. <strong>da</strong>dgenilebaSi araferi iyo<br />
naTqvami mejlisze, mis rolsa <strong>da</strong> funqciebze, an mis gauqmebaze. komunistebi winaswar<br />
mofiqrebul SeniRbul manevrirebaze midian <strong>da</strong>, am mizniT, 1921 wlis 9 seqtembers qmnian<br />
aWaris revkomis prezidiums 5 kacis SemadgenlobiT, romelSic sami warmomadgeneli Seiyvanes<br />
revkomi<strong>da</strong>n (komunistebi), TiTo mejlisi<strong>da</strong>n (misi Tavmjdomare) <strong>da</strong> RaribTa komitetebis<br />
centraluri komiteti<strong>da</strong>n. revkomis Tavjdomared formalurad <strong>da</strong>iniSna mejlisis<br />
Tavmjdomare xasan lorTqifaniZe. komunistebma mTeli Zalaufleba TavianT xelSi<br />
aiRes <strong>da</strong> mejlisis rigebSi ganxeTqileba Camoagdes, magram isini, politikuri mosazrebis<br />
gamo, mejlisis <strong>da</strong>Txovas ar Cqarobdnen. misi <strong>da</strong>Txova un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo aWaris sab-<br />
Woebis pirvel yrilobaze. magram, vinai<strong>da</strong>n sabWoebis arCevnebisaTvis nia<strong>da</strong>gi jer kidev<br />
ar iyo momzadebuli, rasac garkveuli dro, naxevari weli mainc sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>, komunistebma<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites male moeSorebiaT mejlisi. am mizniT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites RaribTa komitetis<br />
pirveli yrilobis Catareba <strong>da</strong> misi saSualebiT mejlisis gauqmeba. yriloba, romlis<br />
muSaobas tons aZlevdnen komunistebi, mowveuli iyo 1921 wlis 7 noembers <strong>da</strong> grZeldebo<strong>da</strong><br />
6 dRes _ 12 noembris CaTvliT.<br />
RaribTa komitetebis yrilobam, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom mejlisis gauqmebis ufleba mas<br />
ar hqon<strong>da</strong>, komunistebis wina<strong>da</strong>debiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Jinebuli moTxovnis Sedegad miiRo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />
e. w. `Savi mejlisis~ <strong>da</strong>Txovis Sesaxeb. yrilobaze airCies RaribTa komitetbis <strong>axali</strong><br />
centraluri komiteti, romelsac yrilobis specialuri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT ewo<strong>da</strong> `wiTeli<br />
mejlisi~ _ komunistebis jibis parlamenti. `wiTeli mejlisis~ SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvanes<br />
komunistebi <strong>da</strong> upartio Raribi glexobis warmomadgenlebi. yrilobam airCia revkomis<br />
<strong>axali</strong> Semadgenloba, romelSic Sevidnen 5 `wiTeli mejlisis~ wevri <strong>da</strong> 4 saqarTvelos komunisturi<br />
partiis aWaris saolqo komitetis Semadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n. yrilobam, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />
komunistebis miTiTebiT `gansazRvra~ `wiTeli mejlisis~ funqciac: `aWaris glexTa masebis<br />
revolucionizireba <strong>da</strong> maTi gaerTianeba sabWoTa xelisuflebis irgvliv~.<br />
1921 wlis dekemberSi aWaraSi Catar<strong>da</strong> sabWoebis arCevnebi. 1922 wlis 10 ianvars ba-<br />
TumSi moiwvies aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis sabWoebis pirveli yriloba, yrilobaze<br />
aWaris revoluciurma komitetma _ sabWoTa xelisuflebis sagangebo organom _ moixsna<br />
Tavisi uflebamosileba. yrilobam airCia aWaris sabWoTa saxelmwifo xelisuflebis<br />
<strong>axali</strong>, arCeviTi organo _ centraluri aRmasrulebeli komiteti (caki, romlis pirvel<br />
sxdomaze 1922 wlis 15 ianvars Seiqmna aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis saxalxo<br />
komisarTa sabWo). yrilobaze Tavisi formaluri uflebamosileba moixsna agreTve e. w.<br />
`wiTelma mejlisma~, magram misi Semadgenloba ar <strong>da</strong>uTxoviaT, `wiTel mejliss~ saxeli<br />
Seucvala yrilobam <strong>da</strong> uwo<strong>da</strong> RaribTa komitetis centraluri biuro. 1923 wels,<br />
rodesac RaribTa komitetebi SeuerTes sabWoebs, likvidirebuli iqna maTi xelmZRvaneli<br />
organic _ centraluri biuro.<br />
ase Seiqmna aWaraSi komunistebis erTxelisuflebianoba <strong>da</strong> diqtatura, romelsac,<br />
bunebrivia, ar moutania mSvidoba <strong>da</strong> simSvide. arc Semdgomi wlebi gamoirCeodnen sim-<br />
SvidiT. 20-ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong>wyebulma represiebma imsxverples mejlisebis mTeli Semadgenloba,<br />
arc revkomisa <strong>da</strong> RaribTa komitetebis yofil wevrebs <strong>da</strong>dgomiaT kargi dRe.<br />
378
<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />
1. aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, partiuli arqivi, f. 1, aRw. 1, saqme 14, furc. 2.<br />
2. aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, partiuli arqivi, f. 1, aRw. 1, saqme 14, furc. 4.<br />
3. aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, partiuli arqivi, f. 1, aRw. 1, saqme 40, furc. 21.<br />
4. aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, partiuli arqivi, f. 1, aRw. 1, saqme 40, furc. 36.<br />
5. Известия, 6 июля (1921).<br />
6. Известия, 5 июля (1921).<br />
7. memed abaSiZe (baTumi, 1993).<br />
8. Правда Грузии, #195 (1921).<br />
9. Правда Грузии, #278 (1922).<br />
10. samuslimano saqarTvelo, #328 (1920).<br />
11. social-federalisti, #109 (1921).<br />
OTAR GOGOLISHVILI<br />
Shota Rustaveli State University<br />
THE FIRST YEARS OF THE BOLSHEVIK POWER IN AJARA<br />
(`BLACK~ AND `RED~ MEDJLISES)<br />
This scientific work deals with the work of the Medjlis which was created by the decision of the Congress on<br />
August 31, 1920. This Medjils was named as `Black~ by Bolsheviks. In the work it is described the activity of the<br />
first Medjlis. Bolsheviks, as an alternative to the first Medjlis, created `Red~ medjlis. This `Red~ Medjlis joined the<br />
committee of poor’s later. In the scientific work it is analyzed a lot of new materials concerning the work of both<br />
Medjlises.<br />
379
lela saraliZe<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa <strong>da</strong> eTnologiis instituti<br />
ruseT-safrangeTis 1932 wlis<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>usxmelobis paqti <strong>da</strong> qarTuli emigracia<br />
sabWoTa ruseTis xelisufleba yovelmxriv cdilob<strong>da</strong>, xeli SeeSala qarTveli<br />
xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolisTvis emigraciaSi. bolSevikebis yuradReba<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d safrangeTisken iyo mimarTuli, sa<strong>da</strong>c qarTuli politikuri emigracia imyofebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qarTveli emigrantebi saqarTvelos ganviTarebis evropul gzas qveynis warmatebis<br />
erTaderT saSualebad miiCnevdnen. ruseTis sabWoTa xelisufleba ki <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
qveynebs burJuaziul saxelmwifoebad Tvli<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gasabWoebul saqarTveloSi maT winaaRmdeg<br />
farTo agitacias eweo<strong>da</strong>. qarTveli emigrantebi saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi<br />
ruseTis integraciis winaaRmdegi iyvnen. isini yvelafers akeTebdnen, raTa evropeli xalxisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikosebisTvis rus xelisufalTa namdvili saxe eCvenebinaT. emigraciaSi<br />
myofi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis pirveli mTavrobis Tavmjdomare<br />
noe ramiSvili sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier saqarTvelos Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebiT aneqsias ase afaseb<strong>da</strong>:<br />
`...ruseTis komunizmi xmliTa <strong>da</strong> maxviliT SemoiWra saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amxo demokratiuli<br />
respublika. ruseTis komunizmis xiSti saqarTvelos demokratias <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ra aris demokratia? ras warmoadgens komunizmi! demokratia xalxis batonobaa.<br />
Tavisufali <strong>da</strong> sayovelTao arCevnebiT xalxi Tavis beds TviTonve sWris <strong>da</strong> qveyanas<br />
Tavis gemoze <strong>da</strong> Tavisi interesebis mixedviT ganagebs. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi<br />
qveynis uzenaesi Zala TviT xalxia, misi neba <strong>da</strong> survili ganviTarebis safuZvelia, misi<br />
goneba <strong>da</strong> gamWriaxoba qveynis saWea. Secdomisagan ar aris uzrunvelyofili arc erTi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani, arc romelime klasi an mTeli sazogadoeba. magram demokratiis batonobis xanaSi<br />
yvela sargeblobs Tavisufali aspareziT, Tavisufali sityviT... demokratia sauke-<br />
Teso nia<strong>da</strong>gia materialuri <strong>da</strong> sulieri kulturis asayvaveblad <strong>da</strong> ai es wyobileba<br />
CvenSi <strong>da</strong>angria rusulma xiStma...“ 1 .<br />
sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba antisabWoTa emigraciis saqmianobas did safrTxed miiCnev<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> gaSmagebiT ibrZo<strong>da</strong> qarTveli patriotebis winaaRmdeg. 1930 wlis 11 agvistos saqarTvelos<br />
komunisturi partiis centralur komitetSi specialuri TaTbiri gaimarTa.<br />
igi politikuri emigraciis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategiul <strong>da</strong> taqtikur sakiTxebs mieZRvna.<br />
Sekreba gaxsna sabWoTa saqarTvelos kompartiis mdivanma samson mamuliam. man<br />
Tqva: `amxanagebo, menSevikebis winaaRmdeg brZolis sakiTxi yovelTvis idga partiis<br />
dRis wesrigSi <strong>da</strong> dRes, amdeni wlis Semdeg, igi kidev ufro Zlier gvaRelvebs Cven. un<strong>da</strong><br />
vaRiaroT, rom qarTuli menSevizmi dRes ukve namdvili realobaa <strong>da</strong> igi sulac ar<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>marcxebuli rogorc ideologiurad, ise fizikurad. amdenad, naTelia, rom igi<br />
CvenTvis did saSiSroebas warmoadgens dRes, swored maSin, roca Cveni partia uamravi<br />
problemiT CixSia moqceuli. Cven ara gvaqvs ufleba <strong>da</strong>vmaloT is, rom gasuli wlis<br />
gazafxulze brZolis sulis Camdgmelebi swored kontrrevolucioneri menSevikebi <strong>da</strong><br />
kulakebi iyvnen <strong>da</strong> am brZolaSi, romelic Cven maT winaaRmdeg gavmarTeT, <strong>da</strong>marcxebuli<br />
Cven aRmovCndiT. Cven seriozulad un<strong>da</strong> CavufiqrdeT am faqts, TiToeulma CvenTaganma<br />
sakmaod gaiazros movlenebi, menSevikebis winaaRmdeg brZolis sakiTxi mTeli Tavisi si-<br />
RrmiT un<strong>da</strong> iqnas Seswavlili...“ 2 . imave TaTbirze sityviT gamovi<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa saqarTvelos<br />
saxelmwifo politikuri sammarTvelos ufrosi lavrenti beria. Tavisi gamosvla<br />
man ase <strong>da</strong>iwyo: `amxanagebo, menSevikebis winaaRmdeg brZolis sakiTxi yovelTvis ipyrob<strong>da</strong><br />
Cven yuradRebas, rameTu mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT saqarTvelos menSevikuri<br />
partia yvelaze ufro Zlieri <strong>da</strong> gavleniania kontrrevoluciur organizaciaTa Soris.<br />
swored amitomac, menSevikebis winaaRmdeg brZola did energias moiTxovs, isini<br />
jer kidev ar arian <strong>da</strong>marcxebulni <strong>da</strong> Cvenc aucileblad gvmarTebs miviRoT maT winaaRmdeg<br />
brZolis aucilebeli zomebi. es imdenad aucilebelia, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c menSevizmi<br />
gavlenas axdens Cveni partiis generaluri xazis yvela mimarTulebaze... Cveni valia ga-<br />
1 n. ramiSvili, rusuli komunizmi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos demokratia (parizi, 1923), gv. 39.<br />
2 g. sulaZe, qarTuli antisabWoTa emigracia <strong>da</strong> specsamsaxurebi (1918-1953) (Tbilisi, 2010), gv. 178.<br />
380
verTiandeT Cveni partiis irgvliv <strong>da</strong> aRvmarToT rkinis barieri, raTa partia <strong>da</strong>vicvaT<br />
yovelgvari Semotevebisagan... emigraciaSi anarqiaa gamefebuli <strong>da</strong> Cven un<strong>da</strong> visargebloT<br />
amiT, rom CavaxSoT sruliad es <strong>da</strong>wyevlili menSevizmi <strong>da</strong> es ise, rom maT arasdros<br />
SeZlon kvlav fexze wamodgoma. amisaTvis saWiroa emigraciis dezorganizacia,<br />
gaxleCa, ris Semdegac Cveni brZola ufro gagviadvildeba. saqarTveloSi menSevizmi emigracii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
iRebs saTaves <strong>da</strong>, rogorc ki Sewydeba kavSiri maT Soris, Cven mivaRwevT im<br />
organizaciebis ganadgurebas, romlebic aq arseboben...“ 1 .<br />
bolSevikebi ar gamoricxavdnen emigrantebis fizikur ganadgurebasac. sagangebo<br />
TaTbiri<strong>da</strong>n sul ramodenime TveSi, 1930 wlis 7 dekembers, parizis erT-erT centralur<br />
moe<strong>da</strong>nze, qarTuli politikuri emigraciis <strong>da</strong> antisabWoTa saqmianobis erT-erTi gamor-<br />
Ceuli lideri noe ramiSvili mokles.<br />
sabWoTa ruseTis xelisufleba saerTaSoriso asparezze poziciebis ganmtkicebas<br />
Zveli mokavSireebis _ safrangeTis <strong>da</strong> inglisis meSveobiT cdilob<strong>da</strong>. ruseTis politikuri<br />
xelmZRvaneloba safrangeTis xelisuflebasTan <strong>da</strong>axloebisken miiswrafvo<strong>da</strong>, raTa<br />
aeZulebina igi parizSi arsebuli qarTuli legacia gaeuqmebina. 1932 wlis 29 noembers,<br />
safrangeTis mTavrobis saxeliT, eduard eriom ruseTTan Tav<strong>da</strong>usxmelobis paqti gaaforma<br />
2 . sabWoTa kavSiris mxri<strong>da</strong>n xelSekrulebas xeli moawera safrangeTSi ssrk-is<br />
sruluflebianma warmomadgenelma valerian dovgalevskim (1885-1934), romelic 1927-1934<br />
wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris elCi iyo safrangeTSi.<br />
ruseT-safrangeTis xelSekrulebas didi gamoxmaureba mohyva qarTveli emigrantebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n, romlebic, 1921 wels ruseTis wiTeli armiis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis<br />
Semdeg iZulebiT wavidnen emigraciaSi, raTa ucxoeTi<strong>da</strong>n gaegrZelebinaT brZola qveynis<br />
<strong>da</strong>karguli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aRsadgenad 3 .<br />
sabWoTa istoriografiis SefasebiT, ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> safrangeTs Soris xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>deba<br />
Cveulebriv politikur movlenad aris miCneuli, rac TiTqos ruseT-germaniis <strong>da</strong>axloebis<br />
SiSiT iyo gamowveuli. jer kidev 1922 wlis 16 aprils sabWoTa ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> germanias Soris<br />
xelmowerili iqna rapalos xelSekruleba, riTac or qveyanas Soris diplomatiuri ur-<br />
TierToba aRdga 4 . amrigad, germania iyo pirveli qveyana, romelmac evropis qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n pirvelma<br />
cno saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa ruseTTan gaformebuli<br />
xelSekrulebiT faqtiurad pirvelma ukanve waiRo es cnoba.<br />
obieqturi Sefaseba ruseT-safrangeTis paqts qarTvelma emigrantebma misces. saqme<br />
imaSi iyo, rom safrangeTsa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris geografiuli mdebareoba faqtiurad gamoricxav<strong>da</strong><br />
erTmaneTisadmi agresias. paqti pir<strong>da</strong>pir miniSnebas akeTeb<strong>da</strong> parizSi arsebuli<br />
qarTuli legaciis gauqmebaze. xelSekrulebis IV muxlSi aRniSnuli iyo: `orive<br />
mxare (safrangeTi <strong>da</strong> ruseTi _ l. s.) valdebulebas iRebs: ar Seqmnas, ar gauwios mfarveloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmareba SeiaraRebiT, fuliT <strong>da</strong> Tavis teritoriaze yofnis nebac ar misces<br />
samxedro organizaciebs, romlebic iTviseben meore mxaris mTeli teritoriis an<br />
nawilis mTavrobis an warmomadgenlobis saxels“ 5 .<br />
ruseT-safrangeTis Tav<strong>da</strong>usxmelobis paqti ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos interesebs,<br />
romlis erovnuli mTavroba safrangeTSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargvi<strong>da</strong>n 11 wlis Semdeg, parizSi jer kidev oficialurad arsebob<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />
saelCo, legaciis saxiT, romelic safrangeTsa <strong>da</strong> evropas saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas<br />
Seaxseneb<strong>da</strong>. rusma bolSevikebma, swored, qarTuli legacia amoiRes mizanSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> 1932 wlis ruseT-safrangeTis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze mis gauqmebas miaRwies.<br />
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis yofili sagareo saqmeTa ministri evgeni gegeWkori<br />
ruseT-safrangeTis paqts ase afaseb<strong>da</strong>: `Cven, qarTvelebma, moskovTan xelSekrulebis<br />
fasi kargad viciT. gana 1920 wels Cven ar gvqon<strong>da</strong> sabWoebTan aseTive Tav<strong>da</strong>usxmelobis<br />
paqti? mere riTi gaTav<strong>da</strong> es eqsperimenti moskovTan xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>debisa? gaugonari,<br />
cinikuri Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmiT saqarTveloze. es avazakoba mox<strong>da</strong> mTeli qveynis Tvalwin;<br />
samwuxarod Cven ver vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, rom aqe<strong>da</strong>n Sesaferi <strong>da</strong>skvnebi visme sxvas, gar<strong>da</strong> TviT qar-<br />
1 iqve, gv. 179-180.<br />
2 Tav<strong>da</strong>usxmelobis paqti safrangeTs, rapalos xelSekruleba germanias, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelo, #84<br />
(parizi, 1932), gv. 3-4.<br />
3 l. saraliZe, saqarTvelos emigraciuli mTavrobis moRvaweobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n (1921-1922 ww.), <strong>axali</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>uaxlesi</strong><br />
istoriis sakiTxebi, 1(5) (Tbilisi, 2009), gv. 186-209.<br />
4 a. manveliSvili, ruseTi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba (san-francisko, 1984), gv. 368.<br />
5 iqve, gv. 373.<br />
381
Tveli xalxisa, gaekeTebinos. <strong>da</strong>vaneboT amas Tavi. nu mivudgebiT sakiTxs qarTuli fsiqologiiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> qarTuli mware gamocdilebiT. sruliad obieqturad rom ganvsajoT, msgavsi<br />
paqtebis saSualebiT SeuZlebelia germania-sabWoTa ruseTis TanamSromlobis aramc Tu<br />
mospoba, odnavac Sesustebac ki... mokled rom vTqvaT, safrangeTi icavs versalis `status<br />
qvos“, germania <strong>da</strong> moskovi mas ebrZvian <strong>da</strong> Tu asea, rogor SeiZleba diplomatiuri<br />
oinebiT germania-ruseTis, interesTa soli<strong>da</strong>robiT CaqviTkirebuli, TanamSromloba safrangeT-moskovis<br />
<strong>da</strong>axlovebiT Seicvalos? un<strong>da</strong> sruliad aSkarad iTqvas, rom aseT <strong>da</strong>axlovebas<br />
ara aqvs araviTari baza <strong>da</strong> amgvari c<strong>da</strong> Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve <strong>da</strong>marcxebulia“ 1 . evgeni gegeWkorma<br />
iqve <strong>da</strong>sZina, rom safrangeTze adre poloneTma moawera xeli moskovTan Tav<strong>da</strong>usxmelobis<br />
paqts. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, ruseTs arc ki Seunelebia im mniSvnelovani samxedro<br />
gegmebis ganxorcieleba, romelsac igi awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> poloneTis sazRvarze. piriqiT, ruseTi<br />
am mxareSi aZliereb<strong>da</strong> strategiul rkinigzas, qmni<strong>da</strong> sasursaTo <strong>da</strong> samxedro SeiaraRebis<br />
bazas <strong>da</strong> sazRvarze myof rusuli jaris raodenobas zrdi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
sabWoTa ruseTis xelisufleba ormagi stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis politikas atareb<strong>da</strong>. erTis<br />
mxriv, xels awer<strong>da</strong> xelSekrulebas, meores mxriv, aZliereb<strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebul Zalebs momavali<br />
agresiisTvis. ruseT-safrangeTis Tav<strong>da</strong>usxmelobis paqtis xelmosawerad momzadeba<br />
2-3 wlis manZilze mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. safrangeTis sazogadoeba TanaugrZnob<strong>da</strong> qarTvel<br />
emigrantebs <strong>da</strong> SeuZleblad miiCnev<strong>da</strong> xelSekrulebis IV muxlis aRsrulebas. 1932<br />
wlis 7 ianvars safrangeTis radikal-socialistebis gavlenian gazeT `depeS de tuluz“-Si<br />
gazeTis re<strong>da</strong>qtorma b. maieram gaakritika ruseT-safrangeTis xelSekrulebis IV<br />
muxli, romlis sisruleSi moyvana, misi azriT, qarTvelebs meored ga<strong>da</strong>aqcev<strong>da</strong> ltolvilebad,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n qarTuli legaciis gauqmeba maTi ssrk-is saelCosaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cemas niSnav<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rac safrangeTis mTavrobas ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eSva 2 .<br />
radikalurad gansxvavebuli azri hqon<strong>da</strong>T frang komunistebs. isini Tvlidnen, rom<br />
saqarTvelos saelCos parizSi arseboba SeuZlebeli iyo, vinai<strong>da</strong>n sabWoTa xelisuflebas<br />
sakuTari warmomadgeneli hyav<strong>da</strong> safrangeTSi, rac gaugebrobas iwvev<strong>da</strong>. safrange-<br />
Tis deputatTa palatis sxdomaze gamosvlisas safrangeTis komunisturi partiis warmomadgenelma<br />
Jak doriom ganacxa<strong>da</strong>: `...SesaZlebelia SevaTavsoT keTilganwyobilebas-<br />
Tan saqarTvelos saelCos arseboba parizSi, romlis elCi ukve aRaravis warmoadgens<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> Tavisi Tavisa? iqnebodiT Tqven kmayofili, rom hitleris germaniam elzas-lotaringiis<br />
saelCo <strong>da</strong>abinavos berlinSi? roca xels aweren Tav<strong>da</strong>usxmelobis paqts sabWoebTan,<br />
SeuZlebelia saqarTvelos oficialuri saelCos Senaxva. elCi, romelic sabWoTa<br />
respublikebis kavSirs warmoadgens, oficialurad <strong>da</strong>niSnulia am ukanasknelis mier; es<br />
ar gaxlavT batoni Cxenkeli. miT umetes, rom saqarTvelo axla sruliad <strong>da</strong>wynarebulia<br />
<strong>da</strong> baton CxenkelisaTvis Tavs ar iwuxebs. marTalia, menSevikebma didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />
SeinarCunes Rrma gavlena saqarTvelos muSaTa klasze, magram amJamad, maT <strong>da</strong>karges<br />
yovelive avtoriteti saqarTvelos mSromelTa Soris <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT centr-<br />
Si, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini ase Zlierni iyvnen“ 3 .<br />
1924 wlis oqtomberSi safrangeTis xelisuflebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n sabWoTa kavSiris cnobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
saqarTvelos legacia parizSi mainc agrZeleb<strong>da</strong> muSaobas. 1932 wlis ruseT-safrangeTis<br />
paqtma ki parizSi qarTuli legaciis arseboba seriozuli safrTxis winaSe <strong>da</strong>ayena.<br />
reseT-safrangeTis paqts germanuli presac gamoexmaura. germanuli gazeTebi erTxmad<br />
aRniSnavdnen, rom paqti aSkarad germaniis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli <strong>da</strong> evropis <strong>da</strong> erTa ligis<br />
interesebs mniSvnelovnad Selaxav<strong>da</strong>. germanulma gazeTebma mravali werili gamoaqveynes,<br />
romelTa Sinaarsi <strong>da</strong> saTauri aseTi frazebiT iyo gamoxatuli: `frangul-rusuli marwuxi“,<br />
`safrangeTi moskovis mklavebSi“, `germaniis winaaRmdeg“, `erTa ligis ideis gakotreba“, `antantis<br />
aRdgena“ <strong>da</strong> sxva. germanuli presa ruseT-safrangeTis xelSekrulebas sastiki kritikiT<br />
Sexv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mas undoblobiT uyureb<strong>da</strong>. germaneli publicistebi miiCnevdnen, rom paqti aSkarad<br />
germaniis interesebs ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong>, aseve evropis <strong>da</strong> erTa ligis ideaze sastik <strong>da</strong>rtymas<br />
moaxden<strong>da</strong>. imdroindel germanul presaSi vrclad gaSuq<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris saSinao<br />
1 Tav<strong>da</strong>usxmelobis paqti safrangeTs..., gv. 4.<br />
2 saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> safrangeTi, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelo, #73 (parizi, 1932), gv. 7.<br />
3 safrangeT-ruseTis paqti <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo (safrangeTis deputatTa palatis 16-18 maisis sxdomis oficialuri<br />
stenografiuli angariSi<strong>da</strong>n), Jak dorios (komunisti) gamosvli<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelo, #90<br />
(parizi, 1933), gv. 4-6.<br />
382
politika <strong>da</strong> Cagrul erTa mdgomareoba ukrainaSi <strong>da</strong> kavkasiaSi. erT-erTi germanuli gazeTis<br />
re<strong>da</strong>qtori paul Seferi, romelic erT dros ruseTis didi megobari iyo, ruseT-safrangeTis<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>usxmelobis paqts ase afaseb<strong>da</strong>: `moskovis gza ukve savsebiT winaswar moxazulia. moskovel<br />
batonT SeuZliaT iarsebon mxolod Tavisi programiT <strong>da</strong> ara sxvanairad. imaT burJuaziul<br />
saxelmwifoebTan kavSiri sWirdebaT, mxolod, Tavisi poziciebis gasamagreblad. xolo<br />
roca ki sakmaod momagrdebian, im wamsve burJuaziul evropas Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxmian“ 1 .<br />
ruseT-safrangeTis SeTanxmebas italiuri presac gamoexmaura. `gazeta del popolo“-<br />
Si, romelic italiis mmarTveli wreebis azrs gamoxatav<strong>da</strong>, akademikosi <strong>da</strong> senatori fran-<br />
Cesko kopola wer<strong>da</strong>: `safrangeTi cdilobs ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>axlovebas <strong>da</strong> aviwydeba, rom warsulSi<br />
ruseTma araerTxel uRalata. aviwydeba isic, rom dRevandeli ruseTi araa Zveli<br />
ruseTi _ saxelmwifo wesierebis <strong>da</strong> tradiciis, aramed aris sabWoebis ruseTi, romlis<br />
mizania evropaSi arsebuli wesierebis <strong>da</strong> civilizaciis <strong>da</strong>rRveva, <strong>da</strong> am ruseTs dRes ganageben<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romelTac 1917 wels ukuagdes ara Tu yoveli samxedro <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />
valdebuleba, aramed finansuric. parizSi ar un<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong>inaxon, rom swored es a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />
ewevian safrangeTSi gacxarebul propagan<strong>da</strong>s orwliani samxedro samsaxuris winaaRmdeg,<br />
SeaqvT areuloba jariskacebSi <strong>da</strong> yovelnairad cdiloben frangebis mdgomareobis garTulebas,<br />
rom socialuri revolucia mouwyon. evropis dRevandeli politikis SecdomaTa<br />
Soris ruseT-safrangeTis xelSekruleba, ueWvelia yvelaze ufro <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia <strong>da</strong><br />
yvelaze ufro mavnebeli... frangebi cdiloben rac SeiZleba meti xelSekruleba gamoplanon<br />
qaRaldze <strong>da</strong> ar eridebian iseTsac, romelsac saerTo SexedulebiT araviTari sargeblobis<br />
motana ar SeuZlia... mSvidobianobis <strong>da</strong> wesierebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad eyrdnobian im bol-<br />
Sevikebs, romlebic yvelaze metad ebrZvian mSvidobianobas... isini fizikurad ver SeZleben<br />
<strong>da</strong>exmaron safrangeTs, vinai<strong>da</strong>n poloneTi ar gaatarebs wiTel armias Tavis teritoriaze<br />
<strong>da</strong> ruseT-safrangeTis <strong>da</strong>kavSirebis Sedegi is iqneba, rom poloneTi kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>uaxlovdeba<br />
germanias... evropis saxelmwifoebi un<strong>da</strong> SeerTdnen ruseTis winaaRmdeg“ 2 .<br />
1932 wlis ruseT-safrangeTis paqtiT yvelaze metad saqarTvelos interesebi <strong>da</strong>zaral<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qarTuli legacia, romelic parizSi saqarTvelos pirveli demokratuli respublikis<br />
arsebobis ukanasknel Zafs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, 1933 wlis ivlisSi gauqm<strong>da</strong>. safrangeTSi qarTulma<br />
legaciam 12 weli <strong>da</strong> 5 Tve iarseba. 1921 wli<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli, rodesac 25 Tebervals demokratiuli<br />
respublikis mTavrobis elCma ak. Cxenkelma rwmunebis sigeli ga<strong>da</strong>sca safrangeTis<br />
mTavrobis meTaurs milierans, sabWoTa ruseTi aTasnair xerxs mimarTav<strong>da</strong>, raTa moexsnaT<br />
samferovani droSa erT naWer teritoriaze, parizSi, patara saqarTvelod rom iwodebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1925 wlis pirvel ianvars, roca diplomatiuri korpusi safrangeTis prezidents elises<br />
sasaxleSi warudga, saqarTvelos warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, rogorc sabWoTa elCi, aseve emigraciaSi<br />
myofi saqarTvelos erovnuli mTavrobis elCi, ramac moskovis mier <strong>da</strong>niSnuli elCis<br />
krasinis SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. man protestis niSnad Tanamdebobi<strong>da</strong>n gaTavisufleba moiTxova.<br />
SemdegSi krasini rakovskim Secvala <strong>da</strong> es ukanaskneli ki dovgalevskim, paralelurad<br />
midio<strong>da</strong> sabWoTa xelisuflebis brZola qarTuli legaciis gasauqmeblad 3 .<br />
sabWoTa ruseTis xelmZRvanelebi safrangeTTan <strong>da</strong>debul xelSekrulebas, rusuli<br />
politikis gamarjvebad miiCnevdnen, rac Semdeg ssrk-is erTa ligaSi miRebiT <strong>da</strong>gvirgvin<strong>da</strong>.<br />
safrangeTTan <strong>da</strong>debulma 1932 wlis Tav<strong>da</strong>usxmelobis paqtma, ruseTs erTa liga-<br />
Si Sesvlis garantia misca. realurad arc inglisi iyo ruseTis erTa ligaSi miRebis<br />
winaaRmdegi, Tu ruseTis xelisufleba raime gansakuTrebul pirobas ar wamoayeneb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobam ico<strong>da</strong> ra yovelive es, Tavi Seikava yovelgvari pirobebis<br />
wamoyenebisagan. 1934 wlis 18 seqtembers sabWoTa kavSiri miRebuli iqna erTa ligaSi,<br />
romelsac leninma, rodesac is Seiqmna (1919-1920 wlebis versalis xelSekrulebiT), banditebis<br />
sakrebulo uwo<strong>da</strong>. erTa ligis paqtis XX muxliT, ligaSi Semavali <strong>axali</strong> wevri<br />
movale iyo Tavi gaeTavisuflebina nakisr valdebulebaTa <strong>da</strong>rRvevisagan. aseTi iyo<br />
ruseTis mier 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis ugulvebelyofa. erTa ligam, jer kidev,<br />
1922-1924 wlebSi miRebuli rezoluciebiT ivaldebula <strong>da</strong>ecva saqarTvelos sakiTxi.<br />
1924 wlis maisSi erTa ligis <strong>da</strong>mxmare sazogadoebam inglisSi saerTaSoriso kongresi<br />
moiwvia, romelsac qarTveli emigrantebic eswrebodnen.Kkongresze saqarTvelos<br />
sakiTxi <strong>da</strong>isva, ramac didi kamaTi gamoiwvia. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, miRebuli iqna saqarTve-<br />
1 Tav<strong>da</strong>usxmelobis paqti safrangeTs..., gv. 3.<br />
2 iqve, gv. 4.<br />
3 l. saraliZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 186-209.<br />
383
los sasargeblo rezolucia, romelic erTa ligas axseneb<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>ecva mis mier miRebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenilebebi. jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris erTa ligaSi miRebamde, 1933 wels, qarTvelma<br />
emigrantebma erTa ligis XI sxdomas saprotesto werili gaugzavnes. qarTulma<br />
politikurma emigraciam specialuri mowodeba gamoaqveyna, romelsac xels awerdnen emigraciis<br />
gamgeobis wevrebi: e. gegeWkori, g. gvazava, x. SaviSvili, a. asaTiani, i. gobeCia,<br />
agreTve praRis emigrantTa sazogadoebis xelmZRvaneli a. emuxvari 1 .<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis cnobili specialisti luis le furi, romelmac saqarTvelos<br />
uflebriv sakiTxs mniSvnelovani Sroma miuZRvna, rusul agresiaze wer<strong>da</strong>: `ruseTma<br />
<strong>da</strong>arRvia 1920 wlis xelSekruleba <strong>da</strong> 1921 wels saqarTvelo samxedro ZaliT <strong>da</strong>ipyro.<br />
safrangeTSi saqarTvelo warmodgenilia parizSi legaciis saxiT. aqe<strong>da</strong>n cxadia, rom safrangeTs<br />
arasodes ucvnia sabWoebis mier saqarTvelos okupacia. inglisisa <strong>da</strong> safrangeTis<br />
mier sabWoTa ruseTis cnobis teqstSi Setanilia saTanado rezervi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.<br />
arc erT msoflio konferenciaze, sabWoTa ruseTis delegati ar iqneba cnobili <strong>da</strong> mi-<br />
Rebuli saqarTvelos warmomadgenlad... saqarTvelo uflebis sferoSi aris <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
saxelmwifo. es <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba orjer iqna ruseTis mier ZaliT gauqmebuli, es<br />
Zaladoba <strong>da</strong>gmobilia <strong>da</strong> gasamarTlebulia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso uflebis mier“ 2 .<br />
profesori le furi ruseT-safrangeTis paqtis Sesaxeb aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>: `rodesac erTa ligaSi<br />
ruseTis miRebis sakiTxi <strong>da</strong>ismeba maSin Zneli iqneba erTa ligisaTvis, saqarTvelos sasargeblod<br />
miRebuli amdeni rezoluciebis Semdeg, gverdi auaros mis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas <strong>da</strong><br />
ar wamoayenos amis cnoba ruseTis mier, rogorc piroba ruseTis ligaSi miRebis“ 3 . miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
amisa, safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrs <strong>da</strong> safrangeTis akademiis wevrs l. bartus,<br />
erTa ligaSi miRebis dros ruseTisTvis aranairi piroba ar wauyenebia.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris erTa ligaSi miRebis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen Cexoslovakiis, portugaliis,<br />
Sveicariis <strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebmac <strong>da</strong>asabuTes, rom ruseTis<br />
erTa ligaSi miReba ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> erTa ligis ZiriTad principebs. ssrk-is erTa ligaSi<br />
miRebis faqti saerTaSoriso presamac mkacrad gaakritika. `Jurnal de Jeneva“-s 1934 wlis 14<br />
aprilis nomerSi Sveicarieli publicisti p. brike wer<strong>da</strong>: `moskovi TvalTmaqcobs, rom saqarTvelos<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva xalxTa sakiTxi warmodgenili iyos, rogorc misi Sinauri sakiTxi, romelzec<br />
Jenevas araferi ekiTxeba. es Tvalsazrisi mTlad miuRebelia. erTa ligas ara erTxel<br />
uzrunia saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobaze. ga<strong>da</strong>Tqvams is dRes amas? aq aris sasicocxlo<br />
kiTxva: erTa liga Seqmnilia imisTvis, rom emsaxuros egoistur interesebs, Tu uzrunvelhyos<br />
samarTlianoba? Seswiravs is Tavis mizans arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> mTavar movaleobas politikur<br />
angariSebs? Tu man uarhyo paqtis ganxorcieleba, <strong>da</strong>angria samarTlianobis universaloba,<br />
erTa liga TviTonve <strong>da</strong>arRvevs SeTanxmebas“ 4 .<br />
Tavis mxriv, cnobilma frangma Jurnalistma <strong>da</strong> gazeT `le Jur“-is re<strong>da</strong>qtorma leon<br />
belbim gaakritika safrangeTis politika ruseTTan mimarTebaSi <strong>da</strong> mas saqarTvelos<br />
sakiTxis ugulvebelyofaSi <strong>da</strong>sdo brali. igi wer<strong>da</strong>: `didi qveynebisa <strong>da</strong> saWiroa iTqvas<br />
safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, rasakvirvelia, Sveicariaa marTali, rodesac is icavs er-<br />
Ta ligis principebs, romelTac hqon<strong>da</strong>T pretenzia saerTaSoriso urTierToba <strong>da</strong>emyarebinaT<br />
samarTlianobasa <strong>da</strong> pativiscemaze“ 5 .<br />
yvelaferi es iyo sazogadoebrivi azri. realurad mox<strong>da</strong> is, rom wamyvani saxelmwifoebis<br />
meTaurebis xelSewyobiT, ssrk mainc miiRes erTa ligaSi, ramac mniSvnelovnad SeuSala<br />
xeli qarTveli emigrantebis brZolas, ris gamoc saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aRdgenis<br />
sakiTxi didi xniT moixsna saerTaSoriso politikis dRis wesrigi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
qarTveli emigrantebis brZola ucxoeTSi saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis aRsadgenad<br />
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Semadgeneli nawilia. am brZolas dResac<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>ukargavs mniSvneloba, radgan ruseTis mier qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis<br />
xelyofis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos uflebebisTvis brZola dResac grZeldeba. ruseTis<br />
xelisufleba XXI saukuneSic igive meTodebiT agrZelebs sxva qveynebis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
winaaRmdeg brZolas <strong>da</strong> ugulvebelhyofs, rogorc saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis, aseve<br />
politikosTa azrs <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs.<br />
1 r. <strong>da</strong>uSvili, qarTuli emigracia 1921-1939 wlebSi (Tbilisi, 2007), gv. 69.<br />
2 l. furi, saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso ufleba, samSoblo, #12, noemberi (parizi, 1932); parlamentis erovnuli<br />
biblioTeka, akaki ramiSvilis arqivi, saqme #16(77).<br />
3 a. manveliSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 379.<br />
4 Journal de Geneve, 14 avril (Geneve, 1934).<br />
5 Le Jour, 14 septembre (Paris, 1934).<br />
384
<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />
1. aRar aris saelCo, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelo (parizi, 1933).<br />
2. germanuli presa pariz-moskovis paqtis Sesaxeb, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelo (parizi, 1935).<br />
3. r. <strong>da</strong>uSvili, qarTuli emigracia 1921-1939 wlebSi (Tbilisi, 2007).<br />
4. Tav<strong>da</strong>usxmelobis paqti safrangeTs, rapalos xelSekruleba germanias, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
saqarTvelo, #84 (parizi, 1932).<br />
5. b. maiera, saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> safrangeTi, gazeTi <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelo (parizi, 1932).<br />
6. a. manveliSvili, ruseTi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba (san-francisko, 1984).<br />
7. n. ramiSvili, rusuli komunizmi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos demokratia (parizi, 1923).<br />
8. l. saraliZe, <strong>da</strong>savlur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebi <strong>da</strong> qarTuli emigracia, <strong>axali</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>uaxlesi</strong> istoriis sakiTxebi, 1(3) (Tbilisi, 2008).<br />
9. l. saraliZe, saqarTvelos emigraciuli mTavrobis moRvaweobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n (1921-1922<br />
ww.), <strong>axali</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>uaxlesi</strong> istoriis sakiTxebi, 1(5) (Tbilisi, 2009).<br />
10. safrangeT-ruseTis paqti <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo (safrangeTis deputatTa palatis 16-18 maisis sxdomis<br />
oficialuri stenografiuli angariSi<strong>da</strong>n), <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saqarTvelo (parizi, 1933).<br />
11. g. sulaZe, qarTuli antisabWoTa emigracia <strong>da</strong> specsamsaxurebi (1918-1953) (Tbilisi, 2010).<br />
12. Le Jour, 14 septembre (Paris, 1934).<br />
13. Journal de Geneve, 14 avril (Geneve, 1934).<br />
LELA SARALIDZE<br />
Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,<br />
Ivane javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
THE FRANCO-SOVIET NON-AGGRESSION PACT (1932)<br />
AND GEORGIAN EMIGRATION<br />
The government of Bolshevik Russia tried to hinder the national liberation movement of Georgian people in<br />
emigration. After the occupation of Georgia by Russian army in 1921 the government of The Democratic Republic<br />
of Georgia had to emigrate to continue fight for lost independence from abroad. The activities of Georgian anti-Soviet<br />
emigration were admitted by Soviet leaders as very <strong>da</strong>ngerous. They were rapidly fighting against Georgian<br />
patriots. In August 11, 1930 a special meeting was held at The Central Comity of the Communist Party of Georgia.<br />
It was dedicated to the strategy and tactics of fighting against the Georgian emigrants. At the meeting, in his speech<br />
Lavrenti Beria, the head of The State Political Management of the Soviet Georgia said: `We must disorganize, split<br />
the emigration and it will help us to fight against it more easer. Menshevism in Georgia springs from emigration<br />
and as soon as the relations between them will stop, we will annihilate those organizations which are here…“ The<br />
Russian political elite was trying to become close with French government to force him abolish Georgian legacy in<br />
Paris. In November 29, 1932 on the behalf of French government Eduard Herriot signed the non-aggression pact.<br />
The pact from the Soviet side was signed by plenipotentiary ambassador of the SSSR in France Valerian Dovgalevski.<br />
In 1927-1934 he was an ambassador of the Soviet Union in France. The mentioned treaty caused a serious reaction<br />
of the Georgian emigration. The fourth paragraph of the non-agression pact was directly against the national<br />
government of Georgia and was demanding the abolition of Georgian legacy. The fulfillment of the 4 th paragraph<br />
of the pact meant the transmission of the Georgian emigrants to the Soviet government. After this Georgians should<br />
have become refugees again.<br />
Georgian legacy, which was the last string of the first Georgian Democratic Republic existence, was abolished<br />
in July, 1933. Georgian legacy existed in France 12 years and 5 months. The fact that after signing the non-aggression<br />
pact the Soviet Union was received in The League of Nations in September 18, 1934 is underscored in the<br />
work. Even The League of Nations himself received a resolution in 1922-1924 by which he undertook an engagement<br />
of defensing the Georgian matter. According to the 20 th paragraph of The League of Nations each newly received<br />
member was obliged to follow strictly undertaken engagements. Such kind of obligation was a Russian-Georgian<br />
treaty annulled by Russia in May 7, 1920. The Soviet government did not fulfill the engagements of The<br />
League of Nations plural regulations.<br />
385
nugzar papuaSvili<br />
kalendris <strong>axali</strong> stili <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />
marTlmadidebeli eklesia 1<br />
bula `Inter Gravissimas" <strong>da</strong> kalendris reforma.<br />
pirveli kiTxva, romelic winamdebare Temis ganxilvis dros <strong>da</strong>ismis, im bulis<br />
arsSi garkvevas gulisxmobs, romlis saTauria `Inter Gravissimas [simZimeTa Soris]" <strong>da</strong> romelic<br />
papma grigor (grigorius) XIII-m 1582 wlis 24 Tebervals gamoaqveyna 2 . am dokumentis<br />
meSveobiT iuliusis kalendris <strong>axali</strong> re<strong>da</strong>qcia mTel qveyanaSi Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan gavrcel<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>. ras warmoadgens es bula, an<strong>da</strong> am buliT gaTvaliswinebuli <strong>da</strong> praqtikaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>nergili reforma arsobrivad? SinaarsiT is saeklesio movlenaa Tu saero? es<br />
movlena sakralur sferos ganekuTvneba Tu sekularuls? am bulis mizans saeklesio<br />
kalendris reforma warmoadgens Tu teqnikuri qronologiis koreqtura?<br />
sakmarisia, Tvali ga<strong>da</strong>valoT am bulis teqsts, Semdegi <strong>da</strong>skvna rom gamovitanoT:<br />
aRniSnuli dokumentis mizans moqmedi kalendris gaumjobeseba warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, raTa SesaZlebeli<br />
gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo `Zvel saeklesio wes-gangebaTa~ ZvelTaganve <strong>da</strong>dgenili wesisa <strong>da</strong><br />
rigis mixedviT Sesruleba. amisaTvis gax<strong>da</strong> saWiro qronografiis sistemis ganaxleba<br />
anu, rac igivea, `kalendris koreqtura~, romelmac Sesabamisi gzebisa <strong>da</strong> saSualebebis<br />
moZebna moiTxova. Tavis mTavar mizans bula ase gansazRvravs: `aRdgomis dResaswaulis<br />
jerisamebr ga<strong>da</strong>xdisaTvis aucilebelia im wasisa <strong>da</strong> rigis <strong>da</strong>cva, rac mocemulia wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
mamebisa <strong>da</strong> romis pirveli papebis, gansakuTrebiT ki pius I-isa <strong>da</strong> biqtor I-is ganawesebSi,<br />
agreTve, <strong>da</strong> pirvel rigSi, nikeis didi krebis ganawesSi <strong>da</strong> Semdegdroindel<br />
ganawesebSi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan moucilebeli <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTs Semtkicebuli sami<br />
principis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. pirvelia gazafxulis buniobis zustad gansazRvra;<br />
meore, mTvaris avsebis TariRis gamoTvla, radgan igi zogjer emTxveva pirveli<br />
Tvis (nisanis _ n. p.) me-14 dRes, _ buniobas, zogjer ki mosdevs mas <strong>da</strong>, bolos, gazafxulis<br />
savsemTvaris momdevno kviradRis <strong>da</strong>cva. Cven, _ <strong>da</strong>sZens pontifeqsi, _ imisTvisac<br />
vizruneT, rom ara mxolod gazafxulis bunioba <strong>da</strong>brunebo<strong>da</strong> Tavis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvel adgils,<br />
romelsac igi nikeis krebi<strong>da</strong>n Cven dromde <strong>da</strong>axloebiT aTi dRiT CamorCa; Cven<br />
ara mxolod <strong>da</strong>vazusteT mTvaris aRvsebis TariRebi me-14 nisanis Semdeg, aramed warmovadgineT<br />
gza <strong>da</strong> meTodi, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vicvaT gazafxulis bunioba <strong>da</strong> me-14 nisani<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvel [astronomiul] adgils mowyvetisagan~ (§6).<br />
mcire eqskursi: radgan gazafxulis bunioba maSin, pirveli msiflio saeklesio<br />
krebis dros (325), martis 21-Si modio<strong>da</strong>, wmin<strong>da</strong> mamebma gazafxulis buniobis TariRad<br />
swored 21 marti gamoacxades. magram astronomiuli movlenis, precesiis, gamo <strong>da</strong> kidev<br />
imis gamo, rom iuliusis kalen<strong>da</strong>rs sizuste aklia, es TariRi ukve 1582 wels 10 dRiT<br />
asc<strong>da</strong> gazafxulis buniobas. es niSnavs: Zveli anu iuliusis kalendris 21 marti XVI<br />
saukuneSi gazafxulis buniobas aRar esa<strong>da</strong>gebo<strong>da</strong>. amdenad, aRniSnuli saukunis 21 marti<br />
aRar iyo is 21 marti, romelic eklesiam gazafxulis buniobis TariRad ganawesa 3 .<br />
xsenebulma bulam swored es cdomileba gamoaswora. papma grigor XIII-m swored am<br />
problemis mogvarebis mizniT ganacxa<strong>da</strong>: Cven ganvaCineT <strong>da</strong> vbrZanebT, `rom 1582 wlis<br />
oqtombris TveSi amoRebul iqnas aTi dRe 5 oqtombri<strong>da</strong>n 14 oqtombris CaTvliT~ ($7).<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli bulisa <strong>da</strong> reformis detaluri ganxilva amjerad Cven mizans Sordeba.<br />
amitom aq yuradRebas ramdenime sityviT mxolod or mTavar sakiTxze gavamaxvilebdiT.<br />
(1) am dokumentSi warmoCenilia, erTi mxriv, astronomiuli problema (e. i. kalendris<br />
problema) TavisTavad <strong>da</strong> misi gavlena saeklesio kalen<strong>da</strong>rze <strong>da</strong> amasTanave, meore<br />
mxriv, amave problemis mogvarebis <strong>istoria</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n CvenTvis cxadi xdeba, Tu raoden di-<br />
1 am statiis germanuli varianti moxsenebis saxiT warvadgineT aixStetis aRmosavlur kolegiumSi (Collegium<br />
Orientale) (germania) 2010 wlis 6 Tebervals seminarze. publikacia: N. Papuashvili, Die Neuordnung des Kalenders und die<br />
orthodoxe Kirche in Georgien, in: ContaCOr, #11 (2009), 34-45. winamdebare teqsti warmoadgens aRniSnuli moxsenebis<br />
Cven mierve Sesrulebul Targmans, _ metwilad Tavisufals, Sevsebuls ramdenime sqolioTi <strong>da</strong> ori abzaciT,<br />
romlebsac Tavis adgilze aRvniSnavT.<br />
2 Inter Gravisimas, Christoph Clavius, Romani calen<strong>da</strong>rii a Gregorio XIII. P. M., vertituti explicatio (Rom, 1603). germanuli Targmani:<br />
www.nabkal.de/intergrav.hotml.<br />
3 Володомонов Н. В., Календар: прошлое, настоящее, будущее (Москва, 1987), стр. 25.<br />
386
di mecnieruli Sromis nayofs warmoadgens es reforma. (2) am reformis wyalobiT Semcir<strong>da</strong><br />
is sxvaoba, romelic iuliusis kalendris saSualo weliwadsa <strong>da</strong> astronomiul<br />
tropikul weliwads Soris arsebobs. es SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> nakian weliwadTa ricxvis<br />
SemcirebiT. gvmarTebs, gavixsenoT <strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi: iuliusis kalendris<br />
mixedviT erTmaneTis momdevno yoveli sami welwadi Cveulebrivi weliwadia, meoTxe weliwadi<br />
ki _ nakiani weliwadi. nakianobis sagangebo wesis anu gamonaklisobis wesis mixedviT,<br />
rac grigoriusis kalen<strong>da</strong>ruli sistemis Semadgeneli nawilia, ama Tu im saukunis<br />
yoveli bolo weliwadi, romelic iulius keisris wesis Sesabamisad nakiania, mxolod<br />
im SemTxvevaSi gamocxaddeba nakianad, Tuki mocemuli weliwadis ricxvi 4-ze, an<strong>da</strong><br />
400-ze, unaSTod iyofa 1 . magaliTad: 1600 weli nakiania, 1700, 1800 <strong>da</strong> 1900 _ unako. Sesabamisad<br />
(momavalSi): 2100, 2200, 2300 <strong>da</strong> 2500 wlebi unakoni iqneba. pap grigor XIII-is reformis<br />
wyalobiT nakiani wlebis ricxvi Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aseve Semcir<strong>da</strong>, gamonaklisobis<br />
am wesis Sesabamisad, saSualo kalen<strong>da</strong>ruli weliwadis xangrZlivoba. ase rom, erTi<br />
mxriv, yoveli 400 weliwadi grigoriusis kalen<strong>da</strong>rSi sami dRiT mcirea iuliusis kalen<strong>da</strong>rTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, meore mxriv ki, amis Sedegad, erTi kalen<strong>da</strong>ruli weliwadis saSualo<br />
xamgrZlivoba ufro zustad esatyviseba astronomiul tropikul weliwads anu,<br />
rac igivea, _ astronomiul sinamdviles, bunebas. amis gamo gazafxulis dReRamtoloba<br />
anu bunioba kvlav 21 martze movi<strong>da</strong>, ise rogorc es 325 wels nikeis krebam ganaCina. Tuki<br />
erTi zedmeti dRe iuliusis kalendris mixedviT yovel 128 weliwadSi warmoiqmneba,<br />
grigoriusis kalendris mixedviT _ mxolod 3200 wlis ganmavlobaSi, rac faqtobrivad<br />
kalendris problemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wras niSnavs.<br />
saeklesio kalen<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> astronomiuli sinamdvile.<br />
ras gulisxmobs cneba `saeklesio kalen<strong>da</strong>ri" <strong>da</strong> ra kavSirSia is zemoT ganxilul<br />
kalendris reformasTan?<br />
gamoTqma <strong>da</strong> cneba `saeklesio kalen<strong>da</strong>ri~ ganekuTvneba <strong>da</strong>rgs, romelic specialur<br />
literaturaSi eklesiologias uwodeben. igi moicavs sa<strong>da</strong>gi liturgikuli dReebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sadResaswaulo dReebis, rogorc moZravebis, ise uZravebis, mTel wyebas, romlis Tanmimdevroba<br />
eklesiis mier aris ganawilebuli <strong>da</strong> gansazRvruli. es ganwileba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>jgufeba,<br />
anu ganweseba, romlis mixedviTac saeklesio weliwadis liturgikul dReebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> dResaswaulebs Tav-TavianTi adgili aqvT miCenili, efuZneba bibliur <strong>istoria</strong>s <strong>da</strong><br />
saeklesio cxovrebas. saeklesio praqtikisaTvis sulac ara aqvs arsebiTi mniSvneloba<br />
imas, Tu romeli saxis astronomiul kalen<strong>da</strong>rze arian orientirebuli sa<strong>da</strong>gi dReebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> dResaswaulebi 2 . saeklesio kalendris SedgenaSi arsobrivi mniSvneloba aqvs ara samoqalaqo<br />
kalendris saxeobas, aramed saRvTo werilsa <strong>da</strong> saRvTo gadmocemas. rac Seexeba<br />
eklesiisa <strong>da</strong> astronomiuli kalendrebis urTierTobas, eklesias am SemTxvevaSi<br />
ainteresebs ara imdenad astronomiuli (samoqalaqo) kalendris saxeoba, aramed Tavad<br />
astronomiuli monacemebi <strong>da</strong> astronomiuli sinamdvile. amas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs ori umTavresi<br />
qristianuli dResaswaulis warmoSobisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis <strong>istoria</strong>, rasac Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
vrclad un<strong>da</strong> SevexoT. magram gvmarTebs, rom pirvel rigSi xazgasmiT aRvniSnoT: saeklesio<br />
kalen<strong>da</strong>ri Tavisi srulyofili saxiT eklesiis istoriis adreul periodSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>,<br />
manam sanam nikeis didi kreba iuliusis kalen<strong>da</strong>rs saeklesio liturgikuli<br />
praqtikisaTvis sayovelTaod SemoiReb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aRdgomis dResaswaulisaTvis.<br />
saxarebiseuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, ieso qriste iudevelTa paseqis dResaswaulze<br />
acves jvars. jvarcma paraskev dRes mox<strong>da</strong>, sami dRis Semdeg ki, anu kviras, qriste aRdga.<br />
amis gamo qristes aRdgoma, ufro sworad, aRdgomis dResaswauli imTaviTve bunebrivad<br />
<strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong> ebraelTa paseqs (`fesaxs~).<br />
es garemoeba gax<strong>da</strong> imis mizezi, rom orive movlena, romelTagan erTi xsovnis dRea<br />
(didi anu vnebis paraskevi, wiTeli paraskevi), meore ki zeimis dRe (aRdgoma, aRvseba, zatikTa<br />
zatiki), aRmosavleTSi erTi <strong>da</strong> imave sityviT gamoixata. es sityvaa pasxa (pasxa staurosimon,<br />
pasxa anastasimon), romelic momdinareobs berZnuli sityvisagan pasxein <strong>da</strong> `tanjvas~, `wamebas~<br />
anu laT. Passio-s niSnavs. vinai<strong>da</strong>n ori sityva: ebrauli `paseqi~ (pesakh) <strong>da</strong> berZnuli<br />
1 Gregorianischer Kalenderreform: htp://de. wikipedia. org/wirki/Gregorianischer_Kalender, s. 2-4; Володомонов Н. В.... стр. 25-27.<br />
2 Sdr. Иларион (Алфеев), Таинство веры (Москва-Киев, 1996), стр. 134-135.<br />
387
pasxa, igive pasxein, msgavsni arian, zogierT eklesiaSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> cdomileba, rom TiTqos aRniSnuli<br />
ori movlena, msgavsi sityvebiT gamoxatuli, arsebiTac erTi <strong>da</strong> idive movlenaa<br />
<strong>da</strong>, amdenad, Sesabamisi saeklesio dReebi (jvarcma <strong>da</strong> aRdgoma) erTi <strong>da</strong> igive dResaswaulis<br />
ori nawilia. es gaxl<strong>da</strong>T imis mTavari mizezi, rom mcire aziaSi vnebisa <strong>da</strong> aRdgomisaTvis<br />
SemoRebul iqna erTi kombinirebuli dResaswauli. es praqtika cnobilia saxelwodebiT<br />
kvartodecimani (gamoTqma momdinareobs laTinuri sityvisagan quartodecimanus, rac<br />
niSnavs: 14 dRis nawili, me-14 nisanze miniSneba). am Cveulebis winaaRmdeg ori sagangebo kanoni<br />
Seiqmna: mociqulTa me-7 kanoni <strong>da</strong> analogiuri kanoni antioqiis 341 wlis krebisa (antioqia<br />
1). mociqulTa kanoni gvauwyebs: `ukueTu vinme episkoposman, anu xucesman, anu diakonman<br />
wmi<strong>da</strong>Á dRe aRvsebisaÁ uwinares gazafxulisa dReTaÁsa huriaTa Tana srul-yos, ganikueTen~.<br />
nikeis 325 wlis krebam ganawesa, rom aRdgoma usaTuod kviradRes un<strong>da</strong> vidResaswauloT,<br />
kerZod, astronomiuli gazafxulis pirveli savsemTvaris momdevno kviradRes.<br />
Tuki mTvare kviras aivseba, aRdgoma Semdeg kviradRes un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>vixadoT, raTa is ar <strong>da</strong>em-<br />
Txves iudevelTa paseqs (fesaxs). es niSnavs: un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vicvaT is wesi, romelsac <strong>da</strong>savleTSi<br />
(romsa <strong>da</strong> aleqsandriaSi) myarad icaven 1 .<br />
SegviZlia aseT <strong>da</strong>dgenilebebsa <strong>da</strong> traqtatebs aRdgomis kanoni anu aRdgomis kalen<strong>da</strong>ruli<br />
ganawesi vuwodoT.<br />
Sobisa <strong>da</strong> naTlisRebis erTad dResaswaulobis Sesaxeb.<br />
cxare diskusias iwvev<strong>da</strong> agreTve Sobis dResaswaulis adgili saeklesio weliwad-<br />
Si. arsebob<strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuli tradiciebi. aRmosavleTSi qristeSobas 6 ianvars, naTlis-<br />
RebasTan erTad, aRniSnavdnen, romSi ki _ 25 dekembers, rogorc TviTmyofad (<strong>da</strong>moukidebel)<br />
dResaswauls. mogvianebiT, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 376 wels, eklesiis mamis, ioane oqropiris,<br />
gamokvlevisa <strong>da</strong> reformis Sedegad romauli wesi antioqiasa <strong>da</strong> konstantinopol-<br />
Sic SemoiRes, ierusalimis eklesia ki VI s-Sic Zvel tradicias misdev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Sesabamisi literaturuli wyaroebi mowmoben, rom am sakiTxis mogvareba sakmaod<br />
problematuri aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. imis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rom 25 dekembris upiratesobisa <strong>da</strong> sisworis<br />
sasargeblod bevri avtoritetuli literatura arsebob<strong>da</strong>, ierusalimeli morwmuneebi<br />
reformas seriozul winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen. es winaaRmdegoba imdenad Zlieri iyo,<br />
rom procesSi samoqalaqo mTavrobis Careva gax<strong>da</strong> saWiro. amaze metyvelebs imperator<br />
iustinianes werili ierusalimeli morwmuneebis mimarT. am dokuments, romelic mxolod<br />
qarTuli TargmaniTaa SemorCenili, Cveni TemisaTvis uaRresad didi mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs. amitom mis garSemo Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT vrclad visaubrebT. magram gvmarTebs, rom manamde<br />
am problemis istorii<strong>da</strong>n oriode sityva kidev vTqvaT:<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva RonisZiebis Remdeg Sobisa <strong>da</strong> naTlisRebis erTad dResaswaulobis Zveli<br />
wesi ierusalimsa <strong>da</strong> mTel aRmosavleTSi gauqm<strong>da</strong>, magram ara yvelgan. es Cveuleba<br />
erTgvar parolad iqca yvela monofizitisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki somxebisaTvis, romlebic<br />
jiutad ambobdnen uars, rom am sferoSi mainc saerTo-saeklesio tradicias SeerTebodnen<br />
(isini qristes Sobas <strong>da</strong> naTlisRebas dRemde erTad dResaswauloben). am vi-<br />
Tarebam iseTi literaturis warmoSoba ganapiroba, romelic <strong>da</strong>asabuTeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gaamyareb<strong>da</strong><br />
Teorias, rom ieso qristes namdvilad 25 dekembers iSva 2 .<br />
teqstebi qarTulad.<br />
ar moipoveba pir<strong>da</strong>piri miniSneba imis Taobaze, rom zemoT ganxiluli Cveuleba saqarTveloSic<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong>. magram faqtia, rom aRniSnul sakiTxebze qarTveli swavlulebi<br />
VIII-X ss-Si xSirad msjelobdnen <strong>da</strong> agrovebdnen argumentebs qristeSobis 25 dekembers<br />
sResaswaulobis sasargeblod, rac maT monofizitebTan, ufro zustad ki somxeb-<br />
Tan, kamaTisaTvis sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
specialur literaturaSi garkveulia, rom yvela pirvelxarisxovani Zegli, romelSic<br />
Sobis romauli tradiciis mixedviT ga<strong>da</strong>xdis samarTlianobazea laparaki, qarTulad<br />
IX-X ss-mde iTargmna. maT vxvdebiT or agiografiul-homiletikur krebulSi: svanur<br />
<strong>da</strong> parxlur mravalTavebSi, romlebic X-XI ss-iT TariRdeba. mxedvelobaSia misa-<br />
Rebi is garemoeba, rom es kodeqsebi istoriuli saqarTvelos im mxareSi Seiqmnen, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
1 Барсов Н., Пасха. Энциклопедический Словарь, т. 22-А, Издатели: Ф. А. Брокгауз, И. А. Ефрон (С-Петербург, 1897), стр. 60-61.<br />
2 Kekelidze-Tarchnishvili: Geschichte der kirchlichen georgischen Literatur, Auf Grund der ersten Bandes der georgischen Literaturgeschichte von<br />
K. Kekelidze, Bearbeitet von P. Michael Tarchnishvili in verbindung mit Dr. Julius Assfalg (Vatikan, 1955), 382-383.<br />
388
diofiziti qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong> somxebis gverdiT monofiziti somxebic cxovrobdnen. esaa<br />
tao-klarjeTi, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTi provincia, romlis mniSvnelovani<br />
nawili amJamad TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSia. cnobilia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva literaturuli<br />
wyaro<strong>da</strong>n, rom iq cxare sajaro diskusiebi ewyobo<strong>da</strong> qalkedonitebsa <strong>da</strong> antiqalkedonitebs<br />
Soris. eWvi araa, rom qvemoT miTiTebuli dokumentebi amave mizans emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
es dokumentebi 1 , romlebsac wyaroebSi `sakiTxavi~ ewodebaT, aris Semdegi:<br />
1. `brZanebaÁ wmi<strong>da</strong>Ta mociqulTaÁ klementosis mier moZRvanebuli yovelTa mimarT<br />
samociqulo kaTolikÀ eklesiaTa sityÂsagan <strong>da</strong> wamebisa <strong>da</strong> dResaswaulTaTÂs~. es Txzuleba<br />
warmoadgens mociqulTa <strong>da</strong>dgenilebebis (Institutiones apostolorum) mexuTe wignis mecamete<br />
Tavs, romelSic laparakia Sobis, naTlisRebisa <strong>da</strong> mirqmis kalen<strong>da</strong>rul TariRebze.<br />
2. `wmidisa grigorisi noselisaÁ, romeli iyo ZmaÁ wmidisa basilisi. SobisaTÂs<br />
iesu qristÀsa <strong>da</strong> wmidisa stefanÀsaTÂs~.<br />
3. `wmidisa iovane konstantinepovlelisa mTavar-episkoposisaÁ. SobisaTÂs uflisa<br />
Cuenisa iesu qristÀsa~. esaa im qa<strong>da</strong>gebis Targmani, romelic wmin<strong>da</strong> mamam antioqiaSi<br />
warmoTqva 386 wels <strong>da</strong> romelic Sesulia PG-s 49-e tomSi. masSi, sxvaTa Soris, aRniSnulia:<br />
ukve TiTqmis aTi weli gavi<strong>da</strong>, rac Cven Sobas 25 dekembers vdResaswaulobT.<br />
4. `Tqumuli dResaswaulTaTÂs, romeli igi miiwera ierusalÀmd istÂnianÀs mier mefisa<br />
marTl-morwmunisa. xarebisaTÂs <strong>da</strong> Sobisa, migebebisaTÂs <strong>da</strong> naTlisRebisa~ 2 .<br />
oTxive sakiTxavi orive krebulSi erTmaneTis miyolebiTaa warmodgenili. es gvaZlevs<br />
safuZvels vifiqroT, rom isini aseve iyvnen ganlagebuli de<strong>da</strong>nSi, romelic aRni-<br />
Snul krebulebs <strong>da</strong>edo safuZvlad. SegviZlia isic vivaraudoT, rom mocemuli Tanmimdevroba<br />
qarTveli re<strong>da</strong>qtoris Semoqmedebaa.<br />
wm. iustinianes epistole.<br />
CamoTvlili Txzulebebi<strong>da</strong>n filiologiuri TvalsazrisiT gamorCeulia meoTxe,<br />
radgan igi, rogorc aRvniSneT, mxolod qarTuli TargmaniTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli xelnawerebiTaa<br />
Semonaxuli <strong>da</strong> cnobili. amis gamo mis teqsts didi mecnieruli mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs. is sayuradReboa agreTve winamdebare TemisTvisac. igi warmoadgens kompilacias,<br />
radgan masSi Tavmoyrilia eklesiis mamebis is sityvebi, romlebic qristes xorcielad<br />
Sobis 25 dekembers dResaswaulobis samarTlianobaze migviTiTebs. xelmwife ase mimar-<br />
Tavs adresatebs: `guesma, viTarmed ierusalÀms SecTomilni vinme ara Seudgen wmi<strong>da</strong>Ta<br />
werilTa <strong>da</strong> mamaTa moZRuarTasa, <strong>da</strong> ara hyofen wmidisa mas Ãorcielad Sobasa oc<strong>da</strong>xuTsa<br />
TTÂsa mis dekenberisasa, Sobasa uflisasa [Ãsenebasa] <strong>da</strong>viT-iakobissa hyofen. <strong>da</strong><br />
meequsesa mas dResa TTÂsa ianvarisasa naTlisRebaÁ ars, <strong>da</strong> Sobasa <strong>da</strong> naTlisRebasa er-<br />
Tad hyofen~ (gv. 68). wm. mefis Tvalsazrisebi <strong>da</strong> argumentebi aseTia: mivaqcioT yuradReba<br />
im garemoebas, rom RvTismSoblis xarebas 25 marts vdResaswaulobT. gaviTvaliswinoT,<br />
rom es ambavi (xareba <strong>da</strong> mucladReba) lukas saxarebis mixedviT (1, 26-38) `meeqvse<br />
TveSi~, e. i. martSi, mix<strong>da</strong>. im dRes mariami mivi<strong>da</strong> elisabedTan, romelic Tavisi orsulobis<br />
meeqvse Tves iTvli<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> romelmac sami Tvis Semdeg, kerZod ki 25 ivniss, imSobiara.<br />
amis gamo mTeli saqristiano 25 ivniss ioane naTlimcemlis Sobas aRniSnavs. Tuki<br />
25 ivniss sam Tves gamovaklebT, <strong>da</strong>vrwmundebiT, rom mariami namdvilad 25 marts <strong>da</strong>fexmZim<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tu orsulobis wess gaviTvaliswinebT, mivalT <strong>da</strong>skvnamde, rom qriste<br />
WeSmaritad 25 dekembers iSva. aseTi wiaRsvlis Semdeg avtori askvnis: `<strong>da</strong> Cas wmi<strong>da</strong>Tagan<br />
wignTa <strong>da</strong> saxarebisagan, viTarmed sxuaÁ dRÀ ars SobisaÁ <strong>da</strong> sxuaÁ dRÀ ars naTlisRebisaÁ<br />
(...) xolo aw viTarca wignni <strong>da</strong> moZRuarni guaswaveben, egreT vhyofdeT Ti-<br />
Toeulad, <strong>da</strong> ara orive erTsa dResa aRvasruloT~ (gv. 69).<br />
qristes Soba 25 dekembers SemTxveviT ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra. avtori eyrdnoba eklesiis im<br />
mamebisa <strong>da</strong> maswavleblebis Sexedulebebs, romlebic am movlenaSi RvTis winagangebulebas<br />
Wvreten. maTi TqmiT, es faqti Cven imis saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom saRvTo naperwklebi<br />
miwier samyaroSic vipovoT. am SemTxvevaSi isini, albaT, gulisxmoben pavle mo-<br />
1 gamocema: i. abulaZe, `mravalTavi~ (teqstebi), nakveTi pirveli, enimki-s moambe, tomi XIV (1944), gv. 288-307<br />
(=i. abulaZe, Sromebi, III (Tbilisi, 1982), gv. 78-97).<br />
2 meored gamosca k. kekeliZem: kimeni [KEIMENA], tomi II (Tbilisi, 1946), gv. 64-71. manve Targmna rusulad: `Чтение<br />
о Праздника Благовещения и Рождества, Сртения и Крещения, написанное в Иерусалнме правосланым царем Юстинианом~, Труды<br />
Киевской Духовной Академии, №1 (1905) (meore gamocema: k. kekeliZe, etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istorii<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
tomi 7 (Tbilisi, 1961), gv. 261-264). qvemoT citatebi motanilia k. kekeliZis gamocemis mixedviT.<br />
389
ciqulis sityvebs: `vinai<strong>da</strong>n misi uxilavi, misi maradiuli Zala <strong>da</strong> RvTaeba soflis <strong>da</strong>sabami<strong>da</strong>n<br />
qmnilebaTa xilviT Seimecneba~ (rom. 1,20). grigol noseli, grigol nazianzeli,<br />
ioane oqropiri <strong>da</strong> netari avgustine aseT naperwkals weliwadis aRniSnul monakve-<br />
TSi xe<strong>da</strong>ven. wm. grigol noseli, basili didis Zma, ambobs: am dRes `naTelsa <strong>da</strong> dResa<br />
Seematebis <strong>da</strong> Ramesa moakldebis. <strong>da</strong> amiTca Cas, viTarmed SobaÁ qristÀsi oc<strong>da</strong>xuTsa<br />
dekenbersa ars~ (gv. 70). aqe<strong>da</strong>n cxadia: qriste im dRes <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong>, rodesac yvelaze didi<br />
<strong>da</strong> yvelaze grZeli Rame poziciebs Tmobs <strong>da</strong> isari dRis sasargeblod ixreba (astronomiuli<br />
wlis am monakveTs `mzebudoba~ ewodeba, rac niSnavs: mze budeSia, <strong>da</strong>budebulia.<br />
<strong>da</strong> igi am dRes, qarTuli folkloruli tradiciis Tanaxmad, verZis sam naxtoms<br />
akeTebs 1 ).<br />
arc is faqtia SemTxveviTi, rom ioane naTlismcemeli, Zveli aRTqmis ukanaskneli winaswarmetyveli,<br />
25 ivniss iSva. <strong>da</strong> ratom mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc am dRes? netari avgustine, iponiis<br />
episkoposi (`agÂstinos, episkoposi afrikeTisaÁ~), ambobs: `ori jeri ars mzisa qcevaÁ weliwadsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sworebaÁ dReTaÁ. erTi ese qcevaÁ dRes ars, oc<strong>da</strong>xuTsa ivnissa, <strong>da</strong> erT igi<br />
qcevaÁ TTuesa dekenbersa oc<strong>da</strong>xuTsa~ (gv. 70). am wmin<strong>da</strong> mamis miTiTebis Tanaxmad, 25 ivnisi<br />
weliwadis is dRea, rodi<strong>da</strong>nac sinaTle klebas iwyebs, Rame ki _ matebas. igive moZRvari<br />
<strong>da</strong>sZens: `iovanÀs SobaÁ dReTa moklebasa iyo, xolo qristÀsi dReTa aRmatebasa; <strong>da</strong> amas<br />
iovane TÂT ityÂs viTarmrd: Cem<strong>da</strong> jer ars moklebaÁ, xolo misa aRmatebaÁ~ (ioane 3,30). es<br />
niSnavs (Cveni sityvebiT rom vTqvaT): Zveli aRTqma <strong>da</strong> Zveli aRTqmis mze Caesvena, <strong>axali</strong><br />
aRTqma <strong>da</strong> <strong>axali</strong> aRTqmis mze ki amobrwyin<strong>da</strong>. am movlenis Sinaarss yvelaze zustad wm. ioane<br />
oqropiris cnobili sityvebi miesa<strong>da</strong>geba: `xairete kai palin legw xairete~ (`gixarodeT! <strong>da</strong>,<br />
kvlavac getyviT, gixarodeT!~).<br />
am SemTxvevaSic SegviZlia, rom esoden avtoritetul Sexedulebebsa <strong>da</strong> poziciebs,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki ioane oqropiris qa<strong>da</strong>gebas, Sobis kanoni anu, igive, Sobis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
vuwodoT.<br />
kalendris arseba.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, ori mTavari qristianuli dResaswaulis warmoSobisa <strong>da</strong> ganvi-<br />
Tarebis <strong>istoria</strong> TviTmyofadi gziT, astronomiuli kalendrisagan <strong>da</strong>, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, kalen<strong>da</strong>rmcodneobisagan<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblad warimarTa. saeklesio kalen<strong>da</strong>ri, rogorc aseTi, iTvaliswinebs<br />
astronomiul realiebs, romlebic yvelgan erTi <strong>da</strong> igivea.<br />
amdenad, SegviZlia vTqvaT: kalendris reforma, romelic romis papis, grigor XIIIis,<br />
iniciativiT <strong>da</strong> ganCinebiT (buliT) ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>, arsiT saero movlenas warmoadgens,<br />
radgan misi mizani drois aRricxvis sistemaSi anu teqnikur qronologiaSi koreqturiT<br />
Semoifargla. amis gamo igi ara sakralurs, aramed sekularul sferos ganekuTvneba.<br />
am reformis Sedegad saeklesio kalen<strong>da</strong>rSi, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xsenebis<br />
dReTa <strong>da</strong> dResaswaulTa ganawesSi araviTari cvlileba ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra. piriqiT: am reformis<br />
wyalobiT xsenebis dReebi <strong>da</strong> dResaswaulebi maTTvis ZvelTaganve miCenil astronomiul<br />
dReebs <strong>da</strong>ubrundnen, saxeldobr _ Soba zamTris mzebudobis mesame dRes,<br />
aRdgoma ki gazafxulis buniobis pirveli savsemTvaris Sesabamis kviras.<br />
<strong>axali</strong> stilis kalendris <strong>istoria</strong>.<br />
imis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rom aRniSnuli reforma konfesiur Sinaarss ar Seicav<strong>da</strong>, mas didi<br />
winaaRmdegoba Sexv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am winaaRmdegobas metwilad konfesiuri Seferiloba hqon<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />
papis mier dekretirebuli kalen<strong>da</strong>ri pirvel rigSi protestantul qveynebSi uaryves. yvelaze<br />
cxare diskusiebi bikonfesiur <strong>da</strong>saxlebebSi gaimarTa. kalendris safuZvelze <strong>da</strong>pirispirebam,<br />
magaliTad, auqsburgSi 1582 wels samoqalaqo omis zrvars miaRwia 3 . romis<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> imperiis `evangelizebul teritoriebze~ grigoriseuli kalen<strong>da</strong>ri mxolod 1700<br />
wels, reformis <strong>da</strong>wyebi<strong>da</strong>n 118 wlis Semdeg, SemoiRes. Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleT evropis saxelmwifoebSi<br />
es reforma kidev ufro gvian ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>: inglissa <strong>da</strong> SvedeTSi _ 1752-1753<br />
1 v. bar<strong>da</strong>veliZe, svanur xalxur dReobaTa kalen<strong>da</strong>ri, I (axalwlis cikli) (Tbilisi, 1939), gv. 46.<br />
2 Herzog (Hrsg.) M., Der Streit um die Zeit: Zustimmung-Kalenderreform-Gegenzeit-Endzeit (Stuttgart, 2002), 11-19.<br />
3 Smolinsky H., Deutungen der Zeit im Streit der Konfessionen. Kontroverse-Theologie, Apokalyptik und Astrologie im 16. Jahrhundert<br />
(Heidelberg, 2000), 19; Wallenta W., Der Augsburger Kalenderstreit von 1583\84: Ökumenische, politische und konfessionelle Gründe, in: M.<br />
Herzog, 125-138.<br />
390
wlebSi, Semdeg ki amerikaSi, iaponiaSi, CineTSi <strong>da</strong> a.S. islamuri saxelmwifoebi<strong>da</strong>n es kalen<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
pirvelad TurqeTma SemoiRo, 1926 wels, Semdeg ki sxvebmac.<br />
marTlmadidebelma qveynebma iuliusis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri XX s-is <strong>da</strong>sawyisamde SeinarCunes.<br />
axal stilze ga<strong>da</strong>svla ruseTma 1918 wlis 14 Tebervals gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. imis gamo, rom<br />
1700, 1800, 1900 wlebi am samefoSi nakiani wlebi iyo, iqauri welTaRricxva <strong>axali</strong> stiliT<br />
welTaRricxvas 13 dRiT CamorCa. amitom gansxvanebam grigoriseul <strong>da</strong> iuliusiseul<br />
kalendrebs Soris ukve 13 dRe Seadgina 1 .<br />
marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi <strong>da</strong> kalendris reforma.<br />
marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi ruseTSi, serbeTsa <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi wmin<strong>da</strong> dReebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
dResaswaulebs isev iuliusis kalendris mixedviT aRniSnaven. amitomaa, rom Soba maTTan,<br />
e.i. 25 dekemberi, amJamad (dReisaTvis) grigoriusis kalendris 7 ianvars emTxveva.<br />
mcdelobas kalen<strong>da</strong>ruli reformis Sesaxeb ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesiaSic<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili. gansakuTrebiT is sasuliero <strong>da</strong> saero pirebi aqtiurobdnen, romlebic<br />
`cocxali eklesiis~ warmomadgenlebad iyvnen cnobili. am moZraobis poziciebi metismetad<br />
liberalur xasiaTs atareb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> miznad komunistebis gulis mogebas isaxav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
radgan maT komunistebis momxreebad miiCnevdnen, morwmuneTa umravlesobaSi isini avtoritetiT<br />
ar sargeblobdnen. ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d am garemoebam ganapiroba is faqti, rom rusi meaxalstileebis<br />
Zalisxmevam nayofi ver gamoiRo 2 .<br />
sxva marTlmadidebelma eklesiebma TavianTi sadResaswaulo praqtika miusa<strong>da</strong>ges<br />
e. w. axal-iuliusis kalen<strong>da</strong>rs, romelic 2799 wlamde grigoriusis kalen<strong>da</strong>rs esatyviseba.<br />
yvela marTlmadidebeli eklesia (fineTis gar<strong>da</strong>) aRdgomasa <strong>da</strong> masze <strong>da</strong>mokidebul<br />
dReebsa Tu dResaswaulebs iuliusiseuli gazafxulis pirveli dRis, e. i. 21<br />
martis (anu <strong>axali</strong> stilis 3 aprilis), <strong>da</strong> metonis cikliseuli savsemTvaris mixedviT<br />
angariSobs. am gziT gamoangariSebuli TariRebi drogamoSvebiT emTxveva grigoriusis<br />
mixedviT gamoangariSebul TariRebs, metwilad ki mosdevs maT erTi, oTxi an xuTi<br />
kviriT.<br />
saeklesio kalen<strong>da</strong>ruli weliwadis samoqalaqo cxovrebasTan misa<strong>da</strong>gebam saberZneTSi<br />
sqizma gamoiwvia. es saxelmwifo grigoris kalen<strong>da</strong>rze 1923 wels ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. eklesiac<br />
gahyva mis kvals, magram aRdgomis cikli (marxvani <strong>da</strong> zatikni) kalen<strong>da</strong>ruli reformis<br />
miRma <strong>da</strong>tova. am siaxlis mowinaaRmdegeebma iuliusis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri SeinarCunes <strong>da</strong><br />
izolirebuli eklesia Camoayalibes. maT ewodebaT meZvelkalen<strong>da</strong>reni (berZn. `paleohemerologistebi~)<br />
3 .<br />
kalen<strong>da</strong>ruli reformis gamo aRmosavleT evropis marTlmadidebelTa Soris viTareba<br />
imdenad <strong>da</strong>iZaba, rom saqmeSi umaRlesi sasuliero avtoritetis Careva gax<strong>da</strong> saWiro.<br />
1927 wlis 17 Tebervals konstantinopolSi gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> sapatriarqo <strong>da</strong> sino<strong>da</strong>luri<br />
epistole msoflio patriarqis, basilis, <strong>da</strong> misi sinodis sxva wevrebis xelmoweriT 4 . am<br />
dokumentSi, sxvaTa Soris, aRniSnulia: kalendris sakiTxi ar ganekuTvneba dogmatis<br />
sferos, ris gamoc misi ga<strong>da</strong>muSaveba arc erT wmin<strong>da</strong> krebas ar aukrZalavs; Zvel ganawesebs<br />
aRdgomis TariRis gamoangariSebis Sesaxeb araviTari kavSiri ara aqvT kalen<strong>da</strong>rTan,<br />
romlis Seqmna <strong>da</strong> gaumjobeseba mecnierTa kompetencia <strong>da</strong> movaleobaa; morwmuneebi<br />
rogorc samoqalaqo, ise saeklesio cxovrebaSi erTi <strong>da</strong> imave kalendriT un<strong>da</strong><br />
sargeblobdnen. amdenad, kampanias kalen<strong>da</strong>ruli reformis winaaRmdeg araviTari safuZveli<br />
ar gaaCnia.<br />
<strong>axali</strong> kalen<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo.<br />
1918 wlis 14 Tebervals, rodesac ruseTSi gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> dekreti kalendris reformis<br />
Sesaxeb, amierkavkasiis qveynebi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis emzadebodnen.<br />
am regions maSin seimi marTav<strong>da</strong>, romelmac aRniSnuli wlis 14 aprils (iuliusiT)<br />
anu 1 maiss (grigoriusiT) kalendris reforma gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, amdenad, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo<br />
cxovrebaSi grigoriusis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri SemoRebul iqna. sruliad saqarTvelos<br />
1 ix: Wikipedia, iqve (`Verbreitung").<br />
2 Verg. Архиепископ Михаил (Мульдюгин), В помощь при совершении общественного Богослуженея, Путь Православия, №1<br />
(Москва, 1991), стр. 85.<br />
3 Γεράσιμος Κονιδάρις, Εκκλησιαστική ιστορία της ελλάδος, Bd. 2 (Athen, 1970), s. 267 ff.<br />
4 am dokumentis Sesaxeb ix.: Χριστόδουλος Παρασκευαϊδης Aρχιεπίσκοπος Αθηνών και πάσσης Ελλάδος, Ιστορική και κανονική<br />
θεώρησις του παλαιοημερολογιτικού ζητήματος κατά την γένεσιν και την εξέλιξιν αυτου εν ελλάδι (Athen, 1982).<br />
391
kaTalikos-patriarqma kirionma (saZagliSvilma), romelic ukve wmin<strong>da</strong>na<strong>da</strong>a Seracxili,<br />
es siaxle <strong>da</strong>loca. cnobilia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wyaro<strong>da</strong>n, rom aRniSnuli ierarqi, ise rogorc<br />
sxva qarTveli ierarqebi im periodisa, evropuli orientaciis pirovneba iyo. intronizacii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ramdenime dRis Semdeg man romis papsa <strong>da</strong> yovelTa somexTa patriarq-kaTalikoss<br />
Zmuri epistoleebi gaugzavna <strong>da</strong> eklesiaTa <strong>da</strong>axloebis survili gamoTqva 1 . amitom<br />
araa gasakviri, rom man kalendris reforma moiwona, Tumca saeklesio-liturgikul praqtikaSi<br />
misi <strong>da</strong>nergva ver SeZlo, radgan sxva marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi am mxriv<br />
jer kidev iuliusis kalen<strong>da</strong>rs mihyvebodnen. marTalia, TanaaRmsarebel eklesiebTan<br />
Tanxmobis Segnebam saqarTvelos eklesiis mwyemsmTavars aRniSnuli reformisagan Tavis<br />
Sekavebisaken miuTiTa, magram mis sasargeblod man nabiji mainc ga<strong>da</strong>dga. amaze metyvelebs<br />
is faqti, rom misdroildel saeklesio kalen<strong>da</strong>rSi Zveli TariRebi axliT Secvales<br />
(`ricxvTa saxelebi gamocvales~) 2 . magaliTad: Sobas, romlis kalen<strong>da</strong>ruli Tari-<br />
Ria 25 dekemberi, 7 ianvari miaweres; mociqulTa sworisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos ganmanaTlebelis,<br />
wm. ninos, xseneba, romelic Zvel saeklesio wyaroebSi 14 ianvarsaa <strong>da</strong>debuli, xsenebuli<br />
cvlilebis Sedegad 27 ianvars aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. esaa, pir<strong>da</strong>pir rom vTqvaT, kuriozi,<br />
rasac, cxadia, maSindeli sasuliero pirebic grZnobdnen <strong>da</strong> elodebodnen kalendris<br />
reformas sxva marTlmadidebel eklesiebSi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>, ai, 1923 wels saqarTveloSi SemoaRwia cnobam konstantinopolis saeklesio<br />
krebis Sesaxeb, romelSic sxva marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis warmomadgenlebic monawileobdnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> romelmac miiRo <strong>da</strong>dgenileba kalendris reformis sasargeblod. saqar-<br />
Tvelos eklesiis droebiTma mmarTvelobam, sapyrobileSi myofi wm. kaTalikos-patriarq<br />
ambrosis (xelaias) Tanxmobis safuZvelze, imave wlis 1 noembers kalendris srulmasStabiani<br />
reforma gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. es niSnavs, rom man rogorc uZravi, ise moZravi dReebi <strong>da</strong><br />
dResaswaulebi axal stilze gaawyo. amis Taobaze kaTalikos-patriarqi kalistrate cincaZe<br />
Semdegs gvauwyebs: rodesac Sikrikma sapatimroSi mjdom mwyemsmTavars kalendris<br />
reformis gegma warudgina, ukanasknelma ikiTxa: aris xalxi amisaTvis mzad? pasuxad miiRo:<br />
diax! aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom es simarTles ar Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> 3 . reformam farTo masebSi uaryofiTi<br />
reaqcia gamoiwvia, radgan igi komunisturi msoflmxedvelobisa <strong>da</strong> ideologiis<br />
nayofad aRiqves. es azri saeklesio koleqtivebSi namdvil fsqozad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. viTareba<br />
garTul<strong>da</strong>. morwmuneebi, romlebic Zveli kalendris mxareze idgnen, eklesiaTa karebs<br />
razavdnen <strong>da</strong> xels uSlidnen mRvdlebs, rom maT dResaswaulebi, magaliTad, Soba<br />
25 dekembers aReniSnaT nacvlad 7 ianvrisa, e.i. iuliusiseuli 25 dekembrisa. bevri fizikuri<br />
angariSsworebiTac imuqrebo<strong>da</strong>. xdebo<strong>da</strong> isec, rom didi dResaswaulebi Soba,<br />
aRdgoma <strong>da</strong> sxvac erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave eklesiaSi orjer aRiniSnebo<strong>da</strong>, rac aTeistebSi sicilsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sarkazms iwvev<strong>da</strong>. amis gamo kaTalikosi ambrosi iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong>, rom droebi-<br />
Ti mmarTvelobis aRniSnuli gankargulebis moqmedeba 1925 wlis 24 marts SeeCerebina.<br />
gamoiTqva mosazreba `rom umjobesi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, grigoriusis kalen<strong>da</strong>rze mxolod uZravi<br />
dResaswaulebi ga<strong>da</strong>gveyvana, uZravni ki iuliusisaze <strong>da</strong>gvetovebina~ 4 .<br />
1927 wlis 21-27 ivniss, e.i. msoflio patriarqis, basili III-is, patriarquli <strong>da</strong> sino<strong>da</strong>luri<br />
epistoles 5 gamoqveynebis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi saeklesio kreba Sedga. man<br />
Semdegi <strong>da</strong>dgenileba miiRo: grigoriusis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri SemoRebul iqnas uZravi dResaswaulebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> xsenebaTa dReebisaTvis, moZravi xsenebani <strong>da</strong> dResaswaulebi ki kvlav iuliusisaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCnen, ise rogorc bevr sxva marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi 6 . aseTi kompromisis<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad winaaRmdegoba grZeldebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mas eqscesebi axl<strong>da</strong>. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli<br />
eklesiis wmin<strong>da</strong> sinodi kvlav gax<strong>da</strong> iZulebuli, rom 1928 wlis 28 seqtembers<br />
krebis xsenebuli <strong>da</strong>dgenilebis moqmedeba SeeCerebina. warumateblobis mTavar mizezad<br />
sinodma Semdegi garemoebani <strong>da</strong>asaxela: 1. masobrivi propagandis saSualebaTa ararseboba,<br />
raTa xalxis <strong>da</strong>kvalianeba SesaZlebeli yofiliyo (maSin qa<strong>da</strong>gebac ki TiTqmis ak-<br />
1 teqstebi: sveticxoveli, #4 (1917), gv. 4-5; n. papuaSvili, wm. kirion II-is werili pap benediqte XV-s, dialogi,<br />
aRmosavlur-<strong>da</strong>savluri qristianuli Jurnali, N1 (Tbilisi, 2004), gv. 29-40.<br />
2 saqarTvelos eklesiis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri 1928 wlisaTvis (tfilisi, 1928), gv. 38.<br />
3 mitr. kalistrate cincaZe, quTaisis saeklesio yrilobis gamo 1926 wlis dekembris 26-27-Si (tkbilmware<br />
mogonebebi saqarTvelos araSoreuli warsuli<strong>da</strong>n), xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, k. cincaZis piradi saarqivo<br />
fondi, #102, gv. 61.<br />
4 iqve, gv. 63-69.<br />
5 qarTuli Targmani: saqarTvelos eklesiis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri 1928 wlisaTvis (tfilisi, 1928), gv. 33-36.<br />
6 iqve, gv. 32-33.<br />
392
Zaluli iyo) <strong>da</strong> 2. rusul-marTlmadidebluri eklesiis gavlena. es ukanaskneli erTob<br />
saxifaTo muxtebs Seicav<strong>da</strong>. aseTi kompromisebi rom ar momx<strong>da</strong>riyo, imis didi albaToba<br />
moCan<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTul-marTlmadideblur eklesias bevri morwmune, gansakuTrebiT rusebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> separatistebi, CamoSordebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> rusul-marTlmadideblur eklesias SeuerTdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amitom wmin<strong>da</strong> sinodma <strong>da</strong>avala mRvdelmTavrebs, mRvdlebsa <strong>da</strong> `Segnebul moewmuneebs~,<br />
`ganumarton morwmuneT <strong>axali</strong> kalendris mTlianad miRebis mizanSewoniloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> aucilebloba saeklesio cxovrebaSi~ 1 . magram Semdeg kalendris sakiTxisaTvis aRaravis<br />
ecala, radgan saqarTvelos ZvelTuZvelesi eklesia, rogorc legaluri organizacia,<br />
yofna-aryofnis zRvarze idga.<br />
dRes qarTul-marTlmadidebluri eklesia saqarTveloSi umdidresi <strong>da</strong> uZlieresi<br />
organizaciaa <strong>da</strong> mas mosaxleobis TvalSi udidesi avtoriteti aqvs. kaTalikos-patriarq<br />
ilia II-is prestiJi saxelmwifos prezidentis prestiJs di<strong>da</strong>d aRemateba. asea cnobili<br />
oficialuri gamokiTxvebis meSveobiT. es eklesia Tanamedrove masmediis saukeTeso saSualebebiT<br />
sargeblobs. ruseTis gavlena am mimarTulebiT, rogoric zemoT aRniSnul periodSi<br />
iyo, amJamad aRar arsebobs. amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad kalendris sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi oficialur<br />
doneze ar dgas, Tumca samoqalaqo wreebSi xSirad gaigonebT xmebs imis Taobaze,<br />
rom erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong> erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave saxelmwifoSi ori kalendris<br />
arseboba SesamCnevi sirTuleebis winaSe gvayenebs. saqarTveloSi bevri a<strong>da</strong>miani marxulobs<br />
<strong>da</strong>, cxadia, adventaSic (Sobis wina periodSi), rodesac dgeba <strong>axali</strong> weli <strong>da</strong> qveynis<br />
mTeli mosaxleoba, marTlmadideblebic <strong>da</strong> aramarTlmadideblebic, zeimsa <strong>da</strong> gancxromaSi<br />
imyofebian. amasTanave: kontaqtebi <strong>da</strong>savleTTan, romelic postsabWour sinamdvileSi<br />
yoveldRiurad izrdeba, am problemis gamo uxerxulobas awydeba (rodesac <strong>da</strong>savleTSi<br />
saSobao uqmeebi <strong>da</strong> ar<strong>da</strong>degebia, saqarTveloSi jer kidev marxvaa).<br />
kalendris reformis sakiTxebze qarTul mediaSi bolo dros ramdenome statia gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong>;<br />
radiosa <strong>da</strong> televiziaSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemebi moewyo; poziciebi <strong>da</strong> Tvalsazrisebi astronomebmac<br />
gamoxates (msoflio mniSvnelobis profesorma evgeni xaraZem <strong>da</strong> prof.<br />
Salva sabaSvilma). Cven, magaliTad, am Temaze Svidi popularuli Sinaarsis werili gamovaqveyneT<br />
2 . aRniSnuli publikaciebi ganmartebiTi xasiaTisaa <strong>da</strong> reformis Catarebis<br />
moTxovnas ar gulisxmobs. amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maT konservatori klerikalebis mkveTrad<br />
uaryofiTi reaqcia mohyva. gamoCn<strong>da</strong> polemikuri werilebi, romlebic Seicaven lozungebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mowodebebs: `<strong>da</strong>icaviT Zveli kalen<strong>da</strong>ri!~ an<strong>da</strong>: `<strong>axali</strong> kalendris momxreebi<br />
marTlmadideblobis mtrebi arian!~ <strong>da</strong> misT. antiekumenuri isteria, romelmac postsab-<br />
Wour droSi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sagrZnobi nawili moicva, kalendris<br />
sakiTxebsac miswv<strong>da</strong>. kaTalikos-patriarqi ilia II iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong>, rom garkveul<br />
kompromisze wasuliyo. amis <strong>da</strong>sturia wmin<strong>da</strong> sinodis sxdoma, romelic 1998 wlis 8<br />
oqtombers Sedga. simodma gakicxa ekumenuri azrovneba <strong>da</strong> saqmianoba, romlis gamovlinebad<br />
kalendris reforma gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. man amis gamo mkacrad <strong>da</strong>gmo fineTis marTlmadidebeli<br />
eklesia, romelic aRdgomasac ara iuliusis, aramed grigoriusis kalendris mixedviT<br />
angariSobs <strong>da</strong> dResaswaulobs 3 .<br />
Zveli stilis apologias gansakuTrebiT arqimandriti rafaeli (karelini) <strong>da</strong> dek.<br />
biZina gunia ewevian. arqimand. rafaeli rusulad wers, magram misi teqstebi swrafad<br />
iTargmneba qarTulad <strong>da</strong> morwmuneTa Soris vrceldeba. argumentebi, romlebsac xsenebuli<br />
avtori gvTavazobs, rogorc wesi, emociuri <strong>da</strong> deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa; debulebebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> formulebi mZimea <strong>da</strong> sicxades moklebuli. un<strong>da</strong> vaRiaro, rom pira<strong>da</strong>d me, am<br />
striqonebis avtors, ar mesmis misi wina<strong>da</strong>debebisa <strong>da</strong> Teoriebis de<strong>da</strong>azri, ris gamoc<br />
maT meqanizmSi garkvevas <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, maT gaTvaliswinebas ver vaxerxeb. movitan ramdenime<br />
adgils. m. rafaeli wers: iuliusis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri aris `kosmiuri pulsis kodi~; igi<br />
`kosmiur ritmebs iTvaliswinebs, exeba <strong>da</strong> saxavs maT~. `eklesiis pulsi _ kalen<strong>da</strong>ri _<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos varskvlavieri <strong>da</strong> ara mziuri, kosmocentruli <strong>da</strong> ara heliocentruli~; `eklesiis<br />
moqmedebis sfero ara geo an heliocentruli un<strong>da</strong> iyos, aramed _ metakosmiuri~.<br />
iuliusisa <strong>da</strong> grigoriusis sistemebi, arqimandritis TqmiT, erTmaneTs ase efardeba:<br />
pirveli orientirebulia mzezec, mTvarezec <strong>da</strong> varskvlavebzec, meore _ mxolod<br />
mzeze; pirveli pleromaa (sisavse), meore _ sqema <strong>da</strong> usaxureba; pirveli `kosmiuri poe-<br />
1 saqarTvelos eklesiis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri 1929 wlisaTvis (tfilisi, 1929), gv. 33.<br />
2 bolo publikacia: eklesia, saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> kalen<strong>da</strong>ri, zRvari, #1 (Tbilisi, 2006), gv. 20-30.<br />
3 Glaube in der 2. Welt, #1 (1999), s. 5.<br />
393
maa, meore _ buRhalteria~; pirveli `kosmiuri akordis notebia, meore ki mSrali cifrebi~;<br />
pirveli filosofiuria, meore _ utilitaruli; pirveli simfoniaa, meore _ roki<br />
<strong>da</strong> smoki; pirveli kreaciuli Teoriis nayofia, meore _ evoluciuris. pirvelis avtori,<br />
sozigene, aris `didi kompozitori~, `drois sworupovari somfoniis Semqmneli~. igi,<br />
Turme, `bibliur swavlebas~, `mistikuri Wvretis unars~ flob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> TviT `saRvTo gamocxadebasac<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo moklebuli~. <strong>da</strong> es maSin, rodesac meoris avtori, papi<br />
grigor XIII, erTi mxriv, imave arqimandritis TqmiT, `gamoCenili ierarqi <strong>da</strong> pirad<br />
cxovrebaSi asketi iyo~, meore mxriv ki `mis zneobriv principebSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> Zaladoba<br />
sikeTis saxeliT~ 1 .<br />
aq pirvel rigSi erTob ucnaurad is garemoeba gamoiyureba, rom avtori, romelic<br />
saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> ruseTSi cnobili <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>fasebuli sasuliero piria, TiTqos verc ki<br />
grZnobs imis saWiroebas, rom sakuTari Tvalsazrisebi <strong>da</strong> debulebebi saRvTo werilsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saRvTo gadmocemaze <strong>da</strong>amyaros. is arafers ambobs <strong>da</strong> Cvenc ar viciT, romelma wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
mamam <strong>da</strong> romelma wmin<strong>da</strong> krebam gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> kalen<strong>da</strong>ri _ an iuliusis, an grigoriusis<br />
_ `sulier movlenad~; uwo<strong>da</strong> mas poema, simfonia, `samyaros pulsi~; mianiWa msoflmxedvelobisa<br />
Tu ideologiis statusi <strong>da</strong> Semosa sakramentis RirsebiT. Cven ukve gvqon<strong>da</strong><br />
SemTxveva, <strong>da</strong>mowmebuli Sexedulebebisa Tu gamonaTqvamebis Taobaze sakuTari pozicia<br />
Camogveyalibebina. Cven vfiqrobT, rom avtori erTmaneTSi urevs kalen<strong>da</strong>rs, rogorc<br />
teqnikur qronologias, <strong>da</strong> kalen<strong>da</strong>rs, rogorc saeklesio xsenebaTa ganawess 2.<br />
debatebSi bibleistikisa <strong>da</strong> Teologiis kvalificiuri specialistebic CaerTvnen:<br />
prof. zurab kiknaZe <strong>da</strong> prof. ediSer WeliZe 3 . maT cxadyves, rom mosazrebebsa <strong>da</strong> mowodebebs,<br />
riTac zemoT xsenebuli sasuliero pirebi manipulireben <strong>da</strong> romlebsac bibliur<br />
<strong>da</strong> Teologiur WeSmaritebaTa iarliyiT avrceleben, sinamdvileSi araferi aqvT saerTo<br />
bibliasa <strong>da</strong> qristianul tradiciasTan. `kalen<strong>da</strong>ri mecnierebis produqtia <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
CaTvla rwmenis faqtad, rogora<strong>da</strong>c mas mrevlis raRac nawili Tvlis, marTebuli ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos... kalen<strong>da</strong>ri konfesiis gareSe dgas... bibliis <strong>da</strong>mowmebiT Cven SegviZlia grigoriseuli<br />
kalendris upiratesoba <strong>da</strong>va<strong>da</strong>sturoT: mTeli biblia Tavad, rogorc Zveli<br />
aRTqma, ise <strong>axali</strong> aRTqma, geocentrulia~ _ wers prof. z. kiknaZe <strong>da</strong> imowmebs wm. grigol<br />
nosels, romelic Sesaqmis meoTxe dResTan (<strong>da</strong>b. 1, 14-18) <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT aRniSnavs:<br />
`es ca is 99 cxvaria, romlebic keTilma mwyemsma (qristem) miatova. es miwa ki is erTi<br />
cxvaria, romlis saZebra<strong>da</strong>c wavi<strong>da</strong> mwyemsi~. amis Semdeg igi, bibliis axal qarTul<br />
enaze mTargmneli, ambobs: `yovelive amis (arqimand. rafaelis naweris _ n. p.) kiTxvisas<br />
iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom Cens winaSea ara marTlmadidebeli mamis naweri, aramed<br />
ezoTerikosi piTagorelisa~ 4 .<br />
prof. e. WeliZis kritikis sagania dek. biZina gunias Tvalsazrisebi, romlebic<br />
warmodgenilia mis vrcel naSromSi `iuliusis kalendris arsi <strong>da</strong> mniSvneloba~ 5 . igi,<br />
filologiis doqtori <strong>da</strong> patrologiis profesori, aRniSnul Tvalsazrisebsa <strong>da</strong> mtkicebulebebs<br />
saRvTo werilisa <strong>da</strong> saRvTo mecnierebis (dogmatikis) fonze ganixilavs <strong>da</strong><br />
gamoaqvs <strong>da</strong>skvna, rom isini <strong>da</strong>sayrdensa <strong>da</strong> gamarTlebas qristianul msoflmxedvelobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> praqtikaSi ver pouloben. e. WeliZe aRrmavebs z. kiknaZis kritikas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sZens:<br />
`yvelas, vinc aRniSnuli (iuliusis _ n. p.) kalendris `sulier~, `bibliur~, `mistikur~,<br />
`sarwmunoebriv~ Rirsebebze saubrobs, ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>aviwydes aRniSnuli kalendris warmarTuli<br />
warmomavloba. rogorc cnobilia, eklesiaSi miRebuli kalen<strong>da</strong>ri Seqmnilia<br />
iulius keisris brZanebiT mekerpe sozigenis mier... SeuZlebelia, rom eklesias raRac<br />
gansakuTrebuli cvlilebebiT ganemsWvala mis mier gamoyenebuli kalen<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> am<br />
ukanasknelisaTvis (kalendrisaTvis) kvlav kerpTayvanismcemlis avtoroba SeenarCunebina...<br />
vuwodebT ra eklesiaSi xmarebul calen<strong>da</strong>rs `iuliusis kalen<strong>da</strong>rs~, amiT erTazrovnad<br />
vafiqsirebT mis warmarTul warmomavlobas <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, erTazrovnadve<br />
1 arqimand. rafaeli, qa<strong>da</strong>gebebi, statiebi, I (Tbilisi, 1998), gv. 58-89.<br />
2 n. papuaSvili, saeklesio kalen<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> teqnikuri qronologia, literaturuli saqarTvelo, 27.XII-3.I, #52<br />
(1996-1997).<br />
3 z. kiknaZe, Zveli stili _ `kosmiuri poema~, <strong>axali</strong> _ `buRalteria~, macne, 8-14.IX, #31 (1997), (=z. kiknaZe,<br />
eklesia guSin, eklesia xval (Tbilisi, 2002), gv. 145-153); e. WeliZe, iuliusis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> saeklesio<br />
tradicia, kalmasoba, XII, #15 (Tbilisi, 1998).<br />
4 es <strong>da</strong> momdevno abzaci germanul publikaciaSi ar aris.<br />
5 ibeWdebo<strong>da</strong> gazeT `madlis~ 1997-1998 ww-is nomrebSi; gamoica calkec, 1999 wels.<br />
394
un<strong>da</strong> gamovricxavdeT masSi raime bunebiTad marTlmadidebluri mistikuri STanafiqris,<br />
bibliuri Rirebulebebis arsebobas~.<br />
cnebebisaTvis `Zveli~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>axali</strong>~.<br />
Zveli stilis momxreTa mTavari argumenti, romelsac isini siamayiT imeoreben, aris Semdegi:<br />
grigoriusis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>axali</strong>a, iuliusisa ki _ Zveli; rac Zvelia, axalze ukeTesia.<br />
amis Taobaze wm. ioane oqropiri (iustinianes epistolis mixedviT) ambobs: `rad ityÂan<br />
<strong>da</strong> gvaciloben, viTarmed axalsa rasme moiReben <strong>da</strong> guacilobeno? ese keTilad<br />
<strong>da</strong>irwmune macilobelo, rameTu dRÀ ese Zueli ars, <strong>da</strong>savalisaTa <strong>da</strong> hromTa gar<strong>da</strong>uqcevelad<br />
upyries dRÀ ese SobisaÁ <strong>da</strong> naTlisRebisaÁ <strong>da</strong> xarebisaÁ <strong>da</strong> migebebisaÁ. xolo<br />
Cueni aTiRa weli ars <strong>da</strong>-raÁ-vemyneniT Zuelsa mas <strong>da</strong> aRvizardebiT <strong>da</strong> nayofi gÂxilavs;<br />
ukueTumca ara iyo RmrTisa mier, ganmcaqardebo<strong>da</strong>. xolo aw yoveli sofeli savse ars<br />
<strong>da</strong> Seiwynareben dRiTi-dRed~ (gv. 71).<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos: WeSmaritebaSi cnebebs `Zveli~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>axali</strong>~ erTi <strong>da</strong> igive Sinaarsi aqvT.<br />
yvelaferi, rac Zvelia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sabamieri, maradisobas ganekuTvneba; maT maradisi siaxle<br />
<strong>da</strong> ukv<strong>da</strong>veba aqvT. <strong>da</strong> rac <strong>axali</strong>a <strong>da</strong> WeSmariti, Zvelia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sabamieri.<br />
Sesabamisad: kalendris reforma eklesiaSi aris imis arsobrivi ganaxleba, rac<br />
`pirveliTgan iyo~ (ioane 1,1). ±<br />
<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />
1. i. abulaZe, `mravalTavi~ (teqstebi), nakveTi pirveli, enimki-s moambe, tomi XIV (1944)<br />
2. i. abulaZe, Sromebi, III (Tbilisi, 1982).<br />
3. v. bar<strong>da</strong>veliZe, svanur xalxur dReobaTa kalen<strong>da</strong>ri, I (axalwlis cikli) (Tbilisi, 1939).<br />
4. b. gunia, iuliusis kalendris arsi <strong>da</strong> mniSvneloba (Tbilisi, 1999).<br />
5. k. kekeliZe, etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, tomi 7 (Tbilisi, 1961).<br />
6. k. kekeliZe, sakiTxavi dResaswaulTaTvis, kimeni, II (Tbilisi, 1946).<br />
7. z. kiknaZe, eklesia guSin, eklesia xval (Tbilisi, 2002).<br />
8. z. kiknaZe, Zveli stili _ `kosmiuri poema~, <strong>axali</strong> _ `buRalteria~, macne, 8-14.IX, #31 (1997)<br />
9. n. papuaSvili, wm. kirion II-is werili pap benediqte XV-s. dialogi, aRmosavlur-<strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
qristianuli Jurnali, N1 (2004).<br />
10. n. papuaSvili, saeklesio kalen<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> teqnikuri qronologia, literaturuli saqarTvelo,<br />
27.XII-3.I, #52 (1996-1997).<br />
11. rafaeli, qa<strong>da</strong>gebebi, statiebi, I (Tbilisi, 1998).<br />
12. k. cincaZe, quTaisis saeklesio yrilobis gamo 1926 wlis dekembris 26-27-Si (tkbilmware<br />
mogonebebi saqarTvelos araSoreuli warsuli<strong>da</strong>n), xelnawerTa erovnuli centri,<br />
k. cincaZis piradi saarqivo fondi, saqme #102.<br />
13. e. WeliZe, iuliusis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> saeklesio tradicia, kalmasoba, XII, #15 (1998).<br />
14. Gregorianischer Kalenderreform: htp://de. wikipedia. org/wirki/Gregorianischer_Kalender.<br />
15. Inter Gravisimas: Christoph Clavius, Romani calen<strong>da</strong>rii a Gregorio XIII. P.M., vertituti explicatio (Rom, 1603).<br />
16. Kekelidze-Tarchnishvili: Geschichte der kirchlichen georgischen Literatur, Auf Grund der ersten Bandes der<br />
georgischen Literaturgeschichte von K. Kekelidze, Bearbeitet von P. Michael Tarchnishvili in verbindung mit Dr.<br />
Julius Assfalg (Vatikan, 1955).<br />
17. Herzog (Hrsg.) M., Der Streit um die Zeit: Zustimmung-Kalenderreform-Gegenzeit-Endzeit (Stuttgart, 2002)<br />
18. Papuashvili N., Die Neuordnung des Kalenders und die orthodoxe Kirche in Georgien, ContaCOr, #11 (2009).<br />
19. Smolinsky H., Deutungen der Zeit im Streit der Konfessionen. Kontroverse-Theologie, Apokalyptik und<br />
Astrologie im 16. Jahrhundert (Heidelberg, 2000).<br />
20. Wallenta W., Der Augsburger Kalenderstreit von 1583\84: Ökumenische, politische und konfessionelle Gründe, in:<br />
M. Herzog (Hrsg.), Der Streit um die Zeit: Zustimmung-Kalenderreform-Gegenzeit-Endzeit (Stuttgart, 2002).<br />
21. Архиепископ Михаил (Мульдюгин), В помощь при совершении общественного Богослуженея, Путь<br />
Православия, №1 (Москва, 1991).<br />
22. Барсов Н., Пасха, Энциклопедический Словарь, том 22-А, издатели: Ф. А. Брокгауз, И. А. Ефрон (С-<br />
Петербург, 1897).<br />
395
23. Володомонов Н. В., Календар: прошлое, настоящее, будущее (Москва, 1987).<br />
24. Кекелидзе К. С., К волросу о времени лразднования Рождества Христа в древности, Труды Киевской<br />
Духовной Академии, 1 (1905)<br />
25. Иларион (Алфеев), Таинство веры (Москва-Киев, 1996)<br />
26. Γεράσιμος Κονιδάρις, Εκκλησιαστική ιστορία της ελλάδος, Bd. 2 (Athen, 1970).<br />
27. Χριστόδουλος Παρασκευαϊδης Aρχιεπίσκοπος Αθηνών και πάσσης Ελλάδος, Ιστορική και κανονική θεώρησις του<br />
παλαιοημερολογιτικού ζητήματος κατά την γένεσιν και την εξέλιξιν αυτου εν ελλάδι (Athen, 1982).<br />
NUGZAR PAPUASHVILI<br />
DIE NEUORDNUNG DES KALENDERS UND DIE ORTHODOXE KIRCHE IN GEORGIEN<br />
(DIE ZWEITE KORRIGIERTE UND ERGÄNZTE AUFLAGE) 1<br />
Die Bulle “Inter Gravissimas” und die Kalenderreform.<br />
Die erste Frage, die wir bei der Besprechung des vorliegenden Themas zunächst stellen müssen, betrifft die<br />
Erläuterung der Bulle “Inter Gravissimas”, die von Papst Gregor XIII. am 24. Februar 1582 veröffentlicht wurde 2 .<br />
Durch dieses Dokument ist in der ganzen Welt allmählich eine Erneuerung des Julianischen Kalenders verbreitet<br />
und eingeführt worden. Was stellte diese Bulle oder die mit dieser Bulle vorgesehene und in der Praxis<br />
eingebürgerte Reform im wesentlichen <strong>da</strong>r? War ihr Inhalt ein kirchliches oder weltliches Ereignis? Gehört dieses<br />
Ereignis zum Gebiet des Sakralen oder des Säkularen? Hatte diese Bulle als Zweck die Reform des kirchlichen<br />
Kalenders oder eine Korrektur der technischen Chronologie?<br />
Man braucht den Text dieser Bulle nur durchzulesen, um zu folgendem Schluss zu kommen: Zweck der<br />
genannten Bulle war die Verbesserung des jeweiligen Kalenders, <strong>da</strong>mit “die alten kirchlichen Riten” nach den<br />
früher angeordneten Regeln gefeiert werden konnten. Es war ein Verfahren für die Wiederherstellung des<br />
Kalenders beziehungsweise für die “Korrektur des Kalenders”. Das Hauptziel dieser Maßnahme war nach der<br />
Bulle folgendes: “Für die richtige Feier des Osterfestes sind nach den Vorschriften der heiligen Väter und der<br />
früheren römischen Päpste, im besonderen von Pius I. und Victor I. und nicht zuletzt auch den Vorschriften des<br />
großen Konzils von Nikäa und weiterer Bestimmungen drei Punkte unumgänglich miteinander zu verbinden und<br />
festzulegen: Erstens, der genaue Sitz des Frühlingsäquinoktiums, zweitens, die richtige Lage von Luna (des<br />
Mondes) am XIV. des ersten Monats, der entweder auf den Tag des Äquinoktiums selbst fällt oder ihm als<br />
nächstes folgt, und schließlich der jeweilige erste Sonntag, der auf diese Luna XIV. folgt. Wir haben <strong>da</strong>her Sorge<br />
getragen, nicht nur <strong>da</strong>s Frühlingsäquinoktium auf seinen ursprünglichen Platz zurückzuführen, von dem es seit dem<br />
Konzil von Nikäa um ungefähr zehn Tage zurückgeschritten war, und Luna XIV des Ostermonats wieder auf ihren<br />
Platz zu legen, von dem sie derzeit um vier und mehr Tage abweicht, sondern auch einen Weg und ein Verfahren<br />
aufzuzeigen, mit dem verhindert wird, <strong>da</strong>ss jemals wieder Frühlingsäquinoktium oder Luna XIV von ihren<br />
angestammten Plätzen abweichen” (§6).<br />
Ein ganz kurzer Exkurs: Da <strong>da</strong>s Frühlings-Äquinoktium <strong>da</strong>mals, bei dem ersten ökumenischen Konzil (325),<br />
auf den 21. März fiel, haben die heiligen Väter als Datum des Äquinoktiums des Frühlings gerade den 21. März<br />
bestimmt. Aber dieses Datum wich wegen der astronomischen Verschiebung (Präcession) und wegen der<br />
Ungenauigkeit des Julianischen Kalenders schon 1582 vom Frühlings-Äquinoktium um 10 Tage ab. Das heißt: der<br />
21. März nach dem alten beziehungsweise Julianischen Kalender entsprach im XVI. Jahrhundert schon nicht mehr<br />
dem Frühlings-Äquinoktium. Also war der 21. März dieses Jahrhunderts nicht mehr jener 21. März, der von der<br />
Kirche als Tag des Frühlings-Äquinoktiums bestimmt worden war 3 .<br />
1 Dieser Aufsatz wurde als Vortrag an einem Seminar am 6. Februar 2010 in Collegium Orientale (Eichstätt, Deutschland) gehalten. Er<br />
wurde in der Hauszeitschrift des Collegium Orientale`ContaCOr" (2009, #11, s. 34-45) veröffentlicht. Der vorliegende Text ist eine<br />
verbesserte Variante der ersten Publikation und <strong>da</strong>zu ergänzt mit mehreren Fußnoten und zwei Absätzen, worüber an entsprechender Stelle<br />
hinwiesen wird.<br />
2<br />
Inter Gravisimas, Christoph Clavius, Romani calen<strong>da</strong>rii a Gregorio XIII. P.M., vertituti explicatio (Rom, 1603). Deutsche Übersetzung:<br />
www.nabkal.de/intergrav.hotml.<br />
3 Володомонов Н. В., Календар: прошлое, настоящее, будущее (Москва, 1987), стр. 25.<br />
396
Diese Abweichung wurde mit der erwähnten Bulle korrigiert. In Zusammenhang mit diesem Problem sagt<br />
Papst Gregor XIII: Wir ordnen an und wir befehlen, “<strong>da</strong>ss von dem Monat Oktober des Jahres 1582 zehn Tage vom<br />
5. Oktober einschließlich bis zum 14. Oktober herausgenommen warden” (§7).<br />
Die nähere Charakterisierung der genannten Bulle und Reform liegt außerhalb unseres gegenwärtigen<br />
Interesses. Wir werden hier mit ein paar Worten nur zwei hauptsächliche Fragen behandeln. (1) In diesem<br />
Dokument wird einerseits <strong>da</strong>s astronomische Problem (also <strong>da</strong>s Kalender-Problem) selbst und sein Einfluss auf den<br />
kirchlichen Kalender und andererseits auch die Geschichte der Lösung dieses Problems <strong>da</strong>rgestellt. Daraus ergibt<br />
sich auch, <strong>da</strong>ss diese Reform <strong>da</strong>s Ergebnis großer wissenschaftlicher Arbeit war. (2) Dank dieser Reform ist der<br />
Unterschied verringert worden, der zwischen dem durchschnittlichen Jahr des Julianischen Kalenders und dem<br />
astronomischen tropischen Jahr existiert. Das wurde mit einer Verkürzung der Zahl der Schalttage erreicht. Wir<br />
müssen hier bedenken und berücksichtigen, <strong>da</strong>ss nach Julianischem Kalender drei aufeinander folgende Jahre<br />
gewöhnliche Jahre sind, jedes vierte aber ein Schaltjahr. Gemäß der besonderen Schaltregel oder Ausnahmeregel,<br />
die <strong>da</strong>s System des Gregorianischen Kalender umfasst, wird jedes letzte Jahr eines Jahrhunderts, <strong>da</strong>s nach Regel<br />
des Kaisers Julianus ein Schaltjahr ist, nur <strong>da</strong>nn zum Schaltjahr erklärt, wenn sich die Zahl des betreffenden<br />
Jahrhunderts durch 4 beziehungsweise 400 ohne Rest dividieren lässt 1 . Zum Beispiel: 1600 ist Schaltjahr, 1700,<br />
1800 und 1900 aber nicht. Danach werden in Zukunft die Jahre 2100, 2200, 2300 und 2500 keine Schaltjahre sein.<br />
Durch die Reform des Papstes Gregor XIII. wurde die Anzahl der Schaltjahre verringert und entsprechend dieser<br />
Ausnahmeregel verringerte sich auch die Dauer des durchschnittlichen Kalenderjahrs. Auf diese Weise sind<br />
einerseits 400 Jahre im Gregorianischen Kalender um drei Tage kürzer als im Julianischen, und andererseits<br />
entspricht demzufolge ein solches Jahr schon besser dem astronomischen tropischen Jahr beziehungsweise der<br />
astronomischen Wirklichkeit oder der Natur. Deshalb fällt die Frühlings-Tag- und-Nacht-Gleiche (Primar-<br />
Äquinoktium) wieder auf den 21. März, wie es durch <strong>da</strong>s Konzil von Nikäa im Jahre 325 festgelegt worden war.<br />
Wenn ein überzähliger Tag nach Julianischem Kalender alle 128 Jahre entsteht, kommt er nach Gregogianischem<br />
Kalender erst im Laufe von rund 3200 Jahren zusammen, was praktisch die Lösung des Problems bedeutet.<br />
Kirchlicher Kalender und astronomische Wirklichkeit.<br />
Was bedeutet der Begriff “Kirchlicher Kalender” und was für eine Beziehung hat er zu der oben erläuterten<br />
Kalenderreform?<br />
Der Ausdruck und Begriff “Kirchlicher Kalender” gehört zu dem Gebiet, <strong>da</strong>s in der Fachliteratur als<br />
Ekklesiologie bezeichnet wird. Er umfasst eine ganze Reihe der liturgischen Tage und Festtage, beweglichen und<br />
unbeweglichen, deren Abfolge von der Kirche eingeteilt und angeordnet ist. Diese Anordnung und Gruppierung<br />
beziehungsweise die Ordnung, nach der die liturgischen Tage und Festtage des kirchlichen Jahres angeordnet sind,<br />
beruht auf der biblischen Geschichte und der kirchlichen Lehre. Es ist für die kirchliche Praxis ohne wesentliche<br />
Bedeutung, an welcher Art des astronomischen Kalenders sich die einfachen Tage und Festtage orientieren 2 . Bei<br />
der Zusammenstellung des kirchlichen Kalenders ist nicht die Art des zivilen Kalenders von Bedeutung, sondern<br />
die heiligen Schriften und die heilige Überlieferung. Was die Beziehungen zwischen Kirche und astronomischem<br />
Kalender betrifft, interessiert sich die Kirche hierbei nicht so sehr für die Art dieses Kalenders, sondern mehr für<br />
die astronomischen Angaben und die astronomische Wirklichkeit. Dies bezeugt die Geschichte der Entstehung und<br />
der Entwicklung zweier hauptsächlicher christlicher Feste, worauf wir unsere Aufmerksamkeit kurz lenken dürfen.<br />
Aber wir müssen zuerst betonen, <strong>da</strong>ss <strong>da</strong>s kirchliche Kalenderjahr in seiner vollkommenen Form in einer früheren<br />
Periode der Kirchengeschichte ausgebildet wurde, bevor <strong>da</strong>s große Konzil von Nikäa den julianischen Kalender in<br />
der Kirche in die allgemeine liturgische Praxis eingeführt hatte.<br />
Über <strong>da</strong>s Osterfest.<br />
Nach den Evangelien hat man Christus am jüdischen Pessachfest gekreuzigt. Diese Kreuzigung fand am Freitag statt<br />
und am dritten Tag <strong>da</strong>rauf, am Sonntag, ist Christus auferstanden. Deshalb ist die Auferstehung Christi, genauer gesagt <strong>da</strong>s<br />
Osterfest, von Anfang an mit dem hebräischen Pessachfest (“pesakh”) natürlicherweise verbunden worden.<br />
Deswegen wurden diese beiden heiligen Ereignisse, nämlich ein Gedächtnistag (der Große Freitag oder Karfreitag)<br />
und ein Festtag (<strong>da</strong>s Osterfest) im Osten mit ein und demselben Wort bezeichnet. Dieses Wort ist “pasxa” (pasxa<br />
staurosimon, pasxa anastasimon), <strong>da</strong>s vom griechischen “pasxein” stammt und “Qual”, “Plage” bedeutet oder “Passion”.<br />
Da die zwei Wörter: hebräisch “Pascha” (pesakh) und griechisch “pasxa” bzw. “pasxein” ähnlich sind, kam es in einigen<br />
Gemeinden zu einem Irrtum ungebildeter Leute, als ob diese beiden Ereignisse, mit ähnlichen Worten bezeichnet,<br />
wesentlich ein und <strong>da</strong>sselbe Ereignis sind, und auf diese Weise die diesbezüglichen Festtage auch ein und <strong>da</strong>sselbe sind.<br />
Das war der hauptsächliche Grund <strong>da</strong>für, <strong>da</strong>ss in Kleinasien für Passion und Auferstehung ein kombiniertes Fest eingeführt<br />
wurde. Diese Praxis vertraten die so genannten Quartodezimaner (Der Ausdruck ist abgeleitet von dem lateinischen Wort<br />
1<br />
Gregorianischer Kalenderreform: htp://de. wikipedia. org/wirki/Gregorianischer_Kalender, s. 2-4; Володомонов Н. В..., s. 25-27.<br />
2 Verg. Иларион (Алфеев), Таинство веры (Москва-Киев, 1996), стр. 134-135.<br />
397
“quartodecimanus” = zum 14. Tag gehörig, was auf den 14. Nisan anspielt). Gegen diesen Brauch wurden zwei besondere<br />
Kanones aufgestellt, nämlich Kanon 7 der Apostolischen Kanones und ähnlich in Kanon 1 des Konzils von Antiochien<br />
im Jahr 341. Der Apostolische Kanon klingt so: “Wenn ein Bischof, Priester oder Diakon den heiligen Tag des Pascha vor<br />
dem Frühlingsäquinoktium mit den Juden feiert, soll er gebannt sein”. Das Konzil von Nikäa bestimmte im Jahr 325, <strong>da</strong>ss<br />
<strong>da</strong>s Osterfest unbedingt an einem Sonntag gefeiert werden solle, nämlich am Sonntag nach dem ersten Vollmondtag des<br />
astronomischen Frühlings; trifft der Vollmond mit einem Sonntag zusammen, soll <strong>da</strong>s Osterfest erst am folgenden Sonntag<br />
gefeiert werden, <strong>da</strong>mit es nicht mit dem jüdischen Pascha (dem Pesachfest) zusammenfällt. So war es bereits im Westen<br />
(in Rom und Alexandria) festgesetzt gewesen 1 .<br />
Wir können solche Gesetze und Traktate als Osterkanon oder als Osterkalender bezeichnen.<br />
Über <strong>da</strong>s Zusammenfeiern von Weihnachten und Epiphanie.<br />
Eine heftige Diskussion hatte auch die Frage über die Stellung des Weihnachtsfestes im Kirchenjahr hervorgerufen.<br />
Es gab unterschiedliche Traditionen. Im Morgenland beging man die Geburt Christi am 6. Januar, zusammen mit<br />
Epiphanie, während Rom dieses Fest auf den 25. Dezember verlegte, als ein selbstständiges Fest. Später, wohl gegen 376,<br />
wurde <strong>da</strong>nk der Untersuchung und Reform des Kirchenvaters Johannes Chrysostomus der römische Brauch von<br />
Antiochien und Konstantinopel übernommen. Die Kirche Jerusalems aber folgte noch im 6. Jahrhundert der alten Praxis.<br />
Wie die passenden literarischen Quellen zeigen, war die Lösung des Problems ziemlich problematisch. Abgesehen<br />
<strong>da</strong>von, <strong>da</strong>ss über den Vorzug und die Richtigkeit des 25. Dezembers viel autoritative Literatur existierte, leisteten die<br />
Gläubigen Jerusalems der Reform ernsthaften Widerstand. Dieser Widerstand war so stark, <strong>da</strong>ss in den Prozess die<br />
staatliche Regierung eingreifen musste. Davon zeugt ein Brief des Kaisers Justinianus an die Gläubigen von Jerusalem.<br />
Diese Schrift, die nur in georgischer Übersetzung erhalten ist, ist für unser Thema äußerst wichtig, und deshalb werden wir<br />
<strong>da</strong>rüber verhältnismäßig ausführlich handeln. Bis <strong>da</strong>hin müssen wir aber aufgrund der Geschichte des Problems zusätzlich<br />
folgendes sagen:<br />
Nach verschiedenen Maßnahmen wurde der alte Brauch der verbundenen Feiern von Weihnachten und<br />
Epiphanie in Jerusalem insgesamt im Morgenland abgeschafft, aber nicht überall. Diese Gewohnheit wurde zur<br />
Parole aller Monophysiten, besonders aber der Armenier, die sich hartnäckig weigerten, sich in diesem Punkte der<br />
Gesamtkirche anzuschließen (sie feiern Christi Geburt und Taufe bis heute zusammen). Dieser Umstand brachte<br />
eine ganze Literatur hervor, die der Feier von Christi Geburt am 25. Dezember zum Siege verhelfen wollte 2 .<br />
Texte auf Georgisch.<br />
Es gibt keinen direkten Hinweis <strong>da</strong>für, <strong>da</strong>ss der oben besprochene Brauch auch in Georgien existierte. Aber<br />
ist es ein Faktum, <strong>da</strong>ss die georgischen Gelehrten diese Fragen im 8. bis 10. Jahrhundert oft behandelten und<br />
Argumente für die Feier des Weihnachtsfestes am 25. Dezember suchten, die sie für die Polemik gegen die<br />
Monophysiten beziehungsweise gegen die Armenier benötigten.<br />
Es gilt in der Fachliteratur als geklärt, <strong>da</strong>ss alle wichtigen Werke, in denen die Richtigkeit der Feier des<br />
Weihnachtsfestes nach römischer Praxis bewiesen wird, bis zum 9.-10. Jahrhundert ins Georgische übersetzt waren. Diese<br />
Werke finden wir in zwei homiletisch-hagiographischen Sammlungen mit dem Namen `mravalTavi” (mravaltavi)<br />
[Polykephalon = “Viele Kapitel”], die man in <strong>da</strong>s 10. bis 11. Jahrhundert <strong>da</strong>tiert. Es ist in Betracht zu ziehen, <strong>da</strong>ss diese<br />
Kodizes (mravaltavi von Svanetien und mravaltavi von Parchali) in jenem Gebiet des historischen Georgien geschaffen<br />
wurden, wo neben dyophysitischen Georgiern und Armeniern auch monophysitische Armenier wohnten. Dieses Gebiet, <strong>da</strong>s<br />
“Tao-Klardscheti” hieß, befindet sich in der südwestlichen Provinz des vereinigten Georgien (der wichtigere Teil dieser<br />
Provinz liegt jetzt in der Türkei). Dort wurden, wie aus verschiedenen literarischen Quellen bekannt ist, heftige öffentliche<br />
Diskussionen zwischen Chalkedonensern und Antichalkedonensern veranstaltet. Es besteht kein Zweifel, <strong>da</strong>ss die nachstehend<br />
genannten Schriften diesem Zweck dienten. Diese Schriften 3 , die als Lesung bezeichnet werden, sind folgende:<br />
1.`brZanebaÁ wmi<strong>da</strong>Ta mociqulTaÁ klementosis mier moZRvanebuli yovelTa mimarT<br />
samociqulo kaTolikÀ eklesiaTa sityÂsagan <strong>da</strong> wamebisa <strong>da</strong> dResaswaulTaTÂs [Auftrag der<br />
hl. Apostel durch Klemens an alle apostolischen katholischen Kirchen nach dem Wort und nach dem Zeugnis über<br />
die Feiertage]”. Diese Schrift stellt einen Auszug aus den sog. apostolischen Konstitutionen <strong>da</strong>r, nämlich <strong>da</strong>s<br />
dreizehnte Kapitel des fünften Buches, und behandelt die Feier von Christi Geburt, Epiphanie und Hypapante (2.<br />
Februar: Mariä Lichtmess).<br />
1 Н. Барсов, Пасха. Энциклопедический Словарь, том 22-А, Издатели: Ф. А. Брокгауз, И. А. Ефрон (С-Петербург, 1897), стр. 60-61.<br />
2 Kekelidze-Tarchnishvili: Geschichte der kirchlichen georgischen Literatur, Auf Grund der ersten Bandes der georgischen Literaturgeschichte von<br />
K. Kekelidze, Bearbeitet von P. Michael Tarchnishvili in verbindung mit Dr. Julius Assfalg (Vatikan, 1955), s. 382-383.<br />
3 Die Edition: i. abulaZe, “mravalTavi” (teqstebi), nakveTi pirveli, enimki-s moambe [I. Abuladze, “mravalTavi” (die<br />
Texte), Erste Abschnitt, in: Der Bote des ENIMKI], Band XIV (1944), s. 288-307 (= i. abulaZe, Sromebi [I. Abuladze, Die<br />
Arbeiten], III (Tbilisi, 1982), s. 78-97).<br />
398
2. wmidisa grigorisi noselisaÁ, romeli iyo ZmaÁ wmidisa basilisi. SobisaTÂs iesu<br />
qristÀsa <strong>da</strong> wmidisa stefanÀsaTÂs [Von hl. Gregor von Nyssa, der der Bruder des hl. Basilius war.<br />
Über die Geburt unseres Herrn Jesus Christus und über den hl. Stephan]”.<br />
3. `wmidisa iovane konstantinepovlelisa mTavar-episkoposisaÁ. SobisaTÂs uflisa<br />
Cuenisa iesu qristÀsa [Von heiligen Johannes, dem Erzbischof von Konstantinopel. Über die Geburt unseres<br />
Herrn Jesus Christus]”. Das ist die Übersetzung jener Predigt, die der heilige Vater in Antiochien 386 gehalten hat<br />
und die in dem 49. Band der PG eingeführt ist (Kol. 351-362). Da ist unter anderem folgendes gesagt worden: Es<br />
sind fast zehn Jahre vergangen, seitdem wir Weihnachten am 25. Dezember feiern.<br />
4. `Tqumuli dResaswaulTaTÂs, romeli igi miiwera ierusalÀmd istÂnianÀs mier mefisa<br />
marTl-morwmunisa. xarebisaTÂs <strong>da</strong> Sobisa, migebebisaTÂs <strong>da</strong> naTlisRebisa [Gesprochen für<br />
die Festtage, die der recht gläubige Kaiser Justinian (an die Bewohner) von Jerusalem gerichtet hat. Verkündigung und<br />
Geburt, Hypapante und Taufe]” 1 .<br />
Diese vier Lesungen in den beiden Sammlungen sind hintereinander gestellt. Das führt uns zu der<br />
Überlegung, ob sie aus Quellen kommen, in denen sie auch hintereinander gestellt waren. Wir können auch<br />
vermuten, <strong>da</strong>ss diese Reihenfolge von einem georgischen Re<strong>da</strong>ktor stammt.<br />
Der Brief Justinians.<br />
Von diesen Schriften ist die vierte die literarisch wichtigste, weil sie, wie schon oben erwähnt, nur in georgischer<br />
Übersetzung und in den genannten Handschriften erhalten und bekannt ist. Damit hat dieser Text große wissenschaftliche<br />
Bedeutung. Wichtig ist er auch für unser Thema. Er ist eine Kompilation, in der die Standpunkte derjenigen Kirchenväter,<br />
die über die Richtigkeit der Weihnachtsfeier am 25. Dezember handeln, <strong>da</strong>rgestellt werden. So wird zum Beispiel folgendes<br />
erwähnt: “Wir haben gehört, <strong>da</strong>ss einige Verführte in Jerusalem nicht der Lehre der heiligen Schriften und der Priester-<br />
Väter folgen und die heilige irdische (körperliche) Geburt des Herrn nicht am 25. Dezember feiern; an diesem Tag begehen<br />
sie <strong>da</strong>s Gedächtnis von David und Jakobs. Am sechsten Tag des Januar ist Epiphanie und sie feiern Geburt und Epiphanie<br />
zusammen...”. Die weiteren Erwägungen und Argumente des Kaisers sind folgende: Die Feier der Verkündigung an die<br />
Gottesmutter wird am 25. März begangen, weil sie nach dem Lukas-Evangelium (1,26-38) “im sechsten Monat”, nämlich<br />
im März, stattgefunden hat. An diesem Tag kam Maria zu Elisabeth, die <strong>da</strong>mals “im sechsten Monat” ihrer Schwangerschaft<br />
war und die nach drei Monaten, am 25. Juni, “einen Sohn zur Welt brachte”. Deswegen feiern alle Christen am<br />
25. Juni die Geburt Johannes “des Täufers. Wenn wir vom 25. Juni um drei Monate zurückgehen, werden wir überzeugt,<br />
<strong>da</strong>ss Maria wirklich am 25. März schwanger wurde. Aber wenn wir die Schwangerschaftsregel in Betracht ziehen, kommen<br />
wir zu dem Schluss, <strong>da</strong>ss die Geburt Christi wahrhaftig am 25. Dezember war. Nach dieser Untersuchung sagt der<br />
Verfasser: “Es wird aus den heiligen Schriften und aus dem Evangelium klar, <strong>da</strong>ss der Tag der Geburt ein anderer ist als der<br />
Tag der Taufe.... Darum werden wir sie (die Feste), wie uns die Schriften und die Lehrer ermahnen, einzeln und nicht<br />
zusammen an ein und demselben Tag feiern”.<br />
Die Geburt Christi am 25. Dezember ereignete sich nicht zufällig. Der Verfasser stützt sich auf die Meinungen der<br />
kirchlichen Väter und Lehrer, die in diesem Ereignis eine Vorherbestimmung Gottes sehen. Nach ihrer Meinung ermöglicht<br />
uns diese Tatsache, in der irdischen Welt göttliche Funken zu finden, wovon auch Paulus zeugt: “Seit Erschaffung der Welt<br />
wird seine unsichtbare Wirklichkeit an den Werken der Schöpfung mit der Vernunft wahrgenommen, seine ewige Macht<br />
und Gottheit” (Römer 1,20). Gregor von Nyssa, Johannes Chrysostomus und der heilige Augustinus erblicken solche<br />
Funken in dem erwähnten Abschnitt des Jahres. Nach den Worten des hl. Gregor: “An diesem Tag wird die Helligkeit und<br />
der Tag zunehmen und die Nacht wird abnehmen, und <strong>da</strong>mit zeigt sich, <strong>da</strong>ss Christi Geburt am 25. Dezember war”. Daraus<br />
ergibt sich, <strong>da</strong>ss Christus an dem Tag geboren wurde, an dem die größte und längste Nacht endet und sich der Zeiger<br />
zugunsten des Tages neigt (diesen Tag nennt man “Wintersonnwende”: Georgisch “mzebudoba”, <strong>da</strong>s heißt wörtlich: “die<br />
Sonne ist im Nest”, und nach georgischer Volkspoesie macht in dieser Zeit die Sonne den dritten Sprünge des Widders 2 ).<br />
Es ist auch nicht zufällig, <strong>da</strong>ss Johannes der Täufer, der letzte Prophet des Alten Testaments, am 25. Juni<br />
geboren ist. Und warum ausgerechnet an diesem Tag? Der hl. Augustinus, der Bischof von Afrika (Hippo), sagt:<br />
“Es gibt zweimal im Jahr die Wendung der Sonne und auch zweimal die Tag-und-Nacht-Gleiche. Die Wendung<br />
der Sonne ist zuerst am 25. Juni und <strong>da</strong>nach am. 25. Dezember”. Gemäß der Ansicht dieses heiligen Vaters ist der<br />
25. Juni jener Tag des Jahres, ab dem die Helligkeit sich verringert und die Nacht <strong>da</strong>gegen zunimmt. Der heilige<br />
Vater fährt fort: “Die Geburt des Johannes geschah bei der Verringerung des Tages, aber die Geburt Christi bei der<br />
Zunahme des Tages. Und <strong>da</strong>s sagt Johannes selbst: Er muss wachsen, ich aber muss kleiner warden” (Johannes<br />
1<br />
Die zweite Edition von Kekelidze: kimeni [KEIMENA], Band II (Tbilisi, 1946), s. 64-71. Es gibt eine Übersetzung auf Russisch von K.<br />
Kekelidze: `Чтение о Праздника Благовещения и Рождества, Сртения и Крещения, нарисанное в Иерусалнме правосланым царем<br />
Юстинианом", Труды Киевской Духовной Академии, №1 (1905),. Die zweite Edition: k. kekeliZe, etiudebi Zveli qarTuli<br />
literaturis istorii<strong>da</strong>n [K.Kekelidze, Etüden über die Geschichte der alten georgischen Literatur], Band 7 (Tbilisi, 1961), s. 261-264.<br />
2<br />
v. bar<strong>da</strong>veliZe, svanur xalxur dReobaTa kalen<strong>da</strong>ri, I (axalwlis cikli) [W. Bar<strong>da</strong>weldze, Der Kalender der<br />
Volksfeste von Swanethi, I Zyklus des Neujahrs] (Tbilisi, 1939), s. 46.<br />
399
3,30). Das heißt (nach unserer Auslegung): Das Alte Testament und die Sonne des Altes Testaments ist am<br />
Abnehmen und <strong>da</strong>s Neue Testament und die Sonne des Neuen Testaments steigt herauf. Dazu sagt Johannes<br />
Chrysostomos: xairete kai palin legw xairete (“Freut euch, und wiederum sage ich, freut euch”).<br />
Wir können auch diese autoritative Stellungnahme und Position, besonders die Predigt des Johannes<br />
Chrysostomus, als Kanon von Weihnachten oder als Kalender von Weihnachten bezeichnen.<br />
Das Wesen des neues Kalenders.<br />
Wie wir sehen, vollzog sich die Geschichte der Entstehung und der Entwicklung der zwei hauptsächlichen<br />
christlichen Feste selbstständig und unabhängig vom astronomischen Kalender oder der Kalenderwissenschaft. Im<br />
Fall des kirchlichen Kalenders wurden hauptsächlich die astronomischen Tatsachen berücksichtigt, die überall ein<br />
und dieselben sind.<br />
Auf solche Weise können wir schließen: Die Bulle der von Papst Gregor XIII. vorgesehenen Kalenderreform<br />
war im wesentlichen ein weltliches Ereignis, <strong>da</strong>s eine Korrektur des Systems der Zeitrechnung oder der technischen<br />
Chronologie zum Zweck hatte. Deswegen gehörte sie zum Gebiet des Säkularen und nicht Sakralen. Durch diese<br />
Reform wurde keinerlei Veränderung in dem kirchlichen Kalender, mit anderen Worten, in der Ordnung der<br />
Gedächtnistage und Festtage gebracht. Im Gegenteil: Dank dieser Reform sind die Gedächtnistage und Feiertage zu<br />
den ursprünglich bestimmten astronomischen Tagen zurückgebracht worden, und zwar findet Weihnachten am<br />
dritten Tag nach der Wintersonnwende statt und Ostern am ersten Sonntag nach dem ersten Vollmond des<br />
Frühlingsäquinoktiums.<br />
Die Geschichte des neues Kalenders.<br />
Abgesehen <strong>da</strong>von, <strong>da</strong>ss diese Reform keine konfessionelle Erscheinung war, gab es ziemlich große<br />
Widerstände gegen sie, und diese Widerstände waren meist konfessionell gefärbt 1 . Den neuen vom Papst<br />
dekretierten Kalender lehnten zuerst die protestantischen Länder ab. Heftige Polemiken fanden manchmal in den<br />
bikonfessionellen Städten statt. Der Kalenderstreit führte beispielsweise in Augsburg im Jahre 1584 an den Rand<br />
eines Bürgerkrieges 2 . Die evangelischen Territorien des Heiligen Römischen Reiches übernahmen den Gregorianischen<br />
Kalender erst 1700, 118 Jahre nach dessen erster Einführung. Von den nordwest-europäischen Staaten<br />
wurde der Gregogianische Kalender noch später, nämlich in England und Schweden in den Jahren 1752-1753,<br />
eingeführt; <strong>da</strong>nn in Amerika, in Japan, in China und so weiter. Von den islamischen Staaten übernahm diesen<br />
Kalender als erster die Türkei im Jahre 1926 und <strong>da</strong>nn andere Staaten auch.<br />
Die orthodoxen Länder behielten den Julianischen Kalender noch bis Anfang des 20. Jahrhundert bei. Die<br />
neue Kalenderrechnung wurde in Russland am 14. Februar 1918 eingeführt. Da die Jahre 1700, 1800 und 1900 in<br />
diesem Reich Schaltjahre waren, machte die Abweichung vom Gregorianischen Kalender mittlerweile 13 Tage aus.<br />
Deswegen beträgt der Unterschied zwischen diesen zwei Kalenderrechnungen 13 Tage 3 .<br />
Die orthodoxen Kirchen und die Kalenderreform.<br />
Die orthodoxen Kirchen in Russland, Serbien und Georgien begehen ihre feststehenden Feste weiterhin nach<br />
dem Julianischen Kalender. Ihr Weihnachtsfest, am 25. Dezember, fällt <strong>da</strong>rum derzeit auf den 7. Januar des<br />
Gregorianischen Kalenders.<br />
Versuche, den Kalender zu reformieren, gab es auch in Russland; <strong>da</strong>für sorgten meistens die geistlichen und<br />
weltlichen Personen, die als Vertreter der “Lebendigen Kirche” galten. Die Standpunkte dieser Bewegung sind als<br />
äußerst liberal zu charakterisieren und hatten <strong>da</strong>zu <strong>da</strong>s Hauptziel, <strong>da</strong>s Vertrauen der Kommunisten zu gewinnen.<br />
Deswegen bezeichnete man sie als Anhänger der Kommunisten, und sie hatten bei den Gläubigen keine Autorität.<br />
Dies war eine ernste Ursache <strong>da</strong>für, <strong>da</strong>ss ihre Bemühungen ohne Erfolg geblieben sind 4 .<br />
Die anderen orthodoxen Kirchen verwenden hierfür den so genannten neo-julianischen Kalender, der bis<br />
zum Jahr 2799 dem Gregorianischen Kalender entsprechen wird. Alle orthodoxen Kirchen (außer der finnischen)<br />
berechnen Ostern und die anderen beweglichen Feste nach dem Julianischen Frühlingsanfang sowie nach dem<br />
metonischen Vollmond. Dieses Datum fällt <strong>da</strong>her nur gelegentlich mit dem Oster<strong>da</strong>tum der westlichen Kirchen<br />
zusammen; meistens liegt es eine, vier oder fünf Wochen später als im Westen.<br />
Die Übereinstimmung des kirchlichen Kalenderjahrs mit dem des bürgerlichen Lebens rief in Griechenland eine<br />
Kirchenspaltung hervor. 1923 hatte der Staat den Julianischen Kalender durch den Gregorianischen ersetzt. Die Kirche zog<br />
nach, klammerte aber den Ostertermin und die von ihm abhängigen Festtage von der Kalenderreform aus. Die Gegner<br />
1 Herzog (Hrsg.) M., Der Streit um die Zeit: Zustimmung _ Kalenderreform _ Gegenzeit _ Endzeit (Stuttgart, 2002), s. 11-19.<br />
2 Smolinsky H., Deutungen der Zeit im Streit der Konfessionen. Kontroverstheologie, Apokalyptik und Astrologie im 16. Jahrhundert<br />
(Heidelberg, 2000), s. 19; Wallenta W., Der Augsburger Kalenderstreit von 1583\84: Ökumenische, politische und konfessionelle Gründe,<br />
in: Herzog M., s. 125-138.<br />
3 Siehe: Wikipedia, Eben<strong>da</strong> (“Verbreitung”).<br />
4 Verg. Архиепископ Михаил (Мульдюгин), В помощь при совершении общественного Богослуженея, Путь Православия (1991), стр. 85.<br />
400
dieser Neuerung behielten den Julianischen Kalender bei und bildeten eine eigene Kirche. Man nennt sie Altkalen<strong>da</strong>rier<br />
(griechisch “Paläohemerologisten”) 1 .<br />
Wegen der Kalenderreform war die Lage in den orthodoxen Kirchen so angespannt, <strong>da</strong>ss die Notwendigkeit<br />
entstand, in der Sache eine größere geistliche Autorität zu beanspruchen. Am 17. Februar 1927 wurde in<br />
Konstantinopel eine Patriarchale und Syno<strong>da</strong>le Epistole (Rundbrief) mit der Unterschrift des Ökumenischen<br />
Patriarchen Basilius und den anderen Bischöfen seiner Synode veröffentlicht 2 . In diesem Dokument ist, unter<br />
anderem, folgendes angemerkt: Die Frage des Kalenders gehöre nicht in <strong>da</strong>s Gebiet der Dogmen, und die<br />
Kalenderreform habe kein heiliges Konzil verboten; die älteren Erlasse über den Ostertermin hätten keinerlei<br />
Beziehung zum Kalender, dessen Erschaffung und Verbesserung eine Kompetenz und Pflicht der Wissenschaft ist;<br />
die Gläubigen sollten sowohl im bürgerlichen als auch im kirchlichen Leben ein- und denselben Kalender<br />
benutzen. Deshalb gibt es keinerlei Grund für eine Kampagne gegen die Kalenderreform.<br />
Der neue Kalender und Georgien.<br />
Als in Russland am 14. Februar 1918 ein Dekret über die Kalenderreform angenommen wurde, bereiteten die<br />
transkaukasischen Länder ihre Unabhängigkeit vor. In diesem Gebiet regierte <strong>da</strong>mals ein Sejm, der am 14. April<br />
1918 des Julianischen Kalenders und am 1. Mai des Gregorianischen Kalenders die Kalenderreform geklärt und auf<br />
diese Weise im bürgerlichen Leben Georgiens den Gregorianischen Kalender eingeführt hat. Der Katholikos-<br />
Patriarch von Georgien Kyrion Sadzaglischwili, der schon zum Heiligen erklärt ist, hieß diese Erneuerung gut. Aus<br />
verschiedenen Quellen ist bekannt, <strong>da</strong>ss dieser Hierarch, wie auch andere Hierarchen der georgischen orthodoxen<br />
Kirche dieser Zeit, europäisch orientiert war. Nach seiner Inthronisation schrieb er an Papst Benedikt XV. einen<br />
überaus freundlichen Brief und äußerte den Wunsch einer Annäherung der Kirchen 3 . Deswegen ist es nicht<br />
erstaunlich, <strong>da</strong>ss ihm die Kalenderreform gefiel. Doch konnte sich dies im kirchlich-liturgischen Bereich nicht durchsetzen,<br />
weil andere orthodoxe Kirchen immer noch am Julianischen Kalender festhielten. Aus diesem Grund blieb<br />
im kirchlichen Leben in Georgien der Julianische Kalender weiter in Gebrauch, wobei die alten Kalender<strong>da</strong>ten<br />
durch die neuen ersetzt wurden 4 (z.B. Weihnachten, dessen Kalender<strong>da</strong>tum der 25. Dezember ist, wurde auf den 7.<br />
Januar festgelegt; der Gedenktag der Bekehrung der heiligen Nino fällt nach allen kirchlichen Quellen auf den 14.<br />
Januar, aber durch solche Veränderung fällt er auf den 27. Januar). Das war, ehrlich gesagt, kurios; die <strong>da</strong>maligen<br />
Geistlichen erkannten dies und warteten auf die Kalenderreform in anderen orthodoxen Kirchen.<br />
Und siehe <strong>da</strong>, im Jahr 1923 kam nach Georgien eine Nachricht über <strong>da</strong>s Konzil von Konstantinopel, an dem<br />
auch Vertreter aus anderen orthodoxen Kirchen teilgenommen hatten. Das Konzil verabschiedete einen Erlass zur<br />
Kalenderreform. Am 1. November desselben Jahres beschloss die Provisorische Verwaltung der georgischen<br />
Kirche mit Zustimmung des im Gefängnis sitzenden Katholikos-Patriarchen Ambrosius Chelaia, der auch schon<br />
zum Heiliger erklärt wurde, die beweglichen und unbeweglichen Feste nach dem Gregorianischen Kalender zu<br />
feiern. Katholikos Kalistrate Cincadze erinnert sich wie folgt: Als der Bote dem im Kerker gefangenen Patriarchen<br />
über <strong>da</strong>s Vorhaben der Kalenderreform berichtet hatte, habe der Patriarch ihn gefragt: Ist <strong>da</strong>s Volk <strong>da</strong>rauf<br />
vorbereitet? Die Antwort war: Ja! Anscheinend aber war <strong>da</strong>s nicht richtig 5 . Die Reform wurde von den einfachen<br />
Leuten schlecht aufgenommen, weil sie diese Maßnahme als Einfluss der kommunistischen Weltanschauung und<br />
Ideologie verstanden. Diese Verwirrung führte zu einer regelrechten Psychose im Kirchenvolk. Die Lage wurde<br />
kompliziert. Die Gläubigen, die den alten Kalender verteidigten, verriegelten die Türen der Kirchen und hinderten<br />
die Priester, die Feiertage, z.B. den Weihnachtsgottesdienst, am 25. Dezember (statt _ wie bisher üblich _ am 7.<br />
Januar) zu feiern. Viele drohten mit Gewaltanwendung. Es kam vor, <strong>da</strong>ss Feste wie Weihnachten, Ostern usw. in<br />
derselben Kirche zweimal gefeiert wurden, was die Atheisten zum Lachen brachte. Deswegen wurde Katholikos<br />
Ambrosius gezwungen, den erwähnten Erlass der Provisorischen Leitung am 24. März 1925 vorläufig außer Kraft<br />
zu setzen. Es wurde die Meinung geäußert, es wäre besser, die unbeweglichen Festtage nach dem Gregorianischen<br />
Kalender und die beweglichen nach dem alten Julianischen Kalender zu feiern, wie in Griechenland 6 .<br />
1 Γεράσιμος Κονιδάρις, Εκκλησιαστική ιστορία της ελλάδος, Bd. 2 (Athen, 1970), s. 267 ff.<br />
2 Siehe über dieses Dokument: Χριστόδουλος Παρασκευαϊδης Aρχιεπίσκοπος Αθηνών και πάσσης Ελλάδος, Ιστορική και κανονική<br />
θεώρησις του παλαιοημερολογιτικού ζητήματος κατά την γένεσιν και την εξέλιξιν αυτου εν ελλάδι [Die geschichtliche und kanonische<br />
Betrachtung des altkalen<strong>da</strong>rischen Themas seit seiner Entstehung in Griechenland] (Athen, 1982).<br />
3 n. papuaSvili, wm. kirion II-is werili pap benediqte XV-s [N. Papuaschwili, Der Brief des hl. Kyrion II. an Papst Benediktus XV. ]<br />
(Forschung und Edition), in: DIALOGHI, Nr. 1 (2004), s. 29.<br />
4<br />
Kalender der georgischen Kirche für <strong>da</strong>s Jahr 1928 (Tbilisi, 1928), s. 38.<br />
5 mitr. kalistrate cincaZe, quTaisis saeklesio yrilobis gamo 1926 wlis dekembris 26-27-Si (tkbilmware<br />
mogonebebi saqarTvelos araSoreuli warsuli<strong>da</strong>n) [Metropolit (später Katholikos-Patriarch) Kalistrate Cincadze, Über die<br />
Tagung vom vom 26. bis 27. Dezember 1926 in Kutaisi (Bittere Erinnerungen an die jüngste Vergangenheit Georgiens)]. Der persönliche<br />
Archiv-Fond des Katholikos-Patriarchen Kalistrate Cincadze # 102, s. 61(Nationalzentrum für Handschriften Georgiens in Tbilisi).<br />
6 Eben<strong>da</strong>, s. 63-69.<br />
401
Vom 21. bis 27. Juni 1927, nach der Veröffentlichung der Patriarchalen und Syno<strong>da</strong>len Epistole des Ökumenischen<br />
Patriarchen Basilius III. 1 , fand in Georgien ein Konzil statt. Dort wurde folgender Beschluss verabschiedet:<br />
Der Gregorianische Kalender wird für die unbeweglichen Festtage und Gedenktage eingeführt, die beweglichen Tage<br />
und Festtage aber werden wieder nach dem Julianischen Kalender gefeiert 2 . Abgesehen von solchen Kompromissen<br />
<strong>da</strong>uerte der Streit weiter an und brachte unangenehme Exzesse hervor. Die Heilige Synode der georgisch-orthodoxen<br />
Kirche wurde am 28. September 1928 gezwungen, den erwähnten Beschluss wieder einzuhalten. Als Hauptgrund dieser<br />
Erfolglosigkeit nannte die Synode folgende Umstände: 1. Nichtexistenz der Mittel für Massenpropagan<strong>da</strong>, um auf die<br />
Bildung des Volkes Einfluss nehmen zu können (<strong>da</strong>mals war auch <strong>da</strong>s Predigen fast verboten) und 2. Einfluss der<br />
russisch-orthodoxen Kirche. Diese zweite Ursache war die wichtigste. Wenn solche Kompromisse nicht geschlossen<br />
worden wären, wäre es sehr wahrscheinlich gewesen, <strong>da</strong>ss der georgisch-orthodoxen Kirche viele Gläubige,<br />
insbesondere Russen und Separatisten, verloren gegangen wären und sich der russisch-orthodoxen Kirche angeschlossen<br />
hätten. Deswegen beauftragte die heilige Synode die Hierarchen, Priester und gebildeten Gläubigen: “Erklärt den<br />
Gläubigen die Zweckmäßigkeit und Notwendigkeit der vollkommenen Aufnahme des neuen Kalenders in <strong>da</strong>s kirchliche<br />
Leben” 3 . Dann aber hatte man keine Zeit und Kräfte mehr für die Kalenderfrage, denn die altehrwürdige georgische<br />
Kirche stand vor der Auflösung ihrer Existenz als legaler Organisation.<br />
Heute ist die georgisch-orthodoxe Kirche die reichste und stärkste Organisation in Georgien und hat größte<br />
Autorität in der Bevölkerung. Das Ansehen des Katholikos-Patriarchen Ilia II. ist viel höher als <strong>da</strong>s Ansehen des<br />
staatlichen Präsidenten. Das wissen wir aus offiziellen Umfragen. Diese Kirche benutzt zahlreiche moderne<br />
Massenmedien. Der Einfluss Russlands, wie auf diesem Richtung <strong>da</strong>mals war, existiert nicht mehr. Aber die Frage<br />
nach dem Kalender steht doch nicht offiziell auf der Tagesordnung. Obwohl man in den weltlichen Kreisen oft<br />
hört, <strong>da</strong>ss die Existenz zweier Kalender in ein und derselben Gesellschaft und im Staat ziemlich große<br />
Schwierigkeiten macht. In Georgien fasten viele Leute, auch vor dem Weihnachtsfest, aber <strong>da</strong>s Neujahrsfest fällt<br />
in diese Fastenzeit. Auch die Kontakte mit dem Westen, die nach der sowjetischen Zeit stark zugenommen haben,<br />
werden durch dieses Problem erschwert (während im Westen schon Weihnachtsfeiertage und Ferien sind, ist in<br />
Georgien noch Fastenzeit).<br />
Innerhalb der letzten Jahre wurden in den georgischen Massenmedien über die Vorzüge der Kalenderform<br />
mehrere Artikel veröffentlicht; in Funk und Fernsehen fanden Sendungen statt; auch Astronomen (Weltberühmte<br />
Professor Ewgeni Charadze und Prof. Schalwa SabaSchwili) äußerten ihre Position und ihren Standpunkt. Auch von mir<br />
wurden z.B. sieben populäre Aufsätze in verschiedenen Zeitungen und Zeitschriften gedruckt 4 . Diese Publikationen<br />
waren aufklärender Natur und forderten keine dringenden Reformen. Abgesehen <strong>da</strong>von war die Reaktion konservativer<br />
Kleriker scharf negativ, so erschienen viele polemische Publikationen mit Losungen wie: “Verteidigt den alten<br />
Kalender!”, oder: “Die Anhänger des neues Kalenders sind Feinde der Orthodoxie” usw. Die anti-ökumenische Hysterie,<br />
die nach der sowjetrussischen Zeit einen erheblichen Teil der georgischen orthodoxen Kirche erfasst, erstreckt sich auch<br />
auf die Kalenderfrage. Katholikos-Patriarch Ilia II. ist gezwungen, <strong>da</strong>rauf Rücksicht zu nehmen. Das bezeugt die Sitzung<br />
der Heiligen Synode, die am 8. Oktober 1998 stattfand. Dort wurde scharfe Kritik an den ökumenischen Ge<strong>da</strong>nken und<br />
Tätigkeiten geübt, als Teil <strong>da</strong>von auch an der Kalenderreform. Die Synode ver<strong>da</strong>mmte <strong>da</strong>mit die finnische orthodoxe<br />
Kirche, die Ostern nach dem Gregorianischen und nicht mehr nach dem Julianischen Kalender feiert 5 .<br />
Die größte Aktivität zeigen <strong>da</strong>bei der Archimandrit Rafael Karelin und Erzpriester Bidzina Gunia.<br />
Archimandrit Rafael schreibt zwar auf Russisch, seine Beiträge werden aber zügig ins Georgische übersetzt und<br />
verbreiten sich schnell unter den Gläubigen. Die Argumente, die <strong>da</strong>bei verbreitet werden, sind emotional und<br />
plakativ; die Stellungnahmen aber so schwierig und undeutlich, <strong>da</strong>ss ich sie persönlich nicht leicht verstehen und<br />
nachvollziehen kann. Im folgenden <strong>da</strong>zu einige Beispiele. Vater Rafael schreibt: Der Julianische Kalender “ist der<br />
Code des kosmischen Pulses”. Er berücksichtigt die kosmischen Rhythmen und ist <strong>da</strong>von geprägt. “Der Puls der<br />
Kirche, der Kalender, soll sich auf die Sterne beziehen und nicht auf die Sonne; er sei kosmozentrisch und nicht<br />
heliozentrisch”. “Die Sphäre der Handlung der Kirche soll nicht geo- oder heliozentrisch sein, sondern metakosmisch”.<br />
Die Julianischen und Gregorianischen Kalender unterscheiden sich durch folgendes: Der Erstere orientiert<br />
sich sowohl an der Sonne als auch am Mond und an den Sternen, der letztere aber nur an der Sonne; der erstere ist<br />
Pleroma (Vollkommenheit), der letztere aber Schema und Leere; der erstere ist “<strong>da</strong>s kosmische Poem, der letztere<br />
aber die Buchhalterei”; der erstere ist “die Note des kosmischen Akkordes, der andere aber trockene Ziffern”; der<br />
erstere ist philosophisch, der andere aber utilitaristisch; der erstere ist Symphonie, der andere aber Rock und Smog;<br />
der erstere ist die Frucht der kreationistischen Theorie, der andere aber der Evolutionstheorie. Der Verfasser des<br />
ersteren, Sozigen, ist “der große Komponist”, “der Schöpfer der unvergleichlichen Symphonie der Epoche”. Er<br />
beherrschte angeblich die “Biblische Lehre”, “die Begabung des mystischen Sehens” und “man sagt, ihm fehlte<br />
1 Die georgische Übersetzung: Kalender der georgischen Kirche für <strong>da</strong>s Jahr 1928 (Tbilisi, 1928), s. 33-36.<br />
2 Eben<strong>da</strong>, s. 32-33.<br />
3<br />
Kalender der georgischen Kirche für <strong>da</strong>s Jahr 1929 (Tbilisi, 1929), s. 33.<br />
4 Die letzte Publikation: “Kirche, Staat und Kalender”: zRvari [zgwari (Grenze)], Nr.1 (2006), s. 20-30.<br />
5 Glaube in der 2. Welt, Nr. 1 (1999), s. 5.<br />
402
auch nicht die göttliche Offenbarung”, während der Verfasser des zweiten, Papst Gregor XIII. “einerseits ein hervorragender<br />
Hierarch und im persönlichen Leben ein Asket” war, andererseits aber “umfassten seine moralischen<br />
Prinzipien auch die Gewalt im Namen der Wohltätigkeit” 1 .<br />
Hier, in erster Linie, ist äußerst erstaunlich, <strong>da</strong>ss der Verfasser, der in Georgien und in Russland ein bekannter<br />
Würdenträger ist, keine Bedürfnis fühlt, seine Äußerungen mit der heiligen Schrift und der heiligen Überlieferung zu<br />
bekräftigen. Er sagt nichts und wir wissen es auch nicht, welcher heilige Vater und welches heilige Konzil den<br />
Julianischen oder Gregorianischen Kalender zur “geistlichen Erscheinung”, zu einem Poem, zur Symphonie und “dem<br />
Puls der Welt” erklärt. Wer hat dem Kalender einen Status der Weltanschauung oder die sakrale Würde verliehen? Wir<br />
hatten schon die Gelegenheit, unsere Positionen über die erwähnten Meinungen und Standpunkte zu äußern. Es scheint,<br />
<strong>da</strong>ss der Verfasser den Kirchlichen Kalender und die Technische Chronologie miteinander vermischt 2 .<br />
Den Debatten schließen sich auch die besten Fachleute der Bibelwissenschaft und Theologie Prof. Zurab<br />
Kiknadze und Prof. Edischer Dshelidze an 3 . Sie haben deutlich erklärt, <strong>da</strong>ss die Erwägungen und Argumente,<br />
womit oben erwähnte Geistliche manipulieren und die sie mit den Etiketten der echten biblischen und christlichen<br />
Wahrheit versehen, in Wirklichkeit keine Gemeinsamkeit mit der Bibel und der kirchlichen Tradition haben. “Der<br />
Kalender ist ein Produkt der Wissenschaft und seine Anerkennung als Faktum des Glaubens, wie <strong>da</strong>s bei uns ein<br />
bestimmter Teil der Gläubigen meint, ist nicht richtig... Der Kalender steht außerhalb der Konfession... Mit den<br />
Beweisen der Bibel können wir den Vorzug des Gregorianischen Kalenders bestätigen, weil die ganze Bibel,<br />
sowohl <strong>da</strong>s alte als auch <strong>da</strong>s neue Testament, ebenso geozentrisch und nicht heliozentrisch ist”, sagt Prof. Kiknadze<br />
und weist uns <strong>da</strong>zu auf Gregor von Nyssa hin, der Genesis 1,14-18 folgendermaßen erläutert: “Der Himmel sind<br />
jene 99 Schafe, die der gute Hirte (Christus) verließ; diese Erde aber ist jenes Schaf, auf dessen Suche der gute<br />
Hirte ging”. Dann folgert der Professor und Bibelübersetzer: “Wenn wir den von Vater Rafael geschriebenen Text<br />
lesen, bleibt der Eindruck, <strong>da</strong>ss der uns vorliegende Text nicht von einem orthodoxen Vater geschrieben ist,<br />
sondern vielmehr von einem esoterisch-pythagoräischen Autor” 4 .<br />
Der Beitrag von Prof. Dshelidze betrifft die Anschauungen des Erzpriesters Bidzina Gunia, die in seinem<br />
umfangreichen Werk “Das Wesen des Julianischen Kalenders und seine Bedeutung” vorgestellt sind. Der Professor der<br />
Patrologie vergleicht diese Anschauungen mit den Lehren und Dogmen der Bibel und der heiligen Väter und beweist,<br />
<strong>da</strong>ss die Positionen des erwähnten Erzpriesters keinerlei Stütze durch die christliche Theologie und Praxis erfahren. Er<br />
vertieft die kritische Argumentation von Prof. Kiknadze und fährt fort: “Alle, die über die “geistliche”, “biblische”,<br />
“mystische” und “gläubige”. Würde des Julianischen Kalender reden, dürfen nicht die heidnische Herkunft dieses Kalenders<br />
vergessen. In der Kirche wird der Kalender gebraucht, der, wie bekannt, auf Kaiser Julians Befehl von dem<br />
Verehrer der Götzen Sozigen geschaffen wurde... Es ist unmöglich, <strong>da</strong>ss die Kirche in den von ihr benutzten Kalender<br />
wesentliche Veränderungen eingeführt hätte und für ihn dennoch den Namen des Heiden als des Verfassers beibehalten<br />
hätte... Wenn wir den in der Kirche gebräuchlichen Kalender den “Julianischen Kalender” nennen, unterstreichen wir<br />
<strong>da</strong>mit eindeutig seine heidnische Herkunft, und dementsprechend müssen wir <strong>da</strong>rin irgendwelche natürlichen orthodoxmystischen<br />
Glaubens-Äußerungen oder biblische Werte ebenso eindeutig ausschließen”.<br />
Über die Begriffe “alt” und “neu”.<br />
Das Hauptargument der Liebhaber des alten Kalenders, <strong>da</strong>s sie immer stolz wiederholen, ist folgendes: der<br />
Gregorianische Kalender ist neuer, der Julianische jedoch älter, und was alt ist, ist besser als <strong>da</strong>s Neue.<br />
Darüber sagt der hl. Johannes Chrysostomus (nach dem Brief Justinians): “Warum sagen und klagen uns manche:<br />
Ihr führt etwas Neues ein, und klagt uns trotzdem an?! Begreift wohl, Ankläger, <strong>da</strong>ss dieser Tag im Westen<br />
althergebracht ist und in Rom diese Tage für Geburt und für Taufe, für Verkündigung und für Hypapante unverändert<br />
gehalten werden.... Es sind schon zehn Jahre vergangen, <strong>da</strong>ss wir den alten Brauch eingepfropft und anerkannt haben,<br />
und wir entwickeln uns weiter und wir sehen den Erfolg. Wenn <strong>da</strong>s nicht von Gott gekommen wäre, wäre es schon<br />
längst verloren gegangen. Aber nun ist die ganze Welt erfüllt (von Wahrheit), und jeder empfängt dies Tag um Tag”.<br />
Und zuletzt: In Wahrheit haben die Begriffe “alt” und “neu” ein und dieselbe Bedeutung. Alles, was alt und<br />
ursprünglich ist, gehört zur Ewigkeit; es ist jedoch gleichzeitig neu und unsterblich. Und was neu und wahr ist, ist<br />
alt und ursprünglich.<br />
Demzufolge ist die Kalenderreform in der Kirche eine wesentliche Erneuerung von dem, was “im Anfang<br />
war” (Johannes 1,1).<br />
1 arqimand. rafaeli, qa<strong>da</strong>gebebi, statiebi [Archimandrit Rafael, Predigten, Artikel], 1 (Tbilisi, 1998), s. 58-89.<br />
2 n. papuaSvili, saeklesio kalen<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> teqnikuri qronologia, lit. saq. [N. Papuashvili, Kirchlicher Kalender und<br />
Technische Chronologie, in: Literarisches Georgien], 27.XII-3.I, Nr. 52 (1996-1997).<br />
3 z. kiknaZe, Zveli stili _ `kosmiuri poema~, <strong>axali</strong> _ `buRalteria~? [Z. Kiknadze, Der alter Stil “Kosmisches Poem”, der neue _<br />
“Buchhalterei”?], in: Mazne, 8-14.IX, Nr. 31 (1997), (=Z. Kiknadze, Die Kirche gestern, die Kirche morgen (Tbilisi, 2002), s. 145-153); e. WeliZe,<br />
iuliusis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> saeklesio tradicia [E. Dshelidze, Der Julianische Kalender und die kirchliche Tradition], in: kalmasoba,<br />
XII, Nr. 15 (1998).<br />
4 Diesen und nächsten Absatz gibt es in der ersten Publikation nicht.<br />
403
DANKO TABOROŠI<br />
American University of Beirut<br />
TRANSPLANT FROM THE CAUCASUS: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND<br />
THE CURRENT STATUS OF CIRCASSIANS IN THE BALKANS<br />
Circassians are indigenous people of the northwestern Caucasus. Expelled from their ancestral lands by invading<br />
Russians in the 19 th century, hundreds of thousands of them settled in the Balkans under Ottoman control.<br />
With decline of the Ottoman Empire, most Circassians retreated from southeastern Europe to Anatolia. By the beginning<br />
of the 20 th century, very few Circassians were left in the Balkans, and on the eve of the 21 st century only a<br />
tiny community in Kosovo remained. The recent interethnic conflict in Kosovo reduced them to an even smaller<br />
group, that nevertheless endure as the last Circassians in their adopted Balkan homeland.<br />
This text aims to review the brief but tumultuous historical experience of Circassian people in the Balkans. It<br />
provides an English-language introduction to this little known and unwitting encounter of Caucasus and Balkan<br />
peoples that started nearly 150 years ago and still continues.<br />
Circassians are indigenous people of the northwestern Caucasus area, where they have lived for thousands of<br />
years 1 as a supra-ethnic group comprised of many distinct tribal, regional, and dialectical divisions 2 . To<strong>da</strong>y,<br />
however, the majority of them lives in a worldwide diaspora as a result of Russian takeover of their homeland 3 .<br />
In 1864, Tsarist Russia completed its conquest of the Northern Caucasus, annexing the historical regions of<br />
Circassia and Abkhazia and forcing most of the native people – who bitterly resisted the Russians for an entire<br />
century – to seek refuge among their Muslim 4 co-religionists in the neighboring Ottoman Empire. Mass emigration<br />
started immediately 5 and continued in waves so that over the next half century at least two million 6 persons from<br />
the Northern Caucasus embarked on this journey of no return. Members of all tribal divisions of the Circassian<br />
people went into the making of Circassian diaspora, which, occasionally subsumed several related northern<br />
Caucasus ethnic groups 7 who shared the same fate in exile.<br />
The exodus and subsequent dispersal of Circassians all over the Ottoman Empire has been described as “one<br />
of the saddest [forced] emigrations ever recorded” 8 . Leaving Circassian shores by ships across the Black Sea, and<br />
to a smaller extent by land routes, contingents of displaced people suffered heavy losses from the start. It is said<br />
that they had problems a<strong>da</strong>pting to new environments, which, combined with the difficult conditions faced by<br />
1 For history of Circassians from time immemorial until the Middle Ages, see: Бетрозов Р., Этническая история адыгов с древнейших<br />
времен до XVI в. (Нальчик, 1996).<br />
2 Circassians' endonym (self-designation) is Adyge (Адыгэ in Cyrillic alphabet). They are comprised of peoples who speak two major<br />
dialects and a number of mutually intelligible subdialects. Abadzekh, Bzhedugh, Egerukai, Khatukai, Makhosh, Mamkheg, Natukhai,<br />
Shapsugh, Temirgoi, etc. speak Western (Adygean) dialects. Cherkess, Beslenei, Bakhsan, Kuban, Malka, Mozdok, etc. speak Eastern<br />
(Beslenei and Kabardian) dialects. For a comprehensive catalogue of Circassian peoples and their respective subdivisions see Ronald<br />
Wixman, The Peoples of the USSR, An Ethnographic Handbook (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1984). For geographic distribution of<br />
well over a million speakers of Circassian languages, see: Gordon Raymond, Jr., ed., Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15 th edition<br />
(Dallas, 2005). For an in-depth discussion of the entire language family to which Circassian belongs, see George Hewitt, North West<br />
Caucasian, Lingua, 115 (2205), p. 91-145.<br />
3 Jaimoukha Amjad, The Circassians: A Handbook (New York, NY: Palgrave, 2001) discusses the numerous and widely dispersed<br />
Circassian diaspora in detail in Chapter 5. The largest group is in Turkey, where about 1,100,000 Circassians are said to live in 890<br />
villages. Significant communities are found in Syria (~30,000), Jor<strong>da</strong>n (~40,000), Lebanon, Israel (~2,000 in the villages Kfar-Kama and<br />
Rikhaniya), Iraq, Egypt, Libya, Western Europe (Germany, Netherlands) and the United States (New Jersey), etc. Interestingly, Circassians<br />
were expatriates even prior to Russian conquest of Northern Caucasus, probably at least since the Middle Ages. They had a tradition of<br />
joining foreign armies as professional soldiers and were a major component of the famed Mamluks of Egypt.<br />
4 Circassians were partly Christianized by the Georgians in the 13 th century and partly converted to Islam by the Tatars in the 17 th century.<br />
Among Circassians who escaped to the Ottoman Empire, many were Christian who subsequently became Muslim in exile or persisted for<br />
some time as Crypto-Christian converts to Islam. In the northern Caucasus, there are still Christian Circassians around Mozdok in the<br />
Republic of North Ossetia – Alania.<br />
5 Kemal H. Karpat, Ottoman Population, 1830-1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin<br />
Press, 1985), p. 66.<br />
6 Suraiya Faroqhi, Bruce McGowan, Donald Quataert and Şevket Pamuk, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire: Volume<br />
2, 1600-1914 (Cambridge, 1994), p. 795.<br />
7 Abkhaz and Abaza (collectively known as Apswa) and Ubykh are all related northern Caucasus peoples who also left their homelands in<br />
large numbers upon Russian conquest. The Ubykh are the only group that no longer exists in their homeland. In March 1864, the entire<br />
Ubykh population, at least 30,000 people, chose to emigrate to Turkey rather than live under Russian rule; Ronald Wixman, The Peoples of<br />
the USSR, An Ethnographic Handbook, p. 202. In exile, however, the Ubykh were assimilated by other Circassians and Turks and lost their<br />
unique language. Ubykh language was not mutually intelligible with any other and is famous among linguists for having astonishing<br />
eighty consonants (according to David Crystal, Language Death, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 56). The language<br />
died with its last competent speaker, Tevfık Esenç, of Haci Osman village, near Manyas in Balıkesir province, October 1992.<br />
8 Ezen Pitar, “Narodi koje su Turci doveli na Balkan” in Knjiga o Balkanu I (Beograd, Serbia: Balkanski Institut, 1936), p. 174-178.<br />
404
efugees everywhere, badly affected them. Suffering exceedingly high mortality rates, they left many cemeteries<br />
along the ports and routes they passed 1 . The Ottoman state settled the immigrants in various parts of the Empire,<br />
first in the Balkans and later in Anatolia and the Levant 2 . The people so scattered faced widely different destinies.<br />
Descen<strong>da</strong>nts of those exiled in Anatolia and the Middle East managed to retain a separate identity and language to<br />
this <strong>da</strong>y 3 . Those who stayed behind in the native Caucasus were moved from their own lands and confined into<br />
reservation-like areas; eventually, they were shaped into separate ethnicities by the Soviet era and got to have<br />
nominal autonomies within the Russian Federation 4 . Circassians that settled in the Balkans, however, have all but<br />
disappeared from that part of the world.<br />
The Circassians reached the Balkans in several stages. Ships with refugees arrived directly to the Black Sea<br />
ports of Burgas, Varna, Constanţa (at that time, Kustendje), and of course, İstanbul 5 . Inland settlement was first in<br />
Rumelia 6 , followed by much of Bulgaria, where Felix Kanitz, famous traveler of the era, described large<br />
Circassian villages throughout the country 7 . Further west, the Ottomans used Circassians to curb hostile Christian<br />
populations and settled them in Macedonia, Kosovo, Metohija and southern Serbia (up to Niš and Prokuplje) to act<br />
as buffers between Turkish and Serbian areas 8 . By 1876, there could have been as many as 600,000 Circassians in<br />
the Balkans 9 .<br />
In the areas they moved to, Circassians seem to have been a real terror to the local populace, kidnapping,<br />
plundering, and committing atrocities. Circassian raids even led to popular uprisings locally, such as around<br />
Plovdiv in 1876 10 . To be fair, one must understand that Circassians lost their homeland and a large part of their<br />
population to an aggression by a Slavic (Russian) state and their dis<strong>da</strong>in for Balkan Slavs allied with Russia was<br />
only natural. In addition, Circassians' brutality in the Balkans was surely much smaller in scale than that of the<br />
Russian invaders who ravaged their homeland 11 and whose treatment of Circassian civilians reached genoci<strong>da</strong>l<br />
proportions 12 . It is from this period that Balkan peoples' very negative impressions of Circassians derive from.<br />
Images of Circassians as villains, cruel, scary, dirty, and so on have remained vivid to this <strong>da</strong>y in the collective<br />
memory of people who base them on oral histories and no direct experience. In striking contrast, negative<br />
perceptions about Circassians have completely disappeared in the few areas where Circassians actually lived in<br />
recent times and among people who had direct experience of having them as neighbors and fellow villagers 13 .<br />
(Decades later, old notions of Circassian brutality were boosted in the western Balkans during World War II, when<br />
Cossack troops of the German Army were misidentified as Circassians 14 ).<br />
1 Ezen Pitar, “Narodi koje su Turci doveli na Balkan”, laments that the émigrés were decimated from the onset and that as many as 30,000<br />
may have died in the Black Sea port of Trabzon alone. The author has personally observed in Dobruja several Circassian graveyards, by<br />
then already disappearing among pastureland. Biljana Sikimić, “Metafora praznog prostora. Čerkezi na Kosovu”, Slavia Meridionalis, 5<br />
(2000), notes that Circassians suffered an epidemic of something the Balkan Slavs called “Čerkeska bolest” (Cherkess disease).<br />
2 Seteney Shami, “Circassian Encounters: The Self as Other and the Production of the Homeland in the North Caucasus”, Development and<br />
Change, 29 (1988), p. 617-646. For a Turkish language account of Circassian dispersal throughout the Ottoman Empire see: Ïzzet<br />
Aydemir, Muhacerette Çerkes Aydïnlarï (Ankara, 1991), 243 p.<br />
3 Circassians in the Republic of Turkey faced intense pressure to assimilate but persisted and easily number more than 1,000,000 people<br />
to<strong>da</strong>y. The communities in Syria and especially Jor<strong>da</strong>n have prospered and come to be a well-to-do people, owning large areas of the city<br />
of Amman and having good relations with the royal family, even providing the Royal Guards for the Hashemite monarchy.<br />
4 Following many re-classifications, the three Circassians ‘nationalities’ official in the former USSR and now in the Russian Federation are<br />
Kabardin, Cherkess, and Adyge, titular in three republics: Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachaevo-Cherkessia, and Adygea. Each of the three<br />
entities boasts a dialect of Circassian as an official language.<br />
5 Ezen Pitar, “Narodi koje su Turci doveli na Balkan”.<br />
6 See Mark Pinson, “Ottoman Colonization of the Circassians in Rumili after the Crimean War”, Etudes Balkaniques, 3, p. 71-85.<br />
7 Many foreign travelers in the Balkans at the time noted the presence of Circassians. See, for example, chapter 15 in Stanislas G. B. St.<br />
Clair and Charles A. Brophy, A Residence in Bulgaria or Notes on the Resources and Administration of Turkey (London, 1869).<br />
8 M. Ali Kettani, “Islam na Balkanu u postosmanskom dobu,” Islamska misao [Ibn Sina, Sarajevo], 121 (1990), p. 24.<br />
9 Suraiya Faroqhi et al., An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire: Volume 2, 1600-1914, p. 795.<br />
10 Hugh Poulton, The Balkans – Minorities and States in Conflict (London, 1991), p. 117<br />
11 Paul B. Henze, “Circassian Resistance to Russia” in Mane B. Broxup, ed., The North Caucasus Barrier: Russian Advance Towards the<br />
Muslim World (London, 1992) describes the Russian scorched-earth treatment of conquered Circassia and atrocities committed by<br />
Imperial troops against the indigenous populace.<br />
12 See discussion by Stephen D. Shenfield, “The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?” in Mark Levene and Penny Roberts, ed., The<br />
Massacre in History (New York, 1999).<br />
13 Biljana Sikimić, “Metafora praznog prostora. Čerkezi na Kosovu”.<br />
14 It is widely believed in the former Yugoslavia that Circassians (known as Čerkezi) fought on behalf of the Nazis and committed untold<br />
atrocities against anti-fascist resistance and civilian populace. This belief is actually based on the local peoples' misidentification of<br />
members of the Cossack cavalry divisions extensively used by Wehrmacht against Yugoslav partisans. Whether or not this was inspired by<br />
some living memory of actual Circassians' Turkish-era uniforms and their similarity with Cossack uniforms is not known, but it is clear<br />
that “Čerkezi” locally became synonym for Cossacks in World War II. The misconception was promulgated in much post-war literature in<br />
Yugoslavia. In reality, there were no Circassians in Cossack units. The name “Čerkezi” was also applied to German army units composed<br />
of Soviet prisoners of war. The Yugoslav military encyclopedia (Vojna Enciklopedija) makes this clear and states that the only Circassians<br />
fighting on the country's territory in World War II were isolated individuals found among Red Army prisoners captured by the Germans,<br />
and that they were not more numerous than members of other nationalities of the USSR.<br />
405
Less than 15 years after their mass arrival on the Balkans, the Circassians were forced to flee. As Russian<br />
armies swept the peninsula during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, almost all Circassians left with retreating<br />
Ottomans, seeking safety yet again in Anatolia and the Middle East 1 . Some 100,000 Circassians escaped from<br />
Bulgaria 2 and most of the 12,000 Circassians living in southern Serbia left at that time as well 3 . At the beginning of<br />
the 20th century, Bulgaria was almost devoid of Circassians 4 ; Romania likewise; and only a few thousand<br />
Circassians persisted in areas that remained under Ottoman control: northern Greece 5 , Var<strong>da</strong>r Macedonia 6 and<br />
Kosovo 7 . The Circassians who stayed were obviously nothing like the bellicose people remembered from the past<br />
century, but regular peasants, by now well adjusted to life in the Balkans. In his 1900 monograph, Vasil K’nchov<br />
writes that Circassians in Macedonia were famed as blacksmiths and weavers and engaged in agriculture (although<br />
preferring pastoralism) 8 .<br />
Second wave of emigration came during the chaos of Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, when Circassians almost<br />
completely ebbed from the Balkans. In the aftermath, there were practically no Circassian settlements left on the<br />
peninsula, other than small pockets in Greek Macedonia 9 and Kosovo. Circassians formerly living in Var<strong>da</strong>r<br />
Macedonia (which after the war became Southern Serbia) were gone 10 . A functioning community still existed in<br />
Greece in 1930s 11 , but was reduced to only 32 people by 1951 12 , and disappeared by late 1970s 13 . Similar pattern<br />
was observed among Circassians living in Kosovo. About 250 individuals were recorded there in 1929 14 and then<br />
gradually disappeared from all almost all villages (Velika Reka, Malo Ribare, and Požaranje) and towns (Priština,<br />
Uroševac, Vučitrn and Kosovska Mitrovica) where they had lived previously lived 15 . This is indicative of the third<br />
and fourth waves of emigration to Turkey between the world wars and in 1960s 16 . By this time, any Circassians<br />
remaining elsewhere in the Balkans had either all emigrated to Turkey, lost the sense of ethnic community<br />
belonging, or become thoroughly merged with local Turkish minorities 17 and possibly other ethnic groups 18 . Across<br />
1 Ali Eminov, Turkish and other Muslim Minorities of Bulgaria (London, 1997), p. 32. San Stefano peace treaty of 1878 specifically obliged<br />
the Ottomans to evict Circassians from the Balkans.<br />
2 Safet Bandžović, “Migraciona Kretanja Muslimanskog Stanovništva na Balkanu Krajem XIX Stoljeća,” Znakovi vremena [Sarajevo], 15 (2002).<br />
3 N. Županić, “Les Tcherkesses du Kosovo Polje en Yougoslavie” in 15 th International Congress of Anthropology and Prehistoric Archeology [2 nd part,<br />
Paris, 1931], Actes (1933), 95-100. Also, A. Urošević, “Kosovo” in Srpski Etnografski Zbornik LXXVIII, Naselja i poreklo stanovništva 39 [Beograd,<br />
Serbia].<br />
4 Ali Eminov, Turkish and other Muslim Minorities of Bulgaria, p. 78.<br />
5 Todor Simovski, “The Balkan Wars and their Repercussions on the Ethnical Situation in Aegean Macedonia”, Glasnik [Skopje,<br />
Macedonia], XVI (3, 1972).<br />
6 Васил Кънчов, Македония. Етнография и статистика. (Sophia, Bulgaria: Държавна печатница, 1900) gives specific counts of Cherkess<br />
population in Var<strong>da</strong>r Macedonia, finding the largest compact mahallas in Demir Hisar and Ser, with about 450 and 400 people, respectively.<br />
7 В. Nušić, Kosovo, opis zemlje i naro<strong>da</strong>. (Novi Sad, Serbia: Matica Srpska, 1902) estimates at the turn of the century that no more than 400 Circassian<br />
families are found in Kosovo. He also gives an estimate of 6000 families who originally settled in Kosovo some forty years before.<br />
8 Кънчов В., Македония. Етнография и статистика (Sophia, 1900)<br />
9 Ingvar Svanberg, “Tjerkesser i Grekland” Hellenika [Föreningen Svenska Atheninstitutets Vänner], 49 (1989), p. 6-7 gives an overview of<br />
Circassians' history in Greece from late 19 th century until the 1950s.<br />
10 M. S. Filipović, “Etničke prilike u Južnoj Srbiji” in Spomenica dvadesetpetogodišnjice oslobođenja Južne Srbije 1912-1937 [Skopje,<br />
Macedonia], p. 387-497 lists the towns of Tetovo, Veles, and Prilep, and villages in the vicinity of Skopje, Štip, Strumica, and Kruševo as<br />
places previously with Circassian inhabitants.<br />
11 John Hope Simpson, The Refugee Problem: A Survey (London, 1939), discusses on p. 60-61 the Circassians' efforts to obtain Greek<br />
citizenship in 1938 in order to be able to buy land in Greece.<br />
12 Andreades K. G., I mousoulmaniki meionotis tis Dytikis Thrakis (Thessaloniki, 1956)<br />
13 Frederick de Jong, “Names, Religious Denomination and Ethnicity of Settlements in Western Thrace,” [A supplement to the Ortsnamenkonkor<strong>da</strong>nz der<br />
Balkanhalbinsel] (Leiden, 1980). A sole subsequent reference suggesting continued presence of Circassians in Greece is by Kharaeddin Varoque, “The<br />
Circassians: One of New Jersey's Ethnic Groups”, in: Cunningham B. (ed.) The New Jersey Ethnic Experience (Union City, NJ: W. H. Wise & Co., 1977)<br />
who states on p. 109 that there were still a few Circassians in the vicinity of Thessaloniki in 1977.<br />
14 N. Županić, “Les Tcherkesses du Kosovo Polje en Yougoslavie”. For additional historical records and ethnographic descriptions of<br />
Circassians in Yugoslavia from that period see T. R. Djordjević, “Čerkezi u Našoj Zemlji” and “Čerkezi u Suvom Dolu”. Glasnik<br />
skopskog naucnog drustva [Skopje, Macedonia], 3 (1928), p. 143 and 152; M. S. Filipović, “Novi po<strong>da</strong>ci o Čerkezima u Južnoj Srbiji”,<br />
Glasnik skopskog naucnog drustva [Skopje, Macedonia], 14 (1935), p. 267-68; and A. Popović, “Les Cherkesses <strong>da</strong>ns les territoires<br />
Yougoslaves.” Bulletin d’etude orientales, XXX (1978), p. 159-171.<br />
15 Sikimić B., “Etnolingvistička istraživanja skrivenih manjina _ mogućnosti i ograničenja: Čerkezi na Kosovu” in Biljana Sikimić, ed.,<br />
Hidden Minorities in the Balkans (Beograd, 2004) provides the most recent summary of Circassian settlement in Kosovo and lists the<br />
names of all known towns, villages, and hamlets ever inhabitted by them.<br />
16 Biljana Sikimić, “Metafora praznog prostora. Čerkezi na Kosovu”.<br />
17 Elena Marushiakova and Vesselin Popov, “Muslim Minorities in Bulgaria”, in Blaschke, Jochen, ed., Migration and Political<br />
Intervention. Diasporas in Transition Countries. (Berlin, 2004) believe that the 573 persons who declared themselves as Cherkez during<br />
the 1992 Bulgarian population census are just remaining individual cases rather than a separate community. Similarly, Hugh Poulton, The<br />
Balkans – Minorities and States in Conflict, p. 117, states the Circassians in Bulgaria “have become totally assimilated by the Turks.” The<br />
last Bulgarian population census (2001), still records 367 people self-declared as Cherkez.<br />
18 The last name Čerkez is found among Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats; Qerkezi among Albanians, etc.<br />
406
the Balkans, Circassian presence continued to echo only in the conspicuous names of some of their former villages,<br />
which continued to bear Cherkess 1 epithet even as they became inhabited by other peoples.<br />
Against all odds, a group of Kosovo Circassians persisted. In 1980s, approximately 600-700 Circassians<br />
were said to live in two villages northeast of Priština: Donje Stanovce and Miloševo 2 .<br />
Recent research by Biljana Sikimić of Belgrade-based Institute for Balkan Studies indicates that this was a<br />
tightly-knit, endogamous community where intermarrying and assimilation with adjacent ethnic groups (Serbs,<br />
Albanians, and Turks) was virtually unheard of 3 . Their Serb neighbors respected them and described them as<br />
peaceful, hard-working, skilled, and multilingual 4 people. Unfortunately, yet another war forced them to move.<br />
The 1998-99 conflict between Albanian militants and government forces in Kosovo triggered the fifth and<br />
final wave of Circassian emigration from the Balkans. The larger of the two remaining Circassian settlements in<br />
Kosovo, Donje Stanovce 5 , was collectively abandoned in July, 1998 6 . This was barely noted by the media 7 .<br />
Through action of International Circassian Association and the government of the Republic of Adygea, they were<br />
repatriated to the their ancestral homeland in the northern Caucasus after a century and a half of heartbreaking<br />
exile 8 . They were settled in a village newly constructed for the purpose of accommo<strong>da</strong>ting them 9 .<br />
The story of Circassians in the Balkans does not end yet. It appears that a group of about a hundred<br />
Circassians did not leave for Adygea in 1998. They remained in Kosovo but escaped to Macedonia during NATO<br />
attack in 1999, and then returned to Kosovo after the NATO bombing ceased 10 . Their status as a minority is<br />
presently not clear, but the local government and international organizations are aware of their existence as a<br />
distinct ethnic group. This last extant Circassian community in the Balkans 11 is reported to live on a single street in<br />
the village of Miloševo, within Obilić municipality 12 .<br />
1 Cherkess is English derivation of Çerkes, Turkish name for Circassians, which, in Balkan languages, became Cherkez, Çerkez, Qerkez, Черкез, Čerkez, etc.<br />
It has been preserved in many toponyms throughout southeastern Europe. For example, there is Čerkezi (also known as Черкеско Село, near Kumanovo)<br />
in Macedonia, Čerkeska Mahala (in Prokuplje) in Serbia, Čerkezi, Čerkezovac and Čerkezovići in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cherkezkoi in Northern<br />
Greece, Çerkezköy in Eastern Thrace (European part of Turkey), Cherchezu (west of Negru Vodă) in Romania, etc. A book by Nihat Berzeg, Çerkes<br />
Sürgünü – Gerçek, Tarihi ve Politik Nedenleriyle [Circassian Exile – with its real historical and political reasons] (Ankara, 1996) provides a list of 49 towns<br />
and villages in the Balkans that are known to have had Circassian inhabitants.<br />
2 Batıray Özbek, “Erzahlüngen der letzten Tscherkessen auf dem Amselfeld”, in Ethnographie der Tscherkessen 4 (Bonn, Germany: Sprachwiss. Inst. d.<br />
Univ., Lehrstuhl für Allg. u. Vgl. Sprachwiss.], 133 p. This book contains a collection of oral histories by Kosovo Circassians themselves.<br />
3 Analysis by Biljana Sikimić, “Etnolingvistička istraživanja skrivenih manjina _ mogućnosti i ograničenja: Čerkezi na Kosovu”, discusses<br />
the interethnic relationships between Circassians and their neighbors and provides a wealth of <strong>da</strong>ta regarding perceptions of Kosovo Serbs<br />
toward Circassians. In addition, the author provides a lot of hard-to-find information about Kosovo Circassians, including even the last<br />
names of many families, all belonging to Abadzekh tribe.<br />
4 According to UNHCR/OSCE, Preliminary Assessment Of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo (26 July, 1999), p. 15, many<br />
Circassians living in Kosovo can speak Adyge, Serbo-Croat, and Albanian. Almost certainly many males can also speak Turkish.<br />
5 Albanian name for Donje Stanovce is Stanofc i Ulët.<br />
6 Biljana Sikimić, “Metafora praznog prostora. Čerkezi na Kosovu”.<br />
7 Olga Žirojević, “Izbegličke reke toku...”, Republika [Beograd, Serbia], 208 (1999), p. 6, cited in Biljana Sikimić, “Etnolingvistička<br />
istraživanja skrivenih manjina _ mogućnosti i ograničenja: Čerkezi na Kosovu”.<br />
8 BBC reported that seventy-six people of Circassians from two villages near Priština left Kosovo for Adygea, prompted by threats from the<br />
ethnic Albanian Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), which was fighting for Kosovo's independence (BBC, August 2, 1998, Circassians flee<br />
Kosovo conflict). Igor Rotar, “The International Circassian Community: Is Mass Repatriation of Adygeis Feasible?” Prism [The<br />
Jamestown Foun<strong>da</strong>tion] 4 (22, November 13, 1998), interviewed Kosovo Adyge migrants and documented some of the hostility and abuse<br />
they suffered from Albanians. There is also a book available in Turkish and Russian about this return to the ancestral homeland by the<br />
former Adygean minister of culture, who facilitated the repatriation: Çemişo Gazi, Dönüşün İlk Adımları (Ankara, 2000).<br />
9 İstanbul-based Agency Caucasus states on their website that Kosovo Circassians were settled in a new village, named Mefehable, constructed by the<br />
International Circassian Association on land awarded to the immigrants by the Adygea government, on the 10 th kilometer of the Maikop-Nalchik road.<br />
Sadly, RFE/RL Newsline (May 24, 1999) reports that they are being subjected to discrimination, that housing built for them has been occupied by<br />
others, and that they are unable to find work. Ayhan Kaya, “Cultural Reification in Circassian Diaspora: Stereotypes, Prejudices and Ethnic Relations,”<br />
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31 (1, 2005), p. 129-149, discusses the tragic predicament of the returnees, who are perceived as different by<br />
the locals and complain of their lack of belonging in both the homeland (of their birth) they came from and the homeland (of their ancestors) they<br />
arrived to. The experiences of Kosovo Circassians living in Adygea are being studied by Marieta Kumpilova (Universität Leipzig, Germany) and<br />
Salvatore Di Rosa (Universiteit Gent, Belgium).<br />
10 UNHCR/OSCE, Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo (Period covering November 1999 through January 2000) (11 February,<br />
2000), p. 36, indicates that everyone returned except for two families who left for Adygea, presumably to join those “repatriated” the year before.<br />
11 There are no other Circassian communities left in the Balkans. Even in Turkey, where numerous sources estimate between 2 and 2.5 million people<br />
aware of their Circassian identity, there are no Circassian communities on the Balkan side. This is according to thorough research by Batiray Özbek,<br />
“Tscherkessen in der Türkei”, in P. Andrews, Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey (Tubinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, TAVO: Series B)<br />
(Wiesbaden, 1989), p. 589. The only exception, of course, must be the microcosm of the city of İstanbul.<br />
12 UNHCR/OSCE, Preliminary Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo, p. 15. Albanian spellings of Miloševo and<br />
Obilić are Miloshevë and Obiliq.<br />
407
eTnologia<br />
giorgi gociriZe<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa <strong>da</strong> eTnologiis instituti<br />
svanTa <strong>da</strong>saxlebebi qvemo qarTlSi<br />
(gar<strong>da</strong>bnisa <strong>da</strong> marneulis raionebi)<br />
`svaneTi<strong>da</strong>n wamoRebuli monadiris xeljoxi SemomrCa,<br />
aq aRar mWirdeba, radgan nadirobiT veRar vnadirob <strong>da</strong><br />
WiuxebSic ar miwevs wasvla. saqonelsac ar verekebi mTaSi.<br />
axla es joxi warsuls magonebs mxolod <strong>da</strong> mec fiqrebSi<br />
CaZiruls mSobliuri svaneTi mixmobs, suls miforiaqebs...~<br />
es sev<strong>da</strong>narevi sityvebi epigramad rom gamoviyene, Cemi savele dRiuri<strong>da</strong>naa amowerili.<br />
igi svan kacs _ uCa xarzians ekuTvnis, warmoSobiT mulaxis Temi<strong>da</strong>n, gar<strong>da</strong>banSi<br />
1951 wels Camovi<strong>da</strong> ganawilebiT <strong>da</strong> aq gaatara mTeli cxovreba. saintereso pirovneba<br />
gaxl<strong>da</strong>T batoni uCa, maRali, warmosadegi, avtoritetuli, Rvawlmosili, kulturis <strong>da</strong>msaxurebuli<br />
muSaki. is Cveni eTnografiuli eqspediciis 1 maspinZeli iyo <strong>da</strong> bevri ram<br />
gviambo kidec aqaur svanebze, migrantebze, maT yofa-cxovrebaze. ase rom am statiis <strong>da</strong>weras<br />
garkveulwilad masac vumadli.<br />
qvemo qarTli istoriuli bediT gamorCeuli kuTxea saqarTvelosi, n. berZeniSvili<br />
mas samxreT saqarTvelos istoriul karibWes uwodeb<strong>da</strong> 2 . mZafri politikuri peripetiebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialuri procesebis gamo igi droTa ganmavlobaSi iseT mWidrod <strong>da</strong>saxlebul<br />
polieTnikur regionad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c sakuTriv qarTvelebis gar<strong>da</strong> kavkasiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> arakavkasiuri warmomavlobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva eTnosi cxovrobs: (somxebi, berZnebi, azerbaijanelebi,<br />
aisorebi, rusebi). maTi a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis, socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli integraciis<br />
procesebis Seswavla mimdinare globalizaciis fonze gansakuTrebul interess<br />
iwvevs. qarTul saistorio mecnierebaSi qvemo qarTlis regioni wmin<strong>da</strong> istoriis, arqeologiisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> istoriuli geografiis TvalsazrisiT safuZveliana<strong>da</strong>a Seswavlili (iv.<br />
javaxiSvili, n. berZeniSvili, l. musxeliSvili, i. lorTqifaniZe, d. musxeliSvili, d.<br />
berZeniSvili, k. xaraZe, q. quTaTelaZe <strong>da</strong> sxvebi) 3 . magram sakuTriv eTnografiuli kuTxiT,<br />
mcire gamonaklisis gar<strong>da</strong> (g. Citaia, g. jalabaZe, l. fruiZe, l. boWoriSvili) 4 , metadre<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>bnisa <strong>da</strong> marneulis magaliTze, Zalian mcire ramaa gakeTebuli. bolo xanebSi<br />
vecadeT es deficiti ramodenime statiiT Segvevso, magram bunebrivia esec araa sakmarisi<br />
<strong>da</strong> kvleva am mimarTulebiT axlac mimdinareobs 5 .<br />
im qarTvelur eTnografiul jgufebs Soris, romlebic dRes qvemo qarTlis<br />
regionSi (kerZod marneulisa <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>bnis raionebSi) cxovroben (qarTlelebi, kaxele-<br />
1 mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs 2003-2007 wlebis qvemo qarTlis eTnografiuli eqspedicia (g. gociriZe, l. beriaSvili,<br />
m. qanTaria, m. xazraZe, g. <strong>da</strong>viTaSvili). eqspediciis masalebi dRiurebis saxiT inaxeba avtorebTan.<br />
2 n. berZeniSvili, qvemo qarTli, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, XIII (Tbilisi, 1990).<br />
3 d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, II (Tbilisi, 1980), d. berZeniSvili,<br />
narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografii<strong>da</strong>n, I, qvemo qarTli (Tbilisi, 1979), k. xaraZe, saqarTvelos istoriuli<br />
gaografia, qvemo qarTli (Tbilisi, 1991), i. lorTqifaniZe, qvemo qarTli me-18 saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi<br />
(Tbilisi, 1935), q. quTaTelaZe, qvemo qarTli (politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi) (Tbilisi, 2001).<br />
4 g. Citaia, eTnografiuli mogzaurobi<strong>da</strong>n aRbulaRais raionSi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, IV<br />
(Tbilisi, 1928), qvemo qarTli (eTnografiuli gamokvleva) (Tbilisi, 1990), l. boWoriSvili, qvemo qarTlis istoriuli<br />
geografii<strong>da</strong>n (saflavis Zeglebi), masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, VIII (Tbilisi, 1956), l.<br />
fruiZe, qvemo qarTlis eTnografiuli eqspedicia, macne, istoriis seria, #4 (Tbilisi, 1971), gv. 174-178.<br />
5 m. qanTaria, g. gociriZe, marneulis raionis eTno-demografiuli Taviseburebani, masalebi saqarTvelos<br />
eTnografiisaTvis, XXV (Tbilisi, 2005), gv. 263_275; g. gociriZe, gar<strong>da</strong>bani (istoriul-eTnografiuli meridianebi),<br />
mose janaSvilis <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n 150 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecniero sesiis moxsenebaTa mokle<br />
Sinaarsebi (Tbilisi, 2005), gv. 100-104; Гоциридзе Г. Ш., Бериашвили Л. К., Глобализация и проблемы разития традиционных<br />
хозяственно-культурных взаимоотношении в полиэтнической среде (Марнеульский раион), kavkasiis eTnologiuri<br />
krebuli, IX, eZRvneba rusu<strong>da</strong>n xaraZis xsovnas (Tbilisi 2005), gv. 116-125.<br />
408
i, imerlebi, raWvelebi, mTiulebi, fSav-xevsurebi, aWarlebi), arian svanebic; maTi aq<br />
mosvla <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxleba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva drosa <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva viTarebaSi mox<strong>da</strong>. ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d es<br />
migraciebi etapobrivad gasuli saukunis pirvel <strong>da</strong> meore naxevarSi mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
erTis mxriv <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo meore msoflio omis Semdeg mosaxleobis gegmiur ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebebTan<br />
(1947-1954) <strong>da</strong> meores mxriv 1987-1989 wlebSi svaneTSi <strong>da</strong>trialebul stiqiur<br />
ubedurebebTan 1 . pirvel periodSi gegmiuri ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebis ZiriTadi mizezi mTian regionebSi<br />
Seqmnili gansakuTrebuli mZime socialur-ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> demografiuli situacia<br />
iyo (mciremiwianoba, Warbmosaxleoba), amitomac mTavrobam `gantvirTvis~ mizniT<br />
mTielebis barSi Camosaxleba <strong>da</strong>iwyo, rac mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT iqna ganxorcielebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> bunebrivia svanebsac Seexo, magram svanTa yvelaze masiuri `deportacia~<br />
ufro meore periodSi (1987-89) mox<strong>da</strong>, roca zvavebis Camowolam asobiT a<strong>da</strong>mianis sicocxle<br />
imsxverpla, <strong>da</strong>angria <strong>da</strong> gaanadgura soflebi 2 . ekomigrantebi qveynis TiTqmis yvela<br />
kuTxeSi ga<strong>da</strong>nawiles <strong>da</strong> maT Soris qvemo qarTlSi, bolnisis, dmanisis, gar<strong>da</strong>bnis, ga-<br />
Cianis, marneulis, TeTri wyaros raionebSi, agreTve Tbilisis SemogarenSi _ lilosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> gamarjvebaSi, romlebic maSin administraciulad gar<strong>da</strong>bnis raionSi Semodiodnen.<br />
marneulis raionSi (yofil borCaloSi) svanTa kompaqturi <strong>da</strong>saxlebis punqtia sofeli<br />
Tamarisi, romelsac migrantebma `meore mulaxi~ uwodes, radgan mulaxis Temi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
arian wamosulebi 3 . adre aq (TamarisSi), maT mosvlamde, germanelebi cxovrobdnen meore<br />
msoflio omis Semdeg Casaxlebulebi <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad am <strong>da</strong>saxlebas germanuli saxeli<br />
`traunbergi~ uwodes 4 . germanelebamde ra erqva am sofels ar axsovT, magram mogvianebiT<br />
rom Tamarisi Searqves, amas saintereso legendiT amarTleben. legendis Tanaxmad<br />
sul Zvelad, am adgilebSi Tamar mefes gamouvlia Tavisi amaliT, roca wasula, gzaSi<br />
mandili <strong>da</strong>vardnia. is erT glexs upovnia <strong>da</strong> ukiTxavs visiao es mandili? upasuxiaT _<br />
`Tamarisio~. ase gaCenila tiponimi Tamarisi 5 . gamodis, rom is svanebma aRadgines. magram<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vZinoT, rom es istoriuli mexsierebis erTi magaliTia, xalxuri versiaa<br />
mxolod <strong>da</strong> mas sagangebo mecnieruli kvleva esaWiroeba.<br />
gadmogvcemen, rom roca TamarisSi svanebi movidnen adgilobrivma xelisuflebam<br />
maT sacxovreblad, swored germanelebisagan <strong>da</strong>tovebuli saxlebi ga<strong>da</strong>sca, Tumca sxva<br />
`axalSenebic~ (`kotejebic~) <strong>da</strong>axvedres. ase Seiqmna aq svanebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli didi ubani,<br />
romelic dRes tradiciuli cxovrebiT cxovrobs, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad garkveuli sirTuleebisa<br />
razec qvemoT sagangebod gveqneba saubari.<br />
rac Seexeba gar<strong>da</strong>bnis raions. aq svanebiT yvelaze mWidrod <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli sofelia<br />
`lemSvaniera~ _ `sasvano~, sa<strong>da</strong>c amJamad 700-mde komli cxovrobs. <strong>da</strong>saxlebis forma aqac<br />
ubnobrivia <strong>da</strong> `Temebis~ mixedviTaa ganawilebli. sul 5 ubania (ix. Tan<strong>da</strong>rTuli sqema).<br />
pirvel ubanSi uSguli<strong>da</strong>n, kala<strong>da</strong>n, adiSi<strong>da</strong>n mosulebi arian: avalianebi, qal<strong>da</strong>nebi,<br />
WeliZeebi, niJaraZeebi, Carqselianebi, RvaClianebi, ratianebi.<br />
meore ubanSi mulaxis Temi<strong>da</strong>n: ioselianebi, ServaSiZeebi, margianebi, JorJolianebi.<br />
mesame ubanSi: ifari<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> latali<strong>da</strong>n xvistanebi, gulbanebi, pirvelebi, korZaiebi.<br />
meoTxe ubanSi lenjeri<strong>da</strong>n: gule<strong>da</strong>nebi, Sukvanebi.<br />
mexuTe ubanSi kala<strong>da</strong>n: margvlianebi, xarZianebi, gvelebianebi (gvelesianebis ganayarni)<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxvebi. sul mTel <strong>da</strong>saxlebaSi 700-mde ojaxia.<br />
lemSveniera uSualod esazRvreba azerbaijanelebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebul sofel jan<strong>da</strong>ras<br />
<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebis sofel mzianeTs. mzianeTic gvian Serqmeuli saxeli un<strong>da</strong> iyos, Tumca<br />
lemSvanieraze adreuli. aq meore msoflio omis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1945-1955 wlebSi<br />
msjavrdebulTa `kolonia~ (Tavisufali gansaxleba) yofila, msjavr-debulebisaTvis<br />
gankuTvnili. maT meurneobaSi amuSavebdnen. sasjelis moxdis Semdeg ki bevri maTgani<br />
adgilze <strong>da</strong>rCenila sacxvreblad <strong>da</strong> ojaxi Seuqmnia. mere sofeli Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan gafarToebula<br />
<strong>da</strong> qveynis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxi<strong>da</strong>n mosulebi Sematebian (fSavelebi, xevsurebi, mTiulebi,<br />
imerlebi, raWvelebi). rac Seexeba svanebs, isini Tavi<strong>da</strong>n mzianeTSi CausaxlebiaT,<br />
1 l. niJaraZe, koSkma koSks ga<strong>da</strong>uZaxa (Tbilisi, 1996), gv. 3-19.<br />
2 iqve.<br />
3 iqve.<br />
4 g. manjgalaZe, germaneli kolonistebi amierkavkasiaSi (Tbilisi, 1974), gv. 11; g. gociriZe, qvemo qarTlis<br />
eqspediciis dRiurebi (2005), rv. #2.<br />
5 iqve.<br />
409
magram Semdeg calke gamoyofilan, axlandeli lemSvanieras teritoriaze; axla es ukanaskneli<br />
calke sakrebuloa <strong>da</strong> mzianeTic masSi Sedis.<br />
svanebi aseve kompaqturad cxovroben sofel lelaSxaSi (154 komli), nagebSi (50<br />
komli), kapanaxCSi. kapanaxCSi lentexis raioni<strong>da</strong>n gadmosaxlebulebi arian: onianebi,<br />
qurasbedianebi, xabulianebi, lipartelianebi, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 100-ze meti ojaxi. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa<br />
cxovroben TviT qalaqSic (gar<strong>da</strong>banSi) magram gafantulad (qarxnis teritoriaze, qalaqis<br />
SemosasvlelSi <strong>da</strong> sxv.), ris gamoc maT <strong>da</strong>saxlebas raime saxelwodeba ra aqvs.<br />
legendebia Semonaxuli lomTagoruli laSxebis Sesaxebac. pirveli laSxi (raionSi) 50-<br />
ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong>saxlebula. misi erT-erTi STamomavali kaxa laSxi ki Cveni eqspedicis<br />
dros lomTagoris sacdel meurneobas xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong>. man Zalian bevri ram gviambo<br />
marneulSi svanTa Camosaxlebis <strong>istoria</strong>ze, mis winaparze 1 .<br />
uCa xarzianis gadmocemiT svanebi kompaqturad cxovroben Tbilisis SemogarenSic, liloSi<br />
(64 komli), krwanisSi 140, foniWalaSi (100 komli). amas emateva afxazeTi<strong>da</strong>n iZulebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebulTa 500-ze meti ojxi, romlebic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva adgilebze arian gafantulni 2 .<br />
migrantTa gadmocemiT Tavi<strong>da</strong>n svanebs Zalian gaWirvebiaT adgilobriv pirobebTan<br />
Segueba. (cxeli klimati, mSrali hava, uwyloba) amitomac bevri maTgani ukan gabrunebula,<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCenilebma ki rTuli <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi a<strong>da</strong>ptacia gaiares. ekonomikur pirobebTan<br />
erTad saqmes isic arTuleb<strong>da</strong>, rom monoeTnikuri garemo<strong>da</strong>n polieTnikur garemoSi aRmoCndnen.<br />
mTis amay, patriot svanebs, adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan gauZnel<strong>da</strong> urTier-<br />
Toba. amitomac pirvel xanebSi eTnokomfliqturi situacia Seiqmna, gansakuTrebiT azerbaijanelebTan,<br />
romlebic Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ukeTes pirobebSi imyofebodnen, radgan `jan<strong>da</strong>ris<br />
tba~ <strong>da</strong> sarwyavi arxi maT teritoriazea ganTavsebuli. svanebi am sarwyavs moklebulebi<br />
aRmoCndnen. amasTan erTad warmoiqmna <strong>da</strong>va miwis nakveTebis ganawilebaze, ker-<br />
Zod im zolSi sa<strong>da</strong>c mosazRvred azerbaijanelTa sasaflao mdebareob<strong>da</strong> 3 . iyo sxva<br />
konkretuli mizezebic, romelTa <strong>da</strong>Zlevasac dro <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>. azerbaijanelTa <strong>da</strong> svanTa<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvel <strong>da</strong>Zabul urTierTobebze eTnologi xaTuna ioseliani SeniSnavs, rom mTieli<br />
qarTvelebis (svanebis) am regionSi Camosaxlebam garkveuli disonansi Seitana adgilobriv<br />
mosaxleobaSi, nawilobriv negatiuri, Tumca ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d pozitiuri xasiaTisa.<br />
mTavri Sedegi ki am Camosaxlebisa demografiuli suraTis Secvla iyo. aman <strong>da</strong>arRvia<br />
arsebuli ZalTa Tanafardoba. aqaur qarTul mosaxleobas Seemata Camosaxlebuli mTielebi<br />
(svanebi), romelTac moindomes sakuTar samSoblod miCneul teritoriaze gavlenis<br />
mopoveba; aman ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong> gaaRiziana azerbaijanelebi <strong>da</strong> ara marto azerbaijanelebi.<br />
svanebs kontaqti garkveulwilad qarTul mosaxleobasTanac gauWir<strong>da</strong>T, magram<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabuli, komfliqturi situacia mxolod azerbaijanelebTan Seiqmna; zogjer xelCar-<br />
Tul winaaRmdegobamde misuli 4 .<br />
rogorc irkveva, SemdegSi es viTareba Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan ganimuxta, situaciaSi xelisuflebac<br />
Ceria; magram gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad es ganmuxtva ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mainc migrantebis<br />
gonivrulma <strong>da</strong> TavSekavebulma moqmedebam ganapiroba 5 , Cvenis azriT aq azerbaijanelebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>nac, <strong>da</strong>dibiTi roli un<strong>da</strong> iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli. mTlianobaSi ki<br />
yovelive es SromiTi saqmianobis Tanmxvedri <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri procesebis Tanmimdevruli<br />
regulirebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis Sedegi iyo. un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom svanebi Znelad, magram nelnela<br />
SeeCvien adgilobriv pirobebs, havas, klimats; Seqmnes TavianTi meurneoba (ufro<br />
sworad moiwyves igi), <strong>da</strong>Zlies mTeli rigi socialur-ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri barierebi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyes sruliad <strong>axali</strong> cxovreba 6 . axla maTi (azerbaijanelebisa <strong>da</strong> svanebis)<br />
urTierToba gawonasworebulia <strong>da</strong> stabiluria, keTilmezobluria <strong>da</strong> saqmiani. isini<br />
ojaxebiT icnoben erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong> pativs scemen urTierTis wes-Cveulebebs, religiur aRmsareblobas.<br />
azerbaijanelebi <strong>da</strong>dian qarTul taZrebSi, Rebuloben monawileobas eklesiaTa<br />
mSeneblobaSi (mag. vaxtangisSi sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>axali</strong> taZari aSen<strong>da</strong>, yavT TavianTi qar-<br />
Tveli megobrebi _ `yonaRebi~, `naTliobi~ (zepiri SeTanxmebiT <strong>da</strong> ara saeklesio mironcxebis<br />
wesiT). azerbaijanelebi dResaswaulebze iwveven qarTvelebs (mag. `yurban baira-<br />
1 g. gociriZe, qvemo qarTlis eqspediciis dRiurebi (2003), rv. #1.<br />
2 u. xarziani, svanebi gar<strong>da</strong>banSi, xelnaweri (inaxeba eqspediciis arqivSi).<br />
3 g. gociriZe, qvemo qarTlis eqspediciis dRiurebi (2003), rv. #2.<br />
4 x. ioseliani, eTnosTa Soriso urTierTobis kulturul-istoriuli problemebi (gar<strong>da</strong>bnis raionis eTnografiuli<br />
monacemebi), eTnologiuri krebuli (Tbilisi, 2008), gv. 3-9.<br />
5 iqve.<br />
6 iqve, gv. 3-9.<br />
410
mis~, `nouruzobis-<strong>axali</strong> wlis~ dros) <strong>da</strong> sxv. 1 Tumca wmin<strong>da</strong> eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT,<br />
mainc rCeba zogi ram iseTi wesi an Cveva, rac svanebs ar moswonT an piriqiT.<br />
mag. azerbaijanelebi Zroxas marcxena mxri<strong>da</strong>n wvelian gansxvavebiT qarTvelebisa. roca<br />
saklavs klaven mas gasatyaveblad cal fexze kideben 2 ; maT ar moswonT svanebis gorozi<br />
xasiaTi, Rvinis sma <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi qeifebi _ `memTvraleoba~, samagierod svanebs<br />
moswonT azerbaijanelebis Cais smis rituali, erTmaneTTan mosakiTxad misvla-mosvla,<br />
Wirsa <strong>da</strong> lxinSi Tanadgoma <strong>da</strong> sxv., rasac integraciisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs.<br />
xalxTa kulturuli <strong>da</strong> socialuri dialogis es mxare (urTierTobis eTika), misi ganviTarebis<br />
dinamika) sagangebo kvlevis sagania <strong>da</strong> amdenad aq masze aRar SevCerdebi 3 , magram<br />
im sakiTxebze, rac uSualod gadmosaxlebul svanTa yofiT a<strong>da</strong>ptacias, (yofasa <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturas) Seexeba ramodenime Semajamebeli wina<strong>da</strong>debis Tqma SemiZlia.<br />
1. sameurneo yofa. cnobilia rom sameurneo gamocdileba <strong>da</strong> tradiciebi eTnosis<br />
arsebobis ZiriTadi pirobaa, garemosTan Seguebuli, a<strong>da</strong>ptaciisa <strong>da</strong> sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis<br />
kulturis yvelaze arsebiTi niSani. ra mox<strong>da</strong> migrirebulTa yofaSi am mxriv,<br />
svanebi uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n msxvilfexa mesaqonleobas misdevdnen <strong>da</strong> wveladi meurneoba<br />
maTTvis wamyvani <strong>da</strong>rgia. aq ki qvemo qarTlSi, sruliad gansxvavebul ekologiur<br />
garemoSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c cxeli klimaturi pirobebia (naleqebis raodenobac Zalian mcire),<br />
cxovreba gauWir<strong>da</strong>T. adgilobrivi saZovrebi (ialnos mTis kalTebi <strong>da</strong> velebi) mSral nia<strong>da</strong>giania<br />
<strong>da</strong> uwylo, zafxulobiT sicxisagan gamofituli, erozirebuli. Sesabamisad balaxic<br />
araa yuaTiani-cximiani. amdenad svanebisTvis mTuri mesaqonleobis tradiciuli sistemis<br />
aq gadmotana SeuZlebeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. isini iZulebuli Seiqmnen adgilobriv barul<br />
sistemaze ga<strong>da</strong>suliyvnen, rac aseve rTuli iyo. svaneTi<strong>da</strong>n gadmoyvanilma saqonelma aqaur<br />
klimats ver gauZlo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iRupa. amitom iyides adgilobrivi jiSis saqoneli, romelic<br />
naklebs iwveleba <strong>da</strong> mas bagur pirobebSi inaxaven 4 . Tvlian, rom qvemo qarTlis landSaftebi<br />
ufro mecxvareobisTvisaa misa<strong>da</strong>gebuli. rasac azerbaijanelebi misdeven. (msxvilfexa<br />
saqoneli maT TiTqmis arca hyavT), <strong>da</strong>rgi ki tradiciis ZaliT aqvT SemorCenili <strong>da</strong><br />
saZovrebad ionjiT moWarbebul vel-mindvrebs <strong>da</strong> `ialaRebs~ iyeneben 5 .<br />
svanebi wuxan, rom aqauri rZe, rac ar un<strong>da</strong> ecadon naklebcximiania <strong>da</strong> sulguni<br />
iseTi ar gamodis rogorc svaneTSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vaT amisa sulguns mainc amzadeben <strong>da</strong> realizaciac<br />
ar uWirT, amarageben ara marto adgilobriv bazars aramed Tbilissac. saintereso<br />
faqtia, rom sulgunis <strong>da</strong>mzadeba svanebis mibaZviT azerbaijanelebmac scades.<br />
magram teqnologia ver srulyves; maTi `sulguni~ uxarisxoa <strong>da</strong> malfuWadi, amitom es<br />
mosaxleoba ufro cxvris cximmoxdil yvels amjobinebs, rac ase Tu ise, mainc tradiciulia<br />
<strong>da</strong> miRebuli.<br />
migrirebuli svanebisaTvis sameurneo tradiciebis SenarCunebis mxriv marneulTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mdgradi viTarebaa Seqmnili marneulis raionSi. saxeldobr sofel Tamaris-<br />
Si, sa<strong>da</strong>c sarwyavi arxic axlos gadis <strong>da</strong> nia<strong>da</strong>gic ufro ukeTesia. aq Casaxlebuli svanebi<br />
ara marto mesaqonleobas misdevdnen (yavT sakmao raodenobis saqoneli), aramed miwaTmoqmedebasac.<br />
Tesen xorbals, siminds. gaaSenes baRebi, axares vazi <strong>da</strong> mSvenier Rvinosac<br />
ayeneben, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d TeTri `uwamli~ jiSisagan, radgan rqawiTela <strong>da</strong> sxva jiSebi<br />
aq ar ician (ver gvarobs), Tumca Sinnaxadi suladis arayic ar <strong>da</strong>viwyebiaT 6 .<br />
rac Seexeba purs _ ZiriTad produqts; purs <strong>da</strong> Wads isini tradiciul svanur RumelSi<br />
(`feC~) acxoben. bolo periodSi aqa iq Toneebic SemoiRes. kerZebi<strong>da</strong>n ki kvlav<br />
tradiciulia Romi <strong>da</strong> elarji, kub<strong>da</strong>ri, WviStari, Zexveuli (`zisxora~) <strong>da</strong> sxv. 7 religiur<br />
dReebSi acxoben ritualur purebs _ `lemzirebs~, amzadeben ganTqmul sanebels<br />
`svanur marils~ (Tumca misi ingrediantebi (mag. `gicruli~) svaneTi<strong>da</strong>n moaqvT), micvalebulis<br />
xarjisaTvis klaven saklavs, ixdian dReobebs. uyvarT stumari <strong>da</strong> mas goWs<br />
uklaven mama papuri wesiT umaspinZldebian 8 .<br />
1 g. gociriZe, qvemo qarTlis eqspediciis dRiurebi.<br />
2 x. ioseliani, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi.<br />
3 g. gociriZe, eTnikuri procesebi <strong>da</strong> kulturaTa dialogi qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobaSi (qarTul-azerbaijanuli<br />
urTierTobebis magaliTze) gar<strong>da</strong>bnis <strong>da</strong> marneulis raionebi, logosi (Tbilisi, 2008), gv. 260-264.<br />
4 g. gociriZe, qvemo qarTlis eqspediciis dRiurebi.<br />
5 iqve.<br />
6 iqve.<br />
7 iqve.<br />
8 iqve.<br />
411
materialuri kultura. svanebi qvemo qarTlSic tradiciuli materialuri kulturis<br />
<strong>da</strong> erovnuli faseulobebis <strong>da</strong>mcvelebi arian. isini saukeTeso xis ostatebad iTvlebian<br />
<strong>da</strong> am xelobas warmatebiT iyeneben. amzadeben svanur avejsa <strong>da</strong> dgam-WurWels.<br />
maTgan aRsaniSnavia saufroso skam-savarZeli `sakurcxil~ <strong>da</strong> sajalabo taxti, araCveulebrivi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>xvewili ornamentebiT Semkuli, sinatifisa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebis namdvil nimuSebs<br />
rom warmoadgenen. sakurcxlis Cuqeba sapatio stumrisTvis did pativad iTvleba. ase<br />
rom maTi es naxelavi erovnuli mentalobisa <strong>da</strong> identobis niSnad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 1 .<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> xis <strong>da</strong>muSavebis ostatobisa sakvlev regionSi migrirebuli svanebi Sinamrewvelobis<br />
sxva tradiciul <strong>da</strong>rgebsac ar iviwyeben. esaa magaliTad matylis _ <strong>da</strong>muSaveba<br />
qudebisa <strong>da</strong> win<strong>da</strong>-nabdebisaTvis, romelsac qalebi misdevdnen. isini matyls mecxvareebisagan<br />
yiduloben (radgan TviTon cxvari ara hyavT), magram adgilze Telaven <strong>da</strong> svanur<br />
qudebs keraven. qudebs amzadeben bazarze gasayi<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>c. svanuri qudis gareSe svani kacis<br />
cxovreba, warmoudgenelia. is maTi eTnikuri TviTSegnebis simboloa saweso ritualis<br />
aucilebeli sagani, namusisa <strong>da</strong> vaJkacobis simbolo, casTan <strong>da</strong> zeciur ZalebTan <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli<br />
atributi, mTieli kacis siamayis gamomxatveli niSani 2 .<br />
svanuri kulturis mentalobis <strong>da</strong> identobis yvelaze TvalsaCino maxasiaTebelia<br />
svanuri koSki, romelic TiTqmis yvela sofelSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxlebis punqtebSi dgas <strong>da</strong> imaze<br />
migvaniSnebs, rom aq svanebi cxovroben.<br />
cnobilia, rom koSkuri nageboba (maT Soris svanuri koSkebi) cixe-saxlebis, sacxovreblis,<br />
mterTan brZolis <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis kompleqsuri nagebobaa, vertikalur ganzomilebaSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili Zegli. sivrcobrivad igi (interierSi) moicavs rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
sacxovriss ise saqonlis sadgoms (`maCubs~) 3 ; bunebrivia qvemo qarTlSi mosul<br />
svanebs sacxovreblad sul sxva tipis (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d orsarTuliani tipiuri) saxlebi <strong>da</strong>axvedres,<br />
patara ezoebiT <strong>da</strong> saTavsebiT, magram maT SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad scades am saxlebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>keTeba. ezoebSi mcire zomis koSkebi aages, simboluri <strong>da</strong>niSnulebiT, nawilobriv<br />
sameurneo mizniTac rom iyeneben. isini patara koSkebs sasaflaoebzec dgamen,<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> sasanTleebiT, im mizniT, rom gar<strong>da</strong>cvlils saiqioSi <strong>da</strong>xvdes, saaqaosa <strong>da</strong> saiqios,<br />
miwisa <strong>da</strong> zecis <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli saxlis niSnad 4 . mTxrobelis TqmiT: `svani sul<br />
zecisken ixedeba, koSkic zeciskenaa mimarTuli, rogorc kibe, RerZi am samyarosi~ 5 ase,<br />
rom svanebisaTvis koSki (sacxovrebeli), svanuri qudi <strong>da</strong> sakurcxalo yofiTi kulturis<br />
is elementebia, romlebic garkveuli religiuri simbolikiTaa <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli <strong>da</strong><br />
svanTa xasiaTis, maTi mentalobis mkafio maxasiaTeblad gvevlineba.<br />
sulieri kultura, rwmena warmodgenebi <strong>da</strong> dResaswaulebi. sameurneo yofisa <strong>da</strong><br />
materialuri kulturis sakiTxebTan erTad yuradRebas iqcevs gadmosaxlebulTa yofa-<br />
Si tradiciuli rwmena warmodgenebis, dResaswaulebis <strong>da</strong> calkeuli ritualebis Senar-<br />
Cuneba-Senaxvis sakiTxi. rogorc mTxrobelebi gadmogvcemen isini cdiloben ar <strong>da</strong>iviwyon<br />
TavianTi sakulto Zeglebi, Zveli siwmindeebi, salocavebi, saerTod yvela is wes-<br />
Cveuleba <strong>da</strong> rituali romelsac svaneTSi asruleben. amitomac yovel did religiur<br />
dReobebze, kvirikoba iqneba is, RvTisSobloba, lifanali Tu sxva, midian svaneTSi, Tan<br />
mihyavT saklavi, miaqvT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Sesawiravebi, ritualui purebi <strong>da</strong> aRasruleben mamapapur<br />
a<strong>da</strong>Tsa <strong>da</strong> rigs 6 . imavdroulad cdiloben es tradiciebi momaval Taobas ga<strong>da</strong>scen,<br />
raTa maT ar <strong>da</strong>aviwydeT winaparTa xsovna, samSoblos cneba, vaJkacobis, patriotizmis<br />
faseulobebi, svanuri simRera <strong>da</strong> ferxulebi, saerTod `svanoba~ rogorc TviTon<br />
amboben. mosaxleobis im nawils ki (moxucebs, avadmyofebs), romelTac ar SeuZliaT svaneTSi<br />
wasvla, axloblebs sTxoven am wesis maTi saxeliT Sesrulebas, Tan atanen san-<br />
Tels, ritualur kverebs, Sesawirav fuls <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />
bolo xanebSi zogierTma Temma moaxerxa <strong>da</strong> salocavis niSis gadmotanac SeZlo,<br />
riTac mrevls kultmsaxurebis adgilze Sesrulebis saSualeba mieca 7 .<br />
socialuri urTierTobebi. gadmosaxlebas <strong>da</strong> maT lokalur migraciebs ar Seucvlia<br />
svanTa socialur urTierTobebis iseTi sfero rogoricaa ojaxi, saqorwino urTi-<br />
1 g. Citaia, svanuri `sakurcxal~, Sromebi, II (Tbilisi, 2000), gv. 140-153.<br />
2 iqve.<br />
3 a. qal<strong>da</strong>ni, koSkuri sacxovrebeli svaneTSi, Zeglis megobari, #3 (Tbilisi, 1986), gv. 21-27.<br />
4 g. gociriZe, qvemo qarTlis eqspediciis dRiurebi.<br />
5 iqve.<br />
6 iqve.<br />
7 iqve.<br />
412
erTobebi, naTesauri sistema <strong>da</strong> sxv. gairkva, rom isini Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad eridebodnen ara<br />
svanebTan qorwinebas, adgilobriv qarTlelebTanac ki, magram male es faqtori <strong>da</strong>Zleul<br />
iqna. axla Sereuli qorwinebis ara erTi SemTxveva fiqsirdeba, qarTl-kaxelebTan,<br />
mTiulebTan, rusebTan; magram rac Seexeba Tavad rituals, qorwils ixdian svanuri wesiT,<br />
eklesiaSi jvris wesiT <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo registraciiT, svanuri sufriT, sadRegrZeloebiT,<br />
cekva-TamaSiTa <strong>da</strong> simReriT. ase rom svanuri `lileosa~ <strong>da</strong> `xorumis~ (svanuri<br />
ferxulis) xma qvemo qarTlis am kuTxeSiac gaismis. zogi mamakaci cdilobs am dros<br />
erovnul tansacmelSi (Coxa-axaluxSi) gamoewyos, <strong>da</strong> svanuri qudic aucileblad un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>ixuros 1 .<br />
rogorc zemoT vTqviT migranti svanebi mtkiced icaven Zvel saojaxo <strong>da</strong> stumarmaspinZlobis<br />
tradiciebs. stumars ezoSi egebebian tabliTa <strong>da</strong> pur-mariliT, svanuri kub<strong>da</strong>riT,<br />
uklaven saklavs. gansakuTrebiT sapatio stumars kerasTan axlo sakurcxils<br />
uTmoben, sakurcxiliTve asaCuqreben. ojaxSi kvlavindeburad moqmedebs etiketiT <strong>da</strong>dgenili<br />
wesebi, ufros-umcrosobis instituti, risi <strong>da</strong>rRvevac Rirsebis SelaxvaT miaCniaT 2 .<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos: qvemo qarTlSi Casaxlebuli svanebis cxovrebaSi jer kidev rCeba ga<strong>da</strong>uWreli<br />
problemebi. es problemebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d socialuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri xasiaTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
SromiTi <strong>da</strong>saqmebis, SromiTi resursebis gamoyenebas exeba. amis gamo nawili mosaxleobisa<br />
(umetesad mamakacebi) saSovarze ruseTSi an evropaSi midian, ojaxSi mxolod moxucebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> qalebi rCebian; qalebi naklebad gadian, magram yovelive es erTad aRebuli ar-<br />
Tulebs maT yofas. am problemaTa ga<strong>da</strong>Wra ki qveynis ekonomikuri politikis ganviTarebazea<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.<br />
amrigad, Tu Cvens mier zemoTmotanil yvela maslas SevajerebT SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT<br />
vTqvaT, rom qvemo qarTlSi Casaxlebuli svanebis yofa <strong>da</strong> kultura miuxe<strong>da</strong>vaT garkveuli<br />
transformaciisa, tradiciulia. maTi socialuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis procesebi<br />
dinamiuria, Tanmimdevruli, adgilobriv eTnosebTan mimarTebaSi integri-rebadi. ganviTarebaSi<br />
es procesebi periodul, etapobriv <strong>da</strong>kvirvebas <strong>da</strong> Seswavlas moiTxovs, raTa<br />
stadialuri movlenebis eTnospecifika Tanmimdevrulad iqnas gamovlenili.<br />
sqema #1<br />
svanTa gansaxlebis suraTi sof. lemSvanieras mixedviT<br />
I ubani II ubani III ubani IV ubani V ubani<br />
Temebi gvarebi Temebi gvarebi Temebi gvarebi Temebi gvarebi Temebi gvarebi<br />
kala avalianebi mulaxi ioselianebi ifari xvistanebi lenjeri gule<strong>da</strong>nebi, kala margvlianebi<br />
uSguli<br />
adiSi<br />
qalde<br />
qal<strong>da</strong>nebi<br />
WeliZeebi<br />
niJaraZeebi<br />
Carqselianebi<br />
RvaClianebi<br />
xvistanebi<br />
ServaSiZeebi<br />
margianebi<br />
JorJolianebi<br />
latali gulbanebi<br />
pirvelebi<br />
korZaiebi<br />
Sukvanebi<br />
xarZianebi<br />
gvelebianebi<br />
sqema Sedgenilia 2006 wlis eTnografiuli eqspediciis dros.<br />
1 iqve.<br />
2 iqve.<br />
413
<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />
1. n. berZeniSvili, qvemo qarTli, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, VIII (Tbilisi, 1990).<br />
2. d. berZeniSvili, narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografii<strong>da</strong>n, I, qvemo qarTli<br />
(Tbilisi, 1979).<br />
3. l. boWoriSvili, qvemo qarTlis istoriuli geografii<strong>da</strong>n (saflavis Zeglebi), masalebi<br />
saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, VIII (Tbilisi, 1956).<br />
4. g. gociriZe, gar<strong>da</strong>bani (istoriul-eTnografiuli meridianebi), mose janaSvilis <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
150 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecniero sesiis moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi<br />
(Tbilisi, 2005).<br />
5. g. gociriZe, eTnikuri procesebi <strong>da</strong> kulturaTa dialogi qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobaSi<br />
(qarTul-azerbaijanuli urTierTobebis magaliTze) gar<strong>da</strong>bnis <strong>da</strong> marneulis raionebi,<br />
logosi (Tbilisi, 2008).<br />
6. g. gociriZe, qvemo qarTlis eqspediciis dRiurebi (2003-2007).<br />
7. x. ioseliani, eTnosTaSoriso urTierTobebis kulturul-istoriuli problemebi (gar<strong>da</strong>bnis<br />
raionis eTnografiuli monacemebi), eTnologiuri krebuli (Tbilisi, 2008).<br />
8. i. lorTqifaniZe, qvemo qarTli me-18 saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi (Tbilisi, 1935).<br />
9. qvemo qarTli (eTnografiuli gamokvleva) (Tbilisi, 1990).<br />
10. d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, II (Tbilisi,<br />
1980).<br />
11. l. niJaraZe, koSkma koSks ga<strong>da</strong>uZaxa (Tbilisi, 1996).<br />
12. e. qanTaria, g. gociriZe, marneulis raionis eTno-demografiuli Taviseburebani, masalebi<br />
saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XXV (Tbilisi, 2005).<br />
13. a. qal<strong>da</strong>ni, koSkuri sacxovrebeli svaneTSi, Zeglis megobari, #3 (Tbilisi, 1986).<br />
14. g. Citaia, eTnografiuli mogzaurobi<strong>da</strong>n aRbulaRis raionSi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo<br />
muzeumis moambe, IV (Tbilisi, 1928).<br />
15. g. Citaia, svanuri `sakurcxil~, Sromebi, II (Tbilisi, 2000).<br />
16. q. quTaTelaZe, qvemo qarTli, politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi (Tbilisi, 2001).<br />
17. k. xaraZe, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografia, qvemo qarTli (Tbilisi, 1991).<br />
18. u. xarziani, svanebi gar<strong>da</strong>banSi, xelnaweri (inaxeba eqspediciis arqivSi).<br />
GIORGI GOTSIRIDZE<br />
Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,<br />
Ivane javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
SETTLEMENT OF THE SVANS IN KVEMO KARTLI<br />
Article deals with the study processes of migration in Georgia. The Cultural life of migrated Svans in<br />
Kvemo Kartli region. Attention is paid to economic and cultural a<strong>da</strong>ptation and problems of integration of<br />
migrated Svans. This problem is scantly researched in Georgian special literature except for few exceptions. The<br />
dynamics and the picture of preservation of ethno-cultural traditions are shown; also, relationship of the Svans with<br />
local Georgians or non-Georgian population, namely with the Azeris that was complicated from the beginning but<br />
later, step by step, it was overcome. Nowa<strong>da</strong>ys these processes are easy to regulate.<br />
According to ethnographical material of the region which is under our survey, the arlicle deals with the following<br />
issues: area of settlement of the Svans, monuments of material and spiritual culture, system of values, religious practice,<br />
communication with the metropolis, religious tradition, feasts and etc.<br />
414
salome baxia-oqruaSvili<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa <strong>da</strong> eTnologiis instituti<br />
afxazuri rwmena-warmodgenebi eTnikuri istoriis konteqstSi<br />
sulier kulturas eTnosis funqcionirebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. afxazi<br />
mosaxleobis saukunoebriv sazogadoebriv Camoyalibebasa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas saqarTvelos<br />
teritoriaze ideologiac Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong>. afxazebis poliTeisturi religiuri rwmenawarmodgenebi<br />
yovelTvis SesamCnev gavlenas axdendnen rogorc maT eTnikur cnobierebaze,<br />
ise eTnikur erTobliobaze. marTalia, afxazeTis teritoriaze migrirebul pirvel<br />
nakads Tan winareqristianuli sulieri kultura mohqon<strong>da</strong>, magram afxazTa ideologia<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve qristianuli religiis gavleniT yalibdebo<strong>da</strong> 1 . lazikaSi ukve I saukuni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
andria pirvelwodebulis mier qa<strong>da</strong>gebul qristianul moZRvrebas qarTvelur tomebTan<br />
erTad afxazebis winaprebic un<strong>da</strong> ziarebodnen. cnobilia, rom V saukuneSi iustinianes<br />
mefobis dros `afxaznica Seicvalnes umjobesad <strong>da</strong> qristianobisa Seiwynares qa<strong>da</strong>geba~<br />
2 . am regionSi qristianuli religiis saboloo gamarjvebas garkveuli gavlena un<strong>da</strong><br />
moexdina afxazebzec, radganac VIII saukuneSi wmin<strong>da</strong> abom ixila `qveyana igi savse qristes<br />
sarwmunoebiTa <strong>da</strong> aravin urwmunoTagani mkvidrad ipovebis sazRvarTa maTTa~ 3 , rac<br />
imaze mianiSneb<strong>da</strong>, rom VIII saukuneSi afxazeTis Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleT nawilSi uZvelesi<br />
xani<strong>da</strong>n qristianuli qarTveluri mosaxleobis Zlieri gavlenis qveS myofi migraciuli<br />
adreuli talRa eTnikurad <strong>da</strong> kulturulad ukve asimilirebuli iyo. afxazur enaSi<br />
SemorCenili qristianobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli terminebi <strong>da</strong> zogierTi dReoba-dResaswaulebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebebi qarTuli eni<strong>da</strong>n iyo Sesuli 4 . afxazeTis teritorii<strong>da</strong>n qristianoba<br />
Crdilo-kavkasiaSic gavrcel<strong>da</strong>. adiReSi ramdenime qristianuli Zeglic aSen<strong>da</strong>, magram<br />
XIII saukuneSi Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebs Tavs monRolTa gamanadgurebeli Semosevebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>aty<strong>da</strong>, rasac mosaxleobis masobrivi Jleta <strong>da</strong> Zarcva sdev<strong>da</strong> Tan 5 . am droi<strong>da</strong>n aq<br />
qristianobis gavrcelebas mxolod epizoduri xasiaTi hqon<strong>da</strong> 6 . XV saukuni<strong>da</strong>n adiReSi<br />
islami SeiWra. 1453 wels osmalebis mier konstantinepolis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis Semdgom adiReb-<br />
Si Turqebisa <strong>da</strong> yirimis xanebis ZalisxmeviT islamis gavrceleba sakmaod gaaqtiur<strong>da</strong> 7 .<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebisagan Seviwroebulma mosaxleobam <strong>axali</strong> talRebis saxiT saqarTvelos<br />
teritoriaze <strong>da</strong>iwyo Camosaxleba. mTi<strong>da</strong>n Camowolil mosaxleobas islamuri<br />
religia Tan mohqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> nel-nela qristian afxazebSic avrceleb<strong>da</strong>. am garemoebam<br />
xeli Seuwyo maTSi qristianuli religiis Sesustebas. magram afxazebSi farTo gavceleba<br />
verc islamma hpova. es orive religia ver Seenacvla verc Cerqezebisa (adiRebis)<br />
<strong>da</strong> verc afxazebis uZveles rwmena-warmodgenebs <strong>da</strong> kultebs. aseTma viTarebam mxolod<br />
religiuri sinkretizmis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli. qristianoba <strong>da</strong> musulmanoba, rogorc<br />
wignieri religiebi, umwerlobo mcire xalxebisaTvis ucxo enaze vrceldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
droTa viTarebaSi mosaxleoba am religiebis gavlenisagan Tavisufldebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yurad-<br />
Reba `sakuTari~ konservatiuli tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong> realur ritualur qcevebze ga<strong>da</strong>hqon<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rac maTTvis TviTmyofadobis, eTnikurobis simboloc xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amdenad, XV saukunis 70-ian wlebamde `qarTlis cxovrebasa~ <strong>da</strong> samarTlis ZeglebSi<br />
warmarTul religiasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli monacemebi ar arsebobs <strong>da</strong> rac mTavaria,<br />
afxazeTis mosaxleoba arc religiurad <strong>da</strong> arc eTnokulturulad diferencirebuli<br />
ar Cans. iq mcxovrebi araqarTveluri mosaxleoba qristianul ideologiasa <strong>da</strong> qarTul<br />
mosaxleobasac un<strong>da</strong> Serwymo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> asimilaciac ganeca<strong>da</strong>. magram XV saukunis meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
centralizebuli saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>Slis procesma afxazeTis mosazRvre jiqur-<br />
1 georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, I (Tbilisi, 1961), gv. 214.<br />
2 iqve, gv. 215.<br />
3 ioane sabanisZe, habos wameba, qarTuli proza, I (Tbilisi, 1981), gv. 128<br />
4 Бжания В. Н., Из истории хозяйство и культуры абхазов (Сухуми, 1973), 261; T. gvancelaZe, enobrivi monacemebi <strong>da</strong> ma-<br />
Ti mniSvneloba afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis kvlevisaTvis, afxazeTis istoriis problemebi (Tbilisi, 1998),<br />
gv. 44-46.<br />
5 Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebi (Tbilisi, 1969), gv. 76.<br />
6 iqve, gv. 80.<br />
7 Ногмов Ш. Б., История адыгского народа (Тбилиси, 1861).<br />
415
abazuri <strong>da</strong> sxva Crdiloeli mTielebis kavkasiis samxreT ferdobebze gadmosaxleba ganapiroba,<br />
rasac teritoriaze sakuTari uflebebis TviTneburad gaZlierebisaTvis TviT erisTavi<br />
SarvaSiZe uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels 1 . qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi 2 afxazeTSi 1470-1474 ww.<br />
qristes mcnebisagan gandgoma <strong>da</strong> warmarTobis aRorZineba <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stur<strong>da</strong>, rac mosaxleobis<br />
nawilis Secvlaze, mosazRvre mTielTa <strong>axali</strong> nakadis Camosaxlebasa <strong>da</strong> maTi primitiuli<br />
yofa-cxovrebis, rwmena-warmodgenebis Semotanaze metyveleb<strong>da</strong>. SemoWrilma jiq-abazebma<br />
sxva mTielebTan erTad afxazeTis saerisTavos teritoriaze myarad moikides<br />
fexi. religiurad, socialur-ekonomikuri wyobiT, kulturiT gansxvavebulma mkvidrma<br />
<strong>da</strong> SemoWrilma mosaxleobam, amJamad mxolod integraciis Sedegad, <strong>axali</strong> eTnikuri<br />
procesebis fonze, Tanamedrove afxazebis yofa-cxovrebisa <strong>da</strong> tradiciebis Camoyalibebas<br />
Cauyares safuZveli. amdenad, afxazebis Tanamedrove religiuri mrwamsis CamoyalibebaSi<br />
migraciis rols didi adgili ukavia. bzifisa <strong>da</strong>, mogvianebiT, abJuis afxazebis<br />
rwmena-warmodgenebze, bunebi<strong>da</strong>n aRmocenebul kultebze qarTul-afxazurma kulturulistoriulma<br />
urTierTobebma Tavisi kvali <strong>da</strong>amCnia.<br />
mTeli XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi afxazebis warmarTul panTeonSi wamyvani adgili<br />
sicocxlis Zalas, nayofierebas, saojaxo, patronimiul, sasoflo, saTemo RvTaebebs ekava.<br />
es uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebi Tanamedrove yofaSi afxazurma sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
saqmianobam, sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong> socialuri ganviTarebis donem ganapiroba. bunebis, miwis,<br />
sameurneo saqmianobis – mesaqonleobis, miwaTmoqmedebis, monadireobis, mefutkreobis,<br />
samWedlosa <strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> adgilebis yvela kults sakuTari RvTaeba edga saTaveSi. am<br />
RvTaebebis gulis mosalbobad <strong>da</strong> mosamadliereblad Temi, sofeli, ojaxi, patronimia<br />
koleqtiurad marTav<strong>da</strong> magiur ritualebs. yoveli salocavis sakulto `centrad~ wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
adgilebi iyo amorCeuli, romlis forma isev bunebrivi obieqtebi – mTa, tyis pirebi,<br />
Walebi <strong>da</strong> calkeuli xeebic iyo. materialuri Zeglebi afxazebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
ar yofila. Tu ar CavTvliT patronimiul salocavs – aJiira nha-s, romelic saxuraviani<br />
farduli (kedlebis gareSe) iyo <strong>da</strong> romlis qveS simboluri samWedlo imarTebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wril msxvil, xis kunZze grdemli <strong>da</strong> mWedlisaTvis saWiro ramdenime samuSao iara-<br />
Ri iyo moTavsebuli. es salocavi afxazebis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani rolis matarebeli,<br />
misi RvTaeba SaSv patronimiis mfarveli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mcveli iyo. SaSvis RvTaebisadmi miZ-<br />
Rvnil locvas afxazebi axal wels, yvela sakuTar did ojaxSi aRavlendnen. am dRes<br />
abifaras yvela mamakac wevrze ikvlebo<strong>da</strong> mamali, xolo abifaras yvela wevr qalze –<br />
qaTami, yvela wevrisaTvis yveliani kverebic keTdebo<strong>da</strong>. samWedlos kults raime <strong>da</strong>naSaulis<br />
Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, WeSmaritebis <strong>da</strong>sadgena<strong>da</strong>c iyenebdnen. eWvmitanils sakuTar<br />
salocavze <strong>da</strong>ficebis ceremonials uwyobdnen. afxazebs sjero<strong>da</strong>T, rom <strong>da</strong>mnaSave SaSvis<br />
risxvas ver ga<strong>da</strong>urCebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tu <strong>da</strong>mnaSave ar iyo <strong>da</strong>ifarav<strong>da</strong>. msgavsi simboluri<br />
samWedlos kultis RvTaebas CerqezebSi тлеҧш ewodebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
afxazuri warmarTuli panTeonis Sesaxeb masala samecniero literaturaSi 3 mravlad<br />
moipoveba, iseve rogorc Crdilo kavkasielebis Sesaxeb, romlebisTvisac salocavebi<br />
aseve sicocxlisa <strong>da</strong> nayofierebis simbolos warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> 4 .<br />
afxazebSi yvela gvars `sakuTari wili mfarveli~ (xancaxu) hyav<strong>da</strong>, romelsac sagvaros<br />
wevrTa janmrTelobasa <strong>da</strong> gamravlebas SesTxov<strong>da</strong>. erTi romelime gvarisaTvis<br />
weliwadSi erTi dRe iyo gamoyofili. am dRes mxolod es konkretuli gvari dResaswaulob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
afxazuri gvarebis yvelaze Zveli <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani salocavi, kavkasiis wyalgamyofi<br />
qedis samxreT kalTaze, aRmarTuli wmin<strong>da</strong> mTa fshu iyo. igi ara marto gvarebis<br />
mfarveli, aramed winapris kultsac iTavseb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare romeli gvarebis<br />
mfarveli RvTaebac iyo, maT warmoSobasac ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong>. ase magaliTad, rigi eT-<br />
1 n. berZeniSvili, feo<strong>da</strong>luri urTierToba XV saukuneSi, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, II (Tbilis, 1965),<br />
gv. 137-138.<br />
2 i. doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III (Tbilisi, 1970), gv. 222.<br />
3 Торнау Ф. Ф., Воспоминания кавказского офицера, ч. I и II (Москва, 1864), стр. 41; Завадский Ф. А. Абхазия и Цебельда, Кавказ,<br />
№61 (1867), стр. 348; Пантюхов И., О положении Абхазии в религиозном отношении, Кавказ, №5, 10 января (1868), стр. 3-4; Религиозные<br />
верования абхазцев, ССКТ, вып. V (1871), стр. 6-7; Чурсин Г. Ф., Материалы по этнографии Абхазии (Сухуми, 1957), стр.<br />
64-76; Инал-ипа Ш. Д., Абхазы (Сухуми, 1965), стр. 516-564; Бжания В. Н., Из истории хозяйство и культуры абхазов (Сухуми,<br />
1973), стр. 251-266 <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
4 Дубровин Н., Черкесы (Адыги), Материалы для истории черкесского народа, вып. I (Краснодар, 1927); Люлье А. Я., Верования,<br />
религиозные обряды и предрасудки черкес, ЗКОИРГО, кн. 5 (1862); Вейденбаум Е., Священные рощи и деревья<br />
у Кавказских народов, ЗКОИРГО (Тифлис, 1877-1878).<br />
416
nogeneturi Tu genealogiuri gadmocemebis Tanaxmad mTa fsxus Tavis mfarvel RvTaebad<br />
mravali gvari aRiqvam<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sakuTar warmoSobas ukavSireb<strong>da</strong>. swored am eTnogenealogiuri<br />
Tqmulebebisa <strong>da</strong> ZirxatTan urTierTobis Sedegad, SesaZlebeli xdeba mosaxleobis<br />
migraciuli moZraobis mimarTulebis <strong>da</strong>dgena. savaraudod, mikroteritoriuli<br />
RvTaebebi, afxazuri sagvareuloebis realur istoriul cxovrebasTan, maT Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvel<br />
sacxovrisTan Crdilo kavkasiasTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. rogorc Cans, mTi<strong>da</strong>n barisaken<br />
Camonacvlebul mosaxleobas Tavisi Zir-Zveli salocavis `wili~ Tan mohqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
axal salocavebs afuZneb<strong>da</strong>, magram Zvels, romelTanac maTi warmoSoba iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
ar iviwyeb<strong>da</strong>. afxazuri gvarebis umravlesoba ptiSi, xvatiSi, aZinaa 1 , adleiba, bagafSi<br />
2 , aSuba, kiaxirifa, simismi, saZba-CiCba 3 , cimcim 4 , amiWba, Cegem, inal-ifa, wanba 5 , xuxba,<br />
arZinba 6 , bazba, saZba, trafS 7 <strong>da</strong> sxva mravali, swored fshu <strong>da</strong> mis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvel `wilTan~<br />
inal kubesTan (inalis saflavTan) aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. dResaswaulze, weliwad-<br />
Si erTxel es gvarebi salocavs sisxlian zvaraks swiravdnen <strong>da</strong> janmrTelobas, gamravlebas,<br />
keTilganwyobas SesTxovdnen 8 . yvela SemTxvevaSi, zvarakis Sewirvis Semdeg afxazebs<br />
imedi hqon<strong>da</strong>T, rom isini sikeTes <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebas miiRebdnen, amave dros codvebic<br />
mietevebo<strong>da</strong>T. msxverplis gaReba <strong>da</strong> zvarakis Sewirva aucileblobiT iyo gamowveuli,<br />
radganac zvarakis sisxli sicocxlis wyarod iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. winapris kultis CamoyalibebaSi<br />
didi roli iTamaSa micvalebulze zrunvam. micvalebulebis gulis mosagebad aucilebeli<br />
iyo msxverplis Sewirva, maTi imqveyniur samyaroSi <strong>da</strong>pureba <strong>da</strong> Tayvaniscema.<br />
zvaraki warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> maT gzavnils sulebTan. amitom iyo, rom msxverplSewirva tardebo<strong>da</strong><br />
yvela movlenis <strong>da</strong>sawyissa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sasruls _ mindvris saxvneli samuSaoebis <strong>da</strong>wyebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>srulebisas, mosavlis aRebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>binavebisas, nadirobis win <strong>da</strong> mis Semdeg,<br />
gvalvis dros <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
sazogadoebriv, saojaxo, sameurneo yofisa <strong>da</strong> sxv. e. i. afxazebis yofa-cxovrebis<br />
yvela momentze religia mudmiv SesamCnev gavlenas axden<strong>da</strong>. sakiTxis retrospeqtuli<br />
Seswavlis Sedegad cnobili xdeba, rom Suasaukuneebsa 9 <strong>da</strong> mogvianebiTac 10 , nawilobriv<br />
sasoflo sameurneo saqmianobi<strong>da</strong>n wamyvan <strong>da</strong> tradiciul <strong>da</strong>rgad mesaqonleoba iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>stureblad sayuradReboa termini araxu (saqoneli, pirutyvi), romelic<br />
orgvari mniSvnelobis matarebelia. gar<strong>da</strong> pirutyvisa, igi afxazisaTvis yvelaze<br />
gamosayenebelsa <strong>da</strong> Zvirfass, xolo iraxum mis sapirispirod, sityva-sityviT `is rac<br />
saqoneli ar aris, uvargisia~ aRniSnavs. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, mesaqonleobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
kulti yvelaze Zveli Cans <strong>da</strong> bunebrivia, ganviTarebuli sistemiTac gamoirCeva.<br />
am kultis yvelaze TvalsaCino RvTaebaa – aiTar. mas mosaxleobisaTvis keTildReoba,<br />
saqonlis mravalsulianoba <strong>da</strong> simrTele mohqon<strong>da</strong>; amave dros, mtacebeli cxovelebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qurdebisaganac icav<strong>da</strong>. anTar bJaiTr (aiTar Svido) ase mimarTavdnen mas afxazebi.<br />
aiTars Svidnawiliani saxe hqon<strong>da</strong>. TiToeul nawils ufro mcire RvTaeba hyav<strong>da</strong>: mewvel<br />
Zroxebs – Jvabran (Zroxebis de<strong>da</strong>); Txebs – jabran (Txebis de<strong>da</strong>); cxenebs – aCSaSana;<br />
ZaRlebs – alSkntr; mTvaris – amza; mzis – amra; naTesisa <strong>da</strong> pirutyvis – anafa-naga. anafa<br />
nagas kultSi nayofierebis motivic Cans, Tumca, igi umetesad saqonelzea gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
amave dros, mcire doziT naTesebis mniSvnelobacaa xazgasmuli. aiTars<br />
`afxazebis warmarTul panTeonSi, Tavisi saerTo aRiarebiTa <strong>da</strong> farTo funqciiT gamorCeuli<br />
adgili ukavia~ 11 . rogorc Cans, Svidnawiliani saxi<strong>da</strong>n, yvela saxe, maT Soris<br />
mTvarisa <strong>da</strong> mzisac mesaqonleobis kults emsaxureba. mTvaris RvTaebas mxolod mamaka-<br />
1 Ногмов Ш. Б., История адыгского народа (Тбилиси, 1861), стр. 70-71.<br />
2 Инал-ипа Ш. Д., Вопросы этнокультурной истории абхазов (Сухуми, 1976), стр. 175.<br />
3 Чурсин Г. Ф., Материалы по этнографии Абхазии (Сухуми, 1957), стр. 34.<br />
4 Бжания В. Н., Из истории хозяйство и культуры абхазов (Сухуми, 1973), стр. 52, 61, 63, 305.<br />
5 Броневский С., Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе, ч. I (Москва, 1823), стр. 229; Лавров А. И.,<br />
Историко-этнографические очерки Кавказа (Ленинград, 1978), стр. 41-47.<br />
6 Инал-ипа Ш. Д., Вопросы этнокультурной истории абхазов…, стр. 175.<br />
7 Бгажба Х. С., Бзибский диалект абхазского языка (Тбилиси, 1964), стр. 244.<br />
8 Чурсин Г. Ф., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 28.<br />
9 arq. Lamberti, samegrelos aRwera (Tbilisi, 1991); evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~, nakv. I, Targmani<br />
g. fuTuriZis (Tbilisi, 1971).<br />
10 Дубровин Н., Абазцы (Азега), том I, кн. 2 (С.-Петербург, 1871); p. giorgiZe (p. Waraia), afxazeTi <strong>da</strong> afxazebi, iveria,<br />
#180 (1888); Завадский Ф. А., Абхазия и Цебельда, Кавказ, №61 (1867); Броневский С., Новейшие географические и<br />
исторические известия о Кавказе, ч. I (Москва, 1823); Селезнев Н., Руководство к познанию Кавказа (С-Петербург, 1847-1850).<br />
11 Инал-ипа Ш. Д., Абхазы (Сухуми, 1965), стр. 520.<br />
417
cebi, xolo mzis RvTaebas mxolod qalebi SesTxovdnen pirutyvis simrTelesa <strong>da</strong> gamravlebas.<br />
rac Seexeba meSvide nawilis RvTaebas, igi rogorc saqonlis, ise naTesebis<br />
nayofierebasTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli 1 . cxadia aiTaris kultis mniSvneloba imaze miuTiTebs,<br />
rom migrantTa poliTeistur panTeonSi yvelaze mTavari <strong>da</strong> ZiriTadi swored mesaqonleobis<br />
kulti iyo. magram amave dros, xazgasmulia, fetvis (Crdilo kavkasielebisa-<br />
Tvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani sapure marcvlis), Romis Romis <strong>da</strong> mogvianebiT simindis,<br />
rogorc pirutyvis xorcze ZiriTadi misatanebeli pureulis Semcveli sakvebis mniSvnelobac.<br />
gazafxulze, ojaxis uxucesi mamakaci anafa-nagas RvTaebas mimarTav<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
`Romis Romis (an simindis) iseTi uxvi mosavali mieca, romelSiac a<strong>da</strong>miani Toksac ki<br />
ver gaatareb<strong>da</strong>~. amave dros, igi am RvTaebas pirutyvis iseT simravles SesTxov<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
`jogsa <strong>da</strong> faras misi yvirilis xma ver miswvdeno<strong>da</strong>~. terminTa kvlevi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
cnobili xdeba, rom Svidive mcire RvTaebis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba afxazuri enis leqsiki<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
afxazuri yofi<strong>da</strong>n aris warmoqmnili. rac Seexeba saTaveSi mdgomi mTavari RvTaebis saxelwodebas<br />
– aiTars, rogorc Cans, mis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli varaudis Tanaxmad, igi<br />
qarTul-afxazuri kulturul-istoriuli urTierTobis Sedegad un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo Camoyalibebuli.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis qarTvelebSi <strong>da</strong> kerZod megrelebSi qristianobamdel religiur<br />
rwmena-warmodgenebSi, samiwaTmoqmedo RvTaebebis gverdiT sagangebo adgili `Jini an-<br />
Tars~ (zena anTari) – mesaqonleobis kultis RvTaebas ekava: XIX saukuneSi p. Waraiam<br />
gamoTqva varaudi, rom `aiTari~ `anTarisagan~, megruli enis gavleniT un<strong>da</strong> warmomdgariyo,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c n>l>Á mogvca 2 . XX saukuneSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebiT ki, iv. javaxiSvilma<br />
es RvTaeba <strong>da</strong> termini uZveles qarTul (xevsurul) RvTaebas `anators~ <strong>da</strong>ukavSira,<br />
romlis sruli saxis xsovna <strong>da</strong> Tayvaniscema `anTar~ <strong>da</strong> `aiTarma~ Semogvinaxa 3 . megrelebi<br />
saqonlis gamravleba-mfarvelobas mTavarangeloz miqel-gabriels, Jini orTas (wm.<br />
giorgis), galeniSi orTas [Sinauri saqonlis gamravlebisa <strong>da</strong> gareuli nadirisagan <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
RvTaebebi. galeniSi _ gareuli; orTa _ RvTaeba `anTaris~ fonetikurad Secvlili<br />
saxeli un<strong>da</strong> iyos; JiniSi orTa Jini anTarisagan (iv. javaxiSvili)] <strong>da</strong> kapunias SesTxovdnen<br />
4 . aseTive mTavari adgili ekava mTavarangelozs (miqam-garios) samurzayanoel megrelebSic.<br />
samurzayanoeli megreli mwyemsebis yvelaze did mfarvelad mTavarangelozi<br />
iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. am mTavarangelozis nebaze iyo <strong>da</strong>ris, elva-quxilis <strong>da</strong> kokispiruli wvimis<br />
mosvlac 5 . mz. makalaTias azriT, <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos megrelebSi miqel-gabriels iseTive<br />
adgili eWira, rogoric sxva regionebSi wm. giorgisa <strong>da</strong> ilia winaswarmetyvels 6 .<br />
amrigad, mesaqonleobis kultis RvTaebis ganviTareba qarTul-afxazuri paralelebis<br />
arsebobasa <strong>da</strong> urTierTobaze miuTiTebs.<br />
saqarTvelos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxeebSi wvimisa <strong>da</strong> saerTod wylis kultis gadmonaSTuri<br />
formis arseboba agrarul wes-CveulebebTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. wylis kultisadmi<br />
miZRvnili dReoba-dResaswaulebi, saxelwodebebi <strong>da</strong> maTi aRweriloba eTnologiur literaturaSia<br />
mocemuli. terminebi mravalferovania, <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia<br />
_ berikaoba-yeenoba, lazaroba, gonjaoba, wyalkurTxeva <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
afxazeTis teritoriaze Camosaxlebis momenti<strong>da</strong>n migrantebis cxovrebaSi `ca-Rrublis~<br />
(`afi~) RvTaebas mniSvnelovani adgili ekava. mas tarosis saqme ekiTxebo<strong>da</strong>. Tumca es<br />
RvTaeba TiTqos umetesad mesaqonleobasTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, magram meore, miwaTmoqmedebasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli funqciac gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. afxazebi mas pativs miagebdnen <strong>da</strong> frTxilad ekidebodnen,<br />
radganac igi Weqa-quxilisagan warmoqmnil xmaurs iwvev<strong>da</strong>, es xmauri ki saSiSroebis<br />
momaswavebeli iyo. zvanbas eTnografiuli masalebis Tanaxmad: `...wvrilfexa saqoneli barSi<br />
SesaZlebelia gamoikvebos mxolod zamTris periodSi; zafxulSi ki sicxeebis <strong>da</strong>dgomasTan<br />
erTad isini mTaSi Tu ar ga<strong>da</strong>ireka, saqoneli <strong>da</strong>iRupeba; zafxulis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, mTaze asvlis<br />
win <strong>da</strong> Semodgomaze saqonlis Camorekvis win mwyemsebi cxvars klaven <strong>da</strong> RvTaeba afis<br />
SesTxoven mwyemsebisa <strong>da</strong> pirutyvis mfarvelobas mexis <strong>da</strong>cemisagan. gar<strong>da</strong> zemoTqmulisa,<br />
afi <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo soflis Temis dResaswaulTanac, romelsac zafxulis gvalvisagan<br />
Sewuxebuli soflis sazogadoeba awyob<strong>da</strong>. es rituali bunebaSi, mdinaresTan axlos tarde-<br />
1 Джанашиа Н. С., Статьи по этнографии Абхазии (Сухуми, 1960), стр. 29-31.<br />
2 p. giorgiZe (p. Waraia), <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi.<br />
3 iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, tomi I (Tbilisi, 1979), gv. 122-124.<br />
4 mz. makalaTia, mesaqonleobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi samegreloSi, samegrelo (Tbilisi,<br />
1979), gv. 63.<br />
5 T. saxokia, mogzaurobani (Tbilisi, 1950), gv. 289.<br />
6 mz. makalaTia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 66.¸<br />
418
o<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mosaxleoba saerTo ZalebiT SeZenil zvaraks swirav<strong>da</strong>. am dResaswauls meore saxeli,<br />
acunhvara ewodebo<strong>da</strong> (acu – <strong>da</strong>saxlebis erTeuli, sofeli, ubani, nhvara – locva) e. i.<br />
soflis locva. `afis Weqa-quxilis mier gamowveuli xmauriT eSmakis SeSineba <strong>da</strong> boroti<br />
sulebis <strong>da</strong>sja-<strong>da</strong>marcxebac evalebo<strong>da</strong>. zogjer cecxlovani isriT igi miwaze iq vardebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c boroteba isadgureb<strong>da</strong>. amave dros, mexis <strong>da</strong>cema sakralur niSanzec miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, radganac<br />
mexis <strong>da</strong>cemisagan <strong>da</strong>mwvari xe, balaxi, mokluli cxoveli Tu a<strong>da</strong>miani magiur Zalas<br />
iZen<strong>da</strong>. cxovelis mZors an a<strong>da</strong>mianis neSts tyeSi, oTx boZze gamarTul ficarnagze moaTavsebdnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> ritualuri simRerebiTa <strong>da</strong> cekvebiT uvlidnen gars <strong>da</strong>saflavebamde, radganac<br />
maTi <strong>da</strong>tireba ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>~ 1 . un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom zemoT aRwerili Cveuleba umetesad<br />
Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleT kavkasielTa yofaSi iyo gavrcelebuli, migrantebis Camosaxlebis droisaTvis,<br />
amitom umetesad igi msgavsebas maTTan poulob<strong>da</strong>. eSmakisa <strong>da</strong> boroti sulebis <strong>da</strong>sja-<strong>da</strong>marcxeba<br />
samegreloSi WeWeTobis saxeliT iyo cnobili. <strong>da</strong>bindebisas dResaswaulze<br />
soflis axalgazrdoba iyri<strong>da</strong> Tavs <strong>da</strong> koconze xtomiT erTobo<strong>da</strong>, rac Sekrebilebis eSmakisagan<br />
<strong>da</strong> borotebisagan `cecxliT ganwmen<strong>da</strong>s~ iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
wylis kultTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo kidev erTi dResaswauli – Zivou. romelic gavrcelebuli<br />
iyo qarTvelebSic <strong>da</strong> afxazebSic. orive xalxSi igi erTnairad sruldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ritualSi soflis axalgazrdoba iReb<strong>da</strong> monawileobas. isini baris tars TojinasaviT<br />
rTavdnen, mxiarul msvlelobas awyobdnen mdinaremde, Semdeg baris tars tivze <strong>da</strong>fenil<br />
Tivaze <strong>da</strong>debdnen <strong>da</strong> almodebuls wyals gaatandnen. Tan locviTa <strong>da</strong> simReriT<br />
RvTaeba Zivous wvimas SesTxovdnen. iv. javaxiSvili termin `Zivou~-s pirvel nawils –<br />
Zi afxazur wyals, xolo `vou~-s svanur `mogvec~-s ukavSireb<strong>da</strong>, radganac svanurSi tarosis<br />
RvTaebis saxeli `vebi~, `vou~ iyo. am varauds, svanuri `vobiS~ _ paraskevis saxelwodebac<br />
amyarebs, radganac es dRe iyo vebisadmi miZRvnili 2 . rogorc Cans, wylis<br />
kultTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli agraruli dResaswauli <strong>da</strong> terminic qarTul-afxazuri kulturul-istoriuli<br />
urTierTobis Sedegi un<strong>da</strong> iyos. baris tarTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli es samiwaTmoqmedo,<br />
gvalvis sawinaaRmdego <strong>da</strong> wvimis gamomwvevi rwmenis dResaswauli afxazeb-<br />
Si intensiur miwaTmoqmedebaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlis Semdeg un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>arsebuliyo. igive un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas,<br />
afxazebSi miwaTmoqmedebis meore RvTaebis, `adgil-dedufalis~ Camoyalibebis Sesaxebac<br />
(afxazebi miwis aRsaniSnavad qarTul termins `adgili~ gamoiyeneben, sesxebis<br />
nia<strong>da</strong>gze). afxazebs miwis RvTaeba, adgilis dedoflis, qalis, saxiT hyav<strong>da</strong>T warmodgenili.<br />
afxazi qalebi (umetesad abJuaSi mcxovrebni) mindvris samkurnalo balaxebis Segrovebis<br />
dros, miwaSi marilis mwikvs <strong>da</strong>marxavdnen <strong>da</strong> Tan CurCulebdnen: adgil-dedofalo<br />
Cven Seni wili mogeciT~. afxazebSi sayovelTaod iyo cnobili, rom miwis yvela<br />
monakveTs, saxmari iyo igi Tu uxmari adgilis dedofali mfarvelob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qarTvelebSi es RvTaeba saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi iyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxiT gavrcelebuli.<br />
rogorc aRiniSna, igi agraruli xasiaTisa iyo <strong>da</strong> nayofierebas ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mis funqciebSi a<strong>da</strong>mianisadmi nayofierebis miniWeba, pirutyvis gamravleba, rogorc<br />
naTesis, ise yvelanairi mcenareulisaTvis mosavlianobis gazr<strong>da</strong> Sedio<strong>da</strong>. RvTaeba<br />
wylis, miwis <strong>da</strong> nayofierebis kults erTianad gamoxatav<strong>da</strong>, rac qarTvelebSi ori sameurneo<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgis ganviTarebis miwaTmoqmedebisa <strong>da</strong> mesaqonleobis simbiozur xasiaTze metyveleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amave dros, igi dedis <strong>da</strong> agraruli xasiaTis qal RvTaebasTan RvTismSobel<br />
mariamTanac iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli (mz. makalaTia).<br />
afxazebis samiwaTmoqmedo RvTaebaTa sistemaSi mniSvnelovani adgili kidev erTma<br />
RvTaebam jajam <strong>da</strong>ikava. afxazebs jaja <strong>da</strong>baltanian, mxarbeWian qalad hyav<strong>da</strong>T warmodgenili.<br />
romelsac <strong>da</strong>Tesili mindvrebisa <strong>da</strong> Wirnaxulis gazr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aseve sapirispirod,<br />
zaralis gamowvevac SeeZlo. afxazebis warmodgeniT, ojaxi romelic jajasTvis msxverpls<br />
zvarakis saxiT gaiReb<strong>da</strong>, uxv mosavals miiReb<strong>da</strong>, xolo is vinc mis saxelze zvarakis<br />
Sewirvas <strong>da</strong>inaneb<strong>da</strong>, piriqiT, mosavals wauxden<strong>da</strong>. `afxazuri RvTaeba jaja agrarul<br />
kulturasTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, Tumca Tavisi ganviTarebiT igi nayofierebis RvTaebad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong> 3 . `jojooba dRe~, romelic igive adgilis de<strong>da</strong>sTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
qarTvelebSic iyo gavrcelebuli. misi mlocvelebi gamoqvabulSi Saqars tovebdnen, xo-<br />
1 Акаба Л.Х., Традиционные религиозные представления, Абхазы (Москва, 2007), стр. 356-357.<br />
2 iv. javaxiSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 119-120.<br />
3 Кантария М. В., Чанба Р. К., Некоторые вопросы земледельческой культуры, Этнографические параллели (Тбилиси, 1987),<br />
стр. 55.<br />
419
lo miwas qaTmebs uZRvnidnen 1 . rogorc Cans, qarTul jojosa <strong>da</strong> afxazur jajas warmo-<br />
Sobis erTi saerTo qarTveluri Ziri un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong>. amrigad, mesaqonleobasa <strong>da</strong> miwaTmoqmedebasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli kultebi <strong>da</strong> rwmena-warmodgenebi afxazebSi, sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva safexurze Seqmnili Cans. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom afxazebis samiwaTmoqmedo religiuri kultura qarTveluri mosaxleobis kulturasTan<br />
mWidro urTierTobaSia warmoqmnili <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebuli.<br />
qarTul-afxazuri kulturuli urTierTobis Sedegi un<strong>da</strong> iyos qristianuli dReoba-dResawaulebis<br />
bzifisa <strong>da</strong> abJuis afxazebSi nawilobrivi gavrcelebac. mag.: aRdgomis<br />
(amSaf _ kvira) dResaswauli; RvTismSoblis miZinebis (nanhva – dedis locva) dResaswauli;<br />
Sobis (qirsa < megr.: qirse-qriste) dResaswauli, romelTa aRniSvnasac afxazebi<br />
SemoqmedebiTad udgebodnen. yvelaze meti Tayvaniscema afxazebSi giorgobam moipova. am<br />
dRes saqarTvelos yvela kuTxi<strong>da</strong>n qarTvelebi, maT Soris bzifisa <strong>da</strong> abJuis afxazebic,<br />
istoriuli odiSis teritoriaze, sof. iloris wm. giorgis taZarSi iyridnen Tavs,<br />
romelic maTi azriT, yvelaze Zlieri iyo <strong>da</strong> ilornxas saxelze zvaraksac klavdnen.<br />
afxazebSi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli poliTeisturi religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebis ganxilva<br />
safuZvels iZleva iTqvas, rom maT Seswavlas mravalmxrivi mniSvneloba aqvs. rac mTavaria<br />
igi gansaxilveli sakiTxisaTvis kidev erT <strong>da</strong>matebiT <strong>da</strong>sabuTebas iZleva, rom Tanamedrove<br />
afxazebi saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong> kerZod afxazeTis teritoriaze migraciis gziT arian <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli.<br />
samecniero literaturaSi araerTxel iyo aRniSnuli migraciis rolis Sesaxeb<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xalxis <strong>istoria</strong>Si. aseTi adgilmonacvleobis dros TavisTavad cxadia, moZravi<br />
mosaxleobis yofasa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebaze mkvidri mosaxleobis kultura garkveul zemoqmedebas<br />
axden<strong>da</strong>. Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleT kavkasielebis axal eTnografiul, kulturul <strong>da</strong> politikur-ekonomikuri<br />
garemo-pirobebSi moxvedram, qarTvel xalxTan urTierTobam maTi tradiciuli<br />
sameurneo, materialuri kulturisa <strong>da</strong> yofis wes-Cveulebebi, cnobiereba, maTi<br />
meurneobrivi Tu ekonomikuri qcevebi, eTnikuri procesebi Secvala. integraciis procesis<br />
gaRrmavebam, axal eTnikur erTobasa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebs Soris myari istoriuli, politikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialur-kulturuli kavSirebi Camoayaliba, imdenad, rom maT Soris axlo naTesauri<br />
urTierTobebi (qorwinebis gavleniT) <strong>da</strong>myar<strong>da</strong>. saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibebuli es<br />
urTierTobebi samwuxarod ucxo, Semosulma Zalam gaTiSa.<br />
amrigad, afxazuri eTnografiuli masalebis retrospeqtiuli ganxilva amtkicebs,<br />
rom afxazurma eTnikurma jgufma rTuli istoriul-migraciuli gza gamoiara. maTi Camoyalibeba<br />
Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleT kavkasiis xalxebis naTasauri jgufebisa <strong>da</strong> qarTveluri<br />
mosaxleobis Serwymis Sedegad mox<strong>da</strong>. afxazebma qarTvelebTan erTad, saerTo qarTul<br />
saxelmwifoSi xangrZlivi cxovrebisa <strong>da</strong> eTnokulturuli kontaqtebis Sedegad qarTuli<br />
kulturis didi gavlena ganicdes. es gavlena maTi kulturisa <strong>da</strong> yofis yvela aspeqtze<br />
aisaxa. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, afxazuri tradiciuli kulturis konservatiuli xasia-<br />
Ti<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleT kavkasiis xalxebis enasa <strong>da</strong> eTnokulturasTan<br />
msgavseba dResac TvalsaCinoa.<br />
<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />
1. n. berZeniSvili, feo<strong>da</strong>luri urTierToba XV saukuneSi, saqarTvelos istoriis saki-<br />
Txebi, II (Tbilisi, 1965).<br />
2. georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, I (Tbilisi, 1961).<br />
3. T. gvancelaZe, enobrivi monacemebi <strong>da</strong> maTi mniSvneloba afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis<br />
kvlevisaTvis, afxazeTis istoriis problemebi (Tbilisi, 1998).<br />
4. p. giorgiZe (p. Waraia), afxazeTi <strong>da</strong> afxazebi, iveria, #169 (1888).<br />
5. p. giorgiZe (p. Waraia), afxazeTi <strong>da</strong> afxazebi, iveria, #180 (1888).<br />
6. i. doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III (Tbilisi, 1970).<br />
7. evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~, nakv. I, Targmani g. fuTuriZis (Tbilisi, 1971).<br />
8. ioane sabanisZe, habos wameba, qarTuli proza, I (Tbilisi, 1981).<br />
1 iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, tomi I (Tbilisi, 1979), gv. 129.<br />
420
9. arq. Lamberti, samegrelos aRwera (Tbilisi, 1991).<br />
10. mz. makalaTia, mesaqonleobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi samegreloSi,<br />
samegrelo (Tbilisi, 1979).<br />
11. T. saxokia, mogzaurobani (Tbilisi, 1950).<br />
12. Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebi (Tbilisi, 1969).<br />
13. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, tomi I (Tbilisi, 1979).<br />
14. Акаба Л.Х., Традиционные религиозные представления, Абхазы (Москва, 2007).<br />
15. Бгажба Х. С., Бзибский диалект абхазского языка (Тбилиси, 1964).<br />
16. Бжания В. Н., Из истории хозяйство и культуры абхазов (Сухуми, 1973).<br />
17. Броневский С., Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе, ч. I (Москва, 1823).<br />
18. Вейденбаум Е., Священные рощи и деревья у Кавказских народов, ЗКОИРГО (Тифлис, 1877-1878).<br />
19. Джанашиа Н. С., Статьи по этнографии Абхазии (Сухуми, 1960).<br />
20. Дубровин Н., Абазцы (Азега), том I, кн. 2 (С-Петербург, 1871).<br />
21. Дубровин Н., Черкесы (Адыги), Материалы для истории черкесского народа, вып. I (Краснодар,<br />
1927).<br />
22. Завадский Ф. А., Абхазия и Цебельда, Кавказ, №61 (1867).<br />
23. Инал-ипа Ш. Д., Абхазы (Сухуми, 1965).<br />
24. Инал-ипа Ш. Д., Вопросы этнокультурной истории абхазов (Сухуми, 1976).<br />
25. Кантария М. В., Чанба Р. К., Некоторые вопросы земледельческой культуры, Этнографические<br />
параллели (Тбилиси, 1987).<br />
26. Лавров А. И., Историко-этнографические очерки Кавказа (Ленинград, 1978).<br />
27. Люлье А. Я., Верования, религиозные обряды и предрасудки черкес, ЗКОИРГО, кн. 5 (1862).<br />
28. Ногмов Ш. Б., История адыгского народа (Тбилиси, 1861).<br />
29. Пантюхов И., О положении Абхазии в религиозном отношении, Кавказ, №5, 10 января (1868).<br />
30. Религиозные верования абхазцев, ССКТ, вып. V (1871).<br />
31. Селезнев Н., Руководство к познанию Кавказа (С-Петербург, 1847-1850).<br />
32. Торнау Ф. Ф., Воспоминания кавказского офицера, ч. I и II (Москва, 1864).<br />
33. Чурсин Г. Ф., Материалы по этнографии Абхазии (Сухуми, 1957).<br />
421
SALOME BAKHIA-OQRUASHVILI<br />
Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,<br />
Ivane javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
BELIEFES OF THE ABKHAZIANS IN THE CONTEXT OF ETHNIC HISTORY<br />
Spiritual culture occupies significant place in the functioning of ethnos. Social formation and development of<br />
Abkhazian population on the territory of Georgia in a course of centuries was based on the corresponding ideology.<br />
Political and religious faith and conceptions always exerted marked influence both on ethnic mentality and ethnic<br />
integrity. According to our opinion/assumption two main streams of representatives of small ethnic units from<br />
North Caucasus to the territory of Georgia were confirmed. The first was in the beginning of our era (II century)<br />
and the second, in the XV-XVII centuries. The first wave that migrated to the territory of Abkhazia brought pre-<br />
Christian spiritual culture, but later (VI c) it, according to the sources, as a result of powerful impact of Kartvelian<br />
(Georgian) population used to convert into Christianity. From the VII century up to the second half of the 70-s of<br />
the X century no <strong>da</strong>ta are fixed in ancient Georgian sources and law monuments in connection with pagan religion,<br />
in Georgian or Abkhazian populations. This refers to final victory of Christian religion in this region. Alongside<br />
with the religion faith, the first wave of migration appeared fused with Georgian population ethnically and<br />
culturally, which, alongside with other ethnological signs is proved by the terms connected with Christianity as<br />
well as by feasts- holy<strong>da</strong>ys in Abkhazian language. The second wave that migrated from the North Caucasus<br />
ethnically differed greater. Therefore, they retained their own traditional religious faiths-conceptions to the end.<br />
Within the whole XX century in the pagan pantheon of Abkhazians the leading place was occupied by the vital<br />
force, fertility, family, patronymic, village, community. In the modern life of Abkhazians agricultural activity, the<br />
level of public and social development level were conditioned by old faiths-conceptions. The nature, land,<br />
economic activity – cattle growing, hunting, apiculture, smithery and all cults of holly places had their own idols,<br />
deities at the head. Considerations made on the basis of the sources and law monuments and the polytheistic<br />
religious faith-conceptions brought by the second flood from the North Caucasus enables us to say that modern<br />
Abkhazians have settled on the territory of Georgia through migration. As a result of powerful impact of politicaleconomic<br />
and other forms of culture of local population on the life of the migrating population from the XV<br />
century as well as deepening of integration process, the new ethnic entity – Abkhazians were formed. As a result of<br />
coexistence and ethno-cultural contacts of Abkhazians and Georgians in the common state, Georgian impacts were<br />
expressed in all aspects of their culture and life. Irrespective of it, proceeding from the conservative nature of<br />
Abkhazian traditional culture, the semblance to the North Caucasian language and ethno-culture is still vivid to<strong>da</strong>y.<br />
422
nugzar mgelaZe<br />
baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
demonTa samyaro samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos miToreligiaSi<br />
(1. lompapi <strong>da</strong> kudianebi)<br />
`demonologia~ farTo Sinaarsis cnebaa. TeologiaSi arsebobs azri, rom igi zogad<br />
StrixebSi `<strong>da</strong>cemuli angelosebis~ arqiteqtonikas _ arssa <strong>da</strong> bunebas swavlobs. miTologiur<br />
personaJTa SedgenilobiT demonTa samyaro gansakuTrebiT rTuli agebulebisaa.<br />
Sexedulebebi demonuri Zalebis Sesaxeb kacobriobis istoriis uZveles safexurebze<br />
iRebs saTaves. am tipis RvTaebebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva epoqebsa (antikuri periodi, Suasaukuneebi)<br />
<strong>da</strong> qveynebSi (aziisa <strong>da</strong> evropis qveynebi) gansxvavebul funqciur Sinaarsac atareb<strong>da</strong>.^drosa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sivrceSi gansxvavebulobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, Sinagani wyobiT, demonebSi gansaxierebuli<br />
miTologiuri personaJebi <strong>da</strong> maTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi<br />
erTmaneTs sagrZnoblad uaxlovdebodnen. es siaxlove gansakuTrebiT yofaSi _ cxovrebiseul<br />
ciklSi vlindebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
`demoni~ anu berZnuli `<strong>da</strong>imon~ orfikebTan <strong>da</strong> piTagorelebTan mfarvel suls aRniSnav<strong>da</strong><br />
1 , Tumca keTilismyofeli funqciis gar<strong>da</strong> berZnul miTologiaSi `demoni~ ganzogadebuli<br />
warmodgena iyo ganusazRvrel <strong>da</strong> gauformebel RvTaebriv Zalaze, romelic,<br />
xSirad, a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebiseul bedze axden<strong>da</strong> zegavlenas. `demoni~ uecrad warmoSobad<br />
<strong>da</strong> uecrad qrobad saSiS sabediswiro Zalas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>,^romlis saxeldeba<br />
<strong>da</strong> romelTanac urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myareba TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo. moulodnelad Tavs<strong>da</strong>tydomis<br />
procesSi demons garkveuli moqmedeba elviseburad mohqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad<br />
ukvalod qrebo<strong>da</strong>. a. losevis SexedulebiT am funqciaSi Cans uecari preanimizmis<br />
rudimentebi 2 . adre, olimpiuri RmerTebic demonebad iwodebodnen, magram mxolod maSin,<br />
roca ganzogadebuli saxiT warmoidgendnen an maT ganusazRvrel mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen,<br />
e. i. roca RmerTi Tavs individualurad ar avlen<strong>da</strong>. specialur literaturaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenilia demonebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli zogadi niSnebi. isini a<strong>da</strong>mianebze uSualod<br />
zemoqmedebdnen, xiblavdnen, umzadebdnen ubedurebas, usuraTebdnen arasasiamovno<br />
sizmrebs. aseve, maT a<strong>da</strong>mianebis gzaze <strong>da</strong>yenebac SeeZloT. aseT gzas ki a<strong>da</strong>mianebi^ umetesad<br />
katastrofamde mihyav<strong>da</strong>. demonebi a<strong>da</strong>mianSi ama Tu im azrs badebdnen, beds uTanabrdebodnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianuri cxovrebis yvela mxares Tavisi gavlenis sferoSi aqcevdnen.<br />
arsebobdnen <strong>da</strong>badebis, sikeTisa <strong>da</strong> borotebis demonebi. a<strong>da</strong>mianis xasiaTic a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
demoni iyo. yvela a<strong>da</strong>mians Tavisi demoni hyav<strong>da</strong>. demonebi agreTve <strong>da</strong>bali safexuris<br />
RvTaebebad, RmerTebsa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris Suamavlebad gaiazrebodnen. romaul miTologiaSi<br />
berZnul demons `genia~ Seesatyvisebo<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />
berZnebSi demonebi mfarveli sulis gamoxatulebac iyo.^ukve adreqristianul warmodgenebSi<br />
isini borot xatebsa <strong>da</strong> Smag Zalebs konkretulad <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong>. titanur-demonuri<br />
bunebis amosavali qTonuri <strong>da</strong> Ramiseuli arsi gax<strong>da</strong>. warmarTulSi titanurma<br />
ukve qristianul epoqaSi demonuri iersaxe miiRo 4 . qristianoba demonologiur memkvidreobas<br />
universaluri tradiciebi<strong>da</strong>n iTviseb<strong>da</strong>, Tumca qristianul samyaroSi tradiciuli<br />
kulturis matareblebisaTvis qristes binaruli opozicia@ Tu polaruli persona-<br />
Ji _ antiqriste <strong>da</strong> eSmakiseul msoflmxedvelobaze agebuli demonur ZalTa wre keTil<br />
sawyiss acdenilebia. qristianuli sarwmunoeba RmerTis _ sikeTis Secnobis procesSi<br />
antiqristesa <strong>da</strong> demonur, maT Soris, boroti Zalebis arsebobas <strong>da</strong>saSvebad miiCnevs,<br />
rac^SesaZloa^a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis sakuTari arsSi wvdomis ganmsazRvrel kriteriumsac warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
es iseTive aRqmadi procesi Cans, rogoricaa borotebis gacnobiereba, rac<br />
saSualebas gvaZlevs sikeTis arss gacilebiT Rrmad CavwvdeT <strong>da</strong>, mainc, aq ormxrivi _<br />
binaruli opozicia araa bunebis harmoniuli erTianobis iseTi dualisturi xedva, ro-<br />
1 Томсон Дж., Исследованные по истории древнегреческого общества (Москва, 1958), стр. 338-339.<br />
2 Лосев А. Ф., Демон, Мифологический словарь (Москва, 1991), стр. 182.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 182.<br />
4 a. na<strong>da</strong>raia, demonologiis sakiTxisaTvis saqarTveloSi, masalebi guriis eTnografiuli SeswavlisaTvis^<br />
(Tbilisi,^1980), gv. 184.<br />
423
goricaa civi <strong>da</strong> cxeli, qali <strong>da</strong> kaci, ca <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>miwa. esaa uarso borotebasa <strong>da</strong> sike-<br />
Tes Soris mkveTri <strong>da</strong>pirispireba. RmerTi ar ebrZvis antiqristes. igi mas Trgunavs.<br />
qristianobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul miTologiur warmodgenebSi avi sulebi samebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
angelozebis antagonistebad miiCneodnen. isini eSmakis msaxurebi, satanis mebrZolebi, a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
modgmis uxilavi mtrebi iyvnen. av sulTa am<strong>da</strong>gvari funqciebi mkveTrad vlindebo<strong>da</strong>,^<br />
magaliTad, Zvelslavur warmarTul miTologiur RvTaebaSi, romelic besis saxelwodebas<br />
atareb<strong>da</strong> 1 . qristianobam warmarTuli sarwmunoebrivi plastebis mniSvnelovani nawili<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>iazra. qristes antipodi _ eSmaki uarso borotebis ganmasaxierebeli <strong>da</strong> qristianuli<br />
Sexedulebebis organuli nawili gax<strong>da</strong>. bunebrivia warmarTul plastebs qristianoba-<br />
Si Tan gadmohyva uZvelesi miTologemebi <strong>da</strong> calkeuli siuJeti, rac maT diferencirebul<br />
<strong>da</strong> funqciur-tipologiur Seswavlas moiTxovs. isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom fragmentebi uZvelesi<br />
miTologemebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> warmarTuli cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n im msoflmxedvelobis warmoCenas abundovnebs,<br />
romelsac safuZvlad qristianuli motivebi udevs.<br />
demonuri samyaros Sinaarsobrivi modeli, istoriulad Camoyalibebuli demonologiuri<br />
sistemebis sarwmunoebrivi formebi <strong>da</strong> am formebSi asaxuli personaJebis funqciebi<br />
gansakuTrebiT faseuli saxiT folklorul-eTnografiulma sinamdvilem Semoinaxa.<br />
am tipis masalebiT mdi<strong>da</strong>ria kavkasiis xalxTa kulturuli memkvidreoba, maT Soris,<br />
qarTveli xalxis religiuri anTropologia.<br />
amjerad Cvens mizans warmoadgens eTnografiuli masalebis safuZvelze aRvweroT<br />
<strong>da</strong> SeviswavloT samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos demonologiuri warsuli, gansakuTrebiT<br />
aWaris mosaxleobaSi arsebuli demonologiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi, maTi lokalur-regionuli,<br />
zogadeTnikuri (zogadqarTuli) <strong>da</strong> universaluri niSnebi.<br />
samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos miTo-religiur struqturaSi ramdenime demonologiuri<br />
mikrosamyaroa warmodgenili, romlebic funqciur-Sinaarsobrivi aspeqtebiT xSirad<br />
erTmaneTs uaxlovdebian.<br />
* * *<br />
demonebi <strong>da</strong> Ramiseuli avi sulebi: lompapi <strong>da</strong> kudianebi. samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT saqar-<br />
TveloSi,^ kerZod, aWaraSi, kudianebis gamaerTianebeli <strong>da</strong> ufrosi e. w. lompapi (dedjali<br />
2 //<strong>da</strong>jali//derjali//jerjali//zerjali//dedjal-ruji//dedjal-xuruji//dedjalrompapi)<br />
3 iyo. aWaraSi lompaps xSirad rompapsac uwodebdnen. guriaSi misi funqciurtipologiuri<br />
Sesatyvisi rokapi iyo, xolo qarTlSi tartarozi. sxvaTaSoris, guriaSi<br />
avi qalis aRsaniSnavad dRemde SemorCa gamoTqma: `rokapi qali~@ (Sdr. finTqali), xolo<br />
lazebi aseT qals aWaruli dialeqtisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli terminis: lompapis<br />
fonetikuri SesatyvisiT _ RompapiT aRniSnavdnen, rac pir<strong>da</strong>pir miuTiTebs rokapisa <strong>da</strong><br />
lompapis qalur bunebaze. T. saxokia rokaps mdedrobiTi sqesis moxucebulad miiCnev<strong>da</strong><br />
4 . il. Wyoniac Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom rokapi <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi mdedrobiTi sqesis iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong> kudianebs ufrosob<strong>da</strong>. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa i. yifSiZis Sexedulebac 5 . zogierT<br />
mecniers rokapisa <strong>da</strong> rompapis gaigiveba <strong>da</strong>uSveblad miaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maT gansxvavebul<br />
sulebad moiazreb<strong>da</strong>. maTi SexedulebiT, aWarelisa <strong>da</strong> gurulisaTvis rokapi qali, xolo<br />
rompapi mamakaci iyo 6 , Tumca folklorul-eTnografiuli wyaroebi kudianebis gamaerTianebel<br />
borot Zalas ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qalad warmoaCens 7 . arn. Ciqobavas ganmartebiT ru-<br />
1 Аверинцев С. С., Бесы, Мифологический словарь (Москва, 1991), стр. 92.<br />
2 j. noRaideli, aWaruli zepirsityvierebisa <strong>da</strong> eTnografiis masalebi^(Tbilisi, 1967), gv. 65-69; Sdr. T. SioSvili,<br />
dedjalis (<strong>da</strong>jalis) ciklis legen<strong>da</strong> aWaris folklorSi, qarTveli muslimebi Tanamedroveobis<br />
konteqstSi (baTumi, 2010).<br />
3 sakiTxis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. n. mgelaZe, demonologiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelo-<br />
Si, xelnaweri (1992) (ix. saojaxo arqivi); n. mgelaZe, demonologiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
saqarTveloSi, niko berZeniSvilis institutis eTnologiis ganyofilebis arqivi, wliuri Tema, xelnaweri<br />
(1992); n. mgelaZe, eSmaki, saistorio macne, #3 (baTumi, 1996), gv. 37-39; n. mgelaZe, xalxuri demonologiuri<br />
azrovnebis istorii<strong>da</strong>n aWaraSi (feri//ferebi), saistorio macne, # 9 (baTumi, 2000), gv. 62-66; n. mgelaZe, <strong>da</strong>cemuli<br />
angelosebi xalxur demonologiaSi _ ali, saistorio macne, # 9 (baTumi, 2000), gv. 62-66.<br />
4 T. saxokia, mogzaurobani (Tbilisi, 1950).<br />
5 Sdr. b. JRenti, qarTuli enis guruli kilo (Tbilisi, 1936), gv. 240.<br />
6 ix. i. megreliZe, j. noRaideli: cxovreba <strong>da</strong> moRvaweoba, j. noRaideli, narkvevebi <strong>da</strong> Canawerebi, 1 (baTumi,<br />
1971), gv. 21; Sdr. j. noRaideli, aWaris xalxuri sityviereba, II (baTumi, 1940).<br />
7 Sdr. T. SioSvili, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 350.<br />
424
kap’Si gvaqvs -kap Ziri. sityva ro-kap-i cnobili iyo samegreloSic <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, gavrcelebuli<br />
iyo mTel <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi. ru-kap-i SesaZlebelia miRebuli iyos rokap-i‘sagan.<br />
avtoris Tanaxmad, es sityva SeTvisebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> afxazurs aruakap’is saxiT.<br />
arn. Ciqobava terminis etimologiisas am sityvas uSualod ukavSireb<strong>da</strong> ybas. misi <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT,<br />
-kap aris yba 1 . vfiqrobT, aRniSnul konteqstSi un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT sityva nikap-i’c.<br />
arn. Ciqobava kap’isa <strong>da</strong> ro-kap-i’s ybasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebisas eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong> sulxan-saba<br />
orbelianis cnobil ganmartebas: rukapi aris `Zlier beberi de<strong>da</strong>kaci <strong>da</strong> di<strong>da</strong>d ybedi<br />
<strong>da</strong> kudiani~ 2 . arn. Ciqobava aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom sabasTan ybedi@ niSnavs ybians: `di<strong>da</strong>d<br />
ybedi~ anu metis metad ybiani Tu metad didi ybis mqone. Tanamedrove gagebiT ybedi is<br />
aris, vinc ybebs ar asvenebs, Tavs gvabezrebs laparakiT 3 . am mxriv yuradRebas iqcevs<br />
aWaraSi ise, rogorc saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi Tavyrilobis adgilis, gviandeli gagebiT<br />
zarmacTa TavSesakrebis aRmniSvneli termini salaybo, romelic ga<strong>da</strong>taniTi mniSvnelobiT<br />
laybobas, ybedobas, laparaks ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> niSnav<strong>da</strong> salaparako adgils.<br />
es sityvac ybasTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. am sityvam droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZina ironiuli<br />
Sinaarsi. adre mas gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong>tvirTva un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong>, radgan msgavs Tavyrilobebze<br />
wydebo<strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani saTemo problemebi.<br />
TiTqos arasarwmunoa, magram <strong>da</strong>saSvebia lompapi (rompapi//Rompapi) gaazrebuli iqnas<br />
rogorc `romis papi~ <strong>da</strong> es arcTu usafuZvlod mogveCveneba Tu qristianobis <strong>istoria</strong>Si<br />
marTlmadideblobisa <strong>da</strong> kaTolikobis urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis xasiaTs gavixsenebT<br />
<strong>da</strong> am urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis sferoSi romis papis rols ganvsazRvravT 4 . miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
amisa, aseT axsnas mravali susti mxare gaaCnia,^ magaliTad, Tun<strong>da</strong>c is^ rom yofaSi<br />
lompapi (rompapi) xSirad gagebuli iyo rogorc qaluri bunebis arseba _ de<strong>da</strong>beri.<br />
vfiqrobT, lompapi <strong>da</strong> rompapi^ ise, rogorc rokapi erTi sityvis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fonetikuri<br />
variantia <strong>da</strong> Tu es asea, maSin ufro sarwmuno Cans rokapis a. na<strong>da</strong>raias mier<br />
SemoTavazebuli etimologia, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c, sityva rokapi SesaZloa sparsuli<br />
roskipi’<strong>da</strong>n iyos miRebuli, romelic, avtoris azriT, naTvalevis@ Selocvis erT-erT<br />
variantSi ga<strong>da</strong>taniTi mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli. locvis am variantis mixedviT _<br />
`...Samevi<strong>da</strong> erTi eva roskipi qali, Svid Tvares Seqmnili, SafaT dRes <strong>da</strong>badebuli, gami-<br />
Tvalva qseli Cemi ... rac sulierma avi TvaliT <strong>da</strong> yuriT Sexe<strong>da</strong>~.@ a. na<strong>da</strong>raias azriT,<br />
es avi TvaliT Semxedvari qali _ rokapia, radgan xalxi av qals rokaps eZax<strong>da</strong>. avtoris<br />
mixedviT, Selocvis sxva variantSi mas cvlis `qari qaravani~ an `erTi qali~.@samxreT<br />
saqarTveloSi `alis qals~ `alis qarsac~ uwodebdnen 5 . aq Cveni yuradReba<br />
miiqcia frazam: `rac sulierma avi TvaliT <strong>da</strong> yuriT Sexe<strong>da</strong> 6 ~. Tu avi TvaliT Semxedvari<br />
qali rokapia <strong>da</strong> igi alis qalTan konteqstSi cnobierdeba, maSin am mosazrebas kidev<br />
ufro sarwmunos xdis fraza: `avi ... yuriT~ Semxedvare qalis Taobaze, romelic aseve<br />
alTan mimarTebaSi un<strong>da</strong> aixsnas. yofaSi <strong>da</strong>sturdeba sityva aliyuri, romelic Rru-<br />
Si SiSina xmis gamomcem niJaras warmoadgens. mosaxleoba mas akvans miakrav<strong>da</strong> xolme,<br />
raTa alis <strong>da</strong>cema Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aecilebina. es `avi yuriTa~ <strong>da</strong>@ `avi TvaliT~ Semxedvare qalic<br />
rokapi Cans <strong>da</strong> garkveul konteqstSi alis qals warmoadgens. Tu miwis qalRmerTad<br />
nadirobis RvTaeba gaigebo<strong>da</strong>, magaliTad,^<strong>da</strong>li <strong>da</strong> am qalRmerTis yvelaze bnel aspeqts<br />
rokapis bunebis RvTaeba ganasaxiereb<strong>da</strong> 7 , maSin, bunebrivia, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>lisa <strong>da</strong><br />
alis ara marto fonetikuri, aramed, garkveul qronologiur mTologiur SreebSi, maTi<br />
nawilobrivi funqciur-tipologiuri kavSirurTierTobis sakiTxic <strong>da</strong>isvas 8 .<br />
xalxuri warmodgeniT lompapi sazareli <strong>da</strong> finTi Sesaxe<strong>da</strong>obis de<strong>da</strong>beri<br />
iyo,^romlis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel garegnul niSnebs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>: Casisxlianebuli Tvalebi,<br />
gadmotrialebuli quTuToebi, Semwvanebuli loyebi. gurulis SexedulebiTac, rokapi<br />
maxinji, sazareli saxis moxuci iyo, mdedrobiTi sqesis, ulmobeli, a<strong>da</strong>mianis sisxls<br />
1 arn. Ciqobava, saxelTa fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba (Tbilisi, 1948), gv. 98.<br />
2 sulxan-saba orbeliani, sityvis kona (Tbilisi, 1928), gv. 282.<br />
3 arn. Ciqobava, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 98.<br />
4 n. mgelaZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 36.<br />
5 a. na<strong>da</strong>raia,^<strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, 190; Sdr. m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
1^(Tbilisi,^1966), gv. 366; ap. wulaZe, eTnografiuli guria^(Tbilisi, 1971), gv. 116.<br />
6 Sdr, sityva miyures _ Semxede, momismine: `yuri <strong>da</strong>migde~.<br />
7 a. na<strong>da</strong>raia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 190.<br />
8 Sdr. cnebebs qali <strong>da</strong> qari, romlebic mosalodnelia kavSirSi iyos cnebebTan <strong>da</strong>li <strong>da</strong> ali (Sdr. termini<br />
aliqali).<br />
425
mowyurebuli. Tavisi tanis sigrZis kbilebi hqon<strong>da</strong>, romlebic win miwaze ewyo 1 . xalxuri<br />
warmodgeniT, lompapi gaumaZRari arseba iyo, ris gamoc am sityviT msuqan <strong>da</strong> xarb<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miansac aRniSnavdnen. msuqan a<strong>da</strong>mianze ityodnen: `lompapiviT gasuqebuliao~. aWaraSi<br />
arsebobs warmodgena, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c, sadilis dros bismalais Tu ar ityodi, maSin<br />
mucelSi SeiTani CagiZvrebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> lompapiviT gagasuqeb<strong>da</strong>, Tumca lompapis simsuqne<br />
sixarbis adekvaturia <strong>da</strong>, xSirad, ga<strong>da</strong>taniTi mniSvnelobiT iyo gamoyenebuli, radgan<br />
miTologiur siuJetebSi rokapi warmodgenilia ara mxolod de<strong>da</strong>brad cecxlovani TvalebiT,<br />
didi kbilebiTa <strong>da</strong> grZeli kudiT, aramed gaZvaltyavebuli arseba<strong>da</strong>c 2 .<br />
lompapi miuval mTebsa <strong>da</strong> kldeebSi saxlob<strong>da</strong>. aWaraSi Cawerili erTi gadmocemiT,<br />
lompapis sacxovrisi iyo e. w. almikoxi, romelic TiTqos zemo aWaraSi, sofel vaSlovanTan<br />
mdebareob<strong>da</strong>. gadmocemis meore variantiT, lompapi sadRac Sors iyo <strong>da</strong>bmuli,<br />
romelsac yaf<strong>da</strong>Ri erqva. iqve, mindorSi arsebula Zervenaxis qva _ lompapis samyofTan<br />
gasasvleli. guriaSi T. saxokias mogzaurobis periodSi miiCnevdnen, rom rokapis<br />
adgilsamyofeli samegreloSi tabakonas mTa@iyo 3 . gurulebi rokapis adgilsamyofelad<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> miuvali kldeebisa, zRvispira qveyanasac asaxelebdnen, romelsac WaWveTs eZaxdnen<br />
4 . a. na<strong>da</strong>raia rokapis adgilsamyofels zRvasTan mimarTebaSi _ mesefebTan konteqstSi<br />
ganixilav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom mesefnic zRvis mxri<strong>da</strong>n modian 5 , Tumca avtors<br />
am saintereso paralelis funqciur-tipologiuri Tanxvedrilobis amsaxveli <strong>da</strong>matebi-<br />
Ti niSnebi ar <strong>da</strong>usaxelebia.<br />
lompapis <strong>da</strong>bmuli saxiT gaazreba sakmaod sayuradRebo msgavsebas avlens qarTul<br />
miTologiaSi farTod cnobil eposTan <strong>da</strong> am eposis mTavar personaJTan amiranTan, romelic<br />
RmerTma urCobisa <strong>da</strong> masTan Widilis gamo kavkasiis qedze _ kldeze mdebare gamoqvabulSi<br />
miajaWva 6 . samecniero literaturaSi msgavsi paraleli ukve gavlebulia.<br />
ufro metic, gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom rompapi amirania 7 , xolo jerjali (dedjali) ki<br />
_ <strong>da</strong>rejani 8 . erTi miTologiuri versiiT, RmerTis mier <strong>da</strong>sjili rokapi miwaSi Caflul<br />
rkinis Wokze iyo mijaWvuli. am gadmocemis mixedviT, rokapi yovelwliurad Wokis amoglejasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganTavisuflebas cdilob<strong>da</strong>, magram rogorc ki amas axerxeb<strong>da</strong>^ Wokze Citi<br />
jdebo<strong>da</strong>. am dros rokapi Cits joxs mouqnev<strong>da</strong> xolme, magram Citi mifrinav<strong>da</strong>, Woki ki<br />
kvlav miwaSi eflobo<strong>da</strong> 9 . am tipis masala aWaraSicaa gamovlenili, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c,<br />
rompapi romeliRac kldeze CarWobil paloze jaWviT iyo mibmuli. rompapTan axlos,<br />
magram misTvis miuwvdomel adgilze, uro ido, raTa mas palo ar moeTxara. rompaps<br />
e. w. WunWruqa Citi <strong>da</strong>rajob<strong>da</strong>. am Cits aWaris zogierT xeobaSi tantruqa erqva, xolo<br />
kintriSis xeobis soflebSi mabzakunas saxeliT iyo cnobili. konkretuli folklorul-eTnografiuli<br />
wyaroebiT irkveva, rom <strong>da</strong>bmuli rompapi woniT aTi fuTi iyo. j. no-<br />
Raidelis mier Cawerili masalebiT, `am xalxSi erTi TavSexovli kaci j<strong>da</strong>s, aravis elaparakeba<br />
... igi rkinis svetzea mibmuli. rkinis uro <strong>da</strong>debulia svetTan ... WunWruqai Citi<br />
... am uroze J<strong>da</strong>s. cavs svets, rom ar meiglijoso. misi yarauli is aris. rodesac ieqaneba<br />
pawas sveti, moConCkaldeba, miva WunWruqai <strong>da</strong> svetis Tavze <strong>da</strong>Jdeba. rompapi<br />
xels ver muustvens svets, rompapic svets cavs, rom aravin <strong>da</strong>amagros, me rom wamuaqanebo.<br />
WunWruqai rom svetze <strong>da</strong>Jdeba, maSin uros awevs rompapi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>artyams WunWruqas,<br />
viTom WunWruqai asobs svets. rom <strong>da</strong>artyams, WunWruqai 10 geiqceva, uro <strong>da</strong>ecema palos<br />
1 T. saxokia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi,^ gv. 50; Sdr. qarTuli folkloris leqsikoni, II (Tbilisi, 1975), gv. 72.<br />
2 Аверинцев С. С., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 469.<br />
3 T. saxokia,^<strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 50.<br />
4 Т. Мамаладзе, Народные обычаи и поверье гурийцев, СМОМПК, 17, отд. II (С-Петербург, 1893), стр. 63.<br />
5 a. na<strong>da</strong>raia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 185; Sdr. a. na<strong>da</strong>raia, wvimis patara RvTaebebi _ Winkebi <strong>da</strong> mesefeni, samegrelo<br />
(masalebi samegrelos eTnografiuli SeswavlisaTvis) (Tbilisi, 1979).<br />
6 <strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. Чиковани М. Я., Амиран, Мифологический словарь (Москва, 1991), стр. 37.<br />
7 satanasTan amiranis gaigiveba arsebuli faqtebis garegnul msgavsebas emyareba. logikiT, ufro upriani<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebze mzrunvel amiranSi RmerTis _ uflis mesiamdeli saxe Segvecno, romelic RvTaebrivi<br />
warmomavlobisaa, martoa, atarebs de<strong>da</strong>miwis tvirTs <strong>da</strong> warmarT RvTaebaTa panTeonis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT<br />
urCobisaTvis <strong>da</strong>sjilia.<br />
8 j. noRaideli, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 69.<br />
9 Аверинцев С. С., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 469.<br />
10 qarTul ornamentikaSi, gansakuTrebiT sacxovrebeli nagebobis SemkulobaSi, xSirad gvxvdeba Citis gamosaxuleba,<br />
romelic gamoricxuli araa vifiqroT, rom asruleb<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebuli _ <strong>da</strong>rajis funqcias<br />
<strong>da</strong> ojaxs Ramiseuli satanuri arsebebisagan <strong>da</strong> boroti Zalebisagan _ demonebisagan icav<strong>da</strong>. igi mSvidobis<br />
simbolo iyo. igi fxizlob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> eSmaks Tavis axsnis saSualebas ar aZlev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
426
<strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>miwaSi gaaroniebs~ 1 . miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad gansazRvruli paralelebisa, masalebi rokapsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> amirans Soris mxolod garegnul msgavsebaze gvamaxvilebinebs yuradRebas. amiranica<br />
<strong>da</strong> rokapic analogiur bedSi iyvnen <strong>da</strong>, bunebrivia, am bedis amsaxveli siuJetebic<br />
erTmaneTs uaxlovdebodnen 2 . sinamdvileSi satana <strong>da</strong> amirani funqciur-tipologiurad<br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli personaJebs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qronologiuri TvalsazrisiTac<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sibrtyeze un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT. rokapi borotebis sataniseuli xalxuri gamoxatuleba<br />
iyo, maSin, roca amirani (promeTe) a<strong>da</strong>mianTa modgmis samsaxurSi idga. RmerT-<br />
Tan WidiliT man RmerTTan gaTanabreba sca<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>isaja kidec, magram mainc igi xalxis<br />
sayvareli gmiri <strong>da</strong>rCa. rokapisa <strong>da</strong> amiranis miTologiuri personaJebis irgvliv<br />
Seqmnili siuJetebis msgavseba, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom aq TiTqos qronologiuri zRvari<br />
didia, RmerTisadmi maTi <strong>da</strong>pirispirubulobis motivebmac ganapirobes. RmerTma ori<br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli RvTaebrivi warmomavlobis arseba urCobisaTvis TiTqmis erTnairad<br />
<strong>da</strong>saja _ satana <strong>da</strong>Trguna, xolo amirani gariya, magram a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sacxovrisagan<br />
izolacia orives be<strong>da</strong>d ergoT.<br />
miTologiuri siuJetebiT^ lompapis mrevli rogorc qaluri, ise^ mamakacuri sawyisis<br />
iyo. satanis msaxuri aWarasa <strong>da</strong> guriaSi aRiniSnebo<strong>da</strong> zogadi saxelwodebiT _ kudiani,^xolo<br />
guriaSi <strong>da</strong>matebiT <strong>da</strong>sturdeba termini _ mRalavi. kudianis paralelurad<br />
aWaraSi mogvianebiT termini jazi 3 <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>. sataniseuli personaJis saxe aqvs miRebuli<br />
jinsac. sofel qedlebis uban SurmulSi (xulos raioni) cxovrobs mexeSiZeTa sagvareulo<br />
Sto _ jinoRli. 1981 wlisaTvis aq jinoRlebis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 8 komli cxovrob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gadmocemiT, mexeSiZeebis winapari warmoSobiT SavSeTi<strong>da</strong>n^_ jinalo<strong>da</strong>n iyo. SesaZlebelia<br />
am sagvareulo Stos saxelwodeba jinTan iyos <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. mareTis xeobaSi^ sofel<br />
kviaxiZeebsa <strong>da</strong> sofel gogniauris saberwias saxelwodebiT cnobil mTas Soris<br />
mdebareobs adgili jinikilde. mosaxleobis warmodgeniT aq jinebi saxloben.<br />
aWarelis SexedulebiT kudiani dRisiT Cveulebrivi a<strong>da</strong>miani iyo, xolo RamiT Sei-<br />
Zleba zoomorfuli saxe mieRo. saWiroebis mixedviT igi katad, Tagvad, buzad, gvelad<br />
iqceo<strong>da</strong>. kudianoba SuaRami<strong>da</strong>n iwyebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mamlis pirvel yivilamde grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>. kudianebi<br />
dRisiT uZlurdebodnen. TavyrilobisaTvis maT gansakuTrebuli adgili hqon<strong>da</strong>T<br />
SerCeuli <strong>da</strong> RamiT SesawiravebiT (qaTami, Zroxa, rZe,...) xel<strong>da</strong>mSvenebulebi Sesakrebad<br />
lompapis samflobelobelosken xaliCaze an cocxze ga<strong>da</strong>mjarni freniT mieSurebodnen.<br />
aWaraSi gamovlenili folklorul-eTnografiuli wyaroebiT, a<strong>da</strong>miani kudianobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebis win tansacmels sakuTar saxlSi ixdi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>brunebuls xelmeored<br />
icvam<strong>da</strong>. kudianis mwkvarTavs masTan wamali mihqon<strong>da</strong>. igi am wamals `iRliebSi amoisob<strong>da</strong>~<br />
<strong>da</strong> buxarSi `aSpebo<strong>da</strong>~.@aqe<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom kudianebi lompapis samyofTan kavSirs buxris<br />
sakvamuriT amyarebdnen. lompapis samyofi, rogorc drois, ise sivrciT ganzomilebaSi<br />
iyo warmodgenili, razec Suacecxlis (gvian buxris) meSveobiT lompapis sabinadrosTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebis faqtic metyvelebs <strong>da</strong> miuTiTebs isic, rom amqveyniur <strong>da</strong><br />
lompapiseul samyaroTa Soris moqmedebebi erTmaneTis paralelurad mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ufro zustad, oreulebi erTroulad moqmedebdnen. es sivrce mdebareob<strong>da</strong> amqveyniurisagan<br />
gansxvavebul paralelur samyaroSi _ qvesknelSi. magaliTad, amas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs<br />
Cvens mier qvemoT moyvanili erT-erTi gadmocemac, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c, lompapis samyofi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamofrenilma de<strong>da</strong>m, romelic satanas Svilis Tvalis msxverplad Sewirvas Sepir<strong>da</strong>,<br />
buzad iqca <strong>da</strong> Svils Tvalze <strong>da</strong>aj<strong>da</strong>. de<strong>da</strong>ze uCumrad <strong>da</strong>devnebulma Svilma,<br />
romelmac garigebis faqts Seeswro <strong>da</strong> winaswarve ico<strong>da</strong> dedis Canafiqri, saswrafod<br />
moisva saxeze xeli <strong>da</strong> buzi gasrisa. xalxuri rwmeniT, amis gamo vaJis de<strong>da</strong> sakuTar<br />
1 j. noRaideli, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 67-69.<br />
2 samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnul sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiTac gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebia gamoTqmuli.<br />
sruliad marTebulad aqcentebi siuJetis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebzea gamaxvilebuli, magaliTad,<br />
wina planzea wamoweuli amiranisa <strong>da</strong> lompapis miuval adgilze mijaWvis faqti, sa<strong>da</strong>c saerToa mijaWvis<br />
motivacia _ <strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. al. xaxanaSvili, qarTuli sityvierebis <strong>istoria</strong>, 1 (Tbilisi, 1904), gv. 31; m. Ciqovani,<br />
qarTuli eposi, I (Tbilisi, 1904), gv. 31; aseve, amis Sesaxeb ix. n. mgelaZe, demonologiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi...;<br />
Sdr. T. SioSvili, qarTuli folkloris zneobrivi samyaro, II (baTumi, 2004), gv. 184; T. Sio-<br />
Svili, dedjalis (<strong>da</strong>jalis) ciklis legen<strong>da</strong>..., gv. 345-355.<br />
3 termini jazi araqarTuli warmoSobis sityvaa. masTan mimarTebaSi yuradRebas iqcevs mTis saxelwodeba _<br />
toponimi jazigoli (jazis, grZeulis tba), romelic administraciulad adigens ekuTvnis, magram am mTaze<br />
saialaRod aWarlebic adian.<br />
427
sarecelze imavdroulad gar<strong>da</strong>icvala, e. i. am SemTxvevaSi droSi moqmedebebi paralelurad<br />
viTarddebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ratom mifrinav<strong>da</strong> lompapTan kudiani mainca<strong>da</strong>mainc buxris sakvamuri<strong>da</strong>n. am <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva viTarebaSic buxars, ufro zustad, keras sakraluri mniSvneloba gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. saxleuli<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvlil winaparTa sulebs swored buxrisa <strong>da</strong> keriis meSveobiT ekontaqtebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
savaraudoa, rom xalxuri rwmena samyaros modelSi sknelebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gziT akavSireb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erT-erT aseT gzas sacxovrebeli nagebobis sajalaboSi ganTavsebuli Suacecxlis<br />
sakvamuri 1 warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. xalxuri sqema keras Suasknelad Tu moiazreb<strong>da</strong>, romelic ciuri<br />
jaWviT zesknels ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong>, maSin igi qveskneliskenac un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo orientirebuli,<br />
razec araerTi eTnografiuli faqti migviTiTebs. koordinantTa aseT vertikalur<br />
ganzomilebaSi <strong>da</strong>culi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo ierarqiuli struqturac: zesknelSi^_<br />
RvTis mrevlis arealSi RmerTi <strong>da</strong> angelozebi binadrobdnen, xolo qvesknelSi _ qTonuri,<br />
miwisqveSeTis Ramiseuli RvTaebebi. vertikalur <strong>da</strong> horizontalur ganzomilebeb-<br />
Si demonTa <strong>da</strong> RvTaebaTa sxva tipis jgufebsac TavianTi gansakuTrebuli adgili ekavaT.<br />
amgvari gra<strong>da</strong>cia ferTa simbolikaSic aisaxebo<strong>da</strong> TeTri, wiTeli <strong>da</strong> Savi ferebis<br />
saxiT, rac mTlianobaSi jvrisa <strong>da</strong> mzis, rogorc wriulobisa <strong>da</strong> maradiulobis gamoxatulebis<br />
sistemaSi iyo moqceuli. am sistemaSi RvTaebaTa TiToeul jgufs TavisTavadi<br />
funqcia gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. samyaros mowyobis kosmogoniur struqturaSi TiToeuli gansakuTrebuli<br />
funqciuri <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis matarebeli iyo Sesabamisi astraluri niSnebiTa Tu sakraluri<br />
simboloebiT. es niSnebi <strong>da</strong> simboloebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d Tavs iCen<strong>da</strong> tradiciul rwmena-warmodgenebSi,<br />
sakulto ritualebSi, materialur kulturasa <strong>da</strong> ornamentSi, demonologiur<br />
azrovnebaSi, miTebSi, gadmocemebsa <strong>da</strong> zRaprebSi. tradiciuli rwmeniT, a<strong>da</strong>mianebs<br />
sakralur ganzomilebaTa ga<strong>da</strong>laxva gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebamde ar ZaluZ<strong>da</strong>T an paralelur<br />
ganzomilebaSi moxvedras manam ver axerebdnen, sanam maT xorciel yofas grZneuleba<br />
ar Seipyrob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kudiani Cadio<strong>da</strong> mindorSi mdebare Zervenaxis qvaze. es qva wamoyudebuli iyo. kudiani<br />
marcxena fexs ga<strong>da</strong>abijeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> rompapTan Sedio<strong>da</strong>. iq erT wisqvilTan sxva kudianebi<br />
iyvnen Tavmoyrilni. maT saqonlis rZe rom mihqon<strong>da</strong>T rompapTan am wisqvilze afqvevdnen@<br />
<strong>da</strong> satanas saWmels umzadebdnen. kudianebis nawili Semdeg ukan^_ saxlSi mifrinav<strong>da</strong>,<br />
xolo nawili _ rompapTan rCebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>rCenilni azustebdnen momaval Sexvedraze<br />
ra sur<strong>da</strong> rompaps saCuqrad. SesaZloa mas ama Tu im qalis Zroxis rZe, bavSvis Tvalis<br />
kakali an gamonadeni sisxli moeTxova 2 . TiTqmis aseve aqvs <strong>da</strong>suraTebuli T. saxokias<br />
guriaSi <strong>da</strong>mowmebuli mRalavi. misi monacemebiT, mRalavebs a<strong>da</strong>mianis guli uyvar<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
zogs rokapTan _ mRalavebis ufrosTan ZRvnad axalgazr<strong>da</strong> qalis guli mihqon<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romelsac sabinadro tabakonis mTaze hqon<strong>da</strong>, zogs <strong>axali</strong> jvar<strong>da</strong>werilisa, sxvebs dedis<br />
pirmSosi, gansakuTrebiT ki imaTi, vinc sicocxles mxolod iwyeb<strong>da</strong>. rokapTan misuli<br />
mRalavi mivido<strong>da</strong> Tu ara satanasTan, xelSi qvas aiReb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> rokapis kbilebze akakuneb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rokapi SeinZreo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ekiTxebo<strong>da</strong>: `vin mosulxar?~. mRalavi pasuxob<strong>da</strong>: `me<br />
gaxlavar~ _ warmoTqvam<strong>da</strong> saxelsa <strong>da</strong> gvars <strong>da</strong> Tan <strong>da</strong>amateb<strong>da</strong>: `dido mowyaleo^ batono<br />
<strong>da</strong> Cveno mfarvelo! erTi weliwadia ar gxlebivar, axla geaxeliT <strong>da</strong> mogarTviT guli<br />
(saxeli <strong>da</strong> gvari). amis patrons movuSxame sicocxle. es iyo^ axla <strong>da</strong>iwera jvari<br />
<strong>da</strong> saukunod gamovasalme Tavis saqmros, cxovrebis sitkbo arc ki ugemnia~. rokapi xarob<strong>da</strong>:<br />
`baraqala^ kargad giqnia. kvlavac gaxsovdes Seni batoni, imisi pativiscema icode~.<br />
aseTi <strong>da</strong>rigebis Semdeg rokapi <strong>da</strong> mRalavi erTmaneTs Sordebo<strong>da</strong>. mRalavi rokap-<br />
Tan <strong>da</strong> kudianTa mrevlTan _ sxva mRalavebTan erTad gaTenebamde rCebo<strong>da</strong>, gaTenebisas<br />
ki _ Tavis sofelSi brundebo<strong>da</strong>. im mRalavT, romlebic xelcarielni midiodnen rokap-<br />
Tan, kudianTa ufrosi saSinlad urisxdebo<strong>da</strong> 3 . analogiuri viTareba saqarTvelos sxva<br />
mxaris demonologiur gadmocemebSic <strong>da</strong>sturdeba. imereTSi demonologiur Tqmulebeb-<br />
Si mkafiod iyo warmodgenili grZneulTa maxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi, romlebic aRiniSnebodnen<br />
terminebiT: kudiani <strong>da</strong> tura 4 . aseve, imereTSi demonologiur rwmena-warmodgenebSi<br />
naTla<strong>da</strong>a asaxuli kudianTa funqciuri mimarTeba demonTa samyaros yvelaze maRal<br />
1 Sdr. <strong>da</strong>rbazul sacxovrebelSi de<strong>da</strong>boZis funqciasa <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>boZis ornamentTa tradiciul gaazrebas _<br />
<strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. ir. surgulaZe, qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika (Tbilisi, 1986).<br />
2 j. noRaideli, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 67-68.<br />
3 T. saxokia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 50.<br />
4 imereTSi arsebobs gamoTqma: `esa <strong>da</strong> es a<strong>da</strong>miani turaobso~, raSic igulisxmeba, rom eWvmitanili piri kudianobs.<br />
428
miTologiur personaJTan _ rokapTan. vanis mi<strong>da</strong>moebSi <strong>da</strong>mowmebuli folklorul-eTnografiuli<br />
masalebis mixedviT, rokapTan turebis Sekrebis dReebad _ e. w. turis dReebad<br />
orSabaTi <strong>da</strong> oTxSabaTi miCneo<strong>da</strong>. erT-erTi savele wyaros Tanaxmad, patara bavSvi<br />
avad gamx<strong>da</strong>ra. wamalma ver uSvela. ojaxi mkiTxavTan mivi<strong>da</strong>. mkiTxavs uTqvams: `Seni<br />
bavSvi tura ariso~ <strong>da</strong> aswavla: `geiTqvi Sors pirio _ ganacxade TiTqos Sors miemgzavrebio<br />
... Caweqi 100 Cafian WurSi, miaCerdi saxlis yures, saxlis ofoforos~. ojaxis<br />
Tavkaci marTlac ase moiqca. saxlSi <strong>da</strong>brunebisTanave man axloblebs gamgzavreba amcno.<br />
colma _ tura qalma, saxelad olRam qmars sagzali Caulaga <strong>da</strong> gaamgzavra. qmari<br />
<strong>da</strong>imala. RamiT <strong>da</strong>inaxa Tu rogor ga<strong>da</strong>aj<strong>da</strong> Wurs olRa <strong>da</strong> gafrin<strong>da</strong>. Sua tyeSi mindori<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong> olRam Wuri iq <strong>da</strong>agora. eSmakebma tyeSi SesZaxes _ `olRa movi<strong>da</strong>o~. rokapi<br />
sawnaxelSi iyo <strong>da</strong>bmuli. olRa mas win <strong>da</strong>udga. `aba olRa rokaps ras Seswiravo~ _ uTxres<br />
eSmakebma. `ra Sevwiroo^_ Cemi Svilis marjvena Tvali xom Sevwireo 1 . Semdeg ga<strong>da</strong>aj<strong>da</strong><br />
Wurs <strong>da</strong> gaaswora mTa <strong>da</strong> bari. movi<strong>da</strong> saxlSi. mamakacic mobrun<strong>da</strong> ojaxSi, <strong>da</strong>akakuna<br />
_ `gamiRe kario.@ ar SemiZliao~@ _ gamoepasuxa coli. `rogor SegeZleba asfuTiani<br />
Wuri aTrieo~ _ upasuxa qmarma. olRas qmars mkiTxavisagan naswavli hqon<strong>da</strong> _ <strong>da</strong>mor-<br />
Cilebis mizniT tura qali un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eRala. qmarma coli mibegva, <strong>da</strong>Rala, Subli rkiniT<br />
<strong>da</strong>u<strong>da</strong>Ra sxvas rom Seexe<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> emoqme<strong>da</strong> 2 . respodentebTan imereTSive mopovebuli cnobebis<br />
mixedviT tura rokapTan gafrenis dros iRliaSi Ra<strong>da</strong>rs amoisvam<strong>da</strong> xolme. gadmocemiT<br />
es erT biWs <strong>da</strong>unaxavs. isic turis msgavsad moqceula <strong>da</strong> kudians <strong>da</strong>devnebia. kudianebTan<br />
Cumad miparula <strong>da</strong> gaugonia Tu rogor uTxra de<strong>da</strong>misma turebs: `me Cemi Svilis<br />
Tvals vwiravo~. ukan rom <strong>da</strong>brunebula buzad qceula <strong>da</strong> Svils Sublze^ Tvalebis<br />
areSi <strong>da</strong>jdomia. biWi mimxv<strong>da</strong>ra raSic iyo saqme, Tvalze xeli^mousvia <strong>da</strong> buzi gausresia.<br />
imavdroulad de<strong>da</strong>misi loginSi momkv<strong>da</strong>ra 3 .@<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi cnobilia<br />
gamoTqmebi: `tura xaro~ an `ra turasaviT miiparebio~. tura cxovelia, romelic xalxis<br />
mier aRiarebuli TvisebebiT eSmakis modgmis Ramiseuli arsebaa. binadrobs yanebSi,<br />
axoebSi, miuval adgilebSi. RamiT cecxlis Suqs gaurbis. axal<strong>da</strong>bnelebulze bavSviviT<br />
tiris. erTi Tu itirebs, maSin sxvebic motiralTan ikribebian <strong>da</strong> jgufurad iwyeben<br />
Zrwolas.<br />
qarTlSic Wiakokonobisas (Wiakokonoba/kudianoba) kudianebi eSmakTan miemgzavrebodnen,<br />
qaTmebs miarTmevdnen <strong>da</strong> iqve TamaSobdnen. am dRes didkbileba de<strong>da</strong>beri, mTavari<br />
eSmaki _ tartarozi Tavis mrevls kreb<strong>da</strong>. roca kudiani tartarozTan gafrindebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
mas alal-marTali kaci <strong>da</strong>inaxav<strong>da</strong>, maSin isic amousvam<strong>da</strong>,@ kudianebs gayvebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> tartarozis<br />
garSemo kudianebis ferxuls ixilav<strong>da</strong>. tradiciuli rwmeniT, Sewirvis procesSi<br />
kudians kbilebSi kenWs esrodnen. Tu kenWi^patara iyo, maSin msrolels qaTami<br />
moukvdeba^ Tu didi oyo _ Zroxa.<br />
Sekrebis dRes lompapi kudianebs <strong>da</strong>valebebs aZlev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maT funqciebs unawileb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gadmocemis erTi variantiT, aWaraSi sofel gelaZeebSi erTi jazi <strong>da</strong>ukavebiaT. am<br />
jazs uTqvams: `Cveni ufrosis samyofi alkimoxze ariso. axorebSi imden rZes vwveliT,<br />
rom roca arxSi CavasxamT rZe wisqvils abrunebso~ 4 . lompaps mxolod rZe ar akmayofileb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
mas sakvebad akvanSi mwoliare Cvilis gul-RviZli: gulbandi yvarebia. lompapis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad avi sulebi _ satanis msaxurebi bavSvs akvni<strong>da</strong>c iRebdnen. amitom^<br />
avi sulebis sawinaaRmdegod diasaxlisebi akvanze cocxs miayudebdnen, qvas miadebdnen<br />
an qaTmis Zvals Camokidebdnen. aWaraSi kudianebis winaaRmdeg e. w. hamailisac mimarTavdnen,<br />
romelic muslimanuri sasuliero piris nawers warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. nawers akvnis qvemoT<br />
amodebdnen an bavSvs yelze Seabamdnen. aWarelis warmodgeniT gulgakoWvili Zili<br />
<strong>da</strong>uSvebeli iyo. <strong>da</strong>wolis dros `Sekruli guli un<strong>da</strong> geixsna~@_ sxeulSi kudianebi rom<br />
ar SegiZvrnen. saerTod, kudiani mZinare a<strong>da</strong>mians xels Tu ga<strong>da</strong>usvam<strong>da</strong>, maSin <strong>da</strong>Zinebuli<br />
manam ver gaiRviZeb<strong>da</strong>, sanam grZneuli ar gaiqceo<strong>da</strong> an iqaurobas Tavisi nebiT ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>toveb<strong>da</strong>. mRalavis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebs gurulebic mimarTavdnen. maT Soris<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gamovyoT papajvari 5 .<br />
1 Sewirvis dros rokapi ityo<strong>da</strong>: `vinc iZaxis araso, am Cem patara kar<strong>da</strong>lso~.<br />
2 n. mgelaZe, savele eTnografiuli eqspediciis dRiurebi, imereTi^(1989) (ix. piradi arqivi).<br />
3 Sdr. j. noRaideli, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 68.<br />
4 n. mgelaZe, savele-eTnografiuli eqspediciis dRiurebi, aWara (1986) (ix. piradi arqivi).<br />
5 T. saxokia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 49-50.<br />
429
kudiani grZneuli iyo. mas a<strong>da</strong>mianis mojazva SesZlebia. ityodnen: `saca jazma momadga,<br />
xeiri ver vnaxeo~. jazs SeeZlo a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis winaswari qmedeba Caegonebina, gauval<br />
adgilebSi gaetyuebina. erTi siuJetis mixedviT^`wev<strong>da</strong> sanadirod mezoblis kaci.<br />
gaagzavna jazi qalma. iqna Svavi <strong>da</strong> Tovlma kaci <strong>da</strong>Tvis maRaroSi Seitana. <strong>da</strong>Tvma monadires<br />
xelebi alokia. <strong>da</strong>Tvs zamTarSi balani ara aqvs. TaTebze qoni gamosdis <strong>da</strong> zam-<br />
TarSi amiT ikvebeba. es kaci bunagSi gazafxulamde yav<strong>da</strong>. monadire Camovi<strong>da</strong> soflad<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganacxa<strong>da</strong>: <strong>da</strong>Tvs veSvile, jazma gamagzavnao~. sxva versiiT, jazs, romelic yvelas<br />
avi TvaliT uyureb<strong>da</strong>, fexikvalis moparva scodnia. a<strong>da</strong>mianis namyof adgilze^_ naterfali<strong>da</strong>n<br />
jazebi Turme miwas iRebdnen, qaRaldze nusxas werdnen, Sig anaReb miwas axvevdnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> wyalSi agdebdnen. <strong>da</strong>koWili avaddebo<strong>da</strong>, ver gaivli<strong>da</strong> _ gabeCdebo<strong>da</strong>.@ Tu nusxas<br />
ipovnidnen, maSin sasuliero piri <strong>da</strong>koWils kiTxviT uSveli<strong>da</strong>. sawinaaRmdego Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi <strong>da</strong>koWili a<strong>da</strong>miani kvdebo<strong>da</strong> 1 . fexis kvalis moparvasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT sainteresoa<br />
rwmena, romelic miiCnev<strong>da</strong>, rom eSmaki ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebisas fexis kvals, ufro zustad,<br />
Sebrunebuli terfis kvals toveb<strong>da</strong>. eSmaki xSirad msverplis meSveobiT moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
magaliTad, vanis raionis sofel sulorSi Cawerili gadmocemiT, sofel suloris<br />
zeviT^ sayane adgili e. w. TavSayeli mdebareob<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c mejogeebs karavi hqon<strong>da</strong>T gamarTuli.<br />
macuces (a<strong>da</strong>mianis saxelia) mejogeebis SeSineba <strong>da</strong>uwyia, magram amas Turme<br />
eSmaki akeTebineb<strong>da</strong>, eSmaki hyav<strong>da</strong> Semj<strong>da</strong>ri. eSmaki <strong>da</strong>uZaxeb<strong>da</strong>, Caugde mejogeebs TefSi<br />
qvao <strong>da</strong> macucec Caugdeb<strong>da</strong>. mejogeebi gamodiodnen <strong>da</strong> macucesTan Wi<strong>da</strong>obdnen.<br />
kudianebi umetesad axorSi iparebodnen, raTa saqonlisaTvis gul-RviZli gamoeWamaT.^isini<br />
buzad iqceodnen <strong>da</strong> pirutyvs pirSi uZvrebodnen,^ris gamoc, xalxuri warmodgeniT,<br />
saqoneli sustdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kvdebo<strong>da</strong>. saqonlis sadgomSi RamiT Separul kudians<br />
<strong>da</strong>saSvebia araferic ar miesakuTrebina, magram ojaxis wevrTa <strong>da</strong>frTxobisa <strong>da</strong> wvalebis<br />
mizniT xmaurs tex<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saxleulis patrons ZebniT Rli<strong>da</strong>. kudianebs yvela tipis<br />
saqonlis sadgomSi SeRweva SeeZloT, Tumca gamonakliss nakurTxi adgilebi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
zemoaWarul sofel TagoSi Cawerili masalis mixedviT, RamiT jazebi saqonlis<br />
mowvelis mizniT soflis yvela axorSi Sesulan. or axorSi ver SeuRweviaT _ nakur-<br />
Txi iyo. am axorebze xarisa <strong>da</strong> cxenis patara nalebi iyo mikruli.@<br />
kudianTagan Tav<strong>da</strong>sacavad xSirad ojaxi TeTr mamalsa <strong>da</strong> TeTr cxens gaiCen<strong>da</strong><br />
xolme. mamali kudianebis <strong>da</strong>naxvisas yio<strong>da</strong>, xolo yivilze kudiani Zalas kargav<strong>da</strong>. rogorc<br />
Cans, am SemTxvevaSi, mamlis yivili gariJraJTan iyo gaTanabrebuli, rac Ramiseul<br />
arsebaTa grZneulobis <strong>da</strong>sasruls warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. rac Seexeba cxens, igi sadgomSi<br />
Sesul borot suls wixlav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mas saqonelTan ar uSveb<strong>da</strong>. logikuria vifiqroT,<br />
rom TeTri cxenis sakraluri simbolika aRniSnul demonologiur siuJetSi SemTxveviT<br />
faqts ar warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>saSvebia, igi borotebasTan mebrZoli TeTri giorgis<br />
TeTr raSTan iqnes identificirebuli.<br />
Tu Zroxa xbos Sob<strong>da</strong>, im Rames <strong>da</strong> Semdegac ojaxis wevrebi saqonlis sadgoms gansakuTrebulad<br />
icav<strong>da</strong> 2 . axorSi uxmar bades ga<strong>da</strong>ixuravdnen, nems <strong>da</strong>ikavebdnen <strong>da</strong> godors<br />
xelSi moimarjvebdnen, raTa igi jazisaTvis moxerxebulad Tavze ga<strong>da</strong>efarebinaT. jazi nene<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>rajebulT SeniSnav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SesZaxeb<strong>da</strong>: `saponi, saponio~ 3 . Tu mo<strong>da</strong>raje am sityvebs<br />
gaimeoreb<strong>da</strong>, maSin kudiani maT aucileblad xeli<strong>da</strong>n gausxltebo<strong>da</strong>. xalxuri warmodgeniT,<br />
kudianis gamosavlenad nacaric gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong>. erTi gadmocemiT, `bavSvs uZiloba <strong>da</strong>s-<br />
Cem<strong>da</strong>. dedisaTvis uswavlebiaT bavSvis irgvliv nacari mimoyare <strong>da</strong> gaigeb masTan ra sulieri<br />
midiso~. diliT <strong>da</strong>xedes <strong>da</strong> nacarze a<strong>da</strong>mianis kvali _ nafexuri SeniSnes. bavSvis bebia<br />
moiyvanes <strong>da</strong> nakvalevze terfi <strong>da</strong>adebines. misi kvali aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> 4 .<br />
rogorc aRiniSna, farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, aWaraSi kudianebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Weris aucilebel atributs bade warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, aseve, uxmari saceri, sarke <strong>da</strong> uxmari<br />
almasi. tradiciuli wesis mixedviT, yvela am nivTiT kudians saqonlis sadgomSi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Casafrebodi <strong>da</strong> bade ga<strong>da</strong>gefarebina. badeSi gaxveul kudians mxedveloba ekargebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
badis ga<strong>da</strong>farebamde <strong>da</strong>mWers sacerSi un<strong>da</strong> gaexe<strong>da</strong>,^xolo sarkis meSveobiT kudi-<br />
1 p. rurua, savele-eTnografiuli eqspediciis dRiurebi, mareTis xeoba _ aWara (1993) (ix. piradi arqivi).<br />
2 aWaraSi rwmena kudianis saqonlis sadgomSi Sesvlis Taobaze imdenad realur sinamdviled iyo warmodgenili,<br />
rom mosaxleobaSi aseTi gamoTqmac ki gaCn<strong>da</strong>: `RmerTma ar mogiSalos saxlSi qudiani, axorSi kudianio~.<br />
3 Tu ga<strong>da</strong>vxe<strong>da</strong>vT iseT jadosnur atributebs, rogorebicaa saponi, savarcxeli, nemsi <strong>da</strong> bade, maSin <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT,<br />
rom tradiciul sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli rwmena-warmodgenebisa <strong>da</strong> qarTuli xalxuri jadosnuri<br />
zRaprebis repertuarisaTvis es simboloebi saerTo <strong>da</strong> niSandoblivia.<br />
4 n. mgelaZe, savele-eTnografiuli eqspediciis dRiurebi _ aWara (1988) (ix. piradi arqivi).<br />
430
anisaTvis un<strong>da</strong> eTvalTvala. amis Semdeg kudians Tavze sacers axuravdnen,^bades ki _<br />
Tavze afarebdnen. kudiani yovelgvar sueTSi@_ formaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong>: katad an Tagvad iqceo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
misi <strong>da</strong>Weris SemTxvevaSi igi fqvilian kidobanSi un<strong>da</strong> Cagesva. gamTeniisken, roca<br />
mamali iyivleb<strong>da</strong>, kudiani a<strong>da</strong>mianis saxes Rebulob<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>giwyeb<strong>da</strong> Txovnas: `ar gamce<br />
<strong>da</strong> kudianobas Tavs <strong>da</strong>vanebo~ 1 an Segexverwebo<strong>da</strong>: `gamiSvi <strong>da</strong> Sens karze wvima-wylis<br />
mets arafers gavaronieb, ar <strong>da</strong>gazianebo~. tradiciuli rwmena-warmodgeniT, roca igi<br />
Txovnas iwyeb<strong>da</strong> _ `gamiSvi^ ar gamamxilo <strong>da</strong> dReis Semdeg cudi mizniT Sen ojaxsa <strong>da</strong><br />
kar-mi<strong>da</strong>mos ar gavekarebio~, maSin mas scemdnen an sxeulis romelime nawils kveTdnen.<br />
Tu ar Secdebodi <strong>da</strong> ar gauSvebdi, sabolood, sakuTari saxiT gamogecxadebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
TxovnaTa koriantels <strong>da</strong>ayeneb<strong>da</strong>. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva arsebad qceuli kudiani <strong>da</strong>saxiCrebuli<br />
Tu gageqceo<strong>da</strong>, maSin meore diliT sofeli un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gevlo <strong>da</strong> vinc fizikurad Selaxuli<br />
aRmoCndeba, eWvic imaze un<strong>da</strong> migetana. gadmocemis erT-erTi variantiT, <strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
dros kudiani katad qceula <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mWers misTvis TaTi moukveTia. meore diliT am kacs<br />
axlobeli (bicola) loginSi TiTmoWrili unaxavs 2 . av suls kudi un<strong>da</strong> SeaWra <strong>da</strong> gavarvarebuli<br />
rkiniT <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>Ro. saqolis sadgomSi badega<strong>da</strong>farebulma aucileblad bebibu-<br />
Tis <strong>da</strong>na un<strong>da</strong> iqonios. sxvaTaSoris, analogiuri siuJetebi samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi<br />
sakmaod farTod iyo gavrcelebuli <strong>da</strong> kudianis gamovlenis erT-erT saSualebad<br />
masze RamiT fizikuri zianis miyeneba miiCneo<strong>da</strong>. meore diliT mezoblebs uCumrad SeaTvalierebdnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis formaSi vinmes nakls Tu aRmouCendnen, maSin mas brals avsulobaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>swamebdnen. cnobilia faqtebi, roca kudianebis mxilebisas mosaxleoba <strong>da</strong>xmarebas<br />
saxelisuflebo organoebsac sTxov<strong>da</strong>. magaliTad, di<strong>da</strong>WarelTa arzis Sinaarsi,<br />
romelic maT `uCastkis~ ufross miarTves, aseTi iyo: Cven sazogadoebaSi kudianebi<br />
gvyavs <strong>da</strong> imaTi gamorCevis neba gviboZeTo _ `neba gviboZeT jazi-boSi@ moviyvanoT <strong>da</strong><br />
visac jazi-boSi kudianad <strong>da</strong>asaxelebs is mogvaSoreT <strong>da</strong> sxvagan ga<strong>da</strong>asaxleTo~ 3 . kudianis<br />
gamovlenis mizniT eWvmitanilis _ kudianad miCneulis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>Rvis, fizikuri zianisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxiCrebis faqtebze gurulebic miuTiTeben. T. saxokias guriaSi mopovebuli cnobebis<br />
Tanaxmad, mRalavni Turme <strong>da</strong>Ramebisas iwyebdnen sofelSi sanadirod Zrwolas.<br />
mRalavi xSirad katad iqceo<strong>da</strong>,^eZeb<strong>da</strong> msxverpls. amitom yvela katas, im RamiT Sin mosuls,<br />
ojaxis wevrni didi sifrTxiliT adevnebdnen Tvalyurs. Tu kata ucnobi an mezoblis<br />
iyo^ ecdebodnen <strong>da</strong>eWiraT <strong>da</strong> tuCi gaxurebuli SanTiT <strong>da</strong>ewvaT. meore dRes, roca<br />
kata isev a<strong>da</strong>mianad iqceo<strong>da</strong>,^ <strong>da</strong>Ri <strong>da</strong>aCndebo<strong>da</strong>. vinc im dRes loginSi Cawvebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavs moiavadmyofeb<strong>da</strong>, eWvi Sehqon<strong>da</strong>T _^ mRalavi un<strong>da</strong> iyoso, winaRames mRalavobaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>iWerdnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>Ravdneno 4 .<br />
tradiciul yofaSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, pirovnebis kudianobis<br />
gasarkvevad ganmsazRvreli iyo wyali. eWvmitanils gobSi Casvamdnen. xalxuri gagebiT,<br />
wyalSi kudi gamoCndebo<strong>da</strong>, romelsac SeaWridnen, rac kudians grZneul Tvisebebs ukargav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
wylis amgvari funqcia guriaSi gamovlenil folklorul-eTnografiul masaleb-<br />
Si naTla<strong>da</strong>a asaxuli. guriaSi arsebobs e. w. kudianebis tba, romelic zotisa <strong>da</strong> baxmaros<br />
gzasayarSi mdinare gobazeulTan mdebareobs. adre kudianobaSi eWvmitanili marTlac<br />
kudiani Tu ar iyo, mosaxleobis rwmeniT, CaiZirebo<strong>da</strong>, magram Tu kudiani iyo _<br />
wylis zemoT itivtiveb<strong>da</strong>. specialur literaturaSi TvalsaCino<strong>da</strong>a aRwerili am rigis<br />
masalis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani, romlis safuZvelzec irkveva^kudianobaSi mxilebas-<br />
Tan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli Cveulebebis lokaluri <strong>da</strong> zogadi arsi. magaliTad, kudianobaSi<br />
eWvmitanils kiserze Toks wauWerdnen <strong>da</strong> avsulobaSi Tu ar gamotydebo<strong>da</strong>, maSin xidze<br />
Tavqve <strong>da</strong>kidebdnen. <strong>da</strong>naSauls Tu ar aRiareb<strong>da</strong> Tokebs <strong>da</strong>Wridnen <strong>da</strong> ganwirulTan er-<br />
Tad wyalSi Cayridnen. rogorc iTqva, <strong>da</strong>Zirul pirs kudianad ar miiCnevdnen, xolo<br />
vinc ar CaiZirebo<strong>da</strong> igi codvis Svilad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ityodnen: `wyalmac ar miiRoo~.<br />
kudianobaSi braldebuli wyli<strong>da</strong>n amoyav<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> klavdnen 5 . saerTod, kudianobaSi SemCneulT<br />
mosaxleoba sufsis napirze erTad uyri<strong>da</strong> Tavs. es adgili iyo iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c wyali<br />
mdored miedinebo<strong>da</strong>, xidis maxloblad e. w. guris tbis@ mi<strong>da</strong>moebSi. TavSeyris adgil-<br />
1 n. mgelaZe, savele-eTnografiuli eqspediciis dRiurebi, aWara (1991) (ix. piradi arqivi).<br />
2 n. mgelaZe, savele-eTnografiuli eqspediciis dRiurebi, guria-aWara (1986) (ix. piradi arqivi).<br />
3 iveria,@68 (1988). <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT ix. o. zoiZe, sasamarTlo organizacia aWaraSi CveulebiTi samarTlis<br />
mixedviT, kulturologiuri <strong>da</strong> istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani saqarTveloSi, 1 (baTumi, 1976).<br />
4 T. saxokia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 50.<br />
5 j. noRaideli, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 68; aseve, guriaSi, avi sulebis _ kudianebis gamosacnobad a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong>-<br />
SanTva icodnen. <strong>da</strong>R<strong>da</strong>smulis vinaoba amiT yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
431
ze cecxli inTebo<strong>da</strong>. eWvmitanilni xidze TiTo-TiTo gamohyav<strong>da</strong>T, tanisamoss xdidnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> wyalSi agdebdnen. Tu a<strong>da</strong>miani ar <strong>da</strong>iZirebo<strong>da</strong>, maSin igi kudianad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>SanTva ar ascdebo<strong>da</strong> 1 ~. <strong>da</strong>sjis aseTi forma sakmaod adreuli Cans. igi Zveli aRmosavleTis<br />
xalxebSic yofila gavrcelebuli. amaze miuTiTebs hamurabis kanonTa kodeqsi.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, babilonSi sasamarTlos warmoebas samoqalaqo xasiaTi hqon<strong>da</strong>, Tumca<br />
gamonaklisis saxiT Tavs iCen<strong>da</strong> e. w. `or<strong>da</strong>li~@ (RvTis samarTali). magaliTad, Tu<br />
vinmes brals <strong>da</strong>sdebdnen jadosnobaSi, xamurabis kanonebis mixedviT, igi mdinareSi un<strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vardniliyo. Tu mdinare a<strong>da</strong>mians CaZirav<strong>da</strong>, CaiTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, rom pirovneba marTlac<br />
jadosani iyo. misi mamxileblebi Rebulobdnen jadosnis saxls, magram Tu mdinare<br />
ar miiReb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amoativtiveb<strong>da</strong> eWvmitanils, maSin cilismwamebeli sikvdiliT isjebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> misi saxli u<strong>da</strong>naSaulo braldebulisaTvis un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ecaT 2 . aq^ TiTqos<strong>da</strong> wylisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> eSmakis sakraluri kavSiri un<strong>da</strong> gvqondes. sxvaTaSoris, <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi^ im<br />
adgilze, sa<strong>da</strong>c a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong>ixrCobo<strong>da</strong>, Wirisuflebma dResac ician msxverplis Sewirva.<br />
fSavSi <strong>da</strong> xevsureTSi, roca vinme <strong>da</strong>ixrCobo<strong>da</strong>, ityodnen: `eSmakma <strong>da</strong>axrCoo~. iqve, Sav<br />
cikans an Sav qaTams <strong>da</strong>klavdnen <strong>da</strong> wyalSi ga<strong>da</strong>isvridnen. xevsurebi <strong>da</strong> fSavlebi<br />
Tvlian, rom sanam es Tikani micvalebulis suls ar gamoixsnis, manam micvalebulis suli<br />
eSmakebs uWiravT. fSavlebi aseve iqceodnen, roca a<strong>da</strong>miani kldi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>vardebo<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />
qarTlSi wyalSi <strong>da</strong>mxvrCals Txas <strong>da</strong>uklavdnen _ `Txai eSmaksao, suli RmerTsao~.<br />
aWaris zogierT xeobaSi avi <strong>da</strong> boroti sulebis dRed seqtembris <strong>da</strong>mdegi^ _ <strong>da</strong>degi<br />
miiCneva. RamiT kudianebi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurdebodnen 4 . guriaSic kudianebis Rame anu <strong>da</strong>degoba<br />
pirvel enkenisTves (pirveli seqtemberi) dgebo<strong>da</strong>. tradiciuli rwmeniT, RamiT kudianebi<br />
WaWveTSi iyridnen Tavs, warsdgebodnen rokapis winaSe <strong>da</strong> moaxsenebdnen Tu vis ra avnes.<br />
gurulis warmodgeniT, WaWveTSi wasvlis win kudiani afuWeb<strong>da</strong>^yvelafers, rasac Taflis<br />
sanTeli ar eqnebo<strong>da</strong> mikruli. amitom am RamisaTvis mosaxleoba mi<strong>da</strong>mos sanTliT Sebe-<br />
Wav<strong>da</strong> xolme. bavSvebi yanebs Semouvlidnen, sanTlebs saTanado adgilebze miawebebdnen. a.<br />
na<strong>da</strong>raias monacemebiT, am dros mosaxleoba iZax<strong>da</strong>: `Seni svi <strong>da</strong> Seni Wame, Cemsas jvari <strong>da</strong>miwere,<br />
hau kudianebo~. avtoris Tanaxmad, gurulebi `SebeWdnen yanebs, saxls, nalias ... yuris<br />
ZirSi SeibeWavdnen Tavs~. <strong>da</strong>axloebiT analogiurad gvisuraTebs <strong>da</strong>degobas T. saxokia,<br />
romelmac guriaSi XIX saukunis bolos imogzaura, Tumca <strong>da</strong>degobis nacvlad igi a<strong>da</strong>stureb<strong>da</strong><br />
gansxvavebul termins _ Secva Rames. avtoris cnobiT, mRalavis sawinaaRmdegod saxls,<br />
samzareulos, xulas, sasimindes, bosel-saqaTmes, marnis karebs Taflis sanTlis pawia<br />
gundebs akravdnen. Semdeg diasaxlisi ojaxis yvela wevrs jvaredinad saTiTaod miakrav<strong>da</strong><br />
Tavze imave sanTlis gun<strong>da</strong>s. erTs Sublze <strong>da</strong> ors iqiT-aqeT safeTqlebze, agreTve, Tmaze.<br />
am saxiT SebeWdili un<strong>da</strong> iyos Sinauri saqonelic. sanTliT SebeWv<strong>da</strong> sWirdebo<strong>da</strong> usulo nivTebsac<br />
_ satevars, Tofs, saxlis avejs, jam-WurWels, tanisamoss, miminosa Tu Citbades. Secva<br />
Rames^ mzis CasvlisTanave sofelSi Tofebs isvrodnen <strong>da</strong> Tan xmamaRala hyvirodnen _<br />
`hauho!@ Seni svi <strong>da</strong> Seni Wame, Cemsa jvari <strong>da</strong>miwere~.@ojaxis wevrebi Tu SeZlebdnen RamiT<br />
ar iZinebdnen. Tu ojaxi ase ar moiqceo<strong>da</strong>, maSin mRalavi Tavisuflad, <strong>da</strong>ubrkoleblad Sedio<strong>da</strong><br />
saxlSi <strong>da</strong> visac sanTlis gun<strong>da</strong> ar hqon<strong>da</strong> SebeWdili guls amoacli<strong>da</strong>, zogs ki _<br />
naWers amoacli<strong>da</strong> tanisamosi<strong>da</strong>n, mere kerasTan mivido<strong>da</strong>, ga<strong>da</strong>abruneb<strong>da</strong> keras, SeSis sasTumlad<br />
<strong>da</strong>debul qvas, qvemo<strong>da</strong>n amoiReb<strong>da</strong> raRac gasafren wamals, amoisvam<strong>da</strong> iRliaSi, sadme<br />
WuWrutanaSi gaZvrebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mousvam<strong>da</strong> rokapisaken^_ samegreloSi mdebare tabakonis mTis<br />
mimarTulebiT 5 . aWaris calkeul xeobaSi,^j. noRaidelis Canawerebis mixedviT, <strong>da</strong>deg Rames<br />
yanaSi siminds SebeW<strong>da</strong>vdnen, simindis furclebs sanTlebs miakravdnen, raTa av suls WirnaxulisaTvis<br />
baraqa ar gamoelia.@`yanebi SebeWde jazebma (avma sulebma) rame ar awyeininoso~<br />
_ ityodnen xolme. ojaxis diasaxlisi bavSvebsac yuris ZirSi sanTels miawebeb<strong>da</strong> _ qajebma<br />
ar avnoso. saxlis karebSi umcros rZals <strong>da</strong>ayenebdnen <strong>da</strong> mimarTavdnen: `rZalo^karebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>klite, amaRam baRnebs araferi evnoso~ 6 . T. saxokias cnobiT, akeTSi arsebula erTi miwisqveSeTi,<br />
romelsac gurulebi eSamakis say<strong>da</strong>rs@ uwodebdnen. soflelebi Sig Sesvlas ver<br />
be<strong>da</strong>vdnen <strong>da</strong> miiCnevdnen, rom Sig eSmakebi cxovrobdnen. es gvirabi akeTis im ubanSi yofila,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c ToxaZeebi cxovrobdnen. T. saxokia <strong>da</strong> misi Tanamgzavrni gvirabSi Sesulan. haers, ro-<br />
1 a. na<strong>da</strong>raia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 187.<br />
2 g. meliqiSvili, rogor ametyveldnen lursmuli warwerebi (Tbilisi,^ 1961), gv. 45.<br />
3 n. mgelaZe, savele-eTnografiuli eqspediciis dRiurebi, fSav-xevsureTi (1987) (ix. piradi arqivi).<br />
4 j. noRaideli, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 65.<br />
5 T. saxokia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 49-50.<br />
6 j. noRaideli, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 69.<br />
432
melic mogzaurebs gafuWebulad miuCneviaT, sanTeli Cauqria 1 . sxvaTaSoris, am<strong>da</strong>gvar gvirabgamoqvabulebTan<br />
Tu sxva adgilebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli xifaTis Sesaxeb aWaris mTianeTSic<br />
msgavsi Sexedulebebi arsebobs. qarTlSic, sofel WandrebSi (qarelis raioni), asaxeleben<br />
adgils _ `ukana Walis xevs~,^romelsac eSmakis xevsac@ eZaxian. mosaxleoba Tvlis, rom xev-<br />
Si eSmakebi binadroben.<br />
guriaSi,^ Zveli stiliT 2 aprils, Wiakokona tardebo<strong>da</strong>. Wiakokonoba kudianebis dReobas<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. guriis ama Tu im xeobaSi Wiakokonobas JinJlianobas uwodebdnen. am dRes<br />
yvela ojaxi kocons anTeb<strong>da</strong>. Tvlidnen, rom Tu gakuduli iyavi, kocons un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>xtomodi<br />
<strong>da</strong> amiT kudianebisagan Tavi <strong>da</strong>gexsna. aseve, guriaSi Wiakokonobas lamproba Seesatyvisebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kudianebis dReoba Wiakokonobis saxelwodebiT ufro aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi iyo<br />
cnobili, <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi ki lamproba iyo gavrcelebuli. lamprobis Rames kudianebi<br />
gareT gamodiodnen. im saxlebs, romelTac jvari hqon<strong>da</strong>T mikruli ver ekarebodnen.<br />
lamproba tardebo<strong>da</strong> Zveli stiliT 2 Tebervals,^axliT ki 15 Tebervals. lamprobisas RamiT<br />
kudianebi cocxebze ga<strong>da</strong>mj<strong>da</strong>rni <strong>da</strong>qrodnen. mosaxleobas balis qerqis kona <strong>da</strong> kvari<br />
Wogze@ hqon<strong>da</strong> mikruli. anTebuli CiraRdnebi xelSi eWiraT, Tan gaiZaxodnen:<br />
`lamparia, lamparia,<br />
Cvens mters suli gaparvia 2 ~.<br />
kocons yvelani anTebdnen, gansakuTrebiT is ojaxebi, romlebic axal gar<strong>da</strong>cvlils<br />
glovobdnen. sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevaSi eSmakebi ar moisvenebdnen.^isini mTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ixedebodnen <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c cecxli ar enTo iq Cadiodnen. svaneTSi lamprobas fonetikurad<br />
saxenacvali terminiT limpariT aRniSnavdnen. svanebic RamiT cecxls anTebdnen <strong>da</strong><br />
jgrag’is (wm. giorgis) saxelze loculoben 3 . limparis dRe svaneTSi moZravi iyo, Tumca,<br />
xSirad, Tebervlis Tve uwev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
samegreloSi Wiakokonobas WeWeToba Rame hqvia, romelic Zveli stiliT 19 ivliss<br />
ewyobo<strong>da</strong>. WeWeTobisas Tmebze sanTlebs ikravdnen _ `ar gaviTvaloTo~@ ezos karTan<br />
axlo-maxlo kopitis xisgan <strong>da</strong>mzadebul jvrebs asobdnen. WiSkris win yoveli ojaxi<br />
individualuri wesiT kocons anTeb<strong>da</strong>, Tumca kompaqtur ubnebSi 10-15 saxleulis Seziarebac<br />
cnobil faqts warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> 4 . qarTlSi Wiakokonoba aRdgomis wina oTxSabaTs ewyobo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am dros yvela komi kocons aagizgizeb<strong>da</strong>. kudiani yvela ezos <strong>da</strong>ivli<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> nacars<br />
iparav<strong>da</strong>. qarTlSi ise, rogorc saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeSi, kudiani im kar-mi<strong>da</strong>mos<br />
stumrob<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c koconi ar enTo. meore dRes^_ xuTSabaTs ojaxis diasaxlisi nacars<br />
unZraxi aiReb<strong>da</strong>, xaxvi-kvlebs@ moayri<strong>da</strong> _ `Wiebi ar gauCndebao~ <strong>da</strong> `Tamami gaizrdebao~.<br />
unZraxi culs an walds aiReb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> im xes samjer mouRereb<strong>da</strong>, romeli xec Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
unayofo iyo^_ `nayofs cu<strong>da</strong>d isxam<strong>da</strong>o~. iq mdgomi saxlis patroni samjer ityo<strong>da</strong><br />
_ `nu moWri <strong>da</strong> iZenZebso~ 5 .@<br />
amrigad, rogorc irkveva, sataniseuli samyaro ierarqiul saxes atareb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mkacrad<br />
struqtuirebuli iyo. ierarqiis saTaveSi lompapi^_ Tavad satana idga. masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
siuJetebi samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos mxareebSi zogadqarTuli demomiTologiuri<br />
siuJeturi qargis lokalur variantebs warmoadgendnen, riTac saerTo<br />
qarTveluri Ramiseuli arsebebis funqciaTa met-naklebad sruli saxiT aRdgena xerxdeba.<br />
Ramiseul arsebaTa ierarqiul struqturaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ekavaT ara marto<br />
kudianebs, aramed cecxlis, wylis, tyisa <strong>da</strong> sulis demonebs _ Winkebs, ferebs, alebs,<br />
tyisa <strong>da</strong> kldis arsebebs, rac samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos magaliTze Semdgomi<br />
kvlevis amocanas warmoadgens. saerTod, religiuri anTropologiiTa <strong>da</strong> miTologiiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>interesebul mecnierebs fas<strong>da</strong>udebel samsaxurs uwevs qarTveli xalxis eTnografiul<br />
wiaRSi Sekrebili folkloruli masalebi _ gadmocemebi, Tqmulebebi, miTebi, zRaprebi,<br />
Selocvebi, sagaloblebi, infeqciur (batonebi, yvavilbatonebi,...) <strong>da</strong> sxva saxis<br />
<strong>da</strong>avadebebTan (uJmuri, alis <strong>da</strong>cema, feriT <strong>da</strong>Wera,...) <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sakraluri Sexedulebebi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, saymawvilo samkurnalo tradiciebi <strong>da</strong> am tradiciebze aRmocenebuli<br />
sakulto Tu sxva tipis ritualebi.<br />
1 T. saxokia, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 76-77.<br />
2 n. mgelaZe, savele-eTnografiuli eqspediciis dRiurebi, guria-aWara (1986) (ix. piradi arqivi).<br />
3 n. mgelaZe, savele-eTnografiuli eqspediciis dRiurebi, balszemo svaneTi^ (1988) (ix. piradi arqivi).<br />
4 n. mgelaZe, savele-eTnografiuli eqspediciis dRiurebi, samegrelo (1987) (ix. piradi arqivi).<br />
5 n. mgelaZe, savele-eTnografiuli eqspediciis dRiurebi, qarTli^(1990) (ix. piradi arqivi).<br />
433
<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />
1. m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul.qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobi<strong>da</strong>n, I (Tbilisi, 1966).<br />
2. o. zoiZe, sasamarTlo organizacia aWaraSi CveulebiTi samarTlis mixedviT, kulturologiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani saqarTveloSi (baTumi, 1079).<br />
3. i. megreliZe, j. noRaideli: cxoareba <strong>da</strong> moRvaweoba (baTumi, 1979).<br />
4. g. meliqiSvili, rogor ametyveldnen lursmuli warwerebi (Tbilisi, 1961).<br />
5. n. mgelaZe, demonologiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi<br />
(xelnaweri), saojaxo arqivi (baTumi, 1992).<br />
6. n. mgelaZe, eSmaki, saistorio macne, #3 (baTumi, 1996).<br />
7. n. mgelaZe, xalxuri demonologiuri azrovnebis istorii<strong>da</strong>n aWaraSi (feri//ferebi),<br />
saistorio macne, #9 (baTumi, 2000).<br />
8. n. mgelaZe, <strong>da</strong>cemuli angelozebi xalxur demonologiaSi _ ali, saistorio macne,<br />
#9 (baTumi, 2000).<br />
9. n. mgelaZe, savele eTnografuli eqspediciis dRiurebi, imereTi (1989), (piradi arqivi).<br />
10. n. mgelaZe, savele eTnografuli eqspediciis dRiurebi, aWara (1986), (piradi arqivi).<br />
11. n. mgelaZe, savele eTnografuli eqspediciis dRiurebi, fSav-xevsureTi (1987), (piradi arqivi).<br />
12. n. mgelaZe, savele eTnografuli eqspediciis dRiurebi, balszemo svaneTi (1988), (piradi<br />
arqivi).<br />
13. n. mgelaZe, savele eTnografuli eqspediciis dRiurebi, samegrelo (1987), (piradi arqivi).<br />
14. n. mgelaZe, savele eTnografuli eqspediciis dRiurebi, qarTli (1990), (piradi arqivi).<br />
15. a. na<strong>da</strong>raia, demonologiis sakiTxisaTvis saqarTveloSi, masalebi guriis eTnografiuli<br />
SeswavlisaTvis (Tbilisi, 1980).<br />
16. a. na<strong>da</strong>raia, wvimis patara RvTavebebi _ Winkebi <strong>da</strong> mesefeni, samegrelo, masalebi samegrelos<br />
eTnografiuli SeswavlisaTvis (Tbilisi, 1979).<br />
17. j. noRaideli, aWaruli zepirsityvierebisa <strong>da</strong> eTnografiis masalebi (Tbilisi, 1967).<br />
18. b. JRenti, qarTuli enis guruli kilo (Tbilisi, 1936).<br />
19. p. rurua, savele eTnografiuli dRiurebi, mareTis xeoba, aWara (1993), (piradi arqivi).<br />
20. T. saxokia, mogzaurobani (Tbilisi, 1950).<br />
21. i. surgulaZe, qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika (Tbilisi, 1986).<br />
22. sulxan-saba orbeliani, sityvis kona (Tbilisi, 1928).<br />
23. T. SioSvili, dedjalis (<strong>da</strong>jalis) ciklis legen<strong>da</strong> aWaris folklorSi, qarTveli<br />
muslimebi Tanamedroveobis konteqstSi (baTumi, 2010).<br />
24. arn. Ciqobava, saxelTa fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba (Tbilisi, 1948).<br />
25. m. Ciqovani, qarTuli eposi, I (Tbilisi, 1904).<br />
26. ap. wulaZe, eTnografiuli guria (Tbilisi, 1971).<br />
27. al. xaxanaSvili, qarTuli sityvierebis <strong>istoria</strong>, I (Tbilisi, 1904).<br />
28. Аверинцев С. С., Бесы, Мифологический словарь (Москва, 1991).<br />
29. Лосев А. Ф., Демон, Мифологический словарь (Москва, 1991).<br />
30. Мамаладзе Т., Народные обьман и поверье гурийцев, СМОМПК,17, отд. II (С-Петербург, 1893).<br />
31. Томсон Дж., Исследованые по истории древнегреческого общества (Москва, 1958).<br />
32. Чиковани М. Я., Амиран, Мифологический словарь (Москва, 1991).<br />
434
NUGZAR MGELADZE<br />
Shota Rustaveli Batumi State University<br />
THE WORLD OF DEMONS IN THE MYTHOLOGY OF SOUTH-WESTERN GEORGIA<br />
(1. LOMPAPI AND KUDIANI)<br />
Viewpoints concerning the demonic power originate from the ancient period of human existence. In spite of<br />
differences in space and time the mythological characters embodied in demons as well as beliefs connected to them<br />
by their inner structure are very close to each other. This closeness is revealed especially in a life circle.<br />
In mythological beliefs connected to Christianity the evil spirits were the demon's servants, Satan’s warriors, invisible<br />
enemies of mankind. Christianity revised the significant part of layers of pagan beliefs. The antipode of Christ, the demon,<br />
became the embodiment of the worse evil and the organic part of Christian viewpoints. Naturally, pagan layers carried into<br />
Christianity the ancient mythologems and separate plots, which require differentiated and functional-topological study.<br />
The content model of the demonic world, the forms of belief of historically structured demonological systems and the<br />
functions of characters depicted in these forms preserved in folklore-ethnographic reality are especially valuable. The cultural<br />
heritage of the Caucasian people, including religious anthropology of the Georgian people, is especially rich with such<br />
resources.<br />
In south-western Georgia demons were unified by their chief Lompapi (Dedjali//Jerjali). In Adjara Lompapi<br />
was often called Rompapi. In Guria its functional-typological identity was called Rokapi, the Laz had Ghompapi<br />
_ the phonetic association to the Adjarian dialect term Lompapi. In Kartli its wording was Tartarozi.<br />
Lompapi lived in the impenetrable mountains and rocks. Lompapi (Rokapi), being punished by God, was chained to the iron<br />
pole. Lompapi tried desperately to free himself. Once a year when he used to manage to dig the pole out of the ground, a bird<br />
appeared and sat on it. Rokapi threw the pole to the bird. The bird disappeared but the pole again stayed fixed to the ground.<br />
According to the mythological plots the congregation of Lompapi consisted of the feminine and masculine initials. In<br />
Ajara and Guria the servants of Satan were given the common name – Kudiani (a witch). In Guria they were given an<br />
additional term Mghalavi. In Ajara, in parallel to the name Kudiani, the terminology Jazi was established. The appearance of<br />
Satan character was acquired by a Gene. According to the viewpoints of population of south-western Georgia during the <strong>da</strong>y<br />
kudiani was an ordinary human but at night he could acquire the zoomorphic image. Depending on his needs kudiani could<br />
turn into a cat, a mouse, a fly or a snake. They had a special place for gathering and at night, sitting on the carpet or flying on<br />
a broom, holding an offering (a hen, a cow, milk etc), they hurried to the place of Lompapi. Kudiani communicated with the<br />
abiding of Lompapi through the chimney. Abiding of Lompapi, was depicted having time and space dimensions, which is<br />
shown by the fact of connecting with the abiding of Lompapi through the fire-place. The actions between the real world and<br />
the world of Lompapi were held in parallel. More precisely, the duplicates acted simultaneously. This space was in the<br />
underworld – the world parallel to the real one.<br />
Why did kudiani fly to Lompapi through the chimney? In this as well as in other cases the fire-place had a sacral<br />
meaning. The brownie communicated with the spirits of deceased people using the fire-place. Presumably, the world model in<br />
people's beliefs connected different worlds using various ways. One of them was the fire-place in the abiding house. We think<br />
that since people's scheme considered a house to be a mid-world connected with the upper-world with the heavenly chain, it<br />
also had to be connected with the under-world. In such a vertical dimension of the coordinates the hierarchy structure had to<br />
be preserved: the upper world – the area of God and congregation of God and the underworld _ the area of night deity. In the<br />
vertical and horizontal dimensions the groups of other types of demons and deities had their own specific place. Such gra<strong>da</strong>tion<br />
was depicted also in colour (white, red and black) symbols, which entirely was placed in the cross and the sun as the symbols<br />
of system of circle and eternity. In this system the single groups of deities had their functions. In the cosmogony structure of<br />
the world order they had functional meanings with the corresponding astral signs and sacral symbols. These signs and symbols<br />
were basically presented in traditional beliefs, cult rituals, material culture and ornaments, demonological thoughts, myths,<br />
fairy-tales. According to the traditional beliefs, people could not get into the parallel dimension before their death.<br />
Thus, the Satan world was hierarchical and strictly structured. At the top of the hierarchy was Lompapi – the Satan<br />
himself. The plots connected to him presented the local variation of common Georgian demo-mythological plot structure, by<br />
which it became possible at some extent to restore the entire functions of common Georgian night beings. The special place in<br />
the hierarchy structure of night beings belonged not only to kudiani, but the fire, water, forest and spirit demons, forest<br />
beings – Chinkebi, Ferebi, Alebi, which represents the further research task on the example of south-western Georgia.<br />
435
elene gogiaSvili<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis<br />
saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
gveleSapi <strong>da</strong> misi ilustraciebi wm. ioane sinelis<br />
`klemaqsis~ XII saukunis garejul xelnawerSi<br />
wm. ioane sinelis `klemaqsis~ garejuli xelnaweri (H-1669) 1 yuradRebas iqcevs naxatebiT,<br />
romelic ga<strong>da</strong>mweris mier aris Sesrulebuli arSiebze. yvela gamosaxuleba 2<br />
Sinaarsobrivad <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia teqstTan, magram isini ar warmoadgenen tradiciul miniaturebs,<br />
arc saze<strong>da</strong>o asoebisa <strong>da</strong> kamarebis moxatulobebs, riTac Cveulebriv gaformebulia<br />
Suasaukuneebis qarTuli xelnawerebi. ga<strong>da</strong>mweris naxatebi Sesrulebis teqnikis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, xalxur xelovnebas miekuTvneba.<br />
xelnaweris arSiebze gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs zoomorful figurebs: frinvelebs<br />
(158v, 164v, 175v), gveleSapebs (49v, 137r, 145r), irems (200r), Tevzebs (187v, 196r), kirCxibs (174r) <strong>da</strong><br />
Txisrqebian fantastikur arsebas `vac-kacs~ (159r). yovel figuraSi wvrilad Cawerilia ZiriTad<br />
teqstTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli SeniSvnebi.<br />
wm. ioane sinelis `klemaqsi~ 1160 wlis axlo xanebSi ga<strong>da</strong>wera wm. <strong>da</strong>viT garejis<br />
monasterSi moRvawe profesionalma kaligrafma nikoloz nikraÁm. gar<strong>da</strong> am xelnawerisa,<br />
mas 1160 wels ga<strong>da</strong>werili aqvs krebuli `sanatreli~ 3 , romelSic Tavmoyrilia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
xasiaTis Tormeti Txzuleba 4 (saistorio-qronografiuli traqtati `mcire vasilografi~,<br />
bibliuri sakiTxavi `qeba qebaTaÁ~, apokrifuli teqsti `wm. nisimes cxovreba~,<br />
dogmatur-polemikuri traqtati `wvalebisa winamZRuarTa SeCuenebaÁ~ 5 <strong>da</strong> sxva).<br />
nikoloz nikraÁs Sesaxeb sakmaod mwiri informacia mogvepoveba. Ven.4-isa <strong>da</strong> H-1669-<br />
is ga<strong>da</strong>mweris igiveoba <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>weris adgili _ gareji sabolood <strong>da</strong>adgina istorikosma<br />
T. jojuam am xelnawerTa Se<strong>da</strong>rebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiTi Seswavlis safuZvelze. manve<br />
<strong>da</strong>asabuTa, rom `nikraÁ~ ga<strong>da</strong>mweris narTauli zedwodebaa. mkvlevaris mosazrebiT, `nikoloz<br />
nikraÁ giorgi III-is gamefebis uSualo momswre <strong>da</strong>, SesaZloa, TviTmxilvelic<br />
kia. mefis aRsaydrebasa <strong>da</strong> xelnaweris ga<strong>da</strong>weras Soris sxvaoba mxolod sami welia. meorec,<br />
nikoloz nikraÁ garejSi moRvawe mwignobaria, aqauri savaneebi ki am dros ukve<br />
samefo monastrebs warmoadgendnen. Sesabamisad, garejeli moweseebisa <strong>da</strong>, maT Soris,<br />
Ven.4-is ga<strong>da</strong>mwerisaTvis samefiskaro peripetiebi kargad un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo cnobili~ 6 .<br />
nikoloz nikraÁs kaligrafiul profesionalizms maRali Sefaseba misca v. beriZem,<br />
xolo mis naxatebs „xalxuri Semoqmedebis nimuSebi“ uwo<strong>da</strong>. maTi mniSvnelobac pirvelad<br />
v. beriZem aRniSna: `am ucnauri wignis furclebze TiTqos xalxuri zRaprebis fantazia<br />
<strong>da</strong> xalxuri iumoric kia SemoWrili~ 7 . ga<strong>da</strong>mweris naxatebi am xelnaweris arSiebze<br />
marTlac SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>xasiaTdes, rogorc qarTuli zRapris personaJebis ilustraciis<br />
iSviaTi nimuSebi. v. beriZis SeniSvniT, `iSviaTad Tu moiZebneba xelnaweri, romelSiac<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mweris individualoba ase mkafiod, uSualod <strong>da</strong> gulubryvilod Candes~ 8 , `gverdebis<br />
gaformeba dinamikuria, nikraÁ TiTqos sul ver eguebo<strong>da</strong> verafers mSvidsa <strong>da</strong><br />
statikurs~ 9 ; `kaligrafis naweri mowmobs, rom igi didi temperamentisa <strong>da</strong> fantaziis<br />
patroni un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo, Tanac, mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc ar <strong>da</strong>udev<strong>da</strong> sayovelTaod miRebul we-<br />
1 inaxeba xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi.<br />
2 es naxatebi ar aris arc saero <strong>da</strong> arc religiuri Sinaarsis miniaturebi, aramed mxolod Savi <strong>da</strong><br />
wiTeli melniT moxazuli konturebi, romlebSic teqstis gareT gamotanili minawerebia moTavsebuli.<br />
3 inaxeba venis nacionaluri biblioTekis qarTul xelnawerTa fondSi nomriT Ven.4.<br />
4 T. jojua, wmin<strong>da</strong> mRvdelmowame grigol feraZe <strong>da</strong> 1160 wels garejSi ga<strong>da</strong>werili erTi ucnobi xelnaweri,<br />
istoriul-eTnografiuli Studiebi, V (Tbilisi, 2002), gv. 91-147.<br />
5 teqsti srulad aris gamoqveynebuli. ix. T. jojua, XII saukunis garejul krebulSi (Ven.4-Si) <strong>da</strong>culi er-<br />
Ti dogmatikur-polemikuri traqtatis Sesaxeb (wvalebisa winamZRuarTa SeCuenebaÁ), istoriul eTnografiuli<br />
Studiebi, VII (Tbilisi, 2003), gv. 54-113.<br />
6 T. jojua, saqarTvelos mefis giorgi III-is aRsaydrebis TariRi 1160 wels garejSi ga<strong>da</strong>werili xelnaweris<br />
(Ven.4-is) anderZis mixedviT, oCxari, j. ruxaZisadmi miZRvnili eTnologiuri, istoriuli <strong>da</strong> filologiuri<br />
Ziebani (Tbilisi, 2002), gv. 516.<br />
7 v. beriZe, Zveli qarTveli ostatebi (Tbilisi, 1967), gv. 194.<br />
8 iqve, gv. 194.<br />
9 iqve.<br />
436
sebs. jer TviT teqstia TiTqos mousvenari xeliT naweri [...] saze<strong>da</strong>o asoebi didi „gaqanebiTaa“<br />
Sesrulebuli – yvela ornamentirebulia“ 1 .<br />
wm. ioane sinelis Txzulebis sruli saTauria „kibe saTnoebaTa caT aRmyvanebeli<br />
Tqmuli <strong>da</strong>niil monozonisa raiTelisa, wignisa amisTvis sulTa ganmanaTlebelisa, romelsa<br />
ewodebis klemaqsi, romel ars kibe“.<br />
`klemaqsis~ pirveli qarTveli mTargmneli ucnobia. eqvTime aTonelma Targmna<br />
`klemaqsi~ 983 wlamde 2 , Semdeg ioane petriwma gadmoiRo iambikod 3 . 1250 wlis axlo xanebSi<br />
`klemaqsi~ kvlav iTargmna petriwonuli skolis warmomadgenlis petre gelaTelis<br />
mier gelaTSi 4 , XVIII saukuneSi ki `klemaqsi~ anton kaTalikosma galeqsa iambikod 5 .<br />
SesavalSi avtoris, wm. ioane sinelisa <strong>da</strong> mTargmnelis, efTvimes vinaoba cxaddeba.<br />
Semdeg moTxrobilia ioane sinelis cxovreba, romelic `<strong>da</strong>niil monozonman raiTelman~<br />
aRwera. amas mohyveba ori epistole: `epistole wmidisa <strong>da</strong> netarisa mamisa ioane rai-<br />
Tel mamasaxlisisa, netarisa ioanes mimarT sinel mamasaxlisisa~ <strong>da</strong> `epistole wmidisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> netarisa ioane sinel mamasaxlisisa, romelsa ze<strong>da</strong> werili ese ars ficarni sulierni~.<br />
Semdeg ki iwyeba ZiriTadi teqsti: `swavlani wmidisa <strong>da</strong> netarisa mamisa Cvenisa<br />
ioane sinel mamasaxlisisani, romelni miuZRvna mamasa ioanes raiTel mamasaxlissa, rameTu<br />
iTxova misgan raTa aRwernes swavlani monozonTa mimarT.~ `klemaqsis~ bolo nawilia<br />
`mwyemsisa <strong>da</strong> winamZRvrisa mimarT, romeli ese misca sxvaTa amaT pirvelTqmulTa<br />
TavTa Tana iovane raiTel mamasaxlisisa, romelsa eTxova misgan, raTa <strong>da</strong>uwernes swavlani<br />
monozonebisani~<br />
arSiebze moxazul gveleSapis konturebSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva codvebis Sesaxeb weria.<br />
„klemaqsSi“ sityvebi `gveli~ <strong>da</strong> `veSapi~ erTmniSvnelovnad negatiur konteqstSi aris<br />
naxsenebi (4, XIII; 4, XLVIII; 4, LXV; 8, XL; 9, XVI, 15, CIV; 15, CV), isini erTmaneTis sinonimebia<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRniSnaven codvas.<br />
Txzulebis teqstis mixedviT gveli gesliania, Tavis TavSi Seicavs sasikvdilo Sxams,<br />
magaliTad: `<strong>da</strong>yudebuli Zviris-moxsene aspiti ars <strong>da</strong>maluli <strong>da</strong> gesli misi sasikvdine<br />
Tavsa Soris Tvissa utvirTavs~ (9, XVI). vinc <strong>da</strong>malavs Tavis codvas, sakuTar Tavs moklavs<br />
– „romeli yovelsave gvelsa romel arian vnebani ganaqiqebdes aRsarebiTa, mas mougies<br />
sarwmunoeba jerovani, xolo romelman <strong>da</strong>hfaros igi ugzoTa Sina SecTomil ars, <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavsa Tvissa moiklavs“ (4, LXV). gvelis (veSapis) saxiT gansaxierebulia codva:<br />
„raJams mogixdes gulis sityva gankiTxvad moZRvrisa, viTarca siZvisagan iltvode<br />
misgan, <strong>da</strong> nu scem yovladve adgilsa gvelsa amas. aramed miuge veSapsa mas <strong>da</strong> arqv: hoi,<br />
macTuro araTu me mTavrisa mis, aramed igi Cem<strong>da</strong> ars msajuli, rameTu araTu me misi, aramed<br />
mas Cemi tvirTi utvirTavs“ (4, XIII).<br />
teqstSi or adgilas mravalTaviani veSapi <strong>da</strong> mravalTaviani gvelic aris naxsenebi:<br />
`mravalTa brZenTa <strong>da</strong> sulierTa moZRvarTa Semdgomad pirvel Tqmulisa mis mZlavrisa,<br />
ese mraval-Tavi veSapi <strong>da</strong>aweses TqmulTa Sina maTTa, <strong>da</strong> raTa ara SevcvaloT wesi<br />
igi brZenTa maT Cven ugunurTa, amisTvis maTsave wessa SeudegiT~ (16, I).<br />
`ara umecar ars, romelsa keTilad aRmoekiTxos sityva dedisa mis yovelTa borotTasa,<br />
romel ars nayrovaneba, rameTu ukeTuri igi ityo<strong>da</strong> viTarmed meored naSobi misi<br />
ars ulmobeloba <strong>da</strong> gul-ficxeloba, xolo <strong>da</strong>mayena raTamca Tvisi wesi mimeca mis<strong>da</strong><br />
mravalTavman man kerpT msaxurebisa gvelman, rameTu mesame adgili miuRebies mamaTagan<br />
rvaTa maT borotTa jaWvsa Sina, romlisa Tvisca mciredi ese vsTquT; <strong>da</strong> aw gvnebavs<br />
Tqmad gulficxelobisaTvis <strong>da</strong> ulmobelobisa, <strong>da</strong> merme ZilisaTvis <strong>da</strong> mRviZarebisa,<br />
<strong>da</strong> kvalad moSiSebisaTvis borotisa, rameTu ese yovelni senni axal mosrulTani<br />
arian, romelTagan gvixsenin ufalman yovelive, romlisa ars dideba ukuniTi ukunisamde.<br />
amin~ (17, XVIII).<br />
qarTul enaSi cnebebi `matli~ <strong>da</strong> `Wia~ veSapTan <strong>da</strong> gvelTan erTad erT semantikur<br />
velSi eqceva 6 . rogorc qarTul qristianul literaturaSi, aseve folklorSi, Wia<br />
1 iqve, gv. 193.<br />
2 k. kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis <strong>istoria</strong>, I (Tbilisi, 1960), gv. 199.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 287-288.<br />
4 iqve, gv. 332-334.<br />
5 iqve, gv. 381.<br />
6 n. abakelia, simbolo <strong>da</strong> rituali qarTul kulturaSi (Tbilisi, 1997), gv. 5.<br />
437
<strong>da</strong> gveleSapi erTi kategoriis arsebebia. aseve `klemaqsis~ mixedviT – rogorc matli<br />
gaizrdeba <strong>da</strong> frTebs gamoisxams, ise erTi codva Sobs meores:<br />
`ars romelime matli, romeli aRizardis rai, gamoisxnis frTeni <strong>da</strong> aRfrindis<br />
simaRled; <strong>da</strong> cu<strong>da</strong>d-mzvaovroba srul iqmnis rai, Svis ampartavneba, <strong>da</strong>sabami igi <strong>da</strong><br />
srul myofeli yovelTa borotTa~ (12, LVI).<br />
<strong>da</strong>maluli codva WiasaviT rCeba xorcSi, is isev aRzevdeba <strong>da</strong> Tu Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve ar moispo,<br />
gvelad iqceva:<br />
`raJams friad vhbrZodiT eSmaksa mas siZvisasa, <strong>da</strong> ganvdevniT igi gulisagan Cvenisa,<br />
qviTa marxvisaTa, <strong>da</strong> vtanjiT maxviliTa sim<strong>da</strong>blisaTa, maSin xorcTa Sina <strong>da</strong>STis,<br />
viTarca Wia raime, <strong>da</strong> uJamoiTa <strong>da</strong> cudiTa aRZrviTa aRvgZravn <strong>da</strong> nebavn Segineba Cveni,<br />
xolo ese ufrosad maT ze<strong>da</strong>, moiwevis romelni, eSmaksa mas zvaobisasa mierCden. rame-<br />
Tu vinaTgan ara ze<strong>da</strong>s ze<strong>da</strong> movidodes gulad maT<strong>da</strong>, gulis sityvani borotni, amis-<br />
Tvis zvaobad movides. <strong>da</strong> viTarmed utyuvel ars Tqmuli ese, raJams <strong>da</strong>yudebasa Sina<br />
iyvnen ese viTarni igi, maSin gamoeZiebed keTilad, <strong>da</strong> hpoon gulis sityva raime siRrmesa<br />
Sina gulisasa, viTarca gveli skoresa Sina <strong>da</strong>maluli, romeli moagoneben, viTarmed<br />
TvisiTa ZaliTa <strong>da</strong> miswrafebiTa warumarTebies siwmide igi gulisa mciredi, <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
gulis-xmayofen ubadrukni igi sityvasa mas, viTarmed rai gvaqvs sxvaTa SewevniTa <strong>da</strong><br />
locviTa~ (15, CIV).<br />
`klemaqsSi~ codvis aRiareba gvelis <strong>da</strong>morCilebasTan aris Se<strong>da</strong>rebuli:<br />
`igi miTxrob<strong>da</strong> viTarmed Wabuk ra viyav msaxurebasa Sina jorTasa viyofdi, <strong>da</strong> SememTxvia<br />
brali raime sulieri <strong>da</strong> cToma, xolo me maqvn<strong>da</strong> Cveuleba ara <strong>da</strong>farvad Sinagan<br />
Cemsa gvelisa mis, <strong>da</strong> upyar bolosa missa <strong>da</strong> gamoucxade igi mkurnalsa. xolo man<br />
ganmiRima <strong>da</strong> mixeTqma yvrimalsa mcired, <strong>da</strong> mrqva me: vidode, Svilo, msaxurebasave Sensa,<br />
viTar igi iyofodi, <strong>da</strong> nu geSinin yovladve. xolo me <strong>da</strong>virwmune mxurvaliTa sarwmunoebiTa,<br />
<strong>da</strong> mciredTa dReTa Semdgomad gulsavse viqmen, viTarmed gankurnebul-var,<br />
<strong>da</strong> vidodi me msaxurebasave Cemsa sixaruliT <strong>da</strong> ZrwoliT~ (4, XLVIII).<br />
sityva `veSapi~ eSmakis mniSvnelobiTac aris gamoyenebuli `klemaqsSi~:<br />
`<strong>da</strong> xma igi RvTisa gesma naTeli misi ixile, <strong>da</strong> xamlni igi romel arian vnebaTa<br />
nivTni warixaden ferxTagan sulisaTa; <strong>da</strong> upyar bolosa missa romeli igi angelosTagan<br />
veSap iqmna, <strong>da</strong> mRvimesa qvesknelsa STaxade igi; <strong>da</strong> faraos mZle eqmen maRalsa mas<br />
<strong>da</strong> ampartavansa, <strong>da</strong> megviptelni gvcemen, <strong>da</strong> maTni pirmSoni moswyviden, romel ese did<br />
ars sakvirvelebiT~ (15, III).<br />
SuasaukuneebSi evropaSic msgavsi gaigiveba arsebob<strong>da</strong> eSmakisa <strong>da</strong> gvelisa (drakonis).<br />
gavrcelebuli evropuli literaturuli <strong>da</strong> xalxuri gadmocemebis motivebis Tanaxmad,<br />
sxeulSi <strong>da</strong>budebul gvels moTmineba amarcxebs an<strong>da</strong> drakonis xilva a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />
WeSmariti sarwmunoebisken abrunebs 1 . kaTolikur saeklesio tradiciaSi eretikosebic<br />
ki urCxulis saxiT iyvnen warmodgenili 2 .<br />
`klemaqsis~ mixedviT gveli SeiZleba gandevnil iqnas simSvidiT:<br />
`sxva ars axlad mosrulTa Tana myofi igi glovisa mier urisxveloba; <strong>da</strong> sxva ars<br />
srulTa igi sruliadi mospolva gulis wyromisa <strong>da</strong> aRuZvreloba, rameTu pirvelTa maT<br />
mier, viTarca WimiTa <strong>da</strong> aRviriTa Sekrul ars cremlTagan, <strong>da</strong> glovisa vneba igi; xolo<br />
meoreTa amaT mier, viTarca gveli maxviliTa miT uvnebelobisaTa momkv<strong>da</strong>r ars~ (8, XL);<br />
`jer ars maT<strong>da</strong> raTa friadiTa moswrafebiTa, pirvel Tqmuli ese gveli gulTagan maTTa<br />
ganioton sim<strong>da</strong>bliTa friadiTa, raTa raJams misgan ganTavisuflden, maSin nu ukve SeuZlon<br />
maTca aRZarcvad samoselisa maT tyavisaTa, <strong>da</strong> raTa ugalobden ufalsa Zlevisa galobiTa<br />
siwmidisaTa, viTarca odesme yrmani igi ubiwoni, romelni miegebodes qristesa<br />
ufalsa yovelTasa, <strong>da</strong> raJams esreT SeuZlon aRZarcvad samoseliTa maT tyavisaTa borotTa,<br />
ara SiSvel ipovnen umankoebisa <strong>da</strong> sim<strong>da</strong>blisa maTisagan~ (15, CV).<br />
codvasTan brZolis iaraRi Tavm<strong>da</strong>blobaa:<br />
`odesca vnebasa romelsame ze<strong>da</strong> SeiWurvodi, ese keTili sim<strong>da</strong>blei Semwed wariyvane,<br />
rameTu maSin aspitsa <strong>da</strong> iqednesa ze<strong>da</strong> xvidodi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sTrguno lomi <strong>da</strong> veSapi,<br />
ese igi ars viTarmed codvai <strong>da</strong> saso warkveTileba uCino hyo, <strong>da</strong> eSmaki <strong>da</strong> veSapni ese<br />
xorcni <strong>da</strong>sTrgune qristes ZaliTa~ (25, LXXXIV).<br />
1 Röhrich L., Drache, Drachenkampf, Drachentöter, Enzyklopädie des Märchens (Berlin/NewYork, 1981), s. 787-820.<br />
2 iqve, gv. 809.<br />
438
amgvarad, wm. ioane sinelis „klemaqsSi“ <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, qristianul literaturaSi<br />
gvelisa <strong>da</strong> veSapis simboloebiT gamoixateba codva, romelic <strong>da</strong>samarcxebelia.<br />
qristianul literaturaSi gveli metaforuli saxea. magram sanam TeologiaSi gveleSapis<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxeba borotebasTan (codvebTan) brZolis simbolur <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas miiReb<strong>da</strong>,<br />
manamde es brZola pir<strong>da</strong>piri mniSvnelobiT un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo gagebuli. amas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> giorgis saxe ikonografiaSi, aseve gvelis (veSapis) realurad ganadgurebis<br />
faqtebi qarTul agiografiaSi: wm. <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis cxovrebaSi gveleSapis <strong>da</strong>wvis epizodi<br />
<strong>da</strong> wm. grigol xanZTelis mowafis mier ori „saSineli“ veSapis locviT mokvdineba<br />
1 . wm. <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis cxovrebaSi aRwerili es saswauli zustad aris asaxuli agre-<br />
Tve u<strong>da</strong>bnos monastris mTavari eklesiis kedlis mxatvrobaSi 2 .<br />
qristianuli drakologia ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d efuZneba cecxlismfrqveveli <strong>da</strong> Sxamiani ur-<br />
Cxulis iobis wigniseul aRweras, Semdgom ki im simbolur mniSvnelobas, rac drakonma<br />
apokalifsSi miiRo 3 . gveleSapi (gveli, veSapi, urCxuli) bibliaSi gvxvdeba: iobis wign-<br />
Si (26, 13), esaia winaswarmetyvelTan (esaia 27, 1; 51, 9), iona winaswarmetyvelTan (iona 2,<br />
1), <strong>da</strong>niel winaswarmetyvelTan (<strong>da</strong>nieli 14, 22-28), fsalmunebSi (73, 13-14; 90, 13) 4 . gveleSapi<br />
yvelgan borotebas ganasaxierebs.<br />
veSapisa <strong>da</strong> eSmakis gaigivebis Sedegad qristianul xelovnebaSi arsebobs drakonis<br />
mravali sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxe. umaRlesi samsjavros scenaSi jojoxeTis karibWe urCxulis<br />
xaxis formiT aris warmodgenili. qriste, romelic Trgunavs sikvdilsa <strong>da</strong> jojoxeTs,<br />
Tava<strong>da</strong>c gveleSapis <strong>da</strong>mmarcxebelia 5 .<br />
qristianul legendebSi gvelTmebrZolebi simbolurad ganasaxiereben brZolas borotebis<br />
winaaRmdeg. kaTolikuri eklesia saerTo jamSi urCxulTan mebrZol samoc<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wmin<strong>da</strong>ns icnobs 6 . gvelTmebrZolobis qristianuli motivi Suasaukuneebis evropuli<br />
sagmiro poeziis popularul Temad iqca. aseve Semdgom jvarosnuli laSqrobebis<br />
meSveobiT gavrcelebulma aRmosavlurma gadmocemebma didi gavlena iqonia Suasaukuneebis<br />
saero romanis gmiris idealzec 7 .<br />
folklorSi, iseve, rogorc agiografiul TxzulebebSi, gveleSapis <strong>da</strong>marcxeba<br />
mxolod metafora ar aris. jadosnur zRaprebSi gmirisa <strong>da</strong> gveleSapis namdvili brZolaa<br />
aRwerili, romelsac ara metaforuli, aramed pir<strong>da</strong>piri mniSvnelobiT igebs<br />
msmeneli mTqmelisgan. siuJetTa saerTaSoriso saZiebelSi 8 jadosnuri zRaprebis Svidi<br />
Tematuri jgufi<strong>da</strong>n (1) zebunebrivi mowinaaRmdege, 2) zebunebrivi meuRle an sxva naTesavebi,<br />
3) saswaulebrivi <strong>da</strong>valeba, 4) zebunebrivi Semwe, 5) jadosnuri sagnebi, 6) zebunebrivi<br />
Zala an codna, 7) sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva zRaprebi saswaulebrivze) yvelaze popularuli tipi<br />
aris zRaprebi gmiris brZolis Sesaxeb zebunebriv mowinaaRmdegesTan 9 . es mowinaaRmdege<br />
qarTul zRaprebSi warmodgenilia devis, gveleSapisa <strong>da</strong> sxva avsulebis saxiT. umetes<br />
SemTxvevaSi gveleSapTan brZolas qalwulis gaTavisufleba mosdevs.<br />
prof. T. qurdovaniZe mefis asulis gaTavisuflebis motivis or nairsaxeobas gamohyofs:<br />
„erTis mixedviT, gmiri qvesknelSi gaigebs gveleSapis mier, wylis sanacvlod,<br />
qalis moTxovnis ambavs. gveleSapis SesaWmelad ganwiruli xelmwifis asulis ganTavisuflebis<br />
Semdeg gmiri jildod Txoulobs ara mis xels (motivacia: ukve hyavs sacole),<br />
aramed qveskneli<strong>da</strong>n SuasknelSi ayvanas, rac faskunjis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. amave<br />
siuJetis meore nairsaxeobaSi moqmedeba de<strong>da</strong>miwaze xdeba, gmiri xelmwifis asuls aTavisuflebs<br />
devisagan“ 10 .<br />
es aris Zalze sayuradRebo faqti: qarTul zRaprebSi gveleSapi qvesknelis bina<strong>da</strong>ria<br />
devisagan gansxvavebiT. jadosnur zRaprebSi, romlebSic gmiris qvesknelSi mog-<br />
1 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, il. abulaZis red., I, III, IV (Tbilisi, 1963; 1971;<br />
1968).<br />
2 g. abramiSvili, <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis cikli qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi (Tbilisi, 1972).<br />
3 Röhrich L., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 794.<br />
4 wignni Zuelisa aRTqumisani (Sesaqmnisai. gamoslvaTai), b. gigineiSvilisa <strong>da</strong> c. kikviZis red., I (Tbilisi, 1989).<br />
5 Röhrich L., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 811.<br />
6 iqve, gv. 795.<br />
7 Мелетинский Э. М., Средневековый роман (Москва, 1983), cтр. 271.<br />
8 Uther H.-J., The Types of International Folktales, A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith<br />
Thompson, 1 (Helsinki, 2004).<br />
9 T. qurdovaniZe, qarTuli zRapari (Tbilisi, 2002), gv. 54.<br />
10 T. qurdovaniZe, stadialuri cvlilebebi rituali<strong>da</strong>n hagiografiamde, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, V (qu-<br />
Taisi, 2001), gv. 261.<br />
439
zauroba siuJetis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilia, gveleSapi antagonistia <strong>da</strong><br />
mas sastiki brZolis Semdeg amarcxebs gmiri.<br />
gvelTmebrZolobis motivi, v. propis gamokvleviT, manamde arsebuli sxva motivebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ganviTar<strong>da</strong>, kerZod, gveleSapis mier gmiris CanTqmis motivi<strong>da</strong>n, rac Tavis mxriv iniciaciis<br />
rituals warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> 1 . sayuradReboa is, rom gmiris gveleSapis mucelSi yofna<br />
ar aris jadosnuri zRaprisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli motivi (jadosnuri zRapari desakralizirebulia).<br />
qarTul folklorSi amgvari ram mxolod arazRaprul eposSi SeiZleba<br />
Segvxvdes. amis saukeTeso magaliTia amiranis Tqmuleba. jadosnur zRaparSi ki<br />
gveleSapis muclis magivrad aris qveskneli. gmiri Cadis qvesknelSi <strong>da</strong> iq ebrZvis urCxuls.<br />
maT orTabrZolas ufro a<strong>da</strong>mianisa <strong>da</strong> nadiris Serkinebis saxe aqvs <strong>da</strong> realobasTan<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>axloebuli.<br />
gvelTmebrZolobis motivi TavisTavad Zalian Zvelia. gveleSapisTvis qaliSvilis<br />
msxverplad Sewirvis rituali<strong>da</strong>n momdinare miTma sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari cvlileba ganica<strong>da</strong>.<br />
prof. T. qurdovaniZis gamokvleviT, `miTsa <strong>da</strong> zRaparSi gmirobad gagebuli veSapis mokvla<br />
hagiografiaSi saswaula<strong>da</strong>a kvalificirebuli~ 2 . ase rom, gveleSapis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis<br />
motivs qristianobamde ukve hqon<strong>da</strong> is Sinaarsi, rac Semdgom qristianulma simbolikam<br />
mzamzareuli saxiT gamoiyena.<br />
im zRaprebSic, sa<strong>da</strong>c gmiri qvesknelis gveleSaps amarcxebs <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>miwaze gamarjvebuli<br />
amodis, sxva tipis zRaprebze metad Cans qristianuli azrovnebis niSnebi.<br />
xalxuri zRaprebis gvelTmebrZolobis motivSi erTmniSvnelovnad aris gamoxatuli<br />
borotebis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis idea.<br />
qvesknelis gveleSapis gamoCena <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia sami Zmis zRaparTa tipisaTvis<br />
(ATU 301) 3 , romelSic qristianuli simbolikis mkafio niSnebi Cans. maTSi TvalsaCinod<br />
aris warmodgenili zRapris gmiris nebis Tavisufleba 4 . arCevanis unariT zRapris gmiri<br />
Suasaukuneebis saraindo eposis gmirsa <strong>da</strong> qristian martvils emsgavseba 5 . igi TviTon<br />
irCevs gansacdeliT aRsavse gzas, romelsac is sabolood samu<strong>da</strong>mo bednierebasTan mihyavs.<br />
is Cadis qvesknelSi, amarcxebs gveleSaps, Sin brundeba <strong>da</strong> mamisagan gvirgvins imsaxurebs.<br />
am tipis zRaprebis mTavari gmiris cxovrebis gza yovelmxriv Seesabameba<br />
qristianuli eTikis normebs 6 <strong>da</strong> araerTgzis SeiZleba mivuTiToT Segonebebi saxarebi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
agreTve „klemaqsi<strong>da</strong>n“:<br />
„viTarca mxe<strong>da</strong>ri romlisa piri mowylul arn brZolasa Sina, ara ugulebels yvis<br />
mefeman, aramed miscis niWi <strong>da</strong> pativi, egreTve monozoni, romelsa friadni Wirni <strong>da</strong><br />
gansacdelni Tavs esxmian brZolasa Sina eSmakTasa, gvirgvinosan yos igi meufeman saukuneman<br />
qristesman gvirgviniTa miT sixarulisaTa“ (27, LXIII).<br />
gveleSapis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis simbolikas erTi <strong>da</strong> imave interpretacia eZleva asketikuri<br />
Janris nawarmoebsa <strong>da</strong> xalxur zRaparSi. is, rom sami Zmis tipis zRaprebSi gveleSapi<br />
absolutur borotebas ganasaxierebs, swored qristianobis gavlena un<strong>da</strong> iyos. xalxur<br />
zRaparSic <strong>da</strong> qristianul xelovnebaSic gveleSapi <strong>da</strong>Trgunvadia. gveleSapis funqcia<br />
siuJetis ganviTarebaSi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom is un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amarcxon.<br />
1 Пропп В. Я., Исторические корни волшебной сказки (Ленинград, 1986), cтр. 242.<br />
2 T. qurdovaniZe, stadialuri cvlilebebi..., gv. 263.<br />
3 sanam gmiri qvesknelSi aRmoCndeba, mas aseTi Tavga<strong>da</strong>savali aqvs ga<strong>da</strong>tanili: ufros ZmebTan erTad midis<br />
mamis <strong>da</strong>valebis Sesasruleblad, gzajvaredinze sami warwera xvdebaT, romelTagan erT-erTi saxifaTo<br />
gzas mianiSnebs. umcrosi Zma Tavisi surviliT irCevs yvelaze Znel gzas. Zmebi <strong>da</strong>Tqmul droze isev am<br />
adgilas un<strong>da</strong> Sexvdnen erTmaneTs. umcrosi Zma mopovebuli saunjiT <strong>da</strong> sacolesTan erTad brundeba. Zmebi<br />
SuriT WaSi agdeben mas <strong>da</strong> mis monapovars iTviseben. WaSi sami sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva feris Txa (cxvari, raSi) gamoivlis,<br />
romelTagan TeTrs gmiris zemoT amoyvana SeuZlia, Savs ki qvesknelSi Cagdeba <strong>da</strong> umcrosi Zma<br />
SemTxveviT Savze jdeba. qvesknelSi is erTi de<strong>da</strong>bris saxlSi <strong>da</strong>binavdeba, romlisganac igebs, rom am<br />
qveyanaSi wyali gveleSaps uWiravs.<br />
4 e. gogiaSvili, zRapris erTi qristianuli aspeqti (arCevani), religia, # 4-5-6 (Tbilisi, 2000), gv. 61-65.<br />
5 folkloristi b. abaSiZe msgavsebas aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> agreTve miTosur gmirsa <strong>da</strong> qristianul wmin<strong>da</strong>ns Soris:<br />
„qarTveli xalxis warmosaxviT miTiuri gmiri (Wabuki) zea<strong>da</strong>mianuria, rogorc ZaliT, ise moxerxebiT; a<strong>da</strong>mianebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis surviliTa <strong>da</strong> gonierebiT ki uaxlovdeba qristianul wmin<strong>da</strong>nebs, romlis Camoyalibebis<br />
wina saxed qarTuli miTuri amirani (igive Wabuki) migvaCnia“. b. abaSiZe, miTologiis zogierTi saki-<br />
Txi qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi (Tbilisi, 1984), gv. 43.<br />
6 e. gogiaSvili, jadosnuri zRapris miTosuri <strong>da</strong> religiuri aspeqtebi, disertacia (Tbilisi, 2002), gv. 85-100.<br />
440
qarTuli xalxuri zRapris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani figura _ gveleSapi yvela tipis<br />
zRaparSi erTnair funqcias ar atarebs 1 , magram im zRaprebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c gveleSapTan<br />
brZolaa aRwerili, Zlieria qristianobis gavlena.<br />
naxatebi „klemaqsis“ garejuli nusxis arSiebze xalxuri Semoqmedebis nimuSebia<br />
ara marto Sesrulebis teqnikis TvalsazrisiT, aramed Tavisi SinaarsiTac. qarTul eklesiaTa<br />
gviani Suasaukuneebis xalxuri moxatulobebis Sesaxeb i. xuskivaZe wers: „am<br />
mxatvruli movlenis [„xalxuri mxatvrobis“ – e. g.] saxviTi ena martivia _ igi am siRrmeTa<br />
gamo TavisTavad ar metyvelebs, ar acxadebs farul saidumlos <strong>da</strong> mxolod Tavisi<br />
uSualobiTa <strong>da</strong> gulwrfelobiT miesa<strong>da</strong>geba siRrmeebSi nagulisxmevis qristianul<br />
arss. formis swored es niSnebi _ sisa<strong>da</strong>ve <strong>da</strong> miamitoba, Taviseburi siwrfele _ rogorc<br />
xalxuri xelovnebis maxasiaTeblebi, amarTleben am gamorCeuli movlenis „xalxurad“<br />
saxeldebas“ 2 . zustad igive <strong>da</strong> ufro meti SeiZleba iTqvas nikoloz nikraÁs naxatebzec:<br />
arSiebze gamosaxuli suraTebi ara mxolod „klemaqsis“ konkretuli fragmentebis<br />
ilustraciebs warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong> qristianuli simbolikiT arian <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli, aramed<br />
maTSi gamoxatulia ga<strong>da</strong>mweris cnobierebaSi arsebuli folkloruli warmodgenebi.<br />
nikoloz nikraÁs fantaziiT Seqmnil gamosaxulebebSi naTlad Cans, Tu raoden Zlieri<br />
iyo mis mexsierebaSi xalxuri TxrobiTi Janrebis tradiciebi.<br />
XII saukunis xelnawerSi zRapruli personaJebis gamosaxva Zalian mniSvnelovania,<br />
miTumetes, rom ar mogvepoveba XVII saukuneze ufro adrindeli Canaweri qarTuli zRaprebisa<br />
3 . nikoloz nikraÁs naxatebis mixedviT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom XII saukuneSi<br />
qarTuli zRaprebis Txrobas iseTive saxe eqnebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc es gviandel <strong>da</strong> Tun<strong>da</strong>c XX<br />
saukunis CanawerebSia asaxuli.<br />
<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />
1. n. abakelia, simbolo <strong>da</strong> rituali qarTul kulturaSi (Tbilisi, 1997).<br />
2. b. abaSiZe, miTologiis zogierTi sakiTxi qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi (Tbilisi, 1984).<br />
3. g. abramiSvili, <strong>da</strong>viT garejelis cikli qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi (Tbilisi, 1972).<br />
4. v. beriZe, Zveli qarTveli ostatebi (Tbilisi, 1967).<br />
5. e. gogiaSvili, zRapris erTi qristianuli aspeqti (arCevani), religia, # 4-5-6 (Tbilisi,<br />
2000).<br />
6. e. gogiaSvili, jadosnuri zRapris miTosuri <strong>da</strong> religiuri aspeqtebi, disertacia<br />
(Tbilisi, 2002).<br />
7. k. kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis <strong>istoria</strong>, I (Tbilisi, 1960).<br />
8. T. qurdovaniZe, qarTuli zRapari (Tbilisi, 2002).<br />
9. T. qurdovaniZe, stadialuri cvlilebebi rituali<strong>da</strong>n hagiografiamde, qarTveluri<br />
memkvidreoba, V (quTaisi, 2001).<br />
10. m. Ciqovani, me-17 saukuneSi Cawerili zRaprebi, qarTuli xalxuri poeturi Semoqmedeba,<br />
I (Tbilisi, 1960).<br />
11. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I (kimenuri re<strong>da</strong>qciebi), il.<br />
abulaZis red. (Tbilisi, 1963).<br />
12. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, III, il. abulaZis red. (Tbilisi, 1971).<br />
13. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, IV, il. abulaZis red.<br />
(Tbilisi, 1968).<br />
14. wignni Zuelisa aRTqumisani (Sesaqmnisai. gamoslvaTai), b. gigineiSvilisa <strong>da</strong> c.<br />
kikviZis red., I (Tbilisi, 1989).<br />
1 sxva tipis zRaprebSi, kerZod, zRaprebSi zebunebrivi meuRlis Sesaxeb, gveleSapi gansxvavebul funqcias<br />
asrulebs – is mTavari personaJia <strong>da</strong> ar aris gmiris mowinaaRmdege. amgvari zRaprebis `qristianizaciis~<br />
sakiTxi arc dgas. isini miTologiur Sinaarss bolomde inarCuneben.<br />
2 i. xuskivaZe, qarTul eklesiaTa gviani Suasaukuneebis `xalxuri~ moxatulobani (Tbilisi, 2003), gv. 13-14.<br />
3 pirveli, 1679 wlis axlo xanebis Canawerebi qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebisa <strong>da</strong>culia italieli kaTolike misioneris<br />
patri bernarde neapolelis arqivSi, romelic inaxeba kapuCinTa Zvel monaster Torre del Greco-Si. ix. m.<br />
Ciqovani, me-17 saukuneSi Cawerili zRaprebi, qarTuli xalxuri poeturi Semoqmedeba, I (Tbilisi, 1960), gv. 97.<br />
441
15. i. xuskivaZe, qarTul eklesiaTa gviani Suasaukuneebis `xalxuri~ moxatulobani (Tbilisi,<br />
2003).<br />
16. T. jojua, wmin<strong>da</strong> mRvdelmowame grigol feraZe <strong>da</strong> 1160 wels garejSi ga<strong>da</strong>werili<br />
erTi ucnobi xelnaweri, istoriul-eTnografiuli Studiebi, V (Tbilisi, 2002).<br />
17. T. jojua, saqarTvelos mefis giorgi III-is aRsaydrebis TariRi 1160 wels garejSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>werili xelnaweris (Ven.4-is) anderZis mixedviT, oCxari, j. ruxaZisadmi miZRvnili<br />
eTnologiuri, istoriuli <strong>da</strong> filologiuri Ziebani (Tbilisi, 2002).<br />
18. T. jojua, XII saukunis garejul krebulSi (Ven.4-Si) <strong>da</strong>culi erTi dogmatikur-polemikuri<br />
traqtatis Sesaxeb (wvalebisa winamZRuarTa SeCuenebaÁ), istoriul eTnografiuli<br />
Studiebi, VII (Tbilisi, 2003).<br />
19. Röhrich L., Drache, Drachenkampf, Drachentöter, Enzyklopädie des Märchens, 3 (Berlin/NewYork, 1981).<br />
20. Uther H.-J., The Types of International Folktales, A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of<br />
Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson, 1 (Helsinki, 2004).<br />
21. Мелетинский Э. М., Средневековый роман (Москва, 1983).<br />
22. Пропп В. Я., Исторические корни волшебной сказки (Ленинград, 1986).<br />
sur. 1 sur. 2<br />
H-1669, 145r<br />
H-1669, 49v<br />
442
ELENE GOGIASHVILI<br />
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
THE DRAGON AND ITS ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE SAINT JOHN CLIMACUS’<br />
MANUSCRIPT OF THE 12 TH CENTURY FROM GAREJI<br />
The dogmatic ascetic work by Saint John Climacus `Ladder of Divine Ascent, composed at the request of<br />
John, Abbot of Raithu~ has been created at the monastery on Mount Sinai in the 7 th Century. Several translations<br />
into Georgian have been made, including one by Gareji Monastery c. 1160 (H-1669, National Centre of Manuscripts,<br />
Tbilisi). The calligrapher of this manuscript was Nikoloz Nikray. In the marginalia of this manuscript, the<br />
reader finds illustrations of supernatural beings. One of the interesting figures is presented in a form of a dragon.<br />
This form of drawing is not commonly found in Georgian theological manuscripts. The atypical pictures in this<br />
dogmatic ascetic work are joined together with the fairy tale form. In Christian Traditions, dragon is usually<br />
portrayed as evil. Through an examination of the Georgian sources (folktales, mythological tales, beliefs,<br />
ethnographical describes), it can be shown that the figure of the dragon in the 12 th century manuscript contains<br />
zoomorphic markers of the demon beings, according to the Georgian folk beliefs and tales.<br />
443
eTer inwkirveli<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis literaturis instituti<br />
boroti sulis <strong>da</strong>tyvevebis motivi xalxur tradiciaSi<br />
samyaroSi boroti sulis arsebobis sakiTxi nebismieri xalxis folklorisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli <strong>da</strong> tradiciuli problemaa. borot ZalasTan brZola <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>marcxeba-<strong>da</strong>tyveveba<br />
folklorSi gamorCeul <strong>da</strong> zebunebrivi ZaliT aRWurvil gmirs miewereba.<br />
xSirad gmiris gamorCeuloba swored am motiviT aris ganpirobebuli. qarTul folklorSi<br />
gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia istoriuli personaJis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi – miTosurlegenduri<br />
funqciiT <strong>da</strong>tvirTva, rac mis saxes metad STambeW<strong>da</strong>vs xdis <strong>da</strong> amgvarad aR-<br />
Wurvili agrZelebs sicocxles xalxis cnobierebaSi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>mwyvdeuli boroti sulis motivi tradiciulia. anti aarnes sistemaSi es motivi<br />
#331-ad aris Sesuli 1 . ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d or variantTan gvaqvs saqme: 1. boroti sulis Sepyroba<strong>da</strong>tyveveba<br />
misi gamocdilebisa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobis gamoyenebis mizniT; 2. boroti sulis<br />
<strong>da</strong>tyvevebiT qveynierebaze sayovelTao mSvidobis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba.QqarTul folklorSi orive<br />
SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme.<br />
jadosnuri Zalis <strong>da</strong>morCilebisa <strong>da</strong> mSeneblobaSi gamoyenebis tradiciul siuJetzea<br />
agebuli legen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis mier gelaTis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb: `wyeulma<br />
eSmakma moindoma, xeli SeeSala misTvis am wmin<strong>da</strong> RvTis sasiamovno saqmeSi. kedlebi<br />
ramdenjer aaSores balavers, imdenjer angrev<strong>da</strong> i wyeuli RamRamobiT. dRes, xval,<br />
dRes, xval <strong>da</strong> ar iqna, kedlebi balavers ver aaSores. mefe, rasakvirvelia, mixv<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
misi xelis mcaravi eSmaki iyo <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>swyvita, rogorc un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>jdomo<strong>da</strong>, eSmaki xelT<br />
egdo. iman aiRo jami, aavso wyliT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dga balaveris maxloblad; TviTon ki kuTxeSi<br />
miimala <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uwyo <strong>da</strong>raji. rogorc kargad <strong>da</strong>bnel<strong>da</strong>, sad iyo, sad ara, gaCn<strong>da</strong> i wyeuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> gulmodgineT Seudga Tavis saqmes. am dros iman SeniSna wyliani jami <strong>da</strong> zed mivi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
uceb safari<strong>da</strong>m gamoxta <strong>da</strong>viTi <strong>da</strong> xelebi staca. eSmaki jorad iqca, magram guladi<br />
mefe mainc ar SeSin<strong>da</strong>; iman amosdo jors pirSi lagami <strong>da</strong> swrafad moaxta zed.<br />
am dRis Semdeg is am jors ar iSoreb<strong>da</strong>. Amis Semdeg advilad moaTava gelaTis monasteric.<br />
AagreTve aaSena varZia <strong>da</strong> sxvebi...~ 2 .<br />
xalxuri legendis mixedviT, eSmaki Tavs <strong>da</strong>ixsnis tyveobisgan, rodesac <strong>da</strong>viTis<br />
nacvlad mejinibe waiyvans wylis <strong>da</strong>salevad, jori wyaroSi xteba <strong>da</strong> uCinardeba 3 .<br />
msgavsi motivi gvxvdeba ebraul folklorSi solomon brZenTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT:Eebrauli<br />
folkloruli taqstebis krebuli _ aga<strong>da</strong> 4 mogviTxrobs, rom solomonis<br />
pativmoyvareobis grZnoba yvelaze metad taZris mSeneblobaSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong>. Aam taZris<br />
ageba jer kidev <strong>da</strong>viTs sur<strong>da</strong>, magram ver moaswro, an ver SeZlo; ase rom winaswarmetyvelebis<br />
Tanaxmad, es mis Svils un<strong>da</strong> gaekeTebina. qristianebTan `solomonis~, xolo<br />
iudevelebTan `pirvelis~ saxeliT cnobili taZari morias mTaze un<strong>da</strong> agebuliyo, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
abraamma isaki waiyvana msxverplSesawirad. sirTules is faqtori qmni<strong>da</strong>, rom, aRTqmis<br />
Tanaxmad, taZari rkinaSeuxebeli qviT un<strong>da</strong> aSenebuliyo. rabinebma urCies mefe solomons,<br />
eSova Wia Samiri, romelsac jer kidev mose iyeneb<strong>da</strong> Zvirfasi Tvlebis <strong>da</strong>samu-<br />
Saveblad. Aaga<strong>da</strong> mogviTxrobs, rom es iyo Wia an arseba, romlis SexebiTac nebismieri<br />
qva <strong>da</strong> klde ipobo<strong>da</strong>, xolo misi adgilsamyofeli demonTa mefis _ asmodevsis (-<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> aravin ico<strong>da</strong>. solomonma Seityo, rom asmodevsis naxva SeiZleba erT-erT<br />
mTaze, sa<strong>da</strong>c, zeciuri akademii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>brunebuli demonTa mefe, sakuTari beWdiT <strong>da</strong>beWdili<br />
Wi<strong>da</strong>n wyals svams <strong>da</strong> Semdeg kvlav beW<strong>da</strong>vs. Aasmodevsis Sesapyrobad solomonma<br />
Tavisi erTguli yma _ benaeni gaagzavna, romelmac xerxs mimarTa: asmodevsis Wis axlos<br />
sxva Wa amoTxara, wyali masSi TxriliT ga<strong>da</strong>iyvana, xolo asmodevsis Wa RviniT aavso.<br />
Semdeg xes Seefara <strong>da</strong> asmodevsis mosvlas <strong>da</strong>elo<strong>da</strong>. DdemonTa mefe misvlesTanave mixv<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom wylis nacvlad Rvino <strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>levac ga<strong>da</strong>ifiqra, magram roca naxa, rom misi<br />
1 Андреев Н. И., Указатель сказочных сюжетов по системе Аарне (Ленинград, 1929), стр. 30.<br />
2 q. sixaruliZe, qarTuli xalxuri saistorio sityviereba, I (Tbilisi, 1961), gv. 65-67.<br />
3 iqve, 65-67.<br />
4 Агада, Сказания, притчи, изречения Талмуда и Мидрашей, пер. С. Г. Фруга (Ростов-на-Дону, 2000), стр. 45.<br />
444
eWedi Seucvleli iyo, wyurviliT Sewuxebuli wylis nacvlad Rvinos <strong>da</strong>ewafa, <strong>da</strong>Tvra<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iZina. samalavi<strong>da</strong>n gamosulma benaenma (solomonis msaxuri) asmodevss jaWvi <strong>da</strong>ado,<br />
romelzec uflis saxeli iyo amotvifruli <strong>da</strong> borkilebiT waiyvana solomonTan.<br />
erTaderTi, rasac solomoni asmodevss sTxovs, esaa Wia Samiri. asmodevsi upasuxebs,<br />
rom Samiri emorCileba zRvis mefes, romelic mTebSi xetialisas erTi SexebiT asworebinebs<br />
kldeebs Samirs 1 .<br />
solomoni Samiris Sesapyroba<strong>da</strong>c Tavis erTgul ymas _ benaens agzavnis, romelic<br />
mis TavSesafars maRal mTaze miagnebs <strong>da</strong> motyuebiT wamoiyvans Samirs solomonTan.<br />
asmodevsi solomonTan mTeli taZris mSeneblobis periodi <strong>da</strong>rCa _ Svidi weli.<br />
solomons is sakuTari beWdiT hyav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli. tradiciis mixedviT, solomonis be-<br />
Wedze uflis saxeli iyo amotvifruli. swored am beWdis wyalobiT batonob<strong>da</strong> solomoni<br />
demonebze 2 .<br />
solomonis beWedi musulmanur wyaroebSic gvxvdeba. arabi mwerlebi aRniSnaven,<br />
rom solomonma oTxi angelozisgan oTxi keTilSobili qva miiRo, romlebic am beWedSi<br />
Cado, raTa oTxive elementze gavrcelebuliyo misi mbrZanebloba 3 . Talmudis legen<strong>da</strong><br />
mogviTxrobs, rom am Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi solomons ar mieca saSualeba <strong>da</strong> dro,<br />
raime eswavla asmodevsisagan. rodesac mSenebloba <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>, erTxel marto <strong>da</strong>rCnen<br />
<strong>da</strong> solomonma moisurva asmodevsis Zalis gamoc<strong>da</strong>. Mmas aintereseb<strong>da</strong>, Tu riTi iyvnen<br />
demonebi a<strong>da</strong>mianebze Zlierebi. SeTanxmdnen: asmodevsi mxolod mas Semdeg aCveneb<strong>da</strong> Tavis<br />
Zlierebas, Tu solomoni jaWvs axsni<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> beWeds aTxoveb<strong>da</strong>. rogorc ki solomonma<br />
es gaakeTa, asmodevsma cali fexi (an frTa) caze Semodo, meore miwaze <strong>da</strong>ayrdno, solomoni<br />
ki ga<strong>da</strong>ylapa <strong>da</strong> 400 parasangis iqiT amotyorcna.<br />
sami weliwadi xetialob<strong>da</strong> solomoni ucxo <strong>da</strong> miusafari. asmodevsma ki misi saxe<br />
miiRo <strong>da</strong> solomonis saxeliT mefob<strong>da</strong>. sasaxleSi male SeamCnies mefis Secvla: Tavis<br />
erTgul msaxurs _ benaens aRar ixmob<strong>da</strong>, colebTan udroo dros midio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arasodes<br />
ixdi<strong>da</strong> fexsacmels (cnobilia erTi Zveli rwmuneba, rom eSmaks aqvs mamlis fexebi). mefem<br />
erTxel virsaviasTan _ sakuTar de<strong>da</strong>sTanac ki sca<strong>da</strong> sqesobrivi kavSiris <strong>da</strong>myareba.<br />
sasaxleSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> eWvi. Bbolos rabinebma moZebnes solomoni, romelic mTeli am<br />
xnis ganmavlobaSi kar<strong>da</strong>kar <strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iZax<strong>da</strong>, rom is iyo israelis mefe. solomons<br />
asmodevsisTvis moparuli beWedi ga<strong>da</strong>sces <strong>da</strong> sasaxleSi moiyvanes. misi <strong>da</strong>naxvisTanave<br />
asmodevsi gafrin<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, saerTo qarTul <strong>da</strong> ebraul masalebs Soris mravla<strong>da</strong>a. ebrauli<br />
beWedi <strong>da</strong> qarTuli lagami erTmaneTis korelatebia. gansxvavebas qmnis finali: ebraul<br />
TqmulebaSi demonuri suli TviTon gaabriyvebs solomons <strong>da</strong> amgvarad <strong>da</strong>usxlteba xeli<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
qarTul TqmulebaSi ki <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebelma kargad icis, rasTan aqvs saqme <strong>da</strong><br />
demonur sulze Zalauflebis SenarCunebis xerxsac flobs. Tumca, xalxuri warmodgeniT,<br />
boroti sulis <strong>da</strong>tyvevebis motivi usaTuod un<strong>da</strong> moicavdes misi gaTavisuflebis<br />
motivsac. es is aucileblobaa, romelic gaamarTlebs amqveynad arsebul borotebas mocemul<br />
drosa <strong>da</strong> sivrceSi.<br />
qarTul folklorSi solomon brZenTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli boroti sulis <strong>da</strong>tyveveba<br />
misi WurWelSi Camwyvdevis motiviT aRiniSneba, rasac de<strong>da</strong>miwaze mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> keTildReobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>myareba mosdevs.<br />
xalxuri teqstis mixedviT, solomoni kokaSi Caamwyvdevs masTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul<br />
borot Zalas, eSmakTa xelmwifes _ kunZulels, roca gaigebs, rom is misi colis sayvarelia.<br />
solomonis ganzraxvaSive _ moipatiJos kunZuleli TavisTan _ Cans, rom kunZulels<br />
_ `qajueTis xelmwifesa~ 4 , `eSmakebis Tavis myrelsa~ 5 _ gansacdels umzadebs:<br />
`aseTsa lxinsa vuCveneb, ar enaxos Tavis dResa;<br />
Wirsaca aseTs vuCveneb, ar enaxoT Tavis dResa~ 6 .<br />
leqsis ramdenime variantSi solomoni xafangiT iWers kunZulels. lxinis sufras<br />
mohyveba garigeba, romelsac solomon brZeni SesTavazebs kunZulels:<br />
1 Веселовский А. С., Славянские сказания о Соломоне и Китоврасе и западные легенды о Моролфе и Мерлине (С-Петербург, 1872), стр. 137.<br />
2 Соломонова печать, Еврейская энциклопедия, XIV, под общей ред. Л. Каценельсона (C-Петербург, 1908-1913), стр. 447.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 448.<br />
4 qarTuli xalxuri poezia, II (Tbilisi, 1973), gv. 301.<br />
5 iqve, gv. 303.<br />
6 iqve, gv. 306.<br />
445
`erTi spilenZis koka maqvs, mibaria memaSxlesa,<br />
vinc mas saymoTi aamsebs, sayvarelic mas <strong>da</strong>rCesa~ 1 .<br />
es wina<strong>da</strong>deba misaRebia kunZulelisTvis, metic: xalxuri leqsis araerT variantSi<br />
naTlad Cans misi sixaruli amis gamo: `agre uxaris kunZulels, viTa bavSvsa Wkua Znelsa~<br />
2 ; koka ki xan spilenZisaa, xan `vercxlis~ 3 , xan `patara koka~ 4 , xan ki: `erTi koka moutanes,<br />
aTas ferad yvaodesa~ 5 , riTac WurWlis magiuroba aris xazgasmuli.<br />
kunZulelis saymos srulad Sekrebas ramdenime dRe <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>. al. xaxanaSvilis<br />
mier Caweril erT-erT variantSi mTqmeli saintereso SeniSvnas akeTebs, zustad gansaz-<br />
Rvravs ra eSmakis raobas:<br />
`Svidi dRe-Rame idina, koWli <strong>da</strong> brma ar <strong>da</strong>rCesa.<br />
eSmaks baraqa vin misca: kokas yelSi <strong>da</strong>akldesa~ 6 .<br />
radganac koka ver aivso, solomoni kunZulels Sig Casvlas SesTavazebs <strong>da</strong> sayvarlis<br />
Cayolasac hpirdeba. amgvarad Caityues kunZuleli, mWidrod <strong>da</strong>axures kokas <strong>da</strong><br />
zRvaSi ga<strong>da</strong>agdes.<br />
kokaSi Camwyvdevis motivi boroti sulis Sepyrobis motivis erT-erTi msoflioSi<br />
sakmaod gavrcelebuli variantia. tradiciulad, kokaSi CaZvromis unari mxolod demonur<br />
Zalas ukavSirdeba. induri warmoSobis Tqmuleba `vikramis Tavga<strong>da</strong>savalSi~ boroti<br />
sulis _ Simnusis _ amocnoba xdeba swored kokaSi CaZvromis unaris gamovlinebiT 7 . Sdr:<br />
`eSmaks baraqa vin misca~ _ niSnavs, rom is qajia, usxeulo, aramaterialuri _ qvesknelis<br />
warmomadgeneli <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, uxvavo, ubaraqo, unayofobis niSniT aRbeWdili.<br />
TiTqmis imave konteqstiT gvxvdeba spilenZis koka musulmanur legen<strong>da</strong>Si: solomonis<br />
siZlieris simbolos – beWeds, romelzec uflis saxelia amotvifruli, motyuebiT<br />
miiTvisebs boroti Zala – zaxri. mefe mas spilenZis WurWelSi amwyvdevs, raTa<br />
kvlav aRidginos Zveli Zalaufleba 8 .<br />
beWdiT <strong>da</strong>tyvevebis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani apokrifi arsebobs berZnul tradiciaSi<br />
_ Testamentum Solomonis _ anderZi solomonisa, romelSic moTxrobebi aseve solomonis<br />
taZris mSeneblobis irgvliv jgufdeba. taZris mSeneblobas xels uSlis boroti<br />
suli orniasi, romlis <strong>da</strong>morCileba xdeba mTavarangeloz miqaelis mier solomonisTvis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli beWdis wyalobiT 9 .<br />
boroti Zalis QWurWelSi gamomwyvdevis motivs arabul wyaroebSic aqvs adgili. legen<strong>da</strong><br />
mogviTxrobs, rom taZris mSeneblobisas solomons angelozebi <strong>da</strong> demonebi exmarebodnen.<br />
solomoni flob<strong>da</strong> Zalas, romliTac demonTa mTavari asmodevsic ki aiZula fizikurad<br />
eSroma. vinc mas ar <strong>da</strong>emorCilebo<strong>da</strong>, solomoni <strong>da</strong>beWdil QWurWelSi svam<strong>da</strong> 10 .<br />
boroti sulis _ kunZulelis WurWelSi Camwyvdevis motivs qarTul teqstSi de<strong>da</strong>miwaze<br />
mSvidobis <strong>da</strong> keTildReobis <strong>da</strong>myareba mosdevs. Ees motivi britanul-keltur gadmocemebSi<br />
gvxvdeba merlinTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT 11 . inglisur tradiciaSi merlini naxevrad<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri <strong>da</strong> naxevrad demonuri arsebaa, romelic umanko monazon qals Caesaxa zebunebrivad,<br />
anu umamod iSva. survilis mixedviT, merlini xan a<strong>da</strong>mianur saxes iRebs, xan<br />
demonurs, aqvs ltolva miwieri qalebisken (iseve rogorc kunZulels), <strong>da</strong>jildoebulia<br />
winaswarmetyvelebis unariT. neniis H<strong>istoria</strong> Britorum-Si <strong>da</strong>culi TqmulebiT, mefe vortigerns<br />
surs cixe-simagris ageba erT-erT mTaze, magram dRisiT agebuli RamiT yvelaferi<br />
ingreva. Yyvela gaurkvevlobaSia. Bbolos brZenkacebi urCeven mefes, rom koSki un<strong>da</strong><br />
moirwyas mamis gareSe <strong>da</strong>badebuli yrmis sisxliT. aseTi aRmoCndeba merlini, romelsac<br />
maSinve miuyvanen mefes. Svidi wlis yrmam icis, ratom moiyvanes sasaxleSi; icis,<br />
rom am mTis ZirSi aris tba, romelSic aris <strong>da</strong>rabiani WurWeli, xolo masSi karavi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
or – TeTr <strong>da</strong> wiTel drakons sZinavs. isini gamudmebiT ebrZvian erTmaneTs, rac<br />
1 iqve, gv. 299.<br />
2 iqve, gv. 303.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 317.<br />
4 iqve, gv. 310.<br />
5 iqve, gv. 319.<br />
6 iqve.<br />
7 Веселовский А. С., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 30.<br />
8 iqve, gv. 161.<br />
9 The Testament of Solomon, http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/testamen.htm.<br />
10 Веселовский А. С., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 482.<br />
11 iqve, gv. 344-345.<br />
446
saxelmwifoSi arsebuli <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis simboloa. Mmerlini urCevs mefes, drakonebi<br />
WurWelSi moaTavsos, <strong>da</strong>beWdos <strong>da</strong> SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad Rrmad Caflas miwaSi. amis Semdeg<br />
cixe-simagre aSendeba <strong>da</strong> yvela avadmyofoba <strong>da</strong> ubedureba gaqreba.<br />
boroti sulis <strong>da</strong>tyvevebiT de<strong>da</strong>miwaze mSvidobis <strong>da</strong>sadgureba qarTul saistorio<br />
zepirsityvierebaSi Tamar mefis ciklis gadmocemebSic gvxvdeba. Suqurvarskvlavis legen<strong>da</strong><br />
amindis gamgeobis motivzea agebuli. mis tyveobas ukavSirdeba Tamaris samefoSi<br />
arsebuli maradiuli gazafxuli. sayuradReboa, rom Tqmulebis arc erT variantSi ar<br />
aris miTiTebuli, Tu rogor Seipyro is Tamarma. rogorc Cans, demonuri Zalis <strong>da</strong>tyvevebis<br />
faqti ver <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong> Tamaris saxes. Tamari Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve mpyrobelia Suqurvarskvlavis<br />
<strong>da</strong> mas xan cxenad aqcevs <strong>da</strong> seirnobs, xan yuTSi hyavs <strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli.<br />
osuri gadmocema Tamar mefeze mogviTxrobs kavkasiis qedis erT-erT mwvervalze –<br />
brutsabZelze asuli mRvdlis ambavs, romelmac didi locviTa <strong>da</strong> mZime jvriT Zlivs<br />
aaRwia Tamaris sasaxlemde <strong>da</strong> ukan <strong>da</strong>brunebisas eklesiis karebTan moesma xma, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>kidulma vercxlis birTvma gamosca: `me viyavi Tamaris aRmzrdeli. EerTxel man<br />
<strong>da</strong>iWira ciskari <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amwyvdia erTi meoreSi Cadebul cxra yuTSi: am varskvlavisagan<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli Tovli <strong>da</strong> kargi amindi. Amis Semdeg amindis Secvla ukve Tamarisagan<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. Aamgvarad, Tamarma aaSora Tavis qveyanas Zlieri yinvebi, rac mohqon<strong>da</strong><br />
ciskars. is am varskvlavs ar maCveneb<strong>da</strong>~ 1 . EerTxel, roca Tamari Tavisi samefos <strong>da</strong>saTvaliereblad<br />
wavi<strong>da</strong>, yuTi aRmzrdels <strong>da</strong>utova <strong>da</strong> misi gaxsna sastikad aukrZala.<br />
aRmzrdelma cnobismoyvareobas ver sZlia, gaxsna yuTi <strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n amofrenilma ciskarma<br />
miwaze arnaxuli Tovli gamouSva. Aamis gamo Tamarma aRmzrdeli <strong>da</strong>wyevla: `iqec sulad<br />
maradiuli tanjvisTvis~. mas Semdeg akrZalvis <strong>da</strong>mrRvevi am birTvSia gamomwyvdeuli<br />
maradiul tanjvaSi.<br />
akrZalva, romelsac YTamari moaxles utovebs, paradigmulad imeorebs RmerTis mier<br />
xe cnobadis nayofis miRebis akrZalvas. xe cnobadi edemis baRis SuagulSi idga. aseve<br />
cxra yuTis gulSi hyavs momwyvdeuli ciskari Tamars. Tamari arCevanis winaSe ayenebs moaxles,<br />
utovebs ra mas am yuTis an oTaxis gasaRebs. TviT akrZalva apriorulad ukve imis<br />
maniSnebelia, rom is un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>irRves, akrZalvis <strong>da</strong>mrRvevi yvela variantSi, romelsac Cven<br />
vicnobT, aris Tamaris moaxle an gamdeli, ese igi qali, romlis arqetipuli saxe aris eva.<br />
vfiqrobT, isic simboluria, rom is aris moaxle <strong>da</strong> ara Tamaris swori.<br />
akrZalvis <strong>da</strong>rRvevas, iseve rogorc bibliaSi, mosdevs wyevla. bibliis analogiiTve,<br />
wyevlaSi igulisxmeba akrZalvis <strong>da</strong>mrRvevis arsebiTi cvla. Tamar mefisagan <strong>da</strong>wyevlili<br />
moaxle `tartarozad qceula <strong>da</strong> kudianebis <strong>da</strong>sSi Sericxula~ – niSnavs, rom<br />
mas aRar aqvs ufleba, <strong>da</strong>rCes imave arsSi, raSi<strong>da</strong>c imyofebo<strong>da</strong> maradiul zafxulSi<br />
anu samoTxeSi. is un<strong>da</strong> iqces `sulad maradiuli tanjvisTvis~ <strong>da</strong> amiTac un<strong>da</strong> gaiziaros<br />
Tavisi arqetipis _ evas xvedri.<br />
urCi msaxuris cnobismoyvareobis gamo, romelmac mefis brZaneba <strong>da</strong>arRvia, Tamarma<br />
baR<strong>da</strong>dSi <strong>da</strong>wyebuli monastris mSeneblobis <strong>da</strong>mTavreba veRar moaswro: `monasters Weri-<br />
Ra akl<strong>da</strong>, rom moaxlem yuTs axa<strong>da</strong>. Tamar mefis sabrZanebeli maSinve gabrwyin<strong>da</strong>. Suqurvarskvlavi<br />
yuTi<strong>da</strong>n amofrin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> zecas gafrin<strong>da</strong>. Tamar mefes kalatozebma moaxsenes:<br />
`didebulo mefeo! monastrisTvis <strong>da</strong>mzadebul qvas Wirxli mohkidebia, veRar veweviTo~ 2 .<br />
maradiuli zafxuli, rac Tamaris legen<strong>da</strong>Si ciskris an Tovlis varskvlavis <strong>da</strong>mwyvdeviT<br />
gamoixata, xalxur cnobierebaSi nayofierebis motivs ukavSirdeba. gadmocemis<br />
ramdenime variantSi ciskari Tavs <strong>da</strong>ixsnis maSin, rodesac Tamari tovebs mTas <strong>da</strong> Camodis<br />
barad. Tamars mxolod maSin aqvs Zala _ ganagos dro-Jami, vidre mTaSia, RmerTTan<br />
axlos. barad Camosuli Tamari ki veRar brundeba mTaSi, rameTu iq ukve maradiuli<br />
Tovli <strong>da</strong> yinvaa.<br />
z. kiknaZe statiaSi `Tamaris andrezuli xana~ ganixilavs Tamariseuli maradiuli<br />
zafxulis motivs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xalxebis miTologiaSi <strong>da</strong> mas berZnul-laTinur tradiciaSi<br />
`oqros xanas~, indurSi _ `srulyofil~ (krit-Áuga) an`namdvil saukunes~ (sataÁa-<br />
Áuga), ebraulSi ki `edemis baRs~ u<strong>da</strong>rebs. Oovidiusi kacobriobis cxovrebis pirvel periods<br />
_ `oqros xanas~ maradiuli gazafxulis xanad miiCnevs (Ver erat aeternum). Ddilis<br />
1 q. sixaruliZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 261.<br />
2 iqve, gv. 82.<br />
447
anu gazafxulis feriT aris Semosili TeTri viSnu – krit-Áugas meufe; edemis baRi aRmosavleTSi<br />
mdebareobs, romelic andrezul warmodgenaSi dilis qveyanad moiazreba 1 .<br />
cxadia, rom xalxur cnobierebaSi Tamari aRqmuli iyo, rogorc kosmosis Semqmneli<br />
Tavis samefoSi, es ki mas pir<strong>da</strong>pir aRWurvavs demiurgis funqciiT.<br />
aseve solomoni aris demiurgi, kosmosis miwiuri samoTxis <strong>da</strong>mamkvidrebeli de<strong>da</strong>miwaze.<br />
leqsSi `solomoni <strong>da</strong> kunZuleli~ xalxuri mTqmeli kunZulelis <strong>da</strong> qajTa qveynis<br />
kokaSi momwyvdevas ukavSirebs de<strong>da</strong>miwaze <strong>da</strong>myarebul mSvidobas <strong>da</strong>, faqtobrivad,<br />
qveyniuri samoTxis suraTs warmogvidgens:<br />
`aTas xuTas weliwadsa, avi mavne ar iqnesa,<br />
ymawvil karga <strong>da</strong>eZinos, gulSi fiqri ar Cahyvesa~ 2 ;<br />
`maSinRa gaqra eSmaki, aRar aris qveyanasa~ 3 .<br />
solomonis leqsSi miwiuri samoTxis suraTi icvleba xalxuri mTqmelis mier mebadurebis<br />
mouridebeli wyevliT, romlebmac zRvaSi koka ipoves <strong>da</strong> gatexes. wyevla aqac<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>uvalia. simdidres <strong>da</strong>xarbebuli meTevze an monadire amqveynad arsebuli borotebis<br />
mizezad iTvleba:<br />
`RmerTma hkiTxos monadires, nametnavad mebadursa...<br />
<strong>da</strong>uSines Tulunqebi, kokas piri auxsnesa...<br />
amocvivdnen eSmakebi, _ kldis qaji maSin gaCndesa,<br />
zogi zRvasa, zogi velsa, zogi Rresa, zogi kldesa,<br />
zogi tyesa, zogi mTasa, zogi wisqvils Sevidesa~ 4 .<br />
xalxuri mTqmeli meTevzeebis <strong>da</strong>sawyevlad qristianul RvTaebebs iSveliebs: `ieso<br />
qirstem <strong>da</strong>swyevla meTevze <strong>da</strong> mebadeca~ 5 ; `maRali RmerTi gauwyres...~ 6 ; `wmin<strong>da</strong> giorgim<br />
<strong>da</strong>swyevlos...~ 7 .<br />
meTevzeebis <strong>da</strong>naSauls amZimebs is, rom yvelafer amas xelmwifisagan malulad,<br />
simdidris xarbobiT sCadian. EerTmaneTs eubnebian:<br />
`aq amdeni sarCo hsZevsa,<br />
rom Cven sicocxliT gveyofa,<br />
<strong>da</strong> Cven Svilebsac <strong>da</strong>rCesa.<br />
maRali RmerTi gauwyres,<br />
vinc rom uTxras batons Cvensa~ 8 .<br />
sainteresoa erTi komentari, romelsac TuSi mTqmeli urTavs meTevzeTa mimarT:<br />
`rac rom iq qoneba ari, imis ojaxs nu ascdesa~ 9 .<br />
Tqmulebis mixedviT, kunZuleli ialbuzze Semoj<strong>da</strong>, koki<strong>da</strong>n amosuli qajebi ki<br />
mTel qveyanas moedo. Aase gaCn<strong>da</strong> kvlav boroteba de<strong>da</strong>miwaze.<br />
rogorc vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, teqstis mixedviT, yvelanairi amqveyniuri boroteba kunZulelTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> mis saymosTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, xolo solomoni, xalxur leqsSi gvevlineba rogorc<br />
brZeni xelmwife, romelic borotebasTan brZolaSi imarjvebs <strong>da</strong> misi wyalobiT<br />
de<strong>da</strong>miwaze mSvidoba <strong>da</strong> bedniereba isadgurebs.<br />
solomonis funqcia leqsSi imdenad zogadsakacobrioa, rom misi SezRudva anu romelime<br />
erTi qveynis CarCoSi moqceva warmoudgeneli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. MmTavari Tema am leqsSi<br />
sikeTisa <strong>da</strong> borotebis maradiuli brZolaa. solomoni Tavisi sibrZniT <strong>da</strong> moxerxebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>amarcxebs kunZulels _ `eSmakTa xelmwifes~ <strong>da</strong> boroti Zalisagan gaaTavisuflebs<br />
de<strong>da</strong>miwas. Ees funqcia kulturuli gmiris funqcias ufro hgavs, vidre miwieri xelmwifisas.<br />
xolo rac Seexeba meTevzeebs, vfiqrob, maTi funqcia teqstSi aucilebelia. meTevzeebi<br />
aRadgenen wonasworobas, romelic samyaroSia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, solomonis<br />
leqsi esqatologiur Sinaarss SeiZen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> miTi an rwmena maradiuli <strong>da</strong>brunebis<br />
Sesaxeb azrs <strong>da</strong>kargav<strong>da</strong> xalxis cnobierebaSi.<br />
1 z. kiknaZe, Tamaris andrezuli xana, mnaTobi, #10 (1982), gv. 155-158.<br />
2 qarTuli xalxuri poezia..., gv. 120.<br />
3 iqve, gv. 319.<br />
4 iqve, gv. 299.<br />
5 iqve, gv. 301.<br />
6 iqve, gv. 305.<br />
7 iqve, gv. 313.<br />
8 iqve, gv. 309.<br />
9 iqve, gv. 312.<br />
448
<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura<br />
1. z. kiknaZe, Tamaris andrezuli xana, mnaTobi, # 10 (1982), gv. 155-158.<br />
2. q. sixaruliZe, qarTuli xalxuri saistorio sityviereba, I (Tbilisi, 1961).<br />
3. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, II (Tbilisi, 1973).<br />
4. Агада, Сказания, притчи, изречения Талмуда и Мидрашей, пер. С. Г. Фруга (Ростов-на-Дону, 2000).<br />
5. Андреев Н. И., Указатель сказочных сюжетов по системе Аарне (Ленинград, 1929).<br />
6. Веселовский А. С., Славянские сказания о Соломоне и Китоврасе и западные легенды о Моролфе и<br />
Мерлине (С-Петербург, 1872).<br />
7. Соломонова печать, Еврейская энциклопедия, XIV, под общей ред. Л. Каценельсона (C-Петербург, 1908-1913)<br />
8. The Testament of Solomon, http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/testamen.htm.<br />
ETER INTSKIRVELI<br />
The Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature<br />
of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
MOTIF OF TAKING CAPTIVE OF THE EVIL SOUL IN FOLK TRADITION<br />
Motif of taking captive of the evil soul in the Georgian Folklore is connected with the kings David the<br />
Builder, Queen Tamar and Solomon the Wise.<br />
According to `The Verse of Solomon and Kundzuleli~, all evils on the earth come from Kundzuleli and his<br />
people. Solomon, the wise king, fights with the devils’ king and exterminates the evil on the earth that is the<br />
function of the demiurge, rather than of the earthly king. The confinement of Kundzuleli and his people in the jug<br />
resulted in the establishment of peace on the earth. According to the Georgian folk verse, Solomon stops the time<br />
and this act is equaled to the regeneration of the universe.<br />
This motif is widespread in Georgian folklore; it is especially topical in the cycle of legends about David the<br />
Builder and Queen Tamar. In the given work, the capture of the devil mule by David and the capture of Shukurvarskvalvi<br />
by Tamar is compared to the capture of Kundzuleli, and the emphasis is placed on the sign common to<br />
them – the capture of the evil spirit is followed by the establishment of peace and happiness on the earth. Similar<br />
motif is presented from the British-Celtic narratives concerning Marlene – the character parallel to Solomon.<br />
One of the principal characteristic features of biblical Solomon – construction is used in Hebrew folklore,<br />
where Solomon captures Asmodevs by means of his own ring. The ring also figures in Solomon’s Muslim version,<br />
where Zahr is the character parallel to Asmodevs.<br />
The capture of the evil spirit by means of a ring is met in the Greek apocryphal book Testamentum<br />
Solomonis, which, with regard to its matter, is much closer to the legend about David Agmashenebeli (construction<br />
of Gelati Monastery and capture of the devil-mule (the devil that turned into a mule), than the Georgian folk version<br />
of Solomon.<br />
In view of the motif of confinement in the jug, the Hindu legend Vicramacaritram is very interesting, where<br />
the evil spirit Shimnus, like Kundzuleli, is lured into the jug. Shimnus gives himself away. The ability of getting<br />
into the jug is attributed only to the evil spirit, according to the Indian source. It is noteworthy that the Georgian<br />
version of inability to fill the jug is also connected with the evil spirit. In view of this one important moment<br />
deserves mentioning, and namely _ it is emphasized that a non-material devil having no flesh and correspondingly<br />
deprived of wealth and prosperity is marked with the sign of infertility.<br />
449
Targmani<br />
hainrix karl firci<br />
analitikuri fsiqologia <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba: <strong>da</strong>karguli<br />
simbolo, anu Ziebani masis fsiqozis Sesaxeb 1<br />
simbolos <strong>da</strong>kargvas SeuZlia Ziris Ziramde Searyios kacobrioba <strong>da</strong> msoflio <strong>istoria</strong>Si<br />
miwisZvris msgavs movlenad iqces. Cveni kulturis <strong>istoria</strong>, mediteranuli kultura, evropuli<br />
kultura, simbolos <strong>da</strong>kargviT gamowveuli Sedegebis STambeW<strong>da</strong>v magaliTebs uxvad Seicavs.<br />
pirveli magaliTia uZvelesi egvipturi imperiis <strong>da</strong>cema, romelmac Zv. w. aR. 4500-<br />
<strong>da</strong>n 2500 wlamde iarseba <strong>da</strong> romlis <strong>da</strong>Sla 350 welze met xans grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>. es iyo piramidebis,<br />
qairos pir<strong>da</strong>pir, nilosis <strong>da</strong>savleT sanapiroze mdebare samoci qvis `gorakis~<br />
imperia, romelic faiumamde aRwev<strong>da</strong>. <strong>axali</strong> imperiis centri memfisi iyo. egviptis<br />
imperias kargad ganviTarebuli biurokratiuli aparati hqon<strong>da</strong>, romlis saTaveSi idga<br />
mefe. mefe (Pharaon _ didi saxli) bevrad aRematebo<strong>da</strong> Tavis qveSevrdomebs. igi RmerTebis<br />
gansxeuleba iyo, gansakuTrebiT ui amon-ras <strong>da</strong> horusis.<br />
amdenad, am saxelmwifo-piramidis saTaveSi mefe-RmerTi idga. masSi simbolurad<br />
iyo gansaxierebuli zesTa samyaro. `zesTa~, raRac Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ucnobis simbolo, sauke-<br />
Tesod iyo warmodgenili mefe-RmerTis saxiT. igi, faraoni, rogorc cocxali simbolo,<br />
xalxs wesrigs aZlev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am samyaros, romelmac ico<strong>da</strong> `zesknelis~ Sesaxeb, `qvesknelic~ hqon<strong>da</strong>. `qveskneli~ micvalebulebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> miRma samyaroa. es imperia aRwerilia micvalebulTa egviptur wignSi (romlis<br />
teqstma aTasze meti wlis wina periodi<strong>da</strong>n moaRwia). micvalebulTa egvipturi wignis<br />
ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong> yvelaze vrceli nawili 125-e Tavia, romelic Cvenamde 34 xelnaweris saxiT<br />
movi<strong>da</strong>. igi exeba sikvdilis Semdeg ori samsjavros <strong>da</strong>rbazSi sulis awonis wess. ori samsjavros<br />
<strong>da</strong>rbazSi ormoc<strong>da</strong>ori sulis winaSe suli aRiarebs codvebs, romlebic mas mieteveba.<br />
amis Semdeg iwoneba misi suli. es ori samsjavro aRmosavleTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTia. amdenad,<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebul mxareTa Sejaxeba, konfliqti <strong>da</strong> codva qvesknelSi, aRmosavleT-<strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabulobis wiaRSi Tavsdeba, maSin rodesac zemoT, samzeoSi mefe-RmerTi pirami<strong>da</strong>-saxelmwifos<br />
erTianobis <strong>da</strong> mudmivobis simbolos ganasaxierebs.<br />
Zv. w. aR. 2500-2160 wlebSi pirami<strong>da</strong>-saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>cema misi qveSevrdomebisaTvis im<br />
simbolos <strong>da</strong>kargvas moaswaveb<strong>da</strong>, romelic maT cxovrebas awesrigeb<strong>da</strong>. zesTam, mefe-<br />
RmerTma, <strong>da</strong>karga Tavisi Zala, amdenad, <strong>da</strong>ikarga misi simboluri mniSvnelobac. <strong>da</strong> Tu<br />
ras niSnavs es xalxisaTvis, naTlad aris gadmocemuli Zv. w. aR. <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 2200 wliT<br />
<strong>da</strong>TariRebul dokumentSi `cxovrebisagan <strong>da</strong>Rlili kacis saubari sakuTar basTan (sulTan)~.<br />
h. jakobsoni, am dokumentis <strong>axali</strong> komentarebis avtori, ambobs:<br />
`cxovrebisagan <strong>da</strong>Rlili kacis Tanamedroveebma<br />
ganicades _ egviptis <strong>istoria</strong>Si albaT<br />
pirvelad _ RmerTisagan <strong>da</strong>Sorebis, RmerTis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargvis SiSi <strong>da</strong> saSineleba. de<strong>da</strong>miwaze myofi<br />
RmerTis, RvTaebrivi Zis _ faraonis – yovlisSemZleoba<br />
<strong>da</strong>imsxvra. a<strong>da</strong>mianebi pirvelad aRmoCndnen erTmaneTis<br />
pirispir. maT pirvelad <strong>da</strong>inaxes erTmaneTSi pirovnebebi.<br />
yovelive amis atana SeuZlebeli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo<br />
egviptelebisaTvis, romlebic koleqtiur religiur<br />
sazogadoebebs iyvnen SeCveulni. imdroisaTvis<br />
gaxSirebuli TviTmkvlelobebi eWvgareSea Sinagani<br />
Sokis Sedegi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo~.<br />
1 winamdebare statia, Sevsebuli <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebuli, meored gamodis. dRes CvenSi, qarTul TargmanebSi<br />
nacvlad analitikuri fsiqologiisa ixmareba analizuri fsiqologia. vinai<strong>da</strong>n analizuri niSnavs me-<br />
Tods, xolo iungiseuli fsiqologia fsiqologiis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa, Cveni azriT, analizuris<br />
nacvlad un<strong>da</strong> vixmaroT analitikuri fsiqologia – mTargmneli.<br />
450
zesTas, RvTaebrivis, mefe-winamZRolis <strong>da</strong>kargvam egviptis sazogadoeba gare <strong>da</strong> Sina<br />
qaosamde miiyvana. Zveli, arqauli wesrigis ngrevis Semdgomi istoriis manZilze egviptelebi<br />
mravaljer Seecadnen <strong>axali</strong> wesrigi epovnaT. erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
mcdeloba ukavSirdeba faraon amenhoteb IV, romelic Zv. w. aR. 1375-1358 wlebSi mefob<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> sakuTar Tavs exnatons uwodeb<strong>da</strong>. igi fanatikuri mizanswrafviT, gacilebiT win rom<br />
uswreb<strong>da</strong> mis Tanamedroveobas, Seeca<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianuri <strong>da</strong> RvTaebrivi sferoebi erTmaneTisagan<br />
gamoeyo. Zvel RmerTebs, romlebic ukve sxva aRaraferi iyvnen, Tu ara ganRmrTobili<br />
mokv<strong>da</strong>vebi, man atoni, mze Caanacvla. amave dros Tavisi mimdevrebis yuradReba,<br />
mzis diskos winaSe qeds rom ixridnen, imaze metad yovlismomcveli <strong>da</strong> Soreuli Zalisaken<br />
mimarTa, vidre es TvalismomWreli mnaTobi iyo. maSin, rodesac xalxs kvlav<br />
sjero<strong>da</strong>, rom RmerTi ubralod Zlevamosili miwieri, bunebiTi formebis mqone arseba<br />
iyo, exnatonma sajarod gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom RmerTi uformo arsebaa, is aris mizezis Tesli<br />
<strong>da</strong> siyvarulis Zala, romelic msWvalavs yovelives drosa <strong>da</strong> sivrceSi. exnatonma<br />
ver SeZlo sakuTari abstraqtuli monoTeizmis aRiarebisaTvis mieRwia. gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis<br />
Semdeg igi sajarod gamoacxades gandgomilad <strong>da</strong> eretikosad. mxolod 1350 wlis Semdeg<br />
mediteranuli kacobrioba kvlav <strong>da</strong>dga RmerTsa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mians Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis<br />
mkafiod gamijvnis pirispir. sakiTxi wamoiWra maSin, rodesac monoTeisti ebraeli<br />
xalxi romis imperias <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong>. es Sexvedra marTebulad miiCneva gar<strong>da</strong>mtex<br />
momentad, Semobrunebis wertilad Cvens kalen<strong>da</strong>rSi. es iyo Sexvedra ara mxolod ori<br />
xalxisa, aramed ori figuris, romelTa upiratesobiTac un<strong>da</strong> warmarTuliyo momavali<br />
<strong>istoria</strong>: qristesi, visi samefo ar aris amqveyniuri <strong>da</strong> keisris, imperiis mmarTvelisa.<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad Sexedulebebi am ori samyaros Sesaxeb naTlad gamokveTili ar iyo. xSirad<br />
mesianuri ideebi gareT iyo mimarTuli. qriste, jvarzec ki, mefed _ REX – iwodebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
meore mxriv, antoniusma <strong>da</strong> misma megobrebma keisars, Divus Julius-s (RvTaebrivi iuliusi<br />
_ n. R.) namdvili pasioni miuZRvnes. masSi vkiTxulobT:<br />
`misi RvTaebrivi warmomavloba imdenad namdvili iyo,<br />
rom mas cxovrebaSi mxolod erTi mizani hqon<strong>da</strong>,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo ga<strong>da</strong>erCina is, vinc ga<strong>da</strong>sarCeni<br />
iyo. isini misgan Sendobas manam Rebulobdnen, sanam<br />
patiebas iTxovdnen, maSinac ki iyvnen ga<strong>da</strong>rCenili,<br />
vidre gaacnobierebdnen, rom safrTxe emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
Tavad arasodes mimarTav<strong>da</strong> TxovniT mas, vis mimarTac<br />
mowyale yofila, <strong>da</strong> swored man, de<strong>da</strong>samSoblos<br />
mamam, uvnebma, naxevrad RmerTma, sikvdili iwvnia,<br />
<strong>da</strong>ikla senatSi, SeuiaraRebeli Zlevamosili<br />
sar<strong>da</strong>li, mSvidobis <strong>da</strong>umarcxebeli imperatori<br />
ganigmira sakuTari TanamebrZolebis mier, ganigmira<br />
is, visac yovelTvis ebralebo<strong>da</strong> isini~.<br />
<strong>da</strong> ai, keisris memkvidre avgustusi virgiliusma mesiisa <strong>da</strong> mxsnelis rangSi aiyvana.<br />
amgvarad, Cven vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, rom mefe-RmerTze, mxsnel-ufliswulze ocneba imxanad cxoveli<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong> naTlad ikveTebo<strong>da</strong> survili _ is erTi kvlav exilaT zemoT: qriste – mefed,<br />
keisari ki _ mesiad.<br />
istoriis ganviTarebis gza gaxleCamde mivi<strong>da</strong>, rac imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom eklesia <strong>da</strong><br />
RmerTi saxelmwifosTan erTad erT mxares idgnen, xolo keisari _ meore mxares. axla samyaros<br />
sxva zesTa hqon<strong>da</strong>, magram ara iseTi unificirebuli, rogorc egviptur pirami<strong>da</strong>-saxelmwifoSi<br />
iyo, romelsac mefe-RmerTi ganageb<strong>da</strong>. zesTa iyo wyvili _ RmerTi <strong>da</strong> keisari.<br />
xSirad am or Zalas Soris ukiduresi <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba sufev<strong>da</strong>. Sua saukuneebSi eklesiasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saero mmarTvelebs Soris brZola ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.Ñkanosa<br />
eklesiis gamarjvebad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>,´Apapebis avinionSi gandevna ki – ufliswulebisa.<br />
sabolood Si<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>trialebebma: eklesiaSi reformaciam, xolo saxelmwifo-<br />
Si taxtis memkvidreobisaTvis warmarTulma omebma <strong>da</strong> revoluciebma – magaliTad, inglissa<br />
<strong>da</strong> safrangeTSi _ Seqmnes is safuZvlebi, romlebze<strong>da</strong>c evropa dgas. magram<br />
mTlianobaSi struqtura qvemo<strong>da</strong>n zesTasken bolo dromde gamaogneblad myari rCebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
evropis kontinentze a<strong>da</strong>mianebi Tavs usafrTxod miiCnevdnen, rodesac icodnen, rom imperators,<br />
mefes an mTavrobas xelT epyra saxelmwifos sa<strong>da</strong>veebi, xolo metafizikur<br />
planSi maT beds ufali ganageb<strong>da</strong>. ga<strong>da</strong>trialebebi iyo ubedureba, romelic un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Z-<br />
451
leuliyo, isini uzenaesi wyvilis `RmerTisa <strong>da</strong> imperatoris~ simbolur realobas arsobrivad<br />
eWvqveS ar ayenebdnen.<br />
Tumca, yvelgan `uzenaesi wyvilis~ arseboba seriozuli safrTxis qveS idga. safrangeTis<br />
revoluciis afeTqebis talRebi sagrZnobi, magram xanmokle iyo. mefe-mze Tavisi<br />
kaTolike samRvdeloebiTurT, romelmac nantis ediqtis gauqmeba gabe<strong>da</strong>, revoluciuri<br />
tribunalisa <strong>da</strong> gonebis kultis mier iqna ga<strong>da</strong>yenebuli. magram male axalma imperatorma<br />
papis winaSe <strong>da</strong>idga gvirgvini <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebma brZoliT, omebiTac ki, kvlav SeZles<br />
cxovrebis gagrZeleba. maT icodnen visTvis, visi mfarvelobis qveS ibrZodnen. arc<br />
raime eWvi arsebob<strong>da</strong> imis Taobaze, Tu sad iyo codva. Tumca ryeva, romelic safrange-<br />
Tis revoluciam gamoiwvia, gamafrTxilebeli niSani iyo. didi dro ar rCebo<strong>da</strong> im momentamde,<br />
rodesac `socialuri cxovrebis ori mwvervali~ ufro seriozuli safrTxis<br />
qveS un<strong>da</strong> aRmoCeniliyo. amjerad, es dro germaniaSi <strong>da</strong>dga, romlis mmarTveli aTasi<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi `romis imperatorad~ iwodebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> romelmac msoflios uflis<br />
mxolodSobili Zis religiis ukanaskneli didi winaswarmetyveli martin luTeri misca.<br />
germaniaSi mecxramete saukuneSi jer kidev yvaodnen protestantuli <strong>da</strong> kaTolikuri<br />
konfesiebi. maT sakuTari eklesiebi hqon<strong>da</strong>T yvela eparqiaSi. romis wmin<strong>da</strong> imperators<br />
hofburgSi, venaSi, jer kidev hqon<strong>da</strong> rezidencia. berlinSi, germaniaSi man <strong>axali</strong> imperatoris<br />
<strong>da</strong>badeba naxa. Tumca mecxramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi ori mwvervalis, RmerTisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> imperatoris, ngrevis niSnebi ukve Can<strong>da</strong>. religiuri Tayvaniscemis sakiTxi kiTxvis<br />
niSnis qveS dgebo<strong>da</strong>. jer kidev 1811 w. avgust vilhelm Slegelma, romelic imxanad<br />
bernSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>, montmorenis hercogs miswera: `me gulgrili var protestantuli<br />
kultis mimarT. CemTvis mRvdeli mxolod a<strong>da</strong>miania, romelic akeTebs imas, rac xSirad<br />
uferuli <strong>da</strong>kvirvebebia amaRlebul WeSmaritebebze an, metic, Tavs uflebas aZlevs sakuTari<br />
Sexedulebebis mixedviT axsnas gamocxadeba. msaxureba im wyalobaTa gareSe<br />
mtovebs, rasac wmin<strong>da</strong> ziareba morwmunes aniWebs~. Slegelma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita kaTolikoba mieRo,<br />
magram, politikur reaqciasTan kaTolikuri eklesiis kavSiris gamo, Zalzed imedgacruebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCa. 1819 w. ukmayofilo <strong>da</strong> pirquSi, igi boni<strong>da</strong>n berlinSi swer<strong>da</strong>: `oc<strong>da</strong>rva<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi dRemde mRelvare evropis zvirTebSi vcuravdi <strong>da</strong> mjera, rom<br />
amindis cnobis gamocdileba SeviZine. SarSan Cemi <strong>da</strong>brunebis Semdeg germaniis horizonti<br />
sagrZnoblad <strong>da</strong> moulodneli siswrafiT <strong>da</strong>bnel<strong>da</strong>. me perspeqtivaSi amindis sxva,<br />
arasasurvel cvlilebebsac vxe<strong>da</strong>v~.<br />
rasac Slegeli grZnob<strong>da</strong> protestantuli msaxurebis mimarT, imaves grZnobdnen farTo<br />
wreebi <strong>da</strong> aravis gahkvirvebia, roca germaniis winaswarmetyvelma filosofosma<br />
fridrix nicSem 1882 w. gabe<strong>da</strong> eTqva: `RmerTi mokv<strong>da</strong>! RmerTi mkv<strong>da</strong>ria!~ `filosofia rogorc<br />
s<strong>axali</strong>so mecniereba~ im nawarmoebis saTauria, romelSic es gancxadeba gakeT<strong>da</strong>.<br />
oRond am sikvdilis gamocxadebaSi cota ram iyo s<strong>axali</strong>so!<br />
maSin, rodesac religiuri avtoritetis Zala inavlebo<strong>da</strong>, saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> imperatoris<br />
simboloc ar iyo ukeTes mdgomareobaSi. ai, ras ambobs loialuri Sexedulebis mqone<br />
roialisti oilenburg-hertefeldis (Eulenburg-Hertefeld) princi filipi <strong>axali</strong> germaniis imperiis<br />
imperator vilhelm I Sesaxeb: `imperatoris moxuci eqimi Lauer-i wlebis manZilze sruliad<br />
umoqmedo iyo. man <strong>da</strong>mxmared sazizRar fexebiani sqeli kapitani ipova. es ori arasodes<br />
acileb<strong>da</strong> imperators qorul mzeras. Lauer-i ambobs, rom moxucs sul ufro xSirad<br />
sWirdeba <strong>da</strong>sveneba. generali partmani mas (imperators _ n. R.) `mosiarule gvams~ uwodebs.<br />
marTlac, ratom ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos imperatori gamoTayvanebuli? ara, es ar aris gamoTayvaneba,<br />
es aris <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblis piradi miukerZoebeli Sexeduleba, romelic gviCvenebs, rom erTguli<br />
msaxurisaTvis _ acnobierebs Tu ara is amas – imperatori aRar aris simboluri <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis<br />
mqone; aramed aris gvami, romelic abuCad un<strong>da</strong> aigdon~.<br />
gmiri, vilhelm II-is SviliSvili, Tav<strong>da</strong>jerebulad kadnieri <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove iyo.<br />
mas bedma ar gauRima, radgan am gziT ver iqnebi simbolos matarebeli. oriveni, imperatoric<br />
<strong>da</strong> imperiac, romelTac ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T sulieri orientacia, amgvari mwvave deficitis<br />
Sevsebas gare samyaroSi, sterilur materializmSi Seecadnen. isini mudmivad arasasurvel,<br />
iZulebiT mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen <strong>da</strong> gamaogneblad ampartavnebi momavliT<br />
imedgacruebulebi rCebodnen. isini jer kidev mdidrebi iyvnen <strong>da</strong> SeeZloT kargad<br />
ecxovraT. stefan geogrma zustad <strong>da</strong>axasiaTa amgvari midgoma: `maT yvelaferi aqvT. yvelaferi<br />
ician. isini amboben: uRimRamoa arseboba! stresi <strong>da</strong> SimSilia garSemo! ar aris<br />
siuxve!~ magram me vici, rom yovel saxls ukan irgvliv mimofantuli marcvlis grovebiT<br />
savse sakuWnaoebia _ aravin iRebs <strong>da</strong> xmarobs maT... yoveli fermis qveS sar<strong>da</strong>febia,<br />
452
sa<strong>da</strong>c kasrebi<strong>da</strong>n Rvino Jonavs <strong>da</strong> qviSaSi uCinardeba _ mas aravin svams... tonobiT suf-<br />
Ta oqro mtverSia mimofantuli: <strong>da</strong>ZonZili a<strong>da</strong>mianebi mas sakuTari tansacmlis bolo-<br />
Ti exebian _ amas veravin xe<strong>da</strong>vs.<br />
faqtobrivad isini fiqroben, maT es un<strong>da</strong> aiRon, es un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>lion <strong>da</strong> maT SeuZliaT amis<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxva. magram, samwuxarod, dezorientirebulebi, amas msoflio politikaSi xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen.<br />
aq isini Zalauflebis borotma sulma im rwmeniT moiyvana, rom es swored aq un<strong>da</strong> eZebnaT.<br />
ase rom, germania pirveli msoflio omis sasaklaoze im sazogadoebis saxiT aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romlis simboluri zesTa ukve <strong>da</strong>Slili iyo. religiuri rwmena eWvis qveS <strong>da</strong>dga.<br />
RmerTi mkvdrad iyo gamocxadebuli <strong>da</strong> imperatoris seriozulad aRqma SeuZlebeli<br />
iyo. omi <strong>da</strong>marcxebiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. RmerTis reputacia, saxeli, romlis moCvenebiTi kurTxeviT<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo omi, kidev ufro Seirya. imperatorma yvela qveSevrdom princTan erTad<br />
Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> mmarTveloba <strong>da</strong>karga.<br />
ukan <strong>da</strong>rCa gaRatakebuli qveyana, romlis heroikuli ocneba <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>, magram es<br />
yvelaze uaresi mainc ar iyo. yvelaze uaresi iyo is rom, aRar arsebob<strong>da</strong> koleqtiuri<br />
simbolo. es, jer kidev omamde igrZnes sxvebze metad mgrZnobiare pirovnebebma. isini<br />
oTxi aTasi wlis win egvipteSi sicocxlisagan <strong>da</strong>Rlili kacis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen.<br />
herman hesem maTi reaqcia valter kempSi (Valter Kaempff) (1908) aRwera. kempi ambobs:<br />
`keTili ufali. is arsa<strong>da</strong>a, amgvari ram arsa<strong>da</strong>a~. `mas ar avuwonivar, es me <strong>da</strong>vde igi<br />
sasworze <strong>da</strong> aRmovaCine, rom RmerTi zRapari iyo~. valter kempi am Temaze Sors arasodes<br />
wasula, _ wers hese. misi RmerTi misTvis kerpi iyo, romelsac swyevli<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aiZuleb<strong>da</strong><br />
elaparaka. amgvarad, misi arsebobis sazrisi <strong>da</strong>ikarga. RmerTis naTelma moulodnelad<br />
<strong>da</strong> sevdianad <strong>da</strong>swva igi. `erT Rames moaxle gogonam gaigona, rogor laparakob<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> win <strong>da</strong> ukan <strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong> igi Tavis oTaxSi gvianobamde, manam, sanam yvelaferi miwynar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
diliT man gogonas kakunze ar upasuxa. <strong>da</strong> rodesac moaxle kars miawva, kari<br />
rbilad gaiRo <strong>da</strong> gogona mis oTaxSi Seipara; uecrad Sehyvira <strong>da</strong> SeSinebuli gaiqca.<br />
man Tavisi batoni WerSi <strong>da</strong>magrebuli tyavis Tasmaze <strong>da</strong>kidebuli <strong>da</strong>inaxa~.<br />
poetebi am sakiTxs pirvel msoflio omamdec exebodnen. magram omis Semdeg germaniaSi<br />
cota Tu iyo kempiviT an Zveli egvipteliviT mgrZnobiare. arc TviTmkvlelobaTa<br />
epidemia yofila germaniaSi, rogorc maSin. Cans, TviTmkvlelobaTa didi epidemia jer<br />
kidev un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mdgariyo.<br />
amasobaSi, xalxi cxovrebas, Sromas agrZeleb<strong>da</strong>, saxelmwifos biurokratiul aparatSi<br />
samsaxurs ganagrZob<strong>da</strong>, skolebSi, kafeebSi, sxdomebze, koncertebze kvlav <strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong><br />
_ TiTqos araferi momx<strong>da</strong>riyos. Znelad Tu vinme xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>, ramdenad saxifaTo iyo,<br />
rom aRar arsebob<strong>da</strong> zesTa simbolo, arc RmerTi, arc imperatori. mox<strong>da</strong> ramdenime incindenti,<br />
romlebic gafrTxilebis mauwyebeli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo, magram maTTvis yuradReba<br />
di<strong>da</strong>d aravis miuqcevia. valter ratenau, germaniis yvelaze niWieri saxelmwifo mo-<br />
Rvawe, de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis quCebSi mzakvrulad mokles. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, Zalian cotas Tu esmo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
ramdenad SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong>mZimebuliyo, Tu am uRmerTod <strong>da</strong> politikurad<br />
zianis momtani qmedebis gamo mTeli qveyana ar aimaRleb<strong>da</strong> xmas. magram, RmerTis gareSe<br />
mkvleloba xom codva ar aris, saxelmwifos gareSe ki saxelmwifo moRvawis<br />
mkvleloba _ <strong>da</strong>nakargi. zesTas adgili vakuumma <strong>da</strong>ikava. momx<strong>da</strong>rs xanmokle aRSfoTeba<br />
mohyva, magram Semdeg igive mox<strong>da</strong>, rac spitleris `promeTe <strong>da</strong> epimeTeSi~ RvTaebrivi<br />
yrmis gatacebis dros xdeba: `Semdeg gaisma xma, romelic uzenaes codnas esaubrebo<strong>da</strong>:<br />
`Zvirfaso Zmebo! ra aris is, rac Tqven gsurT! <strong>da</strong> ratom xarT ase aRelvebulebi <strong>da</strong> Sewuxebulebi?<br />
gana ver xe<strong>da</strong>vT, rom saxlebi isev dgas? SexedeT, rogor mxiarulad miedinebian<br />
patara nakadulebi~. <strong>da</strong> maT mimoixedes gaocebulebma; <strong>da</strong> rodesac <strong>da</strong>inaxes,<br />
rom yvela saxli isev idga <strong>da</strong> yvela nakaduli mxiarulad miedinebo<strong>da</strong>, RimiliT<br />
Setrialdnen <strong>da</strong> mSvi<strong>da</strong>d gaemarTnen TavianTi saxlebisaken~.<br />
male naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>, visi xma metyveleb<strong>da</strong> ase urcxvad <strong>da</strong> maameblad: es behemoTis,<br />
eSmakis, xma iyo. Tumca Semdgom, 1880 w., spitlerma epikuri poema <strong>da</strong>wera!<br />
zesTaSi araviTari simbolo aRar arsebob<strong>da</strong>; <strong>da</strong> Tuki igi sadme moipovebo<strong>da</strong>, iqac<br />
ganadgur<strong>da</strong>. ainStainisa <strong>da</strong> plankis fizikam, froidisa <strong>da</strong> iungis siRrmiseulma fsiqologiam<br />
<strong>axali</strong> perspeqtivebi aRmoaCina, romlebsac SeeZloT Segnebuli kacobrioba <strong>da</strong>pirispirebo<strong>da</strong><br />
moulodnel problemebsa <strong>da</strong> insight-ebs, magram amgvari ram ar moiwones.<br />
<strong>axali</strong> insight-ebis SesaZleblobebs iseve Sexvdnen, rogorc spitleris moTxrobaSi samkauls,<br />
romelzec xalxma Tqva: `rac ufro male movicilebT am wyevlas Tavi<strong>da</strong>n, miT<br />
ukeTesi; Cven am wyevlas sxvebs <strong>da</strong>vutovebT, ase rom, RvTis nebiT, yvela boroteba maT<br />
453
SeemTxvevaT~. <strong>da</strong> maT quCaSi <strong>da</strong>agdes samkauli ise, rom igi yviro<strong>da</strong>, oxrav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mwared<br />
moTqvam<strong>da</strong>. rogorc Cans, es maTTvis didi nugeSi iyo, iseve, rogorc oxvra~.<br />
RmerTisa <strong>da</strong> mefis simbolos <strong>da</strong>kargviT gamowveuli vakuumi, Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />
Semzaravi iyo. magram Semdeg kulturulma evropam moulodneli ram ganica<strong>da</strong>: nugeSi.<br />
es mox<strong>da</strong> maSin, rodesac ga<strong>da</strong>gvarebul mxatvarsa <strong>da</strong> isteriul myviralas Tavxedoba<br />
eyo vakuumi Caenacvlebina. saubedurod, Tavad es kaci iyo aravin, rasac seriozuli<br />
Sedegebi mohyveba.<br />
zesTas vakuumi, romelic a<strong>da</strong>mianebis Tavs zemoT eki<strong>da</strong>, imdenad autaneli iyo, rom<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad, rodesac sicariele kidev erTxel Seivso, yvelam SvebiT amoisunTqa. ra<br />
Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, a<strong>da</strong>mianebma male SeamCnies, rom is gza, romliTac sicariele amoivso, ar iyo<br />
idealuri, magram aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom buneba ver egueba sicarieles. ase rom, is, vinc<br />
vakuumis adgili <strong>da</strong>ikava, ar SeucvliaT.<br />
mdgomareoba arc ise cudi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, rom pirovneba, vinc vakuumi Seavso, araraoba<br />
ar yofiliyo. iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c erT dros RmerTi <strong>da</strong> imperatori idga, axla <strong>axali</strong> mefefaraoni<br />
wamomj<strong>da</strong>riyo, romelic arc erTi niSniT maT ar hgav<strong>da</strong>. es momakvdinebeli<br />
katastrofa iyo. rodesac simbolo iqmneba, oRond iqmneba araraobisa <strong>da</strong> Seusabamo figuris<br />
meSveobiT, cocxldeba am simbolos arqetipuli opoziti. Sedegebma cxadhyves,<br />
rom arqetipuli opozitis gaaqtiureba Teoria ki ar aris, aramed ukiduresad seriozuli<br />
faqtia. araraoba ij<strong>da</strong> mefe-RmerTis taxtze, magram misi mmarTvelobis qveS Rmer-<br />
Tisa <strong>da</strong> mefis opoziciuri wyvili iZens axal, oRond satanisa <strong>da</strong> kriminalis, sicocxlesa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zalauflebas. satana anti-RmerTia.<br />
kriminali arRvevs kanons, romelsac mefe icavs. iungi Tavis eseiSi, romelic 1936<br />
wels <strong>da</strong>wera, aRiareb<strong>da</strong> vakuumis arsebobas, magram misi Sexeduleba, rom vakuumi SesaZloa<br />
Zveli germanikuli RmerTiT, votaniT, Sevsebuliyo, Zalzed optimisturi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
es ar iyo votani. ara, es iyo satana <strong>da</strong> kriminali. Sveicarielma mweralma gotfrid<br />
kelerma, romlis poema `sazogadoebrivi cilismwameblebi~ xSirad aRafrTovaneb<strong>da</strong> germanuli<br />
winaaRmdegobis moZraobas, germaniisaTvis yvelaze Savbnel dros, SesaniSnavad<br />
ganWvrita es.<br />
katastrofam zvaviviT umata siCqares im fonze, rom garkveuli xniT a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />
kvlav zeimobdnen, radgan vakuumi, rogorc iqna, Seivso. xalxi ver xvdebo<strong>da</strong>, rom igi<br />
um<strong>da</strong>blesi arqetipiT, eSmakebiTa <strong>da</strong> kriminalebiT, iyo Sevsebuli. <strong>da</strong> rodesac mixv<strong>da</strong>,<br />
metad gvian iyo. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, qcevis tipuri modeli, romelic arqetipTan<br />
iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, ganusazRvreli ZalauflebiTa <strong>da</strong> didi siCqariT aTavseb<strong>da</strong> sicarieleSi<br />
sakuTar Tavs. amitom xalxi male mixv<strong>da</strong>, rom yvela saxis winaaRmdegoba rTuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> saSiSi iyo, <strong>da</strong> egeb, usargebloc.<br />
katastrofas sxva poetebic didi xniT adre grZnobdnen. jer kidev amis Sesaxeb<br />
henrix haine `ata trolSi~ wer<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gamZvinvarebuli bomb<strong>da</strong>mSenebis wuili, romlebic evropas ngrevas uqaddnen, gonze<br />
momyvani aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kriminaluri arqetipiT gamowveuli Sedegebi ufro detalur ganxilvas aRar un<strong>da</strong><br />
saWiroebdes. sasamarTlos kriminaluri korufcia, CaSlili molaparakebebi, sakuTar<br />
saxlSi imperiis kancleris sastiki mkvleloba <strong>da</strong> sxva mravali karga<strong>da</strong>a cnobili.<br />
mxolod erTi magaliTiT SegaxsenebT WeSmaritad satanur ambavs, romelic TviT ieronime<br />
bosxis warmosaxvasac aRemateba. 1964 wlis 2 marts frankfurtSi sasamarTloze<br />
doqtori ela lingensi (Ella Lingens) amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom igi iZulebuli iyo ecqira, rogor<br />
Caagdes cocxali bavSvi auSvicis sakoncentracio banakis krematoriumSi. Tavi<strong>da</strong>n man<br />
ar <strong>da</strong>ujera sakuTar Tvalebs. mas bavSvi ZaRli egona, sanam cixis amxanagebisagan ar<br />
Seityo, rom banakis ufrosma neba <strong>da</strong>rTo gamoeyenebinaT mkvlelobis amgvari <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />
meTodi, raTa krematoriumSi <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba Seemsubuqebina.<br />
satana-kriminalis uaryofiTi arqetipi pirovnebisTvisac aseTive uaryofiTi Sedegebis<br />
momtani iyo. eris reproduqcia cxovelur donemde iyo <strong>da</strong>yvanili, rogorc ZaRlebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saqonelSi. erTaderTi, rasac yuradReba eqceo<strong>da</strong>, iyo rasa. a<strong>da</strong>mianis sulieri<br />
mxare mTlianad uaryofili iyo.<br />
qristof stedingi (Christoph Steding), romelic `<strong>axali</strong>~ germaniis istoriis saimperio<br />
institutis prezidentis patronaJis qveS laparakob<strong>da</strong>, 1938 wels ambob<strong>da</strong>: `imperia<br />
yvela fsiqoTerapiasa <strong>da</strong> fsiqoanalizze ukeTesia. rameTu imperia a<strong>da</strong>mianebs aRamaRlebs<br />
sakuTar Tavze, Tu isini nebayoflobiT emorCilebian mas; efeqtianad aRmofxvris<br />
454
fsiqopaturi qcevis yvela gamomwvev mizezs, metadre, sakuTar Tavze did warmodgenas<br />
(selfimportance), Sedegad ki, mesame raixSi aRar iqnebo<strong>da</strong> `gaxleCili xalxi~. amis mtkiceba<br />
aSkara tyuili iyo. magram man germanelebs, romlebic amjerad `mTliani xalxisagan~<br />
Semdgar erad iyo miCneuli, `rCeuli xalxis~ prestiJi mianiWa. am gancxadebis safrTxis<br />
Semcveli <strong>da</strong> yalbi xasiaTi imas moaswaveb<strong>da</strong>, rom xalxs igi sxvebTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis<br />
gziT un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emtkicebina. satanuri <strong>da</strong> kriminaluri iyo <strong>da</strong>pirispireba, romliTac isini<br />
<strong>da</strong>upirispirdnen xalxs, romelsac sruliad gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong> WeSmariti mniSvnelobiT<br />
ufleba hqon<strong>da</strong>, sakuTari TavisaTvis rCeuli ewodebina. eseni iyvnen ebraelebi. ebraelebi<br />
saukeTesod miesa<strong>da</strong>gebodnen gantevebis vacis rols. am araqristiani, Rrmadmorwmune<br />
xalxis winaaRmdeg warmarTulma SurismaZiebelma omma axal rCeul xalxs <strong>da</strong>aviwya, Tu<br />
rogor uRalates maT sakuTar sarwmunoebas, qristianobas. saxelgatexili Sveicarieli<br />
nacional-socialisti iakob Snafneri (Jacobs Schnaffner) agdebulad moixsenieb<strong>da</strong> biblias<br />
<strong>da</strong> mas `ucxouri teqstebis krebuls~ uwodeb<strong>da</strong>. yvelaze Savbneli <strong>da</strong> tragikuli ki is<br />
iyo, rom, umaRlesi RvTaebrivi _ samefo arqetipis uqonlobis gamo, satanur <strong>da</strong> kriminalur<br />
aspeqts ufro metad SeeZlo SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vad aRviraxsnili yofiliyo. <strong>da</strong>zaralebulebi<br />
arc <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveebi iyvnen <strong>da</strong> arc u<strong>da</strong>naSauloebi. isini SemTxveviTobis msxverplni<br />
iyvnen. rac Seexeba jalaTebs, xSirad Zneli iyo imis Tqma, xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen Tu ara isini<br />
TavianTi qmedebis ukeTurobas. sanam vinme gaacnobiereb<strong>da</strong> ra iyo zemoT <strong>da</strong> ra iyo<br />
qvemoT, boroti (eSmaki) liqniTa <strong>da</strong> muqariT msjelob<strong>da</strong> movaleobasa <strong>da</strong> Rirsebaze.<br />
erTi mxriv, kriminali-satana marTals ambob<strong>da</strong>. es aTaswlovani imperiis winaswarmetyveleba<br />
iyo. Tumca im gansxvavebiT, rom amis gar<strong>da</strong> yovelive, rasac is ambob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
naTqvamis sapirispirod trialdebo<strong>da</strong>. misi mcdelobiT germaniam aTasi wliT ga<strong>da</strong>dga<br />
nabiji, Tumca ara win, aramed ukan. germaniis sazRvrebi, dRevandeli federaciuli respublikis<br />
sazRvrebi, igive iyo, rac 919 wels, rodesac henrix I saqsoneli pirveli germaneli<br />
mefe gax<strong>da</strong>. man qveynis gafarToeba aRmosavleTisaken <strong>da</strong>iwyo. amas aRmosavleTiT<br />
cixeebisa <strong>da</strong> qalaqebis mSeneblobiT axorcieleb<strong>da</strong>; ai ratom iyo igi cnobili, rogorc<br />
qalaqebis <strong>da</strong>maarsebeli. yovelive, rac aTaswleulis manZilze iqna mopovebuli, kriminaluri<br />
mmarTvelobis mokle periodSi <strong>da</strong>ikarga.<br />
satana-kriminalis arqetipis SemoWra am droisaTvis <strong>da</strong>srulebulia. mTeli koSmari<br />
cecxlSi, kvamlsa <strong>da</strong> sikvdilSi STainTqa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong> mainc, saSiSroeba yvelganaa<br />
Casafrebuli <strong>da</strong> axal myvirala briyvs yovel wuTs SeuZlia <strong>axali</strong> katastrofis motana,<br />
romelic imaze uaresi iqneba, rac aqamde iyo. Cven sifrTxile gvmarTebs, rom ar movdundeT<br />
mxolod imitom, rom `saxlebi isev dganan <strong>da</strong> nakadulebi isev mxiarulad miedinebian~,<br />
Cven un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vsvaT SekiTxva, viswavleT Tu ara raime im gakveTili<strong>da</strong>n, rac mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erTi ram cxadia: safrTxe, romelic `uzenaesi simbolos~ <strong>da</strong>kargvi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs,<br />
ar aris wmin<strong>da</strong> germanuli problema. yvela mizezma _ <strong>da</strong>marcxeba pirvel msoflio omSi,<br />
religiurma <strong>da</strong> politikurma krizisma <strong>da</strong> monarqiis <strong>da</strong>cemam – SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong> swored<br />
germaniaSi <strong>da</strong> ara sxvagan behemots Zalaufleba mietacebina. <strong>da</strong>savluri samyaros yvela<br />
qveyana <strong>da</strong> xalxi arsobrivad msgavsi sakiTxis winaSe dgas: zesTa, iseve rogorc RmerTi _<br />
mefe arqaulia, moZvelebulia. erTi mxriv, zesTa, iseve rogorc RmerTi <strong>da</strong> eklesia, meore<br />
mxriv ki, saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> imperia, rac Cven uZvelesi xani<strong>da</strong>n gadmogveca memkvidreobiT,<br />
dRes problemuri gax<strong>da</strong>. is, rom qvenam satanisa <strong>da</strong> kriminalis saxiT SeZlo gaemarjva <strong>da</strong>,<br />
amdenad, Zlevamosili gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo, seriozul yuradRebas imsaxurebs.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi, romelic am viTarebi<strong>da</strong>n gamogvaqvs, azrs mxolod maSin iZenen, Tu isini<br />
martivi <strong>da</strong> praqtikulia. dRes pirovnebas, romelic seriozul kiTxvebs svams, umravlesoba<br />
sZuls.<br />
upirveles yovlisa un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>isvas SekiTxva: aris Tu ara sazogadoebis simboluri<br />
mwvervali is, rasac erT dros RmerTi-faraoni ewodebo<strong>da</strong>, rac mogvianebiT qristesa<br />
<strong>da</strong> keisarSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong>? SeiZleba Tu ara igi tradiciuli gagebiT kvlav <strong>da</strong>rCes saTaveSi,<br />
rameTu `iq, maRla~ yovelTvis SeiZleba moxdes is, rac satanuri <strong>da</strong> ukontroloa.<br />
es ki imas mianiSnebs, rom religia mxolod eklesiaSi siaruli veRar iqneba. man un<strong>da</strong><br />
icxovros gareT pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobiT, nebismieri katexizmos Tu Teologiis<br />
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. mavans SeuZlia Tqvas, qriste ar aris `Sens maRla. is SenTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> SenSia~. gamowveva isaa, rom pasuxi ago individualizaciaze. luTerma Tqva: `aqa<br />
vdgavar <strong>da</strong> sxvagvarad ar ZalmiZs~. igi mixv<strong>da</strong>.<br />
arc keisars SeuZlia zemoT <strong>da</strong>rCena. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs pirovnebis demokratiuli<br />
pasuxismgebloba sazogadoebaze. avtoritetebisadmi monuri morCileba, partiuli<br />
455
tvirTi, sloganebisadmi sisuste drois moTxovnebTan SeuTavsebelia. dRes es cxadia.<br />
magram dRes am sakiTxze umetesoba mainc nakleb gonivrulad msjelobs, vidre un<strong>da</strong><br />
msjelobdes.<br />
ufro metic, Cven un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT, rom am saukuneSi regresi orjerac ki iyo, es<br />
borotma sakuTari ZaliT or msoflio omSi moitana, rac silis gawnaa Cveni saukunisaTvis,<br />
romelsac progresis sjera. am garemoebebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ufro <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT<br />
un<strong>da</strong> SevxedoT progresisadmi Cvens rwmenas. gana gvin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sruldes yovelive, Tu<br />
msofliom mu<strong>da</strong>m srulyofisa <strong>da</strong> ukeTesobisaken swrafva un<strong>da</strong> gaagrZelos? isini,<br />
visac sjera progresis ufro ukeTesebi arian. progresis rwmena warsulisadmi Cvens<br />
movaleobas un<strong>da</strong> SevujeroT. a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ubralod momavlisaTvis ki ar cxovroben,<br />
aramed warsuli<strong>da</strong>n modian. kriminaluri periodis cru `Blut and Boden~-is romantizmma ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gagvabriyvos imiT, TiTqos ar arsebobs bunebiTi kavSiri samSoblosTan <strong>da</strong> winaprebTan,<br />
rac gacilebiT metia, vidre nostalgia `Zveli bednieri dReebisa~. magali-<br />
TisaTvis un<strong>da</strong> SevwyvitoT spekulatiuri ganviTarebis gziT evropuli soflis ganadgureba<br />
<strong>da</strong> axalgazrdobas un<strong>da</strong> vaswavloT istoriuli tradicia. progresi <strong>da</strong>nakargebis<br />
fasad namdvilad ukan ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabiji iqneba.<br />
bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos Cven yvelaze rTuli kiTxvis pirispir vdgavarT. RmerTi-mefe <strong>da</strong><br />
satana-kriminali aris antinomia, bunebiTi <strong>da</strong>pirispireba. Tu qvena, satana <strong>da</strong> kriminali<br />
SeZleben ase moulodnelad <strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>piri mniSvnelobiT zemoT asvlas, umjobesi ar<br />
aris Caxvide qvenaSi <strong>da</strong> iq iRvawo, vidre igi kvlav xelSi Caigdebs gavlenis sa<strong>da</strong>veebs?<br />
xom gvaxsovs _ micvalebulTa egviptur <strong>da</strong>rbazSi keTili <strong>da</strong> boroti ar iyo. maT nacvlad<br />
iyo `ori saxis samsjavro~, romlebic ubralod ganirCeodnen, rogorc <strong>da</strong>pirispirebulTa<br />
bunebrivi wyvili, aRmosavleTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTi. rodesac zena ar axSobs, ar<br />
akavebs qvenas, xolo qvena ejaxeba zenas, maSin qvena sxvagvari mniSvnelobisa <strong>da</strong> zemoqmedebis<br />
mqonea. maSin satana lucifericaa, <strong>da</strong>cemuli angelozi, romelic Tavisi kontrastuli<br />
naTebiT Suqs fens zenas; promeTec kriminalia, vinc SesaqmisaTvis savaraudod<br />
maradiul kanonebs arRvevs.<br />
praqtikaSi es imas niSnavs, rom yovelgvari qmedeba <strong>da</strong> msjeloba kritikulad un<strong>da</strong><br />
Sefasdes. marTalia, satana, rogorc es goeTes `faustSia~, SeiZleba is Zala iyos,<br />
romelic `nia<strong>da</strong>g borotis qmnas apirebs <strong>da</strong> mainc yovelTvis kargs akeTebs~, magram<br />
saWiroa saRi azri, cnobiereba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n aracnobieri arqauli brutalobis gamomwvevia.<br />
amgvarad, RmerTi-mefisa <strong>da</strong> satana-kriminalis antinomiis adgilze Cven cocxali<br />
oTxeuli gvWirdeba, romelic wesrigs ganapirobebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas acxrobs. praqtika-<br />
Si es imas niSnavs, rom sworisa <strong>da</strong> mc<strong>da</strong>ris orazrovneba yvelam Tavad un<strong>da</strong> itvirTos.<br />
yvelam un<strong>da</strong> miiRos borotisa <strong>da</strong> keTilis ormagi buneba. am principebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli<br />
midgoma ufro rTuli SesanarCunebelia, vidre es SeiZleba vinmes egonos. gacilebiT<br />
iolia miendo mefes, rogorc karg megobars <strong>da</strong> RmerTs, rogorc karg mamas. aseT Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi mxolod gulubryvilo morCili un<strong>da</strong> iyo; an, yvelaze meti, bavSvurad ajanyde.<br />
magram imisaTvis, rom Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicilo katastrofa, romelic myisve iCens Tavs, rogorc<br />
ki sapirispiro arqetipi sakuTar xelSi iRebs kontrolis sa<strong>da</strong>veebs, sworisa <strong>da</strong> mc<strong>da</strong>ris,<br />
kargisa <strong>da</strong> cudis, mefe-kriminalis <strong>da</strong> RmerTi-eSmakis ormagi samarTali yvelam<br />
piradi pasuxismgeblobis saqmed un<strong>da</strong> miiCnios.<br />
es mudmiv TviTSemecnebas <strong>da</strong> cvlilebisadmi mudmiv mzadyofnas moiTxovs. mas, vinc<br />
Sefasebebs eWvqveS ayenebs, ar ZaluZs martivad airCios is, rac sworia <strong>da</strong> yovelTvis<br />
akeTos is, rac kargia. mas mxolod sakuTari Tavis Semecnebis gagrZeleba <strong>da</strong> <strong>axali</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miReba SeuZlia. swori <strong>da</strong> mc<strong>da</strong>ri, kargi <strong>da</strong> cudi WeSmaritad is opoziciebia,<br />
romlebic SeiZleba jvars Seva<strong>da</strong>roT, romlis Sesaxeb qristem Tqva: `...romelsa<br />
undebs Semodgomad Cem<strong>da</strong>, uvaryavn Tavi TÂsi <strong>da</strong> aRiRen juari TÂsi <strong>da</strong> momdevdin<br />
me~ (lk. 9. 23).<br />
sad SegviZlia kvlav vipovoT es simbolo, romlis <strong>da</strong>kargvas mTeli mosaxleobis<br />
qaosSi Cagdeba SeuZlia? ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ara mis regresul restavraciaSi. RmerTi-keisris<br />
simbolosTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulma regresma sicariele warmoSva <strong>da</strong> antiqristem wamoyo<br />
Tavi. rogorc Cans, saukune, rodesac sazogadoebis mamoZravebeli simbolo maRla <strong>da</strong><br />
mis miRma mdgomi figurisa <strong>da</strong> Zalis saxiT un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo moZiebuli, <strong>da</strong>sasruls<br />
miuaxlov<strong>da</strong>. Sesabamisad, a<strong>da</strong>mianebma simbolo sakuTar TavSi un<strong>da</strong> aRmoaCinon <strong>da</strong> is<br />
sakuTar gulSi <strong>da</strong>icvan. politikuri terminebiT es imas niSnavs, rom pirovneba, rogorc<br />
moqalaqe, pasuxismgebelia sazogadoebis bedze. metafizikuri terminebiT igi<br />
456
Cvengan imis gacnobierebas iTxovs, rom Cven survilebs <strong>da</strong> Secdomebs yovelTvis iq mivyavarT,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c misvlas ar vgegmavdiT. <strong>da</strong> mainc Sedegi isaa, rom varT is, rac varT. Cven<br />
es cnobierad <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT un<strong>da</strong> gaviazroT.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac RmerTisa <strong>da</strong> mefis erTianoba WeSmariti, koleqtiuri simboloa,<br />
pirovnebis sulSi misi aRorZineba, gacocxleba meore a<strong>da</strong>mianis aRiarebas iwvevs, maSinac<br />
ki, rodesac is ise ar fiqrobs <strong>da</strong> iqceva, rogorc Cven. Cven meore a<strong>da</strong>mianTan ise un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>vdgeT pirispir, rom arc gavanadguroT <strong>da</strong> arc Cven Tavs mivceT ufleba misi qveSevrdomi<br />
gavxdeT, aramed mudmivad un<strong>da</strong> veZeboT masTan dialogi. is, rom emociurobis bneli<br />
<strong>da</strong> saSiSi mxareebi am procesSi cocxldeba, aRniSvnas ar saWiroebs. magram Tu naTeli ar<br />
aris Camqrali, ubedurebis SiSi umizezoa. sabolood <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas ar un<strong>da</strong> gaveqceT, radgan<br />
igi cxovrebis nawilia. dRes kacobrioba ar aris mzad am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis misaRebad.<br />
dRes momavali Taobis amocanaa am mimarTulebiT iaros win. magram katastrofa, romelmac<br />
germaniaSi mogvca niSani, gansakuTrebuli sifrTxilisaken mogviwodebs.<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos, dRes RmerTi-faraonis arqauli simbolo a<strong>da</strong>mianis sulSi eTikur-politikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> inteleqtualur-religiuri pasuxismgeblobis saxiT un<strong>da</strong> vipovoT. amgvari<br />
saxiT igi inarCunebs simbolos, formulas Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ucnobi, magram jer kidev arsebuli<br />
faqtis. Tavad faqti, romelic simbolura<strong>da</strong>a formulirebuli, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sulebSi<br />
ar aris, igi Sors scildeba maT <strong>da</strong> rCeba, rogorc RmerTi-mefe, drois miRma mdgomi<br />
arqetipi: kacobriobis istoriis mbrZanebeli.<br />
mTargmnelis boloTqma.<br />
hainrix karl fircis statia wigni<strong>da</strong>n `iungianuri fsiqiatria~ exeba uzenaesi simboloebis _<br />
RmerTisa <strong>da</strong> mefis _ <strong>da</strong>kargviT gamowveul katastrofas, romelsac `miwisZvrasaviT SeuZlia Searyios<br />
mTeli msoflio~. a<strong>da</strong>mianis harmoniuli ganviTarebis ganmsazRvrel simbolur wyvils ZaluZs sazogadoeba<br />
janmrTeli sulieri, fsiqikuri, socialuri cxovrebis gzaze ataros. magram, rogorc ki<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianma mokla RmerTi, mefe-imperatori zedmeti aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. uzenaesi, aRmatebuli simbolos adgili<br />
<strong>da</strong>cariel<strong>da</strong>, sazogadoeba ver iarsebebs RmerTisa <strong>da</strong> misgan <strong>da</strong>dgenili mmarTvelis gareSe <strong>da</strong> mudmivad<br />
mis ZiebaSia. rogorc wesi, <strong>da</strong>karguli RmerTisa <strong>da</strong> mefis adgils satana-kriminali ikavebs. <strong>da</strong>kargulis<br />
ZiebaSi gzaabneuli sazogadoeba imedgacruebuli rCeba. sazogadoebas uimedoba, fsiqikursulieri<br />
aSlilobebi <strong>da</strong> TviTmkvlelobaTa epidemia eZaleba. marTalia, hainrix karl fircis zogierTi<br />
religiuri Sexeduleba SesaZloa CvenTvis sakamaTo iyos, magram misi mTavari saTqmeli, rom<br />
RmerTisa <strong>da</strong> mis mier cxebuli mefis simbolo, zneobrivi kriteriumebi, tradiciis uwyvetoba, individualuri<br />
Tu sazogado sulieri jansaRi cxovrebis sawin<strong>da</strong>ria, romelTagan ga<strong>da</strong>xveva upirobo katastrofisaken<br />
miaqanebs kacobriobas, maradiuli gansjis Temaa. hainrix karl firci mimarTavs <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
sazogadoebas <strong>da</strong> sTxovs, sanam jer kidev aris dro, iRvawon krizisis <strong>da</strong>saZlevad. krizisis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zlevas avtori amgvarad xe<strong>da</strong>vs: `<strong>da</strong> bolos, dRes RmerTi-faraonis arqauli simbolo a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
sulSi eTikur-politikuri <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualur-religiuri pasuxismgeblobis saxiT un<strong>da</strong> vipovoT~. es<br />
simboloa RmerTi-mefe, rogorc `drois miRma mdgomi arqetipi: kacobriobis istoriis mbrZanebeli~.<br />
winamdebare statia, vinai<strong>da</strong>n igi erT-erT fun<strong>da</strong>mentur wyvilad arqetips exeba, romelic sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis erTgvari maorganizebeli <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxiT ganmsazRvreli iyo <strong>da</strong> garkveul<br />
wilad kvlavac aris, SeiZleba saintereso aRmoCndes maTTvis, vinc sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kuTxiT swavlobs sazogadoebaSi<br />
mimdinare procesebs. SesaZloa winamdebare statiam istorikosebs, eTnologebs, folkloristebs,<br />
politologebs... fsiqologiuri kuTxiT <strong>da</strong>anaxos Zveli Tu <strong>axali</strong> drois istoriuli<br />
procesebi, pirovnebis kultis, diqtaturis gaCenis mizezebi; Tu ratom iyo arqaul msoflmxedvelobaSi<br />
mefe-RmerTis simbolo, romelic mkveTra<strong>da</strong>a gamoxatuli religiur rwmena-warmodgenebsa Tu<br />
folklorSi, ase Zlieri <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />
hainrix karl firci bazelSi 1912 wels <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong>. misi mama h. e. firc-<strong>da</strong>vidi ciurixis teqnikuri<br />
universitetis qimiis profesori iyo. h. k. fircic, rogorc misi de<strong>da</strong> – lin<strong>da</strong> firc-<strong>da</strong>vidi _ iungis<br />
mowafe iyo. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom firci fsiqiatri <strong>da</strong> fsiqoTerapevti iyo, mas bazelSi, ciurixSi,<br />
berlinsa <strong>da</strong> parizSi brwyinvale samedicino ganaTleba hqon<strong>da</strong> miRebuli. saavadmyofoSi <strong>da</strong>Zabuli mu-<br />
Saobis gar<strong>da</strong>, firci klinicist iungianelebs amzadeb<strong>da</strong>. igi <strong>da</strong>arsebi<strong>da</strong>n (1948) TiTqmis sikvdilamde<br />
(1974) ciurixis iungis institutSi aswavli<strong>da</strong>. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi saerTaSoriso samedicino<br />
fsiqoTerapiis sazogadoebis sabWos Tavmjdomare iyo. mTel msoflioSi kiTxulob<strong>da</strong> leqciebs iungis<br />
analitikuri fsiqologiis Sesaxeb. igi 1964 wels <strong>da</strong>arsebuli ciurixis ciurixbergis klinikis direqtori<br />
iyo samedicino <strong>da</strong>rgSi. misi kolegebi aRniSnavdnen, rom haineris sikvdiliT maT erT-erTi<br />
pioneri analitikosi <strong>da</strong> erT-erTi yvelaze niWieri megobari <strong>da</strong>karges.<br />
inglisuri<strong>da</strong>n Targmna <strong>da</strong> boloTqma <strong>da</strong>urTo<br />
nino RambaSiZem<br />
457
HEINRICH KARL FAIERZ<br />
ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIETY: THE LOST SYMBOL,<br />
OR AN INQUIRY IN TO THE NATURE OF MASS PSYCHOSIS<br />
In his work Faierz writes about the loss of supreme symbol, symbol of God-King which can “shake humanity<br />
to the core and be like earthquake in world history”. He shows the process of loosing this symbol through history<br />
from ancient Egypt till the Second World War and modern <strong>da</strong>ys (author died in 1974) and discusses the results of<br />
this great loss.<br />
When upper symbol is lost below archetype, devil-criminal, takes over, places himself in the vacuum and<br />
becomes powerful. The author bewares us and advices to deserve serious consideration to the fact. Finally he<br />
concludes that “the archaic symbol of the God-pharaoh is to be found to<strong>da</strong>y in the soul of the individual in the form<br />
of an ethical-political and an intellectual-religious responsibility”.<br />
The article might assist social scientists in their work to view better historical processes, processes taking<br />
place in the society, the fun<strong>da</strong>mentals of the mythological outlook etc. H.K. Fairz was born in Bazel in 1912. He<br />
was one of the first students of C.G. Jung. Psychiatrist and psychotherapist, besides practical activity, Faierz was<br />
teaching at Jung’s institute in Zurich. He was a head of The International Medical Psychotherapy Society. Was<br />
reading lectures about Jungian analytical psychology all over the world.<br />
Translation and afterword by<br />
NINO GAMBASHIDZE<br />
458
ecenzia<br />
sayuradRebo gamokvleva<br />
(recenzia eTer beriZis wignze _ `nigali: istoriul-eTnografiuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> lingvistur-toponimikuri aspeqtebi)<br />
tao-klarjeTi adre saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobisa <strong>da</strong> uZvelesi kulturis akvani<br />
gaxl<strong>da</strong>T, nigalis xeoba ki am uZvelesi kulturis organuli nawili iyo. rogorc<br />
werilobiTi wyaroebi gvi<strong>da</strong>sturebs, igi mdi<strong>da</strong>ri iyo `narinjiT, TurinjiT, limoniT,<br />
zeTisxiliT, seliT, TafliTa <strong>da</strong> abreSumiT~ (vaxuSti bagrationi), magram mxare qveynis<br />
aramarto ekonomikuri saZirkveli iyo, aramed igi istoriis TiTqmis yvela monakveTze<br />
did rols asruleb<strong>da</strong> samxedro-politikuri TvalsazrisiTac. strategiul xeobas akademiuri<br />
mkvlevari arasdros mohklebia, magram filologiis doqtoris eTer beriZis sasaxelod<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom, Tavisi mokrZalebuli bunebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, vfiqrobT, am xeobis<br />
eTnolingvisturi Tu sociokulturuli kuTxiT warmodgenisas man ukve <strong>da</strong>imkvidra<br />
sapatio adgili mecnierTa Tu <strong>da</strong>rgis specialistTa, mogzaurTa <strong>da</strong> diplomatTa (d. baqraZe,<br />
g. yazbegi, z. WiWinaZe, al. frenkeli, v. lisovski, m. jaiani, n. mari, e. TayaiSvili,<br />
i. sixaruliZe, m. cincaZe, S. futkaraZe, m. faRava, n. cecxlaZe, r. malaymaZe,...) Soris Tavisi<br />
monografiiT `nigali~, romelic gamosces SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetma<br />
<strong>da</strong> `universalma~ (baTumi-Tbilisi, 2009). misaRebia problemebisadmi originaluri<br />
midgoma Tu kvlevis SemoqmedebiTi manera, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, swora<strong>da</strong>a gamoyenebuli mravalferovani<br />
masalis sinqronuli, xSirad, diaqronuli <strong>da</strong>muSavebis meTodi.<br />
sakmaod soliduri (402 gverdis moculobis) naSromi araerTi sakiTxis mecnierulad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis mcdelobaa. amasTanave, mas Tan axlavs SesaniSnavi sailustracio masala:<br />
TiTqmis 500 wlis win de<strong>da</strong>samSoblo<strong>da</strong>kargulTa memkvidreebis unikaluri fotoebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> maTi metyvelebis nimuSebi leqsikoniTurT, araCveulebrivi rukebi Tu geografiul<br />
saxelTa <strong>da</strong> anTroponimTa detaluri, skrupulozuri sizustiT warmodgenili saZieblebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narTebi.<br />
samwuxarod, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad nigalelTa didi mcdelobisa, ojaxebSi mainc `<strong>da</strong>aunjon~<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>icvan mSobliuri ena, masSi ukve Zalian momravl<strong>da</strong> Turquli leqsika, frazeologia<br />
Tu calkeuli fonologiur-gramatikuli movlenebi. wigni, romelic, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, nair-nair<br />
(martiv, derivaciul, rTul, markirebul, aramarkirebul) toponimTa, anTroponimTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> hidronimTa ganxilvas eZRvneba, <strong>da</strong>ainteresebs ara mxolod qarTvelologebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kavkasiologebs, aramed mecnierebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>rgSi momuSave Turq, rus, evropel<br />
Tu amerikel mkvlevrebsac rogorc samenovani (Turqul-rusul-inglisuri) reziumeebiT,<br />
ise leqsemaTa warmomadgenlobis CvenebiT.<br />
eTer beriZis monografia efuZneba ramdenime wliani samecniero mivlinebis dros<br />
Seswavlili oTxi administraciuli punqtisa (xelvaCauri, arTvini, borCxa, murRuli)<br />
<strong>da</strong> 67 soflis lingvokulturologiur analizs. Tavis droze mdinare mtkvris xeobis<br />
samxreT nawils, anu istoriuli zemo qarTlis ZiriTad teritorias, xan<strong>da</strong>xan, `Turqe-<br />
Tis saqarTvelosac~ rom uwodeben, upirveles yovlisa, Seswavla sWirdeba interdisciplinaruli<br />
TvalsazrisiT, radganac aqauri mosaxleobis yofaSic <strong>da</strong> metyvelebaSic<br />
qarTul-Turquli asimilaciisa <strong>da</strong> interferenciis araerTi SemTxveva <strong>da</strong>sturdeba. aq<br />
xvdebodnen erTmaneTs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Camomavlobis tomebi, xalxebi <strong>da</strong> eTnokonfesiebi: qar-<br />
Tvelebi, somxebi, maT Soris, hemSilebi, berZnebi, bizantiaSi gansaxlebuli eTnikuri<br />
jgufebi, arabebi, Turq-selCukebi, oguzelTa warmomadgenlebi, paWanikebi, osmaleTis<br />
imperiis mosaxleoba. icvlebo<strong>da</strong> uflebrivi mdgomareoba erTi xalxisa Tu eTnikuri<br />
jgufisa meoreze, icvlebo<strong>da</strong> sarwmunoeba, ena <strong>da</strong> ganaTleba (e. TayaiSvili), Sesabamisad,<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong> kulturaTa integracia, tradiciul faseulobaTa metnaklebi transformacia,<br />
politikur RirebulebaTa cvlac ki, magram umetes SemTxvevaSi erovnuli mentalitetis,<br />
nacionaluri cnobierebis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi kriteriumebi saukuneebis man-<br />
Zilze TiTqmis ucvleli rCebo<strong>da</strong>. yuradsaRebia saanalizo naSromSi warmodgenili<br />
erT-erTi <strong>da</strong>skvnac: `Tu nigalis xeobaSi adre Turquli meore ena iyo, dRes is pirveli<br />
enaa, qarTuli TurqulSia areuli“ (gv. 66).<br />
nigali moicavs Woroxis imer <strong>da</strong> amer teritorias. am mdinaris araerTi etimologia<br />
arsebobs specialur literaturaSi, magram monografiis avtors sxvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT TiT-<br />
459
qos yvelaze swori varaudisTvis <strong>da</strong>uWeria mxari. es gaxlavT guram Tofurias azri, romlis<br />
mixedviT, saanalizo fuZe Semdeg segmentacias eqvemdebareba: W-or-ox, sa<strong>da</strong>c Ziriseuli<br />
W elementi qarTuli wy kompleqsis velarul Tanxmovan<strong>da</strong>karguli zanuri Sesatyvisi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos (Sdr. megruli Wy-ol-of-a `wyaloba~, Wy-ol-u-a `wyevla~, Wy-ol-ir-i `wyluli~,<br />
erTi mxriv, magram: wy-ar-i `wyali~, wyu `Wa~, wy-ur-g-il-i `wyaro~, Cxoro-wyu `cxrawyaro~,<br />
svanuri lй-l-wy-e `sveli~, meore mxriv). es <strong>da</strong>kavSireba Zalze saintereso Cans, magram asaxsnelia,<br />
ram gamoiwvia erTi <strong>da</strong> imave saerToqarTvelur wy Ziris transformacia xan SiSina<br />
(kanonzomieri) <strong>da</strong> xanac sisina (anomaliuri) variantebis saxiT megrulSi. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<br />
`Worox~-is SemTxvevaSi mTlad naTeli araa wy>Wy>W fonologiuri gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebis safuZveli.<br />
saerTod, un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom Woroxi, maWaxeli, ise, rogorc aWara erTmaneTTan semantikurad<br />
aSkara<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. maTSi gamoiyofa -War, -Wor, -Wax martivi fuZeebi, romlebic<br />
<strong>da</strong>iyvanebian W’ Zireul masalamde <strong>da</strong> ukavSirdebian wyals. Cveulebriv, -War <strong>da</strong> -Wor<br />
erTi <strong>da</strong> igive martivi fuZea sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva enaze gamoTqmuli: -War (aWara/aWariswyali) qar-Tuli<br />
fuZea, -Wor (Woroxi _ Sdr. Coloqi: mdinarea qobeleTSi _ guriisa <strong>da</strong> aWaris administraciul<br />
sazRvarTan) ki _ kolxuri (zanuri). sityva Woroxi warmomdgaria zanuri -Wor<br />
Zirisagan. TavisTavad interess iwvevs x’ sufiqsi, romelic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva winamavali xmovniT<br />
gavrcelebuli iyo saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, mTel kavkasiaSi, ise, rogorc axlo aRmosavleTis<br />
uZveles mosaxleobaSi. sufiqsi x’ (Sdr. -xi, -ax -ox, -ix, -ux,...) u<strong>da</strong>vod gamoiyofa<br />
ara marto maWaxelaSi, aramed ukve gamovlenil araerT toponimsa <strong>da</strong> sityvaSi, romelTa<br />
ZiriTadi sema dRes <strong>da</strong>kargulia, Tumca specialur literaturaSi ukve <strong>da</strong>dgenilia afiqsi<br />
hi//ha-s pir<strong>da</strong>piri kavSiri huri-urartul eTnikur samyarosTan (<strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. n. mgelaZe, m. fa-<br />
Rava). bunebrivia, <strong>da</strong>saxelebul konteqstSi, aRniSnul teritoriaze _ uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
qarTvelTa gansaxlebis arealSi, mniSvnelovania soflis aRmniSvneli saxelwodebis _ katafxia’s<br />
<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba amave rigis iseTi toponimebis gverdiT, rogoricaa <strong>da</strong>ba _ borCxa,<br />
xeobebi _ desvekeli, murRuli, soflebi: xeba, Suaxevi, ze<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qve<strong>da</strong> qlaskuri, sveti <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva. katafxia mravalmxriv iqcevs yuradRebas. igi u<strong>da</strong>vod un<strong>da</strong> aixsnas qarTveluri enebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> qarTvelur enobriv samyarosTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli uZvelesi xalxebisa <strong>da</strong> lingvisturi<br />
jgufebis safuZvelze. dResac, qarTuli enis <strong>da</strong>savlur dialeqtebSi, gansakuTrebiT kolxurSi<br />
(zanurSi), Semonaxulia -fxe (//-xe) sufiqsiT gaformebuli naTesaobis aRmniSvneli<br />
saxelwodebebi. igi tradiciulad qalis mamiseul gvars erTvo<strong>da</strong> (magaliTad: bauJafxe,<br />
eliafxe, comaixe, dunduxe...) <strong>da</strong> gaTxovili qalis naTesaobisadmi kuTvnilebas, mamis gvareulobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
warmomavlobasa <strong>da</strong> vinaobas gamoxatav<strong>da</strong>. am formantiT sqesic ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
katafxia’sTan mimarTebaSi yuradRebas iqcevs lazuri gvari ketiSi, romelic SemdegSi<br />
gamoyenebuli iqna gaTxovili qalis mamiseuli gvaris sawarmoeblad: ketifxe (Sdr. lazur<br />
pepifxe’sa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTSi, sofel sumleTSi kanifxe’s). sxvaTaSoris, swored ketifxe<strong>da</strong>n SemdegSi<br />
kvlav warmoiqmna mamiseuli xazis gvareuloba _ ketifxeSi (Sdr. msgavsi gziT warmoqmnil<br />
`tbeTis sulTa matianeSi~ <strong>da</strong>mowmebul nikolafxeSvils). vfiqrobT sayuradReboa<br />
eTer beriZes sufiqsi fxe (//fxi) geografiul saxelwodebaSi rom <strong>da</strong>ufiqsirebia. specialur<br />
literaturaSi ukve <strong>da</strong>dgenilia, rom mdedrobiTi sqesis mawarmoebeli -mxe//-xe//-fxe<br />
nawilakis uZvelesi semantika <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia Sobis cnebasTan, romelic kolxur enobriv<br />
samyaroSi dRemde Semoinaxa (Sdr. o. WurRulias). ganviTarebis adreul safexurze igi manayofierebeli<br />
wylis mniSvnelobasac Seicav<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n misi ori arqauli sema: wyali <strong>da</strong><br />
Soba (>Svili//skiri), romlebic qronologiurad Tanabar donezec ki SeiZleba ganvixiloT.<br />
amdenad, fxe//xe ramdenime uZveles mniSvnelobas gadmoscem<strong>da</strong>: manayofierebeli wylis, Sobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, Svilis, mravlobiTi ricxvis <strong>da</strong>, sabolood, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, qalis naTesaobis,<br />
mamiseuli gvarisadmi kuTvnilebis.<br />
tipologiurad <strong>da</strong> semantikurad aseTive konteqstSi un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT kolxuri termini<br />
skiri (//sqiri), romelic Svils aRniSnavs <strong>da</strong> gvarsaxelSi sufiqsic rolsac asrulebs<br />
(magaliTad, papaskiri, wuleiskiri, papasqua...), Tumca, imavdroulad, konkretulad<br />
mdinaris, zoga<strong>da</strong>d ki _ wylis aRmniSvnel saxewodebebTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, ufro<br />
zustad, igi wylis protosemas un<strong>da</strong> warmoadgendes (<strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. n. mgelaZe, m. faRava). amis<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebaa eTer beriZis mier gamovlenili soflis saxelwodeba _<br />
qlaskuri (gv. 276), romelic, u<strong>da</strong>vod, `Tbil wyals~ un<strong>da</strong> aRniSnavdes <strong>da</strong> ara `Tbili qaris<br />
wyals~ (ix. wignis re<strong>da</strong>qtoris _ r. surmaniZis SeniSvna). niSandoblivia, rom skir-<br />
Tan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli toponimebi qarTvelur tomTa Zvel <strong>da</strong> uZveles istoriul problemaTa<br />
analizis saSualebas gvaZlevs. amitomac, am tipis TiToeuli hidronimisa Tu geografiuli<br />
saxelwodebis gamovlena saSuri saqmea. am TvalsazrisiT SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vasaxe-<br />
460
loT Tanamedrove samsunis yuris aRmosavleTiT mdebare zanurenovani toponimi _ Temiskira.<br />
aseve, iqve, Termodontis velze arsebob<strong>da</strong>, pomponius melas mier moxseniebuli<br />
qalaqi _ Temiskuri, romelic, mecnierTa azriT, Temiskiri’s variants un<strong>da</strong> warmoadgendes.<br />
bunebrivia, am problemebze msjelobisas TavisTvad interes aRZravs saxelwodeba<br />
dioskuria. roca am tipis toponimebis mniSvnelobas adgenen, mxedvelobaSi Rebuloben<br />
zanuri _ megruli, ise, rogorc lazuri -skur elementis Semcveli im toponimebis arsebobas,<br />
romlebic upiratesad Rele-mdinareebs aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>. am rigis problematikasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi warmoCndeba megruli sityvebi _ squri (mSrali), noskiri (<strong>da</strong>naSrobi). varaudoben,<br />
rom noskiri’<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> iyos nawarmoebi soflis saxeli nosiri. ase vrclad es<br />
sakiTxebi imitom warmovaCineT, rom toponimTa urTierTa<strong>da</strong>kavSirebis safuZvelze vaCvenoT<br />
eTnopolitikuri <strong>da</strong> eTnoistoriuli warsulis sferoSi <strong>axali</strong> mosazrebebis gaCenis<br />
SesaZleblobeba. araa gamoricxuli, rom swored nosiri iyos bizantiis imperatoris<br />
_ iustinianes mier kolxeTSi agebuli cixe-simagre losorioni (//lisirisi) an igi<br />
mis saxelwodebaSi iyos asaxuli (ix. s. yauxCiSvili). am TvalsazrisTa erToblioam specialur<br />
literaturaSi gaaCina macdunebeli azri, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c Temiskaris <strong>da</strong>blobze<br />
mosaxle sirebi (levkosirebi), rogorc satomo gaerTianeba, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli yofili<br />
zanur -skir (//-skur) ZirTan (<strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. g. qavTaraZe).<br />
TavisTavad yuradRebas iqcevs sakuTriv nigali’s etimologiisa <strong>da</strong> semantikis sakiTxebic.<br />
`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ asaxul TxzulebebSi es saxelwodeba (nigali, nigalis<br />
xevi) araerTgzis gvxvdeba. am xeobis aRmniSvnelad sxva sityvebic mogvepoveba, iseTi,<br />
rogoricaa ligani <strong>da</strong> livana. literaturaSi miaCniaT, rom es saxelwodebebi klarjeT-<br />
Si, qarTvelur samyaroSi, mdinare Woroxis qvemo dinebasTan mdebare olqis saxelwodebis<br />
_ nigalis _ transformaciis Sedegia: nigali>ligani>livana, msgavsad Zveli aRmosavleTis<br />
xalxebSi arsebuli calkeuli lingvisturi procedurisa. magaliTad, ligistinelebi<br />
kolxebis mezoblad mcxovrebi eTnikuri jgufi Tu tomobrivi <strong>da</strong>jgufeba iyo.<br />
`ligistikes~ 1 Secvla `libistikeTi~ garkveul enobriv samyaroSi un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo, guturaluri<br />
fonemis <strong>da</strong>kargvisa <strong>da</strong> xmovanTa Soris glaidis gaCeniT. varaudoben, rom<br />
analogiuri cvlilebebis Sedegi iyo luviuri saxelwodebis Luvwijia-s xeTuri Lukkasgan<br />
gaCena. saerTod, l <strong>da</strong> n bgeraTmonacvleoba <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli yofila xeTuri xanis<br />
Crdilo-anatoliuri toponimebisaTvis. eTer beriZis toponimikur fondSi gvxvdeba adgilTa<br />
iseTi saxelwodebebic, romlebic, Cveni azriT, adreuli eTnikuri istoriis amsaxvelia<br />
<strong>da</strong> SesaZlebelia rigi problemuri kiTxvis asaxsnela<strong>da</strong>c gamogvadges. aseT<br />
saxelwodebebs un<strong>da</strong> ganekuTvnebodes nigalis xeobaSi arsebuli soflis saxeli Tolgomi<br />
(Turqulad Salkimi _ wignSi ganmartebulia rogorc `grZeli yurZeni~ _ gv. 278). <strong>da</strong>saSvebia<br />
igi ukavSirdebodes Tabalis qveynis qalaqs Togorma’s (//Tegarma//Til-garimu).<br />
am Tanxvedrilobis <strong>da</strong>sabuTebis mniSvneloba kidev ufro gaizrdeba Tu Cven gavixsenebT<br />
araerTi specialistis azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom Togorma uSualod iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
qarTvelebis eTnarq-winaprebis: haosisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlosis mamis _ Targamosis saxelTan.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, mecnierTa garkveuli nawili Tvlis, rom qristianobis miRebis Semdeg, roca<br />
didi iyo `Sesaqmis wignis~ gavlena, dev-gmirad qceuli qarTvelTa RvTaeba _ qarTlosi<br />
genealogiurad <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong> `SesaqmeTa wignis~ `tabula popularum~-s <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>iqca Togormis<br />
(Targamosis) Zed. es iRblian mixvedrad miaCniaT, radgan qalaqi Til-garimu<br />
mdebareob<strong>da</strong> TabalSi, im arealSi, sai<strong>da</strong>nac warmoSobiT tibareni-iberebi iyvnen, Tumca<br />
Cven isic un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT, rom qarTvelTa winaprebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb arsebobs<br />
odnav Tu sagrZnoblad gansxvavebuli versiebic (<strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. g. qavTaraZe).<br />
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, nigalis xeobis adrindel mkvlevarTagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
eTer beriZis naSromSi bevri ram <strong>da</strong>zust<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> araerTi originaluri sakiTxi warmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
Zveli <strong>da</strong> <strong>axali</strong> masalebis Sepirispirebisas. mTavari <strong>da</strong>skvna, rac monografiaSi toponimika-onomastikasTanaa<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, gaxlavT is, rom ZirZveli qarTveluri geografiuli<br />
leqsemebi dRes ukve Zalze Semcirebulia makrotoponimiaSi. yuradsaRebia isic,<br />
rom, rogorc Cans, lazurenovani mosaxleoba ufro metad aqtiurobs, vidre qarTulenovani,<br />
radganac adrindel mkvlevarTa SromebSi <strong>da</strong>culi lazuri monacemebi dRemde<br />
ucvlelia. Cveni yuradReba miiqcia agreTve, eTer beriZis mier calke Tavad gamoyofilma<br />
e. w. Sereulma toponimebma (gv. 136-141), romlebSic fuZe qarTulia, xolo afiqsi _<br />
1 Sdr. `ligistikur kÂtaÁas~ _ SesaZlo Crdilokapadokiuri qalaqi <strong>da</strong> ligiebisa <strong>da</strong> levkosirebis saxelwodebaTa<br />
fonetikur msgavsebas, maT kavSirs kolxur samyarosTan.<br />
461
Turquli an piriqiT, Ziri Turqulia, derivacia ki _ qarTuli. es ukanaskneli qarTuli<br />
sityvawarmoebisa Tu morfonologiur procesTa mdgradobaze miuTiTebs: duz-eb-i (düz _<br />
`vake~), funduk-ur-a (findik _ `Txili~), injil-nar-i (incil _ `margaliti~), Roj-ieT-i (gice _<br />
`kedeli~), na-Tax[T]-ev-i (taht _ `ficari~), sa-Cair-e (cayz _ `mdelo~)...<br />
eTer beriZem Tavisi <strong>axali</strong> monografiiT Seqmna nigalis xeobis toponimuri fondi,<br />
romelic istoriuli geografiiT <strong>da</strong>interesebuli specialistebisaTvis, enaTmecnierebisTvis,<br />
istorikosebisaTvis anTropologebisa Tu eTnologebisaTvis, demografebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mecnierebis kidev araerTi <strong>da</strong>rgisTvis marTlac oqros fondis tolfasia, oRond, Zalze<br />
samwuxaroa, rom masSi `aravineTis~ msgavsi leqsikuri erTeulebic Sedis, romelic,<br />
albaT, ara-vi-n-eT-i Sesityvebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs <strong>da</strong> Cveni winaprebis avbediT warsulze<br />
migvaniSnebs. rogorc Cans, odesRac mezoblad mcxovrebma qarTvelebma Searqves aRniSnul<br />
geografiul punqts Sesabamisi saxelwodeba adrindeli mosaxleobis iqauri adgilebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ayrisa <strong>da</strong> TurqeTis centralur qalaqebSi ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebis gamo. uZvirfases masalaSi,<br />
romelic saanalizo wignSi warmodgenilia mexuTe <strong>da</strong>narTis saxiT, Sedis sami<br />
aTasi toponimi, sa<strong>da</strong>c calkeuli soflis mixedviT qarTul <strong>da</strong> Turqul enebze miTiTebulia:<br />
ubnebis, baRCa-bostnebis, tba-wyaroebis, Rele-tyeTa, mineraluri wylebis, xevebis,<br />
gzebis, baR-venaxebis, yanebis, mdeloebis, saTib-saZovrebis, ialaRebis, sanadiro Tu<br />
samWedlo adgilebis, gamoqvabulebis, mTa-kldeebis, mwvervalebis, Txilnaris, muxnaris,<br />
naeklesiarTa Tu sasaflaoebis saxelwodebani <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis yvelgan mocemulia c<strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
warmomavlobis axsnisa. ase magaliTad: sofel arCveTSi erT-erT ubans dRemde `Wkadue-<br />
Ti~ ewodeba imitom, rom adre aq mWedlebi cxovrobdnen (Sdr. qarTuli Wed-, megrullazuri<br />
Wkad-/Wad-, svanuri Skód-/Skid- Zirebi `Wedva~).<br />
mkiTxvelis yuradRebas iqcevs informatorTa gansakuTrebuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba maT<br />
mier mowodebuli teqstebisadmi; roca kinwyureTeli mTqmeli husein serToRli (cecxlaZe)<br />
garkveul toponimebs ganmartavs: (na-kaf-ev-i, furin-i-kar-i...) Tan urTavs metad<br />
mniSvnelovan komentars: `ise duurqmevin, geiardi, miwi<strong>da</strong>n xma iyav _ Seni miwa bumbuli<br />
iyos~-o (gv. 155).<br />
wigni sainteresoa ergatiuli konstruqciis, dezafrikatizaciis, inkluziv-eqskluzivis<br />
kategoriis, mwkrivebSi formaTa paradigmatuli gasworebis, perfeqtul droTa<br />
warmoebisa <strong>da</strong> Tvlis sistemis specifikis TvalsazrisiT, TumcaRa am sakiTxebze msjeloba<br />
masSi warmodgenili ar aris. imedia momavalSi es nakli gamoswordeba. sayurad-<br />
Reboa, agreTve, iseTi kompozitebi, romlebic arc saliteraturo qarTulSi gvxvdeba,<br />
arc qarTuli enis sxva dialeqtebSi <strong>da</strong> arc umwerlobo qarTvelur enebSi (fanelai _<br />
manelai, heqimebi – meqimebi...).<br />
eTer beriZis monografiisadmi interesi izrdeba imiTac, rom nigalis xeobis lingvistur<br />
aspeqtebTan erTad igi kulturul faseulobaTa im eTnikur plastebsac ikvlevs,<br />
romlebic istoriulad Camoyalibebul toponimikaSia asaxuli. wignSi am umni-<br />
Svnelovanes kulturologiurs veqtors gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. bunebrivia, es<br />
asec un<strong>da</strong> iyos, radgan saerTo amocanis ga<strong>da</strong>Wrisadmi aqcenti avtoris mier monografiis<br />
saTaurSivea gakeTebuli <strong>da</strong> gaTvaliswinebulia istoriul-eTnografiuli kvlevebi.<br />
monografiis avtori nigalis xeobas kompleqsurad ikvlevs. igi erTi romelime konkretuli<br />
mimarTulebiT ar ifargleba. kvlevis arealSi moqceulia nigaluri metyvelebis<br />
Taviseburebebi, folklori, ganxilulia materialuri kulturis Zeglebi, gansakuTrebiT<br />
yuradReba toponimikazea gamaxvilebuli.<br />
mxaris toponimika istoriul-eTnologiuri realobis rekonstruqciis erT-erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani wyaroa. igi Seicavs sando informacias ama Tu im xalxisa Tu <strong>da</strong>saxlebis<br />
<strong>istoria</strong>ze, mogviTxrobs mosaxleobis Sroma-saqmianobaze, kulturul memkvidreobaze,<br />
socialur urTierTobaTa sistemasa <strong>da</strong> gvarTa adgilmonacvleobis marSrutebsa <strong>da</strong> mimarTulebebze.<br />
toponimika faqtiurad srulyofils xdis mxaris istoriul <strong>da</strong> eTnografiul<br />
portrets. amis Tqmis uflebas gvaZlevs anTroponimuli, floronimuli, hidronimuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva tipis geografiuli saxelebis analizi, adgilis saxelebi, romlebiTac<br />
gamorCeulad mdi<strong>da</strong>ria nigalis xeoba. xazi un<strong>da</strong> gaesvas qarTul-Turquli <strong>da</strong> TurqulqarTuli<br />
sityvebiT Sedgenil saxelTa gamocalkavebasa <strong>da</strong> erTad <strong>da</strong>jgufebis mcdelobas,<br />
rac meTodurad marTebulia, radgan am sakvlevi obieqtisadmi am principiT midgoma<br />
upirvelesad istoriuli TvalsazrisiTaa gamarTlebuli.<br />
462
eTer beriZis monografiaSi _ `nigalis xeoba~ _ TurqeTis qarTul mosaxleobaSi<br />
qristianul faseulobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli araerTi sayuradRebo faqtia gamovlenili,<br />
rasac didi mniSvneloba aqvs samxreT saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleT TurqeTis teritoriebze<br />
qristianuli anTropologiis Sesaswavlad. qristianuli toponimika <strong>da</strong> am<br />
tipis toponimikasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli gadmocemebi erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaroa, romelsac<br />
SeuZlia naTeli mohfinos winaremuslimanuri mosaxleobis sulier samyaros, sasuliero<br />
SexedulebaTa istoriulad Camoyalibebul sistemas. am tipis Tematikis kvleva im<br />
mxrivacaa saintereso, rom igi muslimanur garemocvaSi avlens qristianuli rwmenis Semonaxulobis<br />
ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs, gvixnis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis winaparTa religiisadmi<br />
pasiur, magram mainc saTuTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis umTavres mizezebs. avtori<br />
gamokvlevaSi asaxelebs adgilis mraval saxelwodebas, romelic ama Tu im saxiT mxaris<br />
qristianul warsulTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. maTgan un<strong>da</strong> gamoiyos diakvaneTi, Tvalangelo,<br />
janvareTi, ocangilo, qilisayafi (eklesiis kari/alayafi), oxvame... es ukanaskneli<br />
lazebisa <strong>da</strong> megrelebis eTnografiul yofaSi sakraluri velis gamomxatvelia <strong>da</strong>,<br />
saerTod, <strong>da</strong>savlur-qarTul dialeqtebSi salocavebs aRniSnavs.<br />
istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriebze materialuri, maT Soris, qristianuli<br />
kulturis Zeglebis kvlevas gaaCnia didi mecnieruli _ Teoriuli <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli Rirebuleba.<br />
Teoriul Rirebuleba gamoxatulia imaSic, rom am ZeglTa SeswavliT far<strong>da</strong><br />
exdeba gar<strong>da</strong>sul saukuneTa istoriis umniSvnelovanes epizodebs, Zveli <strong>da</strong> uZvelesi<br />
epoqebis istoriis kardinalur problemebs, tomebs, xalxebs, eTnosebs, saxelmwifoebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> imperiebs Soris savaWro-ekonomikuri, samxedro-politikuri <strong>da</strong> kulturul-istoriuli<br />
urTierTobebis araerT umniSvnelovanes faqts, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs SevavsoT<br />
gabmuli istoriuli TxrobisaTvis aucilebeli calkeuli qronologiuri periodi. eTer<br />
beriZis wignSi <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, gansazRvrulia sagulisxmo Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi<br />
<strong>da</strong> safortifikacio nagebobebis, cixeebis (mamanaTi, sinkoTi...), TaRiani xidebis<br />
(gidriveTi _ Cxalis wyalze, skubaTi _ beRlevaniswyalze...), eklesiebis (mamawmin<strong>da</strong>, sveti...)<br />
adgilmdebareoba. monografiis praqtikuli Rirebuleba gansazRvrulia istoriuli<br />
faseulobebis <strong>da</strong> kulturuli memkvidreobis sayovelTaod cnobili im adgiliTa <strong>da</strong><br />
roliT, romelic mis Seswavlas uWiravs turistuli infrastruqturis, Sesabamisad, turistuli<br />
biznesis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.<br />
Cven ver vityviT, rom eTer beriZis monografiam yvela kiTxvas amomwuravad gasca<br />
pasuxi an avtorma yvela problema gamowvlilviT ganixila <strong>da</strong> Seiswavla. mas igi arc isaxav<strong>da</strong><br />
miznad, magram Cven Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom misi gamokvleviT kidev erTxel<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>idga nabiji win tao-klarjeTis kvlevis saqmeSi <strong>da</strong> arsebuli literatura Seivso kidev<br />
erTi saintereso monografiiT, romelic faseulia rogorc empiriuli masalis, ise<br />
Teoriuli ganzogadebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
iza CantlaZe<br />
filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori<br />
nugzar mgelaZe<br />
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori<br />
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