didi mxedarTmTavari _ petre bagrationi
didi mxedarTmTavari _ petre bagrationi
didi mxedarTmTavari _ petre bagrationi
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saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro<br />
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi<br />
J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis<br />
departamenti<br />
ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da<br />
eTnologiis instituti<br />
caca CxartiSvili<br />
<strong>didi</strong> <strong>mxedarTmTavari</strong> _ <strong>petre</strong><br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong><br />
meomris biblioTeka #10<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2008
Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ meaTe wigni; seria<br />
iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli<br />
saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.<br />
seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli<br />
aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es<br />
patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa<br />
udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi<br />
warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel<br />
oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da<br />
a.S.<br />
seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />
instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.<br />
<strong>didi</strong> survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos<br />
yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.<br />
seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da <strong>didi</strong> daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom<br />
brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.<br />
seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe<br />
recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori dodo WumburiZe<br />
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lleila xurcia<br />
ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe<br />
redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe<br />
teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili<br />
istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
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damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />
gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo<br />
departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier<br />
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis<br />
topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.<br />
q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20<br />
tel.: +995 32 91-19-83<br />
faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83<br />
2<br />
vaJa kiknaZe
<strong>petre</strong> <strong>bagrationi</strong>s biografiis pirvel avtorad iTvleba samxedro<br />
istorikosi a. viskovatovi, romelmac 1838 wels `enciklopediur<br />
leqsikonSi~ agviwera TiTqmis yvela brZola, romelSic <strong>bagrationi</strong><br />
monawileobda, aRniSna misi damsaxureba da jildoebi. p. <strong>bagrationi</strong> man<br />
ase Seafasa: `igi iyo erT-erTi cnobili da brwyinvale generali~.<br />
sabWoTa periodis istorikosebma gansakuTrebiT <strong>didi</strong> muSaoba<br />
Caatares 1812 wlis samamulo omisa da kerZod, p. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s sabrZolo<br />
damsaxurebaTa amsaxvel dokumentTa publikaciis saqmeSi.<br />
upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia, 1945 wels gamoqveynebuli ruseTis<br />
centralur samxedro istoriul arqivSi daculi masalebi da<br />
dokumentebi, romlebic Sekriba da gamosacemad moamzada amave arqivis<br />
xelmZRvanelma n. Sliapnikovma.<br />
qarTul enaze SedarebiT sayuradRebo naSromia pedagog ivane<br />
kuWuxiZis wigni `<strong>petre</strong> <strong>bagrationi</strong>~ (gamocemulia 1953 wels).<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom i. kuWuxiZe arc istorikosia da arc samxedro<br />
saqmis specialisti, man SeZlo p. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s cxovrebasa da<br />
SemoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi istoriuli movlenebis sworad<br />
gadmocema.<br />
p. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s saiubileo TariRTan dakavSirebiT, qarTul enaze<br />
gamoqveynda n. nakaSiZis, m. axobaZisa da sxvaTa mcire moculobis<br />
naSromebi, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.<br />
sakmaod farTo adgili aqvs daTmobili <strong>bagrationi</strong>s damsaxurebas<br />
profesor i. anTelavas naSromSi `qarTvelebi 1812 wlis samamulo omSi~,<br />
romelic pirvelad 1963 wels gamoica, xolo meored _ 1984 wels<br />
qarTul da rusul enaze. aqve unda aRvniSnoT is faqti rom, am<br />
ukanasknelSi wina naSromTan SedarebiT, mkafiod aris asaxuli p.<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong>s roli 1812 wlis sabrZolo operaciebSi.<br />
aseve sayuradRebo naSromebad unda CaiTvalos: S. axobaZis `<strong>didi</strong><br />
<strong>mxedarTmTavari</strong> <strong>petre</strong> <strong>bagrationi</strong>~, d. gvritiSvilis `<strong>bagrationi</strong>s<br />
ucnobi werilebi~, m. gonikiSvilis `bagrationTa dasaxleba da<br />
moRvaweoba ruseTSi~, n. nakaSiZis `borodinos gmiri~. CamoTvlil<br />
avtorTa Soris metad sayuradReboa S. megrelaZis wigni `<strong>petre</strong><br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong>~, sadac dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli <strong>bagrationi</strong>s samxedro<br />
moRvaweoba, misi damsaxureba brZolebSi.<br />
garda amisa, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis xalxTa megobrobis<br />
muzeumSi, wlebis manZilze, Tavi moiyara p. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s cxovrebisa da<br />
moRvaweobis amsaxvelma sakmaod sayuradRebo, dRemde Cveni<br />
mkiTxvelisaTvis ucnobma fotomasalam.<br />
Cven SevecadeT, gamoqveynebuli masalebisa da literaturis<br />
safuZvelze, Tavi mogveyara p. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s sabrZolo damsaxurebis da<br />
cxovrebis amsaxveli ZiriTadi, sayuradRebo da damaxasiaTebeli<br />
cnobebisaTvis. mkiTxvelisaTvis sainteresoa, albaT, isic, rom<br />
3
agrationis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobisadmi miZRvnili metad saintereso<br />
mravali dokumenti da memuarebi revoluciamdeli da sabWoTa periodis<br />
mkvlevarTa yuradRebis gareSe darCa.<br />
saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobas mravalsaukunovani da tragikuli<br />
istoria aqvs.<br />
1801 wlidan, ruseTis mier, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aneqsiis<br />
Semdeg, samefo sagvareulos TiTqmis yvela warmomadgeneli ruseTis<br />
sxvadasxva qalaqebSi gadaasaxles.<br />
mogvianebiT, imereTis samefos ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebSi<br />
moqcevisTanave, samefo taxtis yvela mosalodnel pretendents igive<br />
bedi ewia – isinic ruseTSi, ZiriTadad moskovSi, peterburgSi,<br />
voroneJSi, belgogradSi da sxva qalaqebSi, erTimeorisagan dacilebul<br />
adgilebSi daasaxles.<br />
samefo sagvareulos warmomadgenelTa saqarTvelodan ruseTSi<br />
gawveva da iq dasaxleba miznad isaxavda samefo taxtis pretendentebis<br />
samSoblodan mocilebas.<br />
ruseTSi gadasaxlebuli qarTvelebi imperiis samsaxurs Seudgnen.<br />
bevri maTgani gamoCenili samxedro piri gaxda da ruseTis mTavrobis<br />
<strong>didi</strong> ndoba da maRali Cini daimsaxura.<br />
qarTvel mefeTa sagvareulos STamomavali, <strong>petre</strong> ivanes Ze<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong> ruseTis armiis im mxedarTmTavarTa ricxvs ekuTvnis,<br />
romelTac didebis axal safexurze aiyvanes samxedro xelovneba da<br />
daimkvidres legendaruli sardlis ukvdavi saxeli.<br />
<strong>petre</strong> <strong>bagrationi</strong> daibada 1765 wels, yizlarSi. mamamisi – ivane<br />
aleqsandres Ze <strong>bagrationi</strong> – qarTveli mefis vaxtang meeqvsis Zmis _<br />
ieses SviliSvili iyo. <strong>petre</strong> <strong>bagrationi</strong>s papam – aleqsandrem, samxedro<br />
pirma, rodesac polkovnikis Cinamde miaRwia, samsaxurs Tavi daaneba da<br />
yizlarSi dasaxlda. misma Svilma ivanem – polkovnikis CiniT datova<br />
samxedro samsaxuri. <strong>petre</strong> maSin daibada, roca mamamisi sekundmaiori iyo.<br />
momdevno wlebSi ivanes vaJiSvilebi: aleqsandre da revazi SeeZina. im<br />
xanebSi yizlarSi, rogorc axlad dafuZnebul qalaqSi, ar arsebobda arc<br />
gimnazia da arc raime saxis samxedro saswavlebeli, sadac <strong>bagrationi</strong>s<br />
mSoblebi Svilebs ganaTlebas miaRebinebdnen, xolo moskovSi,<br />
peterburgsa da sxva centralur qalaqebSi Svilebis gagzavnis<br />
SesaZlebloba maT ar hqondaT. miuxedavad amisa, <strong>bagrationi</strong> uswavleli<br />
ar darCenila. vidre mamida peterburgSi dapatiJebda, mas ojaxSi<br />
qarTuli tradiciuli aRzrda miuRia.<br />
<strong>petre</strong> <strong>bagrationi</strong>s miwer-mowera im drois gamoCenil moRvaweebTan<br />
da sxva masala adasturebs, rom mas axalgazrdobaSi sakmaod<br />
safuZvliani zogadi ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli. mkvlevarTa aRiarebiT,<br />
man Zalze kargad icoda rusuli ena da marTlwera. igi werda da<br />
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laparakobda qarTul enazec, rac tradiciuli qarTuli saojaxo<br />
aRzrdis nayofi iyo.<br />
<strong>petre</strong>m, iseve rogorc misma winaprebma, bavSobidanve gadawyvita<br />
samxedro samsaxurSi Sesvla. misi mamida, ana aleqsandres asuli,<br />
ruseTis kancler andria borisis Ze golicinze iyo gaTxovili da, raRa<br />
Tqma unda, <strong>didi</strong> avtoritetiT sargeblobda mTavrobis warmomadgenelTa<br />
Soris. 1782 wels 17 wlis <strong>petre</strong> <strong>bagrationi</strong> mamidasTan imyofeboda<br />
peterburgSi. erT saRamos, roca ana aleqsandres asuli TavianTi<br />
axloblis, im droisaTvis yovlisSemZle Tavad gr. potiomkinis ojaxSi<br />
stumrad imyofeboda, man Sesaferis momentSi saubari Camoagdo da<br />
potiomkins <strong>petre</strong>s samxedro samsaxurSi gamweseba sTxova. maspinZelsa da<br />
stumrebs Zalian moewonaT axalgazrda, romelic ramdenime saaTis Semdeg<br />
serJantis CiniT gamoistumres mamidis saxlSi. <strong>petre</strong> <strong>bagrationi</strong> swored<br />
am CiniT gaigzavna CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi moqmed muSketerTa meore<br />
polkSi * , romelsac polkovniki pieri meTaurobda. am dros ruseTis<br />
samxedro nawilebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Tavisuflebismoyvare,<br />
daumorCilebeli CeCnebis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen. 1783 wels <strong>petre</strong>m<br />
pirvelad miiRo CeCnebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi monawileoba da Tavisi<br />
gabeduli, sazriani moqmedebebiT xelmZRvanelobis yuradReba miipyro,<br />
riTac praporSCikis Cini daimsaxura. igi ramdenime wels iRebda<br />
monawileobas Crdilo kavkasiis mTielTa winaaRmdeg warmoebul<br />
brZolaSi da windaxeduli, mamaci mebrZoli TandaTanobiT ixveWda<br />
saxels.<br />
1785 wels erT-erTi gaafTrebuli brZolis dros, praporSCiki<br />
<strong>petre</strong> daiWra. Wriloba sakmaod seriozuli iyo. man gaqceva veRar SeZlo<br />
da mebrZolTa gvamebs Soris daeca. Sebindebisas CeCnebma daxocilTa<br />
Zarcva daiwyes. isini brZolis dros daWril <strong>petre</strong>s waawydnen da tyved<br />
waiyvanes. male cnobili gaxda tyved Cavardnili praporSCikis vinaoba,<br />
amitom mamamisis xaTriTa da mansur magomas miTiTebiT, daWrils<br />
gansakuTrebulad uvlidnen, male gamoajanmrTeles da yizlarSi gauSves<br />
mamidasTan. gamojanmrTelebuli <strong>petre</strong> kvlav Tavis nawils daubrunda.<br />
brZolaSi gawafulma da sakmaod gamocdilma <strong>petre</strong>m monawileoba<br />
miiRo 1787-91 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi. igi 1783 wels oCakovTan<br />
gamarTul sisxlismRvrel brZolaSi wina xazze iyo da pirveli SeiWra<br />
cixesimagreSi. am sabrZolo operaciaSi man Tavisi simamaciTa da<br />
SeudrekelobiT pirvelad miipyro ruseTis armiis mTavarsardlis Tavad<br />
p. potiomkinis yuradReba da kapitnis Cini miiRo.<br />
1790 wels ukve sakmaod cnobili kapitani <strong>bagrationi</strong> kavkasiaSia da<br />
monawileobas iRebs mTielTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. 1793 wels p.<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong> ukve premier-maioria. TurqeTTan da Crdilo kavkasiis<br />
mTielebTan brZolaSi aqtiuri monawileobisa da gambedaobisaTvis<br />
ramdenjerme miiRo jildo. igi 1794 wels poloneTis winaaRmdeg<br />
5
mowyobil laSqrobaSi monawileobda, amjerad gamoCenili mxedarTmTavris<br />
a. suvorovis 1 xelmZRvanelobiT.<br />
poloneTis kampaniaSi misi ukanaskneli brZola 24 seqtembers<br />
gaimarTa praRasTan, sadac man Cveuli, swrafi, erTsulovani SeteviT<br />
ukuaqcia mowinaaRmdegis cxenosanTa SenaerTi da gaqceulebs vislamde<br />
sdia, risTvisac <strong>didi</strong> mxedarTmTavris feldmarSal * a. suvorovis piradi<br />
madloba daimsaxura. igi dauaxlovda evropaSi saxelmoxveWil<br />
feldmarSals, bevri ram iswavla da gadaiRo misgan, rasac SemdgomSi<br />
siamayis grZnobiT igonebda. am xnis ganmavlobaSi suvorovi darwmunda,<br />
rom mas <strong>didi</strong> momavlis mqone, mxedarTmTavruli niWiT dajildovebul<br />
pirovnebasTan hqonda saqme, romlisTvisac gza unda mieca samxedro niWis<br />
gamosamJRavneblad. 1798 wels <strong>bagrationi</strong> polkovniki gaxda, xolo erTi<br />
wlis Semdeg, 1799 wels, 34 wlis vaJkacs ukve general-maioris<br />
samxreebi amSvenebda.<br />
1789 wels safrangeTSi revoluciam gaimarjva. axali qveynis<br />
winaaRmdeg evropis monarqebi dairazmnen. Seiqmna koalicia, romlis<br />
mizani iyo safrangeTSi monarqiis aRdgena. frangi xalxi revoluciuri<br />
monapovris dasacavad aRdga.<br />
1798 wels safrangeTis winaaRmdeg axali koalicia Seiqmna inglisis,<br />
avstriis, TurqeTis, ruseTisa da neapolis monawileobiT. am koaliciis<br />
ZiriTadi Zala inglisis, ruseTis da avstriis kavSiri iyo. imave wlis<br />
bolo dReebSi peterburgSi xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac ruseTs evropaSi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg saeqspedicio<br />
korpusi * unda gaegzavna, ingliss samxedro xarjebi unda gadaexada; jari<br />
gamohyavda avstriasac. mokavSireebma, inglisis mTavrobis meTauris pitis<br />
winadadebiT, TxovniT mimarTes ruseTis mTavrobas, raTa SeerTebuli<br />
jarebis mTavarsardlad pavle pirvelis mier Serisxuli da<br />
peterburgidan gadasaxlebuli feldmarSali a. suvorovi daeniSna.<br />
ruseTis imperatori iZulebuli gaxda <strong>mxedarTmTavari</strong> gadasaxlebidan<br />
daebrunebina. imperatoris mier Seuracxyofili, sasowarkveTilebaSi<br />
Cavardnili 69 wlis feldmarSali Tavis mamulSi, sof. konCanskoeSi<br />
atarebda moxucebulobis ukanasknel dReebs. igi ganawyenebuli iyo<br />
imperator pavle pirvelis moqmedebiT, magram axalma ambavma gaaxara da<br />
sicocxlis wadili gauRviZa. dedaqalaqSi mas <strong>didi</strong> zeimiT da imediT<br />
Sexvdnen. suvorovi miiRo TviT imperatormac. feldmarSali daeTanxma<br />
imperators SeerTebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlad daniSvnaze, mxolod<br />
brZolis velze Tavisufali, damoukidebeli moqmedebis ufleba iTxova.<br />
pavle pirveli, amjeradac iZulebuli iyo Tanxmoba ganecxadebina.<br />
ruseTis korpusis garda, suvorovs daumorCiles avstriis armia 86<br />
aTasi meomriT. feldmarSali suvorovi, rogorc SeerTebuli Zalebis<br />
mTavarsardali, saCqarod avstriis dedaqalaq venaSi unda Casuliyo.<br />
ruseTs italiaSi 65 aTasi mebrZoli unda gaegzavna. Tavis mxriv,<br />
6
avstrias sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi hyavda mozrdili armia. safrangeTis<br />
armiis 235 aTasi jariskaci ukve brZolebSi iyo Cabmuli holandiidan<br />
xmelTaSua zRvamde. SeerTebuli Zalebis mTavarsardalma suvorovma<br />
<strong>petre</strong> bagrations avangardis * meTauroba Caabara, romlis moqmedebazec<br />
bevrad iyo damokidebuli ruseTis armiis winsvla. roca suvorovi 1799<br />
wlis 14 marts venaSi Cavida, avstriisa da safrangeTis jarebs Soris<br />
gaafTrebuli brZolebi mimdinareobda. am brZolebSi avstriis jari<br />
damarcxda. suvorovis xelmZRvanelobiT ruseTis jarma oTxi Tvis<br />
ganmavlobaSi 400 km. gaiara frangebisaken. 1799 wlis 11 aprils general<br />
p. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s avangardi sisxlismRvrel brZolebs awarmoebda breSis<br />
cixesimagresTan. aq qarTveli generali fexSi daiWra msubuqad, magram<br />
brZolis veli ar miutovebia. brZolis Sedegad aTasze meti tyve da 46<br />
zarbazani igdes xelT. mokavSireebma breSi daikaves, es iyo maTi pirveli<br />
gamarjveba italiaSi. 13 aprils bagrationma q. bergami aiRo, 15 aprils<br />
Tavisi avangardiT daewia ramdenime dRis ukandaxeul general seriuries<br />
divizias da 12-saaTiani brZolis Semdeg frangebi sastikad daamarcxa q.<br />
lekosTan. bagrationma qalaqi daikava. misi gmirobis ambavi mokavSireTa<br />
jarebSi yoveldRiur salaparako Temad iqca. suvorovi ver malavda<br />
aRtacebas gen. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s sazriani da gabeduli moqmedebis gamo.<br />
1799 wlis 6-8 ivniss gen. bagrationma kvlav gamoiCina Tavi mdinare<br />
trebTan gamarTul brZolaSi. aq man gadamwyveti Setevis dros jaris<br />
suvoroviseuli manevrireba gamoiyena. brZolaSi pirveli Caeba<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong>s avangardi. suvorovis armia sami koloniT utevda da<br />
SemuSavebuli gegmis Tanaxmad, mtris ganlagebis siRrmeSi SeiWra. brZola<br />
mowinaaRmdegis ganadgurebiT damTavrda. am gamarjvebisaTvis imperatorma<br />
pavle pirvelma <strong>bagrationi</strong> wminda anas pirveli xarisxis ordeniT<br />
daajildova. imperatorisadmi gagzavnil yvela patakSi mTavarsardali<br />
suvorovi xazs usvams general <strong>bagrationi</strong>s mamacobas. italiis kampaniaSi<br />
gmirobisa da Tavis gamoCenisaTvis suvorovma <strong>petre</strong> bagrations sakuTari<br />
xmali aCuqa. saxelovani maswavleblis saCuqars mamaci generali<br />
sicocxlis bolomde atarebda.<br />
ruseTis armiis italiaSi gamarjvebam mokavSireTa – inglisisa da<br />
avstriis – mmarTvel wreebSi ukmayofileba da SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. maT<br />
eSinodaT ruseTis gaZlierebisa da Tanac suvorovis gamarjvebiT<br />
maqsimalurad undodaT esargeblaT. am mizniT maT axali gegma wamoayenes:<br />
italiaSi unda darCeniliyo avstriis jari, suvorovis armia ki<br />
Sveicariisaken unda wasuliyo, raTa iq umweo mdgomareobaSi Cavardnil<br />
gen. rimski-korsakovis korpuss SeerTeboda.<br />
1799 wlis bolos daiwyo suvorovis armiis legendaruli laSqroba<br />
italiidan SveicariaSi. armiis avangards kvlav <strong>bagrationi</strong> meTaurobda.<br />
rTul bunebriv pirobebSi daikava man sen-gotardis urTulesi<br />
uReltexili, daZlia mtris winaaRmdegoba `eSmakis xidTan~ da<br />
7
uzrunvelyo armiis SveicariaSi gadasvla. TviT SveicariaSi gadalaxa<br />
rosStikis uReltexili da mutenis dablobSi gavida. am gzaze manamde<br />
arc erT armias ar gaevlo. am dros rimski-korsakovis korpusi<br />
frangebma Seaviwroves da suvorovis ganadgurebac gadawyvites. ruseTis<br />
armia avstrielTa Ralatis Sedegad alyaSi aRmoCnda. sursaT-sanovage<br />
gaTavda, Svela ki arsaidan Canda. urTules pirobebSi alyidan gasvla<br />
uSualod <strong>petre</strong> <strong>bagrationi</strong>s xelmZRvanelobiT ganxorcielda. igi gaiWra<br />
mragelis mTiT glarisaken, saidanac Tovlian mTebSi gza gaikafa.<br />
glarisTan <strong>bagrationi</strong> mesamed daiWra msubuqad, magram amas laSqrobaSi<br />
xeli ar SeuSlia. feldmarSalma suvorovma generalisimusis * wodeba<br />
miiRo. aseTi <strong>didi</strong> laSqrobis Semdeg armia ruseTisaken gaemarTa. 70<br />
wlis mTavarsardali avadmyofi brundeboda samSobloSi, magram<br />
gaxarebuli iyo, rom Tavis mowafesTan – bagrationTan erTad<br />
uaxlovdeboda peterburgs. SuaRame gadasuli iyo, roca suvorovi<br />
peterburgSi Sevida. iq mas aravin daxvedria, garda imperatoris Sikriki<br />
dolgorukovisa, romelmac moaxsena: `Tqveno brwyinvalebav, misi<br />
imperatorobiTi udidebulesobis mier davalebuli maqvs gadmoqceT, rom<br />
generalsimus, Tavad suvorovs akrZaluli aqvs imperatoris sasaxleSi<br />
Sesvla~. amasTanave moaxsenes, rom Catarebuli brZolebis Sesaxeb<br />
angariSi unda waredgina xelmwifisTvis. suvorovs arc es<br />
gadawyvetileba moewona da ganacxada: `me vemzadebi angariSi Cavabaro<br />
RmerTs, xelmwifeze axla fiqric ar minda~. suvorovma icoda<br />
imperatoris ukmayofileba, magram amgvar Seuracxyofas mainc ar<br />
moeloda.<br />
suvorovisa da kutuzovis 2 Semdeg gen. <strong>bagrationi</strong> yvelaze<br />
damsaxurebul da gamoCenil mxedarTmTavrad iyo aRiarebuli.<br />
peterburgSi dabrunebul omgadaxdil gmirs imperatoric, samefo karis<br />
warmomadgenlebic da sazogadoebac kargad Sexvdnen. yvela natrobda<br />
legendaruli generlis naxvas. yvelas ainteresebda misi gacnoba.<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong>s sabrZolo damsaxurebiT kmayofilma imperatorma 1800 wlis<br />
aprilSi <strong>didi</strong> sofeli uboZa mas litvis guberniaSi.<br />
sabrZolo didebiT Semkul generals srulebiT ar ainteresebda<br />
mamulebi, naboZeb soflebs arc ki moinaxulebda xolme da miRebisTanave<br />
hyidda. aseve moiqca amjeradac. mas arc soflis da arc yma-glexis<br />
movla-patronoba SeeZlo da arc amisi dro hqonda. legendaruli<br />
laSqrobidan dabrunebis Semdeg, igi peterburgSi cxovrobda da TiTqmis<br />
yovelTvis eswreboda mejlisebsa da saRamo-zeimebs. `saRamos magidasTan~,<br />
rogorc maSin sasaxlis vaxSams uwodebdnen, yovelTvis epatiJebodnen 12-<br />
20 pirovnebas. maT Soris yovelTvis iyo <strong>bagrationi</strong>c. saRamoobiT<br />
speqtaklebsa da bal-maskaradebs marTavdnen, romelsac xSirad<br />
peterburgis maRali sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi da imperatoris<br />
axloblebi eswrebodnen. erTxel, aseTi garTobisas, saxelganTqmuli<br />
8
agrationi peterburgelma axalgazrda lamazma qaliSvilma ekaterine<br />
pavles asulma skavronskaiam SeniSna. igi mdidari da cnobili, samefo<br />
karTan daaxloebuli mSoblebis asuli iyo. misi deda – sefeqali<br />
ekaterine vasilis asuli – imperatrica ekaterine II-is uaxloesi da<br />
uflebamosili favoritis gr. potiomkinis disSvili, friad gavlenian<br />
pirovnebad iTvleboda sasaxleSi. mama _ pavle martinis Ze skavronski,<br />
imperatoris ojaxis naTesavi iyo da amave dros zRaprulad mdidari,<br />
adre neapolSi ruseTis elCad msaxurobda. mSoblebis simdidriTa da<br />
dedisagan STamomavlobiT Tandayolili silamazis gamo, ekaterine pavles<br />
asuli mTel peterburgSi erT-erT saukeTeso sapatarZlod iyo<br />
aRiarebuli. erT-erT mejlisze mefis sasaxleSi, grafis axalgazrda<br />
asuls <strong>petre</strong> moewona da misi gacnoba gadawyvita. <strong>petre</strong>m es SeniSna da<br />
wasvla daapira. lamazma qaliSvilma daiviwya im dros maRal wreebSi<br />
miRebuli wesi, gaeSura karisaken, gza gadauWra <strong>petre</strong>s da momxiblavi<br />
xmiT uTxra: `Tavado, mamac generals ar SeSvenis sust arsebasTan ukan<br />
daxeva~. ase moxda maTi gacnoba, magram gairkva, rom ekaterines <strong>petre</strong>s<br />
coloba ar surda. sabolood ki mefis brZanebiT, maTi qorwineba mainc<br />
Sedga. mejvare TviT imperatori pavle I iyo. qorwinebis Semdeg,<br />
bagrationma Seityo, rom suvorovi ukanasknel dReSi iyo da sikvdils<br />
ebrZoda. miuxedavad imisa, rom imperators yvelasaTvis akrZaluli<br />
hqonda avadmyofis naxva, <strong>bagrationi</strong> mainc xSirad iyo masTan. suvorovi<br />
male gardaicvala. imperatoris brZanebiT igi aleqsandre nevelis<br />
lavraSi dakrZales.<br />
pirad cxovrebaSi <strong>petre</strong> bagrations bedma ar gauRima. qorwilis<br />
Semdeg, mTeli erTi Tvis manZilze, igi cdilobda saerTo enis gamonaxvas<br />
meuRlesTan, mis mravalricxovan gavlenian naTesavebsa da axloblebTan,<br />
magram amaod. 1800 wlis noemberSi <strong>bagrationi</strong> meuRliTurT peterburgSi<br />
dabrunda. ekaterine pavles asuli dros mxiarulad atarebda<br />
axloblebsa da megobrebSi, cdilobda meuRlisagan gancalkevebiT<br />
yofiliyo. ekaterine skavronskaiasTan nacnob-megobarTa stumrobas bolo<br />
ar uCanda. igi Tavisi mziTvis fuls TviTonve xmarobda. <strong>bagrationi</strong> ki,<br />
Tumca, rogorc egerTa * leib-gvardiuli batalionis * Sefi, did xelfass<br />
iRebda – 2280 maneTs weliwadSi, magram mdidruli, xelgaSlili<br />
cxovreba uyvarda da yovelTvis valebSi iyo. ekaterines erTi suli<br />
hqonda, rogorme meuRle daetovebina da sazRvargareT wasuliyo. 1805<br />
wels evropaSi saerTaSoriso viTareba daiZaba. <strong>petre</strong> bagrationma<br />
brZolis vels miaSura, meuRlem ki dro ixelTa da sazRvargareT<br />
gaemgzavra, raTa SemdgomSi sabolood daSoreboda bagrations.<br />
1799 wlis 9 noembers safrangeTSi gadatrialeba moxda –<br />
direqtoria daemxo, napoleoni 3 pirveli konsuli gaxda. 1804 w.<br />
safrangeTi imperiad gamocxadda, generali napoleoni ki imperatorad.<br />
9
1805 wlis 11 aprils inglissa da ruseTs Soris safrangeTis<br />
sawinaaRmdego xelSekruleba daido. napoleonis winaaRmdeg evropis<br />
upirvelesi saxelmwifoebi dairazmnen. maTi mizani iyo safrangeTis<br />
jarebis gandevna italiidan, hanoveridan, Cr. germaniidan, holandiidan da<br />
Sveicariidan. inglis-ruseTis am kavSirs SeuerTda avstria, SvedeTi da<br />
neapolis samefo. amrigad, Seiqmna safrangeTis sawinaaRmdego – rigiT<br />
mesame koalicia.<br />
1805 wlis 10 agvistos ruseTis jari kutuzovis meTaurobiT<br />
avstriis sazRvarze gadavida da ulmisaken gaemarTa. am dros napoleonis<br />
armia bulonSi idga da inglisis winaaRmdeg brZolas apirebda. avstriis<br />
46 aTasiani armia kutuzovis misvlamde damarcxda. kutuzovma gzaSi<br />
Seityo avstrielTa kapitulacia, gadawyvita ukan daxeva da general<br />
buksgevdenis 45 aTasian korpuss SeuerTda. kutuzovis armias ukan<br />
daxevisas SeuerTda avstrielTa mcirericxovani SenaerTebi. igi md.<br />
ensTan apirebda napoleonis armiis SeCerebas. aseT rTul da, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, gamouval mdgomareobaSi avstrielebma kutuzovis armia miatoves.<br />
24 oqtombers frangebma <strong>bagrationi</strong>s ariergards * Seuties amStetenTan.<br />
mowinaaRmdegis Warb Zalebs <strong>bagrationi</strong>s ariergardma sastiki<br />
winaaRmdegoba gauwia. male kutuzovic movida damxmare ZaliT<br />
ariergardis sabrZolo poziciebTan. brZola rusTa sasargeblod<br />
warimarTa. kutuzovma daubrkoleblad ganagrZo ukandaxeva, kremsTan<br />
marSal morties divizia daamarcxa da md. dunai gadalaxa. yvela<br />
gadasasvleli xidi dawves, raTa napoleonis armiis mdinareze gadmosvla<br />
Seferxebuliyo. napoleonma xidebisa da venis aReba saxelganTqmul<br />
miurats 4 daavala. Mmiuratma marTlac aRasrula Tavisi imperatoris<br />
brZaneba.<br />
venis xidis aRebis Semdeg, frangebma kutuzovisaTvis gzis moWra<br />
gadawyvites da <strong>didi</strong> siswrafiT gaeSurnen cnaimisken. kutuzovi mixvda,<br />
rom frangebis avangardi moaswrebda xsenebul punqtSi Sesvlas da armia<br />
daiRupeboda. saWiro iyo miuratis SeCereba manam, sanam ruseTis jari<br />
cnaimisaken mimaval gzas ar gascdeboda. miuratis SeCereba Zneli da<br />
TiTqmis warmoudgeneli, magram aucilebeli iyo. am rTuli amocanis<br />
Sesruleba bagrations daevala. dayovneba saqmes avnebda. <strong>bagrationi</strong><br />
mswrafl moqmedebaze gadavida – Tavisi jariT golabrunisaken daiZra. 3<br />
noembers <strong>bagrationi</strong> Tavisi SenaerTiT daniSnul adgilze iyo. 2<br />
noembers frangebma Seteva daiwyes. cxare brZolebis Sedegad <strong>bagrationi</strong>s<br />
SenaerTebi frangebma alyaSi moaqcies. rusma meomrebma sazriani da<br />
gambedavi meTauris wyalobiT frangTa garemocva gaarRvies da ukandaxeva<br />
iwyes. napoleonis brZanebiT frangebma brZola Sewyvites. bagrationma<br />
ukan daixia da velze 2402 mebrZoli da mTeli artileria datova.<br />
frangTa armia ramdenjerme aRemateboda <strong>bagrationi</strong>s SenaerTs, magram<br />
misma samxedro niWma da Seudrekelobam Tavisi gaitana. frangebma ver<br />
10
SeZles ariergardis garSemortyma da tyved wayvana. bagrationma 50-ze<br />
meti tyve da frangebis erTi alamic igdo xelT.<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong> am brZolidanac gamarjvebuli gamovida. man gardauvali<br />
damarcxebisagan ixsna Tavisi ariergardi da uzrunvelyo armiis<br />
ukandaxevac. am brZolisaTvis igi dajildovda wmida giorgis meore<br />
xarisxis ordeniT da mieniWa general-leitenantis wodeba. 18 noembers<br />
bagrationma moulodneli da swrafi ieriSiT q. viSau aiRo, kutuzovis<br />
armia ki q. olmiucSi Sevida. aq ruseTisa da avstriis imperatorebi –<br />
aleqsandre pirveli da franci imyofebodnen, romelTa samxedro<br />
saqmeebSi Carevam, rogorc SemdegSi davinaxavT, mokavSireTa SeerTebuli<br />
Zalebis damarcxeba gamoiwvia. kutuzovi mixvda, rom napoleonTan brZola<br />
ruseTis armias kargs aras moutanda. misi azriT, frangebTan brZola<br />
SeuZlebeli iyo, vinaidan napoleonis armias yovelmxrivi upiratesoba<br />
hqonda kutuzovis armiasTan SedarebiT. aseT viTarebas daerTo isic, rom<br />
saomari moqmedebis gegmebis SemuSaveba da xelmZRvaneloba imperatorebma<br />
aiRes xelSi. aleqsandre I da franci samxedro xelovnebis codnas<br />
moklebulni iyvnen. orive imperatori daJinebiT moiTxovda napoleonis<br />
armiasTan generaluri brZolis gamarTvas. brZolaSi gamocdilma<br />
feldmarSalma kutuzovma sworad Seafasa situacia, gaiTvaliswina<br />
Tanafardobac da sastiki winaaRmdegoba gauwia imperatorTa<br />
gadawyvetilebas. kutuzovis gegmiT, armia karpatebisaken unda wasuliyo,<br />
Seetyuebina napoleonis Zalebi da mxolod amis Semdeg gadasuliyo<br />
kontrSetevaze. sxvagvar gamosavals feldmarSali ver xedavda.<br />
kutuzovis gegma imperatorebma ar moiwones. aleqsandre pirvels<br />
ruseTis armia uZleveli egona, Tanac darwmunebuli iyo, rom prusia<br />
Seutevda napoleonis armias, meore mxriv franci arwmunebda, rom<br />
napoleonis armiis damarcxeba ar gauWirdebodaT mokavSireebis saerTo<br />
Zalebs. aleqsandre I-is azrs iziarebda yvela, visac saqmisa araferi<br />
gaegeboda. kutuzovis gegmis dawunebisTanave aleqsandre pirvelma da<br />
francma mTavarsardals Tavs moaxvies avstrieli generlis veiroteris<br />
mier SemuSavebuli gegma, romlis ganxilvazec <strong>bagrationi</strong> ar gamocxadda,<br />
kutuzovs ki demonstratiulad eZina. bagrations mainc gaacnes<br />
veiroteris gegma, romelic man daiwuna da Tqva: `Cven brZolas<br />
wavagebT~.<br />
kutuzovi darwmunda, rom Tavis azrsa da gadawyvetilebas ver<br />
gaitanda da sabrZolvelad moemzada. 1805 wlis 2 dekembers venidan<br />
CrdiloeTiT, 120 km. daSorebiT, sof. austerlicTan moxda<br />
sisxlismRvreli brZola. safrangeTis armias TviT napoleoni<br />
xelmZRvanelobda, romelmac kargad gamoiyena mokavSireTa jarebis<br />
araorganizebuli moqmedeba da brwyinvale gamarjvebasac miaRwia.<br />
bagrations am brZolaSi armiis marjvena frTa ebara da gaafTrebuli<br />
ebrZoda frangebs. <strong>bagrationi</strong> erTaderTi iyo austerlicTan brZolaSi,<br />
11
omelmac gauZlo lanis, nansulisa da sxva generlebis Warbi Zalebis<br />
Semotevas. brZolis velze 15 aTasi rusi da avstrieli mebrZoli daeca,<br />
20 aTasi tyved Cavarda, TiTqmis mTeli artileria frangebs CauvardaT<br />
xelSi. mTavari mainc is iyo, rom armia damarcxda da daiSala. sami<br />
imperatoris brZola napoleonis gamarjvebiT damTavrda.<br />
1806 wlis ivlisisaTvis ruseT-safrangeTis urTierToba gauaresda.<br />
austerlicTan damarcxebis Sedegad, avstrias brZolis unari aRar<br />
hqonda da iZulebuli gaxda safrangeTTan zavi daedo. ruseTis armiis<br />
damarcxebiT Seuracxyofili aleqsandre pirveli napoleonisaTvis<br />
samagieros gadaxdas fiqrobda da mokavSireebs eZebda, raTa<br />
gaerTianebuli ZalebiT Seetia napoleonis armiisaTvis. inglisi mzad iyo<br />
ruseTis mxare daeWira, magram mas jaris gamoyvana ar SeeZlo da<br />
mxolod mokavSireTa dafinansebas kisrulobda. ruseTs esaWiroeboda<br />
prusiis mokavSireoba, vinaidan mas 150-aTasiani armiis gamoyvana SeeZlo.<br />
1806 wels Seiqmna safrangeTis sawinaaRmdego meoTxe koalicia<br />
ruseTis, inglisis, prusiisa da SvedeTis SemadgenlobiT. inglisi<br />
amjeradac mokavSireTa dafinansebas kisrulobda. ZiriTadi cocxali<br />
Zalebi ruseTsa da prusias unda gamoeyvana. napoleoni aRSfoTebuli iyo<br />
prusiis mier ruseTis mxardaWeriT. 1806 wlis 8 oqtombers safrangeTis<br />
195 aTasiani armia saqsoniis teritoriaze SeiWra. napoleonma swrafad<br />
gaanadgura prusia da daikava berlini. ruseTis armia iZulebuli gaxda<br />
ukan daxeva daewyo, rac warmatebiT xorcieldeboda p. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s<br />
saariergardo brZolebiT. 8 Tebervals proisiS-ailausTan<br />
sisxlismRvreli brZolebis Sedegad, rodesac napoleoni damarcxebulad<br />
Tvlida Tavs, mTavarsardalma benigsenma ukan daxeva brZana. xolo 1807<br />
wels gadamwyvet brZolaSi fridlandTan gamarjveba napoleons darCa,<br />
romelmac ruseTs Tavs moaxvia tilzitis zavi. ruseTi kontinentalur<br />
blokadaSi aRmoCnda.<br />
tilzitis samarcxvino zavis Semdeg, ruseTis mTavrobam omis dawyeba<br />
gadawyvita SvedeTis winaaRmdeg, raTa imperiis teritoria gaefarTovebina<br />
SvedeTis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali fineTis xarjze. fineTi maSin<br />
SvedeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. iq moqmed korpusSi, romelsac<br />
generali f. bekvegsvedeni meTaurobda, erT divizias saTaveSi p.<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong> edga. rTul winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis Semdeg, bagrationma<br />
daikava qalaqi tamerforsi da bernebergi. Sveciis armia gaTiSuli<br />
aRmoCnda. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s Setevis SesaCereblad Svedebma orjer gadasxes<br />
desanti ruseTis armiis zurgSi da q. abo daikaves, magram bagrationma<br />
swrafad gaanadgura Svedebi. 1809 wels Seteva ganaxlda SvedeTze,<br />
ruseTis armia sam korpusad gaiyo. <strong>bagrationi</strong> erT-erT maTgans<br />
meTaurobda.<br />
25 marts 17 000 mebrZoliT, alandis kunZulebis gavliT, man<br />
stokholmze laSqroba daiwyo. bagrationma gaiara iseTi rTuli gza,<br />
12
sadac arasodes arc erT armias ar gaevlo, ris Sedegad Svedebs alyis<br />
saSiSroeba SeeqmnaT, isini uwesrigod garbodnen, maTi dedaqalaqisaken<br />
gza xsnili iyo. Svedebi iZulebuli gaxdnen zavi eTxovaT da<br />
ruseTisaTvis fineTi da alandis kunZulebi daeTmoT.<br />
am laSqrobaSi warmatebisaTvis p. bagrationma infanteriis<br />
generloba, e. i. sruli generlis Cini daimsaxura. SvedeTTan omis<br />
damTavrebis Semdeg, p. <strong>bagrationi</strong> moldaveTis armiis mTavarsardlad<br />
dainiSna. es armia balkaneTSi moqmedebda, misi moRvaweoba mTavarsardlis<br />
Tanamdebobaze daemTxva balkaneTis xalxebis ganmaTavisuflebel<br />
moZraobas TurqeTis winaaRmdeg. misi moRvaweoba moldaveTis armiaSi<br />
mTavarsardlis Tanamdebobaze imiTaa saintereso, rom igi aq pirvelad<br />
meTaurobda armias da, samxedro saqmeebis garda, politikur sakiTxebs<br />
wyvetda. omis damTavreba TurqebTan m. kutuzovs mouxda, romelmac<br />
brwyinvale gamarjvebis Semdeg, 1812 wels ruseTze laSqrobis win,<br />
buqarestis sazavo xelSekrulebis gaformeba SeZlo.<br />
kontinentalur blokadaSi Cabmuli ruseTi rTul viTarebaSi<br />
aRmoCnda da igi arRvevda tilzitis zavs. msoflio batonobaze meocnebe<br />
napoleons ki esmoda, rom mis gegmebs win ruseTi eRobeboda.<br />
1811 wlis bolosaTvis ruseT-safrangeTis urTierToba ukiduresad<br />
daiZaba. ruseTis dasavleT sazRvrebTan napoleonma 200-aTasiani armia<br />
daabanaka. aRmosavleT prusia da varSavis sahercogo safrangeTis<br />
jarebiT aivso. aqve iyo sursaT-sanovagisa da artileriis uzarmazari<br />
sawyobi, rac naTlad metyvelebda saomari moqmedebis moaxloebaze. omis<br />
dawyebis win, napoleoni yovelTvis interesdeboda, Tu rogori<br />
<strong>mxedarTmTavari</strong> hyavda mowinaaRmdeges, rogori organizacia iyo<br />
sardlobaSi, Zlieri iyo Tu ara mTavarsardali? 1812 wlis omis win,<br />
napoleoni misTvis saintereso zemoaRniSnul kiTxvebs dabejiTebiT<br />
pasuxobda: rusebs hyavT mxolod erTi, namdvili, kargi generali<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong>, magram mas meorexarisxovani roli akisria. benigseni uniWoa<br />
da isic meorexarisxovan rols asrulebs. kutuzovi napoleonma<br />
austerlicTan daamarcxa, magram abuCad arasdros igdebda, mas eSmak,<br />
windaxedul winamZRolad Tvlida. barklai-de-tolze 5 cnobebi ar hqonda,<br />
mas saSualo gaqanebis generlad Tvlida, romelzec frangebi <strong>didi</strong><br />
warmodgenis ar iyvnen. meore kiTxvaze dabejiTebiT pasuxobda, rom<br />
ruseTis armiaSi ar iyo erTmmarTveloba. organizacia sardlobaSi<br />
saerTod moisustebda. samxedro saqmeebSi imperatori ereoda, romelsac<br />
warmodgena ara hqonda ras akeTebda. napoleonma yvelaferi es kargad<br />
icoda da amitomac ar eSinoda omis dawyebis.<br />
bagrationma momavali saomari moqmedebis gegma Seadgina da<br />
imperators gaugzavna. gegma SeteviTi suliskveTebiT iyo Sedgenili.<br />
masSi <strong>didi</strong> yuradReba hqonda daTmobili armiis materialur momaragebasa<br />
da rezervis momzadebas. gegma ar iqna miRebuli, Tumca, samxedro<br />
13
specialistebis azriT, <strong>bagrationi</strong>s mier Sedgenili gegma bevr seriozul<br />
mosazrebas Seicavda. saomari moqmedeba karze iyo momdgari da ruseTis<br />
armias samxedro gegma ar gaaCnda. ar iyo daniSnuli armiis<br />
mTavarsardali.<br />
1812 wlis martSi ruseTis samxedro ministri, infanteriis<br />
generali barklai-de-toli dainiSna dasavleTis pirveli armiis<br />
mTavarsardlad, imave dros, igi darCa samxedro ministradac. samxedro<br />
ministris saqmeebs droebiT, barklai-de-tolis armiaSi yofnisas, gen. a.<br />
gorCakovi awarmoebda. dunais armiis mTavarsardlad m. kutuzovi<br />
dainiSna, dasavleTis meore armiis mTavrsardloba bagrations eboZa, gen.<br />
a. tormasovi 6 mesame sarezervo armiis mTavarsardali gaxda. ruseTis<br />
armias oTxi mTavarsardali Caudga saTaveSi. erTmmarTveli<br />
mTavarsardali ki, rogorc aRiniSna, saomari moqmedebis pirvel etapze<br />
ruseTs ar hyolia. mTavarsardlis rols, rogorc dasavleTis pirveli<br />
armiis ufrosi, barklai-de-toli asrulebda, Tumca aleqsandre pirveli<br />
ereoda yvela saqmeSi.<br />
24 ivniss aleqsandre pirvelis pativsacemad gamarTul bals<br />
pirveli armiis TiTqmis yvela generali eswreboda. gvian RamiT<br />
imperators acnobes frangebis gadmosvla nemanze. napoleonma<br />
gamoucxadeblad daiwyo omi ruseTis winaaRmdeg.<br />
napoleonis 520-aTasianma armiam nemani gadmolaxa. damatebiTi<br />
samxedro Zalebis miRebis Semdeg safrangeTis armia 580 aTas mebrZols<br />
iTvlida. napoleonis armiis winaaRmdeg dasavleTis sazRvrebTan 205-210-<br />
aTasiani sami damoukidebeli armia idga. dasavleTis 140-aTasiani armia<br />
barklai-de-tolis meTaurobiT nemanze iyo ganlagebuli. mis SeiaraRebaSi<br />
558 zarbazani Sedioda. dasavleTis 50 aTasiani meore armia podolskis<br />
armiis bazaze iyo Camoyalibebuli da p. <strong>bagrationi</strong> meTaurobda. am armias<br />
180 zarbazani hqonda da volkoviskis midamoebSi idga. dasavleTis mesame<br />
armia 45 aTas mebrZols iTvlida. mis SeiaraRebaSi 165 zarbazani<br />
Sedioda. es armia sarezervo iyo da amitom, meore armiidan <strong>didi</strong><br />
manZiliT 200-km-de mocilebiT idga luckis raionSi. am armias generali<br />
tormasovi meTaurobda. armiis mTavarsardali ar iyo daniSnuli da<br />
faqtobrivad imperatori ganagebda samxedro operaciebis bed-iRbals.<br />
safrangeTis armia TandaTan miikvlevda gzas ruseTis Suagulisaken.<br />
napoleons Zalebis siWarbis gamo dasavleTis orive armia ukan ixevda<br />
drisis banakisaken, rac general fules gegmiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
napoleons orive armiis cal-calke ganadgureba hqonda ganzraxuli.<br />
frangTa Warbi Zalebi fexdafex misdevdnen ukandaxeul <strong>bagrationi</strong>s<br />
armias. 28 ivniss bagrationma sof. mirTan gaanadgura frangebis<br />
avangardi, romelsac vestfaliis mefe ieronimi meTaurobda. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s<br />
armia organizebulad ixevda ukan da xSirad did zaralsac ayenebda<br />
mowinaaRmdeges. 11 ivliss saltanovkasTan davus 7 60-aTasian armias<br />
14
agrationis armiaSi Semavali raevskis 10 aTasiani korpusi ebrZoda.<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong> aRtacebuli iyo raevskis 8 korpusis gmirobiT da korpusi<br />
erTi diviziiT gaaZliera. meore dRes davus 60 aTasian armias marSal<br />
morties korpusi SeuerTda. 13 ivliss gaTenebisas <strong>bagrationi</strong>s armiam<br />
dnepri gadalaxa da smolenskis gzas daadga. male raevskis korpusic<br />
SeuerTda <strong>bagrationi</strong>s armias. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s armiis SeerTeba ZiriTad<br />
ZalebTan TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo. napoleoni darwmunebuli iyo, rom<br />
meore armia ver SeZlebda pirvel armiasTan SeerTebas da gadawyvetili<br />
hqonda <strong>bagrationi</strong>s armiis ganadgureba. napoleonis imedebi ar<br />
gamarTlda. bagrationma <strong>didi</strong> zarali miayena mowinaaRmdeges da ZiriTad<br />
Zalebsac SeuerTda. peterburgSi kvlav <strong>bagrationi</strong>s gmirobaze<br />
alaparakdnen. marTlac, <strong>bagrationi</strong>s uSualo damsaxureba iyo orive<br />
armiis daniSnul adgilze SeerTeba.<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong> darwmunebuli iyo Tavisi moqmedebis sisworeSi.<br />
aleqsandre pirvelisa da misi mTavari banakis Sexedulebis miuxedavad,<br />
igi xSirad damoukideblad wyvetda saomari moqmedebis sakiTxebs. igi<br />
ukmayofilo iyo barklai-de-tolis gauTavebeli ukandaxeviTac. amisaTvis<br />
xSirad akritikebda kidec mas. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s armiis ZiriTad ZalebTan<br />
SeerTebiT ganrisxebuli napoleoni smolensks uaxlovdeboda. 4 agvistos<br />
man smolenskisaTvis zarbaznebis daSena da Semdeg qalaqis aReba brZana.<br />
qalaqi xanZarSi gaexvia. napoleonis armia smolenskis misadgomebTan<br />
gamagrda. 5 agvistos dilidan frangebma Seteva ganaaxles. RamiT ruseTis<br />
armiam smolenski datova. qalaqi frangebma daikaves. smolenskis<br />
datovebis gamo, bagrationsa da barklai-de-tols Soris urTierToba<br />
kvlav daiZaba. peterburgSi bevri saCivari midioda barklai-de-tolze.<br />
igi ruseTis armiis mTavarsardlad ar iyo daniSnuli, magram rogorc<br />
samxedro ministri da pirveli armiis mTavarsardali, faqtobrivad mTel<br />
armias xelmZRvanelobda. aleqsandre I-s ar undoda misi Secvla axliT,<br />
magram armia da peterburgis sazogadoeba mis gadayenebas moiTxovda.<br />
smolenskis datovebis Semdeg ki, axali mTavarsardlis daniSvna<br />
aucilebeli gaxda.<br />
rogorc moskovis gubernatoris T. rostopCinis 9 Canawerebidan<br />
irkveva, bevr gavlenian generals, kutuzovisaTvis dauvalebia<br />
imperatorisaTvis eTxova barklai-de-tolis Secvla <strong>bagrationi</strong>T. armiaSi<br />
zogi benigsenis 10 momxre iyo, magram meti wili generlebisa <strong>bagrationi</strong>s<br />
kandidaturas uWerda mxars. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s samxedro niWsa da didebas<br />
evropa icnobda, magram mTavarsardlad misi daniSvna aleqsandre pirvelma<br />
ar isurva, radgan `misi gvari iseve, rogorc barklaisa, ar iyo<br />
rusuli~.<br />
17 agvistos ruseTis armiis mTavarsardlad kutuzovi dainiSna. 67<br />
wlis m. kutuzovma mTavarsardloba Caibara da safrangeTis armiasTan<br />
generaluri brZolisaTvis mzadebas Seudga. napoleonis armia<br />
15
sagrZnoblad iyo Semcirebuli. smolenskis dakavebis Semdeg igi mxolod<br />
180 aTasamde mebrZols iTvlida. amitom iyo, rom napoleonma<br />
ramdenjerme SesTavaza aleqsandre pirvels zavi, magram pasuxi arc<br />
erTxel ar miuRia. aleqsandre pirveli ganeraluri brZolis gamarTvas<br />
moiTxovda. axalma mTavarsardalma kutuzovma napoleonis armiasTan<br />
generaluri brZolis asparezad borodinos veli airCia. 22 agvistos<br />
mowinaaRmdegeebma borodinosTan sabrZolo poziciebi daikaves.<br />
napoleonis armia 135 aTas kacs iTvlida. mis gankargulebaSi 587<br />
zarbazani iyo. ruseTis armia ki 132 aTasi mebrZolisagan Sedgeboda. maT<br />
SeiaraRebaSi Sedioda 624 zarbazani. ruseTis armiis marjvena frTasa da<br />
centrs barklai-de-toli xelmZRvanelobda. yvelaze susti marcxena<br />
frTa, rogorc kutuzovi atyobinebda imperators, bagrations ebara. 24<br />
agvistos frangebis avangardma SevardinoSi ganlagebul 12 aTas<br />
mebrZols Seutia. sisxlismRvrel brZolaSi frangebma maSveli Zalebi<br />
miiRes, maTi ricxvi 40 aTasamde gaizarda. napoleonis Warbma Zalebma<br />
Sevardino daikaves. <strong>bagrationi</strong> TviTon Caeba brZolaSi, win gauZRva jars<br />
da Sevardino ukan daibruna. brZolam gvian saRamomde gastana. bolos<br />
kutuzovma ZiriTad poziciebze daxeva brZana. bagrationma ukan daixia.<br />
25 agvistos orive mxare kvlav sabrZolo poziciebs amagrebda da<br />
gadamwyveti SetakebisaTvis emzadeboda. 26 agvistos kvlav ganaaxles<br />
brZola.<br />
frangebis mxridan, brZolas ganTqmuli mxedarTmTavrebi<br />
meTaurobdnen. saerTo xelmZRvanelobas ki TviT safrangeTis imperatori<br />
axorcielebda. diliT, pirveli Seteva davum wamoiwyo 25-aTasiani<br />
korpusiT. 102 zarbazani Seunelebliv uSenda cecxls rusTa marcxena<br />
frTas, romelsac <strong>bagrationi</strong> icavda 8-aTasiani SenaerTiT. davu medgar<br />
winaaRmdegobas waawyda da kontuziis miRebis Semdeg datova brZolis<br />
veli. frangebis meore ieriSsac ar mohyolia Sedegi. Tumca marcxena<br />
fleSi * aiRes, magram <strong>bagrationi</strong>s mebrZolTa gmirulma kontrSetevam<br />
ukuaqcia mowinaaRmdegeTa rigebi. frangTa mesame SeteviT, marcxena da<br />
marjvena fleSebi iqna aRebuli, magram bagrationma kvlav daibruna<br />
dakarguli pozicia. jer isev 9 saaTi iyo, magram frangebi meoTxed<br />
gadavidnen Setevaze. Warbi Zalebis swrafi SeteviT fleSebi kvlav<br />
daikaves. mTavarsardlis mier gamogzavnili damxmare rezervis<br />
saSualebiT, bagrationma frangebs Seutia da aRebuli fleSebi<br />
daatovebina. <strong>bagrationi</strong> Tavganwiruli ibrZoda im dRes. mas ver<br />
warmoedgina brZolis velze damarcxeba. napoleoni mTel Zalas<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong>s winaaRmdeg mimarTavda, romelmac ramdenime Seteva moigeria,<br />
magram frangebma 45-aTasiani SenaerTiT miitanes ieriSi <strong>bagrationi</strong>s<br />
poziciebze. igi 18 aTasi mebrZoliT unda gamklaveboda Warb Zalebs.<br />
bagrationma napoleonis moieriSeebs <strong>didi</strong> zarali miayena, magram mZimed<br />
daiWra. brZolis vels mainc ar tovebda, sanam sisxlidan daclili<br />
16
cxenidan ar Camovarda. <strong>bagrationi</strong>saTvis es mexuTe Wriloba ukanaskneli<br />
aRmoCnda. 27 agvistos <strong>bagrationi</strong> moskovSi waiyvanes. misi janmrTeloba<br />
sagrZnoblad gauaresda, tkivilebi awuxebda, cieb-cxeleba daemarTa, mada<br />
daekarga da uZiloba dasCemda.<br />
sabWoTa istoriografiaSi, p. bagrationze 1812 wlis samamulo omis<br />
sakiTxebze momuSave avtorebs Soris SeiniSneba azrTa sxvadasxvaoba <strong>didi</strong><br />
mxedarTmTavris Wrilobisa da gardacvalebis Taobaze. am miTqma-moTqmas<br />
naTeli mohfina iakob govorovis wignma, (romelic <strong>petre</strong>s<br />
gardacvalebidan 3 wlis Semdeg daibeWda) `Tavad <strong>petre</strong> ivanes Ze<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong>s sicocxlis ukanaskneli dReni~. wignSi sworadaa Sefasebuli<br />
<strong>didi</strong> mxedarTmTavris p. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s samxedro moRvaweobis mniSvneloba.<br />
es mTel wignSi SeimCneva, gansakuTrebiT, <strong>bagrationi</strong>s avtoriseuli<br />
daxasiaTebisas. mkvlevarTaTvis cnobilia, Tu rogor ar eTmoboda p.<br />
bagrations brZolis veli, ra Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavsem datova<br />
is daWrilma. amasTan dakavSirebiT, TviTmxilvelis gadmocemiT, metad<br />
saintereso faqts vecnobiT: `Tavadma im dros miatova brZolis veli,<br />
roca frangTa Tavganwiruli suliskveTeba ukve Seryeuli iyo da maTi<br />
jaris kolonebi ukandasaxevad iyvnen mzad~. govorovis sityviT: `Tavadi<br />
gulistkiviliT tovebda didebisa da pativis vels, mzera erTTavad<br />
brZolis velisaTvis miepyro, sakuTari Wriloba daviwyeboda da irgvliv<br />
gamskdari Wurvebisa da findixis wvimaSi kvlav brZolas<br />
xelmZRvanelobda. brZolis velze darCenil generlebs sxvadasxva<br />
gankargulebebs ugzavnida da maTgan eloda pasuxs. Seuxveveli<br />
Wrilobidan sisxli sdioda, srul gamarjvebas eloda, romliTac unda<br />
dagvirgvinebuliyo Cveni laSqris umagaliTo gmiroba. magram batoni<br />
adiutantebi raki xedavdnen, rom Tavadi sisxlisagan icleboda, eqims<br />
eZebdnen mis dasaxmareblad.<br />
maSin, me, – wers govorovi, – pirvelad veaxeli mas. gulmodgined,<br />
gausinje gasisxlianebuli fexi da Wrilobis siRrmisa da siganis<br />
gamokvlevis Semdeg, mivxvdi, rom wvivis winaZvali iyo dazianebuli.<br />
zondirebiT mogvrilma gausaZlisma tkivilma miaxvedra Tavadi, rom<br />
Wriloba mZime iyo. jaris mTavari samedicino inspeqtoris, baton v. i.<br />
vilies mobrZanebiT Tavadma Zalze gaixara. man xelmeored gasinja,<br />
gaasufTava da gadauxvia Wriloba, ris Semdegac Tavadi moskovs<br />
gaemgzavra. moJaisks ramdenime versiT gacda Tu ara, meore dRes, 27<br />
agvistos, jarSi gamomigzavna adiutanti da TavisTan mixmo. meTauris<br />
TanxmobiT polki mivatove da mis dasaxmareblad gaveSure. mZime<br />
mdgomareobaSi damixvda, xurvebaSeyrils mCxvletavi tkivilebi saSinel<br />
tanjvas ayenebda, mada dahkargvoda, pirveli Rame uZilod gaetarebina.<br />
28 agvistos, saRamos me da batonma gangartma, dasavleTis armiis<br />
mTavarma eqimma, romelic Tavadis piradi eqimi gaxldaT, SevuxvieT<br />
Wriloba, romelic jer kidev anTebiTi iyo, xurveba grZeldeboda, Tumca<br />
17
tkivili odnav Cacxra, im cxeli safenebis wyalobiT, wina dRes rom<br />
vixmareT. meore dRes, 29 agvistos, gadaxvevisas WrilobaSi <strong>didi</strong><br />
raodenobiT aRmoCnda Cirqi, Wrilobis kideebi SeSupebuli iyo da anTeba<br />
mTel nawils mosdeboda. Tavadis sicocxles seriozuli safrTxe<br />
emuqreboda.<br />
agvistos 30-s Zalze mZime mdgomareobaSi myofi Tavadi moskovSi<br />
Cavida. gzaSi ramdenimejer mixmo gausaZlisad mtkivani daWrili fexis<br />
gasasworeblad. TiTqos mTeli dRe grZeldeboda qancis gamwyveti<br />
xurveba. pulsi Zalze aCqarebuli hqonda, wyurvilis grZnoba ki<br />
dauokebeli. saRamoTi igi inaxula moskovis general-gubernatorma, f. e.<br />
rostopCinma da roca Seityo, rom Wrilobis da saerTod, mTeli<br />
organizmis mdgomareoba savalalo iyo, TviTon iTava saxelovani eqimis,<br />
profesoris, hildebrantis mowveva. <strong>petre</strong>s imedi gauCnda da ase mimarTa<br />
eqims: `batono eqimo!.. am Wrilobam ukve sicocxlis naxevari wamarTva,<br />
imedi unda viqonio Tu ara gankurnebisa da ramdenad swrafad SeiZleba<br />
es moxdes. Cemi eqimebis xelovnebaSi eWvi ar Semparvia, magram Cemi<br />
survilia, yvelam erTad mimkurnaloT. am mdgomareobaSi ajobebs sam<br />
gamocdil eqims daveyrdno da ara ors~. <strong>petre</strong>m eqimisagan imis dapireba<br />
miiRo, rom mas imeds ar gaucruebdnen. is dRe man SedarebiT kargad<br />
gaatara. saRamos, fexis gadaxvevis dros aRmoCnda, rom Wriloba<br />
adrindelTan SedarebiT gaumjobesebuli ar iyo. amas isic daerTo, rom<br />
<strong>petre</strong>m wamlebis sma Sewyvita. Rame Zalze cudad gaxda, autaneli<br />
tkivilebi awuxebda. govorovi werda: damamSvideblad Taflian wyalTan<br />
erTad katabalaxas nayeni miveci, ramac odnav daamSvida da CaTvlima<br />
kidec. gzis gagrZeleba aucilebeli gaxda, ramac igi Zalian gatanja.<br />
iZulebuli gavxdiT sergievskis lavraSi SevCerebuliyaviT. saRamos<br />
Wrilobis gadaxvevis dros, davinaxeT, rom Cirqma saxe icvala. wvivis<br />
Zvali zed Sua nawilSi iribad dazianebuli Canda. Wrilobis amgvarma<br />
mdomareobam gvaiZula ukidures saSualebaze – wvivis mokveTis<br />
operaciaze gvefiqra. roca Tavads movaxseneT operaciis Sesaxeb, man uari<br />
ganacxada. `Tqveni medicina arc ise Raribia, rom Cems sneulebas ver<br />
uwamlos. amitom mtkiced var darwmunebuli, rom uoperaciodac SevZleb<br />
gankurnebas~. Tavadisagan aseTi gadamwyveti pasuxis miRebis Semdeg, Cvenma<br />
saerTo samedicino konsiliumma daaskvna, rom Tavadis daTanxmeba<br />
operaciaze SeuZlebeli iqneboda. mdgomareoba ki uaresdeboda. vTxove<br />
nebarTva, Wriloba gagvefarToebina, rom Cirqs Tavisuflad edina,<br />
dazianebuli Zvali Wurvis namsxvrevisagan gagveTavisuflebina da<br />
WrilobaSi CarCenili ucxo sxeuli amogveRo. magram golicinis mamulSi,<br />
sofel simSi misvlamde es procesi gadaido.<br />
8 seqtembers gakeTda mcire operacia, gasufTavda Wriloba, magram<br />
aman Sedegi ver gamoiRo, aucilebeli gaxda fexis mokveTa imitom, rom<br />
ukve gangrenis niSnebi SeimCneoda. Tavadma isev uari ganacxada<br />
18
operaciaze. sicocxlis siyvaruli Tavads ukarnaxebda wamlebi esva,<br />
magram pirdapir acxadebda, rom isini naklebad rgebda mas. igi ironiuli<br />
RimiliT eubneboda eqimebs: `Tqveni medicina, rogorc Cans, mxolod<br />
janmrTelebs rgebs. <strong>petre</strong> mxolod erTi `wamlis~ kmayofili iyo (es iyo<br />
wyalSi gazavebuli Sampanuri). Tavadi mpirdeboda, omis damTavrebis<br />
Semdeg CemTan erTad kavkasiis wylebze gamgzavrebas. 10 seqtembers<br />
Tavadi <strong>petre</strong> Zalian sevdianad gamoiyureboda, misi sxeulisagan mxolod<br />
ConCxi darCa, gamomSrali, danaoWebuli kanis miRma mxolod Zvlebi<br />
mouCanda. erT-erTi gadaxvevis dros, Tavadma miTxra, wers eqimi,<br />
`mxolod RmerTis imediRa unda mqondes, me mxolod mis wmida ganaCens<br />
veli~.<br />
mTeli Rame Tavads ar movSorebivar. mesmoda xSiri, Rrma,<br />
locvismagvari oxvra, vxedavdi, rogor ecvleboda da ekrunCxeboda saxe.<br />
pulsi susti da talRovani iyo.<br />
11 seqtembers dilidanve Tavadma Tavisi adiutanti batoni breJinski<br />
ixmo da didxans elaparaka, rogorc Tavis sando kacs.<br />
amis Semdeg, xelmosawerad Semoutanes peterburgSi gasagzavnad<br />
gamzadebuli raRac qaRaldebi. Tavadma ramdenime brZaneba gasca, rac<br />
uSualod mis neba-survilze iyo damokidebuli. Semdeg ki eqimebi<br />
migviwvies gadasaxvevad. Tavadma ki ase gviTxra: gadawyvetili maqvs<br />
dReidan aRar miviRo wamlebi, sakmarisia. Tqven yvelaferi gaakeTeT, rac<br />
SegeZloT. axla uflis nebasRa vemorCilebi. am sityvebis Semdeg, Tavadma<br />
Rrmad amoisunTqa da susti xmiT warmoTqva: `RmerTo Cemo, Cemo<br />
mxsnelo!~ vamCnevdi, rogor efineboda saxeze Savi naRveli, TvalebSi<br />
TandaTan Cauqra sicocxle, tuCebze silurje gadaekra. mTeli dRis<br />
ganmavlobaSi ar miuRia wamali, garda sasmelisa, romelic esoden<br />
siamovnebda.<br />
mdgomareobis gauaresebis gamo Tavads movaxsene: `Tqveno<br />
brwyinvalebav, xSirad RvTis madli saswaulebrivad moqmedebs sneulze,<br />
amitom xom ar inebebdiT mRvdeli gvexmo wminda ziarebis misaRebad?~<br />
`diax! kargad mesmis es rasac niSnavs... me mudam marTlmorwmune<br />
qristiani viyavi. ubrZaneT, axlave moiyvanon mRvdeli. am pasuxSi Cans<br />
Tavad <strong>bagrationi</strong>s pirovneba da didebuli qristianis marTlmorwmune<br />
suli.<br />
am sityvebis warmoTqmis Semdeg sicocxlis ukanaskneli wuTis<br />
molodinSi gulgrilma simSvidem gaunaTa Tavads nawamebi saxis yoveli<br />
nakvTi. TiTqmis ukve mouTmenlad da kmayofilebiT ewada ganeSorebina<br />
yofierebis warmavlobis samosi da maradiuliT Semosiliyo. saRamos 9<br />
saaTze Tavadma qristianis yoveli ukanaskneli vali moixada.<br />
dasustebuls ena ebmoda. Rame autanel tanjvaSi gaatara. 12 seqtembers<br />
leTargiam dilidanve waarTva Tavads mgrZnobelobis unari. dRis pirvel<br />
saaTze igi gardaicvala.~<br />
19
misi sikvdilisTanave simSi mivida meore armiis Stabis ufrosi<br />
general-leitenanti sen-pri 11 , romelic Wrilobis gamo vladimiris<br />
guberniaSi, simTan axlos sofelSi mkurnalobda. manve iTava<br />
dasaflavebis organizacia.<br />
<strong>petre</strong> <strong>bagrationi</strong>s yofili adiudanti, gamoCenili generalleitenanti<br />
da partizanuli brZolebis organizatori denis davidovi 12<br />
27 wlis ganmavlobaSi ibrZoda mxedarTmTavris neStis borodinos velze<br />
gadasvenebisaTvis. 1839 wlis ivnisSi d. davidovma Tavisi sayvareli<br />
generlis neStis borodinoSi gadasvenebis nebarTva miiRo, magram male<br />
TviTonac gardaicvala da <strong>bagrationi</strong>s neStis gadasvenebas ver moeswro.<br />
1839 wlis 26 agvistos, kievis husarTa * polkis TanxlebiT, <strong>bagrationi</strong>s<br />
neSti borodinos velze gadaasvenes. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s cxedari dakrZales im<br />
Zeglis kvarcxlbekis qveS, romelic borodinos gmirTa samaxsovrod iyo<br />
agebuli. man samudamo bina daido borodinos velze, sadac sasikvdilo<br />
Wriloba miayena napoleonis armias da TviTonac sasikvdilod daiWra.<br />
mis saflavs 73 wlis ganmavlobaSi amSvenebda warwera: `infanteriis<br />
generali Tavadi <strong>petre</strong> ivanes Ze <strong>bagrationi</strong> meTaurobda dasavleTis<br />
meore armias, daiWra borodinos brZolaSi 1812 wlis 26 agvistos.<br />
gardaicvala Wrilobisagan 1812 wlis 12 seqtembers 47 wlisa~. misi<br />
saxeli mieniWa egerTa meeqvse polks, romelsac igi meTaurobda<br />
suvorovis laSqrobis dros.<br />
amrigad, Tavisi xanmokle, magram boboqari sicocxlis gzaze, <strong>petre</strong><br />
bagrationma, rogorc sardalma da rogorc adamianma, udidesi simamaciT<br />
gadaitana msoflios samxedro istoriaSi manamde gaugonari usastikesi<br />
da umZafresi brZolebi da gadalaxa bunebrivi da xelovnuri<br />
dabrkolebebiT aRsavse grZeli gzebi.<br />
bagrationma monawileoba miiRo 20 did laSqrobaSi da 150<br />
brZolaSi. am brZolebSi igi xuTjer daiWra, magram mwyobridan arasdros<br />
gamosula. vidre bolos, 1812 wels borodinos velze miRebuli Wriloba<br />
sasikvdilo ar aRmoCnda.<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong>s mier ganvlil cxovrebis gzas Tu gadavxedavT,<br />
davinaxavT, rom igi dabadebuli iyo mxolod samxedro saqmisaTvis. erT<br />
simReraSi igi `laSqris RmerTad~ ixsenieba. misi adiudantis, cnobili<br />
partizanisa da poetis denis davidovis gadmocemiT, bagrations<br />
gamomuSavebuli hqonda ariergarduli brZolebisa da moZraobis sakuTari<br />
taqtika. ariergarduli brZolebis warmoebis Sesaxeb, TviT <strong>bagrationi</strong><br />
Semdegs ambobda: `Tu Seebmebi mowinaaRmdeges brZolaSi, _ mTavar Zalebs<br />
CamoSordebi da mters Tavs Caugdeb gasanadgureblad, Tu moeridebi<br />
brZolas, – mters saSualebas miscem mTavar Zalebs wamoewios~.<br />
maSasadame, rTul saariergarado brZolaSi, <strong>bagrationi</strong>s azriT, saWiroa<br />
raRac gansakuTrebuli saSualo xazi, Taviseburi alRo, raTa arc mters<br />
Cauvarde da arc mTavar ZalebTan miuSva is. ase moqmedebda yovelTvis<br />
20
agrationis xelmZRvanelobiT ariergardi, romelic mogeriebiT<br />
poziciebze didxans arasodes ar Cerdeboda, mudam moZraobda, erTi<br />
TavdacviTi poziciidan meoreze, brZoliT ixevda da saerTo brZolaSi<br />
ebmeboda, Tu es gamowveuli ar iyo aucileblobiT. igi yovelTvis<br />
cdilobda mtrisTvis saSualeba ar mieca mTavar Zalebs im manZilze<br />
miaxloeboda, romelzedac artileriis cecxliT zians miayenebda. mTavari<br />
Zalebis Tavisufali ukandaxeviTi moZraobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT,<br />
mdevari mtris yovelTvis aseT manZilze SeCereba ariergardis<br />
xelmZRvanelobisagan moiTxovda did sifxizles, Sorsmxedvelobas,<br />
mosazrebis simaxviles da moqnilobas, riTac <strong>bagrationi</strong>, davidovis<br />
sityviT, uxvad iyo dajildoebuli. swored misi am RirsebiT aixsneba is<br />
garemoeba, rom yvelgan, _ italiaSi, SveicariaSi, avstriaSi, prusiaSi Tu<br />
ruseTSi, _ mZime ariergarduli an avangarduli amocanebis Sesruleba<br />
yovelTvis mas evaleboda, da isic brwyinvaled, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
Seudareblad asrulebda metad pasuxsageb amocanebs.<br />
misi erT-erTi <strong>didi</strong> Rirseba iyo erTi Tvalis gadavlebiT poziciis<br />
sworad Sefaseba da misi susti da Zlieri mxareebis swrafi aRqmis<br />
unari, rac man araerTxel gamoamJRavna brZolis velze.<br />
im brZolebSi, romelSic <strong>bagrationi</strong> monawileobda igi pirveli<br />
Seebmoda mters da ukanaskneli tovebda brZolis vels. mas brZolis<br />
velze, TiTqmis yovelTvis, saqme hqonda Tavis drois saukeTeso<br />
sardlebTan, romlebsac xSirad TviT napoleoni xelmZRvanelobda, magram<br />
arasodes aravisTvis araferi dauTmia.<br />
TviT suvorovi aSkarad xedavda <strong>bagrationi</strong>s samxedro niWs,<br />
mamacobas, didad endoboda da friad pasuxsageb davalebebs aZlevda mas.<br />
suvorovi icnobda bagrations ara marto rogorc marjve da gulad<br />
mxedarTmTavars, aramed, rogorc saimedo samxedro xelmZRvanelsac. am<br />
mxriv sainteresoa erTi metad sayuradRebo faqti: 1799 wlis 30 maiss<br />
suvorovi bagrations specialur werils ugzavnis da avalebs graf<br />
belagrdis xelmZRvanelobiT moqmed avstrielTa jaris nawilebs, rom<br />
piradad man, bagrationma gadasces da SeaTavsebinos suvoroviseburi<br />
`gamarjvebis mecniereba~, `suvoroviseburi brZolis taqtika~. es iyo<br />
udidesi ndoba gamoCenili mxedarTmTavrisa Tavisi mowafisadmi.<br />
mkiTxvelisaTvis udaod saintereso iqneba calke ganvixiloT<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong>s mxedarTmTavruli Tvisebebi, romelTa wyalobiT igi gaxda<br />
SesaniSnavi sardali.<br />
mSoblebis mokrZalebulma materialurma mdgomareobam ar misca<br />
saSualeba momaval generals mieRo saWiro samxedro ganaTleba. amas,<br />
sxvaTaSoris, xSirad xazs usvamdnen misi mtrebic da megobrebic, magram<br />
bagrations gavlili hqonda <strong>didi</strong> mxedarTmTavris suvorovis mdidari<br />
praqtikuli skola.<br />
21
suvorovma `gamarjvebis mecnierebis~ arsi Semdeg sam sityvaSi<br />
gamoxata `Tvalzoma, siswrafe, Seteva~, rac niSnavda: `rogor dabanakde,<br />
rogor iaro mwyobrSi, rogor sdio da urtya mowinaaRmdeges~. suvorovi<br />
aRniSnavda, rom Tvalzoma aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom `SearCio adgili,<br />
gansazRvro mowinaaRmdegis Zala da gamoicno misi Canafiqri~. sardals<br />
unda Seswevdes unari erTi SexedviT SearCios xelsayreli pozicia,<br />
miaxloebiT mainc daadginos mowinaaRmdegis ricxvi da Zala, daadginos<br />
brZolis dro da adgili, gaerkves Seqmnil viTarebaSi da miiRos<br />
erTaderTi swori gadawyvetileba.<br />
yvela omi, romelSic bagrations miuRia monawileoba, adasturebs,<br />
rom mas SesaniSnavad SeuTvisebia `gamarjvebis mecnierebis~ es elementi.<br />
amis naTeli magaliTia brwyinvaled Catarebuli brZolebi SengrabenTan<br />
(1805) da preisiS-ailausTan (1807). Znelia warmoidgino ufro rTuli<br />
viTareba, vidre SengrabenTan, magram ufro Znelia ukeTesi<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba, vidre is, romelic bagrationma miiRo Tavis<br />
mcirericxovani razmiT mtris 30-aTasiani jaris alyis garRvevisas.<br />
suvorovis moZRvrebis meore umniSvnelovanesi elementi – siswrafe<br />
da Tavdasxmis moulodnelobaa. `mters hgonia, rom Sen 200-300 versis<br />
iqiTa xar, Sen ki nabijs auCqare orjer, samjer, da moulodnelad,<br />
swrafad eci. mowinaaRmdege gelodeba mindvridan, Sen ki cicabo mTebidan,<br />
uRrani tyeebidan daesxi Tavs, Seaviwrove, urtyi, sdie, gons mosvla ar<br />
acalo,~ _ werda suvorovi. igi xSirad imeorebda: `erTi wuTi<br />
gamarjvebis momtania~. bagrations kargad axsovda ostatis es darigeba<br />
da xSirad mimarTavda mas. amas naTlad adasturebs misi moqmedeba 1812<br />
wlis saomar kampaniaSi. rogorc cnobilia, <strong>bagrationi</strong>s da barklai-detolis<br />
armiebis gaerTianebisaTvis xelis SesaSlelad da maTi cal-calke<br />
ganadgurebis mizniT, napoleonma meore (<strong>bagrationi</strong>s) armias daadevna<br />
136-aTaskaciani jari, romelic samjer sWarbobda <strong>bagrationi</strong>s Zalebs.<br />
meore armiis alyis Semortyma da misi ganadgureba frangma imperatorma<br />
miando Tavis saukeTeso marSlebs: davusa da miurats. uaRresad mZime<br />
pirobebSi, warmoudgeneli siZneleebis gadalaxviT, zafxulis papanaqeba<br />
sicxeSi, <strong>bagrationi</strong>s armia xSirad dReSi 50 verss gadioda. generali<br />
moxerxebulad iyenebda bunebriv pirobebs, xSirad icvlida mimarTulebas,<br />
abnevda mters da aiZulebda mas Seecvala winaswar dasaxuli gegma.<br />
davuca da miuratic darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom alyas Semoartyamdnen da<br />
gaanadgurebdnen bagrations, vidre igi dneprs gadalaxavda da mis<br />
marcxena napirze barklais armias SeuerTdeboda, magram imedi<br />
gaucruvdaT. bagrationma sworad Seafasa Seqmnili viTareba, Secvala<br />
armiis moZraobis mimarTuleba da gadalaxa dnepri novobixovTan da ara<br />
mogiliovTan, sadac mas mteri elodeboda. am moulodneli manevriT<br />
bagrationma mteri daabnia, gadalaxa dnepri, armia ixsna ganadgurebisagan<br />
da uzrunvelyo misi SeerTeba barklaisTan.<br />
22
odesac <strong>bagrationi</strong> analizs ukeTebda armiis mier ganvlil gzas<br />
volkoviskidan dnepris marcxena napiramde, igi samarTlianad SeniSnavda,<br />
rom jariskacTa da oficerTa simamace, gadasvlis siswrafe, Tavis<br />
daRweva samjer Warbi mowinaaRmdegisagan – TviT suvorovis aRtacebas<br />
da gakvirvebas gamoiwvevda.<br />
da bolos, `gamarjvebis mecnierebis~ mesame elementi – Seteva. Tavad<br />
suvorovi SeteviTi omis <strong>didi</strong> ostati iyo da ukandaxevas, garda<br />
gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevisa, ar scnobda. `nabiji ukan sikvdilia, win<br />
neba gaqvs ori, sami da aTi nabiji gadadga~, _ ambobda <strong>didi</strong> sardali.<br />
misi azriT, warumateblobis erT-erTi mizezia SiSi. `vinc SeSinda, igi<br />
naxevrad damarcxda. SiSs <strong>didi</strong> Tvalebi aqvs, erTi aTad mogeCveneba, _<br />
werda suvorovi. amitom Tavis moZRvrebaSi igi ambobs, rom `jariskaci<br />
unda iyos janmrTeli, mamaci, mtkice, Seupovari~. es Tvisebebi<br />
bagrations Tan sdevda mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. mis am Tvisebebze<br />
uTiTebda yvela, vinc ki mas icnobda, visac masTan uomia. `uSiSaria<br />
brZolaSi, safrTxisadmi gulgrili... erTgulia dawyebuli saqmis,<br />
mtkicea mis SesrulebaSi,~ _ wers bagrationze generali ermolovi. misi<br />
simamace legendaruli iyo. araviTari safrTxe ar aSinebda. yvelaze mZime<br />
wuTebSi sulis simSvides ar kargavda. amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba<br />
moviyvanoT imdroindeli anekdoti. erTxel misi adiutanti denis<br />
davidovi gamocxadda masTan da upataka, rom `mowinaaRmdege cxvirwinaa~.<br />
igi fiqrobda, rom aseTi gamoTqma imoqmedebda generalze. <strong>bagrationi</strong>,<br />
romelic SesaniSnavad grZnobda viTarebis sirTules, jarSi panikis<br />
asacileblad, miubrunda da mSvidad upasuxa adiutants `axla ki<br />
dasadgenia visi cxviris winaa: Tu Seni cxvirisa, maSin dayovneba ar<br />
SeiZleba, unda avCqardeT, xolo Tu Cemi cxviris winaa, maSin jer kidev<br />
<strong>didi</strong> dro gvqonia~ (cnobilia, rom bagrations <strong>didi</strong>, kexiani cxviri<br />
hqonda). davidovs gaukvirda aseTi pasuxi, magram ifiqra, rom<br />
mdgomareoba arc ise seriozulia da damSvidda.<br />
jariskacebi, romelTac odesme <strong>bagrationi</strong>s xelqveiT umsaxuriaT,<br />
aRfrTovanebulni iyvnen misi uSiSrobiT da vaJkacobiT. igi iyo maTTvis<br />
gambedaobisa da Seupovrobis magaliTi. isini mzad iyvnen misTvis Tavi<br />
gaewiraT. am mxriv Zalze mravlismetyvelia ekaterinoslavis kirasirTa<br />
polkis unter-oficris _ andrianovis SemTxveva. borodinos brZolaSi<br />
andrianovi bagrationTan iyo da atarebda mis Wogrits, rukebsa da sxva<br />
saWiro nivTebs. igi yvela kritikuli situciis mowme iyo, brZolaSi<br />
Cabma swyuroda, magram xmis amoRebas ver bedavda. mxolod maSin,<br />
rodesac man dainaxa sasikvdilod daWrili sardali, mowiwebiT<br />
miuaxlovda da mimarTa: `Tqveno brwyinvalebav! Cveni polki orjer Seeba<br />
mters, Tqven samkurnalod mihyavxarT. damrTeT neba SevuerTde Cems<br />
amxanagebs, imedi maqvs ramdenime frangs avkuwav~. sardalma daakmayofila<br />
unter-oficris Txovna, romelic gmirulad ibrZoda da gmirulad<br />
23
daiRupa kidec. jariskacebs yovelTvis axsovdaT, rom isini ibrZodnen<br />
legendaruli gmiris gverdiT, romlis piradi vaJkacoba maTi gmirobis<br />
masazrdoebeli iyo.<br />
suvorovis msgavsad, <strong>bagrationi</strong>s leqsikonidan amoRebuli iyo<br />
gamoTqmebi: `ar vici~, `ar SemiZlia~. ar yofila SemTxveva, rom mas uari<br />
eTqvas romelime operaciaze, raoden rTuli da saxifaToc unda<br />
yofiliyo igi, Tu amas sabrZolo interesebi iTxovda. igi uyoymanod<br />
Tanxmdeboda, erTi SexedviT, ganwiruli operaciis ganxorcielebazec.<br />
amis saucxovo magaliTia isev da isev brZola SengrabenTan. kutuzovma<br />
bagrations dausaxa metad rTuli amocana. mas jaris mcire SenaerTiT (6<br />
aTas kacamde) unda SeeCerebina frangebis 30 aTasiani armia napoleonis<br />
saukeTeso marSlebis meTaurobiT. am armiis mizani iyo xeli SeeSala<br />
kutuzovisaTvis gaerTianebuliyo ruseTidan momaval jarTan. napoleoni<br />
cdilobda, rom brZola Caetarebina rusTa Zalebis SeerTebamde.<br />
kutuzovi, romelic angariSs uwevda mtris did ricxobriv<br />
upiratesobas, Tavs aridebda am brZolas maSveli Zalebis mosvlamde,<br />
amitom mas ukan unda daexia. ukandaxevis dros mTavari Zalebis dacva<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong>s razms daekisra. am amocanis Sesruleba razmis ueWvel<br />
daRupvas niSnavda. amis Sesaxeb kutuzovi werda imperator aleqsandres,<br />
rom igi `swiravs nawils mTelis gadasarCenad~. icoda Tu ara<br />
bagrationma sad agzavnidnen mas? esmodaT Tu ara mis mebrZolebs, rom<br />
isini ganwirulebi iyvnen? am kiTxvebs pasuxobs kampaniis monawile<br />
norovi, romelic wers: `generlidan jariskacamde yvelam icoda amis<br />
Sesaxeb, xolo <strong>bagrationi</strong> brZoliswina TaTbirze Tavis oficrebTan<br />
erTad sikvdils pirdapir TvalebSi uyurebda~. es davaleba man<br />
brwyinvaled Seasrula. kutuzovs usazRvrod gauxarda <strong>bagrationi</strong>s<br />
dabruneba, amave dros Zalian gakvirvebulic darCa, arc ukiTxavs<br />
araferi. erTi ki Tqva: `Seni dabruneba savsebiT sakmarisi pasuxia<br />
CemTvis~. norovis TqmiT, bagrationma am gamarjvebiT `aago monumenti,<br />
romelsac samxedro istoria maradis Seinaxavs~.<br />
suvorovis msgavsad, <strong>bagrationi</strong>c ver itanda gamoTqmas `ar<br />
SemiZlia~. ruseT-SvedeTis omis dros (1808-1809), romelsac xSirad<br />
ruseT-fineTis oms uwodeben, vinaidan saomari moqmedeba umTavresad<br />
fineTis teritoriaze da fineTisaTvis mimdinareobda, operatiuli gegmiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo gayinuli bicinis yuris gadalaxva da aldanis<br />
kunZulebis dapyroba. iseTi cnobili samxedro moRvaweebi, rogoric<br />
iyvnen knoringi, barklai-de-toli, grafi Suvalovi, imperators<br />
dabejiTebiT umtkicebdnen gadasvlis SeuZleblobas. mdgomareobis<br />
Sesaswavlad, adgilze gagzavnili iyo grafi arakCeevi, rodesac man yvela<br />
generlisagan uaryofiTi pasuxi miiRo, <strong>bagrationi</strong>s azri ikiTxa. pasuxi<br />
orsityviani iyo: `gvibrZaneT – wavalT~. cnobilia, rom es operaciac<br />
bagrationma brwyinvaled ganaxorciela.<br />
24
agrationis erT-erTi <strong>didi</strong> mxedarTmTavruli Tviseba imaSi<br />
mdgomareobda, rom igi SesaniSnavad uxamebda Tavis moqmedebebs Seqmnil<br />
viTarebas da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Setevas ukandaxeviTac cvlida. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa misi werili arakCeevisadmi, daTariRebuli<br />
1809 wlis 22 noembriT, romelSic igi, TurqeTis winaaRmdeg moqmedi<br />
ruseTis armiis mTavarsardali, xsnida droebiTi ukandaxevis mizezebs.<br />
`ukanasknel dros, – wers <strong>bagrationi</strong> _ ara marto, nawilebis ufrosebi<br />
ityobinebodnen, aramed Tavadac davrwmundiT, gansakuTrebiT<br />
tataricasTan brZolaSi, rom kavaleriis da artileriis cxenebi sakvebis<br />
simciris gamo ise dauZlurdnen, rom maT arafriT ar SeeZloT<br />
warmatebiT moqmedeba – ai, ZiriTadi mizezi Cemi ukandaxevisa. mTeli Cemi<br />
adrindeli samsaxuri, vfiqrob, gamodgeba imis mtkicebad, rom me mxdali<br />
ara var, magram uazro gambedaoba mimaCnia mxedarTmTavrisTvis did<br />
codvad~.<br />
suvorovi `gamarjvebis mecnierebaSi~ ambobs, rom oficeri da<br />
sardali ganuwyvetliv unda zrunavdnen jariskacis janmTelobaze,<br />
fiqrobdnen mis Wir-varamze. oficeri jariskacis mbrZanebelic unda iyos<br />
da gulwrfeli megobaric. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, suvorovisa da<br />
kutuzovis Semdeg ruseTis armiaSi arasdros ar yofila sxva generali,<br />
romelsac iseTi siyvaruli daemsaxurebinos, rogoric daimsaxura<br />
bagrationma. igi uyvardaT ara mxolod imitom, rom SesaniSnavi sardali<br />
iyo da masTan brZolaSi yofna gamarjvebas niSnavda, aramed imisTvisac,<br />
rom igi jariskacis namdvili megobari iyo. arc ise <strong>didi</strong> xania, rac<br />
napovni iqna <strong>bagrationi</strong>s erT-erTi brZaneba, romelic man gasca dunais<br />
(TurqeTis) frontze 1809 wels. am brZanebiT igi avaldebulebs<br />
nawilebis meTaurebs gamudmebiT izrunon `dabali Cinebis janmrTelobaze,<br />
romelnic egzom saWironi arian qveynisaTvis da imsaxureben mamobriv<br />
mzrunvelobas~. imave brZanebaSi naTqvamia, rom yoveli ufrosi unda<br />
cdilobdes daimsaxuros Tavisi xelqveiTebis siyvaruli da pativiscema,<br />
ar Takilobdes maT, rogorc TanamSromlebs, romlebTanac iyofs didebas.<br />
erTi sityviT, ufrosi unda iyos xelqveiTisTvis, rogorc RviZli mama~.<br />
iSviaTad moiZebneba romelime <strong>mxedarTmTavari</strong>, romelic bagrationze<br />
ufro metad aCvevda xelqveiTebs moTminebas, siZneleebis gadalaxvas. igi<br />
zrunavda armiis jariskacebze. amas adasturebs misi werili graf<br />
arakCeevisadmi, romelSic vkiTxulobT: `arafers ar viSureb maTTvis<br />
(jariskacisaTvis); ukanaskneli kapikiT Cems erTgulebs vasmev, vaWmev,<br />
vaxaliseb Cinebuli samsaxurisaTvis... umjobesia movkvde, vidre<br />
eqstraordinaluri Tanxa SevWamo. movkvde patiosnad, magram SiSveli~.<br />
amave dros <strong>bagrationi</strong> Zalze mkacri iyo da yvelasagan samxedro<br />
disciplinis dacvas moiTxovda. am mxriv sainteresoa misi ori brZaneba.<br />
maTgan pirveli exeba jarSi saSiSi senis – loTobis gavrcelebas. meore<br />
ki – jarSi umizezod Tofebis gasrolas. brZanebaSi saubaria<br />
25
disciplinis darRvevis faqtebze, kerZod ki, dezertirobasa da<br />
samsaxurisaTvis Tavis aridebis SemTxvevebze. igi naTlad gviCvenebs<br />
sardlis Seurigeblobas samxedro disciplinis nebismieri darRvevisadmi<br />
da gvaZlevs saSualebas vimsjeloT im meTodebsa da xerxebze, romelsac<br />
iyenebda <strong>bagrationi</strong> xelqveiTTa aRsazrdelad. igi iyo ara marto<br />
brwyinvale <strong>mxedarTmTavari</strong>, aramed jariskacTa da oficerTa didebuli<br />
aRmzrdelic. <strong>bagrationi</strong> ar eTanxmeboda imaT, visac disciplinis<br />
amaRlebis erTaderT da saukeTeso saSualebad rozgebi da mkacri<br />
sasjeli miaCnda. misi azriT, mkacri, zogjer sastiki zomebis miReba<br />
saWiroa, magram mxolod ukidures SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sxva<br />
saSualebebs araviTari Sedegi ar mohyolia. mas miaCnda, rom samxedro<br />
piri (damoukideblad misi wodebisa) pirvel rigSi unda daarwmuno, rom<br />
misi saqcieli cudia da samxedro eTikis normebis Seusabamoa. aseTi piri<br />
unda daupirispiro disciplinirebul da sanimuSo mebrZols da amiT<br />
masSi sircxvilis grZnoba gamoiwvio da mxolod imis Semdeg, rodesac<br />
darwmundebi, rom yovelive amas ar mohyolia sasurveli Sedegi, unda<br />
mimarTo ufro mkacr zomebs. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom <strong>bagrationi</strong> ase<br />
iqceoda, moviyvanT misi meore brZanebis teqsts: `Cvenamde aRwevs xmebi,<br />
rom bevri batoni oficeri yovlismowyalebiT Cemdami mindobili armiisa<br />
cxovrobs buqarestSi, iasiSi da sxva adgilebSi, avadmyofobisa da sxva<br />
sababiT mxolod samsaxurisagan Tavis aridebis mizniT. me ar SemiZlia<br />
virwmuno, rom ruseTis aznaurni, romelnic samSoblosaTvis ara Tu<br />
qonebas, sicocxlesac ar iSureben, aseTi samarcxvino xerxebiT cdiloben<br />
aaridon Tavi samsaxurs maSin, rodesac axlandel sabrZolo operaciebSi<br />
aqvT <strong>didi</strong> SesaZleblobebi moixveWon dideba, gamoiCinon vaJkacoba da<br />
mamacoba da amiT daamtkicon erTguleba samsaxurisadmi... samSoblosadmi.<br />
magram winaaRmdeg Cemi imedisa, Tuki aseTi oficrebi sadme cxovroben, me<br />
srulad var darwmunebuli, rom amis (brZanebis) miRebisTanave<br />
gamocxaddebian meTaurebTan da TavianT saqciels gamoisyidian erTguli<br />
samsaxuriT~. am brZanebis gacemisas bagrationma icoda, rom aRniSnuli<br />
faqti sruli sinamdvile iyo, magram yvelaferi ise warmoadgina, TiTqos<br />
mas daujereblad miaCnda oficris aseTi saqcieli samSoblos<br />
gansacdelis Jams. es disciplinis ganmtkicebis da xelqveiTebze<br />
zemoqmedebis sakmaod saintereso xerxi iyo. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aseT<br />
midgomas Sedegi ar mohyveboda, igi mizanSewonilad miiCnevda ufro<br />
mkacri zomebis miRebas, ris Sesaxebac imave brZanebaSi wers: `Tuki amis<br />
Semdeg romelime oficeri avadmyofobis, an sxva sababiT ar gamocxaddeba<br />
Tavis nawilSi da winandeburad aaridebs Tavs samsaxurs, maT Sesaxeb<br />
piradad movaxseneb xelmwife imperators, rom Rirsni ar arian iyon mis<br />
samsaxurSi da isini ara marto gagdebulni iqnebian jaridan, aramed<br />
samSoblodanac gaZevebulni~. msgavsi xerxebisa da meTodebis saSualebiT<br />
<strong>petre</strong> <strong>bagrationi</strong> yovelTvis aRwevda mizans. amitomaa, yvela, vinc mas<br />
26
axlos icnobda, erTsulovnad aRniSnavda, rom masTan samsaxuri sapatio,<br />
magram rTuli saqme iyo.<br />
dideba, warmateba, xarisxi, erTbaSad rodi moipova bagrationma, man<br />
yovelive amas miaRwia ara simdidriT, ara mefis sasaxleSi samsaxuriT,<br />
aramed daZabuli SromiT, gansakuTrebuli gambedaobiTa da niWiT,<br />
brZolis velze TavdadebiTa da umagaliTo mamacobiT.<br />
italia-Sveicariis laSqrobaSi <strong>bagrationi</strong>s mier Cadenili<br />
sakvirveli sagmiro saqmeebiT aRtacebulma suvorovma, samSobloSi<br />
dabrunebisas upirvelesad <strong>bagrationi</strong> warudgina mefes, rogorc<br />
saukeTeso generali `romelic Rirsi iyo umaRlesi jildosi~.<br />
denis davidovi, romelic mTeli 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi <strong>bagrationi</strong>s<br />
adiudanti iyo, gadmogvcems: `saomari moqmedebis dros <strong>bagrationi</strong> arc<br />
dRe da arc Rame tansacmels ar ixdida; dRe-RameSi 3 an 4 saaTi eZina,<br />
magram Tu am dros mowinave sadarajo razmebidan ram cnoba movidoda,<br />
igi myisve daurideblad unda gaeRviZebinaT. uyvarda xelgaSlili<br />
cxovreba, jariskacebSi xSiri gavla da maTi dasaCuqreba, Tundac<br />
ubralo, magram guliTadi saCuqriT. TavisTvis igi metad mcirediT<br />
kmayofildeboda, ar svamda arc arays, arc Rvinos. sadilad mis sasmels<br />
Seadgenda mxolod ori patara Wiqa espanuri Rvino – madera. misi<br />
tansacmeli ubralo iyo: samxedro mundiri, mxrebze koxtad mogdebuli<br />
nabadi, Tavze buxris qudi da xelSi maTraxi~.<br />
bagrations didad afasebda misi upirvelesi mowinaaRmdege<br />
napoleonic ki, romelmac bagrations ruseTis armiis `saukeTeso<br />
generali~ uwoda.<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong>s pirovnebis Sesaxeb, v. glinka ambobda: `ukiTxavadac ki,<br />
pirveli danaxviT, SeiZleboda mixvedriliyaviT, rom igi warmoSobiT<br />
saqarTvelos romelime kuTxidan iyo, SeiZleba gadauWarbebliv iTqvas,<br />
rom <strong>bagrationi</strong>s samxedro xelovnebaSi, jariskacebSi samSoblosadmi<br />
siyvarulis grZnobis gaRvivebas pirvelxarisxovani adgili hqonda<br />
daTmobili.~<br />
mkiTxvelisaTvis, albaT, saintereso iqneba is cnoba, rom 1812 wlis<br />
ruseTis samamulo omSi sul 72 qarTvels miuRia monawileoba (aqedan<br />
ors mxolod sazRvargareTul laSqrobaSi), maT Soris 12 generali<br />
yofila (ori <strong>bagrationi</strong>, ori iaSvili, ori fanCuliZe, sami javaxiSvili,<br />
simon gangebliSvili, anton SalikaSvili da pavle bibiluri).<br />
sinamdvileSi, omis monawileTa ricxvi, ra Tqma unda, meti iyo, kerZod,<br />
rigiTi mebrZolebis raodenoba, magram maTi saqmianobis aRnusxviT maSin<br />
aravin iyo dainteresebuli.<br />
1812 wlis ruseTis samamulo omSi monawile qarTvelTa sruli siis<br />
Sedgena ara marto Znelia, aramed TiTqmis SeuZlebelic. es exeba<br />
gansakuTrebiT rigiT mebrZolebs, romelTa Sesaxeb cnobebi Zalian<br />
mwiria. mdgomareobas ramdenadme asworebs saqarTvelos ukanaskneli mefis<br />
27
giorgi XII Svili bagrati, romelmac Seadgina omis monawile<br />
qarTvelebis miaxloebiTi sia, riTac fasdaudebeli wvlili Seitana XIX<br />
saukunis dasawyisis ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriis<br />
Seswavlis saqmeSi. omis monawileTa dasaxelebisas, zog SemTxvevaSi,<br />
uTiTebs samxedro wodebebs da gvawvdis lakonur cnobebs maT Sesaxeb.<br />
mogvyavs es sia bagratis mier miRebuli TanmimdevrobiT:<br />
batoniSvili ilia, giorgi XII–Ze leib-egerTa polkis oficeri;<br />
batoniSvili konstantine, daviT imerTa mefis Ze `yazaxis polkis<br />
kapitani~ da imperatoris fligel-adiutanti, saxelovnad ibrZoda<br />
borodinos velze; <strong>bagrationi</strong> <strong>petre</strong> ioanes Ze, Tavadi, mravali brZolis<br />
monawile, mokles frangebma borodinos velze, general-maiori; bibiluri<br />
pavle sergos Ze, borodinos velze brZolis dros dabrmavda;<br />
Saxnavaziani <strong>petre</strong> iakobis Ze, Tavadi, gvardiis kapitani, daiRupa<br />
borodinos velze brZolis dros; <strong>bagrationi</strong> revaz ioanes Ze, Tavadi,<br />
polkovniki; estate Teimurazis Ze javaxiSvili, Tavadi, gusarTa polkis<br />
oficeri; abumelikovi daviTi, Tavadi, leib-gvardiis gusarTa polkis<br />
polkovniki; WavWavaZe aleqsandre garsevanis Ze, Tavadi; iaSvili levani,<br />
Tavadi, artileriis generali; ColoyaSvili flore durmiSxanis Ze,<br />
Tavadi; qarTveliSvili zaqaria iosebis Ze da sxva. bagratis siiT 1812<br />
wlis ruseTis samamulo omSi 37 qarTvels, 10 somexs, erT leks da erT<br />
oss miuRia monawileoba. magram sxva masalebis Seswavlam dagvarwmuna,<br />
rom es sia sruli ar aris. bagratis siaSi ar arian Setanilni, Zmebi<br />
fanCuliZeebi, romelTa monawileoba 1812 wlis omSi dadasturebulia.<br />
erTi maTgania general-leitenanti ivane daviTis Ze (1759-1815), xolo<br />
meore general-maiori simon daviTis Ze (1764-1818), isini aqtiurad<br />
monawileobdnen ruseTis imperiis yvela omSi. Zmeb fanCuliZeebsac<br />
araerTxel uomiaT suvorovisa da kutuzovis uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT.<br />
saerTod, imdroindel ruseTSi es gvari metad popularuli Cans wers i.<br />
anTelava Tavis wignSi `qarTvelebi 1812 wlis samamulo omSi~.<br />
batoniSvils uyuradRebod dautovebia javaxiSvilTa gvaris oTxi<br />
warmomadgeneli: ivane simonis Ze javaxiSvili, simon simonis Ze<br />
javaxiSvili (sasikvdilod daWrila 1812 wlis samamulo omSi), filipe<br />
simonis Ze javaxiSvili, (general-maioris wodebas atarebda), nikoloz<br />
giorgis Ze javaxiSvili (leib-gvardiis litvis polkis praporSCiki).<br />
bagratis siaSi ar Cans mefe baqaris SviliSvili, kapitani <strong>petre</strong> iakobis<br />
Ze, romelic borodinos velze daiRupa. bagrats gamorCenia agreTve<br />
napoleonis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli oTxi Zma gedevaniSvili: erTi kapitani,<br />
ori poruCiki da erTi praporSCiki. Tu SevajamebT yovelive zemoTqmuls<br />
gamodis, rom 1812 wlis ruseTis samamulo omSi 70 qarTvels miuRia<br />
monawileoba (aqedan ors mxolod sazRvargareTul laSqrobaSi).<br />
omis monawileTa Soris Cven vxvdebiT rogorc aristokratiis, ise<br />
sazogadoebis dabali wris – glexobis warmomadgenlebsac. Cndeba kiTxva:<br />
28
odis da ra viTarebaSi moxvdnen isini ruseTSi? Cans, maTi erTi nawili<br />
ruseTSi dabadebula. samamulo omis iseTi TvalsaCino monawileTa<br />
winaprebi, rogorebic iyvnen gangebliSvili, bibiluri, SalikaSvili,<br />
baraTaSvili, erisTavi, fanCuliZeebi, javaxiSvilebi ruseTSi jer kidev<br />
1724 wels aRmoCndnen, qarTlis mefe vaxtang meeqvsesTan erTad.<br />
qarTvel samxedro moRvaweTa meore jgufi ruseTSi 1801 wlis<br />
Semdeg gaCnda. am wlidan moyolebuli, vidre 1812 wlamde aleqsandre<br />
pirvelis mTavrobam samefo ojaxis TiTqmis yvela wevri gadaasaxla<br />
samSoblodan. imis SiSiT, rom maT kvlav ar daewyoT samefo taxtisaTvis<br />
brZola. maTTan iyo Tanmxlebi amala, romelSic momavali samamulo omis<br />
zogierTi monawilec yofila. magaliTad, dedofal mariams Tan axlda<br />
vaJiSvili, ilia giorgis Ze, romelic pirveladaa moxseniebuli<br />
batoniSvili bagratis siaSi. omis meore monawile ioseb gabaSvili<br />
ruseTSi 1803 wels moxvda, rogorc batoniSvilis amalis wevri. aseTia<br />
qarTvel moRvaweTa ruseTis samxedro asparezze gamoCenis ZiriTadi gza.<br />
Cvens qveyanaSi <strong>didi</strong> pativiscemiT inaxaven 1812 wlis omis gmirTa<br />
saxelebs, romelTa Soris, saerTo aRiarebiT, pirveli adgili<br />
samarTlianad ukavia p. bagrations.<br />
<strong>petre</strong> <strong>bagrationi</strong>s cxovrebis ukanaskneli dReebis Sesaxeb arsebuli<br />
masalebis Seswavlisas, gairkva, rom zogierTi mkvlevari brals sdebs<br />
eqimebs daudevrobaSi, ramac maTi azriT, xeli Seuwyo <strong>petre</strong> <strong>bagrationi</strong>s<br />
daRupvas. SesaZlo iyo Tu ara misi gadarCena? arsebobs mravali mizezi<br />
imisa, rom es varaudi simarTled miviCnioT. oficialur `samedicino<br />
angariSSi~ iseTi azria gatarebuli, TiTqos eqimebma yvelaferi iRones,<br />
magram mxedarTmTavris sicocxlis SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iyo. TiTqos<br />
eqimebis rCeva-darigebas avadmyofi ar iRebda, amasTan, sxvadasxva<br />
daavadebebma ise daasustes da gamofites <strong>petre</strong>s organizmi, rom<br />
Wrilobis morCenis araviTari imedi aRar iyo da a.S.<br />
ukanasknel periodSi gamoqveynebul masalaTa avtorebi ki amtkiceben,<br />
rom piriqiT, <strong>bagrationi</strong>s gamowrTobili organizmi amtani iyo da<br />
janmrTelobas igi ar uCioda: rom `qirurgiul mkurnalobaSi Secdomebi<br />
daSvebuli iqna daWris pirvelive dRidan da mkurnaloba rom sworad<br />
warmarTuliyo, SesaZlebeli iyo mxedarTmTavris gadarCena~.<br />
a. maliSevi da e. loginova araswor mkurnalobaSi damnaSaved<br />
samarTlianad Tvlian eqim viles. aRniSnuli mkvlevarebi qirurgiul<br />
CarevaSi sruliad ar gulisxmoben daWrili fexis amputacias. maTi<br />
mtkicebiT, aseTi RonisZiebis acileba SesaZlebeli iyo organizmidan<br />
Wurvis namsxvrevebis droulad amoRebisa da TviT avadmyofis<br />
transportirebis saTanado wesebis dacvis Sedegad.<br />
medicinis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespodentis b. petrovis<br />
azriT: `zedmetia laparaki, pirvel dReebSi fexis amputaciaze, vinaidan<br />
cecxlmsroleli iaraRiT miyenebuli Wriloba, momakvdinebeli ar iyo~.<br />
29
is faqti, rom Wriloba 13 dRis ganmavlobaSi saTanadod Seswavlili ar<br />
iyo, TavisTavad yvelaferze metyvelebs. xolo rodesac dagvianebiT<br />
Wrilobidan amoiRes Wurvis namsxvrevebi, damsxvreuli Zvlis nawilebi,<br />
tansacmlis nafleTebi da a. S. gasagebi gaxda infeqciis wyaro.<br />
`samedicino angariSSi~ eqimebi Tavs imarTlebdnen imiT, rom operaciis<br />
gakeTebis saSualeba avadmyofis evakuaciis bolo punqtamde ar iyo.<br />
magram cnobilia, rom avadmyofi moskovSi or dRes SeaCeres da<br />
operaciac moeswreboda. moxda piriqiT, eqimebi bagrations eTanxmebodnen<br />
simSi naCqarevad gadayvanaze. iq ki operacia dagvianebuli aRmoCnda.<br />
amitom, bunebrivia, p. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s gardacvalebis Semdeg, eqimebma<br />
iseTi dokumenti Seadgines, rogorc `samedicino angariSia~, romliTac<br />
sazogadoebas da mTavrobas arwmunebdnen avadmyofis mkurnalobis<br />
sisworeSi. analogiuri azria gatarebuli i. govorovis naSromSic.<br />
masalebis gacnoba cxadyofs, rom p. <strong>bagrationi</strong> eqimTa uyuradRebobisa<br />
da daudevrobis msxverpli gaxda. rogor SeiZleba sxvamxriv avxsnaT eqim<br />
i. govorovis gancxadeba, rodesac igi simSi Catarebuli operaciis<br />
Semdeg wers: `gulwrfelad vaRiareb, rom Zvlisa da sxva nawilebis ase<br />
dazianebas araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar velodi~.<br />
bunebrivia, ibadeba kiTxva, ganzrax xom ar Seuwyves xeli<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong>s daRupvas? vfiqrobT, arc esaa gamoricxuli, radgan<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong>s esoden <strong>didi</strong> avtoriteti sruliad miuRebeli iyo im drois<br />
samxedro Tu saxelmwifo moRvaweTa nawilisaTvis.<br />
vfiqrobT, garegnulad, kargi urTierTobis miuxedavad, arc<br />
imperatori iqneboda esoden saxelovani sardlis mocilebis winaaRmdegi,<br />
radgan mas awuxebda misi disa da <strong>petre</strong>s urTierTobis ambavi. <strong>petre</strong>s<br />
gardacvalebis Semdeg, mefem specialuri komisia gaagzavna simSi <strong>petre</strong>s<br />
werilebis gasarCevad. aleqsandre I-s gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda misi<br />
dis ekaterines werilebi <strong>petre</strong>sadmi, raTa samefo kari `ar<br />
galanZRuliyo~. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s pirad saqmeTa ganmgeblis, generalleitenant<br />
s. soloRaSvilis 13 gancxadebiT, es werilebi, romlebic mefes<br />
ase awuxebda, sikvdilamde ramdenime dRiT adre TviT <strong>petre</strong>m dawva,<br />
magram ekaterinesa da <strong>petre</strong>s urTierTobis damadasturebeli nivTi mainc<br />
gadarCa. p. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s savele yuTSi, romelic mas mudam Tan dahqonda<br />
aRmoCnda Tambaqos kolofi. mis mooqrovil garekanze gamosaxuli iyo<br />
ekaterine pavles asuli, romelic qarTveli TavadiT iyo gatacebuli.<br />
imave yuTSi aRmoCnda ordenebi, romlebic saxelovani mxedarTmTavris<br />
gulmkerds amSvenebdnen: ruseTis wm. andria pirvelwodebulis, wminda<br />
aleqsandre nevelis pirveli xarisxis, wm. giorgis meore klasis, wminda<br />
vladimirisa da anas pirveli xarisxis, ioane ierusalimelis ordenebi,<br />
briliantebiT moWedili oqros xmali warweriT `mamacobisaTvis~,<br />
ramdenime medali da Rerbiani beWedi, aseve ucxouri ordenebi: romis<br />
samefo umaRlesobis, wm. lazares da mavrikiis <strong>didi</strong> jvrebi, avstriis<br />
30
maria terezas <strong>didi</strong> jvari, prusiis Savi da wiTeli arwivebis ordenebi.<br />
borodinos brZolis Semdeg mas eloda yvela umaRlesi jildo, magram<br />
samwuxarod, daRupulTa dajildoveba maSin ar xdeboda.<br />
samwuxarod, miuxedavad qarTvelTa Tavdadebisa da erTgulebisa,<br />
qarTveli gmirebi mainc miuRebel pirebad rCebodnen mefis ruseTisaTvis.<br />
rusuli Sovinizmis gamovlineba Tavs iCens ara marto mefis ruseTis<br />
dros (<strong>bagrationi</strong>s udroo daRupva), aramed sabWoTa periodSic, rodesac<br />
afeTqebul iqna <strong>petre</strong>s saflavi (1969 weli). unda vaRiaroT, rom<br />
yvelanairi (mefis Tu sabWoTa) ruseTisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda<br />
qarTveli generlis Tavdadeba. am saxelovani generlis bedi albaT imis<br />
kargi dasturia, rom yvela qarTveli, vinc ruseTs erTgulad emsaxura,<br />
bolos mainc ganwiruli aRmoCnda, da ise daisaja, rogorc <strong>petre</strong><br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong>.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom <strong>bagrationi</strong><br />
Tavis samSoblos ki ara, mis dampyroblebs emsaxureboda Tavdauzogavad,<br />
rac samwuxarod, zogadad, mravali qarTvelis xvedria...<br />
31
40<br />
pirTa ganmartebiTi leqsikoni:<br />
1. suvorovi aleqsandre vasilis Ze (1730-1800) <strong>didi</strong> rusi<br />
<strong>mxedarTmTavari</strong>, XVIII s. meore naxevris, TiTqmis yvela omis<br />
monawile. samxedro Teoritikosi, mowinave samxedro xelovnebis<br />
warmomadgeneli. 1799 wels italia-Sveicariis laSqrobis dros<br />
mokavSireTa armiis mTavarsardali, ruseTis armiis<br />
generalisimusi.<br />
2. kutuzovi mixeil ilarionis Ze (1745-1813) generalfeldmarSali.<br />
1777 wels TurqeTTan omSi dakarga Tvali.<br />
mravali omisa da brZolis monawile. 1805-1807 wlebis<br />
kampaniaSi ruseTis armiis mTavarsardali, peterburgis generalgubernatori.<br />
1812 wels gaerTianebuli armiebis mTavarsardali.<br />
gardaicvala qalaq bunclauSi (poloneTi) dakrZalulia yazanis<br />
taZarSi, qalaq peterburgSi.<br />
3. napoleoni (1768-1821) safrangeTis imperatori. warmoSobiT<br />
korsikeli, samoRvaweo asparezze misi gamosvla dakavSirebuli<br />
iyo safrangeTis 1789-1794 wlebis revoluciasTan, romelmac<br />
cxovrebis gza gaukafa. 24 wlisam brigadis generloba<br />
daimsaxura. q. tulonis dacvis dros kontrrevoluciuri<br />
Zalebisa da inglisis flotis winaaRmdeg brZolebSi, ruseTidan<br />
misi armiis gandevnis Semdeg miuxedavad rigi warmatebisa, 1814<br />
wels damarcxda da gaasaxles kunZul elbaze, saidanac<br />
dabrunebis Semdeg kvlav ibatona 100 dRe da bolos vaterlos<br />
velze 1815 wels damarcxebis Semdeg gaasaxles wm. elenes<br />
kunZulze, iqve gardaicvala 1821 wels. 1840 wels misi neSti<br />
parizSi gadaasvenes.<br />
4. miurati ioham (1771-1815) neapolitaniis mefe, safrangeTis<br />
marSali. 1798 wels napoleonis adiutanti, ruseTze laSqrobis<br />
dros safrangeTis armiis avangardiT pirveli Sevida moskovSi.<br />
5. barklai-de-toli mixeil bogdaxis Ze (1761-1818) warmoSobiT<br />
Sotlandieli, dabadebuli rigaSi. monawileobda ruseT-<br />
TurqeTis omebSi, 1805-1807 wlis kampaniaSi da ruseT-Sveciis<br />
omSi, 1809-1810 wels fineTis samxedro gubernatori, 1810 wlis<br />
dasasrulidan samxedro ministri, 1812 wels erTdroulad<br />
pirveli armiis mTavarsardali. moskovis datovebis Semdeg<br />
armiidan wavida da ministris Tanamdebobac datova. 1813 wels<br />
dabrunda samxedro samsaxuris mesame armiis mTavarsardlis<br />
Tanamdebobaze. 1809 wels mieniWa infanteriis generlis wodeba.<br />
1814 wels general-feldmarSlis CiniT aamaRles. gardaicvala<br />
1818 wels.
6. tormasovi aleqsandre <strong>petre</strong>s Ze (1752-1819) grafi, kavaleriis<br />
generali, 1812 wels mesame armiis mTavarsardali. kutuzovis<br />
gardacvalebis Semdeg droebiTi sardloba ikisra. 1812 wlidan<br />
moskovis samxedro gubernatori.<br />
7. davu lui-nikola (1770-1823) hercogi, safrangeTis marSali<br />
napoleonis armiis pirveli korpusis meTauri.<br />
8. raevski nikoloz nikolozis Ze (1771-1827) suvorovis mowafe<br />
general-leitenanti, samamulo omis gmiri. 1812 wels me-7<br />
korpusis meTauri, Tavi isaxela smolenskis dacvis dros.<br />
borodinos brZolaSi icavda centralur batareas, romelic misi<br />
saxeliT Sevida istoriaSi, <strong>bagrationi</strong>s saukeTeso megobari.<br />
9. rostopCini Tevdore vasilis Ze (1763-1826) omis dros<br />
moskovis general-gubernatori. meTaurobda moskovis guberniis<br />
saxalxo laSqris Sekrebas, p. <strong>bagrationi</strong>s megobari.<br />
10. benigseni leonti leontis Ze (1745-1886), kavaleriis generali,<br />
baroni, ekaterine II-sa da aleqsandre I-is epoqis omebis<br />
monawile; 1806 -1807 wlebis kampaniis dros ruseTis armiis<br />
mTavarsardali, borodinos brZolis dros kutuzovis armiis<br />
Stabis ufrosi.<br />
11. sen-pri emanuili (1776-1814) grafi, ruseTis armiis generali,<br />
adiutanti, warmoSobiT frangi. 1791 wels gadmosaxlda<br />
ruseTSi. monawileobda 1806-1807 wlebis, 1812-1814 wlebis<br />
brZolebSi. 1812 wels meore armiis Stabis ufrosi, mokles<br />
reimsTan brZolaSi.<br />
12. davidovi denis vasilis Ze (1784-1839). 1807-1812 wlebSi<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong>s erT-erTi adiutanti. axtirkis husarTa polkis<br />
polkovniki, partizanul moZraobaSi regularuli armiis<br />
nawilebiT moqmedebis erT-erTi organizatori da meTauri,<br />
poeti, samxedro istoriul sakiTxebze mravali naSromis<br />
avtori. 1827 wels ruseT-sparseTis omis dros monawileobda<br />
kavkasiaSi gaCaRebul brZolebSi. iyo general-leitenanti.<br />
13. soloRaSvili simon ivanes Ze – general-leitenanti, ermalovis<br />
cnobiT igi iyo qarTvel TavadTa ojaxidan, 1810-1812 wlebSi<br />
samxedro saministroSi ekava general auditoris Tanamdeboba.<br />
igi iyo gamocdili iuristi, mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo<br />
<strong>bagrationi</strong>s ndobiT aRWurvili piri, exmareboda <strong>petre</strong>s rCevadarigebebiT.<br />
laSqrobaSi gamgzavrebisas <strong>petre</strong> mas abarebda<br />
Zvirfas nivTebsa da sabuTebs.<br />
41
terminTa ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *<br />
avangardi – mewinave razmi, romelic laSqrobisa da mowinaaRmdegis<br />
devnis dros mTavar Zalebs icavs.<br />
ariergardi – razmi, romelic mTavar Zalebs icavs ukan daxevis dros.<br />
batalioni – qveiTi ZiriTadi taqtikuri SenaerTi, romelic ramdenime<br />
aseulisagan Sedgeba.<br />
generalisimusi – umaRlesi samxedro wodebuleba zog qveyanaSi,<br />
Cveulebriv miekuTvneba gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis damsaxurebisaTvis,<br />
kerZod, saxelmwifos yvela SeiaraRebuli Zalis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis<br />
omis dros.<br />
egeri – msubuqi qveiTi nawili.<br />
korpusi – operatiul-taqtikuri SenaerTi, romelic ramdenime<br />
diviziisagan Sedgeba.<br />
feldmarSali – mefis ruseTis, agreTve, zog ucxo qveynis armiebSi<br />
generlis umaRlesi Cini; am Cinis mqone piri igivea, rac generalfeldmarSali.<br />
fleSi – velze gamagrebuli adgili, romelic sagangebo ovalur kuTxes<br />
qmnis mowinaaRmdegis mxares.<br />
husari – mefis ruseTSi da zogi qveynis (Tavdapirvelad ungreTis<br />
armiebSi msubuqi kavaleriis jariskaci an oficeri, romelsac ungruli<br />
forma ecva).<br />
42
gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:<br />
• avaliani g. _ rusi da qarTveli xalxebis sabrZolo<br />
Tanamegobrobis istoriidan, Tb., 1967.<br />
• anTelava i. _ qarTvelebi 1812 wlis samamulo omSi, Tb., 1984.<br />
• axobaZe m. _ <strong>didi</strong> <strong>mxedarTmTavari</strong> <strong>petre</strong> <strong>bagrationi</strong>, Tb., 1958.<br />
• borisovi s. _ <strong>bagrationi</strong>, 1941.<br />
• gvritiSvili d. _ <strong>bagrationi</strong>s ucnobi werilebi, saqarTvelos<br />
mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 1944, t. I.<br />
• gonikiSvili m. _ bagrationTa dasaxleba da moRvaweoba ruseTSi,<br />
Tb., 1986.<br />
• govorovi i. _ Tavad <strong>petre</strong> ivanes Ze <strong>bagrationi</strong>s sicocxlis<br />
ukanaskneli dReni, Tb., 1990.<br />
• kuWuxiZe a. _ <strong>petre</strong> <strong>bagrationi</strong>, Tb., 1953.<br />
• lomouri T. _ <strong>petre</strong> <strong>bagrationi</strong>, Tb., 1942.<br />
• megreliZe S. _ Cveni saxelovani samxedro winaprebi, Tb., 1979.<br />
• nakaSiZe n. _ borodinos gmiri, Tb., 1961.<br />
• froneli al. _ <strong>petre</strong> <strong>bagrationi</strong>, Jurnali `klde~, 1912, #1-10.<br />
• ServaSiZe a. – qarTveli mxedrebi ruseTis armiaSi,<br />
`literaturuli aWara~, baTumi, 1960; <strong>bagrationi</strong>s nakvalevze,<br />
Jurnali, `droSa~, 1981, #5.<br />
• comaia s. – qarTvelebi, romelTac monawileoba miuRiaT 1812 wlis<br />
frang-rusTa omSi, `ganaTleba~, Tb., 1915, #1.<br />
43
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