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Tbilisis vano sarajiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo konservatoria<br />
Tamaz gabisonia<br />
qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis formebi<br />
musikologiis doqtoris<br />
akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili<br />
d i s e r t a c i a<br />
qvespecialoba: eTnomusikologia<br />
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, pr<strong>of</strong>esori<br />
ioseb Jordania (melburnis universiteti)<br />
Tbilisi _ 2009<br />
1
sarCevi<br />
Sesavali ________________________________________<br />
______________<br />
3 gv.<br />
Tavi I qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri<br />
kanonzomierebebi<br />
cneba `mravalxmianobis~ Sesaxeb ______________<br />
______________________<br />
12 gv.<br />
`SemoqmedebiTi modelis~ cneba ________________________________ 32 gv.<br />
musikaluri azris warmarTvis iniciativa da lideroba __________<br />
42 gv.<br />
Tavi II qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principebi<br />
mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principebi ______________________ 48 gv.<br />
unisoni da heter<strong>of</strong>onia ______________________________________ 52 gv.<br />
antifonuri Sesruleba _______________________________________<br />
57 gv.<br />
burdonuli mravalxmianoba ___________________________________ 63 gv.<br />
ostinaturi mravalxmianoba ___________________________________ 67 gv.<br />
sinqronuli mravalxmianoba ___________________________________ 74 gv.<br />
paraleluri xmaTasvla _______________________________________ 80 gv.<br />
paralinealuri xmaTasvla _____________________________________<br />
84 gv.<br />
qarTuli mravalxmianobis sinTezuri formebi ___________________ 92 gv.<br />
Tavi III qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis tipologiuri klasifikacia<br />
qarTuli mravalxmianobis formaTa klasificirebis meToduri<br />
wanamZRvrebi _________________________________________________<br />
104 gv.<br />
saSemsruleblo reglamentis kriteriumi da klasifikacia ________<br />
110 gv.<br />
samuSao klasifikaciebi _______________________________________<br />
117<br />
17 gv.<br />
qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis formaTa<br />
tipologiuri klasifikaciis sqema _____________________________<br />
127<br />
gv.<br />
qarTuli mravalxmianobis formebi sxvadasxva<br />
saSemsruleblo ganzomilebaSi _________________________________ 136 gv.<br />
Tavi IV mosazrebebi qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis<br />
warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb ____________________________<br />
149<br />
gv.<br />
daskvnebi _____________________________________________________<br />
170 gv.<br />
gamoyenebuli literaturis sia ________________________________ 184 gv.<br />
danarTi:<br />
sqemebi ___________________________________<br />
______________________________<br />
210 gv.<br />
sanoto magaliTebi ____________________________________________ 214 gv.<br />
gamoyenebuli sanoto krebulebis sia ___________________________<br />
272 gv.<br />
2
qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis anobis formebi<br />
Sesavali<br />
maRalganviTarebuli mravalxmianoba qarTuli tradiciuli Semoqmedebis<br />
is fenomenuri Taviseburebaa, romelic qarTvel ers ms<strong>of</strong>lio<br />
kulturis TvalsaCino wamomadgenelad aqcevs. qarTul mravalxmianobas<br />
(Tavs nebas mivcemT, ase movixsenioT qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianoba)<br />
gamoarCevs dramaturgiuli simwyobre, stiluri mravalferovneba, xmaTasvlis<br />
Rrmadgaazrebuli reglamenti.<br />
`musika sxva araferia, Tu ara ariTmetika, magram faruli. ise, rom<br />
sulma ar icis, rom iTvlis~ _ ambobs laibnici, (filos<strong>of</strong>ia ... 1975: 26)<br />
riTac exmianeba antikuri da Sua saukuneebis filos<strong>of</strong>osebs, romelnic<br />
musikis xelovnebas swored maTematikur disciplinad aRiqvamdnen. SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom qarTuli simRera iseTi `umaRlesi maTematikaa~, romlis<br />
mosmenisas Tu Sesrulebisas `sulma unda icodes, rom iTvlis~. moZravi<br />
struqturis gonebiT gaazreba, ra Tqma unda, xmaTa koordinaciis dros<br />
ufroa saWiro, vidre erTi melodiis koleqtiuri gamRerebisas, amitom<br />
mravalxmiani simReris Semsrulebeli, miuxedavad Tavisi partiis<br />
simartivisa Tu sirTulisa, ufro meti ganzomilebis SemoqmedebiTi<br />
amocanis winaSe dgas, vidre _ unisonSi, an _ solo momRerali. dResac<br />
bolomde auxsnelia, Tu ris gamo irCia erToblivi muzicirebisas<br />
qarTvelma xalxma (iseve, rogorc zogierTma sxva erma) Tavis musikaluresTetikur<br />
idealad mravalxmianoba da ara _ erTxmianoba. amasTan, am<br />
arCevanisagan qarTvels dRemde ar gadauxvevia, miuxedavad erTxmiani<br />
musikaluri enis mqone sxvadasxva dampyrobelTa rogorc politikuri, aseve<br />
kulturuli agresiisa.<br />
did qarTvel moazrovneebTan erTad, erT-erTi pirveli, vinc win<br />
wamoswia qarTuli mravalxmianobis fenomenis mniSvneloba, ucxoeli iyo.<br />
`mravalxmianoba qarTuli simReris arsia~ _ wers z. nadeli. (nadeli 1930 :7)<br />
da iqve gadmogvcems am fenomenis gamomJRavnebis erT saxasiaTo SemTxvevas:<br />
`erTxmian Caweril simRerebSi erTi momRerali cdilobs orxmianobis<br />
3
gadmocemas~. marTlac, qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianoba qarTuli<br />
eTnikuri tipis erT-erTi mkafio maxasiaTebelia.<br />
miuxedavad erTad mReris tradiciis met-naklebi SenarCunebisa,<br />
qarTuli xalxuri musikis dRevandeli mravalferovneba mxolod `naSTia<br />
Zveli didebisa~. vacnobierebT ra, Tu ramdeni `TeTri laqaa~ qarTuli<br />
tradiciuli musikis dRevandel `rukaze~, naTeli xdeba, rom Cvenamde<br />
moRweuli simRerebi da sagaloblebi mxolod istoriuli bedukuRmarTobis<br />
`warRvnas~ gadarCenili `kunZulebia~ im erTiani `kontinentisa~, romelsac<br />
qarTuli tradiciuli y<strong>of</strong>a hqvia. dRevandel qarTul musikalur tradicias<br />
kargad exameba asafievis naTqvami: `xalxuri simRera dRes mxolod<br />
stilisturi masalaa~. (asafievi 1987 :40) qarTuli xalxuri musika sasunTq<br />
aparatze SeerTebul avadmy<strong>of</strong>s mogvagonebs, romelsac meoradi ansamblebis<br />
`sisxli~ miewodeba. TiTqmis dakargulia is tradiciuli qarTuli<br />
s<strong>of</strong>luri garemo, romelSic folkloris matarebeli piri originalur, da<br />
amavdroulad, qarTuli stilisagan daucilebel motivs waimRerebs.<br />
SedarebiT ukeTes pirobebSia qarTuli sagalobeli, radgan am tradiciis<br />
matarebelma axalma jgufebma garkveulwilad SeZles TiTqmis daviwyebul<br />
fesvebze `aRmocenebuliyvnen~. TviT axali, stilisturad gamarTuli<br />
qarTuli sagaloblis gamoCenasac gaaCnia garkveuli perspeqtiva. Tumca am<br />
mxriv, jerjerobiT, mravali `wyalqveSa dabrkolebaa~ gasaTvaliswinebeli.<br />
aseve sakmaod rTuli suraTi gvesaxeba qarTuli xalxuri mravalxmianobis<br />
formaTa kvlevis tradiciaze dakvirvebisas. mravalxmianobis<br />
formebi qarTul tradiciul musikaSi imdenad mravalsaxovania, rom,<br />
rogorc Cans, qarTvel mkvlevarebSi damkvidrda maTi sistemaSi<br />
gaazrebisadmi zogadi, naklebad siRrmiseuli midgoma. adreuli periodis<br />
qarTuli fokloristikisaTvis sakiTxis aseTi zogadi Seswavla ar iyo<br />
moulodneli, miT umetes, Tu es sakiTxi kvlevis pirdapir obieqts ar<br />
warmoadgenda. Cveni azriT, qarTveli musikismcodne movalea, meti<br />
guldasmiT Seiswavlos qarTuli musikaluri tradicia. amasTan, gvjera,<br />
rom igi ukeT Caswvdeba Cveni simReris, dasakravisa Tu sagaloblis<br />
siRrmiseul kanonzomierebebs, vidre _ ucxoeli swavluli. qarTvels<br />
qarTuli masalis gaTavisebis meti SesaZlebloba gaaCnia, rom aRaraferi<br />
vTqvaT sakuTari simdidrisadmi pasuxismgeblobaze. amitom gvsurs, rom<br />
4
winamdebare naSromi erT-erTi biZgismimcemi aRmoCndes qarTuli<br />
mravalxmianobis formaTa SeswavlisaTvis.<br />
amgvarad, Cveni kvlevis mizania qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis<br />
formaTa sistemuri Seswavla, rac sabolood, qarTuli mravalxmianobis<br />
formaTa tipologiuri klasifikaciis CamoyalibebiT unda dasruldes.<br />
vecdebiT gamovkveToT qarTuli mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principebi<br />
da tipebi; sistemuri kvlevis Sedegad gamovavlinoT struqturuli iersaxe;<br />
warmovadgenT qarTuli mravalxmianobis istoriul aspeqtSi ganxilvis<br />
hipoTetur mosazrebebs.<br />
klasifikaciis cda, romelic naSromSia warmodgenili, mxolod da<br />
mxolod avtoriseuli versiaa tipologiuri kvlevisa. bartokis<br />
gancxadebiT: `erT adamians ar ZaluZs xalxuri musikis sferoSi<br />
seriozuli kvleviTi muSaobis Catareba~ (bartoki 1959 :11). amitom Cveni<br />
naSromi Semdgomi kvlevisadmi biZgis mimcemis funqciiT ufroa aRWurvili,<br />
vidre sakvlevi problemis bolomde gadaWris ambiciiT.<br />
rogorc berSadskaia miiCnevs, mravalxmianobis kvleva SesaZloa,<br />
warimarTos sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT: esTetikuriT, eTnografiuliT da<br />
kompoziciuriT. (berSadskaia 1961 :9) xolo kompozicia is sferoa, romelic<br />
esTetikasa da eTnografias Soris dgas da am ori maTganis SemakavSirebel<br />
erTgvar niSanTa sistemas warmoadgens. winamdebare naSromSi swored<br />
qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri mxaris ganxilvaa<br />
winwamoweuli. amitom naSromi Teoriuli kvlevisaken ixreba.<br />
qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis rTulma struqturam<br />
iZulebuli gagvxada terminologiuri xasiaTis mravali siaxle Semogvetana.<br />
am terminTagan mravali maTgani CvenTvisac samuSao xasiaTisaa.<br />
gvainteresebs ara `terminologiuri novatoroba~, aramed is, rom<br />
adekvaturad iqnes asaxuli qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis, Tu<br />
SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `cxovrebis wesi~, misi saocari mravalferovneba da<br />
simwyobre. ar veswrafviT Cvens mier motanil terminTa damkvidrebas<br />
qarTul kvleviT praqtikaSi. es axali cnebebi ZiriTadad, movlenaTa<br />
adekvaturad asaxvis mcdelobaa da _ ambiciebisgan Tavisufali.<br />
`sakvanZo~ Tavisebureba qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobisa,<br />
romelic yvelaze metadaa idumalebiT moculi, xolo `amoxsnis~<br />
5
SemTxvevaSi yvelaze met daskvnebs gvpirdeba, aris struqturuli<br />
mravalgvaroba da amave dros _ erTianoba. nuTu erTi, qarTuli Ziri aqvs<br />
burdonul, ostinatur, `hom<strong>of</strong>oniur~, `polifoniur~ mravalxmianobas iqneb<br />
am formaTa SedarebiT dawvrilebiTma ganxilvam axali hipoTezebisaTvis<br />
moamzados niadagi<br />
amave dros, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianobis formaTa kvleva uTuod samsaxurs gauwevs im ucxoel<br />
mkvlevarebs, romlebic ara mxolod qarTuli, aramed kavkasiuri da<br />
saerTod, tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kvleviT interesdebian. rogorc<br />
bergeri aRniSnavs, TviT evropuli mravalxmianobis kvlevac ki<br />
warmoudgeneli qarTuli xalxuri mravalxmianobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe<br />
(bergeri 1983 :244).<br />
naSromSi mocemulia zogierTi tipobrivi qarTuli musikaluri<br />
movlenis ganzogadebis cdac. kerZod, Segvxvdeba msjeloba zogadad<br />
xalxuri mravalxmianobis formebis Sesaxeb qarTul magaliTebze<br />
dayrdnobiT. SesaZloa, aseTi midgoma vinmem araproduqtiulad miiCnios,<br />
magram msgavsi ganzogadebebi ar atarebs universalurobis pretenzias,<br />
aramed, mxolod da mxolod gansaxilvel qarTul movlenasTan mWidrod<br />
miaxloebas emsaxureba. musikalur fokloristikaSi klasikurad miCneul<br />
wignSi i. zemcovski `kalendaruli simRerebis melodika~ aRniSnavs, rom<br />
misTvis amosavalia rusuli masala, da mis safuZvelze ganixilavs<br />
kalendaruli mReris ramdenime arsebiT aspeqts, rogorc erT-erT naTel<br />
magaliTs, tipur models. (zemcovski 1975 :19)<br />
qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis saxeTaASeswavla, cxadia, ar<br />
darCenila qarTvel mecnierTa yuradRebis miRma. Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT,<br />
kvlevis amgvari mimarTuleba iSviaTad iRebda mizanmimarTul xasiaTs.<br />
qarTvel mkvlevarTagan, romelTac didi wvlili miuZRviT am sakiTxis<br />
ganxilvaSi, gamovy<strong>of</strong>T S. aslaniSvils, gr, CxikvaZes da i. Jordanias.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli fokloristikis korifes _ d. arayiSvils,<br />
romelsac mravali saintereso migneba ekuTvnis qarTuli simReris<br />
struqturis kvlevisas, qarTuli mravalxmianobis formaTa ganxilva ar<br />
CaurTavs Tavis prioritetul samecniero amocanaTa nusxaSi. gavixsenebT<br />
mecnieris erT naklebad iRblian pasaJs: `rogorc hipoteza, Cven Tamamad<br />
6
vuSvebT azrs, rom mravalxmianobis problema, arsebiTad, didi xania,<br />
svanuri simReriT aris gadawyvetili~. (arayiSvili 1950 : 33-34) es fraza<br />
kargi ilustraciaa imisa, rom qarTuli fokloristikis gariJraJze<br />
qarTuli mravalxmianobis struqturis kvlevis sakiTxi ar idga<br />
pirvelxarisxovan amocanaTa rigSi. an, SesaZloa, am bumberazi movlenis<br />
winaSe garkveuli ridi iCenda Tavs.<br />
SemdgomSi am mimarTulebiT mainc gadaidgmeba pirveli warmatebuli<br />
nabijebi. S. aslaniSvili, gamoy<strong>of</strong>s qarTuli xalxuri mravalxmianobis sam<br />
tips: burdonuls, kompleqsurs da polifoniurs. garda am sami tipisa,<br />
aRniSnavs qarTuli xalxuri mravalxmianobis ganviTarebis or gzas. erTi<br />
miemarTeba `harmoniuli mravalxmianobisaken~, xolo meore _<br />
`polifoniurisaken~. aseT klasifikaciaSi mravalxmianobis ganviTarebis<br />
tendenciac aris miniSnebuli (gansakuTrebiT `polifoniuri<br />
mravalxmianobis~ jgufSi). am klasifikacias aSkara Rirsebebi gaaCnia.<br />
aseTia qarTuli xalxuri mravalxmianobis or jgufad unaSTod day<strong>of</strong>a;<br />
kompleqsuri mravalxmianobis tipTan SedarebiT antifonuri tipis win<br />
wamoweva; burdonuli mravalxmianobis or jgufad day<strong>of</strong>a _ zeda xmebis<br />
koordinaciis mixedviT.<br />
amave dros, am klasifikaciaSi ramdenime naklsac vxedavT: burdonuli<br />
tipi, aSkara stilisturi erTianobis miuxedavad, harmoniuli da<br />
polifoniuri mravalxmianobis jgufebSia gadanawilebuli, rac<br />
kriteriumad zeda xmebis urTierTqmedebis saxeTa miCnevam gamoiwvia.<br />
daiCagra am mxriv burdonuli bani _ mTavari maxasiaTebeli burdonuli<br />
mravalxmianobisa. kriteriumad banis aRebisas mkvlevars SesaZloa meti<br />
yuradReba mieqcia aseTi banis ori saxeobisaTvis _ gabmuli banisaTvis da<br />
reCitaciulisaTvis. banisadmi naklebi yuradRebis daTmobiTaa, agreTve,<br />
gamowveuli ostinaturi mravalxmianobis didi plastis ugulebely<strong>of</strong>a<br />
mkvlevaris mier (rac am periodisaTvis sxva mkvlevarebisTvisac iyo<br />
damaxasiaTebeli).<br />
gr. CxikvaZe Tavis naSromSi `qarTuli xalxuri simReris<br />
mravalxmianobis ZiriTadi tipebi~ mkafiod ayalibebs zemoaRniSnuli sami<br />
tipis sazRvrebs. axasiaTebs TiToeul maTgans da maTi warmoSobis SesaZlo<br />
mweqanizmebs. qarTuli musikismcodneoba dRemde operirebs am cnebebiT.<br />
7
garda imisa, rom tipTa amgvari gamorCeva arasrulad migvaCnia, ar<br />
veTanxmebiT cnebaTa _ `kompleqsurisa~ da `polifoniuris~ xmarebas<br />
qarTul simRerasTan mimarTebaSi. Tundac imitom, rom am cnebebis qveS<br />
nagulisxmevi movlenebi erTmaneTTan TanakveTis arealebs qmnian.<br />
qarTuli da saerTod xalxuri mravalxmianobis formebis i.<br />
Jordanias mier SemoTavazebuli tipologiuri sqema (Jordania 1989 :7)<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, am mimarTebiT yvelaze warmatebuli cdaa qarTul<br />
musikismcodneobaSi. masSi mocemulia calkeul klasTa subordinaciis<br />
normebi. sqema lakonuria, rac erTgvarad misi didi masStabiTac aixsneba _<br />
igi scildeba qarTuli mravaxmianobis sazRvrebs da, garkveulwilad,<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lios tradiciuli mravalxmianobis formaTa daxarisxebis cdacaa. aq<br />
warmodgenili cnebebi eTnomusikologiaSi aprobirebulia da CvenTvisac<br />
misaRebi. Rirsebebis gverdiT unda aRvniSnoT zogierTi is detali am<br />
sqemisa, romlebic CvenSi winaaRmdegobis grZnobas badebs. magaliTad, am<br />
sqemaSi ar aris mkafio zRvari gavlebuli erTxmianobasa da<br />
mravalxmianobas Soris. gaurkvevelia, amaTgan romels unda miekuTvnos<br />
solo mravalxmianoba (igi reglamentis mxriv erTxmianobaa, xolo<br />
funqciurad _ mravalxmianoba). amas garda, cota ar iyos bundovania<br />
`unisonur-heter<strong>of</strong>oniuli~ da `heter<strong>of</strong>oniul-unisonuri~ jgufebis<br />
sazRvrebi da urTierTmimarTeba. vfiqrobT, am ori sididis gamoCena<br />
dakavSirebuli unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo stilisturad erTiani movlenis<br />
erTxmianobasa da mravalxmianobas Soris orad gadanawilebisa (radgan<br />
heter<strong>of</strong>onia swored am ors Soris mdebareobs). iqneb azrs moklebuli ar<br />
y<strong>of</strong>iliyo sqemaSi kanonis gverdiT imitaciuri mravalxmianobis tipis<br />
calke gamoy<strong>of</strong>a. sqemaSi mravalxmianur kategoriadaa moxseniebuli<br />
`gacnobierebuli paralelizmi~, magram ar aris miniSnebuli, Tu romel<br />
jgufs miekuTvneba `gaucnobierebeli paralelizmi~. es detaleba ar<br />
Cqmalavs sqemis mTavar Rirsebebs, magram, aSkaraa, rom igi ufro did<br />
masStabzea gaTvlili da qarTul mravalxmianobis formaTa ufro<br />
dawvrilebiT diferenciacias ar isaxavs miznad.<br />
mkvlevari gviandel SromebSic mimoixilavs mravalxmianobis tipebs.<br />
magram am SemTxvevebSi ukve sqematurad ar asaxavs maT da ufro msxvili<br />
erTeulebis dawvrilebiT gansazRvrebas iZleva (Jordania 2006 :22-30)<br />
8
sainteresod migvaCnia i. Jordanias mier mravalxmianobis fenomenis<br />
socialuri aspeqtiT gaazrebis cda, ris Sedegadac mkafio sazRvrebs iZens<br />
mravalxmianobis faqtis dadasturebis kriteriumebi, rac gvexmareba meti<br />
sicxadiT warmovadginoT tipologiuri klasifikaciis zeda safexurebi.<br />
(Jordania 2005 :35)<br />
sainteresoa emshaimeris mier aRmosavluri qarTuli mravalxmianobis<br />
hom<strong>of</strong>oniis sferosadmi mikuTvenba, xolo dasavleTisa _ polifoniurisadmi<br />
(emshaimeri 2008).<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom aRniSnuli avtorebi ZiriTadad mimoixilavdnen<br />
qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis yvelaze mZlavr, magram erT<br />
Senakads: qarTul xalxur simReras. naklebi yuradReba xvda qarTuli<br />
sagaloblis, agreTve _ qarTul sakravier da vokalur-sakravier<br />
mravalxmianobas.<br />
sagaloblisadmi uyuradReboba, pirvel rigSi, komunisturi<br />
ideologiis politikuri zewoliT unda aixsnas. ar unda gamovricxoT is<br />
mizezic, romlis Tanaxmadac qarTuli sagalobeli ori samecniero<br />
disciplinis _ qarTuli pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli musikis istoriisa da qarTuli<br />
fokloristikisTvis _ erTmaneTisadmi `dilegirebis~ sagnad iqca, radgan<br />
igi Seicavs, rogorc pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli musikis tradiciis naSTs, agreTve _<br />
xalxuri zepiri tradiciisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebs. Cven<br />
qarTul sagalobels ganvixilavT, rogorc qarTuli tradiciuli musikis<br />
Semadgenel nawils. sityva `tradiciulSi~ ki am SemTxvevaSi vgulisxmobT<br />
evropuli pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli musikaluri tradiciisagan gamijnul originalur<br />
erovnul tradicias, romlis ZiriTadi warmmarTveli nakadi qarTul<br />
musikalur kulturaSi (maT Soris _ sagalobelSi) zepiri tradiciis saxiT<br />
gamomJRavnda.<br />
marTlac, qarTuli sagalobeli, Tavisi istoriuli bedis gamo, ar<br />
ganviTarda pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli Semoqmedebis mkacrad SemosazRvrul farglebSi.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli sagalobeli qarTuli tradiciuli<br />
musikaluri enis produqtia, Tumca, amave dros, qarTuli tradiciuli<br />
musikis sruliad originaluri Senakadia. masSi gamomJRavnda qarTuli<br />
musikaluri azrovnebis pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli musikis yalibSi ganivTebis meqanizmi.<br />
9
ac Seexeba qarTuli sakravieri da xmier-sakravieri mravalxmianobisadmi<br />
qarTvel mkvlevarTa mokrZalebul interess, igi Semdegi mizezebiT<br />
unda aixsnas:<br />
sakravieri musika qarTul musikalur tradiciaSi naklebi xvedriTi<br />
wiliTa da mniSvnelobiT xasiaTdeba, vidre qarTuli xalxuri simRera.<br />
amgvar Sefardebaze, ueWvelia, gavlenas iqoniebda qristianuli<br />
kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `vokaluroba~, Tumca ra zomiT _ Zneli<br />
saTqmelia. amasTan, Cvenc viziarebT cnobili azrs, romlis mixedviTac,<br />
instrumentuli musika istoriulad meoradia vokalurTan SedarebiT<br />
(skrebkovi 1973 :29) TviT adamianis saxmo organoebic xom SemoqmedebiTi<br />
Canafiqris bevrad ufro adekvaturad amsaxveli instrumentia, vidre _<br />
adamianis xeliT Seqmnili sakravebi. swored amgavri `arabunebriobis~<br />
gamoa, SesaZloa sakravi magiuri, `araamqveyniuri~ funqciiT datvirTuli da<br />
wamyvani rolis mflobeli zogierTi xalxis tradiciul musikalur<br />
SemoqmedebaSi. am mosazrebis fonze, SesaZlebelia, usafuZvlod, magram<br />
mainc gavkadnierdebiT da vityviT, rom qarTuli garemoSi xmieri da<br />
sakravieri sferos xvedriTi wilis Sefardeba qarTul xalxur musikaSi<br />
intonirebis bunebriobisadmi jansaRi swrafvis gamomxatvelia.<br />
qarTuli sakravieri musika didi umetesobiT Tanxlebis rols<br />
asrulebs. igulisxmeba ara marto vokalis, aramed _ ritualuri Tu<br />
sameurneo qmedebis Tanxleba. amis gamo, simRerasTan SedarebiT xalxuri<br />
dasakravi ufro metad xasiaTdeba utilitaruli funqciiT, rac mis<br />
individualizaciisaken miswrafebis ZiriTad dabrkolebad unda miviCnioT.<br />
Cvens naSromSi vecdebiT nawilobriv mainc aRmovfxvraT is<br />
naklovanebebi, rac dRes qarTuli tradiciuli sakravieri da saeklesio<br />
mravalxmianobis formebis kvlevaSi SeiniSneba.<br />
naSromSi ZiriTad siaxled gvesaxeba qarTuli tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianobis struqturul saxeTa meti detalizaciiT ganxilva,<br />
risTvisac vecadeT gamogvekveTa originaluri kriteriumebi, rogoricaa:<br />
`modeli~, `musikaluri azris warmarTvis iniciativa~, `mravalxmianobis<br />
kompoziciuri principi~ da sxvani. gamovyaviT qarTuli mravalxmianobis<br />
iseTi formebi, romelTac adre ar eqceoda saTanado yuradReba;<br />
10
ganxilulia qarTuli sakravieri da saeklesio mravalxmianobis formebi.<br />
mocemulia qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis formaTa tipologiuri<br />
klasifikaciis axali versia; amasTan erTad, warmodgenilia qarTuli<br />
mravalxmianobis `saSemsruleblo~ da `samuSao klasifikaciebi~;<br />
mimoixileba qarTuli mravalxmianobis istoriuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb<br />
hipoTeturi mosazrebebi.<br />
naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlisagan, oTxi Tavisagan, daskvnebisagan.<br />
pirvel TavSi _ `qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis<br />
kompoziciuri kanonzomierebebi~, vmsjelobT im SemoqmedebiTi procesebis<br />
Sesaxeb, romlebic safuZvlad udevs aRniSnuli fenomenis mravalsaxovan<br />
faqturis SemuSavebas. Tavi Sedgeba qveTavebisagan: `cneba `mravalxmianobis~<br />
Sesaxeb~, `SemoqmedebiTi modelis~ cneba~ da `musikaluri azris warmarTvis<br />
iniciativa da lideroba~.<br />
meore Tavi _ `qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri<br />
principebi~ Sedgeba Semdegi qveTavebisagan: `mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri<br />
principebi~, `unisoni da heter<strong>of</strong>onia~, `antifonuri Sesruleba~,<br />
`burdonuli mravalxmianoba~, `ostinaturi mravalxmianoba~, `sinqronuli<br />
mravalxmianoba~, `paraleluri xmaTasvla~, `paralinealuri xmaTasvla~,<br />
`qarTuli mravalxmianobis sinTezuri formebi~.<br />
mesame TavSi _ `qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis tipologiuri<br />
klasifikacia~ Sedis Semdegi qveTavebi: `qarTuli mravalxmianobis formaTa<br />
klasificirebis meToduri wanamZRvrebi~, `saSemsruleblo reglamentis<br />
kriteriumi da klasifikacia~, `samuSao klasifikaciebi~, `qarTuli<br />
tradiciuli mravalxmianobis tipologiuri klasifikacia~ da `qarTuli<br />
mravalxmianobis formebi sxvadasxva saSemsruleblo ganzomilebaSi~.<br />
meoTxe Tavis saxelwodebaa `mosazrebebi qarTuli tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianobis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb~. aq mocemulia<br />
rogorc qarTvel musikismcodneTa, aseve winamdebare Sromis avtoris<br />
hipoTeturi mosazrebebi.<br />
daskvnebSi punqtobrivadaa warmodgenili naSromSi msjelobis<br />
Sedegad miRebuli mxolod ZiriTadi daskvnebi.<br />
11
Tavi I<br />
qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri kanonzomierebebi<br />
cneba `mravalxmianobis~ Sesaxeb<br />
Cvens TemaSi warmatebuli kvlevis umniSvnelovanes winapirobad<br />
migvaCnia tradiciuli mravalxmianobis cnebis Sesaxeb msjeloba.<br />
musikismcodneobaSi mravalxmianobis cneba, SeiZleba iTqvas, im<br />
paradoqsul cnebaTa rigs miekuTvneba, romlis Sesaxebac arsebobs<br />
TiTqosda Camoyalibebuli, magram intuitiuri warmodgena. CvenSi xSirad<br />
trivialur iers iRebs am cnebis aRreva cneba `polifoniaSi~.<br />
dasasuraTeblad mokled mimovixilavT, Tu ras gulisxmobs<br />
sxvadasxva mkvlevari `polifoniaSi~: `enciklopediur leqsikonSi~<br />
(musikaluri 1991 :432) polifonia ganmartebulia, rogorc `mravalxmianobis<br />
saxeoba~ (mravalxmiani musikaluri wyobisa, gansxvavebiT _ hom<strong>of</strong>oniurharmoniulisagan),<br />
romelic warmoadgens ori, an meti melodiis<br />
erTdroulad JReras~. skrebkovic polifonias `melodiaTa ansambls~<br />
uwodebs, riTac mravalxmianobis qvesimravled warmoadgens mas (skrebkovi<br />
1982 :4), magram iqve aRniSnavs, rom polifoniuroba, rogorc principi,<br />
potenciis saxiT, mravalxmianobis yvela saxes axasiaTebs. aseTive<br />
yovlisgamsWvalav rols aniWebs xolopovi cneba `harmonias~ (xolopovi<br />
1988 :11). kurti `polifoniis~ cnebaSi mTlianad gulisxmobs mravalxmianobas<br />
(kurti 1931 :69). xolopova polifonias uwodebs individualur melodiur<br />
xmaTa Sexamebas, romelnic an Tanabaruflebianni arian, an _<br />
urTierTdaqvemdebarebulni (xolopova 1979 :6). Zneli warmosadgenia xmaTa<br />
urTierTdamokidebulebis mesame varianti. aseTi gansazRvrebiT aRWurvilni<br />
burdonul mravalxmianobasac polifoniis cnebas mivuyenebdiT.<br />
sazogadod, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fokloristikis rusuli skolis<br />
warmomadgenlebi (romlisagan miRebul memkvidreobas qarTuli musikaluri<br />
fokloristika dRemde erTgulebs), `polifonias~ ufro xSirad<br />
mravalxmianobis im qvesimravled ganixilavs, romelsac xmaTa meti<br />
12
individualizacia axasiaTebs. dasavluri eTnomusikologia ki<br />
`polifonias~ aigivebs `mravalxmianobasTan~, xolo mis Semdgomi<br />
diferenciaciisaTvis sxva terminebs iyenebs.<br />
Cveni mxriv raoden dagvianebulic ar unda iyos, mniSvnelovnad<br />
migvaCnia im poziciis sisworis dadastureba, romlis mixedviTac<br />
eTnomusikologi zepiri tradiciis musikis ganxilvisas unda moeridos<br />
cneba `polifoniis~ gaigivebas `xmaTa damoukidebeli ganviTarebis<br />
procesTan~, rac saavtoro musikaSi `hom<strong>of</strong>onias~ upirispirdeba.<br />
aseve unda veridoT cneba `polifoniis~, rogorc `mravalxmianobis~<br />
dapirispirebas cneba `harmoniasTan~, rogorc xmaTa linealuri<br />
ganviTarebis dapirispirebas vertikalur bgeraTSeTanxmebasTan, anu _<br />
dinamikis dapirispirebas statikasTan. zepir tradiciaSi mravalxmiani<br />
faqturac ukiduresad statikuri SeiZleba iyos (kurti 1931: 69).<br />
pereverzevi mravalxmianobas melodiisa da harmoniis fenomenTagan<br />
damoukidebel, organulad axal movlenad aRiqvams da misi saintereso<br />
analogia mohyavs wyalTan, rogorc Jangbadisa da wyalbadis meSveobiT<br />
Seqmnil, am orTagan sruliad gansxvavebul produqtTan (pereverzevi 1966<br />
:198). am Sedarebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom arsebobs<br />
mravalxmianuri melodia, mravalxmianuri kilo, mravalxmianuri ritmi da<br />
sxva. msgavs pozicias adastureben grigorievi da miuleri, rodesac<br />
msjeloben mravalxmianobis faqturis `erTkilourobis~ Sesaxeb<br />
(grigorievi ... 1969 :11). xolo rinkiaviCusi melodiuri da harmoniuli smenis<br />
gverdiT amkvidrebs cneba `polifoniur smenas~, riTac am movlenis<br />
substanciurobaze miuTiTebs (rinkiaviCusi 1979 :16).<br />
zemcovski Tvlis, rom mravalxmianobis gansazRvra unda iyos<br />
fenomenologiuri, anu arsobrivi da ZiriTad aseT arsobriv fenomenad<br />
Tvlis mravalxmianobis `kontaqturad masocializebel~ funqcias, anu mis<br />
socialur-fsiqikurad gamaerTianebel Zalas (zemcovski 1989 :3) am mxriv<br />
mkvlevari aviTarebs b. asafievis frazas: `mravalxmianoba _ es aris musikis<br />
koleqtiurad aRmoCena~ (asafievi 1971 :88). zemcovski amkvidrebs kidec<br />
termins `koleqtiuri musikaluri azrovneba~ (zemcovski 2002 :43).<br />
mravalxmianobis fenomenis socialuri da musikaluri aspeqtebiT<br />
ganxilvis iniciativiT gamodis i. Jordania. am ori aspeqtiT gansazRvruli<br />
13
`mravalxmianobebi~ saerTo TanakveTis mqone, magram gansxvavebul arealebs<br />
moicaven (socialur mravalxmianobad mkvlevari miiCnevs yovelgvar<br />
erTobliv muzicirebas, xolo musikalurad _ ori xmis partiis<br />
erTdroulad JReras). mecnieri cdilobs Camoayalibos cneba<br />
mravalxmianobis zogadi gasazRvreba, Tumca am etapze `mravalxmiani<br />
kulturis~ gansazRvrebas jerdeba. es ukanaskneli Tavis TavSi<br />
mravalxmianobis orive _ socialur da musikalur gagebas moicavs<br />
(Jordania 2005 :35).<br />
maSasadame, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom zepir tradiciaSi musika<br />
saSualebas da ara mizans warmoadgens, asafievis, zemcovskis, xolo<br />
qarTvel mecnierTagan i. Jordanias kvaldakval unda vaRiaroT, rom<br />
mravalxmianobis arsi (da ara _ Sedegi) mis masocializebel funqciaSia<br />
(asafievi 1987: 85; zemcovski 2003: 43; Jordania 2005: 33).<br />
aqtualurad gvesaxeba sakiTxi, Tu ra parametrebs unda<br />
iTvaliswinebdes cneba `mravalxmianoba~ da riTi emijneba igi cneba<br />
`erTxmianobas~.<br />
tradiciulad, mravalxmianad aRiqmeba nageboba, romelSic realurad<br />
JRers ori an meti xma. amasTan, zogierTi mkvlevari ori xmis oqtavaSi<br />
TanaJReras erTxmianobidan mravalxmianobaSi gardamaval safexurad Tvlis.<br />
amis mizezi mravalxmianobis cnebis ori gansxvavebuli aspeqtiT gaazrebaa.<br />
erTis mxriv, yuradReba eqceva drois mocemul momentSi ganxilul realur<br />
struqturul suraTs; xolo meore SemTxvevaSi aris cda movlenis<br />
funqcionalur WrilSi ganxilvisa. magram es ori kriteriumi aSkarad<br />
abundovnebs cnebis sazRvrebs. marTalia, musikaluri xelovnebis<br />
ganviTarebaSi araferi miiReba gardamavali safexuris gareSe, magram, Cveni<br />
azriT, rac meti iqneba garkveuli sazRvrebis mimaniSnebeli kategoriuli<br />
gansazRvrebebi, miT ukeTesia. swored aseTi ganzraxviT vecdebiT<br />
mravalxmianobis Cveneuli definiciis Camoyalibebas.<br />
TviT termini `mravalxmianoba~ gvkarnaxobs, rom misi gansazRvreba<br />
unda aigos Semdegi aqsiomis safuZvelze: mravalxmianoba aris musikaluri<br />
organizaciis iseTi saxe, romelic Sesdgeba ori an meti xmisagan.<br />
aseTi gansazRvreba badebs or mniSvnelovan kiTxvas:<br />
14
1. ra unda vigulisxmoT cneba `xmaSi~: a) xma-Semsrulebeli<br />
(`Semsruleblis~ amgvari gageba ufro vokalur musikas SeSvenis,<br />
vidre _ instrumentuls), Tu b) xma, rogorc garkveuli<br />
funqcionaluri ier-saxis mqone invarianti, romelic, miuxedavad<br />
SemsrulebelTa raodenobisa, erTi grafikuli proeqciiT gamoisaxeba.<br />
2. rogori aspeqtiT unda iqnes gagebuli `ori an meti~, anu mravali xma<br />
cneba `mravalxmianobaSi~: a) rogorc drois mocemul monakveTSi, an<br />
momentSi erTdroulad mJReri ori, an meti xma; Tu b) funqciurad<br />
gansxvavebuli ori an meti xma, romlebic SesaZloa, Tanaqmedebdnen<br />
rogorc erTdroulad, aseve _ TanamimdevrobiT.<br />
ganvixiloT TiToeuli es kiTxva.<br />
aSkaraa, rom msjeloba: `ramdeni Semsrulebelicaa, imdeni xmaa~, ar<br />
gamogvadgeba, radgan ver davuSvebT am gansazRvrebidan unisonis, rogorc<br />
gamonaklisis gamoricxvas. unisoni araa SemTxveviTi movlena, xolo xuTi<br />
kacis mier unisonSi mRera ver iqneba xuTxmianoba. unisonisas ramdenime<br />
Semsrulebeli erT xmas mReris. aviRoT sapirispiro SemTxveva: aris Tu ara<br />
erTxmianoba erTi Semsruleblis mier ori gansxvavebuli xmis gadmocemis<br />
cda, romelic am xmebis fragmentebis monacvleobiT SesrulebaSi<br />
gamoixateba Tu unda avirCioT (da unda avirCioT kidec) xmis ori<br />
zemoxsenebuli gansazRvrebidan erT-erTi, vamjobinebdiT xmis<br />
funqcionaluri erTianobidan gamomdinare gansazRvrebas, vidre _ xmis,<br />
rogorc, raodenobis mxriv, Semsruleblis identuri movlenis<br />
gansazRvrebas.<br />
amgvari pozicia, ra Tqma unda, sakmaod xistia iseTi movlenis<br />
mravalxmianobad saxeldebis mxriv, rogoricaa erTi piris mier mraval<br />
xmaSi mReris mcdeloba. Cven am movlenas `nagulisxmev mravalxmianobas~<br />
vuwodebdiT. vfiqrobT, Tu funqcionalur kriteriums wamovwevT wina<br />
planze, es SemTxveva ufro axlos mravalxmianobasTan dgas, vidre _<br />
erTxmianobasTan (zumbaZe 2000: 109) (magaliTi #1).<br />
maSasadame, `xmaSi~ vgulisxmobT funqcionalurad erTgvarovan xmis<br />
partias.<br />
15
ac Seexeba vertikalis sakiTxs: erTdroulad mJReri<br />
funqcionalurad ori an meti xma TavisTavad mravalxmianobaa. magram<br />
gasarkvevia: aris Tu ara, amasTan erTad, mravalxmianoba, ara erTdroulad,<br />
aramed monacvleobiT mJReri ori an meti funqcionalurad TviTy<strong>of</strong>adi xma<br />
ramdenxmiania, vTqvaT, simRera mWedliSviliseuli `Wonas~ varianti<br />
TiTqosda cxadia, rom _ samxmiani. magram am simReris ganmavlobaSi<br />
realurad ufro xSirad ori xma JRers, vidre _ sami. amgvarad,<br />
tradiciulad, am simReris samxmianobisadmi mikuTvneba efuZneba (SesaZloa,<br />
Seucnobladac) sami damoukidebeli funqciis xmis reglaments da ara _ am<br />
xmebis vertikalur Tu horizontalur koordinacias. vgonebT, marTebuli<br />
iqneba, Tu am principiT mivudgebiT musikaluri `kiTxva-pasuxis~, an<br />
`mowodeba-pasuxis~ tipis nimuSebs, romlebic ori Semsruleblis mier<br />
sruldeba da sadac ar JRers mravalxmiani vertikali. maSasadame,<br />
mravalxmianobis dafiqsirebis mTavari piroba unda iyos minimum ori<br />
gansxvavebuli funqcionalobis xmis mocemuloba.<br />
marTlacda, ar iqneba marTebuli, Tu mravalxmianobis definiciisas,<br />
erTmaneTisagan ar ganvasxvavebT xmaTa vertikalur da horizontalur<br />
urTierTmimarTebas. erTad Sesruleba srulad asaxavs mravalxmianobis<br />
arss _ gansxvavebulTa erTianobas, xolo monacvleobiT SesrulebaSi aseTi<br />
erTianoba Canasaxis mdgomareobaSi imy<strong>of</strong>eba. Sesabamisad, erTad JReras<br />
davarqmevdiT `realur mravalxmianobas~ (an _ qarTuli versiiT _<br />
`Tanaxmianobas~), xolo monacvleobiT JReras _ `nominalur<br />
mravalxmianobas~ (anu _ `monacvlexmianobas~). es ori movlena erTgvarad<br />
mravalxmianobis `kinetikuri~ da `potenciuri~ saxeobebia. sainteresoa, rom<br />
qristenseni orive amgvar movlenas aerTianebs cnebaSi `multiJReradoba~<br />
(qristenseni 2002 :220), ra terminsac Cven Tavs avaridebT, radgan masSi<br />
monacvle JReradobis mravalxmiani funqcionaluri TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adoba<br />
nivelirebulia.<br />
nominaluri mravalxmianobis cneba TavisTavad, ar unda gavrceldes<br />
iseT movlenebze, romelTa dros ori Semsrulebeli muzicirebs ara<br />
partnioruli motiviT, aramed _ reglamentirebuli Tu SemTxveviTi<br />
monacvleobis principiT. magaliTad, mravalxmianobisagan sakmaod Sorsaa<br />
ori momRerlis monacvleobiTi Sesruleba, romlis drosac TiToeuli<br />
16
asrulebs dasrulebuli musikaluri azris fragments da aseTi fraza ar<br />
moiTxovs TanaSemsruleblis aucilebel gamoxmaurebas. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
TiToeuli Semsrulebeli Tavisi musikaluri Canafiqris mTlianad<br />
ganxorcielebisaTvis ar saWiroebs meore Semsruleblis partniorobas. am<br />
dros TanaSemsrulebeli misi partnioria ara musikaluri dialogis, aramed<br />
sazogadod dialogis _ rogorc aseTis _ mxriv; am dros partnioroba<br />
dasturdeba Tanaavtoris gagebiT, magram ara _ Tanamzraxvelis,<br />
Tanadamgegmavis gagebiT. am dros TiToeuli Semsrulebeli sruliad<br />
avtonomiuria. amis sapirispirod, `kiTxva-pasuxis~, an sxvagvarad _<br />
`mowodeba-gamoxmaurebis~ tipis SesrulebaSi naTlad mJRavndeba sxvadasxva<br />
Semsruleblis mier erTi musikaluri SemoqmedebiTi Canafiqris<br />
ganxorcielebaSi partnioruli Zalisxmeva. TanaSemoqmedebis amgvar or<br />
saxeobas Sesabamisad vuwodebdiT dialog-montaJs<br />
da dialog-sinTezs.<br />
amgvarad, nominaluri mravalxmianobis cneba ar unda mivusadagoT<br />
ori xmis mier monacvleobiT Sesrulebul erTgvarovani funqcionalobis<br />
dasrulebul melodias. xmaTa monacvleoba unda dafiqsirdes azrobrivad<br />
erTiani musikaluri azris mqone monakveTSi. rac Seexeba mravalxmianobis<br />
formis dadgenisaTvis amgvari monakveTis SerCevas ostinaturi<br />
mravalxmianobis pirobebSi (sadac musikaluri azri periodulad da<br />
permanentulad viTardeba), saWirod miviCnevT aseTi ostinaturi formulis<br />
samjer mainc dafiqsirebas, rac ostinatos faqts daadasturebs.<br />
amgvarad, nominaluri mravalxmianobis nimuSSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
misi Cawera erT sanoto sistemazea SesaZlebeli, mkafiod unda ganirCeodes<br />
gansxvavebul xmaTa funqcionaluri sxvadasxvaoba.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom didi mniSvneloba eniWeba xmaTa funqcionalur<br />
diferenciaciaSi registrul pozicias. zogjer SesaZloa, registrs meti<br />
roli eniWebodes funqcionaluri individualobis SeqmnaSi, vidre _<br />
motivur, an tembrul sxvadasxvaobas. registrulad sxvadasxva monakveTze<br />
arsebuli xmebi fsiqologiurad damoukideblad aRiqmeba (nazaikinski 1972<br />
:16). am SemTxvevaSi naklebi mniSvneloba unda hqondes imas, Tu rogor ismis<br />
es ori xma _ erTdroulad, Tu _ Tanamimdevrulad. rodesac aseTi ori<br />
monacvle xma erTdroulad gaiJRers, naTeli xdeba realur da nominalur<br />
mravalxmianobas Soris araprincipuli sxvaoba (magaliTi #2). moviyvanT<br />
17
amdenime damatebiT arguments monacvle xmebis mravalxmianobad Seracxvis<br />
sasargeblod.<br />
mravalxmianobis gansazRvris funqcionalur kriteriums<br />
TanaJReradobis kriteriumTan Semdegi upiratesobac gaaCnia: misi mixedviT<br />
funqcionalur mravalxmianobad ar CaiTvleba iseTi JReradoba, romlis<br />
drosac SemTxveviT ismis erTdroulad ori iseTi xma, romelTa avtorebs<br />
hgoniaT, rom erT melodias mRerian unisonSi (`gaucnobierebeli<br />
mravalxmianoba~, `sxvadasxvaxmianoba~).<br />
iqneb, nominaluri mravalxmianobis cnebis Semotana ar iyos didi<br />
aucileblobiT gamoweuli iqneb davkmay<strong>of</strong>ilebuliyaviT cneba<br />
`antifoniiT~ (mouxedavad imisa, rom antifoni ufro didi simravlea) es<br />
asec emjobineboda, Tu am cnebis mier gansazRvrul movlenas<br />
ganvixilavdiT mxolod, rogorc droSi Seyovnebuls. magram nominalur<br />
mravalxmianobas realur mravalxmianobaSi gadazrdis potencia gaaCnia (ar<br />
aris gamoricxuli swored es iyos realuri mravalxmianobis warmoSobis<br />
erTaderTi gza).<br />
sxvaTa Soris, nominaluri mravalxmianobis realurSi gadazrdis<br />
naTel magaliTs warmogvidgens slaviunasi, romelic litvuri `ameburi~<br />
simReris `polifoniur~ simRerad gadaqcevis Sesaxeb wers. am dros<br />
`ameburi~ simReris Semsrulebeli wyvilebi (romlebic monacvleobiT<br />
mRerian) erTiandebian da ZiriTad teqsts refrenis paralelurad mRerian.<br />
slaviunasi iqve aRniSnavs, rom erTi da igive simRerebi erTsa da imave<br />
teritoriaze imRereba xSirad `ameburadac~ da `polifoniuradac~<br />
(slaviunasi 1972 :18).<br />
ar uarvy<strong>of</strong>T, rom mravalxmiani Sesrulebis srulfasovani gancda<br />
mxolod realuri mravalxmianobis SemsruleblebisTvisaa nacnobi.<br />
nominaluri mravalxmianoba ki moklebulia xmaTa vertikalur<br />
koordinacias, rac, tradiciulad, mravalxmianobis arsad miiCneva. magram<br />
TviT termini `nominaluri~ adasturebs, rom am cnebis Semotana srulebiT<br />
ar `aviwroebs~ realuri mravalxmianobis farglebs.<br />
sainteresod migvaCnia mravalxmianobis warmoSobisa da<br />
funqcionirebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis ganxilva. am mxriv, cxadia, mxolod<br />
musikaluri ganzomileba, sxva komponentTagan mowyvetiT, damajerebel<br />
18
Sedegebamde ver migviyvans, radgan Tavad musikaluri Sedegi<br />
garkveulwilad aramusikaluri faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli. am dros<br />
SemoqmedebiTi ciklis: Semsrulebeli _ meTodi _ procesi _ produqti _<br />
yvela etapzea SesaZlebeli mravalxmianobis sxvadasxva gamovlinebis<br />
dafiqsireba. vecdebiT, mravalxmianobis movlenas SevxedoT amgvari<br />
aramusikaluri da musikaluri faqtorebis diferencirebuli rakursiT.<br />
xolo Semdeg _ CamovayaliboT cneba `mravalxmianobis~ CvenTvis yvelaze<br />
misaRebi ganmarteba.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli faqtorebis dasaxelebisas<br />
vsargeblobT qarTuli zepiri tradiciis musikis magaliTebiT, vfiqrobT,<br />
Cveni mosazrebebis sxva mravalxmian kulturasTan misadagebisas<br />
kardinaluri gansxvavebebi naklebad mosalodnelia, radgan qarTuli<br />
mravalxmianoba formaTa didi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva.<br />
tradiciuli mravalxmianobis aramusikaluri<br />
faqtorebidan<br />
ganvixilavT socialur, fsiqologiur da komunikaciur faqtorebs.<br />
socialuri faqtori<br />
es faqtori migviTiTebs im pirobebze, romelSic mravalxmianoba<br />
gansxeuldeba. aq aqcents vakeTebT ara pirovnul, aramed sazogadoebriv da<br />
garemo pirobebze. am faqtoris mixedviT SesaZlebelia masalis aJRerebamde,<br />
Sesrulebamde arsebuli reglamentis mixedviT gadarCeva. aseTi<br />
reglamentis Semdegi saxeobebi SegviZlia gamovyoT: dialeqturi, Janruli,<br />
socialuri statusis, sqesobriv-asakobrivi da sxva. es reglamenti<br />
TiToeul aRniSnul arealSi istoriuladaa Camoyalibebuli da ukve<br />
tradiciis saxe aqvs miRebuli (volkova ... 1982 :180). amgvari jgufebi<br />
erTgvari yalibebia, romlebSic erTi da igive masala mravalgvari versiiT<br />
jgufdeba. am reglaments Cveni naSromis bolo nawilSi ufro dawvrilebiT<br />
ganvixilavT.<br />
19
fsiqologiuri faqtori<br />
am faqtors davukavSirebdiT TviT Semsruleblis mier koleqtiur<br />
muzicirebisadmi mzady<strong>of</strong>nas da mravalxmiani Sesrulebisadmi mis<br />
midrekilebas. swored es faqtori gansazRvravs Semsruleblis arCevans<br />
erTxmianad, an mravalxmianad mReris alternativis winaSe. qarTul<br />
simReraSi am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, ufro metad, tradicias<br />
eniWeba. aRniSnul tradicias, SesaZloa, fiziologiuri sarCulic edos, Tu<br />
i. Jordanias Teorias gaviTvaliswinebT mravalxmianobisadmi sxvadasxva<br />
eTnosis genetikuri midrekilebis Sesaxeb.<br />
magram, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, fsiqologiuri faqtori, ufro metad,<br />
Semsruleblis globalur models ganixilavs im mimarTebiT, Tu<br />
koleqtiuri muzicirebisas ramdenad aqvs mas moTxovnileba gaiTavisos<br />
erTi saerTo melodiuri modeli (unisonSi), an piriqiT _ sakuTari<br />
originaluri modeli SeuTanxmos partniors (zemcovski 1975 :21).<br />
orive am SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, Semsrulebeli acnobierebs, rom igi<br />
erTiani SemoqmedebiTi organizmis wevria da mowodebulia, muzicirebisas<br />
harmoniul Sedegs miaRwios, rac, sazogadod, koleqtiuri muzicirebis<br />
aseve aucilebeli faqtoria.<br />
metad sainteresoa, am mxriv, qarTuli mravalxmianobisaTvis tradiciuli<br />
gunduri banis fenomeni. aseTi banis calkeuli momRerali zemoT naxsenebi<br />
orive SemoqmedebiTi meTodis momxmarebelia: iziarebs saerTo modelsac<br />
(xSirad melodiurad sakmaod ganviTarebulsac) da am ukanasknels<br />
gansxvavebul xmis (solistis) partias uTavsebs. amave dros, cnobilia, rom<br />
saqarTveloSi absoluturi unisonuri Sesrulebis metad mwiri tradiciaa<br />
dafiqsirebuli. TviT iseTi imperatiuli xasiaTis institutmac ki, rogoric<br />
marTlmadidebluri tradiciaa, saqarTveloSi dafuZnebisas, ver SeinarCuna<br />
erTxmiani unisonuri Sesrulebis manera. yovelive es aSkarad miuTiTebs<br />
imaze, rom unisonuri Sesruleba, romelic fiziologiurad yoveli<br />
adamianis potenciaSi Zevs. qarTvelis SemoqmedebiT potenciaSi<br />
mravalxmianuri azrovnebis wesiT iTrguneba, rac, vfiqrobT, mxolod<br />
tradiciaze ar unda iyos damokidebuli.<br />
20
komunikaciuri faqtori<br />
es faqtori SemsrulebelTa urTierTobis normebs iTvaliswinebs da<br />
ufro metadaa tradiciaze dafuZnebuli, vidre _ fsiqologiuri faqtori.<br />
gamovy<strong>of</strong>T komunikaciis or aseT safexurs: Semgueblur koordinacias da<br />
mizanmimarTul (ganzraxul) koordinacias.<br />
pirvelSi vgulisxmobT ori<br />
piris, an SemsrulebelTa ori jgufis imgvar TanaJReradobas, romlis<br />
drosac TiToeuls Tavisi individualuri, TviTkmari SemoqmedebiTi amocana<br />
aqvs, magram maTi muzicireba saerTo ritualis farglebSi mimdinareobs. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Cveni azriT, gamarTlebuli iqneba saubari `mravalplaniani<br />
Sesrulebis~ (sxvagvarad _ `mravalsibrtyobrivi Sesrulebis~) Sesaxeb.<br />
mravalplaniani Sesrulebisas erToblivi koleqtiuri muzicireba mxolod<br />
nominaluri saxiTaa warmodgenili. qarTul tradiciaSi aseTi Sesrulebis<br />
magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT svanuri samgloviaro rituali, romlis<br />
drosac qalTa qviTiniT tirili mamakacTa `zaris~ fonze sruldeba. d.<br />
aruTinovi-jinWaraZe da m. nadareiSvili saubroben mravalxmian musikaSi<br />
cneba planis erT-erT mniSvnelobad `sivrcobrivi `axlo-Sors~ ganlagebis<br />
efeqts saxaven (aruTinovi-jinWaraZe ... 2007 :36).<br />
rac Seexeba mizanmimarTul koordinacias, aq ukve Semsruleblebi erTi<br />
musikaluri SemoqmedebiTi amocanis daZlevas emsaxurebian. aq realur<br />
koleqtiur muzicirebasTan gvaqvs saqme.<br />
komunikaciuri faqtori gansazRvravs mravalxmian SesrulebaSi xmaTa<br />
raodenobis reglamentsac. magaliTisTvis moviyvanT qarTuli<br />
tradiciisaTvis damaxasiaTebel samxmianobas, rac kargad dasturdeba<br />
qarTuli tradiciuli sagaloblisaTvis kanonikurad qceuli<br />
samxmianobiTac. aseve tradiciulia qarTul samxmianobaSi ori solistisa<br />
da gunduri banis reglamenti. aseTi ganlageba Semsruleblebs, ZiriTadad<br />
musikaluri SesaZleblobebis mxriv, or jgufad hy<strong>of</strong>s, riTac musikalur<br />
qmedebaSi araTu gamorCeuli momRerlis, aramed _ yoveli msurvelis (am<br />
SemTxvevaSi _ banSi) monawileobis uflebas uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>s.<br />
musikaluri faqtorebidan gamovy<strong>of</strong>T teqnologiurs, funqcionalurs da<br />
procesualurs.<br />
21
teqnologiuri faqtori<br />
es faqtori iTvaliswinebs mravalxmiani Sesrulebis bgeraTwarmoqmnis<br />
meTods. aq, ZiriTadad, sakravis faqtori gvkarnaxobs pirobebs. kerZod,<br />
bgeraTwarmoqmnis teqnika SesaZloa gamoixatebodes sakravier an vokalur<br />
SesrulebaSi. magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom sakravis gareSe<br />
Sesruleba ar gulisxmobs mxolod vokalur Sesrulebas. aris mTeli rigi<br />
ritmis gamomxatveli qmedebebi _ taSi, fexis dabakuneba, aramusikaluri<br />
bgerebi _ romelic ar ganixileba vokalur SesrulebaSi, magram xSirad, da,<br />
Cveni azriT, usamarTlod, ganixileba sakravismieri Sesrulebis farglebSi.<br />
principul sxvaobas vxedavT adamianis mier sakuTari sxeulis meSveobiT<br />
xmis gamocemasa da am mizniT instrumentis gamoyenebas Soris. es<br />
ukanaskneli dakavSirebulia ara mxolod originaluri xmovanebis miRwevis<br />
survilTan, aramed _ aray<strong>of</strong>iTi, abstraqtuli musikaluri Semoqmedebisadmi<br />
miswrafebasTanac. Cveni azriT, swored sakravis gamoyenebas unda gamoewvia<br />
yvelaze didi `mutacia~ adamianis musikaluri azrovnebis ganviTarebis<br />
istoriaSi.<br />
amitom, vfiqrobT, mkafio zRvari unda gaivlos adamianis mier sakravis<br />
gareSe da sakravis TanxlebiT gamocemul xmovanebas Soris; magaliTad, _<br />
taSsa da ori qvis dakakunebas Soris. Sesabamisad, musikaluri Semoqmedeba<br />
sazogadod SeiZleba daiyos ara vokalurad da sakravierad, aramed _<br />
sxeulismierad da sakravierad. SesaZloa, upriani iyos calke vokaluri,<br />
sxeulismieri da sakravieri Sesrulebis formebis gamoy<strong>of</strong>ac. yuradRebas<br />
ipyrobs adamianis mier xmiT sakravis, an sxva raime aravokaluri xmis<br />
mibaZvis SemTxvevebic (asafievi 1987 :160).<br />
am dros saqme gvaqvs erTgvar rolur TamaSTan (ra movlenac, garkveul<br />
wilad, gamosaricxi arc sakravieri muzicirebis drosaa). xolo Tu<br />
muzicirebis process Semsruleblis SemoqmedebiTi amocanis aspeqtiT<br />
SevxedavT (da es eTnomusikologiis TvalsazrisiT asec unda iyos), amgvari<br />
Sesruleba gamodis vokalis farglebidan. imasRa davZenT, rom qarTul<br />
sinamdvileSi amgvari SemTxvevebi tradiciis safexurs ver aRwevs.<br />
magram mibaZvis garda yuradRebas agreTve xalxur momReralTa mier<br />
bgeraTwarmoqmnis originaluri, specifikuri xerxebis gamoyeneba ipyrobs,<br />
22
ac qarTul tradiciaSi gamorCeuli Semsruleblebis _ solistebisTvisaa<br />
damaxasiaTebeli. am xerxebs miekuTvneba: rac SeiZleba maRali tesituris<br />
xmis gamocema; bgeris erTgvari `forSlagiT~ aReba; `iodlis~ tipis<br />
falceti `krimanWuli~; ZiriTadi bgeris melizmuri `xveuliT~ Semkoba.<br />
sainteresoa, rom pirveli sami Tavisebureba yvelaze `polifoniur~ kuTxes<br />
_ gurias axasiaTebs, xolo melizmatikiT gataceba _ aseve ganviTarebuli<br />
mravalxmianuri kulturis kuTxes _ kaxeTs.<br />
funqcionaluri faqtori<br />
es faqtori Cvens yuradRebas koleqtiuri muzicirebis monawileTa<br />
xmebis funqcionalur pozicias miapyrobs. am procesis dros xmaTa funqcia<br />
ori ZiriTadi ganzomilebiT xasiaTdeba: a) xmaTa individualizaciisaken an<br />
unifikaciisaken miswrafebiT; da b) xmaTa Tanasworobis, an urTierTdaqvemdebarebis<br />
mimarTulebiT. xmaTa individualizacia is veqtoria, romelic<br />
koleqtiuri erTxmianobidan mravalxmianobiskenaa mimarTuli (aslaniSvili<br />
1954 :73, skrebkova-filatova 1985: 254).<br />
am veqtoris mixedviT funqcionaluri mravalxmianobis Camoyalibebis<br />
ramdenime SesaZlo mimarTulebebidan Semdeg ors gamovy<strong>of</strong>T: unisoni _<br />
heter<strong>of</strong>onia _ Tavisufali xmaTasvla da unisoni _ paralelizmi _<br />
sinqroni _ Tavisufali xmaTasvla Tumca orive am SemTxvevis tipur<br />
gamovlenas (gansakuTrebiT _ meorisas) mxolod pr<strong>of</strong>esiul musikaSi Tu<br />
warmovidgenT. aq ZiriTadi mniSvneloba erTi melodiuri modelis<br />
sxvadasxva xmis mier gaziarebas, an misgan gansxvavebuli modelis Seqmnas<br />
eniWeba.<br />
gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa unisonidan heter<strong>of</strong>oniaSi, agreTve<br />
unisonidan paralelur xmaTasvlaSi, rogorc koleqtiuri erTxmianobidan<br />
koleqtiur mravalxmianobaSi gardamavali safexuri. aq mocemulia Canasaxi<br />
calkeuli xmis individualuri ganviTarebisa, romelic, pirvel SemTxvevaSi,<br />
horizontaluri bgeraTkavSirebis axal models SeimuSavebs, xolo, meores<br />
mxriv, vertikaluri bgeraTSeTanxmebis (koordinaciis) axal models<br />
gvTavazobs.<br />
23
ac Seexeba dasabamier mravalxmianobas, aq funqcionaluri faqtori<br />
aRniSNul transformacias ar ganicdis.<br />
koleqtiuri erTxmianoba koleqtiur mravalxmianobis erTgvari<br />
Canasaxis Tvisebas iZens, Tu tembris komponents gaviTvaliswinebT. kerZod,<br />
erTi melodiis sxvadasxva tembriT Sesrulebas erTxmianobas vakuTvnebT,<br />
Tumca aSkaraa sxvadasxva tembruli funqciis xmaTa faqti. es erTgvari<br />
`mravaltembruli unisonia~. aseTi mravaltembrulobis erT-erTi magaliTia,<br />
erTi mxriv, mamakacTa, xolo meore mxriv, qalTa an bavSvTa oqtavuri<br />
Sesruleba. Cveni azriT, es saSemsruleblo meTodic unisonur Sesrulebas<br />
unda miekuTvnos (xolopovi 1988 :21). am mxriv sainteresoa, rom d.<br />
aruTinovi-jinWaraZe da m. nadareiSvili `oqtavur-unisonur~ wyobas<br />
monodiuri faqturad aRiqvamen. (aruTinovi-jinWaraZe ... 2007 :37).<br />
amgvari Sesrulebis magaliTi mogvepoveba lazur sasimRero<br />
SemoqmedebaSi, romelic mZlavr Turqul zegavlenas ganicdis. xmaTa<br />
individualizaciis veqtorisadmi garkveuli mimarTeba aqvs, agreTve,<br />
sxvadasxva xmis mier unisonis `warumatebel~, `arSemdgar~ Sesrulebas _<br />
sxvadasxvaxmianobas (Jordania i. 1989 : 279-280).<br />
ra Tqma unda, Sesrulebis es SemTxveviTi forma rogorc qarTuli,<br />
aseve sazogadod xalxuri SemoqmedebisaTvis ar SeiZleba tradiciuli iyos.<br />
samagierod, mravalxmianobis erTgvar nominalur gamovlinebad unda<br />
aRviqvaT deklamacia simReris an dasakravis fonze, risi iSviaTi<br />
SemTxvevebic qarTul tradiciaSic mogvepoveba.<br />
gvsurs mcireodeni ram vTqvaT termin `mravalxmianuri (an _<br />
mravalxmiani) melodiis~ Sesaxeb (xolopova 1979 :6).<br />
Tu melodias warmovadgenT, rogorc bgeraTa linealuri kavSirebis<br />
mowesrigebul sistemas, mravalxmiani faqturis pirobebSi ufro upriani<br />
iqneba visaubroT `mravalplanian melodiaze~. igi gaiTvaliswinebs<br />
sxvadasxva doneze, anu sxvadasxva xmaSi _ arsebul melodiur fragmentTa<br />
erTobas, rogorc erTian plasts. aseTi faqtura qarTul tradiciaSi<br />
yvelaze mkafiod Tavisufal-kontrastuli formis mravalxmianobaSi<br />
gvxvdeba.<br />
magram Tavis wil yuradRebas ipyrobs zogierT kerZo SemTxvevaSi<br />
mravalxmiani faqturis sxvadasxva xmaSi arsebuli melodiuri kavSirebis<br />
24
erT xmaSi _ erT sibrtyeSi proecirebis SesaZlebloba, rac yvelaze ukeT<br />
maSin mJRavndeba, rodesac mravalxmiani simReris gadmocemas erTi<br />
Semsrulebeli cdilobs (nadeli 1933 :8). (Cven aseT formas zemoT<br />
`nagulisxmevi mravalxmianoba~ vuwodeT). migvaCnia, rom aseT proeqcias,<br />
garkveuli daSvebiT, SeiZleba vuwodoT `mravalxmiani melodia~, igive<br />
terminiT movixseniebdiT agreTve paraleluri tipis mravalxmianobis<br />
struqturasac, magram _ araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ melodias hom<strong>of</strong>oniur<br />
faqturaSi, anu erT, `lider~ xmas, romelic sxva, `fonur~ xmebze<br />
dominirebs.<br />
procesualuri faqtori<br />
tradiciuli mravalxmianobis procesualur faqtorSi vgulisxmobT<br />
mravalxmiani muzicirebis droiT koordinats, anu im droiT ganzomilebas,<br />
romelSi proecirebuli xmaTa koordinaciis mixedviTac unda dafiqsirdes<br />
mravalxmianobis faqti, misi esa Tu is forma.<br />
droSi proecirebul koordinaciaSi vgulisxmobT funqcionalurad<br />
damoukidebeli ori xmis erTdroul an monacvleobiT TanaJReras. kerZod,<br />
zemoTnaxseneb `nominalur mravalxmianobas~ da `realur mravalxmianobas~.<br />
es ori movlena erTgvarad mravalxmianobis `potenciuri~ da `kinetikuri~<br />
saxeobebia. nominaluri mravalxmianoba qarTul sivrceSi ZiriTadad<br />
ostinaturi `mowodeba-pasuxis~ antifoniTaa warmodgenili.<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, dasrulebuli musikaluri azris mqone monakveTi<br />
nominaluri mravalxmianobis _ funqcionaluri mravalxmianobis minimumis _<br />
dadgenis droiTi koordinatia. Cveni azriT, swored procesis es monakveTi,<br />
da ara _ mTlianad tradiciuli musikaluri qmedeba, rogorc calke nimuSi<br />
_ unda gaxdes rogorc mravalxmianobis faqtis, aseve misi sxvadasxva<br />
formebis dadgenis procesualuri kriteriumi.<br />
magram tradiciuli musikis sferoSi TviTkmari, sasruli qmedebis<br />
gverdiT xSiria arakmari, arasruli ganviTarebis SemTxvevebic, rogoricaa<br />
ostinaturi mravalxmianoba. aseTi mocemulobisas dasrulebuli<br />
musikaluri azris mqone monakveTis Tanafard movlenad, Cveni azriT, unda<br />
25
aRviqvaT ostinaturi formulis sam-oTxgzis ganmeoreba, romlis drosac<br />
srulad gamomJRavndeba ostinaturi ganviTarebis SemoqmedebiTi meTodi.<br />
procesualur faqtors miekuTvneba agreTve erTi melodiis sxvadasxva<br />
xmaSi sxvadasxva dros ganxorcieleba, rac fragmentul doneze imitacias,<br />
xolo sruli ganmeorebisas _ kanons warmoadgens. gansxvavebiT zogierTi<br />
sxva kulturisagan (magaliTad _ sutartinesisagan), qarTuli<br />
tradiciisTvis ziari modelis amgvari droSi gadanacvlebuli gamoyeneba<br />
mxolod imitaciis fragmentul SemTxvevebSia gamovlenili (nadeli 1930 :40).<br />
sainteresoa, rom qarTuli mravalxmianobis tradiciaSi xmaTa da<br />
Sesrulebis maneris xalxuri terminebi mravalxmianobis CamoTvlili<br />
faqtorebis mixedviT SegviZlia davajgufoT, rac Semsruleblis<br />
TvalTaxedvis mravalferovnebaze migviTiTebs:<br />
1. poziciis mixedviT (komunikaciuri faqtori): pirveli, i, meore, zeda,<br />
qveda, Sua xma, wvrili, krini, maRali bani;<br />
2. bgeraTwarmoqmnis meqanizmis mixedviT (teqnologiuri faqtori):<br />
krimanWuli, gamyivani, wvrili, RiRini, dvrini, boxi;<br />
3. daniSnulebis mixedviT (funqcionaluri faqtori): mTqmeli, moZaxili,<br />
bani, Semxmobari, Selaparikeba, CarTuli;<br />
4. droSi ganlagebis mixedviT (procesualuri faqtori): pirveli, meore,<br />
damwyebi, moZaxili, SemRerneba, amyoli, mimyoli;<br />
5. nasesxebi terminebis mxriv (socialuri faqtori): krini, zili;<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulis mixedviT, qarTul xalxur musikalur tradiciaze<br />
dayrdnobiT, tradiciuli mravalxmianobis dadgenis ZiriTadi pirobebi<br />
Semdegia:<br />
1. SemsrulebelTa Tanamuzicirebis mizanmimarTuli iniciativa;<br />
2. funqcionalurad damoukidebeli minimum ori xmis faqti;<br />
3. dasrulebuli musikaluri azris mqone frazis farglebi;<br />
26
am pirobaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, vecdebiT CamovayaliboT tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianobis gansazRvrebis Cveneuli versia:<br />
mravalxmianoba aris mizanmimarTuli vokaluri an sakravieri<br />
Tanamuzicirebis saxeoba, romelSic minimum ori funqcionalurad<br />
urad<br />
damoukidebeli xma dasrulebuli musikaluri azris mqone struqturas<br />
SeimuSavebs.<br />
mokled ganvixilavT qarTuli tradiciuli sakravieri mravalxmianobis<br />
sakiTxs. qarTuli sakravieri musika didi umetesobiT Tanxlebis rols<br />
asrulebs. magram TanxlebaSi unda vigulisxmoT ara marto vokalis, aramed<br />
_ ritualuri Tu sameurneo qmedebis Tanxleba. sainteresoa, rom<br />
socialuri reglamenti qarTuli sakravis musikalur Sedegzec aisaxeba.<br />
sxvadasxva aseTi qmedebis sakravier TanxlebaSi gvxvdeba iseTi intonaciebi,<br />
romelsac ver, an ukve ver SevxvdebiT qarTul simReraSi. samagierod,<br />
simReris Tanmxleb sakravier musikaSi umeteswilad vokaluri musikaluri<br />
azrovnebis sakravier sibrtyeze proeqcias SevniSnavT. sasimRero intonacia<br />
arc solo dasakravisTvisaa ucxo, maSin, rodesac sakravis vokaliT mibaZva<br />
mxolod gamonaklisis saxiT gvxvdeba.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli Taviseburebis gamo, qarTuli xalxuri vokaluri<br />
mravalxmianobis sakmaod dawvrilebiT ganxiluli formebis mixedviT<br />
TiTqosda advili unda iyos qarTuli xalxuri sakravieri mravalxmianobis<br />
formaTa dadgenac. da miuxedavad amisa, qarTveli mkvlevarebis interesis<br />
specialuri sagani es sfero jer ar gamxdara.<br />
metad saintereso amocanas gvTavazobs sakravieri da vokaluri<br />
musikis urTierTSexamebis variantebi. pasuxi unda gaeces Semdeg kiTxvebs:<br />
aris Tu ara mravalxmianoba erTi sakravis farglebSi aris Tu ara<br />
mravalxmianoba erTi Semsruleblis mier vokaluri da sakravieri partiis<br />
monacvleba miiCneva Tu ara mravalxmianobad vokaluri erTxmianoba<br />
sakravis TanxlebiT ra Zireuli gansxvavebaa vokalur da instrumentul<br />
mravalxmianobas Soris<br />
jer bolo SekiTxvas vupasuxebT: mxolod instrumentul da mxolod<br />
vokalur mravalxmianobas Soris arsobrivi sxvaoba ZiriTadad meTodSi _<br />
musikaluri Canafiqris instrumentis saSualebiT, an vokalurad gadmocemis<br />
27
xerxSi mdgomareobs. xolo es Canafiqri orive SemTxvevaSi mravalxmiani<br />
Sesrulebaa. magram, amasTan erTad, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, Tu<br />
funqcionaluri TvalsazrisiT rogor struqturul naxatTan gvaqvs saqme.<br />
Tu sakravis partia minimum ori funqcionalurad damoukidebeli xmisagan<br />
Sedgeba, realuri mravalxmianobis faqti unda davafiqsiroT, ra<br />
magaliTebic ZiriTadad Conguris, gudastviris da Wibonis dasakravebSi<br />
gvxvdeba (unda aRiniSnos, rom Wibons Cven gudastvirisagan<br />
gamocalkevebulad aRviqvamT _ ZiriTadad am ori sakravis gansxvavebuli<br />
stilis dasakravebis gamo). am sakravebze cekvis Tanxlebis zogierT<br />
dasakravs qarTul sasimRero SemoqmedebaSi dafiqsirebuli analogi ar<br />
moeZebneba. (magaliTi #3) aseT solo instrumentul Sesrulebas, sadac<br />
sakravis partiaSi funqcionalurad TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adi xmebi ikveTeba, vuwodebT<br />
individualur anu solo instrumentul (sakravier) mravalxmianobas~. rac<br />
Seexeba erTi sakravis farglebSi funqcionalurad ganurCevel akordulsinqronul<br />
mravalxmian faqturas (Conguris, fanduris, larWem-soinaris<br />
dasakravebSi) maT realuri mravalxmianobis nimuSad ver CavTvliT<br />
(magaliTi #4). amis mizezi funqcionaluri indiferentulobaa, romelic<br />
individualuri Sesrulebis specifikidan gamomdinareobs. Tumca aseTi<br />
SemTxveveSi TiTze CamosaTvlelia.<br />
CaiTvleba Tu ara vokaluri ansamblis Tanaxmieri mravalxmiani<br />
instrumentis partia `mravalxmianobad mravalxmianobaSi~ amgvari<br />
mravalxmiani instrumentis farglebSi warmoCenili funqcionaluri<br />
sxvadasxvaoba Tavisi xarisxiT uferuldeba aRniSnul ansamblis<br />
SemsrulebelTa funqcionaluri damoukideblobis winaSe. ufro metic:<br />
xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac sakravi baZavs vokalur ansambls, romelsac<br />
Tanxlebas ukeTebs, anu qmnis simReris erTgvar `asls~. es movlena<br />
gansakuTrebiT dasavleT saqarTvelosTvisaa bunebrivi. migvaCnia, rom aq<br />
`xmis~ funqciiT amgvari sakravieri musikis garkveuli funqcionaluri<br />
damoukideblobis mqone elementebi ar unda davtvirToT. xolo Tavad<br />
sakravSi dafiqsirebul mravalxmianobis formas samuSao terminad<br />
`mibaZviTi mravalxmianoba~ vuwodoT (magaliTi #5).<br />
magram mibaZviTi mravalxmianoba solo dasakravSic iCens Tavs. xSiria<br />
erTi instrumentis mier meores dasakravis SeTvisebac. gvxvdeba nimuSebi,<br />
28
sadac baZviTi Sesruleba avrcobs Sesabamisi vokaluri Sesrulebis<br />
musikalur frazas da meti melizmuri xveulebiT amkobs. xSirad sakravieri<br />
Tanxlebac solo dasakravadaa warmodgenili da solos SesrulebisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebel Tavisuflebas iZens.<br />
sazogadod, vokalur-instrumentuli mravalxmianobis formebi Tavisi<br />
araerTgvarovani da mravalsaxovani reglamentiT definiciaTa `kaskadis~<br />
Seqmnis sacdurs badebs. aq vxvdebiT realuri Tu aRniSnuli `baZviTi~<br />
mravalxmianobis sakravis, an solo sakravis Sexamebas vokalur solosTan<br />
an gundTan, an sakravisa da solo momRerlis monacvleobas da a.S.<br />
Cvens adrindel naSromebSi, imis gamo, rom gadagvelaxa sakravisa da<br />
vokalis SekavSirebis araerTgvarovneba, sakravis erTiani partia `plastis~<br />
cnebiT davtvirTeT. ramac gamoiwvia termini `vokalur-instrumentuli<br />
mravalplastianoba~, magram mouqnelobis gamo, vfiqrobT, igi<br />
`mkvdradSobilad~ unda CaiTvalos. iseve rogorc 5-6 msgavsi termini.<br />
imedia, an Cven an sxva ukeTes cnebebs SeimuSavebs am sinkretul movlenaTa<br />
definirebisaTvis.<br />
SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom adamianis xma da sakravi musikis<br />
warmoSobis Zireulad sxvadasxva, TviT adamianis mier gamijnuli meTodia.<br />
amas adasturebs xalxur musikaSi arsebuli `sufTa vokaluri~ da `sufTa<br />
instrumentuli~ musikis didi xvedriTi wili. amgvari reglamentis erT-erT<br />
ganmsazRvrel faqtorad unda CaiTvalos Semoqmedi adamianis istoriuli<br />
swrafva xmovanebis erTgvarovani, `araekleqtikuri~ faqturisadmi, rac<br />
pirvely<strong>of</strong>ili sinkretizmis rRvevaSi gamoixata. marTlac, ukiduresad<br />
gansxvavebuli tembrisa da SesaZleblobis ori instrumenti ise ar<br />
gansxvavdeba xmovanebiT, rogorc adamianis xma da instrumenti. SesaZloa<br />
imitom, rom adamianis xmas gaaCnia gansakuTrebuli komunikaciuri funqcia:<br />
sufTa musikalur-semantikur informaciasTan erTad (rac pirvel rigSi<br />
emociur STabeWdilebaSi aisaxeba), atarebs azrobriv semantikuri _<br />
sityvieri informaciis gadacemis potencias (rac msmenelSi tipobrivi<br />
adamianuri urTierTobis gancdas qmnis.).<br />
zemoTqmuls adasturebs is faqtic, rom vokalur-instrumentuli<br />
Sesrulebisas am oridan erT-erTi mxare (metwilad _ vokaluri)<br />
aucileblad gvevlineba funqcionaluri `lideris~ rolSi, xolo meore _ `<br />
29
Tanxlebis~ funqciiT aRiWurveba. `sufTa instrumentul~, an `sufTa<br />
vokalur~ mravalxmianobaSi ki savsebiT bunebrivia xmaTa<br />
Tanabaruflebianoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom vokaluri mravalxmiani kulturis<br />
mqone yovel ers axasiaTebs instrumenturi mravalxmianobac (Jordania 2005<br />
;35), xolo am ukanasknelSi gansakuTrebul funqcias iZens Casaberi<br />
sakravebi (nikolaZe 2002 :416). amitom, arcaa gasakviri, rom vokalur<br />
muzicirebasTan ufro axlos my<strong>of</strong>i Casaberi sakravi (is aparati, romelic<br />
adamianis sxeulis mier xmis gamocemas emsaxureba, xom erTgvarad Casaberi<br />
sakravis analogiaa) ufro xSirad isakuTrebs ansamblSi lideris rols,<br />
vidre _ simebiani, an dasartyami sakravebi. Tumca aseTi ansambli<br />
saqarTveloSi tradiciuli Sesrulebis mxriv naklebadaa dafiqsirebuli.<br />
rac Seexeba romelime instrumentis dasartyam sakravTan ansambls (rac<br />
ZiriTadi saxeobaa qarTuli instrumentuli tradiciuli ansamblisa), aq,<br />
dasartyami sakravis aramelodiuri bunebidan gamomdinare, mravalxmianobis<br />
saxeobas melodiuri instrumentis faqturis mixedviT varkvevT (magaliTi<br />
#6)<br />
sainteresoa SemTxvevebi, rodesac momRerali instrumentis xmas<br />
baZavs. aseTi magaliTi adasturebs, rom sakravi mravalxmiani faqturis<br />
Rirseuli wevria (magaliTi #7).<br />
iSviaTad gvxvdeba erTi Semsruleblis mier monacvleobiTi mRera da<br />
dakvra (magaliTi #8), cxadia, aq igive SemoqmedebiTi meqanizmi<br />
funqcionirebs, rac _ vokaluri nominaluri mravalxmianobis dros.<br />
Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iqTqvas, rom aq saqme gvaqvs vokalur-instrumentul<br />
nominalur mravalxmianobasTan.<br />
sakravier mravalxmianobasTan mimarTebaSi Cvengan pasuxs iTxovs kidev<br />
erTi sakiTxi: CavTvaloT Tu ara mravalxmiani struqturis (sakravieris,<br />
gind _ vokalur-sakravieris) Tanabaruflebian wevrad dasartyami sakravis<br />
da masTan erTad _ adamianis sxeulismieri moZraobiT gamocemuli<br />
xmovanebis (dasartyami sakravis funqciis mqonis) _ taSis, fexis bakunis,<br />
SeZaxilis partia<br />
Cveni azriT, dasartyami sakravis ritmuli Tanxleba maSin unda<br />
CaiTvalos mravalxmiani qsovilis calke wevrad, Tu masSi Tundac mxolod<br />
ritmiT gamoixateba vokaluri partiisagan gansxvavebuli, originaluri<br />
30
musikaluri azris fraza. aseTi SemTxveva ki qarTul sinamdvileSi, Cveni<br />
monacemebiT, ar moiZebneba<br />
cxadia, igive funqciisaa adamianis sxeulismieri ritmuli Tanxlebac,<br />
Tumca gvsurs aq gavimeoroT Cveni pozicia, romelic ar Tanxvdeba zogadad<br />
miRebul mosazrebas taSisa da sxva sxeulismieri ritmuli Tanxlebis<br />
sakravieri musikis farglebSi moqcevis Sesaxeb. Cveni azriT, mkafio zRvari<br />
unda gaivlos adamianis mier sakravis gareSe da sakravis TanxlebiT<br />
gamocemul xmovanebas Soris.<br />
vokaluri da sakravieri musikis gansxvavebis ZiriTadi kriteriumi<br />
unda iyos adamianis mier raime sagnis sakravis funqciiT gamoyenebis faqti.<br />
31
`SemoqmedebiTi modelis~ cneba<br />
Cveni naSromis mTavari miznis _ qarTuli tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianobis diferenciaciis _ misaRwevad dagvWirdeba winaswar<br />
ganvsazRvroT zogierTi iseTi cneba, romelic dagvexmareba mkafiod<br />
gamovsaxoT aRniSnul formaTa individualuri, sxvaTagan gamorCeuli<br />
Tvisebebi. erT-erT aseT Zireul kriteriumad gvesaxeba Semoqmedebis im<br />
principis gamocalkeveba, romelic aucilebeli elementia rogorc qarTuli<br />
tradiciuli mravalxmianobis, aseve mTlianad musikaluri xelovnebis<br />
`morfologiisa~.<br />
intonirebis dawyebidan Camoyalibebuli musikaluri azris mqone<br />
frazamde gza arasdros y<strong>of</strong>ila yamirze gayvanili kvali. Semsruleblis<br />
SemoqmedebiTi iniciativa yovelTvis eyrdnoba garkveul musikalurleqsikur<br />
arsenals. es ukanaskneli nakrebia musikaluri intonaciis<br />
erTgvari `morfemebisa~, `sintagmebisa~, `frazebisa~, mTeli `periodebisac~.<br />
Semsruleblis individualoba ufro xSirad maTi kombinirebisas mJRavndeba,<br />
vidre _ Tavisi, originaluri SemoqmedebiTi ideis mignebisas. es `leqsikuri<br />
erTeulebi~ erTgvari `modelebia<br />
modelebia~ im musikisa, romelmac unda gaiJReros.<br />
maSasadame, Semoqmedebis aucilebeli elementia Semsruleblis SemecnebaSi<br />
arsebuli garkveuli qarga, romelze dayrdnobiTac igi iwyebs musicirebas.<br />
am qargas Cven `SemoqmedebiTi modelis~, ufro mobiluri terminiT ki _<br />
`modelis~ cnebiT movixseniebT.<br />
aseTi `SemoqmedebiTi modelis~ cneba Zalze axlos dgas cneba<br />
`musikalur formulasTan~. magram `formula~ ufro imperatiul xasiaTs<br />
atarebs, vidre `modeli~. es ukanaskneli ufro metad rekomendaciasTan, an<br />
_ prototipTan asocirdeba.<br />
Tumca musikismcodneobaSi amgvar movlenebze saubrisas cneba<br />
`formulaa~ ufro popularuli. gipiusi aseT models `formula-hangs~<br />
uwodebs (gipiusi 1984 :21), rubcovi igive `hang-formulas~ sxvagvarad<br />
`leqsikur (словарные) hangebad~ moixseniebs (rubcovi 1973 :58). zemcovski<br />
musikaluri formulurobis Camoyalibebas ukavSirebs folkloris ukve<br />
`Janrul~ periods. xolo `Janramdel~ periodSi musikalur formulas<br />
`melodiamdel~ da `simReramdel~ fenomenad gulisxmobs (zemcovski 1983 :14-<br />
32
15). grica gvTavazobs `folkloruli paradigmas~ cnebas (grica 1983 :23) es<br />
erTgvari dinamiuri invariantia msgavsi modelebisa, romlis koreqtirebas<br />
socialuri garemo axdens. modelTa sistema SegviZlia vigulisxmoT<br />
zemcovskis mier aRniSnul `motivTa fondSic~ (zemcovski 1983 :29) xolo<br />
Tavis wignSi `kalendarul simReraTa melodika~ zemcovski pirdapir<br />
gvTavazobs modelis, rogorc simReris melodiuri tipis cnebas (zemcovski<br />
1975 :21). igi erTgvarad gaurbis cneba `invariantisadmi~ pirvelxarisxovani<br />
mniSvnelobis miniWebas da es gasagebicaa: Cven ar viciT, rogoria modeli<br />
ideaSi, Cven vicnobT mis gansxeulebebs (zemcovski 1980 :28). mazeli Seavsebs<br />
ra asafievis mier musikis intonirebuli azris xelovnebad gansazRvras,<br />
dasZens, rom musika Tavis TavSi Seicavs movlenaTa da emociaTa saxeobrivintonaciur<br />
modelirebas (mazeli 1991 :24). TviT asafievi aRniSnavs zepir<br />
tradiciaSi arsebul `sqemebsa da formulebs~, romelTa safuZvelze<br />
ibadeba axali variantebi. (asafievi 1987 :82) modelis Cveneburi gageba<br />
faqtiurad ucvlelad esadageba soxoris `musikaluri logikis figurebs<br />
(soxori 1990 :222).<br />
msgavs movlenebs asaxavdnen qarTveli mkvlevarebic. modelis<br />
cnebasTan axloa i. Jordanias mier aRniSnuli ganSladi da Sekvecadi<br />
`nagebobani~ burdonuli simRerebisa (Jordania 1989 :88) magram es avtori<br />
mianiSnebs modelis funqciazec, rodesac saubrobs xalxuri simReris<br />
modulaciuri gegmis, rogorc Taviseburi genetikuri kodis Sesaxeb,<br />
romelic mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs, Cawvdes simReris warmoqmnis<br />
procesebs (Jordania 1989 :116). qarTul fokloristikaSi am mxriv, agreTve<br />
aRsaniSnavia v. maRraZis mier Camoyalibebuli 12 melodiuri saqceviformula,<br />
romelic mesxuri foklorisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, da<br />
romelsac SemdgomSi mkvlevari saqarTvelos masStabiT avrcelebs da ukve<br />
19 modelsac gamohy<strong>of</strong>s (maRraZe 1992 :31).<br />
cneba `modelis~ masStabi mxolod Semoqmedebis samyaroTi ar<br />
ifargleba. igi adamianis fsiqikuri arsebobis erT-erTi aucilebeli aqtia.<br />
fsiqologiuri gagebiT, uznaZis terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, modeli, es<br />
igive fiqsirebuli ganwyobaa (uznaZe 1964 :109). amave dros mas xSirad mtkice<br />
geStalti gaaCnia, romelic elementTa Secvlis miuxedavad mTlianobas<br />
inarCunebs (uznaZe 1964 :303). igi perseveraciisagan gansxvavdeba ufro<br />
33
xSirad, rogorc nebelobis aqti, Tumca perseveraciuli warmodgenac<br />
TavisTavad modelis saxiT vlindeba (levitovi 1977 :196). maSasadame, models<br />
gaaCnia rogorc Secnobadi, aseve qveSecneuli meqanizmebi, rac am movlenis<br />
fundamentur xasiaTze metyvelebs.<br />
modeli `musikaluri formis, rogorc procesis~ fiqsirebuli saxea.<br />
nebismieri Sesrulebuli musikaluri monakveTi ukve modelirdeba Cvens<br />
SemecnebaSi. modelirdeba rogorc umciresi intonaciuri erTeulis, aseve<br />
frazis, winadadebis masStabiT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas calkeuli xmis<br />
partiebisa da mTliani mravalxmiani qsovilis modelirebis mimarTac.<br />
modelirdeba ara mxolod Cvens mier mosmenili, agreTve Cvens mier<br />
Sesrulebuli masala. Semoqmedeba, esaa gza modelidan axali modelisaken.<br />
amave dros, modeli sasrulia. modelirebis procesi mimdinareobs, Tu<br />
SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `korpuskularulad~ da ara _ `talRobrivad~;<br />
`diskretulad~ da ara _ `kontinualurad~.<br />
SeuZlebelia, modeli Seiqmnas raime amorfuli musikaluri masisgan.<br />
zdanoviCi aRniSnavs, rom fiziologiis mixedviT `Semoqmedeba aris axali<br />
pirobiTi refleqsebis warmoqmna, adre warmoqmnili kavSirebis meSveobiT<br />
(uznaZe 1964 :7). swored esaa modelebis kombinaciiT axali modelebis<br />
miRebis procesi. es gansakuTrebiT xalxur Semoqmedebas axasiaTebs. soxori<br />
akonkretebs am mosazrebas, rodesac SeniSnavs, rom masobriv-y<strong>of</strong>iT JanrSi<br />
saerTos meti yuradReba eTmoba, vidre _ individualurs. axali kavSirebi<br />
da variantuli cvlilebebi met rols TamaSobs, vidre _ siaxle.<br />
axleburoba aq yovelTvios Cveulebrivis CaarCoSi eqceva (soxori 1968 :68).<br />
igive azrs iziarebs iuJaki (iuJaki 1975 :44). goSovski exmianeba maT da<br />
aRniSnavs: Seqmnas iseTi hangi, romelic Zireulad gansxvavdeboda xalxSi<br />
arsebuli melodiisgan, momReralTagan iseve SeuZlebelia, rogorc _<br />
dailaparakos misTvis ucnob enaze~ (goSovski 1971 :11). am mkvlevaris<br />
SexedulebiT, adamians sakuTari gemovnebis dakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebisaTvis ukve<br />
nacnobi melodiis reproduqcia ufro eadvileba, vidre _ axlis Seqmna<br />
(goSovski 1971 :12). golicini aRniSnavs: imisaTvis, rom stimuli<br />
informaciuli iyos (e.i. aRqmadi T.g.), unda arsebobdes am stimulTan<br />
sakmaod axlos mdgomi warmodgena. sruliad axali stimuli ar aRiqmeba<br />
(golicini 1980 :59). mazelis azriTac, Tu msmenelTa molodini ar<br />
34
marTldeba, nawarmoebi gaugebari xdeba maTTvis (mazeli 1978 :75). hindemiti<br />
msmenelis molodinis gamarTlebas esTetikur datvirTvasac aniWebs<br />
(orlovi 1980 :102), ra meqanizmic, cxadia, Semsrulebelzec unda<br />
gavrceldes.<br />
modelis ganxorcielebis mravalsaxovnebis erT-erTi faqtori misi<br />
`reproduqciis~ Taviseburebebs eyrdnoba. modeli SesaZloa ganxorcieldes<br />
ara marto saxeSecvlili, aramed mizanmimarTulad antagonisturad.<br />
marTlac, fsiqologiis monacemebiT, asociacia SesaZloa iyos<br />
`mezoblobis~ da `msgavsebis~. am ukanasknelis variantia `kontrastis~<br />
asociaciac. (uznaZe 1964 :359-360). amrigad, SemecnebaSi arsebuli modelis<br />
gansxeuleba _ axali modeli iqmneba erT SemTxvevaSi `msgavsebis<br />
asociaciiT~, ris Sedegadac yalibdeba model-dedanis msgavsi warmoebuli<br />
modeli, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi `kontrastis asociaciiT~ yalibdeba<br />
dedani-modelis kontrastuli warmoebuli modeli. am procesis amsaxveli<br />
unda iyos zemcovskis mier naxsenebi `gadaintonireba~ an `intonaciuri<br />
gardasaxva~ (zemcovski 1994 :13).<br />
amasTan erTad, modelis prognozis xarisxi proporciulia<br />
kontrastis moTxovnilebisa, rogorc Semsruleblis, aseve msmenelis<br />
mxridan. rac ufro mosalodnelia raime movlena, miT ufro nakleb dros<br />
moiTxovs misi gamoCenisas masze yuradRebis adaptacia. Sesabamisad, rac<br />
ufro mkafiodaa aRbeWdili modeli-dedani Semsruleblis leqsikaSi, miT<br />
ufro naklebi SemoqmedebiTi Zalisxmevaa saWiro misi ganxorcielebisaTvis.<br />
da Tu Semsrulebeli `SemoqmedebiTadaa ganwyobili~, ibadeba axali<br />
modeli. asevea mravalxmianobaSic: rac ufro zustadaa mravalxmiani<br />
modeli SemsrulebelTaTvis gaTavisebuli, miT ufro nakleb Zalisxmevas<br />
iTxovs xmaTa koordinacia. amis Sedegad xmebs eZlevaT SesaZlebloba<br />
modelis Tamamad ganaxlebisa. Cveni azriT, swored amgvarad unda<br />
warmovidginoT paraleluri xmaTasvlis kontrastulSi gadazrdis<br />
ZiriTadi gza.<br />
mniSvnelovani faqtoria modelis mdgradobis xarisxi. igi<br />
regulirdeba SemsrulebelTa tradiciuli istoriuli, socialuri,<br />
inteleqtualuri, temperamentisa da sxva faqtorTa urTierTzemoqmedebiT.<br />
aseT faqtorebs miekuTvneba agreTve simReris an sagaloblis sityvieri<br />
35
teqsti, romelic modelis, rogorc `Targis~ utyuari indikatoria.<br />
marTlac, modelis versiebis warmoqmnis dros yvelaze nakleb is punqtebi<br />
icvleba, romlebsac marcvlebi axlavs. berSadskaia (berSadskaia 1961 :25).<br />
aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, nagebobis sawyisi da gansakuTrebiT,<br />
damabolovebeli monakveTebis mdgradobis faqti. fsiqologiaSi<br />
dadasturebulia, rom dasamaxsovrebeli seriis pirveli da ukanaskneli<br />
wevrebi ukeT gvamaxsovrdeba, vidre SuaSi my<strong>of</strong>ebi uznaZe (uznaZe 1964 :383).<br />
unda vigulisxmoT, rom sawyisi motivisa da kadansis mdgradoba am<br />
fsiqologiur kanonsac unda eqvemdebarebodes. modelis simyare uTuod<br />
misdami Semsruleblis keTilganwyobiTac regulirdeba miasiSevi (miasiSCevi<br />
1977 :167). xSirad modelis mdgradoba gamowveulia eTnikuri patriotizmis<br />
SegnebiTac (goSovski 1971 :28). modelis simyares zogjer misi xazgasma,<br />
prioritetulad warmodgena emsaxureba. magaliTad, adrekulturul fenebSi<br />
modelis simyares muxarinskaia asabuTebs `ritmul-melodiuri intonaciebis<br />
stereotipebad qcevis~ mravali damxmare elementis arsebobiT, rogoricaa<br />
metyvelebiTi gammomsaxveloba, xmis Zalis xarisxi, tesitura, aqcentuacia<br />
muaxrinskaia (muxarinskaia 1989 :29). amas davumatebdiT Sesrulebis funqciur<br />
reglaments (n. maxaraZe amas `magiuri funqciis intonaciur formulebs~<br />
uwodebs (kalandaZe 1993 :135-156) kinesikur qmedebebs. da Tu yvela am<br />
CamoTvlis komponents modelis Tvisebad aRviqvamT, sacnauri xdeba d.<br />
uznaZis erTi mosazrebis safuZvlianoba: arsebobs sabuTebi, romelic<br />
gvafiqrebinebs, rom kulturuli ganviTarebis dabal safexurze mexsiereba<br />
zogjer gansakuTrebuli simaxviliT unda xasiaTdebodes~ (uznaZe 1964 :399).<br />
sainteresoa, rom modelisadmi erTguleba sxvadasxva musikaluri<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi komponentebis mimarT erTgvarovnad da proporciulad ar<br />
mJRavndeba. magaliTad, SesaZloa, melodiuri grafikuli `Targi~<br />
gansxeuldes sxva ritmuli naxazis TanxlebiT, an piriqiT: ritmuli<br />
`Targi~ ganxorcieldes zustad, oRond sxva melodiuri versiiT. es faqti<br />
migvaniSnebs, rom modelis gansxeulebisas ganviTarebis tendencia mis<br />
Semadgenel komponentebs SeiZleba araTanabrad Seexos.<br />
aRniSnul komponentebs erTmaneTis mimarT aSkara subordinaciuli<br />
mimarTeba gaaCniaT. Cveni azriT, SeiZleba am komponentebis mixedviT<br />
`lokaluri~ modelirebis sami ierarqiuli safexuri gamovyoT: 1. kilouri<br />
36
modeli, 2. ritmuli modeli, 3. bgeraTsimaRlebrivi modeli. cxadia, samive<br />
es komponenti erTmaneTs gamsWvalavs, magram modelis cvalebadobis mxriv<br />
swored amgvari orientirebi gamoikveTeba. qarTul simRerasTan mimarTebaSi,<br />
ufro xSiria bgeraTsimaRlebrivi modelis rRveva, vidre _ ritmulisa.<br />
kiloebrivi modelis transformacia aseve iSviaTia.<br />
musikaluri modelis gansxeulebis sxva sibrtyea misi droSi ganfenis<br />
masStabebi. ar daviwyebT modelebis day<strong>of</strong>as motivis, frazis, winadadebis<br />
masStabis mixedviT, magram migvaCnia, rom yuradRebas imsaxurebs<br />
dasrulebuli musikaluri nawarmoebis erT mTlian modelad aRqmis<br />
meqanizmi. aseT models `umaRlesi rigis models~ vuwodebdiT. mnemonuri<br />
zRvris aseTi masStabis Sesaxeb asafievic miuTiTebs (asafievi 1971 :114).<br />
Tumca es modeli ver imuSavebs, rogorc konkretuli Semoqmedebis<br />
procesis sayrdeni.<br />
SemoqmedebiTi modeli SeiZleba warmovadginoT, rogorc `modeli<br />
modeli-<br />
qarga~, romelic Semsruleblis cnobierebaSi arsebobs, rogorc axali<br />
modelis Seqmnis winapiroba, da _ `modeli<br />
modeli-anab<br />
anabeWdi<br />
eWdi~, romelic ukve<br />
realurad JRers da dasrulebisTanave `model-qargad~ gadaiqcvea.<br />
modeli-qarga Semsruleblis mier SesaZlebelia ori gansxvavebuli<br />
meTodiT aRiqmebodes:<br />
1. Semsrulebeli iRwvis, xorci Seasxas mis SemecnebaSi ukve arsebul<br />
models, romelic mas qveSecneulad aqvs gacnobierebuli. am dros<br />
Semsruleblis yuradReba sakuTari musikaluri Canafiqris<br />
gadmocemisakenaa mimarTuli. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs mis<br />
SemecnebaSi `imanenturad<br />
imanenturad~ arsebul modelTan, sxvagvarad _ `dedan<br />
modelTan~. `imanenturi modelis~ Secnobis mxatvrul-fsiqologiur<br />
suraTs gvixatavs kurti: moZraoba CvenSi irxeva TviT bgeriT<br />
rxevebamde, romlebSic igi xorcieldeba. melodiuri xazi TrTolavs<br />
manamde, sanam aJRerdeba (kurti 1931 :55). igives gulisxmobs xolopovi,<br />
rodesac aRwers `musikaluri SegrZnebebis siRrmebriv nawilebs~,<br />
romlebic `prekompoziciuri~ aris da arsebobs Semoqmedebamde~<br />
xolopovi (xolopovi 1988 :108). rusudan xojava msmenelis, an<br />
Semsruleblis mier gansaxorcielebeli imanentur models<br />
`winaswarmosmenas~ uwodebs xojava (xojava 1992 :23), rasac iRblian<br />
37
terminad ver miviCnevT. imanenturi modelis cnebas exmianeba<br />
zemcovskis mier aRniSnuli `Segnebuli da Seugnebeli variantuloba~<br />
zemcovski (zemcovski 1980 :44). davZenT, rom fsiqologiaSi `imanenturi<br />
modelis~ msgavs movlenas `recepciul ganwyobas~ eZaxian.<br />
2. Semsruleblis orientiri, e.i. gansaxorcielebeli modelis<br />
`prototipi~ aris ara sakuTari intonirebamdeli imanenturi modeli,<br />
aramed _ sxvis mier ukve aJRerebuli masala _ anu sxvisi imanenturi<br />
modelis ukve gansxeulebuli nimuSi, romelic dedan-modelad qceula<br />
msmeneli-SemsruleblisaTvis. aseT models `gare models~<br />
vuwodebdiT. muzicireba, romelic amgvar modelzea dayrdnobili,<br />
mTlianad improvizaciazea dafuZnebuli. magaliTad SeiZleba<br />
moviyvanoT qarTul simReraSi burdonuli banis mTqmeli, romelmac<br />
ar icis Sesrulebadi simRera da mTlianad zeda xmis mTqmelzea<br />
dayrdnobili. `gare modelze~ dayrdnobiT improvizaciis kargi<br />
magaliTia imitaciac (rac ase ucxoa qarTuli tradiciuli<br />
musikisTvis).<br />
cxadia, `imanenturi~ da `gare~ modelebi sufTa saxiT imgvari<br />
improvizaciuli Sesrulebis reglamentSia warmosadgeni, romlis arseboba<br />
bolodroindel tradiciuli muzicirebisas warmoudgenelia. dRes<br />
tradiciuli musikis Semsrulebeli ZiriTadad erT, `gaqvavebul~ modelzea<br />
orientirebuli. `imanentur~ modelze dayrdnoba mas mcire variantuli<br />
gadaxvevis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, xolo `gare modelis~ gaTvaliswineba _<br />
xmaTa urTierTSeTanxmebis koordinatebs usaxavs. amitom, rodesac<br />
msjelobisas viyenebT cnebebs `imanenturi modeli~ da `gare modeli~,<br />
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Sesabamis movlenaTa unari warmoqmnan (warmoeqmnaT)<br />
originaluri mravalxmianuri struqturis formebi da ara _ maTi roli<br />
dRevandeli, ukve `gaqvavebuli~ saerTo mravalxmiani modelis<br />
naklebgansxvavebul versiebSi.<br />
amjerad ganvixiloT tradiciul mravalxmian garemoSi modelis<br />
ganxorcielebis sxvadasxva meqanizmi:<br />
modeli ganxorcieldeba ZiriTadad msgavsebisa da kontrastis niSniT.<br />
aqve gamovy<strong>of</strong>T msgavsebis or safexurs. pirvel doneze ganTavsdeba<br />
38
imanenturi modelis absoluturi msgavsebiT ganxorcielebis modelianabeWdi,<br />
rasac `identur models~ vuwodebT. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom<br />
identuri modeli metad mkafio konturs Semoavlebs erTxmianobis (rogorc<br />
individualuris, aseve _ koleqtiuris) movlenas. marTlac, erT sibrtyeze<br />
ganfenili identuri modeli yvelaze mkafio kriteriumia koleqtiuri<br />
Semoqmedebis wiaRSi erTxmianobis mravalxmianobidan gamosacalkeveblad.<br />
ufro metic, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom mravalxmianoba aris koleqtiuri<br />
Sesruleba, romlis drosac Tundac erTi xma gacnobierebulad emijneba<br />
identuri modelis ganxorcielebas.<br />
modeli-qargas gaTavisebis meore variantia araidenturi, magram<br />
msgavsi modelebis TanaJReradobis principi, rasac `ziar models~<br />
vuwodebT (da ara _ `msgavs models~). ufro konkretulad igi gulisxmobs<br />
imanenturi (erT xmaSi) da gare (sxva xmebSi) modelebis registrulad<br />
gansxvavebul xmebSi ganxorcielebas, rac saerTo kilour sivrceSi aseTi<br />
ziari modelis mcireoden variantul niuansebs iwvevs. am TvisebiT ziari<br />
modeli gansxvavdeba identurisagan.<br />
ziari modelis principi diferencirebisadmi met midrekilebas<br />
amJRavnebs. es modeli SesaZloa sxvadasxva xmebSi sxvadasxva reglamentiT<br />
gadanawildes: a) `Tanad<br />
Tanadrouli ziari modeli~ _ e.i. droSi Tanabrad<br />
ganawilebuli erTi modeli; da b) `imitaciuri ziari modeli~, romelic<br />
qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli. SeiZleba davaxasiaToT<br />
agreTve `gansxvavebuli masStabis ziari modeli~, magram igi imdenad<br />
ararealuria qarTuli tradiciuli musikisaTvis, rom mis Sesaxeb<br />
msjelobas aRar movyvebiT.<br />
gare modelisadmi ara mimsgavseba, aramed mizanmimarTulad<br />
kontrastuli SeTanawyoba, SeiZleba iTqvas, mravalxmianobis modelirebis<br />
arsobrivi principia. swored sxva, TanamJRer xmasTan koordinaciaa<br />
mravalxmianobis safuZveli. am SemTxvevaSi gare modeli ZiriTadad<br />
`kontrastul modelSi~ ganxorcieldeba. romelic xmebis mier erTmaneTis<br />
modelisadmi mizanmimarTulad kontrastuli modeli-anabeWdis SemuSavebas<br />
gulisxmobs. sainteresoa, rom ziari da kontrastuli modelis cnebaTa<br />
paralelur movlenas asaxaven d. aruTinovi-jinWaraZe da m. nadareiSvili,<br />
rodesac saubroben elementTa urTierTkavSiris or ZiriTad saxeze:<br />
39
paralelursa da urTierTSemavsebelze. pirveli mimarTulia raime erTi<br />
mxatvruli miznis misaRwevad, xolo meore _ sxvadasxva elementebis<br />
moqmedebis sawinaaRmdego mxatvruli efeqtis misaRwevad. (aruTinovi ... 2007<br />
:26-27).<br />
koleqtiuri Semoqmedebis reglamentiT yvela xmis mier erTi modeliqargasadmi<br />
erTguleba, cxadia, funqcionaluri mravalxmianobis etalonad<br />
ver CaiTvleba. samagierod, reliefur suraTs xatavs erTi xmis mier<br />
imanenturi modelisadmi meti erTguleba, vidre _ gare modelisadmi. es<br />
imanenturi modeli xasiaTdeba gansakuTrebuli specifiuri bunebiT,<br />
romelic yalibdeba erTis mxriv winaswargansazRvruli saSemsruleblo<br />
reglamentiT (gunduri bani, maRali registris xma), meores mxriv ki _<br />
romelime komponentis ucvlelad kvlavwarmoebis tendenciiT (burdoni,<br />
ostinato). amgvari specifiurobis gamo SemuSavdeba struqtura, sadac erT<br />
xma gamorCeulad amJRavnebs modelisadmi morCilebas. amgvar erTgulebas<br />
`gankerZoebul models~ SevarqmevT. aseTi modelirebuli xma ZiriTadad<br />
koordinaciis nakleb xarisxs amJRavnebs sxva xmebTan, maSin, rodesac sxva<br />
xmebi mas angariSgasawev `gare modelad~ aRiqvamen. amgvari gankerZoebuli<br />
modeli SesaZloa ganxorcieldes: a) ostinaturad, e.i. modelis perioduli,<br />
daJinebuli ganmeorebis principiT; da b) modelis erTjeradi, TviTkmari<br />
ganxorcilebis principiT, romlis drosac modelis perioduli gamoCena ar<br />
aris aucilebeli piroba. aseTi modelis kargi magaliTia burdoni.<br />
TviTkmari modelis arss kargad xsnis skrebkovi. igi aseT movlenas<br />
uwodebs `eqspoziciurobis wminda saxeobas~, romelic ganviTarebas ar<br />
moiTxovs. igi SeiZleba ganviTardes, magram ara – aucileblad. skrebkovi<br />
(skrebkovi 1973 :32)<br />
gankerZoebuli modelis sapirispiro suraTs qmnis partnioruli<br />
modeli, romelic iTvaliswinebs mravalxmiani qsovilis monawile xmebis<br />
Tanabar potencias iniciativis aRebisa, maT Tanasworuflebian<br />
Tanaavtorobas mravalxmiani faqturis `moqsovisas~. aseTi wonasworoba<br />
ZiriTadad gare modelze orientaciiT gamoirCeva.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, gankerZoebuli modeli mxolod kontrastuli<br />
modelis saxiT gamoixateba, xolo partnioruli modeli SesaZloa, ziari<br />
40
modelis saxiTac gamomJRavndes. partniorul modelTan magram xSirad<br />
Tanaarsebobs sxva xmasTan kontrastis moTxovnileba.<br />
dasasruls kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom SemoqmedebiTi modelirebis<br />
principi dResdReobiT mxolod `kosmetikur~ doneze mJRavndeba.<br />
tradiciuli musikis dRevandeli Semsrulebeli bevrad ufro zRudavs<br />
sakuTar SemoqmedebiT iniciativas, vidre, vTqvaT _ meoce saukunis Sua<br />
wlebis lotbarebi. magram qarTuli simReris, dasakravisa Tu sagaloblis<br />
struqturul suraTSi SesamCnevia adrindeli SemoqmedebiTi modelirebis<br />
meqanizmis kvali, SemoqmedebiTi iniciativis erTgvari `Seyovnebuli~<br />
proeqcia. es ki gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, qarTuli tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianobis cocxali kompoziciuri meqanizmi ganvixiloT misi dRemde<br />
moRweuli anareklis mixedviT.<br />
41
musikaluri azris warmarTvis iniciativa da lideroba<br />
ganvixileT ra qarTul tradiciul mravalxmianobaSi SemoqmedebiTi<br />
modelirebis meqanizmis zogierTi aspeqti, gvsurs visaubroT modelis<br />
gansxeulebis kidev erT meqanizmze, romelic dakavSirebulia SemoqmedebiTi<br />
iniciativis cnebasTan. imedia, es movlena, modelTan erTad, migvaaxloebs<br />
qarTuli mravalxmianobis formebis mkafio diferenciacias.<br />
tradiciul mravalxmianobaSi modelis cneba gvexmareba, gavarkvioT,<br />
Tu romeli xmaa ufro metad erTguli imanenturi modelisa; aqvT Tu ara<br />
xmebs saerTo, ziari modeli; ramdenad koordinirebulia calkeuli<br />
Semsrulebeli `gare~ modelisadmi. magram jer ar gangvixilavs, Tu romel<br />
xmas gaaCnia upiratesoba, prioriteti musikaluri azris warmarTvisa.<br />
swored am sakiTxis pasuxis gasacemad saWiro xdeba SemoqmedebiTi procesis<br />
kidev erTi meqanizmis _ liderobis, iniciativis Tvisebis Sesaxeb msjeloba.<br />
gadavxedoT cnobil antinomias: hom<strong>of</strong>onia _ polifonia. ra<br />
ganasxvavebs am or mravalxmian struqturas erTmaneTisagan pirvel<br />
maTganSi mkafiodaa reglamentirebuli erT-erTi xmis prioriteti; meoreSi<br />
_ amgvari lideroba an ar aris gamovlenili, an _ pirvelTan erTad<br />
talRiseburad unawildeba. swored calkeuli xmis warmmarTveli<br />
mniSvnelobis qona-arqonaa hom<strong>of</strong>oniisa da polifoniis tradiciul cnebaTa<br />
sazRvris mTavari kriteriumi.<br />
cnobilia, rom musikalur nawarmoebSi msmeneli, pirvel rigSi,<br />
melodiis aRqmas eswrafvis. anu, misi ZiriTadi yuradReba mimarTulia<br />
nawarmoebis reliefuri, grafikulad gamokveTili komponentisadmi. magram<br />
maSin, rodesac msmeneli ar cdilobs garkvevas musikaluri azris<br />
ganviTarebis logikaSi, igi musikas aRiqvams fonuri sawyisis winwamoweviT,<br />
sadac kolori da asociaciuri elementebi TamaSobs wamyvan rols.<br />
fonizmis wina planze wamowevis kargi magaliTi mohyavs xolopovas, roca<br />
igi `zemravalxmianobis~ stils ganixilavs. am dros 20-30-xmiani faqtura<br />
sonoruli tipis monoliTur tembrul-faqturul saRebavad gardaiqmneba<br />
(xolopova 1979 :8) aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom msmeneli, romelsac ara aqvs<br />
musikis mosmenis gamocdileba da Sesabamisi `intonaciuri banki~, mkafio<br />
melodiuri naxatsac ufro xSirad fonad aRiqvams. swored amitomaa, rom<br />
42
musikis mosmenisas gamocdili msmenelis tvinSi metyvelebis centri<br />
aqtiurdeba, rac melodiis sintaqsuri aRqmis Sedegia _ metyvelebis<br />
msgavsad.<br />
amgvarad, SeiZleba gamovarCioT musikis aRqmis ori rakursi: fonuri<br />
da reliefuri, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ufro xSirad emTxveva (unda<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT msmenelis subieqturi poziciac) bgeraTa organizaciis or<br />
obieqtur (msmenelisagan damoukidebel) saxes: fonursa da reliefurs. am<br />
ukanasknelSi reliefurad gamoikveTeba musikaluri nagebobis<br />
dramaturgiulad gawyobili monakveTi, romelic SemecnebaSi yalibdeba<br />
drois procesSi; fonur musikaSi ki aRiqmeba harmoniuli, an koloristuli<br />
prioritetis foni, romelic ar gamoirCeva melodiuri _ bgeraTa<br />
horizontaluri logikuri kavSirebiT da droiT koordinatsac<br />
moklebulia.<br />
saintereso cnebebs gvTavazobs zemoT aRniSnul tendenciaTa Sesaxeb<br />
skrebkovi. bgeraTa fonuri da reliefuri organizaciis analogiurad igi<br />
gamohy<strong>of</strong>s musikaluri enis or mxares: _ grZnobad-fonurs (bgeriTi<br />
faqtura) da logikurad maorganizebels (kilo-harmoniuli<br />
kanonzomierebebi) (skrebkovi 1973 :132). fonuri da kilouri funqciebis<br />
antagonizmze da saerTo funqcionalur suraTSi maTi xvedriTi wilis<br />
ukuproporciulobaze miuTiTebs grigorievic (skrebkovi 1973 :169).<br />
aris kidev erTi arsebiTi ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba bgeraTa reliefuri<br />
organizaciisa fonurTan. es aris `reliefuri~ musikis funqciuri buneba.<br />
marTalia, arsebobs fonuri funqciebic, magram maTi diferenciacia da<br />
saxeldeba ver xerxdeba. fonur funqciaTa diferenciaciis cdas<br />
warmoadgens xolopovis mier `koloristuli funqciis~ `mTavari<br />
xmovanebis~ kriteriumis gamoy<strong>of</strong>a da gamocalkeveba misi sxvadasxva<br />
gadaxrebisa da saxecvlilebisagan (xolopovi 1988 :333). mkvlevari aRniSnavs,<br />
rom koloristuli funqcia harmoniulisagan gansxvavebiT ar aris<br />
`atomisturi~ Sedgenilobis, rac TviT cneba `funqciis~ gamoyenebas am<br />
movlenis mimarT eWvs qveS ayenebs (xolopovi 1988 :336), magram xolopovi<br />
mainc saWirod Tvlis am cnebis xmarebas analitikuri miznebiT.<br />
ra ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli gaaCnia bgeraTa reliefur organizacias<br />
es aris erTgvari geStaltisa da fonis erTiani naxati; es aris konturisa<br />
43
da fonis proeqcia kontrastis sibrtyeze. ra aris am konturis<br />
warmomqmneli vfiqrobT, ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom am konturs<br />
SeimuSavebs iniciativa _ romelime Semsruleblis ambicia musikaluri<br />
azris warmarTvaSi wamyvani rolis tvirTvisa. Tumca, ufro xSirad, es<br />
ambicia winaswaraa reglamentiT dakveTili.<br />
tradiciul mravalxmianobas ar hyavs erTi avtori. aq musikaluri<br />
azri viTardeba ara erTi avtori-Semsruleblis yuradRebis xmaTa<br />
sxvadasxva partiebSi talRiseburi gadanawilebis Sedegad (rogorc, vTqvaT,<br />
pianist-improvizatorTan), aramed _ ramdenime Semsruleblis mier<br />
erTmaneTSi koordinirebuli TanaSemoqmedebis Sedegad. cocxal SemoqmedebiT<br />
procesSi (da ara _ gazepirebuli partiebis Sesrulebisas) aseTi<br />
koordinacia aucileblad iTvaliswinebs romelime xmis mier garkveuli<br />
iniciativis tvirTvas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, musicireba Cixs miadgeba.<br />
maSasadame, bgeraTa reliefur organizaciaSi musikaluri azris<br />
mTavari warmmarTveli Zala aris SemoqmedebiTi iniciativa. ase ar xdeba<br />
bgeraTa fonur organizaciaSi, sadac mJReri masalis ZiriTadi<br />
mamoZravebelia droiTi moculobis SegrZnebas moklebuli miswrafeba<br />
koloritisaken. rac ufro koncentrirebulia iniciativa musikaluri<br />
nagebobis romelime komponentSi, miT ufro reliefuri xdeba mTlianad<br />
faqtura.<br />
cxadia, musikaluri azris warmarTvis iniciativa anu SemoqmedebiTi<br />
iniciativa (SemdgomSi mas mokled _ iniciativad movixseniebT) yvelaze meti<br />
sisavsiT melodiaSi mJRavndeba. swored melodia, romelic bgeraTa droSi<br />
ganfenil logikur kavSirebs emyareba, ipyrobs rogorc Semsruleblis,<br />
aseve _ msmenelis yuradRebas. iniciativis melodiisadmi kuTvnilebas<br />
adasturebs fsiqologiac, romlis mixedviT aRqmis upirveles da saerTo<br />
SesaZleblobad sagnis konturis gamoy<strong>of</strong>as miiCnevs (uznaZe 1964 :202).<br />
msmenelis SemecnebaSi melodiis grafikulad aRqmis mniSvnelobaze<br />
miuTiTebs mazelic (mazeli 1952 :20). asafievis azriT: `melosi, pirvel<br />
yovlisa, moicavs mTavars musikaSi: mReradobas, STabeWdilebas da<br />
dinamiurobas~ (asafievi procesi 1971 :197). igive mkvlevari simReris cnebas<br />
swored melodiur reliefs usadagebs (asafievi 1971 :103). xolo<br />
44
aslaniSvili pirdapir aRniSnavs `CakruloSi~ zeda xmebis mier melodiis<br />
iniciativis monacvleobiT aRebaze (aslaniSvili 1954 :76)<br />
magram koleqtiuri Semoqmedebis im saxeobisaTvis, sadac calkeuli<br />
xmis partiebi individualobis garkveul wils atareben _ mravalxmianobaSi<br />
SeiZleba gamovyoT melodiurisagan gansxvavebuli sxvagvari iniciativac.<br />
esaa _ kilouri iniciativa<br />
iva, anu _ calkeul xmaSi gamomJRavnebuli<br />
tendencia kilos cvalebadobisaken, an _ sayrdeni tonis Secvlisaken,<br />
romelsac emorCileba melodiis matarebeli xma. am SemTxvevaSi melodiuri<br />
iniciativa gadainacvlebs sxva xmaSi da gardaisaxeba kilour iniciativad.<br />
amgvarad, xSiradaa mosalodneli, SevxvdeT iniciativis gadanawilebas<br />
sxvadasxva xmaSi. aseT periodul monacvleobas kurtma `komplementaruli<br />
ritmika~ uwoda (kurti 1931 :222). egreTwodebuli `polifoniuri~<br />
naxatisaTvis es Cveuli ambavia. xolo `hom<strong>of</strong>oniurisaTvis~ ufro<br />
damaxasiaTebelia romelime xmaSi gamomJRavnebuli erTpirovnuli<br />
iniciativa. kilour cvalebadobac aq am xmis farglebSi xdeba.<br />
musikaluri azris warmmarTveli iniciativis movlena (Tumca ara _ am<br />
dasaxelebiT) mravalgzis aris daxasiaTebuli musikismcodneTa mier.<br />
e. garayaniZe Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi akeTebs qarTvel<br />
folkloristTa Soris miRebuli mosazrebis konstatacias imis Taobaze,<br />
rom qarTuli mravalxmiani simRerebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia uSualod<br />
banis zemoT mdebare (orxmianebSi zeda, samxmianebSi Sua) xmis wamyvani<br />
roli. am rols mxolod maRalganviTarebul dialeqtebSi ecileba mas<br />
pirveli xma, an bani (garayaniZe 1990 :201) aSkaraa, rom `wamyvan rolSi~<br />
iniciativa unda vigulisxmoT.<br />
rovenkos Semoaqvs `intonaciuri intensivobis~ cneba, romelic Tavisi<br />
SinaarsiT iniciativas uaxlovdeba (rovenko 1976 :142), magram es termini,<br />
Cveni azriT, nakleb gamosadegia, radgan masSi nivelirdeba wamyvani xmis<br />
upiratesobis mniSvneloba. igive avtors Semoaqvs maqsimaluri iniciativis<br />
aRmniSvneli termini `mniSvnelovani momenti~ (`ritmulad mniSvnelovani<br />
momenti~, `melodiurad mniSvnelovani momenti~, da sxva) (rovenko 1976 :143-<br />
144).<br />
mravalxmianobaSi wamyvani xmis iniciatorobaze pirdapir miuTiTebs<br />
berSadskaia. SeiZleba iTqvas, igi yvelaze axloa Cvens poziciasTan.<br />
45
mxolod, sityva `iniciativas~ gakvriT axsenebs (berSadskaia 1961 :37).<br />
berSadskaia mianiSnebs aseTi iniciativis aramarto mTlianad erTi xmisadmi<br />
kuTvnilebaze, aramed sxva xmis mier misi CamorTmevis SesaZleblobazec.<br />
TviT xmis aseT prioritetul mdgomareobas mkvlevari sayrdens uwodebs<br />
(berSadskaia 1961 :17) da ganasxvavebs simyarisagan.<br />
iniciativis gadanacvlebas sxva mkvlevarebmac miapyres yuradReba. i.<br />
Jordania Tavis sadoqtoro sadisertacio naSromSi iniciativis<br />
mniSvnelobiT xmarobs termin `faqturis RerZs~ _ rodesac ganixilavs mis<br />
erTi xmidan meoreSi gadanacvlebas (Jordania 1989 :139). iniciativis amgvar<br />
talRisebur gadanawilebas yuradReba miaqcia kurtmac, romelmac aRniSna<br />
xmaTa Soris moZraobis energiis gadanawileba (kurti 1931 :302). evseevi am<br />
movlenas uwodebs `melodiur warTmevas~. (evseevi 1960 :103).<br />
cxadia, rac ufro intensiuria mravalxmiani faqturis xmebSi<br />
iniciativis talRiseburi gadanawileba, miT ufro Tanabari funqcionaluri<br />
datvirTvis matarebelia aRniSnuli xmebi. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs<br />
ganviTarebul funqcionalur mravalxmianobasTan, ra cnebasac viyenebT<br />
tradiciuli, magram orazrovani cnebis `polifoniis~ magivrad. rac Seexeba<br />
`hom<strong>of</strong>onias~ (am cnebis sawinaaRmdego ara gagvaCnia ra), ra Tqma unda, masSi<br />
iniciativis matarebelia erTi gamorCeuli xma, danarCeni xmebi ki fonis<br />
funqcias tvirTuloben. amgvari hom<strong>of</strong>oniuri nimuSis, an misi monakveTis<br />
ganmavlobaSi wamyvani xmis mniSvneloba scildeba iniciatoris farglebs.<br />
anu igi ara marto iRebs gadawyvetilebas da axorcielebs am<br />
gadawyvetilebas, aramed stabiluri `lideris~ funqciasac iZens. amitom<br />
uprianad migvaCnia hom<strong>of</strong>oniur faqturaSi iniciator xmas `lideri<br />
lideri~<br />
vuwodoT.<br />
rogoraa gamomJRavnebuli iniciativa qarTul tradiciul musikaSi<br />
SeiZleba Tu ara mas mieniWos erTgvari kriteriumis roli qarTuli<br />
mravalxmianobis diferenciaciisas<br />
iniciativis sxvadasxvagvari gamovlinebis mixedviT marTlac<br />
SesaZlebelia qarTuli xalxuri mravalxmianobis saxeTa gamoy<strong>of</strong>a.<br />
magaliTad, `lideri~ xma gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia orxmiani<br />
burdonuli da ostinaturi simRerebisTvis (magaliTi #9) da (magaliTi<br />
#10).<br />
46
zemoaRniSnuli `kilouri iniciativa~ damaxasiaTebelia ZiriTadad<br />
burdonuli mravalxmianobisaTvis (magaliTi #11).<br />
aseve samxmian burdonul mravalxmianobaSi gvxvdeba iniciativis<br />
talRiseburi gadanawileba (magaliTi #12).<br />
amgvari monacvle iniciativa tipuria dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />
ganviTarebuli funqcionaluri mravalxmianobisTvisac (magaliTi #13).<br />
lideris iniciativa samxmian qarTul simRerebSi gamoixateba<br />
liderisadmi mezobeli xmis terciuli miyoliT (magaliTi #14).<br />
aq zeda xmas, zeda `konturis~ fsiqo-fiziologiuri zemoqmedebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, e.w. kompleqsuri da paraleluri xmaTasvlis nimuSebSi<br />
lideris roli eniWeba. Tumca es lideroba ar aris mkafiod gamokveTili.<br />
liderobis amgvar farul gamovlenas `poziciur liderobas~ vuwodebdiT.<br />
aseTive suraTs vxedavT iniciativis liderisadmi bundovani<br />
gamovlenis mxriv zogierT ostinaturi wyobis simRerebSi (magaliTi #15).<br />
47
Tavi II<br />
qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principebi<br />
mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principebi<br />
modelTan da iniciativasTan erTad, qarTuli tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianobis formaTa gamokveTaSi mniSvnelovani daxmareba unda<br />
gagviwios im SemoqmedebiTi meTodis daxasiaTebam, romlis meSveobiTac<br />
yalibdeba realuri mravalxmianuri struqtura. es aris meTodi<br />
koleqtiuri Semsruleblis mier SemoqmedebiTi modelebis sxvadasxva<br />
normiT kombinirebisa; agreTve _ meTodi xmebSi SemoqmedebiTi iniciativis<br />
sxvadasxva doziT gadanawilebisa.<br />
sazogadod xelovnebis nawarmoebis mTavar SemoqmedebiT meTods<br />
`kompoziciuri principis~ cneba miesadageba. xolo mravalxmianuri<br />
struqturis SemmuSavebel aseT princips _ `mravalxmianobis kompoziciur<br />
principisa~. xolo Cvens mier adre warmodgenil cnebebs Tu vixmarT,<br />
amgvari kompoziciuri principi SemoqmedebiTi iniciativis mier<br />
SemoqmedebiTi modelebis kombinirebis aprobirebul, stabilur meTods<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
`kompoziciurs~ musikaluri formis Camomyalibebel funqciebs<br />
uwodebs meduSevski (bobrovski 1978 :28). misgan gansxvavebiT, nazaikinski<br />
cneba `kompozicias~ ukavSirebs cneba `nawarmoebs~, xolo aseTad xalxuri<br />
musikis nimuSs ar miiCnevs (nazaikinski 1982 :14). ufro `loialuria~<br />
xalxuri nawarmoebis mimarT goSovski, romelic kompoziciis sawyisebs ukve<br />
adreul embrionur formebSi, e.w. `artefaqtebSi~ xedavs: `es jer kidev ar<br />
aris musikaluri nawarmoebi, magram ukve ubralo bgeriTi enac ar aris.<br />
artefaqti _ xelovnebis elementia~ (goSovski 1971 :39). rogorc vxedavT,<br />
mkvlevari musikaluri nawarmoebis cnebas ufro gviandel folklorul<br />
nimuSebs ukavSirebs. skrebkovi, mimoixilavs ra sxvadasxva folklorul<br />
stilebs, ambobs, rom `stili musikaSi, iseve, rogorc xelovnebis yvela<br />
sxva saxeebSi, mxatvruli erTianobis umaRlesi saxea.~ (skrebkovi 1973 :10).<br />
CvenTvis am Temaze yvelaze maxlobelia stravinskis gamonaTqvami: `bgeriTi<br />
48
elementebi musikaSi lagdebian mxolod maTi organizaciis efeqtis<br />
wyalobiT (filos<strong>of</strong>ia 1975 :85).<br />
cneba `kompoziciurs~ principTan mimarTebaSi axsenebs bobrovski:<br />
`kompoziciuri forma, rogorc Tematuri dapirispirebisa da Tematuri<br />
ganviTarebis saerTo xelmZRvaneli principi~ (bobrovski 1978 :13). musikalur<br />
forma-princips, rogorc kompoziciis erT-erT gamovlenas aRniSnaven d.<br />
aruTinovi-jinWaraZe da m. nadareiSvili ( aruTinovi-jinWaraZe ... 2007:19).<br />
magram termini `kompoziciuri principi~ Tavis sicocxlisunarianobasa da<br />
gamoyenebis masStabebs m. Snaiders unda umadlodes, romlis mier<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili Tormeti aseTi principi mravalxmianobisa dResac<br />
funqcionirebs samecniero praqtikaSi (Snaideri 1930).<br />
rodesac vakvirdebiT m. Snaideris mier CamonakvTul kompoziciur<br />
principebs, CvenTvis sacnauri xdeba, rom zogierTi maTgani ar aris<br />
mxolod mravalxmianobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SemoqmedebiTi principi. anu,<br />
imisaTvis, rom maT imuSaon, rogorc mravalxmianobis principebma, saWiroa,<br />
damatebiTi piroba. magaliTad, ostinatos principis upirobo<br />
ganxorcieleba yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs mravalxmiani faqturis<br />
gamomuSavebas – igi SeiZleba erTxmianobaSi, an unisonurad ganxorcieldes.<br />
ra pirobaa saWiro, rom ostinato (iseve, rogorc sxva kompoziciuri<br />
principebi) mravalxmianobis kompoziciur principis rangSi amuSavdes<br />
aq gavixsenoT mravalxmianobis erTxmianobisagan erT-erTi ZiriTadi<br />
ganmasxvavebeli niSani _ miswrafeba xmaTa individualuri ganviTarebisaken.<br />
swored aq unda veZeboT sxvadasxva SemoqmedebiTi principis<br />
mravalxmianobis kompoziciur principad qcevis meqanizmi. ostinatos<br />
SemTxvevaSi xmaTa individualizacia mJRavndeba sxvadasxva xmebSi<br />
ostinatos principis araTanabar an SerCeviT gadanawilebaSi: ostinato<br />
SesaZloa gamomJRavndes erT an or xmaSi, SeiZleba gamomJRavndes agreTve<br />
yvela xmaSic, magram ara unisonSi, aramed sxvadasxva registrul poziciaze<br />
my<strong>of</strong> xmebSi, amasTan _ met-naklebi erTgulebiT im saerTo, ziari<br />
modelisadmi, romelic ostinatur formulaSi gansxeuldeba.<br />
ostinatos principis ganxorcielebis zemoaRniSnuli ori<br />
mimarTuleba (xmaTa SerCeva da pozicia) ufro mkafiod suraTdeba or<br />
gansxvavebul kompoziciur principSi. esaa burdonisa da paralelizmis<br />
49
kompoziciuri principebi. rodesac burdonis principi xorcieldeba<br />
ZiriTadad erT xmaSi da, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ara _ totalurad, Cvens winaa<br />
xmaTa individualizaciis procesSi romelime kompoziciuri principis<br />
SerCeviT (ara sayovelTaod) gamoyenebis magaliTi, rac funqcionaluri<br />
mravalxmianobis mkafio naxats qmnis. meores mxriv, paraleluri xmaTasvlis<br />
SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs xmebis mier ziari modelis gamoyenebasTan, magram _<br />
sxvadasxva registruli poziciiT, rac, erTiani kilouri sivrcis<br />
farglebSi gansxvavebuli bgeraTsimaRlebrivi wyobis melodiur figurebs<br />
warmoqmnis. xmaTa sxvadasxva poziciis reglamenti, registrulTan erTad,<br />
SesaZloa iyos droiTic, rac monacvleobiTi, antifonuri mravalxmianobis<br />
winapirobas qmnis.<br />
magram xmaTa individualizacia, ar aris aucilebeli, ostinatos,<br />
burdonis, an sxva romelime originaluri meqanizmis an komponentis<br />
meSveobiT ganxorcieldes. funqcionaluri mravalxmianobis ukiduresad<br />
individualuzirebul gamovlinebad yovelTvis iTvleboda xmaTa<br />
koordinirebuli, magram SeuzRudavi moZraoba _ xmaTa Tavisufali<br />
ganviTarebis principiT.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principebi sxvadasxva<br />
mimarTulebiT mJRavndeba. es mimarTulebebia: a) xmaTa SerCeviTi<br />
individualizacia, rac xSirad Cvens mier adre naxseneb `gankerZoebul<br />
models~ gulisxmobs; b) xmaTa sxvadasxva registruli an droiTi pozicia,<br />
rac Sesabamisad, xmebSi `ziari modelis~ paralelurad ganxorcielebas an<br />
antifonur mravalxmianobas iwvevs; da g) xmaTa SeuzRudavi, totaluri<br />
individualizacia, rac ufro xSirad `kontrastuli modelirebis~<br />
principSi ganivTdeba.<br />
amgvarad, qarTul tradiciaSi `mravalxmianobis umaRlesi rigis<br />
kompoziciur principad~ unda vigulisxmoT tendencia xmaTa<br />
individualizaciisaken. xolo ufro konkretulad, zemoT CamoTvlili<br />
garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTul tradiciuli mravalxmianobis<br />
kompoziciur principebad CavTvliT muzicirebis im zogad kompoziciur<br />
principebs, romlebic, sxvadasxva xmebSi araTanabari, SerCeviTi<br />
ganawilebis, an sxvadasxva xmebis gansxvavebuli poziciis gamo SeimuSaveben<br />
originalur, funqcionalur mravalxmian struqturas. gamovy<strong>of</strong>T Semdeg<br />
50
aseT principebs: burdoni da ostinato (SerCeviTi individualizacia);<br />
paralelizmi, sinqroni da antifoni (poziciuri individualizacia);<br />
Tavisufali da kontrastuli xmaTasvla (totaluri individualizacia).<br />
51
unisoni da heter<strong>of</strong>onia<br />
rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, paraleluri xmaTasvlac da unisonic ziari<br />
modelis princips emorCileba da es ukanaskneli unisonSi absoluturad<br />
xorcieldeba. aq ver vxedavT mravalxmianobis ZiriTad princips _ xmaTa<br />
individualizaciisaken swrafvas.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom unisoni TiTqosda mkafiod gansxvavdeba<br />
paralelizmisagan, maT Soris ierarqiuli sxvaoba ufroa, vidre<br />
principuli. paralelizmi TiTqosda `harmoniuli~ unisonia. rogorc<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli musikis istoria gvaswavlis, igi SeiZleba amoizardos<br />
unisonisagan. amasTan, paralelizmis moxazuloba SeiZleba miiRos<br />
unisonisadmi arazustma miswrafebam _ xmebi SesaZloa Tavidanve ver<br />
moxvdnen erT poziciaSi (pedagogobisaTvis cnobilia, rom xSirad<br />
moswavleebs melodiis grafikulad marTebuli gameoreba ufro eadvilebaT,<br />
vidre tonSi moxvedra) da Sedegad erTi da igive melodia Tavisi kilouri<br />
niuansebis SenarCunebiT sxvadasxva tonidan aJRerdes. es aris<br />
gaucnobierebeli paralelizmi (sxvagvarad mas `kilourad daukavSirebel<br />
paralelizms~ uwodeben) da es funqcionalurad ar aris mravalxmianoba. aq<br />
zedmetia msjeloba xmaTa funqcionalur damoukideblobaze. Tu<br />
gaucnobierebel da gacnobierebul paralelizms Soris arsebul am mkveTr<br />
zRvars ver davafiqsirebT, maSin CvenTvis Zneli Seiqmneba unisonsa da<br />
paralelizms Soris principuli zRvris dadgena.<br />
saqarTveloSi, rogorc viciT, unisonuri xalxuri Sesrulebis<br />
TiTebze CamosaTeleli nimuSia dafiqsirebuli (ra Tqma unda, mxedvelobaSi<br />
ar viRebT gunduri banis tradiciulad unisonurad Sesrulebis faqts,<br />
radgan esaa unisoni mravalxmianobis wiaRSi) (magaliTi #16). magram maTi<br />
simcire uflebas ar gvaZlevs saqarTveloSi unisonisagan paralelizmis, an<br />
mravalxmianobis sxva formis warmoSobis hipoTezis ugulebely<strong>of</strong>isa.<br />
Tumca, qarTul tradiciaSi unisonidan paraleluri xmaTasvlis<br />
amozrdis arc erTi Sualeduri, damadasturebeli fragmenti ar gagvaCnia.<br />
orxmiani nimuSebi, sadac paralelizmi mkafiodaa gamomJRavnebuli,<br />
solistisa da gunduri banis reglamentiTaa mocemuli, rac unisonur<br />
52
sawyisze metad korife-gundis diferencirebuli funqciis warmomavlobaze<br />
miuTiTebs.<br />
ufro damajerebelia mosazreba qarTul tradiciaSi unisonuri<br />
Sesrulebis heter<strong>of</strong>oniaSi gadazrdis Sesaxeb. cnobilia, rom es ori<br />
saxeoba koleqtiuri Sesrulebisa erTmaneTis gverdiT dgas.<br />
popova heter<strong>of</strong>onias uwodebs `unisonisagan garkveuli xmebis mier<br />
arawinaswarganzraxul, SemTxveviT gadaxvevas~ (popova 1962 :332), riTac, Cveni<br />
azriT, gaumarTleblad uqvemdebarebs am movlenas unisons. heter<strong>of</strong>onias<br />
unisonisagan ganviTarebul movlenad asaxelebs berSadskaiac, ris gamoc<br />
igi, i. Jordanias msgavsad, heter<strong>of</strong>onias monodiisa da polifoniis zRvarze<br />
mdgom wyobad aRiqvams (berSadskaia 1961 :9). am mxriv unda gavixsenoT<br />
zemcovskis erTi zogadi tipologiuri mosazrebac. igi mravalxmianobis<br />
samidan erT-erT klasad unisonur-heter<strong>of</strong>oniul tips asaxelebs da aqve<br />
azustebs, rom mocemuli terminebi samuSao xasiaTs atarebs (zemcovski 1989<br />
:5).<br />
mecnierTagan zogierTi heter<strong>of</strong>oniis princips sakmaod vrcel<br />
`uflebamosilebas~ aniWebs. stiven brauni amtkicebs, rom Tanamuzicireba<br />
instiqturamde dayvanili movlenaa da axasiaTebs TviT cxovelTa<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis wess. mkvlevari gvTavazobs am movlenis<br />
Sesabamis cnebas `gadamdeb heter<strong>of</strong>onias~, (brauni 2002 :56-57) Tumca Cven<br />
davazustebdiT am termins da vuwodebdiT `metrulad araorganizebul<br />
imitaciur heter<strong>of</strong>onias~, romelic, SesaZloa, antifoniis winare safexuri<br />
y<strong>of</strong>iliyo. Cekanovska qarTuli simRerebis wyobas ZiriTadad swored<br />
heter<strong>of</strong>oniuli movleniT xsnis (Cekanovska 1983 :148). riTac heter<strong>of</strong>onias<br />
mTlianad aigivebs xmaTa individualizaciisaken swrafvis, anu<br />
mravalxmianobis saerTo principTan. evdokimova gimels _ XIII-XV saukunis<br />
movlenas, romelsac ZiriTadad paraleluri terciebiT (seqstebiTac)<br />
moZraoba axasiaTebda, heter<strong>of</strong>oniul movlenad aRiqvams (evdokimova 1989 :13-<br />
15). aseve heter<strong>of</strong>oniis arealSi ganixilavs skrebkovi paralelur lentur<br />
mravalxmianobas (skrebkovi 1973 :31). aseTi mosazrebebi, erTi SexedviT, araa<br />
logikas moklebuli, radgan, erTi mxriv, orive movlena unisons<br />
ukavSirdeba, xolo meore mxriv, heter<strong>of</strong>onia mravalxmianobis niSnebsac<br />
atarebs. magram is faqti, rom heter<strong>of</strong>oniac da paralelizmic SesaZloa<br />
53
unisonidan ganviTardes, sruliad ar niSnavs imas, rom isini erTi<br />
mimarTulebiT ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexuria. piriqiT, unisoni am ori<br />
movlenis SuaSi mdebareobs. heter<strong>of</strong>oniaSi gamosWvivis modelis rRvevis,<br />
xolo paralelizmSi – modelis ganmtkicebis, `amoSenebis~ tendencia.<br />
heter<strong>of</strong>oniis moTxovnilebas da mis mizans kargad asuraTebs<br />
golicinis mier aRniSnuli SemoqmedebisaTvis aucilebeli niuansireba<br />
golicini 1980 :56) . amitom, heter<strong>of</strong>onia SesaZloa, aRviqvaT `simetriuli<br />
organizaciis TviT bunebis mier nakarnaxev mcire darRvevad golicini.<br />
romelic `sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis, TamaSis, sunTqvis ganzomilebas<br />
aniWebs mas (golicini 1980 :63). xolo paraleluri xmaTasvla, piriqiT,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, xmaTa koordinaciiT `sunTqavs~. amitom unisonidan mcire<br />
gadaxvevebiT miRebuli heter<strong>of</strong>onia verasdros ver ganviTardeba<br />
paralelizmamde.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, mecnierebi heter<strong>of</strong>onias or gansxvavebul versiad<br />
aRiqvamen: paralelizmad _ saerTo melodiis sxvadasxva poziciaze<br />
damkvidrebis mimarTulebiT; da kontrastul ganviTarebad _ saerTo<br />
melodiis `artaxebidan~ xmebis ganTavisuflebis midrekilebiT. am orive<br />
mimarTulebis aRiarebiT viRebT heter<strong>of</strong>oniis, rogorc mravalxmianobis<br />
SemmuSavebeli universaluri movlenis ganmartebas, rac gazviadebulad<br />
migvaCnia.<br />
Cven mkafiod gavmijnavT heter<strong>of</strong>oniis princips paralelizmis<br />
principisagan, romelzec adre gvqonda saubari. aseve moveridebiT<br />
heter<strong>of</strong>oniis zogadad kontrastuli ganviTarebis principad aRiarebas.<br />
heter<strong>of</strong>oniaSi ZiriTadad vigulisxmebT e.w. `wertilovan~, anu `ganStoebad<br />
heter<strong>of</strong>onias~, anu erTi ziari modelis unisonurad Sesrulebisas<br />
sxvadasxva xmebSi am modelisagan mcire variantuli gadaxvevebiT<br />
gamovlenil struqturas. aseTi SemosazRvruli cneba, Cveni azriT, savsebiT<br />
sakmarisia heter<strong>of</strong>oniis, rogorc Sualeduri formis dasafiqsireblad.<br />
magram heter<strong>of</strong>onia unda ganvasxvaoT `arasufTa~ unisonisaganac, romelic<br />
erT melodias Seasrulebs, magram - `zonuri wyobiT~ (pereverzevi 1966 :107).<br />
heter<strong>of</strong>oniis dros Semsrulebeli acnobierebs mis mier Sesrulebuli<br />
variantis sxvaobas saerTosagan. magram, rogorc Cans, am dros<br />
Semsrulebels surs melodiis ara Secvlilad, aramed _ Taviseburad<br />
54
gadmocema. swored amitom, aseTi cvlilebebi `wertilovani~ masStabiT<br />
ifargleba da saerTo konturs ar arRvevs. xolo Semsruleblis mier<br />
gamomJRavnebuli survili _ saerTo musicirebaSi raRac axali, Tavisi<br />
Seitanos, _ heter<strong>of</strong>onias zRvars udebs. swored am dros yalibdeba aseTi<br />
`iniciatoris~ funqcionaluri damoukidebloba.<br />
xolopova aRniSnavs, rom `heter<strong>of</strong>oniaSi xmebi funqcionalurad<br />
Tanasworuflebiani arian da erTmaneTis variantebs warmoadgenen~<br />
xolopova 1979 :32. mkvlevari, Sesaloa aq paralelizmsac gulisxmobdes.<br />
magram, yvela SemTxvevaSi, xmebis `erTmaneTis variantad~ warmosaxva<br />
ubralod SeuZlebelia. ufro zusti iqneboda gveTqva, rom heter<strong>of</strong>oniaSi<br />
xmebi erTi saerTo invariantis versiebs warmoadgenen. es invarianti ki<br />
unisonis farglebSi unda vigulisxmoT. miuxedavad imisa, rom heter<strong>of</strong>oniis<br />
principi ganviTarebul wyobebSic vlindeba misi ganxorcieleba mxolod<br />
Tavdapirveli unisonis reglamentis dros, anu erTi melodiis gunduri<br />
Sesrulebisas aris SesaZlebeli (Jordania 1989 :86). amave mkvlevarma<br />
wamoayena mosazreba burdonuli mravalxmianobis pirveladi da<br />
heter<strong>of</strong>oniis meoradi bunebis Sesaxeb aRmosavleT evropaSi, rac gamoiwvia<br />
am regionSi monodiuri kulturis matarebeli mosaxleobis didi masebis<br />
mosvlam aRmosavleT aziidan (Jordania 2006 :225-229).<br />
amrigad, heter<strong>of</strong>onia aris koleqtiuri Sesrulebis iseTi forma,<br />
romlis drosac yvela xmis mier Tavisuflad aris gaazrebuli erTi<br />
invariantuli unisonuri modeli.<br />
Snaideri gamohy<strong>of</strong>s variantuli heter<strong>of</strong>oniis kompoziciur princips,<br />
da misgan ganasxvavebs stiqiur heter<strong>of</strong>onias. am or movlenas Soris Znelia,<br />
mkafio sazRvari gaavlo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, qarTul tradiciaSi<br />
`stiqiurobaze~ saubari aramarTebulad migvaCnia. aseTi SemTxvevebi,<br />
marTalia, dasturdeba, magram es ara tradicias, aramed `usmeno~<br />
Sesrulebas unda mivaweroT (magaliTi #17). vTvliT, rom CvenSi<br />
heter<strong>of</strong>oniis erTeuli fragmentebi calkeul xmebSi swored variantuli<br />
ganviTarebiTaa gamowveuli (magaliTi #18). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />
heter<strong>of</strong>onia aris unisonisa da variantulobis principTa Sinagani brZolis<br />
arena. maSin, rodesac heter<strong>of</strong>onuli momentebi calkeuli bgerebis<br />
gantotviT gamoixateba da aSkarad SemTxveviT xasiaTs atarebs, unisonuri<br />
55
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis CarCoSia moqceuli. xolo rodesac heter<strong>of</strong>onia<br />
ukve frazis ganzomilebiT amJRavnebs sxvaobas ZiriTad melodiasTan, igi<br />
sakuTriv `heter<strong>of</strong>oniis~ cnebad unda gamovyoT. magram amgvari frazis<br />
masStabiT heter<strong>of</strong>onia qarTuli tradiciuli musicirebisaTvis<br />
dResdReobiT metad ucxoa, Tumca SesaZloa, warsulSi igi ufro<br />
produqtiuli y<strong>of</strong>iliyo. Sesabamisad, dRevandeli realobidan gamomdinare,<br />
heter<strong>of</strong>oniis princips ver CavTvliT qarTuli mravalxmianobis<br />
kompoziciur principad.<br />
56
antifonuri Sesruleba<br />
qarTul musikalur tradiciaSi orpiruli Sesrulebis manera mraval<br />
saintereso kiTxvas badebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq Zevs gasaRebi<br />
problemisa: memkvidrea, Tu ara xmaTa erTdrouli JRera xmaTa<br />
monacvleobiT JReris tradiciisa.<br />
sayovelTaod miRebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, antifonuri<br />
Sesrulebis tradicia zepiri Semoqmedebis uZvelesi SreebisaTvis aris<br />
damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, ori gundis mier, an solistisa da gundis mier<br />
antifonurad Sesrulebis tradicias, folkloris arqauli formebisaTvis<br />
saxasiaTod miiCnevs gusevi (gusevi 1967 :180). i. Jordania antifons<br />
dialogurobis gamovlenis tipur saxed aRiqvams da mas, anTropologiuri<br />
aspeqtiT, mravalxmianobis fuZed miiCnevs (Jordania 2002 :80). marTlac,<br />
antifonuri Sesruleba damaxasiaTebelia arqauli JanrebisaTvis. amasTan<br />
erTad, gaiTvaliswineba urTierTmonacvle monakveTebis sisadave da<br />
simokle, improvizaciisadmi naklebi midrekileba, ra Tvisebebic aseTi<br />
antifonis safuZvliseuli tradiciisadmi erTgulebaze migvaniSnebs. aseTi<br />
Sesabamisobis dros bunebrivia aRiZras kiTxva: antifoni Sesrulebis<br />
reglamentiTaa ganpirobebuli (anu, mizezia), Tu _ SemoqmedebiTi amocanaa<br />
(anu _mizani)<br />
stiven brauni aRniSnavs, rom adamianis tvinSi aris sistema (e.w.<br />
`sarkiseburi neironebi~), romelic specializebulia gadamdeb qcevaze, rac<br />
Tavis mxriv, safuZvlad udevs antifonur mReras da msgavsi tipis sxva<br />
saqcevebs, rasac `rezonansul~ qcevas uwodeben (brauni 2002 :58-59). igive<br />
mkvlevari varaudobs, rom adamianis tvinSi arsebuli sasimRero sistema<br />
gaCnda vokalizaciis sistemis safuZvelze, romelic TavisTavad<br />
eyrdnoboda antifonur imitacias. Tumca braunis mier am movlenisaTvis<br />
SerCeul `gadamdeb heter<strong>of</strong>onias~ Cven vamjobinebdiT cneba `amyol<br />
(magaliTis mimcem)~ heter<strong>of</strong>onias~. aleqseevi arqaul antifons miiCnevs<br />
auditoriis (gundis) mier solistis partiaSi gaCenili pauzebis Sevsebis<br />
tendenciis Sedegad (aleqseevi 1986 :10). gavixsenoT zemoaRniSnuli<br />
SemTxveva, rodesac sakravze damRerebis primitiuli nimuSebis dros rogor<br />
avsebs momRerlis partiaSi pauzas sakravieri partia, da rogor wydeba<br />
57
kvlav momRerlis amRerebisTanave (magaliTi #8). msgavs movlenaze<br />
miuTiTebs steSenko-kuftinac, romelic aRniSnavs `vokalur-instrumentuli~<br />
antifonis SemTxvevebs (steSenko-kuftina 1936 :234) (magaliTi #19). erTi<br />
SexedviT, es ori movlena erTi rigisaa. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT orive<br />
SemTxvevaSi SemsrulebelTa reglaments, maTi gansxvaveba aSkara xdeba:<br />
solists, SemoqmedebiTi ganuviTareblobis pirobebSi SesaZloa gauWirdes<br />
erTdroulad mRera da dakvrac, magram solistis monacvle gunds (an<br />
piriqiT) es problema ar awuxebs. amasTan, Zneli warmosadgenia gundis<br />
orientacia pauzebze da ara _ solistis mier dawyebuli intonaciis<br />
dasrulebaze, an ganviTarebaze.<br />
ufro safuZvliani unda iyos mosazreba, romelic antifons `kiTxvapasuxis~<br />
sferos miakuTvnebs (Jordania 2006 :297). am SexedulebaSi mkafiod<br />
gamoixateba antifonis ori mxaris funqcionaluri kavSiri da<br />
urTierTganpirobebuloba. CvenTvis cnobilia `kiTxva-pasuxis~ tipis<br />
antifonis SemTxvevebi, maT Soris _ saqarTveloSic. am dros<br />
dramaturgiuli aqcenti or urTierTganmapirobebel mxareSia<br />
gadanawilebuli. sainteresoa, rom mazeli kiTxva-pasuxis intonacias<br />
moixseniebs, rogorc `Semavsebel pasuxs~ (mazeli 1952 :188). magram, aqve unda<br />
SevniSnoT, rom korifesa da mopasuxes am tipis urTierTobaSi wina planze,<br />
savaraudoa, mowodebis intonacia ufro gamosuliyo, vidre _ kiTxvisa.<br />
marTlac, SeiZleba, ufro mivuaxlovdeT gansaxilvel movlenas, Tu<br />
CavTvliT, rom `kiTxva-pasuxis~ nacvlad, ufro xSirad, `mowodeba _<br />
pasuxTan~ gvaqvs saqme. gvaxsendeba qarTuli xalxuri terminologiiT<br />
`dalas~ ritualis monawileebis `modalaved~ da `amyolebad~ day<strong>of</strong>a<br />
(nakaSiZe 2002 :294).<br />
`mowodeba-pasuxis~ reglamentma ukanmouxedavad ar unda<br />
gamogvaricxinos antifonis, rogorc ganmaviTarebeli SemoqmedebiTi<br />
principis sxva romelime savaraudo meqanizmi. magaliTad, CvenTvis<br />
cnobilia antifonis iseTi SemTxvevebic, sadac mopasuxe mxare mxolod da<br />
mxolod imeorebs pirvels. aris Tu ara es forma `mowodeba-pasuxis~<br />
memkvidre. Tu am kiTxvas uary<strong>of</strong>iTad vupasuxebT, unda CaiTvalos, rom<br />
antifonur Sesrulebas mowodeba-pasuxis garda sxva damoukidebeli wyaroc<br />
aqvs. da am daSvebamac ar unda SegvaSinos.<br />
58
marTlac, antifonis Camoyalibeba kidev erT mniSvnelovan<br />
SemoqmedebiT princips SeiZleba emyarebodes. zemcovski musikalur<br />
dialogikas stadialurad uZveles sawyisad aRiqvams; mis safuZvelSi<br />
agonalurobis _ Sejibris funqcias xedavs, da gamoy<strong>of</strong>s dialogikis or<br />
saxes _ antifons da diafonias (zemcovski 1986). Sejibrebis elements ufro<br />
metad ori mxaris mier mizanmimarTuli improvizebuli ganmeoreba uqmnis<br />
noyier niadags. `mowodeba-pasuxis~ intonaciaSic urevia, rogorc Cans,<br />
Sejibris garkveuli doza, iseve, rogorc modelis monacvleobiT<br />
gameoreba-gamSvenebaSi. magram romeli unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo am orTagan<br />
pirveladi: Sejibri Tu gamopasuxeba sainteresoa garayaniZis mier naxsenebi<br />
SemTxveva, romlis drosac Sejibris momenti antifonSi zogjer ise<br />
Zalumad mJRavndeba, rom xmebma SeiZleba partiebic ki gacvalon antifonis<br />
principis SenarCunebis fonze (garayaniZe 1990 :27). magram es xdeba<br />
antifonuri mxareebis Tanabari funqcionaluri datvirTvisas.<br />
iqneboda Tu ara aseTi Tanabari mniSvnelobis ori mopasuxe mxare<br />
iseve bunebrivi piroba antifonuri Sesrulebis ganviTarebisaTvis, rogorc<br />
daqvemdebarebuli mxareebi logikuri iqneba vivaraudoT, rom Tundac<br />
xelovnurad Seqmnil Tanabar reglamentSi adreve gamoikveTeboda lideri<br />
mxaris iniciativa. sxvagvarad SeuZlebeli iqneboda musikaluri, da ara<br />
mxolod musikaluri, ganviTareba. adreul saritualo qmedebebsac ufro<br />
metad `mowodeba-pasuxis~ antifoni esadageba. igi eqoa ritualis ara marto<br />
Sinaarsobrivi mxarisa, aramed, SesaZloa, _ kinesikuri qmedebisac.<br />
skrebkova-filatova samarTlianad SeniSnavs, rom `musikis sivrcobrivi<br />
Tvisebebi gansakuTrebuli simkveTriT maSin gamoCndeba, rodesac<br />
antifonurobis principia gamoyenebuli~ (skrebkova-filatova 1985 :233).<br />
`mowodeba-pasuxis~ antifonSi, romelic ufro xSirad responsoriumis<br />
formiTaa gamosaxuli (solisti-gundi), mxareTa individualizaciisa da<br />
funqciaTa gadanawilebis Sedegad, ara Sejibris, aramed _ erTmaneTisadmi<br />
mimsgavsebis, an erTmaneTis Sevsebis tendenciaa gamoxatuli. sainteresoa,<br />
rom qarTul tradiciaSi `Semavsebeli~ antifoni ufro damaxasiaTebelia,<br />
vidre `msgavsebis~ antifoni, anu identuri partiis mqone mxareTa<br />
monacvleoba. arcaa gasakviri, rom swored aseTi `Semavsebeli~ tipis<br />
antifoniaa umetesad adre aRniSnuli nominaluri mravalxmianobis saxiT<br />
59
gadmocemuli. rogorc Cans, `Semavsebeli~, anu `mowodeba-pasuxis~ saxis<br />
antifoni, `msgavsebis~ antifonis Semdegi etapi Seiqna, radgan<br />
mravalxmianobis mTavar pirobas _ individualuri funqciis xmebis<br />
Camoyalibebas uwyobda xels.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom aslaniSvili antifons erTxmianobidan orxmianobaSi<br />
gadasvlis erT-erT ZiriTad principad aRiarebs (aslaniSvili 1954 :73).<br />
xolo antifonuri orxmianobidan polifoniur samxmianobaSi gadasvlis<br />
Sesaxeb hipoTezas warmoadgens i. Jordania (Jordania 1989 :99). da igi aseT<br />
process antifonis principis sinqronulobis principiT SecvliT xsnis.<br />
sainteresoa, rom mogviano SromaSi i. Jordania ara mxolod qarTUli,<br />
aramed ms<strong>of</strong>lio tradiciuli mravalxmianobis calke tipad gamoy<strong>of</strong>s<br />
`SeWril mravalxmianobas~, anu _ ori antifonuli mxaris<br />
urTierTgadafarviT miRebul mravalxmian struqturas (Jordania 2006 :29).<br />
mniSvnelovania e. garayaniZis samecniero wliuri Sroma responsoruli<br />
simReris Sesaxeb, sadac igi xazs usvams mravalxmianobis CamoyalibebaSi<br />
antifonis mniSvnelobas (garayaniZe 1988).<br />
Cveni azriT, nominaluri mravalxmianobidan orxmianobis warmoSobaSi<br />
antifonis principi iseTive meqanizmiT unda Careuliyo, rogoriTac _<br />
orxmianobidan samxmianobaSi gadasvlisas. Tumca, aqve davZenT, rom xmebis<br />
matebis procesi, araa aucilebeli, erTi scenariT warmarTuliyo.<br />
ramdenadaa antifonuri garemo realuri mravalxmianobis struqturis<br />
wamaxalisebeli vfiqrobT, mas aseTi `indikatoris~ roli ver ergeba,<br />
radgan Tavad antifoniis principi _ monacvleoba _ sawinaaRmdego<br />
tendenciaa TanaJReradobisa. nominaluri mravalxmianobis funqcionaluri<br />
kontrasti antifonis principis `Weria~ mravalxmianobis struqturis<br />
SemuSavebaSi. sainteresoa, rom antifoni, rogorc mravalxmianobis<br />
kompoziciuri principi Snaideris yuradRebis miRmac darCa. zemcovskic<br />
mravalxmianobis `samuSao~ xasiaTis tipologiis gadmocemisas ar axsenebs<br />
antifonur Sesrulebas (zemcovski 1989 :5). antifonis principis, rogorc<br />
qarTul pirobebSi meoredi movlenis arsze is faqtic miuTiTebs, rom igi<br />
qarTul tradiciaSi TiTqmis yovelTvis ostinatos Tanmdevia. nominaluri<br />
mravalxmianobac, romelic antifonis principis nay<strong>of</strong>ia, Cvens sinamdvileSi<br />
mxolod ostinaturi formiT gadmoicema. Zneli warmosadgenia<br />
60
saqarTveloSi antifonuri Sesruleba ostinatos gareSe _ ureglamento<br />
improvizaciuli gabaaseba or xmas Soris.<br />
sainteresoa, rom afrikaSi antifonsa da ostinatos stils erT<br />
sibrtyeSi _ rogorc mravalxmianobis formebs ganixilavs nketia (nketia<br />
1962 :44-52). aseve pigmeebSi am ori stilis erTianobas asaxelebs viqtor<br />
graueri afrikuli mravalxmianobis uZveles formad (graueri 2007 :1-14).<br />
magram ostinatos principic, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, mxolod calcalke<br />
xmiT gamoxatuli qmnis fons realuri mravalxmianobisaTvis. amitom,<br />
realuri mravalxmianobis warmoSoba ara ostinatosa da antifonis<br />
principis funqcionirebiT, aramed swored antifonis principis<br />
darRvevisaken mimarTuli tendenciiT unda iyos gamowveuli. unda<br />
vivaraudoT, rom am dros xdeboda `mowodeba-pasuxis~ funqcionaluri<br />
diferenciaciis nivelireba, ris Sedegadac gardauvali Seiqmna mopasuxe<br />
xmaTa mier sxvisi _ mopirispire mxaris _ `teritoriis mosinjva~ (magaliTi<br />
#20). aseTi procesis erT-erT gamoZaxilad gamogvadgeba i. Jordanias mier<br />
aRniSnuli `kvadrati + 1 taqtis~ formis `SeWrili kadansebi (Jordania 1989<br />
95-96).<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom antifons realuri mravalxmianobis<br />
CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba _ igi xmebis funqcionalur<br />
individualizacias uwyobs xels, saWiroeba moiTxovs, aRiniSnos, rom<br />
ostinaturi mravalxmianoba SesaZlebelia, antifonis gareSec<br />
Camoyalibebuliyo, kerZod _ totaluri gunduri ostinatodan lideris _<br />
originaluri partiis _ TandaTanobiT gamokveTis saxiT _ heter<strong>of</strong>oniuli<br />
gzis gavliT. am evoluciis Tavisebur ilustracias warmoadgens simRera<br />
`hariras~ noko xurciaseuli varianti (magaliTi #21).<br />
maSasadame, imis gamo, rom calke antifons xmebis erTdrouli<br />
JReradobis miRweva ar ZaluZs, igi realuri mravalxmianobis kompoziciur<br />
principad ver CaiTvleba. Tumca isic ar unda daviviwyoT, rom antifoni<br />
mravalxmianobis warmoSobis metad nay<strong>of</strong>ieri niadagia. Cveni azriT, upriani<br />
iqneba, Tu antifonis princips `nominaluri mravalxmianobis kompoziciur<br />
principad~ vaRiarebT. marTalia, antifoni pirdapir ar iwvevs aseTi<br />
mravalxmianobis realurSi gadazrdas, samagierod, ori damoukidebeli<br />
partiis Camoyalibebis ukonkurento SemmuSavebelia.<br />
61
sainteresoa antifonis principiT gamoxatul struqturaSi<br />
musikaluri azris warmarTvis iniciativis gadanawilebis suraTi.<br />
gamokveTili iniciativis mqone xma `mowodeba-pasuxis~ tipis urTierTobaSi<br />
lideris rols isakuTrebs, romelic meti improvizaciulobiTa da<br />
individualobiT gamoirCeva. `identur~ antifonSi iniciativa<br />
nivelirebulia, xolo `variantul antifonSi~ (qarTul sinamdvileSi umetesad<br />
swored antifonis aseTi formaa gavrcelebuli) _ mxareTa mier variantuli<br />
ganviTarebis maRali aqtivobis pirobebSi _ iniciativa SedarebiT mkafioa<br />
da talRobrivad nawildeba.<br />
62
urdonuli mravalxmianoba<br />
burdoni, rogorc mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principi, aris erTi<br />
an meti xmis partiaSi simaRlisucvleli, gavrcobili bgeris gamoyenebiT<br />
funqcionaluri mravalxmianobis SemuSavebis principi. burdons, Snaideris<br />
paralelurad, rogorc `kompoziciis princips~, asafievic moixseniebs.<br />
amasTan, iqve dasZens, rom es principi faqtiurad gulisxmobs meryeobas _<br />
energiis intensiur dagrovebas da xarjvas (asafievi 1971 67). saerTod,<br />
asafievi burdonis princips erT-erT wamyvan rols aniWebs intonirebaSi,<br />
rodesac wers: `zrunva, Tu rogor gagrZeldes, gaiwelos intonirebadi<br />
qsovili, yovelTvis da gardauvalad Caeqsoveba zrunvas, Tu rogor moxdes<br />
am qsovilis iseTi cementireba, rom mexsierebaSi gabundovnebul tonTa<br />
arqiteqtonikis aRqmaSi mogvexmaros. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT: xmaTasvla da<br />
pedali~ (asafievi 1987 :88). mkvlevari iqve sinanuliT dasZens, rom sruliad<br />
Seuswavlelia pedalisa da ostinatos movlena Zvel rusul musikaSi<br />
(asafievi 1987 :89). asafievis mier burdonis mniSvnelobis maRali Sefaseba<br />
sxvaganac gamosWvivis. magaliTad, igi `kantus firmuss~ burdonis<br />
gamovlenad ufro Tvlis, vidre _ ostinatosi. misi mizani, mkvlevaris<br />
TqmiT, `polifoniuri qsovilis gaerTianeba, Sekvra da mxardaWeraa~<br />
(asafievi 1971 :74). aRsaniSnavia, rom termins `bams~ ioane petriwis mier<br />
nagulisxmev samxmianobaSi swored Semkvrelis, gammTlianeblis funqcia<br />
ekisreba (fircxalava 2002 :115), rac gvavaraudebinebs imJamindel qarTul<br />
tradiciaSi burdonuli mravalxmianobis arsebobis faqts. gusevi<br />
burdonul mravalxmianobas ufro rTul saxeobad miiCnevs, vidre<br />
`lenturs~ da `heter<strong>of</strong>onias~ (gusevi 1967 :181-82).<br />
sainteresoa mkvlevarTa mosazrebani burdonis arqaulobis Sesaxeb.<br />
skrebkova-filatova burdons ufro adreul stadiebs miakuTvnebs, vidre _<br />
`heter<strong>of</strong>onias (skrebkova-filatova 1985 :61). amave azrisaa (Jordania 1989 :99).<br />
folkloris adreul stadiebs miakuTvnebs heter<strong>of</strong>oniasa da burdons<br />
Surovic. (Surovi 1986 :24). mazeli burdons aSkarad mravalxmianobis erTerT<br />
sawyosad miiCnevs. igi ganixilavs burdonul banze dayrdnobiT<br />
kvartuli da kvinturi sayrdenis warmoqmnis meqanizmis SesaZleblobas, da<br />
askvnis, rom aseTi sami ZiriTadi tonis Camoyalibeba sinkretuli<br />
63
mTlianobidan musikaluri elementis gamoy<strong>of</strong>is maCvenebeli unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo<br />
(mazeli 1991 :30-31).<br />
marTlac, Znelia, warmovidginoT, rom burdonuli saxis<br />
mravalxmianoba aris romelime sxva principis ganviTarebis, an zemoqmedebis<br />
Sedegi. igi mravalxmianobis erT-erTi `dasabami~ unda iyos. burdonis<br />
kompoziciuri principi minimum ori gansxvavebuli funqciis xmis<br />
araTanasworuflebiani urTierTobis (rac ufro sagulisxmoa intonirebis<br />
ganviTarebis sawyis etapze) umartivesi nimuSia. amitomac burdoni, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, mkafiod gamoirCeva sxva kompoziciuri principebisagan, rogorc<br />
yvelaze `mravalxmiani~. igi mravalxmiani faqturis gareSe Znelad<br />
moiazreba.<br />
uznaZis TqmiT, `yoveli sagani Tavis fonze aRiqmeba~ (uznaZe 1964 :309).<br />
swored aseT fons qmnis mravalxmianobaSi burdonuli bani. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, SegviZlia, vigulisxmoT, rom burdoni Tanxlebis funqciisaa<br />
da gvexmareba melodiis ufro reliefurad aRqmaSi. melodia geStaltad<br />
aRiqmeba, bani _ fonad. fonis mxatvruli saxis daxasiaTebisas golicini<br />
saintereso mosazrebas gvTavazobs. misi azriT, stimulisadmi yuradRebis<br />
SenarCunebis umartivesi xerxi obieqtisaTvis kontrastuli fonis Sexamebaa.<br />
es yuradRebas saSualebas aZlevs drodadro fonze gadainacvlos da<br />
Semdeg kvlav daubrundes obieqts (golicini 1980 :59). es meqanizmi savsebiT<br />
esadageba burdonuli banisa da zeda wamyvani xmis urTierTobas.<br />
Tumca, burdonis kompoziciur princips fonuri organizaciis<br />
principisadmi msgavsebac gaaCnia da gansxvavebac. marTalia, burdoni ufro<br />
xSirad akompanementis, harmoniuli fonis funqcias asrulebs, magram aseTi<br />
funqciis absoluturi gamovlineba niSnavs burdonis funqcionalur<br />
indeferentizms, rac qarTul xalxur musikaSi (gansxvavebiT zogierT sxva<br />
xalxis folklorisagan) iSviaTad Tu Segvxvdeba. aq fonis funqciis<br />
matarebel burdons SemoqmedebiTi iniciativis potencia aqvs, romelsac<br />
xSirad ganaxorcielebs kidec.<br />
burdonis kompoziciuri principis erT-erTi Taviseburebaa misi<br />
sayrdenis funqcia _ burdoni qarTul tradiciul musikaSi kiloharmoniul<br />
sayrdens warmoadgens. igi yovelTvis `vizirebulia~,<br />
gansazRvrulia iniciativis mqone, zeda xmis kilo-harmoniuli<br />
64
moTxovnilebiT, amitomac burdoni yovelTvis atarebs tonikalobis mZlavr<br />
muxts. zeda xma gansazRvravs Tavis kilo-harmoniul sayrdens _ burdonul<br />
bans da Semdgomi JRerisas mas uTanxmebs Tavis kilour orientacias. es<br />
erTgvari dialeqtikuri urTierTobaa.<br />
qarTul tradiciul mravalxmianobaSi burdoni, umetesad mainc<br />
Tanxlebis funqcias asrulebs, maSasadame, SeiZleba iTqvas, burdonis<br />
kompoziciuri principi hom<strong>of</strong>oniurobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi SemoqmedebiTi<br />
principia.<br />
tiulini, rodesac aRwers saorgano punqts _ burdonis paralelur<br />
movlenas pr<strong>of</strong>esiul musikaSi – gamohy<strong>of</strong>s mis or nairsaxeobas _ gaWimul<br />
da ganmeorebad bgeras, romelTa fonzec xdeba zeda xmebis damoukidebeli<br />
moZraoba. harmoniuli struqturis am or plans, mkvlevaris azriT,<br />
SefardebiTi TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobac axasiaTebT (tulini 1964 :69) Cvenc gamovy<strong>of</strong>T<br />
burdonis kompoziciuri principis gansxeulebis or ZiriTad mimarTulebas,<br />
kerZod pedalurs, anu `burdon-kontinuums~ (SesaZloa mas `wrfivic~<br />
vuwodoT) da reCitaciuls (`diskretuli~, anu `wyvetili~ burdoni).<br />
sainteresoa, rom arayiSvilic aRniSnavs banSi unisonur bgerebs, romlebic<br />
ara gabmulad, aramed `gazavebulad~ imRereba (arayiSvili 1908 :133).<br />
dasavleli avtorebidan burdonis formaTa klasifikaciis yvelaze srul<br />
saxes Rudolf brandli gvaZlevs (brandli 1976 :90-121).<br />
burdonis principi ufro gamokveTilad burdon-kontinuumSia<br />
gamomJRavnebuli. arcaa gasakviri: igi bevrad ufro individualuri<br />
funqcionaluri muxtis mqonea, vidre – reCitaciuli burdoni. es<br />
ukanaskneli qarTul tradiciaSi didi umetesobiT saerTo sinqronul<br />
models emorCileba, anu banis mier sityvieri teqstis gaziarebiT miiReba.<br />
sxva xmebTan `integraciis~ miswrafebis gamo upriania, reCitaciuli<br />
burdoni burdon-kontinuumidan nawarmoeb movlenas CaiTvalos _ am<br />
ukanasknelis `amoZravebul variantad~ gvesaxeba. amas isic adasturebs, rom<br />
reCitaciuli burdoni ufro damyolia figuraciisadmi, vidre _ gabmuli.<br />
igi xom Tavadac `ritmulad figurirebulia~. aRniSnuli procesis<br />
dasasuraTeblad SegviZlia moviyvanoT burdon-kontinuumis ritmuli<br />
amoZravebis SemTxvevebi qarTul xalxur simReraSi, sadac burdonuli bani<br />
kadansSi reCitaciulad gardaiqmneba (magaliTi #22).<br />
65
eCitaciuli burdoni, kontinualurTan SedarebiT, naklebad fonuri<br />
xasiaTisaa. es ZiriTadad gamoixateba mis mier verbaluri teqstis<br />
tvirTvaSi, romelic aRiqmeba, rogorc simReris sinqronuli faqturis<br />
qmnadobaSi aqtiur monawileoba. amitom burdonuli reCitativis Semdgomi<br />
ganviTareba amjerad ukve bgerTsimaRlebrivi amoZravebis potencias badebs.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, reCitaciuli burdoni iTavsebs sinqronis princips<br />
da, amitom burdonis kompoziciuri principis gansxeulebis ufro<br />
Sedgenili variantia, vidre _ burdoni-kontinuumi, sadac xsenebuli<br />
principi erTpirovnulad xorcieldeba. sainteresoa, rom samxmian<br />
simrReraSi ufro xSirad gamokveTili saxiT or xmaSi burdons, anu ormag<br />
burdons swored burdoni kontinuumis saxiT vxvdebiT (magaliTi #23).<br />
unda iRiniSnos burdonis kompoziciuri principis gansxeulebis ori<br />
xarisxobrivi safexuri: mkacri da figuraciuli burdoni. sainteresoa, rom<br />
arc burdon-kontinuums da arc reCitaciul burdons gansazRvrulad metnaklebi<br />
miswrafeba romelime am ori tendenciisadmi ar gaaCnia. burdonis<br />
melodiuri figuracia burdonuli xmis melodiurad moZrav xmad<br />
gardaqmnis Sualedur safexurad unda warmovidginoT.<br />
aseve unda dafiqsirdes is faqti, rom burdonis kompoziciuri<br />
principi saqarTveloSi mxolod banSi ar mJRavndeba. zeda xmebSi misi<br />
TiToorola gamovlenasTan erTad yuradRebas ipyrobs gurul, aWarul da,<br />
nawilobriv, imerul nadurebSi arsebuli specifikuri kontinualuri<br />
burdonuli xma `Semxmobari~, romelic umetesad banis zeda xmas<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
cxadia, burdoni, rogorc modeli, zeda xmis `gare modelzea~ ufro<br />
xSirad orientirebuli, vidre _ sakuTar `imanentur modelze~. amasTan,<br />
qarTuli mravalxmianobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gunduri unisonuri banis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, burdoni aq ziari modelis principsac emorCileba.<br />
rac Seexeba burdonis mier iniciativis pyrobis SesaZleblobas,<br />
qarTul tradiciaSi aseT SemTxvevebs, rogorc aRvniSneT, mxolod<br />
epizodurad, talRobrivi gadanawilebis saxiT Tu SevxvdebiT.<br />
rogorc modelirebis, aseve _ iniciativis dasakuTrebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, reCitaciuli burdoni, cxadia, naklebi simkveTriT<br />
gamoirCvea, vidre _ burdoni-kontinuumi.<br />
66
ostinaturi mravalxmianoba<br />
sityva `ostinato~, `anu `jiuti~, naTlad miuTiTebs am musikaluri<br />
movlenis formulurobaze, myar modelurobaze. Tavisi individualisturi<br />
xasiaTiT ostinato qmnis xmaTa Soris funqcionaluri kontrastis did<br />
albaTobas, rac gvaZlevs funqcionalurad reliefur mravalxmian<br />
struqturas. amrigad, ostinatos kompoziciuri principi mravalxmianobis<br />
SemuSavebis karg unars amJRavnebs.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom Cekanovska ostinatos gamohy<strong>of</strong>s, ara mxolod<br />
rogorc kompoziciur princips, aramed _ rogorc mravalxmianobis tips<br />
(Cekanovska 1983 :148). xolo skrebkovi ostinatos princips TiTqmis iseTive<br />
did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, ramdenadac Cven _ modelis princips. mecnieri<br />
ostinatos princips ukavSirebs kupletur formas (skrebkovi 1973 :33).<br />
heter<strong>of</strong>onias (skrebkovi 1973 :31) da nawilobriv, ufro rTul polifoniur<br />
dramaturgiasac. (skrebkovi 1973 :36) simha aromi variaciuli ostinatos<br />
formas afrikis pigmeebis mravalxmianobis wamyvan meTodad moixseniebs<br />
(aromi 1991) qarTvel mecnierTa Soris ostinatos yuradReba miapyres i.<br />
Jordaniam, garayaniZem WoxoneliZem (Jordania i. 1989 garayaniZe 1997<br />
WoxoneliZe 2002). magram qarTvel mkvlevarTagan ostinaturi<br />
mravalxmianobis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis simravliTA da<br />
mniSvnelobiT gamoiCeva l. gogolaZis naSromi, romlis mraval saintereso<br />
mosazrebas mTlianad viziarebT (gogolaZe 1987). ostinatos principis<br />
Sesaxeb wers aseve m. nadareiSvili, Tumca pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli musikis istoriis<br />
aspeqtSi. igi baso ostinatos polifoniur faqturad moixseniebs, radgan<br />
mis fonze zeda xmebi kontrapunqtulad viTardeba. (nadareiSvili 2007 :26-<br />
27).<br />
mkvlevarTa azriT, ostinato erT-erTi ZiriTadi SemoqmedebiTi<br />
meTodia adreuli, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `panfolkloruli~ epoqisa. n.<br />
maris msjelobidan pirveladi simRerebis Sesaxeb, SesaZloa is daskvna<br />
gamovitanoT, rom mkvlevari aseTi intonirebis safuZvlad swored<br />
ostinatos princips miiCnevs (zemcovski 1983 :12). gomoni iziarebs<br />
ruCevskaias mosazrebas da migvaniSnebs, rom `ostinatos principi~<br />
melodiis ganviTarebis erT-erTi arqauli principia (gomoni 1989 :38).<br />
67
asafievi aRniSnavs, rom TviT faqti nacnob bgeraTa kompleqsis<br />
intonirebisa sakmao stimulia misi mravaljer ganmeorebisa. `es<br />
Semoqmedebis primitiuli saxea~ _ daaskvnis igi. eWvgareSea, saubaria<br />
ostinatos Sesaxeb (asafievi 1971 :35). ostinatos pirveladobaze miuTiTebs<br />
stoianovi (stoianovi 1985 :33). burdonTan erTad ostinatos arqaulobaze<br />
mianiSnebs skrebkova-filatovac. igi `pirvely<strong>of</strong>ili ostinatos~ safuZvlad<br />
erTgvar bgeriT `laqebs~ miiCnevs (skrebkova-filatova 1985 :254-55). brauni<br />
aRniSnavs, rom `bgeraTsimaRlebrivi (sivrcobrivi) SezRudulobis Serwyma<br />
mkacr ritmul CarCosTan aqcevs musikas ciklur sistemad, romelSic<br />
ganmeorebadoba udevs safuZvlad ara marto izoqronul droiT<br />
intervalebs, aramed _ musikalur frazebsac~. aSkaraa, rom musikis<br />
`gariJraJis~ am procesSi aseve ostinato igulisxmeba (brauni 2002 :62).<br />
sainteresoa ostinatos kompoziciuri principis meqanizmis<br />
fsiqologiuri aspeqti. asafievi, magaliTad, cantus firmus-s (ostinatos erTerT<br />
klasikur saxeobas) `kilos mnemonur formulas~ uwodebs da mas<br />
smenisa da mexsierebis `gzamkvlevad~ miiCnevs (asafievi 1971 :74). es momenti<br />
ostinatos axasiaTebs, rogorc imanenturi modelisadmi gansakuTrebuli<br />
midrekilebis mqones. magram ostinatos aqvs meore, mxolod misTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba. esaa miswrafeba ganmeorebisaken,<br />
kvlavwarmoebisaken.<br />
golicinis azriT, SemoqmedebiTi procesisadmi yuradRebis<br />
SenarCunebis erT-erTi moqmedi xerxia stimulis droSi da sivrceSi<br />
ganmeoreba. mkvlevari xazs usvams ara TviT ganmeorebas, rogorc<br />
monotonuri stabilurobis faqtors (romelzec, SesaZloa, burdonze<br />
dakvirvebis drosac gvesaubra), aramed _ stimulis Sewyvetisa da<br />
kvlavwarmoebis faqtors, rogorc yuradRebis SenarCunebis iaraRs.<br />
ganmeoreba raime, Tundac esTetikur funqcias moklebuli erTeulisa, misi<br />
cnobis gamo ukve garkveuli dakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebis SegrZnebas iwvevs (golicini<br />
1980 :59). burdoni (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs `tipuri~ burdoni-kontinuumi) ar<br />
wydeba, amitom misi ganmeorebad movlenad aRqma warmodgenis sferos ver<br />
scildeba. swored amitom, ostinato ufro dinamiuri funqciis matarebelia,<br />
burdoni ki _ ufro statiurisa. golicins analogia mohyavs signalizaciis<br />
meTodTan, romelic swored ostinatos principzea dafuZnebuli, rogorc _<br />
68
ufro qmediTze. cxadia, aseTi msjelobis Semdeg burdonsa da ostinatos<br />
cnebebs Soris kidev ufro mkafio zRvari isaxeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />
ostinatos meSveobiT drois gazomvaa SesaZlebeli, xolo burdoni TviT<br />
ganizomeba drois meSveobiT.<br />
ostinatos principi, iseve, rogorc burdonisa, gulisxmobs<br />
stabilurobas. magram es ori movlena am Tvisebas sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT<br />
amJRavnebs. burdonis stabiluroba damokidebulia zeda xmebis iniciativaze,<br />
xolo ostinato ufro xSirad Tavad flobs iniciativas. igi iTvaliswinebs<br />
iniciativas TviT ostinatos formulaSi. am formulis SemosazRvruloba,<br />
SeerTebuli periodulobasTan, qmnis metruli funqcionalobis myar muxts,<br />
romelic musikaluri qsovilis CarCod gvevlineba. burdonis kompoziciuri<br />
principi, rogorc gvaxsovs, mxolod sxva xmebTan TanaqmedebiT<br />
xorcieldeba. swored amitom, burdonis principi erTaderTia Cvens mier<br />
ganxilul Tu gansaxilvel principTagan, romelic qarTul tradiciaSi<br />
totalurad, e.i. yvela mJRer xmaSi faqtiurad ar xorcieldeba. burdoni<br />
iniciativas mxolod fragmentulad, talRiseburi gadanawilebis Sedegad<br />
eufleba. ostinato ki xSirad vlindeba totalurad. erTi ostinaturi<br />
formulis mier yvela partiis `STanTqmis~ (da amis gamo iniciativis<br />
nivelirebis) Sedegad miviRebdiT qarTuli tradiciisaTvis ucxo<br />
heter<strong>of</strong>oniul, an unisonur ostinatos.<br />
amasTan, burdonisagan gansxvavebiT, ostinatos kompoziciuri principi<br />
SesaZloa, erTxmianobaSic gamomJRavndes, rac imis maCvenebelia, rom<br />
iniciativa, rogorc bgeraTa reliefuri organizaciis Seqmnis muxti,<br />
ostinatos kompoziciur principSi sxva xmebTan urTierTobis gareSec<br />
SeiZleba ganviTardes. magaliTad, TviT ostinatos warmoSobis meqanizms<br />
skrebkovi ukavSirebs centraluri bgeris _ kilouri sayrdenis<br />
`SemomRerebis~ moTxovnilebas misi ganmtkicebis mizniT (skrebkovi 1973 :28).<br />
amgvarive azrisaa xolopovic (xolopovi 1988 :25). figuraciuli burdonis<br />
ostinatoSi gadazrdis tendenciaze miuTiTebs Cekanovskac (Cekanovska 1983<br />
:148). amave movlenis paralelur process pr<strong>of</strong>esiul musikaSi SeniSnavs<br />
tiulinic (tiulini 1964 :70), magram, Cveni azriT, aseT SemTxvevebSi<br />
burdonis wiaRSi ostinaturi azrovnebis SeRwevis Sesaxeb ufro<br />
gamarTlebulia saubari, vidre _ burdonis ostinatoSi gadazrdis Sesaxeb.<br />
69
urdonisa da ostinatos stabulurobidan gamomdinareobs maTi meore<br />
metnaklebad msgavsi da ganmasxvavebeli Tavisebureba _ orive maTganSi<br />
kilo-harmoniuli sayrdenis funqciis arseboba. skrebkovi ostinatos<br />
princips samarTlianad aniWebs bgeraTsimaRlebrivi sayrdenis harmoniuli<br />
ganmtkicebis funqcias (skrebkovi 1973 :23). piaskovski ufro Sors midis da<br />
aRniSnavs, rom ostinatos, rogorc erTian kompleqss, unari aqvs, mTlianad<br />
Tavis Tavze aiRos kilouri centris funqcia (piaskovski 1987 :91). cnobilia,<br />
rom aseTive kilo-harmoniuli orientiris funqcia gaaCnia burdonsac.<br />
amasTan, qarTul tradiciaSi es ukanaskneli ufro mkafiod miuTiTebs<br />
sayrden tons, vidre _ ostinato.<br />
burdonisa da ostinatos msgavs Tvisebebs adasturebs reCitaciuli<br />
burdoni. xolopovi, ganixilavs, ra pedaluri tonisadmi ritmuli<br />
maxasiaTeblis miniWebas, aRniSnavs, rom am SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba<br />
ostinato, romelic SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc saorRano punqtis<br />
figuraciuli nairsaxeoba (xolopovi 1988 :90). am mosazrebaSi igulisxmeba<br />
reCitaciuli burdonis ostinatos movlenisadmi kuTvnileba, rac ar aris<br />
logikas moklebuli. TavisTavad, reCitaciuli burdoni SegviZlia<br />
warmovadginoT erTi simaRlis bgerebis urTierTmonacvleobad. am mxriv,<br />
igi Tavis TavSi moicavs ganmeorebis princips. Tavis mxriv, ostinato,<br />
ragind vrcelic ar unda iyos misi formula, Tavisi ucvlelobiT zogjer<br />
burdonis qvesimravled SegviZlia aRviqvaT. ostinatos amgvar Tvisebaze<br />
miuTiTebs skrebkovi, rodesac aRniSnavs ostinaturi masalis<br />
SemsrulebelTa `ostinaturad erT saxeobriv mdgomareobaSi~ mudmiv y<strong>of</strong>nas<br />
(skrebkovi 1973 :34).<br />
cxadia, funqcionalobis mxriv mkafiod reliefuri mravalxmiani<br />
struqtura SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas ostinatos principis gatarebis<br />
paralelurad musikalur qsovilSi araostinaturi xmis arsebobisas. xolo<br />
struqtura, sadac ostinatos principi totalurad yvela xmaSia<br />
gamovlenili, heter<strong>of</strong>oniuli ganviTarebis SesamCnev muxts atarebs. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, ostinaturi modelis mcire moculobis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
calkeul xmebSi improvizaciisaken midrekileba ver aswrebs gamokveTili<br />
individualobis mqone plastis SemuSavebas.<br />
70
amgvarad, ostinatos principi qarTul sinamdvileSi SesaZloa<br />
gamomJRavndes erTi xmis partiaSi _ banSi an krimanWulSi (magaliTi #24),<br />
(magaliTi #25) da SesaZloa gatardes yvela xmaSi, totalurad (magaliTi<br />
#26). totaluri ostinatos qarTuli nimuSebi aRiqmeba, rogorc<br />
kontrastuli mravalxmianobis aRnagobis mcire modelebi.<br />
magram totaluri ostinato ar gulisxmobs mxolod da mxolod<br />
yvela xmaSi gaxeSeSebuli, gaqvavebuli, ucvleli formulis regularul<br />
ganmeorebas. igi garkveuli doziT improvizaciasac iTvaliswinebs. am<br />
movlenas kargad asuraTebs zemcovskis Semdegi fraza: `ganmeorebis<br />
faqtori variantisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria, maSin, rodesac<br />
ganmeorebis sizuste _ meorexarisxovani (zemcovski 1980 :43).<br />
garda ostinatos kompoziciuri principis `reglamentis~ sami<br />
aRniSnuli sazisa, unda gamovyoT ostinatos droSi ganSlis<br />
Taviseburebebic. es dakavSirebulia musikaluri dialogis ori saxis:<br />
diafoniisa da antifoniis arsebobasTan (zemcovskis termini). Sesabamisad,<br />
unda vigulisxmoT diafonuri (magaliTi #27) da antifonuri (magaliTi<br />
#28), ostinatos formulis calfa da orpiruli Sesrulebis garda,<br />
ostinatos droSi ganSlis kidev ori saxeoba iCens Tavs. esenia:<br />
responsoruli `refrenuli ostinato~ (magaliTi #29) da `ostinato<br />
tinato-<br />
kontinuumi~ (magaliTi #30), `ostinato-kontinuumi~ (m. Snaideris mier<br />
Semotanili cneba) garkveuli melodiuri formulis uwyveti ganmeorebaa,<br />
xolo `refrenuli ostinato~ _ aseTi formulis perioduli CarTvaa (es<br />
ukanaskneli ufro xSirad gvxvdeba qarTul sada, ufro xSirad mTis<br />
kuTxeebis saferxulo Tu sacekvao simRerebSi). ostinaturi refreni<br />
sakuTari xmis partiaSi pauzebiTaa SemosazRvruli. rogorc refrenis<br />
modelis, aseve pauzis moculoba mtkice metruli funqcionalobiT, igive _<br />
metruli modeliTaa gansazRvruli. ase, rom pauzac ostinaturi formulis<br />
Semadgenel nawilad unda vigulisxmoT. sainteresoa, rom zemcovski<br />
miuTiTebs refrenis mdgradobaze, rodesac aRniSnavs, rom swored am<br />
sferoSi moipoveba didi wili saerTaSoriso Tanxvedrebisa, romelTa<br />
sawyisebi, rogorc wesi, erovnebamdelia (zemcovski 1975 :19). braunis azriT,<br />
musikaluri formis cikluri sistema (romelsac Cven ostinato-kontinuums<br />
vamsgavsebT T.Gg.), semantikurad garkveulad SezRudulia, xolo<br />
71
monacvleobiTi sistema (paraleli refrenul ostinatosTan T. g.)<br />
`linealuria da komunikaciaSi siaxleebis Semotanis saSualebas iZleva~<br />
(brauni 2002 :63). reglamentis mixedviT es marTlac asea, magram xSirad<br />
swored ostinato-kontinuumis stabiluri Tanxleba iZleva safuZvels<br />
improvizaciuli siaxleebis `Tamamad~ Semotanisa.<br />
ostinato-kontinuums refrenuli ostinatosagan pauzis garda<br />
ganasxvavebs isic, rom erTi xmis partiaSi gatarebuli kontinuumi moiTxovs<br />
am partiis ramdenime Semsruleblis mier sunTqvis monacvleobiT<br />
Sesrulebas. Tumca, ar aris gamoricxuli erTi Semsruleblis mier<br />
kontinuumis fragmentuli Sesrulebac. am dros mJRavndeba, rom refrenuli<br />
da kontinualuri ostinato erT xmaSi, sxva xmebis uwyveti ganviTarebis<br />
fonze, erTmaneTisgan mkafiod ar aris gamijnuli. SedarebiT gamijnulia<br />
ostinato-kontinuumi iseT refrenul ostinatosagan, romelic orive mxaris<br />
mier antifonurad sruldeba. radganac mravalxmianobis umartives, da<br />
Sesabamisad, erT-erT uZveles formad nominalur mravalxmianobas, anu<br />
erTxmian antifonur refrens vaRiarebT, vuSvebT, rom ostinaturi<br />
mravalxmianobis umartives nimuSad swored es forma unda vigulisxmoT.<br />
korife-gundis responsoriums, ganviTarebis Sedegad unda mohyoloda am<br />
ori mxaris vertikalSi urTierTgadafarva, ra processac ostinatokontinuumamde<br />
mivyavarT.<br />
amgvarad, ostinato SesaZloa, iyos diafonuri da antifonuri, da<br />
amasTan erTad _ refrenuli da kontinualuri<br />
luri. es ori ganzomileba ar<br />
modis erTmaneTTan TanakveTaSi. amitom gamovy<strong>of</strong>T ostinatos kompoziciuri<br />
principis gansxeulebis oTx ZiriTad saxes, esenia: diafonuri refreni,<br />
diafonuri kontinuumi, antifonuri refreni da antifonuri kontinuumi. am<br />
formaTagan erTmaneTTan ufro axlos antifonuri da diafonuri saxeebi<br />
dgas, vidre _refrenuli da kontinualuri. amitom, ostinatos saxeebis<br />
ufro dawvrilebiTi CamoTvlisas jer refrenuli, xolo Semdeg _<br />
kontinualuri ostinatos diafonur da antifonur versiebs ganvixilavT.<br />
amgvarad, ostinatos mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principi qarTul<br />
tradiciul mravalxmianobaSi Semdegi normebiT xorcieldeba:<br />
72
1. erTxmiani antifonuri refreni _ adre daxasiaTebuli<br />
`nominaluri mravalxmianoba~; (sainteresoa, rom S. aslaniSvili<br />
erTxmian antifonur refrens kulakovskis mixedviT `orfazovans~<br />
uwodebs (aslaniSvili 1954b :70). Tavad ostinatos<br />
kompoziciuri principis erTxmianobaSi gatareba, savaraudoa,<br />
rom antifonur tradicias emyareba. pauza refrenis periodul<br />
CarTvas Soris, rogorc Cans, gundis mopasuxe `korifes~ partiis<br />
sivrces moniSnavs.<br />
2. erTTemiani diafonuri refreni _ erT xmaSi ostinatos<br />
refrenuli gamomJRavneba uwyveti ganviTarebis sxva xmebis<br />
fonze (magaliTi #31).<br />
3. erTTemiani diafonuri kontinuumi _ erT xmaSi uwyveti<br />
ostinato aseve uwyveti araostinaturi xmis fonze (magaliTi<br />
#32).<br />
4. mravalTemiani diafonuri refreni _ ostinaturi formulis or,<br />
an sam xmaSi gamosaxva sxva xmis uwyveti ganviTarebis gverdiT<br />
(magaliTi #33).<br />
5. totaluri identuri ostinato-kontinuumi _ antifonurad<br />
monacvle ostinatur segmentebSi erTmaneTis identuri<br />
modelebis ganxorcieleba. mxareTa mier gare modelis<br />
gaziareba. (magaliTi #34).<br />
6. totaluri ormagi ostinato _ antifonur mxareTa mier<br />
gansxvavebuli modelebisadmi midrekileba (magaliTi #35).<br />
7. responsoruli ostinato anu _ erTTemiani refrenuli ostinato<br />
_ ostinaturi formulis mxolod erT _ gundur mxares<br />
ganxorcieleba (magaliTi #36).<br />
73
sinqronuli mravalxmianoba<br />
cneba `sinqroni~, tradiciul musikasTan mimarTebaSi, cxadia,<br />
gulisxmobs Semoqmedebis procesSi monawileTa, pirvel rigSi, drois mxriv<br />
Tanmxvedr musicirebas. aseT Tanadroul moZraobasTan erTad, sinqronulad<br />
(rogorc miRebulia xelovnebis sxva dargebSi, magaliTad plastikur<br />
xelovnebaSi) SesaZloa, iwodebodes urTierTmsgavsi moZraoba, figurebi. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi cneba `sinqroni~ TiTqosda scildeba droiT aspeqts da<br />
elementTa mowesrigebul simetriul wyobas ufro gamoxatavs. magram<br />
sinqronis amgvari gageba ara bunebrivi, pirveladi, aramed warmoebuli<br />
xasiaTisaa da, miuxedavad tradiciulobisa, uzustod migvaCnia. ase rom<br />
SevTanxmdeT: es cneba, pirvel yovlisa, ritmul mxareze migviTiTebs.<br />
ritmis udides rols koleqtiuri moRvaweobis procesSi gamorCeulad<br />
seriozuli yuradReba biuxerma (biuxeri 1923) da xarlapma (xarlapi 1986)<br />
miaqcia. koleqtiur SemoqmedebaSi, gusevis mixedviT, ritms urTierTSeTanxmebuli<br />
moZraobis mxriv gansakuTrebulad maorganizebeli roli eniWeba<br />
(gusevi 1967 :180-81) skrebkovic aRniSnavs pirvely<strong>of</strong>il cekvaSi arsebul<br />
`metrul-ritmul harmonias~, romlis safuZvelzec, mkvlevaris azriT, unda<br />
SemuSavebuliyo bgeraTa gamovlinebis SeTanxmeba, xmaTa intonaciuri<br />
harmonia, bgeraTsimaRlebrivi msgavseba, TviT unisonamde. (skrebkovi 1973<br />
:25). iqneb sinqroni organizebuli koleqtiuri Semoqmedebis mTavari<br />
faqtoria yovel SemTxvevaSi aseTad esaxeba igi brauns (brauni 2002 :61-62).<br />
mravalxmian struqturaSi xmaTa vertikalur sinqronul ganawilebaze<br />
saubrobs r. brandli (brandli 2008 :287) aseTi mosazrebebi Tavisdauneburad<br />
badebs SekiTxvas: sad mTavrdeba ritmuli erTgvarovnebis, sinqronis<br />
pirobebSi koleqtiuri erTxmianoba da sad iwyeba koleqtiuri<br />
mravalxmianoba am sakiTxis problemurobas amZafrebs iuJaki, romelic<br />
aRniSnavs: `polifonia~ Tavisi yvelaze Rrma arsiT aris<br />
sxvadasxvaritmuloba (iuJaki 1975 :14). mas mxars ubams milka:<br />
_`erTritmuloba qmnis harmoniul efeqts, sxvadasxvaritmuloba _<br />
polifoniur efeqts (milka 1975 :93). skrebkova-filatova aRwers faqturis<br />
tips, sadac xmebis sinqronuli koordinacia pirveladi orientiri xdeba. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi xmebi funqcionalurad Tanabaruflebiani arian, rac sacnauri<br />
74
xdeba mravalxmianobis homoritmul wyobaSi. aseTi wyoba, struqturis mxriv<br />
gvevlineba, rogorc mon<strong>of</strong>unqcionaluri (skrebkova-filatova 1985 :54).<br />
skrebkova-filatova xmaTa mon<strong>of</strong>unqcionalobaSi aSkarad monoritmulobas<br />
gulisxmobs. Tumca iqve aRniSnavs, rom `mon<strong>of</strong>unqcionaloba yvelaze metad<br />
lentur mravalxmianobaSi vlindeba~, riTac melodiur sawyissac amoswevs<br />
yuradRebis zedapirze.<br />
arc ise erTsulovania mkvlevarTa azri monoritmiisa da hom<strong>of</strong>oniis<br />
urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. ritmuli sinqroni igulisxmeba grigorievisa<br />
da miuleris mier aRniSnul hom<strong>of</strong>oniis erT-erT saxeSi, romelic mTavari<br />
xmisa da Tanxlebis ritmuli erTgvarovnebiT xasiaTdeba (grigorievi... 1969<br />
:8-9) maTgan gansxvavebiT, xolopova monoritmulobas ukavSirebs akordul<br />
wyobas, xolo hom<strong>of</strong>oniurs _ poliritmuls (xolopova 1979 :6). maSin,<br />
rodesac grigorievi da miuleri akordul wyobas saerTod ar miiCneven<br />
mravalxmianur movlenad. (grigorievi ... 1969 :18) saintereso termins<br />
gvTavazobs evseevi. igi aRwers sinqronuli xmaTasvlis ganviTarebul saxes,<br />
rac gamoixateba sagundo xmebSi monoritmuli tendenciisa da xmaTa<br />
CuqurTmisadmi miswrafebis SerwymiT miRebul `ritmuli Tanamegobrobis~<br />
principSi (evseevi 1960 :108).<br />
sinqronis principis cneba SegviZlia warmovadginoT, rogorc qarTul<br />
musikismcodneobaSi ukve tradiciuli cnebis _`kompleqsuri<br />
mravalxmianobis~ ekvivalenti. Tumca aqve unda iTqvas, rom gveeWveba termin<br />
`kompleqsuris~ mizanSewoniloba qarTuli mravalxmianobis formebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. `kompleqsis~ vertikalisadmi identuroba ar Zevs TviT<br />
terminis SinaarsSi. cnebisa da movlenis kavSiri aq naTeli xdeba mxolod<br />
saTanado ganmartebis Semdeg. amasTan, cneba `kompleqsuri mravalxmianoba~,<br />
romelic aRniSnavs akorduli kompleqsebiT moZraobas, erTgvarad akninebs<br />
tradiciuli qarTuli mravalxmianobis linearul bunebas. igi erTgvarad<br />
diskretul xasiaTs atarebs. saeWvoa, Semsruleblebma gaiziaron mosazreba,<br />
rom isini mRerian akordTa an kompleqsTa Tanamimdevrobas, samagierod,<br />
maTTvis bunebrivi iqneboda daSveba, rom isini erTdroulad asruleben<br />
msgavs melodias sxvadasxva xmaSi. sainteresoa, rom moJeiko belorusul<br />
simRerebSi sinqronuli mravalxmianobis SemTxvevebs aerTianebs cneba<br />
`podvodkaSi~ (moJeiko 1971 :162), romelic uTuod xalxuri terminologiis<br />
75
nimuSs warmoadgens, da romelic kargad miuTiTebs am terminis linealur<br />
aqcentze. `kompleqsuri mravalxmianobis~ cnebis diskretuli xasiaTi ver<br />
migvaniSnebs simReris procesualobaze, igi arasakmarisad dinamiuri<br />
terminia da TviTmiznuri sanoto analizisaTvis momarjvebul cnebas ufro<br />
waagavs.<br />
amas garda, migvaCnia, rom termin `kompleqsuris~ xmareba ufro metad<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli musikis sferoSi unda iyos gamarTlebuli (sadac daibada<br />
kidec). `akordi~, `kompleqsi~, es cnebebi erTi avtoris da gansakuTrebiT _<br />
erTi instrumentisaTvis daweril nawarmoebs ufro miesadageba, radgan,<br />
xalxuri Semoqmedebisagan gansxvavebiT, kompozitori am SemTxvevaSi ara<br />
Tanaavtori, aramed _ erTpirovnuli avtoria da xmaTa vertikalSi<br />
kompleqsad Tu akordad rogorc Sedgena, aseve aRqma mTlianad misi nebiTaa<br />
ganpirobebuli. sainteresoa, rom swored pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli musika aqvs<br />
mxedvelobaSi berSadskaias, rodesac harmoniuli wyobis Semadgenel<br />
erTeulad swored bgeraTa erTian kompleqss gamohy<strong>of</strong>s (Tumca TviT am<br />
wyobas kompleqsis terminiT ar moixseniebs) (berSadskaia 1982 :11). magram<br />
sxvagan, xalxuri musikis ganxilvisas, yuradsaRebia mkvlevaris mier<br />
akordul wyobaSi sinqronuli moZraobis SemCneva (berSadskaia 1961 :52).<br />
igive mkvlevari `kompleqsis~ mniSvnelobiT erTi funqciis gamomxatvel,<br />
magram ara aucileblad erTad mJRer tonebs gulisxmobs (berSadskaia 1984<br />
:13). TviT xolopovic akritikebs cneba `kompleqsurs~ da aRniSnavs, rom igi<br />
SesaZloa, araerTdroul bgeraTa erTobliobebsac (magaliTad,<br />
dodekafoniur seriebs) aRniSnavdes (xolopovi 1988 :41), rac, cxadia, am<br />
cnebiT operirebisas damatebiT sazrunavs badebs.<br />
zemoTqmulTan erTad, `sinqroni~ kargad asaxavs Semsruleblis mier<br />
sityvieri teqstis musikaSi Tanadroulad ganawilebas, riTac cneba<br />
`kompleqsi~ ver daikvexnis. amasTan, termini `sinqronuli mravalxmianoba~<br />
Tavidanve uSecdomod migvaniSnebs gansaxilvel movlenaze da ar saWiroebs<br />
xangrZliv ganmartebas TviT aramusikosisTvisac ki.<br />
arsebobs mosazreba, rom termini `kompleqsuri~ kargad xsnis ara<br />
mxolod erT vertikalSi Camoyalibebul akords, aramed garkveuli `zonis~<br />
farglebSi arsebul TanaJReradobas _ daSlil akords, an akordSi<br />
amoZravebul erT-erT xmas, romelic sabolood mainc erT harmoniul<br />
76
vertikalad moiazreba. am SemTxvevaSic cneba `kompleqsuri~ diskretul<br />
xasiaTs inarCunebs. rac Seexeba aRniSnul movlenas, mas cneba `sinqronuli~<br />
moZraobac advilad miesadageba.<br />
`kompleqsurze~ ufro iRblian terminad miviCnevT `silabur~<br />
mravalxmianobas (termini mogvawoda daviT SuRliaSvilma), rac kargad<br />
asaxavs sinqronuli mravalxmianobis qarTul tradiciul musikaSi<br />
(gansakuTrebiT _ `avajis~ tipis sagalobelSi) gamovlenis ZiriTad<br />
saxasiaTo detals _ xmaTa Soris sinqronis verbaluri, silaburi<br />
aqcentebiT dafiqsirebas. magram `silaburi mravalxmianoba~ ver xsnis<br />
sityvis marcvlebiT aRuniSnav sinqronul svlebs, romelsac kargad<br />
esadageba `sinqronuli mravalxmianoba~.<br />
amgvarad, sinqronis kompoziciuri principi tradiciul<br />
mravalxmianobaSi iTvaliswinebs xmaTa Tanadroul moZraobas. ase, rom<br />
sityva `sinqronulis~ qarTul Sesatyvisad SesaZleblad migvaCnia, vixmaroT<br />
termini `Tanadroulic~.<br />
aseTi Tanadrouloba SeiZleba gamoixatos ara mxolod ritmis,<br />
aramed _ metris donezec. ritmuli sinqroni, TavisTavad cxadia, Tavis<br />
TavSi moicavs metrul sinqronsac. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom am<br />
principis mxolod metrul doneze ganxorcieleba aramcTu raime<br />
gamorCeuli TvisebiT niSandoblivi, aramed _ koleqtiuri Semoqmedebis<br />
aucilebeli pirobaa. amitom mas calke ar vaxasiaTebT.<br />
ritmuli sinqronis kompoziciuri principi qarTul tradiciul<br />
mravalxmianobaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze gavrcelebuli da bunebrivi<br />
movlenaa. es arcaa gasakviri _ sinqroni xmaTa koordinaciis yvelaze<br />
mizanSewonili garemoa. qarTul tradiciul mravalxmianobaSi iseT nimuSTa<br />
odenoba, sadac kompoziciur principTagan mxolod sinqronia mkafiod<br />
gamomJRavnebuli, aRemateba aqamde ganxiluli (da winaswar vityviT _<br />
gansaxilveli) sxva romelime principis erTpirovnul gamoxatulebas. anu:<br />
sinqronuli, da ara mizanmimarTulad paraleluri, xmaTasvla CvenSi ufro<br />
xSiria, vidre burdonuli, ostinaturi an Tavisufal-kontrastuli<br />
mravalxmianoba. amasTan, garda am ukanasknelisa da burdoni-kontinuumisa,<br />
danarCeni mravalxmiani struqturebi isev da isev sinqronis princips<br />
77
eyrdnobian. swored es badebs kiTxvas: aris ki aseTi `yvelganSemRwevi~<br />
principi mizanmimarTulad `mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principi~<br />
yuradReba mivapyroT iseT mravalxmiani faqturas, sadac sinqronis<br />
principze dayrdnobiT xmebi an mizanmimarTulad kontrastulad, an<br />
Tavisuflad, SeuzRudavad viTardebian da ver vxedavT burdonis, an<br />
ostinatos niSnebs (magaliTi #37). aq sinqronis pirobebSi kontrastuli<br />
mravalxmianobis suraTi iqmneba. sinqronis principi aq erTgvari<br />
`satranzito punqtia~ paralelizmidan Tavisufal-kontrastuli<br />
xmaTasvlisaken mimaval gzaze. magram Tu am sinqronuli faqturis ZiriTad<br />
Semoqmed kompoziciur principad kontrastuli, an SeuzRudavi xmaTasvlis<br />
princips miviCnevT, rogorRa gamovarCioT aRniSnuli struqtura iseTisgan,<br />
sadac es kontrastuli Tu SeuzRudavi ganviTarebis principi srulad, ukve<br />
TviT sinqronis principis darRveviTaa gamomJRavnebuli<br />
meore mxriv, gavixsenoT, rom sinqronisa da paralelizmis principebi<br />
erTi _ ziari modelis principSi erTiandebian. xolo es ukanaskneli araa<br />
Sedgenili bunebis. mxolod esaa, rom qarTul tradiciaSi or gamokveTil<br />
safexurad _ ritmulad da melodiurad mJRavndeba. erTiani safuZvlis<br />
mqone ori movlena ki erToblivad unda iyos an ar iyos mravalxmianobis<br />
principi. amasTan, sinqroni amJRavnebs mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri<br />
principis mTavari pirobis Tvisebas: qmnis originalur mravalxmian<br />
struqturas, sadac xmaTa koordinaciis mTavari orientiri swored<br />
sinqronuli xmaTasvlaa da ara _ paralelizmi, kontrasti, perioduli<br />
ganmeoreba Tu wamyvani xmisaTvis fonis Seqmna.<br />
magram Cveni pozicia aseve mkafioa im struqturul saxeebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi, romlebSic sinqroni mJRavndeba, magram romlebSic ZiriTadi<br />
wamyvani faqtori mravalxmianobis sxva kompoziciuri principia: aseTi<br />
formis saxeldebaSi sinqronis cneba mxolod predikatis rols unda<br />
dasjerdes, radgan xmaTa individualizaciisaTvis garemos SeqmnaSi igi<br />
mxolod paralelizmis princips aRemateba. Tavis mxriv ki, es ukanaskneli<br />
bevrad ufro originalur mravalxmianur stuqturas SeimuSavebs, vidre _<br />
sinqronis principi. sxva sityvebiT, sinqronis principi mravalxmianobis<br />
kompoziciur principTa Soris funqcionaluri aqtivobis mxriv yvelaze<br />
mcire muxts Seicavs.<br />
78
ogorc aRvniSneT, sinqronis kompoziciuri principi met-naklebad<br />
qarTul tradiciaSi arsebuli yvela kompoziciur principTan Tanaqmedebs.<br />
burdonis princips igi yvelaze metad reCitaciuli burdonis saxiT<br />
`unaTesavdeba~ (magaliTi #38), Tumca sinqroni burdoni-kontinuumis<br />
kontrastul xmebSic iCens Tavs (magaliTi #39) (imis Sesaxeb, Tu<br />
mravalxmianobis romel formas unda miekuTvnos reCitaciuli burdoni _<br />
burdonuls, Tu sinqronuls, mravalxmianobis tipebis ganxilvisas gveqneba<br />
saubari). sinqroni mkafiod vlindeba xolme agreTve burdonuli simRerebis<br />
daskvniT _ kadansur nawilSi (magaliTi #40).<br />
sinqronis principi ostinatos principis ganuyreli Tanamgzavria<br />
totaluri ostinatos sxvadasxva gamovlinebebSi (ra formebic qarTul<br />
sinamdvileSi sakmaod xSirad SeimCneva) (magaliTi #41). sxva mxriv<br />
ostinato sinqronis mimarT ZiriTadad ganurCevelia.<br />
ukve visaubreT sinqronisa da paralelizmis naTesauri da ierarqiuli<br />
bunebis Sesaxeb.<br />
sinqronis kompoziciuri principis gamovlenisas musikaluri azris<br />
warmarTvis iniciativa ZiriTadad zeda xmebSia warmodgenili. zeda xmebSi<br />
iniciativas flobs is xma, romelic yvelaze moqnil, moZrav melodiur iers<br />
atarebs (magaliTi #42). xolo am xmaTa terciuli paralelizmis<br />
SemTxvevaSi iniciativas is xma flobs, romelic, calke aRebuli,<br />
damoukidebel, kilourad gamarTul melodiur plastadac gamodgeboda<br />
(magaliTi #43).<br />
advili SesamCnevia, rom sinqronis mxolod zeda xmebSi gamovlena<br />
xdeba ZiriTadad mxolod burdonul garemoSi. am faqtoris gamoc,<br />
sinqronis principis tipiur gamovlinebad ZiriTadad sinqronis yvela xmaSi<br />
totalur gamomJRavnebas miviCnevT.<br />
79
paraleluri xmaTasvla<br />
rogori saxiT warmovidgenT ori, an meti Semsruleblis SeTanxmebuli<br />
muzicirebis yvelaze sada da bunebriv process mkiTxveli dagveTanxmeba,<br />
rom aseTi Sesrulebisas erTsulovnebis SegrZneba yvelaze advilad maT<br />
mier miiRweva, romlebic ara `uTanxmeben~, an `avseben~ erTmaneTs, aramed _<br />
erT SemoqmedebiT amocanas _ models iziareben. yvelaze sada magaliTi<br />
amisa unisonuri Sesrulebaa, SedarebiT kompromisuli _ paraleluri<br />
xmaTasvla. sxva saqmea, Tu aseTi SemoqmedebiTi meTodi ar Sedis<br />
SemsrulebelTa prioritetuli interesebis sferoSi.<br />
Tumca paralelizmi xSirad Tanamuzicirebis advili gamosavali ar<br />
aris. bruno netli aRwers SemTxvevebs indielTa tradiciul SesrulebaSi,<br />
(romlebis tomTa didi umetesobas monodiur kultura aqvT) rodesac solo<br />
momRerals sxva momRerlebi burdons maSin uwyoben fonad, rodesac<br />
paraleluri intervalebiT miyola ar ZaluZT (netli 1961).<br />
cxadia, mravalxmianobaSi xmaTa koordinaciis erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
moxerxebuli meTodi ziari modelis principiTaa gamovlenili. amitom es<br />
ukanaskneli, sxvadasxva doneze, Cveni yuradRebis arealSi my<strong>of</strong>i yvela<br />
kompoziciuri principis partnioria. ziari modelis kompoziciur princips<br />
aqvs ori ganzomileba: sivrcobrivi da droiTi. es faqtiurad, ori<br />
ierarqiuli safexuricaa. pirvelSi vgulisxmobT gaziarebul<br />
bgeraTsimaRlebriv naxats (paralelizmi), xolo meoreSi – gaziarebul<br />
ritmul naxats (sinqroni). naTelia, rom bgeraTsimaRlebrivi ziari modeli<br />
tradiciul mravalxmianobaSi or registrul poziciaSi ganTavsebul<br />
saerTo melodias niSnavs. igi, didi umetesobiT, ritmul ziar modelsac<br />
gulisxmobs, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom ritmuli ziari modeli,<br />
rogorc calke SemoqmedebiTi principi, araarsobrivia. igi mxolod<br />
melodiuri ziari modelis `emanaciis~ produqti ar aris, aramed _<br />
Tvisobrivad damoukidebeli movlenaa. melodiuri modelic zogjer<br />
ritmuli ziari modelis gareSe xorcieldeba (magaliTad _ imitaciis<br />
dros). amrigad, ziari modelis princips Cven ori mimarTulebiT<br />
gaviazrebT, romelTagan TiToeuls kompoziciur principad aRviqvamT.<br />
esenia: `melodiuri ziari modelis~, anu _ paralelizmis kompoziciuri<br />
80
principi da `ritmuli ziari modelis~, anu sinqronis kompoziciuri<br />
principi. cxadia, paraleluri xmaTasvlis kompoziciur principSi ufro<br />
sruladaa gamovlenili ziari modeli. amasTan, paralelizmis principi<br />
qarTul tradiciaSi iSviaTad, magram ufro originaluri saxiT vlindeba,<br />
vidre _ sinqronis principi.<br />
paraleluri mravalxmianoba, rogorc termini, erTerTi yvelaze<br />
aprobirebuli terminia eTnomusikologiaSi Sesabamisi movlenis<br />
asaxvisaTvis. cneba `paralelizms~ rusul sasimRero mravalxmianobis erTerT<br />
saxesTan mimarTebaSi iyenebs zemcovski (zemcovski 1975 :51). Cekanovska,<br />
misgan gansxvavebiT, paralelur xmaTasvlas organumiT moixseniebs da<br />
CamoTvlis mis sekundur, terciul, kvartul da kvintur nairsaxeobebs<br />
(Cekanovska 1983 :148). afrikul organums xalxuri musikis uZveles Sred<br />
miiCnevs hornbosteli (hornbosteli 1928) da kubiki (kubiki 1986) am sias<br />
aslaniSvili miumatebs oqtavur gaormagebas, romelsac `tipobriv diskants~<br />
uwodebs (aslaniSvili 1954b :65). organums uwodebs paralelizms nadelic<br />
simReraSi `Tebrone midis wyalzeda~ (nadeli 1930 :40). termini `organumi~,<br />
ramdenadac igi garkveuli stilisturi mimarTebis movlenasTan asocirdeba,<br />
CvenTvis nakleb sainteresoa, vidre termini `paralelizmi~, an _<br />
`paraleluri xmaTasvla~. eWvgareSea, es ukanaskneli naTlad migvaniSnebs<br />
xmebSi melodiur xazTa paralelizmze. Tumca, ufro zusti termini<br />
SesaZloa, gamomdgariyo qarTuli Semsruleblobis wiaRSi arsebuli<br />
CvenTvis jer ucnobi, da, rac ufro savaraudoa, ukve daviwyebuli sityva,<br />
romelic qarTul tradiciaSi am movlenas asaxavda (SesaZloa, am sityvis<br />
erT versiad `miyola~, gayola~, `ayoleba~ vigulismoT). am mxriv rusebs<br />
ufro gaumarTlaT. isini paralelizms xSirad xalxuri terminologiiT _<br />
`vtoras~ uwodeben (moJeiko 1971 :162).<br />
qarTul mravalxmianur tradiciaSi paralelizmis ganxorcielebis<br />
sxvadasxva varianti erTmaneTisagan mxolod intervaluri poziciiT<br />
ganirCeva. am mxriv gamoirCeva terciuli, kvinturi da oqtavuri tendenciebi.<br />
xmebis melodiur naxazTa Soris gansxvaveba ZiriTadad kilour niuansebSi<br />
mdgomareobs, romelic kilouri sayrdenisadmi calkeul xmaTa registruli<br />
poziciiTaa gamowveuli, da Sesabamisad, atarebs ara individualur, aramed<br />
_ koordinaciul xasiaTs. mravalxmianobis sxva kompoziciur principebs,<br />
81
ogorc minimaluri piroba, xmaTa melodiuri kontrasti axasiaTebT, riTac<br />
paralelizms polusurad upirispirdebian.<br />
sainteresoa, rom miuxedavad xmaTa yvelaze mkafio poziciuri<br />
reglamentisa, mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principTagan swored<br />
paralelizmis principi dgas erTxmianobasTan yvelaze axlos. magaliTad<br />
moviyvanT erTgvar Sualedur formas _ berSadskaias mier aRniSnul<br />
oqtavis intervalis oriarusian mravalxmianobas (berSadskaia 1961 :31),<br />
romelic SeiZleba miviCnioT, an ar miviCnioT paralelur mravalxmianobad.<br />
igive movlenas gaormagebuli orxmianobis cnebiT aRniSnavs evseevic<br />
(evseevi 1960 :105). unda iTqvas, rom qalTa da kacTa mier erTi melodiis<br />
oqtavaSi amdagvari Sesruleba Zalzed axlos dgas unisonur<br />
SesrulebasTan. marTlac, aq partniorebi erTmaneTs ar aRiqvamen sxvadasxva<br />
xmad; es arc TiToeuli am partiaTaganis kilour individualobaze<br />
aisaxeba, rac ase damaxasiaTebelia paraleluri mravalxmianobisaTvis.<br />
xmaTa amgvari oqtavuri gaormageba ar aris am intervalis mizanmimarTuli<br />
SerCeviT gamowveuli. igive melodias msgavsi sqesis partniorebTan,<br />
rogorc Cans, unisonSi imRerebdnen. amitom, am SemTxvevas paralelizmad da<br />
mravalxmianobad ar miviCnevT da SevurCevT naxsenebi terminis msgavs<br />
termins: `oriarusian (ori poziciis) unisons~ an `paralelur unisons~.<br />
unisonsa da paralelizms, agreTve paralelizms da heter<strong>of</strong>onias<br />
Soris, Cveni azriT, yovelTvis mkafio zRvari unda gaivlos, rasac<br />
zogierTi mkvlevari nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebs. grigorievi paralelur<br />
mravalxmianobas ar miiCnevs iseTi normatiuli mravalxmianobis nimuSad,<br />
romelSic TiToeul xmas Tavisi funqcia gaaCnia da aseTi kompleqsis<br />
cnebaSi Semoaqvs termini `mravalxmiani erTxmianoba~ (SveliZe 1983 :11).<br />
odnav gansxvavebuli azrisaa skrebkovi, romelic unisonsa da masTan erTad<br />
xmaTa paralelur _ `lentur~ moZraobas heter<strong>of</strong>oniis elementarul<br />
gamovlinebad miiCnevs da aseT formas mravalxmianobis sawyis saxed<br />
aRiarebs (skrebkovi 1973 :30). amgvar mosazrebaSi aSkarad gamosWvivis cneba<br />
`heter<strong>of</strong>oniisa~ da `paralelizmis~ unifikaciis tendencia. aseTive<br />
bundovani warmodgena gveqmneba paralelizmze gusevis ganmartebidan, igi<br />
`lentur~ mravalxmianobas sagundo Sesrulebis `Sinagani varirebis~<br />
umartives formad aRiqvams (gusevi 1967 :181). mis sawinaaRmdegod Surovi<br />
82
oqtavebSi da sxva intervalSi mReras `mravalxmianobis orregistrul<br />
stils~ uwodebs da am formas heter<strong>of</strong>oniisagan calke ganixilavs (Surovi<br />
1986 :14). Cveni azriT, paraleluri xmaTasvla realuri funqcionaluri<br />
mravalxmianobis erT-erTi saxea, Tundac imis gamo, rom aq TiToeul<br />
Semsrulebels mkafiod aqvs gaazrebuli Tavisi gansxvavebuli pozicia ara<br />
marto registruli TvalsazrisiT, aramed _ kilouri centrisadmi xmaTa<br />
individualuri mimarTebiT. es ukanaskneli erTi ziari modelis sxvadasxva<br />
kilouri niuansis versiebSi mJRavndeba da saerTo `mravalxmianuri<br />
melodiis~ komponentebad moiazreba (magaliTi #44).<br />
sainteresoa, rom paralelizmi, rogorc ziari modelis yvelaze<br />
tipobrivi saxe, xmaTa Soris musikaluri azris warmarTvis iniciativis<br />
minimums iTvaliswinebs. es minimumi, cxadia, aseTi wamyvani xmis mxolod<br />
kilour-registruli mdebareobiT ganisazRvreba. sxvadasxva<br />
zogadfsiqologiur normaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, es xma umetesad<br />
zeda_pirvelia. am movlenas kargad xsnis nazaikinski, romelic aRniSnavs,<br />
rom Tanabari pirobebisas yuradRebis aqcenti xvdeba maRal registrSi<br />
moTavsebul konturul xmaze (nazaikinski 1972 :119). iniciativis amgvari<br />
minimumi raodenobrivad emsgavseba totalur ostinatur kontinuumSi<br />
arsebul, aseve bundovan, iniciativas. magram erTi arsebiTi gansxvavebiT: am<br />
ukanasknel saxeobaSi gvaqvs iniciativis talRiseburad gadanawilebis<br />
potencia, rasac ver vityviT paralelizmis pirobebze.<br />
83
paralinealuri xmaTasvla<br />
x<br />
qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kompoziciur principTagan<br />
gansaxilveli dagvrCa egreTwodebuli `polifoniuri~ (ukve moZvelebuli,<br />
Tumca jer kidev tradiciuli terminologiiT) simRerebis Semoqmedi<br />
xmaTasvlis principi. TavisTavad cxadia, am princips unda axasiaTebdes<br />
iseTi Tavisebureba, rac ganapirobebs SemsrulebelTa SemoqmedebiT<br />
Tavisuflebas, gasaqans SemoqmedebiTi fantaziisadmi. Cveni azriT, aseTi<br />
Tvisebebi am principis or ZiriTad mxares unda eyrdnobodes: miswrafeba<br />
improvizaciisaken da xmaTa Tanasworuflebianoba.<br />
sanam vimsjelebT am principis saxeldebaze, jerjerobiT misi<br />
warmomavlobis, damoukideblobis, TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis sakiTxs SevexebiT.<br />
polifoniuri struqtura, romelic am principiT SemuSavdeba, pr<strong>of</strong>esiul<br />
musikis istoriaSi paraleluri xmaTasvlidan amoizarda. sayovelTaod<br />
miRebuli azris Tanaxmad, igive procesi SeiniSneba qarTul xalxur<br />
tradiciaSi. magaliTad, aslaniSvili samarTlianad miiCnevs, rom<br />
polifoniuri wyoba qarTul simRerebSi `kompleqsuridan~ aris amozrdili<br />
(aslaniSvili 1954b :47). am azrs iziareben i. Jordania, e. garayaniZe, e.<br />
WoxoneliZe. am procesis realobis dadastureba ar aris Zneli, Tu<br />
simReris an sagaloblis melodiur qargaSi pirvandel, ZiriTad, verbaluri<br />
marcvlebiT moniSnul bgerebs gamovarCevT warmoebuli, marcvlis<br />
gamRerebuli, `gamSvenebuli~ (qarTuli galobis terminologiiT)<br />
bgerebisgan. ganviTarebis aseT meqanizms rusul simRerebSi berSadskaiac<br />
aRniSnavs (berSadskaia 1961 :25). msgavsi procesi igulisxmeba r. laxis<br />
sityvebSi, sadac igi qarTul simRerebs `kontrapunqtisa da polifoniis<br />
adrindeli xanis evropul Zeglebs, kerZod Ars novas-s, da adrindel<br />
niderlandur xelovnebas, iseve, rogorc foburdonsa da organums~ (xuWua<br />
1980 :84-85) maSasadame, im daSvebis paralelurad, rom gansaxilveli<br />
kompoziciuri principi Tavidanve damoukideblad moqmedebs, arsebobs ukve<br />
ganmtkicebuli mosazreba, rom igi paralelizmis, Semdeg ki sinqronis<br />
kompoziciuri principidan `aisxliteba~.<br />
ratom gviZneldeba Tavisufali da kontrastuli xmaTasvlis<br />
principis burdonis an ostinatos principze zemoqmedebis warmodgena<br />
84
odesac ganvixilavT Tavisufali da kontrastuli xmaTasvlis principis<br />
saxeebs, wina planze wamoiwevs misi `totaluri~ _ samive xmaSi gamovlineba;<br />
e.i. yoveli xmis Tanasworuflebianoba da SeuzRudavi ganviTareba. xolo<br />
aseT pirobas ar Seicavs burdonis, an ostinatos Semcveli struqtura _<br />
ZiriTadad _ gunduri banis gamoisobiT. burdonuli stabiluri bani, xolo<br />
ostinatos principSi mcire stabiluri modelis ganmeorebadoba ufro<br />
Znelad gadailaxeba, vidre sinqronis principSi _ yvela xmis saerTo<br />
ritmuli modelisadmi erTguleba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, burdonuli da<br />
ostinaturi specifikuri xmis modeli ufro myaria, vidre sinqronul<br />
mravalxmianobaSi monawile SedarebiT Tanasworuflebiani xmebis modelebi.<br />
magram isic unda aRiniSnos, rom calkeuli xmis mier<br />
TviTganviTarebisadmi miswrafebas mravalxmianobis vercerTi kompoziciuri<br />
principi ver zRudavs, maT Soris _ burdonic da ostinatoc. gavixsenoT,<br />
rom Cvens mier adre ganxiluli kompoziciuri principebi Tavis wiaRSi<br />
raime axal, mxolod mravalxmianobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel kompoziciur<br />
princips ki ar SeimuSaveben, aramed qmnian met-naklebad Sesaferis garemos<br />
amgvari principis gamomJRavnebisaTvis; qmnian met pirobas SemoqmedebiTi<br />
fantaziisaTvis, improvizaciisaTvis, cvlilebebisaTvis. burdonisa da<br />
ostinatos pirobebSi improvizaciisaTvis noyieri niadagi burdonuli banis,<br />
an ostinaturi formulurobis safuZvelze iqmneba. xdeba, erTi SexedviT,<br />
paradoqsuli ram: improvizatori miT ufro met SemoqmedebiT aqtivobas<br />
amJRavnebs, rac ufro `SezRudulia~ stabiluri xmebis mier misi<br />
saimprovizacio sivrce _ burdonuli banis TanxlebiT, an ostinaturi<br />
droiTi CarCoTi gamoxatuli. saqme isaa, rom amgvari piroba ara SezRudva,<br />
aramed garkveuli orientiria, romelze dayrdnobiTac improvizatori<br />
mxolod sakuTari partiisadmi pasuxismgeblobiT ifargleba da,<br />
Sesabamisad, mas meti SemoqmedebiTi gasaqani eZleva. burdonuli, an<br />
ostinaturi bani aq is gare modelia, romlis mkafio gamovlena<br />
kontrastuli modelis SeqmnisaTvis myar sayrdens warmoadgens.<br />
magram saimprovizacio iniciativa gadamdebia da, adre Tu gvian,<br />
stabilur xmebSic fiqsirdeba variantebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
ganviTarebisTvis yvelaze myari zRude burdonuli bania, burdonuli banic,<br />
reCitaciuli burdonis etapze gavliT, miidrikeba figuraciisaken.<br />
85
ostinato, da gansakuTrebiT misi refrenuli nairsaxeobebi improvizacias<br />
kidev ufro met sivrces Tavazobs. magram xmaTa Tanasworuflebianobisa da<br />
saarsebo diapazonis yvelaze karg pirobas mainc sinqronuli xmaTasvla<br />
qmnis. unda gvaxsodes, rom aq saubari gvaqvs gansaxilveli principis<br />
srulad gamomJRavnebis magaliTebze. rac Seexeba mis fragmentul<br />
gamovlinebebs, igi ucxo araa burdonuli da, ufro metad _ ostinaturi<br />
mravalxmianobis wiaRisaTvis (gavixsenebdiT aWarul-SavSur orxmian<br />
ostinatur nimuSebs). sazogadod ki cxadia, rom xmaTa improvizaciuli<br />
ganviTarebis SemoqmedebiTi principi Tavisi arsiT damoukidebeli<br />
tendenciaa.<br />
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom gansaxilvel princips, romelsac jerjerobiT<br />
kontrastuli an Tavisufali xmaTasvlis principad movixseniebT,<br />
axasiaTebs xmaTa Tanasworuflebianoba da miswrafeba improvizaciisaken.<br />
pirveli Tviseba reglamenturi, `Sesrulebamdeli~ mocemulobaa. xolo<br />
meore _ ZiriTadi _ am principis arsobrivi Tviseba. es Tviseba praqtikaSi<br />
xorcieldeba ori mimarTulebiT (magram saerTo SedegiT): individualur<br />
xmaTa Tavisufali ganviTareba da xmebs Soris kontrastuli koordinacia.<br />
gavixsenebT, rom grigorievi da miuleri polifonias uwodeben xmebis<br />
erTad JReraze damyarebul mravalxmian wyobas (grigorievi ... 1969 :11).<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisufali xmaTasvlis Sedegad ufro xSirad<br />
kontrasti warmoiqmneba, dabejiTebiT ver vityviT, TiTqos kontrastuli<br />
xmaTasvlis faqti Tavisufali xmaTasvlis ganxorcielebis Sedegia. radgan<br />
kontrasti, SesaZloa, Seiqmnas rogorc uneburad, aseve mizanmimarTulad.<br />
bobrovski kontrasts Tavisi kompoziciur-logikuri daniSnulebiT<br />
ganviTarebis erT-erT formad, ganaxlebisadmi tendenciis ukidures<br />
gamovlinebad miiCnevs (bobrovski 1978 :40). es azri axloa kontrastis<br />
kompoziciuri principis aRiarebasTan.<br />
kontrastis asociacia, fsiqologTa SexedulebiT, gamomdinareobs<br />
msgavsebis asociaciisgan (uznaZe 1964 :359-60). gavixsenoT braunis mier<br />
aRwerili mglebis `gadamdebi heter<strong>of</strong>onia~, sadac, braunis mixedviT,<br />
TiToeuli mgeli cdilobs Tavi aaridos sxva mglebis sxva mgelis Zaxilis<br />
simaRlis zust gameorebas (brauni 2002:58) (CvenTvis am SemTxvevaSi ufro<br />
mniSvnelovania magaliTi, vidre garkveva, marTlac cdiloben Tu ara amas<br />
86
mglebi). ese igi, kontrastma dabadebamde unda gaiaros msgavsebis stadia.<br />
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, kontrastuli sagnebis antagonisturi<br />
urTierTmimarTeba garkveul Sinaarsobriv kavSirad aRiqmeba da, amis gamo,<br />
am sagnebs erTi garkveuli niSani aerTianebT: es faqti ki ukve msgavsebad<br />
fasdeba. kontrastuli asociaciis warmosaqmnelad saWiroa mocemuloba _<br />
prototipi. swored aseT rols asrulebs Cvens SemTxvevaSi modeli-qarga.<br />
ese igi, kontrastis kompoziciuri principi airekleba modelze da mxolod<br />
amis Semdeg SeimuSavebs kontrastul naxats _ axal model-anabeWds. es aris<br />
mizanmimarTuli kontrasti _ kontrastuli modelis principze<br />
dayrdnobili.<br />
magram, garda kontrastis principis Sedegad miRebuli kontrastuli<br />
struqturisa, SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas aseTive struqtura kontrastis<br />
principis warmmarTveli rolis gareSec. msgavs SemTxvevaSi kontrastuli<br />
struqtura miiReba, ase vTqvaT, Tavisdauneburad. faqtia, xmaTasvlis aseTi<br />
saxe Tavis garkveul princips emyareba, rac Cvens mier adre aRniSnuli<br />
partnioruli modelis gansxeulebaa. vuwodoT mas `Tavisufali<br />
xmaTasvlis~ principi. gogotiSvili qarTul mravalxmian simRerasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi msgavs termins _ `Tavisufali gaSlis princips~ xmarobs.<br />
(gogotiSvili 2002 :306). am terminis saerTaSoriso JReradobas adastureben<br />
d. aruTinovi da m. nadareiSvili (aruTinovi ... 2004 :48). aqve gvaxsendeba<br />
Surovis saintereso termini _ `xalxuri aleatorika~ (Surovi 1986 :14).<br />
maSasadame, Tavisufali xmaTasvlis principis idealuri variantisagan<br />
xmaTa koordinacia minimalur yuradRebas unda moiTxovdes. aseTi<br />
Tavisuflad, SeuzRudavad moZravi xmisaTvis arsebobs modeli-Targis<br />
minimumi _ dramaturgiuli an metruli SegrZneba finalisa _ Tu sad da<br />
rodis unda dasruldes misi ganviTareba. cxadia, Tavisufali xmaTasvlis<br />
principi `haeridan ar Sededdeba~. igi nacnobi modelebis kombinirebas<br />
daeyrdnoba. soxoris TqmiT, `aRiWurvebian ra aseTi saqcevebiT, am Janris<br />
nawarmoebebi msmenelisaTvis `nacnobi ucnobebi xdebian~ (soxori 1968 :68).<br />
magram misi principuli gansxvaveba mizanmimarTuli kontrastisagan aris<br />
swored aseTi linearuli kombinireba, da ara _ TanamJRer xmasTan<br />
kontrastuli urTierTobisaken mimarTuli aqcenti.<br />
87
marTlac, kontrastis aqcenti, pirvel rigSi, xmaTa koordinaciazea<br />
mimarTuli. yoveli cvlileba mis pirobebSi axal urTierTobebs windawin<br />
unda Wvretdes. xolo Tavisufali xmaTasvlis principi aseT koordinacias<br />
pirveli rigis amocanad ar miiCnevs. koordinaciis grZnoba qarTvel<br />
`pr<strong>of</strong>esional xalxur da mgalobel~ Semsruleblebs arasdros Ralatobs,<br />
magram swori stilisturi orientaciis pirobebSi misTvis es grZnoba<br />
xSirad sakadanso tonis xsovnamde daiyvaneba. Tumca Tavisufali<br />
xmaTasvlis maqsimaluri gamovlenis drosac ar irRveva konstruqciuli<br />
mxare.<br />
Tavisufali xmaTasvlisa da kontrastuli xmaTasvlis principebis<br />
tandems exmianeba d. aruTinovi-jinWaraZe da m. nadareiSvilis mier<br />
Camoyalibebuli cnebebi `warmoebuli kontrastisa~ da `dapirispirebis<br />
kontrastisa~ (aruTinovi-jinWaraZe ... 2007 :48).<br />
miuxedavad am ori tendenciis Taviseburebebisa, maT Soris<br />
principuli sxvaoba sakmaod Zneli dasadgenia. isini erTmaneTs msWvalavs.<br />
isini erTi principis ori aspeqtia. magram kontrastis aspeqti jer kidev<br />
sinqronis pirobebSi mJRavndeba, xolo Tavisufali xmaTasvlis<br />
gamovlinebebi mkafiod individualur iers atareben. Sesabamisad, am<br />
ukanasknelSi ufroa savaraudo, SevicnoT mravalxmianobis originaluri<br />
tipis SemmuSavebeli principi.<br />
am principis arsi kargad aqvs gadmocemuli kurts. Tavs nebas mivcemT<br />
vrceli citata moviyvanoT misi naSromidan: `noti ki ar upirispirdeba<br />
nots, aramed xazi _ xazs. Sesabamisad, ukeTesia, visaubroT ara<br />
kontrapunqtuli weris stilze, aramed _ kontralinealuris Sesaxeb. magram<br />
xazebi, unda iTqvas, rom ganlagdebian ara erTmaneTis pirispir, aramed<br />
gverdigverd _ imgvarad, rom maTi moZraoba SeZlebisdagvarad ar<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs; amitom, ukeTesi xom ar iqneboda gvesaubra<br />
paralinealuri weris stilis Sesaxeb~ (kurti 1931 :94). samwuxaroa, rom<br />
kurti Tavis naSromSi am terminis mxolod erTxel xsenebas dasjerda.<br />
tradiciul SemoqmedebaSi, sadac xmaTa urTierTobis amouwuravi<br />
mravalferovneba sufevs, da sadac aseTi naklebadkoordinirebuli<br />
polifoniis SemTxvevebi mravalgzis gasaTvaliswinebelia, `paralinealoba~<br />
erT-erT iRblianad mignebul da mniSvnelovan terminad gvesaxeba (igives<br />
88
ver vityviT termin `kontralinealurze~, romelic cnebasTan SesabamisobiT<br />
bevrad ar aWarbebs ukve tradiciul `kontrastuls~). marTalia, mecnieri<br />
Tavis droze moerida am kargad mignebuli cnebis ganvrcobas, magram Cven<br />
imdenad `morgebul~ terminad aRviqvamT mas, rom dasaSvebad vTvliT<br />
qarTul tradiciul mravalxmianobaSi misi Sesabamisi movlenis<br />
`paralinealobis~ kompoziciur principad saxeldebas. rogorc Cans, igive<br />
principi vlindeba slaviunasis mier moxseniebur `bifonur sutartinesSi~<br />
(slaviunasi 1972 :29). sainteresoa, rom sutartinesis tradiciis msgavsebaze<br />
qarTul mravalxmian stilTan araerTxel saubrobs raCiunaite-viCiniene<br />
(raCiunaite-viCiniene 2002).<br />
amjerad vimsjeloT, Tu ramdenad Seefereba `paralinealobis<br />
princips~ mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principis `statusi~. SeimuSavebs<br />
Tu ara paralinealobis principi mravaxmianobis originalur saxes sxva<br />
principebis daxmarebis gareSe<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am principiT gansazRvrul struqturaTa<br />
udidesi nawili amozrdilia sinqronuli mravalxmianobis niadagidan.<br />
magram paralinealobis principi araa sinqronis principis gagrZeleba. igi<br />
damoukideblad zemoqmedebs sinqronis principiT miRebul struqturaze. igi<br />
aseve `TanamSromlobs~ burdonisa da ostinatos principebTan. Tumca am<br />
TanamSromlobis Sedegad miRebuli struqtura, ZiriTadad mainc burdonul<br />
da ostinatur mravalxmianobad aRiqmeba, radgan wina planze aq am<br />
specifikuri modelis mqone xmebis stabiluroba wamoiwevs. rac Seexeba<br />
sinqronuli xmaTasvlis gadazrdas paralinealurobaSi, es procesi yvela<br />
xmaSi totalurad vlindeba _ iseve rogorc paraleluridan sinqronuli<br />
xmaTasvlis miRebisas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom paralinealobis principi<br />
upirispirdeba paralelizms da mJRavndeba or etapad: paralelizmidan<br />
sinqronuli struqturis miRebisas; da sinqronulidan _ paralinealuri<br />
struqturis miRebisas.<br />
magram paralinealobis principis saTave mxolod sinqronul<br />
mravalxmianobaSi ar Zevs. zogierTi orxmiani struqtura, gansakuTrebiT<br />
aWarul-SavSuri simRerebisa, metad saintereso miniSnebas gvawvdis<br />
Tavisufal-kontrastuli, anu paralinealuri xmaTasvlis arqaul<br />
plastebSic ki Zalumad gamovlenisadmi (magaliTi # 45).<br />
89
maSasadame, paralinealobis principi qarTul tradiciaSi<br />
damoukideblad SeimuSavebs originaluri ieris mravalxmian struqturas.<br />
Sesabamisad, igi mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principia. amasTan erTad,<br />
ar unda uarvyoT am principis mier mravalxmianobis Tundac umartivesi<br />
originaluri saxis SemuSavebis SesaZlebloba sxva `damxmare~ principebis<br />
sruli ignorirebiT.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa aWar-SavSeTSi gavrcelebuli<br />
specifiuri xmis _ `Selaparikebis~ tradicia, rac simReris ganmavlobaSi<br />
drodadro banis an zeda xmis ganStoebis saxiT faqturaSi axali xmis<br />
`Camatebas~ gulisxmobs. aseTi fragmenti Tavisi xasiaTiT naklebad<br />
individualuria, amitom SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom igi heter<strong>of</strong>onulobis<br />
gamovlenaa. `Selaparikeba~ xSirad paralelizmis elfers iZens, Tumca es<br />
mainc ar ukargavs mas garkveul funqcionalur originalobas (magaliTi #<br />
46). msgavs movlenas bulgarul musikaSi aRwers TimoTi raisi, rodesac<br />
burdoni heter<strong>of</strong>oniulad iy<strong>of</strong>a da misi nawili sekundiT qveviT Cadis<br />
(raisi 1988:43-57).<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, erT-erTi aucilebeli piroba<br />
paralinealobis principis damkvidrebisa xmaTa Tanasworuflebianobaa.<br />
sainteresoa, rom xmebis funqcionaluri Tavisufleba im reglamentSicaa<br />
xSirad gamoxatuli, romelic paralinealobis principiT ganmsWvalul<br />
simRerebs axasiaTebT _ TiTo xmas TiTo momRerali asrulebs.<br />
paralinealobis principi ar aris gamokveTili modelis Semcveli,<br />
aseTad SeiZleba mxolod imitaciuri xmaTasvla vigulisxmoT. imitacia ki<br />
saqarTveloSi mxolod SemTxveviT xasiaTs atarebs. mis fragmentuli<br />
`mosinjvis~ erTeul SemTxvevebs (magaliTi #47) tipologiuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT, saTvalavSi ver miviRebT.<br />
rac Seexeba paralinealobis xmaTasvlaSi iniciativis gamomJRavnebis<br />
formebs, isini SegviZlia or tendenciad davanawiloT: 1) principi<br />
SesaZloa, ganxorcieldes `komplementarulad~ _ ese igi, iniciativa<br />
gadanawildes `talRiseburad~ (magaliTi #48) da 2) principi SesaZloa,<br />
ganxorcieldes Tanadroulad~ _ xmebma Tanazomierad imoZraon da,<br />
Sesabamisad, iniciativis gadanawileba xdebodes SeniRbulad (magaliTi #49)<br />
(Tumca am ori tendencies garCeva qarTul simReraSi xSirad metad Znelia).<br />
90
cxadia, meore SemTxveva xmaTa ufro nakleb koordinacias gulisxmobs.<br />
praqtikaSi es ori meqanizmi ZiriTadad fragmentulad mJRavndeba da<br />
erTmaneTTan monacvleoben (magaliTi #50).<br />
paralinealobis principis, SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi mkafio<br />
Taviseburebaa xmebSi cezuraTa daumTxvevloba. am SemTxvevaSi irRveva<br />
modelis bolo `jebiri~ _ metruli modeli. metruli `jebiris~ rRvevis<br />
ZiriTad meTodad unda CaiTvalos nimuSSi marcvlis gamRereba. es<br />
paralinealobis erT-erTi mTavari iaraRia (magaliTi # 51) imdenad, rom es<br />
movlena rig mkvlevarebSi nimuSis Tanamedroveobisa Tu siZvelis<br />
indikators warmoadgens (salviunasi 1972 :7). marcvali, romelic metrulad<br />
mniSvnelovan dros aRniSnavs, Znelad emorCileba adgilis Secvlas. amitom<br />
gamRereba-ganviTarebisaTvis improvizacias Semdegi marcvlis gamoCenamde<br />
eZleva dro. marTalia, melodiur models zogjer ufro meti yuradReba<br />
eqceva, vidre _ metruls, magram es _ im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac metruli<br />
funqcionaloba zogadad sustadaa simReraSi gamokveTili (magaliTad,<br />
burdonul simRerebSi). marcvlis gamRerebasTan erTad, paralinealuri<br />
principis metad saxasiaTo niSnad gvevlineba TiToeuli xmis mier<br />
`avtonomiuri~ sityvieri teqstis qona (magaliTi # 52) es niSani mkafiod<br />
gamogvarCevinebs paralinearuli xmaTasvlis formebs sinqronuli<br />
formisagan.<br />
polifoniurobis, anu xmaTa funqcionaluri damoukideblobis zrdaze<br />
gavlenas axdens xmebs Soris tembraluri gansxvavebac (kurti 1931 :291).<br />
Tumca es kanonzomiereba qarTul tradiciul SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovan<br />
faqtorad ver CaiTvleba.<br />
da bolos, vecdebiT CamovayaliboT ganxiluli principis<br />
gansazRvreba: mravalxmianobis paralinealuri xmaTasvlis kompoziciuri<br />
principi (mokled: paralinealobis principi) gulisxmobs xmaTa<br />
koordinaciis arsebuli modelisagan gaTavisuflebas da mis Sedegad<br />
kontrastuli xmaTasvlis damkvidrebas xmaTa funqcionaluri<br />
Tanasworuflebianobis pirobebSi.<br />
91
qarTuli mravalxmianobis sinTezuri formebi<br />
mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri tipis Cveni ganmartebis mixedviT,<br />
qarTul tradiciul musikaSi moiZebneba rogorc `tipuri~, aseve mravali<br />
`aratipuri~ SemTxvevac. marTlac, Cven SegviZlia ostinatos kompoziciuri<br />
principiT gansazRvruli faqtura ostinatur mravalxmianobad movixsenioT,<br />
burdoniT gansazRvruli _ burdonul mravalxmianobad da a. S. magram,<br />
rogorc adre aRvniSneT, qarTuli tradiciuli musikis nimuSTa sakmaod<br />
did jgufs ase advilad erT saxels ver movuZebniT. amis mTavari<br />
Semaferxebeli garemoeba aq isaa, rom qarTul simReras xSirad ori<br />
kompoziciuri principi msWvalavs _ zogjer erTdroulad, zogjer ki _<br />
erTmaneTis monacvleobiT (aseTi situacia naklebad tipiuria<br />
sagaloblisaTvis). da, rac mTavaria, xSirad am principTagan Tavisi<br />
mniSvnelobiT erTi meores ar CamorCeba. kompoziciuri principebi sxva<br />
musiklur kulturebSic vxvdebiT (berSadskaia 1961 :31)<br />
gonebis TvaliT gadavxedoT qarTuli xalxuri mravalxmianobis<br />
`naxatebs~ _ raoden mravalsaxovani musikaluri leqsika gvaqvs aseT mcire<br />
ers. ra qmnis aseT mravalferovnebas am fenomenis mizezi mravalxmianobis<br />
kompoziciur principTa simravlesTan erTad am principTa kombinirebis<br />
maRalorganizaciuli meqanizmia.<br />
TavisTavad cxadia, erTi kompoziciuri principi, raoden Tavisufali<br />
da `reformistuli~ suliskveTebiTac ar unda iyos gamomJRavnebuli, ufro<br />
erTgvarovan faqturas SeimuSavebs, vidre ori kompoziciuri principi<br />
uerTierTqmedebisas. aq kidev ufro mZafrad iTxovs pasuxs kiTxva: rogor<br />
moxda, rom aseT mcire erSi da zogierT mis erT dialeqtSi xuTi<br />
gansxvavebuli kompoziciuri principi iCens Tavs am kiTxvaze pasuxi<br />
jerjerobiT mxolod istoriis kuTvnilebaa. iqneb zogierT am<br />
principTagani gavlenis Sedegia iqneb es xuTi principi sxvadasxva<br />
socialuri fenidan, an Janridan iRebs saTaves am kiTxvebze pasuxic,<br />
rogorc Cans, mxolod hipoTezis donemde Tu ganviTardeba. amis da<br />
miuxedavad, CvenTvis TvalnaTelia, rom aseTi mravalferovneba<br />
mravalxmianuri stilisa, qarTuli tradiciuli musikis, Tu yvelaze ara,<br />
erT-erTi ZiriTadi fenomenologiuri Taviseburebaa. Tu arsebobs<br />
92
ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi mravalxmianobis iseTi palitra, rogoric qarTul simReraSia,<br />
SesaZloa, es vinmesTvis sadao iyos. magram aseTi mravalferovneba,<br />
Sexamebuli qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobisTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />
maRal organizaciul donesTan, vfiqrobT, pirveli ar viqnebiT Tu vityviT,<br />
rom arsad ar gvxvdeba.<br />
maSasadame, qarTuli tradiciuli musikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />
kompoziciur principTa Serwyma rogorc vertikalSi, anu erTdroulad,<br />
aseve _ horizontaluri mimarTebiT anu, monacvleobiT. sakiTxi, Tu am<br />
oridan romeli tendencia uswrebda istoriulad meores, Zneli gasarkvevia.<br />
erTi mxriv, yovelTvis ufro advilia, erTi simReris str<strong>of</strong>i meorisas<br />
`miaba~, vidre _ pirvelis melodia meoris banze `daamyno~. anu, sxvadasxva<br />
stilis nimuSTa monacvleobiT Sesruleba ufro advilia, vidre maTi<br />
Serwyma. es ki TiTqosda imaze migviTiTebs, rom SemsrulebelTaTvis<br />
struqturaTa monacvleobiTi Serwyma ufro bunebrivia, vidre _ sxvadasxva<br />
elementTa Tanadrouli Serwyma. magram, meores mxriv, monacvleobiTi<br />
sinTezi ufro revoluciur gardaqmnas hgavs, vidre erTdrouli, radgan es<br />
ukanaskneli ufro xSirad gulisxmobs cvlilebas ZiriTadi, iniciatori<br />
xmis modelis sivrcobrivi transformaciis gareSe. anu: axali plastis<br />
CanarTi, gansxvavebiT axali mTliani struqturis mierTebisagan, frazis<br />
moculobas ar zrdis. Tumca isic aRsaniSnia, rom aseTi mierTebis mcire<br />
gamovlinebebi aRniSnuli modelis farglebSic xorcieldeba. ase, rom<br />
kiTxvaze, Tu romeli tendencia ufro Zvelia, pasuxs moveridebiT. isic<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom am ori miswrafebis paralelurad ganxorcielebis<br />
SesaZleblobac ar aris ugulebelsay<strong>of</strong>i.<br />
kompoziciur principTa erTdrouli Tanaqmedeba, pirvel rigSi, ori<br />
an meti gansxvavebuli musikaluri plastis daSrevebis saxiT mJRavndeba.<br />
amitom mravalxmianobis aseT sinTezur saxes `heterogenuls<br />
heterogenuls~ vuwodebT.<br />
rac Seexeba principTa Senacvlebis Sedegad miRebul mravalxmianur saxes,<br />
misTvis yvelaze Sesaferis cnebad `kontaminaciuri<br />
kontaminaciuri~ miviCnieT. orive am<br />
saxes aqvs erTi saerTo niSani _ kompozicur principTa Sedgeniloba,<br />
Serwyma, anu sinTezi. amitom maT gamaerTianebeli cnebiT `mravalxmianobis<br />
sinTezuri (Sedgenili) formebiT~ movixseniebT.<br />
93
termin `kontaminacias~ iyenebs zemcovski (zemcovski 1983a :17) da am<br />
movlenas folkloris erT-erT damaxasiaTebel niSnad miiCnevs zemcovski<br />
1983b :29). skrebkova-filatova heterogenul formebs `faqturulad<br />
polimorfuls~ uwodebs (skrebkova-filatova 1985 :55), xolo<br />
`kontaminaciurs _ `faqturulad modulaciurs~ (skrebkova-filatova 1985<br />
:186). da iqve qarTul foklorzec miuTiTebs. qarTuli xalxuri<br />
mravalxmianobis `Sereul formebs~ e. WoxoneliZec axsenebs (WoxoneliZe<br />
2001 :23). i. Jordania heterogenul formas qarTul tradiciaSi aRiqvams,<br />
rogorc xmaTasvlis sxvadasxva principTa erTdroulad, `sxvadasxva<br />
sarTulze~ ganxorcielebas (Jordania 1989 :76). maka xarZiani qarTuli<br />
sinTezuri formebis arsebobaze mianiSnebs, rodesac aRniSnavs, rom<br />
`svanuri mravalxmianoba ar SeiZleba daxasiaTdes erTi konkretuli<br />
terminiT~ (xarZiani 2002 :223).<br />
polifoniis Teoria sinTezur formebs rTuli mravalxmianobis<br />
cnebaSi moaqcevs (grigorievi ... 1969 :19). grigorievi da miuleri ufro<br />
konkretulad am movlenas `mravalxmianuri wyobis gamaerTianebel, an<br />
sinTetikur tips uwodeben (grigorievi ... 1969 :20). rozenbergi msgavs<br />
movlenas `plastebis polifoniad~ moixseniebs (rozenbergi 1987 :33). igive<br />
termins sxva JReradobas aZlevs xolopova, rodesac am plastebs<br />
kontrapunqtul urTierTobaSi aRiqvams (xolopova 1979 :7). magram am<br />
terminis msgavs terminSi _ `poliplasturobaSi~ berSadskaia aseTi<br />
plastebis organizebis urTierTSeTanxmebulobas gulisxmobs (berSadskaia<br />
1984 :25), rac Sors dgas CvenTvis saintereso movlenisgan. xolo<br />
heterogenul da kontaminaciur formebs berSadskaia Sesabamisad<br />
`Semajamebel~ da `maintegrirebel~ formebad asaxelebs (berSadskaia 1984<br />
:37). Cveni azriT, es ori termini, romelic erTi cnebis saerTaSoriso da<br />
rusul transkrifcias warmoadgens, ar gamogvadgeba. aqve unda aRiniSnos,<br />
rom sinTezis aseT movlenas berSadskaia uSualod xalxuri musikis<br />
mimarTac SeniSnavs. kerZod _ erT simReraSi ramdenime principis Sexamebis<br />
SesaZleblobas rusul folklorSi (berSadskaia 1961 :31), terminTa amgvari<br />
mimoxilvis Sedegad Cvens mier SerCeuli cnebebi `sinTezuri~,<br />
`heterogenuli~ da `kontaminaciuri~ aprobirebulad, sicocxlisunarianad<br />
da mosaxerxeblad migvaCnia.<br />
94
Cveni naSromis msjelobis Tanmimdevrobidan gamomdinare, qarTuli<br />
mravalxmianobis tipebis gamokveTisas wamyvani mniSvneloba unda mivaniWoT<br />
kompoziciuri principis kriteriums. ramdenadac sinTezur struqturebSi<br />
erTze meti aseTi principi gansxeuldeba, jerjerobiT mravalxmianobis<br />
Sedgenil saxeebs zogadad `formis~ cnebas mivusadagebT. es cneba ufro<br />
metad struqturis garegnul ierze mianiSnebs, vidre mis, Tu SeiZleba ase<br />
iTqvas, Sinaarsze. qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis sinTezuri<br />
formebi mxolod iSviaTad Tu itvirTaven tipis funqcias. calcalke<br />
davaxasiaToT qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis es ori forma.<br />
heterogenulad SeiZleba iwodos mravalxmianobis forma, romelSic<br />
erTdroulad xorcieldeba ori an meti kompoziciuri principi. ZiriTadad,<br />
kompoziciuri principi, romelic ufro gvian aris Serwymuli adre<br />
arsebul principTan, naklebi dramaturgiuli mniSvnelobisaa, vidre _<br />
pirveladi. magram xSir SemTxvevaSi Zneli gasarkvevi xdeba, Tu orTagan<br />
romel princips ekuTvnis liderobis iniciativa. amgvari nimuSebi kidev<br />
erTxel miuTiTeben qarTul simReraSi funqcionalurad Camoyalibebuli<br />
xmebis individualuri ganviTarebis maRal doneze.<br />
zogierT mkvlevars heterogenulis msgavs mravalxmian struqturaTa<br />
mimarT sxvagvari azri gaaCnia. magaliTad, xolopova heterogenuli saxis<br />
movlenebs mravalxmianobaSi (Cveni azriT, warumateblad) aTavsebs<br />
hom<strong>of</strong>oniur-polifoniuri faqturis cnebaSi. igi CamoTvlis am faqturis<br />
meorexarisxovani wevris _ damxmare xmis variantebs. am CamonaTvalSi<br />
vxedavT bevr iseT elements, romelic qarTuli simRerisTvisaa<br />
damaxasiaTebeli da zogierTi maTgani, ara marto Cveni SefasebiT, sulac<br />
ar gaxlavT meorexarisxovani. aseTebia: `melodizebuli kontrapunqti~,<br />
`figuraciuli kontrapunqti~, `podgolosi~, `harmoniuli bgera, an xma~,<br />
`saorgano punqti (pedali)~, `dublireba~, `damaxasiaTebeli xma, an plasti~<br />
(xolopova 1979 :37-38). xolopovasTvis meorexarisxovania damxmare xmis<br />
nairsaxeoba, amasTan, igi faqtobrivad uary<strong>of</strong>s damxmare xmis mier<br />
mTavarisagan swored am `mTavaris~ funqciis Canacvlebas, rac praqtikaSi<br />
iSviaTi ar aris. qarTul musikalur tradiciaSi aseT `damxmare~ xmebs<br />
xSirad dramaturgiulad wamyvani roli eTmobaT, magaliTad _<br />
`figuraciul kontrapunqts~ _ krimanWuls.<br />
95
garda funqcionaluri aspeqtisa, `heterogenuloba~ plastebis stilur<br />
sxvadasxvagvarovnebazec migviTiTebs. qarTul xalxur simReraSi gvaqvs<br />
mTeli rigi iseTi `originaluri~ partiebisa, romlebic swored Tavisi<br />
specifikurobiT gamoiCevian sxva xmaTagan, da, xSirad, msmenelis<br />
prioritetul yuradRebasac miipyroben. tembruli elferiT gamoirCeva<br />
`krimanWuli~, `gamyivani~, dinamiuri efeqtiT _ burdoni-kontinuumi, guruli<br />
`gadaZaxili~. aseT `specifikurobas~, anu partiebis tembruli, dinamiuri (am<br />
cnebaSi `agogikasac~ vgulisxmobT), Tu xmaTa raodenobrivi Semadgenlobis<br />
mxriv sxvaobas xSirad mniSvnelovani Sesworeba Seaqvs mravalxmiani<br />
faqturis grafikul iersaxeSi. msgavs movlenaze miuTiTebs kurti, rodesac<br />
aRniSnavs: `Tu melodiuri xazebi sxvadasxva instrumentebSia<br />
gadanawilebuli, maTi stilis plastika izrdeba da smena ufro naTlad<br />
aRiqvams mis struqturas (kurti 1931 :191). ostinaturi `krimanWulis~ Tu<br />
burdonuli da ostinaturi banis Semcveli simRerebis mravalxmianuri<br />
naxazis mravalferovneba rom mxolod ostinatosa da burdonis<br />
specifikurobas `gadavabraloT~, ar iqneba marTebuli, magram aSkaraa, rom<br />
am mxriv, maTi rolicaa gasaTvaliswinebeli.<br />
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs krimanWuli. igi imdenad<br />
originaluri da saxasiaTo detalia qarTuli xalxuri simRerisa, rom misi<br />
ugulebely<strong>of</strong>a mravalxmianobis Sesabamisi formis saxeldebisas arafriT<br />
iqneba gamarTlebuli. marTlacda, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom krimanWulze<br />
ufro kolorituli, SeiZleba iTqvas, `yurSisacemi~ tembruli movlena<br />
qarTul simReraSi ar moiZebneba (magaliTi # 53) SeuZlebelia, mas wonadi<br />
funqcionaluri datvirTva ar gaaCndes. ufro metic: SesaZloa, jgufic ki<br />
gamoiyos krimanWuliani mravalxmianobis tipisa _ Tu vigulisxmebT, rom<br />
krimanWuli, rogorc ostinaturi movlena, Sesabamisi kompoziciuri<br />
principis aqtiuri, xolo SesaZloa, zogierT simReraSi _ prioritetuli<br />
qmedebis Sedegic kia. miuxedavad am prioritetisa, krimanWuli ar<br />
warmoqmnis ostinaturi mravalxmianobis tips, radgan sxva ostinatosagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, misi ganmeorebadi modeli Tavisi metruli pulsaciiT ar<br />
aRemateba sxva xmebis frazis moculobas. Sesabamisad, ufro lokaluria da<br />
burdonuli banis msgavsad, garkveul fonur funqciasac asrulebs.<br />
96
erTi mxriv, `specifikurobis~ pretenzia gaaCnia zogierT simReraSi<br />
bgerweriTi momsgavsebis mcdelobebs (magaliTi # 54).<br />
samxmiani simReris partiaTa Soris krimanWulTan erTad Tavisi<br />
specifikuri bunebiT gunduri banic gamoirCeva. es `specifikuroba~<br />
mJRavndeba Sesrulebis dinamikaSi, stabilurobis Tandayolil SegrZnebaSi,<br />
registrul poziciaSi (am mxriv igi polusurad upirispirdeba krimanWuls).<br />
TavisTavad originalurad unda gamoiyurebodes movlena, romelsac<br />
SeiZleba vuwodoT `unisoni mravalxmianobis pirobebSi~. ostinaturi,<br />
reCitaciuli burdoni, da gansakuTrebiT _ burdoni-kontinuumi,<br />
krimanWulis msgavsad, ara marto garegnul, aramed _ mkafio funqcionalur<br />
individualobasac amJRavneben.<br />
saerTod, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom heterogenuli formis<br />
warmoqmna ZiriTadad swored burdonuli da ostinaturi tipis ganviTarebatransformaciasTanaa<br />
dakavSirebuli. aSkaraa, rom heterogenuli forma<br />
xmis damatebis Sedegia, xolo yvelaze umtkivneulod axali xmis Cawera<br />
ukve tradiciul mravalxmianur faqturaSi improvizaciisaTvis xelsayrel<br />
garemos unda moeTmina. swored aseT garemod warmogvidgeba burdonuli, da<br />
iSviaTad, ostinaturi mravalxmianoba. da swored amis gamoa, Cveni azriT,<br />
qarTul heterogenul formebSi burdonisa da ostinatos, rogorc<br />
mocemuli faqturis mTavari saxasiaTo elementis roli gamokveTili. es<br />
saxasiaTo elementi, anu specifikuroba mJRavndeba burdonisa da ostinatos<br />
gankerZoebuli modelis saxiT gansxeulebisas.<br />
erTi mxriv, burdonuli da ostinaturi kontrastis principebi, xolo<br />
meore mxriv _ sinqronis, paraleluri da paralinealuri xmaTasvlis<br />
principebi heterogenul formaSi erTgvari gansxvavebuli reglamentiT<br />
monawileoben, raSi gamoixateba es gansxvaveba rodesac ismis burdonuli,<br />
an ostinaturi xma, CvenTvis naTelia, rom moqmedebs Sesabamisad,<br />
burdonuli, an ostinaturi kompoziciuri principi. ese igi, am principTa<br />
cnobisaTvis CvenTvis sakmarisia yuradReba mivaqcioT erTi xmis<br />
gankerZoebul models `partnior~ xmasTan koordinaciis<br />
gauTvaliswinebladac ki. xolo paraleluri da paralinealuri xmaTasvlis<br />
kompoziciuri principi Seicnoba minimum ori xmis koordinaciis<br />
dadasturebiT.<br />
97
saerTod, burdoni da ostinato, rogorc specifikuri xmis principebi,<br />
ukeT iTviseben or sxva Tanasworuflebian xmaSi gamoxatul princips, vidre<br />
_ erTmaneTs.<br />
am kuTxiT gvaxsendeba oTxxmiani naduri simRerebic. aris Tu ara am<br />
ukanasknelSi sami kompoziciuri principi gaerTianebuli es sakiTxi<br />
aqtualuria mxolod maSin, rodesac `nadurSi~ warmodgenilia krimanWuli,<br />
Semxmobari, moZravi bani da reCitaciuli burdonisa da Tavisuflad<br />
moZravi xmis gardamavali forma _ mTqmeli (magaliTi # 55). cxadia,<br />
krimanWuli ostinaturi principis niSania, Semxmobari _ burdonisa.<br />
gasarkvevia _ SegviZlia Tu ara moZravi bani da sityvieri teqstis<br />
mtvirTveli xmis urTierToba paralinealuri kompoziciuri principis<br />
gamovlinebad miviRoT unda vaRiaroT, rom am ori xmis koordinaciuli<br />
`SeWiduloba~ metad sustia, rac aseve paralinealuri xmaTasvlis<br />
sasargeblod metyvelebs. marTlac, moZravi bani, romelic, Cveni azriT (da<br />
ara marto Cveni azriT), ufro gviandeli xmaa nadur simReraSi, mTqmelis<br />
yuradRebis areSi naklebmniSvnelovan adgils iWers. ese igi, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom nadur simRerebSi mkafiod gamokveTili burdonuli da<br />
ostinaturi principebis gverdiT paralinealuri principi, rogorc<br />
mxatvrebi ityvian, sakmaod aqtiurad `muSaobs~. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom,<br />
tradiciulad, Semxmobari-burdoni nadurebSi ganuwyvetliv ar JRers, igi<br />
epizodurad gamoCndeba, riTac erTgvarad ostinatos funqciiTac<br />
aRiWurveba. ase, rom aRniSnul nadur simRerebSi heterogenuli wyoba<br />
Sexamebulia kontaminaciurTan, anu ostinatur-paralinealur samxmianobas<br />
(anu heterogenuls) enacvleba burdonul-ostinatur-paralinealuri (aseve<br />
heterogenuli) oTxxmianoba. amgvarad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom<br />
krimanWulis Semcvel oTxxmian nadurebSi sami kompoziciuri principi:<br />
burdonuli, ostinaturi da paralinealobisa realurad Tanaqmedebs. rac<br />
Seexeba gamyivanis Semcvel `nadurs~, aq ori kompoziciuri principis<br />
heterogenul SerwymasTan gvaqvs saqme (magaliTi # 56).<br />
erTi ram udavoa: imis gamo, rom gamyivansa da krimanWuls `nadurebSi~<br />
erTi piri asrulebs, da Tanac, Sesrulebis es ori forma ureglamentod<br />
monacvleobs, rogorc krimanWulis, aseve gamyivanis Semcveli naduri<br />
98
oTxxmianoba erTgvarovan struqturad unda aRviqvaT, miuxedavad imisa, Tu<br />
ramdeni principi Tanaqmedebs aRniSnul plastSi.<br />
mivuTiTebT heterogenuli formis erTi gamorCeul Taviseburebaze:<br />
xmebs xSir SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebuli sityvieri teqsti gaaCniaT da es<br />
gansxvaveba maT met funqcionalur individualobas sZens. SesaZloa,<br />
piriqiTac iTqvas: originaluri principebi urTierTSerwymisas inarCuneben<br />
TavisTavadobas, da es TavisTavadoba xmaTa sityvieri teqstebis<br />
damoukideblobaSi mJRavndeba (magaliTi # 57).<br />
ganvixiloT qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobisaTvis tipobrivi<br />
nimuSebi heterogenuli formisa.:<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, ufro metad, vidre _ dasavleTSi, xSiria<br />
bani-kontinuumiT gamoxatuli burdonis kompoziciuri principis Serwyma<br />
paraleluri xmaTasvlis kompoziciur prinicipTan. es forma SegviZlia,<br />
movixsenioT, rogorc burdonul-paraleluri<br />
(magaliTi # 58) metad<br />
saxasiaToa qarTl-kaxur ganviTarebul simRerebSi burdon-kontinuumis<br />
fonze ori solistis monacvleoba, rac Tavisebur burdonul nominalur<br />
samxmianobis saxes iRebs (magaliTi # 59) solistTa aseTi monacvleoba<br />
originaluri melizmaturi stiliT gamoirCeva. sainteresoa, rom amgvari<br />
saxasiaTo melizmatika orxmian burdon-kontinualur simRerebsac<br />
axasiaTebT (magaliTi # 60). miuxedavad aseTi saxasiaTo stilisa,<br />
melizmatikis Semcvelobas mravalxmianobis tipis gamomy<strong>of</strong> kriteriumad<br />
ver vaRiarebT, radgan igi aseT SemTxvevebSi mxolod Tanmxleb<br />
SemoqmedebiT principad gamoiyeneba.<br />
originalur heterogenul formebs qmnis krimanWuli _ ostinaturi<br />
principis gamovlena. sainteresoa misi sinTezi paralinealuri xmaTasvlis<br />
principTan (magaliTi # 61).<br />
kontaminacia qarTul tradiciaSi SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis erT-erTi<br />
yvelaze `aTvisebuli arxia~. Semsrulebelebi, romelTaTvis xuTive<br />
kompoziciuri principi mSobliuri da Cveulia, advilad gadaanacvleben<br />
erT princips meoreSi da faqturis gansxvavebul saxeTa bunebriv,<br />
Zaldautanebel gradacias axerxeben, rac qarTuli musikaluri enis<br />
TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis erT-erTi yvelaze niSandoblivi movlenaa.<br />
99
adre aRvniSneT, rom kontaminaciisa da heterogenulobis dRevandeli<br />
gamovlinebebi erTmaneTis mimarT ar amJRavneben diaqronul<br />
prioritetulobas. Zneli saTqmelia, romeli tendencia ufro Zvelia<br />
qarTuli tradiciisaTvis. Tumca SesaZloa, metyveli gamodges is faqti,<br />
rom martiv orxmian nimuSebSi kontaminaciis gamovlinebebs ufro xSirad<br />
vxedavT, vidre – heterogenulobisas. aq gvaxsendeba zemcovskis mosazreba,<br />
romlis mixedviTac kontaminacia folkloris erT-erTi mudmivi<br />
damaxasiaTbeli niSania (zemcovski 1983a :17).<br />
diaqronulobisagan gansxvavebiT, sinTezuri formebis aRniSnul or<br />
jgufs erTmaneTis mimarT, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `urTierTmomcvelobiTi<br />
ierarqia~ axasiaTebs. marTlac, rogorc zemoT, `nadurze~ msjelobaSic<br />
vaxseneT, kontaminaciuri forma SeiZleba Seicavdes heterogenul formas,<br />
rogorc erT-erT monacvle komponents (magaliTi # 62).<br />
ra sazRvrebSi ganTavsdeba kontaminaciuri forma aseTi struqtura,<br />
iseve, rogorc heterogenuli, Cveni azriT, unda dadgindes `sintaqsurad~<br />
dasrulebuli musikaluri azris farglebSi, aseT masStabSi da<br />
ganviTarebis aseTi erTiani xazis pirobebSi gamoricxulia struqturaTa<br />
cvla dapirispirebis meTodiT; anu _ Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `Sewebeba~,<br />
rac ucxo araa kontratul-Sedgenili formisaTvis (Sromis, an saferxulo<br />
simRerebSi). kontaminacia iTvaliswinebs ara imdenad Secvlas, ramdenadac<br />
gadazrdas _ erTi stilidan meoreSi. qarTul, gansakuTrebiT dasavlur<br />
simRerebSi sakmaod gavrcelebulia musikaluri frazis day<strong>of</strong>is,<br />
daqucmacebis xarjze ostinatur `relsebze~ gadasvla. amgvar gadasvlas<br />
aWaraSi `gadaxvevas~ eZaxian (msxalaZe 1968 :82) (magaliTi # 63).<br />
dramaturgiulad dasrulebuli musikaluri azris mqone frazebis Semdeg<br />
simRerebSi ostinaturi modelis damkvidreba, iseve, rogorc, sazogadod,<br />
sxvadasxva struqturuli agebulebis frazebis erT simReraSi monacvleoba<br />
SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc musikaluri dramaturgiis kontaminaciuri<br />
forma, magram ara _ mravalxmianobis kontaminaciuri forma. saerTod,<br />
SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom kontaminaciuri dramaturgia qarTuli<br />
simReris struqturuli simdidris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria.<br />
kontaminaciis TiToeuli nawilis mcire xangrZlioba, maTi erTgvari<br />
`kaleidoskopuri~ cvalebadoba ar gvaZlevs Sesabamisi mravalxmianuri<br />
100
stilis ugulebely<strong>of</strong>is sababs. imisaTvis, rom movniSnoT burdonis, an<br />
paralinealobis xmaTasvlis principis gamovlinebani, sakmarisia erTi-ori<br />
taqtis diapazoni (am masStaburi erTeulisadmi subieqturi poziciis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT), xolo paraleluri da sinqronuli xmaTasvlis principis<br />
SecnobisaTvis _ masze naklebad vrceli monakveTic. erT taqtSi burdonul<br />
banze damyarebul musikalur qsovils mravalxmianobis tips ver<br />
mivusadagebT, magram SegviZlia es taqti kontaminaciis erT mniSvnelovan<br />
epizodad CavTvaloT.<br />
principTa kontaminaciuri sinTezis ganxilvisas aucilebelia<br />
SevafasoT kadansis roli, rogorc dramaturgiuli, aseve mravalxmianobis<br />
formis SeqmnaSi. faqtia, rom rogorc qarTuli simReris, aseve qarTuli<br />
sagaloblis kadansTa umetesoba banis gaaqtiurebiT unisonisaken<br />
swrafvazea damyarebuli. amgvari kadansis Semcveli winadadeba qarTul<br />
tradiciaSi xSirad ukve niSnavs kontaminaciur monacvleobas. miviCnioT, Tu<br />
ara gansxvavebuli struqturis kadansis Semcvelobis gamo nebismieri metnaklebad<br />
vrceli musikalur-dramaturgiuli monakveTi mravalxmianobis<br />
kontaminaciuri formis gamoxatulebad vfiqrobT, aq ar unda viCqaroT.<br />
cnobilia, rom kadansi musikaluri formis yvelaze arqauli da stabiluri<br />
elementia. sxvadasxva dialeqtis nimuSebSi swored kadansia saerTo<br />
qarTuli musikaluri enis yvelaze aSkara gamovlineba. amgvari `saziaro~<br />
formulurobis gamo, mravalxmianobis sxvadasxva tipebisa Tu formebis<br />
Sedarebisas kadanss kriteriumad ver gamoviyenebT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,<br />
rom mravalxmiani faqturis organuli nawili _ kadansi ar aris mxolod<br />
mocemuli tipis originalobis sazomi. aseTi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,<br />
`reliqturi~ da, amave dros, yovelgvar struqturaze advilad morgebadi<br />
Taviseburebis gamo, igi ar monawileobs gansazRvruli tipis definiciaSi.<br />
Sesabamisad, gansxvavebuli winasakadanso da kadansuri nagebobis Serwyma<br />
ar unda ganixilebodes kontaminaciis tipiur nimuSad. es mosazreba ar<br />
unda gavigoT ise, TiTqos kadansis funqcia amovardnilia mravalxmiani<br />
frazis an winadadebis organuli konstruqciidan. amasTan, kadansi ar unda<br />
gavaigivoT kadansuri wyobis msgavs iseT nagebobasTan, romelic ar<br />
gulisxmobs musikaluri azris dasrulebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,<br />
mravalxmianobis ostinaturi tipi kadansebis ubralo jamad Segvifasdeba.<br />
101
unda gamovyoT kontaminaciis ori saxeoba. kontaminacia SesaZloa<br />
moxdes wamyvani, iniciatori xmis partiaSi ucvleli modelis paralelurad<br />
_ danarCen xmebSi; e.i. gamovlindes or, an erT xmaSi da ara _ yvelaSi.<br />
aseTi cvlilebis tipobrivii magaliTia burdonul-paraleluri formis<br />
Secvla burdonul-kontrastuliT, an misi yvelaze gavrcelebuli formiT _<br />
nominaluri burdonuli samxmianobiT (magaliTi # 64). am SemTxvevaSi<br />
kontaminaciis es saxeoba, iseve rogorc amave struqturiT gamoxatuli<br />
heterogenuli forma, tipiur struqturas SeimuSavebs, radgan misi mTavari<br />
ganmsazRvreli komponenti _ burdoni, rogorc gankerZoebuli modeli, ar<br />
ferxdeba aRniSnuli cvlilebebis gamo. meore SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs<br />
yvela xmaSi srul kontaminaciur cvlasTan, ra naxatsac ukve tipobrivad<br />
ver aRviqvamT. aseTad gvesaxeba, magaliTad, paraleluri xmaTasvlis<br />
monakveTebis CarTva romelime sxva formis mravalxmianobaSi (magaliTi #<br />
65).<br />
sainteresoa, rom xuTTagan TiToeul kompoziciur princips<br />
kontaminaciur formaSi gamorCeuli dramaturgiuli funqcia gaaCnia, da<br />
Sesabamisad, musikaluri azris ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze garkveuli<br />
kanonzomierebiT gamoCndebian. magaliTad, burdonis principi ufro xSirad<br />
Tavs iCens axali musikaluri qsovilis Camoyalibebisas, eqspoziciis etapze<br />
(magaliTi # 66); paraleluri xmaTasvlis principi xSirad _ modulaciur<br />
nawilSi, axal tonalur centrze `gadawyobisas~ mJRavndeba (magaliTi #<br />
67); sinqronisa (magaliTi # 68) da paralinealuri xmaTasvlis principi<br />
(rogorc sinqronis `zednaSeni~) (magaliTi #69), agreTve musikaluri qargis<br />
ganviTarebis, `damuSavebis~ monakveTs ufro Seesabameba xolme.<br />
moviyvanT zogierT sxva magaliTs kontaminaciuri formisa:<br />
burdonis principi zogjer erwymis sinqronis princips _ ZiriTadad<br />
reCitaciuli burdonuli banis burdon-kontinuumTan axlo naTesaobis<br />
gamoisobiT (magaliTi # 70). paralelur xmaTasvlas xSirad erwymis<br />
paralinealuri xmaTasvla (magaliTi # 71). cxadia, gvxvdeba nimuSebi, sadac<br />
paralelur xmaTasvlas sinqronuli Caenacvleba (magaliTi # 72). gvxvdeba<br />
amgvari monacvleobis sxva mravali SemTxvevac.<br />
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces kontaminaciis iseT<br />
SemTxvevebs, romlebic Tavisi stabiluri originaluri reglamentiT<br />
102
gamoirCevian. aseTad migvaCnia mcire formis sagaloblebSi (CasarTavebSi,<br />
wardgomebSi) `warTqmis<br />
warTqmis~ _ erT Tanxmovanebaze reCitaciis _ pauzis gareSe<br />
gadazrda SedarebiT vrcel sakadanso monakveTSi, sadac kadansi<br />
erTjeradia da prioritetul nagebobad warmogvidgeba magaliTi # 73<br />
swored kadansis rolis winwamowevis gamo, riTac aRniSnuli struqtura<br />
axlo naTesaobas amJRavnebs warTqmis gareSe mcire formis sagaloblebTan,<br />
igi mainc ver miiCneva gamorCeviT originalur faqturul iersaxed.<br />
samagierod, kontaminaciis meore, ufro originalur saxeobad miviCnevdiT<br />
guruli gadaZaxils _ ZiriTadad erTxmiani ansambluri baniT gamoxatul<br />
melodiur figuras, romelic organul Seezrdeba momdevno mravalxmian<br />
struqturas (magaliTi # 74). gadaZaxilis mkafio Taviseburebas swored<br />
misi maintegrirebeli funqcia warmoadgens _ igi calke mdgar frazad,<br />
rogorc wesi, ar aRiqmeba (magaliTi # 75). miuxedavad gadaZaxilis<br />
`kupiurebis~ originaluri bunebisa, misi epizodurobis gamo, es<br />
originaluri plasti mkafio `cnobadobis~ gamo gamocalkevebiT aRniSvnas<br />
imsaxurebs.<br />
arsebobs erTgvari cduneba, sinTezuri formebidan tipiur,<br />
originalur saxeobad aRiqmebodes aseve specifikuri xmis _ gamyivanis<br />
Semcveloba, magram imis gamo, rom es xma ar aris calke kompoziciuri<br />
principis gamomxatveli, misi Semcvelobis struqturis tipiurad gamoy<strong>of</strong>as<br />
am etapze moveridebiT.<br />
unda aRiniSnos erTi sagulisxmo detalic: sinTezuri formebidan<br />
Cvens mier tipobrivad an, ubralod, saxasiaTod gamorCeul formebs _<br />
krimanWulis Semcvel samxmianobas, nadur oTxxmianobas, heterogenul<br />
burdons da burdonul kontaminacias, warTqmis momdevno kadanss,<br />
gadaZaxilis Semcvel kontaminacias erTi saxasiaTo niSani gamoarCevs _<br />
yvela isini gankerZoebuli modelis Semcvelni arian: Sesabamisad:<br />
ostinato, ostinato da burdoni, burdoni, warTqma, gadaZaxili.<br />
103
Tavi III<br />
qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis tipologiuri klasifikacia<br />
qarTuli mravalxmianobis formaTa klasificirebis<br />
meToduri wanamZRvrebi<br />
ganvixileT ra mravalxmianobis is kompoziciuri principebi,<br />
romlebic qarTuli xalxuri mravalxmianobis qsovilis SeqmnaSi iReben<br />
monawileobas, yuradRebas mivapyrobT taqsonomiur erTeul `tips~, romelic<br />
yalibdeba swored mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principis meSveobiT.<br />
mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri tipi, SeiZleba iTqvas, Cveni naSromis<br />
mTavari orientiria. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli mravalxmianobis<br />
tipebis gansazRvrisaTvis Tavidanve mravalxmianobis kompoziciur<br />
principze aviReT orientacia, es am cnebisadmi kriteriumis SerCevisas<br />
mikerZoebad ar unda CagveTvalos. marTlacda, ra aris dasaeWvebeli imaSi,<br />
rom forma Sinaarsis mixedviT unda saxeldebodes magram ismis kiTxva:<br />
ratom Tavidanve ar davsaxeT mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principi tipis<br />
cnebis ZiriTad kriteriumad da ratom ukve am principebis ganxilvisas ar<br />
mivusadageT misiT gansazRvrul movlenas tipis cneba aseTi<br />
gadawyvetilebis ZiriTadi argumenti isaa, rom qarTul tradiciul<br />
mravalxmianobaSi kompoziciuri principi da tipi absolutur sinonimias ar<br />
qmnian, anu _ ar modian srul urTierTganmsazRvrel SesabamisobaSi. garda<br />
kompoziciuri principis faqtorisa, mravalxmianobis tipis cnebis<br />
kriteriumad SeiZleba gamodges nimuSis meoradi mniSvnelobis, magram<br />
originaluri faqturuli Tavisebureba, xalxis _ avtoris mier dadgenili<br />
gamosacalkevebeli niSani da a.S.<br />
amasTan, termini `mravalxmianobis tipi~ mkvlevarTagan gansakuTrebulad<br />
sapasuxismgeblo damokidebulebas moiTxovs. ar SeiZleba,<br />
faqtobrivi mravalxmianobis yvela gamovlineba dafiqsirdes sxvadasxva<br />
`tipebis~ saxelwodebiT. cda, nebismieri faqturis mravalxmianobis saxe<br />
CavtioT gansazRvruli tipis cnebaSi, gamoiwvevs am ukanasknelis erT-erTi<br />
mTavari Tvisebis _ madiferencirebeli funqciis nivelirebas. amas garda,<br />
104
cneba `tipi~ TiTqosda gamoxatavs erTgvarovnebas, erTi TvisebiT<br />
gansazRvrulobas, sisadaves, rac cocxal praqtikaSi mravalxmianobis<br />
yvela gamovlenisaTvis, miT umetes _ saqarTveloSi, cxadia, ar aris<br />
damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
amasTan, Cveni azriT, tipi unda ganasaxierebdes mravalxmianobis<br />
istoriulad Camoyalibebul da stabilur saxes. cxadia, aseTi stabiluri<br />
ieris miniWebaSi ZiriTad rols am nagebobis SemmuSavebeli kompoziciuri<br />
principi TamaSobs. swored misi intensiuri qmedebiT ganivTdeba originaluri<br />
musikaluri idea originalur formaSi. aseTi originalobis mTavari<br />
mizezi aq kompoziciuri principis mkafio konturia. aseTi mkafio, originaluri<br />
naxati faqturas swored rom `tipurobas~ aniWebs.<br />
magram ar aris gamoricxuli aRniSnuli `tipuroba~ maSinac gamovlindes,<br />
rodesac nimuSSi erTze meti kompoziciuri principi Tanaqmedebs. am<br />
dros unda ganisazRvros, ramdenad stabiluria aRniSnuli `TanamSromloba~,<br />
romelic, SesaZloa, aseve `tipis~ wodebaze acxadebdes pretenzias.<br />
SesaZloa, kompoziciurma principma ganviTarebis romelime etapze jer<br />
kidev ver Camoayalibos tipi. iseve rogorc axali modelis Camoyalibebas<br />
Zveli modelisgan garkveuli dro da procesi aSorebs, mravalxmianobis<br />
axal kompoziciur saxes _ tips, rogorc ukve Camoyalibebuli Cvevebis<br />
proeqcias, garkveuli gardamavali periodi uswrebs win. tipi gasruldeba<br />
maSin, rodesac Camoyalibdeba axali SemoqmedebiTi Cveva. maSasadame,<br />
SesaZloa, faqturaSi ar iyos mkafiod gamokveTili aseTi Cveva _ principi<br />
da Sesabamisad _ ar iyos gamoxatuli tipis saxiT.<br />
calke kompoziciur princips, rogorc Camoyalibebul erTeuls, ukve<br />
ZaluZs Seqmnas da qmnis kidec tips, xolo ori an meti kompoziciuri<br />
principis Serwyma yovelTvis ver SeimuSavebs stabilur da originalur<br />
faqturas. tipad gansxeulebuli kompoziciuri principis `gavlenis<br />
sferoSi~ meores SemoWra yovelTvis axal faqturul nairsaxeobebs<br />
warmoSobs, magram `dawmendisa~ da originaluri struqturuli ieris<br />
miRebisaTvis, rogorc Cans, maT sxvadasxva dro esaWiroebaT. swored amitom<br />
qarTul tradiciaSi Cven vxedavT rogorc `tipur~, aseve gardamaval<br />
formebs.<br />
105
kompoziciuri tipi, iseve, rogorc modeli, optimalur saxe miiRebs,<br />
anu cvlilebaTa serias gaaiSviaTebs maSin, rodesac aseTi Sesabamisobis<br />
optimaluri varianti moiZebneba da stabilurad ifunqcionirebs manamde,<br />
sanam gansxvavebuli pirobebi ar Seeqmneba. swored faqturis aseTi<br />
stabiluri funqcionirebis periodSi unda Sefasdes am faqturis saxe<br />
tipad. magram rogorc unda SevafasoT TviT amgvari stabilurobis done<br />
Cve<br />
veni azriT, mravalxmianobis tipuri saxe unda SenarCundes erTi mTliani<br />
musikaluri azris ganmavlobaSi, anu erTi dasrulebuli musikaluri<br />
winadadebis masStabSi.<br />
kompoziciuri principebis mkafiod da stabilurad funqcionireba<br />
gulisxmobs gansaxilveli faqturuli naxatis originalur, TviTmy<strong>of</strong>ad<br />
xasiaTsac. tipi mkveTrad unda emijnebodes yovelgvar gardamaval formas.<br />
es piroba SesaZloa, Semdegi moTxovnis saxiTac CamovayaliboT: tipuri<br />
nageboba ganviTarebisa da msgavsebis mxriv ar unda aRmoCndes ori<br />
gansxvavebuli aRnagobis nimuSis SemaerTebeli rgoli _ gardamavali<br />
forma. unda gvaxsovdes, rom tipis nimuSi ar unda uSvebdes masze aSkarad<br />
ufro mkveTrad gamoxatuli TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis nimuSis arsebobas. swored am<br />
moTxovnaSi win wamoiwevs tipis gansazRvraSi originaluri struqturis<br />
meoradi piroba, Sedegismieri da ara _ mizezismieri.<br />
aRniSnuli mosazrebidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa, tipis gansazRvris<br />
Semdegi pirobac CamovayaliboT: erTi tipis sazRvrebSi moqceuli unda<br />
iyos erTgvarovani nimuSebi. amisaTvis ki saWiroa aseTi nimuSebis<br />
garkveuli raodenobis dafiqsireba saarsebo garemoSi _ qarTul<br />
tradiciaSi. Tumca unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom am nimuSTa odenoba<br />
Sesabamisi unda iyos mocemuli JanrSi, an dialeqtSi arsebuli nimuSebis<br />
saerTo raodenobisa.<br />
aRsaniSnavia erTi detalic: erTze meti kompoziciuri principis<br />
Tanaqmedebisas miT ufro reliefuri da stabiluri faqtura warmoiqmneba,<br />
rac ufro mkafiodaa gamokveTili gasaxilvel nimuSSi calkeuli xmebis<br />
mier iniciativis flobis xarisxi. kompoziciur tipSi iniciativas SesaZloa<br />
TvalsaCinod flobdes erTi gamorCeuli xma (ostinatoSi, burdonSi); iyos<br />
nivelirebuli (paralelizmi, sinqroni); talRiseburad nawildebodes xmebs<br />
Soris (paralinealoba, burdoni, erTze meti principis gansxeuleba), magram<br />
106
yvela SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki _ bolos naxsenebSi, iniciativis<br />
flobis meqanizmi unda iyos mowesrigebuli, regularuli, ritmuli<br />
(ganmeorebadobis TvalsazrisiT), da ara _ ekleqtikuri, amorfuli, rac<br />
gardamaval formaze miuTiTebs.<br />
amgvarad, qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kompoziciur tipad<br />
miviCnevT iseT struqturas, romelSic mkafiod da stabiluradaa<br />
gamokveTili mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principi da romelic Tavisi<br />
gamomJRavnebis sixSiris mxriv stilisturi Tva<br />
valsazrisiT saxasiaTod<br />
miiCne<br />
neva.<br />
ra sivrcobriv farglebSi mogviwevs mravalxmianobis tipis moniSnva<br />
Tavidanve cxadia, tipis cneba iSviaTad moicavs mTeli simReris farglebs.<br />
dRemde moRweul qarTul simReraTa didi nawili Sedgenili<br />
dramaturgiuli formisaa. SedarebiT met SesabamisobaSia tipis cneba<br />
sagaloblisa da dasakravis stilisturad ufro erTian plastTan. amgvarad,<br />
Cveni azriT, mravalxmianobis is kompoziciuri tipi qarTul musikalur<br />
tradiciaSi unda ganisazRvros musikaluri Sinaarsis mxriv dasrulebul<br />
monakveTSi.<br />
mTavari mimarTuleba Cveni naSromisa qarTuli tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianobis tipologiuri klasifikaciis Camoyalibebaa. amasTan erTad,<br />
qarTuli tradiciis mdidari samyaro badebs erTi kriteriumis mixedviT<br />
Sedgenili sxvadasxva klasifikaciuri sqemebis moTxovnilebasac. aseTi<br />
mcire masStabis klasifikaciuri sistemebi dagvexmarebian ufro mkafiod<br />
gavmijnoT mravalxmianobis sxvadasxva struqturuli nairsaxeobebi. rac<br />
mTavaria, aseTi lokaluri klasifikaciebi ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes<br />
erTmaneTs da, amasTan erTad, ZiriTad tipologiur sqemasac unda<br />
eTanxmebodes. mTavar yuradRebas davuTmobT masalis eqspoziciur (aRweris<br />
mizniT) kvlevas. gamoviyenebT klasificirebis `gramatikul~ meTods<br />
(Cekanovska 1983 :76), romelic iTvaliswinebs mocemuli simravlis<br />
farglebSi lokaluri tipologiis Seqmnas mimarTulebiT: movlenidan<br />
cnebamde.<br />
amasTan, movlenaTa diferenciaciisas vecdebiT TiToeuli<br />
saklasifikacio erTeuli unaSTod davyoT erTi kriteriumis mixedviT or<br />
107
jgufad. (voronini 1985 :32-33) amasTan, `...ganikveTebodis rai saxe, gardascems<br />
uquemosesTa TvisTa saxelsaca da gansazRvrebasa~ (orbeliani 1991). ororad<br />
day<strong>of</strong>is Sedegad warmoqmnili vertikalurad ganlagebuli safexurebi<br />
sisadavisa da naklebsaWiroebis gamo, klasifikaciis qveda safexurebze,<br />
SesaZloa, gavaerTianoT, ris Sedegadac erT safexurze iSviaTad SesaZloa<br />
erTze meti erTeuli aRmoCndes: `...mermeca yoveli gay<strong>of</strong>ilebai<br />
naTesavisagan saxeTa mimarT qmnili vidre orTa, anu samTamde, xolo iSviaT,<br />
oTxTamdeca gamoCndebis~.<br />
kompoziciuri principebis mimarTebiT terminologiis Camoyalibebisas<br />
ar SemovizRudeT definiciis romelime erTi meTodiT. kerZod, burdonis<br />
principis saxeldebisas daveyrdeniT specifikuri gaWimuli bgeris<br />
aRmniSvnel saerTaSoriso termins; ostinaturisa _ ganmeorebadobis<br />
mimaniSnebel musikalur saerTaSoriso termins, sinqronis droSi Tanmxvedr<br />
xmaTa moZraobis princips SevusabameT `sinqronis~ cneba, xolo<br />
paralelobisa da paralinealobis principebi ganvsazRvreT am movlenaTa<br />
grafikuli proeqciis mixedviT. cnobilia, rom msmenels uyalibdeba<br />
garkveuli grafikuli xati Sesacnobi movlenisa, ufro zustad _<br />
sivrcobrivi analogia (nazaikinski 1972 :106). termini, romelic musikalur<br />
movlenas aRniSnavs, umetes SemTxvevaSi swored am movlenis (simultanuri<br />
proeqciis) anabeWdia. mkafio grafikuli anarekli arc burdonis,<br />
ostinatosa da sinqronis principebisTvisaa ucxo, magram saxeldebisTvis<br />
ganmsazRvreli _ ufro metad paralelizmisaTvis da<br />
paralinealurobisaTvisaa.<br />
vecadeT, meti yuradReba migvepyro saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis<br />
terminebisadmi. rogorc mixailovi aRniSnavs, `ama Tu im musikalur<br />
kulturaSi Camoyalibebuli calke mdgomi terminologiuri korpusis<br />
kvleva mTlianobaSi naklebad nay<strong>of</strong>ieria~ (mixailovi 1990 :8). Tumca,<br />
miuxedavad am mosazrebisa, qarTuli xalxuri terminologiis Cvenamde<br />
gamarTuli struqturis saxiT moRwevis SemTxvevaSi amgvari sistema<br />
CvenTvis yvelaze misaRebi iqneboda, magram...<br />
gacnobierebuli gvaqvs, rom humanitarul samecniero naSromSi<br />
yvelaze gvian da Znelad termini ixveWs arsebobis uflebas. da es maSin,<br />
rodesac movlenis axsnis axali versia damkvidrebisas nakleb<br />
108
winaaRmdegobas xvdeba. rogorc Cans, termini ufro metad avtoriseuli<br />
subieqturi poziciis gamomxatvelia. saukeTeso gzad aseTi subieqturobis<br />
daZlevisa xalxuri terminologiaze dayrdnoba gvesaxeba. (zumbaZe 1993)<br />
mravalxmianobis formebis saxeldebas ki, rogorc Cans, qarTveli nakleb<br />
yuradRebas aniWebda, vidre _ xmebisas. es bunebrivicaa: xmebi<br />
diferencirebas eqvemdebareba, stili _ ara. mravalxmianobis saxe, rogorc<br />
musikalurad sametyvelo ena, imdenad bunebrivi iyo xalxSi, rom<br />
saxeldebis moTxovnilebas naklebad warmoSobda.<br />
ra Seexeba kriteriumebs, isini SeiZleba iyos arsebiTi, araarsebiTi<br />
da SemTxveviTi (golovini, kobrini 1987 :35), arsebiTia erTi an meti niSan-<br />
Tviseba, romelic aucilebelia movlenisaTvis da, amave dros, romelTa<br />
erToblioba sakmarisia am movlenis sxvisagan gamijvnisaTvis. araarsebiTi<br />
Tvisebebi gamomdinareoben arsebiTidan, xolo SemTxveviTebi _ movlenis<br />
zedapiruli iersaxis TaviseburebiT aris gamowveuli. arsebiT kriteriumad<br />
CaiTvleba mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principi, agreTve _ musikaluri<br />
azris warmarTvis iniciativa, araarsebiTad _ kontaminaciisa da<br />
heterogenulobis faqtori, xolo SemTxveviTad _ burdonuli banis day<strong>of</strong>a<br />
reCitaciulad da kontinualurad im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac am day<strong>of</strong>is<br />
kriteriumi mxolod da mxolod sityvieri teqstisadmi Semsruleblis<br />
cvalebadi damokidebulebaa.<br />
109
saSemsruleblo reglamentis kriteriumi da klasifikacia<br />
sanam SevudgebiT sxvadasxva kriteriumis mixedviT qarTuli<br />
tradiciuli mravalxmianobis wminda musikaluri mxaris ganxilvas,<br />
sainteresod da aucileblad migvaCnia am masalis, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,<br />
aJRerebamde, Sesrulebamde arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT gadarCeva. am<br />
meTods `saSemsruleblo reglamentis kriteriums~ vuwodebdiT. xolo mis<br />
Sesabamis taqsonomiur erTeulad `klasis~ cnebas varCevdiT. magaliTad,<br />
mravalxmianobis garkveul erTgvarovan klass Seadgens glexuri simRerebi,<br />
romlebic socialuri kuTxiT gansxvavdeba qalaqurisagan. aseTive or<br />
gansxvavebul klass qmnis, vTqvaT, Sereuli gundisa da ansambluri<br />
mravalxmianoba. advili misaxvedria, rom SesaZlebelia glexuri Sereuli<br />
gundica da qalaquri ansabluri Sesrulebac. ese igi, amgvari klasebi<br />
erTgvari yalibebia, romlebSic erTi da igive masala mravalgvari versiiT<br />
jgufdeba. mravalxmianobis erTi nimuSi aucileblad ganawildeba ramdenime<br />
amgvar klasSi, xolo qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis mTeli plasti<br />
_ sxvadasxva mcire reglamentur klasifikaciaSi. aq nimuSebi erTi niSnis _<br />
araarsebiTi da niSan-gamovlinebis kriteriumis mier gamoiy<strong>of</strong>a da<br />
Sesabamisad, erT safexurze ganlagdeba. amgvar sistemebs ubralod `rigebs~<br />
vuwodebT. es sityva day<strong>of</strong>is erT doneze migvaniSnebs. amjerad<br />
warmovadgenT klasTa Svid aseT rigs:<br />
1. socialuri reglamentis klasis rigebi: s<strong>of</strong>luri sayovelTao zepiri<br />
tradiciis mravalxmiani nimuSebi, s<strong>of</strong>luri specializebuli zepiri<br />
tradiciis, saeklesio pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli zepiri tradiciis, qalaquri,<br />
samxedro da sxva.;<br />
2. dialeqturi reglamentis klasis rigebi: xevsuruli mravalxmiani<br />
nimuSebi, fSavuri, TuSuri da a. S.;<br />
3. Janruli reglamentis klasis rigebi: saritualo mravalxmiani<br />
nimuSebi, Sromis, saeklesio, lirikuli, sufruli da sxva;<br />
4. sqesobriv-asakobrivi reglamentis klasis rigebi: kacTa mravalxmiani<br />
nimuSebi, qalTa, bavSvTa, kacTa da qalTa, bavSvTa da qalTa da a. S.;<br />
110
5. SemsrulebelTa Semadgenlobis reglamentis klasis rigebi: solo<br />
mravalxmianoba, gunduri mravalxmiani nimuSebi, tercetis,<br />
ansambluri;<br />
6. sakravis gamoyenebis reglamentis klasis rigebi: vokaluri,<br />
sakravieri, vokalur-sakravieri, vokali sakravieri ansambliT;<br />
7. xmaTa raodenobis reglamentis klasis rigebi: orxmianoba,<br />
samxmianoba, oTxxmianoba, xmaTa SeuzRudavi reglamenti.<br />
am Tanamimdevrobaze dakvirvebisas, advilad aRmovaCenT, rom, ase<br />
vTqvaT, `TandaTan vuaxlovdebiT musikas~. da amasTan, yoveli momdevno<br />
rigi ufro urTierTgamijnuli klasebiT xasiaTdeba. sainteresoa, rom<br />
rigebad day<strong>of</strong>is aseTi proeqti exmianeba Surovis mier SemoTavazebul sam<br />
`msxvil~ kriteriums: eTnografiuls, musikalur-stilurs da<br />
Semsruleblurs (Surovi 1987 :68).<br />
socialur klasebad day<strong>of</strong>isas Cven gamovtovebT umaRlesi rigis<br />
kriteriumis mixedviT SerCeul safexurs, romelic Tavisi masStabiT<br />
tradiciuli musikis kompetencias scildeba, da romlis dajgufebis erTi<br />
versia jer kidev ioane da groxeom mogvca: 1) `samoqalaqo~, anu xalxuri;<br />
2) `naswavli~, anu `Seqmnili~; 3) `saeklesio~ (soxori 1980 :29).<br />
mokled davaxasiaTod TiToeuli klasi:<br />
socialuri rigis klasebis Cveneuli varianti, vaRiarebT, rom<br />
pirveli SexedvisTanave erTgvar daukmay<strong>of</strong>ileblobis grZnobas badebs.<br />
sazRvrebi am klasTa Soris arasakmarisad gamokveTilia. SesaZloa, eWvi<br />
gamoiwvios `s<strong>of</strong>luri specializebuli zepiri tradiciis~ klasis<br />
arsebobam, xolo qalaquri mravalxmianobis klasma, SesaZloa, Semdgomi<br />
diferencirebis survili aRZras. SesaZloa, gaugebroba gamoiwvios<br />
moulodnelma `samxedro~ musikis klasma da sxva. magram faqtia, rom<br />
qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis socialuri niSniT aRbeWdili<br />
sxvadasxva stiluri Taviseburebebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian<br />
erTmaneTisagan imisaTvis, rom socialuri faqtori ugulebelvyoT. aqve<br />
unda davZinoT, rom saWiroa, SevTanxmdeT socialuri da Janruli rigebis<br />
principul sxvaobaze. garkveuli socialuri jgufis wevrs SeuZlia y<strong>of</strong>aSi<br />
Seasrulos sxvadasxva Janris nimuSebi, romlebic Janruli gansxvavebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, erTi, socialuri garemoTi gansazRvruli saerTo niSniT<br />
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daxasiaTdebian. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom am mxriv qarTuli<br />
tradiciuli nimuSebis diferenciacia garkveul TanakveTebTan iqneba<br />
dakavSirebuli (magaliTisTvis aviRebT saeklesio socialur klasisa da<br />
saeklesio Janris klasis Tanxvdenas).<br />
dialeqturi rigis klasebis gamoy<strong>of</strong>isas daveyrdnobiT qarTuli<br />
musikaluri dialeqtologiis aRiarebul specialists e. garayaniZes da am<br />
rigSi, ZiriTadad dialeqtTa miseuli day<strong>of</strong>iT vixelmZRvanelebT. Tumca<br />
mcire gansxvavebebiT: magaliTad, miviCnevT, rom qarTl-kaxuri dialeqti<br />
umjobesia daiyos calke kaxur da calke qarTlur dialeqtebad, xolo<br />
moxeuri dialeqti gamoiyos mTiulurisagan. nakleb aqtualurad migvaCnia,<br />
agreTve, `gardamavali dialeqtebis~ cneba. sainteresoa, rom garayaniZe<br />
dialeqtebis day<strong>of</strong>is ZiriTad kriteriumad safuZvlad iRebs swored<br />
mravalxmianobis saxeebs (garayaniZe 1990 :9). amave azrisaa aslaniSvilic<br />
(aslaniSvili 1957 :411). gvsurs pasuxi gavceT bunebrivad warmoSobil<br />
kiTxvas: ramdenad produqtiuli SeiZleba aRmoCndes qarTuli<br />
mravalxmianobis formaTa swored dialeqturi day<strong>of</strong>is principis ZiriTad<br />
kriteriumad miCneva marTlac, Janrulze, an am TavSi aRniSnuli sxva<br />
romelime kriteriumze metad swored es faqtori unda axdendes yvelaze<br />
ukeT qarTuli mravalxmianobis TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adi, erovnuli xasiaTis<br />
identificirebas. magram aRmoCndeba, rom dialeqtebi nakleb<br />
madiferencirebel Tvisebas amJRavneben. iqneb sjobs gavaerTianoT<br />
dialeqtebi garkveuli `regionuli~ principiT da es kriteriumi<br />
davukavSiroT kompoziciuri principebis kriteriums miviRebT Semdeg<br />
savaraudo cnebebs: `mTis ostinatur mravalxmianobas~, `aRmosavleT baris<br />
burdonul mravalxmianobas~, an `dasavleT saqarTveloss sinqronuli<br />
mravalxmianobas~ da a.S. magram masalaze dakvirvebisas davinaxavT, rom<br />
aseTi jgufebi zedmetad mravalsaxovan struqturebs mouyris TavanT<br />
arealSi Tavs.<br />
tradiciebi ibadeba adamianTa konkretuli erTobis farglebSi. aseTi<br />
erToblioba SesaZloa, iyos eTnikuri, socialuri da regionaluri<br />
(voklova ... 1982 :179-80). regionul doneze tradiciaTa CamoyalibebaSi unda<br />
vigulisxmoT erTiani erovnuli kompoziciuri stilis, anu musikaluri<br />
enis gamarTva, eTnikur doneze _ dialeqtur nairsaxeobaTa damkvidreba,<br />
112
xolo socialur sibrtyeSi _ socialuri jgufebis arsebobis<br />
paralelurad unda SemuSavdes Janruli diferenciacia da unda daemTxves<br />
SromiTi Tu sxva saqmianobis transformaciis safexurebs.<br />
baiburinis mixedviT, arqaul sazogadoebaSi ueWvelad unda<br />
vigulisxmoT sulieri da praqtikuli moRvaweobis gamovlinebaTa<br />
imdagvari mWidro kavSiri, romlis drosac ramdenime mkafio winaaRmdegoba<br />
utilitaruli da simboluri aspeqtebisa SeuZlebelia (baiburini 1985 :44).<br />
aqve unda gavixsenoT bartokis mier SemoTavazebuli sami stadia<br />
fokloris ganviTarebisa: 1) pirvely<strong>of</strong>ili homogenuroba; 2) stilebis<br />
diferenciacia, romlebic Janrebs Seesatyviseba; 3) stilebisa da Janrebis<br />
sazRvrebis gaqroba (ruiteli 1989 :63). dRes qarTuli tradiciuli musika<br />
bolo ori safexuris mijnaze dgas. SemorCenilia zogierTi Janris<br />
(samkurnalo, kalendaruli, akvnis, samgloviaro) simRerisa da dasakravis<br />
Tavis bunebriv garemoSi Sesrulebis tradicia, Tumca ZiriTad masivs<br />
tradiciuli musikisa dRes dakarguli aqvs is Janruli maxasiaTebeli, ra<br />
kuTxiTac Cven am nimuSs vicnobT. marTlac, JanrTaSorisi recefciis (erTi<br />
Janris mier meorisagan garkveuli elementebis sesxeba (pravdiuki 1984 :35)<br />
da JanrTa unifikaciis (jorbenaZe 1989 :137) movlenaTa gverdiT JanrTa<br />
TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobisaTvis gansakuTrebiT damRupvelia bartokis zemoT<br />
moyvanil citataSi asaxuli saerTo funqcionaluri nivelireba. swored am<br />
process gulisxmobs rogaCevskaia, rodesac ambobs, rom saferxulo<br />
simRerebi xSirad sacekvao da TviT gabmul simRerebad gadaiqceodnen<br />
xolmeo (rogaCevskaia 1980 :123). aseTi nivelirebis gamovlenaa mTeli<br />
dRevandeli qarTuli musikaluri foklori. Janris socialuri aspeqtis<br />
wminda praqtikuli gagebiT dRes qarTul tradiciul musikaSi<br />
SenarCunebulia ZiriTadad axali Janri _ sasceno da sufruli, da<br />
mxolod fragmentulad _ samgloviaro, akvnis, ritualuri, magiuri<br />
(samkurnalo, amindis Secvlis) Janrebi.<br />
asakobriv-sqesobrivi reglamenti Tavisi garegnuli ieriT socialur<br />
rigs mogvagonebs. es gasagebicaa. kacs, qals, bavSvs (bavSvis asakSi sqesis<br />
mixedviT day<strong>of</strong>as ar viTvaliswinebT), socialuri jgufis msgavsad, aqvT<br />
interesebisa da saqmianobis gansakuTrebuli wre. magram unda<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom TviT ojaxi, sadac ikribebian CamoTvlili wevrebi,<br />
113
erT garkveul socialur jgufad unda CaiTvalos. maSasadame, asakobrivsqesobrivi<br />
rigi erTgvari xidicaa socialuri da Janris rigebs Soris.<br />
SemsrulebelTa Semadgenlobis reglamentis rigebSi, SesaZloa,<br />
Tavidan gaugebroba gamoiwvios `solo mravalxmianobis~ jgufma, sadac<br />
pirvel rigSi unda vigulisxmoT solo instrumentuli mravalxmianoba,<br />
xolo zogierT sxva kulturaSi am jgufSi solo vokaluri (`xorxismieri<br />
mRera~) mravalxmianobac igulisxmeba. am rigSi metad mniSvnelovania<br />
individualuri Sesrulebisa da gunduri Sesrulebis klasebis gamoy<strong>of</strong>a,<br />
rac tipologiuri klasifikaciis Sedgenisas SesaZloa erTaderTi<br />
dasayrdeni kriteriumi aRmoCndes am ori jgufis gancalkevebisaTvis.<br />
aucileblad migvaCnia Sesrulebis reglamentidan sakravis gamoyenebis<br />
rigis calke gamoy<strong>of</strong>a. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, calke vokaluri da calke<br />
sakravieri Sesrulebis sxvadasxva reglamentTa Soris kombinirebis<br />
sxvadasxva variantTa simravle metad gagviZnelebda am rigis farglebSi<br />
orientirebas. swored amave mizeziT sakravieri musikis Semdgom<br />
diferenciacias (Casaberi, simebiani, dasartyami) aq aRar vaxdenT.<br />
mravalxmianobis stilis gansazRvraSi erT-erTi prioritetuli<br />
mniSvneloba ekisreba Sesrulebis procesSi monawile xmebis, rogorc<br />
mravalxmiani faqturis partiebis, raodenobas. mravalxmianobis saxeTa<br />
gansazRvraSi es rigi mxolod mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri tipebis rigs<br />
Tu CamorCeba mniSvnelobiT. sxvadasxva xalxTa mravalxmianobis zogierTi<br />
arsebuli klasifikacia swored xmaTa raodenobis kriteriumiT SerCeul<br />
jgufebs eyrdnoba, radgan sxva kriteriumiT maTi diferenciacia mkafiod<br />
ver xerxdeba.<br />
rac Seexeba qarTul mravalxmian tradicias, SeiZleba igi davyoT<br />
orxmian, samxmian da oTxxmian nimuSebad, magram aseTi day<strong>of</strong>a gvaZlevs<br />
mxolod erT mkafiod CamonakvTul sinTezur, magram originalur formas _<br />
esaa `naduri~ oTxxmianoba. iqneb sxva, ufro arsobrivi maxasiaTebeli<br />
movuZebnoT am ukanasknels, vidre _ xmaTa raodenoba SesaZloa, aseT<br />
maxasiaTeblad gamodges specifikuri xmis partia `Semxmobari~ _ rogorc<br />
faqturaSi ostinaturi periodulobiT CarTvadi burdonuli `zeda bani~.<br />
marTlac, krimanWulis msgavsad, Semxmobaric heterogenuli<br />
114
mravalxmianobis stabilur da koloritul tips SeimuSavebs qarTul<br />
musikalur tradiciaSi.<br />
rac Seexeba qarTul orxmianobas da samxmianobas, es ori jgufi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki samxmianoba, ar amJRavnebs ramdenadme mkafio gamoxatul<br />
midrekilebas mravalxmianobis romelime tipisadmi, mcireodeni SeniSvniT:<br />
orxmianobaSi iSviaTia paralinealuri tipis aRmoCenis Sansi, xolo<br />
heterogenuli formebi, cxadia, mas ubralod ar gaaCnia.<br />
SegveZlo kidev romelime niSnis mixedviT gamogveyo rigebi. zogierTi<br />
mkvlevari (volklova javaxiSvili 1982 :203. garayaniZe 1990 :156). aRniSnavs,<br />
rom saqarTvelos eTnografiul rukaze vertikaluri zonaluroba kargad<br />
aris gamokveTili, rac gvibiZgebs gamovyoT mTisa da baris klasebi.<br />
SesaZloa, gamarTlebuli iyos simReris sityvieri teqstis mixedviT rigix<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>a, romelSic Semdegi klasebi moTavsdebian: Sinaarsdakargul<br />
sityvebze agebuli mravalxmianoba: sityvieri teqstis metrze, ritmze da<br />
sxva gamomsaxvelobiT niSnebze damokidebuli mravalxmianoba (Seikini<br />
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs verbaluri da musikaluri teqstis<br />
mdgradobis urTierTmimarTebas da am damokidebulebis oTx variants<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>s (Seikini 1983 :79). sityvier teqstze Sinaarsobrivad<br />
damokidebuli simRerebi da piriqiT _ sityvieri teqstis avtonomiuroba<br />
musikalurisagan (magaliTad, sacekvao simRerebis saferxuloTagan erTerTi<br />
ganmasxvavebeli niSani swored sityvieri teqstis funqciis<br />
nivelirebaa (rogaCevskaia 1980 :125-126). magram, aseTi `aratradiciuli~<br />
aspeqtebisagan amjerad Tavs SevikavebT _ ZiriTadad im motiviT, rom<br />
gagviZneldeba am rigebSi klasTa erTeulebis konturebis ase Tu ise<br />
koreqtulad moxazva.<br />
ra sargeblobis motana SeuZlia saSemsruleblo reglamentis<br />
kriteriumis gaTvaliswinebas qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis<br />
tipologiuri klasifikaciis SemuSavebisas upirveles yovlisa, aseTi<br />
leqsikografiuli meTodiT SemuSavebuli reglamentur rigTa speqtri<br />
mkafio warmodgenas gviqmnis tradiciul mravalxmianobaze gavlenis mqone<br />
garegnuli faqtorebis mTel `geografiaze~, rac SemdegSi kvlevis mraval<br />
sxva mimarTulebas warmoaCens. amas garda, klasTa es rigebi naTely<strong>of</strong>en<br />
qarTuli erTiani mravalxmiani stilis arsebobas, rac dasturdeba<br />
115
omelime rigis sivrceSi klasTa stilisturad aramkafio<br />
diferenciaciaSi. da bolos, saSemsruleblo reglamentis kriteriumi<br />
aaSkaravebs qarTul tradiciul mravalxmianobaSi `Sesrulebamdeli~<br />
mocemulobis aratipologiur mniSvnelobas, radgan mravalxmianobis<br />
kompoziciuri principebi, ar amJRavneben romelime rigis klasebSi<br />
unaklulod ganawilebis tendencias. gamonakliss Seadgens oTxxmianobis<br />
klasis Tanxvedra guruli naduri (koleqtiuri Sromis) simRerebis<br />
mravalxmianobis saxesTan.<br />
116
samuSao klasifikaciebi<br />
amjerad yuradRebas mivapyrobT qarTuli tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianobis sakuTriv procesualur mxares da vecdebiT mxolod TiTo-<br />
TiTo, oRond urTierTgansxvavebuli kriteriumebiT am masalis day<strong>of</strong>as. es<br />
dagvexmareba: a) gamovarCioT, yvelaze mosaxerxebeli kriteriumi<br />
klasificirebisa, b) davadginoT, Tu klasifikaciis ra etapze, romeli<br />
kriteriumis gamoyenebaa upriani, g) kidev erTxel gadavamowmoT qarTuli<br />
tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri tipis cnebis sazRvrebi. am<br />
mcire masStabis, lokalur klasifikaciur sistemebs CvenTvis kvlevis<br />
Sualeduri, samuSao mniSvneloba gaaCnia, amitom maT swored `samuSao<br />
klasifikaciebis~ saxeliT movixseniebT.<br />
aRniSnuli klasifikaciuri sqemebi, qarTuli tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianobis rTuli da mravalsaxovani struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
ZiriTadad mravalsafexuriani iqneba. ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia mravali<br />
iseTi klasifikaciuri sqemis SemoTavazeba, romelic mxolod erT<br />
safexurze unaSTod ganalagebs or antagonistur jgufs. magaliTad: sada<br />
mravalxmianoba _ sinTezuri mravalxmianoba, homogenuri _ heterogenuli,<br />
sinqronuli – antiqronuli... SesaZloa, saWirocaa aseTi pirveladi<br />
diferenciacia da isic `samuSao~ klasifikaciis saxeobebad SegviZlia<br />
vigulisxmoT. oRond aseTi erTsafexuriani sqemebidan ZiriTadi<br />
tipologiuri sqemis SemuSavebaSi SesaZloa mxolod `krimanWuliani<br />
mravalxmianobis~ erTeuli gamogvadges (krimanWuliani mravalxmianobaukrimanWulo<br />
mravalxmianoba), radganac igi ar identificirdeba sxva ufro<br />
gamokveTili kriteriumis mixedviT, vidre krimanWulis Semcvelobaa.<br />
gavixsenoT, rom krimanWuliani mravalxmianoba aris ostinatos Semcveli<br />
sinTezuri forma, magram ara _ ostinaturi mravalxmianobis forma.<br />
ukve cnobilia, rom ZiriTadi taqsonomiuri erTeulis _ tipis<br />
ZiriTad ganmsazRvrelad, anu ZiriTad orientirad Cven uyoymanod viRebT<br />
mravalxmianobis kompoziciur princips. es kriteriumi arsebiTia _ mis mier<br />
gamorCeuli movlenis arsze miuTiTebs, anu am simravlis mizezobriv-<br />
Sedegobrivi xasiaTis niSan-Tvisebebs asaxavs (tipologia 1982 ... 117).<br />
117
ogorc adrec aRvniSneT, mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principebi<br />
qarTul tradiciaSi mJRavndeba epizodurad da stabilurad. epizodur<br />
doneze gamokveTil princips ZiriTadad mxolod kontaminaciuri formis<br />
SemuSaveba ZaluZs, xolo stabilurad gamovlenil princips ukve savsebiT<br />
xelewifeba, gansaxilvel fragments (rogorc gvaxsovs, es monakveTi<br />
dasrulebul musikalur azrs unda gamoxatavdes) Sesabamisi tipis, an<br />
ukidures SemTxvevaSi heterogenuli formis gansazRvreba miusadagos.<br />
amrigad, winaswari SefasebiT, Cvens mier daxasiaTebuli<br />
mravalxmianobis xuTi kompoziciuri principis Sesabamisad unda<br />
vigulisxmoT minimum xuTi tipis arseboba: _ ostinaturis, burdonulis,<br />
sinqronulis, paraleluris da paralinealuris. es CamonaTvali, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis formaTa tipologiuri<br />
klasifikaciis `ConCxia~. sxva `samuSao~ klasifikaciebis Sedgenisas<br />
prioritetul yuradRebas mivapyrobT am xuTi principis, rogorc Sesabamisi<br />
tipis ZiriTadi Tvisebis gamovlenas.<br />
erT-erT mniSvnelovan kriteriumad gvesaxeba Cvens mier adre<br />
ganxiluli modelis, rogorc tradiciuli mravalxmianobis melodiurritmuli<br />
formula-Targis, erTaderTi forma qarTuli xalxuri<br />
mravalxmianobisa, romelSic melodiuri da ritmuli modeli naklebad<br />
mkafiodaa gamokveTili, burdonuli mravalxmianobis kontinualuri<br />
saxeobaa _ xmovanze gamRerebul simaRlisucvlel banze damyarebuli<br />
mravalxmiani struqtura.<br />
mkafio modelis Semcvel nimuSebSi modelis kriteriums ganvixilavT<br />
misi ori komponentis mixedviT: a) melodiuri modelis (melodiis ZiriTadi<br />
maxasiaTeblis _ bgeraTsimaRlebrivi koordinatis mixedviT) da ritmuli<br />
modelis mxriv; b) xmaTa Soris ziar anu msgavs da kontrastul (rogorc<br />
kilo-melodiuri, aseve ritmuli TvalsazrisiT) mxriv.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom mravalxmianobaSi melodiur kavSirebs<br />
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba, modelis am or aspeqtze dakvirvebisas<br />
SevatyobT, rom qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis saxeTa simravlis<br />
mkafio pirveladi day<strong>of</strong>is unari modelis ritmul mxares ufro<br />
xelewifeba, vidre bgeraTsimaRlebrivs. marTlac, am simravlis day<strong>of</strong>a<br />
118
ziari ritmuli modelis da kontrastuli ritmuli modelis Semcvelobis<br />
mixedviT ufro Tanabari sididis da mkafiod gamijnul or jgufs gvaZlevs,<br />
vidre _ melodiuri ziari modelis da kontrastuli melodiuri modelis<br />
Semcvelobis mixedviT dajgufebuli calke paraleluri da calke<br />
danarCeni formis mravalxmiani naxatebi.<br />
amrigad, qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis mTlian plasts<br />
modelis kriteriumis mixedviT davy<strong>of</strong>T ziari ritmuli modelis Semcvel<br />
jgufad da kontrastuli ritmuli modelis Semcvel jgufad. am safexuris<br />
Semdeg ritmuli sinqroniisa da antiqroniis erTsafexuriani kriteriumi<br />
aqtualobas kargavs, radgan ritmuli modeli mxolod sxvadasxva xmis<br />
partiebSi ritmuli suraTis Tanxvedra-arTanxvedris mxriv iZleva mkafio<br />
gansxvavebas. magram es exeba ritmul koordinirebul models, anu xmaTa<br />
urTierTobis momwesrigebel models. rac Seexeba gankerZoebul, anu calke<br />
erT xmaSi gamokveTil models, am mxriv ritmul models kidev aqvs<br />
madiferencirebeli funqciis rezervi, romlis gamoyenebiTac gamoiy<strong>of</strong>a<br />
reCitaciuli burdonis jgufi.<br />
rac Seexeba ritmuli ziari modelis areals, Semdeg safexurs<br />
mogvcems calke melodiuri da calke ziari ritmuli modelis versiebis<br />
erToblivi kriteriumi, romelic, kombinirebisas, or jgufs gamokveTs: 1)<br />
melodiuri da ritmuli ziari modeli _ gamoxatuli paraleluri<br />
xmaTasvlis kompoziciuri principiT; 2) mxolod ritmuli ziari modeli _<br />
gamoxatuli sinqronis kompoziciuri principiT, agreTve _ zemonaxsenebi<br />
reCitaciuli burdonis jgufiT;<br />
ritmulad kontrastuli modelis arealSi, kriteriumebis erT doneze<br />
gamoyenebis meTodis Tanaxmad, pirvel rigSi gamovy<strong>of</strong>T melodiuri ziari<br />
modelis Semcvel da aseTis armqone jgufebs. pirvel maTganSi<br />
vgulisxmobT ara ritmuli ziari (xmebis erTmaneTTan ritmuli sinqronis<br />
azriT), aramed _ mxolod melodiuri ziari modelis Semcvelobas, anu _<br />
mxolod ritmuli kontrastuli modelis Semcvelobas, gamoxatuls<br />
qarTuli sivrcisaTvis araaqtualuri (mxolod uaRresad fragmentulad<br />
gamomJRavnebuli) imitaciis principiT.<br />
aRniSnuli `efemeruli~ jgufis gamoy<strong>of</strong>is Semdeg, ukve mTlianad<br />
kontrastuli modelis jgufSi Tavsdeba rogorc specifikuri xmebis<br />
119
(gankerZoebuli modelis), aseve mis armqone struqturebi. rac gvaZlevs<br />
safuZvels, rom swored am, calke xmaSi ganxorcielebuli modelis<br />
mixedviT movaxdinoT Semdgomi day<strong>of</strong>a.<br />
maSasadame, kontrastuli ritmuli modelis Semcveli stuqturebs<br />
davy<strong>of</strong>T gankerZoebuli modelis Semcvel da koordinirebuli, anu<br />
partnioruli modelis _ paralinealur modelis jgufebad. paralinealuri<br />
modeli, TavisTavad, paralinealuri xmaTasvlis kompoziciur principsa da<br />
Sesabamis tips gulisxmobs. rac Seexeba gankerZoebuli models, misi<br />
day<strong>of</strong>isas gamogvadgeba gankerZoebuli modelis simaRlis ucvleli da<br />
cvalebadi simaRlis saxeebis gamijnva, saxeldobr (da Sesabamisad), erTi<br />
mxriv, burdonul da meore mxriv, gadaZaxilian da ostinatur principtipebad.<br />
gankerZoebul modelis am safexuris Semdgomi day<strong>of</strong>a _<br />
burdonuli mravalxmianobis jgufisa _ SegviZlia ritmuli modelis<br />
kriteriumiT, romelic ukve gamoviyeneT sinqronuli jgufis day<strong>of</strong>isas.<br />
miviRebT igive reCitaciuli _ sinqronuli burdonisa da antiqronuli<br />
burdonis jgufs. Tumca reCitaciuli burdoni ukve sakmaod scildeba<br />
gankerZoebuli modelis farglebs da ufro sinqronuli mravalxmianobis<br />
wiaRSi Tavsdeba. amgvarad, burdonuli mravalxmianoba sinqronul da<br />
antiqronul or did jgufs Soris TanakveTis areals qmnis.<br />
rac Seexeba gankerZoebuli modelis ostinatur, burdonul da<br />
gadaZaxilian formebs, unda gavixsenoT, rom Tanabrad gavrcelebulia,<br />
rogorc sinTezuri, aseve sada mravalxmianur formebSi. ase, rom mogvixdeba<br />
swored am niSniT maTi Semdgomi day<strong>of</strong>a. magram am etapze modelis<br />
kriteriumi ver aWarbebs Tavis uflebamosilebas. amitom burdonuli,<br />
ostinaturi da gadaZaxiliani formebis sinTezur da sada formebSi<br />
daxarisxeba sxva kriteriums unda mivandoT. amjerad ki warmovadgenT<br />
modelis kriteriumis meSveobiT Sedgenil sqemas:<br />
ix. danarTSi sqema #1<br />
rac Seexeba identur models, misi qona-arqonis mixedviT or<br />
araTanabar jgufad iy<strong>of</strong>a araTu mravalxmianobis, aramed ufro didi<br />
erTeulis _ koleqtiuri Sesrulebis jgufi. Sedegad viRebT identuri<br />
modelis erTguli xmebis koleqtiur erTxmianobas da minimum ori xmis mier<br />
120
identuri modelis gauziareblobas _ koleqtiur mravalxmianobas. amgvari<br />
day<strong>of</strong>a tipologiuri klasifikaciis sawyis etapze dagvWirdeba.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, modelis kriteriumad gamoyenebisas qarTuli<br />
tradiciuli mravalxmianobis tipebi sakmaod mkafio sazRvrebSi<br />
gamoikveTeba. gamonakliss Seadgenen: sinTezuri formebi, ostinaturi tipi,<br />
romlis totalur saxesxvaobas modelis kriteriumis aRniSnuli<br />
gradaciebi ver `agnebs~. aseve paralinealuri tipis komplementaruli da<br />
totaluri nairsaxeobebi.<br />
gavixsenoT xmaTa raodenobis kriteriumic, romelic saSemsruleblo<br />
reglamentis kriteriumTa Soris movixsenieT. marTlac, bunebrivia, gamoiyos<br />
oTxxmianoba, rogorc tipi. am sivrces ZiriTadad naduri oTxxmianoba<br />
daikavebda, radgan masSi krimanWulisa da gamyivanis monacvleoba or<br />
mkveTrad gansxvavebul formas ar warmoSobs. marTalia, qarTul<br />
tradiciul musikaSi oTxxmianobis sxva gamovlinebebic gvxvdeba, magaliTad<br />
_ `hariras~ tipis zogierT simReraSi, romelsac totaluri ostinatos<br />
principis ganxorcielebad miviCnevT (magaliTi # 76); aseve gavixsenebdiT<br />
gviandel qalaqur sinqronul simReraSi `CarTuli~ xmis gamoyenebas, magram<br />
`hariraSi~ meoTxe xma heter<strong>of</strong>oniul xasiaTs atarebs, xolo `CarTuli~<br />
fuqncionalurad nakleb individualuria, Tan _ aSkarad gviandeli,<br />
saestrado musikis gavlenis Sedegi, rac mas xalxur xmad wodebis<br />
`legitimurobas~ ukargavs.<br />
ganvixiloT mravalxmianobis saxeTa diferenciaciis tradiciuli _<br />
xmaTasvlis, ufro zustad ki _ xmaTa mimarTulebis kriteriumi. cnobilia<br />
am mimarTebiT sam uzogades saxed day<strong>of</strong>is tradicia: a) iribi xmaTasvla,<br />
romelsac qarTul mravalxmianobaSi Seesabameba burdonuli tipi, b)<br />
pirdapiri xmaTasvla _ paralelizmiT da g) sawinaaRmdego xmaTasvla _<br />
paralinealuri, ostinaturi, sinqronuli tipebiT.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, xmaTa mimarTulebis kriteriumi yvelaze sadad da<br />
mkafiod gviCvenebs gansxvavebas burdonul, paralelur da danarCen sam<br />
tips Soris. gansakuTrebiT mkafiod gamoy<strong>of</strong>s paralelur mravalxmianobas.<br />
magram uZneldeba burdonisa da danarCen formaTa garCeva erTmaneTisagan.<br />
am kriteriums aqvs erTi naklic: igi SesaZloa gawvdes mxolod ori xmis<br />
121
urTierTdamokidebulebis gansazRvras. amgvarad, zemoT naxsenebi `samuSao~<br />
klasifikacia samxmianobis wiaRSi naklebad koreqtuli iqneba. aq xmaTa<br />
koordinaciis sami aspeqtiT unda SevxedoT: I da II, II da III, I da III xmis<br />
mimarTulebaTa SefardebiT, rac saxeldebisas damatebiT sazrunavs gviCens.<br />
amitom mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, vecadoT, qarTuli samxmianobis<br />
grafikuli modeli orxmian plastad SevamWidrovoT da aRniSnuli<br />
kriteriumic am modificirebul proeqcias mivusadagoT.<br />
rogor warmogvidgenia aseTi SemWidroebis operacia samxmianobis<br />
romelime ori funqcionalurad msgavsi xma erT plastad unda aRviqvaT.<br />
qarTul tradiciaSi aseTad, cxadia, zeda ori xmis erToblioba unda<br />
vigulisxmoT. bani, xSirad rogorc gunduri unisoni da, Sesabamisad _<br />
Sedgenili movlena, meore plastis rols itvirTavs. aseTi ori plastis<br />
mimarTulebis kriteriumi xmaTasvlis procesualuri kriteriumis<br />
gamartivebuli, magram ufro moqnili saxea. mas sxvagvarad banisa da zeda<br />
xmebis urTierTobis, an ufro mokled _ `banis<br />
kriteriums~ vuwodebdiT.<br />
qarTul tradiciul mravalxmianobaSi bani, rogorc viciT, yvelaze<br />
stabiluri funqciis xmaa. amitom mravalxmianobis saxeTa diferenciaciisas<br />
misi faqtoris gamoyenebas gverds verc avuvliT. es `samuSao~ klasifikacia,<br />
Cveulebriv, movlenis or safexurad gay<strong>of</strong>is princips emyareba. cxadia, bans<br />
sxvadasxva saxed day<strong>of</strong>isas pirvel rigSi yuradReba unda mivaqcioT mis<br />
sxva xmebTan koordinaciis xarisxs. magram, amave dros, banis gareSe xmebis<br />
Tvisebebi ar unda gamoviyenoT madiferencirebel kriteriumad (am mxriv<br />
banis kriteriumi agebs zogadad xmaTasvlis kriteriumTan). am problemis<br />
gadaWras gagviadvilebs sxva xmebTan koordinaciis meti xarisxiT<br />
gamorCeuli banisa da sxva xmebisagan SedarebiT gamocalkevebuli,<br />
individualuri banis urTierTgamijnva. amgvari meTodiT viRebT or jgufs<br />
_<br />
individualiz<br />
izebuli<br />
banis mqoneT _ paralinealuri, nawilobriv<br />
ostinaturi, da simaRlis ucvleli koordinirebuli banis mqoneT _<br />
burdonuli, paraleluri sinqronuli da koordinirebuli banis ostinatos.<br />
amave dros, ar unda dagvaviwydes reCitaciuli burdonis Semcveli<br />
mravalxmianoba, romelic erTi mxriv, simaRlisucvlel bans Seicavs, xolo<br />
meore mxriv, sinqronuli mravalxmianobis qvesimravlea. magram banis<br />
kriteriumis ganzomilebaSi igi mxolod burdonul mravalxmianobas<br />
122
ekuTvnis. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom aseTi day<strong>of</strong>is absulutizeba ar unda<br />
movaxdinoT. warmovadgenT Sesabamis sqemas:<br />
ix. danarTSi sqema #2<br />
advili SesamCnevia, rom aRniSnuli kriteriumebiT ar mJRavndeba<br />
Sedgenili formebis konturebi, gansakuTrebiT oTxxmianobisa, radgan am<br />
ukanasknelis pirobebSi romelime ori plastis erT plastad warmodgena<br />
SeuZlebelia. banis kriteriumi aseve ver ansxvavebs paralinealur da<br />
ostinatur, paralelur da sinqronul formebs. aseve ver xerxdeba am<br />
kriteriumiT calke ostinaturi mravalxmianobis, ufro ki misi or an met<br />
xmaSi ganxorcielebis formebis gamocalkeveba.<br />
swored am etapze sakmaod aqtualurad gvesaxeba Cvens mier adre<br />
ganxiluli musikaluri azris warmarTvis `iniciativis<br />
iniciativis~<br />
kriteriumis<br />
gamoyeneba qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis formaTa gamosay<strong>of</strong>ad.<br />
iniciativis<br />
talRiseburi<br />
da lideruli gamovlinebis jgufebSi<br />
Sesabamisad, pirvel mxares ganTavsdeba paralinealuri mravalxmianoba,<br />
sinqronuli mravalxmianoba (ver aviRebT orientacias iniciativis<br />
funqcionalur xarisxze, romelic sinqronul mravalxmianobaSi<br />
minimumamdea dayvanili), burdonuli kontaminacia; xolo meore mxares _<br />
paraleluri xmaTasvla, ostinatos Semcveli mravalxmianoba, burdonulparaleluri<br />
da orxmiani burdonuli formebi. rogorc vxedavT, calke<br />
aRebuli iniciativis kriteriumi naklebefeqturia qarTuli<br />
mravalxmianobis tipebis gamosay<strong>of</strong>ad. Tumca guldasmiT dakvirvebisas<br />
aRmoCndeba, rom misi fragmentuli gamoyeneba efeqtur Sedegebs mogvcems.<br />
kerZod, iniciativis kriteriumi mkafiod y<strong>of</strong>s gankerZoebul models<br />
iniciativian (ostinatur) da uiniciativo (burdonul) modelis Semcvel<br />
formebad; agreTve _ iniciativiani (ostinaturi) da uiniciativo<br />
(burdonuli) banis jgufebad. da rac yvelaze ufro gamosadegia,<br />
iniciativis kriteriums gansakuTrebuli Tviseba gaaCnia, individualuri<br />
banis mravalxmianoba dayos iniciativis `komplementaruli~ (talRiseburi)<br />
gamovlenisa (paralinealuri mravalxmianobisa) da iniciativis `lideruli~<br />
gamovlenis (ostinaturi mravalxmianobis) jgufebad. Tavad paralinealuri<br />
mravalxmianobis day<strong>of</strong>ac SeiZleba talRiseburi iniciativisa da<br />
123
`bundovani~ iniciativis fragmentebad, magram am ukanasknel day<strong>of</strong>as erTi<br />
mTliani movlenis gaumarTlebel danawevrebad miviCnevdiT.<br />
zemoTmoyvanil kriteriumebs vusadagebT dasrulebuli dramaturgiuli<br />
formis mqone musikalur struqturebs, romlebic, rogorc kvlevis<br />
obieqtebi, invariantuli fragmentebis saxiT warmoidgineba. magram es<br />
kriteriumebi ugulebely<strong>of</strong>en iseT SemoqmedebiT principebs, romlebic<br />
scildebian am invariantTa masStabs da maTi `mza~ erTeulebiT manipulireben.<br />
es procesi ara calkeuli musikaluri movlenis _ melodiis, ritmis<br />
da a.S., aramed Tavad mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principebis modelirebis<br />
da Semdgomi sinTezis gziT SegviZlia warmovidginoT. am principTa<br />
kombinireba qarTul xalxur mravalxmianobaSi ori mimarTulebiT xdeba:<br />
mravalxmianobis principTa sinTezi horizontaluri ganfenis mimarTulebiT<br />
da aseTive sinTezi vertikaluri SerwymiT. orive SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs<br />
mravalxmianobis sinTezur, anu Sedgenil formasTan, romelTac<br />
gamoimuSavebs mravalxmianobis kompoziciur principTa sinTezis principi,<br />
anu sinTezuri mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principi.<br />
mravalxmianobis kompoziciur principTa vertikaluri kombinaciiT<br />
miiReba mravalxmianobis heterogenuli forma. cxadia, amgvari kombinacia<br />
SesaZlebelia samxmianobis, an oTxxmianobis pirobebSi (mravalxmianobis<br />
kompoziciuri principis gamomJRavnebisaTvis xom minimum ori xmaa saWiro).<br />
heterogenuli forma qarTul mravalxmian simReraSi Semdegi principebis<br />
SeTanxmebiT miiReba:<br />
1. zeda ori xmis antifonuri, kerZod ki _ responsoruli<br />
monacvleobiT burdonuli banis fonze (burdonulresponsoruli);<br />
2. zeda ori xmis paralelizmiT burdonuli banis fonze<br />
(burdonul-paraleluri);<br />
3. zeda ori xmis paralelizmiT kontrastuli banis fonze<br />
(kontrastul-paraleluri);<br />
4. minimum ori gankerZoebuli modelis, anu specifikuri xmis<br />
Semcveloba (ostinaturi krimanWuli da warTqma; krimanWuli,<br />
warTqma da burdonuli Semxmobari;)<br />
124
maSin, rodesac mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principebi erTi<br />
dasrulebuli musikaluri azris ganmavlobaSi monacvleobs, miiReba<br />
kontaminaciuri struqtura, anu mravalxmianobis Sedgenili forma (da ara<br />
_ tipi, radgan es ukanaskneli taqsonomiuri erTeuli gansaxilvel<br />
fragmentSi stilur erTgvarovnebas gulisxmobs). aseTi kontaminacia<br />
ZiriTadad sami meTodiT xorcieldeba: a) burdonuli banis ziari modelis<br />
Semcveli xmaTasvliT Senacvleba (burdonis paralelisturi, an<br />
sinqronuli svliT amoZraveba an piriqiT _ paraleluri an mxolod<br />
sinqronuli moZraobis burdonuli ganfeniT Canacvleba); b) paralineluri<br />
an sinqronuli mravalxmianobis gadaZaxiliT Canacvleba da g) xmaTa Soris<br />
modelis sxvadasxva doniT gaziareba (paralelizmis sinqronSi gadazrda an<br />
_ piriqiT).<br />
gvxvdeba heterogenuli formebis kontaminaciac.<br />
unda iTqvas, rom kontaminaciuri konstruqciebi qarTul simReraSi<br />
sakmaod iSviaTad iRebs tipuri kanonzomierebis iers, amitom aq mravalxmianobis<br />
kontaminaciuri formis, rogorc stabiluri musikalur-saazrovno<br />
kategoriis gamocalkevebas naklebad saWirod miviCnevT.<br />
imis gamo, rom ostinaturi mravalxmianobis gamoy<strong>of</strong>is siZnele adrec<br />
ver gadailaxa, vecdebiT, ostinatos sxvadasxva saxeobebis klasifikaciuri<br />
identificirebisaTvis calke iseTi kriteriumi moviyvanoT, romelic kargad<br />
gamokveTs am movlenis arsobriv bunebas. ra axasiaTebs ostinatos<br />
perioduloba da arasruli, Ria ganviTareba. am ukanasknelSi vgulisxmobT<br />
musikaluri azris damaboloebeli nagebobis armqone, permanentul ganfenas.<br />
swored am Tvisebis gamosarCev kriteriums mivmarTavT da mas `ganviTarebis<br />
dramaturgiuli<br />
aspeqtis~, an mokled _ `sasrulobis<br />
sasrulobis~<br />
kriteriums<br />
SevarqmevT.<br />
musikaluri dramaturgia, rogorc funqciurad gamokveTili fazebis<br />
droiTi organizacia (aruTinovi-jinWaraZe ... 2004 :18), pirvel yovlisa,<br />
eqspoziciis, ganviTarebis da dasasrulis funqciebs moiazrebs. da amitom<br />
am kriteriumiT, upirveles yovlisa, mravalxmian struqturas davy<strong>of</strong>T<br />
`sasruli~ da `arasruli~ ganviTarebis nagebobebad. cneba `sasruli~<br />
125
aRniSnavs dasrulebuli musikaluri azris dramaturgiulad erT mTlian<br />
plastad aRqmis SesaZleblobas. amgvar movlenas SeiZleba cneba `Caketili<br />
formac~ mivusadagoT. xolo cneba `arasruli~, anu `Ria forma~ niSnavs<br />
musikaluri azris iseT ganviTarebas, romlisTvisac ucxoa<br />
dramaturgiulad winaswargansazRvruli, mosalodneli dasasruli, xolo<br />
xmovanebis Sewyvetisas mTeli mJReri masala sawyisi-ganviTarebisdamaboloebeli<br />
nawilebis armqone erTgvarovan plastad aRiqmeba.<br />
arasruli, anu Ria ganviTarebis jgufs, Tavis mxriv, vy<strong>of</strong>T or _<br />
`ganSladi ganviTarebis~ da `spiraluri ganviTarebis~ jgufebad. cneba<br />
`spiraluri ganviTareba~ gulisxmobs mkafio modelis perioduli<br />
ganmeorebis meTodiT warmodgenas, romlis mkafio magaliTi swored<br />
mravalxmianobis ostinaturi tipia. cneba `ganSladi~, `spiraluris~<br />
sapirispirod, miuTiTebs `daugegmavi dramaturgiis~, anu `Tavisufali<br />
improvizaciis~ principiT ganviTarebas, romlisTvisac musikaluri frazis<br />
mkafio modelireba ucxoa. aseTi meTodi qarTul sinamdvileSi mxolod<br />
potenciurad Tu SegviZlia vigulisxmoT adreuli burdon-kontinuumis<br />
wiaRSi. aseve dasaSvebia aseTi SemoqmedebiTi meTodis xalxuri musikis<br />
wiaRSi gatareba xmaTa Tavisufali ganviTarebis _ paralinealuri<br />
mravalxmianobis wiaRSi. Tumca aseTi daSvebis raime anarekls dRevandel<br />
qarTul tradiciul musikaSi, ganSladi burdonis msgavsad, ver vxedavT.<br />
rac Seexeba `sasruli~, anu `Caketili formis~ jgufs, aq Tavs moiyris<br />
burdonuli, sinqronuli, paraleluri da paralinealuri tipebi. rogorc<br />
vxedavT, am etapze dramaturgiis kriteriumis uflebamosileba izRudeba.<br />
gTavazobT msjelobis Sesabamis sqemas:<br />
ix. danarTSi sqema #3<br />
126
qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis formaTa<br />
tipologiuri klasifikacia<br />
`samuSao~ klasifikaciebis meSveobiT naTeli gaxda, rom qarTuli<br />
tradiciuli mravalxmianobis tipologiuri klasifikaciis ageba<br />
SeuZlebelia mxolod erTi kriteriumis gamoyenebiT. e. i. unda vaRiaroT,<br />
rom qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis tipebi ar aris saerTo<br />
sibrtyis niSnebiT gamorCeuli. tipurobis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtori<br />
garda mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principisa, aris is, Tu ra niSniT<br />
ganirCeva mkafiod esa Tu is forma sxvaTagan, anu _ originaluroba. rac<br />
Seexeba kompoziciuri principis mixedviT tipebis gamorCevas, es meTodi<br />
ufro metad erTgvar orientirs waagavs, romlis mixedviTac winaswar<br />
gamovarCevT tipobriv movlenas da ZiriTadad misi gamosay<strong>of</strong>i kriteriumis<br />
gamorCevaze vzrunavT.<br />
maSasadame, aRniSnul klasifikaciaSi subordinaciul jgufebad<br />
day<strong>of</strong>is sxvadasxva etapze sxvadasxva kriteriums viyenebT. amave dros,<br />
SeiZleba dagvWirdes movlenaTa iseTi niSniT gamoy<strong>of</strong>a, romelsac romelime<br />
`samuSao klasifikacia~ ver wvdeba. aseTi erTsafexuriani kriteriumi<br />
daemsgavseba krimanWuliani-ukrimanWulo antagonisturi wyvilis gamy<strong>of</strong><br />
kriteriums. aseTi meTodi SesaZloa dagvWirdes Sedgenili (sinTezuri)<br />
formebis gamosacalkeveblad, radgan `samuSao klasifikaciebi~ am rTuli<br />
struqturis yvela kuTxiT `ganaTebas~ ver axerxeben. saerTod, miuxedavad<br />
Cveni didi survilisa, rom warmodgenili klasifikacias `amomwuravi~ iyos,<br />
savsebiT bunebrivad migvaCnia, rom masSi zogierTi movlena Tavis `myar<br />
adgils~ ver ipovis. zemcovskis azriTac, `tipologizacia gulisxmobs<br />
mTel rig gamonaklisebs~ (zemcovski 1994 :12).<br />
saerTo STabeWdilebiT qarTul tradiciul mravalxmianobaSi<br />
TvalSisacemi xdeba tipur nimuSTa simcire. es ar unda gagvikvirdes.<br />
qarTuli mravalxmianobis dRevandeli nimuSebi gascildnen saerTo stilur<br />
magistralebs, SeiTavses sxvadasxva kompoziciuri meTodi da ukve mkafio<br />
individualizebul struqturebad Camoyalibdnen. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas,<br />
rom ufro advilia maTSi kompoziciur principTa anareklis Zieba, vidre<br />
maTi raime tipobriv ganzomilebaSi Cateva. aSkaraa, rom klasifikaciur<br />
127
sqemas adrindeli, SedarebiT erTgvarovani faqturuli saxeebi ufro<br />
daemorCilebodnen.<br />
maSinac ki, rodesac romelime nimuSSi raime kompoziciur princips<br />
gamovy<strong>of</strong>T, vacnobierebT, rom dRevandeli Semsrulebeli am SemoqmedebiTi<br />
principis mxolod anarekls Tu SeigrZnobs da masac, araTu mReris win,<br />
aramed _ mReris dros da namReris Semdgom gaiazrebs. dRevandeli<br />
Sesruleba xalxuri simRerisa emsgavseba pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli musikis<br />
Semsruleblis mier kompozitoris mokrZalebul `Tanaavtorobas~, da ara _<br />
originalur, improvizirebul SemoqmedebiT process.<br />
kidev erTxel movxazavT tipologiur sqemaze muSaobis ZiriTad<br />
meTodebs. yovel Semdgom safexurze movlenas or, unaSTo jgufad vy<strong>of</strong>T.<br />
miRebuli jgufebidan vy<strong>of</strong>T mxolod im jgufs, romelic Cveni interesis<br />
arealSi, anu _ qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis sferoSi, Semodis.<br />
amitom, Cveni interesis Sesabamisad, klasifikaciuri sqema Tavdapirvelad<br />
naZvis simetriuli pr<strong>of</strong>ilis cali mxaris iers iZens. amasTan, am `naZvis~<br />
`kenwerosTan~ davinaxavT qarTul tradiciul mravalxmianobasTan<br />
dakavSirebul uzogades movlenebsac. anu, klasifikaciis saTaveSi iseT<br />
jgufebsac gamovy<strong>of</strong>T, romelic araTu qarTuli, aramed yovelgvari<br />
mravalxmianobis safuZvels warmoadgens. amitom diferenciaciis am etapze<br />
leqsikografiul meTods viyenebT (cnebidan - movlenisaken), xolo<br />
uSualod qarTuli mravalxmianobis wiaRSi Sesvlisas _ day<strong>of</strong>is<br />
gramatikul meTods (movlenidan _ cnebisaken).<br />
pirvel yovlisa, warmovadgenT `koleqtiuri Semoqmedebis~ jgufs,<br />
romelic, erTi mxriv, mravalxmianobis ZiriTadi Tvisebaa, xolo meore<br />
mxriv, TavisTavad, aucileblad mravalxmianobas ar gulisxmobs. am jgufSi<br />
Semodis unisonuri Sesrulebac.<br />
koleqtiuri Sesrulebis sapirispirod gamovy<strong>of</strong>T jgufs<br />
`individualuri Sesruleba~, romelic Tavis wiaRSi, garda vokaluri<br />
erTxmianobisa (romelic, cxadia mravalxmianobasTan yvelaze daSorebuli<br />
movlenaa), moicavs solo instrumentul mravalxmianobas, solo vokalurinstrumentul<br />
mravalxmianobas da, rac ufro kargad metyvelebs adamianis<br />
mier mravalxmianobis arsisadmi miswrafebaze, solo vokaluri<br />
mravalxmianobas (`xorxismieri mRera~). am sami jgufis diferenciaciaSi<br />
128
saSemsruleblo kriteriumi gvexmareba. Tumca xorxismier mReraze (solo<br />
vokalur mravalxmianobaze) aq yuradRebas aRar gavamaxvilebT, radgan es<br />
tradicia saqarTvelosTvis sruliad ucxoa. aq mocemulia `nagulisxmevi~<br />
mravalxmianobis jgufic, romelic, ra Tqma unda realur mravalxmianobad<br />
ar aRiqmeba.<br />
rac Seexeba qarTul solo instrumentuli mravalxmianobas, rogorc<br />
adrec aRvniSneT, aq ZiriTadad vgulisxmobT erTi instrumentis farglebSi<br />
(Conguri, Wuniri, gudastviri,) ori gansxvavebuli funqciis xmis partiis<br />
arsebobas. aseTi struqturuli suraTebi ufro xSirad vokaluri<br />
Sesrulebis analogs warmoadgens, ra mxrivac SedarebiT originalur<br />
naxats Wunirze dasakravebi qmnis. rac Seexeba sinqronul-akordul wyobas<br />
(Conguri, fanduri, larWem-soinari), maT mravalxmianobis jgufs ar<br />
mivakuTvnebT _ im zemonaxsenebi mizeziT, rom funqcionalurad<br />
gansxvavebul xmebs ar Seicaven. davZenT, rom solo instrumentuli<br />
mravalxmianobis jgufs, calke ar davy<strong>of</strong>T tipebad _ maT msgavsi<br />
struqturis vokaluri mravalxmianobis tipebTan erTad moviazrebT.<br />
individualuri Sesrulebis jgufSi movaqcevT agreTve solo<br />
vokalur-instrumentul<br />
mravalxmianobasac<br />
xmianobasac. mas agreTve ar SevexebiT<br />
Semdgomi diferenciaciis mizniT, radgan sakravis partia aq ZiriTadad<br />
akompanementad, fonad aRiqmeba, miuxedavad am sakravis sxvadasxva<br />
struqturuli suraTisa (sinqronuli _ Congur-fanduri, burdonuli _<br />
gudastviri). Cveni azriT fonis funqcias dasakravebis erTeuli nimuSebi<br />
aWarbebs, rogoricaa zemoaRniSnuli larWemisa da misi damkvrelis xmis<br />
kontaminaciuri monacvleoba.<br />
koleqtiuri mravalxmianobis jgufidan Tavidanve gamovy<strong>of</strong>T vokalur<br />
da vokalur-instrumentul mravalxmianobas<br />
xmianobas.<br />
diferencirebas vagrZelebT koleqtiuri Sesrulebis mimarTulebiT.<br />
SesaZloa, gamarTlebuli iyos, koleqtiuri Semoqmedeba davyoT<br />
partniorul (saerTo SemoqmedebiTi miznis mqone), anu organizaciul da<br />
spontanur anu stiqiur jgufebad. am ukanasknelis gamovlena ar SeiniSneba<br />
raime saqmianobisadmi misadagebul, funqciurad mowesrigebul JReradobaSi,<br />
anu _ tradiciaSi. stiqiuri Sesrulebis magaliTebi SeiZleba veZioT<br />
eqspromtul ureglamento TanaJReradobaSi, romelic SeiZleba TamaSis,<br />
129
gabaasebis, emociuri datvirTvis (SesaZloa _ gantvirTvis) xasiaTs<br />
atarebdes. magram rogorc qarTul, aseve sazogado tradiciul<br />
mravalxmianobaSi amgvari epizoduri, SemTxveviTi TanaJReradobebi<br />
mizanmimarTuli Semoqmedebis nay<strong>of</strong>ad ar miiCneva, amitom am safexuris<br />
mimarT mxolod sqemis gareSe konstantacias davjerdebiT.<br />
amgvarad, koleqtiur Semoqmedebas davy<strong>of</strong>T or jgufad: koleqtiur<br />
erTxmianobad da koleqtiur mravalxmianobad. maT Soris gamy<strong>of</strong>i zRvris<br />
saukeTeso variantad gvesaxeba modelze msjelobisas daxasiaTebuli<br />
`identuri modelis~ cneba.<br />
identuri modelis gaTavisebis dros Semsruleblebis SemoqmedebiTi<br />
kmay<strong>of</strong>ileba ZiriTadad saerTo mxatvruli Canafiqris gadmocemaSi<br />
sakuTari wvlilis SetaniT miiRweva. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es aris xmaTa<br />
SeTanxmeba erTi miznis misaRwevad. am jgufSi Sedis: a) unisoni, anu<br />
identuri modelis erToblivi ganxorcieleba b) identuri antifonia, anu<br />
ori individualuri mxaris mier identuri modelis monacvleobiT aJRereba<br />
g) gaucnobierebeli paralelizmi anu minimum erTi TanamomRerlis mier<br />
unisonis arasworad, romelime intervalSi gatareba, rac kilourad<br />
damoukidebeli paralelur xmas afiqsirebs (amgvari ram qarTul<br />
tradiciul musikaSi mxolod SemTxveviT Tu SeiZleba moxdes). aseTi<br />
`SemTxveviTi~ mravalxmianobis gaucnobierebloba SesaZloa calke<br />
erTsafexuriani kriteriumis rolSic gamogveyvana, romelic day<strong>of</strong>da<br />
`gacnobierebul~ da `gaucnobierebel~ mravalxmianobas da SeinarCunebda<br />
unaSTod orad gay<strong>of</strong>is princips, magram sqemis kidev ufro garTuleba<br />
amgvar araTanabari mniSvnelobis jgufebiT am etapze zedmetad migvaCnia.<br />
unisonuri da araidenturi modelis Semcvel mravalxmianobis<br />
jgufebis gzagasayarze dgas heter<strong>of</strong>onia _ unisonis gaazrebuli rRvevis<br />
minimaluri, jer funqcionalur mravalxmianobaSi gadausvleli<br />
gamovlinebebi.<br />
araidenturi modeliT JReradobisas Semsruleblebi SemoqmedebiT<br />
kmay<strong>of</strong>ilebas ganicdian ara arsebul naxatze misi aslis dadebiTa da<br />
gaigivebiT, aramed _ Tavisi originaluri svlebiT aseTi naxatis erToblivi<br />
SemuSavebiT. am jgufSi Sedis a) realuri mravalxmianoba, anu<br />
130
funqcionalurad individualuri datvirTvis mqone xmaTa partiebi; b)<br />
mowodeba-pasuxis antifonia, anu<br />
nominaluri mravalxmianoba, romlis<br />
drosac ori monacvle mxare aseve funqcionalur individualobas<br />
amJRavnebs; aqac, iseve rogorc identuri modelis jgufSi Sida day<strong>of</strong>is<br />
kriteriumia xmaTa TanaJReradobis Semcveli da aseTi meTodis araSemcveli<br />
jgufebad day<strong>of</strong>a; sxvagvarad _ kriteriumad mxolod monacvleobis<br />
(TanaJReris gamoricxviT) principis gamoyeneba. rac, ZiriTadad, erTxmiani<br />
araidenturi modelis gamoyenebiT nominaluri mravalxmianobis jgufs<br />
gvaZlevs.<br />
samuSao klasifikaciuri sqemebis gamoy<strong>of</strong>isas gvaxsovs, rom<br />
ostinaturi mravalxmianobis gamoy<strong>of</strong>a mxolod e.w. `sasrulobis<br />
kriteriummma~ SesZlo. amasTan, es kriteriumi mkafiod gamoy<strong>of</strong>s qarTuli<br />
tradiciuli mravalxmianobis ostinatur da danarCen araostinatur<br />
formebs, romlis day<strong>of</strong>azec SemdgomSi gamonaklisis gareSe SegviZlia<br />
vizrunoT. ase, rom aRniSnul kriteriums realuri mravalxmianobis pirvel<br />
damy<strong>of</strong>ad moviazrebT. Sedegad viRebT sasruli ganviTarebis (Caketili<br />
formis) da arasruli ganviTarebis (Ria formis) mravalxmianobis jgufebs.<br />
am ukanasknels vy<strong>of</strong>T spiraluri ganviTarebis (ostinaturi mravalxmianoba)<br />
da ganSladi ganviTarebis jgufebad. ganSladi ganviTarebis jgufis<br />
day<strong>of</strong>is versiebs, romlebic samuSao klasifikaciebze msjelobisas<br />
vaxseneT, am ZiriTad sqemaSi aRar gaviTvaliswinebT, radgan qarTul<br />
sivrceSi maTi, kerZod ki _ ganSladi burdonis damkvidreba aRar xdeba,<br />
Tumca SeiZleba SevniSnoT aseTi ganSlis mcire midrekilebani grZel kaxur<br />
sufrulebSi banis iniciativis zemoaRniSnul magaliTze<br />
mivubrundebiT sasruli ganviTarebis jgufs. misi day<strong>of</strong>isas<br />
vixelmZRvanelebT ritmuli modelis sinqronuli (ritmuli ziari modelis<br />
mqone) da antiqronuli (kontrastuli ritmuli modelis mqone)<br />
gamomJRavnebis kriteriumiT, radgan, rogorc adrec avRniSneT,<br />
saqarTveloSi mravalxmianobis yvelaze did masivs _ funqcionalur<br />
mravalxmianobas swored es kriteriumi hy<strong>of</strong>s or, metnaklebad Tanabari<br />
sididis jgufad.<br />
sasruli ganviTarebis jgufSi Semdeg safexurze avanscenaze ukve<br />
modelis kriteriumi gamogvyavs. igi ritmuli modelis mier gamorCeul or<br />
131
jgufs or-orad y<strong>of</strong>s, magram sxvadasxva aspeqtiT: ritmuli sinqronis<br />
jgufi iy<strong>of</strong>a ritmul-melodiuri melodiuri modelis Semcvel da mxolod ritmuli<br />
ziari modelis Semcvel, anu melodiuri modelis aramqone jgufad, xolo<br />
kontrastuli ritmuli modelis jgufi iy<strong>of</strong>a ritmul-melodiuri<br />
kontrastuli modelis Semcvel (imitacia) da mxolod kontrastuli<br />
ritmuli modelis Semcvel jgufebad. es ukanaskneli ki iy<strong>of</strong>a<br />
gankerZoebuli modelis mqone da gankerZoebuli modelis<br />
aramqone _<br />
partnioruli modelis jgufebad. day<strong>of</strong>is aseTi politika gamomdinareobs<br />
iqidan, rom ziari ritmuli modelis pirobebSi gankerZoebuli modeli<br />
nakleb aqtualuria. amitom originaluri struqturuli ieris Ziebisas misi<br />
antagonisturi _ melodiuri ziari modelis qona-arqonaze dayrdnobis<br />
meTodi ufro gamarTlebulia. piriqiTaa kontrastuli ritmuli modelis<br />
day<strong>of</strong>isas _ melodiuri ziari modeli saqarTveloSi sruliad<br />
araaqtualur imitaciis jgufs Tu gamoy<strong>of</strong>s (qarTul simRerebSi arsebuli<br />
imitaciis SemTxvevebi mxolod lokaluri masStabiT ifarglebian da<br />
musikaluri azris warmarTvaSi arsebiT cvlilebebs ar iwveven<br />
rogorc ritmuli ziari modelis mqone, aseve ritmulad<br />
kontrastuli modelis jgufebi Tavis mxriv day<strong>of</strong>isas, maTi ukiduresi<br />
gamovlinebebis saxiT, gviCveneben iseT erTeulebs, romlebic ukve tipiurad<br />
SegviZlia miviCnioT. esaa Sesabamisad _ paraleluri xmaTasvla (romelic<br />
ritmul ziar modelTan erTad melodiur ziar modelsac iTvaliswinebs)<br />
da paralinealuri xmaTasvla (romelsac ritmul kontrastTan erTad,<br />
gansxvavebiT imitaciisagan, melodiuri kontrastic axasiaTebs)<br />
am etapze SegviZlia gamoviyenoT ucvleli da cvalebadi simaRlis<br />
banis kriteriumi, romelic ritmuli ziari modelis, anu sinqronul<br />
mravalxmianobas day<strong>of</strong>s reCitaciuli burdonis da saxeldobr, sinqronis<br />
jgufebad, meore mxriv ki gankerZoebuli modelis mravalxmianobas day<strong>of</strong>s<br />
ostinatur, burdonul da gadaZaxilian jgufebad. magram am etapze am<br />
kriteriumis erTpirovnuli gamoyeneba tovebs ukmarisobis grZnobas:<br />
gankerZoebuli modelis banis mixedviT day<strong>of</strong>a mogvispobs krimanWulis,<br />
rogorc ostinaturi gankerZoebuli modelis gamoy<strong>of</strong>is saSualebas. amitom<br />
gankerZoebuli modelis day<strong>of</strong>a gvirCevnia iniciativis kriteriumiT<br />
vawarmooT. am meTodiT miviRebT uiniciativo _ burdonis Semcvel models<br />
132
da iniciativian _ ostinatos da gadaZaxilis Semcvel models. da radganac<br />
ostinaturi mravalxmianoba zeviT gvaqvs gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili amjerad viRebT<br />
gadaZaxiliani kontaminaciis qvetipis jgufs. es ukanaskneli paralineluri<br />
mravalxmianobis wiaRSi gvxvdeba da swored mis qvetipad moviazrebT.<br />
sinqronuli mravalxmianobis tipi rogorc aRvniSneT, ukve gamoiyo<br />
ritmuli ziari modelis jgufiT. rac Seexeba reCitaciul burdons, misi<br />
Semcvelobis mravalxmianobas, aseve sinqronulad miviCnevT, xolo am<br />
ukanaskneli simravlidan gamosay<strong>of</strong>ad mas `qvetipis~ cnebas vusadagebT. rac<br />
Seexeba ostinaturi da burdonuli gankerZoebuli modelebis Semcvel<br />
mravalxmianobis saxeebs, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom es modelebi erT<br />
xmaSia gamovlenili, rac sxva xmebTan kombinirebis variantebs gulisxmobs.<br />
Sesabamisad, aSkara xdeba maTi Semdgomi danawevrebis aucilebloba. am<br />
etapze gamoviyenebT kompoziciuri principebis raodenobis kriteriums.<br />
erTi kompoziciuri principi gamoy<strong>of</strong>s burdon-kontinuum<br />
kontinuums, romelic<br />
sufTa saxiT burdonul orxmianobaSi ganivTdeba (magaliTi # 77).<br />
ori da orze meti kompoziciuri principi ukve sinTezur (Sedgenil)<br />
formebs SeimuSavebs. aq gamovy<strong>of</strong>T samxmianobisa da oTxxmianobis jgufebs.<br />
samxmianobaSi ori principi urTierTqmedebs burdonul kontaminaciaSi, rac<br />
gamoixateba burdonuli banis fonze zeda xmebis paraleluri da<br />
paralinealuri xmaTasvlis, anu am oridan calke aRebuli xmebis TiToobiT<br />
monacvelobaSi. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs, rogorc adre<br />
aRvniSneT, `nominalur samxmianobasTan~. burdonuli kontaminacia<br />
ZiriTadad burdoni-kontinuumis arealSi gvxvdeba da, Sesabamisad, qvetipad<br />
unda CaiTvalos.<br />
aseve samxmianobaSi ori kompoziciuri principis TanaqmedebiTaa<br />
gamoxatuli<br />
kontinualuri<br />
burdonul-paraleluri<br />
heterogenuli<br />
mravalxmianoba, romelsac aseve burdoni-kontinuumis<br />
qvetipad moviazrebT.<br />
burdonul-paraleluri mravalxmianobis arealSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT<br />
reCitaciuli burdonuli banis mqone paralelizmic. Tumca imdenad,<br />
ramdenadac amgvari burdoni gankerZoebul models ar warmoadgens,<br />
iniciativis dabali xarisxis gamo am formas sinqronuli mravalxmianobis<br />
arealSi ufro ganvixilavT.<br />
133
ori principis _ ostinatosa da paralinealuri xmaTasvlis _<br />
Tanaqmedebis Sedegia agreTve krimanWuliani samxmianoba, romelsac, misi<br />
mkafiod gamovlenili originaluri ieris gamo,<br />
tipis saxelwodebas<br />
mivakuTvnebT. mas burdonuli heterogenuli formisagan, rogorc aseve<br />
samxmianobaSi ori principis Tanaqmedebis formisagan, banis kriteriumi<br />
gamoarCevs.<br />
sami principi axasiaTebs naduri oTxxmianobis tips. magram<br />
kompoziciur principTa raodenobis kriteriumi am etapze fermkrTaldeba,<br />
radgan nadur oTxxmianobaSi unda gavaerTianoT rogorc krimanWulis, aseve<br />
gamyivanis Semcveli formebi, xolo es ukanaskneli Znelia miviCnioT calke<br />
romelime kompoziciuri principis, an gankerZoebuli modelis<br />
gansxeulebad. am SemTxvevaSi gamogvadgeba zogadad xmaTa raodenobis<br />
kriteriumi, radgan funcionaluri TavisTavadobiT gamoxatuli oTxi xmis<br />
amgvarad mkafiod CamonakvTuli oTxxmianoba, rogoric dasavlurqarTul<br />
nadur simRerebSia, sxvagan saqarTveloSi ar gvxvdeba.<br />
amgvarad, am klasifikaciis mixedviT miviReT qarTuli tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianobis Semdegi rva tipi da sami qvetipi:<br />
1. nominaluri mravalxmianoba<br />
2. ostinaturi mravalxmianoba (ostinat<br />
(<br />
ostinato-kontinuumisa da ostinato-<br />
refrenis qvetipebiT)<br />
3. paraleluri xmaTasvlis mravalxmianoba<br />
4. sinqronuli xmaTasvlis mravalxmianoba (qvetipi _ reCitaciuli<br />
burdonuli mravalxmianoba)<br />
5. kontinualuri burdonuli mravalxmianoba qvetipebi _ burdonuli<br />
kontaminacia da burdonul-paraleluri mravalxmianoba<br />
6. paralinealuri xmaTasvlis mravalxmianoba (gadaZaxiliani<br />
kontaminaciis qvetipiT)<br />
7. krimanWuliani samxmianoba<br />
8. naduri oTxxmianoba<br />
ixileT danarTSi sqema #4<br />
134
miuxedavad zemoT ganxiluli da vizualurad qvemoT warmodgenili<br />
amgvari mravalwevriani klasifikaciuri sqemisa, ar gvsurs, vinmes Seeqmnas<br />
warmodgena, TiTqos qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianoba, rogorc erTiani<br />
stiluri movlena, erTmaneTisadmi ucxo meTodebiT Sedgenili ekleqtikuri<br />
nazavia. qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianoba xasiaTdeba mkafiod<br />
CamonakvTuli erTi saerTo originaluri stiliT, romlis mTavari<br />
maxasiaTebeli, ra ucnauradac ar unda gveCvenos, xsenebuli kompoziciuri<br />
principebis `mSvidobiani, urTierTSemavsebeli Tanarsebobaa~. SesaZloa,<br />
garkveuli kompoziciuri principi _ davuSvaT, paralelizmis, burdonisa<br />
Tu paralinealobisa _ mocemul nimuSSi mxolod fragmentulad gamoCndes<br />
da ar iRebdes monawileobas am nimuSis romelime tipisadmi mikuTvnebaSi.<br />
magram swored aseTi fragmentuloba mianiSnebs im faqtze, rom es<br />
stabiluri SemoqmedebiTi Cvevaa, romelsac qarTvelis musikalur<br />
azrovnebaSi Tavisi gansazRvruli adgili ukavia.<br />
135
qarTuli mravalxmianobis formebi sxvadasxva saSemsruleblo<br />
ganzomilebaSi<br />
vecdebiT, zogadad mainc movxazoT qarTuli mravalxmianobis<br />
formaTa ganpirobebulobisa da raodenobrivi maCvenebeli sxvadasxva<br />
saSemsruleblo parametris mixedviT. kerZod:<br />
• qarTuli musikaluri dialeqtebis mixedviT;<br />
• Janrebis mixedviT;<br />
• specializebuli zepiri tradiciis, glexuri da qalaquri xalxuri<br />
musikis mixedviT;<br />
• vokaluri da sakravieri Semsruleblobis mixedviT;<br />
• sqesobriv-asakobrivi reglamentis mixedviT;<br />
es CamonaTvali mogvagonebs zemoT aRniSnul `saSemsruleblo<br />
kriteriums~. marTlac da, sainteresoa, dadgindes, ramdenad didi<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba Sesrulebamdel reglaments musikaluri struqturis<br />
saxasiaTo saxeTa SemuSavebaSi.<br />
daviwyebT qarTuli musikaluri dialeqtebis am aspeqtiT mimoxilviT.<br />
marTalia, arsebobs zogadi warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom kaxeTis regionSi<br />
burdonuli mravalxmianoba dominirebs, svaneTSi _ kompleqsurparaleluri,<br />
xolo guriaSi – polifoniuri, qarTuli mravalxmianobis<br />
tipTa raodenobrivi ganawileba musikaluri dialeqtebis mixedviT jer<br />
kidev elis seriozul statistikur analizs. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens<br />
sadiplomo naSromSi mocemuli gvqonda garkveuli cdebi am mimarTebiT.<br />
gansakuTrebuli niSvneloba mivaqcieT reCitaciis xarisxs mravalxmian<br />
simRerebSi. magaliTad, simaRlisucvlel bgeraTa ricxvs vufardebdiT maTi<br />
integrirebiT miRebul igive grZliobis, oRond TiTo bgeraTa ricxvs, ris<br />
Sedegadac miRebuli `SekumSvis koeficientiT~ erTmaneTisagan<br />
ganvasxvavebdiT calkeul kuTxeebsa da Janrebs.<br />
statistikuri aRricxva CavatareT qarTuli xalxuri simReris im<br />
droisTvis arsebul yvela sanoto krebulze; vavsebdiT Cvidmet grafas,<br />
sadac miTiTebuli iyo ara mxolod calkeul xmaTa monacemebi, aramed<br />
xmaTa Soris SefardebiTi monacemebi; dakvirvebis ZiriTad elements taqti<br />
warmoadgenda, garda ostinaturi da sinqronuli mravalxmianobis<br />
136
gamovlinebebisa. saintereso monacemebi iqna miRebuli xmebSi reCitaciis<br />
xarisxis Sesaxeb. mravalxmianobis formaTa mimarTebiT es statistikuri<br />
analizi amjerad mxolod erTi monacemiT _ burdonul mravalxmianobaSi<br />
reCitaciuli burdonis xvedriTi wilis koeficientis dadgenili saxiT _<br />
dagvexmareba. kerZod, aRmoCnda, rom reCitaciuli burdoni yvelaze meti<br />
procentiT mocemulia svaneTSi (83,4%), Semdeg daRmavali TanmimdevrobiT:<br />
samegreloSi (75,3%), raWaSi (70,4%), aWaraSi (67,0%), guriaSi (59,9%), imereTSi<br />
(58,3%), qarTlSi (57,8%), kaxeTSi (50,4%). rac Seexeba sxva dialeqtebs, maTSi,<br />
masalis simcirisa da orxmian-erTxmianobis didi wilis gamo,<br />
statistikurad mniSvnelovani monacemi ver davadgineT. mTlianad samxmian<br />
simRerebSi reCitaciuli burdonis wili 63,8%-ia. rac Seexeba sxva<br />
cxrilebs, imedia am mimarTebiT kvleva gagrZeldeba Tundac statistikosTa<br />
daxmarebiT(gabisonia 1986 :57-73).<br />
amjerad vecdebiT davxatoT saqarTvelos musikalur dialeqtebSi<br />
mravalxmianobis formaTaAgavrcelebis zogadi suraTi.<br />
xevsureTi _ unisonuri mReris mwiri tradiciis gverdiT gvxvdeba<br />
burdonuli mravalxmianoba, aseve _ ostinaturi refreni burdonuli<br />
sayrdeni bgeris saxiT (magaliTi # 78), an mokle ostinaturi saqceviT<br />
(magaliTi #79). ostinato da reCitaciuli burdoni zogjer enacvleba<br />
erTmaneTs (magaliTi # 80). aseve xSiria ostinaturi refrenis mopasuxe<br />
korife-solistis drodadro Sebanebac (magaliTi #81). gvxvdeba identuri<br />
modelis antifonic (magaliTi #82), romelic zogjer araidenturi<br />
modelis antifons, da Sesabamisad, nominalur mravalxmianobaSi<br />
gardamavali dialogis saxesac aRwevs (magaliTi # 83). amgvari antifonis<br />
ganviTarebuli saxea egreTwodebuli `SemRerneba~, romlis drosac<br />
solisti da mebane funqciebs cvlian xolme (magaliTi # 84).<br />
fSavi _ ZiriTadad kontinualuri burdonuli orxmianobaa<br />
ganviTarebuli. gvxvdeba ostinaturi mravalxmianobac. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
fSauri burdonuli orxmianoba simRera `ferxisaSi~ msgavsia xevsurulisa<br />
simRera `ferxisulSi~ (magaliTi # 85). fSavSi, `fSauris~ tipis simRerebSi<br />
xSiria ori solistis monacvleoba burdonuli banis fonze (magaliTi #<br />
137
86). erTi SexedviT, es struqtura SeiZleba nominalur samxianobadac<br />
CaiTvalos, magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom monacvle mxareebs erTi<br />
identuri modeli gaaCniaT.<br />
TuSeTi _ `axali formaciis~ simRerebi gadmocemulia burdonulparaleluri<br />
stiliT. xSiria solo vokalur-instrumentuli<br />
poliplasturoba, romelsac frazebis sekventuri monacvleoba gamoarCevs<br />
(magaliTi # 87). Zvel simRerebSi mravalxmianoba naklebad gvxvdeba.<br />
samagierod, vxvdebiT unisonur Sesrulebas. rac Seexeba simRera `dalas~<br />
unisonur monakveTs, igi, imis gamo, rom mxolod solistis mopasuxe<br />
gunduri banis mier sruldeba, erTmniSvnelovnad unisonur Sesrulebad ver<br />
CaiTvleba (magaliTi # 88) aq mxolod banis partiis originalur<br />
gafarToebasTan gvaqvs saqme.<br />
xevi _ aq ZiriTadad reCitaciul-burdonuli da sinqronuli<br />
mravalxmianobaa gabatonebuli. am ukanasknelSi epizodurad gamosWvivis<br />
paraleluri xmaTasvlis CarCo, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi, Tu SeiZleba<br />
ase iTqvas, `horizontalurad gaiwela~ (magaliTi # 89) sxvaTa Soris,<br />
igive procesis nakvalevi Cans mTel dasavlurqarTul, gansakuTrebiT ki _<br />
svanur da aWarul sinqronul mravalxmianobaSic. vxvdeba ostinaturi<br />
mravalxmianobis SemTxvevebic, romlebic banSi refrenuli ostinatoTia<br />
gadmocemuli, xolo zeda ori xmis monacvleoba nominaluri samxmianobis<br />
naxatiTaa warmodgenili (magaliTi # 90). sainteresoa erTeuli SemTxvevebi<br />
aqtiurad moZravi banisa, rac paralinealuri xmaTasvlis precedents qmnis<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos simRerebSi (magaliTi # 91).<br />
mTiuleTi _ aq gvxvdeba rogorc burdonuli (magaliTi # 92), aseve<br />
sinqronuli (magaliTi # 93) da ostinaturi tipebi (magaliTi # 94).<br />
gudamayari _ aq gvxvdeba kontinualuri burdonuli (magaliTi # 95),<br />
zogjer ostinaturi mravalxmianobaa (magaliTi # 96), ZiriTadad _<br />
orxmianoba. magram masala imdenad mcirea, rom tipur stilze Znelia<br />
saubari.<br />
kaxeTi _ burdonuli mravalxmianobis ZiriTadi saufloa. Zneli<br />
dasadgenia reCitaciuli, an kontinualuri burdonis prioriteti. es<br />
ukanaskneli ufro xSirad kontaminaciuri saxiTaa warmodgenili<br />
(nominaluri samxmianoba + burdonul-paraleluri, xSirad es ukanaskneli _<br />
138
garTulebuli saxiTac) (magaliTi # 97). zeda xmebis melizmatikiT<br />
saqarTveloSi am dialeqts badali ar moeZebneba (magaliTi # 98). vxvdebiT<br />
ostinatur mravalxmianobasac (magaliTi # 99).<br />
saingilo _ samwuxarod, am ZirZveli qarTuli kuTxidan mwiri<br />
monacemebi gvaqvs. i. Jordanias mopovebuli ingiloTa cnobebi, rom aq adre,<br />
rogorc Cans, burdonul banze damyarebul simRerebs, aseve _ axali<br />
formaciis ramdenime samxmiani simRera.<br />
qarTli _ kaxeTis msgavsad, burdonuli mravalxmianobaa<br />
gabatonebuli (magaliTi # 100), Tumca struqturuli ganviTarebis<br />
diapazoni SedarebiT mcirea _ naklebad vxvdebiT grZel sufrul simRerebs<br />
kontaminaciuri burdonuli mravalxmianobiT. aq kaxeTze ufro xSiria mTel<br />
simReraSi dominirebuli nominaluri burdonuli samxmianoba (magaliTi #<br />
101). sakmaod xSiria ostinaturi mravalxmianoba (magaliTi # 102).<br />
mesxeTi _ aq koleqtiur musicirebaSi unisonuri mReris tradiciasTan<br />
erTad rogorc orxmiani (magaliTi # 103) aseve samxmiani reCitaciuli<br />
burdoni gvxvdeba (v. maRraZis mier restavrirebul simRerebsac Tu<br />
daveyrdnobiT).<br />
svaneTi _ svanur simReraSi ZiriTadi wyoba sinqronuli<br />
mravalxmianobaa, Tumca sinqronis zogadi suraTi xSirad reCitaciuli<br />
burdonis paralelur moZraobaSi da piruku gadawyobiT miiRweva.<br />
(magaliTi # 104). iSviaTia tipiuri ostinaturi mravalxmianoba (magaliTi #<br />
105) ufro xSirad ki ostinaturi mravalxmianobis fesvebi ferxulis<br />
aCqarebul nawilSi iCens Tavs (magaliTi # 106).<br />
raWa _ am dialeqtSi wilobrivi prioriteti uTuod sinqronul<br />
mravalxmianobas ekuTvnis. Tumca vxvdebiT reCitaciul (magaliTi # 107) da,<br />
iSviaTad, kontinualur burdonul tipebsac (magaliTi # 108). aqauri<br />
sinqronuli mravalxmianoba ufro xSirad svanurs waagavs (magaliTi # 109)<br />
svanuris msgavsia ostinaturi struqturis fragmentebic (magaliTi #110).<br />
leCxumi _ aqac sinqronuli mravalxmianobaa gabatonebuli, Tumca<br />
raWisa da svaneTisagan gansxvavebiT xmaTa koordinaciis kvinturi `CarCo~<br />
xSirad oqtavuriT icvleba (magaliTi # 111) sakmaod xSiria reCitaciuli<br />
burdonic (magaliTi # 112). iSviaTad _ kontinualuri burdonuli<br />
mravalxmianoba (magaliTi # 113).<br />
139
imereTi _ dasavleT saqarTvelosaTvis Cveuli sinqronuli<br />
mravalxmianobis gverdiT aq vxvdebiT reCitaciul burdonul (magaliTi #<br />
114) da kontinualuri (magaliTi # 115) mravalxmianobas. sxva kuTxeebTan<br />
SedarebiT TvalSisacemia moZravi banis xSiri monacvleoba reCitaciul<br />
burdonTan (magaliTi #116). rac Seexeba imeruli simReris arealisaTvis<br />
metad saxasiaTo qalaquri simReris segments: es ukanaskneli mTlianad<br />
tipiuri sinqronuli stilisaa (magaliTi # 117).<br />
samegrelo _ gansxvavebiT imereTisagan, aq sinqronul mravalxmianobis<br />
gverdiT sakmaod wonadia ostinaturi mravalxmianobis wilic (magaliTi #<br />
118) gvxvdeba orive saxis burdonuli mravalxmianoba kontinualuri<br />
(magaliTi # 119) da reCitaciuli (magaliTi # 120) vxvdebiT tipiuri<br />
`trios~ paralinealur mravalxmianobasac, Tumca _ uTuod guruli<br />
simReris gavleniT (magaliTi # 121).<br />
guria _ aq sinqronul mravalxmianobasTan erTad wina planze<br />
paralinealuri mravalxmianoba wamoiwevs. es ukanaskneli yvelaze didi<br />
doziTa da ganviTarebuli saxiT swored guriaSia wamodgenili _<br />
ZiriTadad `polifoniuri trios~ saxiT. gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva zeda xma<br />
`wvrili~, romelic Tavisi registruli, tembruli da samRerisis<br />
TaviseburebiT mkafiod individualur `kvals~ tovebs simReris<br />
struqturaSi (Tumca imdenad specifikur JReradobas ver aRwevs, rogorsac<br />
_ krimanWuli) (magaliTi # 122). amave kuTxisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli<br />
krimanWuliani samxmianoba (magaliTi # 123) da naduri oTxxmianoba<br />
(magaliTi # 124). Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom es ukanaskneli<br />
fragmentuli saxiT samegreloSi da imereTSicaa warmodgenili. naduri da<br />
saferxulo simRerebis aCqarebisas, frazebis day<strong>of</strong>is meTodiT, xdeba<br />
ostinatur mravalxmianobaSi gadawyoba (magaliTi # 125) _ iseve, rogorc<br />
saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi.<br />
aWara _ aWaraSi vxvdebiT rogorc ganviTarebul samxmianobas, rac<br />
guriis gavleniT unda aixsnas, aseve mTis aWaris orxmianobas, romelic<br />
umetesad paralelurisa da paralinealuris kontaminaciur xmaTasvlas<br />
nergavs (magaliTi # 126). sainteresoa, rom vlindeba msgavseba aWaruli<br />
orxmiani simRerebis struqturis Sedarebisas imave dasaxelebis guruli<br />
samxmiani simRerebis struqturasTan, ris Sedegadac naTeli xdeba, rom<br />
140
wamyvani kompoziciuri principi (am SemTxvevaSi _ paralinealuri)<br />
stabilurobiT gamoirCeva. Tumca xSiria reCitaciuli (magaliTi # 127) da<br />
kontinualuri burdonuli mravalxmianoba (magaliTi # 128). aWaraSi<br />
vxvdebiT ostinatur mravalxmianobasac (magaliTi # 129). xolo rac Seexeba<br />
aWarul versias simRerisa `misdevs mela lomsa~, igi paraleluri<br />
mravalxmianobis tipur nimuSs warmoadgens (magaliTi # 130).<br />
SavSeTi _ am kuTxeSi, gviandeli, magram mainc istoriuli izolaciis<br />
gamo, dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebTan SedarebiT ufro<br />
`Seyovnebuli~ saxiTaa moRweuli mravalxmianobis adreuli stadia,<br />
romelic TiTqmis sruliad imeorebs mTiani aWaris folklors. mravlad<br />
gvxvdeba nominaluri antifonuri mravalxmianoba (magaliTi # 131).<br />
lazeTi _ lazuri simReris mravalxmianobis Sesaxeb jerjerobiT<br />
sakmarisi masala ar mogvepoveba (jerjerobiT avTenturi Sesrulebis<br />
erTxmianobis Canawerebi ufroa cnobili). Tumca SeiZleba saubari<br />
araidenturi antifonis fragmentul gamovlinebebze (magaliTi # 132).<br />
sainteresoa mkvlevarTa mosazrebebi qarTuli mravalxmianobis msgavsebis<br />
Sesaxeb sxva xalxTa mravalxmian stilebTan, rogoricaa albanuri<br />
mravalxmianobis Sedareba grZeli kaxuri burdonul simRerebTan (Stokmani<br />
1956); qarTuli simRerebis Sedareba litvur sutartinesTan (raCiunaiteviCiniene<br />
2002); korsikul simRerebTan (biTeli 2007); bulgarulTan<br />
(ciciSvili 1990): qarTUli mravalxmianobis Sedareba evropul Sua<br />
saukuneebis pol<strong>of</strong>oniasTan (Snaideri 1940).<br />
zogadad unda aRiniSnos, rom dialeqtTa diferenciacia mravalxmianobis<br />
formaTa mixedviT mkafio Sedegebs ar gvaZlevs. erTi musikaluri<br />
dialeqtisaTvis mravalxmianobis erTi formis misakuTrebis TvalsazrisiT<br />
SesaZloa gamovyoT mesxuri raCitaciuli burdoni, guruli krimanWuliani<br />
samxmianoba, aseve guruli naduri oTxxmianoba, kaxuri da qarTluri<br />
burdonuli kontaminacia, aWarul-SavSuri paralinealuri orxmianoba.<br />
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos musikaluri<br />
tradicia mravalxmiani struqturis mxriv SedarebiT erTgvarovania, vidre<br />
dasavleTisa. ufro metic: mivaniSnebdiT erTgvar `eTnikur bgeriT idealze~<br />
(gipius-evaldis termini) aRmosavleT saqarTvelos simRerisa (romelic<br />
141
xSirad arc dasavleT saqarTvelosTvisaa ucxo), romelic reCitaciuli an<br />
kontinualuri burdonis or harmoniul safexurze dayrdnobil zeda<br />
paralelur xmebSi mcire daRmaval frazas warmoadgens (magaliTi # 133).<br />
asev mcire produqtulobiT xasiaTdeba mravalxmianobis formaTa<br />
JanrebTan Sesabamisobis Zieba. mkafiod unda gamoiyos Janrebi, romlebsac<br />
Seesabameba mravalxmianobis garkveuli tipi. amgvari sruli Sesabamisobis<br />
magaliTad jerjerobiT saTamaSo-sacekvao simRerebis refrenul ostinatos<br />
gamovy<strong>of</strong>diT. rac Seexeba calmxriv Sesabamisobas, unda aRiniSnos<br />
mgzavrulebis (laSqrulis, mxedrulis) sinqronuli mravalxmianoba,<br />
sariatualo JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kontinualuri burdoni, sufruli<br />
JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli burdonuli kontaminacia, Sromis naduri<br />
oTxxmianoba, sacekvao solo sakravieri mravalxmianoba (Wibonis, Conguris,<br />
nawilobriv, _ fanduris bazaze).<br />
qarTuli mravalxmianobis formebi specializebuli zepiri tradiciis,<br />
s<strong>of</strong>luri sayovelTao zepiri tradiciis da qalaquri xalxuri musikis<br />
mixedviT ganTesvis saintereso suraTs gvaZlevs. cxadia am jgufebs Soris<br />
yvelaze mravalsaxovani s<strong>of</strong>luri simRerebisa da dasakravebis jgufia.<br />
qalaquri simRerebi TiTqmis srul Sesabamisobas hpovebs sinqronul<br />
mravalxmianobasTan (magaliTi # 134). am tipTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli<br />
agreTve s<strong>of</strong>lurisa da qalaquris gardamavali plasti, romelic ZiriTadad<br />
imerul, aseve _ gurul, megrul da aWarul Tanamedrove (XX saukunis)<br />
folkloris ZiriTad birTvs Seadgens (magaliTi # 135).<br />
rac Seexeba specializebuli zepiri tradiciis jgufs, igi or<br />
plastad unda gavyoT. pirvelSi vigulisxmebT saeklesio sagaloblis<br />
tradicias, xolo meoreSi _ xalxuri simRerebisa da dasakravebis imgvar<br />
nimuSebs, romlebis Sesrulebac mxolod specialuri, pr<strong>of</strong>esionaluri<br />
daxelovnebis Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad amgvari pirobisa,<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esional SemsrulebelTa Semoqmedebis mkafio gamocalkeveba mainc<br />
Zneldeba. sruli Sesabamisobis erTaderT kriteriumad gvevlineba<br />
dasavleT-qarTuli (gurul-aWarul-megrul-imeruli) `trios~<br />
saSemsruleblo reglamentis nimuSebi, rac, ZiriTadad, paralinealuri<br />
tipis ZiriTad masivs Seadgens. rac Seexeba jgufur burdonze damyarebul<br />
142
qarTl-kaxur solo Semsruleblobas, krimanWulian simRerebs da solo<br />
sakravieri mravalxmianobis (surmaniZis, garuCavas, arjevaniZis, zaqaiZis<br />
mier Sesrulebul) calkeul nimuSebs, maTi zRvari `s<strong>of</strong>luri sayovelTao~<br />
Semadgenlobis mier Sesrulebuli nimuSebisagan sakmaod bundovania.<br />
sxvagvari situaciaa sagaloblis mxriv. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli<br />
sagaloblis xelovneba, dRevandeli monacemebiT, savsebiT Tavsdeba<br />
specializebuli zepiri tradiciis farglebSi. is faqti, rom `trios~<br />
Semsruleblebi amave dros galobis mcodneni iyvnen, dasturdeba am ori<br />
plastis faqturuli msgavsebiTac _ dasavluri gamSvenebuli kilos galoba<br />
igive agebulebisaa, rogoric _ `trios~ ZiriTadi, ukrimanWulo<br />
repertuaris simRerebi, Sesabamisad _ paralinealuri tipisa (magaliTi #<br />
136). magram rogorc imerul-gurul, aseve _ qarTl-kaxuri stilis<br />
sagalobelSi, mravalxmianobis ZiriTadi gabatonebuli tipi mainc<br />
sinqronuli xmaTasvlaa paralelizmis gamokveTili elementebiT (magaliTi<br />
# 137). vxvdebiT paraleluri tipis mravalxmianobis Semcvel mcire<br />
formebsac (magaliTi # 138). gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsad migvaCnia<br />
karbelaanT kilos gamSvenebuli mravalxmianobis originaluri forma,<br />
romlis ZiriTadi `moqmedi piria~ ganviTarebuli, moZravi Sua xma (magaliTi<br />
# 139). am formas Tavisi originaluri ieris gamo mravalxmianobis calke<br />
tipad gamoy<strong>of</strong>ac ekuTvnis. magram unda gavaTvaliswinoT, rom dRevandeli<br />
monacemebiT, amgvar Sesrulebas gansazRvruli sagvareulo tradicia<br />
ganapirobebs, rac mas ufro lokaluri maneris iers aniWebs.<br />
calke gamosay<strong>of</strong>ia dasavlur-qarTul sagalobelSi paraleluri<br />
xmaTasvlis mkafiod gamovlenili erTeuli `reliqtebi~ (magaliTi #140),<br />
rac mcire raodenobis xalxur simRerasTan erTad TiTqmis minimalur<br />
safuZvels iZleva calke gamoiyos paraleluri tipis mravalxmianoba<br />
qarTul tradiciul mravalxmianobaSi.<br />
vokaluri da sakravieri Semsruleblobis mixedviT qarTuli mravalxmianobis<br />
formebis ganxilva ZiriTadad solo instrumentuli<br />
mravalxmianobis farglebSia aqtualuri.<br />
warmovadgenT qarTul sakravTa SedarebiT mimoxilvas mravalxmiani<br />
struqturis Seqmnis potenciis mixedviT.<br />
143
cxadia, aseTi mimoxilvisas ar viTvaliswinebT dasartymel sakravTa<br />
rols. doli da daira qarTuli simRerisa da cekvis mkafiod gamoxatuli<br />
ritmuli fonia. amis erT-erTi dasturi isacaa, rom maTi<br />
bgeraTsimaRlebrivi wyobis Sesabamisobas musikalur qmedebasTan yuradReba<br />
ar eqceva. marTalia, dolisa da dairis ritmuli figuracia gansxvavebulia<br />
im musicirebis ritmuli suraTisagan, romelsac igi Tan axlavs, magram es<br />
gansxvavebuloba ar scildeba mocemuli ritmuli suraTis ufro met<br />
detalizacias _ aqcenturi prioritetebis xazgasmas.<br />
dasartymel sakravTa jgufTan ritmuli akompanementis mxriv<br />
sasuleze ufro axlos simebian sakravTa jgufi dgas, kerZod _<br />
Camosakravebi _ fanduri da Conguri. garda masalisa, agebulebisa, simTa<br />
raodenobisa, wyobisa, saqcevTa qona-arqonisa, maTi ZiriTadi gansxvaveba,<br />
Cveni azriT, unda veZioT iq, sadac yvela zemoCamoTvlili faqtori<br />
naklebmniSvnelovania, radganac, pirvel rigSi, harmoniuli koordinatis<br />
sxvaobas qmnis. amgvar mTavar gansxvavebad am or sakravs Soris mainc<br />
mozidvis gamoyenebis sixSires miviCnevT. erTaderTi faqtori, romelic<br />
Congurs am kuTxiT meti mravalferovnebis miRwevaSi nawilobriv exmareba,<br />
misi meoTxe simi _ `zilia~.<br />
is faqti, rom saqarTvelos aRmosavleTSi gavrcelebuli<br />
fandurisTvis mozidvis teqnika iSviaTia, zogierTi daskvnis gamotanis<br />
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs: naTelia, rom fanduris, rogorc akompanementis<br />
funqcia gansxvavdeba akompaniatori Conguris funqciisagan. fanduri ufro<br />
advilad igivdeba vokalur banTan. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi<br />
gavrcelebuli Sebanebis meTodi Tanabrad gamoiyeneba rogorc vokaluri<br />
banis, aseve _ fanduris Tanxlebis mier. am dros fanduri xSirad ritmul<br />
regularobasac ki kargavs, rac sakravisaTvis agrerigadaa damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
magram es msgavseba mxolod solo momRerlis Sebanebisas SeiniSneba.<br />
xolo maSin, rodesac Tavisufali metris kontinualuri burdoniani<br />
simRerebi JRers, fanduris kameruli xmovanebis da regularuli ritmuli<br />
figurisaTvis iq adgili aRar rCeba.<br />
amgvarad, fandurs burdonuli banis analogiuri funqcia ar aniWebs<br />
dakvris gamravalferovnebisaTvis mozidvis teqnikis gamoyenebis sababs.<br />
144
marTalia, gamonaklisebi aqac gvaqvs _ ZiriTadad TuSur dasakravebSi,<br />
magram es kerZo SemTxvevebia da kanonzomierebas ar qmnis.<br />
sxvagvari funqcia gaaCnia Congurs. dasavlur simRerebSi bans<br />
naklebad eniWeba harmoniuli fuZisa da fonis roli. Conguris Tanxlebac<br />
ara banze, aramed zogadad simReris mTlian faqturazea orientirebuli da,<br />
rogorc Cans, amis gamo, ufro individualizebulia. isic unda aRiniSnos,<br />
rom fanduris msgavsi `banuri~ akompanementi Conguris dasakravebSi arc Tu<br />
ise cotaa _ ZiriTadad solo momRerlis Tanxlebisas. da es am<br />
dasakravebis siZveliT unda aixsnas, Tumca, maT gverdiT Conguris<br />
Camokvrisa da mozidvis organulad Sexamebuli, Tundac ufro gviandeli<br />
meTodi Tavis mxatvrul faseulobas ar kargavs.<br />
amgvarad, Conguri mkafiod gamoiy<strong>of</strong>a, rogorc funqcionaluri<br />
mravalxmianobis Canasaxis mqone sakravi. aq funqcionalurad gansxvavebuli<br />
xma inakvTeba akordul CamokvrasTan melodiuri svlis monacvleobiT. aq<br />
sakmaod mkafiod nawildeba ori xelis funqcia _ melodiur svlaSi orive<br />
xeli aqtiurad monawileobs, rac Seexeba akordul Camokvras, aq marjvena<br />
xelis sxvadasxva meTodi qmnis erTobliv da daSlil Tanxmovanebebs.<br />
Congurs funqciurad metad uaxlovdeba Cangi, romelic dRes mxolod<br />
svaneTSi gvxvdeba. Conguris, rogorc mosazidi sakravis Tavisebureba,<br />
romelic simReris faqturis proeqcias gulisxmobs, CangSi ufro metad<br />
realizdeba. aq saqme gvaqvs zemoaRniSnul baZviT mravalxmianobasTan.<br />
axobaZis sityvebiT, Cangis partia simReris erTgvari transkrifciaa. iseve,<br />
rogorc CongurSi, Tanmxlebi sakravis damatebiTi ritmuli funqcia CangSi<br />
daSlili akordebis saxiTaa gadmocemuli.<br />
amgvari daSlili akordebi nakleb damaxasiaTebelia WunirisaTvis. aq<br />
ritmuli funqcia, ZiriTadad, xemis moZraobis mimarTulebis SecvliT<br />
gamoixateba. Wuniri xSirad simReris identur faqturas gadmogvcems, magram<br />
zogjer originalur faqturas amJRavnebs (magaliTi # 141).<br />
funqcionalurad gamokveTili vokaluri mravalxmianobis asaxva<br />
saqarTveloSi yvelaze ukeT Wibonsa da gudastvirs ZaluZs. qarTveli<br />
mkvlevarebi am sakravebs, ufro xSirad, erTi sakravis or nairsaxeobad<br />
miiCneven. Cven am mosazrebas ar veTanxmebiT. garda agebulebaSi sxvaobisa<br />
145
da diapazonisa, Wiboni da gudastviri dakvris sxvadasxva meTodiTac<br />
ganirCevian erTmaneTisagan.<br />
Wibonisa da gudastviris mravalxmianobis mTavari argumenti maTive<br />
agebulebaSi Zevs. simebian sakravebSi erTi melodiuri naxazis warmoqmnaSi<br />
orive xeli monawileobs, rac damatebiTi sazrunavia. aq erT xels _<br />
marjvenas mxolod daSlili akordis saxis melodiis aJRereba ZaluZs.<br />
gansxvavebiT simebianebisagan, Wibonisa da gudastviris TiTo lulas TiTo<br />
xelis mier TiTo melodiuri plastis warmoqmna SeuZlia (marjvena rom<br />
nawilobriv orive dednis Tvlebs faravs, es aq meoradi mniSvnelobisaa).<br />
gamxoloebuli milebi aseve gamxoloebuli, originaluri funqcionalobis<br />
plasts qmnian. am mxriv gamoirCeva raWuli da qarTluri gudastviri. aq<br />
`mebane~ aSkarad ixreba burdonisaken. sainteresoa, rom am sakravebSi<br />
xSirad instrumentuli motivi saerTo muzicirebis lideric xdeba. stviris<br />
melodiis fons xSirad mestviris reCitacia edeba. aWaruli Wiboni,<br />
gudastvirisagan gansxvavebiT, solo vokalis Sembanebeli ar aris. igi<br />
ufro metad solo sakravia da Sesabamisad, ufro ganviTarebuli faqturis<br />
dasakravebi aqvs. amitom xmis burdonul gabmas aq ostinaturi<br />
ganmeorebadoba sZlevs (magaliTi # 142).<br />
dasavleT saqarTveloSi SemorCenili larWemi anu soinari _<br />
mravalReriani salamuri _ solo mravalxmianobis mxriv, cxadia,<br />
uperspeqtivoa. am mimarTebiT igi ar aRemateba salamurs. ufro metic,<br />
salamuris partiaSi zogjer faruli, anu nagulisxmevi mravalxmianobis<br />
elementebsac ki SeiZleba SevxvdeT. larWem-soinarze ori bgeris erTad<br />
aRebaa SesaZlebeli, magram specifikuri wyobis gamo, masze mxolod<br />
umartivesi melodiuri frazebis gamocemaa SesaZlebeli (magaliTi # 143)<br />
qarTuli xalxuri sakravebis mravalxmianobisadmi zogadi<br />
midrekilebis mixedviT ganxilvis Semdeg ufro konkretulad vimsjeloT<br />
imis Sesaxeb, Tu mravalxmianobis ra formebi gansxeuldeba am sakravTa<br />
mier.<br />
ostinaturi mravalxmianoba, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />
formaa solo instrumentuli mravalxmianobisa. Ria, spiraluri ganviTareba<br />
mTavari maxasiaTebelia sacekvao Tanxlebisa, rac qarTul mravalxmian<br />
sakravebze individualuri Sesrulebis ZiriTadi sferoa. ostinaturi qarga<br />
146
Tavs iCens mTqmelis akompanementSic. sainteresoa, rom Congurze dasakravSi<br />
ostinaturi ganviTareba swored solo vokalis TanxlebaSi mJRavndeba, rac<br />
xazs usvams am reglamentis siZveles an pirveladobas. samagierod<br />
ostinaturi mravalxmianoba ucxoa vokaluri ansamblis instrumentuli<br />
TanxlebisaTvis.<br />
burdoni qarTul dasakravebSi xSirad gadajaWvulia ostinatur<br />
formasTan. vfiqrobT, ufro zusti viqnebiT, Tu vityviT, rom aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi burdonis SemoqmedebiTi principi gamoyenebulia, rogorc kerZo<br />
mxatvruli xerxi ostinatos farglebSi (magaliTi # 144). burdoni sakmaod<br />
xSirad gvxvdeba gudastviris dasakravebSi (magaliTi # 145).<br />
sinqronuli mravalxmianoba, erTi SexedviT, instrumentulSic iseve<br />
yvelaze gavrcelebulad moCans, rogorc vokalur musikaSi. magram<br />
gansxvavebiT sasimRero faqturisagan, instrumentuli akorduli faqtura<br />
ar amJRavnebs funqcionaluri mravalxmianobis gamokveTil niSnebs. amitom<br />
qarTul instrumentul musikaSi sinqronul mravalxmianobas ver<br />
vadasturebT.<br />
paraleluri xmaTasvla qarTul xalxur solo dasakravSi ar<br />
scildeba heter<strong>of</strong>oniuli azrovnebis im CarCos, romelzec zemoT gvqonda<br />
saubari. igive unda iTqvas sakravier TanxlebaSi paralelur svlebze.<br />
paralinealuri mravalxmianoba qarTuli sakravieri musikisaTvis<br />
aseve ucxoa. Congurze, fandurze, Wibonze improvizaciis gamorCeuli<br />
nimuSebi ostinaturi mokle frazebis farglebSi Tavsdeba da aq ver<br />
visaubrebT calkeuli xmis damoukidebeli linealuri ganviTarebis did<br />
masStabebze, rac Tavisufal-kontrastul mravalxmianobisTvisaa<br />
damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli xalxuri instrumentuli musikisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebelia mravalxmianobis ori ZiriTadi forma: ostinaturi da<br />
burdonuli. amasTan, pirveli maTgani bevrad ufro mravalferovnad da<br />
didi xvedriTi wiliTaa gamomJRavnebuli.<br />
rac Seexeba asakobriv-sqesobriv jgufebs. miuxedavad saqarTveloSi<br />
qalTa Semoqmedebis rolisadmi interesis zrdisa, kidev erTxel unda<br />
movaxdinoT konstatacia im faqtisa, rom qalTa xalxuri samusiko<br />
Semoqmedeba, Tavisi ganviTarebis doniT, aSkarad Camouvardeba mamakacTa<br />
147
Semoqmedebas. amis mizezad, garda socialuri faqtorisa, saeklesio musikis<br />
reglamentic gasaTvaliswinebelia. qarTveli qalebi didi umetesobiT,<br />
swored mamakacTa simRerebis interpretirebas axdenen. magram, garda<br />
ganviTarebis donisa, aris sxva gansxvavebebic: tipuri qalTa simRerebisTvis<br />
ucxoa paraleluri da paralinealuri mravalxmianoba; SedarebiT xSiria<br />
unisonuri Sesruleba. nanebisa da iavnanebis xarjze ufro TvalsaCinoa<br />
individualuri Sesrulebis xvedriTi wili.<br />
qarTvel bavSvTa xalxuri samusiko Semoqmedeba qalebisaze ufro<br />
cudadaa Seswavlili. mravalxmianobis mkafiod dadasturebuli<br />
tradiciuli nimuSebi aq ar mogvepoveba.<br />
148
Tavi IV<br />
mosazrebebi qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis warmoSobisa<br />
da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb<br />
cxadia, qarTuli mravalxmianobis formaTa Camoyalibebis da<br />
urTierTqmedebis meqanizmebis kvleva Znelad Tu gascildeba hipoTezis<br />
farglebs, magram qarTveli musikismcodneebi valdebulni varT aseT<br />
hipoTezaTagan prioritetulebi gamovarCioT da vecadoT maT bazaze<br />
Teoriebis Camoyalibebas.<br />
jer mokled mimovixilavT am sferoSi qarTvel mecnierTa<br />
mosazrebebs:<br />
grigol CxikvaZe Tavis naSromSi `qarTuli xalxuri mravalxmianobis<br />
ZiriTadi tipebi~ gvTavazobs xevsuruli simReris `xuTSabaTs gaTendeba~<br />
analizs, sadac, misi azriT, solistisa da banis am `erTi SexedviT, ori<br />
sxvadasxva xmis umniSvnelo Sexamebam SemdgomSi burdonuli bani warmoSva~<br />
(CxikvaZe 1964 :2). simRera `herioze~ dakvirvebisas ki CxikvaZe aRniSnavs: E`es<br />
simRera [`herio~] Cven warmogvidgeba, rogorc erTxmianobidan am tipis<br />
orxmianobaze gardamavali etapi, rodesac unisonuri gundis CarTvisas<br />
solisti ar gamoerTveba, meore xmasTan erTad agrZelebs mReras, imeorebs<br />
an varirebs ra Tavis partias.~ (CxikvaZe 1964 :3). CxikvaZe aq, S. aslani-<br />
SvilTan erTad, pirvelad ayalibebs mkafiod ori araTanaJReradi xmis<br />
vertikalSi Serwymis daSvebas.<br />
CxikvaZe aqve gamoy<strong>of</strong>s qarTuli orxmianobis or ZiriTad tips:<br />
`melodia burdonuli banis TanxlebiT da baso ostinato~ (CxikvaZe 1964 :3).<br />
magram, samwuxarod, rodesac mkvlevari qarTuli mravalxmianobis ZiriTad<br />
formebs CamoTvlis (burdonuli, kompleqsuri, polifoniuri), maT Soris<br />
ostinatur mravalxmianobas aRar axsenebs.<br />
CxikvaZe agreTve kargad asabuTebs samxmianobis warmoSobis miseul<br />
hopoTezebs: `simRerebSi, romelSic solisti dapirispirebulia orxmian<br />
gundTan, SeiniSneba pirveli miniSneba samxmianobaze.~ (CxikvaZe 1964 :4).<br />
`orxmianobis ganviTarebul formas qmnis dialogebi mTqmelsa da orxmian<br />
149
gunds Soris, romlebic asruleben SinaarsiT gansxvavebul frazebs,<br />
amasTan mTqmeli da gundis zeda xma individualur saxes iZenen... simRerebis<br />
es forma or- da samxmianobis Sua dgas~. (CxikvaZe 1964 :4-5); `adreuli<br />
samxmianobis meore etaps miekuTvneba simRerebi, romlebSic oqtavaSi moZrav<br />
kidura xmebis fonze moZraobs melodiis ganmaviTarebeli Sua xma.~ (CxikvaZe<br />
1964 :5). am mosazrebaTagan gamosWvivis samxmianobis SemuSavebis ori gza:<br />
zeda xmis oqtavis intervaliT daSeneba da mTqmelisa da misi mopasuxis<br />
erTdrouli aJRereba. CxikvaZe ar miuTiTebs am oridan romelime erTis<br />
prioritetulobaze.<br />
sainteresoa, rom CxikvaZe, axasiaTebs ra rTul samxmian simReraSi<br />
`or, Tanabaruflebian, iniciativian zeda xmas~ (CxikvaZe 1964 :6) winaswar<br />
exmianeba Cvens mier adre daxasiaTebul cneba `SemoqmedebiT iniciativas~.<br />
samwuxarod, d. arayiSvils CvenTvis ar dautovebia mravalxmianobis<br />
warmoSobis Sesaxeb imgvari mniSvnelobis naSromi, rogoric zemoaRniSnuli<br />
g. CxikvaZesi, an _ S. aslaniSvilisaa. moviyvanT arayiSvilis erT<br />
gamonaTqvams am Temaze: `rogorc hipoteza, Cven Tamamad vuSvebT azrs, rom<br />
mravalxmianobis problema, arsebiTad, didi xania svanuri simReriT aris<br />
gadawyvetili~ (arayiSvili 1950 :33-34), rac miuTiTebs am didi mecnieris<br />
naklebi dainteresebiT aRniSnuli problemisadmi. SeiZleba movixsenioT<br />
agreTve mkvlevaris saintereso dakvirveba sagalobelSi paraleluri<br />
xmaTasvlis prioritetis Sesaxeb: `rodesac Cven vecnobiT sagaloblebs,<br />
romlebic sazogadod mniSvnelovan siZveles warmoadgenen, SevniSnavT, rom<br />
Tumca ki samxmiani arian, maTSi kiduri xmebi Zalian xSirad unisonSi<br />
[igulisxmeba _ oqtavis intervaliT. T.g.] xmovaneben, xolo Sua xma, an<br />
disonirebulia maT mimarT, anda pirveli xmis mimarT terciuli<br />
TanafardobiT moZraobs. Tuki Sua xmas CamovacilebT, maSin oqtavurkvintur<br />
simReras miviRebT~. (arayiSvili 1906 :279-280).<br />
metad yuradsaRebi Ziebebs vxedavT mocemul Temaze S. aslaniSvilis<br />
naSromebSi.<br />
pirvel yovlisa, aslaniSvili qarTuli mravalxmianobis safuZvels<br />
warmarTul erTxmian simRerebSi xedavs aslaniSvili (aslaniSvili 1954 :95),<br />
riTac mianiSnebs mravalxmianobis monodiidan warmoqmnaze.<br />
150
amasTan, saintereso da logikuria aslaniSvilis Semdegi daskvna:<br />
`qarTl-kaxeTSi gavrcelebul erTxmian simReras ver miviCnevT uZveles<br />
formad, romelic win uswrebs mravalxmianobis warmoSobas.~ aslaniSvili<br />
(aslaniSvili 1954 :147). marTlac, msgavs simReraTa erTxmianoba socialuri<br />
funqciiTaa gamowveuli da bunebrivia, rom isini mravalxmianobis xmaTa<br />
koordinaciis wesebis darRveviT ganviTarebuliyo. magram aqve unda<br />
SevniSnoT, rom qarTuli erTxmiani simRerebi xSirad mravalxmiani<br />
simRerebis motivTa gamRerebas warmoadgens.<br />
sakmaod problematuri Cans aslaniSvilis Semdegi mosazreba: `orxmian<br />
wyobaSi, rogorc mravalxmianobis ufro adrindel formaSi, vxvdebiT or<br />
saxeobas, romelic erTmaneTisgan ZiriTadi hangis matarebeli xmisa da<br />
banis urTierT ganlagebiT gansxvavdeba. ... amitomac Tanmxlebi xma, e.i. xma<br />
romelic harmonias qmnis mTavar melodiasTan, Cndeba rogorc zednaSeni<br />
(zeda, pirveli xma), rogorc qveda xma...~ aslaniSvili (aslaniSvili 1954<br />
:148.). am msjelobidan gamomdinareobs, rom mkvlevari orxmianobis<br />
warmoSobis erT-erT meqanizmad miiCnevs ZiriTad, melodiis matarebel<br />
xmaze zeda paraleluri xmis darTvas, ra hipoTezac sakmaod xelovnurad<br />
gamoiyureba.<br />
ufro damajerebelia aslaniSvilis Semdegi msjeloba: `mravalxmianobis<br />
Semdgomi ganviTareba xdeba pirvel da meore xmas Soris dialogis<br />
saxiT harmoniuli banisa anda oqtavuri, kvinturi an unisonuri<br />
damokidebulebis safuZvelze bansa da pirvel xmas Soris. orive<br />
SemTxvevaSi samxmianoba warmosaxviTi xasiaTisaa, radgan faqtiurad<br />
erTdroulad xmovanebs an ori xma, (pirveli da meore xmis banTan<br />
dialogis dros), anda pirveli xma, romelic moZraobs oqtavaSi, kvintaSi an<br />
unisonSi banTan, romelsac ar gaaCnia damoukidebeli melodia da mxolod<br />
axal feradovnebas matebs mas. es gardamavali forma or da samxmianobas<br />
Soris SemdegSi gadaizrdeba naTlad gamoxatul samxmianobaSi, sadac<br />
yovel xmas damoukidebeli xasiaTi aqvs.~ (CxikvaZis ganxiluli mosazrebis<br />
msgavsad) da: `orxmianobidan samxmianobaSi gadasvla moxda orxmianobis<br />
yovel intervalze banidan wminda kvintis daSenebiT~ (aslaniSvili 1954 :17)<br />
amgvarad, aslaniSvili `warmosaxviTs~ uwodebs Cvens mier<br />
`nominalurad~ wodebul iseT samxmianobas, romelSic zeda xmebi<br />
151
dialogurad monacvleoben banis fonze, an _ samxmianobas, romelSic zeda<br />
xma banis paraleluria da ar flobs damoukidebel melodiur xazs. amis<br />
sapasuxod gavixsenebT, rom, mravalxmianobis faqtis dasadgenad, Cveni<br />
azriT, sakmarisia xmaTa gansxvavebuli partiebi (Cvens mier adre ganxiluli<br />
nominaluri mravalxmianobis SemTxvevaSi. n. maisuraZe mas `farul<br />
orxmianobas~ eZaxis (maisuraZe 1971 :94) da ara _ xmaTa vertikalSi<br />
Tanxvedra. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mogviwevs bevri qarTuli simReris<br />
rogorc samxmianad, aseve orxmianad saxeldeba (magaliTad, _<br />
ganviTarebulobisa da maRalmxatvrulobis nimuSad kosmosSi gagzavnili<br />
`Cakrulosi~).<br />
qarTul simReraSi orxmianobidan samxmianobaSi gadazrdis Sesaxeb<br />
kargad dasabuTebul msjelobas gvTavazobs i. Jordania, romelic<br />
sabolood askvnis: `logikuria vivaraudoT, rom mravalxmianobis<br />
burdonul tipSi samxmianobis Camoyalibeba ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia ara<br />
axali, mesame xmis warmoSobasTan, aramed _ ukve arsebuli ori zeda<br />
wamyvani melodiuri xmis SerwymasTan.~ (Jordania 1989 :98) (mkvlevari am<br />
mimarTebiT ganixilavs termin `Cakrulosac~ (Jordania 1989 :100). amasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, sainteresod xsnis i. Jordania aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi<br />
antifonis naklebad gamoxatul rols: `amgvarad, ganviTarebul samxmian<br />
burdonul simRerebSi antifonurobis darRvevas Cven avxsnidiT imiT, rom<br />
monacvle melodiuri xazebi aq gaerTiandnen.~ (Jordania 1989 :99). rac<br />
Seexeba dasavleT saqarTvelos, mkvlevari aq samxmianobis damkvidrebas<br />
swored antifonis gaaqtiurebis Sedegad miiCnevs.<br />
miuxedavad kargi dasabuTebisa, i. Jordanias daskvnebi, Cveni azriT,<br />
zedmetad ugulebely<strong>of</strong>s qarTul mravalxmianobaSi paraleluri<br />
xmaTasvlis rols.<br />
unda aRiniSnos i. Jordanias sxvadasxva samecniero disciplinaTa<br />
moxmobiT uxvad dasabuTebuli mosazreba mravalxmiani azrovnebis Sesaxeb.<br />
kerZod, mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom amgvari azrovneba ar aris istoriuli<br />
faqtori, aramed konkretul rasaTa da eTnosTa fiziologiuri, ufro<br />
zustad ki _ neiro-fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebidan<br />
gamomdinareobs. am Teoriisadmi Cvens damokidebulebas SemdgomSi<br />
mogaxsenebT.<br />
152
i. Jordaniasagan gansxvavebiT, e. garayaniZe, iseve, rogorc umetesoba<br />
qarTveli fokloristebisa, mravalxmianobis erTxmianobidan warmoSobis<br />
versias emxroba: `amrigad, mravalxmianoba qarTul xalxur musikaSi Cven<br />
stadiur movlenad migvaCnia~ (garayaniZe 1990 :19).<br />
e. WoxoneliZe qarTuli mravalxmianobis ori gansxvavebuli tipis _<br />
burdonulisa da polifoniuris _ warmoqmnaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan rols<br />
melodiis ori tipis, Sesabamisad _ arakontaqturisa da kontaqturis banze<br />
zegavlenas akuTvnebs (WoxoneliZe 2002 :196-197). Cveni azriT, es faqtori<br />
metad mniSvnelovania, magram ara _ sakmarisi (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom<br />
amgvar dajgufebebSi gamonaklisebic gvxvdeba). sainteresoa, agreTve e.<br />
WoxoneliZis mier mravalxmianobis monodiidan warmoebulobis Sesaxeb<br />
CvenTvis sadavo mosazreba: `yuradRebas qarTuli orxmiani simRerebi<br />
imsaxureben, rogorc gardamavali safexuri monodiidan mravalxmianobis<br />
rTuli formebisaken~ (WoxoneliZe 2002 :195). igive mkvlevari Tavis sxva<br />
naSromSi aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi `musikalur azrovnebaSi Tvisobrivi<br />
gardatexis umniSvnelovanes faqtorad swored individualuri sawyisis<br />
gamoy<strong>of</strong>a-dawinaureba migvaCnia~, ra processac qarTul kulturaSi<br />
qristianuli sagaloblis zegavlenas ukavSirebs (WoxoneliZe 2002 :102).<br />
adreul qristianul galobaSi individualuri muxtis winwamoweva saeWvo<br />
daskvnad unda CaiTvalos. Cveni azriT, swored qristianuli galoba unda<br />
dapirispireboda korife-gundis arqauli muzicirebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />
improvizaciul xasiaTs.<br />
m. iaSvili qarTuli mravalxmianobis warmoSobas saferxulo qmedebas<br />
ukavSirebs, ra mosazrebac axlosaa Cvens mier `nominaluri<br />
mravalxmianobis~ istoriuli prioritetulobis aRiarebasTan. magram<br />
saferxulo qmedebas m. iaSvili `qoralur wyobas~ ukavSirebs, ra varaudic<br />
saeWvod migvaCnia. mkvlevari agreTve gvTavazobs qarTuli mravalxmianobis<br />
ganviTarebis Semdeg safexurebs: `akordul-qoraluri wyoba; polifoniuri<br />
stili; hom<strong>of</strong>oniur-polifoniuri tipis simRerebi~ (iaSvili 1975 :3, 189). am<br />
Tanamimdevrobis argumentaciac sakmaod aramyaria. Tumca iqve iaSvili<br />
aRniSnavs, rom saferxulo qmedebas~ pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs<br />
mravalxmianobis CasaxvasTan (iaSvili 1975 :5, 189), ra mosazrebac advili<br />
gasaziarebelia, magram ewinaaRmdegeba mkvlevaris wina mosazrebas. marTLac,<br />
153
Cveni azriT, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom, iaSvilis TqmiT, akordul-qoraluri<br />
wyoba saferxulos analogiuria. iqve iaSvili adasturebs, rom<br />
mravalxmianobas stadiuri xasiaTi aqvs.<br />
n. zumbaZis saintereso mosazrebiT, `ama Tu im simReris<br />
mravalxmianobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi mxolod misi Janruli buneba da<br />
Sesrulebis socialuri garemo SeiZleba iyos... tradiciul garemoSi<br />
batonebis simRera swored mravalxmiani unda iyos. am movlenis mxolod<br />
aseTi gagebidan gamomdinare SeiZleba laparaki ama Tu im simReris<br />
mravalxmianobaze uZveles xanaSi~ (zumbaZe 2000 :123). aq yuradReba<br />
maxvildeba mxolod socialur da Janrul reglamentze, rac ar<br />
gamoricxavs SemsrulebelTaTvis mravalxmianurad an monodiurad<br />
azrovnebis sxvaobaze, razec n. zumbaZis Semdegi sityvebic miuTiTebs:<br />
`mravalxmianoba qarTveli kacis musikaluri azrovnebis principia, mis<br />
cnobierebaSi damkvidrebuli koleqtiuri saSemsruleblo tradiciis<br />
normaa~ (zumbaZe 2000 :115).<br />
v. gogotiSvili Tavis naSromSi `svanuri sagundo mravalxmianobis<br />
faqturuli Taviseburebebis sakiTxisaTvis~ svanur mravalxmianobaSi<br />
aRniSnavs `paralelisturi heter<strong>of</strong>oniis~ gamovlenas (gogotiSvili 1993-<br />
1994 :4), xolo, meore mxriv, _ xmaTa midrekilebas paralelizmis `SemboWavi<br />
artaxebisgan~ ganTavisuflebisaken. amasTan, svanur simReraSi mkvlevari<br />
orxmianobidan samxmianobaze gadasvlas ukavSirebs paralelur kidura<br />
xmebSi Sua xmis damatebas(gogotiSvili 1993-1994 :22).<br />
v. gogotiSvilis am ukanasknel mosazrebas akritikebs m. xarZiani<br />
Tavis wliur naSromSi `mravalxmianobis tipis gansazRvrisa da<br />
samxmianobis warmoSobis sakiTxisaTvis svanur musikalur folklorSi<br />
(xarZiani 2000 :326) mkvlevars zeda xmasTan SedarebiT meore xmis<br />
qronologiuri prioritetis dasasabuTeblad mohyavs xmaTa saxelwodebebis<br />
analizi, meore xmis mier umravles SemTxvevaSis simReris dawyebis, agreTve<br />
simReris tonalur centramde miyvanis faqtebi;<br />
m. erqvaniZe eTanxmeba i. javaxiSvils qarTuli mravalxmianobis<br />
azrovnebis CamoyalibebaSi Sebanebis formis, rogorc pirveladi<br />
warmonaqmnis Sesaxeb msjelobaSi da aRniSnavs: `eris istoriaSi y<strong>of</strong>ila<br />
dro, rodesac qarTvelebic sxva erebis msgavsad, musikaSi erTxmianobiT<br />
154
azrovnebdnen. mravalxmianobis gaCeniT eris istoriaSi, qarTveli kacis<br />
azrovnebaSi moxda Zireuli cvlileba,~ (erqvaniZe 2000 :99). mkvlevari am<br />
cvlilebas sulierad _ siyvarulis faqtoriT xsnis. Tumca misi<br />
msjelobidan ar Cans _ ra faqts unda moexdina warmarTobis periodSive am<br />
mizeziT mravalxmianobis warmoSoba da ratom ar unda vigulisxmoT aseTi<br />
aRmatebuli sulieri xarisxis mravalxmianoba qarTvelisaTvis ara<br />
warmoebul, aramed Zireul movlenad.<br />
sainteresoa, rom m. erqvaniZe mkafiod ganasxvavebs qarTul saero da<br />
sasuliero mravalxmianobas. pirveli `horizontalurad, linealurad<br />
viTardeba~ (qarTl-kaxur simRerebSi), xolo meore _ `vertikaluri<br />
azrovnebiT~ xasiaTdeba _ qarTul sagalobelSi. (erqvaniZe 2000 :103).<br />
mkvlevari am sxvaobasac sulier axsnas uZebnis.<br />
r. wurwumia Tavis erT naSroms mTlianad uZRvnis qarTul<br />
polifonias, rogorc qarTuli tradiciuli musikaluri azrovnebis<br />
ZiriTad kategorias (wurwumia 2002). amasTan es avtori mimoixilavs<br />
qarTuli mravalxmianobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb hipoTezebs, da SedarebiT<br />
realurad miiCnevs i. Jordanias mosazrebebs (wurwumia 2005 :45-56), xolo<br />
misi amJamindeli poziciis mixedviT, am hipoTezaTa Soris TiToeuls aqvs<br />
arsebobis ufleba.<br />
i. JRenti miiCnevs, rom qarTul kulturaSi mravalxmianoba<br />
araugvianes IX saukunisa unda damkvidrebuliyo (JRenti 2005 :210). aseve<br />
aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli saeklesio galoba qritianobis Casaxvamde<br />
erTxmiani iyo (JRenti 2005 :209).<br />
ara mxolod qarTul, aramed zogadad mravalxmianobis fenomenis<br />
dasabamiseul Taviseburebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas n. maisuraZe, rodesac<br />
aRniSnavs, rom `mravalxmianoba samyaroSi arsebuli harmoniis erT-erTi<br />
konkretuli gamoxatulebaa da adamianis bunebaSi igi dasabamiTganvea<br />
Cadebuli~. Tumca mkvlevari mainc miiCnevs, rom qarTuli mravalxmianoba<br />
(da sazogadod mravalxmianobac) stadialuria.<br />
sainteresoa n. maisuraZis mosazreba burdonuli orxmianobis Semdeg<br />
kompleqsuri samxmianobis Casaxvis musikalur fuZe-enasTan dakavSirebis<br />
Sesaxeb, `rac, Tavis mxriv, qarTuli mravalxmianobis xnierebaze<br />
metyvelebs~ (maisuraZe 2002 :286).<br />
155
moviyvanT agreTve fragments Cveni sadiplomo naSromidan, romlis<br />
bolo Tavi swored qarTuli xalxuri mravalxmianobis istoriuli<br />
ganviTarebis problemas eZRvneboda: `amgvarad, Cveni azriT, erTiani<br />
qarTuli arqauli musikaluri enis etapze qarTuli xalxuri<br />
mravalxmianobis forma unda Camoyalibebuliyo xmaTasvlis ostinaturi da<br />
reCitaciuli burdonuli sawyisebis aqtiobis Sedegad. isic mniSvnelovania,<br />
rom reCitaciuli burdonuli tipidan logikurad advili warmosadgenia<br />
erTis mxriv, wminda burdonuli tipis warmoSoba (reCitaciis mospobis<br />
Sedegad), meores mxriv ki kompleqsur-paralelurisa (reCitaciuli banis<br />
melodiuri gaaqtiurebis Sedegad)~ (gabisonia 1886 83.) dResac ar<br />
gamovricxavT movlenaTa amgvar ganviTarebas, magram mas dRes ukve<br />
naklebdamajereblad miviCnevT.<br />
am mcire mimoxilvis Semdeg gTavazobT amJamindel sakuTar<br />
mosazrebebs zogadad tradiciuli mravalxmianobis, kerZod ki _ qarTuli<br />
mravalxmianobis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis safexurTa Sesaxeb:<br />
pirvel rigSi, ar SegviZlia Cveni mosazreba ar gamovTqvaT<br />
tradiciuli mravalxmianobis stadialurobisa Tu `Zireulobis~<br />
(`imTaviTveobis~) sakiTxze. miT umetes, rom igi uSualodaa dakavSirebuli<br />
gansaxilvel TemasTan.<br />
ganviTarebuli melodia TavisTavad gulisxmobs ganviTarebul<br />
musikalur azrovnebas. maSin, rodesac mravalxmianobis faqts dRes bevri<br />
mkvlevari musikalur ganviTarebulobas aRar ukavSirebs (amas ms<strong>of</strong>lio<br />
eTnikuri musikis praqtika adasturebs). Sesabamisad, Cndeba Teoria<br />
(romelsac sxvadasxva samecniero disciplinaTa monacemebiT safuZvlianad<br />
adasturebs i. Jordania), rom mravalxmianoba rasobriv-eTnikuri<br />
gansazRvrulobis musikaluri azrovnebis tipia (iseve, rogorc monodiuri<br />
azrovneba) da ara _ ganviTarebis Sedegi.<br />
Cven principulad viziarebT am debulebas, damajerebelia msjeloba,<br />
romlis Tanaxmadac horizontuli da vertikaluri bgeraTSeTanxmebis metnaklebi<br />
unari adamianis tvinis fiziologiuri Taviseburebaa da,<br />
Sesabamisad, genetikuri aspeqtic gaaCnia. aseve mniSvnelovania adamianTa<br />
sxvadasxva donis midrekileba funcionalurad damoukidebeli xmis<br />
156
partiisadmi, rac gamoixateba rogorc realur, aseve nominalur<br />
orxmianobaSi. Tumca, funqcionalur aspeqtTan erTad, ar gamovricxavT<br />
melodiis ganviTarebis rols mravalxmianobis calkeuli tipis<br />
SemuSavebaSi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs paraleluri xmaTasvla.<br />
eWvgareSea, melodiis ganviTareba ukeT warmoaCens paralelizmis<br />
princips, ra faqtic erT-erTi winapirobaa hipoTezisa, rom mravalxmianoba<br />
stadialuri, Semdeg warmoSobili movlenaa (ra processac pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli<br />
musikis istoriaSi kargad asuraTebs organumis warmoSoba da damkvidreba).<br />
paralelur xmaTasvlas, xmaTa naklebi funqciuri diferenciaciis<br />
gamo, bevri mkvlevari heter<strong>of</strong>oniis ganviTarebis Sedegad miiCnevs. magram<br />
heter<strong>of</strong>onia erTxmianobidan mravalxmianobaSi is marTlacda gardamavali<br />
formaa (ara _ diaqronuli TvalsazrisiT), romelic bevr xalxSi dRemde<br />
ar gadazrdila mravalxmianobaSi _ Tundac paralelizmSi. es faqti<br />
adasturebs im mosazrebas, rom paraleluri xmaTasvla heter<strong>of</strong>oniisagan,<br />
rogorc unisonis variantuli ganStoebisgan gansxvavebul kompoziciur<br />
princips efuZneba.<br />
meore mxriv, xmis paralelurad mibaZva, TavisTavad, melodiis<br />
ganviTarebis garkveul etaps unda mohyoloda (am dros ar aris<br />
gamoricxuli gaucnobierebeli, SemTxveviTi paralelizmis Taviseburi<br />
zemoqmedebac). amitom, bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom paralelizmi etapuri<br />
movlenaa mravalxmianobis istoriaSi. sityva etapurs aq ori mniSvnelobiT<br />
vxmarobT: erTis mxriv, paralelizmi ar Cans iseT Zireul movlenad,<br />
rogoric xmaTa ostinaturi, an burdonuli dacalkeveba _ dapirispirebaa;<br />
meores mxriv, igi ar aris uSualod heter<strong>of</strong>oniidan nawarmoebi movlena.<br />
amrigad, vfiqrobT, rom, miuxedavad paralelizmis udidesi rolisa<br />
mravalxmianobis mravalferovan struqturul formaTa SemuSavebaSi, igi<br />
ufro metad melodiis ganviTarebis procesis dros xdeba aqtualuri. rac<br />
Seexeba im musikalur kulturebs, sadac paraleluri xmaTasvla<br />
mravalxmianobis erTaderTi mdgradi formaa, unda vigulisxmoT, rom maTSi<br />
Tavidanve ucxo iyo xmaTa mkafio funqcionaluri gamijvnis tendencia,<br />
rogorsac vxedavT burdonul da ostinatur mravalxmianobaSi. miuxedavad<br />
xmaTa metad Tamami intervaluri Sefardebebisa, aseve naklebad<br />
`mravalxmianur~ movlenad CavTvlidiT imitacias, magaliTad _<br />
157
`sutartinesis~ tradicias, radgan aq xmaTa Soris ara funqcionalurad<br />
damoukidebeli, aramed identuri modelia gamoyenebuli.<br />
maSasadame, miviCnevT, rom mravalxmianoba Tavisi arsiT araa mxolod<br />
etapobrivi movlena, es faqti ar niSnavs imas, rom misi arcerTi principi<br />
ar vaRiaroT gviandelad (paralelizmi, Tavisufali xmaTasvla), magram, aqve<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi principebi gamomJRavnda melodiis ganviTarebis<br />
fonze da ara _ ganviTarebuli melodiis wiaRidan.<br />
paralelizmis, rogorc Zireuli Tu stadialuri movlenis sadavo<br />
sakiTxis sapirispirod, mkvlevarebi Tanxvdebian im debulebaSi, rom<br />
burdonisa da ostinatos principze dafuZnebuli mravalxmianoba uZveles<br />
plastebs ganekuTvneba. magram am or tips Soris pirveladobis Zieba aseve<br />
sirTulebTanaa dakavSirebuli.<br />
ostinaturi mravalxmianobis umartives da, rogorc Cans, uZveles<br />
saxeobad ori xmis monacvleobiT Sesrulebas miviCnevT. aseT dros xmebi<br />
erTad ar JRers da saxeze ar aris realuri mravalxmianobis faqti. rasac<br />
Cven adre `nominaluri mravalxmianoba~ vuwodeT (n. kalandaZe-maxaraZes<br />
mier Targmnili adamianis muzeumis anTologiaSi msgavs tips `eqos<br />
teqnikas~ uwodeben lit (kalandaZe-maxaraZe 2002 :12.). qarTuli `nominaluri<br />
mravalxmianoba~ Tavisi periodulobiTa da mowodeba-pasuxis reglamentiT<br />
tipobriv ostinatos warmoadgens. burdonuli mravalxmianoba ki, piriqiT,<br />
realuri mravalxmianobis erT-erTi formaa.<br />
aris Tu ara nominaluri mravalxmianoba realurTan SedarebiT<br />
stadialurad pirveladi am kiTxvas dadebiTad vupasuxebT. SesaZloa,<br />
amgvari msjeloba bevrisTvis aqsiomuri iyos. magram mainc avxsniT, Tu<br />
ratom vfiqrobT ase.<br />
realuri mravalxmianoba eyrdnoba melodiis, anu motivis faqts; maSin<br />
rodesac nominaluri mravalxmianobisaTvis araa aucilebeli Tundac<br />
mxolod romelime erTi xmis partiaSi melodiis minimaluri erTeulis _<br />
motivis arseboba. mTavaria, iyos urTierTmopasuxe mxare (Tundac<br />
TiTobgeriani).<br />
158
dRes musikismcodneobaSi miRebulia is azri, rom musikaluri<br />
azrovnebis ganviTarebis adreul etapze mcire melodiuri saqcevebi iyo<br />
gabatonebuli. Tu amgvar etaps qarTveli eris musikaluri iersaxisTvisac<br />
Cveulad CavTvliT, bunebrivia davuSvaT, rom CvenSi dRemde moRweul<br />
mravalxmianobis tipebidan aseT periods yvelaze ukeT esadageba<br />
ostinaturi mravalxmianoba. am ukanasknelis arqauloba eWvs ar iwvevs<br />
rogorc Teoriulad, aseve _ dRemde moRweuli nimuSebis mixedviT.<br />
marTalia, qarTvel mkvlevarTa umetesoba qarTuli mravalxmianobis<br />
warmoSobasa Tu pirvandeli saxeobis SemuSavebaSi gadamwyvet rols<br />
burdons aniWebs, magram TviT is nimuSebi, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba<br />
amgvari mosazrebebis dadastureba, mcire moculobis burdonis Semcvel<br />
ostinatur mravalxmianobis fragmentebs warmoadgens. Znelia moiyvano<br />
iseTi qarTuli burdonuli orxmiani simRera, romelSic ostinaturi Zirebi<br />
ar Candes. ufro zustad ki _ ori plastis antifonuri dapirispirebis<br />
gamoZaxili. `zogierTi is simRera, romelic burdonuli mravalxmianobis<br />
nimuSs warmoadgens, Soreul warsulSi sruldeboda solistisa da gundis<br />
monacvleobiT~ (garayaniZe 1997 :32). aq unda gavixsenoT stiven braunis<br />
saintereso gamokvleva, romelSic igi dasabuTebulad msjelobs<br />
koleqtiuri muzicirebis ori sawyisis: cikluri integraciuli sistemis da<br />
monacvleobiTi linealuri sistemis Sesaxeb (brauni 2002 :63). pirvelSi<br />
ostinato unda vigulisxmoT, xolo meoreSi _ antifonia. i. Jordaniac<br />
aRniSnavs, rom `ms<strong>of</strong>lio musikaluri kulturebis erT-erT uZlieres<br />
universalias warmoadgens dialoguri simReris sxvadasxva formebi _<br />
antifonuri da responsoruli. logikuri iqneba vifiqroT, rom aqaa<br />
vokaluri mravalxmianobis saTaveebi~ (Jordania 2002 :80). viziarebT am<br />
day<strong>of</strong>as, magram amaTTan erTad vivaraudebdiT iseTi ostinatur<br />
mravalxmianobis arqauli saxis arsebobas, romelic araa aucileblad<br />
antifonuri saxiT warmodgenili, da romlis gamoZaxilsac dRes simRera<br />
`hariras~ absolutur totalur ostinatoSi vxedavT.<br />
ar aris aucilebeli qarTul mravalxmianobaSi gamokveTil, drois<br />
did monakveTebad day<strong>of</strong>ilad vigulisxmoT `ostinaturi~ da `burdonuli~<br />
epoqebi. mravalxmianobis es ori forma, rogorc Cans, didxans<br />
Tanaarsebobda. amasTan, unda vigulisxmoT, rom arqaul periodSi<br />
159
mravalxmianobis (anu orxmianobis) sufTa tipebs unda ebatonaT. bunebrivia,<br />
dRes arsebuli qarTuli mravalxmianobis sinTezuri da kontaminaciuri<br />
tipebi ganviTarebis Sedegia da maTi aseTi rTuli struqturiT ZvelTaganve<br />
arsebobis daSveba ndobas ar iwvevs. amitom, saWirod migvaCia, xazi gaesvas<br />
am ori formidan romelime erTis pirvandelobas, aseTad ki ostinato unda<br />
miviCnioT sxva Semdegi niSnebis gamoc:<br />
1. ostinaturi mravalxmianobis stuqtura itevs mravalxmianobis<br />
umartives, da Sesabamisad – rogorc Cans uadres formas _ nominalur<br />
mravalxmianobas;<br />
2. uZvelesi musikis ukiduresad gamZafrebul socialur da magiur<br />
funqcias ukeT Seesabameba aqtiuri, metrul-ritmulad diferencirebuli<br />
ostinato, vidre burdonuli ganfenili xmovaneba;<br />
3. ufro bunebrivia vigulisxmoT ostinaturi antifonis pauzebis<br />
Sevseba burdoniT, vidre _ burdonis wyveta da ostinatur `mowodebapasuxis~<br />
funqciis `liandagze~ gadasvla;<br />
marTlac, burdonuli mravalxmianobis ganviTareba SesaZloa im gziT<br />
momxdariyo, romelsac g. CxikvaZe da S. aslaniSvili aRweren. kerZod, _<br />
solistis mReris gagrZelebiT mopasuxe gunduri banis fonze. Tumca arc<br />
sapirispiro tendenciaa gamosaricxi _ gunduri banis gagrZeleba solistis<br />
amRerebasTan erTad. orive am SemTxvevaSi, Cveni azriT, myari burdonuli<br />
struqturis SeqmnisaTvis aucilebeli unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo ostinatos ritmuli<br />
da mowodeba-pasuxis orientiris moSla, an aseTi orientiris naklebi<br />
reglamenturoba, rogorsac vxvdebiT zogierT datirebasa da sakulto<br />
simRerebSi.<br />
unda SevniSnoT burdonis principis erTi iseTi Tviseba, romelic mas<br />
ganasxvavebs ostinatos principisagan, da romelic aseve miuTiTebs<br />
ostinatos pirveladobas. burdonis principi, rogorc ganviTarebis,<br />
xmovanebis ganfenis saSualeba qarTuli mravalxmianobis ganviTarebis<br />
yvela etapze SeiniSneba. amis dasasuraTeblad moviyvanT Semdeg magaliTebs:<br />
burdonuli `ganfena~ dasturdeba zogierTi grZeli kaxuri sufrulis<br />
modulaciur gegmaSi, romlebic ufro sxarti `mayrulebidan~ momdinareobs.<br />
am movlenas i. Jordaniam miaqcia yuradReba (Jordania 1989 :163).<br />
160
imaze, rom burdonuli `ganfena~ ukve arsebuli paralelizmis<br />
pirobebSic SeiZleba moqmedebdes, miuTiTebs qarTuli simRerisaTvis<br />
Cveuli saqcevi _ burdonuli monakveTis Semdeg xmaTa paraleluri<br />
amoZraveba axal sayrden tonze damkvidrebamde (magaliTi # 146).<br />
amas garda, burdonuli ganfena damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli<br />
sagaloblisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT `karbelaanT kilosaTvis~. qarTuli<br />
sagalobeli, romelic paraleluri xmaTasvlidan amoizrdeba, burdonis<br />
princips epizodurad, magram mainc mimarTavs swored sxva xmebSi<br />
gamRerebis mizniT (magaliTi # 147).<br />
am detalze Rirs yuradRebis SeCereba. qarTul sagalobels,<br />
miuxedavad burdonuli banis qarTuli musikaluri enisaTvis Cveulobisa,<br />
xmaTa paraleluri moZraoba udevs safuZvlad. maSin, rodesac bizantiuri,<br />
berZnuli, anu cnobili erTxmiani kulturis orxmiani sagalobeli<br />
mTlianad burdonul banzea damyarebuli. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom<br />
saqarTveloSi qristianuli sagaloblis Semosavlisas qarTuli erovnuli<br />
musikaluri enisaTvis burdoni ucxo iyo an iqneb sagalobels Seuwyes<br />
burdonuli xma, magram Semdeg igi wamyvani xmis paralelurad amoZravda<br />
verc erTi am mosazrebaTagan ver uZlebs kritikas. burdonuli bani<br />
imdenad bunebrivia qarTuli kilo-melodiuri azrovnebisaTvis, rom misi<br />
`amoReba~ Zirfesvianad cvlis qarTuli musikaluri enis iersaxes. meores<br />
mxriv, burdonuli xmis Semdeg amoZravebis daSvebac aSkarad naZaladevi<br />
daskvnaa. ucxo motivisadmi da ucxo azrovnebisadmi mibaZva, Tu igi<br />
saerTod dasturdeba, Tavidanve xdeba, da ara SemdegSi _ rodesac mimRebi<br />
garemo piriqiT _ Tavad zemoqmedebs Semosul elementze da mis Tavisebur<br />
interpretacias SeimuSavebs.<br />
Cveni azriT, qarTul sagalobelSi burdonuli banis mxolod gvian,<br />
da isic _ fragmentulad Sezrda gamowveuli unda iyos Semdegi garemoebiT:<br />
qarTuli melosisaTvis imdenad ucxo unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo siriul-bizantiuri<br />
melosi, rom qarTvelma kacma mas Tavisi musikaluri azrovnebis organuli<br />
elementi _ burdoni ver miusadaga (isic SesaZlebelia, rom qristianul<br />
saeklesio erTxmian motivs, romelsac grZeli melodiuri frazeologia<br />
axasiaTebda, saqarTveloSi daxvda ZiriTadad mokle frazebze agebuli<br />
ostinaturi mravalxmianoba.). SesaZloa, am gaucxoebas imanac Seuwyo xeli,<br />
161
om qarTvelisaTvis qristianuli musika Tavidan saerosagan gasxvavebuli,<br />
zogadsakacobrio kategoriiT xasiaTdeboda. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom<br />
aseT gansxvavebas qarTuli eklesiis mamebic usvamdnen xazs. rac saero<br />
suliskveTebis simRerebis sagaloblebisagan gamoy<strong>of</strong>as iTvaliswinebda. m.<br />
andriaZis dasturit, qarTuli sasuliero musika CamoinakvTa ara mxolod<br />
samamulo, aramed saqarTvelos farglebs gareT my<strong>of</strong> savaneebSi (andriaZe<br />
1991 :18). magram, sagalobeli mainc iTargmna qarTulad _ qarTul musikalur<br />
enaze. es unda momxdariyo ufro `umtkivneulo~ gziT _ wamyvani xmisaTvis<br />
paraleluri `SebanebiT~ _ adgilobrivi musikaluri leqsikuri erTeulebis<br />
sagaloblis qsovilSi CarTvasTan erTad.<br />
bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: ratomRa Semoinaxa an SeiTavsa burdoni<br />
swored bizantiurma sagalobelma pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli tradiciis pirobebSi<br />
msgavsi inovaciebi ufro metadaa mosalodneli, vidre xalxurSi. rogorc<br />
CvenTvisaa cnobili, bizantinistebi dRemde ver Tanxmdebian izokratemas<br />
(bizantiuri sagaloblis burdonuli banis) warmoSobis siZveleze da<br />
pirobebze. Cven ver vityviT, Tu ratom SeirCa burdonuli banis samosi<br />
bizantiuri sagaloblis gamSvenebisaTvis, SesaZloa organumis principis<br />
uary<strong>of</strong>a laTinuri garemosgan gamijvnis simboloa, an iqneb, balkanurma Tu<br />
aRmosavlurma zegavlenam iTamaSa garkveuli roli. cxadia, rom<br />
burdonuli samosi berZnul sagalobelSi fonis funqcias atarebs. amis<br />
gamo igi, mravalxmianobis sxva principebisagan gansxvavebiT, yvelaze<br />
naklebmtkivneulad uTavsdeba monodiuri tipis melodias. yovel<br />
SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba gamoiTqvas safuZvliani varaudi, rom saqarTveloSi<br />
Semosvlisas da SeTvisebis pirveli saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi bizantiuri<br />
galoba erTxmiani iyo. SesaZloa, es varaudi bizantiuri orxmiani galobis<br />
gviandelobis erT-erT arapirdapir mtkicebulebadac gamodges.<br />
aRvniSnavT qarTuli burdonuli mravalxmianobis kidev erT<br />
saintereso Taviseburebas: miuxedavad mkafiod gamoxatuli funqcionaluri<br />
individualurobisa, qarTuli burdonuli bani mainc zeda xmebis<br />
Tanxlebad aRiqmeba, da ara sayrdeni tonis ucvlel damWerad. amas<br />
adasturebs is faqti, rom misi ganfenis vada da axal safexurze<br />
damkvidreba zeda xmebis mieraa gansazRvruli. qarTuli burdoni iSviaTad<br />
Tu miizidavs zeda xmebs Tavisi safexurisaken (magaliTi # 148). niSnavs<br />
162
Tu ara es, rom burdoni arqauli movlenaa, magram mxolod Tanmdevi iyo<br />
sxva kompoziciuri principebisa Znelia iTqvas.<br />
Cveni azriT qarTul sinamdvileSi realuri orxmianobis damkvidreba<br />
Semdegi meqanizmebis meSveobiT iyo SesaZlebeli:<br />
1. antifonuri nominaluri mravalxmianobis pirobebSi calkeuli<br />
xmis mier xmovanebis gagrZelebiT, ramac realuri<br />
TanaJReradoba gamoiwvia;<br />
2. stiqiuri totaluri ostinatos pirobebSi xmaTa TandaTanobiTi<br />
funqcionaluri individualizaciiT;<br />
3. wamyvani xmisaTvis araostinaturi, burdonuli banis SexamebiT.<br />
sainteresoa, rom qarTul mravalxmianobaSi sakmaod SesamCnevi<br />
paralelizmis principis warmoSobis Sesaxeb qarTveli mkvlevarebi ar<br />
gamoTqvamen ramdenadme damajerebel mosazrebebs. ufro metic: i.<br />
javaxiSvilis garda CvenTvis ucnobia am Temaze mkafiod gamoTqmuli<br />
daskvna. xolo i. javaxiSvili paralelizmis gamoCenas (kvartulisa da<br />
kvinturis) qarTul simReraSi sakravier (fanduris, Conguris) gavlenas<br />
miawers, rac didi mecnieris erT-erT warumatebel samecniero pasaJad unda<br />
CaiTvalos. marTlacda, rodesac ici, Tu raoden ganmsazRvrelia qarTuli<br />
vokaluri musikis gavlena sakravierze, Znelia dauSva, rom qarTvel kacs<br />
misi Semoqmedebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli mravalxmianobis<br />
principi sakravis wyobam mianiSna (gavixsenebT m. SilakaZis daskvnas:<br />
`qarTuli sakravieri musikis mravalxmianobis ganviTareba vokaluri<br />
musikis mravalxmianobis ganviTarebis saerTo kanonzomierebas<br />
eqvemdebareba.~ analogiur gaugebrobazea dafuZnebuli zogierTi mecnieris<br />
mier ioane petriwis mravalxmianobis Sesaxeb cnobis mxolod sakravieri<br />
musikis Taviseburebisadmi miwera, risi mcdarobis Sesaxeb wers n.<br />
fircxalava (fircxalava 2004 :55).<br />
fragmentulia aseve i. JRentis zogadi daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />
xalxuri mravalxmianobis arqaul formebs, burdonisa da heter<strong>of</strong>oniis<br />
garda, paralelizmic ganekuTvneba (JRenti 2005 :207, 218).<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTul tradiciul musikalur praqtikaSi<br />
paraleluri xmaTasvlis Camoyalibebas stadialur movlenad miviCnevT.<br />
163
logikuria, vifiqroT, rom paraleluri xmaTasvlis damkvidreba<br />
dakavSirebulia melodiur ganviTarebasTan; ufro zustad _ melodiis<br />
moculobis zrdasTan. marTlacda, Zneli warmosadgenia paraleluri<br />
Tanxleba Camoyalibebuli melosis gareSe. xolo is faqti, rom qarTuli<br />
simRerisaTvis Zvelad moklefraziani ostinaturi struqtura iqneboda<br />
damaxasiaTebeli, amaze dRes SemorCenili arqauli nimuSebic migviTiTebs.<br />
mainc rogor dafuZnda qarTul simReraSi mravalxmianobis<br />
paralelizmis principi amis Sesaxeb SesaZloa Semdegi versiebi moviyvanoT:<br />
1. paraleluri mravalxmianobis principis gamoCena SesaZloa<br />
dakavSirebuli y<strong>of</strong>iliyo dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />
indoevropuli rasis gamoCenasTan, romlis warmomadgenlebsac monodiuri<br />
azrovnebisaken swrafva axasiaTebdaT. am rasis avtoqtonur, mravalxmianad<br />
moazrovne rasasTan Serwymis Sedegad SesaZloa paraleluri xmaTasvla<br />
SemuSavebuliyo monodiis mravalxmianuri interpretaciis gziT.<br />
2. wamyvanisadmi paraleluri xmis miyolebis tendencia, bunebrivia<br />
nebismieri muzicirebadi adamianisaTvis. SesaZloa amgvarma musikalurma<br />
azrovnebam `gamoiRviZa~ da ganviTarda saqarTveloSi qristianuli galobis<br />
Semosvlis Semdeg. vimeorebT: ar vamtkicebT, rom saeklesio musikam CvenSi<br />
paraleluri mravalxmianoba Semoitana (nadeli piruku fiqrobda), magram<br />
dasaSvebia es musika CaiTvalos aseTi tendenciis biZgis mimcemad, radgan<br />
farTe ganfenilobis melodias mxolod ostinaturi formulebiT ver<br />
`Seubanebdnen~, xolo burdonuli banis TanxlebiT melodiis ganviTarebis<br />
kvali saeklesio musikaSi dRes ar dasturdeba (mcire burdonuli<br />
monakveTebi karbelaanT kiloSi melodiur bgeraTa Sida ganvrcobis<br />
Sedegia). aqve gavixsenebT d. SuRliaSvilis dakvirvebas: `migvaCnia, rom<br />
xmaTa paralelizmis aRniSnuli principi qarTuli polifoniuri galobis<br />
Sesrulebis uZvelesi formaa, romelic Semdgom damkvidrda rogorc<br />
galobis swavlebis pirveli safexuri~ (SuRliaSvili 2000 :176). gavixsenebT<br />
e. WoxoneliZis mosazrebasac imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom `qristianuli<br />
galobis saqarTveloSi Semosvlis `periodSi izrdeba kilos potenciur<br />
SesaZleblobaTa aTviseba, melodiis diapazoni da plastikuroba~.<br />
(WoxoneliZe 2002 :102). mkvlevari aq ar adasturebs, Tu melodiis romel<br />
164
diapazonzea saubari _ vertikalurze Tu horizontalurze. ukanasknel<br />
SemTxvevaSi igi exmianeba Cven varauds: qristianuli galoba SesaZloa is<br />
muxti aRmoCeniliyo, ramac qarTuli tradiciul musikis ganviTarebas<br />
melodiuri ganviTarebis axali veqtori dausaxa. ar aris aucilebeli, rom<br />
originalur qarTul sagalobels melodiuri Camoyalibebisas berZnuli<br />
motivebiT exelmZRvanela. m. ositaSvilis azriT, `marTlmadidebel<br />
eklesiaSi kompozitor-himnografs Tavisi talanti cota sxvagvarad unda<br />
gamoemJRavnebina _ axali unda Seeqmna tradiciuli hangebisagan, unda<br />
moeZebna hangTa axali kombinacia, miesadagebina isini axali ritmebisaTvis~<br />
(ositaSvili 2002 :472).<br />
qarTuli sagaloblis qarTul simReraze gavlenis magaliTad gvsurs<br />
moviyvanoT erTi hipoTeturi mosazreba: rogorc cnobilia, ZvelqarTul<br />
WrelTa nusxebSi moixsenieba Wreli `Seyrili~, romelic m. andriaZesa da<br />
Tamar CxeiZis azriT intonaciur models ar unda aRniSnavdes (andriaZe ...<br />
2002 :447) (Tumca es mosazreba, Cveni azriT, ara aris saTanadod<br />
dasabuTebuli). iqneb arsebobs garkveuli istoriuli kavSiri am terminisa<br />
simRera `CakrulosTan~<br />
3. paralelizmis principi TandaTanobiT gamomJRavnda TviT erTian<br />
qarTul garemoSi. (gavixsenoT iv. javaxiSvili: `mravalxmianoba qarTuli<br />
musikis Sinagani ganviTareba-warmatebis nay<strong>of</strong>ia.~ (javaxiSvili 1938 :278.) igi<br />
SesaZloa gaaqtiurebuliyo simRerisa Tu sagalobelis vertikalSi mesame<br />
xmis gamoCeniT, romelic, tradiciuli TvalsazrisiT, `maRali banis~<br />
principiT amoqmedda (oqtavis, an kvintis farglebSi). igi Tavidan banis,<br />
rogorc Tanmxlebi xmis, ubralo gaormagebas daisaxavda miznad. SemdgomSi<br />
ki wamyvan, amjerad meore xmas Seewyo paralelurad, rodesac am<br />
ukanasknels zeda xmis gamoCeniT moZraobis diapazoni SeezRuda. xolo is<br />
varaudi, rom swored ZiriTad xmasTan paralelizmis moTxovnileba<br />
iqneboda mesame xmis gamoCenis mizezi, nakleb damajerebelia, radgan aseTi<br />
moTxovnilebis SemTxvevaSi paraleluri moZraoba jer kidev ori xmis,<br />
wamyvanisa da banis damokidebulebaSi gaxdeboda SesamCnevi (ixileT wina<br />
punqti), ra procesis damadasturebel anareklsac orxmian qarTul<br />
simRerebSi Cven ver vxedavT.<br />
165
yuradRebas mivaqcevT qarTuli xalxuri mravalxmianobis sinqronis<br />
kompoziciur princips. misi safuZvelia simRerisa (da sagaloblis) yvela<br />
xmis partiaSi erTi ziari ritmuli modeli, romlis ZiriTadi mizezic<br />
yvela Semsruleblis mier gaziarebuli verbaluri teqstia. am principis<br />
ganxorcielebis praqtika jer kidev arqaul xanaSi unda veZioT; kerZod _<br />
korifes mopasuxe unisonur gundSi da Semdeg _ amgvar ostinatur refrenSi<br />
orxmianobis gamoCenisas. saerTod, sinqronis principi imdenad bunebrivia<br />
koleqtiuri SemoqmedebisaTvis, rom misi darRveva ufro aRiqmeba<br />
aranormatiul faqtad. asevea dRevandel qarTul xalxur simReraSic.<br />
magram saqme isaa, rom ganviTarebis garkveul etapze qarTuli simReris<br />
udidesi jgufis mravalxmianobis ZiriTad ganmsazRvrel principad swored<br />
sinqroni iqca. es dakavSirebuli unda iyos sxva principTa nivelirebasTan,<br />
risi gamoxatulebacaa:<br />
1. paraleluri xmaTasvlis ganeitraleba da saorientacio, imanenturi<br />
melodiuri modelidan ZiriTadad ritmuli modelis SemorCena;<br />
2. burdon-kontinuumis (pedaluri burdonis) reCitaciulSi gadazrda;<br />
3. specifikuri xmebis _ krimanWulis, gamyivanis _ mTqmelis<br />
paralelurad `daliandageba~ (amgvar paralelizms Cven meore rigisas<br />
SevarqmevdiT, radgan pirveli etapis paralelizmi gasinqronulobamde,<br />
savaraudod, paralinelur princips unda gaemravalferovnebina);<br />
simReraTa bunebrivi ganviTarebis garda ukanaskneli ori procesis<br />
mizezad mkiTxvels or versias vTavazobT, romelTagan, SesaZloa orives<br />
emoqmeda:<br />
1. sagaloblis faqturis gviandeli zegavlena (ufro metad);<br />
2. dasavluri musikis zegavlena (naklebad);<br />
qarTuli simRerisa da sagaloblis mravalxmianobis urTierTdamokidebuleba<br />
gansakuTrebuli kvlevis sagans warmoadgens. magram am sakiTxs,<br />
iseve rogorc zemoT ganxilul aranakleb problematur sakiTxebs gverds<br />
verc am naSromSi avuvliT.<br />
ueWvelia, rom qarTuli sagalobeli da simRera xangrZlivi drois<br />
ganmavlobaSi zemoqmedebdnen erTmaneTze. cxadia, maSin, rodesac TiTqmis<br />
yovel qarTul s<strong>of</strong>elSi eklesia funqcionirebda, mgalobeli da saero<br />
166
Semsrulebeli umetesad erTi da igive piri unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo. da miT ufro<br />
saocaria, rom qarTul sagalobels mainc mkafiod vansxvavebT simRerisagan.<br />
es faqti ar aixsneba mxolod sagaloblis kanonikuri xmis SenarCunebis<br />
motiviT. gansxvavebulia mTeli rigi sxva komponentebisa: melodiis tipi,<br />
intonaciuri saqcevebi, zogierTi harmoniuli detali, modulaciuri svlebi<br />
da a.S. unda vivaraudoT, rom qarTveli kaci saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
mkafiod asxvavebda saerod da sasulierod Sesasrulebel musikas, ra<br />
midrekilebamac, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, dRemde stilisturad<br />
urTierTgansxvavebuli saeklesio da saero zepiri tradicia Semogvinaxa.<br />
Tumca, istoriuli Znelbedobis gamo, saeklesio galobis werilobiTi<br />
tradiciis moSlasac unda eTamaSa mniSvnelovani roli erTis mxriv<br />
sagaloblis gamSvenebis dauokebeli swrafvis gamomJRavnebaSi, xolo<br />
meores mxriv _ imgvari ganviTarebuli polifoniuri struqturis simReraTa<br />
SemuSavebaSi, romlebSic gamSvenebuli sagaloblis stili mkafiod<br />
Seicnoba. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs guruli trios simRerebi (`Cven mSvidoba~,<br />
`adila~, `wamokruli~ `zari~ da sxva.). trios formaSi qarTuli<br />
sagaloblis kvali daafiqsira n. Jordaniam (Jordania 1985 :36-42.)<br />
xangrZliv msjelobas ar davuTmobT qarTuli xalxuri<br />
mravalxmianobis Tavisufal-kontrastul tips, romlis SemuSavebaSi win<br />
wamoiwevs paralinealurobis, anu Tavisufali xmaTasvlis principi. misi<br />
ganxorcielebis meqanizmi naTelia _ am SemTxvevaSi orientacia aRebulia<br />
imanentur melodiuri modelze, romlis komponentebidan xSirad umetesoba<br />
nivelirebulia garda zogierTi intonaciuri saqcevisa (ufro xSirad _<br />
sawyisi frazisa), frazis xangrZliobisa da am frazis bolo<br />
Tanxmovanebisa.<br />
ganvixilavT ra, CvenTvis saintereso kuTxiT, gurul da qobuleTur<br />
oTxxmian nadurebs, pirvel rigSi mivaniSnebT im faqtze, rom isini<br />
ostinatos principze dayrdnobiT aRweven polifoniur simaRleebs. swored<br />
ostinatosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mokle frazaa garanti oTxi sruliad<br />
gansxvavebuli specifikis xmis zusti koordinaciisa. es faqti kidev<br />
erTxel migviTiTebs ostinaturi garemos unarze _ Seqmnas piroba<br />
167
funqcionalurad mkafiod diferencirebuli mravalxmiani muzicirebisaTvis.<br />
msagvs movlenas musikaSi d. aruTinovi-jinWaraZe da m. nadareiSvili<br />
`hipermravalxmianobad~ moixseneben `bgeriTi velis `magmiseburi sunTqvis~<br />
efeqtiT (aruTinovi-jinWaraZe .. 2007 :38).<br />
aqve aRvniSnavT: is mosazreba, rom am nadurebSi moZravi bani<br />
gviandeli movlenaa, dasturdeba msgavsi formis imeruli samxmiani<br />
burdonuli banis Semcveli nadurebiT, romelic guriaSi moZravi banis<br />
mier SezRudul Semxmobarad gadaiqca.<br />
calke unda aRiniSnos qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis<br />
formaTa, rogorc erTiani organizmis, ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb:<br />
1. qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianoba stilisturad sruliad<br />
erTiani da sxva analogiuri rangis plastebisagan sruliad<br />
calke mdgomi movlenaa, rom bunebrivad migvaCnia masze<br />
visaubroT, rogorc `qarTul mravalxmianobaze~. es cneba,<br />
aqamdec gamoiyeneboda qarTul musikismcodneobaSi. Cveni<br />
survilia, `qarTulma mravalxmianobam~, rogorc terminma, Tavisi<br />
adgili hpovos qarTvel musikismcodneTa leqsikaSi.<br />
davazustebT, rom, Tu saubaria qarTul pr<strong>of</strong>esiul musikaze,<br />
`qarTuli mravalxmianoba~ sruliad bunebrivad miesadageba iseT<br />
plasts, romelic swored qarTuli tradiciuli musikiTaa<br />
nasazrdoebi, amitom aq interesTa dapirispirebas adgili ar<br />
aqvs.<br />
2. qarTuli tradiciuli simReris, sagaloblisa da sakravieri<br />
musikis mravalxmianobis formebi gamoirCeva sxvadasxva<br />
warmomavlobis kompoziciur principTa mravalsaxovani<br />
gansxeulebiT; `qarTuli mravalxmianobis~ struqturul<br />
saxesxvaobaTa diapazoni vrceldeba martivi nominaluri<br />
antifonuri mravalxmianobis nimuSebidan damoukidebeli xmebis<br />
ganviTarebuli Tavisufal-kontrastuli xmaTasvlis nimuSebamde;<br />
sada burdonuli orxmianobis nimuSebidan rTuli sinTezuri<br />
struqturis nimuSebamde.<br />
168
3. qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis formebi gamoirCeva<br />
struqturuli simwyobriT, rac gamoxatulia nimuSTa<br />
dramaturgiis maRali organizaciiT, mravalxmianobis<br />
kompoziciur principTa organuli SexamebiT, improvizaciis<br />
mxolod lokaluri gamovlinebebiT. amgvari mniSvnelobis<br />
miniWeba sakuTari musikaluri enisadmi pirvel rigSi eTnikuri<br />
identifikaciis mZlavri iaraRi unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo, religiuri,<br />
socialuri Tu sxva saxis eqspansiis pirobebSi.<br />
dasasrul, kidev erTxel davadasturebT, rom qarTuli tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianobis mravalwaxnagiani da maRali organizaciis struqturuli<br />
saxeebi qarTveli xalxis yvelaze unikaluri da mniSvnelovani wvlilia<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lio kulturuli memkvidreobis saganZurSi.<br />
169
daskvnebi<br />
axla ki SevecdebiT naSromSi wamoyenebuli debulebebi CamovayaliboT<br />
ganzogadebuli daskvnebis saxiT:<br />
1. mravalxmianobis dafiqsirebis mTavar pirobad migvaCnia minimum ori<br />
gansxvavebuli funqcionalobis xmis mocemuloba, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
erTad JReren isini Tu _ monacvleobiT. amgvarad, qarTuli xalxuri<br />
mravalxmianobis, iseve, rogorc sazogadod tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianobis faqturis Semadgeneli TiToeuli xma garkveuli<br />
funqcionaluri datvirTvis mqone invariantia, romelic, miuxedavad<br />
SemsrulebelTa raodenobisa, erTi grafikuli proeqciiT gamoisaxeba.<br />
amgvarad, mravalxmianoba aris mizanmimarTuli vokaluri an<br />
sakravieri Tanamuzicirebis saxeoba, romelSic minimum ori<br />
funqcionalurad damoukidebeli xma dasrulebuli musikaluri azris<br />
mqone struqturas SeimuSavebs. tradiciuli mravalxmianobis es<br />
gansazRvreba vrceldeba qarTul xalxur sakravier musikazec.<br />
amasTan, mravalxmianad vTvliT iseT solo instrumentul musikas,<br />
romelSic Semsruleblis mizanmimarTuli mcdelobiT funqciurad<br />
gansxvavebuli xmebia warmoCenili.<br />
2. erTi Semsruleblis mier or an met xmaSi mReris mcdelobas<br />
`nagulisxmev mravalxmianobas~ vuwodebT.<br />
3. tradiciul musikaSi individualur, funqcionalurad gansxvavebul<br />
xmaTa erTad JReras vuwodebT `realu<br />
realur r mravalxmianobas~, xolo<br />
amgvari ori xmis monacvleobiT JReras _`nominalur mravalxmianobas~.<br />
4. nominalur mravalxmianobaSi xmaTa monacvleoba unda dafiqsirdes<br />
azrobrivad erTiani musikaluri azris mqone monakveTSi (`dialogi<br />
dialogi-<br />
sinTezi~), da ara _ xmebis mier dasrulebuli imgvari musikaluri<br />
frazebis SesrulebaSi, romelic partniorisagan aucilebel<br />
gamoxmaurebas ar moiTxovs (`dialogi<br />
dialogi-montaJi<br />
montaJi~, romlis drosac<br />
musikaluri azri nawevrdeba). dialog-sinTezSi vgulisxmobT cnobili<br />
`kiTxva-pasuxis~, an sxvagvarad _ `mowodeba-gamoxmaurebis~ formis<br />
Sesrulebas.<br />
170
5. tradiciul garemoSi SemoqmedebiTi ciklis: Semsrulebeli _ meTodi<br />
_ procesi _ produqti _ yvela etapze SesaZloa dafiqsirdes<br />
mravalxmianuri azrovnebisa Tu Semsruleblobis sxvadasxva<br />
gamovlenebi, romlebic rogorc musikaluri, aseve _ aramusikaluri<br />
faqtorebiTaa gamowveuli. amgvari aramusikaluri faqtorebidan<br />
gamovy<strong>of</strong>T socialur, fsiqologiur da komunikaciur faqtorebs;<br />
xolo musikaluridan _ teqnologiurs, funqcionalurs da<br />
procesualurs.<br />
6. komunikaciuri faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT tradiciul SesrulebaSi<br />
SeiZleba gamovyoT SemsrulebelTa `Semguebluri<br />
Semguebluri~<br />
da<br />
`mizanmimarTuli<br />
mizanmimarTuli~ koordinacia. orive SemTxvevaSi Semsruleblebi<br />
erTian qmedebaSi (ritualSi) monawileoben, magram meore SemTxvevaSi<br />
isini erTi musikalur-SemoqmedebiTi mizniT Tanaqmedeben.<br />
7. teqnologiuri (bgeraTwarmoqmnis) faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, rogorc<br />
samuSao kvleviT aspeqti, SesaZleblad migvaCnia musikis ara vokalur<br />
da sakravier, aramed sxeulismier da sakravier masivebad day<strong>of</strong>a.<br />
8. funqcionaluri mravalxmianobis SeqmnaSi garkveul rols TamaSobs<br />
tembruli da registruli faqtorebi. kerZod, mamakacTa da qalTa (an<br />
bavSvTa) oqtavur Sesrulebas, romelsac realur _ funqcionalur<br />
mravalxmianobad ar aRviqvamT, am ukanasknelad qcevis potencia<br />
gaaCnia.<br />
9. solo instrumentul Sesrulebas, sadac sakravis partiaSi<br />
funqcionalurad TviTmy<strong>of</strong>i xmebi ikveTeba (Conguris, Wuniris,<br />
gudastviris, Wibonis dasakravebSi), vuwodebT `solo (an<br />
individualur) instrumentul (sakravier) mravalxmianobad~. rac<br />
Seexeba erTi sakravis farglebSi funqcionalurad ganurCevel<br />
akordul-sinqronul mravalxmian faqturas (Conguris, fanduris,<br />
larWem-soinaris dasakravebSi) maT realuri mravalxmianobis nimuSad<br />
ar miviCnevT. dasartyami sakravis partias ansamblSi mravalxmiani<br />
faqturis sruluflebian xmis partiad aRviqvamT mxolod im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi ritmuli naxati damoukidebel musikalur azrs<br />
SeimuSavebs.<br />
171
10. qarTul xalxur dasakravSi dafiqsirebul iseT mravalxmianobis<br />
formas, romelic konkteruli simReris struquras imeorebs (Tundac<br />
igi Tanxleba ar iyos), samuSao terminad `mibaZviT mravalxmianobas~<br />
vuwodebT.<br />
11. vokalur-instrumentuli, an instrumentuli ansamblis Semadgenel<br />
komponentebs plastis cnebiT movixseniebT. Tumca es cnebac samuSao<br />
terminis datvirTvisaa da mis Semdgom diferenciacias ar veswrafviT.<br />
12. Semsruleblis SemecnebaSi arsebul qargas, romelze dayrdnobiTac<br />
Semsrulebeli iwyebs da agrZelebs muzicirebas, Cven `SemoqmedebiTi<br />
modelis~, mokled ki _ `modelis<br />
modelis~ cnebiT aRvniSnavT. rac ufro<br />
zustadaa mravalxmiani modeli SemsrulebelTa mier gaTavisebuli,<br />
miT ufro nakleb Zalisxmevas iTxovs xmaTa koordinacia. amis<br />
Sedegad xmebs eZlevaT SesaZlebloba modelis Tamamad ganaxlebisa.<br />
Cveni azriT, swored amgvarad unda warmovidginoT paraleluri<br />
xmaTasvlis kontrastulSi gadazrdis ZiriTadi gza.<br />
13. tradiciul musikaSi SemoqmedebiTi modelis mdgradoba ZiriTadad<br />
sityvieri teqstiT aRWurvili bgerebiT, sawyisi da damaboloebeli<br />
nagebobebiT gamoixateba; xolo am mdgradobis mizezTagan<br />
davasaxelebdiT Sesrulebis funqciur reglaments (sakraluri an<br />
magiuri funqcia), `paramusikalur~ maxasiaTeblebs (sinkretuli<br />
Sesrulebis meTodebi).<br />
14. SesaZloa, qarTul tradiciul musikaSi `SemoqmedebiTi~ modelirebis<br />
sami ierarqiuli safexuri gamovyoT: 1. kilouri modeli, 2. ritmuli<br />
modeli, 3. bgeraTsimaRlebrivi modeli. transformacias, ufro<br />
xSirad, bgeraTsimaRlebrivi, anu melodiuri modeli emorCileba.<br />
15. SemoqmedebiTi modelis sxvadasxvagvar gamovlenas vaxarisxebT<br />
erTgvari samuSao terminologiiT. kerZod, Semsruleblis SemecnebaSi<br />
arsebul im model-qargas, romelsac es Semsrulebeli eyrdnoba,<br />
`imanentur models~ vuwodebT, gansxvavebiT `gare modelisagan~<br />
romlis proecireba Semsruleblis SemecnebaSi sxva Semsruleblis<br />
musicirebidan miRebuli informaciiT xdeba. imanenturi modelis sxva<br />
xmaSi absoluturi msgavsebiT ganxorcielebas `identur models~<br />
vuwodebT. erTi modelis sxvadasxva xmebSi ganxorcielebisas<br />
172
warmoqmnil models `ziar models~ vuwodebT. ziari modelis<br />
absoluturi gamovlenis nimuSi paraleluri xmaTasvlaa. xolo<br />
xmebis mier erTmaneTis gare modelisadmi mizanmimarTulad<br />
kontrastuli modeli-anabeWdis SemuSavebis Sedegad viRebT<br />
`kontrastul models~. mravalxmian struqturaSi erTi xmis mier<br />
specifiuri imanenturi modelis erTpirovnulad ganxorcielebisas<br />
warmoiqmneba `gankerZoebuli modeli~, romelic ZiriTadad<br />
burdonuli da ostinaturi baniTa da krimanWuliT gamoixateba.<br />
gankerZoebuli modelis sapirispiro suraTs qmnis `partnioruli<br />
modeli~, romelic iTvaliswinebs mravalxmiani qsovilis monawile<br />
xmebis Tanasworuflebian Tanaavtorobas mravalxmiani faqturis<br />
SemuSavebisas. aseTi wonasworoba ZiriTadad gare modelze<br />
orientaciiT gamoirCeva.<br />
16. tradiciuli musikis cocxali Sesrulebisas bgeraTa reliefur<br />
organizaciaSi (gansxvavebiT bgeraTa fonuri organizaciisagan)<br />
musikaluri azris mTavari warmmarTveli Zala aris romelime xmis, an<br />
ramdenime gamorCeuli xmis mier gamoCenili iniciativa. mas vuwodebT<br />
`musikaluri azris warmmarTveli iniciativas~, anu `SemoqmedebiT<br />
iniciativas~ (naSromSi SemoklebiT _ `iniciativas<br />
iniciativas~). musikaluri<br />
azris warmmarTveli iniciativis absoluturi gamoxatuleba<br />
melodiaSi ganivTdeba. Tumca gvxvdeba kilouri iniciativac, romelic<br />
kilos Secvlisas gamodis wina planze. tradiciuli musikis<br />
hom<strong>of</strong>oniur faqturaSi aSkarad gamokveTil iniciator xmas `liders<br />
liders~<br />
vuwodebT. qarTul tradiciul musikaSi romelime xmaSi mkafiod<br />
gamokveTili iniciativiT gamoirCeva burdonuli mravalxmianoba,<br />
ostinaturi mravalxmianobis zogierTi saxeoba; iniciativis<br />
talRiseburi gadanawileba garda zemoaRniSnuli formebisa,<br />
axasiaTebs Tavisufal-kontrastul faqturas, xolo paraleluri<br />
xmaTasvla wamyvani xmis `poziciuri iniciativiT~ gamoirCeva.<br />
17. qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis sxvadasxva formaTa Sesabamis<br />
mTavar SemoqmedebiT meTods mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri<br />
principebi warmoadgens. mravalxmianobis kompoziciur principebad<br />
CavTvliT muzicirebis im zogad kompoziciur principebs, romlebic<br />
173
SeimuSaveben originalur, funqcionalur mravalxmian struqturas.<br />
mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principebi garkveul struqturul<br />
formas Semdegi sami meTodiT SeimuSaveben: a) gankerZoebuli modelis;<br />
b) ziari i modelis; g) kontrastuli modelis daxmarebiT.<br />
18. unisonis kompoziciuri principi SesaZloa, gadaizardos, erTi mxriv,<br />
heter<strong>of</strong>oniis, xolo, meore mxriv, _ paralelizmis kompoziciur<br />
principSi, Tumca am ukanaskneli procesis dadastureba qarTuli<br />
tradiciis sinamdvileSi ar mogvepoveba. amasTan, unisonis<br />
heter<strong>of</strong>oniisaken da paralelizmisaken tendencias erTmaneTTan<br />
pirdapiri an urTierTgamomdinare kavSiri ar gaaCniaT. hetr<strong>of</strong>onias,<br />
Cveni monacemebiT, misi epizoduri da umniSvnelo gamomJRavnebis<br />
gamo, ver CavTvliT qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis<br />
kompoziciur principad.<br />
19. antifonis kompoziciuri principi qarTul tradiciul musikaSi<br />
ZiriTadad `mowodeba-pasuxis~ tipis antifoniT mJRavndeba, risi<br />
elementaruli gamovlinebac nominaluri mravalxmianoba~. rac Seexeba<br />
realur mravalxmianobas, aq antifonis SemoqmedebiTi principi, Cveni<br />
azriT, ver CaiTvleba mis gamomwvev kompoziciur principad, radgan<br />
TanaJReradobis sawinaaRmdego princips asaxavs.<br />
20. burdonis kompoziciuri principi aris koleqtiuri Sesrulebisas,<br />
ZiriTadad Tanmxlebi xmis partiaSi, gankerZoebuli modelis<br />
simaRlisucvleli, gavrcobili bgeris gamoyenebiT funqcionaluri<br />
mravalxmianobis SemuSavebis meTodi. gamovy<strong>of</strong>T burdonis<br />
kompoziciuri principis gansxeulebis or ZiriTad mimarTulebas,<br />
kerZod pedalurs, anu `burdon<br />
burdon-kontinuums<br />
kontinuums~ (SesaZloa mas `wrfivic~<br />
vuwodoT) da `reCitaciul burdons~ (`diskretuli~, anu `wyvetili~<br />
burdoni). es ukanaskneli burdon-kontinuumis `amoZravebis~ Sedegia,<br />
rac, ZiriTadad, sxva xmebTan sinqronis tendenciiT unda aixsnas.<br />
rogorc reCitaciuli burdoni, aseve burdon-kontinuumi SesaZloa<br />
iyos mkacri da figuraciuli. es ukanaskneli saxeoba burdonuli xmis<br />
melodiurad moZrav xmad gardaqmnis Sualedur safexurad unda<br />
warmovidginoT.<br />
174
21. ostinato, rogorc mkafio modelirebiT gamorCeuli SemoqmedebiTi<br />
principi, karg niadags qmnis koleqtiur SesrulebaSi xmaTa<br />
individualuri ganviTarebisaTvis, ris gamoc mas mravalxmianobis<br />
kompoziciuri principis rangSi movixseniebT. ostinatos principi<br />
qarTul simReraSi SesaZloa gatardes rogorc erT xmaSi (bani,<br />
krimanWuli), aseve or, an met xmaSi da `totalurad~. amave dros,<br />
ostinato SeiZleba iyos `diafonuri<br />
diafonuri~ da `antifonuri<br />
antifonuri~; agreTve _<br />
`refrenuli<br />
refrenuli~ da `kontinualuri<br />
kontinualuri~. es ori ukanaskneli wyvili<br />
erTmaneTTan SeerTebis sxvadasxva variantebs qmnis, romlebic oTx<br />
mTavar jgufSi erTiandebian: `antifonuri refreni~, `diafonuri<br />
refreni~, `diafon<br />
diafonuri kontinuumi~, `antifonuri kontinuumi~.<br />
22. qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis sinqronis kompoziciuri<br />
principi iTvaliswinebs xmaTa Tanadroul moZraobas. igi yvelaze<br />
organuli nawilia qarTuli mravalxmianobis sxvadasxva formebisa.<br />
ZiriTadad amis gamo sinqronis kompoziciuri principi ar<br />
monawileobs qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis im struqturul<br />
formaTa saxeldebaSi, sadac igi samidan mxolod or xmaSia<br />
warmodgenili da sadac sxva kompoziciuri principi (ZiriTadad<br />
burdoni) dominirebs. sinqronuli xmaTasvlis totaluri<br />
gamovlenisas mis arealSi eqceva reCitaciuli burdoni, xolo<br />
paraleluri xmaTasvla Tavad Seicavs sinqronis princips, rogorc<br />
komponents.<br />
23. paraleluri xmaTasvlis kompoziciuri principi qarTul tradiciul<br />
mravalxmianobaSi iTvaliswinebs xmaTa sinqronul paralelur<br />
moZraobas terciuli, kvinturi da oqtavuri orientaciiT. xolo<br />
musikaluri azris warmarTvis iniciativa paralelur xmaTasvlaSi<br />
umetesad zeda xmaSi mJRavndeba.<br />
24. paralinealobis kompoziciuri principi qarTul tradiciul<br />
mravalxmianur praqtikaSi xorcieldeba ori urTierTganmsWvalavi<br />
aspeqtiT: individualur xmaTa Tavisufali ganviTarebiT da xmebs<br />
Soris kontrastuli koordinaciiT. es tendencia SeiZleba<br />
gamJRavndes rogorc totalurad _ yvela xmaSi, aseve _ or xmaSi<br />
(ZiriTadad _ burdonulisa da ostinaturi xmasTan SexamebiT).<br />
175
paralinealobis principis ganxorcielebisas SemoqmedebiTi<br />
iniciativa xmebSi an talRiseburad, `komplementarulad<br />
komplementarulad~ nawildeba,<br />
an _ SeniRbulad tardeba.<br />
25. imitaciis kompoziciuri principi, rogorc mkafio modelis mqone,<br />
gamoiy<strong>of</strong>a paralinealobis principisagan. amasTan, imitacia mxolod<br />
fragmentulad gvxvdeba qarTul tradiciul mravalxmianobaSi.<br />
26. qarTuli tradiciuli musikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kompoziciur<br />
principTa Serwyma rogorc vertikalSi, anu erTdroulad, aseve _<br />
horizontaluri mimarTebiT anu, monacvleobiT. kompoziciur<br />
principTa erTdrouli TanaqmedebiT miRebul formas `heterogenuls<br />
heterogenuls~<br />
vuwodebT, xolo principTa Senacvlebis Sedegad miRebul formas _<br />
`kontaminaciurs<br />
kontaminaciurs~. orive am formas aqvs erTi saerTo niSani _<br />
kompozicur principTa Sedgeniloba, Serwyma, anu sinTezi. amitom maT<br />
gamaerTianebeli cnebiT `mr<br />
mravalxmianobis sinTezuri (Sedgenili)<br />
formebiT~ movixseniebT. kontaminaciuri forma SeiZleba Seicavdes<br />
heterogenul formas, rogorc erT-erT monacvle komponents.<br />
heterogenul formebSi prioritetul rols burdoni (ZiriTadad _<br />
bani) da ostinato (ZiriTadad _ krimanWuli) TamaSoben.<br />
27. qarTul simRerasa Tu sagalobelSi kontaminaciis forma unda<br />
dadgindes dasrulebuli musikaluri azris epizodSi. Tu<br />
struqturaTa kontaminacia scildeba amgvar `sintaqsurad~ erTian<br />
epizods, saqme gvaqvs ara kontaminaciur mravalxmianobasTan, aramed _<br />
kontrastul-Sedgenil formasTan.<br />
28. Tavisi stabiluri, yovelgvar struqturaze advilad morgebadi<br />
Taviseburebis gamo, qarTuli simRerisa Tu sagaloblis sakadanso<br />
monakveTi, Cveni azriT, ar unda iRebdes monawileobas gansaxilveli<br />
nimuSis mravalxmianobis tipis dadgenaSi da, amasTan, ar unda<br />
ganixilebodes kontaminaciuri formis Semadgenel nawiladac.<br />
29. qarTul tradiciul mravalxmianobaSi gvxvdeba rogorc tipiuri,<br />
aseve _ gardamavali faqturuli formebi.<br />
30. qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kompoziciur tipad miviCnevT<br />
iseT struqturas, romelSic mkafiod da stabiluradaa gamokveTili<br />
mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principi da is originaluri<br />
176
originaluri faqturuli komponenti, rac am struqturis<br />
istoriulad Camoyalibebul, TviTmy<strong>of</strong>ad iersaxes adasturebs.<br />
31. mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri tipi qarTul musikalur tradiciaSi<br />
unda ganisazRvros musikaluri azris mxriv dasrulebul monakveTSi<br />
da ara _ mTeli simReris, dasakravisa Tu sagaloblis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
32. qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis formaTa klasifikacia<br />
SesaZlebelia movaxdinoT aramusikaluri, `aJRerebamde~ arsebuli<br />
reglamentis mixedviT, ra mizniTac Semogvaqvs `saSemsruleblo<br />
reglamentis klasebis~ cneba. `rigebad<br />
rigebad~ day<strong>of</strong>il Svidi aseTi<br />
reglamentis klass davajgufebT: socialuri, dialeqturi, Janruli,<br />
sqesobriv-asakobrivi, SemsrulebelTa Semadgenlobis, sakravis<br />
gamoyenebis, ebis, xmaTa raodenobisa.<br />
33. qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis tipologiuri klasifikaciis<br />
gverdiT vayalibebT mcire, `samuSao<br />
samuSao~ klasificiur sistemebs erTi<br />
garkveuli kriteriumis mixedviT. aseTebia: SemoqmedebiTi modelis<br />
kriteriumi da gamomdinare muSa klasifikacia, mravalxmianobis<br />
kompoziciuri principebis Tanaqmedebis kriteriumze dafuZnebuli<br />
klasifikacia, xmaTasvlisa da, ufro konkretulad, banis kriteriumze<br />
dayrdnobili klasifikacia, SemoqmedebiTi iniciativis kriteriumiT<br />
miRebuli klasifikacia, `sasrulobis<br />
sasrulobis~ kriteriumiT miRebuli<br />
klasifikacia; xmebis raodenobis kriteriumis klasifikacia.<br />
34. SemoqmedebiTi modelis samuSao klasifikacia mkafiod gamokveTs<br />
paraleluri, paralinealuri, sinqronuli da burdonuli<br />
mravalxmianobis tipebs; magram SedarebiT ganurCevelia ostinaturi<br />
tipisa da sinTezuri formebis mimarT.<br />
35. mravalxmianobis kompoziciuri principebis sinTezis kriteriumi<br />
gamohy<strong>of</strong>s ZiriTadad sinTezur formebs: krimanWuliani<br />
mravalxmianobas, burdonul-paralelur da burdonul-kontrastul<br />
mravalxmianobas, burdonuli kontaminacias, gadaZaxilian<br />
kontaminacias.<br />
36. xmaTa raodenobis kriteriumis samuSao klasifikacia mkafiod<br />
gamohy<strong>of</strong>s naduri oTxxmianobis jgufs.<br />
177
37. xmaTa mimarTulebis (xmaTasvlis) kriteriumze dafuZnebuli samuSao<br />
klasifikacia mkafiod gamohy<strong>of</strong>s mxolod burdonuli da paraleluri<br />
mravalxmianobis tipebs. am kriteriumis qvesimravlis _ banis<br />
kriteriumis samuSao klasifikacia gamoy<strong>of</strong>s burdonul, paralelur<br />
da paralinealur tipebs; Tumca ganurCevelia sinqronuli da<br />
ostinaturi mravalxmianobis, agreTve sinTezuri formebis mimarT.<br />
38. musikaluri azris warmarTvis iniciativis kriteriumis mixedviT<br />
samuSao klasifikaciis mwyobri sistemis SemuSaveba Zneldeba. es<br />
kriteriumi SedarebiT warmatebis gamohy<strong>of</strong>s ostinatur da burdonul<br />
mravalxmianobas, agreTve paralinealuri mravalxmianobis or saxes:<br />
komplementarulsa da Tanadrouls.<br />
39. mxolod ostinaturi mravalxmianobis gamosay<strong>of</strong>ad yvelaze uprianad<br />
miviCnieT calke aRebuli, `dramaturgiuli ganviTarebis~ anu<br />
`sasrulobis~ kriteriumis gamoyeneba, romelic `Ria formis~ jgufSi<br />
swored ostinatur mravalxmianobas moicavs.<br />
40. qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis tipologiuri klasifikaciis<br />
Cveneuli versia eyrdnoba kombinirebul kriteriums. e. i.<br />
klasifikaciis sxvadasxva etapze Tanazomieri movlenaTa gamosay<strong>of</strong>ad<br />
sxvadasxva `samuSao~ kriteriumia SerCeuli.<br />
41. dRevandel qarTul tradiciul samusiko SemoqmedebaSi tipiur<br />
nimuSTa wili ufro mcirea, vidre Sedgenili formebisa. xolo maTi<br />
dRevandeli Semsrulebeli am nimuSis Semoqmed kompoziciur meTodTa<br />
mxolod anarekls Tu SeigrZnobs _ ufro metad am meTodis `umaRlesi<br />
rigis modelis~ reproduqcias axdens.<br />
42. qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis tipologiuri klasifikaciis<br />
Sedgenis Sedegad miviReT qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis<br />
Semdegi rva tipi da xuTi qvetipi:<br />
• nominaluri mravalxmianoba (erTxmiani araidenturi antifoni)<br />
• ostinaturi mravalxmianoba qvetipebi: refrenuli ostinato,<br />
ostinato-kontinuumi;<br />
• paraleluri xmaTasvlis mravalxmianoba<br />
178
• sinqronuli xmaTasvlis mravalxmianoba<br />
qvetipi _ reCitaciuli<br />
burdonuli mravalxmianoba<br />
• kontinualuri burdonuli mravalxmianoba qvetipebi _ burdonuli<br />
kontaminacia da burdonul-paraleluri mravalxmianoba<br />
• paralinealuri xmaTasvlis mravalxmianoba (gadaZaxiliani<br />
kontaminaciis qvetipiT)<br />
• krimanWuliani samxmianoba<br />
• naduri oTxxmianoba<br />
43. qarTul musikalur dialeqtTa diferenciacia mravalxmianobis<br />
formaTa mixedviT mkafio Sedegebs ar gvaZlevs. SedarebiT mkafiod<br />
gamoarCevs xevsureTs vokalur-instrumentuli nominaluri<br />
mravalxmianoba, mesxeTs _ reCitaciuli burdoni, kaxeTs burdonuli<br />
kontaminacia, gurias _ krimanWuliani samxmianoba, gadaZaxiliani<br />
kontaminacia da naduri oTxxmianoba.<br />
44. Janrebis mxriv qarTul tradiciuli mravalxmianobis tipebi aseve ar<br />
iCenen diferenciaciisadmi midrekilebas. SedarebiT mkafiod<br />
gamohy<strong>of</strong>s refrenuli ostinato _ saTamaSo-sacekvao simRerebis Janrs.<br />
45. qarTuli qalaquri simRerebi TiTqmis srul Sesabamisobas hpovebs<br />
sinqronul mravalxmianobasTan.<br />
46. qarTuli paralinealuri mravalxmianobis is ZiriTadi plasti,<br />
romelic `trios~ simRerebs eyrdnoba, `xalxuri pr<strong>of</strong>esionalizmis~<br />
saSemsruleblo tradiciis kuTvnilebaa.<br />
47. qarTuli sagalobeli, rogorc qarTuli tradiciuli musikis<br />
`specializebuli~, `pr<strong>of</strong>esionaluri~ Sto, mravalxmianobis formaTa<br />
ganviTarebul plastebs Seicavs. aq ZiriTadad sinqronuli<br />
mravalxmianobaa gabatonebuli. SedarebiT mcire wiliT gvxvdeba<br />
paralinealuri da paraleluri xmaTasvla. es ori ukanaskneli ufro<br />
xSirad kontaminaciis saxiT mJRavndeba. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis<br />
Rirsia karbelaanT kilos gamSvenebuli mravalxmianobis<br />
originaluri forma, romlis ZiriTadi moqmedi piria ganviTarebuli,<br />
moZravi Sua xma. Tumca, dRevandeli monacemebiT, amgvar Sesrulebas<br />
179
mxolod gansazRvruli sagvareulo tradicia (`karbelaanT kilo~)<br />
udevs safuZvlad, rac mas ufro lokaluri maneris iers aniWebs.<br />
48. vokaluri da sakravieri Semsruleblobis mixedviT qarTuli mravalxmianobis<br />
formebis ganxilva ZiriTadad solo instrumentuli<br />
mravalxmianobis farglebSia aqtualuri, sadac kontinualuri<br />
ostinaturi mravalxmianoba Warbobs. sakmaod mniSvnelovania<br />
burdonuli mravalxmianobis fragmentebi (gansakuTrebiT gudastviris<br />
dasakravebSi), romelic xSirad ostinatos komponentad aRiqmeba. imis<br />
gamo, rom sinqronuli mravalxmianoba dasakravebSi ZiriTadad,<br />
`baZviTi~ mravalxmianobis nimuSebia, iq realur mravalxmianobas ver<br />
davadasturebT. iSviaTia paralineluri mravalxmianobis epizodebi<br />
qarTul dasakravebSi _ isev da isev ostinaturi mravalxmianobis<br />
farglebSi.<br />
49. asakobriv-sqesobrivi mimarTebiT qarTuli tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianobis formebi mcired Tu amJRavnebs midrekilebas<br />
fiderenciaciisadmi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT ganurCevelia kacTa da<br />
qalTa repertuari. Tumca qarTvel qalTa simRerebisaTvis ucxoa<br />
paralinealuri da paraleluri mravalxmianoba, xolo unisonuri<br />
Sesruleba qalTaTvis ufro maxlobelia, vidre _ mamakacTaTvis.<br />
monacemTa simciris gamo, bavSvTa Semoqmedebis mravalxmianobaze<br />
msjeloba arakoreqtulad migvaCnia.<br />
50. miviCnevT, rom mravalxmianoba Tavisi arsiT araa mxolod etapobrivi<br />
movlena, es faqti ar niSnavs imas, rom misi arcerTi principi ar<br />
vaRiaroT gviandelad (paralelizmi, Tavisufali xmaTasvla), magram,<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi principebi gamomJRavnda melodiis<br />
ganviTarebis, misi moculobis zrdis fonze.<br />
51. qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis pirvelsaxe ostinaturi tipis<br />
nominalur, antifonur mravalxmianobas unda ukavSirdebodes. ar aris<br />
gamoricxuli am rangSi totaluri ostinatos rolic.<br />
52. qarTuli burdonuli mravalxmianoba SesaZlebelia warmoSobiliyo<br />
rogorc ostinaturi mravalxmianobis metruli pulsaciis moSlis<br />
Sedegad, aseve _ rogorc damoukidebeli tendencia.<br />
180
53. ganviTarebul qarTul simRerebsa da, nawilobriv, sagaloblebSi<br />
burdonuli banis `ganfena~ gviandel tradicias unda ukavSirdebodes.<br />
Cveni varaudiT, saqarTveloSi Semosvlis etapze qristianuli<br />
sagalobeli erTxmiani unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo da burdonuli bani ar<br />
axasiaTebda.<br />
54. bizantiuri sagaloblisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTul sagalobelSi<br />
burdonuli banis ararseboba SesaZloa, qristianobis miRebisas<br />
saqarTveloSi Semosuli, qarTuli musikaluri kulturisagan<br />
gansxvavebuli struqturuli wyobis, qristianuli sagaloblis<br />
gamravalxmianebis mizanmimarTulad `arasaero~ meTods (paralelur<br />
xmaTasvlaze dafuZnebuls) mieweros. TUmca aq arc paralelizmis<br />
principis qarTUli warmoSobaa gamosaricxi.<br />
55. Cveni azriT, qarTul sinamdvileSi realuri orxmianobis damkvidreba<br />
Semdegi meqanizmebis meSveobiT iyo SesaZlebeli: a) antifonuri<br />
nominaluri mravalxmianobis pirobebSi calkeuli xmis mier<br />
xmovanebis gagrZelebiT, ramac realuri TanaJReradoba gamoiwvia; b)<br />
stiqiuri totaluri ostinatos pirobebSi xmaTa TandaTanobiTi<br />
funqcionaluri individualizacia; g) wamyvani xmisaTvis<br />
araostinaturi, burdonuli banis Sexameba, `burdonuli ganfena~.<br />
sazogadod, es ukanaskneli qarTuli mravalxmianobis sxvadasxva<br />
etapze moqmedebda, rogorc ganviTarebis faqtori. qarTul simReraSi<br />
mesame xmis gamoCena SesaZlebelia davuSvaT rogorc ori arsebuli<br />
zeda xmis SejvarebiT, aseve banis paraleluri zeda xmis<br />
daSrevebiTac.<br />
56. ganviTarebis garkveul etapze qarTuli simRerisa da sagaloblis<br />
udidesi jgufis mravalxmianobis ZiriTad ganmsazRvrel principad<br />
swored sinqroni iqca. es dakavSirebuli unda iyos sxva principTa<br />
nivelirebasTan, risi gamoxatulebacaa: a) paraleluri xmaTasvlis<br />
ganeitraleba da saorientacio melodiuri modelidan ZiriTadad<br />
ritmuli modelis SemorCena; b) burdon-kontinuumis (pedaluri<br />
burdonis) reCitaciulSi gadazrda; g) specifikuri xmebis _<br />
krimanWulis, gamyivanis _ mTqmelis paralelurad `daliandageba~<br />
(amgvar paralelizms Cven meore rigisas SevarqmevdiT, radgan pirveli<br />
181
etapis paralelizmi gasinqronulobamde, savaraudod, paralinelur<br />
princips unda gaemravalferovnebina). simReraTa bunebrivi<br />
ganviTarebis garda ukanaskneli ori procesis mizezad mkiTxvels or<br />
versias vTavazobT, romelTagan, SesaZloa orives emoqmeda: a)<br />
sagaloblis faqturis gviandeli zegavlena (ufro metad); b)<br />
dasavluri musikis zegavlena (naklebad);<br />
57. istoriuli Znelbedobis gamo, saeklesio galobis werilobiTi<br />
tradiciis moSlas mniSvnelovani roli unda eTamaSa erTis mxriv<br />
sagaloblis gamSvenebis dauokebeli swrafvis gamomJRavnebaSi, xolo<br />
meores mxriv _ imgvari ganviTarebuli polifoniuri struqturis<br />
simReraTa SemuSavebaSi, romlebSic gamSvenebuli sagaloblis stili<br />
mkafiod Seicnoba.<br />
58. qarTuli xalxuri mravalxmianobis paralinealuri, anu Tavisufalkontrastul<br />
tipis ganxorcielebis meqanizmis orientacia aRebulia<br />
imanenturi melodiuri modelis Tavisufal traqtirebaze, romlis<br />
komponentebidan xSirad umetesoba nivelirebulia garda zogierTi<br />
intonaciuri saqcevisa (ufro xSirad _ sawyisi frazisa), frazis<br />
xangrZliobisa da am frazis bolo Tanxmovanebisa.<br />
59. guruli da qobuleTuri oTxxmian nadurebi ostinatos principze<br />
dayrdnobiT aRweven polifoniur simaRleebs. swored ostinatosaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli mokle frazaa garanti oTxi sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />
specifikis xmis zusti koordinaciisa. am mxriv Tavisi mniSvnelovani<br />
roli `Semxmobarsac~ ekuTvnis.<br />
60. qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianoba sruliad originaluri da<br />
erTiani stilisturi movlenaa, rac gvaZlevs safuZvels, igi<br />
movixsenioT, rogorc `qarTuli<br />
mravalxmianoba~.<br />
61. qarTul tradiciuli musikis or ZiriTad fenomenologiur<br />
Taviseburebas gamovy<strong>of</strong>T: a) qarTuli tradiciuli simReris,<br />
sagaloblisa da sakravieri musikis mravalxmianobis formebi<br />
gamoirCeva sxvadasxva warmomavlobis kompoziciur principTa<br />
mravalsaxovani gansxeulebiT; b) qarTuli tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianobis formebi gamoirCeva struqturuli simwyobriT,<br />
dramaturgiis maRali organizaciiT, rac, pirvel rigSi, gamowveuli<br />
182
unda iyos qarTveli xalxis mier sakuTari musikaluri enisadmi<br />
eTnikuri identifikaciis erT-erTi warmmarTvelis rolis mikuTvnebiT.<br />
62. qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianobis mravalferovani da<br />
maRalganviTarebuli formebi qarTveli xalxis yvelaze unikalur<br />
wvlils Seadgens ms<strong>of</strong>lio kulturuli memkvidreobis saganZurSi.<br />
183
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199. rosebaSvili 1988:<br />
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209
danarTi<br />
arTi<br />
sqema #1<br />
qarTuli<br />
tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
ritmuli ziari<br />
modelis<br />
Semcveli<br />
ritmulad<br />
kontrastuli<br />
modelis Semcveli<br />
ritmul-<br />
melodiuri ziari<br />
modelis<br />
Semcveli<br />
(paralelizmi)<br />
mxolod ritmuli<br />
ziari modelis<br />
Semcveli<br />
mxolod ritmuli<br />
kontrastuli<br />
modelis Semcveli<br />
(imitacia)<br />
sinqronuli<br />
(reCitaciuli)<br />
burdoni<br />
burdonis<br />
gareSe ritmuli<br />
ziari modelis<br />
Semcveli<br />
(sinqroni)<br />
ritmul-melodiuri<br />
melodiuri kontrastuli<br />
modelis Semcveli<br />
gankerZoebuli<br />
partnioruli<br />
modelis Semcveli<br />
modeli<br />
(paralinealoba)<br />
burdonuli<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
ostinaturi<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
sinTezuri<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
gadaZaxiliani<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
210
sqema #2<br />
qarTuli<br />
tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
koordinirebuli<br />
banis Semcveli<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
individualuri<br />
banis Semcveli<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
cvalebadi<br />
simaRlis<br />
bani<br />
paraleluri<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
paralinealuri<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
ucvleli simaRlis<br />
bani _<br />
burdonuli<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
ostinaturi<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
(individualuri<br />
baniT)<br />
sinqronuli<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
ostinaturi<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
(koordinirebuli<br />
baniT)<br />
reCitaciuli<br />
burdoniani<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
211
sqema #3<br />
qarTuli<br />
tradiciuli<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
sasruli<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
(Caketili formis)<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
arasruli<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
(Ria formis)<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
spiraluri<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
(ostinaturi)<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
ganSladi<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
paraleluri<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
sinqronuli<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
paralinealuri<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
burdonuli<br />
mravalxmianoba<br />
212
sqema<br />
#4<br />
213
gamoyenebuli sanoto magaliTebi<br />
magaliTi # 1 zumbaZe 2000 :117<br />
magaliTi # 2 `Tirni harirama~ garayaniZe 1990 :242 Caw p. goldis mier<br />
magaliTi # 3<br />
magaliTi # 4 `megruli sacekvao~ arayiSvili ili 1916 :191<br />
magaliTi # 5 `mirangula~ raWa-leCxumi<br />
leCxumi-svaneTi 1975 :28<br />
214
magaliTi # 7 `vai RoronTi~ arayiSvili 1908 :8<br />
magaliTi # 8 `voriraSa~ folkloris sax. cent. arqivi #18 1935: Cmaw. S. mSveliZe<br />
magaliTi # 6 `cekva `qarTuli~ zogi ram ... 1977 :41<br />
magaliTi # 7 `xorumis simRera~ rosebaSvili 1981 :67<br />
215
magaliTi # 8 `moxeuri fandurze~ CxikvaZe 1960 :63<br />
magaliTi # 9 `metivuri~ qarTli 1978 :63<br />
216
magaliTi # 10 1 `moxeuri tirili~ qarTuli ... 2005 gv 141<br />
magaliTi # 11 `zari~ arayiSvili 1905 :66<br />
217
magaliTi # 12 `Wona~ CxikvaZe 1960 :191<br />
magaliTi # 13 `adila-alifaSa~<br />
alifaSa~ SeviswavloT ... guruli simRerebi 2004 : 144<br />
218
magaliTi # 14 `gvibZane~ qarTuli ... 2005 :15<br />
magaliTi # 15 `hegi<br />
gi-oga~.<br />
CijavaZe 1964 :8<br />
magaliTi # 16 `dala~ CxikvaZe 1960 :36<br />
219
magaliTi # 17 `Sav ludsa wiTel Rvinosa~ CxikvaZe 1960 :11<br />
magaliTi # 18 `ferxisa~ maisuraZe 1981 :168<br />
magaliTi # 19 `larWems meZaxili~ qarTuli ... samegrelo 2003 :72<br />
magaliTi # 20 `saTamaSo~ arayiSvili 1916 :292<br />
220
magaliTi # 21 `harira~ kokelaZe 1974 :54<br />
magaliTi # 22 `Conguro~ CxikvaZe 1960 :144<br />
magaliTi #23 `Cakrulo~ CxikvaZe 1960 :303<br />
221
magaliTi # 24 saTamaSo arayiSvili 1908 :42<br />
magaliTi # 25 `xasanbegura~ saxelmZR. gv. 219<br />
222
magaliTi # 26 `odila da odelia~ arayiSvili 1908 :125<br />
magaliTi # 27 saTamaSo arayiSvili 1908 :42<br />
magaliTi # 28 `dila~ (naduri) qarTuli ... 2005 :234<br />
223
magaliTi # 29 `cangala da gogona~ qarTuli ... 2005 :24<br />
224
magaliTi # 30 `ferxuli~ arayiSvili 1916 :84<br />
magaliTi # 31 `nanav da~ CxikvaZe 1960 :244<br />
225
magaliTi # 32 `herio xeleuri~ arayiSvili 1916 :83<br />
magaliTi # 33 `saTamaSo~ arayiSvili 1916 :69<br />
226
magaliTi #34 `oCeSxvei~. qarTuli ... samegrelo 2003 : 57<br />
magaliTi # 35 `Sina vorgil~ raWa-leCxumi<br />
leCxumi-svaneTi 1975 :189<br />
227
magaliTi # 36 `Sina vigil uagil~ axobaZe 1957 :100<br />
magaliTi # 37 `mival guriaSi~ SeviswavloT b 2004 :55<br />
228
magaliTi # 38 `qarTvelo, xeli xmals ikar~ CxikvaZe 1960 :201<br />
magaliTi # 39 `Zveleburi mayruli~ arayiSvili 1916 :101<br />
magaliTi # 40 `sufruli~ CxikvaZe 1960 :289<br />
229
magaliTi # 41 `vosa rera~ faliaSvili 2004 :50<br />
magaliTi # 42 `veengara nana skua~ garayaniZe 1990 :239<br />
magaliTi # 43 `cxenosnuri~ qarTuli ... 2005 :190<br />
230
magaliTi # 44 `bebia~ garayaniZe 1990 :238<br />
magaliTi # 45 rosebaSvili 1981 :67<br />
magaliTi # 46 `vosa~ garayaniZe 1990 :240<br />
magaliTi # 47 `adila alifaSa~ SeviswavloT b 2004 :144<br />
231
magaliTi # 48 `madlobeli var~ kokelaZe 1984 :180<br />
magaliTi # 49 `mokle mravalJamieri~ saxelmZR gv. 44-45<br />
45<br />
magaliTi # 56 (d 45)<br />
232
magaliTi # 50 `me rusTveli~ SeviswavloT ... guruli 2004 :48<br />
magaliTi # 51 1 `Cven mSvidoba~ SeviswavloT ... guruli 2004 :14<br />
233
magaliTi # 52 `indi-mindi~ qarTuli ... 2005 :33<br />
magaliTi # 53 `orira~ qarTuli ... 2005 :46<br />
234
magaliTi # 54 `Savi SaSvi~ kokelaZe 1984 :225<br />
235
magaliTi # 55 `qali viyav aznauri~ qarTuli ... 2005 :16<br />
1. magaliTi # 56 `TeTri qori Wandarze~ qarTuli ... 2005 :46-47<br />
47<br />
236
magaliTi # 57 `elesa~ qarTuli ... .<br />
2005 :210<br />
magaliTi # 58 `Cakrulo~ qarTuli ... 2005 :165<br />
237
magaliTi # 59 `Wona~ qarTuli ... 2005 :151 .<br />
magaliTi # 60 `guTnuri~ kokelaZe 1984 :54<br />
238
magaliTi # 61 `xasanbegura~ rosebaSvili 1981 :20<br />
magaliTi # 62 `Semoqmedura~ garayaniZe 1990 :239<br />
239
magaliTi # 63 `burTis gamarjveba~ kokelaZe 1984 :286-287<br />
287<br />
magaliTi # 64 `sufruli~ arayiSvili 1916 :106<br />
240
magaliTi # 65 `si qouli, bata~ qarTuli ... 2005 :202<br />
magaliTi # 66 `SevkraT wiTel-wiTeli~ wiTeli~ CxikvaZe 1960 :149<br />
241
magaliTi # 67 `waiyvanes Tamar qali~ garayaniZe 1990 :233<br />
magaliTi # 68 `keisruli~ imereTi :113<br />
magaliTi # 69 `patara sayvarelo~ SeviswavloT ... guruli 2004 :121<br />
242
magaliTi # 70 `saferxulo~ CxikvaZe 1960 :83<br />
243
magaliTi # 71 `Celaia cira~ qarTuli ... samegrelo 2003 :129<br />
magaliTi # 72 `burRa~ qarTuli xalxuri musika. samegrelo 2003 :243<br />
244
magaliTi # 73 `akurTxevs suli Cemi~ benaSvili 1886 86 :3<br />
magaliTi # 74 `ferad Sindi~ SeviswavloT ... guruli 2004 :77<br />
245
magaliTi # 75 `patara sayvarelo~ SeviswavloT ... guruli 2004 :119<br />
2. magaliTi # 76 `harira~ qarTuli ... samegrelo 2003 : 284<br />
246
magaliTi # 77 `iavnana~ garayaniZe 1990 :234 gaS i. Jordania<br />
magaliTi # 78 `xuTSabaT gaTendeba~ CxikvaZe 1960 :12<br />
247
magaliTi # 79 istoriul-sagmiro sagmiro simRera maisuraZe 1971 :198<br />
magaliTi # 80 `ferxisuli~ maisuraZe 1971 :189<br />
magaliTi # 81 (xevsuruli ferxisuli~ aslaniSvili 1956 :65<br />
magaliTi # 82 8<br />
`Tasis mRera~ garayaniZe 1990 :228 gaS. rosebaSvilis mier<br />
magaliTi # 83 `mTibluri~ CxikvaZe 1960 :5<br />
248
magaliTi # 84 `ferxisuli~ maisuraZe 1971 :189<br />
magaliTi # 85 `ferxisa~ maisuraZe 1971 :192<br />
magaliTi # 86 `jvaris winasa~ CxikvaZe 1960 :46<br />
magaliTi # 87 `jariskacis simRera~ aslaniSvili 1956 :82<br />
magaliTi # 88 `dala~ CxikvaZe 1960 :36<br />
249
magaliTi # 89 `dideba~ qarTuli ... 2005 :152<br />
magaliTi # 90 9<br />
`saTamaSo~ CxikvaZe 1960 :71<br />
magaliTi # 919<br />
`aralale~ CxikvaZe 1990 :58<br />
magaliTi # 929<br />
`saferxulo~ CxikvaZe 1960 :84<br />
magaliTi # 93 `lomisuri~ garayaniZe 1990 :231 gaS. m. Jordanias as mier<br />
250
magaliTi # 94 `joris winasa~ garayaniZe 1990 :232<br />
magaliTi # 95 `xeuro~ CxikvaZe 1960 :141<br />
magaliTi # 96 `ferxisa~ garayaniZe 1990 :232 gaS S. aslaniSvilis mier<br />
magaliTi # 97 `Cveni maspinZlis sasaxle~ kaxeTi 1978 :79<br />
251
magaliTi # 98 `grZeli kaxuri mravalmJamieri~ qarTuli ... 2005 :22<br />
22-23<br />
23<br />
252
magaliTi # 99 `dideba~ qarTuli ... 2005 2<br />
:152<br />
magaliTi # 100 `sufruli~ svaniZe 1957 :189<br />
253
magaliTi # 101 `metivuri~ qarTuli ... 2005 :44<br />
magaliTi # 102 `muSuri~ garayaniZe 1990 :233<br />
magaliTi #. 1031<br />
`geguTisa mindorzeda~ maRraZe 1987 :140<br />
magaliTi # 104 `dala kojas xelRvaJale~ garayaniZe 1990 :236 gaSifrulia m.<br />
Jordanias mier<br />
magaliTi # 105 1<br />
`harira~ axobaZe 1957 :95<br />
254
magaliTi # 106 `sazeimo ferxuli~ qarTuli ... 2005 :170<br />
magaliTi # 107 `aslanuri mravalJamieri~ qarTuli ... 2005 :178<br />
255
magaliTi # 108<br />
1<br />
`alilo~ aslaniSvili 1954 :61<br />
magaliTi # 109 1<br />
`sio SruSana~ arayiSvili 1908 :29<br />
magaliTi # 110 `maRla mTas modga~ qarTuli ... 2005 181<br />
256
magaliTi # 111 `yurZenma Tqva~ CijavaZe 1989a :53<br />
magaliTi # 112 garayaniZe 1990<br />
90 :242<br />
Cawerili simonovas mier<br />
magaliTi # 113 1<br />
13 `mayruli~ CijavaZe 1989 :146<br />
magaliTi # 114 `qoCorai damekarga~ imereTi :53<br />
257
magaliTi # 115 15 `naduri~ CijavaZe 1989a :93<br />
magaliTi # 116 1<br />
16 `laSqruli~ CijavaZe 1989a :124<br />
magaliTi # 117<br />
17 `gvimReria~ qarTuli ... 2005 :239<br />
258
magaliTi # 118 `odoia~ garayaniZe 1990 :239 Caw. CijavaZes mier<br />
magaliTi # 119<br />
1<br />
19 `dudi oyvilari mafu~ arayiSvili 1908 :101<br />
magaliTi # 120 `ia patonefi~ qarTuli ... 2005 :195<br />
magaliTi # 121 `kunta bedinera~ garayaniZe 1990 :239<br />
259
magaliTi # 122 `maspinZelsa mxiarulsa~ qarTuli ... 2005 :214<br />
260
magaliTi # 123 `Svidkaca~ guria I :19<br />
magaliTi # 124 1<br />
`Semoqmedura~ garayaniZe 1990 :240<br />
261
magaliTi # 125<br />
`dila~ qarTuli ... 2005 :234<br />
magaliTi # 126 1<br />
`xasanbegura~ garayaniZe ayaniZe 1990 :241<br />
magaliTi # 127 1<br />
`ham Salaxo~ garayaniZe 1990 :241<br />
magaliTi # 128<br />
1<br />
`CaRma Cayrilo venaxo~ axobaZe 1961 :102<br />
262
magaliTi # 129 1<br />
`sacekvari~ garayaniZe 1990 :241<br />
magaliTi # 1301<br />
`misdevs mela lomsa~ qarTuli ... 2005 :228<br />
magaliTi # 131 1 `Tirni harerama~ garayaniZe 1990 :242<br />
magaliTi # 132 1<br />
`heiana~ CxikvaZe 1983 :34 (349(246)<br />
263
magaliTi # 133<br />
`lazare~ qarTuli ... 2005 :149<br />
magaliTi # 134<br />
`Citi-gvriti m<strong>of</strong>rinavda~<br />
mSveliZe a. 1970 : 156<br />
264
magaliTi # 135<br />
1<br />
`exla vxedav sayvarelo~ qarTuli ... 2005 :213<br />
265
magaliTi # 1361<br />
`da viTarca~ qarTuli ...1895 :88<br />
266
magaliTi # 137 `akurTxevs suli Cemi~. qarTuli galoba 2004 :9<br />
magaliTi # 138 `erT ars wminda~ benaSvili 1886 :17<br />
magaliTi # 139 `Sen xar venaxi~ qarTl-kaxuri<br />
... 1898 :63<br />
267
3. magaliTi # 140 `ganaTldi, ganaTldi~. qarTuli saeklesio galoba.<br />
Semoqmedis skola 2002 :27<br />
magaliTi # 141 `voriraSa~ folkloris sax. cent. arqivi #18 1935: Cmaw. S. mSveliZe<br />
268
magaliTi #142 `xoromi~ axobaZe 1961 :176<br />
magaliTi # 143 `WyiSuri~ qarTuli ... samegrelo 2003 :72<br />
magaliTi # 144 `Tinano~ rosebaSvili 1981 :72<br />
269
magaliTi # 145 `berikebis datireba~ rosebaSvili 1981 :73<br />
magaliTi # 146 `ded<strong>of</strong>lis simRera~ garayaniZe 1990 :240 Caw. S mSveliZis mier<br />
magaliTi # 147<br />
47. . `wmindao, `<br />
wmindao~ qarTuli ... 1899 :28-29<br />
29<br />
270
magaliTi # 148<br />
1<br />
`Cakrulo~ qarTuli ... 2005 :165<br />
271
gamoyenebuli sanoto krebulebi<br />
1. akvnis nana 2000: kalandaZe-maxaraZe, nino (Semdgeneli). akvnis nana. Tbilisi:<br />
saqarTvelos ssr kulturis saministros xalxuri Semoqmedebis samecnieromeToduri<br />
centri. (qarTul enaze inglisuri reziumeTi) 2000.<br />
2. andriaSvili ... 1971: andriaSvili, akaki da maxaraZe, vasil, qarTuli<br />
xalxuri simRerebi. Tbilisi: ganaTleba. 1971.<br />
3. arayiSvili 1905: Аракчиев, Дмитрий. Краткий очерк развития грузинской, карталинокахетинской,<br />
народной песни. О грузинской духовной народной музыке, с приложением<br />
напевов на литургии св. Iоанна Златоустаго. Москва: Типография К. Л. Меньшова. 1905.<br />
4. arayiSvili 1906:<br />
Araqishvili, Dimitri. 1906. Kratkii obzor razvitia gruzinskoi (Kartalino-<br />
Kakhetinskoi) narodnoi pesni.. Moscow: Commission <strong>of</strong> Music and Ethnography. Vol. 1, Moscow:<br />
K. Menshov. (In Russian)<br />
5. arayiSvili 1908: Аракчиев, Дмитрий. Народная песня Западной Грузии (Имеретии). С<br />
приложением 83 песен в народной гармонизации. Москва: Оттиски из II т. «Трудов<br />
Музыкально-Этнографической Комиссии» (МЭК). 1908<br />
6. arayiSvili 1916: Аракчиев, Дмитрий. Грузинское Народное Музыкальное Творчество.<br />
(Народная песня Восточной Грузии). С приложением 225 песен в народной гармонизации и<br />
39 инструментальных мелодий. Москва: Оттиски из V т. «Трудов Музыкально-<br />
Этнографической Комиссии» (МЭК) при Московском университете. Типография Г. Лисснера<br />
и Д. Собко. 1916.<br />
7. axobaZe 1957: axobaZe, vladimer. qarTuli svanuri xalxuri simRerebis<br />
krebuli. Tbilisi: teqnika da Sroma. (qarTul da rusul enebze) 1957.<br />
8. axobaZe 1961: axobaZe, vladimer. qarTuli aWaruli xalxuri simRerebi.<br />
baTumi. saxelmwifo gamomcemloba. (qarTul da rusul enebze, inglisuri<br />
reziumeTi) 1961.<br />
9. benaSvili<br />
1886: benaSvili, andria. qarTuli xmebi. saekklesio galoba wm.<br />
ioanne oqropiris wirvis wesisa. qarTl-kaxeTis kilozed. xalxuri<br />
simRerebi. tfilisi: stamba meliqiSvilisa. 1886.<br />
10. garayaniZe 1990: garayaniZe e. qarTuli musikaluri dialeqtebi da maTi<br />
urTierTmimarTeba. sakandidato disertacia (rusuli avtoreferatiT).<br />
(xelnaweris uflebiT). Tbilisi: Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoria. 1990.<br />
11. garayaniZe 2004: 99 Georgian Songs. A Collection <strong>of</strong> Traditional Folk, Church and Urban<br />
Songs from Georgia 2004: Introduced by Edisher Garakanidze. Wales. UK: Black Mountain Press.<br />
Centre for Performance Research. (inglisur enaze) 2004.<br />
272
12. erqomaiSvili 1972: Эркомаишвили, Анзор. Грузинские народные песни: (Составление,<br />
запись и расшифровка). Москва: Музыка. 1972<br />
13. zogi ram 1977: kokelaZe, grigol. zogi ram qarTul cekvaze. Tbilisi:<br />
xelovneba. 1977.<br />
14. inaiSvili 1961: inaiSvili, a. noRaideli, jemal da CxikvaZe grigol. masalebi<br />
aWaruli musikaluri fokloridan. Tbilisi: saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis gamomcemloba. 1961.<br />
15. karbelaSvili 1897: karbelaSvili, vasil. qarTl-kaxuri galoba `karbelaanT<br />
kiloTi~. `mwuxri~. pirveli nawili. Tbilisi: stamba m. SaraZisa da<br />
amxanagobisa. (qarTul da rusul enebze) 1897.<br />
16. karbelaSvili 1898: karbelaSvili, vasil. qarTl-kaxuri galoba `karbelaanT<br />
kiloTi~. `ciskari~. meore nawili. Tbilisi: stamba `cnobis furceli~.<br />
(qarTul da rusul enebze) 1898.<br />
17. kargareTeli 1909: kargareTeli, ia. qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi. (qarTul<br />
enaze) 1909.<br />
18. kokelaZe 1979: kokelaZe, grigol. 50 qarTuli xalxuri simRera. I krebuli.<br />
Tbilisi: ssr kavSiris musikaluri fondis saqarTvelos gany<strong>of</strong>ileba.<br />
(qarTul da rusul enebze) 1979.<br />
19. kokelaZe 1984: kokelaZe, grigol. asi qarTuli xalxuri simRera. Tbilisi:<br />
xelovneba. (qarTul da rusul enebze) 1984.<br />
20. kokelaZe 1985: kokelaZe, grigol. qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi.<br />
(TqmulebebiTa da komentarebiT). II gamocema. Tbilisi: ssr kavSiris<br />
musikaluri fondis saqarTvelos gany<strong>of</strong>ileba. (qarTul da rusul enebze)<br />
1985.<br />
21. maRraZe 1987: maRraZe, valerian. qarTuli (mesxuri) xalxuri simRerebi.<br />
Tbilisi: xelovneba. 1987.<br />
22. mzev, Sin Semodio! 2004: kalandaZe-maxaraZe, nino (Semdgeneli). mzev, Sin<br />
Semodio! qarTuli xalxuri musika bavSvebs. I nawili. Tbilisi: banki<br />
respublika. v. sarajiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo konservatoriis<br />
tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kvlevis saerTaSoriso centri. 2004.<br />
23. msxalaZe 1969: msxalaZe a. qarTuli xalxuri sakravieri musikis istoriidan.<br />
Tbilisi. `mecniereba~ 1969.<br />
24. mSveliZe 1970: mSveliZe, arCil (Semdgeneli). qarTuli xalxuri qalaquri<br />
simRerebi. Tbilisi: ssr kavSiris musikaluri fondis saqarTvelos<br />
gany<strong>of</strong>ileba. (qarTul da rusul enebze) 1970.<br />
273
25. salamuri 1896: CxikvaZe, zaqaria (Camweri da Semdgeneli). salamuri. saxalxo<br />
simRerebi tfilisi: wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis gamocema@#<br />
28. stamba m. SaraZisa da amxanagobisa. 1896.<br />
26. samSoblo xmebi 1878: maWavariani, mixeil (Semdgeneli). samSoblo xmebi<br />
Tbilisi: xelnaweri gamocema. 1878.<br />
27. svaniZe 1957: svaniZe g. qarTuli xalxuri simrerebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli<br />
Tqmulebani. Tbilisi. `saxelgami~. 1957<br />
28. faliaSvili 1910: faliaSvili, zaqaria (Camweri da Semdgeneli). qarTuli<br />
xalxuri simRerebis krebuli (imeruli, guruli, raWuli, svanuri da qarTlkaxuri.<br />
tfilisis qarTuli filarmoniuli sazogadoebis gamocema # 5.<br />
(qarTul da rusul enebze) 1910.<br />
29. farcxalaZe 1936: farcxalaZe, aleqsandre. aWaris xalxuri cekvebi da<br />
simRerebi. (samusiko-eTnografiul masalaTa krebuli). baTomi: aWaris<br />
saxelmwifo gamomcemloba. 1936.<br />
30. qarTuli galoba (qarTl-kaxuri kiloTi) 1899: ipolitov-ivanovi, mixeili<br />
(notebze gadamRebi); pol. da vas. karbelaSvilisa, al. molodinaSvilisa, gr.<br />
mRebriSvilis daxmarebiT. qarTuli galoba (qarTl-kaxuri kiloTi).<br />
(liturRia). wm. ioane oqropiris wirvis wesi. Tbilisi: stamba m. SaraZisa da<br />
amxanagobisa. 1899.<br />
31. qarTuli galoba (imerul-guruli kilo) 1968: rosebaSvili, kaxi (Camweri da<br />
notebze gadamRebi). qarTuli galoba (imerul-guruli kilo). Tbilisi: ssr<br />
kavSiris musikaluri fondis saqarTvelos gany<strong>of</strong>ileba. (qarTul da rusul<br />
enebze) 1968.<br />
32. qarTuli galoba (guruli kilo) 1976: rosebaSvili, kaxi (Camweri da notebze<br />
gadamRebi). qarTuli galoba (guruli kilo). Tbilisi: ssr kavSiris<br />
musikaluri fondis saqarTvelos gany<strong>of</strong>ileba. (qarTul da rusul enebze)<br />
1976.<br />
33. qarTuli galoba 2002: erqvaniZe, malxaz (Semdgeneli). II tomi. qarTuli<br />
galoba. gelaTis skola. Tormet sauflo da uZrav dResaswaulTa<br />
sagaloblebi. Tbilisi: sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqosTan arsebuli<br />
saeklesio galobis centri. (qarTul da inglisur enebze) 2002.<br />
34. qarTuli galoba 2004: erqvaniZe, malxaz (Semdgeneli). I tomi. qarTuli<br />
galoba. mwuxri. ciskari. wirva. iRumen eqvTime kereseliZisa da dekanoz<br />
raJden xundaZis xelnawerebis mixedviT. III gamocema. Tbilisi: sruliad<br />
saqarTvelos sapatriarqosTan arsebuli saeklesio galobis centri.<br />
(qarTul da inglisur enebze) 2004.<br />
274
35. qarTuli saeklesio galoba 2002: SuRliaSvili, daviT (notebze gadamRebi<br />
da Semdgeneli). qarTuli saeklesio galoba. Semoqmedis skola. artem<br />
erqomaiSvilis Canawerebis mixedviT. Tbilisi: saqarTvelos sapatriarqos<br />
saeklesio galobis centri. qarTuli xalxuri simReris saerTaSoriso<br />
centri. sagamomcemlo saqmis saswavlo centri. (qarTul da inglisur<br />
enebze) 2002.<br />
36. qarTuli xalxuri musika 2005: moiswrafiSvili, nato (Semdgeneli). qarTuli<br />
xalxuri musika. avqsenti megreliZis arqividan. pirveli gamocema. qarTuli<br />
xalxuri simReris saerTaSoriso centri. Tbilisi: saqarTvelos macne.<br />
(qarTul da inglisur enebze) 2005.<br />
37. qarTuli ... samegrelo 2003: WoxoneliZe, kukuri (Semdgeneli). qarTuli<br />
xalxuri musika. samegrelo. I tomi Tbilisi: qarTuli xalxuri simReris<br />
saerTaSoriso centri. Tbilisis v. sarajiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo<br />
konservatoriis tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kvlevis saerTaSoriso<br />
centri. (qarTul da inglisur enebze) 2003.<br />
38. qarTuli ... 1960: CxikvaZe, grigol (redaqtor-Semdgeneli). qarTuli xalxuri<br />
simRera I t. Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo. (qarTul da rusul enebze) 1960.<br />
39. qarTuli ... 1981: rosebaSvili, kaxi (Camweri da notebze gadamRebi). qarTuli<br />
xalxuri simRera. Tbilisi: ssr kavSiris musikaluri fondis saqarTvelos<br />
gany<strong>of</strong>ileba. 1981.<br />
40. qarTuli ... megruli 1974: CijavaZe, oTar (Semdgeneli). Tbilisi: xelovneba.<br />
(qarTul enaze, rusuli da inglisuri reziumeTi) 1974.<br />
41. qarTuli ... 1973: I da II nawili. WumburiZe, vladimer (Semdgeneli). qarTuli<br />
xalxuri simRerebis krebuli. guria. Tbilisi: saqarTvelos ssr kulturis<br />
saministro. xalxuri Semoqmedebis respublikuri saxli. 1973.<br />
42. raWa, leCxumi, svaneTi 1975: beriSvili, pavle da Ciqovani, nikoloz<br />
(Semdgenlebi). qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis krebuli. raWa, leCxumi, svaneTi.<br />
Tbilisi: saqarTvelos ssr kulturis saministro. xalxuri Semoqmedebis<br />
respublikuri saxli. 1975.<br />
43. qarTli 1978: qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis krebuli. qarTli. Tbilisi:<br />
saqarTvelos kulturis saministro. xalxuri Semoqmedebis respublikuri<br />
saxli. 1978.<br />
44. qarTuli ... 2005: qarTuli xalxuri musikaluri Semoqmedeba.<br />
saxelmZRvanelo konservatoriis saSemsruleblo fakultetis<br />
studentebisTvis. Semdgenlebi: Tamar mesxi, Tamaz gabisonia. redaqt.<br />
275
usudan wurwumia. Tbilisi: Tbilisis vano sarajiSvilis saxelmwifo<br />
konservatoria. 2005.<br />
45. qoriZe 1895: qoriZe, filimon. qarTuli galoba. liturgia ioane oqropirisa.<br />
partitura # 1. tfilisi: stamba m.SaraZisa da amxanagobisa. 1895.<br />
46. SeviswavloT ... guruli 2004: SuRliaSvili, daviT da erqvaniZe, malxaz<br />
(redaqtorebi). SeviswavloT qarTuli xalxuri simRera. guruli simRerebi.<br />
Tbilisi: qarTuli xalxuri simReris saerTaSoriso centri. (qarTul da<br />
inglisur enebze) 2004.<br />
47. SeviswavloT ... megruli 2005: SeviswavloT qarTuli xalxuri simRera.<br />
megruli simRerebi Tbilisi: qarTuli xalxuri simReris saerTaSoriso<br />
centri. (qarTul da inglisur enebze) 2005.<br />
48. CijavaZe 1962: CijavaZe, oTar. qarTuli kaxuri xalxuri simRerebi. I nawili.<br />
Tbilisi: codna. (rusuli da inglisuri reziumeTi) 1962<br />
49. CijavaZe<br />
... 1964: Чиджавадзе, Отар и Цагареишвили, Валериан. Грузинские народные<br />
песни. Москва: Музыка. 1964<br />
50. CijavaZe 1969: CijavaZe, oTar. qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi. kaxuri. II nawili.<br />
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51. CxikvaZe 1956: Чхиквадзе, Григорий (Запись, общая редакция, предисловие и примечания).<br />
Грузинские народные песни: Москва: Государственное музыкальное издательство. 1956<br />
52. CxikvaZe 1960: CxikvaZe g. qarTuli xalxuri simRera. tomi I. Tbilisi:<br />
`saxelmwifo gamomcemloba~. 1960.<br />
53. xundaZe 1911: xundaZe r. qarTuli galoba. liturRia. ioane oqropirisa,<br />
vasili didisa da grigori RvTis-metyvelisa. gurul-imerul sada kiloze.<br />
tfilisi: eleqtrombeWdavi stamba a. kereseliZisa. 1911.<br />
276
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