09 negri - Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia ...
09 negri - Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia ...
09 negri - Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia ...
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72 G Ital M<strong>ed</strong> Lav Erg 2008; 30:1<br />
http://gimle.fsm.it<br />
rani <strong>del</strong>la baia <strong>di</strong> San Diego, con una concentrazione <strong>di</strong><br />
1780 ng/g in peso secco (Kannan et al., 2001b).<br />
Nel mare <strong>di</strong> Sardegna i cormorani hanno concentrazioni<br />
epatiche <strong>di</strong> PFOS tra i 32 e i 150 ng/g e inaspettatamente<br />
<strong>di</strong> 29-450 ng/g <strong>di</strong> PFOA (Kannan et al. 2002b).<br />
Nel 2004 Martin e collaboratori hanno condotto uno stu<strong>di</strong>o<br />
sugli uccelli <strong>del</strong> Canada e in contrasto con i dati relativi ai<br />
pesci e ai mammiferi il PFOA non è stato rilevato nella maggior<br />
parte dei campioni e nei campioni in cui è stato plausibile<br />
rilevarlo, esso era presente in concentrazioni più basse rispetto<br />
a quelle riferite al Nord America (Martin et al., 2004).<br />
Ancora quantità significative <strong>di</strong> PFOS sono state dosate<br />
in mammiferi acquatici <strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong>verse zone, le concentrazioni<br />
più elevate sono state trovate nelle foche <strong>del</strong>l’Ovest degli<br />
USA (3680 ng/g). Livelli elevati sono stati trovati anche<br />
negli orsi polari (680 ng/g) e nei <strong>del</strong>fini <strong>del</strong> Me<strong>di</strong>terraneo<br />
(430 ng/g) (Giesy e Kannan 2001).<br />
Sia il PFOS che il PFOA sono stati trovati negli orsi<br />
polari, nelle volpi artiche e nelle foche <strong>del</strong> mare Artico canadese,<br />
ma il PFOS sempre in concentrazioni maggiori<br />
(Kannan et al., 2001b). È anche confermato che i mammiferi<br />
all’apice <strong>del</strong>la catena alimentare sono quelli soggetti<br />
ad un maggior livello <strong>di</strong> esposizione.<br />
Sulla presenza <strong>del</strong> PFOS nell’aria sono stati fatti <strong>di</strong>versi<br />
stu<strong>di</strong>, i principali dei quali da parte <strong>di</strong> gruppi <strong>di</strong> ricercatori<br />
<strong>del</strong> Nord America.<br />
AToronto (Martin et al., 2002) sono stati trovati in aria<br />
sei <strong>di</strong>versi perfluorurati: la concentrazione totale era <strong>di</strong> 260<br />
pg/m 3 mentre nei siti rurali la sostanza presente era una sola<br />
<strong>ed</strong> i suoi livelli <strong>di</strong> concentrazione erano 3 volte più bassi<br />
(74 pg/m).<br />
Altri stu<strong>di</strong> sui livelli <strong>del</strong> PFOS nei biota sono stati condotti<br />
in Europa dove i livelli più alti sono stati in<strong>di</strong>viduati<br />
in una città <strong>del</strong> Belgio, in prossimità <strong>di</strong> una fabbrica <strong>di</strong> fluorochimici<br />
(Hoff et al., 2003b; Van de Vijer et al., 2003).<br />
Stock e collaboratori nel 2004 hanno misurato in sei<br />
città <strong>del</strong> Nord America le concentrazioni <strong>di</strong> sulfonami<strong>di</strong><br />
polifluorurate e telomeri degli alcooli e hanno determinato<br />
che le concentrazioni maggiori si riscontravano nella zona<br />
<strong>di</strong> produzione dei tappeti (Stock et al., 2004 a).<br />
Shoeib e collaboratori, infine, hanno fatto rilevamenti<br />
per tre sulfonami<strong>di</strong> perfluorurati sia in aria indoor che outdoor<br />
<strong>di</strong> città dove questi composti venivano usati per la<br />
produzione <strong>di</strong> trattamenti <strong>di</strong> superficie <strong>di</strong> carta e tessuti, osservando<br />
che le concentrazioni <strong>di</strong> queste sostanze <strong>di</strong>sperse<br />
nell’aria all’interno degli e<strong>di</strong>fici erano cento volte maggiori<br />
rispetto a quelle all’aria aperta (Shoeib et al., 2004a).<br />
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