kvleviTi departamenti saqarTvelos parlamentis aparati

saqarTvelos parlamentis aparatikvleviTi departamentisainformacio-kvleviTi ganyofilebasakomiteto mosmenisaTviskanonproeqtisaTvis “mikrosafinanso organizaciebis Sesaxeb”Manalitikuri mimoxilvamikrodafinanseba: arsebuli praqtika da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebimosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis programebisganxorcielebisas potenciurad efeqtur instrumentad mikrodafinansebaamiCneuli. mikrodafinansebis waxaliseba qveynis ganviTarebisa daekonomkuri zrdis erT-erTi aRiarebuli da efeqturi meTodia.mikrosafinanso organizaciebi warmoadgenen sazogadoebiskonsolidaciis mniSvnelovan faqtors da socialuri urTierTdaxmarebissaSualebas. maTi saqmianobis mTavari saxea mcire mewarmeTaTvis, asevesocialurad daucveli Raribi da dabali Semosavlis mqoneklientebisaTvis mikrosafinanso momsaxurebis gaweva. Aam naSromSigamaxvilebulia yuradReba mikrodafinansebis samarTlebriv da finansuraspeqtebze.mikrodafinansebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebimikrosafinanso organizaciis saqmianoba mkacrad regulirdebasaxelmwifos mxridan. igi unda akmayofilebdes TiTqmis igive moTxovnebsrasac bankebi. samarTlebriv aspeqtSi gadamwyvetia mikrisafinansoorganizaciebis Sesaxeb, mevaxSeobis winaaRmdeg, arasabanko safinansodawesebulebebis Sesaxeb, bankebisa da finansuri struqturebis Sesaxeb daa.S. kanonis arseboba an ararseboba.zogierT qveyanaSi miRebulia da moqmedebs kanonmdeblobamevaxSeobis winaaRmdeg (SvedeTi, espaneTi). es imas niSnavs, rom saprocentoganakveTebis zeda zRvari ar aris dadgenili. Qam qveynebSiarakeTilsindisieri dakrediteba akrZalulia. amasaTan, arsebulipraqtikidan gamomdinare sasamarTloebs uWirT zustad daadginon Tu rasniSnavs “arasamarTliani saprocento ganakveTi” an ras niSnavs“samarTliani garigeba”. kanonmdebloba am mxriv srulyofas saWiroebs.qveynebis meore jgufSi kanonmdeblobasTan erTad moqmedebskanonqvemdebare aqtebis kargad ganviTarebuli sistema (germania,safrangeTi), rac uSualod icavs momxmarebels arakeTilsindisieridakreditebisagan. amasTan erTad, kanonmdebloba saSualebas iZlevasakredito biznesTan dakavSirebuli yvela riskisa da xarjebisgaTvaliswinebas.dsT-s (yazaxeTSi, yirgizeTSi, tajikeTSi) mikrosafinansoorganizaciebis saqmianobas aregulirebs kanoni `mikrosafinansoorganizaciis Sesaxeb~kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad yirgizeTSi mikrosafinanso organizaciebsmiekuTvnebian:• mikrosafinanso kompaniebi, romlebic moqmedeben, rogorcsaaqcio sazogadoebebi.

kvleviTi departamenti• mikrosakredito kompaniebi, romlebic warmoadgenen iuridiulpirebs (nebismieri organizaciul–samarTlebrivi forma), moipovebenerovnuli bankis nebarTvas da axorcieleben zogierT sabanko operacias.• mikrosakredito saagentoebi, romlebic arian arasakreditoorganizaciebi. isini moipoveben erovnuli bankis nebarTvas.mikrosafinanso organizaciebis regulirebas axorcielebserovnuli banki, romelic aseve zedamxedvelobs arasabanko institutebissaqmianobas.yazaxeTSi kanonmdeblobiT mikrosafinanso organizaciebis cnebaaerTianebs:• organizaciebs, romlebic Tavis saqmianobas axorcielebenlicenziis safuZvelze (maT ufleba aqvT ganaxorcielon sabankooperaciebis calkeuli saxeebi);• sakredito amxanagobebs (saqmianobas awarmoeben mxolodkavSiris wevrebs Soris da ufleba aqvT ganaxorcielon 8 saxis sabankooperacia, maT Soris saxsrebis mozidva).laTinur amerikaSi (bolovia, gondurasi), am sferos aregulirebsara specialuri kanoni, aramed sabanko kanonmdebloba (kanoni “bankebisa dafinansuri struqturebis Sesaxeb”). amasTan erTad farTod arisgavrcelebuli kanonqvemdebare aqtebis praqtika. am qveynebSi parlamentmakanoniT dadgenili instruqciebisa da wesebis miRebis uflebamosilebasazedamxedvolo organos gadasca, romelsac centraluri bankiaxorcielebs.erT-erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens is, Tu ramdenad uwyobsxels arsebuli kanonmdebloba mikrodafinasebas. aRsaniSnavia, romevrokavSiris wevrma qveynebma miiRes specialuri sabanko direqtiva (kanoni),romelic kanonmdeblobis harmonizaciis garda, adgens or mTavardebulebas:1. momxmarebelTa (meanabreTa) dacva, rac gulisxmobs 20 000 evrosodenobis savaldebulo depozits yvela meanabrisaTvis;2. konkurenciisaTvis Tanabari pirobebis Seqmna, rac gulisxmobs,rom mxolod im sakredito dawesebulebebs SeuZliaT depozitebis(anabrebis) mozidva, visac sabanko licenzia gaaCnia.akrZaluli da nebadarTuli saqmianobis saxeebievrokavSiris sabanko direqtivebi ar exeba dawesebulebebs,romlebic mxolod dakreditebiT arian dakavebuli. amitom isini pirdapirgavlenas ver axdenen mikro dakreditebaze. amis miuxedavad, zogierTqveyanaSi (germania, portugalia, espaneTi) mikrodafinanseba mxolodbankebis meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli. Aam qveynebis organizaciebisaTvismikrodafinansebis uflebis miRebis erT-erT saSualebas bankebTanpartnioroba warmoadgens. Aarsebobs am SezRudvebis dawesebis ori mizezi:A• gakotrebis garkveuli riski im SemTxvevaSi, Tu organizaciadakreditebas mxolod moziduli TanxebiT axorcielebs (aRniSnuliaxasiaTebs umetes mikrosafinanso dawesebulebebis saqmianobas);• sxvadasxva tipis safinanso dawesebulebebs SorisarakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis Tavidan acileba. ase magaliTad,sakredito organizacias SeuZlia ar gaiTvaliswinos gadaxdisunarianobiskoeficienti, rac savaldebuloa bankebisaTvis.2

kvleviTi departamentiqveynebis meore jgufs (CexeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo)miekuTvnebian is qveynebi, sadac arasabanko dawesebulebebs SeuZliaTganaxorcielon mikrodafinansebis operaciebi.msoflioSi akrZalvebisa da nebarTvebis sxvadasxva praqtikaarsebobs. ase magaliTad, bosnia-hercogovinaSi da hondurasSimikrosafinanso dawesebuleba arakomerciuli tipis unda iyos.SezRudvebis meore saxeoba teritoriul princips efuZneba. AaseamagaliTad, indoneziaSi, sadac mikrosafinanso dawesebulebas mxolod erTgarkveul mxareSi SeuZlia imuSaos. eTiopiaSi mikrosafinansodawesebulebas ori saxis licenziis miReba SeuZlia – muSaoba mTeliqveynis an erTi mxaris masStabiT.garkveuli SezRudvebi arsebobs mikrosafinanso dawesebulebismier warmoebul produqtebs (servisi) Sorisac. yvelaze gavrcelebuliSezRudva Seexeba depozitebis (anabari) momsaxurebis saxes. ase, magaliTad,ganaSi nebadarTulia mxolod vadiani anabrebis miReba, nepalSi ki mxolodmikrosafinanso dawesebulebis wevr iuridiul da fizikur pirebsSeuZliaT ganaTavson depozitebi angariSebze.finansuri aspeqtebifinansuri aspeqtis mTavar sakiTxs warmoadgens sesxze saprocentoganakveTis politika. am mxriv qveynebi or did jgufad SeiZleba daiyos.pirvel jgufs miekuTvnebian qveynebi (gaerTianebuli samefo,poloneTi, CexeTi) sadac mikrosafinanso dawesebulebebs SeuZliaTganaxorcielon dafinansebis (kreditebis gacema) operaciebi da sadacsesxze ar arsebobs saprocento ganakveTis zeda zRvari.meore jgufs miekuTvnebian qveynebi (safrangeTi, SvedeTi, espaneTi)sadac sesxze saprocento ganakveTebis zeda zRvari dadgeniliakanonmdeblobiT. rogorc wesi, mikrosafinanso kreditebze akrZaluliaqveyanaSi arsebuli saSualo saprocento ganakveTze orjer metis dadgenaan ekonomikis konkretul seqtorSi sesxsze arsebuli saSualo saprocentoganakveTis gadameteba 12 an meti procentiT. yvelaze maRali saprocentoganakveTebi gaerTianebul samefoSia dafiqsirebuli (18–19 %), SedarebiTzomieri saprocento ganakveTebia irlandiaSi (2–3 %).informacia mikrosafinanso organizaciebis Sesaxeb msofliossxvadasxva qveynebSi moyvanilia cxrilSi (ix. danarTi #1).amJamad mikrosafinanso organizaciebi axorcieleben sakmaodmniSvnelovan socialur funqciebs, monawileoben investirebis procesSi daexmarebian mcire biznesis ganviTarebas. aziaSi, avstraliaSi, afrikaSi,evropasa da amerikaSi 46 aTasze meti mikrosafinanso organizacia arsebobs.mxolod CrdiloeT amerikaSi am tipis organizaciebSi gaerTianebulia 70milionze meti adamiani. rig qveynebSi (irlandia, kanada, aSS)Amikrosafinanso organizaciebi imdenad Zlieria, rom gavlena aqvT aramarto Tavisi qveynis ekonomikaze, aramed did finansur daxmarebas uwevensxva qveynebsac.ra formiTac da ra samarTlebrivi moTxovnebiTac ar unda iyosSeqmnili mikrosafinanso organizacia, misi mTavari daniSnulebaadabalSemosavliani mosaxleobis SeRavaTiani kreditiT uzrunvelyofa. esZalian uwyobs xels mcire biznesis ganviTarebas. swored amitom moipovaaseTma organizaciam warmateba msoflioSi da qveynebis mTavrobebi uwyobenxels maT ganviTarebas.Semsruleblebi:wamyvani specialisti avTandil CuTlaSvili,3

ufrosi specialisti solomon sonRulaSvilikvleviTi departamentiGgamoyenebuli wyaroebi:1. http://www.mfc.org.plMicrofinance Centre for CEE and the NISPolicy measures to promote the use of micro-credit for social inclusion2. http://rmcenter.ru/art.php?catId=17&artId=585&lng=1&pn=Микрофинансирование в Центральной и Восточной Европе и в странах СНГ3. www.mfc.org.pl/doc/Policy_Forum/ Forum2/PF2Report_Rus.docОтчет по микрофинансовому законодательству и регулированию4. www.mfc.org.pl/doc/backgroundmaterials/GTZ.docDeutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH5. http://www.tajik-gateway.org/index.phtml?lang=ru&id=3526ЗАКОН РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН "О МИКРОФИНАНСОВЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯХ"6. http://www.microfinancegateway.org/files/24925_file_law_Kazakhstan_01.pdfLAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN ON MICROLENDING ORGANIZATIONS7. http://www.ncua.gov/ReportsAndPlans/statistics/yearend2004.pdf2004 YEAREND STATISTICS FOR FEDERALLY INSURED CREDIT UNIONS8. http://www.microfinancegateway.org/filesLAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF KIRGISTAN ON MICROLENDING ORGANIZATIONS9. http://www.smolfinance.ru/colleagues/mfinansarticles/Обзор по микрофинансовому регулированию4

kvleviTi departamentidanarTi #1mikrodafinansebis zogierTi aspeqti qveynebis mixedviT5

kvleviTi departamentiqveynebigaerTianebulisamefosafrangeTiespaneTirumineTipoloneTiCexeTigermaniaboliviaganaPpakistaniUugandaeTiopiakanonebikanonqvemdebareaqtebiKkanoni`mevaxSeobis -----------winaaRmdeg~Kkanoni`bankebisSesaxeb~ -----------Kkanoni`mevaxSeobiswinaaRmdeg~kanoniAar arsebobs-----------mTavrobisspecialurilicenziaAkanoniar arsebobs -----------Akanoniar arsebobskanoni`bankebisSesaxeb~,specialurikanoni~mikrosafinansoinstitutebisSesaxeb~Kkanoni`bankebisa dafinansuristruqturebisSesaxeb~Kkanoni`arasabankosafinansodawesebulebebisSesaxeb~samoqalaqokodeqsimTavrobis miergamocemulidekretebi dabrZanebulebebi.mTavrobisDdadgenileba`mikrosafinansodawesebulebebisSesaxeb~Aaqti`mikrodepozituridawesebulebebisSesaxeb”proklamacia`mikrosafinansodawesebulebebisSesaxeb”sesxis gacemazedawesebuleba saprocentoganakveTebisodenobaAarasabankoorganizacia 18% - 19%MmikrosafinansodawesebulebaAarasabankodawesebulebaMmikrosafinan-soorganizaciaAarasabankodawesebulebaAarasabankodawesebulebasamomxmareblokreditisaTvis- 20%,bizneskreditisaTvis- 10%ar aris dadgenili100%-dan 200%-mdear aris dadgeniliar aris dadgeniliarasabankoorganizacia 10%kerZo safinansofondisasoflosameurneobankimikrosafinansoorganizaciamikrodepozituridawesebulebamikrosafinansoorganizacia1%10%Ffiqsirebuli Tanxa1%-5% individ. Ddakoleqtiuri sesxebiFfiqsirebuli Tanxa6