winasityvaoba
winasityvaoba
winasityvaoba
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saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
<strong>winasityvaoba</strong><br />
winamdebare publikacia warmoadgens sxvadasxva tipis kvlevebis<br />
gaerTianebul analizs, romelic asaxavs saqarTveloSi arsebuli<br />
biznesgaremos problemebsa da gamowvevebs mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
kuTxiT. aRniSnuli publikacia aseve moicavs mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
mxardaWeris saerTaSoriso gamocdilebasa da saqarTveloSi<br />
ganxorcielebul programebsa da proeqtebs. igi SemuSavebulia<br />
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociaciis mier mcire da saSualo<br />
biznesis xelSewyobis proeqtis farglebSi. proeqti xorcieldeba<br />
saerTaSoriso eqspertTa korpusisa da USAID-is dafinansebiT.<br />
qveyanaSi arsebuli biznesgaremo ganapirobebs ekonomikis zrdisa da kerZo<br />
seqtoris ganviTarebis tempebs. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri garemo<br />
yovelwliurad fasdeba sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi<br />
organizaciebis mier. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Sefasebebi ZiriTadad<br />
efuZneba angariSebs, axal kanonebsa da sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis<br />
analizs. am Sefasebebis ukan ar dgas uSualod mewarmeebis mosazrebebi da<br />
konkretuli problemebi. qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa da<br />
biznesgaremos Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan informacias Tavad qarTveli<br />
biznesmenebi floben. ekonomikurad aqtiuri es adamianebi yvelaze kargad<br />
icnoben da afaseben arsebul biznesgaremos.<br />
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociaciam Caatara sxvadasxva tipis<br />
kvlevebi saqarTveloSi arsebuli biznesgaremos Sefasebis, aseve aqtualuri<br />
da problemuri sakiTxebis gamovlenis mizniT.<br />
publikacia SemuSavebulia proeqtis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli<br />
kvlevebis safuZvelze: fokus-jgufi mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
monawileobiT; biznesmaregulirebeli kanonmdeblobisa da biznesis<br />
ganviTarebis progmebisa da proeqtebis analizi da mimoxilva; mcire da<br />
saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi proramebisa, proeqtebis da<br />
saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis mimoxilva da raodenobrivi kvleva, romlis<br />
farglebSic gamoikiTxa 500 mcire da saSualo zomis sawarmo saqarTvelos<br />
masStabiT.
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
Sinaarsi<br />
proeqtis Sesaxeb ................................................................<br />
................................................................<br />
................................................................<br />
...............................................................<br />
5<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis ganmartebebi - saqarTvelo da sxva qveynebi .............. 9<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesi – ZiriTadi statistikuri maCveneblebi<br />
........................... 13<br />
mcire da saSualo alo biznesis kvlevis Sedegebi ................................................................<br />
.................... 17<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebis aRwera da meTodologia ................................................................ 17<br />
fokus-jgufis Sedegebis mimoxilva .......................................................................................... 18<br />
raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili ZiriTadi problemebi ........................ 19<br />
raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebi .................................................................................................. 22<br />
biznesis mareguirebeli kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva ................................................................<br />
.. 36<br />
sawarmos registracia ..................................................................................................................... 36<br />
licenziebi da nebarTvebi ............................................................................................................. 36<br />
sabaJo administrireba ..................................................................................................................... 39<br />
sagadasaxado administrireba ...................................................................................................... 42<br />
mcire da saSualo alo biznesis mxardaWera – saerTaSoriso gamocdileba .................. 48<br />
saqarTveloSi mimdinare saxelmwifo reformebis gavlena mcire da saSualo<br />
biznesze ................................................................<br />
................................................................<br />
................................................................<br />
................................................................<br />
.................... 54<br />
saerTaSoriso programebi da proeqtebi mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
ganviTarebisTvis ................................................................<br />
................................................................<br />
................................................................<br />
.............................................................<br />
67<br />
saqarTveloSi biznesis dawyebisa da ganviTerebis Sefaseba .............................................<br />
76<br />
4
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
proeqtis Sesaxeb<br />
ZiriTadi informacia<br />
proeqtis dasaxeleba: `mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis<br />
xelSewyoba~, biznessakonsultacio qseli saqarTvelo<br />
proeqtis ganxorcielebis periodi: marti, 2009 - ivlisi, 2009.<br />
proeqtis ganxorcilebis adgili: saqarTvelo<br />
proeqtis mizani:<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis xelSwyoba<br />
konsultaciebisa da treningebis gziT. aseve, saqarTveloSi mcire da<br />
saSualo biznesis mdgomareobis Seswavla, am sferoSi arsebuli<br />
problemebis identifikacia da Sesabamisi rekomendaciebis momzadeba.<br />
proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli saqmianobebi:<br />
aRniSnuli proeqtis farglebSi ganxorcieldeba:<br />
1. sxvadasxva saxelmwifo srtuqturebisa da saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciebis xelTarsebuli informaciis Tavmoyra da analizi;<br />
2. satelefono kvleva 500 mcire da saSualo sawarmoSi;<br />
3. fokus jgufi sxvadasxva seqtorSi dasaqmebuli mewarmeebis<br />
monawileobiT;<br />
4. samuSao Sexvedra saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, saxelmwifo da<br />
kerZo seqtoris warmoamdgenlebis monawileobiT;<br />
5. angariSi mcire da saSualo biznesis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb;<br />
6. angariSis prezentacia.<br />
proeqtis beneficiarebi: mewarmeebi da oficialuri pirebi, romlebic<br />
monawileoben biznesgaremos formirebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi.<br />
biznesis ganviTareba, Tavisufali konkurenciis formireba damokidebulia<br />
garemoze da uSualod biznesmenis mewarmeobriv unar-Cvevebze. amasTan,<br />
mniSvnelovania qveyanaSi arsebuli fuladi da adamianuri resursebis da<br />
maTze kerZo seqtoris xelmisawvdomobis xarisxi. sakanonmdeblo<br />
5
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
regulireba SesaZloa iyos liberaluri, magram ver an rTulad<br />
xerxdebodes misi administrireba. bevrs saubroben TviTon samewarmeo<br />
unarebis ganviTarebis arcTu maRal doneze. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi<br />
kvlavac naklebad xdeba momxmarebelze orientacia an/da mewarmeebi ar<br />
floben Sesabamis unarebs, rogor moaxdinon swori komunikacia miznobriv<br />
bazrebTan da Sesabamisad iyvnen maRalkonkurentunarianebi.<br />
qveyanaSi arsebuli biznesgaremo ganapirobebs ekonomikis zrdisa da kerZo<br />
seqtoris ganviTarebis tempebs. saqarTveloSi arsebuli ekonomikuri garemo<br />
yovelwliurad fasdeba sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi<br />
organizaciebis mier. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Sefasebebi ZiriTadad<br />
sxvadasxva anagriSebsa da miRebul axal kanonebsa Tu sakanonmdeblo<br />
cvlilebebis analizs efuZneba. Sefasebebis ukan ar dgas uSualod<br />
mewarmeebis mosazrebebi da konkretuli problemebi. qveynis ekonomikuri<br />
mdgomareobisa da biznesgaremos Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan informacias Tavad<br />
qarTveli biznesmenebi floben. ekonomikurad aqtiuri es adamianebi ufro<br />
kargad icnoben da afaseben arsebuli garemos sxvadasxva mxares.<br />
swored zemoTaRniSnuli garemoebebis gamo saqarTvelos axalgazrda<br />
ekonomistTa asociaciam saerTaSoriso eqspertTa korpusisa da USAID<br />
dafinansebi 2007 wlis martidan CaerTo mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
xelSewyobis proeqtSi.<br />
proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad Seiqmna biznessakonsultacio qselisaqarTvelo<br />
(BCNG), romlic aerTianebs 6 ofiss saqarTvelos masStabiT -<br />
TbilisSi, quTaisSi, baTumSi, gorSi, zugdidsa da TelavSi; Tbilisisa da<br />
quTaisis sakonsulacio centrebi Seiqmna saqarTvelos axalgazrda<br />
ekonomistTa asociaciis bazaze.<br />
qseli gansakuTrebulad fokusirebulia mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
ganviTarebis xelSewyobaze; klientebTan urTierToba emyareba kvalificiur<br />
serviss, mWidro kavSirebsa da ndobas.<br />
biznessakonsultacio qseli-saqarTvelo (BCNG) mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
warmomadgenlebs sTavazobs momsaxurebas sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT:<br />
bizneskonsaltingi, treningebi da marketinguli kvlevebi. mewarmeebs<br />
SeuZliaT miiRon momsaxureba sxvadasxva kuTxiT - sagadasaxado da sabaJo<br />
6
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
sakiTxebi, marketinguli dagegmva, buRaltruli aRricxva, biznesis dagegmva<br />
da marTva, sawarmoTa registracia, biznespartniorebis moZieba da sxva.<br />
proetis ganxorcilebis periodSi Seiqmna veb-gverdi www.bcng.ge, romelic<br />
moicavs mewarmisTvis saWiro yvela informacias, aseve siaxleebs mimdinare<br />
treningebisa da sxvadasxva sagranto programisa Tu bizneswinadadebebis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
2007 wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda biznessakonsultacio qseli<br />
saqarTvelos momxmarebelbis gamokiTxva sxvadasxva nominaciebSi<br />
gamarjvebulTa gamosavlenad. biznesgaremos ganviTarebis xelSewyobaSi<br />
wvlilis SetanisTvis da warmatebuli partniorobisTvis nominaciebze<br />
wardgenilni iyvnen: kerZo seqtoris, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis,<br />
saxelmwifo seqtorisa da masmediis warmomadgenlebi. 2007 wlis 23<br />
dekembers ki Catarda grandiozuli ceremoniali `nominantebis dajildoeba<br />
biznesgaremos ganviTarebis xelSewyobisTvis~.<br />
proeqtis farglebSi Tbilisi konsaltingis mier 918 konsultacia gaewia<br />
650 mewarmes, Catarda 43 treningi kerZo seqtorisaTvis aqtualur<br />
sxvadasxva mimarTulebaze. treningis monawileTa sruli raodenoba<br />
Seadgenda 852 pirs. aseve momzadda da gavrcelda sainformacio masalebi –<br />
bukletebi, posterebi da sxv.<br />
agvistoSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Semdgom proeqtSi ganxorcielda rigi<br />
cvlilebebi da Tbilis konsaltingis ofisma daiwyo `devnilTa dasaqmebis<br />
xelSewyobis” programis ganxorcieleba. aRniSnuli programis farglebSi:<br />
1. gaxorcielda dasaqmebis msurveli devnilebis aRricxva arsebuli<br />
kvalifikaciisa da samuSao SesaZleblobebis dadgenis mizniT; momzadda<br />
specialuri monacemTa baza, sadac ganTavsda informacia 5 000-ze meti<br />
samuSaos maZiebeli devnilis Sesaxeb.<br />
2. moxda moqmed 556 organizaciaSi arsebuli vakansiebis Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis mopoveba da Sesabamisad, samuSaos maZiebel pirebTan<br />
dakavSireba.<br />
am programis Sedegad Tbilisi konsaltingma erTmaneT daakavSira 43<br />
kompania da 120-ze meti samuSaos maZiebeli iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri<br />
7
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
amJamad saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia saerTSoriso<br />
eqspertTa korpusTan da USAID-Tan erTad axorcielebs axal proeqts,<br />
romlis farglebSic moxdeba saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
mdgomareobis Seswavla, am sferoSi arsebuli problemebis identifikacia<br />
da Sesabamisi rekomendaciebis momzadeba.<br />
aRniSnuli proeqtis farglebSi ganxorcieldeba:<br />
1. sxvadasxva saxelmwifo srtuqturebisa da saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciebis xelTarsebuli informaciis Tavmoyra da analizi;<br />
2. satelefono kvleva 500 mcire da saSualo sawarmoSi;<br />
3. fokus jgufi sxvadasxva seqtorSi dasaqmebuli mewarmeebis<br />
monawileobiT;<br />
4. samuSao Sexvedra saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, saxelmwifo da<br />
kerZo seqtoris warmoamdgenlebis monawileobiT;<br />
5. angariSi mcire da saSualo biznesis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb;<br />
6. angariSis prezentacia.<br />
proeqtis farglebSi Catarda saqarTvelos masStabiT 500 bizneserTeulis<br />
raodenobrivi kvleva. Catarda satelefono interviuebi sxvadasxva sferos<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis warmomadgenlebTan. raodenobrivi kvlevis<br />
dasrulebis Semdgom gaimarTa fokus-jgufi, romlebSic monawileoba miiRes<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis warmomadgenlebma. Sexvedrebma gamoavlines<br />
biznesis aqtualuri problemebi, maT Soris: biznessakanonmdeblo bazis<br />
daxvewa, administraciuli barierebi finansur saxsrebze xelmisawvdomoba<br />
da sxv.<br />
8
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
ganmartebebi -<br />
saqarTvelo da sxva qveynebi<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
2006 wlamde saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi ar arsebobda raime<br />
normatiuli aqti, romlic erTis mxriv gansazRvravda Tu ra iyo mcire da<br />
saSualo biznesi da meores mrxiv gansazRvravda politikas anda<br />
strategias am zomis sawarmoebis mimarT.<br />
2006 wels cvlilebebi Sevida kanonSi “erovnuli sainvesticio saagentos<br />
Sesaxeb” da aRniSnuli kanoniT (muxli #3 - terminTa ganmartebebi)<br />
dadginda ganmartebebi mcire da saSualo zomis sawarmoebisaTvis. kerZod:<br />
m) mcire sawarmo - `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad<br />
Seqmnili yvela organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis sawarmo, romelSic<br />
dasaqmebulTa saSualo wliuri raodenoba ar aRemateba 20 dasaqmebuls da<br />
romlis wliuri brunva – 500 000 lars;<br />
n) saSualo sawarmo - `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad<br />
Seqmnili yvela organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis sawarmo, romelSic<br />
dasaqmebulTa saSualo wliuri raodenoba ar aRemateba 100 dasaqmebuls da<br />
romlis wliuri brunva – 1 500 000 lars;<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aRnSnul ganmartebebs ar moyolia raime<br />
mizanmimarTuli saxlmwifo politika mcire da saSualo zomis sawarmoebis<br />
xelSewyobis mizniT. amasTan, aRniSnul kanonSic mxolod terminTa<br />
ganmartebaSia naxsenebi aseTi mcnebebi, rac tovebs STabeWdilebas rom<br />
Canaweri mxolod formalur xasiaTs atarebs.<br />
sxvadasxva qveynebSi gansxvavebulad xdeba biznesis zomebis ranJireba,<br />
Tumca ziRiTadad mainc yuradReba eqceva sawarmos brunvasa da<br />
dasaxmebulTa raodenobas, romlic xSirad sxvadsxva ekonomikuri<br />
saqmianobis seqtorebis mixedviT.<br />
9
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
malaizia<br />
malaiziaSi sxvadasxva saagentoebi iyeneben SME-s sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebs,<br />
rac damokidebulia maT biznes-interesebze. Tumca arsebobs erTi saerTo<br />
definiciac mcire da saSualo industriebis ganviTarebis korporaciis<br />
(SMIDEC) mier wamodgenili, romelic SME-s gansazRvravs ori ZiriTadi<br />
faqtoris mixedviT, yovelwliuri gayidvebis brunvasa da mTlian ganakveTze<br />
momuSave muSebis raodenobis mixedviT.<br />
SMIDEC-is mixedviT<br />
saSualo biznesi aris: `biznes dawesebuleba yovelwliuri gayidvebis<br />
brunviT RM10 milionsa da RM25 milions Soris, sadac muSaobs 150-ze meti<br />
personali mTliani ganakveTiT.~<br />
mcire biznesi aris: `biznes dawesebuleba sadac yovelwliuri gayidvebis<br />
brunva aris RM10 milionze meti da sada muSaobs 50-ze meti muSa mTel<br />
ganakveTze~<br />
kanada<br />
zustad Tu ra aris SME an mcire da saSualo sawarmo damokidebulia<br />
imaze, Tu vin akeTebs gansazRvrebas. Industry Canada iyenebs termin SME-s iseT<br />
biznesebTan mimarTebaSi, sadac 500-ze naklebi dasaqmebulia, maSin rodesac<br />
firmaTa klasifikaciis mixedviT 500 an meti TanamSromeli ukve `didi”<br />
biznesad iTvleba.<br />
Industry Canada mcire bizness gansazRvravs rogorc sawarmos, sadac muSaobs<br />
100-ze (Tu biznesi dafuZnebulia saqonlis warmoebaze) an 500-ze naklebi<br />
(Tu biznesi efuZneba momsaxurebas) adamiani. firmebs, romlebsac hyavT<br />
amaze meti, magram 500-ze naklebi momuSave saSualo biznesad iTvleba.<br />
mikrobiznesi ganisazRvreba rogorc 5-ze naklebi momuSave adamiani.<br />
Statistics Canada gansazRvravs SME-s rogorc nebismier biznesdawesebulebas 0-<br />
dan 499 momuSavemde da 50 milion dolarze naklebi wliuri SemosavliT.<br />
10
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
evrokavSiri<br />
mikro, mcire da saSualo zomis sawarmoebis (anu SME) kategoria Sedgeba<br />
sawarmoebisgan, sadac muSaobs 250 adamianze naklebi da romlis wliuri<br />
brunva Seadgens 50 milion evros da maTi naRdi fulis moZraobis uwyisi<br />
ar aRemateba 43 milion evros.<br />
azerbaijani<br />
mcire sawarmoebSi momuSave adamianebis raodenoba sferoebis mixedviT aris<br />
ufro naklebi vidre:<br />
50 adamiani - industria da sxva produqciuli seqtorebi<br />
25adamiani - mSenebloba da inJineriis sfero<br />
25adamiani - mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis sfero<br />
15adamiani - transporti, vaWroba da momsaxureba<br />
saSualo sididis kompaniebisTvis ar aris definicia.<br />
yazaxeTi<br />
mcire sawarmoebSi momuSaveTa raodenoba 50-ze metia da<br />
aqtivebis raodenoba Tviurad ar aRemateba 60.000 cals,<br />
saSualo sididis kompaniebisTvis ar aris definicia<br />
yirgizeTi<br />
mcire sawarmoebSi momuSaveTa raodenoba aris ufro naklebi vidre:<br />
• 50 adamiani warmoebis sferoSi da<br />
• 15 adamiani arawarmoebis sferoSi<br />
• sufTa Semosavali brunvidan ar aRemateba 500.000 KGH-s<br />
saSualo sididis kompaniebisTvis ar aris definicia.<br />
11
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
tajikeTi<br />
mcire sawarmoebSi momuSaveTa raodenoba aris ufro naklebi vidre:<br />
• 50-industriisa da mSeneblobis sferoebSi<br />
• 15-sxva ekonomikur saqmianobebSi<br />
saSualo sididis kompaniebisTvis ar aris definicia.<br />
TurqmeneTi<br />
mcire sawarmoebSi momuSaveTa raodenoba aris ufro naklebi vidre:<br />
• 50 warmoebis sferoSi<br />
• 10-sabiTumo vaWroba, saSuamavlo da momaragebis samsaxurebi<br />
• 25-sxva ekonomikur saqmianobebSi<br />
saSualo sididis kompaniebisTvis ar aris definicia.<br />
uzbekeTi<br />
mikro sawarmoebSi momuSaveTa raodenoba aris 10-ze naklebi industriaSi,<br />
xolo vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoebSi-5-ze naklebi.<br />
mcire sawarmoebSi industriaSi _ 40-ze naklebi, mSeneblobaSi – 20-ze,<br />
sacalo gayidvaSi da sxva araproduqciul sferoebSi – 10ze naklebi<br />
adamiani.<br />
saSualo sididis sawarmoebSi _ industriaSi 100-ze naklebi, mSeneblobaSi<br />
– 50-ze, soflis meurneobaSi, sabiTumo vaWrobasa da produqtebis<br />
miwodebaSi – 30-ze, sacalo gayidvaSi da sxva araproduqciul sferoebSi –<br />
20-ze adamiani.<br />
12
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesi – ZiriTadi statistikuri<br />
maCvenebelebi<br />
saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis informaciis mixedviT 2009 wlis<br />
pirveli aprilis mdgomareobiT saqarTevloSi registrirebulia 268546<br />
sawarmo maT Soris Tbilisze modis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli, yvelaze<br />
dabali ki raWa-leCxumisa da qvemo svaneTis regionze.<br />
saqarTveloSi registirebuli ekonomikuri subieqtebis raodenoba<br />
regionebis mixedviT<br />
registrirebuli ekonomikuri subieqtebis raodenoba regionebis mixedviT<br />
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1<br />
1 saqarTvelo-sul 144949 173375 227180 2603335 2685446<br />
2 q. Tbilisi 68215 86409 109056 123166 126074<br />
3 afxazeTis a.r. 1419 1434 2100 3059 14798<br />
4 aWaris a.r. 6231 7247 11459 14206 6906<br />
5 guria 3535 4069 5781 6671 31211<br />
6 imereTi 16216 17924 24755 29621 14701<br />
7 kaxeTi 9345 9923 12629 14297 6476<br />
8 mcxeTa-mTianeTi 4734 5120 5895 6350 1767<br />
9 raWa-leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi 1363 1432 1575 1708 1767<br />
1<br />
0 samegrelo-zemo svaneTi 10015 12400 19011 21708 22519<br />
1<br />
1 samcxe-javaxeTi 3474 3814 5205 5732 5858<br />
1<br />
2 qvemo qarTli 12946 15305 18907 21347 21911<br />
1<br />
3 Sida qarTli 7456 8298 10807 12470 12928<br />
2009 wlis 1 aprilis mdgomareobiT<br />
wyaro: saqarTvelos sawarmoTa da organizaciaTa erTiani saxelmwifo registri<br />
(soesr)<br />
registrirebul sawarmoTa 80% mcire zomis subieqtebze modis, 13% ki<br />
saSualo kompaniebze.<br />
13
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
saqarTveloSi registriebuli sawarmoebi<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom oficialuri monacemebi mcire da saSualo zomis<br />
kompanibis Sesaxeb sakmaod mwirea da ver iZleva srulyofil suraTs.<br />
qvemoT mocemulia oficialuri informacia, romelic gamoqveyenebulia<br />
saqrTvelos statistikis departamentis mier.<br />
aRniSnuli monacemebiT, saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi rogorc brunvis, aseve<br />
dasaqmebulTa raodenobis maCvenebebis 60%-ze meti mxsvil sawarmoebze<br />
modis, miuxedvad imisa, rom msxvili sawarmoebis wona registrirebul<br />
subietebSi mxolod 7%-ia. gamomdinare iqedan, rom msoflios<br />
ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi dasqmebulTa ZiriTadi nawili<br />
rogorc wesi saSualo da mcire biznesze modis, eWvis qveS SeiZleba<br />
davayenoT monacemebis sizuste.<br />
brunva sawarmoTa zomis mixedviT<br />
weli<br />
sul<br />
mln. lari<br />
maT Soris<br />
msxvili saSualo mcire<br />
2002 4 595,6 3 475,5 535,7 584,4<br />
2003 5 523,0 4 198,8 572,7 751,5<br />
2004 7 248,4 5 618,7 770,1 859,6<br />
2005 10 076,3 7 756,9 1 163,6 1 155,8<br />
2006 13 090,3 10 643,0 1 368,0 1 079,3<br />
2007 16 933,5 13 937,7 1 600,9 1 394,9<br />
2008 19 322,7 16 290,5 1 481,0 1 551,2<br />
14
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
dasaqmebulTa raodenoba sawarmoTa zomis mixedviT<br />
weli<br />
sul<br />
maT Soris:<br />
msxvili saSualo mcire<br />
2002 301 310 153 546 74 435 73 329<br />
2003 297 795 147 239 69 390 81 166<br />
2004 322 779 169 883 70 454 82 442<br />
2005 388 946 200 903 87 628 100 415<br />
2006 360 987 192 242 84 192 84 554<br />
2007 361 209 201 748 91 784 67 677<br />
2008 1 322 005 791 770 253 728 276 506<br />
oficialuri wyaroebis mixedviT 2009 wlis aprilis mdgomareboT<br />
saqarTveloSi registrirebulia 214 837 mcire zomis ekonomikuri subieqti<br />
da 34 911 saSualo sawarmo.<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis ZiriTadi nawili (68%-ze meti)<br />
daregistrirebulia rogorc Sps. regionebis WrilSi ki yvelaze didi wona<br />
Tbilisze modis (59% saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis, 47% - mcire). saqmianobis<br />
sferoebis mixedviT mcire sawarmoTa 50%-ze meti vaWrobaze modis.<br />
mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis brunvis gadanawileba iuridiuli formebis,<br />
saqmianobis sferoebisa da regionebis mixedviT Semdegnairia:<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesi iuridiuli formebis mixedviT<br />
iuridiuli forma<br />
saSualo<br />
mcire<br />
sul % 100 100<br />
Sps 88,5 68,0<br />
ss 4,6 4,8<br />
sps 0,4 2,0<br />
ks 0,0 0,0<br />
kooperativi 0,0 0,1<br />
ind. sawarmo 5,7 25,0<br />
sxva forma 0,7 0,0<br />
15
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesi regionebis mixedviT<br />
regioni<br />
saSualo<br />
mcire<br />
sul % 100 100<br />
Tbilisi 58,9 47,2<br />
afxazeTi 0,0 0,0<br />
aWara 10,1 13,2<br />
guria 0,2 1,4<br />
imereTi 9,3 14,3<br />
kaxeTi 1,7 4,9<br />
mcxeTa-mTianeTi 1,7 1,2<br />
raWa-leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi 0,4 0,7<br />
samegrelo-zemo svaneTi 6,9 5,8<br />
samcxe-javaxeTi 1,7 1,9<br />
qvemo qarTli 7,0 4,6<br />
Sida qarTli 2,2 4,9<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesi saqmianobis is sferos mixedviT<br />
saqmianobis sfero<br />
saSualo<br />
mcire<br />
sul % 100 100<br />
soflis meurneoba, nadiroba da<br />
satyeo meurneoba 0,4 0,9<br />
TevzWera, meTevzeoba 0,0 0,1<br />
samTomopovebiTi mrewveloba 1,4 1,3<br />
damamuSavebeli mrewveloba 18,4 12,1<br />
elqtroenergiis, airisa da wylis<br />
warmoeba da ganawileba 2,5 1,0<br />
mSenebloba 15,5 6,9<br />
vaWroba; avtomobilebis,<br />
sayofacxovrebo nawarmisa da piradi<br />
moxmarebis sagnebis remonti 34,9 54,1<br />
sastumroebi da restornebi 1,5 2,9<br />
transporti da kavSirgabmuloba 8,0 5,6<br />
operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara da<br />
momxmareblisaTvis momsaxurebis<br />
gaweva 8,5 10,8<br />
ganaTleba 3,2 0,8<br />
janmrTelobis dacva da socialuri<br />
daxmareba 4,7 1,2<br />
komunaluri, socialuri da<br />
personaluri momsaxurebis gaweva 1,0 2,0<br />
16
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis kvlevis Sedegebi<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebis aRwera da meTodologia<br />
proeqtis farglebSi Catarda sxvadasxva tipis kvlevebi: fokus-jgufi mcire<br />
dasaSualo biznesis warmomadgenlebTan; kerZo seqtoris raodenobrivi<br />
kvleva; samagido kvleva mcire da saSualo biznesis mgdomareobis Sesaxeb.<br />
Catarda fokus-jgufi mcire da mikro zomis kompaniebisa da saSualo<br />
sawarmoebis warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT. fokus-jgufebze ganxiluli<br />
iqna biznesisTvis aqtualuri sakiTxebi da problemebi. fokus-jgufebis<br />
ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo<br />
biznesgaremos prioritetuli sakiTxebisa da mimarTulebebis gamovlena.<br />
jgufuri diskusiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi iyo: biznesgaremosTan<br />
dakavSirebuli problemebis CamonaTvlis generireba; problemebis<br />
gamomwvevi mizezebisa da maTi variaciebis dadgena; kerZo seqtoris TvaliT<br />
danaxuli rekomendaciebis generireba problemebis mixedviT da sxv. fokusjgufebSi<br />
monawile mewarmeTa vinaoba konfidencialuria. amdenad, maTi<br />
citireba anagriSSi moxdeba piris an/da sawarmos miTiTebis gareSe.<br />
kerZo seqtoris raodenobrivi kvlevis farglebSi Seswavlil iqna 500º<br />
sawarmos warmomadgenlis mosazreba mcire da saSualo biznesgaremos<br />
arsebuli mdgomareobisa da samomavlo perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb. kvlevis<br />
mizans warmoadgenda saqarTvelos biznesgaremos Sefaseba, masSi arsebuli<br />
sirTuleebisa da problemebis gamovlena, aseve sainvesticio garemosa da<br />
saeqsporto potencialis Seswavla. SerCeva SemuSavda saqarTveloSi<br />
regionebis mixedviT daregistrirebul mewarmeTa raodenobisa da maTi<br />
saqmianobis moculobis proporciebis gaTvaliswinebiT (cxrili 1).<br />
biznesgaremos kvlevis bolo etapi iyo saqarTveloSi biznesis ganviTarebis<br />
xelSewyobis mizniT ganxorcielebuli programebisa da proeqtebis<br />
mimoxilva. aRniSnul samagido kvlevaSi ganxilulia biznesisTvis agreTve<br />
saerTaSoriso gamocdileba da ganxorcielebuli reformebi da programebi.<br />
17
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
fokus-jgufis<br />
Sedegebis mimoxilva<br />
2009 wlis maisSi Catarda fokus-jgufi mcire da saSualo zomis<br />
sawarmoebis warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT. fokus-jgufebis ZiriTad<br />
mizans warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo biznesgaremos<br />
prioritetuli sakiTxebisa da mimarTulebebis gamovlena. diskusiis<br />
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi Semdegnairi iyo: biznesgaremosTan dakavSirebuli<br />
problemebis CamonaTvlis generireba; problemebis gamomwvevi mizezebisa da<br />
maTi variaciebis dadgena; kerZo seqtoris TvaliT danaxuli<br />
rekomendaciebis generireba problemebis mixedviT da sxv.<br />
zogadad, sxvadasxva zomis biznesis warmomadgenlebma saerTo tipis<br />
problemebi daasaxeles, Tumc, iyo garkveuli gansxvavebebic. magaliTad,<br />
saSualo biznesis warmomadgenlebisaTvis metad aqtualuria sabaJo<br />
procedurebi da damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi, mcire<br />
mewarmeebisaTvis ki problematuria arsebuli sagadasaxado sanqciebisa da<br />
jarimebis moculoba.<br />
fokus_jgufSi monawile mewarmeebma erTsulovnad aRniSnes, rom<br />
biznesmaregulirebeli kanonmdebloba rTuli da orazrovania.<br />
jgufuri diskusiebis procesSi moxda problematuri da aqtualuri<br />
sakiTxebis gamovlena da Sefaseba. fokus-jgufis Sedegebi SeiZleba davyoT<br />
Semdeg jgufebad: kanonmdebloba, finansuri saxsrebi, ganviTrebis<br />
SesaZleblobebi da sxv. ZiriTadad gamovlinda Semdegi problemebi:<br />
• kanondeblobis xSiri cvlileba da rTulad gasagebi ena;<br />
• SeRaveTebis anda raime politikis ararseboba, romlic xels<br />
Seuwyobda mcire bizness;<br />
• xelmisawvdomoba finanur resursebze, gansakuTrebiT SeRavaTian<br />
kreditebze;<br />
• gasaRebis bazrebze gasvla, rogorc Sida aseve gare;<br />
• zogadi arastabiluriba da dagegmvis SeuZlebloba;<br />
18
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili ZiriTadi problemebi<br />
• gamokiTxul sawarmoTa 42%-is gamocdileba 5 wels ar aRemateba, rac<br />
miuTiTebs, rom saqarTveloSi biznesis marTvis kultura da<br />
tradiciebi jer kidev ar aris Camoyalibebuli. amas isic emateba, rom<br />
saqarTveloSi arsebuli biznesgaremo da Sesabamisad kanonmdebloba<br />
arastabiluria da kvlavac ganviTarebis gzaze imyofeba;<br />
• gamokiTxuli kompaniebis 73%-is azriT, biznesgaremo saqarTveloSi<br />
mniSvnelovnad gauaresda. miuxedavad respodentebis umravlesobis<br />
mosazrebisa biznesgaremos gauresebaze, kompaniebis 63%-ma<br />
sagadasaxado kodeqsis praqtikaSi moqmedeba saSualod Seafasa.<br />
Sesabamisad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom biznesgaremos negatiuri<br />
Sefaseba ZiriTadad postkonfliqturi da globaluri finansuri<br />
kriziTaa gamowveuli.<br />
• respodentTa 73% ver axerxebs sakuTari biznesis gafarToebas<br />
finansur saxsrebze xelmisawvdomobis arqonis gamo. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
igulisxmeba rogorc safinanso institutebi, investrorebi, aseve<br />
Tavisufali sakuTari saxsrebi. rogorc wesi, krizisamde, mcire<br />
sawarmoebi ganviTarebas sakuTari reinvesticiis xarjze axerxebdnen,<br />
rac dRes ukve gansakuTrebulad problematuri gaxda. xSirad maT<br />
saoperacio Tanxebic ki ar gaaCniaT.<br />
• mcire da saSulo biznesisaTvis yvelaze aqtualuri da mniSvnelovani<br />
problemaa gayidvebi. maT, rogorc wesi ar miuwvdebaT xeli<br />
sadistribucio sistemebze, ar aqvT Sesabamisi marketinguli da<br />
gayidvebTan dakavSirebuli codna da unar-Cvevebi. amasTan, saSualo<br />
da dabalSemosavliani mosaxlebis myidvelobiTunarianobis Semcireba,<br />
rac Tavis mxriv krizisiTaa mowveuli, pirdapir moqmedebs swored<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis warmomadgnelebs.<br />
• finansur saxsrebze xelmisawvdomobis TvalsazrisiT respodentTa<br />
absoluturi umravlesobisaTvis kritikulia kreditis saprocento<br />
ganakveTi. unda aRiniSnos, rom bankebma TiTqmis Sewyvites kreditebis<br />
gacema. amasTan, finsnsuri seqtori, yovelTvis upiratesobas msxvil<br />
19
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
bizness aniWebda da TiTqmis arasodes afinansebs damwyeb mcire<br />
kompaniebs. Sesabamisad, mcire da saSualo biznesisaTvis<br />
xelmisawvdomia mxolod mikrosafinanso organizaciebi, romlebsac<br />
Tavis mxriv sakmaod maRali saprocento ganakveTi aqvT – 30% da meti.<br />
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mewarmeebs isedac uWirT sakuTari<br />
produqtisa da momsaxurebis gayidva, maTTvis realurad SeuZlebelia<br />
kreditis aReba aseTi maRali saprocento ganakveTiT;<br />
• respodentTa 60%-ze meti miiCnevs, rom sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis<br />
daweseba mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobda xels maTi mdgomareobis<br />
gaumjobesebas. realurad, problemas warmoadgnes is garemoeba, rom<br />
ar tardeba mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebisaken mimarTuli<br />
saxelmwifo politika. arc erTi miznobrivi saxelmwifo programa ar<br />
iTvaliswinebs mcire da saSualo mewarmeebisaTvis SeRavaTiani<br />
kreditebis gacemas, unar-Cvevebis gaumjobesebas da sxva.<br />
• respodentTa 27%-saTvis sasurveli adamianuri resursebis moZieba<br />
problematuri sakiTxia. es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs saqarTveloSi<br />
arsebuli biznes-garemos erT-erT mtkivneul problemaze – naklebad<br />
ganviTarebul Sromis bazarze. araerTma kvlevam gamoavliana, rom<br />
kadrebis problema Zalian aqtualuria msxvili kompaniebisaTvisac.<br />
Sesabamisad, miuxedavad umuSevrobis maRali maCveneblisa, mcire da<br />
saSualo seqtorSic aris moTxovna sxvadasxva profesiebisa da<br />
xelobebis kvalificiur personalze.<br />
• mcire da saSualo kompaniebisaTvis biznesis operirebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT TiTqmis gadauWrel problemad rCeba gamarTuli<br />
buRaltruli aRricxva (55%), rac pirdapir kavSirSia sagadasaxado<br />
kodeqsis rTul enasa da xSir cvlilebebTan. xSirad mewarmeebi<br />
ubralod ver iReben informacias administraciul procedurebTan<br />
dakavSirebul cvlilebebze. ar floben swor informacias<br />
deklaraciebis wardgenis vadebisa da sagadasaxado jarimebis, aseve,<br />
gasaCivrebis procedurebis Sesaxeb;<br />
• SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo<br />
mewarmeebisaTvis investori xelmiuwvdomeli cnebaa. respodentebis<br />
20
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
94%-s arasodes hqonia raime saxis Sexeba potenciur investorTanac ki.<br />
amasTan, maTi umravlesoba ar flobs informacias iseTi<br />
organizaciebis Sesaxeb, romlebic SeiZleba daexmaron investoris<br />
moZiebaSi da Sesabamisi dokumentaciis momzadebaSi;<br />
• eqsporti aseve msxvili kompaniebis prerogativaa. bunebrivia mcire<br />
zomis sawarmoebs ar aqvT imis admianuri da sxva resursebi, rom<br />
sakuTari ZalebiT mioZion informacia gare bazebisa da potenciuri<br />
myidvelebis Sesaxeb. xSirad molaparakebebis warmoebac myidvelebTan<br />
calke problemaa. xolo rac Seexeba Suamaval organizaciebs,<br />
aseTebis Sesaxeb informacias respotenTa 99.2% ar flobs.<br />
21
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebi<br />
Seswavlili sawarmoebis 42%-s mxolod 1-dan 5 wlamde operirebis<br />
gamocdileba aqvs. TiTqmis yovelTviurad izrdeba registrirebul<br />
sawarmoTa raodenoba, Tumca bevri maTgani ver axerxebs biznesis<br />
warmatebul marTvas da sakmaod mokle periodSi tovebs bazars. yovelive<br />
es kidev erTxel adasturebs im garemoebas, rom biznesis marTvisa da<br />
dagegmvis kultura Zalian dabalia. am mimarTulebiT sakmaod bevria<br />
gasakeTebeli, gansakuTrebul xelSewyobas ki mikro da mcire biznesi<br />
saWiroebs.<br />
Seswavlili sawarmoebis funqcionirebis periodebi<br />
gamokiTxuli mewarmeebis 64% Tvlis rom misi sawarmo ganekuTvneba mcire<br />
sawarmos.<br />
gamokiTxuli sawarmoebi zomis mixedviT<br />
22
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
saqarTvelos kanoniT sainvesticio saagentos Sesaxeb dadginda<br />
kriteriumebi da gansazRvra terminebi mcire da saSualo biznesisTvis. am<br />
kanonis Tanaxmad mcirea sawarmo Tu misma brunva gasul wels iyo 500 000-<br />
ze naklebi, xolo saSualoa igi Seadgenda gasulwels 500 000 – 1 500 000<br />
lari da kompania romlis brunvamac Seadgina 1 500 000-ze meti igi<br />
ganekuTvneba msxvil kompanias. gamokiTxuli mewarmeebis 92% Semosavali<br />
wina wels iyo 500 000 laramde, Tumca gamokiTxuli kompaniebis<br />
TviTSefasebis safuZvelze 139 kompaniam (30%) sakuTari biznesi miakuTvna<br />
saSualo zomis kompanias.<br />
kanonis mixedviT<br />
respodentebis TviTSefaseba da<br />
kanoni mixedviT gadanawileba<br />
firmis zomis mixedviT<br />
mcire<br />
saSualo<br />
jami<br />
TviTSefaseba<br />
mcire saSualo didi<br />
raodenoba 316 147 1 464<br />
% 68,1 31,7 0,2 100<br />
raodenoba 1 30 5 36<br />
% 2,8 83,3 13,9 100<br />
raodenoba 317 177 6 500<br />
% 63,4 35,4 1,2 100<br />
gamokiTxuli kompaniebi seqtorebis mixedviT<br />
23
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
gamokiTxuli kompaniebis naxevarze meti saqmianobs momsaxurebis seqtorSi.<br />
Catarebul kvlevaSi Seswavlilia mewarmeTa damokidebulebebi da xedvebi<br />
biznesgaremos sxvadasxva aspeqtebis mimarT. respodentebma aseve moaxdines<br />
biznesgaremos zogadi Sefaseba bolo 1 wlis ganmavlobaSi. gamokiTxulTa<br />
umravlesobis (73%) azriT, biznesgaremo saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovnad<br />
gauaresda.<br />
biznesgaremos zogadi Sefaseba<br />
miuxedavad respodentebis umravlesobis mosazrebisa biznesgaremos<br />
gauresebaze, kompaniebis 63% sagadasaxado kodeqsis praqtikaSi moqmedeba<br />
saSualod Seafasa.<br />
sagadasaxo kodeqsis Sefaseba<br />
respodentebs aseve daesvaT kiTxva: Tu ra saxis daxmareba SeiZleba gaewios<br />
mcire da saSualo bizness kompaniebis 65% Tvlis rom mcire da saSualo<br />
24
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
biznesisTvis daxmarebis gaweva iqneboda finansur saxsrebze<br />
xelmisawvdomobis gazrda, TiTqmis 50%-sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis daweseba,<br />
xolo 45% sxvadasxva saxis programebis ganxorcieleba.<br />
mewarmeebisTvis sasurveli daxmareba<br />
mouxedavad saqarTveloSi bolo periodSi ganviTrebuli movlenebisa<br />
gamokiTxuli kompaniebis 99% gegmavs saqmianobis gagrZelebas da mxolod 5<br />
kompaniam (1%) ganacxada rom arsebuli mdgomareobis gamo SeuZlebeli<br />
saqmianobis gagrZeleba maTTvis. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />
respodentebis 48% ganacxada, rom ar apirebs saqmianobis gafarToebas<br />
Semdegi mizezebis gamo.<br />
saqmianobis<br />
gafarToeba<br />
25
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
gamokiTxuli kompaniebis mxolod 8,2% apirebs amJamindeli saqmianobis<br />
gafarToebas da ZiriTadad sakuTari an/da partnorebis danazogebiT<br />
saqmianobis gafarToebis gzebi<br />
respodentebis daaxloebiT 73% finansur saxsrebze xelmouwvdomlobis<br />
gamo ver axerxebs sakuTari biznesis gafarToebas.<br />
26
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
biznesgaremos ganviTarebis Sesaxeb rekomendaciebs amzadeben sxvadasxva<br />
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, aseve politikosebsac aqvT sakuTari xedva,<br />
Tu rogor SeiZleba ganviTardes biznesi an/da konkretuli dargi<br />
saqarTveloSi. Tumca sainteresoa ras fiqrobs kerZo seqtori da ra<br />
mimarTulebiT iTxovs igi mxardaWeras da visgan.<br />
mniSvnelovania gatardes erTiani politika rogorc saxlmwifos, aseve<br />
saerTaSoriso seqtoris mxridan, raTa realurad moxdes biznesis winaSe<br />
mdgari problemebis mogvareba. mizanmimarTuli RonisZiebebis<br />
ganxorcielebisaTvis ki aucilebelia, zustad moxdes aRniSnuli<br />
problemebis identifikacia da ranJireba.<br />
Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda is problemebi romlis winaSec<br />
dgas mcire da saSualo biznesi dRes. gamokiTxuli kompaniebis TiTqmis 60%<br />
biznesis saqmianobis procesSi xelisSemSlel faqtorad bazarze gayidvebs<br />
asaxelebs. meore msxvil problemas warmoadgens finansur saxsrebze<br />
xelmsawvdomoba. xolo, rac Seexeba saxelmwifos an/da sxva mesame pirebis<br />
mxridan biznesSi Careva respdentebis TiTqmis sruli uravlesobis mier<br />
dasaxelda rogorc yvealze naklebad problematuri sakiTxi. es mianiSnebs<br />
or mniSvnelovan sakiTxze: saxelmwifos Careva kompaniebis yoveldRiur<br />
saqmianobaSi Semcirda an/da Cajda kanonis farglebSi.<br />
ver Seafasa/uWirs Sefaseba<br />
27
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
ar aris problematuri<br />
naklenad problematuria<br />
28
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
problematuria<br />
Zalian problematuria<br />
kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda ara marto saqmianobis procesSi arsebuli<br />
problemebi, aramed biznesis ganviTarebisTvis yvelaze problematuri<br />
sakiTxebi. yvelaze problematur sakiTxad gamokiTxul kompaniebs Soris<br />
dasaxelda produqciis realizaciis SesaZlebloba. aseve aranakleb<br />
mniSvnelovan da problematur sakiTxad aRniSna finansul saxsrebze<br />
xelmisavdomoba da aseve sexsis saprocento ganakveTi.<br />
29
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
I arCevani<br />
II arCevani<br />
30
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
III arCevani<br />
respodentebma aseve daasaxeles Tu ra saxis konsultaciebiT<br />
isargeblebdnen maTi saqmianobis procesSi. gamokiTxuli kompaniebis 55%-s<br />
daxmareba buRaltruli aRricxvis kuTxiT sWirdebaT. meore adgili ukavia<br />
biznes-gegmebis momzadebas, rac albaT mosalodnelic iyo, Tu<br />
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom nebismier bizness ganviTarebisTvis damatebiTi<br />
saxsrebis mozidva surs, rac biznesgegmis gareSe warmoudgenelia.<br />
sasurveli bizneskonsultaciebi<br />
31
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
aRniSnuli kvlevis farglebSi biznesgaremos arsebuli mgdomareobis garda<br />
moxda respodentebSi saeqsporto potencialisa da insveticiebis mozidvis<br />
SesaZleblobebis Sefaseba da analizi. gamokiTxuli kompaniebis 94 %-s ar<br />
hqonia urTierToba investorebTan.<br />
ucxoel investorebTan urTierTobis gamocdileba<br />
diax<br />
ara, magram vgevmam/msurs<br />
ara<br />
24 4 472<br />
mcire saSualo didi mcire saSualo mcire saSualo didi<br />
9 13 2 2 2 306 162 4<br />
mqonda gacnobiTi Sexvedrebi<br />
saWiroebas ver vxedav<br />
2 250<br />
mcire saSualo didi mcire saSualo didi<br />
0 2 0 172 74 4<br />
SeTanxmeva ar/ver Sedga<br />
msurs, magram ver vaxexeb<br />
7 189<br />
mcire saSualo didi mcire saSualo didi<br />
4 3 0 117 72 0<br />
SeTanxmeba Sedga<br />
sxva<br />
5 33<br />
mcire saSualo didi mcire saSualo didi<br />
2 3 0 17 16 0<br />
maqvs molaparakebebi<br />
1<br />
mcire saSualo didi<br />
0 0 1<br />
sxva<br />
9<br />
mcire saSualo didi<br />
3 5 1<br />
32
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
gamokiTxuli kompaniebis 42% samomavlod gegmavs/surs investoris moZieba<br />
da maTi umravlesoba investors Senoba-nagebobesa (63%) da awyobil<br />
sarealizacio qsels (50%) SesTavazebs.<br />
investorisTvis Sesa<br />
saTabazeb<br />
Tabazebeli aqtivi<br />
gamokiTxuli kompaniebis 41% Tvlis rom investorebis mozidvis erT-erT<br />
winapirobas kargad momzadebuli biznesgegma (41%) warmoadgens da aseve<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis perspeqtiuli dargi (21%).<br />
investoris mozidvis ganmsazRvreli piroba<br />
33
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
respodentebis mxolod 2% aqvs informacia im organizaciebis Sesaxeb,<br />
romlebsac SeuZliaT daxmareba gauwion investorebis moZiebaSi.<br />
gamokiTxuli kompaniebis 38% daxmareba aRniSnuli organizaciebisagan<br />
sWirdebaT biznes-gegmisa da sxva investoris moZiebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
dokumantaciis momzadebaSi.<br />
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romlis analizic moxda aRniSnul<br />
kvlevaSi aris respodenti kompaniebis mier ganxorcielebuli eqsporti da<br />
masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. samwuxarod, gamokiTxuli kompaniebis<br />
mxolod 3% axorcielebs amJamad produqciis eqsports, Tumca 8.2% Tvlis<br />
mis mier warmoebul produqcias gaaCnia saeqsporto potenciali. Aaqve unda<br />
aRniSnos, rom am 5%-is kompaniebis mier produqciis mxolod adgilobriv<br />
bazarze realizacia SesaZloa mWidrod iyos dakavSirebuli<br />
arainformirebulobasTan. gamokiTxuli kompaniebis mxolod 3.8% icnobs<br />
saeqsporto bazrebs da kompaniebis mxolod 0.8% flobs informacias<br />
eqsportis xelSemwyobi iniciativebis Sesaxeb. respodentebis 38% Tvlis<br />
rom warmatebuli esqportisTvis saWiroa xarisxiani produqciis warmoeba.<br />
34
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
warmatebuli eqsportisTvis saWiro piroba<br />
gamokiTxuli kompaniebis mxolod 1.8% aqvs informacia iseTi kompaniebis<br />
Sesaxeb, romlebic daexmarebian mas eqsportis ganxorcielebaSi. Kkompaniebi<br />
aRniSnuli organizaciebis daxmarebas ZiriTadad gamoiyenebdnen<br />
informaciis miRebaSi, saerTaSoriso standartebis dakmayofilebaSi da<br />
marketinguli gegmebis SemuSavebaSi.<br />
35
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
biznesis mareguirebeli kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva<br />
biznesis maregulirebeli kanondebloba ar iTvalisiwnebs raime specilur<br />
normebs mcire da saSualo biznesis TvalsazrisiT. Sesabamisad, yvela<br />
SeRavaTi, upiratesoba Tu problema saerToa yvela zomis sawarmosaTvis.<br />
Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom garkveuli problemebi gansakuTrebulad<br />
mwvavea mcire kompaniebisaTvis, magaliTad sagadasaxado jarimebis<br />
moculoba, administraciuli barierebi da sxva.<br />
sawarmos registracia<br />
sasawarmoTa registracia iuridiul-samarTlebriv formebad xorcieldeba `mewarmeTa<br />
Sesaxeb~ kanonis Sesabamisad. bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi iyo registraciis proceduris<br />
gamartivebis mravali mcdeloba. 2005 wlamde saxelmwifo registracias axorcielebda<br />
sasamarTlo 15 dRis vadaSi, xolo sagadasaxado registracias finansTa saministros<br />
sagadasaxado departamenti. axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis miRebasTan erTad saxelmwifo<br />
da sagadasaxado registraciis valdebuleba daekisra sagadasaxado departaments.<br />
Semcirda sawarmoTa registraciis vadebi da Sesatani sawesdebo kapitalis minimumi.<br />
amJamad moqmedi kanonis mixedviT individualuri sawarmos registracia xorcieldeba<br />
erT samuSao dReSi, xolo SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis (Sps) _ ki 3<br />
samuSao dReSi, rac Seexeba sawesdebo kapitals Sps-sTvis, igi 2000 laridan 200<br />
laramde Semcirda.<br />
individualuri sawarmos saxelmwifo da sagadasaxado registraciisaTvis ar<br />
gadaixdevineba saxelmwifo baJi, mosakrebeli an sxva raime gadasaxdeli. saxelmwifo da<br />
sagadasaxado registraciaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi ganmcxadebels ubrundeba<br />
registraciis mizniT wardgenili dokumentacia.<br />
licenziebi da nebarTvebi<br />
ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi samewarmeo saqmianobis licenziebisa da nebarTvebis<br />
sferos regulirebis araerTi mcdeloba iyo. pirveli nabiji iyo 2002 wlis 14 maiss<br />
`samewarmeo saqmianobis licenziisa da nebarTvis gacemis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis<br />
36
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
miReba, romelmac garkveulwilad erTian CarCoSi moaqcia salicenzio da sanebarTvo<br />
sistema. aRniSnul kanonSi miRebis DdRidan ganxorcielda 19 cvlileba da sabolood<br />
2005 wlis 24 ivniss miRebul iqna axali kanoni `licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb~,<br />
romelic ZalaSi Sevida 2005 wlis 2 agvistodan.<br />
axal kanonSi ZalaSi Sesvlidan dRemde ukve ganxorcielda 10 cvlileba, romelic<br />
ZiriTadad exeboda salicenzio da sanebarTvo saxeebis modificirebasa da axlebur<br />
formulirebas. 2005 wels miRebuli kanonis safuZvelze gaicemoda 84 saxis<br />
saqmianobis licenzia, maT Soris, 33 saxis generaluri licenzia. arsebuli generaluri<br />
licenziebi aerTianebda 77 specialur licenzias. kanoniT aseve gansazRvrulia<br />
sargeblobis licenziac, romelic 2005 wels moicavda 8 saxis licenzias, maT Soris, 1<br />
generalur licenzias.<br />
2005 wlidan dRemde ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT 84 saxis saqmianobis licenzia<br />
Semcirda 79 saxis licenziamde. am cvlilebebis safuZvelze mTlianad amoRebulia<br />
sabaJo gadamzidvelisa da brokeris saqmianobis licenzia.<br />
kanonis mixedviT dadginda licenziisa da nebarTvis gacemis axali, `erTi sarkmlis~<br />
principi, romlis Tanaxmad licenziis an nebarTvis gamcemi administraciuli organo<br />
Tavad uzrunvelyofs damatebiTi salicenzio an sanebarTvo pirobebis sxva<br />
administraciuli organos mier dadasturebas. aseve, inovacias warmoadgens principi _<br />
`dumili Tanxmobis niSania~, romelic gulisxmobs, rom licenzia an nebarTva<br />
avtomaturad gacemulad iTvleba, Tu mTavrobis mxridan gansazRvrul vadebSi ar<br />
ganxorcielda Sesabamisi qmedeba. kanonis siaxles warmoagens, agreTve, sargeblobis<br />
licenziis mTlianad an nawilobriv gayidvis an gadacemis SesaZlebloba.<br />
meoradi kanonmdeblobis ararseboba. progresulad aRiarebuli CarCo-kanoni amomwuravad<br />
ver aregulirebs salicenzio procesis yvela aspeqts. is ufro zogadi xasiaTisaa.<br />
konkretuli sakiTxebi individualur licenziebTan an maT jgufTan dakavSirebiT<br />
konkretuli kanonebiT, e.w. meoradi kanonmdeblobiT, regulirdeba. CarCo-kanonma<br />
mTavrobas gardamavali periodi 2005 wlis 15 noembers dauwesa specialur<br />
licenziebTan dakavSirebuli meoradi normatiuli aqtebis mosamzadeblad. sabolood,<br />
saWiro iqneba specializebuli normatiuli aqtebis Secvla an gauqmeba imisaTvis, rom<br />
sistema CarCo-kanonis debulebebTan SesabamisobaSi movides.<br />
37
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
meoradi kanonmdeblobis miReba, meoradi uwyebisTvis vadebis da kompetenciebis<br />
gansazRvra, is prioritetuli amocana unda gaxdes, romelic umokles vadebSi da<br />
Tanmimdevrulad unda gadawydes. Tu mTavroba daapirebs meorad kanonmdeblobaze<br />
muSaobis dawyebas, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda gamaxvildes imaze, rom am kanonebma<br />
gansazRvros, Tu romeli uwyebebi, garda ZiriTadi licenziis gamcemi uwyebisa, miiRebs<br />
monawileobas gancxadebis warmoebaSi da rogor moxdeba maTi kompetenciebis gamijvna.<br />
meoradma kanonebma unda uzrunvelyos dokumentebis sia, romlebic saWiroa licenziis<br />
an nebarTvis misaRebad. amJamad CarCo-kanoni nebas rTavs licenziis gamcemebs, daaweson<br />
damatebiTi vadebi da pirobebi sargeblobis licenziis misaRebad saxelmwifo da<br />
sazogadoebrivi interesebis Sesabamisad. aSkaraa, rom meoradi kanonmdeblobis<br />
ararseboba licenziis/nebarTvis gacemis process ar matebs gamWvirvalobas an<br />
prognozirebadobas, ar nergavs biznesSi moTxovnebis Sesrulebis principebs.<br />
kanonmdebloba, romelic adgens : 1. meoradi uwyebebis sias; 2. TiToeuli meoradi<br />
uwyebis uflebamosilebis detalur aRweras; 3. vadebis ganxilvas; 4. saWiro<br />
dokumentebis sias, gaamartivebs salicenzio process da xels Seuwyobs mis<br />
prognozirebadobas. garda amisa, meoradi kanonmdebloba saWiroa ganmartebis<br />
sicxadisaTvis. amiT Semcirdeba dagvianebebi, romlebic yvelaze ufro xSirad<br />
dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva muxlis gansxvavebul interpretaciasTan.<br />
aRniSnulis mogvarebisaTvis sargeblobis licenziis saTanado procesis uzrunvelyofa<br />
unda moxdes. Tu licenziis mflobeli gadawyvets gayidos, gadasces an nawilobriv<br />
gaasxvisos licenzia kanonmdebloba, am SemTxvevaSi iTxovs, rom Seatyobinos<br />
aRniSnulis Sesaxeb licenziis gamcem uwyebas. sazogadoebrivi interesebis dasacavad,<br />
rekomendebulia moqmedi kanoniT arsebuli samdRiani vadis gagrZeleba im vadamde,<br />
romelic saSualebas miscems licenziis gamcem organoebs, Caataron misi gamcemisa da<br />
mimRebis saTanado Semowmeba. amas ganaxorcielebs ara mxolod licenziis gamcemi<br />
organo, aramed Sesabamisi meoradi uwyebebic.<br />
licenziis gadasacemad saWiro vada amJamad ar aWarbebs 3 samuSao dRes. aSkaraa, rom<br />
saWiroa sxvadasxva saxelmwifo dawesebulebis koordinirebuli muSaoba. vadebis<br />
gagrZeleba saSualebas miscems licenziis gamcem organoebs, gaumjobesebuli<br />
momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyon ganmcxadeblebi. es Seamcirebs arakvalificiuri licenziis<br />
an nebarTvis mflobelis mier potenciuri zianis miyenebis SesaZleblobas.<br />
38
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
aseve unda ganisazRvros auqcionis Catarebis wesebic. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,<br />
saqarTveloSi yvela sargeblobis licenzia gaicema auqcionis wesiT. Tumca, CarCokanoni<br />
adgens, rom auqcionis wesebi da procedurebi SeiZleba individualurad<br />
daareguliros licenziis gamcemma organom. es ki praqtikulad niSnavs, rom wesebi<br />
SesaZloa xelaxla gamoices an Seicvalos yoveli mniSvnelovani auqcionis win.<br />
sakanonmdeblo aramdgradobis asacileblad da biznesgaremos prognozirebadobis<br />
gasaZliereblad ufro gonivruli iqneboda zogadi auqcionis wesebis danergva<br />
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli 8 tipis sargeblobis licenziisaTvis.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom auqcioni, TavisTavad, Rirebuli resursebis gacemisas yvelaze<br />
sasurveli gamarjvebulis dadgenis saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens, misi ufro<br />
detaluri procedura mniSvnelovan wvlils Seitans procesis prognozirebasa da<br />
gamWvirvaleobaSi, rac gamoiwvevs dainteresebuli mxareebis waxalisebas auqcionSi<br />
monawileobis misaRebad.<br />
sabaJo administrireba<br />
sabaJo kodeqsi nebismieri qveynis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani dokunetia, romlis mkafiod<br />
Camoyalibebuli debulebebi da simartive qveynis sagareo-ekonomikuri urTierTobis<br />
swor orientirebs da biznesis ganviTarebas ganapirobebs. saqarTveloSi pirveli sabaJo<br />
kodeqsi miRebul iqna 1997 wels, Tumca aRniSnul dokumentSi arsebulma xarvezebma da<br />
lafsusebma ganapiroba sabaJo sistemis degradacia da dRis wesrigSi dasva misi<br />
Secvlis aucilebloba. sabaJo kodeqsis daxvewisa da efeqtianobis gazrdis mizniT masSi<br />
yovelwliurad xorcieldeboda cvlilebebi.<br />
sabolood, saqarTvelos parlamentis mier 2006 wlis 25 ivliss miRebul iqna axali<br />
sabaJo kodeqsi, romlis mizans warmoadgenda:<br />
• sabaJo procedurebis gamartiveba;<br />
• im sakiTxebis detaluri gansazRvra, romlebic Zveli kanonmdeblobiT ar iyo<br />
bolomde daregulirebuli an eqvemdebareboda ormag interpretacias;<br />
• harmonizacia evrokavSiris sabaJo kanonmdeblobasTan.<br />
sabaJo kanonomdeblobaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebidan aRsaniSnavia is cvlilebebi,<br />
romlebic exeba sabaJo brokeris licenziis gauqmebas, sabaJo Rirebulebis gansazRvris<br />
meTods, sabaJo reJimebsa da procedurebs. axali kanonmdeblobiT SemoTavazebulia<br />
saqonlis sabaJo Rirebulebis gansazRvris 6 meTodi, romlebic regulirdeba msoflio<br />
39
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
savaWro organizaciis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. aRniSnuli SeTanmxeba warmoadgens<br />
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas, romelsac saqarTvelos konstituciis Semdgom upiratesi<br />
Zala eniWeba.<br />
sabaJo reJimebi, romlebic<br />
darCa axal sabaJo<br />
kodeqsSi<br />
reJimebi, romlebic<br />
gadakeTda<br />
sabaJoOdamuSavebis<br />
operaciebad<br />
reJimebi, romelTa<br />
Sesabamisi debulebebi<br />
gaiwera sxvadasxva<br />
procedurebSi<br />
saqonlis Tavisufal mimoqcevaSi<br />
gaSveba (importi);<br />
Tavisufali zona;<br />
reimporti da droebiTi<br />
gatana;<br />
saqonlis tranziti Tavisufali sawyobi; ubaJo vaWroba;<br />
saqonlis sabaJo sawyobSi<br />
Senaxva;<br />
reeqsporti;<br />
gadamuSaveba sabaJo<br />
kontrolis qveS.<br />
saqonlis gadamuSaveba sabaJo<br />
teritoriaze;<br />
saqonlis droebiTi Semotana;<br />
saqonlis gadamuSaveba sabaJo<br />
teritoriis gareT;<br />
saqonlis ganadgureba sabaJo<br />
zedamxedvelobis qveS;<br />
saqonlis saxelmwifos<br />
sakuTrebaSi gadacema.<br />
saqonlis eqsporti.<br />
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom sabaJo organos funqciebs daemata fito-sanitaruli,<br />
veterinaruli da sanitarul-sakarantino kontrolis ganxorcielebis valdebuleba,<br />
ramac garkveulwilad gaamartiva sabaJo procedurebi sazRvarze.<br />
saqonlis Sefasebis `sarezervo~ meTodi farTodaa gavrcelebuli. mewarmeTa<br />
umravlesoba aRniSnavs, rom sarezervo meTodis xSiri gamoyeneba yvelaze ufro farTod<br />
gavrcelebul usamarTlobas warmoadgens ganbaJebis dros. arsebuli sistemis Tanaxmad,<br />
romelic SesabamisobaSia msoflio savaWro organizaciis wesebTan da procedurebTan,<br />
importirebuli saqonlis fasis dasadgenad sabaJo moxeleebs moeTxovebaT, gamoiyenon 6<br />
meTodi. TiToeuli meTodi gamoiyeneba, rodesac wina meTodiT SeuZlebelia fasis<br />
dadgena. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT momdevno meTodis gamoyeneba SeiZleba maSin,<br />
rodesac sabaJo moxeleebi ver gansazRvraven saqonlis Rirebulebas wina meTodis<br />
mixedviT. meeqvse meTodi bolo saSualebaa saqonlis Rirebulebis dasadgenad. Tumca,<br />
saqarTveloSi saqonlis ganbaJeba ZiriTadad sarezervo meTodis gamoyenebiT xdeba.<br />
aRniSnuli meTodis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi importirebuli produqtis sacalo fasi<br />
ganisazRvreba ara angariS-faqturis mixedviT, aramed finansTa ministris brZanebiT<br />
40
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
gansazRvruli siiT. mTavrobis mier damtkicebuli fasebis sia gadaecema yvela sabaJo<br />
samsaxurs, Tumca ar aris xelmisawvdomi dainteresebuli pirebisTvis. rogorc Cans,<br />
aRniSnuli siis ganaxleba yovel sam TveSi eTxel xdeba, magram gamoTvlis da fasis<br />
dadgenis meTodebi sajarod xelmisawvdomi ar aris.<br />
saqonlis Sefaseba msoflio savaWro organizaciis wesebis mixedviT unda moxdes.<br />
msoflio savaWro organizaciis SeTanxmeba 1994 wlis GATT-is me-7 muxlis<br />
ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb adgens, rom saqonlis Sefaseba, garda gansakuTrebuli<br />
SemTxvevebisa, unda efuZnebodes Sesafasebeli saqonlis faqtobriv Rirebulebas, rac,<br />
Cveulebriv, angariS-faqturaSia miTiTebuli. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac angariS-faqturaSi<br />
ar aris miTiTebuli Rirebuleba, an roca moxeles eWvi Seaqvs am RirebulebaSi,<br />
SeTanxmeba adgens Sefasebis 5 sxvadaxva meTods. rodesac sabaJo moxeles eWvi uCndeba<br />
deklarirebuli Rirebulebis marTebulebaSi, importiors pirvel rigSi moeTxoveba,<br />
warmoadginos ganmarteba, rom deklarirebuli Rirebuleba aris faqtobrivad gadaxdili<br />
an gadasaxdeli realuri Rirebuleba. Tu importiori ver warmoadgens ganmartebas,<br />
sabaJos ufleba aqvs daadginos, rom saqonlis Sefaseba SeuZlebelia garigebis fasis<br />
meTodiT. vidre saboloo gadawyvetileba iqneba miRebuli, sabaJom unda acnobos<br />
Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebis mizezebis Sesaxeb importiors, romelsac, Tavis mxriv,<br />
pasuxis gasacemad mizanSewonili vadebi eZleva. garda amisa, importiors werilobiT<br />
unda ecnobos saboloo gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb.<br />
gasaCivrebis procesi araefeqturia. sabaJo moxeleebis winaaRmdeg saCivrebi<br />
naklebSedegiani da damatebiTi xarjebis momtania, ris gamoc mewarmeebs stimuli<br />
ekargebaT saqme sasamarTloSi gaasaCivron. importiors, romelic ar eTanxmeba sabaJo<br />
moxeles, ukve sabaJo terminalSi eqmneba problemebi, sadac sadao Tanxis<br />
gadaxda/argadaxdis garkvevamde saqoneli daluqulia. Senaxvis xarjebi ki<br />
yoveldRiurad matulobs, rac gasaCivrebisTvis kidev erT Semaferxebel garemoebas<br />
qmnis. saqmis mogebis SemTxvevaSic ki, xSirad saqoneli fuWdeba da Semosavlebis<br />
samsaxuri pasuxs ar agebs im zianze da danakargze, romelic biznessubieqts miadga<br />
saqmis gasaCivrebis gamo. amdenad, importiori iZulebulia daTanxmdes da xeli<br />
moaweros deklaracias, sadac ukve miTiTebulia sarezervo fasi. mas Semdeg, rac<br />
moxdeba fasze `SeTanxmeba~ da importiori xels moawers deklaracias, momavalSi<br />
gasaCivreba rTuli xdeba.<br />
41
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
kerZo seqtors naklebad miewodeba adekvaturi informacia. kompaniebisaTvis adekvaturi<br />
informaciis miwodeba sabaJo da zogadad savaWro procesebis Taobaze erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
aqtualuri sakiTxia. kanonmdeblobaSi imdenad xSiria cvlilebebi, rom bizneserTeulebi<br />
ver axerxeben maTTvis Tvalis midevnebas. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom yvela sawarmos ar<br />
gaaCniaT kvalificiuri da kargad anazRaurebadi konsultantebis dasaqiraveblad<br />
sakmarisi resursebi, aSkaraa, rom mewarmeebisTvis did sirTules warmoadgens<br />
sakanonmdeblo siaxleebTan Sesabamisobis miRweva.<br />
sagadasaxado administrireba<br />
gadasaxadebis administrireba da gadaxdis gamarTuli sistema nebismieri qveynisTvis<br />
erT-erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens. pirveli mcdeloba aRniSnuli sferos<br />
daregulirebisTvis iyo 1997 wlis 13 ivniss miRebuli sagadasaxado kodeqsi,<br />
romliTac ganisazRvra kanonis moqmedebis sfero, gadasaxadis saxeebi da ganakveTebi,<br />
aseve gadaxdis pirobebi da deklarirebis vadebi, davebis gadaWris procedurebi da<br />
saxlemwifo struqturebis warmomadgenlebisa da gadasaxadis gadamxdelebis uflebamovaleobebi.<br />
Tumca, aRniSnuli sagadasaxado kodeqsiT ar iyo gawerili, Tu ra tipis<br />
kontrolisa da uzrunvelyofis meqanizmebi arsebobda gadamxdelis mimarT. sagadasaxado<br />
kodeqsis daxvewis aucileblobam gamoiwvia arsebuli kodeqsis jer cvlileba da<br />
Semdgom misi srulad gauqmeba axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis miRebiT.<br />
axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi ZalaSi Sevida 2005 wlis 1 ianvars da mas Semdgom<br />
mravali saxecvlileba ganicada. ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis ZiriTadi nawili<br />
exeboda gadasaxadis saxeebisa da maTi ganakveTebis Semcirebas. axal kodeqsSi<br />
detalurad gaiwera gadasaxadis gadamxdelisa da sagadasaxado organos wamomadgenlebis<br />
ufleba-movaleobebi, kontrolisa da uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebi, gadasaxadebis<br />
administrirebis wesi da sxv.<br />
gadasaxadebi da ganakveTebi<br />
2005 wlis 1 ianvramde<br />
gadasaxadebi da<br />
ganakveTebi 2008 wlis<br />
1 ianvramde<br />
gadasaxadebi da<br />
ganakveTebi 2008 wlidan<br />
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi – 12-20%<br />
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi –<br />
12%<br />
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi –<br />
20%<br />
mogebis gadasaxadi – 20 % mogebis gadasaxadi – 20% mogebis gadasaxadi – 15%<br />
socialuri dazRvevis gadasaxadi<br />
– 31% + 1%<br />
socialuri gadasaxadi –<br />
20%<br />
dRg – 20% dRg – 18% dRg _ 18%<br />
42
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
aqcizi – diferencirebuli<br />
qonebis gadasaxadi – 0.1 - 1%<br />
avtosatransporto saSualebaTa<br />
mesakuTreTa gadasaxadi -<br />
diferencirebuli<br />
aqcizi – diferencirebuli aqcizi – diferencirebuli<br />
qonebis gadasaxadi – ara<br />
umetes 1%<br />
sabaJo gadasaxadi -<br />
diferencirebuli<br />
qonebis gadasaxadi – ara<br />
umetes 1%<br />
sabaJo gadasaxadi -<br />
diferencirebuli<br />
gadasaxadi qonebis gadacemisTvis gauqmebulia gauqmebulia<br />
gadasaxadi bunebrivi resursebiT<br />
sargeblobisTvis<br />
gadasaxadi mavne nivTierebebiT<br />
garemos dabinZurebisTvis<br />
gadasaxadi saqarTveloSi<br />
avtosatransporto saSualebebis<br />
SemosvlisTvis da zenormatiuli<br />
datviTvisTvis -<br />
diferencirebuli<br />
fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi -<br />
diferencirebuli<br />
gauqmebulia<br />
gauqmebulia<br />
gauqmebulia<br />
gauqmebulia<br />
gauqmebulia<br />
gauqmebulia<br />
gauqmebulia<br />
gauqmebulia<br />
mcire biznesis gadasaxadi – 5% gauqmebulia gauqmebulia<br />
adgilobrivi gadasaxadi, romelic<br />
aerTianebda 7 gadasaxads -<br />
diferencirebuli<br />
gauqmebulia<br />
gauqmebulia<br />
rogorc ukve aRiniSna Zveli, sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gansazRvruli 21 gadasaxadidan<br />
2005 wels miRebuli sagadasaxado kodeqsiT darCa 6 gadasaxadi. 2008 wlis 1<br />
ianvridan amoqmedda ganaxlebuli ganakveTebi da aseve Seicvala gadasaxadis saxeebi,<br />
kerZod ki amoRebul iqna socialuri gadasaxadi, mogebis gadasaxadis ganakveTi 20 %-is<br />
nacvlad gaxda 15%, xolo saSemosavlo gadasaxadi _ 25 %. amJamad moqmedi kodeqsiT<br />
gansazRvrulia 6 saxis gadasaxadi, romelTagan 5 saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi xasiaTisaa,<br />
xolo darCenili 1 ki - adgilobriv gadasaxads miekuTvneba.<br />
# gadasaxadis dasaxeleba gadasaxadis ganakveTi gadasaxadis saxe<br />
1 saSemosavlo gadasaxadi 20% saerTo - saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
2 mogebis gadasaxadi 15% saerTo - saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
3 aqcizi diferencirebuli saerTo - saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
4 dRg 18% saerTo - saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
5 sabaJo gadasaxadi diferencirebuli saerTo - saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
6 qonebis gadasaxadi ara umetes 1% adgilobrivi<br />
43
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
2004 wlis bolos saqarTvelos axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis miRebiT, aseve<br />
aRniSnulis Semdgom sagadasaxado kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebiT gadasaxadebis<br />
nawili martivdeba da ganakveTebi sul ufro liberaluri xdeba, rasac ver vityviT<br />
administrirebis nawilze. sagadasaxado kodeqsis administraciuli nawili jer kidev<br />
sakmaod rTulad wakiTxvadi da aRqmadia mewarmeTa mxridan. aqedan gamomdinare, xSiria<br />
davebi mewarmeebsa da sagadasaxado organoebs Soris. mewarmeTa didi nawili dRes<br />
arsebul davebis mogvarebis sistemas mouqnelad miiCnevs da negatiurad afasebs,<br />
vinaidan davebis mogvarebis dros gadawyvetilebaTa didi nawili sagadasaxado<br />
organoebis sasargeblod miiReba.<br />
Semosavlebis samsaxuris SeqmniT finansTa saministros sistemaSi davebis gadawyvetis<br />
erTi rgoli amovarda, amitomac Tu adre arsebobda samsafexuriani davebis gadawyvetis<br />
sistema iyo, axla _ orsafexuriani. Tumca, aucilebelia am mimarTulebiT gatardes<br />
damatebiTi RonisZiebebi da moxdes davebis ganxilvis efeqtiani sistemis formirebis<br />
uzurunvelyofa.<br />
sagadasaxado gasaCivrebis procesi realurad araefeqturia. niSandoblivia, rom<br />
sagadasaxado administrirebis Semowmebisas, jarimebi wesdeba imave moxeleebis mier,<br />
romlebmac faqtobrivad Caatares Semowmeba. rodesac biznes-subieqtebs gasaCivrebis<br />
arCevani hqondaT, mravali maTgani ar iyo darwmunebuli warmatebaSi, radgan, rogorc<br />
wesi, sagadasaxado moxeleTa gadawyvetilebebi ar saCivrdeba ufro maRal sagadasaxado<br />
instanciebSi an sasamarTloSi.<br />
mewarmeTa azriT, procedurebi da vadebi ganzrax Semcirebulia, rac kompaniebs ukargavs<br />
stimuls da saSualebas gaasaCivron gadawyvetileba. ara marto sagadasaxado kodeqsi<br />
aramed administraciuli saproceso kodeqsic adgens mWidro vadebs, sadac 2005 wels<br />
arsebuli eqvsTviani gasaCivrebis vada erT Tvemde Semcirda. amis Sedegad kompaniebma<br />
aRmoaCines, rom vidre isini sagadasaxado Semowmebis struqturebSi TavianT uflebebs<br />
icavdnen da finansTa saministros momdevno instanciaSi gasaCivrebas apirebdnen,<br />
amasobaSi sasamarTloSi erTTviani gasaCivrebis vada amoiwura. amasTanave, aSkaraa<br />
interesTa konfliqti gasaCivrebis pirvel etapze, rodesac maTi saqme gadaecema imave<br />
saagentos, romelmac Caatara Semowmeba da gasca dajarimebis dadgenileba. maSinac ki,<br />
rodesac teqnikuri SezRudvebi Semaferxebel garemoebas ar warmoadgens, biznes-<br />
44
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
subieqtebi acxadeben, rom maTi gamocdilebiT, mosarCele SeiZleba dadges finansuri<br />
policiis savaraudo Semowmebis safrTxis winaSe rac biznesisaTvis aramomgebiania.<br />
saqarTveloSi mravalricxovani sagadasaxado davebis gansaxilvelad finansTa<br />
saministroSi Seiqmna davebis mogvarebis sabWo. miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlo sistema am<br />
droisaTvis inarCunebs yvela sagadasaxado sarCelis miRebis bolo instanciis statuss.<br />
mewarmeTa umravlesoba, romlebic sasamarTlos mimarTaven, rom ganxilvis procesi<br />
xangrZlivi da naklovania. biznesTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTebi<br />
romlebic sagadasaxado valdebulebas exeba, kerZod ki dRg-is CaTvla, procentis<br />
daricxva, nebadarTuli gamoqviTvebi, amortizacia da sxva, saWiroebs rTul<br />
gaangariSebas da saTanado gamocdilebas. mosamarTleebis profesionalizmis done, am<br />
aspeqtebis ganxilvisas yovelTvis ar aris damakmayofilebeli.<br />
damoukidebeli sagadasaxado arbitraJis SemoReba gazrdida biznesis ndobas<br />
sagadasaxado administrirebis sistemis mimarT. arsebul sagadasaxado kodeqss aqvs<br />
damoukidebeli sagadasaxado arbitraJis xanmokle istoria, romelic misi danergvidan<br />
maleve gauqmda. saqarTveloSi didi xania arsebobs damoukidebeli da specializebuli<br />
sagadasaxado arbitraJis funqcionirebis saWiroeba, vinaidan biznesma ndoba dakarga<br />
sasamarTlos procedurebis miukerZoeblobisa da droulobis mimarT. sagadasaxado<br />
arbitraJi, romelic mTavrobisgan damoukideblad moqmedebs, da zrdis kerZo seqtoris<br />
ndobas samTavrobo procesebis mimarT da sagadasaxado moxeleTa kompetencias<br />
sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
gadasaxadis gadamxdelis moTxovna sagadasaxado organos mier sruldeba 3 Tvis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, maSin, rodesac sagadasaxado inspeqciis moTxovna gadasaxadis gadamxdelis<br />
mimarT unda Sesruldes 20 dRis vadaSi. amasTan, gadasaxadis gadaxda savaldebuloa<br />
maSinac ki, roca is sadaoa. anu Tu gadasaxadis gadamxdeli sagadasaxado organosTan<br />
iwyebs davas arasworad daricxul gadasaxadze, man 20 dRis vadaSi unda gadaixados<br />
daricxuli gadasaxadi, xolo misi gamarTlebis SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado organom<br />
gadamxdels ukanonod daricxuli Tanxa zedmetobaSi unda dausvas/unda daubrunos 3<br />
Tvis ganmavlobaSi. aRniSnuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelebis aSkara diskriminaciaa da<br />
civilur midgomas saWiroebs.<br />
xSiri cvlilebebi xels uwyobs sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis arastabilurobas. axali<br />
sagadasaxado kodeqsSi 2005 wlis ianvridan dRemde wlis martis CaTvliT 40-ze meti<br />
45
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
cvlileba ganxorcielda, romlebic 160 muxlze mets Seexo. es cvlilebebi, erTi<br />
SexedviT, naklebia adrindel maCveneblebTan SedarebiT _ wina sagadasaxado kodeqsSi<br />
2003 da 2004 wlebSi 45 da 61 cvlileba Sevida. mcire sawarmoebi, romlebsac ara<br />
aqvT SesaZlebloba, iqiraon kvalificiuri sagadasaxado konsultantebi, ver axerxeben<br />
siaxleebis gacnobasa da cvlilebebze dakvirvebas. aqedan gamomdinare, gasakviri ar<br />
aris, rom arastabiluroba sagadasaxado kodeqsTan mimarTebaSi mTavar problemas<br />
warmoadgens biznesisaTvis.<br />
evrokavSiris qveynebSi sagadasaxado cvlilebebi, miuxedavad miRebis TariRisa,<br />
tradiciulad weliwadSi erTxel an orjer xorcieldeba. es sakmaris dros aZlevs<br />
sagadasaxado organoebs specialuri instruqciebis gamosacemad, xolo biznesmens _<br />
kanonmdeblobis gasacnobad, aRniSnuli siaxlis praqtikuli gavlenis gansaxilvelad da<br />
axali reJimis mosamzadeblad. prognozirebad sagadasaxado reJims aqvs dadebiTi<br />
zegavlena rogorc biznesze, ise sagadasaxado inspeqtorebze. zogadad, stabiluri<br />
sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba kerZo seqtors umcirebs moTxovnebis Sesrulebis xarjebs.<br />
saxelmwifos SeuZlia daareguliros cvlilebebi, romlebic SeiZleba ZalaSi Sevides<br />
mxolod momdevno fiskalur wels, miRebidan aranakleb 3 Tvis vadaSi.<br />
sagadasaxado kodeqsi bundovani da garTulebulia mewarmeTa didi nawilisaTvis<br />
sagadasaxado kodeqsi imdenad bundovania, rom zogjer sagadasaxado inspeqtorebi<br />
awydebian sirTuleebs misi debulebebis interpretaciis dros. rogorc bizneswarmomadgenlebi<br />
aRniSnaven, es xelsayrelia sagadasaxado moxeleebisaTvis, vinaidan<br />
isini am bundovanebas yovelTvis TavianT sasargeblod iyeneben.<br />
sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba sakmaod rTuli wasakiTxia. sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis<br />
ukeT gagebis mizniT TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi xelisufleba gamoscems specialur<br />
instruqciebs, sadac axsnilia, Tu rogor unda waradginos gadasaxadis gadamxdelma<br />
deklaracia, rogor Seavsos formebi, gamoTvalos dasabegri baza, gamoqviTos da<br />
dagegmos gadaxdebi. mravali bizneserTeuli da sagadasaxado eqsperti Tanxmdeba, rom<br />
sagadasaxado samsaxurebis mier gamocemul instruqciebSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi axsnili ar<br />
aris sagadasaxado kodeqsis bundovani punqtebi.<br />
dRes sistema realurad moTxovnebis Sesrulebis waxalisebis nacvlad, dajarimebazea<br />
orientirebuli. biznesgaremos da sawarmoTa saqmianobis Sefasebis kvlevis mixedviT<br />
2002_2005 wlebSi gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebs Soris saqarTveloSi korufciis<br />
46
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
yvelaze seriozuli Semcireba aRiniSna. samsaxuridan daTxovnis SiSi da saxelmwifos<br />
mtkice pozicia korufciasTan brZolaSi efeqturi gamodga. Tumca, axali kultura,<br />
romelic mraval fiskalur dawesebulebaSi inergeba, pirvel yovlisa mimarTulia ufro<br />
biznesisagan maqsiamluri Tanxebis gamoZalvaze, vidre moTxovnebis nebayoflobiTi<br />
Sesrulebis waxalisebaze. msgavsad Semosavlebis samsaxurSi sabaJo sakiTxebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT arsebuli problemebisa, xelisuflebis mier sabiujeto Semosavlebis<br />
zrdis tendencia SeiZleba kidev erTi mtkicebuleba iyos im arsebuli praqtikisa,<br />
rodesac uwyebas gaaCnia Semosavlebis Segrovebis Tviuri gegma, romlis<br />
Seusruleblobac samsaxuridan daTxovnis an diskvalifikaciis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes.<br />
meore mxriv, sakmaod liberaluri sagadasaxado kodeqsi aseve mkacria maT mimarT, vinc<br />
damrRvevad miiCneva.<br />
jarimis odenoba damokidebuli unda iyos darRvevis masStabze gadasaxadebiT dabegvris<br />
sistema jarimebis nacvlad moTxovnebis Sesrulebaze unda iyos orientirebuli.<br />
jarimis odenoba unda iyos damokidebuli darRvevis masStabze. magaliTad, deklaraciis<br />
arasworad SevsebisaTvis jarima 200 laria, kompaniis zomis an brunvis miuxedavad.<br />
amasTan, gadasaxadebis gadaxdisa da administrirebis gamartivebis mizniT kargi iqneba<br />
dainergos gadasaxadebis gadaxdisa da angariSsworebis eleqtronuli formis<br />
gamoyenebis meqanizmi. magram imisaTvis, rom aRniSnuli saqmianoba miCneul iqnes<br />
iuridiuli Zalis mqoned, saWiroa arsebobdes kanoni `eleqtronuli xelmoweris~<br />
Sesaxeb, romelic aRniSnul process daaregulirebs.<br />
47
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis mxardaWera – saerTaSoriso<br />
gamocdileba<br />
msoflios mraval qveyanaSi mcire da saSualo biznesis waxaliseba da<br />
ganviTareba erT-erT prioritets warmoadgens. arsebobs mravali<br />
saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso proeqtebi da programebi am mimarTulebiT.<br />
mraval qveyanaSi mcire da saSualo biznesis mxardamWer proeqtebsa da<br />
programebs axorcieleben saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />
erToblivad. gaeros ganviTarebis programis farglebSi (UNDP)<br />
xorcieldeba mravali msgavsi tipis iniciativa. gaeros ganviTarebis<br />
programis farglebSi mraval qveyanaSi Seiqmna biznes centrebi, biznes<br />
inkubatorebi, moxda mcire da saSualo biznesis warmomadgenlebis<br />
dakavSireba mikro-safinanso organizaciebTan.<br />
bulgareTi<br />
bulgareTSi Sromisa da socialuri dacvis saministros mier gaeros<br />
ganviTarebis programis mxardaWeriT, 2000-2003 wlebSi ganxorcilda<br />
masStaburi iniciativa, JOBS (Job Opportunities through Business Support). proeqtis mizani<br />
iyo mcire da saSualo biznesis mxardaWera da axali samuSao adgilebis<br />
Seqmna. proeqtis farglebSi Seiqmna erTiani qseli bulgareTis masStabiT,<br />
sadac gaerTianda 24 biznes centri, maT Soris 11 biznesinkubatori da 3<br />
biznes sainformacio centri.<br />
proeqtis farglebSi moxda mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
warmomadgenlebisTvis, maT Soris damwyebi biznesmenebisaTvis treningebis<br />
Catareba biznesis dawyebasa da marTvasTan dakavSirebul sxvadsxva<br />
sakiTxebze. aseve qselis konsultantebis mier mudmivad tardeboda<br />
konsultaciebi mcire da saSualo biznesis warmomadgenlebisaTvis. qselis<br />
saqmianobebis ZiriTadi miznobrivi auditorias warmoadgendnen mcire da<br />
saSualo biznesis sxvadasxva seqtorebis warmomadgenlebi. aRniSnuli<br />
seqtorebia:<br />
• tansacmlisa da qsovilebis warmoeba;<br />
• mcenareuli saSualebebisa da sunelebis warmoeba;<br />
• turizmi;<br />
48
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
• alternariuli soflis meurneoba.<br />
qselis farglebSi aseve moxda sawarmoebisTvis internetze<br />
xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa, aseve kompiuteruli unarebisa da<br />
programebis swavleba.<br />
proeqtis farglebSi Seiqmna 8000 grZelvadiani samuSao adgili, treningi<br />
Cautarda da konsultacia gaewia 7000-ze met bizness, aseve moxda mcire da<br />
saSualo biznesebze Tanxebis gacema lizingis sqemis mixedviT. gacemuli<br />
Tanxis odenobam Seadgina 1,5 milioni dolari 300 kompaniisaTvis, aqedan<br />
kompaniebis 40% warmoadgenda damwyeb biznesebs.<br />
yazaxeTi<br />
yazaxeSi mudmivad xorcieldeba mcire da saSualo biznesis mxardamWeri<br />
proeqtebi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani iniciativaa atiraus biznes mrCevelTa<br />
centri da mikro-kreditis programa, romelic iTvaliswinebs mcire da<br />
saSualo biznesis warmomadgenlebisTvis treningebis Catarebasa da<br />
konsultaciebis gawevas kreditis aRebis procedurebTan da pirobebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi.<br />
iniciativa ganxorcielebul iqna mTavrobisa da gaeros ganviTarebis<br />
fondis mier, aseve maT hyavdaT partniori kerZo kompaniebi ChevronTexaco-sa<br />
da Citibank-is saxiT.<br />
proeqtis farglebSi, pirveli etapze moxda biznesis ganviTarebis centris<br />
daarseba. SemdgomSi centris mier SemoSavebuli iqna piloturi mikrokreditis<br />
sqema. Semdeg etapze Camoyalibda biznesinkubatori da daiwyo<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis warmomadgenlebisaTvis treningebis Catareba da<br />
konsultaciebis gaweva.<br />
proeqtis farglebSi daiwereba asobiT biznes-gegma, romelTagan saSualod<br />
25 % dafinansda da miiRo mikro-sesxi, Seiqmna axali samuSao adgilebi.<br />
49
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
meqsika<br />
meqsikaSi mravali welia funqcionirebs mwarmoebelTa erovnuli asociacia,<br />
e.w. Canacintra, romelic mudmivad axorcielebs mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
mxardamWer proeqtebsa da programebs, mTavrobasTan, sxvadasxva<br />
saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan da kerZo kompaniebTan TanamSromlobiT.<br />
mwarmoebelTa erovnul asociacias aqvs sakmaod ganviTarebuli qseli<br />
mTeli meqsikis masStabiT.<br />
proeqtis ganxorcielebaSi aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo gaeros ganviTarebis<br />
programam da msvilma kerZo komaniebma, rogoricaa Bimbo, Comentos Apasco,<br />
Firestone, 3M, Corporation International del Color da Cerveceria Cuauhtemoc Moctezuma.<br />
proeqtis saxelwodebaa `meqsikis mxardaWeris jaWvuri proeqti:<br />
momwodeblebis treningi da jaWvuri urTierTobis waxaliseba~. proeqti<br />
iTvaliswinebda ganviTarebis qselis Seqmnas, romelSic CarTuli iyvnen<br />
momwodeblebis konsultantebi, romlebic muSaobdnen mcire da saSualo<br />
biznesebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad individualurad da uwevdnen maT<br />
saWiroebebze dafuZnebul konsultaciebs.<br />
Tavdapirvelad partniori kerZo kompaniebis praqtikul gamocdilebaze<br />
dayrdnobiT moxda strategiisa da meTodologiebis SemuSaveba, Semdeg<br />
moxda qselis konsultantebisTvis treningebis Catareba da maTi<br />
sertificireba. mxolod amis Semdeg daiwyo ukve meore faza, rodesac<br />
amuSavda qseli da daiwyo aqtiuri iondividualuri konsultaciebi mcire<br />
da saSualo biznesis warmomadgenlebisTvis.<br />
angola<br />
mTavrobis mier angolaSi ganxorcielda Zalzed efeqtiani iniciativa,<br />
romelic mdgomareobda angolis samewarmeo fondis dafuZnebaSi. fondi<br />
dafuZnda rogorc sazogadoebrivi kerZo TanamSromloba da misi mizani iyo<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba mTeli angolis<br />
masStabiT. proeqtis ZiriTadi komponentebi iyo: biznesmxardamWeri<br />
centrebisa da biznesinkubatorebis Seqmna, aseve mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
warmomadgenlebisaTvis treningebis Catareba da mikro-sesxebis gacema.<br />
50
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
iniciativa ganxorcielda gaeros gaviTarebis programasTan da ChevronTexacosTan<br />
TanamSromlobiT. fondis saqmianobaSi CarTulebi iyvnen angolis<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da aseve sxvadasxva msxvili kerZo kompaniebi.<br />
proeqtis Sedegad dafuZnda mravali mcire da saSualo biznesi, aseve<br />
arsebuli biznesebisTvis Catarda treningebi biznesis gafarToebis<br />
SesaZleblobebze, SemuSavda biznesgegmebi fondis konsultantebis<br />
monawileobiT da moxda mikro-sesxebis gacema.<br />
azerbaijani<br />
azerbaijanis mTavroba mudmivad axorcilebs sxvadasxva tipis programebs<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis mxardaWeris mizniT. 2002-2005 wlebSi<br />
azerbaiajanis mTavrobis mier ganxorcielda mniSvnelovani iniciativa,<br />
romelic iTvaliswinebda mcire da saSualo biznesis waxalisebasa da<br />
maTTvis sakanondeblo barierebis Semcirebas. cvlilebebi Sevida biznesis<br />
maregulirebel kanonebSi rogoricaa: `kanoni mcire biznesis saxelmwifo<br />
mxardaWeris Sesaxeb~ da `samewarmeo saqmianobis Sesaxeb kanoni~.<br />
saxelmwifos mier xorcieldeba biznesis finansuri mxardaWera erovnuli<br />
fondis mier, romelic aris ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros<br />
daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeba. erovnuli fondi TanamSromlobs 35 bankTan,<br />
romlebic gascemen kreditebs mcire da saSualo biznesebis<br />
warmomadgenlebze.<br />
2008 wels azerbaijanSi SemuSavda axali programa biznesis<br />
mxardaWerisTvis, romelic moicavs 2008-2013 wlebis periods. aRniSnuli<br />
programis farglebSi xdeba inovaciuri biznesis waxalisebi, mxardaWera<br />
axali teqnologiebis danergvaSi.<br />
azerbaijanis ekonomikis saminsitroSi daarsda biznesis ganviTarebis<br />
politikis departamenti, romelic mudmivad axorcielebs miznobriv<br />
programebs mcire da saSualo biznesebisaTvis.<br />
somxeTi<br />
ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze mcire da saSualo biznesi somxeTis<br />
ekonomikis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan komponentad iqca. somxeTis mTavrobas<br />
51
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
specialurad SemuSavebuli aqvs `somxeTis mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
ganviTarebis politikisa da strategiis koncefcia”. aRniSnuli koncefcia<br />
mTavrobis mier SemuSavda 2000 wels da sakmaod warmatebulad xorcieleba.<br />
dokumentSi warmodgenilia saxelmwifos ekonomikuri, socialuri da<br />
politikuri miznebi, romlebic mimarTulia mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
ganviTarebisaken.<br />
somxeTSi mcire da saSulo biznesis mxardaWeris sistema somxeTSi<br />
ZiriTadad Sedgeba saxelmwifo organizaciebisa da arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebisagan.<br />
saxelmwifo organizaciebi – vaWrobisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />
saministro, romelic pasuxismgebelia mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
mxardamWeri politikis SemuSavebasa da ganviTarebis strategiisa<br />
koncefciis momzadebaze;<br />
arasmTavrobo organizaciebi – fondi `somxeTis mcire da saSualo<br />
biznesis ganviTarebis erovnuli centri~, biznesganviTarebaze<br />
orientirebuli organizaciebi arasamTavroebi, rogoricaa, komerciisa da<br />
industriis sabWo RA, aseve biznes gaerTianebebi/asociaciebi. arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebi warmoadgenen mcire da saSualo biznesis warmomadgenlebis<br />
interesebs, axdenen maT lobirebas saxelmwifo organizaciebSi da aseve<br />
monawileobas iReben mcire da saSualo biznesebze orientirebuli<br />
saxelmwifo programebis ganxorcielebasa da monitoringSi.<br />
azerbaijanSi aseve arsebobs mravali biznesmxardamWeri centri, romlebic<br />
biznesis warmomadgenlebs awvdian sxvadasxva tipis momsaxurebas.<br />
ukraina<br />
ukrainaSi mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebaze mimarTuli programebi<br />
xorcieldeba rogorc saxelmwifos mxridan, aseve saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciebis mxardaWeriT. evrokimisiis mier 1996 wlidan mudmivad<br />
xorcieldeba mcire da saSualo biznesis SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebis<br />
mxardamWeri saerTaSoriso programa.<br />
2007 wels ukrainis saxelmwifo komitetis iniciativiT daiwyo `ukrainuli<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso<br />
52
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
mxardaWeris proeqti~. proeqtis farglebSi aqcenti keTdeba ukraianis iseT<br />
regionebze rogoricaa: kievi, lvovi, xarkovi, odesa, donecki da<br />
dnipropetrovskSi.<br />
proeqti miznad isaxavs mcire da saSulo biznesis ganviTarebas iseT<br />
seqtorebSi rogoricaa kompiuteruli momsaxureba, xisa da avejis warmoeba,<br />
manqana/danadgarebis warmoeba da sxv.<br />
amJamad evrokavSiris samezoblo politikis farglebSi ukranaSi Seqmnilia<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis strategia 2007-2013. strategia<br />
iTavliswinebs qveyanaSi sainvesticio klimatis ganviTarebisa da<br />
gaumjobesebis xelSewyobas, rac gulisxmobs qveynis Sida da sagareo<br />
prioritetebis ganviTarebas.<br />
TurqeTi<br />
TurqeTSi mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT muSaobs<br />
mravali sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo organizacia. mniSvnelovania<br />
saxelmwifo dagegmarebis organizaciis sekretariari (SPO), romelic<br />
muSaobs grZelvadiani ganviTarebis programebze, amzadebs wliur<br />
angariSebs da koordinacias uwevs mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
ganviTarebaze mimarTul saxelmwifo programebisa da proeqtebis<br />
ganxorcielebas.<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis mxardaWeris procesSi aqtiuradaa CarTuli<br />
industriisa da vaWrobis saministro, romelic gansazRvravs da<br />
axorcielebas politikas mcire da saSualo biznesis mimarTulebiT masze<br />
daqvemdebarebuli asociaciis KOSGEB-is meSveobiT.<br />
TurqeTSi arsebobs sxvadasxva msxvili biznesorganizaciebi, romlebic<br />
aerTianeben mcire da saSualo biznesebs da exmarebian maT ganviTarebaSi.<br />
aseTia magaliTad komerciis, industriis, sazRvao vaWrobisa da sxva<br />
palatebi.<br />
53
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
saqarTveloSi mimdinare saxelmwifo reformebis gavlena<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesze<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis tendenciebi uSualodaa<br />
dakavSirebuli qveyanaSi arsebul biznesgaremoze. damoukideblobis<br />
aRdgenis Semdgom qveyanaSi ganviTarebulma procesebma, qarTuli<br />
biznesgaremo savalalo mdgomareobaSi Caayena. korufciam, politikurma<br />
arastabilurobam, konkurenciis araTanabarma pirobebma, energoresursebis<br />
Rirebulebam, araefeqturma sasamarTlo sistemam, infrastruqturis<br />
ganviTarebis dabalma donem, samewarmeo saqmianobaSi arsebulma<br />
garTulebulma regulirebebma da mravalma sxva problemam biznesgaremos<br />
gaumjobesebas mkveTrad SeuSala xeli.<br />
2003 wlidan saqarTvelos mTavroba aqtiurad axorcielebs reformebs<br />
saqarTveloSi biznes-garemos waxalisebis mizniT. Sedegad arsebuli<br />
mdgomareoba mkveTrad gaumjobesda. 2008 wels saqarTvelom me-18 adgili<br />
daikava msoflios 178 qveyanas Soris (man ukan Camoitova iseTi qveynebi,<br />
rogoricaa TurqeTi, Azerbaijani, ruseTi), biznesis keTebis simartivis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, 2009 wels ki me-15 adgilze dawinaurda:<br />
saqarTvelos Sedareba sxvadasxva qveynebTan<br />
2008 weli<br />
qveynebi bizensis ganxorcilebis SesaZleblobis mixedviT<br />
54
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
2009 weli<br />
qveynebi bizensis ganxorcilebis SesaZelblobis mixedviT<br />
es ganpirobebuli iyo im reformebis masStaburobiT, romelsac wina<br />
periodebSi hqonda saqarTveloSi adgili da dResac grZeldeba.<br />
saqarTvelo 2008 wels gatarebuli reformebiT msoflioSi me-5 adgili<br />
daikava (aTeuli ase gamoiyureba: egvipte, xorvatia, gana, makedonia,<br />
saqrTvelo, kolumbia, saudis arabeTi, kenia, CineTi, bulgareTi).<br />
saqarTveloSi reformebi 6 mimarTulebiT gatarda:<br />
1. biznesis dawyeba;<br />
2. licenziebis gacema,<br />
3. kreditebis miReba;<br />
4. skuTrebis registracia;<br />
5. investorebis dacva;<br />
6. biznesis daxurva.<br />
Sedegad, gaumjobesda biznesgaremo, gamartivda biznesis dawyeba,<br />
sakuTrebis registracia, licenziebis gacema, kreditis miReba da a.S. Tumca<br />
2009 wlisTvis kvlav problemad rCeba sagadasaxado kodeqsis srulyofa,<br />
romelmac kidev ufro unda gaaumjobesos biznesgaremo. qvemoT naCvenebia<br />
2009 wlis mdgomareobiT biznesgaremos maCveneblebis Sefaseba:<br />
55
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
biznes garemos maxasiaTeblebi<br />
2009 wlis reitingi<br />
biznesis keTebis simartive 15<br />
biznesis dawyeba 4<br />
samSeneblo nebarTvebTan gamklaveba 10<br />
daqiravebuli muSaxeli 5<br />
sakuTrebis registracia 2<br />
kreditis aReba 28<br />
investorebis usafrTxoeba 38<br />
gadasaxadebis gadaxda 110<br />
sazRvrebs gareT vaWroba 81<br />
kontraqtebis ganxorcileba 43<br />
biznesis daxurva 92<br />
cxrilis marcxena svetSi mocemulia maCveneblebi, romelic biznesgaremos<br />
axasiaTeben, marjvena mxares ki reitingi, romelic axasiaTebs Tu msoflios<br />
178 qveyanas Soris meramdene adgilzea saqrTvelo ama Tu im maCveneblis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
saqarTveloSi 2003 wlidan mimdinareobs reformebi, romelmac xeli unda<br />
Seuwyos biznesgaremos ganviTarebas, am reformebis mniSvnelovan<br />
mimarTulebas warmoadgens mcire da saSualo seqtoris mxardaWera. 2003-<br />
2004 wlebSi biznesis keTebis mTavari Semaferxebel faqtorebs<br />
warmoadgenda maRali danaxarjebi, biurokratiuli barierebi,<br />
ganuviTarebeli infrastruqtura. saxelmwifo politikis mTavari<br />
prioritetebi iyo antikorufciuli reformebis gatareba, investorebis<br />
mozidva, ekonomikis Crdilovani seqtoris regulireba. pirveli reformebi<br />
biznesgaremos gasaviTareblad 2004 wels ganxorcielda, rodesac<br />
mTavrobam gamosca axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi.<br />
56
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
miuxedavad pozitiuri nabijebisa, am periodSi kvlav arsebobda<br />
mniSvnelovani barierebi, rac mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebas<br />
aferxebda. yvelaze rTul prodecurebad gadasaxadebTan da eqsportimportTan<br />
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi gamovlinda.<br />
problemuri da rTuli procesebi mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
ganviTarebisTvis<br />
aman gamoiwvia, is rom<br />
1. mcire da saSualo biznesis moculoba 2002 wlidan 2004 wlamde<br />
mxolod 2%iT gaizarda; maTgan 2/3-ma investicia 2003 wlis Semdeg<br />
ganaxorciela.<br />
2. mcire da saSualo biznesze GDP-is mxolod 10% modioda, maSin<br />
rodesac evropis da sxva ganviTarebul qveynebSi es maCvenebeli 60 %<br />
-s aRwevs<br />
ganvixiloT zemoT aRniSnuli barierebi da is reformebi, rac gatarda am<br />
sferoebSi:<br />
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistema<br />
sagadasaxado sistema yvelaze problematur sakiTxad aRiqmeboda 2004<br />
wlamde (miuxedavad imisa rom sakmaod reformebi gatarda am mimarTulebiT,<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, dResac sagadasaxado garemos mixedviT,<br />
saqarTvelos Zalian dabali reitingi aqvs). gamokiTxuli mcire da saSualo<br />
sawarmoebis 80 % mas yvelaze rTul barierad miiCnevda.<br />
57
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi Zveli sagadasaxado kodeqsis<br />
Sesabamisad<br />
ad<br />
axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi<br />
N/A<br />
gamartivda procedurebi<br />
naklebi sirTule<br />
cvlilebebi kvlav mimdinareobs<br />
naklebi gadasaxadebi<br />
Semcirebuli ganakveTebi<br />
aman warmoSva imis aucilebloba, rom gatarebuliyo reforma am<br />
mimarTulebiT. 2004 wlis dekemberSi SemuSavda axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi,<br />
romelic ZalaSi 2005 wlis 1-eli ianvridan Sevida; 2007 wlis 1-eli<br />
ianvridan ki axali sabaJo kodeqsi Sevida ZalaSi. axali kodeqsis miznebi<br />
Semdegnairia:<br />
1. ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyoba - didi gadasaxadebis minimaluri<br />
raodenobiT da dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebiT.<br />
2. stabiluri sainvesticio garemos formireba_ legaluri<br />
saqmianobis xelSewyobiT da liberaluri ekonomikis principebis<br />
danergviT<br />
3. legaluri biznesis xelSewyoba _ Zlieri da moqnili meqanizmis<br />
gamoyenebiT, gadasaxadebis arakeTilsindisieri gadamxdelebis<br />
identificireba.<br />
4. gadasaxadebis gadaxdis maRali kulturis formireba _<br />
administraciuli meqanizmis gamartivebiT da gadasaxadebis<br />
gadamxdelTa mxardaWeriT.<br />
58
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
axali sagadasaxado da sabaJo kodeqsebi ufro liberaluri da moqnilia.<br />
sagadasaxado kodeqsSi 21 saxis gadasaxadidan mxolod 6 saxis gadasaxadia<br />
darCenili. rac Seexeba axal sabaJo kodeqss, man mniSvnelovnad gaamartiva<br />
vaWrobis procesic rac ganpirobebulia imiT rom Tu Zveli kodeqsiT<br />
sabaJoze saWiro iyo 15 proceduris gavla, axali kanonmdeblobiT, es<br />
cifri 7-mde Semcirda.<br />
sagadasaxado kodeqsSi igegmeba cvlilebebis Setana, romelmac kidev ufro<br />
unda srulyos sagadasaxado garemo saqarTveloSi, kerZod:<br />
1. saSemosavlo gadasaxadi 2013 wlamde yovelwliurad Semcirdeba, manam<br />
sanam ar miaRwevs 15%-s (2009 wlisTvis es maCvenebeli 20% -is tolia)<br />
2. saSemosavlo gadasaxadi saprocento sargeblidan da dividendebidan<br />
Semcirdeba yovelwliurad, manam sanam, 2012 wlisTvis ar miaRwevs 0%.<br />
eqsport - impoerti<br />
2004 wlisTvis mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis 12% CarTuli iyo importSi,<br />
eqsportSi ki mxolod 4%. mTavari problema am mxriv iyo maRali sabaJo<br />
gadasaxadi, informaciis ar qona, sabaJoze procedurebis kompleqsuroba da<br />
sirTule.<br />
barierebi importirebisTvis<br />
59
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
aman ubiZga xelisuflebas axali sabaJo kanonmdeblobis Sesadgenad. axali<br />
sabaJo kodeqsi 2007 wlis ianvarSi Sevida ZalaSi, man mniSvnelovnad<br />
gaamartiva vaWrobis procesi rac ganpirobebulia imiT rom Tu Zveli<br />
kodeqsiT sabaJoze saWiro iyo 15 proceduris gavla, axali kanonmdeblobiT<br />
es cifri 7-mde Semcirda.<br />
licenzireba<br />
mcire da saSualo kompaniebis didi nawili (43 %) licenzirebisas did<br />
problemebs awydeboda. rac ganpirobebuli iyo: licenziebis ganaxlebis<br />
sixSiresTan, maRal danaxarjebTan, informaciis ar qonasTan, moTxovnili<br />
dokumentebis did ricxvTan, did droT danaxarjebTan licenziis mraval<br />
saxeobasTan da sxva:<br />
finansebze xelmisawvdomoba<br />
bankebi uyenebdnen maRal moTxovnebs msesxeblebs da saprocento<br />
ganakveTebic iyo sakmaod maRali:<br />
60
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
rogor diagramidan Cans, finansebze xelmiuwvdomloba ganpirobebuli iyo:<br />
1. informaciis simwiriT;<br />
2. proceduris droSi gawelilobiT;<br />
3. procedurebis cvlilebis sixSiriT;<br />
4. saWiro dokunetebis didi raodenobiT;<br />
5. maRali danaxarjebiT;<br />
6. sxvadasxva serTifikatebis miRebis saWiroebiT.<br />
2000 wlidan 2004 wlamde saSualo saprocento ganakveTi 36%-dan 19%-mde<br />
Semcirda, ramac Tavis mxriv xeli Seuwyo kreditebis moculobis zrdas da<br />
saxsrebis ganTavsebas realur ekonomikaSi, Sedegd finansebi ufo<br />
xelmisawvdomi gaxda mcire da saSualo biznesisTvis<br />
saqarTveloSi 2008 wels Catarebuli statistikuri kvlevebis Sedegad<br />
saqarTveloSi kompaniebis umravlesobas biznesis ganviTarebis mTavar<br />
problemad miaCnia<br />
1. finansebze xelmisawvdomoba;<br />
61
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
2. politikuri arastabiluroba;<br />
3. energomatareblebi;<br />
4. sagadasaxado ganakveTebi;<br />
5. araformaluri seqtoris arseboba;<br />
6. korufcia;<br />
7. arakvalificiuri muSaxeli;<br />
8. sagadasaxado regulireba;<br />
9. sabaJo da savaWro regulireba.<br />
kerZod, mcire kompaniebs, biznesis Semaferxebel mTavar faqtorad miaCniaT:<br />
1) finansebze xelmisawvdomoba;<br />
2) energomatareblebi:<br />
3) politikuri arastabiluroba.<br />
saSualo sididis kompaniebs ki:<br />
1) politikuri arastabiluroba;<br />
2) araformaluri seqtoris ganviTareba;<br />
3) energomatareblebi.<br />
62
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis 8%-ma aRniSna rom maT saqmianobas araferi<br />
ar uSlis xels, 18 %-ma ki uari ganacxada pasuxze, sxva xelisSemSleli<br />
faqtorebi ki ase gadanawilda:<br />
rigiToba faqtorebi, romlebic aferxebs biznesis ganviTarebas<br />
1 xelisuflebis mxridan biznesis interesebis daucveloba<br />
2<br />
finansuri bazris ganuviTarebloba da sawarmoTa aqtivobis<br />
dabali likviduroba<br />
3 sabanko kreditis rTuli xelmisawvdomoba<br />
4 sabanko kreditis maRali saprocento ganakveTi<br />
5 sagadasaxado sistemis mouwesrigebloba<br />
6 gadasaxadebis maRali ganakveTebi<br />
7 korufcia<br />
8 Sida bazris kontrabandisgan daucveloba<br />
9 bazris daucveloba falsificirebuli produqciisgan<br />
10 saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze fasebis momateba<br />
11<br />
mmarTvelobis da makontrolebeli organoebis biznesSi<br />
zedmeti Careva<br />
12 warmoebuli saqonlis/momsaxurebis dabali konkurencia<br />
13 sxva<br />
saxelmwifos mxridan periodulad xorcieldeba mcire da saSualo<br />
biznesis mxardamWeri proeqtebi da programebi. aRniSnuli programebi xSir<br />
SemTxvevaSi mimarTulia konkretuli biznesseqtoris ganviTarebisa da<br />
waxalisebisaken. Tumca mudmivad tardeba reformebi, rac xels uwyobs<br />
biznesgaremos gaumjobesebas da biznesisTvis barierebis Semcirebas.<br />
63
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2007 wlis 30 maisis #110 dadgenilebiT<br />
damtkicebuli iqna programa `dasaqmeba mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
ganviTarebiT~. programa miznad isaxavda mosaxlebis dasaqmebis zrdis<br />
xelSewyobas regionaluri ekonomikuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebis<br />
mxardaWerisa da ekonomikuri saqmianobis mcire da saSualo<br />
sawarmoebisaTvis sakredito resursebis xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobesebis<br />
gziT. programis beneficiarebs wamoadgendnen turizmis biznesSi<br />
dakavebuli da agreTve aRniSnul seqtorSi biznesis dawyebis msurveli<br />
mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi. beneficiarma mcire da saSualo sawarmoebma,<br />
programis partniori komerciuli bankis mier saxelwifo biujetidam<br />
sesxad miiRes SeRavaTiani kreditebi turistuli infrastruqturis<br />
(sastumro saxlebis, agro turizis, kvebis obieqtebisa da sxa.)<br />
ganviTarebisa da turistul biznesTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobebis<br />
stimulirebisaTvis. programis saxelmwifo biujetis dafinansebam Seadgina<br />
5 500 000 (xuTi milion xuTasi aTasi) lari, saidanac 5 (xuTi) milioni<br />
lari sesxis saxiT gamoeyo partnior komerciul banks, xolo 500 (xuTasi)<br />
aTasi lari moxmarda programis sawyis etapze sakoordinacio, marketingul,<br />
sainformacio da satreningo xarjebis dafinansebas. programis farglebSi<br />
gamoyofili sakredito resursebis saerTo moculobis 20 % gaica damwyeb<br />
biznesze. partniori komerciuli bankis mier sesxis gacema moxda Semdegi<br />
pirobebiT: kreditis vada araumetesi 5 (xuTi) wlisa, sargeblis ganakveTi –<br />
wliuri 12 (Tormeti) procenti, saSeRavaTo periodi – araumetes 1 weli,<br />
sesxis maqsimaluri moculoba 50 000 (ormacda aTi aTasi) lari. prgramaSi<br />
monawileoba miiRo 985 adamianma. aqedan partniori bankis mier<br />
dafinansebuli iqna 94 mewarme.<br />
aseve mniSvnelovani dasaqmebis programa ganaxorciela Tbilisi meriam<br />
saxelwodebiT `daiwye biznesi q. Tbilisis meriis daxmarebiT~. am<br />
programaSi q. Tbilisi merias partniorobas uwevdnen fondi Ria<br />
sazogadoeba – saqarTvelo, USAID-is mcire biznesis xelSemwyobi proeqti,<br />
fondi aTaswleulis gamowveva saqarTvelo da saqarTvelos sainvesticio<br />
saagento. programa moicavda sam fazas:<br />
pirveli faza:<br />
• proeqtis prezentacia;<br />
64
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
• ganacxadebis miReba;<br />
• treningebis monawileTa SerCeva;<br />
meore faza:<br />
• treningebi da jgufuri konsultaciebi;<br />
• proeqtebis momzadeba da individualuri konsultaciebi;<br />
• proeqtebis SerCeva dasafinanseblad;<br />
mesame faza:<br />
• mewarmeTa registracia;<br />
• dafinansebis miReba;<br />
• bizneskonsultaciebi;<br />
pirveli fazaSi monawileoba miiRo 668 adamianma. gasaubrebisTvis SeirCa<br />
610, xolo gasaubrebis Semdeg meriis mier organizebuli treningebi gaiara<br />
500 adamianma.<br />
treningebis Catarebasa da organizebas axorcielebdnen ESM-idan, kavkasiis<br />
biznes skolisa da saqarTvelos profesional buRalterTa da auditorTa<br />
federaciidan winaswar SerCeuli praqtikosi trenerebi.<br />
saqarTveloSi amJamad mimdinareobs biznesgaremoze maregulirebeli<br />
kanonmdeblobis gavlebis Sefasebis (RIA) sistemis danergva. aRniSnuli<br />
Sefaseba moicavs biznesze kanonmdeblobis wnexis gazomvas, kvlevebs, fokus<br />
jgufebs, biznesebze dakvirvebas. Sefasebis mizania gaizomis biznesze<br />
margulirebeli kanonmdeblobis zewolis xarisxi da maqsimalurad<br />
Semcirdes biznesseqtorze saxelmwifos mxridan mimarTuli wnexi.<br />
RIA meTodologia danergilia msoflios mraval qveyanaSi, arsebobs aseve<br />
sxvadasxva ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier SemuSavebuli sqemebi da modelebi<br />
aRniSnuli Sefasebis ganxorcielebisaTvis.<br />
samewarmeo garemos Sefasebis amocanebi moicavs:<br />
65
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
• kanonproeqtebis eqspertiza, maregulirebel garemoze zemoqmedebis<br />
kuTxiT;<br />
• SemoTavazebuli maregulirebeli normebis Sefasebas,<br />
• xarj-sargeblis analizsi;<br />
• xarj-efeqtianobis analizi;<br />
• kerZo seqtorisaTvis maregulirebel normasTan Sesabamisobis<br />
xarjebis Sefaseba;<br />
• riskebis Sefaseba.<br />
aRniSnuli reformis procesSi ekonomikis saministro TanamSromlobs<br />
sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan USAID, IFC, WORLD BANK da sxva.<br />
66
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
saerTaSoriso programebi da proeqtebi mcire da saSualo<br />
biznesis ganviTarebisTvis<br />
ganviTarebuli mcire da saSualo biznesis seqtori metad mniSvnelovania<br />
saqarTvelosTvis qveynis samomavlo ekonomikuri zrdis da stabilurobis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad. mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi Seadgenen saqarTvelos<br />
aqtiuri kompaniebis 97%-s, magram maTi wvlili mTliani Sida produqtis<br />
moculobaSi Zalze dabalia (saqarTveloSi es maCvenebeli 10%-s Seadgens).<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam garkveuli nabijebi gadadga<br />
maregulirebeli da Semowmebis sistemebis gasaumjobeseblad kvlavac<br />
saWiroa aRniSnuli sistemis daxvewa da gamartiveba saukeTeso<br />
saerTaSoriso praqtikis Sesabamisad.<br />
am mxriv mniSvnelovania ganvixiloT is saerTaSoriso donori<br />
organizaciebi, romelTa saqmianoba mimarTulia saqarTvelos<br />
biznesklimatis gaumjobesebasa da mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
xelSewyobaze. bevri teqnikuri dafinansebis programa, romelic dafinansda<br />
iseTi saerTaSoriso donorebis mier, rogoricaa the World Bank, Tacis, USAID<br />
and EBRD, ABCO Georgia, gaxda safokuso wertili pirveladi infomaciiT<br />
saqarTveloSi mcire da saSalo biznesis warmomadgenlebis<br />
informirebisTvis.<br />
msoflio bankis 2009 wlis monacemebiT saqarTvelo, ganxorcielebuli<br />
reformebisa da sxvadsxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxardaWeris<br />
safuZvelze, iqca `biznesmegobrul~ qveyanad.<br />
USAID<br />
90-ian wlebSi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi saqarTvelos<br />
ekonomikis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli Seasrules USAID–ma da sxva<br />
donorma organizaciebma. am periodSi USAID orientirebuli iyo sxvadasxva<br />
sadazRvevo reformebze, romlis mizani iyo qveynis makroekonomikuri<br />
stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa. dReisaTvis saqarTvelos ekonomikuri<br />
aRmavlobis xelSesawyobad USAID –is programebi miznad isaxavs gaaZlieros<br />
instituciuri da adamianuri resursebi rogorc samTavrobo saagentoebSi,<br />
aseve kerZo seqtorSi. misi mizania gaumjobesdes biznesgaremo komerciul<br />
samarTalSi cvlilebebis SetaniT da sagadasaxado da sabaJo sistemebis<br />
67
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
reformebiT. USAID–is daxmareba saqarTveloSi agreTve miznad isaxavs<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis da zogadad kerZo seqtoris kapitalze<br />
xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobesebas, soflis meurneobis produqtebis<br />
warmoebis gaumjobesebas, qarTuli saeqsporto produqciis<br />
konkurentunarianobis gazrdasa da soflad mcxovrebi sazogadoebrivi<br />
jgufebisTvis ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gafarToebas.<br />
ABCO Georgia<br />
saqarTvelos biznes sakonsultacio organizaciebis asociacia ABCO<br />
Georgia<br />
miznebia:<br />
Seiqmna da funqcionirebs 2001 wlis oqtombridan. misi ZriTadi<br />
• biznesis mxardamWeri organizaciebis saqmianobis koordinireba<br />
saqarTvelos masStabiT;<br />
• saqarTvelos biznesorganizaciebisTvis finansuri mxardaWeris<br />
gaweva;<br />
• kerZo mewarmeobis ganviTarebis mxardaWera saqarTvelos masStabiT.<br />
ABCO-Georgia-am sxva wevr organizaciebTan erTad bolo periodSi mravali<br />
proeqti ganaxorciela saqarTveloSi, maT Sorisaa msoflio treningi<br />
ganviTarebaSi, romlis sponsori iyo USAID-saganmanaTleblo ganviTarebis<br />
akademiasTan (AED) erTad. proeqti moicavda samcxe-javaxeTis da guriis<br />
regionebs, romlis farglebSi 500 adgilobriv fermersa da kerZo mewarmes<br />
Cautarda treningi Tanamderove biznesis sxvadasxva saxeobis warmarTvasTan<br />
dakvaSirebiT. treningebis programa sargeblobda saerTaSoriso<br />
saqvelmoqmedo marTlmadidebluri eklesiis (IOCC) sakredito xaziT.<br />
2002 wels asociaciam Caatara treningebis ori sesia biznesis dagegmvasa da<br />
marketingul da finansur dagegmvaSi axalcixisa da axalqalaqis raionebSi<br />
migraciis msoflio organizaciis (IOM) mikro safinanso programis<br />
farglebSi.<br />
2002 wels ABCO-Georgia–m ganaxorciela `treningebisa da konsultaciis~<br />
programa umuSevari adamianebisTvis, rogorc erT-erTi mimarTuleba<br />
saxlemwifo programisa `droebiTi da mudmivi dasaqmebis Sesaxeb~.<br />
68
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
proeqtma micva 234 registrirebuli umuSevari adamiani, romelTac Semdgom<br />
CautardaT treningi da gaewiaT konsultacia biznesdagegmvasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. proeqtis Sedegad monawileebma waradgines 110 biznesgegma,<br />
52-ma adamianma miiRo bankis sesxi da daiwyo sakuTari biznesi. treningebisa<br />
da konsutaciis programa mibmuli iyo saqarTvelos bankis sakredito<br />
xazTan.<br />
2002 wels ABCO-Georgia-m germaniis teqnikuri TanamSromlobis<br />
sazogadoebis (GTZ) dafinansebiT, xeli Seuwyo biznes sakonsultacio<br />
centrebis Seqmnas qvemo qarTlSi _ rusTavis biznes centri (q. rusTavSi)<br />
da marneulis biznes centri (q. marneulSi) iseve rogorc fondis (OSGF)<br />
mxardaWeriT. axalqalaqis biznes centri_samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi<br />
sorosis<br />
2003 wels kvlav Catarda treningebisa da kosultaciebis programa<br />
umuSevrebisTvis, romelmac moicva 452 adamiani. saTanado treningebis<br />
Catarebis Semdeg 208 monawilem warmoadgina biznesgegma, romelTagan 98-ma<br />
miiRo sabanko sesxi da daiwyo sakuTari biznesi. amave dros konsultacia<br />
gaewia im mewarmeebs, romlebic amzadebdnen biznesgegmas `umuSevrebis<br />
socialuri dacvisa da dasaqmebis~ saxelmwifo programis farglebSi. es<br />
proeqtic ganxorcielda saqarTvelos bankis sakredito xaziT.<br />
2003 wels msoflio bankis CarCo programis `sairigacio proeqtis~<br />
farglebSi asociaciam ganaxorciela treningebis seria soflis meurneobis<br />
organizebis, xelmZRvanelobis, finansuri menejmentisa da aRricxvis<br />
Sesaxeb. proeqtma moicva saqarTvelos mTeli teritoria.<br />
2003-2004 wels asociaciam ganaxorciela martivi kreditebis programa,<br />
romlis farglebSic kerZo kompaniebis did nawils goris regionSi<br />
Cautarda treningi da individualuri konsultacia, raTa sworad<br />
gamoeyenebinaT kreditis miRebis SesaZlebloba da gaeZlierebinaT kreditis<br />
marTvis meqanizmi. am 9 Tviani proeqtis organizatori da damfinansebeli<br />
iyo evraziis fondi.<br />
2004 wels asociaciam Caatara treningebis 7 kursi adgilobrivi<br />
mosaxleobisTvis biznes dagegmvas, marketingul da finansur dagegmvaSi<br />
69
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
TbilisSi, kaxeTSi, gorsa da axalcixeSi GCMI- is ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />
programis farglebSi.<br />
2004 wels asociaciam ganaxorciela trenerebis gadamzadebis programa<br />
`axalgazrda mewarmeebis treningebis~ farglebSi, romelic dafinansda<br />
OSCE da GTZ mier. CarCo programis farglebSi OSCE -gan miRebuli<br />
treningis masalebi gadaiTargmna qarTul, rusul da azerbaijanul enebze<br />
da morgebul iqna qarTul realobas. treningis programa gamiznuli iyo<br />
marneulisa da rusTavis biznessakonsultacio centrebis personalisTvis.<br />
2004 wels ABCO-Georgia m ganaxorciela msesxebelTa treningebis kursi<br />
USAID fondis mier saqarTveloSi energo usafrTxoebis iniciativis<br />
proeqtis farglebSi, romelsac saqarTveloSi xelmZRvanelobda PA<br />
Consulting Group. proeqti ikvlevda kerZo biznesis zrdis SesaZleblobebs da<br />
mewarmeebis kreditunarianobas saqarTvelos regionebis mixedviT da miznad<br />
isaxavda daxmareboda mcire da saSualo biznesis warmomadgenlebs<br />
finansebis mobilizebaSi sakuTari biznesSesaZleblobebis<br />
gasaumjobebseblad. proeqtis farglebSi ABCO-Georgia-s evaleboda<br />
Caetarebina treningebi adgilobrivi mewarmeebisTvis. sakredito<br />
moTxovnebis saerTo Rirebulebam Seadgina 2 962 139 000 aSS dolari,<br />
romelic proeqtis farglebSi dakmayofilda.<br />
2004/2005 wlebSi ABCO-Georgia-m Winrock International-Tan erTad<br />
ganaxorciela proeqti energo efeqtianobaSi mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
dabegvris sakiTxebze. proeqti dafinansda IFC mier biznesgaremos<br />
finansuri programis (EBFP) farglebSi.<br />
2005-2006 wlebSi ABCO-Georgia-m amerikis urbanul organizaciasTan erTad<br />
ganaxorciela `ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dagegmvis~ programa, rogorc erTerTi<br />
mimarTuleba proeqtisa "Communities Empowered for Local Decision-making"<br />
(CELD). am proeqtSi ABCO-Georgia –s movaleoba iyo rekomendaciebis<br />
momzadeba ekonomikis ganviTarebasTas dakavSirebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
ABCO-Georgia-m gamosca cnobari "Doing Business in Georgia",<br />
2006 wels saqarTveloSi euTos misiis, euTos demokratiuli institutebisa<br />
da adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ofisis (OSCE) grantis safuZvelze ABCO-<br />
70
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
Georgia-am ganaxorciela `axalgazrduli biznesis ganviTarebis~ proeqti.<br />
proeqti ganxorcielda samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi da misi mizani iyo<br />
adgilobriv axalgazrdebSi biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobis gazrda<br />
2006 wels ABCO-Georgia-m CARE Caucasus-sTan erTad monawlieoba miiRo<br />
`sazogadoebrivi investirebis programis~ ganxorcielebaSi, romlis mizani<br />
iyo mosaxleobis socialer-ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobeseba da<br />
dasaqmebis zrda BTC -is qveynebSi (baqo, Tbilisi jeihani)<br />
agreTve, saqarTvelos biznessakonsultacio organizaciebis asociacia –<br />
ABCO Georgia TanamSromlobs programasTan „energetikis ganviTareba<br />
soflad“ biznesgegmebis Sedgenisa da biznesis safuZvlebis saseminaro<br />
programebis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis sferoSi. proeqtis farglebSi<br />
momzadebuli biznesgegmebis safuZvelze mcire hidroeleqtrosadgurebis<br />
mflobelebs saSualeba moezidaT dafinanseba komerciuli bankebidan,<br />
donori organizaciebisgan da investorebisgan.<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesisTvis barierebis Semcirebis proeqti<br />
TbilisSi 2006 wlis 13 aprils saerTaSoriso safinanso korporciam (IFC)<br />
da bp-im, orma umsxvilesma investorma saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi, daiwyes<br />
saqarTvelos mcire da saSualo biznesisaTvis barierebis Semcirebis<br />
proeqti, romlis mizani iyo gaeumjobesebina biznesgaremo qveyanaSi.<br />
IFC-s mier ganxorcielebuli mcire da saSualo biznesisTvis barierebis<br />
Semcirebis proeqti gaTvlili iyo sam welze da warmoadgenda 1,5<br />
milioni aSS dolaris moculobis iniciativas, sadac bp-sa da navTobisa da<br />
gazi sferoSi misi partniorebis wvlili regionaluri ganviTarebis<br />
iniciativis farglebSi 750 000 aSS dolars Seadgenda. IFC wvlili 500 000<br />
aSS dolars, xolo kanadis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentosi (CIDA)<br />
250 000 aSS dolars Seadgens.<br />
proeqti orietirebuli iyo Semowmebasa da nebarTvis/licenziebis gacemis<br />
sistemaze, raTa ganxorcielebuliyo Semdegi amocanebi:<br />
• biznesisTvis regulirebis tvirTis Semcireba.<br />
71
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
proeqts uSualod unda eTanamSromla politikur maregulirebel<br />
organoebTan biznesis Semowmebis da nebarTvis/licenziebis gacemis<br />
gasaumjobeseblad maTi SesabamisobaSi moyvaniT saukeTeso saerTaSoriso<br />
praqtikastan. politikuri organizaciebi Tavis mxriv, magaliTs miscemdnen<br />
sxva organizaciebs procedurebis efeqtianobisa da gamWirvaleobis<br />
gazrdisaTvis. proeqts konsultaciebi unda gaewia maregulirebeli<br />
organoebisTvis da caetarebina seminarebi,<br />
• mss-ebisTvi<br />
ebisTvis s biznesgaremos monitoringi da mss-ebis kvleva.<br />
proeqts unda ganexorcielebina biznesgaremos monitoringi saqarTveloSi<br />
biznesis mflobelTa pirdapiri kvlevis saSualebiT, raTa gansazRvruliyo<br />
seqtoris mimdinare mdgomareoba da gamovleniliyo mss-ebis ganviTarebis<br />
Semaferxebeli barierebi. kvlevis angariSi iqneboda garkveuli<br />
rekomendacia mTavrobisTvis biznesze administraciuli reformis gavlenis<br />
Sesafaseblad.<br />
• mss-ebisTvis informaciis xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobeseba.<br />
proeqts unda SeemuSavebina da gamoeqveynebina gamartivebuli masala,<br />
romelic daxmarebas gauwevda mcire da saSualo sawarmoebs mTavrobis mier<br />
gansazRvruli wesebis Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT. proeqts unda emuSava<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis ukeT informirebaze maTi uflebebisa da<br />
movaleobebis Sesaxeb da xeli Seewyo Semowmebis procedurebisa da<br />
licenzirebis/nebarTvebis miRebis procesis gaumjobesebisTvis.<br />
saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacia (IFC) warmoadgens kerZo seqtoris<br />
dafinansebis dargSi msoflio bankis jgufis wevrs. IFC-s misias<br />
warmoadgens sicocxlisunariani investiciebis xelSewyoba ganviTarebadi<br />
qveynebis kerZo seqtorSi siRaribis dasaZlevad da cxovrebis pirobebis<br />
gasaumjobeseblad. saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacia afinansebs kerZo<br />
seqtoris investiciebs ganviTarebad qveynebSi, axdens kapitalis<br />
moblizacias saerTaSoriso safinanso bazrebze, exmareba klientebs<br />
gaaumjobeson socialuri da garemo pirobebi, teqnikur daxmarebas da<br />
rekomendaciebs awvdis mTavrobebs da biznessubieqtebs.<br />
72
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis mxardaWeris proeqti<br />
saqarTveloSi 2005 wlis 7 dekembers aSS saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis<br />
programis (USAID) farglebSi oficialurad daiwyo mcire da saSualo<br />
biznesis xelSewyobis oTxwliani proeqti, romelsac saerTaSoriso<br />
eqspertTa korpusi (IESC) axorcielebs saqarTveloSi. am proeqtis mizania<br />
qveyanaSi mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba. proeqti<br />
xels uwyobs saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebas<br />
mravalmxrivi saqmianobis ganxorcielebiT da momsaxurebis miwodebiT,<br />
samuSao Sexvedrebis CatarebiT da teqnikuri daxmarebiT (konsultaciebi da<br />
rekomendaciebi), romelsac proeqtis TanamSromlebi, moxaliseebi da<br />
konsultantebi uweven mewarmeebs. mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebisa<br />
da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis mizniT, proeqti yuradRebas<br />
amaxvilebs Semdeg ZiriTad saqmianobebze: turizmis ganviTareba, daxmareba<br />
finansebze xelmisawvdomobis gazrdis kuTxiT;; biznesasociaciebisTvis<br />
daxmarebis gaweva; ekonomikis ganviTareba mewarmeobis da mcire da<br />
saSualo biznesis ganviTarebiT; biznessakonsultacio centrebis<br />
Camoyalibeba mcire da saSualo biznesisTvis konsultaciebis gawevis<br />
mizniT; samewarmeo saqmianobis Semdgomi ganviTareba mcire da saSualo<br />
biznesis xelSewyobiT; mewarmeobis ganviTareba saqarTvelos regonebSi;<br />
treningebi samewarmeo saqmianobis unaris ganviTarebaze.<br />
TbilisSi 2009 wlis 11 marts, mcire da saSualo biznesis mxardaWeris<br />
proeqtis farglebSi saerTaSoriso eqspertTa korpusma gamoacxada<br />
grantebis sakonkurso programis VI raundi. grantebis dafinanseba<br />
xorcieldeboda aSS saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos mier ucxouri<br />
daxmarebis Sesaxeb aqtis safuZvelze da ganixileba, rogorc saqaraTvelos<br />
kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli daxmareba. grantebis<br />
sakonkurso programis VI raundis amocanas warmoadgenda pirveladi<br />
infrastruqturisa da samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas agvistos movlenebis<br />
Semdeg axladSeqmnil soflebSi. sakonkurso grantebis es raundi<br />
gulisxmobda iseTi iniciativebisa da proeqtebis ganxorcielebas,<br />
romlebic iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs reintegraciisa da adaptaciis<br />
process Seuwyobda xels.<br />
73
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
fondi aTaswleulis gamowveva saqarTvelo<br />
2004 wlis ianvarSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobam gardamaval<br />
etapze myofi qveynebis dasaxmareblad SeumuSava sruliad axali meqanizmi.<br />
aSS-m daarsda aTaswleulis gamowvevis korporacia da SerCeul qveynebSi<br />
Seiqmna specialuri rgolebi, romlebic koordinacias uweven saqmianobebs.<br />
2004 wlis dekemberSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam daarsa fondi –aTaswleulis<br />
gamowveva saqarTvelo, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri. 2005 wlis<br />
agvistoSi saqarTvelom moipova 295,3 miliaoni aSS dolari granti<br />
xuTwliani programis gansaxorcieleblad. 2008 wels saqarTvelom miiRo<br />
kidev damatebiTi 100 milioni dolari, ris Sedegadac fondi aTaswleulis<br />
gamowvevis Tanxa 395,3 milionamde gaizarda. proeqtis vada iwureba 2011<br />
wels.<br />
aTaswleulis fondi TanamSromlobs sxvadasxva donor organizaciasTan,<br />
maT Sorisaa evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki, (BP),<br />
evrokomisia, SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento da sxv.<br />
saqarTvelos aTaswleulis programas aqvs ramdenime prioriteti, maT<br />
Sorisaa agrobiznesis ganviTarebis proeqti. aRniSnuli proeqtis mizania<br />
arsebuli wvrili fermeruli meurneobis gardaqmna momgebian<br />
agrobiznesebad, rac xels Seuwyobs regionebSi agrobiznesis ganviTarebas<br />
da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas.<br />
proeqtis farglebSi gaicema grantebi, Tanadafinansebis principiT,<br />
pirveladi warmoebis, fermerTa momsaxurebis centrebis, mcire<br />
gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis da uwyveti sawarmoo jaWvis<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTvelos nebismier regionSi.<br />
grantebi gaicema Semdegi tipis saqmianobebis dasafinanseblad:<br />
• pirveladi warmoeba;<br />
• fermerTa momsaxurebis centris Seqmna;<br />
• mcire gadamuSaveba;<br />
• sawarmoo jaWvis Seqmna;<br />
74
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
pirveladi warmoeba – grantis Tanxis maqsimaluri odenobaa 50,000 aSS<br />
dolari, Tanamonawileobis minimaluri ganakveTi – 1:0.5 (yoveli $1 grantis<br />
misaRebad fermerma unda warmoadginos $0.5 Tanadafinanseba). pirveladi<br />
warmoebis proeqtis tipiuri magaliTia –sanerge meurneoba, mecxoveleobis<br />
ferma, safutkre meurneoba da a.S.<br />
fermerTa momsaxurebis centris Seqmna – fermerTa momsaxurebis centri<br />
erTgvari agronomiuli maRaziaa, sadac fermers SesaZlebloba eqneba<br />
SeiZinos saWiro sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis saSualebebi (saTeslesargavi<br />
masala, sasuqi, Sxam-qimikatebi), miiRos konsultaciebi an<br />
isargeblos agroteqnikis momsaxurebiT. grantis Tanxis maqsimaluri<br />
odenoba 50,000 aSS dolari, Tanamonawileobis minimaluri ganakveTi – 1:0.75<br />
(yoveli $1 grantis misaRebad fermerma unda warmoadginos $07.5<br />
Tanadafinanseba).<br />
mcire gadamuSaveba – grantis Tanxis maqsimaluri odenoba 50,000 aSS<br />
dolari, Tanamonawileobis minimaluri ganakveTi – 1:1 (yoveli $1 grantis<br />
misaRebad fermerma unda warmoadginos $1 Tanadafinanseba). mcire<br />
gadamamuSavebeli sawarmos tipiuri magaliTia – rZis produqtebis<br />
gadamamuSavebeli qarxana, mcire sakonservo warmoeba da a.S.<br />
sawarmoo jaWvis Seqmna – soflis meurneobis produqciis moyvanis,<br />
Senaxvis, gadamuSavebis, misTvis sasaqonlo saxis micemisa da bazarze<br />
xarisxiani produqciis damkvidrebis mizniT. grantis Tanxis maqsimaluri<br />
odenoba 150,000 aSS dolari, Tanamonawileobis minimaluri ganakveTi 1:1<br />
(yoveli $1 grantis misaRebad fermerma unda warmoadginos $1<br />
Tanadafinanseba). sawarmoo jaWvuri proeqtis tipiuri magaliTia – saSualo<br />
zomis rZis produqtebis gadamamuSavebeli qarxana, sakonservo warmoeba<br />
sakuTari Semgrovebeli centrebiT, sadac xdeba mcire fermerTagan<br />
miRebuli nedleulis konsolidacia, gadamuSaveba, dafasoeba da<br />
realizacia.<br />
75
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
saqarTveloSi biznesis dawyebisa da ganviTerebis Sefaseba<br />
sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebi axorcileben saqarTveloSi<br />
proeqtebsa da programebs da aseve zomaven Sedegebs. tardeba sxvadasxva<br />
tipis kvlevebi saqarTvelos biznes garemos Sesafaseblad saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciebis mxridan. aRsaniSnavia, rom Doing Business 2009 aris meeqvse<br />
im yovelwliuri angariSebis rigSi, romlebic ikvleven biznes _<br />
saqmianobis zrdis regulirebas. misi saSualebiT SeiZleba SevadaroT 181<br />
qveynis maCveneblebi, dawyebuli avRaneTidan damTavrebuli zimbabgemi.<br />
angariSi ixilavs biznesis regulirebis 10 mxares:<br />
1. biznesis dawyeba;<br />
2. urTierTobebi samSeneblo sferosTan;<br />
3. dasaqmeba;<br />
4. sakuTrebis registracia;<br />
5. kreditis aReba;<br />
6. investorebis usafrTxoeba<br />
7. gadasaxadebis akrafis organizacia<br />
8. savaWro barierebi<br />
9. kontraqtebis gaformeba<br />
10. biznesis daxurva/likvidacia.<br />
am indikatorebis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareba<br />
da misi adgili saukeTeso gamocdilebis mqone qveynebs Soris. saqarTvelo<br />
181 qveyanas Soris me-15 adgilzea, maSin roca 2008 wlis monacemebiT is<br />
mxolod me-18 adgils ikavebda<br />
qveynebi biznesis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobis<br />
mixedviT<br />
76
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
1. biznesis dawyeba<br />
roca mewarme Sadgens biznes gegmas da gadawyvets saqmis dawyebas, pirveli<br />
dabrkoleba, romelsac is xvdeba, aris<br />
axali firmis registraciis<br />
procedura. qveynebis ekonomika gansxvavdeba imis da mixedviT Tu ramdenad<br />
advilia axal biznesSi Sesvla. rodesac procedura aris Zalian rTuli,<br />
mewarmeebi mimarTven mosyidvis gzas, raTa daaCqaron es procedura, an<br />
warmarTon biznesi araformalurad. biznesis dawyebis TariRi<br />
damokidebulia gamokvlevis Sedegebis angariSze da im procedurebze,<br />
romlis Sesrulebac savaldebuloa mcire da saSalo zomis firmebisaTvis<br />
sanam daiwyebs legalurad saqmianobas. es moicavs yvela saWiro nebarTvisa<br />
da licenziis miRebas, moTxovnili dokumentaciis Sevsebas, xelisuflebis<br />
organoebis informirebas da maTgan nebarTveis miRebas saqmianobis<br />
dawyebasaTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
dro da fasi yvela saWiro operaciisTvis<br />
winaswar aris gansazRvruli, raTa mewarme iyos Tavidane informirebuli<br />
da gamoiricxos korufciis SesaZlebloba saxelmwifo da sagadasaxado<br />
moxeleebs Soris. aqve gansazRvrulia biznesis iuridiul-samarTlebrivi<br />
formebi.<br />
registraciis procedura moicavs Semdeg etapebs:<br />
1. saregistracio Senatanis gadaxda;<br />
2. kompaniis daregistrireba samewarmeo reestrSi da saidentifikacio<br />
nomrisa da mowmobis miReba; sagadasaxado registracia;<br />
3. korpraciuli angariSis gaxsna bankSi.<br />
2. urTierToba samSeneblo seqtorTan<br />
biznesis registraciis Semdeg mewarmes uxdeba yuradrebis mimarTva<br />
samSeneblo seqtorisken, romelic ganicdis zewolas, erTis mxriv,<br />
mTavrobisgan meTvalyureobisa da licenzirebis saxiT, da meores mxriv,<br />
momxmareblisgan, romelic dainteresebulia xarisxiT. samSeneblo<br />
seqtorTan urTierToba iTvaliswinebs, yvela saWiro proceduris<br />
registracias, romelic iTvaliswinebs strategiuli obieqtis mSeneblobas.<br />
is moicavs Semdeg dokumentacias: Senobis gegmas, samSeneblo adgilis<br />
77
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
rukas, agreTve is moicavs procedurebs komunalur momsaxurebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT: eleqtroenergia, telefoni, wyali da sxva.<br />
3. dasaqmeba.<br />
ekonomikaSi momuSaveTa uflebebis dacvis mizniT xdeba kanonebis<br />
SemuSaveba sxvadasxva organizaciebis Camoyalibeba, raTa uzrunvelyon<br />
mosaxleoba cxovrebis minimaluri pirobebiT. am sistemis ZiriTadi<br />
elementebia: saqmianoba, samrewvelo urTierTobebi, socialuri dacva da<br />
profesiuli sijansaRe da usafrTxoebis normebi, am maCveneblis<br />
mniSvneloba gamoixateba damsaqmeblebsa da momuSaveebs Soris<br />
urTierTobebis mogvarebaSi, raTa ar moxdes daqiravebulTa diskriminacia.<br />
4. sakuTrebis registracia<br />
formaluri sakuTrebis ufleba exmareba mewarmes miwis gadacemis<br />
sakiTxebSi, axalisebs investirebas, zrdis mewarmisTvis formaluri<br />
sakredito saSualebebis xelmisawvdomobas. araoficialuri ufleba<br />
zRudavs sesxebis xelmisawvdomobas da aferxebs biznesis ganviTarebas.<br />
efeqturi sakuTrebis registraciis sistema amcirebs korufciis xarisxs<br />
qveyanaSi. sakuTrebis registraciis procesis dros gasaTvaliswinebelia:<br />
• procedurebis raodenoba;<br />
• registraciisTvis saWiro dro;<br />
• oficialuri gadasaxadi sakuTrebis registraciisTvis;<br />
5. kreditis miReba<br />
kreditis xelmisawvdomoba warmoadgens mniSvnelovan bariers firmebis<br />
ganviTarebisa da zrdisaTvis. iuridiuli uflebebis siZlieris indeqsi<br />
zomavs xarisxs, romliTac gakotrebisa da Sesadarisobis kanonebi icaven<br />
msesxeblebisa da kreditorebis uflebebs.<br />
6. investorebis dacva<br />
kompaniebs SeuZliaT gazardon kapitali bankis sesxiT an kerZo<br />
investorebis daxmarebiT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom investori<br />
78
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
dainteresebulia kompaniis warmatebiT da navaraudevi mogebis miRebiT,<br />
Sesabamisad qveynis bizne-garemos mniSvneloba investirebis procesSi<br />
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, sainvesticio gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi 73%<br />
swored biznes-konteqstzea damokidebuli.<br />
7. gadasaxadebis debis akrefis organizacia<br />
gadasaxadebi aris gardauvali nebismieri saxelmwifosTvis, radgan mis<br />
gareSe SeuZlebelia saWiro saxsrebis mobilizeba sazogadoebrivi<br />
momsaxurebis gasawevad. angariSi moicavs im efeqtiani gadasaxadebis<br />
CamonaTvals, romlis gadaxdac evaleba mcire da saSualo biznesis<br />
warmomadgenlebs. rekomendirebulia am gadasaxadebis gadaxedva da<br />
Semcireba, SesaZleblobebis farglebSi, minimalur donemde. es indikatori<br />
moicavs:<br />
• gadasaxadebis raodenoba, gadasaxadebis amoRebis meTodebi da<br />
sixSire;<br />
• dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic unda moxdes gadasaxadebis<br />
dafarva.<br />
• gadasaxadebis saerTo Rirebuleba, es iTvaliswinebs<br />
gadasaxadebisa da savaldebulo Senatanebis jamur<br />
Rirebulebas, romelic ganisazRvreba procentis saxiT saerTo<br />
mogebidan.<br />
8. savaWro barierebi.<br />
firmis mogebaze did gavlenas axdens tarifebi, qvotebi da sxvadasxva<br />
savaWro SezRudvebi produqciaze fasebis zrdis gamo. globaluri da<br />
regionaluri savaWro SeTanxmebebi amcireben savaWro barierebs. magaliTad,<br />
arsebobs proceduruli moTxovnebi standartuli saqonlis gadazidvasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. yvela procedura da masTan dakavSirebuli dokumentacia,<br />
dro da fasi, saqonlis importirebisa da eqsportirebis dros Tavidanve<br />
aris gansazRvruli: dawyeuli SeTanxmebis gaformebiT or mxares Soris,<br />
damTavrebuli saqonlis miwodebiT. importis ganxorcielebis areali<br />
79
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociacia<br />
ganisazRvreba portidan gemis gamosvlidan, mis Casvlamde importioris<br />
sasawyobo obieqtSi. xolo eqsportis ganxorcielebis areali iwyeba<br />
saqonlis SefuTviT dasruldeba misi gadaadgilebiT portis farglebs<br />
greT.<br />
9. sakontraqto davebi.<br />
biznesis ganxorcielebaze did gavlenas axdens sasamarTlo sistema,<br />
romelic uzrunvelyofs komerciuli davebis mogvarebas adgilobrivi<br />
sasamarTloebis saSualebiT. kamaTi gamoxatavs urTierTobas myidvelsa da<br />
gamyidvels Soris saqonlis realizaciisas. gamyidveli, rogorc wesi<br />
iTxovs Zvirs, myidvels ki ar akmayofilebs xarisxi, am dros ereva<br />
sasamrTlo, romelic cdilobs am savaWro urTierTobebis mogvarebas.<br />
10. biznesis daxurva/likvidacia.<br />
zemoT ganxiluli biznesis warmarTvis indikatorebi saSualebas iZeva<br />
gamovlindes ama Tu im biznesis susti mxareebi da firmis gakotrebis<br />
mizezebi. bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi bankrotoba aris imdenad uunaro, rom<br />
kompaniebi iSviaTad iyeneben mas. aseT qveynebSi rekomendirebulia<br />
reformebis gatareba sakontraqto Zaladobis Sesamcireblad. biznesis<br />
likvidacia moiTxovs Tanmimdevruli procedurebis Sesrulebas.<br />
80
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