Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing and Publishing
Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing and Publishing
Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing and Publishing
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<strong>Chicago</strong> <strong>Guides</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Writing</strong>, <strong>Editing</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Publishing</strong><br />
On writing, <strong>Editing</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Publishing</strong><br />
Jacueqs Barzun<br />
Tricks of the Trade<br />
Howard S. Becker<br />
<strong>Writing</strong> for Social Scientists<br />
Howard S. Becker<br />
Permissions, A Survival Guide: Blunt Talk about Art as intellecual Property<br />
Susan M. Biestein<br />
The Craft of Translation<br />
John Biguenet <strong>and</strong> Rainer Schulte, edi<strong>to</strong>rs<br />
The Craft of Research<br />
Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, <strong>and</strong> Joseph M. Williams<br />
Glossary of Typesetting Terms<br />
Richard Eckersley,<br />
Richard Angstadt,<br />
Charles M. Ellers<strong>to</strong>n, Richard Hendel,<br />
Naomi B. Pascal, <strong>and</strong><br />
Anita Walker Scott<br />
<strong>Writing</strong> Ethnographic Fieldnotes<br />
Robert M. Emerson,<br />
Rachel I. Fretz, <strong>and</strong> Linda L. Shaw<br />
Legal <strong>Writing</strong> in Plain English<br />
Bryan A. Garner<br />
From Dissertation <strong>to</strong> Book<br />
William Germano<br />
Getting it Published<br />
William Germano<br />
A Poet’s Guide <strong>to</strong> Poetry<br />
Mary Kinzie<br />
The <strong>Chicago</strong> Guide <strong>to</strong> Collaborative Ethnography<br />
Luke Eric Lassiter<br />
Doing Honest Work in College<br />
Charles Lipson<br />
How <strong>to</strong> Write a BA Thesis<br />
Charles Lipson<br />
Cite Right<br />
Charles Lipson<br />
The <strong>Chicago</strong> Guide <strong>to</strong> <strong>Writing</strong> about Multivariate Analysis<br />
Jane E. Miller<br />
The <strong>Chicago</strong> Guide <strong>to</strong> <strong>Writing</strong> about Numbers<br />
Jane E. Miller<br />
Mapping It Out<br />
Mark Monmonier<br />
The <strong>Chicago</strong> Guide <strong>to</strong> Communicating Science<br />
2
Scott L. Montgomery<br />
Indexing Books<br />
Nancy C. Mulvany<br />
Getting in<strong>to</strong> Print<br />
Walter W. Powell<br />
Tales of the Field<br />
John Van Maanen<br />
Style<br />
Joseph M. Williams<br />
A H<strong>and</strong>book of Biological Illustration<br />
Frances W. Zwiefel<br />
3
saxelmZRvanelo referatebis,<br />
Tezisebis da disertaciebis<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rebisaTvis<br />
“Cikagos stili” studentebisa da mkvlevrebisaTvis<br />
meSvide gamocema<br />
qeiT l. Turabiani<br />
gadamuSavebulia uein s. buTis, gregori j. kolomis,<br />
jozef m. uiliamsis, da q. Cikagos universitetis<br />
gamomcemlobis mier<br />
ამ მასალის მომზადება შესაძლებელი გახდა ამერიკელი ხალხის კეთილი ნებითა და აშშ საერთაშორისო<br />
განვითარების სააგენტოს მხარდაჭერით. მასალის შინაარსზე პასუხისმგებელია კემონიკს ინთერნეშენალი ინკ. და<br />
ლოს ანჯელესის უნივერსიტეტი კალიფორნიაში, და იგი არ წარმოადგენს აშშ საერთაშორისო განვითარების<br />
სააგენტოსა ან აშშ მთავრობის აზრს. ეს მასალა ითარგმნა და დაიბეჭდა აშშ საერთაშორისო განვითარების<br />
სააგენტოს განათლების მართვის პროექტის ფარგლებში, რომელიც ხორციელდება საქართველოს განათლების და<br />
მეცნიერების სამინისტროსა და ილია ჭავჭავაძის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტთან ერთად.<br />
4
am wignis zogierTi nawili adaptirebulia `kvlevis xelovnebis” meore<br />
redaqciis mixedviT, romlis av<strong>to</strong>rebi arian uein s. buTi, gregori j.<br />
kolomi, da jozef m. uiliamsi, ©1995, 2003 Cikagos universiteti; da<br />
`Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos” me-15 redaqciis mixedviT, ©1982, 1993,<br />
2003 Cikagos universiteti.<br />
q. Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, q. Cikago 60637<br />
S.p.s. Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, q. londoni<br />
©2007 Cikagos universiteti<br />
yvela ufleba daculia. gamocemulia 2007 wels<br />
dabeWdilia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 4 5 6 7 8 9<br />
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-82336-2 (cloth)<br />
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-82337-9 (paper)<br />
ISBN-10: 0-226-82336-9 (cloth)<br />
ISBN-10: 0-226-82337-7 (paper)<br />
kongresis biblioTekis gamocemebis monacemebis katalogizacia<br />
qeiT l. Turabiani<br />
`saxelmZRvanelo referatebis, Tezisebis da disertaciebis<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rebisaTvis”: `Cikagos stili” studentebisa da mkvlevarebisaTvis/qeiT<br />
l. Turabiani; redaqtirebulia uein s. buTis, gregori j. kolomis, jozef<br />
m. uiliamsis, da Cikagos universitetis gamomcemlobis saredaqcio<br />
koilegiis mier – meSvide redaqcia.<br />
~am wignis zogierTi nawili adaptirebulia `kvlevis xelovnebis” meore<br />
redaqciis mixedviT, romlis av<strong>to</strong>rebi arian uein s. buTi, gregori j.<br />
kolomi, da jozef m. uiliamsi, ©1995, 2003 Cikagos universiteti; da<br />
`Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos”, me-15 redaqciis mixedviT, ©1982, 1993,<br />
2003 Cikagos universiteti.”<br />
moicavs bibliografias da saZiebels<br />
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-82336-2 (cloth: alk. paper)<br />
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-82337-9 (pbk.: alk. paper)<br />
ISBN-10: 0-226-82336-9 (cloth: alk. paper)<br />
ISBN-10: 0-226-82337-7 (pbk.: alk. paper)<br />
1. disertaciebi, samecniero naSromebi – gzamkvlevebi,<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebi, da a.S. 2. samecniero naSromebis wera --<br />
gzamkvlevebi, saxelmZRvaneloebi da a.S. I. nawili<br />
LB2369.T8 2007<br />
808.02—dc22<br />
2006025443<br />
5
wignis pirvel qarTulenovan gamocemaze muSaobdnen:<br />
gamocemis redaq<strong>to</strong>rebi:<br />
nino CubiniZe nchubinidze@gem.ge<br />
medea kakaCia mkakachia@usaid.gov<br />
mTargmnelebi:<br />
ana adamia aadami1@gmail.com<br />
marine TavyeliSvili<br />
mtavkelishvili@gmail.com<br />
Targmanis reda<strong>to</strong>ri:<br />
irina kvaxaZe irina.kvakhadze@gmail.com<br />
Sinaarsis redaq<strong>to</strong>ri:<br />
naTia <strong>and</strong>RulaZe natia.<strong>and</strong>ghuladze@iliauni.edu.ge<br />
grafikuli dizaini da formatireba:<br />
giorgi aleqsiZe georgealeksidze@hotmail.com<br />
nino esebua nino.esebua.1@iliauni.edu.ge<br />
6
sarCevi<br />
SeniSvna studentebisTvis ............................................................................................................... 15<br />
winasityvaoba ......................................................................................................................................... 16<br />
winaTqma ................................................................................................................................................... 19<br />
nawili pirveli .................................................................................................................................... 21<br />
kvleva da wera ..................................................................................................................................... 21<br />
dagegmvidan Seqmnamde ........................................................................................................................ 21<br />
1 ra aris kvleva da ras fiqroben mkvlevarebi mis Sesaxeb .......................................... 24<br />
1.1 ras fiqroben mkvlevrebi kvlevis miznebze? ................................................................ 25<br />
1.2 sami saxis SekiTxva, romlebsac mkvlevrebi svamen ............................................. 26<br />
2 sakiTxidan SekiTxvaze da SekiTxvidan samuSao hipoTezaze gadasvla .................. 30<br />
2.1 ipoveT SekiTxva sakvlev TemaSi ........................................................................................ 31<br />
2.2 warmoadgineT ramdenime samuSao pasuxi ........................................................................ 37<br />
2.3 aageT `angariSis dafa”, romlis daxmarebiTac dagegmavT da warmarTavT<br />
muSaobas .............................................................................................................................................. 40<br />
2.4 weraze momuSave mxardamWeri gundis Camoyalibeba .................................................. 42<br />
3. sasargeblo wyaroebis moZieba ................................................................................................. 44<br />
3.1 gansazRvreT, ra saxis wyaroebis gamoyenebas moelis Tqvengan mkiTxveli ... 45<br />
3.2 gamoyenebuli wyaroebi CawereT srulad, zustad da miRebuli wesebis<br />
Tanaxmad ............................................................................................................................................... 48<br />
3.3 eZebeT wyaroebi regularulad .......................................................................................... 50<br />
3.5 sxva resursebis gamoyeneba, garda st<strong>and</strong>artuli saxis wyaroebisa ................. 58<br />
4. wyaroebis gaazreba ........................................................................................................................ 59<br />
7
4.1 Tavdapirvlead waikiTxeT miukerZoeblad Tqveni wyaro, raTa gaigoT,<br />
Semdeg ki – kritikulad, raTa safuZvlianad gaiazroT da SeafasoT igi ......... 60<br />
4.2 sistematurad gaakeTeT Canawerebi ................................................................................... 64<br />
4.3 gaakeTeT gamosadegi Canawerebi ......................................................................................... 67<br />
4.4 wereT kiTxvis paralelurad .............................................................................................. 70<br />
4.5 SeafaseT Tqveni progresi .................................................................................................... 71<br />
4.6 daZlieT procesisTvis Cveuli panikis Setevebi ........................................................ 73<br />
5. argumentis dagegmva ...................................................................................................................... 74<br />
5.1 ra aris da ra ar aris kvlevis argumenti ................................................................... 75<br />
5.2 aageT argumenti mkiTxvelis SekiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis garSemo ......... 76<br />
5.3 aqcieT samuSao hipoTeza debulebad .............................................................................. 77<br />
5.4 SekribeT argumentis elementebi ....................................................................................... 77<br />
5.5 ganasxvaveT faqtebze dafuZnebuli argumentebi ganmartebiT msjelobaze<br />
dafuZnebuli argumentebisgan ................................................................................................... 88<br />
5.6 argumentis Sekvra .................................................................................................................... 89<br />
6. Savi naweris pirveli variantis dagegmva ........................................................................... 91<br />
6.1 moerideT gamousadegari gegmebis gamoyenebas ............................................................ 92<br />
6.2 SeqmeniT gegma, romelic pasuxobs mkiTxvelis saWiroebebs ................................ 93<br />
6.3 SeinaxeT darCenili masala ............................................................................................... 106<br />
7 naSromis Savi naweris Seqmna ................................................................................................... 107<br />
7.1 SearCieT weris maqsimalurad mosaxerxebeli gza .................................................. 108<br />
7.2 gamoimuSaveT Sedegiani Savi naweris Seqmnis Cveva ................................................. 109<br />
7.3 gamoiyeneT saorientacio terminebi, rom SeinarCunoT swori kursi ............. 110<br />
7.4 saTanadod moiyvaneT citatebi, gaakeTeT perifrazi da reziume .................... 110<br />
7.5 teqstSi CarTeT citatebi ................................................................................................... 112<br />
8
7.6. gonivrulad gamoiyeneT sqolioebi, gverdoblivi SeniSnvebi da damatebiTi<br />
ganmartebebi ..................................................................................................................................... 114<br />
7.7 wardgenamde ganmarteT kompleqsuri an detaluri faq<strong>to</strong>brivi<br />
mtkicebuleba ................................................................................................................................... 115<br />
7.8 gaiTvaliswineT SesaZlo moulodnelobebi ............................................................... 116<br />
7.9 Tavi daicaviT uneblie plagiatisgan ........................................................................... 117<br />
7.10 moerideT arasaTanado daxmarebis miRebas ............................................................... 123<br />
7.11 gadalaxeT saqmis qronikulad gadadebis etapi da SemoqmedebiTi Cixi ..... 124<br />
8 faqtebis warmodgena cxrilebis da suraTebis saxiT ................................................. 126<br />
8.1 sityvebiT da grafikulad azris gadmocemas Soris arCevanis gakeTeba ...... 127<br />
8.2 yvelaze efeqturi grafikuli gamosaxulebis SerCeva .......................................... 128<br />
8.3 cxrilebis da suraTebis modelebis Seqmna ............................................................... 129<br />
8.4 waradgineT monacemebi eTikurad .................................................................................... 139<br />
9 Savi naweris gadamuSaveba ......................................................................................................... 145<br />
9.1 SeamowmeT Sesavali, daskvna da debuleba .................................................................. 146<br />
9.2 darwmundiT, rom naSromis ZiriTadi nawili Tanmimdevrulia ......................... 146<br />
9.3 SeamowmeT abzacebi ................................................................................................................ 148<br />
9.4 ramdenime dRis Semdeg gadaxedeT samuSao variants, Semdeg gaakeTeT<br />
perifrazi ......................................................................................................................................... 148<br />
10. Sesavlis da daskvnis saboloo variantis SemuSaveba .............................................. 150<br />
10.1 SeimuSaveT Sesavlis saboloo varianti .................................................................... 151<br />
10.2 SeqmeniT daskvnis saboloo samuSao varianti ........................................................ 156<br />
10.3 saTuri dawereT bolos ..................................................................................................... 156<br />
11 winadadebebis damuSaveba ......................................................................................................... 158<br />
11.1 gaakeTeT aqcenti winadadebis pirvel Svid an rva sityvaze ............................ 159<br />
11.2 gaaanalizeT wakiTxuli masala ..................................................................................... 173<br />
9
11.3 SearCieT swori sityva ........................................................................................................ 174<br />
11.4 gaaSalaSineT ........................................................................................................................... 175<br />
11.5 daasruleT da amobeWdeT ................................................................................................ 176<br />
12 Sefasebuli Txzulebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli komentarebis gaTvaliswineba ... 178<br />
12.1 moZebneT zogadi principebi konkretul komentarebSi ....................................... 178<br />
12.2 gaesaubreT xelmZRvanels ................................................................................................. 179<br />
13 kvlevis wardgena sxvadasxva formiT ................................................................................ 181<br />
13.1 dagegmeT zepiri moxseneba ................................................................................................ 182<br />
13.2 moamzadeT Tqveni prezentacia ........................................................................................ 183<br />
13.3 dagegmeT stendze warmodgenili moxseneba .............................................................. 187<br />
13.4 dagegmeT sakonferencio SeTavazeba ............................................................................ 188<br />
14 kvlevis arsis Sesaxeb ............................................................................................................... 190<br />
nawili meore ....................................................................................................................................... 192<br />
wyaroebis miTiTeba .......................................................................................................................... 192<br />
15. zogadi Sesavali wyaros damowmebis wesebis Sesaxeb ................................................ 192<br />
15.1 ra<strong>to</strong>m mivuTiTebT gamoyenebul literaturas ........................................................ 192<br />
15.2 wyaros miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi .................................................. 193<br />
15.3 wyaros miTiTebis ori stili .......................................................................................... 195<br />
15.4 eleqtronuli wyaroebis damowmeba .............................................................................. 197<br />
15.5 wyaros miTiTebis momzadeba ............................................................................................ 199<br />
15.6 miTiTebis programebis Sesaxeb ....................................................................................... 200<br />
16 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili: ................................................................................................... 201<br />
16.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba ................................................................................................. 201<br />
16.1.3 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba ............................................................................................ 201<br />
16.1.5 ricxvebi ...................................................................................................................................... 201<br />
10
16.1.7 abzacis Seweva .......................................................................................................................... 201<br />
16.2.1 bibliografiebis saxeebi .................................................................................................... 201<br />
16.2.3 wyaroebi, romelTa gamo<strong>to</strong>veba SeiZleba .................................................................... 201<br />
16.3.3 SeniSvnebis danomvra ............................................................................................................. 201<br />
16.3.5 kompleqsuri SeniSvnebi ....................................................................................................... 201<br />
16.4.1 Semoklebuli SeniSvnebi ...................................................................................................... 201<br />
16.4.3 frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi ...................................................................................... 201<br />
S: 8. qrononi, bunebis megapolisi, 383. .................................................................................... 202<br />
16.1 st<strong>and</strong>artuli sistemebi ...................................................................................................... 203<br />
naxati 16.1 SeniSvnebis da bibliografiis muxlebis nimuSebi ................................. 203<br />
16.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba ................................................................................................ 208<br />
16.1.2 punqtuacia ................................................................................................................................. 209<br />
16.1.4 saTaurebis gaformeba .......................................................................................................... 209<br />
16.1.6 abreviaturebi ........................................................................................................................... 210<br />
16.2 bibliografiebi ..................................................................................................................... 210<br />
16.2.1 bibliografiis saxeebi ........................................................................................................ 210<br />
16.2.2 muxlebis dalageba ................................................................................................................ 212<br />
16.3 SeniSvnebi .................................................................................................................................. 216<br />
16.3.2 SeniSvnebis miTiTeba teqstSi ........................................................................................... 217<br />
16.3.4 SeniSvnebis daformateba ..................................................................................................... 218<br />
16.4 mokle formebi SeniSvnebisTvis ..................................................................................... 221<br />
SeniSvnebi mxolod saTauris miTiTebiT ............................................................................... 225<br />
6.4.3 frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi ........................................................................................ 226<br />
17 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili: specifikuri saxis wyaroebis miTiTeba ................. 230<br />
17.1 wignebi ........................................................................................................................................ 233<br />
11
17.2 saJurnalo statiebi ............................................................................................................ 262<br />
17.3 popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi ............................................................................... 269<br />
17.4 sagazeTo statiebi ................................................................................................................ 271<br />
17.5 damatebiTi tipis gamoqveynebuli wyaroebi .............................................................. 274<br />
17.6 gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi ................................................................................................. 282<br />
17.7 araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi ............................... 288<br />
17.8 vizualuri da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis wyaroebi ......................................... 291<br />
17.9 sajaro dokumentebi ............................................................................................................ 300<br />
17.10 erTi wyaro, miTiTebuli meoreSi ................................................................................ 316<br />
18 teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebis stili: .............................................................................................. 318<br />
18.1 st<strong>and</strong>artuli modelebi ..................................................................................................... 319<br />
18.2 bibliografia ......................................................................................................................... 323<br />
18.3 teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebi ..................................................................................................... 325<br />
19. teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTitebis stili: specifikuri tipis wyaroebis miTiTeba ...... 328<br />
19.1 wignebi .................................................................................................................................... 331<br />
19.2 samecniero Jurnalebis statiebi ............................................................................... 353<br />
19.3 popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi ........................................................................... 359<br />
19.4 sagazeTo statiebi ............................................................................................................ 360<br />
19.5 arsebobs ramdenime damatebiTi tipis gamoqveynebuli masala, romelic<br />
iTvaliswinebs specialur moTxovnebs maTi miTiTebisas. ........................................... 363<br />
19.6 gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi .............................................................................................. 370<br />
19.7 araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi ............................ 375<br />
19.8 vizualuri da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis wyaroebi ..................................... 377<br />
19.9 sajaro dokumentebi ......................................................................................................... 386<br />
19.10 erT wyaroSi miTiTebuli meore wyaro ............................................................... 401<br />
12
nawili III .............................................................................................................................................. 403<br />
stili ..................................................................................................................................................... 403<br />
20 orTografia (marTlwera) .................................................................................................. 403<br />
20.1 mravlobiTi ricxvi .......................................................................................................... 405<br />
20.2 kuTvnilebiTi brunva ........................................................................................................ 407<br />
20.3 Sedgenili da prefiqsebiT warmoebuli sityvebi ............................................... 410<br />
20.4 striqonis gadatana .......................................................................................................... 417<br />
21 punqtuacia ................................................................................................................................ 420<br />
21.1 wertili ................................................................................................................................. 421<br />
21.2 mZime ......................................................................................................................................... 422<br />
21.3 wertil-mZime ........................................................................................................................ 428<br />
21.4 ori wertili ....................................................................................................................... 430<br />
21.5 kiTxvis niSani ..................................................................................................................... 431<br />
21.6 Zaxilis niSani .................................................................................................................... 432<br />
21.7 defisi da tire .................................................................................................................. 432<br />
21.8 frCxilebi da kvadratuli frCxilebi ................................................................... 434<br />
21.9 daxrilixazebi .................................................................................................................... 435<br />
21.10 brWyalebi .......................................................................................................................... 435<br />
21.11 mravaljeradi sasveni niSnebi ................................................................................. 436<br />
22. saxelebi, specialuri terminebi da naSromebis saTaurebi .............................. 439<br />
22.1 saxelebi ................................................................................................................................ 440<br />
22.2 specialuri terminebi ..................................................................................................... 445<br />
22.3 naSromebis saTaurebi ...................................................................................................... 447<br />
23. ricxvebi ..................................................................................................................................... 454<br />
23.1 sityvebi Tu ricxvebi? ..................................................................................................... 455<br />
13
23.2 ricxvebis mravlobiTi forma da punqtuacia ...................................................... 463<br />
23.3 TariRTa sistemebi ............................................................................................................ 466<br />
23.4 teqstis gareT gamoyenebuli ricxvebi .................................................................... 468<br />
24. abreviaturebi .......................................................................................................................... 472<br />
24.1 zogadi principebi ............................................................................................................ 473<br />
24.2 saxelebi da saxelwodebebi, titulebi .................................................................. 476<br />
24.3 geografiuli terminebi .................................................................................................. 481<br />
24.4 dro da TariRebi .............................................................................................................. 484<br />
24.5 sazomi erTeulebi ................................................................................................................ 485<br />
24.6 biblia da misi wignebi ............................................................................................... 486<br />
24.7 abreviaturebi miTiTebebSi da sxva samecniero konteqstSi ......................... 490<br />
25. citirebebi ................................................................................................................................ 494<br />
25.1 zusti citireba da plagiatis Tavidan acileba ................................................ 495<br />
25.2 citatebis CarTva teqstSi ............................................................................................ 495<br />
25.3 citatebis Secvla ............................................................................................................. 501<br />
26. cxrilebi da suraTebi ....................................................................................................... 511<br />
26.1 zogadi wesebi ..................................................................................................................... 513<br />
26.2 cxrilebi ............................................................................................................................... 516<br />
26.3 suraTebi ................................................................................................................................ 527<br />
danarTi naSromis formati da misi Cabareba ....................................................................... 532<br />
a.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli zogadi moTxovnebi ........................................................ 533<br />
a.2 formatTan dakavSirebuli specifikuri moTxovnebi ............................................. 538<br />
a.3. Cabarebis moTxovnebi ................................................................................................................ 566<br />
cxrilebis da diagramebis danarTi ......................................................................................... 573<br />
ბიბლიოგრაფია ...................................................................................................................................... 591<br />
14
SeniSvna studentebisTvis<br />
es aris wignis, `saxelmZRvanelo samecniero statiebis, dasdiplomo<br />
namuSevrebis da disertaciebis av<strong>to</strong>rebisTvis” meSvide redaqcia. studentebis<br />
ukve ramdenime Taoba iyenebs am saxelmZRvanelos kvlevis, werisa da TavianTi<br />
naSromebis warsadgenad. yvelaze erTguli momxmarebeli wigns moixseniebs<br />
`Turabianis” saxeliT. Turabiani aris Tavdapirveli av<strong>to</strong>ri wignisa<br />
`saxelmZRvanelo av<strong>to</strong>rTaTvis”. es wigni av<strong>to</strong>ritetuli wyaroa ,,Cikagos<br />
stiliT” dainteresebuli studentebisTvis.<br />
Tu referatze muSaobT, SesaZloa, gamoyenebuli literaturis damowmeba, aseve,<br />
mTavruli asoebis da abreviaturebis gamoyeneba `Cikagos stiliT” mogTxovon.<br />
`Cikagos stili” farTod gamoiyeneba studentebis mier yvela disciplinaSi.<br />
wyaros damowmebisTvis SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT Cikagos mier rekomendebuli ori<br />
stilidan erT-erTi. humanitarul mecnierebebSi da zogierT socialur<br />
mecnierebaSi, savaraudod, gamoiyenebT sqolioSi miTiTEbis stils, xolo<br />
sabunebismetyvelo da fizikur mecnierebebSi (da zogierT socialur<br />
mecnierebaSi) SeiZleba, gamoiyenoT e.w. teqs<strong>to</strong>rbrivi miTiTebis – av<strong>to</strong>ri,<br />
TariRi - stili. wignSi `saxelmZRvanelo av<strong>to</strong>rebisTvis” ganmartebulia orive<br />
stili da naCvenebia, rogor gamoiyeneba TiToeuli maTgani.<br />
`Cikagos stilis” Sesaxeb amomwuravi informaciis garda, mocemul, meSvide<br />
redaqciaSi damatebulia axali nawili, romlis av<strong>to</strong>rebic arian: uein s. buTi,<br />
gregori j. kolomi da jozef m. uiliamsi. aRniSnul nawilSi ganxilulia<br />
kvlevis da weris procesis yoveli nabiji. aseve, mocemulia praqtikuli<br />
rCevebi, romlebic dagexmarebaT swori SekiTxvebis CamoyalibebaSi, kritikulad<br />
kiTxvaSi, argumentebis SemuSavebasa da namuSevris Sav versiaSi cvlilebebis<br />
SetanaSi.<br />
15
winasityvaoba<br />
Tanamedrove universitetebSi studentebi, romlebic weren sakurso,<br />
sadiplomo da sadisertacio naSromebs, muSaoben eleqtronuli teqnologiebis<br />
gamoyenebiT, rac warmoudgeneli iyo 1937 wels, rodesac qeiT l. Turabianma,<br />
Cikagos universitetis disertaciebis mdivanma, Seqmna saxelmZRvanelo<br />
principebis krebuli studenti av<strong>to</strong>rebisTvis. internet-resursebis<br />
xelmisawvdomobam da teqstebis redaqtirebis programebma Secvala studentebis<br />
mier kvlevis warmoebisa da Sedegebis wardgenis meTodebi. magram am<br />
teqnologiebs ar Seucvlia av<strong>to</strong>ris ZiriTadi amocana: kargad dagegmili<br />
kvlevis Catareba, Sedegebis mkafiod da akuratulad aRwera da, amavdroulad,<br />
naSromebSi wyaroebis miTiTebis, stilisa da formatis akademiuri st<strong>and</strong>artebis<br />
dacva.<br />
Turabianis mier 1937 wels gamocemul krebulSi mocemuli iyo saxelmZRvanelo<br />
principebi, romlebic `stilis saxelmZRvanelos” meaTe redaqciaSia<br />
warmodgenili. esaa ukve klasikuri resursi av<strong>to</strong>rebisa da redaq<strong>to</strong>rebisTvis,<br />
romelic gamocemulia Cikagos universitetis gamomcemlobis mier.<br />
gamomcemlobam Turabianis krebulis gavrceleba 1947 wels daiwyo da naSromi<br />
pirvelad wignis saxiT 1955 wels gamosca saTauriT `saxelmZRvanelo sakurso,<br />
sadiplomo da sadisertacio naSromebis av<strong>to</strong>rebisTvis”. Turabianma naSroms<br />
kidev orjer gaukeTa redaqtireba da ganaaxla is, raTa daekmayofilebina<br />
studentebis moTxovnilebebi da aesaxa uaxlesi rekomendaciebi `stilis<br />
saxelmZRvanelodan”. amasobaSi mTel qveyanaSi Turabianis wigni<br />
studentebisTvis st<strong>and</strong>artuli saxelmZRvanelo gaxda universitetebisa da<br />
kolejebis yvela doneze. Turabiani 1987 wels, wignis mexuTe redaqciis<br />
gamocemidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, oTxmocdaToTxmeti wlis asakSi<br />
gardaicvala. am redaqciis iseve, rogorc meeqvse (1996) redaqciis<br />
gadamuSavebisTvis gamomcemlobam saredaqcio kolegia moiwvia.<br />
mocemul, meSvide redaqciaSi uein s. buTma, gregori j. kolomma da jozef m.<br />
uiliamsma ganavrces wignis masStabebi. axali I nawili, `kvleva da wera:<br />
dagegmvidan Seqmnamde”, adaptirebulia maTi `kvlevis xelovnebis” mixedviT<br />
(Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, Cikago, 2003w.). am nawilSi warmodgenilia<br />
kvlevis procesis warmarTvisa da kvlevis angariSebis momzadebis detaluri<br />
instruqciebi; es Tema aqamde ar yofila CarTuli am saxelmZRvaneloSi. Tumca,<br />
igi gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebis, weris stilisa da naSromebis<br />
momzadebis teqnikuri sakiTxebis ganuyofeli nawilia. ganxilul Temebs Sorisaa<br />
kvlevis xasiaTi, wyaroebis moZieba da maTze muSaoba, Canawerebis gakeTeba,<br />
argumentis Camoyalibeba, samuSao variantis momzadeba-redaqtireba da faqtebis<br />
warmodgena cxrilebisa da cifrebis saxiT. agreTve, aqvea ganxiluli kvlevis<br />
alternatiul forumebze warmodgenis gzebi. am nawilSi av<strong>to</strong>rebi uSualo,<br />
kolegiuri <strong>to</strong>niT weren, raTa mkiTxveli daaintereson am kompleqsuri sakiTxiT.<br />
misi wakiTxva sasargeblo iqneba im studentebisTvis, romlebic kvleviT<br />
proeqtebs yvela doneze axorcieleben, samecniero naSromebze momuSave<br />
mkvlevarebs ki SeuZliaT gamo<strong>to</strong>von I-IV Tavebi.<br />
16
wignis danarCen nawilSi ganxilulia igive sakiTxebi, romlebic wina<br />
redaqciebSi iyo warmodgenili. Tumca, wigni mniSvnelovnad aris Secvlili da<br />
asaxavs `Cikagos stilis” saxelmZRvanelos me-15 redaqciaSi (2003) warmodgenil<br />
rekomendaciebs. es rekomendaciebi iTvaliswinebs zegavlenas, romelsac<br />
Tanamedrove teqnologiebi axdens studentis mier naSromze muSaobis yvela<br />
aspeqtze. aseve, warmodgenilia ganaxlebuli magaliTebi da saxelmZRvanelo<br />
ufro martivad wasakiTxi da metad praqtikulia.<br />
kvlevis processa da saTanado miTiTebis formebs Soris mWidro<br />
urTierTkavSiria. swored ami<strong>to</strong>m, `gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTeba”<br />
saxelmZRvanelos meore nawilis saxiT aris warmodgenili. am nawilSi, me-15<br />
TavSi mimoxilulia samecniero wyaroebis damowmeba, aseve, misi kavSiri ara<br />
mxolod sanimuSo kvleviT aramed kvlevis eTikasTanac. studentebi, romlebic<br />
gamoyenebuli literaturis damowmebisTvis sqolioSi miTiTebis stils<br />
(romelic damaxasiaTebelia humanitaruli da zogierTi socialuri<br />
mecnierebisTvis) iyeneben, Semdgom unda gaecnon me-16 Tavs, sadac ganxilulia<br />
gamoyenebuli literaturis damowmebis ZiriTadi formebi. xolo me-17 TavSi<br />
SegiZliaT, ixiloT mTeli rigi wyaroebis magaliTebi. studentebi, romlebic<br />
iyeneben teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebis stils (damaxasiaTebelia socialuri<br />
mecnierebebis umetesobisa da sabunebismetyvelo-fizikuri mecnierebebisTvis),<br />
igive saxis informacias me-18 da me-19 TavebSi ixilaven. aRniSnul TavebSi<br />
mocemulia ganaxlebuli magaliTebi internet da sxva eleqtronuli wyaroebis<br />
miTiTebaze.<br />
mesame nawilSi, romlis saTauria `stili”, ganxilulia sakiTxebi, romlebic<br />
saxelmZRvanelos wina gamocemebis pirvel naxevarSi iyo warmodgenili.<br />
marTlwera da punqtuacia gayofilia cal-calke Tavebad, ise, rogorc Tavebi,<br />
romlebic Seexeba cifrebsa da abreviaturebs. gavrcobilia Tavi, romelSic<br />
ganxilulia saxelebi, specialuri terminebi da naSromebis saTaurebi. am<br />
nawilis bolo or TavSi ganxilulia citatebis da grafikuli gamosaxulebebis<br />
(cxrilebi da diagramebi) gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli teqnikuri sakiTxebi,<br />
romlebic pirvel nawilSi ri<strong>to</strong>rikuli TvalsazrisiT aris moxseniebuli.<br />
naSromebis av<strong>to</strong>r studentebs SeuZliaT, mTlianad waikiTxon es Tavebi an<br />
gaecnon maT konkretul sakiTxebze saxelmZRvanelo rekomendaciebis misaRebad.<br />
meore da mesame nawilSi warmodgenili rekomendaciebi ramdenime SemTxvevaSi<br />
gansxvavdeba im rekomendaciebisgan, romlebic mocemulia `Cikagos stilis<br />
saxelmZRvaneloSi”. Tumca, es gansxvavebebi arsebiTi ar aris. garkveul<br />
SemTxvevebSi am saxelmZRvaneloSi rekomendebulia mxolod erTi saredaqcio<br />
stili, xolo `Cikagos stilis” saxelmZRvaneloSi _ ori an meti formaa<br />
mocemuli. zogjer gansxvaveba simartiveSia (rogorc saTauris asomTavruliT<br />
daweris wesebSi, romlebic warmodgenilia 22-e TavSi); sxva SemTxvevebSi masSi<br />
aRwerilia, ra aris marTebuli studentebis naSromebisTvis, gansxvavebiT<br />
gamoqveynebuli samecniero naSromebisgan (agreTve, internet wyaroebidan<br />
citirebisas yvela gamoyenebul wyaroze wvdomis TariRebis miTiTebis<br />
moTxovna). gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTEbis Sesaxeb TavebSi mocemulia<br />
axali saxis wyaroebi, rogoricaa internet blogebi, romlebic 2003 wlidan<br />
gamoCnda da, amdenad, ar aris ganxiluli `Cikagos stilis” saxelmZRvanelos<br />
amJamindel redaqciaSi. am rekomendaciebiT logikurad aris gavrcobili<br />
`Cikagos stilis” saxelmZRvaneloSi gansazRvruli principebi.<br />
17
danarTSi Tavmoyrilia masala nabeWd formatsa da naSromis wardgenis wesebze,<br />
rac, faq<strong>to</strong>brivad, qeiT Turabianis Tavdapirvel versiaSi ganxilul sakiTxebs<br />
warmoadgenda. im periodidan moyolebuli, es masala gaxda ZiriTadi<br />
saxelmZRvanelo wyaro mTeli qveynis disertaciebis samsaxurebisTvis. am<br />
masalis redaqtirebisas gamomcemlobam moipova da gaiTvaliswina sxvadasxva<br />
sajaro da kerZo universitetis disertaciis samsaxurebis warmomadgenelTa, maT<br />
Soris, im universitetebis, romlebic CamoTvlilia winaTqmis nawilSi.<br />
saxelmZRvanelo principebSi kvlavac xazgasmulia Tanmimdevrulobis<br />
mniSvneloba. Tumca, amavdroulad, gaTvaliswinebulia Tanamedrove programebis<br />
SesaZleblobebi, eleqtronulad daamuSavon teqsti da daSvebulia meti<br />
moqniloba iseT sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa gverdebis danomvra da saTaurebis<br />
gaformeba. warmodgenili nimuSebi axalia da amoRebulia Cikagos universitetSi<br />
2000 wlidan dRemde wardgenili sanimuSo disertaciebidan. es danarTi<br />
gaTvlilia ZiriTadad im studentebze, romlebic weren sadoq<strong>to</strong>ro<br />
disertaciebs da samagistro da kolejis sadiplomo naSromebs. Tumca,<br />
nawilebi, sadac ganxilulia formatis moTxovnebi da eleqtronuli failebis<br />
momzadebis wesebi, agreTve, daainteresebs maT, vinc sakurso naSromebze<br />
muSaobs.<br />
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo warmogidgenT im sakiTxebis gadawyvetis<br />
gzebs, romelTa winaSec dgebian studenti av<strong>to</strong>rebi. Tumca, SesaZlebelia, aq<br />
mocemul principebs daema<strong>to</strong>s da/an Caenacvlos konkretul disciplinebSi<br />
arsebuli wesebi, aseve, calkeulma dawesebulebebma an fakultetebma TavianTi<br />
survilisamebr gamoiyenon es principebi. yvela TavSi, sadac saubaria stilisa<br />
da formatis Sesaxeb, studentebs SevaxsenebT, gadaxedon sakuTari<br />
universitetis, fakultetis an maswavleblis moTxovnebs, romlebic aq<br />
warmodgenil saxelmZRvanelo principebze ufro prioritetulia. sagnebis<br />
mixedviT dalagebul gavrcobil bibliografiaSi CamoTvlilia literatura<br />
kvlevisa da stilis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb calkeuli disciplinebisTvis.<br />
18
winaTqma<br />
im wignis redaqtireba, romliTac milionobiT studenti samocdaaTi wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi sargeblobda, martivi amocana ar aris. qeiT Turabianis naSromis<br />
ocdameerTe saukunis realobaze morgebis gamowvevas Tavdapirvelad SeeWida<br />
linda j. halvorsoni, romelic maSin Cikagos universitetis gamomcemlobaSi<br />
sacnobaro literaturis mTavari redaq<strong>to</strong>ri iyo. is aRiarebda, rom<br />
mniSvnelovnad Seicvala studenti-av<strong>to</strong>ris moTxovnilebebi 1996 wels meeqvse<br />
redaqciis gamocemis Semdeg da am cvlilebis asaxvis mizniT gadawyvita wignis<br />
gadamuSaveba.<br />
am miznis misaRwevi gegmis ZiriTad komponents warmoadgenda redaq<strong>to</strong>rebis<br />
gundis Sekreba, romelsac esmoda, Tu rogor SeiZleboda, moergoT Turabianis<br />
meTodika kvlevebsa da Txzulebebze momuSave Tanamedrove, eleqtronuli epoqis<br />
studentebisTvis. uein s. buTma, gregori j. kolomma, da jozef m. uiliamsma,<br />
maswavleblebma da kvlevisa da weris sakiTxebze araerTi wignis, maT Soris<br />
,,kvlevis xelovnebis” av<strong>to</strong>rebma didi wvlili Seitanes wignis gadamuSavebaSi.<br />
gamomcemlobis saredaqcio kolegia Tavdapirvelad warmodgenili iyo margaret<br />
perkinsiT, romelic amJamad “niu ingl<strong>and</strong>is medicinis Jurnalis” xelnawerebis<br />
redaqtirebis direq<strong>to</strong>ria, xolo Semdgom meri i. lauriT, romelic proeqtSi<br />
gamoyenebuli literaturis mimarTulebis ufrosi redaq<strong>to</strong>ria. orive maTganma<br />
Zalian mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos”<br />
meTxuTmete redaqciis momzadebaSi, romlis mixedviTac adaptirebulia<br />
winamdebare wignis meore da mesame nawilebi.<br />
redaqtirebis mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi xelnawerTan dakavSirebiT<br />
(nawilobriv da srulad) Rirebuli rCevebi mogvawodes redaq<strong>to</strong>rebma, romlebic<br />
kargad icnoben studentebis mier kvlevasa da naSromebze muSaobis sxvadasxva<br />
aspeqtebs. es redaq<strong>to</strong>rebi arian siuzan eleni (sociologiis amerikuli<br />
Jurnali), kris<strong>to</strong>fer s. aleni (saerTaSoriso sakiTxebi, jorjiis universiteti),<br />
ana nibli beikeri (heltinsaiTi), hauard bekeri (san francisko), pol s. boieri<br />
(is<strong>to</strong>riis kaTedra, viskonsin-medisonis universiteti), kris<strong>to</strong>fer baki (wera,<br />
ri<strong>to</strong>rika, da amerikuli kulturebi, miCiganis saxelmwifo universiteti), devid<br />
qembeli (politikuri mecnierebebis kaTedra, notrdamis universiteti), erik<br />
larsoni (Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba), maikl d. qugani<br />
(religiaTmcodneobis kaTedra, sTounhilis koleji), deniel grini (aSS-is<br />
holokostis muzeumi), en keli noulsi (geografiis kaTedra, midlburis<br />
koleji), liuis lankasteri (aRmosavleT aziis enebisa da kulturis<br />
fakulteti, kaliforniis universiteti – berkli), luk erik lasteri<br />
(humanitarul mecnierebaTa kaTedra, marSalis universitetis koleji), jeims<br />
leludisi (is<strong>to</strong>riis kaTedra, CrdiloeT karolinas Capel hilis universiteti),<br />
kurt moseri (filosofiis kaTedra, dei<strong>to</strong>nis universiteti), jerald mulderigi<br />
(inglisuris kaTedra, depolis universiteti), emili s. rozenbergi (is<strong>to</strong>riis<br />
kaTedra, kaliforniis universiteti, irvini), anita seimeni (Cikagos<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba), pol stroleri (anTropologiis da sociologiis<br />
kaTedra, uest Cesteris universiteti), en b. Tisli (biologiuri mecnierebebis<br />
19
kaTedra, floridis Statis universiteti) da riCard velma (politikuri<br />
mecnierebebis kaTedra, suortmoris koleji).<br />
qeiT Turabianis memkvidreebma sxvadasxva saxelmwifo da kerZo<br />
universitetebidan mogvawodes Rirebuli mosazrebebi disertaciebis<br />
momzadebisa da wardgenis Sesaxeb. danarTis redaqtirebaze/recenziaze review<br />
muSaobdnen filipa k. karteri, pitsburgis universitetidan; meTiu hili,<br />
merilendis universitetidan, kolej parki; elena siao-Cings u viskonsin,<br />
medisonis universitetidan; jona e.d. parkeri, iliniosis universitetidan<br />
urbana-SempenSi da kristin quigli, jorjTaunis universitetidan. kolin<br />
malarkma, romelic amJamad Turabianis Tanamdebobaze muSaobs Cikagos<br />
universitetSi, mTel xelnawers gaukeTa redaqtireba; is dagvexmara, agreTve,<br />
sanimuSo disertaciebis gamovlenaSi, romelTa mixedviTac SemuSavda danarTSi<br />
warmodgenili gverdebi. av<strong>to</strong>rebi, romlebmac mogvces TavianTi disertaciebis<br />
gamoyenebis nebarTva, miTiTebuli arian Sesabamis naxatebSi.<br />
xelnaweris wignis saxiT Camoyalibebaze gamomcemlobis kidev erTma<br />
gundma imuSava. qerol fiSer selerma redaqtireba gaukeTa xelnawers, r<strong>and</strong>olf<br />
petilosma koreqtivebi Seitana naSromSi, xolo viq<strong>to</strong>ria beikerma moamzada<br />
saZiebeli. maikl bremma izruna dizainze, xolo silvi medndoza heCimoviCma<br />
zedamxedveloba gauwia momzadebis process. qris<strong>to</strong>fer foudsma saredaq<strong>to</strong>ro<br />
daxmareba gaswia mTeli proeqtis ganmavlobaSi. qerol kasperma, elen gibsonma<br />
da laura <strong>and</strong>ersonma ki dasrulebuli wignis bazarze gatanaze izrunes.<br />
proeqtis yvela monawiles guli daswyvita uein buTis am qveynidan<br />
wasvlam; is maSin gardaicvala, rodesac xelnaweri TiTqmis dasrulebuli iyo.<br />
es proeqti darCeba, rogorc misi bolo namuSevari.<br />
20
nawili pirveli<br />
kvleva da wera<br />
dagegmvidan Seqmnamde<br />
uein s. buTi, gregori j. kolomi, jozef m. uiliamsi<br />
21
pirveli nawilis zogadi mimoxilva<br />
cnobilia, ramdenad rTulia, daiwyo muSaoba mniSvnelovan kvleviT<br />
proeqtze, iqneba es sadoq<strong>to</strong>ro disertacia, sabakalavro an samagistro Tema Tu,<br />
ubralod, sakurso naSromi. Tumca, SegiZliaT nebismier proeqts gaarTvaT Tavi,<br />
Tu mas nawilebad dayofT, Semdeg ki Tanmimdevulad imuSavebT am nawilebze.<br />
winamdebare nawilSi warmogidgenT am meTods.<br />
Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT kvlevis miznebs da imas, Tu ras moelis<br />
mkiTxveli nebismieri kvleviTi naSromisgan. Semdgom SevCerdebiT imaze, Tu<br />
rogor unda miagnoT kvlevis kiTxvas, romelze pasuxis moZiebac imsaxurebs<br />
Tqvens drosa da mkiTxvelebis yuradRebas; rogor unda moZebnoT da gamoiyenoT<br />
informacia wyaroebidan, raTa gaamyaroT Tqveni pasuxi; Semdeg rogor dagegmoT,<br />
SeadginoT da SeitanoT cvlilebebi Tqvens angariSSi, raTa mkiTxvelma ifiqros,<br />
rom Tqveni pasuxi emyareba gonivrul msjelobas da sarwmuno faqtebs.<br />
am nawilSi SevCerdebiT ramdenime Temaze:<br />
- proeqtis ganxorcielebas daufiqreblad ver SeudgebiT;<br />
Tavdapirvelad unda dagegmoT, Semdgom TiToeuli nabijis gadadgmisas<br />
unda gaiazroT mTeli procesi. amdenad, iazrovneT masStaburad,<br />
magram, amavdroulad, dayaviT procesi patar-patara amocanebad,<br />
romelTa Sesrulebasac etapobrivad SeZlebT.<br />
- idealur SemTxvevaSi, kvleva unda iwyebodes SekiTxviT, romelzec<br />
pasuxis gacema gsurT. Tumca, unda warmoidginoT, rom mkiTxvelebic<br />
dasvamen SekiTxvas: ra moxdeba, Tu ar gascemT am SekiTxvaze pasuxs?<br />
ra Seicvleba amiT?<br />
- imTaviTve unda SeecadoT, weroT yoveldRe; es gulisxmobs ara<br />
ubralod Canawerebis gakeTebas wyaroebis Sesaxeb, aramed ganmartebas,<br />
Tu ras fiqrobT maT Sesaxeb. agreTve, unda CainiSnoT sakuTari ideebi<br />
da Semdeg furcelze gadmoitanoT. Sedegad, SeZlebT, gansazRvroT,<br />
marTlac mniSvnelovania Tu ara es ideebi. savaraudod, am nawerebis<br />
didi nawili ar Seva naSromis saboloo variantSi; Tumca, misi<br />
momzadebis procesSi Zalian mniSvnelovania.<br />
- ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ramdenad akuratulebi iqnebiT kvlevis<br />
ganaxorcielebisas, mkiTxvelebi mas Seafaseben imis mixedviT, Tu<br />
ramdenad kargad aRwerT kvlevis Sedegebs. amdenad, unda icodeT, risi<br />
naxva surs mkiTxvels kvlevis angariSSi, raTa aRniSnulma naSromma<br />
maTi mowoneba daimsaxuros.<br />
Tuki gamocdili mkvlevari xarT, gamo<strong>to</strong>veT pirveli-meoTxe Tavebi. iq<br />
mocemulia iseT sakiTxebi, romlebic TqvenTvis isedac nacnobia. Tumca, Tu<br />
leqciebsac kiTxulobT, am TavebSi warmodgenili masala, SesaZloa, dagexmaroT,<br />
ufro efeqturad auxsnaT sakiTxi studentebs. (mravali gamocdili mkvlevris<br />
TqmiT, V-XII Tavebi maT ara mxolod kvlevis ganxorcielebisa da Sedegebis<br />
waradgenis sxvebisTvis axsnaSi, aramed sakuTari moxsenebebis ufro swrafad da<br />
efeqturad dagegmvasa da damuSavebaSic daexmara).<br />
Tu axalbeda mkvlevari xarT, TqvenTvis sasargeblo iqneba pirveli<br />
nawilis TiToeuli Tavis wakiTxva. iq ixilavT mTeli procesis mimoxilvas;<br />
22
Semdeg proeqtze muSaobisas xelaxla waikiTxeT Tavebi, romlebic uSualod<br />
Tqvens amocanasTanaa dakavSirebuli.<br />
SesaZloa, mogeCvenoT, rom aq aRwerili nabijebi imdenad bevria, rom<br />
rTulia maTi damaxsovreba. Tumca, SegiZliaT, am amocanas Tavi gaarTvaT, Tuki<br />
saTiTaod imuSavebT maTze. xolo rodesac met kvlevas CaatarebT, amgvari<br />
muSaoba CvevaSi gagijdebaT. nu ifiqrebT, rom es nabijebi zustad iseTi<br />
TanmimdevrobiT unda ganaxorcieloT, rogorc amas Cven warmogidgenT.<br />
mkvlevrebi yovelTvis gegmaven TavianT samuSaos, magram mainc uxdebaT<br />
romelime wertilSi ukan dabruneba da Semdgomi nabijebis Tavidan gaTvla<br />
(swored ami<strong>to</strong>m girCevT, procesis momavali etapi windawin gaTvaloT da wina<br />
safexurebsac gadaxedoT). yvelaze gegmazomier mkvlevarsac hqonia SemTxveva,<br />
rom moulodnelad aRmouCenia raRac, rasac misi muSaoba axali mimarTulebiT<br />
warumarTavs. imuSaveT gegmis mixedviT, magram mzad iyaviT gegmidan<br />
gadasaxvevad, misi axali gegmiT SecvlisTvisac ki.<br />
Tu Zalian axalbeda mkvlevari xarT, SeiZleba, aseve, ifiqroT, rom<br />
zogierTi sakiTxi, romelsac Cven ganvixilavT, scdeba Tqveni uSualo<br />
saWiroebebis sferos. viciT, rom aTgverdiani sakurso naSromi gansxvavdeba<br />
sadoq<strong>to</strong>ro disertaciisgan. Tumca, orive maTgani moiTxovs garkveul<br />
dafiqrebas, es ki yvelaze gamoucdel mkvlevarsac SeuZlia. Tqvens<br />
kompetenturobas maSin srulyofT, rodesac ara mxolod gegmavT samuSaos,<br />
aramed iwyebT im praqtikuli unarebis gavarjiSebas, romlebic gamocdilma<br />
mkvlevarebma SeiZines, rodesac Tqvens etapze imyofebodnen.<br />
veranairi wigni ver mogamzadebT kvleviTi proeqtis TiToeuli<br />
aspeqtisTvis. verc am wignidan miiRebT konkretul meTodologiebs iseT<br />
sferoebSi, rogoricaa fsiqologia, ekonomika an filosofia, kidev ufro<br />
naklebad – fizikaSi, qimiasa an biologiaSi. am wignidan verc imas SeityobT, Tu<br />
rogor unda moargoT akademiuri kvlevebis Sesaxeb miRebuli codna Tqvens<br />
samuSao an profesiul garemos.<br />
Tumca, am wignSi warmodgenilia im procesebis da azrovnebis yaidis<br />
mimoxilva, romlebic safuZvlad udevs yvela kvlevas, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu<br />
rodis xorcieldeba is; aq, agreTve, mimoxilulia is gegmebi, romlebic unda<br />
moamzadoT naSromis dagegmvis, Sedgenisa da damuSavebisTvis. rodesac SeiZenT<br />
am codnas da profesorebis daxmarebiT SeZlebT Tqveni proeqtebis warmarTvas,<br />
aRar SeuSindebiT proeqtebTan dakavSirebul gamowvevebs. saboloo jamSi ki<br />
iswavliT yvelaze kompleqsuri proeqtebis damoukideblad marTvas, rogorc<br />
akademiur, ise profesiul sferoebSi.<br />
pirveli nabiji srulyofili kvlevisTvis saWiro unarebis<br />
gamomuSavebisken imis gagebaa, Tu ras fiqroben gamocdili mkvlevrebi kvlevis<br />
miznebis Sesaxeb.<br />
23
1 ra aris kvleva da ras fiqroben mkvlevarebi mis Sesaxeb<br />
1.1 ras fiqroben mkvlevarebi kvlevis miznebze<br />
1.2 sami saxis SekiTxva, romlebsac mkvlevarebi svamen: konceptualuri<br />
SekiTxvebi: ra unda vifiqroT?<br />
1.2.1 praqtikuli SekiTxvebi: ra unda gavakeToT?<br />
1.2.2 gamoyenebiTi SekiTxvebi: ra unda gavigoT, vidre gvecodineba, ra<br />
aris gasakeTebeli?<br />
1.2.3 SekiTxvis sworad arCeva<br />
1.2.4 gansakuTrebuli gamowveva konceptualuri SekiTxvebisas: pasuxis<br />
gacema SekiTxvaze: mere ra, rom gvaqvs pasuxi sakvlev kiTxvaze?<br />
kvlevas atarebT yovel jerze, rodesac svamT SekiTxvas da eZebT faqtebs<br />
masze pasuxis gasacemad, ganurCevlad imisa, SekiTxva ise martivia, rogorc<br />
wyalsadenis SemkeTeblis povna, Tu iseTi rTuli, rogoricaa sicocxlis<br />
dasabamis aRmoCena. rodesac pasuxi mxolod Tqven gainteresebT an rodesac<br />
sxvebs, ubralod, informaciis swrafad gageba surT, albaT, naSroms ar dawerT.<br />
iseT SemTxvevebSi ki, rodesac mkiTxvelebisTvis Tqveni debulebebi mxolod<br />
maSin aris sarwmuno, rodesac xedaven, rogor gamoitaneT es daskvnebi,<br />
werilobiTi angariSis momzadeba mogiwevT. faq<strong>to</strong>brivad, umeteswilad, swored<br />
kvleviTi naSromebidan vityobT sarwmuno faqtebs samyaros Sesaxeb: rom erT<br />
dros arsebobdnen dinozavrebi, rom daavadebebs baqteriebi iwvevs da Tundac<br />
imas, rom dedamiwa mrgvalia.<br />
SesaZloa, ifiqroT, rom Tqveni moxseneba mcireds Tu Sematebs msoflio<br />
codnas. SeiZleba, asec aris. Tumca, kargad damuSavebuli naSromi mniSvnelovan<br />
codnas da gamocdilebas mainc SegZenT. agreTve, SeiZleba, migaCndeT, rom Tqveni<br />
momavali saqmianoba ara samecniero kvleva, aramed biznesi an sxva profesiaa.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, kvleva iseve mniSvnelovania akademiuri sferos gareT, rogorc<br />
mecnierebaSi. amdenad, akademiuri kvlevis xelovnebis dauflebiT erT dResac<br />
SeZlebT, ganaxorcieloT kvleva, romelic mniSvnelovani iqneba sul mcire<br />
maTTvis, visTanac muSaobT da SesaZloa, TiToeuli CvenganisTvisac ki.<br />
kvlevis Catarebis meTodebis dauflebisas, aseve, swavlobT sxvebis mier<br />
ganxorcielebuli kvlevebis gamoyenebasa da Sefasebas. nebismieri profesiis<br />
mkvlevarma gadawyvetilebis miRebamde unda waikiTxos da Seafasos kvlevis<br />
angariSi; amis ukeT gakeTebas mxolod maSin SeZlebT, rodesac iciT, rogor<br />
afaseben sxvebi Tqvens kvleviT moxsenebas. am wignSi aqcenti gakeTebulia<br />
mecnierul sferoSi Catarebul kvlevaze. Tumca, Cven yoveldRiurad<br />
vkiTxulobT an gvesmis im kvlevebis Sesaxeb, romelsac SeuZlia, zegavlena<br />
moaxdinos Cvens cxovrebaze. miuxedavad amisa, vidre virwmunebT am naSromebs,<br />
kritikulad unda SevafasoT da ganvsazRvroT, efuZneba Tu ara isini s<strong>and</strong>o<br />
faqtebs da sarwmuno msjelobas.<br />
eWvgareSea, rom msjelobisa da faqtebis moyvanis garda, kidev sxva<br />
gzebiTac SeiZleba kargi daskvnebis gamotana: SegviZlia, daveyrdnoT tradicias<br />
da av<strong>to</strong>ritets an intuicias, Cvens xedvas, an Tundac Cvens yvelaze primitiul<br />
emociebs. magram, rodesac vcdilobT, avuxsnaT sxvebs ara mxolod is, ra<strong>to</strong>m<br />
24
gvjera Cveni Sexedulebis, aramed isic, ra<strong>to</strong>m unda irwmunon maTac, saWiroa<br />
imaze meti, vidre, ubralod, Cveni azrebis da Sexedulebebis wardgenaa.<br />
swored amiT gansxvavdeba kvleva sxva saxis mtkicebiTi xasiaTis<br />
naSromebisgan: is unda emyarebodes faqtebs, romlebsac mkiTxvelebi simarTled<br />
CaTvlian, ganurCevlad Tqveni Sexedulebebisa da rwmenisa. maT unda SeZlon,<br />
miyvnen Tqvens msjelobas da irwmunon im faqtebis, romelzec es msjeloba<br />
aageT. amdenad, Tqveni, rogorc mkvlevris warmateba, damokidebulia ara<br />
mxolod imaze, ramdenad kargad SeagrovebT da gaaanalizebT monacemebs, aramed<br />
imazec, ramdenad mkafiod warudgenT Tqvens msjelobas mkiTxvelebs: maT unda<br />
mieceT saSualeba, Seafason da gamoscadon Tqveni daskvnebi, vidre irwmuneben<br />
da daeTanxmebian maT.<br />
1.1 ras fiqroben mkvlevrebi kvlevis miznebze?<br />
yvela mkvlevari agrovebs faqtebsa da informacias, rasac monacemebs<br />
vuwodebT. Tumca, kvlevis miznebisa da sakuTari gamocdilebidan gamomdinare,<br />
isini am monacemebs sxvadasxvanairad iyeneben. zogierTi mkvlevari agrovebs<br />
monacemebs iseT sakiTxze, rogoricaa is<strong>to</strong>riebi alamos brZolis Sesaxeb da<br />
amas, ubralod, piradi interesis dakmayofilebis mizniT (an maswavleblis<br />
davalebis Sesasruleblad) akeTebs.<br />
Tumca, mkvlevrebis umetesobas surs, vicodeT Tu icodnen faqtebze meti.<br />
amdenad, isini eZeben sxvadasxva Temaze ara nebismier, aramed konkretul<br />
monacemebs, romlebsac gamoiyeneben faqtebad Temidan gamomdinare wamoWrili<br />
SekiTxvis gamosacdelad da dasasabuTeblad. SekiTxva ki SeiZleba aseTic iyos:<br />
`ra<strong>to</strong>m gaxda alamos is<strong>to</strong>ria erovnuli legenda?”<br />
Tumca, gamocdilma mkvlevrebma ician, rom imaze meti unda gaakeTon,<br />
vidre mkiTxvelebis TavinTi pasuxebis s<strong>and</strong>oobaSi darwmunebaa. maT, agreTve,<br />
unda gviCvenon, ra<strong>to</strong>m aris maTi SekiTxva mniSvnelovani, rogor gvexmareba<br />
gacemuli pasuxi ufro masStaburi sakiTxis axleburad gagebaSi. magaliTisTvis,<br />
Tuki gamovikvlevT, ra<strong>to</strong>m gaxda alamos is<strong>to</strong>ria erovnuli legenda, SevZlebT<br />
pasuxis gacemas ufro masStabur SekiTxvaze: rogor Camoayaliba regionulma<br />
miTebma Cveni erovnuli xasiaTi?<br />
SegiZliaT SeafasoT, ramdenad axlos dgas Tqveni azrovneba gamocdili<br />
mecnierebis azrovnebasTan, Tuki aRwerT Tqvens proeqts aseTi winadadebiT:<br />
1. me vmuSaob Temaze X [is<strong>to</strong>riebi alamos brZolis Sesaxeb]<br />
2. vinaidan msurs, gavigo Y [ra<strong>to</strong>m gaxda misi is<strong>to</strong>ria erovnuli legenda]<br />
3. raTa SevZlo sxvebis daxmareba Z-is gagebaSi [rogor Camoayaliba aseTma<br />
regionulma miTebma Cveni erovnuli xasiaTi].<br />
es winadadebebi yuradRebiT ganxilvas imsaxurebs, radgan aRwers ara<br />
mxolod Tqveni kvlevis progress, aramed, agreTve, Tqveni, rogorc mkvlevris<br />
zrdas.<br />
1. `...me vmuSaob Temaze...”: mkvlevrebi xSirad iwyeben iseTi martivi TemiT,<br />
rogoricaa alamos brZola, radgan es maTi davalebaa, an am TemaSi aris raRac,<br />
ramac gaurkvevlobaSi Caagdo isini, an, ubralod, imi<strong>to</strong>m, rom Tema sainteresoa.<br />
Secdoma, romelic mkvlevarma gamoucdelobis gamo SeuZleba dauSvas, sakvlevi<br />
sakiTxis CamoyalibebaSi aq gaCerebaa. daaxvaveben aTasobiT SeniSvnas, magram ver<br />
25
wyveten, ra monacemebi gamoiyenon da ra _ ara. rodesac weris dro dgeba,<br />
yvelafers CarTaven moxsenebaSi, romelic Sedegad SemTxveviTi faqtebis grovis<br />
saxe iRebs. Tuki es faqtebi TemiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelebisTvis axalia,<br />
SeiZleba, waikiTxon angariSi. Tumca aseT mkiTxvelebsac ki eqnebaT survili,<br />
Cawvdnen am faqtebis mniSvnelobas.<br />
2. `...vinaidan msurs, gavigo, rogor da ra<strong>to</strong>m...”: SedarebiT gamocdili<br />
mkvlevrebi, rogorc wesi, iwyeben ara ubralod TemiT, aramed kvlevis<br />
SekiTxviT, magaliTad, `ra<strong>to</strong>m gaxda alamos is<strong>to</strong>ria erovnuli legenda?” maT<br />
ician, rom mkiTxvelebi moyvanil faqtebs mniSvnelovnad CaTvlian mxolod im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu es faqtebi pasuxs asabuTebs. marTlac, mkvlevars mxolod<br />
SekiTxvis daxmarebiT SeuZlia, gansazRvros, romeli faqtebi moiZios da<br />
romeli da<strong>to</strong>vos – mas sWirdeba ara mxolod pasuxis damamtkicebeli faqtebi,<br />
aramed isinic, romlebic cdis an sulac eWqveS ayenebs maT. rodesac mkvlevari<br />
fiqrobs, rom gaaCnia pasuxis gamyarebisTvis sakmarisi damamtkicebeli sabuTi<br />
da SeuZlia, saTanadod gaumklavdes iseT monacemebs, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
mas, pirvel rigSi naSroms sakuTari msjelobis gamosacdelad wers, xolo<br />
Semdgom uziarebs sxvebs gamosacdelad.<br />
3. ”... raTa davexmaro sxvebs, gaigon...”: yvelaze warmatebulma mkvlevrebma ician,<br />
rom mkiTxvelisTvis ara mxolod pasuxi unda iyos sarwmuno, aramed SekiTxvac<br />
_ mniSvnelovani. isini unda elodnen, rom mkiTxvelebic dasvamen SekiTxvas:<br />
,,mere ra? ra<strong>to</strong>m unda maRelvebdes, ra<strong>to</strong>m gaxda alamos is<strong>to</strong>ria legenda?”<br />
SekiTxvas `mere ra?” SeuZlia, daabnios yvelaze gamocdili mkvlevaric ki.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, yovelma mkvlevarma unda scados am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema:<br />
Tu amas Tavs gavarTmevT, SevZlebT, ukeT gavigoT iseTi masStaburi sakiTxi,<br />
rogoricaa aseTi is<strong>to</strong>riebiT Cveni erovnuli xasiaTis Camoyalibeba.<br />
gamWriaxi mkvlevari amazec ar Cerdeba. is elis, rom mkiTxvelebi kvlav<br />
dasvamen SekiTxvas `mere ra?” da fiqrobs sxva, kidev ufro masStaburi pasuxis<br />
mofiqrebaze: Tuki SevZlebT, gavigoT, ram Camoayaliba Cveni erovnuli xasiaTi,<br />
SevZlebT, ukeT gavigoT, vin varT amerikelebi. Tu am SekiTxvis dasmamde viciT<br />
pasuxi wina SekiTxvaze, SesaZloa, isic gavigoT, msoflioSi xalxs ra<strong>to</strong>m aqvs<br />
Cvenze es Tu is Sexeduleba. Tumca, yvelaze warmatebulma mkvlevrebma ician,<br />
rom mkiTxvels ainteresebs SekiTxva mxolod maSin, rodesac hgonia, rom am<br />
SekiTxvaze pasuxis Sedegad dasvams ara SekiTxvas - `mere ra?” - aramed ityvis -<br />
`amisi gageba mniSvnelovania!”<br />
mokled rom vTqvaT, yvela SekiTxva erTnairad kargi ar aris. SegviZlia,<br />
vikiTxoT, ramden katas eZina alamoSi brZolis wina Rames, ras mogvcems amis<br />
gageba? rTulia, winaswar ganvWvri<strong>to</strong>T, aseT kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema rogor<br />
dagvexmareba ufro masStaburi da mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis kvlevaSi. amdenad,<br />
SesaZloa, arc Rirdes msgavsi SekiTxvis dasma (Tumca, rogorc Semdgom<br />
vixilavT, SesaZloa, kidec vcdebodeT).<br />
1.2 sami saxis SekiTxva, romlebsac mkvlevrebi svamen<br />
gamocdilma mkvlevrebma ician, rom mkiTxveli maTgan sxvadasxva<br />
SekiTxvis dasmas da maTze pasuxis gacemas elis. samecniero sferoSi yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebulia konceptualuri SekiTxvebi, xolo sxvadasxva profesiul<br />
sferoebSi _ praqtikuli.<br />
26
1.2.1 konceptualuri SekiTxvebi: ra unda vifiqroT?<br />
SekiTxva konceptualuria, Tu pasuxi SekiTxvaze `mere ra?” mkiTxvels ki<br />
ar karnaxobs, ra unda gaakeTos, aramed exmareba garkveuli sakiTxis gagebaSi:<br />
1. me vmuSaob Temaze X<br />
2. vinaidan msurs, gavigo rogor/ra<strong>to</strong>m/Tu Y [mere ra, Tu gaigeb?]<br />
3. raTa SevZlo, sxvebs davexmaro, gaigon, rogor/ra<strong>to</strong>m/Tu Z.<br />
vinmesTvis rom mogiwioT Tqveni kvlevis axsna, saubari SeiZleba<br />
Semdegnairad warimarTos:<br />
_ me riskis Sefasebis Temaze vmuSaob<br />
_ ra<strong>to</strong>m?<br />
_ msurs, gavigo, rogor afaseben rigiTi adamianebi terorizmis Sedegad<br />
dazaralebis risks.<br />
_ ras mogcems amis gageba??<br />
_ rodesac gavigeb, SesaZloa, ukeT gavarkvioT iseTi masStaburi sakiTxi,<br />
rogoricaa emociuri da racionaluri faq<strong>to</strong>rebis urTierTqmedeba da maTi<br />
zegavlena rigiTi adamianebis mier riskis aRqmaze.<br />
humanitarul, socialur da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi mkvlevrebi,<br />
umeteswilad, iseT konceptualur SekiTxvebze muSaoben, rogoricaa `rogori<br />
gavlena moaxdina Seqspiris politikurma garemom mis piesebze? ram gamoiwvia<br />
CrdiloeT amerikis yvelaze didi ZuZumwovrebis gadaSeneba? ra Semadgenloba<br />
aqvs kometas? am SekiTxvebze pasuxebiT ver gavigebT, rogor unda SevcvaloT<br />
samyaro; samagierod,, ukeT gavicnobT mas.<br />
aSkaraa, rom konceptualur SekiTxvaze gacemuli pasuxi xSirad<br />
praqtikuli sakiTxis gadaWraSi gvexmareba. swored ami<strong>to</strong>m, vidre mniSvnelovani<br />
praqtikuli problemis gadaWras SevudgebodeT, rogorc wesi, mis ukeT<br />
gasagebad konceptualuri kvlevis Catarebaa saWiro. Tumca, samecniero sferoSi<br />
mkvlevarTa umravlesobis ZiriTadi mizani, metwilad, mxolod Cveni codnis<br />
gaumjobesebaa.<br />
1.2.2 praqtikuli SekiTxvebi: ra unda gavakeToT?<br />
amjerad sxva saxis SekiTxvas svamT. vuwodoT mas praqtikuli. es is<br />
SemTxvevaa, rodesac Tqveni pasuxiT SekiTxvaze `mere ra?” mkiTxveli igebs, ra<br />
unda moimoqmedos, rom Secvalos an gamoasworos problemuri viTareba:<br />
1. me vmuSaob X Temaze<br />
2. vinaidan msurs, gavigo Y [mere ra, Tu gaigeb?]<br />
3. raTa SevZlo mkiTxvelebs vuTxra, ra gaakeTon Z-is<br />
gamosasworeblad/gasaumjobeseblad<br />
praqtikul SekiTxvaze muSaobas ase axsnidiT:<br />
_ riskis Sesaxeb informaciis efeqtianad miwodebis Temaze vmuSaob.<br />
_ ra<strong>to</strong>m?<br />
_ msurs, gavigo, ra fsiqologiuri faq<strong>to</strong>rebis gamo afaseben gadaWarbebiT<br />
rigiTi amerikelebi teroristuli Tavdasxmis risks.<br />
_ ras mogcems amis gageba?<br />
Sedegad SemeZleba, vurCio mTavrobas, rogor unda gaaneitralos es faq<strong>to</strong>rebi,<br />
rodesac sazogadoebas awvdis informacias terorizmis realur safrTxeze.<br />
27
praqtikuli SekiTxvebi yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia samecniero sferos<br />
farglebs gareT, gansakuTrebiT - biznesSi. iseT akademiur sferoebSi,<br />
rogoricaa j<strong>and</strong>acva da sainJinro saqme, mkvlevrebi zogjer praqtikul<br />
SekiTxvebs svamen, Tumca ufro xSirad isini mesame saxisas. is arc wmindad<br />
praqtikulia da arc wmindad konceptualuri: mas vuwodebT gamoyenebiTi<br />
kvlevis SekiTxvas.<br />
1.2.3 gamoyenebiTi SekiTxvebi: ra unda gavigoT, vidre gavarkvevT, ra gavakeToT?<br />
xSirad viciT, rom raRac unda movimoqmedoT praqtikuli problemis<br />
gadasaWrelad. Tumca, vidre gavarkvevT, ra unda gavakeToT, unda CavataroT<br />
kvleva, rom ukeT CavwvdeT problemas. am saxis kvlevas SegviZlia vuwodoT<br />
gamoyenebiTi. am Sualeduri saxis SekiTxviT mesame safexurze wamoiWreba<br />
SekiTxva, romelze pasuxic aris ara praqtikuli problemis gadaWris gza,<br />
aramed mxolod nabiji misi gadaWrisken.<br />
_ msurs, gavigo, rogor Secvales amerikelebma TavianTi yoveldRiuri cxovreba<br />
11 seqtembris teroristuli Tavdasxmebis Sedegad.<br />
- ras mogcemT amis gageba?<br />
- SegveZleba, gavigoT fsiqologiuri faq<strong>to</strong>rebi, romlebic ganapirobebs<br />
Cveulebrivi amerikelebis mier teroristuli Tavdasxmis riskis<br />
gadaWarbebiT Sefasebas.<br />
- mere ra, Tu amas gaigebT?<br />
- Semdeg SevZlebT, gavigoT, rogor SevamciroT am fsiqologiuri<br />
faq<strong>to</strong>rebis Sedegebi.<br />
- Sedegad ras miiRebT?<br />
- Sedegad, albaT, mTavroba SeZlebs, ufro efeqturad miawodos<br />
mosaxleobas informacia terorizmis riskis Sesaxeb.<br />
gamoyenebiTi SekiTxvebi gavrcelebulia iseT akademiur sferoebSi<br />
rogoricaa biznesi, inJineria da medicina, aseve, iseT kompaniebSi da<br />
saxelmwifo uwyebebSi, kvlevas ama Tu im problemis gadasaWrelad rom<br />
atareben.<br />
1.2.4 swori SekiTxvis SerCeva<br />
zogierT axalbeda mkvlevars ar moswons wminda konceptualuri kvlevis<br />
SekiTxvebi, radgan miaCniaT, rom isini Zalian `Teoriulia” an ar Seesabameba<br />
`realur” samyaros. amdenad, isini gvTavazoben kvlevis Sedegebis praqtikuli<br />
gamoyenebis SesaZloblobis mcdar varaudebs: roca gvecodineba, rogor<br />
imoqmeda rasam alamos is<strong>to</strong>riebis politikuri zegavlenis Camoyalibebaze,<br />
SevZlebT gavigoT, rogor gamoiyenes rasizmi patriotizmis gasaZliereblad da,<br />
amdenad, rogor unda aRmoifxvras patriotizmTan dakavSirebuli rasistuli<br />
mowodebebi axlo aRmosavleTis konfliqtebis konteqstSi.<br />
amgvari motivacia gasagebia. Tumca, vidre ar dagavaleben gamoyenebiTi an<br />
praqtikuli problemis kvlevas, nu SeeWidebiT mas. savaraudod, mniSvnelovani<br />
praqtikuli problemis gadaWras sakurso naSromis farglebSi ver moaxerxebT.<br />
Tanac, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, samecniero sferos warmomadgenelTa umetesoba<br />
sakuTar misias xedavs ara msoflio problemebis pirdapir gamosworebaSi,<br />
28
aramed maT ukeT gagebaSi (rac SeiZleba, an gamodges, an _ ara am problemebis<br />
gadasaWrelad).<br />
1.2.5 gansakuTrebuli sirTule konceptualuri SekiTxvebis SemTxvevaSi: pasuxis<br />
gacema SekiTxvaze ,,mere ra?”<br />
praqtikul SekiTxvebze metwilad ar aris saWiro pasuxis gacema<br />
SekiTxvaze `mere ra”, radgan dadebiTi Sedegebi, rogorc wesi, TvalsaCinoa.<br />
yvelaze gamoyenebiTi SekiTxvebic ki gulisxmobs, rom maTze pasuxis gacemas<br />
praqtikuli dadebiTi mxare aqvs: cota mkiTxvels Tu gauCndeba kiTxva, ra<strong>to</strong>m<br />
cdilobs mkvlevari gaigos, ra aris alcaimeri. Tumca, konceptualuri<br />
SekiTxvebis SemTxvevaSi, gamocdili mkvlevrebisTvisac ki ar aris xSirad<br />
cxadi, ras gvaZlevs am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. ,,mere ra, Tu Seqspirma ledi<br />
makbeti scenaze ar mokla? mere ra, Tu zogierT kulturaSi religiur<br />
ritualebSi gamoiyeneba niRbebi, sxvagan ki ara? ras gvaZlevs da ra<strong>to</strong>m aris<br />
mniSvnelovani amis codna?”<br />
Sesaval kursze momzadebul referatSi Tqveni pedagogi SeiZleba,<br />
dakmayofildes nebismieri gonivruli pasuxiT SekiTxvaze `mere ra?”. amdenad,<br />
warumateblobad nu CaTvliT, Tu kvleviTi karieris dasawyisSi giWirT am<br />
SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. nurc imas ifiqrebT, rom ar xarT mzad samuSaos<br />
Casatareblad. faq<strong>to</strong>brivad, SesaZloa, iqamde ver aRmoaCinoT pasuxi SekiTxvaze<br />
`mere ra?”, vidre ar SeqmniT naSromis Sav variants; SeiZleba, pasuxis gacema<br />
verc mis dasrulebamde SeZloT da maSinac ki SesaZloa, pasuxi sagulisxmo<br />
mxolod TqvenTvis iyos.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki Tqveni sadiplomo naSromia Tu sadisertacio,<br />
mxolod xelmZRvanelis moTxovnebis dakmayofileba ar mogiwevT. Tqveni pasuxi<br />
unda akmayofilebdes Tqveni sferos warmomadgenlebis moTxovnebsac. isini<br />
naSromis Sefasebisas gaiTvaliswineben ara mxolod imas, Tu ramdenad<br />
xarisxianad gaeciT kiTxvas pasuxi, aramed imasac, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani<br />
iyo Tavad SekiTxvac. gamocdilma mkvlevrebma ician, rom maTi naSromis<br />
wakiTxvisas zogierTi, an sulac bevri mkiTxveli gaifiqrebs, `ar veTanxmebi”.<br />
mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom es mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze Catarebuli kvlevis<br />
Sedegebis audi<strong>to</strong>riisTvis gaziarebis gardauvali nawilia. Tumca, maTTvis<br />
miuRebelia damokidebuleba `ar mainteresebs”.<br />
amdenad, rac ar unda rTuli iyos amis gakeTeba, Tu xSirad warmoidgenT,<br />
rom sxvebi gisvamen SekiTxvas “mere ra?” da rac ufro xSirad pasuxobT am<br />
kiTxvas, ufro didia Sansi imisa, rom saboloo jamSi warmatebulad gaarTmevT<br />
Tavs amocanas, daarwmunoT mkiTxveli, rom Tqveni moxsenebis wakiTxvaSi dros<br />
fuWad ar kargaven. am amocanis warmatebiT Sesruleba zogjer gamocdil<br />
mkvlevarebsac uWirT. (meaTe TavSi ganvixilavT, rogor unda davweroT iseTi<br />
Sesavali nawili, romelic mkiTxvels naSromis wakiTxvis survils aRuZravs).<br />
29
2 sakiTxidan SekiTxvaze da SekiTxvidan samuSao hipoTezaze gadasvla<br />
2.1 ipoveT SekiTxva sakvlev TemaSi<br />
2.1.1 CaeZieT TqvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebs<br />
2.1.2 gaxadeT Tema advilad marTvadi<br />
2.1.3 CaeZieT TqvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebs<br />
2.1.4 SeafaseT dasmuli SekiTxvebi<br />
2.2 warmoadgineT ramdenime samuSao pasuxi<br />
2.2.1 gansazRvreT samuSao hipoTeza<br />
2.2.2 yuradRebiT moekideT samuSao hipoTezasTan dakavSirebul riskebs<br />
2.2.3 Tu pasuxs ver poulobT, daasabuTeT SekiTxvis marTebuloba<br />
2.3 SeimuSaveT angariSis dafa<br />
2.3.1 CamoayalibeT SekiTxva da samuSao hipoTezebi<br />
2.3.2 CamoayalibeT varaudebi<br />
2.3.3 CawereT, ra saxis damamtkicebeli faqtebi unda moiZioT<br />
2.3.4 ganixileT mTliani gegma<br />
2.4 CamoayalibeT momuSave damxmare gundi<br />
kvleviTi proeqti mxolod monacemebis Segrovebas ar gulisxmobs.<br />
proeqtze muSaoba iwyeba internetis an biblioTekis monaxulebamde<br />
gacilebiT adre da grZeldeba mas Semdegac, rac yvela saWiro<br />
informacia mopovebulia.am procesis ganmavlobaSi Tqven uamravi<br />
konkretuli amocanis winaSe dgaxarT. Tumca, yvela maTgani mimarTulia<br />
mxolod xuTi zogadi miznisken:<br />
- dasvaT SekiTxva, romelzecpasuxis miReba amarTlebs Tqvens drosa<br />
da Sromas da imsaxurebs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas<br />
- ipovoT pasuxi, romelic SegiZliaT, kargi argumentebiT daasabuToT<br />
- ipovoTTqveni argumentebisgamamyarebeli s<strong>and</strong>o faqtebi<br />
- moamzadoT samuSao varianti, romelic gasagebad gadmoscems Tqvens<br />
versias<br />
- gadaamuSavoTsamuSao versiaiqamde, sanam mkiTxveli ar ifiqrebs,<br />
rom pirvel oTx mizans miaRwieT<br />
SegiZliaT es xuTi mizani samuSao kabinetSic ki gaikraT.<br />
kvleviTi proeqtebi rTuli ar iqneboda, am nabijebis martivad<br />
Sesruleba rom SeiZlebodes. Tumca, rogorc xedavT (an male dainaxavT),<br />
kvleva da mis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT angariSis momzadeba<br />
arasodesaaadvili.rodesac erT amocanas asrulebT, Semdeg amocanaze<br />
unda ifiqroT an winasdaubrundeT. kiTxvis procesSi SecvliT<br />
Temebs;samuSao versiis momzadebisas moiZiebT met monacemebs;<br />
30
gadamuSavebisas, savaraudod, aRmoaCenT axal SekiTxvas. kvleva aris<br />
kompleqsuri, rTuli procesida misi winaswar prognozireba Znelia.<br />
Tumca, kvlevis marTva SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaqvT gegma.gegmis<br />
SemuSaveba marTebulia maSinac ki, Tu iciT, rom am gegmidan gadauxvevT.<br />
2.1 ipoveT SekiTxva sakvlev TemaSi<br />
mkvlevrebi proeqtebs sxvadasxvanairad iwyeben. bevrigamocdili<br />
mkvlevari iwyebs SekiTxviT, romelzec pasuxis gacema maTi sferos<br />
warmomadgenlebs surT: ram gamoiwvia CrdiloeT amerikis erT-erTi<br />
yvelaze didi ZuZumwovrebis gadaSeneba? sxvebimxolod bundovani ideiT<br />
iwyeben. maT SeiZleba ar icodnen, ra ainteresebT goliaT zantebsa da<br />
mastedontebze, magram surT, dro dauTmon imis garkvevas, SeZleben Tu<br />
ara iseT SekiTxvad gardaqmnan TavianTi interesi, romelze pasuxis<br />
gacemac mniSvnelovania.<br />
amas garda, ician, rom kvlevis saukeTeso SekiTxva ar aris is,<br />
romelic sxvebs konkretul pasuxs aZlevs. maTpasuxis daxmarebiT unda<br />
SeZlon, gaerkvnen ufro masStabur sakiTxSi (isev da isev ,,mere ra?”).<br />
magaliTad, rom gvcodnoda, ra<strong>to</strong>m gadaSendnen Crdiloamerikeli zantebi,<br />
SevZlebdiT pasuxis gacemas ufro masStabur SekiTxvaze, romelic bevr<br />
is<strong>to</strong>rikos anTropologs ainteresebs: uZvelesi periodis amerikeli<br />
indielebi bunebasTan Sexmatkbilebuladcxovrobdnen, rogorc zogierTs<br />
miaCnia, Tu uzarmazar cxovelebze nadirobdnen, vidre es ukanasknelebi<br />
gadaSendebodnen? (amas Tu gavigebdiT, Semdeg SevZlebdiT, agreTve,<br />
gagvego.....)<br />
garda amisa, aris iseTi SekiTxvebi, romlebic, ubralod,<br />
wamotivtivdeba mkvlevris gonebaSi da gaurkvevelia, saiT waiyvans<br />
mas.zogjer isini exeba,erTi SexedviT, iseT umniSvnelo sakiTxebs, rom<br />
mxolod mkvlevars miaCnia maTze pasuxis miRebasaWirod: ra<strong>to</strong>m rCeba<br />
yavis Sxefebis gaSrobis Semdeg rgolisebri formis laqa? am SekiTxvam<br />
SesaZloa, arsad migviyvanos.Tumca, amas ver ityviT, vidre pasuxs ar<br />
gaigebT.aRsaniSnavia, rom mecnierma, romelic yavis Sxefebisgan<br />
da<strong>to</strong>vebuli laqebisformiT iyo dainteresebuli, gaakeTa aRmoCena<br />
siTxeebis gardaqmnaze.es aRmoCena mniSvnelovani iyo misi sferosTvis<br />
da,aseve, saRebavebis mwarmoebelTaTvisac. amdenad, vin icis, sad migiyvanT<br />
iseTi SekiTxva, rogoricaa `ramden katas eZina alamoSi brZolis wina<br />
Rames?” es winaswar ver gecodinebaT.<br />
sinamdvileSi, mkvlevrSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Cveulebrivi<br />
movlenebisadmi gansakuTrebuli interesisgaCenis unaria.es SeiZleba iyos<br />
iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa yavis Sxefebis rgolebis forma; an is, Tu<br />
ra<strong>to</strong>m mokla Seqspirma ledi makbeti scenis miRma da ara scenaze; an<br />
ra<strong>to</strong>m ar izrdeba warbi iseve grZeli, rogorc Tma Tavze. gamoimuSaveT<br />
Cveul garemoSi uCveulos danaxvis unari da arasodes gamogelevaT<br />
kvleviTi proeqtebi studen<strong>to</strong>bisas Tu specialistis rangSi.<br />
31
Tu Tema arCeuli gaqvT, gadadiT 2.1.3 punqtze, sadac SekiTxvebs<br />
ixilavT. Tu ukve momzadebuli gaqvT erTi-ori SekiTxva, gadadiT 2.1.4-ze,<br />
raTa isini iq CamoTvlili kriteriumebis mixedviTSeafasoT. Tu jer isev<br />
Temis ZiebaSi xarT, es gegma dagexmarebaT.<br />
2.1.1 CaeZieT TqvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebs<br />
Tu aarCevT Tqveni sferos Sesabamis nebismier Temas, dasviT<br />
SekiTxvebi:<br />
- romel Temebze gaqvT ukve garkveuli warmodgena SeZenili an<br />
SegiZliaT meti gaigoT?<br />
- ris Sesaxeb gsurT, icodeT meti? adgilis? adamianis? drois? sagnis?<br />
azris? procesis Sesaxeb?<br />
- SegiZliaT,internetSi ipovoT sadiskusio forumebi TqvenTvis<br />
saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb?<br />
- Tqvens sferosTan dakavSirebuli ra sakiTxebi gangixilavT sxvebTan<br />
da Semdgom aRmogiCeniaT, rom ver asabuTebT Tqvens Sexedulebebs<br />
kargi argumentebiTa da faqtebiT?<br />
- Tqvens sferoSi, romeli sakiTxebis gageba ueWirT im adamianebs<br />
romlebic ar miekuTvnebian Tqvens sferos?<br />
- ra sakiTxebze muSaobs Tqveni profesori? surs, rom Tqven<br />
gamoikvlioT misi nawili? nu mogeridebaT amis kiTxva.<br />
- aqvsTu ara Tqvens biblioTekas kargi resursebi romelime sferoSi?<br />
hkiTxeTTqvens profesors an biblioTekars.<br />
- romeli kursebis gavlas apirebT Tqvens sferoSi an mis gareT?<br />
ipoveT?MmoZebneT saxelmZRvanelo da gadaxedeT mas kvlevis<br />
SekiTxvebis mosaZebnad.<br />
- Tu samuSaos miReba gsurT, ra saxis kvleviTi moxseneba dagexmarebaT<br />
amaSi? damsaqmeblebi xSirad iTxoven k<strong>and</strong>idatisgan naSromis nimuSebis<br />
warmodgenas.<br />
- ideebisTvisSegiZliaT, aseve, mimarToT gamoqveynebul literaturas.<br />
- Tvali gadaavleT sakiTxebs Tqveni sferos Sesabamis specialur<br />
saZieblebSi, magaliTad, filosofosis indeqsSi, geografiul<br />
abstraqtebSi, qalTa sakiTxebis kvlevasTan dakavSirebulmoxsenebebSi<br />
da a.S. (bibliografiaSi Tqveni sferos Sesabamisi sakiTxebi meore<br />
kategoriaSia mocemuli).<br />
- gadaxedeT Jurnals, sadac ganxilulia wlis saukeTeso naSromebi<br />
Tqvens sferoSi (bibliografiaSi Tqveni sferos Sesabamisi sakiTxebi<br />
meore kategoriaSia mocemuli).<br />
akademiuri kvleva gulisxmobs mis gaziarebas.Tumca, codna,<br />
romelsac kvlevis saSualebiT iRebT, imavdroulad,mniSvnelovania<br />
mxolod TqvenTvis.amdenad, gamoiCineT windaxeduleba: aarCieT iseTi<br />
proeqti, romelic erTi wlis Semdeg gamogadgebodaT. Tumca, isic<br />
gaiTvaliswineT, rom SesaZloa, didxans mogiwioT proeqtze muSaoba.aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tema sakmaod saintereso unda iyos, rom warmatebiT<br />
gaarTvaT Tavi masTan dakavSirebul sirTuleebs.<br />
32
2.1.2 gaxadeT Tema advilad marTvadi<br />
Tu SearCevT Temas, romlis saxeli enciklopediis statias hgavs –<br />
xidebi, Citebi, niRbebi — imden wyaros ipoviT, rom maT gacnobas,<br />
SeiZleba, mTeli cxovreba mo<strong>and</strong>omoT. SerCeuli Temidan unda amoWraT<br />
advilad marTvadi nawili.es SegiZliaT gaakeToT biblioTekaSi<br />
wasvlamde:daaviwroeT Tema; gansazRvreT, TemaSi konkretulad ra<br />
gainteresebT: magaliTad, ris gamo airCieT niRbebis Tema? niRbebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli ra konkretuli aspeqti aRZravs TqvenSi interess?<br />
ganixileT Tema TqvenTvis cnobil raime konteqstSi, Semdeg daamateT<br />
sityvebi da frazebi am codnis asaxvisTvis:<br />
- niRbebi religiur ceremoniebSi<br />
- niRbebi, rogorc simbolo hopis <strong>to</strong>mis religiur ceremoniebSi<br />
- kerpTaniRbebi, rogorc ciuri sulebis simbolo hopis <strong>to</strong>mis<br />
nayofierebis ceremoniebSi<br />
SesaZloa, ver moaxerxoT Temidan konkretuli aspeqtis SerCeva,<br />
vidre mis Sesaxeb literaturis gacnobas ar daiwyebT.es dros<br />
moiTxovs.amdenad, adre SeudeqiT kiTxvas (am mosamzadebeli samuSaos<br />
didi nawilis Sesruleba internetiT SegiZliaT);<br />
- Tavdapirvelad zogad enciklopediaSi moiZieT Temis mimoxilva<br />
(bibliografiaSi ixileT punqtebi meore kategoriaSi gamoyenebuli<br />
zogadi xasiaTis literaturis Sesaxeb); Semdeg Tematur<br />
enciklopediaSi (meore kategoriaSi ixileT punqtebi Tqvens<br />
sferoze) gaecaniT masalebs Temis Sesaxeb.<br />
- gadaaTvaliereT Temis Sesaxeb arsebuli kvlevebi (Cveulebriv,<br />
kvlevebi miTiTebulia enciklopediis statiebSi).<br />
- yovelwliur bibliografiaSi Tvali gadaavleT Tqveni Temis<br />
qvesaTaurebs (bibliografiaSi meoTxe kategoriaSi ixileT punqtebi<br />
Tqvens sferoze). es Temis dasamuSaveblad saWiro sakiTxavi<br />
literaturis siis SeqmnaSic dagexmarebaT.<br />
- internetSimoiZieT masalebi Temis Sesaxeb (magram yuradRebiT<br />
daakvirdiT moZiebul masalebs; ix. punqti 3.4.3).<br />
gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa Temebi, romlebic iwvevs diskusias:<br />
fiSeris mtkicebiT, `helouinis” niRbebi gamoxatavs bavSvebis pirv<strong>and</strong>el<br />
SiSebs, magram asea ki es? SesaZloa, ver SeZloT kamaTis gadaWra, magram<br />
SeZlebT, gaigoT, rogor warimarTeba amgvari diskusiebi (met<br />
informacias am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ixilavT punqtSi 3.1.2).<br />
2.1.3 dasviT SekiTxva Tqvens TemasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
es gaakeTeT ara mxolod erTxel, sawyis etapze, aramed, mTeli<br />
proeqtis ganmavlobaSi.dasviT SekiTxvebi kiTxvisas, gansakuTrebiT<br />
SekiTxvebi rogor da ra<strong>to</strong>m (ix., agreTve, punqtebi 4.1.1 – 4.1.2).<br />
mosinjeTsxva saxis SekiTxvebic (kategoriebi Tavisufalia da nawilobriv<br />
emTxveva erTmaneTs. amdenad, nu iRelvebT maT gacalkevebaze).<br />
33
1. dasviT SekiTxva imis Taobaze, Tu rogor esadageba Tema ufro farTo<br />
konteqsts (is<strong>to</strong>riul, socialur, kulturul, geografiul, funqciur,<br />
ekonomikur da a.S.):<br />
- rogoresadagebaTqvens mier arCeuli Tema ufro vrcel is<strong>to</strong>rias?<br />
ra xdeboda niRbebamde? rogor gaCnda isini? ra<strong>to</strong>m? ra cvlilebebi<br />
gamoiwvia niRbebma socialuri da geografiuli garemos sxva<br />
nawilebSi? rogor da ra<strong>to</strong>m moxda es? ra<strong>to</strong>m daiwyes niRbebis<br />
gamoyeneba `helouinze”? rogor da ra<strong>to</strong>m gaxda niRbebis wyalobiT<br />
`helouini” amerikaSi Sobis Semdeg udidesi dResaswauli?<br />
- rogorxdeba Tqveni Tema ufro didi sistemis moqmedi nawili?<br />
rogor asaxavs niRbebi konkretuli sazogadoebebis da kulturebis<br />
Rirebulebebs? ra daniSnuleba aqvs niRabs hopis <strong>to</strong>mis cekvebSi?<br />
saSinelebaTa filmebSi?kostumirebulmejlisebze? SeniRbvis garda,<br />
kidev ra mizniT gamoiyeneba niRabi? ra zegavlena moaxdina<br />
tradiciul ornamentebze `kaCinebis” niRbebze mzardma moTxovnam?<br />
- riT hgavs da riT gansxvavdeba Tqveni Tema sxva msgavsi Temebisgan?<br />
rogor gansxvavdeba amerikel indielTa ceremoniebSi gamoyenebuli<br />
niRbebi im niRbebisgan, romlebsac afrikis mkvidri mosaxleoba<br />
iyenebs? ra saerTo aqvs `helouinis” niRabs mardi grasis<br />
niRbebTan? ra saerTo aqvs niRabsa da plastikur qirurgias?<br />
2. dasviT SekiTxvebi Tavad sakiTxis, rogorc damoukidebeli erTeulis<br />
xasiaTze:<br />
- rogor Seicvala Tqveni Tema droTa ganmavlobaSi? ra<strong>to</strong>m? ra aris<br />
misi momavali? rogor Seicvala `helouinis” niRbebi? ra<strong>to</strong>m?<br />
rogor Seicvala amerikel indielTa niRbebi? ra<strong>to</strong>m?<br />
- rogor erTi<strong>and</strong>eba Tqveni Temis nawilebi mTlian sistemad? niRbis<br />
ra nawilebia yvelaze mniSvnelovani hopis <strong>to</strong>mTa ceremoniebSi?<br />
ra<strong>to</strong>m? ra<strong>to</strong>m faravs zogierTi niRabi mxolod Tvalebs? ra<strong>to</strong>m<br />
aris ase cotais niRabi, romelic mxolod saxis qveda naxevars<br />
faravs?<br />
- Tqveni Temis ramdeni gansxvavebuli kategoria arsebobs?<br />
`helouinis” niRbebis ra saxeebi arsebobs? ra Tvisebebi aqvs<br />
niRbebs? ra funqciebi aqvs `helouinis” niRbebs?<br />
3. aqcieT dadebiTi SekiTxvebi uaryofiTad: ra<strong>to</strong>m ar gaxda niRbebi Sobis<br />
dResaswaulis nawili? ra<strong>to</strong>m ar gansxvavdeba amerikel indielTa niRbebi<br />
afrikis mkvidri <strong>to</strong>mebis niRbebisgan? Cveulebriv, niRbis ra nawilebi ar<br />
aris mniSvnelovani religiur ceremoniebSi?<br />
4. dasviT diskusiis gamomwvevi SekiTxvebi: ra<strong>to</strong>m aris gavrcelebuli<br />
niRbebi afrikis <strong>to</strong>mTa religiebSi, magram ara - dasavleTSi? ra<strong>to</strong>m<br />
moswonT bavSvebs `helouinis” niRbebis tareba zrdasrulebis did<br />
34
nawilze metad? ra<strong>to</strong>m ar atareben kamuflaJiT Semosili monadireebi<br />
niRbebs?<br />
5. dasviT SekiTxvebi `ra iqneboda, rom?”: ra iqneboda, Tqveni Tema<br />
saerTod rom ar arsebuliyo, an gamqraliyo, an axal konteqstSi<br />
aRmoCeniliyo? ra iqneboda, usafrTxoebis garda, sxva mizniT niRabi<br />
arasodes aravis rom ar gaekeTebina? ra iqneboda, xalxSi yvela niRbebiT<br />
rom dadiodes? ra iqneboda, filmebi da televizia berZnuli<br />
speqtaklebis msgavsi rom yofiliyo da yvela msaxiobi niRbiT<br />
gamosuliyo? ra iqneboda, ucnobTan paemanze niRbebis tareba Cveuleba<br />
rom yofiliyo? saqorwino ceremoniebze? dakrZalvebze?<br />
6. dasviT SekiTxvebi, romlebic wyarosgan gansxvavebul azrs gamoxatavs:<br />
Tuki gamoyenebul literaturaSi mocemulia mtkiceba, romelic, Tqveni<br />
azriT, sustad aris dasabuTebuli an Tundac mcdaria, SekiTxvis<br />
saxiTACamoayalibeT sawinaaRmdego azri (ix., agreTve, punqti 4.1.2).<br />
martinezi acxadebs, rom sakarnavalo niRbebi SesaniSnav SesaZleblobas<br />
aZlevs adamians, daaRwios Tavi sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul wesebs.<br />
Tumca, Cemi azriT, religiuri niRbebi imavdroulad SesaZleblobas<br />
aZlevs adamians, gaeridos materialur samyaros da gadainacvlos<br />
sulierSi.arsebobsimis ufro naTelimagaliTi, rom yvela niRabi<br />
alternatiuli sazogadoebrivi da sulieri cxovrebis SegrZnebas qmnis?<br />
7. dasviT SekiTxvebi, romlebic aZlierebs daskvnebs: Tu wyaroSi<br />
warmodgenilia debuleba, romelic Tqveni azriT, damajerebelia, dasviT<br />
SekiTxvebi, romlebic afarToebs mis masStabs (ix., agreTve,punqti 4.1.1).<br />
eliasi gviCvenebs, rom kostumirebulma mejlisebma popularoba moipova<br />
meTvramete saukunis londonSi sazogadoebriv mobilurobasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli mRelvarebis sapasuxod. evropis sxva qveynebis<br />
dedaqalaqebSic igive mRelvarebiT iyo gamowveuli msgavsi tendencia?<br />
SegiZliaT, agreTve, dasvaT SekiTxva, romelic damatebiTi faqtebiT<br />
amyarebs imave daskvnas.eliasimTlianad gamoqveynebuli literaturiT<br />
amyarebs sakuTar gancxadebas kostumirebuli mejlisebis Sesaxeb.<br />
dasturdebaTu ara es gancxadeba iseT gamouqveynebel literaturaSi<br />
arsebuli faqtebiT, rogoricaa werilebi da dRiurebi?<br />
8. dasviT im SekiTxvebis analogiuri SekiTxvebi, romlebic sxvebma dasves<br />
msgavsi Temebis Sesaxeb. smiTma getisburgis brZola ekonomikur WrilSi<br />
gaaanaliza. ras mogvcemda alamos brZolis ekonomikuri analizi?<br />
9. moZebneT SekiTxvebi, romlebic sxva mkvlevrebma dasves, Tumca pasuxi<br />
ar gauciaT. Jurnalis araerTi statia sruldeba Ria tipis SekiTxvebiT,<br />
romelsac erTi-ori abzaci uWiravs.iq, aseve, ipoviT mosazrebebs Semdgomi<br />
kvlevisTvis da a.S. SesaZloa, ver SeZloT yvela rekomendebuli kvlevis<br />
Catareba, magram SegiZliaT, iqidan raRac sakiTxi amoiRoT.<br />
35
10. ipoveT internet-forumi Tqvens Temaze, Tvali gadaavleT, waikiTxeT<br />
dialogebi, raTa gaigoT, ra saxis SekiTxvebze msjeloben forumis<br />
monawileebi. Tu ver poulobT forums saZiebo sistemis meSveobiT,<br />
mimarTeT profesors an estumreT Tqveni sferos profesiuli<br />
organizaciebis internet-gverdebs.moZebneT SekiTxvebi, romlebic<br />
sainteresoa TqvenTvis. SegiZliaT, agreTve, SekiTxva dasvaT forumze,<br />
Tuki is Zalian konkretuli da viwroa. Tumca,jergaarkvieT, dasaSvebia<br />
Tu ara iq studentebis mier SekiTxvis dasma.<br />
2.1.4 SeafaseT dasmuli SekiTxvebi<br />
yvela pasuxi erTnairad gamosadegi ar aris.amdenad, SeafaseT Tqveni<br />
SekiTxvebi da gverdze gadadeT isini, romlebiTac, savaraudod,ver<br />
miiRebT saintereso pasuxebs. Tu qvemoT mocemuli pirobebi<br />
kmayofildeba, kidev erTxel dafiqrdiT.<br />
1. SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zalian martivad SegiZliaT.<br />
- SegiZliaT moiZioT pasuxi: romel niRbebs iyeneben navahos<br />
cekvebSi?<br />
- SegiZliaT reziume gaakeToT wyaros mixedviT: ras ambobs fiSeri<br />
niRbebis da SiSebis Sesaxeb?<br />
2. ver poulobT karg faqtebs pasuxis gasamyareblad.<br />
- ar arsebobs Sesabamisi faqtebi: aris Tu ara maias niRbebi<br />
ucxoplanetelebis xatis mixedviT aris Seqmnili?<br />
- SekiTxva Seexeba upiratesobis miniWebas an gemovnebas: balis<br />
<strong>to</strong>mTa niRbebi ufro lamazia Tu maias <strong>to</strong>mis niRbebi?<br />
- unda waikiTxoT Zalian bevri wyaro-literatura: rogor<br />
mzaddeba niRbebi? saukeTeso damadasturebeli faqtebis<br />
mosaZieblad ar gsurT uTvalavi raodenobis moxsenebis gacnoba<br />
(aseT situaciaSi maSin aRmoCndebiT, roca Tqveni kiTxva Zalian<br />
zogadia).<br />
- ver poulobT wyaroebs, romlebic Tqveni mkiTxvelis azriT<br />
mniSvnelovania. proeqti umaRlesi samecniero xarisxis<br />
mosapoveblad romc ar iyos ganxorcielebuli, mkiTxveli<br />
maincelis, rom imuSavebT arsebuli wyaroebidan saukeTesoebze;<br />
Tezisis an sadisertacio naSromis SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli<br />
aspeqti wyaroebis Sesaxeb Zalian mniSvnelovania. Tu ver<br />
moipovebT am wyaroebs, moifiqreT sxva SekiTxva.<br />
3. ar SegiZliaT pasuxis damajereblad uaryofa<br />
- pasuxi TavisTavad cxadia, radgan, faqtebi amyarebs mas. ramdenad<br />
mniSvnelovania niRbebi inuitebis kulturaSi? pasuxi<br />
TvalsaCinoa: Zalian mniSvnelovani. Tu ver axerxebT debulebis<br />
uaryofas, maSin azri ar aqvs mis damtkicebas (meores mxriv, im<br />
mkvlevrebma, romlebmac kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenes erTi<br />
SexedviT TavisTavad cxadi mtkiceba – magaliTad, rom mze<br />
36
dedamiwis garSemo brunavs – da gabedes,daemtkicebinaT<br />
sapirispiro, msoflio aRiareba moipoves).<br />
uarsnu ityviT SekiTxvaze imis gamo, rom, Tqveni azriT, vinmes ukve<br />
dausvams is. vidre ar gaigebT, ise eZebeT pasuxi masze, TiTqos pirvelad<br />
swored Tqven svamT am SekiTxvas. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki vinmes<br />
gacemuli aqvs pasuxi am SekiTxvaze, SesaZloa, ukeTesi moifiqroT, an<br />
Tundac axali kuTxiT warmoaCinoT is. faq<strong>to</strong>brivad, humanitarul da<br />
socialur mecnierebebSi saukeTeso SekiTxvebze, rogorc wesi, arsebobs<br />
erTze meti kargi pasuxi. agreTve, SegiZliaT,proeqtad airCioT sxvadasxva<br />
pasuxebis Sedareba da maT Soris gansxvavebebis warmoCena,aseve,<br />
saukeTeso pasuxiadaasabuTebac (ix. 6.2.5).<br />
maSasadame, unda ipovoT SekiTxva, romelzecgsurT pasuxis gacema.<br />
Zalian bevr students, rogorc sabakalavro doneze, ise,ganaTlebis<br />
Semdgom safexurebze miaCnia, rom ganaTlebis mizania, davimaxsovroT<br />
sxvebis mier gacemuli pasuxebi.esase ar aris. ganaTleba miznad isaxavs<br />
sakuTar SekiTxvebze sakuTari pasuxebis moZiebis unaris gamomuSavebas.<br />
amisaTvis unda iswavloT sakiTxebis gamovlena, unda dainteresdeT<br />
maTiT, gansakuTrebiT, iseTi sakiTxebiT, romlebic, erTi SexedviT,<br />
Zalian Cveulebrivia.<br />
2.2 warmoadgineT ramdenime samuSao pasuxi<br />
vidre proeqtis Semdgom etapebze gadaxvalT, scadeT, gaiaroT kidev<br />
erTi nabiji, rasac zogierTi damwyebi mkvlevari erideba, magram, rogorc<br />
wesi, gamocdili mkvlevrebi am etaps, Cveulebriv, gadian. SekiTxvis<br />
gansazRvris Semdeg, warmoidgineT damajerebeli pasuxebi, ganurCevlad<br />
imisa, isini zedapiruli iqneba Tu hipoTeturi.am etapze nu ifiqrebT<br />
imaze, aris Tu ara pasuxi swori. amas mogvianebiT gaakeTebT.<br />
magaliTad, vTqvT, svamT SekiTvas: ra<strong>to</strong>m iyeneben zogierT<br />
religiur ceremoniaSi niRbebs, sxvebSi ki - ara? SegiZliaT,<br />
ivaraudoT,rom:<br />
SesaZloa, kulturebSi, sadac bevri sulia, maT gasarCevad niRbebi<br />
sWirdebaT.<br />
SesaZloa, niRbebi, Cveulebriv, im kulturebSi gamoiyeneba, sadac<br />
religia da medicina Serwymulia.<br />
SesaZloa, Sua aRmosavleTis qveynebSi warmoSobil religiebze zegavlena<br />
moaxdina ebraelebis mier kerpTayvanismcemlobis akrZalvam.<br />
zogadi pasuxiTac ki SeiZleba, miviRoT raRac, risi Seswavlac<br />
mniSvnelovania:<br />
37
SesaZloa, es dakavSirebulia niRbebis daniSnulebasTan kulturis<br />
arareligiur sferoebSi.<br />
scadeT, warmoidginoT erTi damajerebeli pasuxi mainc, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, ramdenad naadrevi Tu hipoTeturia is. Tu ver SeZlebT mis<br />
dasabuTebas xangrZlivi kvlevis Sedegad, SegiZliaT, Tqveni naSromi<br />
aawyoT imis garSemo, ra<strong>to</strong>m geCvenebodaT erT dros es pasuxi<br />
mizanSewonilad, rom pasuxi mcdari aRmoCnda da ar Rirs am SekiTxvis<br />
Seswavlaze sxva mkvlevrebis drois xarjva. es, TavisTavad, SesaZloa,<br />
Rirebuli informacia iyos Temis Sesaxeb msjelobisas (ix. punqtebi 10.1.1<br />
– 10.1.2, sadac naxavT, rogor unda gamoiyenoT erT dros aSkarad kargi<br />
idea, romelic Semdeg mcdari aRmoCnda).<br />
eZebeT ori an sami damajerebeli pasuxi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu<br />
romelime erTs aniWebT upiratesobas, SegiZliaT,is sxva pasuxebs<br />
SeadaroT da amiT gaaumjobesoT Tqveni daskvnebi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,<br />
ver aCvenebT, rom Tqveni pasuxi sworia, Tu ver aCveneT, ra<strong>to</strong>m aris sxva<br />
pasuxebi mcdari. proeqtis adreul etapzec ki Tqveni pasuxebi<br />
maqsimalurad mkafiod da srulad dawereT. Zalian iolia, ifiqroT, rom<br />
rameze mkafio warmodgena gaqvT maSin, rodesac es ase ar aris. bundovani<br />
ideis daxvewis saukeTeso gza misi qaRaldze gadatana an sulac imis<br />
aRmoCenaa, rom amis gakeTeba ar SegiZliaT.<br />
2.2.1 ganazRvreT samuSao hipoTeza<br />
Tuki erTi pasuxi perspeqtiulia, uwodeT mas Tqveni samuSao<br />
hipoTeza da kvlevis ganmavlobaSi am pasuxiT ixelmZRvaneleT. ra Tqma<br />
unda, damamtkicebeli faqtebis moZieba mxolod SekiTxviT<br />
xelmZRvanelobiTac SegiZliaT, vinaidan nebismieri SekiTxva zRudavs<br />
damajerebeli pasuxebis raodenobas. Tumca, yvelaze adreuli samuSao<br />
hipoTezac ki gexmarebaT garkveuli sakiTxebis winaswar gansazRvraSi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT,hipoTezisdasasabuTeblad saWiro faqtebis xasiaTis<br />
gansazRvraSi. cifrebi dagWirdebaT,citatebi, dakvirvebebis Sedegebi,<br />
suraTebi Tu is<strong>to</strong>riuli faqtebi? kidevufro mniSvnelovania, ra saxis<br />
faqtebi daamtkicebs Tqveni hipoTezis mcdarobas.gaeciT pasuxebi am<br />
SekiTxvebs da gecodinebaT, ra monacemebi moZebnoT da SeinaxoT.<br />
faq<strong>to</strong>brivad, vidre hipoTezas ar SeqmniT, ar gecodinebaT, Seesabameba Tu<br />
ara mniSvnelovan SekiTxvas monacemebi, romlebsac agrovebT.<br />
Tu ver moifiqreT samuSao hipoTeza, scadeT SecvaloT<br />
SekiTxva.gadaxedeT sakvlevi SekiTxvebis sias da moZebneT SekiTxva,<br />
romelzec SeZlebT pasuxis gacemas. Tu es nabiji gamo<strong>to</strong>veT, daubrundiT<br />
2.1.3 punqts.SegiZliaT, agreTve, axali Tema aarCioT.moklevadian<br />
perspeqtivaSi amiT drosdakargavT, Tumca, SesaZloa, Tavidan aiciloT<br />
proeqtis warumatebulad dasruleba. Tu muSaobT Tezisze an<br />
disertaciaze, kiTxvis da fiqris procesSi SegiZliaT, moicadoT, rom<br />
ufro kargad CamoayaliboT hipoTeza, magram proeqtis Semdgom etapebze<br />
38
ar gadaxvideT manam, vidre SesaZlo pasuxis monaxazi mainc ar geqnebaT<br />
gansazRvruli.<br />
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gadadoT hipoTezis gansazRvraze fiqri<br />
moxsenebis Savi variantis weris, an,kidev uaresi, naSromis TiTqmis<br />
dasrulebis etapisTvis. SesaZlebelia, SekiTxvaze saukeTeso pasuxi ver<br />
gamonaxoT, vidre moxsenebis bolo gverds ar dawerT: wera,<br />
gadamuSavebac ki, TavisTavad aRmoCenas gulisxmobs. ubralod, nu<br />
moicdiT moxsenebis srulad damTavrebamde,rom raime pasuxze daiwyoT<br />
fiqri.<br />
2.2.2 yuradRebiT moekideT samuSao hipoTezasTan dakavSirebul riskebs<br />
mizanSewoniliar aris saboloo pasuxis Zalian male gansazRvra.<br />
Tumca, mravali axalbeda da zogierTi gamocdili mkvlevari Tavs ikavebs<br />
proeqtis adreul etapze raime samuSao, Tundac mxolod gonebaSi<br />
arsebuli, hipoTezis ganxilvisgan, vinaidan eSiniaT maTi azrovneba<br />
mikerZoebuli ar gaxdes. amis garkveuli riski arsebobs.Tumca, samuSao<br />
hipoTezam ar unda SegiSaloT xeli ukeTesi hipoTezis<br />
gansazRvraSi.yvelaze obieqturi mecnieric ki atarebs eqsperiments, rom<br />
gamoscados sul ramdenime mosalodneli Sedegi, xSirad mxolod erTic<br />
ki. faq<strong>to</strong>brivad, mkvlevrebs mudam aqvT gonebaSi hipoTeza, magram mas<br />
sajarod ar acxadeben imis SiSiT, rom mcdari aRmoCndeba.<br />
samuSao hipoTeza mxolod maSinaa riskTan dakavSirebuli, Tu<br />
gabrkolebT ukeTesi hipotezis mofiqrebaSi an Tu faqtebis sijiutis<br />
gamo ver axerxebT mis ukugdebas. amdenad, rogorc yvela urTierTobaSi,<br />
Zalian Zlier nu CaeWidebiT Tqvens pirvel hipoTezas: rac ufro metad<br />
mogwonT, miT ufro gagiWirdebaT misi naklovanebebis danaxva. miuxedavad<br />
aRniSnuli riskisa, umjobesia,muSaoba xarvezebiani hipoTeziT daiwyoT,<br />
vidre mis gareSe.<br />
2.2.3 Tu ver poulobT pasuxs, daasabuTeT SekiTxvis marTebuloba<br />
imdens vmsjelobT SekiTxvebze, SesaZloa, ifiqroT, rom Tqveni<br />
proeqti warumatebeli iqneba, Tuki pasuxs ver gascemT Tqvens SekiTxvas.<br />
sinamdvileSi<br />
, Zalian mniSvnelovani kvleva ganmartavs, ra<strong>to</strong>m unda daisvas<br />
SekiTxva, romelic aravis dausvams, miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevari ver<br />
pasuxobs mas: xedavs Tu ara ku sizmrebs? ra<strong>to</strong>m aris mTqnareba<br />
gadamdebi, Zilis survili ki - ara? an aris ki gadamdebi? aseT<br />
moxsenebebSi aqcenti gakeTebulia imaze, Tu ra<strong>to</strong>m aris SekiTxva<br />
mniSvnelovani da rogori SeiZleba iyos kargi pasuxi. SesaZloa,<br />
aRmoaCinoT, rom viRacas gacemuli aqvs pasuxi Tqvens SekiTxvaze, Tumca<br />
arasrulad an sulac, Tu gagimarTlaT, mcdarad. Tu swor pasuxs ver<br />
poulobT, mkiTxvels imiT exmarebiT, rom uCvenebT farTod aRiarebuli<br />
pasuxis simcdares (ixileT punqti 10.1.2, raTa gaigoT, rogor gamoiyenoT<br />
es gegma Tqvens SesavalSi).<br />
39
kritikuliazrovneba, romelic nebismier profesiaSi dagWirdebaT,<br />
giviTardebaT mxolod maSin, rodesac SekiTxvas SekiTxvaze svamT.<br />
faq<strong>to</strong>brivad, gamocdili mkvlevrebisTvis cnobilia, rom umetes<br />
sakiTxebs an saerTod ar gaaCnia, an Zalian cota saboloo pasuxi aqvs,<br />
vinaidan ar arsebobs saboloo SekiTxvebi. maT ician, rom iseve<br />
mniSvnelovania axali SekiTxvis dasma, rogorc Zvelze pasuxis gacema da<br />
rom erT dRes maTi axali SekiTxvacmoZveldeba da axali mkvlevris kidev<br />
ufro axali SekiTxvis safuZveli gaxdeba.<br />
Tqveni saqmea gaxdeT isaxali mkvlevari.<br />
2.3 aageT `angariSis dafa”, romlis daxmarebiTac dagegmavT da<br />
warmarTavT muSaobas<br />
mokle moxsenebisTvis SesaZloa, ar dagWirdeT detaluri gegma da<br />
sakmarisi iyos monaxazis gakeTeba. vrceli proeqtisTvis ki, Cveulebriv,<br />
dagWirdebaT meti dagegmva, gansakuTrebiT, Tu saqme Teziss an<br />
disertacias exeba. Cveulebriv, pirveli gegma, romelic mogafiqrdebaT,<br />
aris monaxazi, sadac CawerT I da II da “a” da “b” da a.S.etapebs (ix. 23.4.2).<br />
Tu girCevniaT monaxazis gamoyeneba, asec moiqeciT, gansakuTrebiT, Tuki<br />
Tqveni proeqti SedarebiT pataraa.saqme imaSia, rom monaxazis daxmarebiT<br />
muSaobisas SeiZleba,mogixdeT Zalian bevri ramis Zalian adre<br />
dakonkreteba da moxsenebis saboloo saxiT iqamde Camoyalibeba, vidre<br />
mas kargad gaiazrebdeT da dafiqrdebodeT.<br />
am riskis Tavidan asacileblad bevri mkvlevari, maT Soris<br />
akademiuri sferos gareT moRvawe mkvlevrebi,vrceli moxsenebebis gegmas<br />
`dafaze” ageben. `dafa” aris monaxazis msgavsi gegma, romelic ramdenime<br />
gverdzea gaSlili da sadac bevri sivrcea da<strong>to</strong>vebuli muSaobis<br />
procesSi monacemebis da ideebis dasamateblad. ,,angariSisdafis”<br />
gamoyeneba monaxaziT muSaobaze moqnili meTodia: misi daxmarebiT<br />
SegiZliaT, dagegmoT faqtebis moZieba, CamoayaliboT argumenti, SeqmnaT<br />
Savi naweris pirveli varianti da gamoscadoT saboloo naweri.<br />
xazebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic monaxazSi gamoiyeneba, SegiZliaT<br />
fizikurad gadaaadgiloT dafis gverdebi da ar mogiwioT yovel jerze<br />
axali gegmis amobeWdva, rodesac axal wyobas cdiT. SegiZliaT, misi<br />
gverdebi kedelze gaakraT, daajgufoT dakavSirebuli gverdebi da mcire<br />
nawilebi did nawilebTan daakraT, rom SeqmnaT Tqveni proeqtis `suraTi”,<br />
romelic mTlianobaSi giCvenebT gegmas da asaxavs,rogor midixarT win<br />
gegmis ganxorcielebisken.<br />
2.3.1 CamoayalibeT SekiTxva da samuSao hipoTeza<br />
`dafis” dasawyebad pirveli gverdiszeda nawilSi rac SeiZleba<br />
zustad dasviT Tqveni SekiTxva da samuSao hipoTeza. Semdeg daamateT<br />
damajerebeli variantebi, rac dagexmarebaT, ufro mkafiod dainaxoT misi<br />
susti da Zlieri mxareeebi.maTze fiqrisas daamateT axali hipoTeza da<br />
gadaxazeT isini, romelTa simcdaresac daadasturebT. uaryofili<br />
40
hipoTezebi SeinaxeT, radgan SesaZloa, moaxerxoT erT-erTi maTganis<br />
SesavalSi gamoyeneba (ix. 10.1.1).<br />
2.3.2 CamoayalibeT Tqveni mizezebi<br />
TiToeuli gverdis zeda nawilSi CawereT calkeuli mizezi,<br />
romelsac SeuZlia Tqveni saukeTeso hipoTezis gamyareba, im SemTxvevaSic<br />
ki, Tuki mxolod erTi an ori hipoTeza gaqvT gansazRvruli (mizezebis<br />
Sesaxeb damatebiTi informacia ix. punqtSi 5.4.2). warmoidgineT, TiTqos<br />
megobars uxsniT Tqvens proeqts. ambobT, msurs vaCveno, rom alamos<br />
is<strong>to</strong>riebma zegavlena moaxdina texasis individualuri TviTmyofadobis<br />
ganviTarebaSi da Tqveni megobari gekiTxebaT, ra<strong>to</strong>m fiqrob ase? Tqveni<br />
argumentacia aris zogadi gancxadebebi, romlebsac warmoadgenT Tqveni<br />
pasuxis dasasabuTeblad: pirvel rigSi, is<strong>to</strong>riebma daamaxinja faqtebi,<br />
raTa xazi gasmoda imas, rac umniSvnelovanesi gaxda texasis<br />
TviTmyofadobaSi; meore, is<strong>to</strong>riebi pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli imis<br />
saCveneblad, rom texasi (da `veluri dasavleTi”) axali saxis sazRvari<br />
iyo; mesame, ... da a.S.<br />
Tu mxolod erTi an ori varaudi gafiqrdebaT (rogorc wesi,<br />
saWiro iqneba meti varaudis moyvana), gverdebis zeda nawilSi daakariT<br />
varaudi 3: raime alamos is<strong>to</strong>riebis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc texaselebs<br />
gansakuTrebulad miaCniaT Tavi. Tu iciT mxolod is, rogor<br />
gsurT,varaudmagaamyaros Tqveni pasuxi, moiyvaneTvaraudi 4: raRac imis<br />
saCveneblad, rom alamos is<strong>to</strong>riebi iyo imaze meti, vidre, ubralod, miTi.<br />
TiToeuli varaudi, cxadia, unda gamyardes.amdenad, TiToeulisTvis<br />
dasviT SekiTxva: ra<strong>to</strong>m vfiqrob ase? ra faqtis moyvana damWirdeba amis<br />
dasamtkiceblad? es dagexmarebaT imaSi, rom Tqveni kvlevis procesi<br />
faqtebis Ziebaze mimarToT (ix. 2.3.3 da 5.4.2).<br />
Tu TqvenTvis esa Tu is Tema axalia an proeqtis adreul etapze<br />
imyofebiT, varaudad SesaZloa, gamoiyenoT codnaze dafuZnebuli daSveba,<br />
romelsac Semdgom SecvliT; Tu ase ar moxda, SesaZloa, ar iyaviT<br />
sakmarisad TviTkritikuli. miuxedavad amisa, varaudebis sia, ganurCevlad<br />
imisa, Tu ramdenad savaraudoa is, kvlevis warmarTvis saukeTeso CarCoa.<br />
amasTan, azrovnebis koncentrirebis TvalsazrisiT, danamdvilebiT sjobs<br />
varaudebis saerTod arqonas.<br />
2.3.3 CawereT, ra saxis mtkicebulelebiunda moiZioT<br />
- TiToeuli sferosTvis sasurvelia konkretuli saxis faqtebi,<br />
cifrebi, citatebi, dakvirvebebi, is<strong>to</strong>riuli faqtebi, suraTebi, da<br />
a.S. amdenad, CainiSneT, ra saxis faqtebi dagWirdebaT TiToeuli<br />
argumentis gasamyareblad. isic ki warmoidgineT, rogori iqneboda<br />
yvelaze damajerebeli damamtkicebeli sabuTi. Tu ver gansazRvravT,<br />
ra saxis faqti dagWirdebaT, carieli da<strong>to</strong>veT gverdis es nawili,<br />
Semdeg gaecaniT meorad wyaroebs, rom naxoT, ra saxis faqtebs<br />
aniWeben upiratesobas mkvlevrebi Tqvens sferoSi (ix. 3.1.2).<br />
41
2.3.4 SexedeT mTlian gegmas<br />
ganalageT gverdebi magidaze an gaakariT kedelze. Semdeg dadeqiT<br />
moSorebiT da daakvirdiT Tanmimdevrobas.rodesac gegmavT pirvel Sav<br />
nawers, misi nawilebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT unda daalagoT. ase<br />
rom, axlave SegiZliaT, daiwyoT masze fiqri. xedavT logikas<br />
TanmimdevrobaSi? mizezi da Sedegi? Txrobis dro? fardobiTi<br />
mniSvneloba? kompleqsuroba? sigrZe? (TanmimdevrobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
damatebiTi principebi ix. punqtSi 6.2.5).mosinjeT sxvadasxva<br />
Tanmimdevroba. es `dafa” ar aris Tqveni saboloo gegma; is, ubralod,<br />
instrumentia Tqveni azrovnebis warsamarTad da Sedegebis<br />
Camosayalibeblad.<br />
rodesac gverds avsebT, scadeT Sesabamisi nawilis Savi piris<br />
Seqmna, vinaidan proeqtis TiToeul etapze SesaZlebelia azrebis<br />
qaRaldze gadataniT azrovnebis gaumjobeseba.<br />
erT dRes, rodesac Tavisufali dro geqnebaT, SegiZliaT,<br />
gadaxedoT wyaroebs, waikiTxoT mxolod is literatura, rac Tqven<br />
gainteresebT. aseTi SemTxveviTi daTvalierebiT kvlevis mniSvnelovani<br />
kvanZebi gaxsnila. Tumca, Tu moxseneba, daaxloebiT, erTi Tvis vadaSi<br />
unda iyos mzad, ideis mosvlas ver daelodebiT; dagegmva unda daiwyoT.<br />
`dafa” aris martivi da saimedo xerxi, romelic gegmis SemuSavebaSi<br />
dagexmarebaT.<br />
2.4 weraze momuSave mxardamWeri gundis Camoyalibeba<br />
samecniero kvlevis naklovani mxare misi izolirebulobaa. Tu ar<br />
CavTvliT jgufur proeqtebs, samecniero kvlevis dros umeteswilad<br />
damoukideblad kiTxulobT, azrovnebT da werT. Tumca, aucilebeli ar<br />
aris, ase iyos, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi<br />
mainc.moZebneT vinme, garda Tqveni profesoris an xelmZRvanelisa,<br />
romelic gesaubrebaT Tqvens winsvlaze, gadaxedavs Tqvens samuSao<br />
variantebs, imasac getyviT, ramdeni dagiweriao. es SeiZleba iyos<br />
megobari.Tumca, pirvel rigSi, ecadeT,sxva av<strong>to</strong>ri moZebnoT, rom SeZloT<br />
erTmaneTis ideebisa da samuSao versiebisirgvliv msjeloba.<br />
kidev ufro ukeTesia weraze momuSave oTxi an xuTi adamianisgan<br />
Semdgari gundi.gundis wevrebi sakuTar proeqtebze muSaoben da<br />
regularulad marTaven Sexvedrebs, raTa imsjelon erTmaneTis mier<br />
gaweul samuSaoze.adreul etapze yvela Sexvedra daiwyeT TiToeuli<br />
piris proeqtis reziumeTi, romelsac CamoayalibebT am samnawiliani<br />
winadadebiT: me vmuSaob Temaze X, vinaidan msurs, gavigo Y, raTa me (da<br />
Tqven) SevZloT Z–is ukeT gageba. muSaobis procesi daiwyeT `liftSi<br />
moyolili is<strong>to</strong>riiT”, esaa Tqveni kvlevis reziume, romelsac mouyvebiT<br />
adamians, romelic Sexvedraze asvlisas liftSi dagemgzavrebaT. reziume<br />
unda moicavdes zemoT moyvanil samnawilian winadadebas, samuSao<br />
hipoTezas da ZiriTad gamamyarebel varaudebs (ix. 13.4).<br />
42
Semdgom etapebze, gundis wevrebi erTmaneTs acnoben monaxazebs da<br />
Sav nawerebs, raTa gansazRvron, rogori reaqcia eqneba sabolood<br />
mkiTxvels.Tuki Tqvens gunds ar moewona samuSao varianti, saboloo<br />
mkiTxvelic imave azrisa iqneba.gundi SeiZleba, dagexmaroT samuSaos<br />
erTobliv ganxilvaSi, rodesac gagijanjldebaT procesi. Tumca,<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rTa udidesi nawilisTvis weraze momuSave gundi yvelaze metad<br />
Rirebulia im disciplinis gamo, romelsac is awesebs. vadebSi Cateva<br />
ufro iolia, roca iciT, rom sxvas unda moaxsenoT Tqveni progresis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
weraze momuSave jgufebi st<strong>and</strong>artulad gamoiyeneba Tezisebisa an<br />
disertaciebisTvis. Tumca, wesebi, SesaZloa, gansxvavdebodes sakurso<br />
naSromebisTvis.zogierTpedagogs miaCnia, rom jgufs an weraze momuSave<br />
partniors SeuZlia, gagiwioT saTanadoze meti daxmareba, ami<strong>to</strong>m kargad<br />
gaagebineT Tqvens profesors, ra funqcia eqneba gunds. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi, leq<strong>to</strong>rma SeiZleba, gadawyvi<strong>to</strong>s, rom daxmareba, romelic<br />
miiReT, Seusabamoa (ix. 7.10).<br />
43
3. sasargeblo wyaroebis moZieba<br />
3.1 gansazRvreT, ra saxis wyaroebis gamoyenebas moelis Tqvengan<br />
mkiTxveli<br />
3.1.1 faqtebis moZiebis mizniT, mimarTeT pirvelwyaroebs<br />
3.1.2 gaecaniT meorad wyaroebs, raTa ixiloT sxva mkvlevrebis mier<br />
ganxorcielebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />
3.1.3 gaecaniT mesamexarisxovanwyaroebs, raTa zogadi warmodgena<br />
SeiqmnaT sakiTxze<br />
3.2 gamoyenebuli wyaroebi CawereT srulad, zustad da miRebuli wesebis<br />
Tanaxmad<br />
3.2.1 gansazRvreT gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebis stili<br />
3.2.2 CawereT bibliografiuli monacemebi<br />
3.3 eZebeT wyaroebi regularulad<br />
3.3.1 moZebneT adamiani, romlisTvisac Tqveni Tema nacnobia<br />
3.3.2 moiZieT masalebi internetSi<br />
3.3.3 gaesaubreT bibliograf-biblioTekars<br />
3.3.4 ganaxorcieleT Zieba Tqveni sferos bibliografiebSi<br />
3.3.5 gadaxedeT Tematur cnobarebs<br />
3.3.6 moiZieT masalebi Tqveni biblioTekis katalogSi<br />
3.3.7 moiZieT masalebi perioduli gamocemebis cnobarebSi<br />
3.3.8 gadaaTvaliereT wignis Taroebi<br />
3.3.9 akademiuri xarisxis dasacavi naSromisTvis, mihyeviT<br />
bibliografiul kvals<br />
3.4 wyaroebis Sefaseba Sesabamisobis da s<strong>and</strong>oobis kuTxiT<br />
3.4.1 SeafaseT wyaroebis Sesabamisoba<br />
3.4.2 SeafaseT nabeWdi wyaroebis s<strong>and</strong>ooba<br />
3.4.3 SeafaseT internetwyaroebis s<strong>and</strong>ooba<br />
3.5 eZebeT st<strong>and</strong>artuli wyaroebis miRma<br />
mas Semdeg, rac geqnebaT SekiTxva da SesaZloa, samuSao hipoTezac<br />
ramdenime gamamyarebeli varaudiT, SegiZliaT, SeudgeT monacemebis Ziebas.<br />
isini dagWirdebaT varaudis gasamtkiceblad da hipoTezis gamosacdelad.<br />
am TavSi agixsniT, rogor unda moiZioT aRniSnuli monacemebi, momdevno<br />
TavSi ki monacemebze muSaobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs gagacnobT.<br />
Tumca, wyaroebis moZiebasa da maT wakiTxvas cal-calke safexurebad nu<br />
ganixilavT. mas Semdeg, rac moiZiebT, savaraudod, gamosadeg wyaros,<br />
waikiTxeT is, raTa sxva wyaroebi ipovoT. `dafis” CanawerebiT Sevsebis<br />
procesSi aRmoaCenT sxvadasxva xarvezs da axal SekiTxvas da mxolod<br />
damatebiTi wyaroebis meSveobiT iqneba SesaZlebeli am napralebis<br />
amovseba. amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom wyaroebis moZieba da gamoyeneba<br />
44
cal-calke safexurebad gvaqvs ganxiluli, am or saqmes xSirad<br />
araerTxel da erTdroulad gaakeTebT.<br />
3.1 gansazRvreT, ra saxis wyaroebis gamoyenebas moelis Tqvengan<br />
mkiTxveli<br />
Tqveni gamocdilebidan gamomdinare iqmnis mkiTxveli molodins, Tu<br />
ra donis wyaroebs gamoiyenebT.es doneebia pirvelwyaro, meoradi wyaro<br />
da mesamexarisxovani wyaro. aRniSnuli dayofa ar warmoadgens mkafiod<br />
gansazRvrul kategorizacias. Tumca, igi miaxloebiT gamoxatavs, rogor<br />
axarisxeben mkvlevrebi wyaroebis umetesobas.<br />
3.1.1 faqtebis moZiebis mizniT mimarTeT pirvelwyaroebs<br />
iseTi dargebisTvis, rogoricaa literaturuli kvleva-Ziebani,<br />
xelovneba da is<strong>to</strong>ria pirvelwyaroebs warmoadgens mwerlebis,<br />
mxatvrebis, kompozi<strong>to</strong>rebis da sxvaTa mier Seqmnili originali<br />
nawarmoebebi – dRiurebi, werilebi, xelnawerebi, suraTebi, filmebi,<br />
filmebis scenarebi, Canawerebi da musikaluri gaformebebi. es wyaroebi<br />
gvawvdis monacemebs, sityvebs, gamosaxulebebs da bgerebs, romlebsac<br />
iyenebT Tqveni varaudis gasamyarebel sabuTad.monacemebi SeiZleba, iyos<br />
sagnebic: monetebi, tansacmeli, instrumentebi da sxva nimuSebi im<br />
periodis an im piris kuTvnili, romelsac SeiswavliT.<br />
iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa ekonomika, fsiqologia, qimia da sxv.,<br />
mkvlevrebi, Cveulebriv, monacemebs dakvirvebis da eqsperimentis gziT<br />
agroveben. sxva dargebSi isini mtkicebulebebs gamokiTxvis gziT kreben<br />
(Sedegiani interviuebis Casatareblad informaciis mopovebisa da Caweris<br />
s<strong>and</strong>o meTodebi unda gamoiyenoT). aseT sferoebSi damamtkicebeli sabuTi<br />
moicavs monacemebs, romlebsac mkvlevarebi agroveben. Segrovebuli<br />
monacemebisTvis pirvelwyaroebs warmoadgens publikaciebi, sadac<br />
pirvelad gamoqveynda es monacemebi.aseTi publikaciebi moicavs<br />
samTavrobo da kerZo monacemTa bazebsa da samecniero Jurnalebs.<br />
gamocdili mkvlevrebi monacemebs pirvel rigSi pirvelwyaroebSi<br />
eZeben. magaliTad, Tqven rom alamos is<strong>to</strong>riebis Sesaxeb werdeT,<br />
SeecdebodiT, mogepovebinaT im periodSi dawerili wyaroebi, werilebi,<br />
dRiurebi, TviTmxilvelTa monaTxrobi da a,S.<br />
3.1.2 gaecaniT meorad wyaroebs, raTa ixiloT sxva mkvlevrebis mier<br />
ganxorcielebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi<br />
meoradi wyaroebi aris wignebi da statiebi, sadac gaanalizebulia<br />
pirvelwyaroebi; isini, rogorc wesi, dawerilia mkvlevrebis mier sxva<br />
mkvlevrebisTvis. samecniero JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statia, sadac<br />
warmodgenilia alamos is<strong>to</strong>riebis analizi, iqneba meoradi wyaro<br />
mkvlevrebisaTvis, romlebic muSaoben am is<strong>to</strong>riebze. meoradi wyaroebi<br />
moicavs agreTve Tematur enciklopediebs da leqsikonebs, romlebSic<br />
45
warmodgenilia dargSi moRvawe mecnierTa mier Seqmnili eseebi. meorad<br />
wyaros mkvlevari sami daniSnulebiT iyenebs:<br />
1. raTa ar CamorCes Tanamedrove kvlevas. mkvlevrebi meorad wyaroebs<br />
ecnobian, raTa miiRon informacia sxvaTa naSromebis Sesaxeb, raTa<br />
gaafarToon codna sakiTxis irgvliv da ukeT gaiazron<br />
igi.mkvlevrebisTvis, aseve, motivaciis Semqmnelia is azri, rom maTi<br />
naSromis saxiT axali masala daemateba ukve gamoqveynebul kvleviT<br />
literaturas.<br />
2. gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisis gasagebad. kvleviTi naSromi ar aris<br />
dasrulebuli, vidre mkvlevari ar gaiTvaliswinebs sxvaTa Tvalsazriss,<br />
sakuTari mkiTxvelis mosalodnel SekiTxvebsa da maT gansxvavebul azrs<br />
(ix. 5.4.3). gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis udidesi nawili SegiZliaT<br />
moiZioT meorad wyaroebSi. rogoria misi alternatiuli Tvalsazrisi?<br />
raSi mdgomareobs misi argumentebi? zogierT axalbeda mkvlevars miaCnia,<br />
rom Tu sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss aRniSnaven moxsenebaSi, amiT sakuTar<br />
Sexedulebas daasusteben. sinamdvileSi piriqiT aris. rodesac<br />
moixseniebT sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss, mkiTxvels aCvenebT, rom ara<br />
mxolod iciT am Tvalsazrisis Sesaxeb, aramed SegiZliaT damajereblad<br />
gamoexmauroT mas (am sakiTxis Sesaxeb damatebiT ix. 5.4.3).<br />
metic, aRniSnuli gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi unda gamoiyenoT<br />
sakuTari Sexedulebebis gasaumjobeseblad. ver SeZlebT Tqveni<br />
Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebas, Tu ar gecodinebaT, ra<strong>to</strong>m SeiZleba,<br />
gamWriax adamians sxva Sexeduleba hqondes. amdenad, wyaroebis Ziebisas<br />
nu moiZiebT mxolod im wyaroebs, romlebSi gamoxatuli Tvalsazrisic<br />
Tqvensas emTxveva. eZebeT wyaroebi, romlebSic Tqveni Sexedulebebis<br />
sawinaaRmdego mosazrebaa warmodgenili.<br />
3. sakuTari kvlevisa da analizisTvis modelebis mosaZebnad. meoradi<br />
wyaroebi SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT, raTa gaarkvioT ara mxolod is, ra<br />
daweres sxvebma Tqveni sakvlevi Temis Sesaxeb, aramed, agreTve, rogor<br />
daweres. amiT SeityobT ra forma da stili SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT Tqveni<br />
naSromisTvis. warmoidgineT, TiTqos meoradi wyaro aris kolega,<br />
romelic gesaubrebaT Tqveni sakvlevi Temis irgvliv. masTan saubrisas<br />
gendomebaT, sakiTxSi garkveuli adamianis STabeWdileba da<strong>to</strong>voT.<br />
amdenad, SeecdebodiT, gagerkviaT, rogor msjelobs is, ra terminebs<br />
iyenebs, ra saxis damamtkicebeli sabuTebi mohyavs da romel<br />
mtkicebulebebs iyenebs iSviaTad an saerTod ar iyenebs. es `saubari”<br />
werilobiTi iqneboda, amdenad, stilisturi detalebis imitirebasac ki<br />
SeZlebdiT. magaliTad, Tqveni kolega did abzacebs iyenebs, Tu gverdebi<br />
dayofili aqvs qvesaTaurebad da punqtebad (romelic gavrcelebulia<br />
socialur mecnierebebSi, naklebad – humanitarulSi).<br />
meoradi wyaro SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT, agreTve, rogorc<br />
konceptualuri analizis modeli. magaliTad, Tqven rom alamos<br />
is<strong>to</strong>riebis analizs awarmoebdeT, albaT, SeiswavlidiT, wyaroSi rogor<br />
46
aris ganxiluli kasteris damarcxeba. wyaroSi gamoyenebuli midgoma<br />
fsiqologiuri, socialuri, is<strong>to</strong>riuli Tu politikuria? Tqveni<br />
proeqtisaTvis, savaraudod, iq warmodgenili konkretuli varaudi an<br />
damamtkicebeli sabuTi aqtualuri ar iqneba.Tumca, pasuxis gamtkiceba<br />
msgavsi saxis monacemebiT da logikuri msjelobiT, imave saxis<br />
struqturis gamoyenebiT ki SegiZliaT.<br />
amdenad, Tu aRmoaCenT wyaros, romelic konkretulad Tqvens<br />
sakvlev Temas ar Seexeba, magram msgavs sakiTxs mimoixilavs, gadaavleT<br />
Tvali da daakvirdiT, rogor msjelobs mkvlevari, rogor warmoadgens<br />
varaudsa da damamtkicebel sabuTs (Sesabamisi wyaros damowmeba ar aris<br />
aucilebeli, Tu am wyarodan mxolod zogad logikas iyenebT, Tumca,<br />
SegiZliaT, miuTiToT is, rom Tqvens midgomas meti damajerebloba<br />
SesZinoT.)<br />
mkvlevarebi meorad wyaroebSi moyvanil monacemebs mxolod maSin<br />
iyeneben, rodesac ver pouloben aRniSnul monacemebs pirvelwyaroebSi.<br />
isini sifrTxiliT ekidebian aRniSnuli meoradi wyaroebis gamoyenebas,<br />
vinaidan meorad wyaroebSi warmodgenili masala xasiaTdeba cdomilebis<br />
maRali maCvenebliT. Tu Tqven maRali akademiuri xarisxis dasacav<br />
naSromze muSaobT, SeamowmeT meoradi wyaroebidan moyvanili<br />
mniSvnelovani citatebis, faqtebis an cifrebis sizuste. av<strong>to</strong>ritetul<br />
gamocemebSi iSviaTad aqvs adgili mizanmimarTulad daSvebuli<br />
uzus<strong>to</strong>bas, magram uyuradRebobiT gamowveul Secdomebis SemTxveva imaze<br />
ufro xSiria, vidre es araspecialistebs hgoniaT an vidre amas<br />
specialistebi aRiareben.<br />
ra Tqma unda, Tqven rom ikvlevdeT, rogor aris gaanalizebuli<br />
alamos is<strong>to</strong>ria, maSin meoradi wyaroebi, sadac es analizia<br />
warmodgenili, TqvenTvis pirvelwyaro iqneba.<br />
Tu sferoSi axalbeda xarT, SesaZloa, meoradi wyaroebis wakiTxva<br />
rTuli mogeCvenoT: meoradi wyaroebis damuSaveba sakiTxis fonis Rrma<br />
codnas moiTxovs da mravali maTgani arc Tu garkveviTaa dawerili (ix.<br />
11.2). Tu muSaobT TqvenTvis axal Temaze, upriani iqneba, Tu jer sakiTxs<br />
Tematur enciklopediaSi an s<strong>and</strong>o mesamexarisxovan wyaroSi gaecnobiT.<br />
3.1.3 gaecaniT mesamexarisxovan wyaroebs, raTa zogadi warmodgena<br />
SeiqmnaT sakiTxze<br />
mesamexarisxovani wyaroebi efuZneba meorad wyaroebs. Cveulebriv,<br />
isini araspecialistebis mier aris dawerili.maT Sorisaa zogadi<br />
enciklopediebi da leqsikonebi, agreTve gazeTebi da Jurnalebi,<br />
rogoricaa Time da Atlantic Monthly da farTo audi<strong>to</strong>riaze gaTvlili<br />
komerciuli wignebi. kargad redaqtirebul zogad enciklopediebSi<br />
warmodgenilia mravali Temis mokle mimoxilva. Tumca, sifrTxiliT<br />
moekideT internet-enciklopediebs, rogorica `vikipedia”, vinaidan iq<br />
warmodgenilia ucnobi av<strong>to</strong>rebis mier dawerili da ara aRiarebuli<br />
mecnierebis mier Seqmnili, saguldagulod redaqtirebuli statiebi.<br />
`vikipediaSi” met-naklebad zusti informaciaa zust da<br />
47
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi.Tumca, zogjer, SeiZleba, Secdomebic<br />
aRmoCndes.arasodes moixsenioT `vikipedia”, rogorc av<strong>to</strong>ritetuli wyaro.<br />
analogiuri sifrTxilis gamoCena gmarTebT saJurnalo da sagazeTo<br />
statiebis gamoyenebisas. zogierT statiaSi meorad wyaroSi moyvanili<br />
kvleva s<strong>and</strong>od aris aRwerili. Tumca, umetes SemTxvevaSi, kvleva<br />
metismetad aris gamartivebuli an metic, arasworad aris gadmocemuli.<br />
Tqven, rasakvirvelia, aseT wyaros pirvelwyarod ganixilavdiT, rom<br />
ikvlevdeT, rogor aris ganxiluli wyaroSi Tema; magaliTad, rogor<br />
aris ganxiluli diskriminacia sqesobrivi niSniT ,,enciklopedia<br />
britanikaSi” an xrikebi _ `vikipediaSi”.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac gaerkveviT wyaroebis saxeebSi, SeZlebT, daiwyoT<br />
maTi moZieba.<br />
3.2 gamoyenebuli wyaroebi CawereT srulad, zustad da miRebuli wesebis<br />
Tanaxmad<br />
vidre wyaroebis Ziebas daiwyebdeT, unda icodeT, rogor unda<br />
miuTiToT gamoyenebuli literatura. mkiTxveli Tqvens naSroms<br />
damajereblad CaTvlis mxolod maSin, Tu irwmunebs Tqven mier<br />
warmodgenil mtkicebulebebs. Tuki mkiTxveli Tqven mier gamoyenebuli<br />
wyaroebis moZebnas ver SeZlebs, Tqvens mtkicebulebebs ar endoba, Tqveni,<br />
rogorc mkvlevris upirvelesi movaleobaa gamoyenebuli literaturis<br />
zustad da srulad miTiTeba, raTa mkiTxvelma SeZlos aRniSnuli<br />
literaturis moZebna.<br />
3.2.1 gansazRvreT gamoyenebuli wyaroebis miTiTebis stili<br />
dargebis udides nawilSi dadgenilia wyaros miTiTebis<br />
konkretuli stili. miTiTebis ori yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli stili<br />
detalurad meore nawilSia aRwerili.<br />
- sqolioSi miTiTebis stilifarTod gamoiyeneba humanitarul<br />
mecnierebebSi da, rig SemTxvevebSi socialur mecnierebebSi (ix. me-<br />
16 da me-17 Tavebi).<br />
- teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebis stili, umetes SemTxvevebSi, gamoiyeneba<br />
socialur da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi (ix. me-18 da me-19<br />
Tavebi).<br />
Tu ar gaqvT gadawyvetili, romeli stili gamoiyenoT, rCevisTvis<br />
profesors mimarTeT.vidre wyaroebis nusxis Sedgenas daiwyebdeT,<br />
waikiTxeT zogadi Sesavali wyaros miTiTebis Sesaxeb me-15 TavSi, Semdeg,<br />
imis mixedviT, Tu miTiTEbis romeli stilis gamoyeneba mogeTxovebaT,<br />
waikiTxeT sqolioSi miTiTebis stilis (me-16 Tavi) an teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi<br />
miTiTebis stilis (me-18 Tavi) Sesavali.<br />
48
3.2.2 CawereT bibliografiuli monacemebi<br />
drois dazogvis da Secdomebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, wyaros<br />
povnisTanave CaiwereT wyaros miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela<br />
informacia. aRniSnuli informaciis udidesi nawili wignis saTauris<br />
gverdze an saJurnalo statiis saTaurTan SegiZliaT ixiloT. is, Tu<br />
konkretulad ra informacia dagWirdebaT, damokidebulia wyaros saxeze.<br />
Tumca, TiToeuli wyarosTvis miuTiTeT, sul mcire, Semdegi:<br />
• vin dawera an Seadgina wyaro?<br />
- av<strong>to</strong>r(eb)i<br />
- redaq<strong>to</strong>r(eb)i<br />
- mTargmnel(eb)i<br />
• ra monacemebis mixedviT xdeba wyaros amocnoba?<br />
- saTauri da qvesaTauri<br />
- ufro vrceli naSromis saTauri da qvesaTauri, sadac wyaroa<br />
CarTuli (rogoricaa krebuli, Jurnali an gazeTi)<br />
- gverdis nomrebi, Tuki wyaro ufro vrcel naSromSia CarTuli<br />
- <strong>to</strong>mis nomeri<br />
- gamocemis nomeri<br />
- redaqciis nomeri<br />
- internetmisamarTi da masalis mopovebis TariRi, Tu monacemebi<br />
internetwyaroebis meSveobiT gaqvT mopovebuli<br />
• vin da rodis gamoaqveyna wyaro?<br />
- gamomcemlobis dasaxeleba<br />
- gamocemis adgili<br />
- gamocemis TariRi<br />
SegiZliaT, TqvenTvis CainiSnoT kongresis biblioTekis Sesabamisi<br />
nomrebi.am nomrebs bibliografiis muxlebSi ar SeiyvanT. Tumca,<br />
SesaZloa, gamogadgeT momavalSi, rodesac wyaroze muSaoba dagWirdebaT.<br />
garkveul etapze mogiwevT am bibliografiuli informaciis<br />
formatireba moTxovnili miTiTebis stilis mixedviT. amdenad, wyaroebi<br />
imTaviTve Sesabamis stilSi unda CaweroT. sqolioSi miTiTEbis stilis<br />
Sablonebi da nimuSebi SegiZliaT, ixiloT naxatSi 16.1 da me-17 TavSi;<br />
teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebis stils naxavT 18.1 naxatsa da me-19 TavSi.<br />
am monacemebis Cawerisas gagiCndebaT teqstis Semoklebis survili,<br />
vinaidan es mosawyeni samuSaoa da wertilebis, mZimeebis da brWyalebis<br />
gamoyenebis wesebi SeiZleba, odnav pedanturad mogeCvenoT. Tumca, ufro<br />
TvalsaCinod araferi mianiSnebs damwyebi mkvlevari rom xarT, vidre<br />
gamoyenebuli wyaros Seusabamo, arasruli an arazusti miTiTeba.amdenad,<br />
Cvevad gaixadeT bibliografiuli monacemebis srulad, zustad da<br />
saTanadod Cawera maTze muSaobisas. arsebobs kompiuteruli programebi,<br />
romlebic av<strong>to</strong>maturad aformatebs gamoyenebuli wyaroebis miTiTebebs.<br />
49
es sasargeblo xerxia, magram ver Caanacvlebs Tqvens codnas saTanado<br />
citirebis formebisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb.amasTan, yvela programa<br />
srulyofilad ar muSaobs.<br />
3.3 eZebeT wyaroebi regularulad<br />
wyaroebis Ziebis procesSi gonivruli sistemuroba gmarTebT,<br />
radgan Tu mniSvnelovani wyaro gamogrCaT, damajereblobas dakargavT.<br />
3.3.1 moZebneT adamiani, romelmac raRac icis Tqveni Temis Sesaxeb<br />
SegiZliaT, Tavdapirvelad gaikiTxoT, vinmem Tu icis raime Tqveni<br />
Temisa da masze arsebuli wyaroebis Sesaxeb.SesaZloa, aseTi adamianebi<br />
iyvnen universitetis studentebi, profesorebi, akademiuri wreebis gareT<br />
moRvawe adamianebic ki.TemasTan dakavSirebiT informacis moZieba<br />
satelefono cnobaris yviTel furclebSi SegiZliaT.SeiZleba, yovelTvis<br />
ver ipovoT saTanado piri, Tumca, iqneb, gagimarTloT kidec.<br />
3.3.2 moiZieT masalebi internetSi<br />
kolejSi Cabarebamde moswavleebis didi nawili mxolod<br />
internetis gamoyenebiT axorcielebs kvlevas, vinaidan saSualo skolebis<br />
biblioTekebi mcirea da, amasTanave, mxolod ramdenime wyaros moZebna<br />
sWirdebaT. kolejSic SegiZliaT garkveuli mosamzadebeli samuSaos<br />
Catareba iseTi samecniero saZieblis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa Google<br />
Scholar. amiT SeiqmniT zogad warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis<br />
wyaroebi arsebobs. Tu Tqvens biblioTekas onlain katalogi aqvs, iqac<br />
SegiZliaT daiwyoT Zieba (ix. 3.3.6 qvemoT). Tumca, Tu masalebs mxolod<br />
internetis gamoyenebiT ikvlevT, gamogrCebaT mniSvnelovani wyaroebi,<br />
romelTa povnac mxolod biblioTekaSi Ziebis gziT aris<br />
SesaZlebeli.kvlavac SegaxsenebT, rom Tqveni samuSao ufro Sedegianad<br />
warimarTeba, Tu geqnebaT gegma.<br />
3.3.3 gaesaubreT bibliograf-konsultants<br />
Tu ar iciT, rogor unda ipovoT sasurveli literatura, SeekiTxeT<br />
biblioTekars.kolejebis biblioTekebis umetesobaSi studentebs<br />
sTavazoben turs samkiTxvelo darbazebSi da aTvalierebineben Tematur<br />
krebulebs, agreTve utareben mokle seminarebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu<br />
rogor eZebon masalebi katalogSi, monacemTa bazebSi da informaciis<br />
sxva wyaroebSi. Tu axalbeda mkvlevari xarT, gamoiyeneT yoveli<br />
SesaZlebloba, rom daeufloT Tqvens sferoSi masalebis onlain Zebnis<br />
meTodebs.<br />
agreTve, SegiZliaT, gaesaubroT biblioTekarebs, romlebsac am<br />
sferoSi aqvT miRebuli specializacia. biblioTekari Tqvens magivrad<br />
ver moZebnis wyaros, Tumca daxmarebas gagiwevT moZiebaSi. Tu gaqvT<br />
kvlevis SekiTxva, gaacniT is biblioTekars: ,,veZeb monacemebs X sakiTxis<br />
Sesaxeb, vinaidan msurs, gavarkvio... Tu gaqvT samuSao hipoTeza da<br />
50
varaudi, maT Sesaxebac uTxariT: veZeb monacemebs, raTa vaCveno Y [Tqveni<br />
varaudi], vinaidan msurs davamtkico Z [hipoTeza]’’. winaswar moamzadeT<br />
SekiTxvebi, raTa ar gaflangoT sakuTari da biblioTekaris dro.<br />
3.3.4 ganaxorcieleT Zieba Tqvens TematursferoSi<br />
yvela sferoSi mkvlevrebs aqvT saerTo Rirebulebebi da<br />
azrovnebis yaida, Tumca TiToeul sferos gaaCnia damaxasiaTebeli<br />
stili. imis gasarkvevad, Tu muSaobis rogori meTodebi gamoiyeneba<br />
Tqvens sferoSi, gadaaTvaliereT Tqveni biblioTekis sacnobaro darbazis<br />
Taroebi, sadac mocemulia gzamkvlevebi Tqvens sferoSi konkretuli<br />
kvlevis meTodebis, monacemTa bazebis da specialuri resursebis Sesaxeb<br />
(bibliografiaSi ixileT mesame kategoriis punqtebi Tqveni sferosaTvis).<br />
sul mcire, gaecaniT Semdeg resursebs (Tqvens sferoSi wyaroebis<br />
CamonaTvalisTis ixileT meoTxe kategoria bibliografiaSi; mravali<br />
wyaro, aseve, internetSia ganTavsebuli):<br />
- Tqvens dargSi wlebis mixedviT gamoqveynebuli naSromebis<br />
bibliografias, magaliTad ,,filosofosis indeqsi” an ,,ganaTlebis<br />
indeqsi”.<br />
- konkretul Temaze naSromebis bibliografiebis reziumes,<br />
Segrovebuls ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi (bibliografiuli<br />
indeqsi – bibliografiebis bibliografia).<br />
- mokle mimoxilvebis krebuls, romlebSic Sejamebulia gazeTebsa da<br />
profesiul JurnalebSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi.<br />
- wlis naSromis recenzias; moZebneT saTauri Tqvens sferoSi,<br />
romelic iwyeba ase: `recenziebi... sferoSi”.<br />
- axali dargebze informaciis mosapoveblad, vebgverdebs, romlebsac<br />
floben kerZo pirebi an samecniero asociaciebi.<br />
Tu odnavi warmodgena mainc gaqvT, ra saxis meoradi literatura<br />
arsebobs Tqvens Temaze, SegiZliaT, daiwyoT ufro mniSvnelovani<br />
wyaroebis moZieba (gadadiT 3.3.7—3.3.8); Tu ar iciT, SegiZliaT daiwyoT<br />
Tematuri cnobarebiT.<br />
3.3.5 gadaxedeT Tematur cnobarebs<br />
Tavdapirvelad sakvlevi Temis Sesaxeb informacia moiZieT<br />
Sesabamis Tematur enciklopediaSi an leqsikonSi, magaliTad,<br />
,,filosofiis enciklopediaSi” an ,,oqsfordis literaturuli terminebis<br />
amomwurav leqsikonSi”, sadac SegiZliaT ixiloT sakvlevi Temis<br />
mimoxilva da xSirad st<strong>and</strong>artuli pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebis sia<br />
(ixileT sakiTxebi Tqveni dargisTvis bibliografiis pirvel da me-2<br />
kategoriebSi).<br />
51
3.3.6 moiZieT masalebi Tqveni biblioTekis katalogSi<br />
wignebis moZieba sakiTxebis mixedviT. rogorc ki ipoviT Tqvens<br />
TemasTan dakavSirebul erT bolodroindel wigns, moZebneT is Tqveni<br />
biblioTekis onlain katalogSi. amgvarad gaigebT, ra Tematur<br />
kategorias miekuTvneba is kongresis biblioTekaSi; Tematuri kategoriebi<br />
statiis boloSia miTiTebuli. magaliTad, internetSi es wigni Semdegi<br />
Tematuri kategoriebiT aris gansazRvruli:<br />
1. disertaciebi, akademiuri. 2. akademiuri wera.<br />
SegiZliaT daaWiroT kategoriaze, raTa ipovoT sxva wignebi imave<br />
Temebze.am wyaroebidan mraval maTganSi iqneba sxva kategoriebi, romelTa<br />
daxmarebiTac SegiZliaT kidev ufro meti wyaros moZieba; es procesi<br />
SeiZleba usasrulod gagrZeldes.<br />
sakvanZo sityva. Tqvens internet-katalogSi masalebi, aseve, moiZieT<br />
kvlevis SekiTxvidan an samuSao hipoTezidan sakvanZo sityvebis<br />
gamoyenebiT – alamo, texasis damoukidebloba, jeims boui. Tu Zalian<br />
bevri masala amovida, daiwyeT im wyaroebiT, romlebic gamoqveynebulia<br />
ukanaskneli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi cnobili universitetebis<br />
gamomcemlobebis mier.ufro didi arCevania WorldCat –Si, Tu Tqvens<br />
biblioTekas gamowerili aqvs es servisi. sxva SemTxvevaSi wyaroebi<br />
moiZieT kongresis biblioTekis katalogSi, http://www.loc.gov.aq ixilavT<br />
bmulebs msxvili universitetebis katalogebze. Tu gWirdebaT<br />
biblioTekaSoriso abonementi, droulad daiwyeT amaze zrunva.<br />
statiebi.Tu Tqvens Temaze arsebuli wyaroebis umetesoba statiebia,<br />
moiZieT uaxlesi statiebi Tqveni biblioTekis `onlain” monacemTa<br />
bazebSi.monacemTa bazis statiaSi iqneba sakvanZo sityvebis sia. moiZieT<br />
isini da SeZlebT damatebiTi statiebis moZebnas. ZiriTadad, amis gakeTeba<br />
sakvanZo sityvaze daWeriT SegiZliaT. zogierT monacemTa bazaSi<br />
warmodgenilia, agreTve, saJurnalo statiebis mokle mimoxilvebi.<br />
gamoiyeneT es sakvanZo sityvebi masalebis biblioTekis katalogSi<br />
mosaZebnadac.<br />
3.3.7 moiZieT masalebi perioduli gamocemebis cnobarebSi<br />
Tu kvleva manamdec CagitarebiaT, TqvenTvis, albaT, nacnobi iqneba<br />
yovelwliuri gzamkvlevebi, magaliTad, ,,mkiTxvelis megzuri sxvadasxva<br />
drois literaturaSi”, sadac moyvanilia iseTi wyaroebi, rogorebicaa<br />
Jurnalebi da gazeTebi. umetes dargSi, agreTve, arsebobs yovelwliuri<br />
gzamkvlevi meoradi wyaroebisTvis, rogoricaa mokle mimoxilvebi<br />
xelovnebis, is<strong>to</strong>riis, da anTropologiis sferoebSi (bibliografiaSi ix.<br />
Tqvens dargSi me-4 kategoriis punqtebi).umetesi maTgani SegiZliaT naxoT<br />
internetSi an kompaqtur diskze.<br />
yvela aRniSnuli resursis gamoyenebiT gadaxvalT sxva resursebze,<br />
Tumca, verc erTi maTgani ver Caenacvleba Ziebas biblioTekaSi, sadac<br />
mkvlevari warmoudgenlad gamosadeg wyaros aRmoaCens xolme.<br />
52
3.3.8 gadaaTvaliereT wignis Taroebi<br />
SeiZleba, ifiqroT, rom internetSi Zieba ufro swrafi gzaa, vidre<br />
biblioTekaSi siaruli. Tumca, SeiZleba es meTodi ufro neli iyos da<br />
Tu mxolod internetSi imuSavebT, SesaZloa, gamogrCeT Zalian<br />
mniSvnelovani wyaroebi, romlebic mxolod biblioTekaSi SeiZleba,<br />
ipovoT. ufro mniSvnelovani ki is aris, rom gamo<strong>to</strong>vebT wyaros<br />
moulodnelad Tavad aRmoCenis SesaZlebloba.<br />
Tu gaqvT Sesvlis ufleba wignTsacavSi (sadac inaxeba yvela wigni),<br />
ipoveT Taro, sadac ganTavsebulia wignebi Tqveni Temis Sesaxeb.Semdeg<br />
gadaxedeT Taroze ganTavsebuli wignebis saTaurebs, agreTve zeda, qveda<br />
da gverdiT mdebare Taroebze dawyobil wignebs.Semdeg SemobrundiT da<br />
Tqven ukan mdebare wignebis saTaurebi gadaaTvaliereT; ra iciT, ra<br />
xdeba. rodesac ipoviT saTaurs, romelic SesaZloa, gamogadgeT,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, Tu es aris universitetis gamomcemlobis mier<br />
gamoSvebuli wigni axali ydiT. CaikiTxeT misi sarCevi, Semdeg saZiebeli,<br />
raTa naxoT Tqvens SekiTxvasTan an pasuxTan dakavSirebuli sakvanZo<br />
sityvebi. Semdeg gadaxedeT wignis bibliografias, raTa naxoT saTaurebi,<br />
romlebic Tqvens proeqts Seesabameba. Gam yovelives wignebis TarosTan<br />
ufro swrafad moaxerxebT, vidre internetSi.<br />
Tu wigni, erTi SexedviT,Tqveni sakvlevi sakiTxidan gamomdinare<br />
sasargeblo Cans, Tvali gadaavleT mis winasityvaobas an Sesavals. amis<br />
Semdeg, Tu dadasturda wignis gamosadegoba, gadadeT, raTa ufro<br />
dakvirvebiT gaecnoT mogvianebiT. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ar Cans<br />
TqvenTvis sasargeblo, CainiSneT misi kongresis biblioTekis nomeri da<br />
bibliografiuli monacemebi (av<strong>to</strong>ri, saTauri, gamomcemloba, gamocemis<br />
TariRi da a.S.; detalebi ix. am saxelmZRvanelos me-2 nawilSi) da<br />
ramdenime sityviT SeajameT, Tqveni azriT, ris Sesaxeb aris wigni. erTi<br />
Tvis Semdeg SesaZloa, mixvdeT, rom es wigni ufro gamosadegia, vidre<br />
manamde gegonaT.<br />
internetSi SegiZliaT moZebnoT araerTi Jurnalis sarCevi, Tumca<br />
biblioTekaSi Jurnalebis seqciaSi Zebna, SeiZleba, ufro Sedegiani<br />
aRmoCndes. moZebneT Jurnalebi, sadac, savaraudod, gamosadegi statiebia<br />
gamoqveynebuli. gadaxedeT wina aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gamocemuli<br />
Jurnalebis sarCevebs. <strong>to</strong>mebSi ZiriTadad mocemulia yovelwliuri<br />
Sejamebuli sarCevebi. Semdeg swrafad gadaxedeT iqve, Taroze dawyobil<br />
Jurnalebs.gadaaTvaliereT maTi uaxlesi sarCevebi. gagikvirdebaT,<br />
ramdenad xSirad ipoviT saTanado statias, romelic gamogrCebodaT, es<br />
muSaoba mTlianad internetiT rom CagetarebinaT.<br />
Tu axalbeda xarT mocemul dargSi, SegiZliaT, warmodgena<br />
Jurnalis mecnierul doneze misi garegnuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT<br />
SeiqmnaT. Tu Jurnali dabeWdilia priala qaRaldze da masSi bevri<br />
ilustracia da reklamebic ki SegxvdaT, SesaZloa, is ufro<br />
beletristikuli iyos, vidre samecniero. es ar aris utyuari niSnebi<br />
imisa, rom Jurnali mecnieruli ar aris, Tumca Rirs maTi<br />
gaTvaliswinebac.<br />
53
3.3.9 maRali xarisxis samecniero naSromze muSaobisas mihyeviT<br />
bibliografiul kvals<br />
Tu maRali xarisxis samecniero naSromze muSaobT, gamoiyeneT<br />
wyaroebSi mocemuli bibliografiebi, raTa moZebnoT axali wyaroebi,<br />
maTi bibliografiebis meSveobiT ki sxva wyaroebi.gaakeTeT Semdegi:<br />
- gadaavleT Tvali Tqvens sakvlev Temaze arsebuli bolodroindeli<br />
wignebis bibliografiebs; gadaxedeT nebismier naSroms, romelic<br />
moxseniebulia yvela maTganSi an umetesobaSi da aRniSnuli<br />
naSromis av<strong>to</strong>ris sxva publikaciebs.<br />
- Tu wyaro gamosadegi aRmoCnda, gadaavleT Tvali mis saZiebels,<br />
raTa moZebnoT av<strong>to</strong>rebi, romlebic miTiTebulia oTx an met<br />
gverdze.<br />
- moZebneT kvlevis recenziebi saJurnalo statiebis pirvel ramdenime<br />
abzacSi.<br />
- moZebneT bolodroindeli sadoq<strong>to</strong>ro disertaciebi, romlebic<br />
odnav mainc aris dakavSirebuli Tqvens sakvlev TemasTan. TiTqmis<br />
yvela disertaciaSi kvlevis mimoxilva pirvel da meore TavebSia<br />
warmodgenili.<br />
axali wyaroebi saukeTesoa, Tumca, SeiZleba, aRmoaCinoT Zveli<br />
wyaro, sadac mocemulia monacemebi, romlebic didi xania yuradRebis<br />
miRmaa da<strong>to</strong>vebuli.<br />
3.4 wyaroebis Sefaseba Sesabamisobis da s<strong>and</strong>oobis kuTxiT<br />
savaraudod, imaze gacilebiT met wyaros ipoviT, vidre gamoyeneba<br />
SegiZliaT. amdenad, swrafad gadaxedvisas ori kriteriumis mixedviT<br />
unda SeafasoT maTi gamosadegoba. es kriteriumebia sakvlev sakiTxTan<br />
Sesabamisoba da s<strong>and</strong>ooba.<br />
3.4.1 SeafaseT wyaroebis Sesabamisoba<br />
mas Semdeg, rac gadawyvetT, rom wigni SeiZleba gamogadgeT,<br />
sistemurad gadaxedeT mas:<br />
- Tu wignis saZiebelSi moyvanilia sakvanZo sityvebi, dakavSirebuli<br />
sakvlev sakiTxTan an mis pasuxebTan, gadaaTvaliereT gverdebi,<br />
romlebzec es sityvebi gxvdebaT.<br />
- TvaligadaavleT Sesavals, gansakuTrebiT mis bolo gverds, sadac<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rebi xSirad warmoadgenen sakuTari teqstis monaxazs.<br />
- gadaxedeT wignis bolo Tavs, gansakuTrebiT, pirvel da bolo eqvs<br />
an Svid gverds.<br />
- Tu dro gaqvT, analogiurad moiqeciT im Tavebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
romlebsac saWirod CaTvliT, gansakuTrebiT, Tu maTSi, saZieblis<br />
mixedviT, bevri sakvanZo sityvaa.<br />
54
- Tu wyaro statiebis krebulia, gadaavleT Tvali redaq<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
winasityvaobas.<br />
(darwmundiT, rom xelT gaqvT wignis uaxlesi redaqcia. droTa<br />
ganmavlobaSi mkvlevrebi icvlian an srulyofen Sexedulebebs,<br />
zogjer uaryofen kidec maT). Tu akademiuri xarisxis dasacav<br />
naSroms amzadebT, waikiTxeT savaraudod gamosadegi wyaroebis<br />
recenziebi (ix. Tqveni sferos wyaroebis bibliografia meoTxe<br />
nawilSi).<br />
Tu Tqveni wyaro saJurnalo statiaa, moiqeciT Semdegnairad:<br />
- waikiTxeT misi mokle mimoxilva, Tu aseTi arsebobs.<br />
- gadaxedeT prologis (an sxva Sesavali nawilis) bolo or an sam<br />
abzacs da mTlianad – nebismier nawils, romelsac ewodeba<br />
`daskvna”.<br />
- Tu statias ar aqvs calke Sesavali an daskvna, gadaavleT Tvali<br />
mis pirvel da bolo ramdenime abzacs.<br />
- gadaavleT Tvali pirvel erT an or abzacs TiToeuli qvesaTauris<br />
Semdeg, Tu aseTebi arsebobs.<br />
Tu wyaro internetSia, maSin Semdegnirad moiqeciT:<br />
- Tu wyaros nabeWdi statiis forma aqvs, moiqeciT ise, rogorc<br />
saJurnalo statiis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
- gadaavleT Tvali nebismier nawils, romelsac ewodeba `Sesavali”,<br />
`mimoxilva”, `Sejameba” da a.S. Tu aseTi nawilebi ar aris, moZebneT<br />
bmuli saxelwodebiT `saitis Sesaxeb” an raime msgavsi.<br />
- Tu `saits” aqvs bmuli saxelwodebiT `saitis ruka” an `saZiebeli”,<br />
mihyeviT mas da SeamowmeT sia, moZebneT sakvanZo sityvebi, romlebic<br />
dakavSirebulia Tqvens SekiTxvasTan an mis pasuxebTan. mihyeviT maT<br />
bmulebSi, raTa gadaaTvalieroT Sesabamisi gverdebi.<br />
- Tu saits aqvs `Ziebis” funqcia, CawereT sakvanZo sityvebi Tqveni<br />
Temidan.<br />
3.4.2 SeafaseT nabeWdi wyaroebis s<strong>and</strong>ooba<br />
wyaroze ver imsjelebT, vidre ar waikiTxavT mas. Tumca, arsebobs<br />
wyaros s<strong>and</strong>oobis niSnebi, romlebic wakiTxvamdec SegiZliaT amoicnoT:<br />
1. av<strong>to</strong>ri kargi reputaciis mqone mecnieria? publikaciebis<br />
umetesobaSi miTiTebulia av<strong>to</strong>ris xarisxTan dakavSirebuli<br />
monacemebi; saZiebo sistemiT SegiZliaT, moipovoT damatebiTi<br />
informacia. aRiarebuli mecnierebis umetesoba s<strong>and</strong>oa. Tumca,<br />
yuradRebiT iyaviT, xom ar aris Tema iseTi sadavo socialuri<br />
sakiTxi, rogoricaa iaraRis kontroli an aborti.kargi reputaciis<br />
mqone mecnieric ki SeiZleba sakuTar interesebze zrunavdes,<br />
55
gansakuTrebiT, Tu mis kvlevas mxars uWers konkretuli<br />
interesebis damcveli jgufi.<br />
2. wyaro uaxlesia? mravali av<strong>to</strong>ritetuli mecnieri wers wignebs da<br />
statiebs da axdens sxvaTa kvlevebis popularizacias. im<br />
droisTvis, rodesac Tqven maT waikiTxavT, es mesamexarisxovani<br />
wyaroebi SesaZloa, moZvelebuli iyos. Tu ramdenad swrafad<br />
moZveldeba wyaro, damokidebulia Temaze, amdenad, gadaamowmeT<br />
wyaro pirTan, romelic erkveva Tqven sferoSi.socialur<br />
mecnierebebSi saJurnalo statiebisTvis aT welze metxniani<br />
periodi Zalian bevria. wignebis SemTxvevaSi es vada Seadgens<br />
TxuTmetiode weliwads. humanitaruli mecnierebebis sferoSi<br />
gamocemuli publikaciebi ki ufro xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSia<br />
vargisi.<br />
3. wyaro av<strong>to</strong>ritetuli gamomcemlobis mier aris gamoqveynebuli?<br />
yvelaze metad SegiZliaT endoT sauniversite<strong>to</strong> gamomcemlobebs,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, cnobili saswavleblebis gamomcemlobebs. es<br />
gamomcemlobebi xelnaweris gamocemamde specialistebs sTxoven<br />
gadaxedvas (am process ewodeba ganxilva kolegebis mier).<br />
SegiZliaT, agreTve, endoT zogierT komerciul gamomcemlobas<br />
garkveul sferoebSi, magaliTad ,,nor<strong>to</strong>ns” (Nor<strong>to</strong>n) literaturaSi,<br />
,,ableqss” (Ablex) mecnierebebSi an ,,uests” (West) samarTalSi.<br />
komerciul wigns, sadac gakeTebulia sensaciuri gancxadebebi,<br />
miudeqiT skeptikurad im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu misi av<strong>to</strong>ris saxelis<br />
gaswvriv miTiTebulia, rom igi filosofiis mecnierebaTa doq<strong>to</strong>ria.<br />
4. gadaxedilia statia av<strong>to</strong>ris kolegebis mier? (umetes samecniero<br />
JurnalSi, rogorc beWdur, ise internet-versiebSi, aqveyneben<br />
mxolod iseT statiebs, romlebsac kolegebma gadaxedes.<br />
komerciuli Jurnalebidan mxolod cota iyenebs kolegebis mier<br />
gadaxedvis meTods da kidev ufro cota amowmebs av<strong>to</strong>ris mier<br />
moyvanil faqtebs. Tu naSromi ar aris kolegis mier gadaxedili,<br />
sifrTxiliT moekideT mis gamoyenebas.<br />
5. rogori recenzia aqvs wyaros miRebuli? Tu wyaro aris wigni,<br />
romelic gamocemulia erT welze meti xnis win, SesaZloa, mis<br />
Sesaxeb recenzia daibeWda Sesabamisi dargis JurnalSi.mraval<br />
dargSi arsebobs gamoqveynebuli recenziebis saZieblebi, sadac<br />
ixilavT, rogor afaseben sxvebi aRniSnul wyaros (ix.<br />
bibliografia).<br />
6. xSirad aqvT aRniSnuli wyaro citirebuli sxvebs? imis mixedviT,<br />
Tu ramdenad xSirad aqvT sxva av<strong>to</strong>rebs mocemuli wyaro TavianT<br />
naSromebSi citirebuli, SegiZliaT, miaxloebiT gansazRvroT,<br />
ramdenad mniSvnelovania is. amisTvis mimarTeT gamoyenebuli<br />
literaturis saZiebels citirebis indeqsis dasadgenad (Tqveni<br />
dargis bibliografiaSi ix. meoTxe nawili).<br />
esindika<strong>to</strong>rebi ar aris imisi garantia, rom wyaro s<strong>and</strong>oa, Tumca<br />
maT safuZvelze SeiZleba ufro Tamamad gamoiyenoT is. Tu s<strong>and</strong>o<br />
56
wyaroebs ver poulobT, gaiTaviseT Tqvens xelT arsebuli literaturis<br />
sazRvrebi.ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba, ipovoT saintereso sakvlevi problema,<br />
Tu aRmoaCenT, rom wyaro, romelic s<strong>and</strong>od miiCneoda, sinamdvileSi ar<br />
aris sarwmuno.<br />
3.4.3 SeafaseT internetwyaroebis s<strong>and</strong>ooba<br />
onlain wyaroebi SeafaseT nabeWdi wyaroebis msgavsad, Tumca meti<br />
dakvirvebiT. s<strong>and</strong>o internetwyaroebis raodenoba dRiTi dRe izrdeba,<br />
Tumca, sarwmuno wyaroebi erTeulebia mcdari informaciis morevSi. Tu<br />
eZebT masalas, romlis mopovebac mxolod internetSi SeiZleba, moZebneT<br />
saitebi an internetpublikaciebi s<strong>and</strong>oobis Semdegi niSnebis mixedviT:<br />
1. saitis mesveuria s<strong>and</strong>o organizacia. zogierTi saiti, romelsac<br />
kerZo piri flobs, s<strong>and</strong>oa, Tumca, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ase ar aris.<br />
2. dakavSirebulia s<strong>and</strong>o profesiul JurnalTan.<br />
3. warmoadgens damatebiT resurss s<strong>and</strong>o beWduri wyaroebisTvis.<br />
zogierTi Jurnali Semdegi miznebisTvis iyenebs internets:<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rebsa da mkiTxvels Soris diskusiebis gasamarTad; iseTi<br />
masalis warmosadgenad, romelic Zalian axaliaimisaTvis, rom<br />
biblioTekaSi inaxebodes; iseTi monacemebis dasaarqiveblad,<br />
romlebic statiebSi ar aris; audi<strong>to</strong>riisTvis im ilustraciebis<br />
saCveneblad, romelTa dabeWdvac Zalian Zviri jdeba. mravali<br />
samTavrobo da akademiuri monacemTa baza mxolod onlain<br />
arsebobs.<br />
4. ar eweva aqtiur propag<strong>and</strong>as raime sadavo socialuri sakiTxis<br />
sasargeblod an sawinaaRmdegod.<br />
5. ar Seicavs usafuZvlo gancxadebebs, sxva mkvlevrebis mtrul<br />
kritikas, Seuracxmyofel gamoTqmebs an orTografiul,<br />
punqtuaciur da gramatikul Secdomebs.<br />
6. mianiSnebs, bolos rodis ganaxlda saiti. Tu TariRi ar aqvs,<br />
sifrTxile gamoiCineT.<br />
saiti miiCnieT sarwmunod mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu yuradRebiani<br />
mkiTxveli endoboda maT, vinc aRniSnul saits emsaxureba. Tu ar iciT,vin<br />
emsaxureba vebsaits, es daeWvebis safuZveli unda gaxdes.<br />
onlain momsaxurebebis meSveobiT dResdReobiT<br />
SesaZlebelia,mravali SedarebiT Zveli teqstis s<strong>and</strong>o redaqciebis<br />
mopoveba. agreTve, mTeli rigi universitetebis saitebze SegiZliaT,<br />
ixiloT jerovnad redaqtirebuli teqstebi. es aris `erTi fanjris<br />
principi”; Tqven ar mogiwevT adgilidan gasvla. Tumca, internetservisebi<br />
srulyofilebiT sakmaod Camouvardeba sauniversite<strong>to</strong> biblioTekebis<br />
umetesobas da maTi gamoyenebiT verafers iswavliT realur<br />
biblioTekaSi kvlevis Catarebis Sesaxeb. erT dRes yvelaferi, rac<br />
odesme dabeWdila, internetSi ganTavsdeba (am perspeqtivasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT zogierT mkvlevars araerTgvarovani Sexeduleba aqvs).<br />
Tumca, manamde, internetSi Zieba ver Caenacvleba wignTsacavSi muSaobas.<br />
57
3.5 sxva resursebis gamoyeneba, garda st<strong>and</strong>artuli saxis wyaroebisa<br />
Tu sakurso naSromze muSaobT, rogorc wesi, aqcenti unda<br />
gaakeToT konkretulad im saxis wyaroebze, romlebic, Cveulebriv,<br />
gamoiyeneba Tqvens sferoSi. Tumca, Tu muSaobT iseT proeqtze,<br />
rogoricaa samagistro Tezisi an sadoq<strong>to</strong>ro disertacia, gamonaxeT<br />
SesaZlebloba, st<strong>and</strong>artuli wyaroebis garda, sxva resursebic moiZioT.<br />
magaliTad, Tqven rom amzadebdeT proeqts Temaze ,,1600 wels soflis<br />
meurneobaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis ekonomikuri Sedegebi<br />
londonis marcvleulis bazrisTvis”, SegeZloT, wagekiTxaT dedofal<br />
elisabedis epoqis droindeli piesebi, dakvirvebodiT muSaTa klasis<br />
cxovrebis suraTebs an mogeZebnaT religiuri pirebis komentarebi<br />
socialuri qcevis Sesaxeb. Tqven rom muSaobdeT londonis yoveldRiuri<br />
cxovrebis vizualur gamoxatulebaze, SesaZloa, dagemuSavebinaT im<br />
periodis da adgilis ekonomikuri is<strong>to</strong>riis amsaxveli<br />
masala.zemoaRniSnulis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia im SezRudul vadaSi,<br />
romelic mokle naSromebisTvis geZlevaT, Tumca, rodesac gaqvT Tveebi<br />
did proeqtze samuSaod, SeecadeT, SekiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
st<strong>and</strong>artuli wyaroebis garda sxva wyaroebsac gaecnoT. amiT<br />
gaaZlierebT ara mxolod konkretul analizs, aramed gaiRrmavebT<br />
azrovnebis diapazons da SeiZenT sxvadasxva saxis monacemebis<br />
gaerTianebis unars, rac maZiebeli gonebis mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa.<br />
58
4. wyaroebis gaazreba<br />
4.1 Tavdapirvelad waikiTxeT miukerZoeblad Tqveni wyaro, raTa gaigoT,<br />
Semdeg ki – kritikulad, raTa safuZvlianad gaiazroT da SeafasoT igi<br />
4.1.1 SemoqmedebiTad gamoiyeneT wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisi,<br />
romelsac eTanxmebiT<br />
4.1.2 SemoqmedebiTad ganaviTareT wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisis<br />
sawinaaRmdego mosazreba<br />
4.2 sistematurad gaakeTeT Canawerebi<br />
4.2.1 SeqmeniT Sablonebi CanawerebisTvis<br />
4.2.2 icodeT, rodis unda gaakeToT reziume an perifrazi, an moiyvanoT<br />
citata<br />
4.2.3 Tavidan airideT uneblie plagiatizmi<br />
4.3 gaakeTeT gamosadegi Canawerebi<br />
4.3.1 gakeTeT sakvlevi SekiTxvisa da samuSao hipoTezisTvis aqtualuri<br />
da saWiro Canawerebi<br />
4.3.2 gaakeTeT Canawerebi, romlebic Seesabameba sakvlev SekiTxvas da<br />
samuSao hipoTezas<br />
4.3.3 CainiSneT saTanado konteqsti<br />
4.3.4 kategoriebad daajgufeT Tqveni Canawerebi daxarisxebis mizniT<br />
4.4 kiTxvis paralelurad wereT<br />
4.5 SeafaseT Tqveni progresi<br />
4.5.1 CanawerebSi moZebneT pasuxi<br />
4.5.2 gamoigoneT SekiTxva<br />
4.5.3 gadaaxarisxeT Tqveni Canawerebi<br />
4.6 daZlieT am procesisTvis Cveuli panikis Setevebi<br />
mas Semdeg, rac ipoviT wyaros, romelic Rirebulad migaCniaT, nu<br />
waikiTxavT mas meqanikurad, mxolod amosaweri monacemebis moZiebis<br />
mizniT. Canawerebis gakeTeba ar aris meqanikuri samuSao. rodesac wyaros<br />
Sesaxeb gacnobierebulad akeTebT Canawerebs, yuradRebis koncentrirebas<br />
axdenT ara mxolod wyaroSi mocemul sityvebsa da mosazrebebze, aramed<br />
mis mniSvnelobaze, Sedegebze, naklovanebebsa da axal potencialze.<br />
wyaros miapyariT mTeli yuradReba, TiTqos misi av<strong>to</strong>ri ijdes Tqvens<br />
winaSe da mzad iyos saubrisTvis (swored ase unda warmoidginoT<br />
mkiTxvelTan komunikaciac).<br />
59
4.1 Tavdapirvlead waikiTxeT miukerZoeblad Tqveni wyaro, raTa gaigoT,<br />
Semdeg ki – kritikulad, raTa safuZvlianad gaiazroT da SeafasoT igi<br />
maRali xarisxis samecniero naSromze muSaobisas wyaroebi,<br />
romlebic yvelaze gamosadegad geCvenebaT, orjer waikiTxeT, pirvelad<br />
swrafad da miukerZoeblad, raTa gaigoT, ra ideaa maTSi gatarebuli. Tu<br />
aCqardebiT da ar daeTanxmebiT wyaroSi gamoxatul mosazrebebs maTi<br />
kargad gaazrebis gareSe, SeiZleba, arasworad gaigoT raime an<br />
gadaWarbebuli yuradReba miaqcioT mis susti mxareebs.<br />
Semdeg kidev erTxel waikiTxeT wyaro, nela da kritikulad,<br />
TiTqos megobars keTilganwyobiT, Tumca, mkafiod usvamT SekiTxvebs;<br />
warmoidgineT misi pasuxebi, Semdeg SekiTxvebi dausviT. Tu ar eTanxmebiT,<br />
wyaro ubralod gverdze ar gadadoT: waikiTxeT is Tqveni Tavdapirveli<br />
Tvalsazrisis ganviTarebis mizniT.<br />
savaraudod, wyaroebze srul koncentrirebas ver SeZlebT, vidre<br />
ar waikiTxavT da SegeqmnebaT sakuTari mosazrebebi. Tumca, Tavidanve<br />
yuradRebiT iyaviT, raTa wyaroebi waikiTxoT ara pasiurad, rogorc<br />
Cveulebrivma mkiTxvelma, aramed aqtiurad da safuZvlianad, rogorc<br />
dainteresebulma partniorma. garkveul etapze, umjobesia, rac SeiZleba<br />
adre moifiqroT, rogor SeiZleba, gascdeT wyaroebis farglebs maSinac<br />
ki, roca maT eTanxmebiT.<br />
4.1.1 SemoqmedebiTad gamoiyeneT wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisi,<br />
romelsac eTanxmebiT<br />
Zalian kargia, rodesac wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisi<br />
emTxveva Tqvens Sexedulebebs. Tumca, Tu mas ubralod pasiurad<br />
daeTanxmebiT, ver ganaviTarebT sakuTar ideebs. amdenad, scadeT,<br />
ganavrcoT is, rac wyaroSia mocemuli: ra axal Tvalsazriss SeiZleba<br />
moicavdes igi? ra axali ideebi SeuZlia mogvawodos? Seicavs Tu ara is<br />
iseT damamtkicebel sabuTs, romelic Tqvens wyaroSi ar aris<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli? qvemoT giCvenebT, rogor SegiZliaT SemoqmedebiTad<br />
miudgeT wyaroSi warmodgenil Tvalsazriss.<br />
warmoadgineT damatebiTi mtkicebulebebi. Tqven gaqvT axali<br />
mtkicebuleba wyaroSi warmodgenili varaudis gasamyareblad.<br />
smiti iyenebs dakvirvebaze dafuZnebul mtkicebulebebs imis saCveneblad,<br />
rom alamos is<strong>to</strong>rias texasis gareT miTis statusi hqonda. Tumca, didi<br />
qalaqebis gazeTebis kvlevis Sedegad ukeTes mtkicebulebebs viRebT.<br />
1. wyaro varauds Zveli monacemebiT amyarebs, xolo Tqven SesaZloa,<br />
axali damatkicebeli sabuTebi warmoadginoT.<br />
2. wyaro varaudis gasamyareblad sust damamtkicebel sabuTs<br />
iSveliebs, Tqven ki SesaZloa, ufro Zlieri monacemebi<br />
warmoadginoT.<br />
60
daadastureT debuleba, romelic ar aris gamyarebuli. Tqven<br />
SegiZliaT, daamtkicoT raRac, rac wyaroSi mxolod daSvebis an<br />
varaudis donezea warmodgenili.<br />
sportSi Sedegebis gasaumjobeseblad smiti gvirCevs vizualizaciis<br />
gamoyenebas, xolo sportsmenebis gonebrivi muSaobis kvleva gviCvenebs,<br />
ra<strong>to</strong>m aris smitis rCeva sasargeblo.<br />
1. wyaroSi mxolod navaraudevia, rom X sworia, Tqven ki SeiZleba,<br />
daamtkicoT, rom namdvilad asea.<br />
2. wyaroSi warmodgenilia daSveba, rom X sworia, Tqven ki SeiZleba,<br />
es daamtkicoT.<br />
ganavrceT debuleba. Tvalsazrisi SegiZliaT, axali mimarTulebebiT<br />
ganavrcoT.<br />
smitma gamoavlina, rom samedicino institutis studentebi fiziologiur<br />
procesebs ukeT swavloben, rodesac maT sakiTxs uxsnian bevri metaforis<br />
gamoyenebiT, vidre maSin, rodesac mxolod erTi metaforiT<br />
Semoifarglebian. rogorc Cans, igive xdeba inJinrebis mier fizikuri<br />
procesebis Seswavlisasac.<br />
1. wyaroSi sworad aris gamoyenebuli debuleba erTi situaciisTvis,<br />
Tumca, SesaZloa, is sxva situaciebzec gavrceldes.<br />
2. wyaros mtkicebiT, X sworia konkretul situaciaSi, Tumca,<br />
SesaZloa, sazogadodac asea.<br />
4.1.2 SemoqmedebiTad ganaviTareT wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisis<br />
sawinaaRmdego mosazreba<br />
naSromis momzadebisas kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, aRniSnoT, rom<br />
ar eTanxmebiT wyaros, radgan aman SesaZloa, aRmogaCeninoT mTeli Tqveni<br />
naSromis samuSao hipoteza. amdenad, gamoiyeneT gansxvavebuli<br />
Tvalsazrisi Tqveni msjelobis gasaviTareblad da ar SemoifargloT<br />
mxolod aRniSvniT, rom wyaroSi warmodgenil Tvalsazriss ar<br />
eTanxmebiT. qvemoT moyvanilia sawinaaRmdego poziciis gamoxatvis<br />
magaliTebi (moyvanili variantebi ar miekuTvneba mkafiod gamijnul<br />
kategoriebs; bevri maTgani nawilobriv emTxveva erTmaneTs).<br />
wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisis uaryofa raimes bunebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. wyaroSi naTqvamia, rom raRac garkveuli bunebisaa, Tumca<br />
SesaZloa, is sxva xasiaTis aris.<br />
smiti ambobs, rom garkveuli religiuri jgufebi miiCnevian e.w.<br />
“kultebis religiad” maTi ucnauri rwmena-Sexedulebebis gamo. Tumca, am<br />
rwmena-Sexedulebebis buneba ar gansxvavdeba st<strong>and</strong>artuli religiebisgan.<br />
61
1. wyaros mtkicebiT, X miekuTvneba Y-is saxeobas (an misi msgavsia),<br />
Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris.<br />
2. wyaros mtkicebiT, X yovelTvis xasiaTdeba Y-iT, rogorc erT-erT<br />
TvisebiT an atributiT, Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris.<br />
3. wyaros mtkicebiT, X aris<br />
Cveulebrivi/kargi/mniSvnelovani/gamosadegi/ zneobrivi/saintereso/...,<br />
Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris.<br />
(SegiZliaT, SeabrunoT es varaudebi da ganacxadoT sapirispiro:<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom wyaros TqmiT, X ar aris Y-is bunebis, Tqven<br />
SegiZliaT, aCvenoT, rom es asea.)<br />
sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis gamoTqma nawilebisa da mTelis<br />
urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb. SegiZliaT aCvenoT, rom wyaro cdeba imis<br />
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli raimes nawilebi.<br />
smiti acxadebs, rom sportuli momzadeba Zalian mniSvnelovania<br />
ganaTlebuli adamianisTvis, Tumca, sinamdvileSi mZleosnobis adgili<br />
kolejSi ar aris.<br />
1. wyaros mtkicebiT, X aris Y-is Semadgeneli nawili, magram, SesaZloa,<br />
ase ar aris.<br />
2. wyaros mtkicebiT, X-is erTi nawili garkveuli saxiT dakavSirebulia<br />
mis sxva nawilebTan, Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris.<br />
3. wyaros mtkicebiT, yoveli X-is erT-erTi nawilia Y, Tumca, SesaZloa,<br />
ase ar aris.<br />
sakiTxis ganviTarebasTan an is<strong>to</strong>riasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
sawinaaRmdego mosazreba. SegiZliaT, aCvenoT, rom sakiTxis sawyisebi da<br />
ganviTareba arasworad aris warmodgenili wyaroSi.<br />
smiti acxadebs, rom msoflios mosaxleobis zrda gagrZeldeba, Tumca,<br />
ase ar moxdeba.<br />
1. wyaros mtkicebiT, X icvleba, Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris.<br />
2. wyaros mtkicebiT, X momdinareobs Y-dan, Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar<br />
aris.<br />
3. wyaros mtkicebiT, X ganviTardeba garkveuli saxiT, Tumca,<br />
SesaZloa, ase ar aris.<br />
gareSe mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli<br />
Tvalsazrisis uaryofa. SegiZliaT aCvenoT, rom wyaro mcdarad<br />
ganixilavs mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs:<br />
62
smiti acxadebs, rom SesaZlebelia arasrulwlovanTa damnaSaveebad<br />
qcevis prevencia mozardTa gamosasworebeli dawesebulebebis daxmarebiT.<br />
Tumca, faqtebi gviCvenebs, rom aseTi dawesebulebebi zrdis<br />
arasrulwlovnebis damnaSaveebad Camoyalibebis albaTobas.<br />
1. wyaros mtkicebiT, X iwvevs Y-s, Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris.<br />
2. wyaros mtkicebiT, X iwvevs Y-s, Tumca, SesaZloa, orive maTgans iwvevs<br />
Z.<br />
3. wyaros mtkicebiT, X sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom gamoiwvios Y, Tumca,<br />
SesaZloa, ase ar aris.<br />
4. wyaros mtkicebiT, X mxolod Y-s iwvevs, Tumca, SesaZloa, is iwvevs<br />
agreTve Z-sac.<br />
gaba<strong>to</strong>nebuli Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdego poziciis gamoxatva.<br />
uaryofis umetesi nawili ar cvlis sakiTxis konceptualur struqturas,<br />
Tumca, raime sakiTze st<strong>and</strong>artuli Sexedulebis uaryofiT sxvebs axali<br />
Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebisken ubiZgebT.<br />
smiti varaudobs, rom reklamireba wminda ekonomikuri saqmianobaa, Tumca<br />
reklamireba, agreTve, xelovnebis axali formebis labora<strong>to</strong>riac aris.<br />
1. wyaro ganixilavs X–s Y-is konteqstSi. Tumca, SesaZloa, axalma<br />
konteqstma an Tvalsazrisma axali WeSmariteba gamoavlinos (axali an<br />
Zveli konteqsti SeiZleba, iyos socialuri, politikuri, filosofiuri,<br />
is<strong>to</strong>riuli, ekonomikuri, eTikuri, genderul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
da a.S.)<br />
2. wyaroSi X gaanalizebulia Y-is Teoriis/Rirebulebebis sistemis<br />
gamoyenebiT. Tumca, SesaZloa, moaxerxoT X-is axleburad gaanalizeba da<br />
danaxva.<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, ver SeZlebT wyaroebis ase gamoyenebas, vidre<br />
sakuTari Sexedulebis Camosayalibeblad sakmarisi masala ar geqnebaT<br />
wakiTxuli. Tumca, Tu kiTxvis dawyebisas msjelobis am gzebs<br />
gaiTvaliswinebT, ufro swrafad da Sedegianad SeZlebT wyaroebze<br />
koncentrirebas.<br />
rasakvirvelia, mas Semdeg, rac mixvdebiT, rom SegiZliaT,<br />
efeqturad daeTanxmoT an ar daeTanxmoT wyaros, unda dasvaT SekiTxva<br />
`mere ra?” risi momcemia imis Cveneba, rom smiti cdeboda, rodesac<br />
amtkicebda, rom aSS-is Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawilis mosaxleoba<br />
enTuziazmiT ar Sexvda alamos is<strong>to</strong>rias, rom es sinamdvileSi piriqiT<br />
moxda?<br />
63
4.2 sistematurad gaakeTeT Canawerebi<br />
iseve, rogorc proeqtis sxva etapebisTvis, Canawerebis<br />
sawarmoebladac umjobesia, gqondeT winaswar SemuSavebuli gegma.<br />
Sarmani, skabrezoba, gv. 133. is<strong>to</strong>ria/ekonomika (genderuli sakiTxebi?)<br />
debuleba: skabrezoba me-18 saukuneSi ekonomikuri problema gaxda<br />
faqtebi: `jentlmenz magazin” 1751 wlis ivliss (gverdi ar aris<br />
miTiTebuli) iuwyeba: qals miusajes mZime Sroma aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
vinaidan ver SeZlo uSveri sityvebis gamoyenebisTvis dakisrebuli<br />
jarimis, erTi Silingis gadaxda.<br />
`... erTma xistma ekonomistma gamoTqva mosazreba, gaezardaT erovnuli<br />
resursebi uSveri sityvebiT molaparake SeZlebuli klasis winaaRmdeg<br />
kampaniis mowyobiT.”<br />
Cemi SekiTxvebi: mamakacebs iseve xSirad ajarimebdnen, rogorc qalebs?<br />
aqtualuria dRes ekonomikasa da skabrezobas Soris kavSiri? uSveri<br />
sityvebiT molaparake komikosebi ufro popularulebi arian? skabrezuli<br />
sityvebis Semcveli filmebi ufro realisturia?<br />
nax. 4.1. Canawerebis baraTis nimuSi<br />
4.2.1 SeqmeniT Sabloni CanawerebisTvis<br />
Canawerebi ufro s<strong>and</strong>o iqneba, Tu maT iseTi sistemis mixedviT<br />
gaakeTebT, romelic dagexmarebaT ara mxolod daufiqrdeT wyaroebis<br />
Sinaarss, aramed gaaanalizoT da daalagoT isini gamosadeg<br />
kategoriebad. zogierTi profesori dResac urCevs studentebs, gaakeTon<br />
Canawerebi 3X5 baraTebze, rogorc es 4.1 naxatzea naCvenebi. aseTi baraTi<br />
SeiZleba, Zvelmodurad mogeCvenoT, magram is efeqtiani Canawerebis<br />
warmoebis nimuSia da gamosadegia maSinac, roca Canawerebs kompiuterSi<br />
akeTebT. (wyarodan amowerili TiToeuli zogadi Tvalsazrisi an<br />
debuleba calke gverdze moaTavseT.) Sablonis Seqmnis gegma aseTia:<br />
- yoveli axali gverdis zeda nawilSi gamoyaviT adgili<br />
bibliografiuli monacemebisTvis (av<strong>to</strong>ri, mokle saxelwodeba,<br />
gverdis nomeri).<br />
64
- zeda nawilSi gamoyaviT kidev erTi adgili sakvanZo sityvebisTvis<br />
(ix. zeda marjvena mxare). mogvianebiT es sityvebi dagexmarebaT<br />
Canawerebis sakiTxis mixedviT daxarisxebaSi (sakvanZo sityvebis<br />
Sesaxeb damatebiT ix. 4.3.4).<br />
- sxvadasxva SeniSvnisTvis calke adgili gamoyaviT Sablonis<br />
gverdze. SegiZliaT, es adgilebi daasaTauroT kidec (ix. naxati 4.1,<br />
sadac gamoyofili da dasaTaurebulia adgilebi: debuleba,<br />
monacemebi da Cemi SekiTxvebi).<br />
- gamoyaviT nawili, romelic daeTmoba Tqvens pasuxebs, Tanxmobas,<br />
sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss, msjelobas da sxva Temebs. Sedegad,<br />
ubralod, wakiTxulis Sinaarsis CaniSvnaze mets miiRebT.<br />
- rodesac wyarodan citata mogyavT, CawereT is gansxvavebuli feriT<br />
an sxva zomisa da stilis SriftiT, raTa erTi SexedviT SeZloT<br />
misi amocnoba. moaTavseT citatebi did brWyalebSi, rom mainc<br />
SeZloT maTi swrafad SeniSvna, Tu failis formati daikarga,<br />
- rodesac nawyvetis perifrazs akeTebT (ix. 4.2.2), CawereT is<br />
gansxvavebuli feriT an SriftiT, raTa ar agerioT sakuTar<br />
ideebSi da CasviT mrgval frCxilebSi (gamogadgebaT, Tu failis<br />
formati daikarga),<br />
Tu pirdapir kompiuterSi ver akeTebT Canawerebs, gadaiReT Sablonis<br />
aslebi.<br />
4.2.2 icodeT, rodis unda gaakeToT reziume an perifrazi, an moiyvanoT<br />
citata<br />
teqstebis sityva-sityviT amowera yvela wyarodan, romlis<br />
gamoyenebac gsurT, usasrulod gagigrZeldebaT, ami<strong>to</strong>m unda icodeT,<br />
rodis sjobs citirebas reziume an perifrazi.<br />
reziume gaakeTeT maSin, rodesac gWirdebaT nawyvetis, nawilis an,<br />
Tundac, mTliani statiis an wignis mxolod zogadi azri. reziume<br />
gamosadegia zogadi konteqstisTvis an Tqveni kvlevisTvis aqtualuri,<br />
magram ara pirdapir dakavSirebuli faqtebisa da SexedulebebisTvis.<br />
wyaros reziume arasodes gamodgeba karg mtkicebulebad (damatebiT<br />
damamtkicebeli sabuTebis Sesaxeb ix. 5.4.2).<br />
perifrazi gaakeTeT maSin, roca wyaroSi mocemuli azri SegiZliaT<br />
ufro mkafiod an xazgasmiT warmoadginoT, vidre es wyaroSia mocemuli.<br />
perifrazi ar niSnavs mxolod erTi-ori sityvis Secvlas. perifrazis<br />
dros unda gamoiyenoT sakuTari sityvebi da frazebi, da SecvaloT<br />
nawyvetSi arsebuli sityvebis da frazebis umetesoba (ix. 7.9.2). perifrazi<br />
arasodes gamodgeba iseTive karg damamtkicebel sabuTad, rogoric zusti<br />
citataa.<br />
zusti citatebi gamoiyeneT Semdeg SemTxvevebSi:<br />
- citirebuli sityvebi warmoadgens mtkicebulebas, romelic amyarebs<br />
Tqvens varauds. Tu, magaliTad, gsurT, ganacxadoT, rom sxvadasxva<br />
65
egionSi alamos brZolas gansxvavebuli gamoxmaureba hqonda,<br />
moiyvaneT zusti citatebi sxvadasxva gazeTebidan. xolo maTi<br />
perifrazi gaakeTeT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tqveni mizania zogadi<br />
ganwyobis Cveneba.<br />
- sityvebi ekuTvnis av<strong>to</strong>ritetul wyaros, romelic emxroba Tqvens<br />
Tvalsazriss.<br />
- citata saocrad originaluria.<br />
- citata gamoxatavs Tqvens ideebs ise sainteresod, rom Semdgomi<br />
msjelobisTvis karg struqturas qmnis.<br />
- citata gamoxatavs Tvalsazriss, romelsac ar eTanxmebiT da,<br />
obieqturobis mizniT, gsurT, is zustad warmoadginoT.<br />
Tu Tavidanve ar CaiwerT mniSvnelovan sityvebs, mogvianebiT ver<br />
moaxerxebT maT citirebas. amdenad, gadawereT nawyvetebi an gadaiReT<br />
maTi aslebi, isini imaze xSirad dagWirdebaT, vidre ggoniaT (aslebis<br />
gadaRebis Sesaxeb damatebiT ix. 4.3.1). arasodes SeamokloT citata im<br />
imediT, rom mogvianebiT SeZlebT mis aRdgenas. Tu citatas arasworad<br />
warmoadgenT, zians miayenebT Tqveni naSromis s<strong>and</strong>oobas. amdenad,<br />
gadaamowmeT citata originalTan. Semdeg kidev erTxel SeamowmeT.<br />
4.2.3 Tavidan airideT uneblie plagiati<br />
Canawerebis daudevrad gakeTebis gamo araerTi studenti da specialisti<br />
aRmoCenila savalalo mdgomareobaSi _ umniSvnelo sagnis gamo dacinvis<br />
obieqtebi gamxdaran an uneblie plagiatis gamo samecniero wreebidan<br />
gauricxavT. amgvari riskis Tavidan asacileblad, kargad daimaxsovreT<br />
CanawerebSi informaciis CaniSvnis ori ZiriTadi wesi:<br />
- yovelTvis mkafiod gamoyaviT wyarodan moyvanili citatebi da<br />
ideebi, raTa kvirebis an Tveebis Semdeg ar SegeSaloT da sakuTari<br />
ar gegonoT. rogorc zemoT girCieT, brWyalebSi CasviT citatebi<br />
da perifrazebi, agreTve, gamoiyeneT Srifti, romelic mkafiod<br />
gamoarCevs maT Tqveni ideebisgan.<br />
- arasodes gaakeToT teqstTan ise miaxloebuli perifrazi, rom<br />
mkiTxvelma originalad CaTvalos (ix. 7.9.2).<br />
amasTanave, nacvlad imisa, rom xeliT akrifoT is citatebi, romlebsac<br />
ramdenime xazze meti adgili ukavia, CamotvirTeT maTi eleqtronuli<br />
versia an gadaiReT maTi asli. CamotvirTuli an gadaRebuli gverdis<br />
zeda nawilSi daamateT wyaros dasaxeleba da daxarisxebisTvis saWiro<br />
sakvanZo sityva.<br />
mniSvnelovania: arasodes ivaraudoT, rom SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT<br />
internetSi moZiebuli masala wyaros miTiTebis gareSe, im SemTxvevaSic<br />
ki, Tu is ufaso da sajarod xelmisawvdomia. araferi ganTavisuflebT<br />
valdebulebisgan, miuTiToT nebismieri iseTi masalis wyaro, romelic<br />
66
piradad ar SegiqmniaT (plagiatis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciisaTvis<br />
ix. 7.9.)<br />
4.3 gaakeTeT gamosadegi Canawerebi<br />
mkiTxveli Seafasebs Tqvens naSroms ara mxolod wyaroebis xarisxisa da<br />
maTi zustad miTiTebis mixedviT, aramed, agreTve, imiT, Tu ramdenad<br />
efeqturad iyenebT wyaroebs. amisaTvis Canawerebi ise unda awarmooT, rom<br />
ara mxolod asaxavdes wyaros, aramed gexmarebodeT kidec proeqtis ukeT<br />
gaazrebaSi.<br />
4.3.1 awarmoeT Canawerebi, raTa ukeT warmarToT msjelobis procesi<br />
mraval gamoucdel mkvlevars miaCnia, rom Canawerebis gakeTeba mxolod<br />
monacemebis Caweraa. wyaros moZiebis Semdeg isini CamotvirTaven masalas,<br />
gadaiReben gverdebis aslebs, an zustad gadaweren wyarodan teqsts.<br />
teqstis amowera da aslis gadaReba dagexmarebaT zust citirebasa da<br />
perifrazirebaSi, Tumca, Tu mxolod amiT SemoifarglebiT, Tu wyaroebs<br />
Rrmad ar gaaanalizebT, ubralod, daagrovebT uamrav usargeblo<br />
monacems, romelsac naSromSi ver gamoiyenebT.<br />
Tu mravali teqstis asls iRebT, gaukeTeT maT anotaciebi ise, rom<br />
dagexmaroT maT kritikulad gaazrebaSi. Tavdapirvelad SearCieT is<br />
winadadebebi, romlebic romelime TavSi an statiaSi gamoxatavs<br />
mniSvnelovan elementebs (debulebas, ZiriTad varauds da a.S.). moniSneT<br />
isini an mindorze gaukeTeT SeniSvna. Semdeg moniSneT ideebi an<br />
informacia, romelTa CarTvasac apirebT naSromSi. (Tu iyenebT markers,<br />
gamoiyeneT sxvadasxva feri gansxvavebuli elementebis gamosayofad.)<br />
Semdeg, gadaRebuli gverdebis ukana mxares SeajameT, rac moniSneT<br />
an CainiSneT maTze pasuxis monaxazi, an kideze gaakeTeT Canawerebi,<br />
romlebic dagexmarebaT moniSnuli teqstis ganmartebaSi. rac ufro met<br />
informacias CainiSnavT wyaros Sesaxeb Tavidanve, miT ukeT gaigebT da<br />
gaixsenebT mas mogvianebiT.<br />
4.3.2 gakeTeT sakvlevi SekiTxvisa da samuSao hipoTezisTvis aqtualuri<br />
da saWiro Canawerebi<br />
maqsimalurad gamosadegi Canawerebis gasakeTeblad amowereT ara<br />
mxolod faqtebi, romelTac, Tqveni azriT, damamtkicebel sabuTad<br />
gamoiyenebT, aramed is monacemebic, romlebic dagexmarebaT ganmar<strong>to</strong>T es<br />
faqtebi da maTi kavSiri Tqvens debulebasTan. SegiZliaT, SeqmnaT<br />
Canawerebis Sabloni, rac gagaxsenebT, rom unda moiZioT gansxvavebuli<br />
saxis monacemebi (ix. 4.2.1).<br />
es sami elementi pirdapir kavSirSia Tqvens samuSao hipoTezasTan:<br />
67
- varaudi, romelic amyarebs Tqvens hipoTezas an mianiSnebs, rom<br />
saWiroa axali hipoTeza;<br />
- damamtkicebeli sabuTi, romelic amyarebs Tqvens varauds;<br />
- Sexedulebebi, romlebic asustebs an, Tundac, ewinaaRmdegeba Tqvens<br />
hipoTezas;<br />
CanawerebSi mxolod damamtkicebel faqtebs nu CainiSnavT. Tqveni<br />
hipoTezis damtkicebisas dagWirdebaT im monacemebis ganxilva, romlebic<br />
asustebs an Tundac ewinaRmdegeba mas (ix. 5.4.3).<br />
qvemoT warmodgenili elementebi SeiZleba, ar asabuTebdes an<br />
ewinaaRmdegebodes Tqvens hipoTezas, magram SesaZloa, gamogadgeT misi<br />
konteqstis ganmartebisTvis an, ubralod, naSromis ukeT gamarTvaSi:<br />
- Tqveni SekiTxvis is<strong>to</strong>riuli foni: ras amboben av<strong>to</strong>ritetuli<br />
pirebi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT, adreul<br />
kvlevebSi (ix. 6.2.2 da 10.1.1);<br />
- is<strong>to</strong>riuli an Tanamedrove konteqsti, romliTac aixsneba Tqveni<br />
SekiTxvis mniSvnelovneba;<br />
- mniSvnelovani ganmartebebi da analizis principebi;<br />
- analogiebi, Sedarebebi da is<strong>to</strong>riebi, romlebic SeiZleba, pirdapir<br />
ar amtkicebdes Tqvens hipoTezas, magram ganmartavdes an ukeT<br />
warmoaCendes rTul sakiTxebs an, ubralod, ufro sainteresos<br />
xdides Tqvens analizs;<br />
- Tqvens TemasTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebulad originaluri<br />
teqsti<br />
4.3.3 CaiwereT saTanado konteqsti<br />
isini, vinc Segnebulad arasworad gadmoscems wyaroebidan<br />
informacias, arakeTilsindisieria, magram keTilsindisierma mkvlevarmac<br />
SeiZleba, dauSvas uneblie Secdoma, Tu sityvebs ubralod Caiwers da<br />
yuradRebas ar miaqcevs maT mniSvnelobas an gamosadegobas. mkiTxveli<br />
rom SecdomaSi ar SeiyvanoT, misdieT Semdeg saxelmZRvanelo principebs:<br />
1. nu ivaraudebT, rom wyaro eTanxmeba mwerals, rodesac wyaroSi<br />
Sejamebulia mwerlis msjelobა. citatis saxiT moitaneT mxolod<br />
is, rasac wyaro eTanxmeba da ara wyaroSi warmodgenili sxvaTa<br />
Sexedulebebi, Tu, raRa Tqma unda, es ukanaskneli saWiro ar aris<br />
Tqveni naSromisTvis.<br />
2. CawereT, ra<strong>to</strong>m eTanxmeba wyaro aRniSnul Sexedulebas, radgan<br />
Tanxmobis mizezi SeiZleba, iseve mniSvnelovani iyos, rogorc<br />
gansxvvebuli azrisa. ori fsiqologi SeiZleba Tanxmdebodes imaze,<br />
rom mozardebSi alkoholizmi gamowveulia socialuri garemos<br />
zegavleniT, Tumca, erTma SeiZleba, daimowmos ojaxuri garemo,<br />
meorem ki _ Tana<strong>to</strong>lebis zegavlena.<br />
68
3. CainiSneT citatis konteqsti. rodesac CaiwerT mniSvnelovan<br />
daskvnas, miuTiTeT av<strong>to</strong>ris msjelobac:<br />
arasworia: bar<strong>to</strong>li (gv. 123): omi gamoiwvia.... Z-ma.<br />
sworia: bar<strong>to</strong>li: omi gamoiwvia Y-ma da Z-ma (gv. 123), magram yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani iyo Z (gv. 123), ori mizeziT: pirveli, ....(gv. 124-26); meore,<br />
...(gv. 126)<br />
im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac mxolod daskvna gainteresebT, ufro zustad<br />
gamoiyenebT mas, Tu CainiSnavT, rogor gamoitana av<strong>to</strong>rma es daskvna.<br />
4. CainiSneT, ra CarCoebSia moqceuli da ramdenad mtkiced aris<br />
warmodgenili TiToeuli debuleba. ar warmoaCinoT is ufro<br />
Zlierad da vrclad, vidre es wyaroSia mocemuli. qvemoT<br />
warmodgenil meore winadadebaSi pirvelis Sinaarsi saTanadod da<br />
zustad ar aris gadmocemuli.<br />
riskis aRqmis Sesaxeb Catarebuli erTi kvleva (uilsoni 1988) ambobs, rom<br />
arsebobs urTerTkavSiri did fsonebze azartul TamaSebSi Cabmasa da<br />
arasrul ojaxebs Soris.<br />
uilsonis (1988) TqmiT, arasruli ojaxi iwvevs did fsonebze azartul<br />
TamaSebSi Cabmas.<br />
5. CaiwereT, rogor aris warmodgenili wyaroSi Tvalsazrisi.<br />
aRniSneT, es mniSvnelovani varaudia, umniSvnelo sakiTxi, Sesworeba<br />
Tu aRiareba da a.S. aseTi gansxvavebebis gakeTebiT SeZlebT Semdegi<br />
saxis Secdomis Tavidan acilebas:<br />
originali jounsis mier: “is, rom erTi movlena meores Semdeg xdeba, ar<br />
gvaZlevs safuZvels, davaskvnaT, rom pirveli meores iwvevs. arc<br />
statistikur korelacias SeuZlia mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dadgena.<br />
Tumca, visac Seuswavlia saTanado monacemebi, eWvi ar Seaqvs imaSi, rom<br />
moweva filtvis kibos gamomwvevi faq<strong>to</strong>ria.”<br />
SecdomaSi Semyvani gadmocema: jounsi acxadebs, `is, rom erTi movlena<br />
meoris Semdeg xdeba, ar gvaZlevs safuZvels, davaskvnaT, rom pirveli<br />
meores iwvevs. arc statistikur korelacias SeuZlia mizez-Sedegobrivi<br />
kavSiris dadgena.” amdenad, statistikuri monacemebi ar aris sarwmuno<br />
maCvenebeli imis, rom moweva filtvis kibos iwvevs.<br />
69
4.3.4 kategoriebad daajgufeT Tqveni Canawerebi daxarisxebis mizniT<br />
dabolos, konceptualurad Sromatevadi amocana: Canawerebis warmoebisas<br />
TiToeulis Sinaarsi moaqcieT ori an ramdenime gansxvavebuli sakvanZo<br />
sityvis qveS, kategoriebSi (ix. naxati 4.1, baraTis zeda marjvena kuTxe).<br />
Canawerebidan sityvebi meqanikurad ar gamoiyenoT: Canaweris kategoria<br />
gansazRvreT imis mixedviT, rac masSi igulisxmeba. kategoria unda<br />
moicavdes ufro vrcel Temas, vidre Canaweris specifikuri Sinaarsi.<br />
SeqmeniT gamoyenebuli sakvanZo sityvebis sia da dakavSirebuli<br />
CanawerebisTvis gamoiyeneT erTi da igive sakvanZo sityvebi. yoveli axali<br />
CanawerisTvis axal sakvanZo sityvas nu SeqmniT.<br />
es safexuri Zalian mniSvnelovania, vinaidan gibiZgebT, Canaweris<br />
Sinaarsi erT an or sityvaSi daatioT. Tu Canawerebs kompiuterSi<br />
akeTebT, sakvanZo sityvebi dagexmarebaT brZaneba ,,Zebnis” gamoyenebiT<br />
momentalurad daajgufoT dakavSirebuli Canawerebi. Tu erTze met<br />
sakvanZo sityvas iyenebT, SegiZliaT, gadaajgufoT Canawerebi<br />
sxvadasxvanairad, raTa maT Soris axali kavSirebi aRmoaCinoT (es<br />
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maSin, roca grZnobT, rom swrafad miiwevT<br />
win; ix. 4.5.3).<br />
4.4 wereT kiTxvis paralelurad<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT (da kvlavac gavimeorebT), wera fiqrisken<br />
gibiZgebT. ase rom, nu daelodebiT azris gonebaSi daxvewas, rom is<br />
furcelze gadaitanoT. gamocdilma mkvlevrebma ician, rom rac ufro<br />
mets daweren, miT ufro male da ukeT Cawvdebian sakiTxs. sarwmuno<br />
wyaroebis Tanaxmad, warmatebuli mkvlevrebis umetesobas yoveldRiurad<br />
sawerad gansazRvruli dro aqvs gamoyofili – TxuTmeti wuTidan erT<br />
saaTze meti. maT SesaZloa, mxolod erTi abzaci daweron, sadac<br />
warmodgenili iqneba mosazreba wyaroSi gamoTqmuli Sexedulebis<br />
Sesaxeb, msjelobis Sefaseba an msjeloba axali varaudis Taobaze.<br />
Tumca, mniSvnelovani is aris, rom isini raRacas weren ara naSromis Savi<br />
naweris pirveli variantis Sesaqmnelad, aramed sakuTari azrebis<br />
dasalageblad da, albaT, axali ideebis aRmosaCenad. Tu kvlevis miznebs<br />
acdebiT xolme, gaikariT grafiki kompiuterTan.<br />
Tu dawerT raimes, rac, Tqveni azriT, gamogadgebaT, daamateT is<br />
`dafaze”. am Canawers TiTqmis yovelTvis SeasworebT Savi naweris<br />
saboloo variantSi Setanamde, an SeiZleba saerTodac ar gamoiyenoT.<br />
Tumca, misi mxolod mcire nawilic rom gamoiyenoT, rac mets dawerT,<br />
Tundac mxolod monaxazis saxiT, miT metad gagiadvildebaT Savi naweris<br />
Seqmna. werisTvis momzadeba da Savi naweris Seqmna erTmaneTisgan<br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli procesi ar aris, Tumca, sasurvelia, isini<br />
gancalkevebul safexurebad ganixiloT.<br />
70
Tu Temaze axlaxans daiwyeT muSaoba, weris adreul etapze,<br />
ZiriTadad, SeiZleba, mxolod reziumeebi da perifrazebi akeToT.<br />
rodesac Tqvens Canawerebs Tvals gadaavlebT, masSi maincdamainc bevr<br />
Tqvens mosazrebas ver ipoviT da SeiZleba, gulic dagwydeT, rom<br />
originaluri ideebi ar gaqvT. aman ar unda dagabrkoloT. swored<br />
reziumesa da perifrazis gakeTebiT vamuSavebT axal monacemebs, axal da<br />
rTul ideebs. es msjelobis axali gzebis aRmoCenaSic ki gvexmareba.<br />
TiTqmis nebismieri adamianisTvis, romelic codnis gaRrmavebas<br />
eswrafvis, imis amowera, ris gagebasac cdilobs, st<strong>and</strong>artuli da,<br />
albaT, aucilebeli etapic kia.<br />
4.5 SeafaseT Tqveni progresi<br />
gamudmebiT gadaxedeT Canawerebs da `dafas”, raTa naxoT, ra etapze xarT<br />
da ra unda gaakeToT. Sevsebuli gverdebi faqtebiT gamyarebul<br />
varaudebze mianiSnebs; carieli gverdebi mianiSnebs, rom win samuSao<br />
gaqvT. SeamowmeT, isev vargisia Tu ara Tqveni samuSao hipoTeza, saR<br />
msjelobazea is agebuli? am msjelobis gamamyarebeli kargi sabuTebi<br />
gaqvT? SegiZliaT axali varaudis an damamtkicebeli monacemebis<br />
damateba?<br />
4.5.1 pasuxi moZebneT CanawerebSi<br />
rogorc adre girCieT, unda gansazRvroT samuSao hipoTeza an is<br />
SekiTxva mainc, romelsac kvlevis warmarTvisTvis gamoiyenebT. Tumca,<br />
zogierTi av<strong>to</strong>ri kvlevas iseTi bundovani SekiTxviT iwyebs, rom pasuxis<br />
ZiebaSi is saerTod qreba. Tu aseT situaciaSi aRmoCndiT, moZebneT<br />
Tqvens CanawerebSi ganzogadeba, romelic samuSao hipoTezad gamodgeba,<br />
Semdeg ki sapirispirod moiqeciT da moZebneT SekiTxva, romelsac es<br />
ganzogadeba pasuxobs.<br />
pirvel rigSi, wyaroebSi eZieT SekiTxvebi, sawinaaRmdego azrebi,<br />
Tavsatexebi, daukvirdiT, ra reaqcia gaqvT maTze (ix. 2.1.3 da 4.1).<br />
TqvenTvis moulodneli ram SesaZloa, sxvebisTvisac siurprizi iyos.<br />
CamoayalibeT, Tqveni aRmoCenebi:<br />
megona, rom alamos pirveli miTiuri is<strong>to</strong>riebi warmoiqmna texasSi,<br />
Tumca ase ar aRmoCnda. isini momdinareobs...<br />
es winaswari hipoTeza gveubneba, rom alamos miTi Tavdapirvelad<br />
erovnuli movlena iyo da ara regionuli mniSvnelobis — mokrZalebuli,<br />
Tumca, imedis momcemi dasawyisia.<br />
Tu sakuTar CanawerebSi hipoTezas ver poulobT, moZebneT ideebi,<br />
romlebmac SeiZleba, migiyvanoT hipoTezamde. Tu monacemebi bundovani<br />
SekiTxvis garSemo SeagroveT, isini, albaT, savaraudo sakvanZo sityvebis<br />
71
mixedviT daaxarisxeT. niRbebze rom gqonodaT monacemebi, kategoriebi<br />
SesaZloa, yofiliyo maTi warmomavloba (afrikuli, indielTa, iaponuri...),<br />
daniSnuleba (dramaturgia, religia, karnavali...), masala (oqro, bumbuli,<br />
xe, ...), da a.S. magaliTad:<br />
egviptelebi – warCinebul pirTaTvis oqrosgan damzadebuli mumiis<br />
niRbebi, xis masalisgan _ sxvebisTvis.<br />
actekebi – oqros da nefritis niRbebi, Camarxuli mxolod warCinebulTa<br />
saflavebSi.<br />
axali gvineis <strong>to</strong>mebi – iSviaTi frinvelis bumbulisgan damzadebuli<br />
niRbebi gardacvlilTaTvis.<br />
am faqtebiT SesaZlebelia Semdegnairi zogadi debulebis gamyareba: is<br />
xalxebi, romelTa kulturaSic gavrcelebulia niRbebi, religiur<br />
niRbebs yvelaze Zvirfasi masalisgan akeTeben. aseT niRbebs ufro<br />
gardacvlilTaTvis amzadeben.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac SeqmniT aseT or an sam Tvalsazriss, scadeT,<br />
CamoayaliboT kidev ufro vrceli ganzogadeba, romelic SeiZleba, yvela<br />
Tqvens Tvalsazriss moicavdes:<br />
mravali kultura uzarmazar materialur da adamianur resurss axmars<br />
iseTi niRbebis damzadebas, romlebic maT yvelaze saTuT faseulobebs<br />
gamoxatavs. ganzogadeba egviptelebma, actekebma da okeaneTis xalxebma<br />
religiuri niRbebi uiSviaTesi da uZvirfasesi masalebisgan Seqmnes.<br />
okeaneTis xalxebis kulturebSi niRbebis damzadebaSi CarTulia<br />
mamakacebis umetesoba. Tumca, egviptelebi da actekebi am saqmisTvis<br />
gamoyofen yvelaze niWier mxatvrebsa da ostatebs.<br />
Tu TvliT, rom zogierTi mkiTxveli SeiZleba, ar daeTanxmos am<br />
ganzogadebas, SegiZliaT, is warmoadginoT iseT debulebad, romelic<br />
mkiTxvelis mcdar warmodgenas Secvlis.<br />
4.5.2 gamoigoneT SekiTxva<br />
es rTuli nawilia da moiTxovs procesis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT<br />
warmarTvas: Tqven ipoveT pasuxi SekiTxvaze, romelic ar dagisvamT.<br />
amdenad, msjeloba sapirispiro mimarTulebiT unda warmarToT, raTa<br />
gansazRvroT SekiTxva, romelze pasuxic axali ganzogadeba iqneba.<br />
zemoT moyvanili magaliTis SemTxvevaSi, es procesi ase gamoiyureba: `ra<br />
niSnebi metyvelebs niRbebis mniSvnelobaze im sazogadoebebSi, sadac maT<br />
amzadeben da iyeneben? rac ar unda paradoqsulad JRerdes, gamocdili<br />
72
mkvlevrebi xSirad aRmoaCenen SekiTxvas mas Semdeg, rac pasuxs gascemen<br />
mas, xolo problemas, romelic unda wamoeyenebinaT, aRmoaCenen mas<br />
Semdeg, rac mas gadaWrian.<br />
4.5.3 xelaxla daaxarisxeT Tqveni Canawerebi<br />
Tu zemoaRniSnuli rCevebi SeasruleT, magram mainc araferi gamogividaT,<br />
scadeT Canawerebis xelaxla daxarisxeba. rodesac CanawerebisTvis<br />
pirvelad SearCieT sakvanZo sityvebi, gansazRvreT zogadi ideebi,<br />
romelTa mixedviTac daaxarisxebdiT ara mar<strong>to</strong> mtkicebulebebs, aramed<br />
Tqvens azrebsac. Tu am ideebis amsaxveli sakvanZo sityvebi yuradRebiT<br />
SearCieT, SegiZliaT, sxvadasxvanairad daajgufoT Canawerebi, rom masala<br />
axal WrilSi dainaxoT. Tu geCvenebaT, rom sakvanZo sityvebi aRar aris<br />
aqtualuri, gadaxedeT Canawerebs, rom axali sakvanZo sityvebi SeqmnaT.<br />
Semdeg kvlav gadaaxarisxeT isini.<br />
4.6 daZlieT procesisTvis Cveuli panikis Setevebi<br />
axla ki droa, SevexoT problemas, romelsac wawydomia gamocdili<br />
mkvlevaric ki da raRac momentSi Tqvenc SegexebaT. rodesac Tvals<br />
gadaavlebT asobiT Canawers da sxvadasxva Tvalsazriss, gaurkvevloba<br />
da SeSfoTeba dageuflebaT. mogeCvenebaT, rom amocana sul ufro<br />
rTuldeba da ver axerxebT mis amoxsnas.<br />
saqme imaSia, rom ar arsebobs aseTi situaciis Tavidan acilebis<br />
garantirebuli gza. Tumca, damaimedebelia is, rom umetesi Cvengani<br />
vardeba aseT mdgomareobaSi da, rogorc wesi, Tavs arTmevs mas. Tqvenc<br />
daZlevT mas, Tu gaagrZelebT muSaobas, misdevT gegmas, amoxsniT mcire<br />
da marTvad amocanebs, nacvlad imisa, rom mTlian proeqts erTbaSad<br />
SeeWidoT. es kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom ujobesia droulad daiwyoT<br />
proeqtze muSaoba, dayoT didi proeqti umcires nawilebad da dasaxoT<br />
gonivruli gegmebi, magaliTad, gansazRvroT, ramdeni gverdi unda<br />
daweroT yoveldRiurad.<br />
mravali mwerali cdilobs, kvleviT miRebuli gamocdilebiT<br />
gaimdidros codna. amisTvis awarmoeben Jurnals; esaa dRiuri, sadac<br />
iniSnaven, ra gaakeTes da aRmoaCines, ra msjeloba da Tvalsazrisi<br />
ganaviTares, ra<strong>to</strong>m daasabuTes an ar daasabuTes debuleba. wera kargi<br />
meTodia imisaTvis, rom ufro mkafiod gaaanalizoT wakiTxuli masala<br />
da, amavdroulad, ukeT gaerkveT sakuTar azrebSi.<br />
73
5. argumentis dagegmva<br />
5.1 ra aris da ra ar aris kvlevis argumenti<br />
5.2 aageT argumenti mkiTxvelis SekiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis garSemo<br />
5.3 aqcieT samuSao hipoTeza debulebad<br />
5.4 SekribeT argumentis elementebi<br />
5.4.1 CamoayalibeT da SeafaseT debuleba<br />
5.4.2 gaamyareT debuleba varaudiT da mtkicebulebebiT<br />
5.4.3 gaiTvaliswineT da upasuxeT mkiTxvelebis Tvalsazriss<br />
5.4.4 daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudis Sesabamisoba<br />
5.5 ganasxvaveT faqtebze dafuZnebuli argumentebi msjelobaze<br />
dafuZnebuli argumentebisgan<br />
5.6 argumentis Sekvra<br />
adamianebis umetesobas weras kiTxva urCevnia. yovelTvis moiZebneba<br />
kidev erTi wasakiTxi statia, morigi mosaZiebeli wyaro, damatebiT<br />
Sesagrovebeli monacemebi. Tumca, kvlevis Catarebaze bevrad adre dgeba<br />
momenti, rodesac unda daiwyoT fiqri naSromis Savi naweris pirvel<br />
variantze. amisTvis, albaT, mzad iqnebiT maSin, rodesac Tqveni `dafa”<br />
Seivseba da misi sisrule dagakmayofilebT. gecodinebaT, rom mzad xarT<br />
Savi naweris Sesaqmnelad, rodesac CaTvliT, rom SegiZliaT, gaakeToT<br />
samuSao hipoTezis damasabuTebeli varaudis monaxazi (ix. 2.3). Tu Tqveni<br />
`dafa” gavsebulia, magram jer ver agebT sakmarisad Zlier varauds Savi<br />
naweris dasagegmad, albaT, unda gadaxedoT hipoTezas, SesaZloa, Tqvens<br />
SekiTxvasac ki. magram zustad ver gaigebT, ra etapze xarT, vidre ar<br />
cdiT pirveli Savi naweris dagegmvas.<br />
Tu naSromebis weraSi gamocdileba ar gaqvT, girCevT, Savi naweris<br />
pirveli variantis dagegmva or safexurad ganaxorcieloT:<br />
- daaxarisxeT Canawerebi kvlevis argumentis elementebad;<br />
- daawyveT es elementebi logikuri TanmimdevrobiT;<br />
am TavSi agixsniT, rogor unda aawyoT argumenti; momdevno TavSi<br />
ganvixilavT, rogor unda CamoayaliboT is. gamocdilebis miRebasTan<br />
erTad, iswavliT am ori safexuris erT safexurSi gaerTianebas.<br />
74
5.1 ra aris da ra ar aris kvlevis argumenti<br />
sityva argumenti dResdReobiT cud asociacias iwvevs, nawilobriv imis<br />
gamo, rom radiosa da televiziebSi isini aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sadavo<br />
situaciebSi. Tumca, kvleviT naSromSi argumentis daniSnuleba ar aris<br />
oponentis daSineba, gaCumeba an damorCileba. realurad, kvleviTi<br />
naSromis SemTxvevaSi, `oponenti” TiTqmis saerTod ar arsebobs.<br />
nebismieri kargi argumentis msgavsad, kvlevis argumenti hgavs gulRia<br />
saubars, romlis drosac Tqven da warmosaxviTi mkiTxveli msjelobT,<br />
raTa gadaWraT problema, romlis gadaWris gzac mkiTxvelisTvis, jerjerobiT,<br />
misaRebi ar aris. es ar niSnavs, rom mkiTxveli ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
Tqvens debulebas (Tumca, SesaZloa, asec iyos). es mxolod imas niSnavs,<br />
rom is ar aRiarebs debulebas, vidre ar ixilavs karg, s<strong>and</strong>o<br />
mtkicebulebbeze dafuZnebul varaudebs, vidre ar upasuxebT mis<br />
gonivrul SekiTxvebsa da sawinaaRmdego azrs.<br />
pirispir saubrisas saerTo argumentis Seqmna (da ara qona)<br />
martivia: Tqven ganacxadebT sakuTar varauds da mis mtkicebulebebs ara<br />
ise, rogorc amas leq<strong>to</strong>ri gaakeTebda mdumare audi<strong>to</strong>riis winaSe, aramed<br />
ise, TiTqos, TqvenTan erTad magidis garSemo msxdom megobrebs<br />
esaubrebodeT: maT warudgenT debulebas da ramdenime varauds, ris gamoc<br />
megobrebma unda irwmunon am debulebis marTebuloba; msmenelebi arkveven<br />
detalebs, gamoTqvamen sawinaaRmdego azrs an warmoadgenen sakuTar<br />
Tvalsazriss; Tqven maT pasuxobT, albaT, usvamT SekiTxvebsac; isinic<br />
kvlav gisvamen SekiTxvebs. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, esaa megobruli, magram<br />
gaazrebuli ormxrivi urTierToba, romlis drosac ualibdeba da<br />
gamoicdeba saukeTeso Tvalsazrisi, romlis Seqmnac erToblivad<br />
SegiZliaT.<br />
weris dros aseTi TanamSromloba ufro rTulia, vinaidan, rogorc<br />
wesi, Tqven damoukideblad werT (Tu ar werT gundurad; ix. 2.4) da,<br />
amdenad, ara mxolod unda upasuxoT warmosaxviTi mkiTxvelis SekiTxvebs,<br />
aramed, agreTve, mis magivradac dasvaT SekiTxvebi – ise xSirad da<br />
mwvaved, rogorc mkiTxvelebi dasvamdnen. Tumca, Tqveni mizani ar aris<br />
mxolod gonivruli ri<strong>to</strong>rikuli strategiebis mofiqreba, romlebic<br />
daarwmunebs mkiTxvels, daeTanxmos Tqvens debulebas imis miuxedavad, Tu<br />
ramdenad kargia is. Tqveni mizania debulebis, gansakuTrebiT, misi<br />
gamamyarebeli varaudis gamocda, raTa, rodesac naSroms mkiTxvels<br />
warudgenT, mas saukeTeso Tvalsazrisi SesTavazoT. karg kvleviT<br />
naSromSi mkiTxvelma unda SeZlos am warmosaxviTi saubris niSnis<br />
danaxva.<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, faqtebze dafuZnebuli logikuri msjeloba ar<br />
warmoadgens gonivruli daskvnis gamotanis erTaderT gzas; zogjer is<br />
arc aris saukeTeso gza. karg gadawyvetilebebs xSirad viRebT<br />
intuiciaze, grZnobebze an Sinagan gamWriaxobaze dayrdnobiT. Tumca,<br />
75
odesac vcdilobT avxsnaT, ra<strong>to</strong>m migvaCnia Cveni Tvalsazrisi<br />
marTebulad da ra<strong>to</strong>m unda irwmunon es sxvebmac, ver vaxerxebT,<br />
warmovaCinoT, rogor Camogviyalibda aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi, vinidan<br />
ver moviyvanT mtkicebulebad intuicias an grZnobebs, rom mkiTxvelma<br />
maTi Sefaseba SeZlos. Cven mxolod SegviZlia, movuTxroT mkiTxvels<br />
intuiciis an ganwyobis Sesaxeb da vTxovoT, irwmunos Cveni Sexeduleba.<br />
es aris Txovna, romelsac sazriani mkiTxveli iSviaTad asrulebs.<br />
Tumca, kvlevis argumentis Seqmnisas unda warmoadginoT Tqveni<br />
varaudebi da mtkicebulebebi ise, rom mkiTxvelma SeZlos maTi<br />
gaTvaliswineba; Semdeg unda warmoidginoT mkiTxvelis SekiTxvebi da<br />
Tqveni pasuxebi. es ufro rTuli Cans, vidre sinamdvileSia.<br />
5.2 aageT argumenti mkiTxvelis SekiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis garSemo<br />
martivia, warmoidginoT, ra saxis saubari unda gamarToT<br />
mkiTxvelTan, vinaidan amas yoveldRe akeTebT:<br />
a: gavige, rom gasul semestrSi sirTuleebs waawydi. rogor fiqrob,<br />
rogor Caivlis es semestri? [a wamoWris problemas SekiTxvis formiT.]<br />
b: vimedovneb, rom ukeTesad. [b pasuxobs SekiTxvas.]<br />
a: ra<strong>to</strong>m fiqrob ase? [a sTxovs, warmoadginos varaudi, raTa daijeros bs<br />
pasuxi.]<br />
b: me gavdivar kursebs mTavar saganSi. [b warmoadgens varauds.]<br />
a: ra kursebs? [a sTxovs b-s, warmoadginos mtkicebulebebi varaudis<br />
gasamyareblad.]<br />
b: xelovnebis is<strong>to</strong>ria, Sesavali kursi dizainSi. [b warmoadgens<br />
mtkicebulebebs sakuTari varaudis gasamyareblad.]<br />
a: ra icvleba imiT, rom gadixar kursebs mTavar saganSi? [a ver xedavs bs<br />
mier warmodgenili varaudis kavSirs mis SexedulebasTan, rom ukeTesi<br />
Sedegebi eqneba]<br />
b: rodesac gavdivar kursebs, romlebic mainteresebs, ufro bejiTad<br />
vmecadineob. [b warmoadgens zogad princips, romelic exeba mis varauds<br />
im SexedulebasTan dakavSirebiT, rom ukeTesi Sedegebi eqneba.]<br />
a: ras ityvi maTematikis kursze, romelic savaldebuloa? [a<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba b-s mier warmodgenil varauds.]<br />
76
: bolos, rodesac maTematikaSi momzadeba daviwye, Tavis danebeba<br />
momixda. Tumca, kargi kerZo maswavlebeli movnaxe. [b aRiarebs a-s mier<br />
gamoTqmul sawinaaRmdego azrs da pasuxobs mas.]<br />
Tu SegiZliaT, sakuTari Tavi warmoidginoT a-s an b-s rolSi, axals<br />
verafers ipoviT kvlevis moxsenebis argumentSi, vinaidan Tqven qmniT mas<br />
igive xuTi saxis SekiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemiT:<br />
- ra aris Tqveni debuleba?<br />
- ra varaudi amyarebs mas?<br />
- ra mtkicebulebebi amyarebs am varaudebs?<br />
- rogor pasuxobT sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss da alternatiul<br />
Sexedulebebs?<br />
- rogor Seesabameba Tqveni varaudebi debulebas?<br />
Tu am xuT SekiTxvas dasvamT da pasuxs gascemT, ver iqnebiT<br />
darwmunebuli, rom mkiTxveli daeTanxmeba Tqvens Tvalsazriss. Tumca,<br />
ufro gazrdiT albaTobas, rom mkiTxveli Tqvens debulebas da Tavad<br />
Tqven seriozulad aRgiqvamT.<br />
5.3 aqcieT samuSao hipoTeza debulebad<br />
Cven aRvwereT, rom kvlevis adreuli etapebi moicavs SekiTxvis<br />
gansazRvras da winaswari pasuxis warmodgenas. aRniSnul pasuxs samuSao<br />
hipoTeza vuwodeT. axla, rodesac ganvixilavT am hipoTezis<br />
gamamyarebeli argumentis Seqmnas, bolojer vcvliT terminologias.<br />
rodesac fiqrobT, rom SegiZliaT, daweroT moxseneba, romelic amyarebs<br />
hipoTezas kargi debulebebiT da damamtkicebeli sabuTiT, am hipoTezas<br />
warmoadgenT, rogorc argumentis debulebas. debuleba aris Tqveni<br />
argumentis birTvi, Tqveni moxsenebis dedaarsi (zogierTi pedagogi mas<br />
Tezas uwodebs).<br />
5.4 SekribeT argumentis elementebi<br />
argumentis birTvi Sedgeba sami elementisgan: debuleba, mis<br />
misaRebad saWiro varaudebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic amyarebs am<br />
varauds. am birTvs amatebT erT, SesaZloa, or elements: erTi pasuxobs<br />
SekiTxvebze, sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisze da alternatiul<br />
Tvalsazrisze; meore pasuxobs maT, visac ar esmis, rogor Seesabameba<br />
Tqveni varaudi debulebas.<br />
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5.4.1 CamoayalibeT da SeafaseT debuleba<br />
daiwyeT `dafis” (an monaxazis) axali pirveli gverdi. ZirSi<br />
dawereT debuleba erTi an ori winadadebiT. CamoayalibeT is<br />
maqsimalurad konkretulad, vinaidan am debulebaSi gamoyenebuli<br />
sityvebi dagexmarebaT Savi naweris dagegmvasa da SeqmnaSi. moerideT<br />
bundovan, mniSvnelovnebis ganmsazRvrel sityvebs, rogoricaa<br />
mniSvnelovani, saintereso, sayuradRebo, da a.S.<br />
SeadareT:<br />
niRbebs mniSvnelovani daniSnuleba aqvs mraval religiur ritualSi.<br />
kolumbis periodamdeli amerikis, agreTve, afrikisa da aziis<br />
kulturebSi niRbebi iZleoda religiur dResaswaulebze RvTaebebis<br />
gacocxlebis SesaZleblobas, raTa Tayvanismcemlebs SeqmnodaT maTTan<br />
uSualo Sexebis gancda.<br />
axla SeafaseT Tqveni debulebis mniSvneloba (kvlav SekiTxva ,,mere<br />
ra?”). mniSvnelovani debuleba mkiTxvels ar afiqrebinebs _ ,,me es vici”,<br />
aramed – ,,marTla? ra sainteresoa. ra<strong>to</strong>m migaCnia ase?” (gadaxedeT 2.1.4.)<br />
es momdevno ori debuleba Zalian trivialuria imisaTvis, rom Rirdes<br />
moxsenebis mosamzadeblad maT Sesaxeb damatebiTi wyaroebis kiTxva da<br />
miT umetes, raimes dawera:<br />
am moxsenebaSi ganxilulia xalxuri legendebis, magaliTad, alamos<br />
brZolis is<strong>to</strong>riis, swavleba dawyebiTi skolis moswavleebisTvis. [mere<br />
ra, Tu asea?]<br />
dawyebiT ganaTlebaSi, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba Cveni qveynis is<strong>to</strong>riis<br />
swavleba iseTi xalxuri legendebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa alamos<br />
brZola. [mere ra, Tu asea?]<br />
ra Tqma unda, is, Tu ras CaTvlis Tqveni mkiTxveli sainteresod,<br />
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra codna aqvs mas. Tu kvleviTi karieris<br />
adreul etapze imyofebiT, amis winaswar gaTvlas ver SeZlebT. Tu<br />
muSaobT erT-erT pirvel kvleviT proeqtze, dauSviT, rom yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani mkiTxveli Tavad xarT. Tumca, Tu fiqrobT, rom Tqvenive<br />
debuleba bundovani an umniSvneloa, ese igi ar xarT mzad misi<br />
dasasabuTebeli argumentis Sesakrebad, radgan ar gaqvT am argumentis<br />
Sesaqmnelad saWiro varaudi.<br />
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5.4.2 gaamyareT debuleba varaudiT da faqtebiT<br />
SesaZloa, cxadia, rom unda daasabuToT debuleba varaudiTa da<br />
faqtebiT. Tumca, es ori sityva iolad SeiZleba, agerioT erTmaneTSi,<br />
vinaidan maT xSirad viyenebT erTi da imave ramis gamosaxatad:<br />
ra varaudebze afuZnebT Tqvens debulebas?<br />
ra faqtebze afuZnebT Tqvens debulebas?<br />
Tumca, maT sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvT:<br />
- Cven vayalibebT logikur varaudebs, Tumca, vagrovebT Zlier<br />
faqtebs; ar vagrovebT mtkice varaudebs da vigonebT logikur<br />
damamtkicebel faqtebs. vafuZnebT varaudebs damamtkicebel<br />
faqtebze; Cven ar vafuZnebT faqtebs varaudebze.<br />
- varaudi aris abstraqtuli da ar unda daimowmoT misi wyaro (Tu<br />
ase apirebdiT). faqti, rogorc wesi, Tqveni mogonili an<br />
mofiqrebuli ar aris; amdenad, yovelTvis unda miuTiToT wyaro, im<br />
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu is sakuTari dakvirvebis an eqsperimentis<br />
Sedegad moipoveT; Semdeg unda aCvenoT, ra gaakeTeT mis sapovnelad.<br />
- varaudi unda myardebodes faqtebiT; faqtebs ar unda sWirdebodes<br />
sxva saxiT gamyareba s<strong>and</strong>o wyaros miTiTebis garda.<br />
problema is aris, rom rac utyuar faqtad da, Sesabamisad, mtkice<br />
sabuTad migaCniaT, SesaZloa, mkiTxvelisTvis ar iyos utyuari faqti da<br />
mtkice sabuTi. magaliTad, davuSvaT, mkvlevari warmoadgens Semdeg<br />
debulebas da varauds:<br />
alamos is<strong>to</strong>riebi asaxavda Rirebulebebs, romlebic ukve arsebobda<br />
amerikul xasiaTSi. debuleba. is<strong>to</strong>ria TiTqmis maSinve gadaiqca legendad<br />
amerikelTa sagmiro Tavganwirvis Sesaxeb. varaudi<br />
am varaudis gasamyarebld, is gvTavazobs `mtkice” faqtebs:<br />
brZolidan mokle xanSi, mravalma gazeTma gamoiyena is<strong>to</strong>ria, raTa<br />
warmoeCina Cveni gmiruli nacionaluri xasiaTi. damamtkicebeli faqti.<br />
Tu mkiTxveli aRiarebs am debulebas, rogorc faqts, man SesaZloa,<br />
aRiaros is, rogorc damamtkicebeli sabuTi. Tumca, skeptikurad<br />
ganwyobili mkiTxveli, iseTi, rogorsac unda moelodeT (unda<br />
imedovnebdeT kidec, rom aseTi SegxvdebaT), savaraudod, dasvams<br />
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SekiTxvebs: ras niSnavs male? ramdenia bevri? romeli naSromebi? axal<br />
ambebSi Tu saredaqcio statiebSi? konkretulad ra iyo naTqvami?<br />
ramdenma gazeTma ar dawera amis Sesaxeb?<br />
ra Tqma unda, mkiTxvelma SesaZloa, mxolod varaudis safuZvelze<br />
aRiaros mtkiceba, Tu es varaudi TavisTavad cxadia an momdinareobs<br />
s<strong>and</strong>o wyarodan:<br />
Cven yvelani Tanasworebi varT varaudi, amdenad, aravis aqvs bunebrivi<br />
ufleba, gvmarTos. debuleba<br />
faq<strong>to</strong>brivad, Sesavali kursebis pedagogebi xSirad aRiareben<br />
varaudebs, romlebic gamyarebulia mxolod s<strong>and</strong>o wyaroebis saSualebiT:<br />
uilsoni ambobs X-s religiuri niRbebis Sesaxeb, iangi ambobs Y-ს, Smidti<br />
– Z-ს. Tumca, samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad Seqmnili naSromisgan<br />
mkiTxveli mets moelis. mkiTxvels sWirdeba faqti, romelic mopovebulia<br />
ara meoradi wyarodan, aramed pirvelwyarodan an sakuTari dakvirvebis<br />
Sedegad.<br />
gadaxedeT Tqvens `dafas”: SegiZliaT, gaamyaroT TiToeuli varaudi<br />
iseTiT, romelsac Tqveni mkiTxveli CaTvlis swori saxis, raodenobis da<br />
xarisxis mtkicebulebad da, romelic Seesabameba mis sferos?<br />
SesaZlebelia, mkiTxvelma ifiqros, rom Tqveni mtkicebuleba met<br />
dasabuTebas moiTxovs? an ukeTesi wyaroa saWiro? Tu asea, unda moiZioT<br />
meti monacemi an aRiaroT arsebuli monacemebis zRvrebi.<br />
argumentis birTvia debuleba, varaudebi da faqtebi; Tumca,<br />
arguments sWirdeba sul mcire kidev erTi elementi, SesaZloa, oric.<br />
5.4.3 gaiTvaliswineT da upasuxeT mkiTxvelebis Tvalsazriss<br />
SesaZloa, gindodeT, rom ase ar iyos, magram Tqveni saukeTeso<br />
mkiTxveli yvelaze kritikuli mkiTxvelia; is waikiTxavs miukerZoeblad,<br />
Tumca, TavisTavad ar daeTanxmeba yvelafers, rasac werT. mkiTxveli<br />
moifiqrebs SekiTxvebs, wamoWris sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss da<br />
alternatiul variantebs. saubris dros SegiZliaT, SekiTxvebs<br />
dasmisTanave gasceT pasuxi. weris SemTxvevaSi ki ara mxolod pasuxi<br />
unda gasceT maT, aramed Tavad unda dasvaT isini. Tu ase ar gaakeTeT,<br />
Seiqmneba STabeWdileba, rom ar iciT an, kidev ufro uaresi, ar<br />
gainteresebT mkiTxvelis Tvalsazrisi.<br />
mkiTxvelebi wamoWrian ori saxis SekiTxvas; scadeT, warmoidginoT da<br />
pasuxi gasceT orive maTgans.<br />
1. pirveli saxis SekiTxva mimarTulia argumentSi arsebul problemaze,<br />
Cveulebriv, mis faqtze. warmoidgineT, rom mkiTxveli gamoTqvams<br />
80
omelime saxis kritikul SeniSvnas, Semdeg sapasuxod qmnis miniarguments:<br />
- Tqveni mtkicebuleba momdinareobs arasarwmuno an moZvelebuli<br />
wyarodan.<br />
- is ar aris zusti.<br />
- ar aris sakmarisi.<br />
- saTanadod ar warmoadgens yvela arsebul faqts.<br />
- es mcdari saxis mtkicebulebaa Cveni sferosTvis.<br />
- ar aris marTebuli, vinaidan ar iTvleba mtkicebulebad.<br />
Semdeg warmoidgineT Tqveni varaudebisa da pasuxebis Semdegi saxis<br />
sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisi da is, Tu rogor gascemdiT maT pasuxs:<br />
- Tqveni varaudebi araTanmimdevruli an winaaRmdegobrivia.<br />
- isini Zalian sustia an Zalian cotaa, raTa daasabuTos Tqveni<br />
debuleba.<br />
- isini ar Seesabameba Tqvens debulebas (Cven am sakiTxs ganvixilavT<br />
5.4.4-Si).<br />
2. meore saxis SekiTxviT problemebi argumentis gareT wamoiWreba. isini,<br />
vinc sxvagvarad uyurebs samyaros, savaraudod, pirobebs sxvanairad<br />
gansazRvravs, sxvagvarad msjelobs, iseT faqtsac ki SemogvTavazebs,<br />
romelic Tqven Seusabamod migaCniaT. Tu Tqveni da Tqveni mkiTxvelebis<br />
msoflmxedveloba ar emTxveva, es unda aRiaroT da am sakiTxebzec unda<br />
imsjeloT. nu moepyrobiT gansxvavebul Tvalsazriss rogorc, ubralod,<br />
sawinaaRmdego azrs. Tu imis mtkicebas daiwyebT, rom Tqveni Tvalsazrisi<br />
sworia, maTi ki – mcdari, mkiTxvels dakargavT. amis nacvlad, aRiareT<br />
gansxvavebebi, Semdgom SeadareT isini, raTa mkiTxvelma SeZlos, gaigos<br />
Tqveni argumenti ise, rogorc is warmodgenilia. maT SeiZleba, mainc ar<br />
gaiziaron Tqveni Sexeduleba, magram uCvenebT, rom gesmiT da pativs<br />
scemT maT Tvalsazriss; Sedegad ufro savaraudoa, rom mkiTxveli<br />
Seecdeba, gaigos da moiwonos Tqveni Sexeduleba.<br />
Tu damwyebi mkvlevari xarT, gagiWirdebaT am SekiTxvebis<br />
warmodgena, vinaidan SesaZloa, ar icodeT, rogor gansxvavdeba<br />
mkiTxvelis Tvalsazrisi Tqveni Sexedulebebisgan. miuxedavad amisa,<br />
scadeT, moifiqroT ramdenime SesaZlo SekiTxva da sawinaaRmdego azri;<br />
mniSvnelovania sakuTari TavisTvis Semdegi SekiTxvis dasma: ris gamo<br />
SeiZleba, eWvqveS daayenon Cemi debuleba? Tumca, Tu sadiplomo an<br />
sadisertacio naSroms werT, unda icodeT sakiTxebi, romlebsac,<br />
savaraudod, wamoWrian Tqveni sferos warmomadgenlebi. amdenad, rac ar<br />
unda gamocdili iyoT, ivarjiSeT sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisis<br />
warmodgenasa da masze pasuxis gacemaSi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu amas<br />
mxolod meqanikuradac ki gaakeTebT, gamoimuSavebT azrovnebis yaidas,<br />
romelic daimsaxurebs mkiTxvelis mowonebas da romlis wyalobiTac<br />
SeiZleba, Tavidan airidoT saeWvo daskvnebis naCqarevad gamotana.<br />
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daamateT Tvalsazrisebi da pasuxebi `dafaze”, Tu fiqrobT, rom<br />
mkiTxveli maT wamoWris.<br />
5.4.4 daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudis Sesabamisoba Tqvens debulebasTan<br />
gamocdili mkvlevrebisTvisac ki rTulia argumentis am bolo elementis<br />
gageba, ufro rTuli _ gamoyeneba da kidev ufro rTuli _ axsna. es aris<br />
ganmartebiTi msjeloba. arguments ganmartebiT msjelobas umatebT maSin,<br />
rodesac fiqrobT, rom mkiTxvelma SeiZleba, uaryos Tqveni debuleba ara<br />
imis gamo, rom misi gamamyarebeli varaudi faq<strong>to</strong>brivad mcdaria an<br />
efuZneba arasakmaris faqtebs, aramed imi<strong>to</strong>m, rom is Seusabamoa da<br />
amdenad, arc ki iTvleba varaudad.<br />
magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom mkvlevari wers:<br />
alamos is<strong>to</strong>riebi swrafad gavrcelda, debuleba vinaidan 1836 wels es<br />
qveyana jer kidev ar iyo Tavdajerebuli moTamaSe msoflio arenaze.<br />
varaudi<br />
warmoidgineT, TiTqos is eWvobs, rom mkiTxveli, savaraudod,<br />
sawinaaRmdego azrisa iqneba: marTalia, rom alamos is<strong>to</strong>riebi swrafad<br />
gavrcelda da 1836 wels es qveyana ar iyo Tavdajerebuli moTamaSe<br />
msoflio arenaze. magram ver vxedav, ra kavSiri aqvs Tavdajerebulobas<br />
is<strong>to</strong>riis swrafad gavrcelebasTan. av<strong>to</strong>ri amaze pasuxs ver gascems<br />
mxolod im damatebiTi faqtebis warmodgeniT, rom misi qveyana ar iyo<br />
Tavdajerebuli moTamaSe msoflio arenaze an rom is<strong>to</strong>riebi,<br />
sinamdvileSi, swrafad gavrcelda: mkiTxveli maT eTanxmeba, rogorc<br />
namdvils. amis nacvlad, mkvlevarma unda axsnas aRniSnuli varaudis<br />
Sesabamisoba – ra<strong>to</strong>m amyarebs maTi sinamdvile debulebis marTebulobas.<br />
amisTvis mas sWirdeba ganmartebiTi msjeloba. ganmartebiTi<br />
msjeloba Zalian rTuli gasagebia. Tumca, yvela, vinc wers kvleviT<br />
arguments, unda Cawvdes maT princips Semdegi mizezis gamo: mkiTxveli<br />
xSirad ar eTanxmeba warmodgenil Sexedulebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
SeiZleba, sjerodes mkvlevris varaudisa an moyvanili damamtkicebeli<br />
sabuTis suzustisa. is ar eTanxmeba debulebas, radgan varaudi an faqti<br />
ar Seesabameba debulebas.<br />
rogor gamoiyeneba ganmatebiTi msjeloba araoficialur saubarSi.<br />
vTqvaT, axalSeZenil megobars Soreuli qveynidan eubnebiT Semdeg mcire<br />
arguments:<br />
minus xuTi gradusia, varaudi amdenad, qudi unda daixuroT. debuleba<br />
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zogierTi CvenganisTvis, varaudi ise naTlad amyarebs debulebas, rom<br />
saWiro ar aris misi Sesabamisobis ganmarteba. Tumca, Tu, davuSvaT,<br />
Tqveni megobari svams am ucnaur SekiTxvas:<br />
mere ra, Tu 5 gradusi yinvaa? ra<strong>to</strong>m unda davixuro qudi?<br />
es SekiTxva eWvqveS ayenebs ara am varaudis (rom 5 gradusi yinvaa)<br />
WeSmaritebas, aramed mis Sesabamisobas debulebasTan (rom qudi unda<br />
daixuro). SeiZleba, ucnaurad mogeCvenoT am SekiTxvis dasma, Tumca,<br />
zogadi principiT SeZlebT, pasuxi gasceT mas:<br />
roca sicivea, adamianebma Tbilad unda Caicvan.<br />
es winadadeba aris ganmartebiTi msjeloba. masSi warmodgenilia zogadi<br />
principi, romelic Cveni gamocdilebidan momdinareobs: gvaqvs imis Tqmis<br />
safuZveli, rom garkveul zogad pirobebs (sicivea), Cveulebriv,<br />
garkveuli zogadi Sedegi (adamianebma Tbilad unda Caicvan) mosdevs.<br />
vfiqrobT, rom zogadi ganmartebiTi msjeloba warmodgenili konkretuli<br />
varaudis safuZvelze (rom 5 gradusi yinvaa) asabuTebs konkretul<br />
debulebas (rom Cvenma megobrma unda daixuros qudi), vinaidan<br />
vmsjelobT aseTi logikiT: Tu zogadi piroba da misi Sedegi marTalia,<br />
maSin maTi konkretuli SemTxvevebic namdvili unda iyos.<br />
ufro detalurad, es asea (gafrTxileba: qvemoT warmodgenili SeiZleba,<br />
mogeCvenoT logikis morig gakveTilad):<br />
- ganmarTebiTi msjeloba: zogadi piroba aris is, rom sicivea.<br />
Cveulebriv, amiT mivdivarT zogad Sedegamde: adamianebma Tbilad<br />
unda Caicvan. Cven vacxadebT amas, rogorc namdvil da zogad<br />
princips, roca sicivea, adamianebma Tbilad unda Caicvan.<br />
- konkretuli mizezi, minus 5 gradusi, aris namdvili garemoeba<br />
zogadi pirobisa _ sicivea.<br />
- konkretul debulebas _ qudi unda daixuroT, aqvs zogadi Sedegis<br />
namdvili garemoeba – adamianebma unda Caicvan Tbilad.<br />
- imis gamo, rom ganmartebiT msjelobaSi warmodgenili zogadi<br />
principi marTalia da varaudi da debuleba misi namdvili<br />
garemoebebia, Cven SegviZlia, vamtkicoT, rom debuleba ,,qudi unda<br />
daixuro” namdvili da marTebulia.<br />
Tumca, axla davuSvaT, rom eqvsi Tvis Semdeg estumreT megobars da<br />
is geubnebaT, rom:<br />
dRes 80 gradusze maRali temperaturaa, varaudi amdenad, Caicvi<br />
grZelsaxeloebiani perangi. debuleba<br />
83
aman SeiZleba, dagabnioT: rogor SeiZleba, varaudi (rom 80<br />
gradusze maRali temperaturaa) Seesabamebodes debulebas (Caicvi<br />
grZelsaxeloebiani perangi)? SegeZloT, warmogedginaT es zogadi<br />
principi rogorc ganmartebiTi msjeloba<br />
roca Tbili saRamoa, adamianebma Tbilad unda Caicvan.<br />
Tumca, es ar Seesabameba simarTles da Tu fiqrobT, rom ganmartebiTi<br />
msjeloba ar aris swori, ar aRiarebT, rom varaudi amyarebs debulebas,<br />
vinaidan is Seusabamoa.<br />
Tumca, vTqvaT, Tqveni megobari dasZens Semdegs:<br />
am adgilebSi, roca Tbili saRamoa, unda daicvaT mklavebi mwerebis<br />
kbenisgan.<br />
axla argumenti, SesaZloa, gasagebia, Tumca, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
am yvelafris gjeraT:<br />
- ganmartebiTi msjeloba aris swori (roca Tbili saRamoa, unda<br />
daicvaT mklavebi mwerebisgan).<br />
- varaudi aris swori (am saRamos temperatura 80 gradusze maRalia)<br />
- varaudi warmoadgens zogadi pirobis namdvil garemoebas (80<br />
gradusi namdvilad aris siTbos piroba).<br />
- debuleba aris zogadi Sedegis namdvili garemoeba<br />
(grZelsaxeloebiani perangis tareba namdvili garemoebaa mwerebis<br />
kbenisgan Tavis dasacavad).<br />
- ar vrceldeba aranairi ganucxadebeli SezRudvebi an gamonaklisebi<br />
(wina saRamos uecrad aciebam ar daxoca yvela mweri, adamiani ver<br />
gamoiyenebs mwerebisgan damcav saSualebas da a.S.).<br />
Tu am yovelivesi gjerT, unda irwmunoT argumenti, rom rodesac 80<br />
gradusia RamiT, mizanSewonilia grZelsaxeloebiani peragis Cacma, yovel<br />
SemTxvevaSi, im konkretul dros da adgilas.<br />
yvelam viciT uamravi aseTi principi da yoveldRiurad sul ufro<br />
mets vswavlobT. ase rom ar iyos, ver gavuZRvebodiT yoveldRiur<br />
cxovrebas. faq<strong>to</strong>brivad, ganmartebiTi msjelobis formiT gamovxatavT<br />
xalxur sibrZnes, Tumca, maT <strong>and</strong>azebs vuwodebT: RamiT yvela kata<br />
nacrisferiao; Tvali Tvals rom daSordeba, gulic gadasxvaferdebao.<br />
rogor gamoiyeneba ganmartebiTi msjeloba samecniero argumentSi.<br />
qvemoT moyvanilia SedarebiT samecniero magaliTi, Tumca mtkiceba aqac<br />
igivenairad gamoiyeneba:<br />
84
mecxramete saukunis dasawyisis amerikaSi enciklopediebi bevrs ar unda<br />
hqonoda kerZo mflobelobaSi, debuleba vinaidan <strong>and</strong>erZebSi isini<br />
iSviaTad aris naxsenebi. varaudi<br />
davuSvaT, varaudi aris marTali: uamravi damamtkicebeli faqtia, rom<br />
enciklopediebi marTlac iSviaTad iyo aRniSnuli mecxramete saukunis<br />
dasawyisis periodis <strong>and</strong>erZebSi. amis miuxedavad, mkiTxvels SesaZloa,<br />
gauCndes kiTxva, ra<strong>to</strong>m Seesabameba es varaudi debulebas: SeiZleba,<br />
marTali xarT da aseTi <strong>and</strong>erZebis udides nawilSi ar aris<br />
moxseniebuli enciklopediebi, magram mere ra? ar mesmis, ra<strong>to</strong>m<br />
Seesabameba es Tqvens debulebas, rom enciklopedia mcire raodenobiT<br />
iyo kerZo mflobelobaSi. Tu av<strong>to</strong>ri moelis am SekiTxvas, man unda<br />
warmoadginos ganmartebiTi msjeloba, zogadi principi, romelic<br />
aCvenebs, rogor Seesabameba varaudi debulebas.<br />
es ganmartebiTi msjeloba SeiZleba, ase Camoyalibdes:<br />
Tu faseuli nivTi ar iyo miTiTebuli mecxramete saukunis dasawyisis<br />
periodis <strong>and</strong>erZebSi, is, Cveulebriv, ar iyo moZravi qonebis nawili<br />
ganmartebiTi msjeloba. im periodis <strong>and</strong>erZebSi iSviaTad aris aRniSnuli<br />
enciklopediebi, varaudi amdenad, cota adamiani flobda enciklopedias.<br />
debuleba<br />
CvenTvis debuleba misaRebi iqneboda mxolod da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tu davijerebdiT Semdegs:<br />
- ganmartebiTi msjeloba marTalia.<br />
- varaudi aris rogorc marTali, ise ganmartebiTi msjelobis zogadi<br />
pirobis (enciklopediebi miiCneoda faseul nivTad) namdvili<br />
-<br />
garemoeba.<br />
debuleba aris ganmartebiTi msjelobis zogadi Sedegis namdvili<br />
garemoeba (rom enciklopediis uqonloba aris raRac Rirebulis,<br />
moZravi qonebis nawilis ar qonis namdvili garemoeba).<br />
Tu mkvlevars eSinia, rom mkiTxvelma SeiZleba, kiTxvis niSnis qveS<br />
daayenos romelime es piroba, man unda Seqmnas argumenti mis<br />
dasasabuTeblad.<br />
Tumca, amiT problema ar iwureba: ganmartebiTi msjeloba yovelTvis,<br />
gamonaklisebis gareSe, marTalia? mkiTxveli SeiZleba, dainteresdes, iyo<br />
Tu ara qveynis zogierT nawilSi <strong>and</strong>erZebSi moxseniebuli mxolod miwa<br />
da Senobebi, Tu saerTod cota adamiani adgenda <strong>and</strong>erZs. Tu mwerals<br />
miaCnia, rom mkiTxveli SesaZloa, dainteresdes aseTi detalebiT, mas,<br />
albaT, mouwevs kidev erTi argumentis warmodgena, imis saCveneblad, rom<br />
gamonaklisebi ar arsebobda.<br />
85
Tqven ixileT, ra<strong>to</strong>m veTanxmebiT ase iSviaTad argumentebs rTuli<br />
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb: maSinac ki, rodesac misaRebia moyvanili faqtebi,<br />
mainc SeiZleba, ver virwmunoT msjeloba, romelzec agebulia debuleba.<br />
varaudis debulebasTan Sesabamisobis gamocda. varaudis<br />
debulebasTan Sesabamisobis gamosacdelad SeqmeniT maTi damakavSirebeli<br />
ganmartebiTi msjeloba. pirvel rigSi, warmoadgineT varaudi da<br />
debuleba am TanmimdevrobiT. ixileT am nawilis dasawyisidan moyvanili<br />
Tavdapirveli varaudi da debuleba:<br />
1836 wels es qveyana ar iyo Tavdajerebuli moTamaSe msoflio arenaze.<br />
varaudi amdenad, alamos is<strong>to</strong>riebi swrafad gavrcelda debuleba<br />
axla aageT zogadi principi, romelic moicavs am varauds da debulebas.<br />
ganmrtebiTi msjeloba uamravi sxvadasxva saxis da formisaa, Tumca,<br />
yvelaze metad gamosadegia rodesac-maSin modelebi. es ganmartebiTi<br />
msjeloba `moicavs” varauds da debulebas.<br />
roca qveyana ar aris Tavdajerebuli, maSin iq swrafad vrceldeba ambebi<br />
is<strong>to</strong>riuli samxedro movlenebis Sesaxeb.<br />
roca es zogadi piroba arsebobs es zogadi Sedegi momdinareobs<br />
ganmartebiTi msjeloba<br />
roca qveyana ar aris masSi swrafad vrceldeba<br />
Tavdajerebuli, zogadi piroba<br />
is<strong>to</strong>riebi sagmiro samxedro<br />
movlenebis Sesaxeb zogadi Sedegi<br />
1836 wels es qveyana ar iyo Amdenad, alamos is<strong>to</strong>ria swrafad<br />
Tavdajerebuli moTamaSe msoflio<br />
arenaze konkretuli varaudi<br />
gavrcelda konkretuli debuleba<br />
es konkretuli piroba arsebobs amdenad, es konkretuli Sedegi<br />
varaudi gamomdinareobs debuleba<br />
suraTi 5.1 argumentis struqtura<br />
SegviZlia, formalurad warmovadginoT es urTierTkavSiri, rogorc 5.1<br />
suraTSia mocemuli.<br />
am debulebis aRiarebisTvis mkiTxvelma unda aRiaros Semdegi:<br />
- ganmartebiTi msjeloba aris swori<br />
- konkretuli varaudi aris swori.<br />
- konkretuli varaudi aris ganmartebiTi msjeloba zogadi pirobis<br />
nawilis namdvili garemoeba.<br />
86
- konkretuli debuleba aris ganmartebiTi msjeloba zogadi Sedegis<br />
nawilis namdvili garemoeba.<br />
- ar arsebobs ganmartebiTi msjelobis gamoyenebis raime<br />
SemzRudveli pirobebi.<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rs rom efiqra, rom mkiTxvels SeiZleba, ar eRiarebina ganmartebiTi<br />
msjelobis an varaudis simarTle, mas unda Seeqmna argumenti maT<br />
gasamyareblad. av<strong>to</strong>ri Tu CaTvlida, rom mkiTxvels SesaZloa, varaudi<br />
da debuleba ar CaeTvala ganmartebiTi msjelobis namdvil SemTxvevad,<br />
mas mouwevda kidev erTi argumentis Seqmna imis dasasabuTeblad, rom es<br />
asea.<br />
gamocdilebis miRebasTan erTad iswavliT argumentebis gonebaSi<br />
Semowmebas; Tumca, manamde SegiZliaT, scadoT ganmartebiTi msjelobis<br />
monaxazis gakeTeba yvelaze ufro sadavo varaudebisTvis. ganmartebiTi<br />
msjelobis gamocdis Semdeg daamateT is `dafaze” iq, sadac fiqrobT, rom<br />
mkiTxvelebs dasWirdebaT. Tu gWirdebaT ganmartebiTi msjelobis<br />
argumentiT dasabuTeba, misi monaxazic iqve gaakeTeT.<br />
ra<strong>to</strong>m aris ganmartebiTi msjeloba gansakuTrebiT rTuli axalbeda<br />
mkvlevrebisTvis? Tqven rom axali dawyebuli gqondeT dargSi<br />
moRvaweoba, Semdegi mizezebis gamo gagirTuldebodaT ganmartebiTi<br />
msjelobis gamoyeneba:<br />
- gamocdili mkvlevari iSviaTad ganmartavs msjelobis principebs,<br />
vinaidan miiCnevs, rom kolegebma zemoaRniSnuli isedac ician.<br />
axalbeda mkvlevrebma isini TavisiT unda moifiqron (imis msgavsad,<br />
rodesac viRac ambobs, `grZelsaxeloebiani perangi Caicvi, vinaidan<br />
dRes saRamos temperatura 80 gradusze metia).<br />
- ganmartebiT msjelobas, Cveulebriv, aqvs gamonaklisebi, rac<br />
gamocdilma mkvlevrebma isedac ician da, amdenad, iSviaTad<br />
moixsenieben maT, amis gamo axalbeda mkvlevrebi iZulebulni<br />
xdebian, Tavad mividnen am gamonaklisebamde.<br />
- eqspertebma, agreTve, ician, rodis ar unda daurTon aSkara<br />
ganmartebiTi msjeloba an misi SemzRudveli garemoebebi, kidev<br />
erTi ram, rac axalbeda mkvlevarma damoukideblad unda iswavlos.<br />
magaliTad, gamocdil mkvlevars rom daewera, ivnisis dasawyisia,<br />
amdenad mosalodnelia, rom male benzinSi met fuls gadavixdiT,<br />
is ar aRniSnavda TvalsaCino ganmartebiT msjelobas: roca<br />
zafxuli axlovdeba, benzinze fasebi matulobs.<br />
Tu warmoadgenT yvelasTvis gasageb msjelobaze ganmartebas, Zalian<br />
qedmaRali an gulubryvilo gamoCndebiT. Tumca, Tu ver warmoaCenT im<br />
ganmartebiTi msjelobas, romelic mkiTxvels sWirdeba, da<strong>to</strong>vebT<br />
alogikuri specialistis STabeWdilebas. unda gaiwafoT, rom<br />
87
gansazRvroT, rodis sWirdeba mkiTxvels ganmartebis damateba, da rodis<br />
_ ara. es gamocdilebas moaqvs.<br />
amdenad, nu SeSindebiT, Tu ganmartebiTi msjelobis miTiTebis saWiroba<br />
gaurkvevlobaSi gagdebT; masze muSaoba gamocdili mkvlevrebisTvisac ki<br />
rTulia. Tumca, ganmartebiTi msjelobis Sesaxeb codna gibiZgebT, dasvaT<br />
es sakvanZo SekiTxva: Tqveni varaudis da damamtkicebeli faqtebis<br />
sisworesTan erTad mkiTxveli dainaxavs maT Sesabamisobas debulebasTan?<br />
Tu SesaZloa, rom ver dainaxavs, amis demonstirebisTvis argumenti unda<br />
SeqmnaT.<br />
5.5 ganasxvaveT faqtebze dafuZnebuli argumentebi ganmartebiT<br />
msjelobaze dafuZnebuli argumentebisgan<br />
dabolos, mniSvnelovania, aRiniSnos, rom arsebobs ori saxis argumenti,<br />
romlebsac mkiTxvelebi sxvadasxvanairad afaseben:<br />
- pirveli varaudidan da ganmartebiTi msjelobidan askvnis<br />
debulebas. miiCneva, rom debuleba am saxis argumentSi udavod<br />
namdvilia.<br />
- meoreSi ki debuleba efuZneba faqtebze damyarebul varauds. am<br />
saxis argumentSi debuleba miiCneva, rogorc savaraudod namdvili.<br />
rac ar unda paradoqsulad JRerdes, mkvlevrebi ufro endobian ara<br />
pirveli, aramed meore saxis arguments, romelic faqtebs emyareba.<br />
es argumenti warmoadgens debulebas, romelic emyareba faqtebze<br />
damyarebul varauds:<br />
saineqcio nemsis gacvlis programebi xels uwyobs narkotikebis<br />
moxmarebis gazrdas. debuleba rodesac misi monawileebi gaacnobiereben,<br />
rom dainficirebuli nemsebiT SeZenili daavadebis riskis Tavidan<br />
arideba SeuZliaT, meti narkotikis moxmarebis stimuli eZlevaT. varaudi<br />
im pirTa kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, vinc monawileoba miiRo aseT<br />
programaSi, monawileebis 34%-ma narkotikebis moxmareba gazarda kviraSi<br />
1.7-idan 2.1-mde, vinaidan ganacxada, rom nemsiT gadamdebi daavadebebisgan<br />
daculad grZnobda Tavs. faqti<br />
Tu miviCnevT, rom mocemuli mtkicebuleba marTebuli da sakmarisia<br />
(SesaZloa, ase ar vTvlideT), maSin debuleba gveCveneba gonivruli,<br />
Tumca, aranairad _ udavo, vinaidan vinmes SesaZloa, aRmoeCina axali da<br />
ukeTesi faq<strong>to</strong>brivi mtkicebuleba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba ukve<br />
warmodgenils.<br />
88
momdevno argumentSi warmodgenilia igive debuleba igive varaudis<br />
safuZvelze, Tumca, debuleba dasabuTebulia ara fa<strong>to</strong>brivi<br />
mtkicebulebiT, aramed logikiT. debuleba unda iyos marTali, Tu<br />
msjelobis ganmarteba da varaudi marTalia da Tu varaudi da debuleba<br />
msjelobis ganmartebis namdvili garemoebebia:<br />
saineqcio nemsis gacvlis programebi xels uwyobs narkotikebis<br />
moxmarebis gazrdas. debuleba rodesac monawileebi gaiazreben, rom maT<br />
SeuZliaT dainficirebuli nemsebiT SeZenili daavadebis Tavidan acileba,<br />
eZlevaT meti narkotikebis gamoyenebis stimuli. varaudi rodesac riskis<br />
Semcveli qcevis Sedegebi mcirdeba, adamianebi ufro xSirad mimarTaven<br />
aseT qcevas. msjelobis ganmarteba<br />
Tumca, is, rom unda davijeroT, rom msjelobis ganmarteba yovelTvis<br />
marTalia yvela SemTxvevaSi da yvelgan, aris debuleba, romelsac Cveni<br />
umetesoba ar daeTanxmeboda, an ar unda daeTanxmos. cota Cvengani<br />
atarebs manqanas gaufrTxileblad mxolod imis gamo, rom manqanebSi<br />
usafrTxoebis Rvedebi da moqnili saWis RerZebia.<br />
yvela argumenti emyareba ganmartebiT msjelobas, Tumca, kvlevis<br />
argumentis mkiTxvelisTvis, ufro savaraudoa, rom sarwmuno iqneba<br />
debuleba, romelic emyareba ara princips, aramed _ faq<strong>to</strong>briv<br />
mtkicebulebas, vinaidan miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenad damajerebeli Cans<br />
zogadi principi, mas aqvs Zalian bevri gamonaklisi, done da<br />
SemzRudveli garemoeba. is, vinc debulebas agebs, misi azriT, udavo<br />
principze, Zalian xSirad ar iTvaliswinebs am sirTuleebs, radgan<br />
darwmunebulia, rom misi principebi marTalia, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
faqtebi sapirispiroze mianiSnebs. xolo Tu misi principebi sworia, aseve<br />
sworia misi daskvnebic. aseTi argumentebi ufro ideologiuria, vidre<br />
faq<strong>to</strong>brivi. amdenad, daasabuTeT debulebebi maqsimalurad bevri<br />
faq<strong>to</strong>brivi mtkicebulebiT im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac fiqrobT, rom<br />
logika Tqvens mxarezea. daamateT ganmartebiTi msjeloba, raTa gamarToT<br />
daskvna, magram, amasTanave, aageT daskvna mtkicebulebaze.<br />
5.6 argumentis Sekvra<br />
ai, mcire argumenti, romelic aerTianebs xuTive nawils:<br />
bavSvebze orientirebul televizias SeuZlia, xeli Seuwyos maT<br />
inteleqtualur ganviTarebas. Tumca, am wvlils aneitralebs faq<strong>to</strong>ri,<br />
romelmac SeiZleba, ziani miayenos bavSvebis emociur ganviTarebas –<br />
metismeti Zaladoba. debuleba mSoblebi Tanxmdebian, rom magaliTi<br />
warmoadgens mniSvnelovan zegavlenas bavSvis ganviTarebaze. swored<br />
89
ami<strong>to</strong>m, mSoblebi bavSvebs mouTxroben gmirebis Sesaxeb. maSin<br />
damajerebeli Cans, rom rodesac bavSvebi xedaven arasasurvel saqciels,<br />
maTze isic moaxdens zegavlenas. ganmartebiTi msjeloba. erTi dRis<br />
ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi xedaven Zaladobis uamrav magliTs. varaudi.<br />
yoveldRiurad bavSvi televizors uyurebs, saSualod, TiTqmis oTxi<br />
saaTis ganmavlobaSi da xedavs Zaladobis daaxloebiT Tormet<br />
moqmedebas [smiTi 1992]. faqti. tarnovma gviCvena, rom bavSvebi ganasxvaveben<br />
erTmaneTisgan Zaladobas naxat filmebSi da realur cxovrebaSi [2003].<br />
alternatiuli Tvalsazrisis aRiareba. magram aseTi moqmedebebis yurebiT<br />
bavSvebi SeiZleba, ufro daucvelni gaxdnen sxva programebSi naCvenebi<br />
Zaladobis winaSe. Tu isini mxolod naxat filmebs da adamianebs<br />
ganasxvaveben, maT SeiZleba, ifiqron, rom realuri msaxiobebi grafikul<br />
ZaladobaSi warmoadgenen realur cxovrebas. pasuxi. Cven ver<br />
ugulebelvyofT im albaTobas, rom televiziiT naCvenebi Zaladoba xels<br />
uwyobs Zaladobisken midrekili zrdasrulebis Camoyalibebas. debulebis<br />
xelaxla warmodgena.<br />
am elementebis udidesi nawili SeiZleba, gaivrcos mraval abzacze.<br />
sxvadasxva sferoSi argumentebi gansxvavebulad gamoiyureba, magram<br />
yvela maTgani warmoadgens pasuxs Semdeg xuT SekiTxvaze:<br />
- ras amtkicebT?<br />
- ra aris Tqveni varaudebi?<br />
- ra faqtebi amyarebs Tqvens varauds?<br />
- ras ityviT gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisis Sesaxeb?<br />
- rogor Seesabameba Tqveni varaudi Tqvens debulebas?<br />
Tqvens mier Seqmnil `dafaze” araerTxel unda gaeces pasuxi<br />
zemoaRniSnul SekiTxvebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni moxseneba<br />
arasrulyofili da aradamajerebeli iqneba.<br />
90
6. Savi naweris pirveli variantis dagegmva<br />
6.1 moerideT gamousadegari gegmebis gamoyenebas<br />
6.2 SeqmeniT gegma, romelic pasuxobs mkiTxvelis saWiroebebs<br />
6.21 gardaqmeniT `dafa” monaxazad<br />
6.2.2 SeimuSaveT Sesavlis samuSao variantis monaxazi<br />
6.2.3 gansazRvreT im cnebebis gamomxatveli ZiriTadi terminebi, romlebic<br />
aerTianebs naSroms da ganasxvavebs mis nawilebs<br />
6.2.4 gamoiyeneT konkretuli ZiriTadi terminebi qveTavebis<br />
dasasaTaureblad<br />
6.2.5 daalageT varaudebi<br />
6.2.6 gardamavali sityvebis gamoyenebiT asaxeT Tanmimdevroba<br />
6.2.7 gaakeTeT Sesavlis mokle monaxazi TiToeuli nawilisa da<br />
qvenawilisTvis<br />
6.2.8 TiToeuli nawilisTvis gaakeTeT damamtkicebeli faqtebis,<br />
alternatiuli mosazrebis, msjelobis ganmartebisa da reziumeebis<br />
monaxazi<br />
6.2.9 SeqmeniT daskvnis samuSao variantis monaxazi<br />
6.3 SeinaxeT darCenili masala<br />
91
mas Semdeg, rac arguments mouyriT Tavs, mzad iqnebiT Savi naweris<br />
Sesaqmnelad. gamocdilma av<strong>to</strong>rebma ician, raoden efeqturi strategiaa<br />
Savi naweris dagegmva. Tumca, Savi naweris efeqturad Sesaqmnelad ufro<br />
metia saWiro, vidre ubralod argumentis elementebi. amisTvis gWirdebaT<br />
gegma, raTa argumentis elementebis gamoyenebiT SeqmnaT logikurad<br />
Tanmimdevruli naSromi. unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom arsebobs sxvadasxva<br />
saxis gegma da zogi maTganis gamoyeneba ufro mizanSewonilia.<br />
6.1 moerideT gamousadegari gegmebis gamoyenebas<br />
moerideT garkveuli saxis midgomebs.<br />
1. nu aagebT Tqvens naSroms naratiul stilSi. gansakuTrebiT, nu<br />
daamsgavsebT mas deteqtiur moTxrobas, sadac debuleba bolos<br />
mxolod Cans. rogorc wesi, mkiTxvels, pirvel rigSi, ainteresebs,<br />
ra aRmoaCineT, Semdeg ra problemebi gadaWeriT, ra nabijebi<br />
gadadgiT da a.S. bolomde. amis magaliTia Semdegi frazebi: pirvel<br />
rigSi..., Semdeg Sevadare..., dasasrul, davaskveni.<br />
2. naSromSi ar unda iyos didi raodenobiT citata, wyaroebis<br />
perifrazi an internetidan CamotvirTul masala. maswavleblebs<br />
surT, ixilon Tqveni azrovneba da ara sxvaTa naazrevi. maT,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ar moswonT naSromlebi, romlebic internet-<br />
gverdebis kolaJs waagavs. Tu am rCevas ar gaiTvaliswinebT,<br />
da<strong>to</strong>vebT diletantis an, uaresi, plagia<strong>to</strong>ris STabeWdilebas (ix.<br />
7.9).<br />
3. nu aagebT naSroms meqanikurad davalebis an Temis terminebis<br />
garSemo. Tu davalebaSi CamoTvlilia Sesaswavli sakiTxebi, nu<br />
ifiqrebT, rom TiToeuli maTgani mocemuli TanmimdevrobiT unda<br />
ganixiloT. TqvenTvis rom daevlebinaT an, rom gadagewyvitaT<br />
froidis da iungis SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxvis analizis Sedareba<br />
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da Sepirispireba, ar mogiwevdaT moxsenebis or nawilad organizeba<br />
da pirvel nawilSi froidis Sesaxeb, meoreSi ki iungis Sesaxeb<br />
msjeloba. ufro Sedegiani iqneboda am ori didi Temis nawilebad<br />
dayofa da Semdeg moxsenebis maT garSemo ageba (am sakiTxis Sesaxeb<br />
vrclad ix. 6.2.5-6.2.6).<br />
6.2 SeqmeniT gegma, romelic pasuxobs mkiTxvelis saWiroebebs<br />
zogierT dargSi gaTvaliswinebulia naSromis gegmis SemuSaveba.<br />
magaliTad, eqsperimentuli kvlevis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxveli<br />
moelis, rom moxsenebas eqneba Semdegnairi agebuleba:<br />
Sesavali – meTodebi da masalebi – Sedegebi – msjeloba _ daskvna<br />
Tu winaswar gansazRvruli gegmis mixedviT unda imuSaoT, mimarTeT<br />
profesors an moZebneT meoradi wyaro, raTa moipovoT nimuSi. xolo Tu<br />
sakuTari gegma unda SeqmnaT, is gasagebi unda iyos ara mxolod<br />
TqvenTvis, aramed aucileblad mkiTxvelisTvisac. am gasagebi formis<br />
Sesaqmnelad, daubrundiT `dafas” an monaxazs.<br />
6.2.1 `dafis” gardaqmna monaxazad<br />
Tu upiratesobas monaxazis mixedviT muSaobas aniWebT, `dafa” unda<br />
gardaqmnaT monaxazad:<br />
- daiwyeT `I”-iT danomrili winadadebiT, sadac warmodgenilia<br />
debuleba.<br />
- am winadadebis qveS daamateT sruli winadadebebi, romlebic<br />
danomrili iqneba: II, III, ..., TiToeul maTganSi warmoadgineT<br />
varaudi, romelic asabuTebs Tqvens debulebas.<br />
I. Sesavali: gaurkvevelia, ra mniSvneloba aqvs klasebSi kompiuterebis<br />
qonas.<br />
II. gansxvavebuli gamoyeneba gansxvavebul Sedegebs gvaZlevs.<br />
a. yvela gamoyeneba zrdis Seqmnili sityvebis raodenobas.<br />
1. kvleva 1: 950 780-is nacvlad;<br />
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2. kvleva 2: 1,103 nacvlad 922-isa;<br />
b. labora<strong>to</strong>riebi studentebs urTierTobis saSualebas aZlevs.<br />
III. kvlevebis Sedegebis mixedviT gadamuSavebisas naklebad gamosadegia.<br />
a. kvleva a: kompiuterze momuSave av<strong>to</strong>rebis nawerebi gamoirCeva meti<br />
WarbsityvaobiT.<br />
1. saSualod 2.3-iT meti sityva TiTo winadadebaSi;<br />
2. saSualod 20%-iT meti sityva TiTo eseSi;<br />
b. kvleva b: av<strong>to</strong>rebs nabeWdi varianti efeqtianad gadamuSavebisTvis<br />
sWirdebaT.<br />
1. 22%-iT naklebi meqanikuri Secdoma nabeWd variantze muSaobisas,<br />
vidre kompiuteris daxmarebiT gadamuSavebisas;<br />
2. 2.26%-iT naklebi orTografiuli Secdoma;<br />
IV. daskvna: Zalian naadrevia imis Tqma, Tu ramdenad aumjobesebs<br />
kompiuterebis gamoyeneba swavlas.<br />
a. s<strong>and</strong>o empiriuli kvlevebis mcire raodenoba;<br />
b. is<strong>to</strong>ria mcirea, vinaidan mravali programa gardamaval etapzea;<br />
Savi monaxazis yvelaze martivi variantia mxolod frazebi, sadac ar<br />
xdeba oficialuri dayofa I-iT, a-iT, 1-iT da a.S.<br />
Sesavali: dadebiTi mxareebi gaurkvevelia<br />
gansxvavebuli gamoyeneba/gansxvavebuli Sedegebi<br />
meti sityvebi<br />
meti urTierToba<br />
namuSevaris gadaxedvis kvlevebi<br />
kvleva a ufro grZeli winadadebebi<br />
kvleva b ufro moculobiTi eseebi<br />
daskvna: jer Zalian naadrevia Sedegebze msjeloba<br />
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proeqtis dawyebis etapze SeiZleba, mxolod monaxazis gakeTeba SeZloT,<br />
mokle proeqtis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa, mxolod monaxazi iyos saWiro, Tu<br />
TiToeuli sakiTxis arsi iciT. Tumca, rogorc wesi, ufro gamosadegia<br />
mTliani winadadebebis monaxazi. kidev ufro gamosadegia `dafa”,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, didi proeqtis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
6.2.2 Sesavlis samuSao variantis monaxazis Seqmna<br />
mzad unda iyoT imisTvis, rom mogiwevT Sesavlis orjer dawera,<br />
pirvelad, monaxazis saxiT _ TqvenTvis; mas Semdeg, rac gadaamuSavebT Sav<br />
nawers da dagakmayofilebT misi Sinaarsi, saboloo variantis saxiT _<br />
mkiTxvelebisTvis. Sesavlis saboloo varianti, rogorc wesi, oTxi<br />
nawilisgan Sedgeba. amdenad, SegiZliaT, aagoT Sesavlis samuSao varianti<br />
am nawilebis gaTvaliswinebiT (ix. me-9 Tavi).<br />
1. gaakeTeT mokle monaxazi Tqvens mier wakiTxuli kvlevisa, romelic<br />
konkretulad Seesabameba Temas. punqtSi 5.4.1 girCieT, rom daweroT<br />
debuleba yoveli axali gverdis bolos, `dafaze”. axla, zeda<br />
nawilSi mokled CamoayalibeT wina kvleva, romlis gavrcobas,<br />
Secvlas an Sesworebasac apirebT. nu CamoTvliT yvela kvlevas,<br />
romelic mxolod umniSvnelod Seesabameba Tqvens Temas. bevri arc<br />
Tu ise gamocdili mkvlevari aTobiT kvlevas CamoTvlis, radgan<br />
miaCnia, rom misi mondomeba mkiTxvelze STabeWdilebas moaxdens.<br />
Tumca, arasaTanado literaturis usasrulo CamonaTvali<br />
mosabezrebeli ufroa, vidre STambeWdavi. alamos is<strong>to</strong>riebze rom<br />
muSaobdeT, magaliTad, ar miuTiTebdiT brZolis TiToeul<br />
is<strong>to</strong>riul analizs, aramed moiyv<strong>and</strong>iT mxolod konkretul kvlevas,<br />
romlis gavrcobas, Secvlas an Sesworebasac apirebT.<br />
CamoTvaleT wyaroebi mkiTxvelisTvis mosaxerxebeli TanmimdevrobiT. Tu<br />
mniSvnelovani maTi is<strong>to</strong>riuli Tanmimdevrobaa, CamoTvaleT wyaroebi<br />
95
qronologiurad. Tu ara, daajgufeT raime sxva principis - xarisxis,<br />
mniSvnelovnebis, Tvalsazrisis - mixedviT. Semdeg daalageT es jgufebi<br />
iseTi saxiT, romelic yvelaze metad daexmareba mkiTxvels maT gagebaSi<br />
(ix. 6.2.5 Tanmimdevrobis principebisTvis). araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar<br />
CamoTvaloT wyaroebi im TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac isini<br />
waikiTxeT an gaxsovT.<br />
2. SecvaleT SekiTxvis formulireba da CamoayalibeT ise, rom<br />
exebodes sakiTxis codnis an sakiTxSi Caxedulobis simwires.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli kvlevis monaxazis gakeTebis Semdeg uTxariT<br />
mkiTxvels, mis romel nawils ganavrcobT, SecvliT an gaasworebT.<br />
es gaakeTeT Semdegnairad: SekiTxva xelaxla CamoayalibeT ise, rom<br />
man moicvas is, rac kvlevaSi SecdomiT iyo warmodgenili, cudad<br />
axsnili an ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
ra<strong>to</strong>m aris alamos is<strong>to</strong>ria ase mniSvnelovani Cvens erovnul<br />
miTologiaSi?<br />
_ cota is<strong>to</strong>rikosma scada, aexsna, ra<strong>to</strong>m gaxda alamos i<strong>to</strong>ria ase<br />
mniSvnelovani Cvens erovnul miTologiaSi.<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rebi amas TiTqmis yovelTvis da mravali gziT akeTeben. amdenad,<br />
kiTxvis paralelurad, CainiSneT, rogor aris es gakeTebuli<br />
wyaroebSi.<br />
3. Tu SegiZliaT, gaakeTeT pasuxis monaxazi SekiTxvaze - mere ra, Tu<br />
ver gavarkvevT? romel ufro masStabur sakiTxs ver gaigebs<br />
mkiTxveli, Tu ar gascemT pasuxs Tqveni kvlevis SekiTxvaze?<br />
Tu gavigebT, es is<strong>to</strong>riebi rogor iqca erovnul legendebad, ukeT<br />
gavigebdiT Cvens erovnul Rirebulebebs, albaT, imasac, riTi varT<br />
gamorCeuli.<br />
96
am etapze SeiZleba, aRmoaCinoT sakiTxis ufro didi, rTulad<br />
warmosadgeni mniSvneloba. daamateT is, Tu SegiZliaT, Tumca, did dros<br />
nu daxarjavT amaze; Cven mas mogvianebiT davubrundebiT (ix. 10.1.3).<br />
4. gadaamuSaveT da mounaxeT adgili debulebas. debuleba dawereT<br />
`dafis” pirvel gverdze. axla gansazRvreT, sad gsurT debulebis<br />
da<strong>to</strong>veba. moxsenebaSi debulebis aRsaniSnad ori varianti gaqvT:<br />
- Sesavlis bolos da ganmeorebiT, daskvnis dasawyisTan axlos;<br />
- mxolod daskvnaSi, msjelobis kulminaciis saxiT;<br />
Tu kvleviTi proeqtebis weraSi mwiri gamocdileba gaqvT,<br />
mogiwodebT, CaweroT debuleba Sesavlis bolos da ganmeorebiT, daskvnis<br />
dasawyisTan. rodesac mkiTxveli debulebas dasawyisSive naxavs, Sesavlis<br />
bolos ecodineba, ris Sesaxeb aris kvleva da amdenad, Semdgomi<br />
nawilebis ufro swrafad wakiTxvas, ukeT gagebas SeZlebs da is didxans<br />
daamaxsovrdeba. rodesac pirvel rigSi werT debulebas, es, agreTve,<br />
gexmarebaT weris procesis sworad warmarTvaSi.<br />
zogierTi axalbeda mkvlevari SiSobs, rom Tu SesavalSi<br />
gaamJRavnebs debulebas, mkiTxvels daekargeba interesi da aRar<br />
ganagrZobs kiTxvas. sxvebi SiSoben, rom erTi da igives gameoreba ar<br />
mouwioT. orive SiSi usafuZvloa. Tu saintereso SekiTxvas dasvamT,<br />
mkiTxvels gauCndeba survili, ixilos, ramdenad kargad SeZlebT masze<br />
pasuxis dasabuTebas.<br />
Tu debulebas da<strong>to</strong>vebT Sesavali gverdis qveda nawilSi, xelaxla<br />
CamoayalibeT misi varianti `dafis” boloSi, daskvnis axali furclis<br />
zeda nawilSi. Tu SegiZliaT, daskvnis nawilSi CarTuli debuleba<br />
SesavalSi mocemul debulebasTan SedarebiT ufro konkretulad<br />
CamoayalibeT.<br />
97
zogierT sferoSi av<strong>to</strong>rebi debulebas, rogorc wesi, amJRavneben<br />
mxolod daskvniT nawilSi, romlis saTauria msjeloba an daskvna. aseT<br />
SemTxvevebSi mravali mkiTxveli Tvals gadaavlebs Sesavals da pirdapir<br />
daskvnaze gadadis. amdenad, am tipis mkiTxvelisTvis Sesavali ise<br />
dawereT, rom iq warmodgenili iyos ara mxolod naSromis ZiriTadi<br />
nawili, aramed daskvnac.<br />
Tu gadawyvetT, rom debuleba mxolod daskvnaSi CarToT, aitaneT<br />
is axali daskvnis gverdis zeda nawilSi. Tumca, Tu ase moiqceviT,<br />
dagWirdebaT kidev erTi winadadeba, romelic debulebis nacvlad unda<br />
CasvaT Sesavlis bolo nawilSi, raTa mkiTxveli sainteresod gadaiyvanoT<br />
moxsenebis ZiriTad nawilze. es winadadeba und moicavdes ZiriTad<br />
terminebs, romlebsac gamoiyenebT mTel moxsenebaSi (ix. 6.2.3).<br />
Cveni rCevaa, daweroT es warmdgeni winadadeba Savi naweris<br />
Sesavlis saboloo variantis Seqmnisas (ix. 10.1.4). amdenad, manamde<br />
gamoyaviT adgili am winadadebisTvis `dafaze”, Sesavlis gverdis qveda<br />
nawilSi, an gaakeTeT winadadebis monaxazi an Canaweri, romelsac<br />
mogvianebiT daamatebT.<br />
zogierTi av<strong>to</strong>ri Sesavlis bolos amatebs `sqemas”, sadac<br />
warmoadgens moxsenebis struqturas:<br />
pirvel nawilSi ganvixile... meore nawilSi SevexeT... mesame nawilSi<br />
ganxilulia..<br />
mkiTxvelebis damokidebuleba am meTodis mimarT gansxvavdeba. mas<br />
farTod iyeneben socialur mecnierebebSi, xolo humanitarul<br />
mecnierebebSi is aramarTebulad miiCneva. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu fiqrobT,<br />
rom sqema mkiTxvels ar moewoneba, SegiZliaT is daama<strong>to</strong>T `dafaze”. es<br />
dagexmarebaT Savi naweris Seqmnisas. Semdeg amoWeriT is Savi naweris<br />
saboloo variantidan. Tu da<strong>to</strong>vebT, darwmundiT, rom moklea.<br />
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6.2.3 gansazRvreT im cnebebis gamomxatveli ZiriTadi terminebi, romlebic<br />
aerTianebs naSroms da ganasxvavebs mis nawilebs erTmaneTisgan<br />
moxsenebis logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis aRsaqmelad, mkiTxvelma<br />
unda dainaxos, rom mis yvela nawils gasdevs mTavari Temebi. Tumca,<br />
mkiTxveli ver SeniSnavs am gameorebul cnebebs, Tu maT sxvadasxva<br />
terminiT gamoxatavT. mkiTxvels sWirdeba, ixilos konkretuli terminebi,<br />
romliTac aRwerT am cnebebs. ar aris savaldebulo yovel jerze<br />
terminebi ixmaroT, magram es imdenad xSirad unda gaakeToT, rom<br />
mkiTxvels ar gamorCes ZiriTadi cnebebi. is terminebi, romlebic gasdevs<br />
mTel moxsenebas SesaZloa, moicavdes sityvebs, romlebic gamoiyeneT<br />
SeniSvnebis kategorizaciisTvis, Tumca, isini unda moicavdes<br />
mniSvnelovan sityvebs Tqveni SekiTxvidan da debulebidan. mkiTxvelma,<br />
agreTve, TiToeul nawilSi unda dainaxos ufro meti konkretuli cneba,<br />
rac mocemul nawils sxva danarCeni nawilebisgan ganasxvavebs.<br />
amdenad, Savi naweris Seqmnis dawyebamde gansazRvreT ZiriTadi<br />
cnebebi, romelTa gamoyenebasac apirebT mTel moxsenebaSi da SearCieT<br />
termini, romelsac gamoiyenebT yvelaze ufro xSirad TiToeulis<br />
aRsaniSnavad. Semdeg igivenairad moiqeciT cnebebisTvis, romlebic<br />
gamoarCevs TiToeul nawils sxva nawilebisgan. Savi naweris Seqmnis<br />
procesSi aRmoaCenT axal terminebs da amoiRebT Zvelebs, Tumca, Tu<br />
umniSvnelovanes terminebs da cnebebs gaiTvaliswinebT, ufro logikurad<br />
Tanmimdevruli naSromi gamogivaT,.<br />
ai, konkretuli meTodi im zogadi cnebebis gamosavlenad, romlebic<br />
aerTianebs mTel moxsenebas:<br />
1. `dafaze” Sesavlis da daskvnis gverdebze SemoxazeT oTxi an<br />
xuTi sityva, romlebic gamoxatavs yvelaze mniSvnelovan cnebebs. es<br />
sityvebi unda iyos debulebis yvelaze detalur variantSi.<br />
99
- nu gamoiyenebT iseT sityvebs, romlebic aSkarad aris<br />
dakavSirebuli TemasTan: alamo, brZola, damarcxeba.<br />
- aqcenti gaakeTeT cnebebze, romlebsac CarTavT argumentSi da<br />
romelTa gavrcobasac apirebT: damarcxebis Semdeg, triumfi<br />
marcxSi, sagmiro idealebi, Tavganwirva, erovnuli<br />
suliskveTeba, da a.S.<br />
2. TiToeuli cnebisTvis SearCieT sakvanZo termini, romelsac<br />
gaimeorebT naSromis teqstSi. es SeiZleba, iyos erT-erTi<br />
Semoxazuli sityva an axali sityva. CamoTvaleT es ZiriTadi<br />
terminebi calke gverdze. Tu ramdenime sityva naxeT, romlebic<br />
ZiriTad terminebad gamodgeba, ese igi, SesaZloa, debuleba Zalian<br />
zogadia (gadaxedeT 5.4.1).<br />
SegiZliaT, igive procedura ganaxorcieloT im ZiriTadi terminebis<br />
gamosavlenad, romlebic TiToeul nawils aerTianebs. SexedeT varauds,<br />
romelic gansazRvreT varaudis TiToeuli gverdis zeda nawilSi da<br />
SemoxazeT misi mniSvnelovani sityvebi. am sityvebidan zogi maTgani<br />
dakavSirebuli unda iyos sityvebTan, romlebic Semoxazulia Sesavalsa<br />
da daskvnaSi. danarCenebi unda gamoxatavdes cnebebs, romlebic<br />
gamoarCevs mocemul nawils sxva nawilebisgan. SearCieT ZiriTadi termini<br />
TiToeuli ZiriTadi cnebisTvis.<br />
axla, Savi naweris weris procesSi, gamoiyeneT rogorc zogadi<br />
terminebi, romlebic unda gasdevdes mTlian moxsenebas, ise konkretuli<br />
terminebi, romlebic ganasxvavebs TiToeul nawils sxva danarCeni<br />
nawilebisgan. maTi daxmarebiT uzrunvelyofT sakuTari muSaobis da,<br />
Sesabamisad, mkiTxvelis swori mimarTulebiT wayvanas. Tu mogvianebiT<br />
ixilavT, rom naSromSi es terminebi mwirad aris gamoyenebuli, nu<br />
daubrundebiT maT maSinve. Savi naweris Seqmnis procesSi SesaZloa, raime<br />
axali aRmoaCinoT.<br />
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6.2.4 gamoiyeneT konkretuli ZiriTadi terminebi qveTavebis<br />
dasasaTaureblad<br />
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqvens sferoSi naSromebSi qvesaTaurebi ar<br />
gamoiyeneba (ix. A2.2 danarTSi), Cveni rCevaa, gamoiyenoT isini Sav nawerSi.<br />
SeqmeniT qvesaTaurebi ZiriTadi terminebisgan, romlebic gansazRvreT<br />
6.2.3-Si. Tu ver poulobT ZiriTad terminebs nawilis gansxvavebis<br />
warmosaCenad, yuradRebiT daakvirdiT da gansazRvreT, ra daniSnulebas<br />
asrulebs is. mkiTxvelma SesaZloa, is gameorebad an Seusabamod<br />
CaTvalos.<br />
Tu Tqvens sferoSi qvesaTaurebi maincdamainc ar gamoiyeneba,<br />
gamoiyeneT isini muSaobis procesSi, Semdeg ki Savi naweris saboloo<br />
variantidan amoiReT.<br />
6.2.5. daalageT varaudebi<br />
naSromis nawilebisTvis kargi Tanmimdevrobis moZebna SeiZleba,<br />
dagegmvis yvelaze rTuli nawili aRmoCndes. argumentis Tavmoyris dros,<br />
SesaZloa, ar dagilagebiaT varaudebi raime konkretuli TanmimdevrobiT<br />
(`dafis” gamoyenebis erT-erTi dadebiTi mxare). Tumca Savi naweris<br />
dagegmvisas rogorRac unda daalagoT iseTi TanmimdevrobiT, romelic<br />
yvelaze ukeT pasuxobs mkiTxvelis moTxovnilebebs. es ar aris ioli,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, roca werT axal Temaze axal sferoSi.<br />
rodesac ar xarT darwmunebuli, saukeTeso TanmimdevrobiT rogor<br />
daalagoT varaudebi, gaiTvaliswineT Semdegi:<br />
- Sedareba da Sepirispireba. es aris forma, romelsac<br />
SearCevdiT ori an meti subieqtis, cnebis an sagnis Sedarebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi.<br />
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Tumca, arsebobs Sedarebis da Sepirispirebis ori xerxi,<br />
romelTagan erTi, Cveulebriv, meoreze ukeTesia. magaliTad, rom<br />
adarebdeT, hopis <strong>to</strong>mTa niRbebs ufro meti religiuri simbolizmi<br />
axasiaTebs Tu inuitebis niRbebs, SesaZloa, gadagewyvitaT naSromis<br />
pirvel nawilSi inuitebis niRbebis Sesaxeb msjeloba, meoreSi ki _ hopis<br />
niRbebze. Tumca, am saxis wyobis Sedegad Zalian xSirad viRebT or,<br />
erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel reziumes. scadeT Temebis dayofa<br />
konceptualur nawilebad. niRbebis SemTxvevSi es iqneboda maTi<br />
simboluri gamoxatuleba, dizainis elementebi, ganviTarebis etapebi, da<br />
a.S.<br />
arsebobs azrebis dalagebis ramdenime sxva st<strong>and</strong>artuli xerxi.<br />
ori maTgani aqcents akeTebs saganze:<br />
- qronologiuri. es aris yvelaze martivi meTodi: yvelaze<br />
adreulidan uaxlesisken an mizezidan Sedegisken.<br />
- nawilebis mixedviT. SegiZliaT Tema dayoT Semadgenel<br />
nawilebad, TiToeul maTganze imuSaoT rig-rigobiT, Tumca,<br />
mainc unda daalagoT es nawilebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT,<br />
raTa daexmaroT mkiTxvels maT gagebaSi.<br />
SegiZliaT, agreTve, daalagoT imis mixedviT, Tu rogor gaigebs maT<br />
mkiTxveli:<br />
- mokledan grZelamde, martividan rTulamde. mkiTxvelebis<br />
did nawils urCevnia gaecnos nakleb kompleqsur sakiTxebs,<br />
vidre ufro kompleqsur nawilebze gadava.<br />
- SedarebiT nacnobi sakiTxidan nakleb nacnob sakiTxamde.<br />
mkiTxvelebis umetesobas urCevnia, axali sakiTxis wakiTxvamde<br />
waikiTxos is, rac misTvis nacnobia.<br />
- nakleb sadavodan ufro sadavomde. mkiTxvelebis umravlesoba<br />
ufro martivad gadainacvlebs im Temidan, romelsac<br />
eTanxmeba, im Temaze, romelsac ar eTanxmeba.<br />
102
- nakleb mniSvnelovnidan ufro mniSvnelovnamde (an piriqiT).<br />
mkiTxvels urCevnia, waikiTxos ufro mniSvnelovani varaudebi<br />
pirvel rigSi, Tumca, SesaZloa, am varaudebs meti zegavlena<br />
hqondes, rodesac isini bolos aris warmodgenili.<br />
- sabaziso codna momdevno sakiTxebis ukeT gasagebad.<br />
mkiTxvels SesaZloa, dasWirdes garkveuli movlenebis,<br />
principebis, gansazRvrebebis da a.S. gageba, vidre sxva rames<br />
gaigeben.<br />
xSirad, es principebi urTierTqmedeben: is, rasac mkiTxveli<br />
eTanxmeba da yvelaze martivad esmis, SesaZloa, imavdroulad, iyos<br />
yvelaze mokle da nacnobi. Tumca, SesaZloa, isini, agreTve, erTmaneTTan<br />
winaaRmdegobaSi modiodnen: varaudebi, romlebic mkiTxvels esmis,<br />
savsebiT SesaZlebelia, iyos is varaudebi, romlebsac yvelaze male<br />
ukuagdeben; is, rac migaCniaT yvelaze gadamwyvet mizezad, SesaZloa,<br />
mkiTxvels moeCvenos yvelaze naklebad nacnobad. aq ar moqmedebs wesebi,<br />
mxolod arCevnis principebi.<br />
ra Tanmimdevrobac ar unda SearCioT, is unda asaxavdes mkiTxvelis<br />
saWiroebebs da ara im Tanmimdevrobas, romelic masalidan<br />
gamomdinareobs (rogorc aSkara Sedareba–Sepirispirebis wyobaSia) da<br />
yvelaze naklebad – im Tanmimdevrobas, romliTac azrebi mogdiodaT.<br />
6.2.6 gardamavali sityvebis gamoyenebiT asaxeT Tanmimdevroba<br />
darwmundiT, rom mkiTxveli SeZlebs, SeniSnos Tqvens mier arCeuli<br />
Tanmimdevroba. `dafaze” varaudebis yoveli gverdi daiwyeT sityvebiT,<br />
romlebic mkafiod gamoxatavs Tanmimdevrobis princips: pirvel rigSi,<br />
amas garda, Semdgom, dabolos, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, ufro<br />
kompleqsuri sakiTxia, Sedegad. nu CaTvliT, rom am sityvebis gamoyeneba<br />
uadgiloa da nurc idardebT amas, am etapze isini ufro metad TqvenTvis<br />
103
aris sasargeblo, vidre mkiTxvelisTvis. Savi naweris saboloo variantSi<br />
maTi Secvla an amoReba SegiZliaT.<br />
6.2.7 gaakeTeT Sesavlis mokle monaxazi TiToeuli nawilisa da<br />
qvenaTavisTvis<br />
mTliani moxsenebisTvis, rogorc iciT, saWiroa Sesavali, sadac<br />
mimoxilulia momdevno nawilebis Sinaarsi. amis msgavsad, Sesavali<br />
saWiroa, aseve, TiToeuli nawilisTvis. Tu nawili mxolod erT an<br />
orgverdiania, SesavlisTvis mxolod mokle abzaci iqneba sakmarisi; Tu<br />
nawili ramdenime gverdisgan Sedgeba, dagWirdebaT monaxazi, romelsac<br />
ori an ramdenime abzaciT warmoadgenT. aRniSnuli Sesavlis nawilSi<br />
unda warmoadginoT ZiriTadi terminebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia<br />
Sesabamisi nawilisTvis. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, es unda gaakeToT<br />
boloSi, erTi winadadebiT ZiriTadi arsis gamoxatviT. es arsi SeiZleba<br />
iyos varaudi, pasuxi sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisze an ganmartebiT<br />
msjelobaze, romelic unda axsnaT. nawilSi, romelic, Tqveni azriT,<br />
daaxloebiT, xuT gverdze meti moculobisa iqneba, SesaZloa, nawilis<br />
arsi warmoadginoT rogorc Sesavlis bolos, aseve, ganmeorebiT,<br />
daskvnaSi.<br />
6.2.8 TiToeuli nawilisTvis gaakeTeT faq<strong>to</strong>brivi mtkicebulebebis,<br />
alternatiuli mosazrebis, ganmartebiTi msjelobis da reziumeebis<br />
monaxazi<br />
Sesabamis nawilebSi gaakeTeT argumentis nawilebis monaxazi.<br />
gaxsovdeT, rom am nawilebidan bevrSi TavisTavad iqneba warmodgenili<br />
arsi, romelic unda gamyardes SedarebiT mcire argumentebiT.<br />
faq<strong>to</strong>brivi mtkicebulebebi. umetesi nawilebi, upiratesad, Sedgeba<br />
faqtebisgan, romlebic amyarebs varauds. faq<strong>to</strong>brivi mtkicebulebebis<br />
104
monaxazi SeqmeniT im varaudis Semdeg, romelsac is amyarebs. Tu erTi da<br />
igive varaudisTvis gansxvavebuli saxis faqtebi gaqvT moyvanili,<br />
daajgufeT da daalageT isini mkiTxvelisTvis gasagebi saxiT.<br />
faq<strong>to</strong>brivi mtkicebulebebis ganmarteba. Tqven unda warmoadginoT<br />
ganmarteba moyvanil faqtebTan dakavSirebiT – saidan moipoveT, ra<strong>to</strong>m<br />
aris s<strong>and</strong>o da zustad rogor amyareben isini Tqvens varauds. rogorc<br />
wesi, es ganmartebebi faq<strong>to</strong>briv mtkicebulebebs mosdevs, Tumca,<br />
SegiZliaT gaakeToT maTi monaxazi manamdec, Tu es ufro logikurad<br />
geCvenebaT.<br />
alternatiurli mosazrebebi da pasuxebi. warmoidgineT, mkiTxveli ras<br />
ar daeTanxmeba da sad, Semdeg gaakeTeT pasuxis monaxazi. pasuxi,<br />
Cveulebriv, warmoadgens qvearguments, romelic unda Seicavdes, sul<br />
mcire debulebas da varaudebs, is xSirad moicavs faqtebs da Tqveni<br />
pasuxis warmosaxviT sawinaaRmdego mosazrebaze pasuxsac ki.<br />
ganmartebiTi msjeloba. Tu fiqrobT, rom dagWirdebaT msjelobis<br />
ganmarteba varaudis Sesabamisobis dasasabuTeblad, SeimuSaveT is<br />
varaudis warmodgenamde. (Tu ganmartebiT msjelobas mxolod<br />
aqcentisTvis iyenebT, CasviT is varaudis Semdeg). Tu fiqrobT, rom<br />
mkiTxveli eWvqveS daayenebs ganmartebiTi msjelobis sinamdviles,<br />
gaakeTeT miniargumentis monaxazi mis dasasabuTeblad. Tu mkiTxvelma<br />
SeiZleba, ifiqros, rom Tqveni varaudi an debuleba ar aris ganmartebiTi<br />
msjelobis namdvili garemoeba, gaakeTeT sawinaaRmdegos damamtkicebeli<br />
argumentis monaxazi<br />
reziumeebi. Tu naSromi oc gverdze meti moculobisaa, SegiZliaT,<br />
argumentis ganviTarebis etapi TiToeuli didi nawilis boloSi mokled<br />
SeajamoT, gansakuTrebiT, Tu naSromSi mravlad aris gamoyenebuli<br />
105
faqtebi, TariRebi, saxelebi, movlenebi an cifrebi. amdeni faqtebis<br />
warmodgeniT SeiZleba, bundovani gaxdes argumentis ganviTarebis<br />
procesi. ra daadgineT am nawilSi? ra etapzea argumenti am droisTvis?<br />
Tu Savi naweris saboloo variantSi es reziumeebi Zalian TvalsaCinoa,<br />
amoWeriT isini.<br />
sxvadasxva sferoebSi momuSave av<strong>to</strong>rebma SesaZloa, es elementebi<br />
odnav gansxvavebulad daalagon, Tumca, Tavad elementebi da maTi<br />
organizebis principebi igivea nebismier sferosa da profesiaSi. sferos<br />
miuxedavad, TiToeul naSromSi Zalian mniSvnelovnia, rom argumentis<br />
nawilebi daalagoT ara, ubralod, sakuTari Tvalsazrisis asaxvis<br />
mizniT, aramed mkiTxvelisTvis gasagebi saxiT.<br />
6.2.9 SeqmeniT daskvnis samuSao variantis monaxazi<br />
daskvniTi debuleba `dafaze” daskvnis gverdis zeda nawilSi unda<br />
gqondeT dawerili. Tu SegiZliaT am debulebis mniSvnelobis gaZliereba<br />
(morigi pasuxi SekiTxvaze _ mere ra?), gakeTeT misi monaxazi debulebis<br />
Semdeg (ufro vrclad daskvnebis Sesaxeb ix. 10.3).<br />
6.3 SeinaxeT darCenili masala<br />
gegmis pirveli samuSao variantis Seqmnis Semdeg SesaZloa,<br />
aRmoaCinoT, rom dagrCaT bevri masala, romelic ar gamogiyenebiaT gegmis<br />
SemuSavebisas. daZlieT survili, CarToT darCenili masala moxsenebaSi<br />
mxolod im mizeziT, rom radgan moiZieT, mkiTxvelmac unda waikiTxos.<br />
faq<strong>to</strong>brivad, Tu masalebis umetesoba gamoiyeneT da narCeni masala<br />
cotaa, albaT, sakmarisi kvleva ar CagitarebiaT. SeinaxeT darCenili<br />
masala samomavlod. SesaZloa, iq inaxebodes sxva proeqtisTvis<br />
gamosadegi marcvlebi.<br />
106
7 naSromis Savi naweris Seqmna<br />
7.1 SearCieT weris maqsimalurad mosaxerxebeli gza<br />
7.2 gamoimuSaveT Sedegiani Savi naweris Seqmnis Cveva<br />
7.3 gamoiyeneT ZiriTadi terminebi, rom SeinarCunoT swori kursi<br />
7.4 saTanadod moiyvaneT citatebi, gaakeTeT perifrazi da reziume<br />
7.5 teqstSi CarTeT citatebi<br />
7.6 gonivrulad gamoiyeneT sqolioebi, SeniSvnebi da damatebiTi<br />
ganmartebebi<br />
7.7 wardgenamde ganmarteT kompleqsuri an detaluri faq<strong>to</strong>brivi<br />
mtkicebuleba<br />
7.8 gaiTvaliswineT SesaZlo moulodnelobebi<br />
7.9 Tavi daicaviT uneblie plagiatisgan<br />
7.9.1 gamoyaviT TiToeuli citata, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu miTiTebuli<br />
gaqvT wyaro<br />
7.9.2 nu gaakeTebT perifrazs original teqstTan Zalian axlos<br />
7.9.3 im azrebisTvis, romlebic Tqven ar gekuTvniT, rogorc wesi,<br />
gaakeTeT wyaros citireba<br />
7.9.4 Tavs nu gaimarTlebT arcodniT, gaugebrobiT an keTili ganzraxviT<br />
7.10 moerideT arasaTanado daxmarebis miRebas<br />
7.11 gadalaxeT saqmis qronikulad gadadebis etapi da SemoqmedebiTi Cixi<br />
zogierT av<strong>to</strong>rs miaCnia, rom mas Semdeg, rac `dafaze” dawers<br />
monaxazs, SeZlebs Savi naweris daweras, ubralod, winadadebebis<br />
gaSalaSinebis gziT. Tu vrceli monaxazi gaqvT gakeTebuli, albaT,<br />
imasac fiqrobT, rom es mosamzadebeli Canawerebi SegiZliaT, Sav nawerSi<br />
gadaitanoT. gamocdilma av<strong>to</strong>rebma ician, rom es ar aris gamarTlebuli<br />
gza. maT ician ori ram: kvlevis procesSi monaxazebis gakeTeba Zalian<br />
mniSvnelovania. Tumca, xSirad es mosamzadebeli naweri ar gamodgeba Sav<br />
107
nawerSi CasarTavad; amasTanave, samuSao variantis Seqmnis procesi<br />
SeiZleba, iyos aRmoCena, romlisTvisac mkvlevari emzadeba<br />
mosamzadebeli, dagegmvis da `dafaze” datanis etapebis dros, Tumca, es<br />
nawerebi samuSao variantisTvis ar gamodgeba. faq<strong>to</strong>brivad, av<strong>to</strong>rebis<br />
umravlesobam ar icis, ra azri SeiZleba, mouvideT, vidre ar ixilaven<br />
mas dawerils, sityvebiT gamoxatuls. marTlac, kvlevis dros erT-erT<br />
yvelaze amaRelvebeli momentia, rodesac aRmoaCenT, rom gamoxatavT<br />
ideebs, romlebic im wuTamde ar icodiT, Tu gqondaT.<br />
amdenad, nu SexedavT Savi naweris Seqmnas rogorc. ubralod,<br />
`dafaze” Camowerili debulebebis an monaxazis TxrobiT formaSi<br />
gadatanas. Tu Sav nawers obieqturad qmniT, SeiZleba, mogivideT azrebi,<br />
romlebsac, vidre weras daiwyebdiT, verc ki warmoidgendiT, Tumca,<br />
procesis sxva nabijebis msgavsad, gegmis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi<br />
moulodnelobebsac ki ukeT gaarTmevT Tavs.<br />
7.1 SearCieT weris maqsimalurad mosaxerxebeli gza<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rebi Savi naweris Sesaqmnelad sxvadasxva gzas iyeneben. zogi<br />
wers nela da dakvirvebiT: momdevno abzacze gadasvlamde sabolood<br />
unda Camoayalibon wina abzaci. amisTvis sWirdebaT detaluri gegma.<br />
amdenad, Tu nela werT, dagegmeT dakvirvebiT. sxva av<strong>to</strong>rebi weren<br />
swrafad, Tu SemoqmedebiT CixSi aRmoCndebian, gadainacvleben Semdeg<br />
nawilebze, gamo<strong>to</strong>veben citatebs, statistikas da a.S. da mogvianebiT<br />
Caamateben am nawilebs. Tu SeCereba mouwevT stilisturi sakiTxis gamo,<br />
rogoricaa sakiTxi cifrebi sityvebiT gamoxa<strong>to</strong>n Tu cifrebiT, isini im<br />
adgilze Caweren [?] da ganagrZoben weras energiis gamoclamde. Semdeg<br />
daubrundebian am adgilebs da gaasworeben. Tumca, iseT av<strong>to</strong>rebs,<br />
romlebic swrafad weren, didi dro sWirdebaT naweris<br />
gadasamuSaveblad. amdenad, Tu swrafad werT, adre SeudeqiT muSaobas.<br />
wereT TqvenTvis mosaxerxebeli gziT; unda aRiniSnos, rom gamocdili<br />
108
av<strong>to</strong>rebi, rogorc wesi, weren swrafad, Semdgom ki seriozulad<br />
amuSaveben nawers.<br />
7.2 gamoimuSaveT Sedegiani Savi naweris Seqmnis Cveva<br />
adamianebis udidesi nawili yvelaze naklebad efeqtur garemoebebSi<br />
swavleobs weras _ zewolis qveS, roca Cqaroben vadaSi Catevas, swrafad<br />
qmnian Sav nawers wina RamiT da albaT, momdevno dilas ramdenime wuTSi<br />
gadaavleben mas Tvals. es meTodi iSviaTad amarTlebs mokle moxsenebis<br />
weris SemTxvevaSi da TiTqmis arasodes _ didi naSromis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
Tqven gWirdebaT dro da gegma, romelSic gawerili iqneba mcire,<br />
miRwevadi miznebi, magram romelic orientirebuli iqneba didi, ZiriTadi<br />
miznis miRwevaze.<br />
rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, wereT regularulad da xSirad; nu<br />
dawerT naCqarevad, raTa ar SeaferxoT azrovnebis procesi da ar<br />
CaixSoT interesi. weris TiToeuli sesiisTvis dasaxeT mcire mizani da<br />
sityvebis gonivruli raodenoba, misdieT am gegmas. roca weras<br />
ganaaxlebT, ar aris aucilebeli im monakveTidan gaagrZeloT, sadac<br />
SewyviteT. gadaxedeT `dafas”, raTa gansazRvroT, risi werisTvis xarT<br />
mzad mocemul dRes. gadaxedeT, rogor jdeba sakiTxi Sesabamis nawilSi<br />
da mTel moxsenebaSi: ra varauds amyarebs nawili? ra adgili ukavia<br />
mTlian logikur msjelobaSi? romeli ZiriTadi terminebi gamoxatavs<br />
cnebebs, romlebic gamoarCevs aRniSnul nawils? Tu giWirT nawilis<br />
dasruleba, gadadiT sxva nawilze. rac ar unda gaakeToT, nu<br />
CaanacvlebT weras meti kiTxviT. adamians, romelic qronikulad<br />
momavlisTvis debs saqmis keTebas, Cveulebriv, ise afrTxobs proeqtis<br />
moculoba, rom moqmedebis unari erTmeva da agrZelebs saqmis dawyebis<br />
samomavlod gadadebas. am mavne Cvevis daZleva proeqtis mcire, miRwevad<br />
miznebad dayofis gziT SegiZliaT (ix. 7.11).<br />
109
7.3 gamoiyeneT saorientacio terminebi, rom SeinarCunoT swori kursi<br />
naweris Seqmnisas xelT iqonieT zogadi cnebebis Sesabamisi<br />
saorientacio terminebis calke sia; es is terminebia, romlebic mTels<br />
naSromSi unda gamoiyenoT. drodadro SeamowmeT, ramdenad xSirad gaqvT<br />
gamoyenebuli es sityvebi _ isini, romlebic mTlian naSroms gasdevs da<br />
isini, romlebic erT nawils meorisgan gamoarCevs. Tumca, am sityvebma ar<br />
unda gamoiwvios originaluri azrovnebis SezRudva. Tu SeniSnavT, rom<br />
yuradReba gadagerToT sxva rameze, ar SeaferxoT es procesi. SeiZleba,<br />
saintereso idea mogivideT. gaagrZeleT, vidre ar mixvdebiT, ra axali<br />
azri mogivaT.<br />
7.4 saTanadod moiyvaneT citatebi, gaakeTeT perifrazi da reziume<br />
am Temas SevexeT, rodesac ganvixileT Canawerebis gakeTebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi (4.2.2). naSromis udidesi nawili unda daweroT<br />
sakuTari sityvebiT, romlebic gamoxatavs Tqvens Tvalsazriss. aRniSnul<br />
Tvalsazrissa da mosazrebebs ZiriTadad gaamyarebT citatebis,<br />
perifrazis da reziumeebis gamoyenebiT. Tumca, sxvadasxva sferoSi isini<br />
sxvadasxva doziT gamoiyeneba. sazogadod, humanitarul mecnierebebSi<br />
mkvlevrebi yvelaze xSirad iyeneben citatebs; socialur da<br />
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi Cveulebriv perifrazs an reziumes<br />
mimarTaven. Tumca, es Tqven unda gadawyvi<strong>to</strong>T, gamomdinare iqidan, rogor<br />
iyenebT informacias argumentSi kerZo SemTxvevebisas. qvemoT<br />
warmodgenilia ramdenime principi:<br />
- reziume warmoadgineT maSin, roca detalebi ar aris mniSvnelovani<br />
an rodesac wyaro ar aris sakmarisad mniSvnelovani saimisod, rom<br />
meti adgili daeTmos naSromSi.<br />
- gaakeTeT perifrazi maSin, rodesac SegiZliaT wyaroSi mocemuli<br />
monakveTis ufro mkafiod an mokled gadmocema an roca argumenti<br />
110
damokidebulia wyaroSi arsebul detalebze, magram ara konkretul<br />
sityvebze (Tumca, perifrazs vidre gaakeTebdeT, waikiTxeT 7.9.)<br />
- moyvaneT citata Semdeg SemTxvevebSi:<br />
o sityvebi warmoadgens damamtkicebel faqtebs, romelic<br />
amyarebs Tqvens varaudebs.<br />
o nawyvetSi mocemulia Tvalsazrisi, romelsac ar eTanxmebiT<br />
da obieqturobis mizniT gsurT. zustad warmoadginoT is.<br />
o citirebuli sityvebi ekuTvnis av<strong>to</strong>ritetul pirs, romelic<br />
emxroba Tqvens Tvalsazriss.<br />
o citata saocrad originaluria.<br />
o is gamoxatavs Tqvens ZiriTad cnebebs ise sainteresod, rom<br />
citatis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba Semdgomi msjelobisTvis CarCos<br />
Seqmna.<br />
citatebi, perifrazebi da reziumeebi sakuTari axali ideebiT unda<br />
daabalansoT. ubralod, nu gaimeorebT, an uaresi, nu gadmoitanT sxvebis<br />
sityvebs da ideebs, romlebsac teqstSi CarTavT da warmoadgenT, rogorc<br />
sakuTars. yvela pedagogs aRizianebs aseTi naSromebi, vinaidan maTSi<br />
igrZnoba originaluri azrovnebis simwire. samecniero xarisxis<br />
mosapoveblad gamiznuli proeqtis SemTxvevaSi, rogorica Tezisi an<br />
sadisertacio naSromi, mkiTxveli imTaviTve miuReblad CaTvlis aseT,<br />
literaturidan amoRebuli ideebiT Sekowiwebul naSroms.<br />
mkiTxveli afasebs kvlevas mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac endoba<br />
masSi moyvanil wyaroebs. amdenad, TiToeuli reziumes, perifrazis, an<br />
citatis SemTxvevaSi miuTiTeT misi bibliografiuli monacemebi wyaros<br />
damowmebis Sesabamisi stilis gamoyenebiT (ix. nawili 2).<br />
111
7.5 teqstSi CarTeT citatebi<br />
teqstSi citatebi SegiZliaT ori gziT CarToT:<br />
- moiyvaneT oTxi an naklebi xazis moculobis citata ZiriTad<br />
teqstSi.<br />
- gamoyaviT xuT an metxaziani citata Seweul-striqonebiani abzacis<br />
saxiT.<br />
orive saxis citata teqstSi SegiZliaT, ori gziT CarToT:<br />
1. CarTeT citata damoukidebeli winadadebis an nawyvetis saxiT,<br />
romelsac waumZRvarebT ramdenime sityvisgan Semdgar ganmartebas.<br />
Tumca, Sesaval winadadebaSi moerideT Semdegi sityvebis<br />
gamudmebiT gamoyenebas: ambobs, mixedviT, TqmiT da a.S.:<br />
daiamondis TqmiT, `nayofieri naxevarmTvaris da CineTis is<strong>to</strong>riebi ... yuradsaRebi<br />
gakveTilia Tanamedrove msofliosTvis: garemoebebi icvleba da warsuli dideba ar<br />
aris momavali sidiadis garanti” (417].<br />
amis nacvlad, warmoadgineT garkveuli interpretacia:<br />
daiamondis mixedviT, erTi gakveTili, rac SegviZlia warsulidan viswavloT, aris is,<br />
rom ar unda velodeT warsulis ganmeorebas.. `nayofieri naxevarmTvaris da CineTis<br />
is<strong>to</strong>riebi... yuradsaRebi gakveTilia Tanamedrove msofliosTvis...”<br />
2. citatis struqtura Tqvens winadadebaSi CaaqsoveT:<br />
politikurma moRvaweebma unda iswavlon is<strong>to</strong>riis magaliTze, Tumca daiamondi<br />
aRniSnavs, rom `Tanamedrove msofliosTvis gakveTili” nayofieri naxevarmTvaris da<br />
CineTis is<strong>to</strong>riidan aris is, rom `garemoebebi icvleba da warsuli dideba ar aris<br />
momavali sidiadis garanti” [417]. amdenad, erTi gakveTili is<strong>to</strong>riidan aris is, rom<br />
warsuli gameorebis imedad ver viqnebiT.<br />
112
imisaTvis, rom citirebuli winadadeba kargad Seerwyas Tqvensas,<br />
SegiZliaT, SecvaloT citata, Tuki amiT ar Seicvleba misi mniSvneloba<br />
da mkafiod miuTiTebT damatebul an Secvlil sityvebs kvadratuli<br />
frCxilebiT, gamo<strong>to</strong>vebul teqsts ki _ mravalwertiliT. am winadadebaSi<br />
originali teqsti ucvlelad aris motanili:<br />
pozneri aqcents akeTebs religiaze ara sulieri, aramed socialuri daniSnulebis gamo:<br />
`amerikis sazogadoebis aRsaniSnavi elementi religiuri pluralizmia da Cven unda<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT, rogor ukavSirdeba is socialuri normebis meSveobiT marTvis<br />
efeqtianobas imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra is<strong>to</strong>riuli mniSvneloba hqonda religias,<br />
romelic imavdroulad am normebis wyaro da damamkvidrebeli iyo.” [299].<br />
am versiaSi ki citata Secvlilia, av<strong>to</strong>ris winadadebis sturqturasTan<br />
SesabamisobaSi moyvanis mizniT:<br />
religiuri pluralizmis am ganxilvaSi pozneri amerikis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb ambobs,<br />
rom `aRsaniSnavi elementi... aris [misi] religiuri pluralizmi.” Cven unda<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT, rogor zegavlenas axdens misi socialuri normebi `marTvis<br />
efeqtianobaze... imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra is<strong>to</strong>riuli mniSvneloba hqonda religias,<br />
romelic imavdroulad am normebis wyaro da damamkvidrebeli iyo.”[299]<br />
(vrclad citatebis teqstSi CarTvis Sesaxeb ix. 25-e TavSi.)<br />
rodesac pirvelad miuTiTebT wyaroze, gamoiyeneT misi sruli<br />
dasaxeleba. nu daurTavT b-ni, q-ni, an profesori (`b-nis’’, `pativcemulis”,<br />
`sena<strong>to</strong>ris” da a.S. gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ix. 24.2.2). wyaros Semdgomi<br />
moxseniebisas gamoiyeneT mxolod gvari:<br />
stiven pinkeris TqmiT, `gancxadebebs enis instinqtis Sesaxeb... faq<strong>to</strong>brivad araferi aqvs<br />
saerTo adamianebs Soris SesaZlo genetikur gansxvavebebTan.” pinkeri agrZelebs da<br />
acxadebs, rom...<br />
garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac miTiTebaa mefeebze, dedoflebze da<br />
papebze, arasodes moixsenioT wyaro saxeliT:<br />
113
stiven pinkeris TqmiT, `mtkicebebi enis instinqtis Sesaxeb...” stiveni ganagrZobs, ...<br />
7.6. gonivrulad gamoiyeneT sqolioebi, gverdoblivi SeniSnvebi da<br />
damatebiTi ganmartebebi<br />
Tu iyenebT gamoyenebuli literaturis damowmebis sqolioSi miTiTebis<br />
stils (ix. 3.2.1), Savi naweris Seqmnisas unda gadawyvi<strong>to</strong>T, rogor<br />
gamoiyenoT sqolioebi, SeniSvnebi da naSromis boloSi mocemuli<br />
damatebiTi ganmartebebi (maT Sesaxeb st<strong>and</strong>artuli moTxovnebi ix. me-16<br />
TavSi). ra Tqma unda, TiToeuli wyaro unda miuTiToT sqolioSi, Tumca,<br />
agreTve, unda gadawyvi<strong>to</strong>T, rogor gamoiyenoT gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi da<br />
damatebiTi ganmartebebi Sinaarsobrivi SeniSvnebisTvis, romlis arc<br />
teqstis ZiriTad nawilSi CarTva gsurT da arc gamo<strong>to</strong>veba. (aseTi<br />
Sinaarsobrivi SeniSvnebi, aseve, SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT teqstSi CarTul<br />
miTiTebebTan erTad roca teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebis stils iyenebT; ix. 18.3.3.)<br />
- Tu wyaroebs imave gverdze, sqolioSi miuTiTebT, Sinaarsobrivi<br />
masala naSromis boloSi mocemul damatebiT ganmartebebSi<br />
gadaitaneT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvels mouwevs naSromis<br />
boloSi gadasvla, raTa Seamowmos, Sinaarsobrivia SeniSvna Tu<br />
bibliografiuli.<br />
- gonivrulad gamoiyeneT Sinaarsobrivi sqolioebi. Tu Zalian bevrs<br />
gaakeTebT, iqmneba imis saSiSroeba, rom gverdebi wyvetili da<br />
danawevrebuli gamovides.<br />
nebismier SemTxvevaSi gaxsovdeT, rom Zalian bevri mkiTxveli ar aqcevs<br />
yuradRebas Sinaarsobriv sqolioebs im principiT, rom Tu es informacia<br />
ar iyo sakmarisad mniSvnelovani teqstSi CasarTavad, Sesabamisad,<br />
maTTvis ar aris sakmarisad mniSvnelovani, rom waikiTxon is sqolioSi.<br />
114
7.7 wardgenamde ganmarteT kompleqsuri an detaluri faq<strong>to</strong>brivi<br />
mtkicebuleba<br />
am etapisTvis SesaZloa, mtkiced darwmunebulma CaTvaloT, rom Tqveni<br />
faqti amyarebs varauds da mkiTxveli aucileblad SeniSnavs mis<br />
Sesabamisobas. Tumca, faq<strong>to</strong>briv mtkicebulebas sWirdeba warmodgena,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, Tu es didi citata, suraTi, cxrili an diagramaa da a.S.;<br />
mas unda waumZRvaroT winadadeba, sadac miuTiTebT moyvanili faqtis<br />
daniSnulebas.<br />
magaliTad, rTulia danaxva, rogor amyarebs Sesaval winadadebas citata<br />
qvemoT moyvanil monakveTSi:<br />
rodesac hamleti Semodis misi maminacvlis klaudiusis locvis dros, is civad<br />
da logikurad fiqrobs, moklas Tu ara maminacvali iqve.<br />
ager loculobs!<br />
marjve dro aris da marjvedac movixmar am dros:<br />
movklav da zecas ava igi.<br />
amiTi viTom mere javrs viyri?<br />
mofiqreba aris saWiro.<br />
mama momikla avazakma da me ki, nacvlad,<br />
mis mkvidri Svili zecas vgzavni imav avazaks.<br />
es xom jildoa, sad aris aq SurisZieba!<br />
debuleba<br />
am striqonebSi araferi mianiSnebs aSkarad civ racionalurobaze.<br />
SeadareT:<br />
roca klaudiusi loculobs, hamleti Semodis da civad, logikurad<br />
fiqrobs, iqve moklas Tu ara igi. debuleba. hamlets Tavidan surs, iqve<br />
moklas maminacvali, Tumca, Semdeg dafiqrdeba: locvis dros rom<br />
gamoasalmos sicocxles, is mis suls zecaSi gagzavnis. mas ki surs, rom<br />
115
klaudiusi dawyevlili iyos. amdenad, iRebs racionalur<br />
gadawyvetilebas, rom sxva dros moklas:<br />
ager loculobs!<br />
varaudi<br />
marjve dro aris da marjvedac movixmar am dros:<br />
movklav da zecas ava igi.<br />
amiTi viTom mere javrs viyri?<br />
mofiqreba aris saWiro.<br />
mama momikla avazakma da me ki, nacvlad,<br />
mis mkvidri Svili zecas vgzavni imav avazaks.<br />
es xom jildoa, sad aris aq SurisZieba!<br />
am saxis ganmartebiTi Sesavali kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, rodesac<br />
waradgenT raodenobriv mtkicebulebas cxrilis an suraTis saxiT (ix.<br />
8.3.1).<br />
7.8 gaiTvaliswineT SesaZlo moulodnelobebi<br />
Tu wyaroebze muSaobis paralelurad werT da Savi naweris Seqmnamde<br />
gegmasac adgenT, nakleb savaraudoa, Savi naweris ganviTarebis procesi<br />
TqvenTvis moulodneli aRmoCndes. miuxedavad amisa, mTliani procesis<br />
ganmavlobaSi mzad iyaviT axali mimarTulebebisTvis:<br />
- rodesac Sav nawerze muSaoba gegmiT gaTvaliswinebul kurss<br />
gascdeba, daakvirdiT, iqneb dagegmilze ukeTesi gziT warmarToT<br />
muSaoba.<br />
- rodesac damamtkicebeli sabuTis warmodgenis Semdeg eWvqveS dgeba<br />
varaudi, nu ugulebelyofT am grZnobas. gadaamowmeT.<br />
- roca varaudebis Tanmimdevroba bolomde ar mogwonT, scadeT<br />
axali varaudebis gamoyeneba, maSinac ki, Tu gegonaT, rom TiTqmis<br />
dasrulebuli gqondaT muSaoba.<br />
116
- maSinac ki, roca saboloo daskvnas gamoitanT, unda naxoT, rogor<br />
ganacxadoT debuleba xelaxla, ufro mkafiod da<br />
erTmniSvnelovnad.<br />
Tu naSromis dasrulebis vadaze sagrZnoblad adre ukeTesi azrebi<br />
mogividaT, gamoiyeneT darCenili dro cvlilebebis Sesatanad. es<br />
naSromis seriozulad daxvewis martivi gzaa.<br />
7.9 Tavi daicaviT uneblie plagiatisgan<br />
swored Sav nawerze muSaobisas dgebiT riskis winaSe, dauSvaT erT-erTi<br />
yvelaze uxeSi Secdoma, romelic ki SeiZleba, dauSvas mkvlevarma:<br />
mkiTxvels Seeqmnas STabeWdileba, rom cdilobT, sxva av<strong>to</strong>ris naSromi<br />
sakuTar naSromad warmoaCinoT. aseT SemTxvevaSi dadgebiT plagiatSi<br />
dadanaSaulebis riskis winaSe. es aris braldeba, romelmac, Tu<br />
dadasturda, SeiZleba, Tqveni CaWra an garicxvac ki gamoiwvios.<br />
mravali instruq<strong>to</strong>ri gvafrTxilebs plagiatis Sesaxeb. Tumca, ar<br />
ganmartaven, ras niSnavs is, radgan miaCniaT, rom plagiati, rogorc wesi,<br />
ganzrax Cadenili arakeTilsindisieri qmedebaa da ganmartebas ar<br />
saWiroebs. marTlac, studentebma ician, rom cruoben, roca sakuTar<br />
saxels aweren naSroms, romelic internetiT SeiZines an studentTa<br />
klubis failidan gadmoweres. maTma umetesobam isic icis, rom<br />
arakeTilsindisierad iqcevian, rodesac sakuTar naSromad asaReben<br />
wyarodan zedmiwevniT gadaweril an internetidan CamotvirTul naSroms.<br />
aseTi SemTxvevebisTvis sxvas verafers vityviT, garda imisa, rom `ar<br />
moiqceT ase”.<br />
Tumca, mravali studenti ver acnobierebs, rom isini dgebian plagiatSi<br />
dadanaSaulebis riskis winaSe im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ganzrax ar<br />
moqceulan arakeTilsindisierad, ubralod, arcodniT an daudevrobiT<br />
117
mouvidaT ase. riskis zRvarze xarT, rodesac aZlevT mkiTxvels sababs,<br />
ifiqros, rom gaakeTeT erT-erTi an meti Semdegidan:<br />
- gaakeTeT wyaros citireba, Tumca, zustad wyaroSi moyvanili<br />
sityvebi gamoiyeneT da fragmenti ar CasviT brWyalebSi an ar<br />
gamoyaviT citatis aRmniSnveli abzaciT.<br />
- gaakeTeT wyaros perifrazi da miuTiTeT wyaro, magram sityvebi ise<br />
axlos aris wyarosTan, rom TiTqmis citataa: Zalian TvalSi<br />
sacemia, rom wyaros teqsti sityvasityviT gaimeoreT perifrazis<br />
dros.<br />
- wyarodan gamoiyeneT ideebi an meTodebi, wyaro ki ar miuTiTeT.<br />
7.9.1 gamoyaviT TiToeuli citata, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu moxseniebuli<br />
gaqvT wyaro<br />
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu wyaros miuTiTebT, mkiTxvelma unda icodes,<br />
romeli sityvebia Tqveni da romeli _ citatis. Tqven dgebiT plagiatis<br />
braldebis riskis winaSe, Tu ar gamoiyenebT brWyalebs an citatis<br />
aRmniSvnel abzacs, raTa mianiSnoT, rom sul raRac erTi striqoni gaqvT<br />
amowerili.<br />
sakiTxi ufro rTuldeba, rodesac mxolod ramdenime sityvis citata<br />
mogyavT. waikiTxeT:<br />
imis gamo, rom teqnologia warmoSobs kidev ufro met teqnologias, gamogonebis<br />
gavrcelebis mniSvneloba, Teoriulad, aWarbebs Tavdapirveli gamogonebis mniSvnelobas.<br />
teqnologiis is<strong>to</strong>ria warmoadgens imis ilustracias, rasac av<strong>to</strong>katalizur process<br />
uwodeben: anu, esaa procesi, romelic Cqardeba siCqariT, romelic izrdeba droTa<br />
ganmvlobaSi, vinaidan procesi sakuTar Tavs aaqtiurebs [Diamond, 1998, 301]<br />
jared daiamondis ideebis Sesaxeb rom werdeT, savaraudod, mogiwevdaT<br />
misi sityvebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gamogonebis<br />
118
mniSvneloba. Tumca, am frazas brWyalebSi ar CasvamdiT, vinaidan is ar<br />
aCvenebs azris an gamoxatvis originalurobas. Tumca, daiamondis ori<br />
fraza imdenad originaluria, rom moiTxovs brWyalebs: “teqnologia<br />
warmoSobs met teqnologias” da “av<strong>to</strong>katalizuri procesi”. magaliTad:<br />
teqnologiis Zala scdeba individualuri gamogonebebis farglebs, vinaidan teqnologia<br />
`met teqnologias warmoSobs.” daiamondis TqmiT, Ees aris `av<strong>to</strong>katalizuri procesi”<br />
[301].<br />
citatis saxiT am sityvebis pirvelad moyvanis Semdeg SegiZliaT, kvlav<br />
gamoiyenoT isini brWyalebis an citirebis gareSe:<br />
rodesac erTi gamogoneba warmoSobs meores da meore _ kidev sxva gamogonebas, procesi<br />
xdeba kataliza<strong>to</strong>ri, romelic geometriuli progresiiT vrceldeba erovnuli<br />
sazRvrebis masStabiT.<br />
es bundovani zRvaria: sityvebi, romlebic zogierTi mkiTxvelisTvis<br />
originaluria, sxvebisTvis gansakuTrebuli ar aris. Tu brWyalebs<br />
gamoiyenebT Zalian bevri st<strong>and</strong>artuli frazisTvis, mkiTxvelma SeiZleba,<br />
ifiqros, rom gamoucdeli an sakuTar TavSi darwmunebuli xarT, magram<br />
Tu ar gamoiyenebT brWyalebs maSin, roca, mkiTxvelis azriT, unda<br />
gamogeyenebinaT, SesaZloa, mkiTxvelma CaTvalos, rom cdilobT, sakuTar<br />
azrebad warmoadginoT sityvebi da ideebi, romlebic Tqven ar gekuTvniT.<br />
vinaidan umjobesia da<strong>to</strong>voT gamoucdelis STabeWdileba, vidre<br />
arakeTilsindisieri av<strong>to</strong>risa, gansakuTrebiT kvleviTi karieris adreul<br />
etapze, SeuzRudavad gamoiyeneT brWyalebi. (Tumca, unda daicvaT Tqveni<br />
sferos st<strong>and</strong>artuli praqtikis principebi. magaliTad, iuristebi xSirad<br />
iyeneben zust enas kanonidan an sasamarTlo daskvnidan brWyalebis<br />
gareSe.)<br />
119
7.9.2 nu gaakeTebT iseT perifrazs, romelic original teqstTan Zalian<br />
axlos dgasD<br />
perifrazs akeTebT saTanadod, roca sakuTari sityvebiT ideas<br />
warmoadgenT ufro garkveviT an xazgasmiT, vidre wyaroSia. Tumca,<br />
mkiTxveli ifiqrebs, rom gascdiT obieqturi perifrazis zRvrebs da<br />
plagia<strong>to</strong>robT, Tu SeZleben, Seusabamon Tqveni sityvebi da frazebi<br />
wyaroSi mocemul winadadebebs da frazebs. magaliTisTvis, momdevno<br />
winadadebaSi warmodgenilia im ori winadadebis plagiatebi, romlebsac<br />
Tqven axla waikiTxavT:<br />
buTi, kolombi da uiliamsi acxadeben, rom saTanado perifrazi aris sakuTari sityvebis<br />
gamoyeneba ideis warmosadgenad, raTa monakveTi wyarodan ufro mkafio an ufro aSkara<br />
gaxdes. Tumca, mkiTxvels SeuZlia daabralos students plagiati, Tu misi perifrazi<br />
ise hgavs wyaros, rom adamians SeuZlia, Seusabamos misi sityvebi da frazebi wyaroSi<br />
warmodgenil winadadebebs da frazebs.<br />
momdevno perifrazi plagiatTan Zalian axlos aris:<br />
saTanado perifrazi gulisxmobs wyarodan amonaridis xelaxla daweras sakuTari<br />
sityvebiT, raTa azri ufro mkafio an ufro xazgasmuli iyos. mkiTxveli CaTvlis, rom<br />
es plagiatia, Tuki wyaros perifrazi ise axloa original teqstTan, rom mas SeuZlia<br />
paralelebis danaxva sityvebsa da frazebs Soris. [Booth, Colomb, <strong>and</strong> Williams, 2007].<br />
es perifrazi ar aris plagiatis nimuSi:<br />
buTis, kolombis da uiliamsis mixedviT [2007], perifrazi aris sakuTari sityvebis<br />
gamoyenebiT ideebis ufro garkveviT warmodgena. plagiatis magaliTia, roca mkiTxvels<br />
SeuZlia sityvasityviT dainaxos msgavseba perifrazsa da wyaroSi arsebul teqsts<br />
Soris.<br />
120
imisaTvis, rom perifrazi ar daemsgavsos plagiats, nu waikiTxavT wyaros<br />
perifrazirebis dros. waikiTxeT nawyveti, dafiqrdiT masze ramdenime<br />
wuTiT; Semdeg, wyaroSi Caxedvis gareSe gaakeTeT perifrazi sakuTari<br />
sityvebiT. Semdeg SeamowmeT, SegiZliaT Tu ara winadadebas gaayoloT<br />
TiTi da ipovoT wyaroSi igive ideebi imave TanmimdevrobiT. Tu asea,<br />
mkiTxvelic SeZlebs amas. scadeT, xelaxla gaakeToT perifrazi.<br />
7.9.3 im azrebisTvis, romlebic Tqven ar gekuTvniT, rogorc wesi,<br />
gaakeTeT wyaros citireba<br />
es wesi ufro rTulia, vidre Cans, vinaidan Cveni ideebis umetesoba<br />
emyareba an momdinareobs ama Tu im wyarodan. mkiTxveli ar moelis, rom<br />
Tqven ipoviT TiToeul Znelad misawvdom wyaros yoveli nacnobi<br />
ideisTvis. Tumca, igi moelis, rom moaxdenT wyaros citirebas, roca (1)<br />
idea dakavSirebulia konkretul pirTan da (2) sakmarisad axalia<br />
saimisod, rom ar iyos sferoSi arsebuli st<strong>and</strong>artuli codnis nawili.<br />
magaliTad, fsiqologebi acxadeben, rom Cveni azrebi da grZnobebi tvinis<br />
sxvadasxva nawilSi muSavdeba. Tumca, arc erT mkiTxvels ar eqneba imis<br />
molodini, rom moaxdenT am ideis citirebas, vinaidan is ukve aRar aris<br />
dakavSirebuli konkretul wyarosTan da imdenad nacnobia, rom aravin<br />
ifiqrebs, rom es idea Tqvenad warmoaCineT. meores mxriv, zogierT<br />
fsiqologs miaCnia, rom emociebi Zalian mniSvnelovania<br />
gadawyvetilebebis racionalurad misaRebad. es idea imdenad axalia da<br />
imdenad mWidrod ukavSirdeba konkretul mkvlevrebs, rom maTi citireba<br />
mogiwevdaT.<br />
unda ixelmZRvaneloT Semdegi principiT: moaxdineT wyaros citireba<br />
ideisTvis, romelic Tqven ar gekuTvniT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sakiTxSi<br />
garkveulma mkiTxvelma SeiZleba, ifiqros, rom ideas Tqvenad warmoaCenT.<br />
es Zalian erTmniSvnelovani Cans. Tumca, arsebobs zRvari, romelic<br />
121
undovanobas iwvevs. roca ar xarT darwmunebuli, gadaamowmeT<br />
instruq<strong>to</strong>rTan.<br />
7.9.4 Tavs nu gaimarTlebT arcodniT, gaugebrobiT an keTili ganzraxviT<br />
aSkaraa, rom is, rac plagiats waagavs, xSirad, ubralod,<br />
keTilsindisieri specialistis arcodnaa im principebisa, Tu rogor unda<br />
gamoiyenos da citatad moiyvanos wyaroebi. zogierT students<br />
gulwrfelad sjera, rom ar unda moaxdinos im masalis citireba,<br />
romelic internetidan CamotvirTa, Tu es masala internetSi ufaso da<br />
sajarod xelmisawvdomia. es mcdari Sexedulebaa. mniSvneloba ar aqvs<br />
imas, rom masala sajarod xelmisawvdomi da ufasoa. Tqven unda<br />
moaxdinoT nebismieri sxva piris mier Seqmnili teqstis citireba,<br />
romelsac iyenebT Tqvens naSromSi.<br />
mravali studenti Tavs icavs, roca acxadebs, rom ar hqonda ganzraxuli<br />
mkiTxvelis SecdomaSi Seyvana. magram saqme imaSia, rom Cven sityvebs<br />
vkiTxulobT da ara azrebs. amdenad, ifiqreT plagiatze ara rogorc<br />
gamiznul moqmedebaze, aramed aRqmuli moqmedebaze, moerideT nebismier<br />
niSans, ramac SeiZleba, mkiTxvels gauCinos sababi, eWvi Seitanos<br />
plagiatSi. rodesac waradgenT naSroms, romelzec Tqveni saxelia<br />
miTiTebuli, es gulisxmobs, rom Tqven gekuTvniT yvela is sityva,<br />
romelzec mkafiod da konkretulad ar gaqvT gakeTebuli miTiTeba sxva<br />
wyaroze.<br />
plagiatis arsebobis gansazRvris saukeTeso gzaa dasvaT kiTxva: piri,<br />
romlis naSromsac iyenebT, Tqveni Txzulebis kiTxvisas icnobs Tu ara<br />
iq warmodgenil ideebs da winadadebebs rogorc sakuTars, maT Soris,<br />
perifrazebs da reziumeebs, an, Tundac, zogad ideebs an meTodebs? Tu<br />
asea, unda gaakeToT im wyaros citireba da CarToT misi zusti sityvebis<br />
122
Tanmimdevroba brWyalebSi an CarToT isini abzaciT gamoyofili citatis<br />
saxiT.<br />
7.10 moerideT arasaTanado daxmarebis miRebas<br />
gamocdili av<strong>to</strong>rebi sistematurad aCveneben sakuTar Sav nawerebs sxvebs<br />
kritikuli SeniSvnebis da rCevebis misaRebad; Tqvenc ase unda moiqceT.<br />
Tumca, gansxvavdeba instruq<strong>to</strong>rebis azri imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra<br />
dozis daxmarebaa mizanSewonili da ra daxmarebis miReba unda miuTiTos<br />
studentma naSromSi, roca daxmarebisTvis mimarTavT specialists, dasviT<br />
ori SekiTxva:<br />
1. ra moculobis daxmarebaa marTebuli?<br />
- sakurso naSromisTvis instruq<strong>to</strong>rebis didi nawili<br />
mouwodebs studentebs, moipovon zogadi kritikuli<br />
SeniSvnebi da mcire doziT mimarTon daxmarebas<br />
redaqtirebaSi; daxmareba ar unda moicavdes xelaxla<br />
detalurad daweras an safuZvlian rCevebs.<br />
- Tezisis, sadisertacio naSromis an publikaciisTvis<br />
wardgenili TxzulebisTvis av<strong>to</strong>rebi iReben maqsimalur<br />
SesaZlo daxmarebas pedagogebisgan, recenzentebisgan da sxva<br />
pirebisgan, Tu es ar gulisxmobs am pirebis mier naSromis maT<br />
magivrad daweras.<br />
am ukiduresobebs Soris zRvari bundovania. SeekiTxeT instruq<strong>to</strong>rs, sad<br />
gaavlebda zRvars. Semdeg maqsimalurad miiReT dasaSvebi daxmareba.<br />
2. ra saxis daxmareba unda miuTiToT TxzulebaSi?<br />
- sakurso naSromis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, ar mogeTxovebaT<br />
zogadi kritikuli SeniSvnebis mopoveba; SegiZliaT, mcire<br />
redaqtirebis gakeTeba sTxovoT vinmes an daxmareba moipovoT<br />
skolis instruq<strong>to</strong>risgan weris sakiTxebSi. Tumca, unda<br />
miuTiToT, rom es daxmareba iyo arast<strong>and</strong>artuli da<br />
123
safuZvliani. am wesebs Tqveni pedagogi gansazRvravs. amdenad,<br />
mas mimarTeT rCevis misaRebad.<br />
- Tezisis, sadisertacio naSromis an publikaciis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
ar mogeTxovebaT st<strong>and</strong>artuli saxis daxmarebis miTiTeba.<br />
Tumca, Tavaziani Jestia, da xSirad diplomatiuri, miRebuli<br />
daxmarebis Sesaxeb SesavalSi miTiTeba (ix. A.2.1). rac Seexeba<br />
arast<strong>and</strong>artul an safuZvlian redaqtirebas, unda miuTiToT<br />
is, agreTve, moaxdinoT sxvebis mier mowodebuli ZiriTadi<br />
ideebis an frazebis citireba SeniSvnis saxiT.<br />
7.11 gadalaxeT saqmis qronikulad gadadebis etapi da SemoqmedebiTi Cixi<br />
Tu giWirT Savi naweris pirveli variantis dawyeba an Tu ramdenime<br />
sityvaze mets ver uyriT Tavs, SeiZleba, SemoqmedebiT CixSi aRmoCndiT.<br />
zogjer es skolis da misi zewolis gamoa gamowveuli; Tu asea,<br />
konsultaciisTvis specialists mimarTeT. Tumca, umetes SemTxvevebSi, es<br />
gamowveulia mizezebiT, romelTa gadaWra Tavadac SegiZliaT:<br />
- SesaZloa, wera giWirT imi<strong>to</strong>m, rom ar gaqvT miznebi an Zalian<br />
rTulad misaRwevi miznebi gaqvT dasaxuli. Tu asea, SeqmeniT<br />
grafiki da dasaxeT mcire, miRwevadi miznebi. nu moeridebiT<br />
iseTi xerxebis gamoyenebas, romlebic gaiZulebT weroT; maT<br />
Sorisaa winsvlis amsaxveli diagrama an regularuli<br />
Sexvedrebi weraze momuSave partniorTan.<br />
- SeiZleba, ise SegaSinaT davalebis moculobam, rom ar iciT,<br />
saidan daiwyoT. Tu asea, SeasruleT Cveni rCevebi procesis<br />
mcire, miRwevad amocanebad dayofasTan dakavSirebiT; Semdeg<br />
saTiTaod imuSaveT TiTo mcire nabijis Sesrulebaze. mTliani<br />
amocanis Sesrulebaze nu gadaxvalT, vidre ar daasrulebT<br />
ramdenime mcire nawils.<br />
124
- SeiZleba, grZnobT, rom srulyofilad unda CamoayaliboT<br />
yoveli winadadeba an paragrafi, vidre momdevnoze gadaxvalT.<br />
Tu asea, sakuTar Tavs uTxariT, rom Sav nawers ki ar werT,<br />
aramed, ubralod, ramdenime ideis monaxazs akeTebT. moikribeT<br />
nebisyofa da swrafad SeudeqiT samuSao variantis weras.<br />
SegiZliaT, Tavi daaRwioT srulyofili naweris Seqmnis<br />
survils, Tu pirdapir weras SeudgebiT da gecodinebaT, rom<br />
Savi naweris pirvel variants ar werT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,<br />
yvelas gviwevs srulyofili variantis weraze uaris Tqma<br />
naweris Seqmnis sasargeblod.<br />
Tu msgavs problemebs xSirad waawydiT naSromze muSaobis procesSi,<br />
mimarTeT studentTa saswavlo centrs. iq muSaoben adamianebi, romlebsac<br />
unaxavT mravali dRemexvalia da SemoqmedebiT CixSi myofi av<strong>to</strong>ri da<br />
SeZleben problemis Sesabamisi rCevis gawevas.<br />
meore mxriv, zogjer av<strong>to</strong>ris SemoqmedebiT CixSi Sesvlis zogierTi<br />
SemTxveva SeiZleba, marTlac warmoadgendes azrebis qvecnobierSi<br />
daleqvis SesaZleblobas, rac raRac axali da moulodneli ideis<br />
Seqmnas iwvevs. Tu ver agrZelebT weras, magram dro sakmarisi gaqvT<br />
(kidev erTi mizezi saqmis naadrevad dasawyebad) erTi-ori dRis<br />
ganmavlobaSi raime sxva saqmianobiT dakavdiT. Semdeg daubrundiT weras,<br />
raTa naxoT, SegiZliaT Tu ara muSaobis gagrZeleba.<br />
125
8 faqtebis warmodgena cxrilebis da suraTebis saxiT<br />
8.1 sityvebiT da grafikulad azris gadmocemas Soris arCevanis gakeTeba<br />
8.2 efeqturi grafikuli gamosaxulebis Seqmnis xerxebi<br />
8.3 cxrilebis da suraTebis modelebis Seqmna<br />
8.3.1 TiToeuli grafiki struqturulad aawyveT, rom ukeT gasagebi<br />
iyos mkiTxvelisTvis<br />
8.3.2 ecadeT, gamosaxuleba imdenad martivi iyos, ramdenadac amis<br />
saSualebas iZleva teqstis Sinaarsi<br />
8.3.3 misdieT cxrilebis, sve<strong>to</strong>vani da xazovani diagramebisTvis<br />
dadgenil saxelmZRvanelo principebs<br />
8.4 monacemebis eTikurad warmodgena<br />
mkiTxvelTa umetesoba ufro iolad aRiqvams grafikulad gamoxatul<br />
ricxobriv monacemebs. monacemTa grafikulad gamosaxvis mravali<br />
varianti arsebobs. Tumca, zogi maTgani ukeT Seesabameba konkretul<br />
monacemebs da ideas, vidre sxva. am TavSi warmogidgenT, rogor unda<br />
aarCioT grafikuli forma da modeli ise, rom mkiTxvelma maTi<br />
meSveobiT naxos monacemebic da isic, Tu rogor amyarebs Tqvens<br />
arguments es monacemebi. (grafikebis Seqmnis da gamoyenebis wesebi<br />
ixileT bibliografiaSi vrclad grafikuli gamosaxulebis<br />
formatirebis Sesaxeb ix. 26-e Tavi.) 1<br />
1 SeniSvna terminebTan dakavSirebiT: grafikebis gamosaxatavad sxvadasxva termini<br />
gamoiyeneba. amdenad, Cven warmogidgenT gamoyenebuli terminebis ganmartebas. am TavSi<br />
gamoyenebuli termini grafiki aRniSnavs faqtebis yvela vizualur gamosaxulebas. meore<br />
termini, romelic zogjer gamoiyeneba aseTi gamosaxulebis aRsaniSnavad, aris<br />
ilustracia. rogorc wesi, grafikuli gamosaxulebebi iyofa cxrilebad da suraTebad<br />
cxrili aris bade, romelsac aqvs svetebi da striqonebi, sadac mocemulia monacemebi<br />
ricxvebis saxiT an sityvierad da dalagebulia kategoriebad. suraTi _ esaa yvela sxva<br />
saxis grafikuli gamosaxuleba, maT Soris, grafikebi, diagrაmebi, fo<strong>to</strong>ebi, naxazebi da<br />
tabulebi. raodenobrivi monacemebis amsaxveli suraTebi iyofa diagramebad, romlebic,<br />
Cveulebriv, Sedgeba sve<strong>to</strong>vani, wriuli an sxva formis mqone diagramebisgan da<br />
grafikebad, romlebic, rogorc wesi, Sedgeba uwyveti xazebisgan. suraTebis<br />
st<strong>and</strong>artuli variantebi ix. cxrilSi 8.7.<br />
126
8.1 sityvebiT da grafikulad azris gadmocemas Soris arCevanis gakeTeba<br />
Tu mcirericxovani raodenobrivi monacemebi gaqvT, warmoadgineT isini<br />
sityvierad. (ricxvebis sityvierad warmodgenis Sesaxeb ixileT 23-e Tavi.)<br />
monacemebi warmoadgineT grafikuli gamosaxulebis saxiT, rodesac<br />
faqtebis umetesi nawili raodenobrivia an, roca bevri monacemi unda<br />
warmoadginoT. Tumca, rodesac monacemebi cota da martivia, mkiTxvels<br />
SeuZlia, advilad aRiqvas isini rogorc winadadebis, ise, 8.1 suraTSi<br />
moyvanili cxrilis msgavsi gamosaxulebis saxiT:<br />
saSualod, 1996 wels mamakacebi gamoimuSavebdnen 32,144 aSS dolars<br />
weliwadSi, qalebi _ 23,710 dolars, sxvaoba Seadgens 8,434 dolars.<br />
cxrili 8.1 mamakacebis da qalebis xelfasebi ($), 1996<br />
mamakacebi 32,144<br />
qalebi 23 710<br />
sxvaoba 8,434<br />
cxrili 8.2 cvlilebebi ojaxis struqturaSi, 1970-2000<br />
ojaxebis saerTo raodenobis procentuli wili<br />
ojaxis tipi<br />
2 mSobeli<br />
deda<br />
mama<br />
zrdasrulis gareSe<br />
Tumca, Tu oTx an xuT ricxvze mets warmoadgenT nawyvetSi, mkiTxvels<br />
gauWirdeba maTi gageba, gansakuTrebiT, Tu maTi Sedarebaa saWiro,<br />
magaliTad:<br />
1970 da 2000 wlebs Soris ojaxebis struqtura orgvarad Seicvala. 1970<br />
wels ojaxebis 85 procents hyavda ori mSobeli, xolo 1980 wels es<br />
maCvenebeli Semcirda 77 procentamde, 1990 wels _ 73 procentamde, 2000<br />
wels ki _ 68 procentamde. arasruli ojaxebis raodenoba gaizarda,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, iseTi ojaxebis, sadac marCenali dedaa. 1970 wels<br />
ojaxebis 11 procentSi ojaxis ufrosi mar<strong>to</strong>xela deda iyo. 1980 wels es<br />
ricxvi gaizarda 18 procentamde, 1990 wels _ 22 procentamde, 2000 wels<br />
ki _ 23 procentamde. mar<strong>to</strong>xela mamebis ufrosobiT ojaxebi 1970 wels<br />
Seadgenda 1 procents, 1980 wels maTi wili 2 procenti iyo, 1990 wels _ 3<br />
127
procenti, 2000 wels ki 4 procenti Seadgina. zrdasruli wevris gareSe<br />
mcxovrebi ojaxebis raodenoba ucvleli darCa, 3-4 procentis farglebSi.<br />
am monacemebis ufro efeqturad gamosaxva SeiZleba grafikuli formiT,<br />
rogorc es 8.2 cxrilSia naCvenebi.<br />
8.2 yvelaze efeqturi grafikuli gamosaxulebis SerCeva<br />
mravali varianti arsebobs iseTi kompleqsuri monacemebis grafikulad<br />
gamosaxvisTvis, rogoric zemoT abzacSi iyo moyvanili. umartivesi da<br />
yvelaze gavrcelebulia cxrilebi, sve<strong>to</strong>vani diagramebi da xazovani<br />
grafikebi. TiToeul maTgans damaxasiaTebeli ri<strong>to</strong>rikuli efeqti aqvs.<br />
- konkretuli mniSvnelobebis xazgasasmelad gamoiyeneT 8.2 cxrilis<br />
msgavsi cxrili.<br />
- monacemTa Sesadareblad gamoiyeneT cxrilebis da diagramebis<br />
danarTSi 8.1 suraTSi warmodgenili diagramis msgavsi sve<strong>to</strong>vani<br />
diagrama.<br />
- tendenciebis gamosakveTad gamoiyeneT 8.2 suraTSi warmodgenili<br />
diagramis msgavsi xazovani diagrama.<br />
zemoT naxsenebi TiToeuli diagrama erTi da imave monacemebs gviCvenebs.<br />
Tumca, mkiTxvelebs sxvadasxva reaqcia aqvT maTze:<br />
- cxrili zusti da obieqturia. masSi xazgasmulia konkretuli ricxvebi<br />
da mkiTxvels ubiZgebs, dainaxos urTierTkavSiri da tendeciebi (Tu mis<br />
Sesaxeb SesavalSi ar gixsenebiaT).<br />
ojaxebis saerTo procentuli maCvenebeli<br />
2 mSobeli<br />
deda<br />
mama<br />
zrdasrulis gareSe<br />
suraTi 8.1. cvlilebebi ojaxis struqturaSi, 1970-2000<br />
ojaxebis saerTo procentuli maCvenebeli<br />
2 mSobeli<br />
deda<br />
mama<br />
zrdasrulis gareSe<br />
128
suraTi 8.2. cvlilebebi ojaxis struqturaSi, 1970-2000<br />
ojaxebis saerTo procentuli maCvenebeli<br />
- rogorc grafikebi, ise xazovani diagramebi xazs usvams vizualur<br />
gamosaxulebas. misi meSveobiT maCveneblebi naklebad zustad,<br />
magram ufro swrafad gadmoicema, vidre cxrilSi mocemuli zusti<br />
ricxvebis saSualebiT. Tumca, es grafikebic:<br />
sve<strong>to</strong>vani diagramiT erTmaneTs adarebs gansxvavebul monacemebs.<br />
xazovani diagramiT aCvenebs tendencias drois garkveul<br />
periodSi.<br />
iseTi grafikuli forma SearCieT, romliTac maqsimalurad miaRwevT<br />
gaTvaliswinebul efeqts da ara is, rac pirvelad mogafiqrdebaT.<br />
is, Tu ramden variants ganixilavT, damokidebulia Tqvens<br />
gamocdilebaze. Tu axali dawyebuli gaqvT raodenobrivi kvlevebis<br />
sferoSi muSaoba, ZiriTad cxrilebze, sve<strong>to</strong>van da xazovan diagramebze<br />
SeCerdiT. kompiuterul programaSi SesaZloa, meti varianti iyos, magram<br />
ar miaqcioT yuradReba TqvenTvis ucnob variantebs.<br />
Tu samecniero xarisxis dasacavad atarebT kvlevas, mkiTxvels eqneba<br />
molodini, rom gamoiyenebT grafikul gamosaxulebas, romelic<br />
maqsimalurad Seesabameba naSromSi moyvanil Tvalsazrissa da faqtebs.<br />
aseve, isini elian, rom grafikul gamosaxulebas SearCevT variantebis<br />
ufro farTo arCevnidan. aseT dros ixileT cxrili 8.7, sadac aRwerilia<br />
sxva st<strong>and</strong>artuli formebi. Tumca, SeiZleba, monacemebis gamosaxvis<br />
ufro SemoqmedebiTi gzebis gamoyeneba dagWirdeT, Tu iseT sferoSi werT<br />
sadisertacio naSroms an statias, sadac, Cveulebriv, mocemulia<br />
kompleqsuri kavSiri vrcel monacemebs Soris.<br />
8.3 cxrilebis da suraTebis modelebis Seqmna<br />
kompiuteruli programebiT dResdReobiT SesaZlebelia, SeqmnaT iseTi<br />
TvalismomWreli grafikuli gamosaxulebebi, rom SeiZleba cdunebam<br />
SegipyroT da programas mi<strong>and</strong>oT grafikis dizaini. magram mkiTxvels ar<br />
aRelvebs, ramdenad daxvewilia grafiki, Tu is damabneveli da SecdomaSi<br />
Semyvania an ar Seesabameba sakiTxs. unda gadawyvi<strong>to</strong>T, rogor SeqmnaT<br />
mkafio, mizanmimarTuli da sakiTxis Sesabamisi grafikebi. Semdeg ki<br />
programaSi unda SeiyvanoT iseTi parametrebi, rom Tqveni moTxovnilebebi<br />
dakmayofildes. (ix. A.3.1, cxrilebis da suraTebis Seqmna da maTi<br />
naSromSi CarTva.)<br />
129
8.3.1 TiToeuli grafiki struqturulad aawyveT, rom ukeT gasagebi iyos<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis<br />
grafiki, romelic asaxavs kompleqsur ricxvebs, iSviaTad aris imTaviTve<br />
gasagebi. monacemebi unda ganalagoT ise, rom mkiTxvelma icodes, ras<br />
miaqcios yuradReba da rogor gaigos, ra kavSiri aqvs monacemebs Tqvens<br />
argumentTan.<br />
1. cxrilebs da suraTebs teqstSi waumZRvareT winadadeba, sadac<br />
ganacxadebT, rogor amyarebs monacemebi Tqvens Tvalsazriss. CarTeT<br />
am winadadebaSi raime konkretuli ricxvi, romelzec gsurT<br />
mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyroba (es ricxvi cxrilSi an suraTSic<br />
unda gamoCndes).<br />
2. TiToeul cxrils da suraTs gaukeTeT warwera, romelic aRwers<br />
monacemebs da, Tu SesaZlebelia, maT Soris mniSvnelovan kavSirs.<br />
cxrilis warweras ewodeba saTauri. saTauri iwereba zeviT, marcxniv<br />
sworebiT. suraTze darTul warweras ewodeba warwera. warwera<br />
iwereba qveviT, marjvniv sworebiT. (saTaurebis da warwerebis Sesaxeb<br />
ix. 26-e TavSi). saTaurebi da warwerebi unda iyos mokle, magram unda<br />
mianiSnebdes monacemebis konkretul xasiaTze da erTmaneTisgan<br />
ganasxvavebdes grafikebs.<br />
SeecadeT, rom saTauri an warwera ar iyos zogadi:<br />
arasworia: ojaxis ufrosebi<br />
sworia: cvlileba ojaxebSi, sadac erTi da ori mSobelia ojaxis<br />
ufrosi, 1970-2000 wlebSi<br />
gamoiyeneT arsebiTi saxelis frazebi; moerideT mimarTebiT<br />
winadadebebs; umjobesia, gamoiyenoT mimReoba:<br />
arasworia: im ojaxebis raodenoba, romlebsac gamowerili aqvT<br />
yovelkvireuli Jurnalebi<br />
sworia: yovelkvireul Jurnalebze xelmoweris mqone ojaxebis raodenoba<br />
raionebis xelaxali gadanawileba axali saSualo skolis gaxnisas<br />
maTematika<br />
zepiri<br />
damatebiTi programebis danergva maTematikasa da kiTxvaSi<br />
suraTi 8.3 akademiuri unaris gamosavlen (SAT) gamocdaze miRebuli<br />
qulebi, 1990-2005<br />
130
nu moiyvanT damatebiTi informacias da nu daaxasiaTebT monacemebis<br />
mniSvnelobas:<br />
arasworia: TanamSromlebis kvalifikaciis amaRlebamde depresiaSi myofi<br />
bavSvebisTvis konsultaciebis susti Sedegebi, 1995-2004 wlebi<br />
sworia: depresiaSi myofi bavSvebisTvis gaweuli konsultaciebis<br />
Sedegebi, 1995-2004 wlebi<br />
grafikebs, romlebSic msgavsi monacemebia warmodgenili,<br />
gansxvavebuli warwerebi unda hqondes:<br />
iliniosis Statis q. meivudSi mcxovreb mamakacebSi sisxlis maRali<br />
wnevis gamomwvevi riskfaq<strong>to</strong>rebi<br />
kings<strong>to</strong>nis dedaqalaq iamaikaSi mcxovreb mamakacebSi sisxlis maRali<br />
wnevis gamomwvevi riskfaq<strong>to</strong>rebi<br />
3. cxrilSi an suraTSi CarTeT informacia, romelic daexmareba<br />
mkiTxvels, dainaxos, rogor amyarebs monacemebi Tqvens Tvalsazriss.<br />
magaliTad, Tu cxrilSi warmodgenili ricxvebi asaxavs tendencias da<br />
Tu cvlileba mniSvnelovania, daamateT is bolo svetSi, an Tu<br />
grafikis xazi icvleba zegavlenis Sedegad, romelic ar aris<br />
aRniSnuli grafikSi, rogorc 8.3 suraTis SemTxvevaSia, daamateT<br />
teqsti am zegavlenis ganmartebis mizniT:<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom raionebis xelaxali gadanawilebis Semdeg kiTxvasa<br />
da maTematikaSi miRebuli qulebi Tavdapirvelad TiTqmis 100 erTeuliT<br />
Semcirda, tendencia mniSvnelovnad gamosworda maTematikis da kiTxvis<br />
damatebiTi programebis danergvis Sedegad.<br />
4. xazi gausviT cxrilis an suraTis im nawils, romelzec mkiTxvelis<br />
yuradRebis gamaxvileba gsurT, gansakuTrebiT cifrs an kavSirs,<br />
romelic aRniSnulia cxrilis an suraTis warmdgen winadadebaSi.<br />
magaliTad, 8.3 cxrili dakvirvebiT unda SeviswavloT, raTa davinaxoT,<br />
rogor amyarebs is Sesaval winadadebs:<br />
benzinis moxmarebis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli prognozebis udidesi nawili<br />
mcdari aRmoCnda.<br />
cxrili 8.3 benzinis moxmareba<br />
wliuri milebSi (000)<br />
wliuri moxmareba (galonebSi)<br />
cxrili 8.4 gavlili milebis raodenoba da benzinis moxmareba erT<br />
sulze 1970-2000 wlebi<br />
wliuri milebis raodenoba (000)<br />
131
(% cvlileba 1970 welTan SedarebiT)<br />
wliuri moxmareba (galonebSi)<br />
(%^ cvlileba 1970 welTan SedarebiT)<br />
saWiroa kidev erTi, ufro informaciuli winadadeba, romelSic aRvwerT,<br />
rogor ukavSirdeba ricxvebi debulebas. aseve, saWiroa vizualuri xerxi,<br />
romlis daxmarebiTac yuradRebas mivapyrobT aRniSnul gansxvavebas<br />
(cxrili 8.4):<br />
benzinis moxmareba ise ar gazrdila, rogorc varaudobdnen. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom amerikelebma 2000 wels 1970 welTan SedarebiT 23 procentiT<br />
meti mili gaiares, maT 32 procentiT naklebi sawvavi moixmares.<br />
damatebiTi winadadebiT vigebT, rogor unda ganvmar<strong>to</strong>T ZiriTadi<br />
monacemebi 8.4 cxrilSi, kursiviT gamoyofili nawili ki migviTiTebs, sad<br />
SegviZlia am monacemebis naxva.<br />
8.3.2 ecadeT gamosaxuleba imdenad martivi iyos, ramdenadac amis<br />
saSualebas iZleva teqstis Sinaarsi<br />
zogierT saxelmZRvanelo gvirCevs, TiToeul grafikSi<br />
maqsimalurad bevri monacemi CavrToT. Tumca, mkiTxvels surs, mxolod<br />
Pis monacemebi ixilos, romlebic Tqvens Tvalsazriss Seesabameba da<br />
romlebic warmodgenilia TvalsaCinod:<br />
1. SeiyvaneT mxolod Sesabamisi monacemebi. Tu mxolod informaciisTvis<br />
gsurT monacemebis CarTva, daurTeT saTanado saTauri da CarTeT<br />
danarTSi (ix. A.2.3).<br />
2. bade martivi unda iyos.<br />
grafikebi<br />
grafiki CasviT CarCoSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu or an met<br />
suraTs ajgufebT<br />
nu gaaferadebT an gaamuqebT fons.<br />
arasodes SeqmnaT samganzomilebiani foni organzomilebiani<br />
grafikisTvis. es arafers gaaumjobesebs da SesaZloa, xeli<br />
SeuSalos mkiTxvels mniSvnelobebis saTanadod SefasebaSi.<br />
monacemebi samganzomilebian fonze daitaneT mxolod im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT sxva gziT ver warmoadgenT da Tu<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis nacnobia aseTi grafikebi.<br />
cxrilebi<br />
arasodes gamoiyenoT erTdroulad horizontaluri da<br />
vertikaluri xazebi svetebis da striqonebis dasayofad. Tu<br />
monacemebis Sedarebis mizniT mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyroba erTi<br />
mimarTulebaze gsurT an Tu cxrili uCveulod kompleqsuria,<br />
gamoiyeneT Ria nacrisferi xazebi. moerideT nacrisferi xazebis<br />
132
gamoyenebas an iseTi suraTis gamuqebas, romelic Semdgom gadava<br />
mikrofirze, vinaidan fo<strong>to</strong> bundovani gamova.<br />
mravalstriqoniani cxrilebisTvis odnav gaamuqeT yoveli mexuTe<br />
striqoni.<br />
nu gamoiyenebT cxra kegelze naklebi zomis Srifts iseTi<br />
dokumentisTvis, romelic mikrofirze unda gadaitanon. am zomaze<br />
nakleb Sriftebs fo<strong>to</strong>ze ver gaarCeven.<br />
grafikebi da diagramebi<br />
badis xazebi gamoiyeneT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu diagrama<br />
kompleqsuria an Tu mkiTxvels sWirdeba zusti cifrebis naxva.<br />
yvela badis xazi unda iyos Ria nacrisferi, Tu teqstis<br />
mikrofirze ar unda gadaitanon.<br />
gaaferadeT da gaamuqeT xazebi an svetebi mxolod kontrastis<br />
saCveneblad. feri mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneT, Tu teqsti<br />
daibeWdeba feradad da, mogvianebiT, mis aslebs ar gadaiReben (Sav-<br />
TeTr fo<strong>to</strong>aslze sxvadasxva feri erTmaneTs emsgavseba).<br />
arasodes SeqmnaT samganzomilebiani grafiki an diagrama, Tu<br />
SegiZliaT igive monacemebi or ganzomilebaSi warmoadginoT.<br />
damatebuli siRrme arafers gaaumjobesebs da SesaZloa, xeli<br />
SeuSalos mkiTxvels mniSvnelobebis saTanadod gagebaSi.<br />
arasodes gamoiyenoT gamosaxulebiani svetebi (magaliTad,<br />
manqanebis gamosaxulebebi av<strong>to</strong>mobilebis warmoebis gamosaxatavad).<br />
es arafers gaaumjobesebs da SesaZloa, xeli SeuSalos mkiTxvels<br />
mniSvnelobebis saTanadod gagebaSi. amasTan, aseTi xerxisTvis<br />
mimarTva moyvarulis STabeWdilebas <strong>to</strong>vebs.<br />
3. gamoiyeneT mkafio warwerebi.<br />
cxrilebSi striqonebs da svetebs, aseve, diagramebsa da grafikebSi<br />
orive RerZs, gaukeTeT warwerebi (warwerebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
punqtuaciis da marTlweris Sesaxeb ixileT 26-e Tavi).<br />
gamoiyeneT tiresmagvari aRniSvnebi da warwerebi grafikis<br />
vertikalur RerZze intervalebis gamosayofad (ix. nax. 8.4).<br />
Tu SesaZlebelia, warwerebi gaakeTeT striqonebze, svetebis<br />
segmentebze da a.S., da ara gverdiT gamotanili SeniSvnis saxiT.<br />
warwerebi gamoiyeneT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saTaurebis<br />
gamoyeneba Zalian gaarTulebs gamosaxulebis wakiTxvas.<br />
rodesac konkretul ricxvebs mniSvnelovani datvirTva aqvs,<br />
daamateT isini svetebze, segmentebze an xazebis wertileბze.<br />
133
8.3.3 misdieT cxrilebis, sve<strong>to</strong>vani da xazovani diagramebisTvis dadgenil<br />
saxelmZRvanelo principebs<br />
cxrilebi. Zalian bevri monacemis Semcveli cxrili SeiZleba,<br />
gadatvirTulad mogeCvenoT. amdenad, SeecadeT, maqsimalurad martivi<br />
iyos misi gamosaxuleba da Sinaarsi.<br />
- daalageT striqonebi da svetebi ise, rom mkiTxvelma swrafad ipovos<br />
is, risi Cvenebac gsurT. av<strong>to</strong>maturad nu aarCevT anbanur<br />
Tanmimdevrobas.<br />
- daamrgvaleT ricxvebi Sesabamis mniSvnelobebamde. Tu 1,000-ze naklebi<br />
gansxvaveba misaRebia, maSin 2,123,499 da 2,124,886 metismetad zustia.<br />
- svetebis an striqonebis mniSvnelobebi daajameT svetebis an<br />
striqonebis ZirSi an bolos da ara zeviT an marcxniv. SeadareT<br />
cxrili 8.5 da 8.6. cxrili 8.5 uwesrigoa da masSi informacia<br />
mouxerxeblad aris dalagebuli. cxrili 8.6 ki, piriqiT, ufro<br />
mkafioa, vinidan misi saTauri met informacias Seicavs, cxrili ukeT<br />
aris dalagebuli da mniSvnelobebi isea organizebuli, rom<br />
SesaZlebelia struqturis ufro iolad danaxva.<br />
cxrili 8.5. umuSevroba ZiriTad industriul qveynebSi, 1990-2000 wlebi<br />
cvlileba<br />
avstralia<br />
kanada<br />
safrangeTi<br />
germania<br />
italia<br />
iaponia<br />
SvedeTi<br />
gaerTianebuli samefo<br />
aSS<br />
cxrili 8.6. umuSevrobis donis cvlilebebi industriul qveynebSi, 1990-<br />
2000 wlebi<br />
inglisurenovani qveynebis Sedareba arainglisurenovan qveynebTan<br />
cvlileba<br />
avstralia<br />
aSS<br />
kanada<br />
gaerTianebuli samefo<br />
safrangeTi<br />
iaponia<br />
italia<br />
germania<br />
134
SvedeTi<br />
sve<strong>to</strong>vani diagramebi. sve<strong>to</strong>vani diagramebi imdenive informacias<br />
gvawvdis gamosaxulebis saSualebiT, ramdensac konkretuli ricxvebis<br />
meSveobiT. svetebi, romlebic struqturis gareSea dalagebuli, azrs ver<br />
gadmoscems. amdenad, Tu SesaZlebelia, daajgufeT da daalageT svetebi,<br />
raTa mkiTxvelma dainaxos Tqveni Tvalsazrisis Seesabamisi<br />
Tanmimdevroba.<br />
magaliTad, ix. suraTi 8.4 im ganmartebiTi winadadebis konteqstSi,<br />
romelic mas uZRvis win. iq punqtebi CamoTvlilia anbanuri<br />
TanmimdevrobiT, rac ar exmareba mkiTxvels arsiს danaxvaSi. da, piriqiT,<br />
ixileT 8.5 suraTi, sadac debuleba gamyarebulia logikurad<br />
Tanmimdevruli gamosaxulebiT.<br />
st<strong>and</strong>artul sve<strong>to</strong>van diagramebSi TiToeuli sveti warmoadgens mTelis<br />
100%-s. Tumca, mkiTxvelisTvis zogjer mosaxerxebelia, Tu miuTiTebT<br />
konkretul mniSvnelobebs mTelis nawilebisTvis. amis gakeTeba ori<br />
gziT SegiZliaT:<br />
- `Sedgenili svetebis” mqone diagramaSi sveti dayofilia proporciul<br />
nawilebad, rogorc 8.6 suraTis marcxena nawilSi moTavsebul<br />
diagramaze vxedavT.<br />
- `dajgufebuli svetebis” mqone diagramaSi mTelis TiToeuli<br />
nawilisTvis gamoyenebulia calke sveti. Tumca, isini dajgufebulia,<br />
rogorc es 8.6 suraTis marjvena nawilSi mocemul diagramaSia.<br />
Sedgenili svetebi gamoiyeneT mxolod maSin, rodesac segmentebis<br />
Sedarebaze ufro mniSvnelovani mTliani mniSvnelobebis Sedarebaa.<br />
Tumca, mkiTxveli proporciebs mxolod TvaliT ver gansazRvravs.<br />
amdenad, Tu iyenebT Sedgenil svetebs, moiqeciT Semdegnairad:<br />
msoflioSi udabnoebis farTobis udidesi nawili koncentrirebulia<br />
CrdiloeT afrikasa da Sua aRmosavleTSi.<br />
arabeTis (ax. aRm.)<br />
avstraliis (avst.)<br />
Cihuahuas (Crd. afrika)<br />
didi qviSiani udabno (avst.)<br />
gobis (azia)<br />
viq<strong>to</strong>riis didi udabno (avst.)<br />
kalaharis (samx. afr.)<br />
libiis (Crd. afr.)<br />
rub-al-xalis (axlo aRm.)<br />
saharis (Crd. afr.)<br />
135
suraTi 8.4. msoflios aTi udidesi udabno<br />
msoflios udabnoebis udidesi nawili koncentrirebulia CrdiloeT<br />
afrikasa da Sua aRmosavleTSi.<br />
Crd. afrika Sua aRmosavleTi avstralia samx. afrika Crd. amer.<br />
kvadratuli milebi (aTasi)<br />
saharis<br />
libiis<br />
arabeTis<br />
rub al xalis<br />
avstraliis<br />
didi qviSiani udabno<br />
viq<strong>to</strong>riis didi udabno<br />
gobis<br />
kalaharis<br />
Cihuahuas<br />
suraTi 8.5 msoflios msxvili udabnoebis ganawileba<br />
- daalageT segmentebi logikuri TanmimdevrobiT. Tu SesaZlebelia,<br />
yvelaze didi segmenti yvelaze metad gaamuqeT.<br />
- daasaTaureT segmentebi, miuTiTeT konkretuli raodenobebi da<br />
proporciebis ukeT aRsaqmelad daakavSireT Sesabamisi segmentebi ruxi<br />
xazebiT.<br />
aRmosavleTi<br />
dasavleTi<br />
CrdiloeTi<br />
I kvart.<br />
II kvart.<br />
III kvart.<br />
IV kvart.<br />
aRmosavleTi<br />
dasavleTi<br />
CrdiloeTi<br />
I kvart.<br />
II kvart.<br />
III kvart.<br />
IV kvart.<br />
suraTi 8.6. Sedgenili svetebis mqone diagramis Sedareba dajgufebuli<br />
svetebis mqone diagramasTan<br />
136
kilovat/saaTi (miliardebSi)<br />
Soreuli aRmosavleTi/okeania<br />
afrika<br />
Sua aRmosavleTi<br />
aRm. evropa<br />
das. evropa<br />
centr/samxr. amerika<br />
Crd. amerika<br />
kilovat/saaTi (miliardebSi)<br />
aRm. evropa<br />
Soreuli aRmosavleTi/okeania<br />
Crd. amerika<br />
das. evropa<br />
suraTi 8.7. Sedgenili svetebis mqone diagramebiT warmodgenilia<br />
birTvuli energiis mwarmoeblebi, 1980-1999 wlebi<br />
suraTidan 8.7. vxedavT, ramdenad ufro iolia Sedgenili svetebis mqone<br />
diagramis garCeva; am SemTxvevaSi, is segmentebi, romlebic Seusabamoa,<br />
amoRebulia, darCenili svetebi ki logikurad aris dalagebuli da<br />
mTlianad warwerebi aqvs gakeTebuli.<br />
dajgufebuli svetebis mqone diagramebis daxmarebiT mkiTxvels<br />
uadvildeba mTelis nawilebis Sedareba, Tumca, rTulia sxvadasxva<br />
mTelis Sedareba, vinaidan maT gonebaSi ariTmetikuli gaangariSebis<br />
gakeTeba mouwevT. Tu svetebs ajgufebT im mizeziT, rom segmentebi ufro<br />
mniSvnelovania, vidre mTeli, gaakeTeT Semdegi:<br />
- daalageT svetebis jgufebi logikuri TanmimdevrobiT; Tu<br />
SesaZlebelia, msgavsi zomis svetebi erTmaneTis gverdze ganalageT<br />
(jgufebSi svetebi erTnairad daalageT).<br />
- jgufebs gaukeTeT warwerebi, mTelis amsaxveli ricxviT an TiToeuli<br />
jgufis zemoT an qvemoT gaukeTeT warwerebi.<br />
monacemebis umetesi nawili, romelTa warmodgena SesaZlebelia sve<strong>to</strong>vani<br />
diagramiT, SeiZleba, agreTve, warmovadginoT wriuli diagramis saxiT.<br />
aseTi saxis diagramas xSirad mimarTaven Jurnalebi, tabloidebi,<br />
gamoiyeneba, agreTve, yovelwliuri angariSebisTvis. Tumca, wriuli<br />
diagramis wakiTxva ufro rTulia, vidre sve<strong>to</strong>vani diagramis; misi<br />
wakiTxvisas iolia informaciis arasworad gageba, vinaidan mkiTxvels<br />
gonebaSi uwevs segmentebis proporciebis Sedareba, maTi moculobis<br />
diagramidan gansazRvra ki rTulia. mkvlevrebis umravlesobas miaCnia,<br />
rom wriuli diagramebis gamoyeneba araprofesionalizmis maCvenebelia.<br />
maT nacvlad sve<strong>to</strong>vani diagramebi gamoiyeneT.<br />
137
xazovani diagramebi. xazovani diagrama xazs usvams tendencias, ami<strong>to</strong>m<br />
mkiTxvelma unda SeZlos mkafio suraTis danaxva, raTa sworad gaigos is.<br />
mkafio gamosaxulebis Sesaqmnelad, gaakeTeT Semdegi:<br />
- aarCieT cvladi, romlis Sedegadac xazi miemarTeba garkveuli<br />
mimarTulebiT, zeviT an qveviT da romelic asabuTebs Tqvens<br />
Tvalsazriss. Tu saSualo skolis mi<strong>to</strong>vebis maCveneblis Semcireba<br />
(daRmavali mimarTuleba) dadebiTi tendenciaa, ufro efeqtianad<br />
SegiZliaT, warmoadginoT igive monacemebi, rogorc swavlis<br />
gagrZelebis maCveneblis zrda (aRmavali).<br />
- eqvsze meti xazi erT diagramaSi CarTeT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
sxva gziT ver gamoxatavT sakiTxs.<br />
evropa<br />
azia<br />
afrika<br />
okeania<br />
laTinuri amerika<br />
CrdiloeT amerika<br />
suraTi 8.8. ucxoeTSi dabadebuli rezidentebi SeerTebul StatebSi, 1870-<br />
1990 wlebi<br />
ucxoeTSi dabadebuli rezidentebi (milioni)<br />
evropa<br />
CrdiloeT amerika<br />
laTinuri amerika<br />
azia<br />
afrika<br />
okeania<br />
suraTi 8.9. ucxoeTSi dabadebuli rezidentebi SeerTebul StatebSi, 1870-<br />
1990 wlebi<br />
- xazebis gamosarCevad, nu gamoiyenebT ruxis sxvadasxva <strong>to</strong>nalobas,<br />
rogorc es 8.8 suraTzea warmodgenili.<br />
- roca qmniT xazovan diagramas mxolod ramdenime mniSvnelobis<br />
gamoyenebiT, xazebi nakleb zusti iqneba. amdenad, Tu daitanT aTze<br />
nakleb mniSvnelobas (uwodeben wertils), aRniSneT is TiToeul<br />
maTganTan damatebiTi wertilis CarTviT, rogorc es 8.9 suraTSia<br />
naCvenebi. Tu es mniSvnelobebi marTebulia, SegiZliaT, wertilebis<br />
zemoT daama<strong>to</strong>T ricxvebi. nu daamatebT wertilebs im xazebze,<br />
romlebic Sedgenilia aTi an meti wertilisgan.<br />
138
SeadareT 8.8 da 8.9 suraTebi. zogad informacias Tu ar CavTvliT, 8.8<br />
suraTi ufro rTuli wasakiTxia, vinaidan ruxis <strong>to</strong>nalobebi ar<br />
ganasxvavebs xazebs kargad da, vinaidan unda SevxedoT mniSvnelobebs,<br />
xazebs, raTa davakavSiroT xazebi cvladebTan da maT cifrebTan. 8.9<br />
suraTSi es kavSirebi ufro mkafiod aris warmodgenili.<br />
erTi da igive monacemebis warmodgenis es gansxvavebuli gzebi SesaZloa<br />
damabneveli iyos. SegiZliaT, es problema gadaWraT, Tu jer erTi da<br />
igive monacemebs sxvadasxva gziT (kompiuteruli programa, Ceulebriv,<br />
amis swrafad gakeTebaSi dagexmarebaT) warmoadgenT; Semdeg sTxovT<br />
vinmes, vinc ar icnobs monacemebs, Seafasos, ramdenad mkafioa<br />
gamosaxuleba da ramdenad asxavs Sedegebs. diagramebs da sqemebs<br />
aucileblad waumZRvareT winadadeba, sadac ganacxadebT debulebas,<br />
romlis dasabuTebac gsurT cxrilis an diagramis gamoyenebiT.<br />
suraTi 8.10 dabinZurebis indeqsi kapi<strong>to</strong>liumSi, 1982-1994 wlebi<br />
profkavSiris wevroba %<br />
profkavSiris wevroba<br />
umuSevrobis maCvenebeli<br />
umuSevrobis maCvenebeli %<br />
suraTi 8.11. profkavSiris wevroba da umuSevrobis maCvenebeli, 1993-1999<br />
wlebi<br />
8.4 waradgineT monacemebi eTikurad<br />
diagrama unda iyos ara mxolod mkafio, zusti da Sesabamisi, aramed,<br />
agreTve, obieqturi. arsis gadmosacemad ar unda damaxinjdes monacemebi<br />
an maTi urTierTkavSiri. magaliTad, ori sve<strong>to</strong>vani diagrama suraTSi 8.10<br />
warmoadgens identur monacemebs, Tumca, sxvadasxva aqcents akeTebs.<br />
marcxena mxares ganTavsebul suraTze sruli masStabiT warmodgenil<br />
diagramaze daqaneba sakmaod umniSvneloa, ris gamoc dabinZurebis<br />
maCvneblis Semcireba umniSvnelo Cans. marjvena nawilSi ganTavsebuli<br />
suraTis vertikaluri Skala ki iwyeba ara 0-iT, aramed 80-iT. rodesac<br />
Skala Seikveceba, misi wagrZelebuli daxra ufro mkafiod warmoaCens<br />
mcire gansxvavebebs.<br />
diagramebma, agreTve, SeiZleba, SecdomaSi Seiyvanos mkiTxveli, Tu<br />
mcdar<br />
samxreT olqi<br />
aRmosavleT olqi<br />
dasavleT olqi<br />
139
CrdiloeT olqi<br />
CrdiloeT olqi<br />
samxreT olqi<br />
aRmosavleT olqi<br />
dasavleT olqi<br />
suraTi 8.12 umaRlesi saswavleblis studentebis ganawileba (mTelis<br />
procenti) erT-erT Statis olqebis mixedviT<br />
korelaciias gamoxatavs. vinmem SesaZloa, amtkicos, rom umuSevrobis<br />
done mcirdeba, rodesac profkavSiris wevroba mcirdeba da<br />
mtkicebulebis saxiT suraTi 8.11 warmoadginos. marTlac, am suraTis<br />
mixedviT, profkavSiris wevrobis da umuSevrobis maCvenebeli, TiTqos, ise<br />
pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli, mkiTxvelma SeiZleba daaskvnas, rom maT<br />
Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiria. Tumca, marcxena RerZis<br />
(profkavSirebis wevroba) Skala gansxvavebulia marjvena RerZis<br />
(umuSevrobis maCvenebeli) Skalisgan. ori Skala Segnebulad aris<br />
damaxinjebuli, raTa ori maCveneblis Semcireba paraleluri gamoCndes.<br />
es maCveneblebi SeiZleba, dakavSirebuli iyos. Tumca, es damaxinjebuli<br />
gamosaxuleba amas ar adasturebs.<br />
grafikma SeiZleba, SecdomaSi Segviyvanos maSinac, roca suraTi ubiZgebs<br />
mkiTxvels, arasworad Seafasos mniSvnelobebi. ori sqema 8.12 suraTze,<br />
TiTqos, sxvadasxva tendencias gadmogvcems, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTSi<br />
zustad erTi da igive monacemebia warmodgenili. diagrama 8.12 suraTze<br />
aris `Sedgenili ubnebis” mqone diagramebi. miuxedvad maTi vizualuri<br />
gansxvavebebisa, isini warmoadgens erTsa da imave monacemebs. Sedgenili<br />
diagramebi gansxvavebebs mniSvnelobebSi warmoadgens ara xazebis<br />
kuTxeebiT, aramed xazebs Soris arsebuli sivrciT. orive grafikis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, samxreTis, aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis jgufebi metnaklebad<br />
erTnairi siganisaa, rac mianiSnebs imaze, rom maT<br />
mniSvnelobebSi cvlileba mcirea. Tumca, CrdiloeTis nawili mkveTrad<br />
farTovdeba, rac aRniSnavs Sesabamisi mniSvnelobis did zrdas. marcxena<br />
mxares ganTavsebul grafikSi mkiTxveli, savaraudod, zeda sam ubans<br />
arasworad Seafasebs, vinaidan isini mdebareobs zrdadi CrdiloeTis<br />
nawilis zeviT da es qmnis iseT efeqts, TiTqos zemoT ganlagebuli<br />
nawilebic aseve farTovdeba. marjvena mxares ganTavsebul grafikze ki es<br />
sami nawili ar farTovdeba, vinaidan isini ZirSia moTavsebuli. axla<br />
farTovdeba mxolod CrdiloeTis Sesabamisi nawili.<br />
qvemoT warmogidgenT oTx saxelmZRvanelo princips, romlebic<br />
dagexmarebaT, Tavidan aiciloT SecdomaSi Semyvani vizualuri<br />
gamosaxulebis Seqmna:<br />
140
- nu isargeblebT masStabiT kontrastis gasazrdelad an<br />
Sesamcireblad.<br />
- nu gamoiyenebT suraTs, romlis gamosaxuleba amaxinjebs<br />
mniSvnelobebs.<br />
- cxrili an suraTi ar unda iyos metismetad kompleqsuri an imdenad<br />
martivi, rom SecdomaSi Seiyvanos mkiTxveli.<br />
- Tu cxrili an suraTi amyarebs debulebas, miuTiTeT amis Sesaxeb.<br />
cxrili 8.7. grafikebis st<strong>and</strong>artuli formebi da maTi gamoyeneba<br />
sve<strong>to</strong>vani diagramebi erTi cvladis<br />
mniSvnelobis<br />
calkeuli obieqtebis<br />
mixedviT (mag.,<br />
momsaxurebis dargSi<br />
muSakebis saSualo<br />
xelfasi cvladi eqvsi<br />
kompaniis mixedviT<br />
).<br />
sve<strong>to</strong>vani diagramebi,<br />
dajgufebuli an<br />
gayofili<br />
monacemebi ri<strong>to</strong>rikuli gamoyeneba<br />
nimuSi<br />
qvejgufebad dayofili<br />
erTi cvladis<br />
mniSvnelobis Sedareba<br />
nimuSebis seriebis<br />
mixedviT (mag.,<br />
momsaxurebis sferoSi<br />
momuSave qali da<br />
mamakaci muSakebis<br />
qvejgufebi saSualo<br />
xelfasi eqvsi kompaniis<br />
).<br />
mixedviT nimuSebi<br />
qmnis Zlier vizualur<br />
kontrasts calkeul<br />
nimuSebs Soris, xazs usvams<br />
gansxvavebas. konkretuli<br />
mniSvnelobebis<br />
miTiTebisTvis svetebs<br />
daumateT ricxvebi. am saxis<br />
diagramis gamoyenebiT<br />
SesaZlebelia donis an<br />
tendenciebis Cveneba.<br />
yvelaze metad<br />
gavrcelebulia<br />
vertikaluri svetebi,<br />
Tumca, SeiZleba, svetebi<br />
iyos horizontaluri, Tu<br />
nimuSebi mravalia an<br />
rTuli warwerebi aqvs. ix.<br />
nawili 8.3.3<br />
xdeba qvejgufebs Soris<br />
gansxvavebis warmoCena<br />
calkeuli nimuSebis SigniT<br />
da maT Soris; ar aris<br />
gamosadegi mTeli<br />
mniSvnelobebis mqone<br />
nimuSebis SedarebisTvis.<br />
konkretuli mniSvnelobebis<br />
misaTiTeblad svetebs<br />
daawereT ricxvebi.<br />
dajgufebuli svetebi<br />
cudad asaxavs dones an<br />
tendenciebs; gamosadegia<br />
drois seriebisTvis<br />
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
tendenciebi ar aris<br />
mniSvnelovani. ix. nawili<br />
8.3.3.<br />
sve<strong>to</strong>vani diagramebi, Sedarebulia erTi saukeTesoa mTliani<br />
141
Sedgenili cvladis mniSvneloba,<br />
dayofili or an met<br />
qvejgufad, nimuSebis<br />
seriebis mixedviT (mag.,<br />
Seviwroebis Sesaxeb<br />
saCivrebi cvladi<br />
dayofili regionis da<br />
qvejgufebi eqvi sferos<br />
)<br />
mixedviT nimuSebi<br />
his<strong>to</strong>grama Sedarebulia ori<br />
cvladi, romelTagan<br />
erTi dayofilia<br />
seriebad, romlebic<br />
igive datvirTvas<br />
atarebs, rasac nimuSebi<br />
sve<strong>to</strong>van diagramaSi<br />
(mag., momsaxurebis<br />
sferos muSakebi mudmivi<br />
cvladi romelTa<br />
xelfasi Seadgens 0-<br />
5,000 dolars, 5-10,000<br />
dolars, 10-15,000<br />
dolars da a.S. dayofili<br />
gamosaxulebiani<br />
diagrama<br />
cvladi<br />
)<br />
aCvenebs mniSvnelobas<br />
erTi an meti cvladis<br />
nimuSebisTvis,<br />
romlebic mocemulia<br />
rukaze, diagramaze an<br />
sxva gamosaxulebaze<br />
(mag., Statebi nimuSebi<br />
gaferadebuli wiTlad<br />
an cisfrad, raTa<br />
gviCvenos amomrCevelTa<br />
xmebis ganawilebis<br />
xasiaTi cvladi<br />
wriuli diagrama aCvenebs erTi cvladis<br />
proporcias nimuSebis<br />
seriebisTvis (mag.,<br />
biujetis wili cvladi<br />
).<br />
mniSvnelobebis<br />
Sesadareblad mTelis<br />
nimuSebs Soris da<br />
nimuSebis qvejgufebSi;<br />
rTulia qvejgufebis<br />
Sedareba nimuSebis SigniT<br />
(amisTvis gamoiyeneT<br />
dajgufebuli svetebi).<br />
konkretuli mniSvnelobebis<br />
misaTiTeblad svetebs da<br />
segmentebs daawereT<br />
ricxvebi. gamosadegia<br />
droiTi mwkrivebisTvis. misi<br />
saSualebiT doneebis an<br />
tendenciebis Cveneba<br />
SesaZlebelia mxolod<br />
mTliani mniSvnelobebis<br />
mixedviT ix. nawili 8.3.3<br />
saukeTesoa mudmivi<br />
monacemebis segmentebis<br />
Sesadareblad. aCvenebs<br />
tendenciebs, Tumca, aqcenti<br />
gakeTebulia segmentebze<br />
(mag., $ 5-10,000 xelfasis<br />
mqone arasrul ganakveTze<br />
momuSave muSakebis uecari<br />
zrda). konkretuli<br />
mniSvnelobebis aRsaniSnad<br />
svetebs daawereT ricxvebi.<br />
aCvenebs monacemebis<br />
ganawilebas winaswar<br />
arsebul kategoriebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi; konkretuli<br />
mniSvnelobebis roli<br />
Semcirebulia. rogorc<br />
rukis an procesis<br />
diagramis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
saukeTesoa, rodesac<br />
gamosaxuleba nacnobia,.<br />
saukeTesoa erTi segmentis<br />
mTelTan SedarebisTvis.<br />
gamosadegia mxolod maSin,<br />
roca gvaqvs ramdenime<br />
142
aSS-is kabinetis<br />
departamentebis<br />
).<br />
mixedviT nimuSebi<br />
xazovani diagrama Sedarebulia uwyveti<br />
cvladebi erTi an meti<br />
nimuSisTvis (mag.,<br />
temperatura cvladi da<br />
siblante cvladi ori<br />
siTxis mixedviT nimuSebi)<br />
diagrama ubnebiT Sedarebulia ori<br />
uwyveti cvladi erTi<br />
an meti nimuSisTvis<br />
(mag., kiTxvis testis<br />
qulebi cvladi drois<br />
ganmavlobaSi saskolo<br />
).<br />
diagrama ubnebiT,<br />
Sedgenili<br />
olqSi nimuSi<br />
Sedarebulia ori<br />
mudmivi cvladi ori an<br />
orze meti nimuSisTvis<br />
(mag., Semosavlebi<br />
drois periodSi<br />
cvladi<br />
segmenti an segmentebi,<br />
romlebic Zalian<br />
gansxvavebuli moculobisaa;<br />
sxvagvarad rTulia<br />
segmentebis Sedareba.<br />
konkretuli mniSvnelobebis<br />
asaxvisTvis segmentebSi<br />
CawereT ricxvebi.<br />
gavrcelebulia<br />
arasamecniero wreebSi,<br />
specialistebSi didi<br />
popularobiT ar<br />
sargeblobs. ix. 8.3.3.<br />
saukeTesoa tendenciebis<br />
saCveneblad; naklebi<br />
aqcentia gakeTebuli<br />
konkretul mniSvnelobebze.<br />
gamosadegia droiTi<br />
mwkrivebisTvis. konkretuli<br />
mniSvnelobebis saCveneblad<br />
wertilebTan daawereT<br />
ricxvebi. tendenciis<br />
mniSvnelovnebis<br />
saCveneblad bade dayaviT<br />
nawilebad (mag., saSualo<br />
Sedegebze dabali an<br />
maRali). ix. 8.3.3<br />
aCvenebs tendenciebs;<br />
konkretuli mniSvnelobebis<br />
roli Semcirebulia.<br />
SeiZleba am saxis diagramis<br />
gamoyeneba droiTi<br />
mwkrivebisTvis. konkretuli<br />
mniSvnelobebis saCveneblad<br />
monacemebis wertilebTan<br />
miuTiTeT ricxvebi. xazebis<br />
qvemoT ubani informacias<br />
ar zrdis, Tumca zogierTma<br />
mkiTxvelma SeiZleba,<br />
arasworad Seafasos<br />
mniSvnelobebi. damabnevelia<br />
mravali xazis/ubnis<br />
SemTxvevaSi.<br />
naCvenebia tendencia yvela<br />
nimuSis mTelisTvis,<br />
amasTanave, aCvenebs,<br />
ramdenia TiToeuli nimuSis<br />
wili mTelSi. savaraudod,<br />
143
cvladi ramdenime<br />
produqtisTvis<br />
mixedviT nimuSebi<br />
wertilovani diagrama Sedarebulia ori<br />
cvladi mraval<br />
wertilSi erTi<br />
nimuSisAmixedviT (mag.,<br />
binebis gayidvebi cvladi<br />
da manZili qalaqis<br />
centridan cvladi erT<br />
qalaqSi nimuSi) an erT<br />
wertilSi mravali<br />
nimuSis mixedviT (mag.,<br />
brendisadmi erTguleba<br />
cvladi da SekeTebis<br />
sixSire cvladi aTi<br />
mwarmoeblisTvis<br />
burTulovani<br />
diagramebi<br />
nimuSebi<br />
)<br />
Sedarebulia sami<br />
cvladi mraval<br />
wertilze erTi<br />
nimuSisTvis (mag.,<br />
binebis gayidva cvladi<br />
daSoreba qalaqis<br />
centridan cvladi da<br />
fasebi cvladi erT<br />
qalaqSi nimuSi) an erT<br />
wertilSi mravali<br />
nimuSisTvis (mag.,<br />
prestiJulobis<br />
reklamireba cvladi<br />
SekeTebis sixSire<br />
cvladi da brendisadmi<br />
erTguleba cvladi aTi<br />
mwarmoeblis mixedviT<br />
).<br />
nimuSebi<br />
).<br />
mkiTxveli arasworad<br />
gaigebs individualuri<br />
nimuSis mniSvnelobas an<br />
tendencias, rogorc es<br />
nawilSi 8.4 iyo<br />
ganmartebuli<br />
saukeTesoa monacemebis<br />
ganawilebis saCveneblad,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, rodesac ar<br />
aris mkafio tendencia an<br />
rodesac aqcenti keTdeba<br />
centridan moSorebul<br />
mniSvnelobebze. Tu mxolod<br />
ramdenime wertilis datana<br />
xdeba, es SesaZleblobas<br />
iZleva aqcenti konkretul<br />
mniSvnelobebze gakeTdes.<br />
aqcenti keTdeba mesame<br />
(burTulebi) da pirvel or<br />
cvlads Soris kavSirze;<br />
yvelaze gamosadegia,<br />
rodesac gvainteresebs aris<br />
Tu ara mesame cvladi<br />
sxvebis produqti.<br />
mkiTxvels SeiZleba,<br />
martivad SeeSalos<br />
burTulebiT gamoxatuli<br />
fardobiTi mniSvnelobebi;<br />
Tu daawerT ricxvebs, es<br />
problema gadaiWreba.<br />
144
9 Savi naweris gadamuSaveba<br />
9.1 SeamowmeT Sesavali, daskvna da debuleba<br />
9.2 darwmundiT, rom naSromis ZiriTadi nawili Tanmimdevrulia<br />
9.3 SeamowmeT abzacebi<br />
9.4 ramdenime dRis Semdeg gadaxedeT samuSao variants, Semdeg gaakeTeT<br />
perifrazi<br />
zogierT damwyeb mkvlevars miaCnia, rom naSromze muSaoba Savi naweris<br />
SeqmniT sruldeba. gamocdilma av<strong>to</strong>rebma ki ician, rom samuSao amiT ar<br />
mTavrdeba. isini Savi naweris pirvel variants qmnian ara mkiTxvelisTvis,<br />
aramed TavianTTvis, raTa naxon, SeuZliaT Tu ara, daasabuTon debuleba<br />
(an gansazRvron ukeTesi). Semdeg iqamde gadaamuSaveben Sav nawers, vidre<br />
ar CaTvlian, rom is Seesabameba mkiTxvelis moTxovnebs da molodins. es<br />
rTulia, vinaidan ise kargad vicnobT Cvens naSroms, rom gviWirs sxvisi<br />
TvaliT SevxedoT. efeqtianad gadamuSavebisTvis unda icodeT, ras<br />
moelis mkiTxveli da SeZlebs Tu ara amis povnas Sav nawerSi. amisTvis,<br />
Cveni rCeva SeiZleba, zereled mogeCvenoT. magram mxolod naSromis<br />
obieqturad gaanalizebis meSveobiT SeZlebT, Tavidan aiciloT naSromis<br />
mikerZoebulad wakiTxva, anu misi ise aRqma, rogorc gsurT, rom Tqvenma<br />
mkiTxvelma dainaxos.<br />
Cveni rCevaa, gadamuSaveba daiwyoT zogadi nawilebidan da Semdeg<br />
gadaxvideT konkretulze: pirvel rigSi, gadaamuSaveT Sesavali da<br />
daskvna, Semdeg mTliani agebuleba, Semdeg nawilebi, abzacebi,<br />
winadadebebi, bolos ki stilisturi aspeqtebi, rogoricaa marTlwera da<br />
punqtuacia (am sakiTxebze rCevebi ixileT mesame nawilSi). ra Tqma unda,<br />
aravin amuSavebs nawers ase zedmiwevniT. Cven gadavaadgilebT abzacebs da<br />
gadavawyobT sityvebs winadadebis Secvlisas. Tumca, savaraudod, yvelaze<br />
Sedegiani iqneba, Tu gadamuSavebas daviwyebT mTeliT da Semdeg<br />
nawilebze gadavalT. es im SemTxvevaSic amarTlebs, Tu Tqvens xelT<br />
arsebuli ,,mTeli” mxolod naSromis nawilia.<br />
araerTma gamocdilma mkvlevarma SeniSna, rom ufro saimedoa nabeWdi<br />
variantis redaqtireba, vidre teqstis kompiuteris ekranze gadamuSaveba.<br />
eleqtronuli varianti SegiZliaT, gadaamuSaoT, roca naweris pirveli<br />
variantebs xvewT; Tumca, mkiTxveli nabeWd variants ecnoba; Tqvenc, Tu<br />
Savi naweris Semdgomi variantebis amonabeWds gadaxedavT, SesaZloa, meti<br />
Secdoma aRmoaCinoT da ukeTesad gaerkveT namuSevaris zogad<br />
struqturaSi.<br />
145
9.1 SeamowmeT Sesavali, daskvna da debuleba<br />
mkiTxvelma swrafad da garkveviT unda dainaxos sami ram:<br />
- sad mTavrdeba Sesavali<br />
- sad iwyeba daskvna<br />
- ra winadadebebiT aris warmodgenili debuleba Sesavalsa da<br />
daskvnaSi<br />
Sesavali da daskvna rom mkafiod iyos gamoyofili, SegiZliaT, Sesavals<br />
da ZiriTad teqsts Soris CarToT qvesaTauri an da<strong>to</strong>voT carieli<br />
adgili, analogiurad gamoyoT ZiriTadi nawili daskvnidan. (meaTe TavSi<br />
dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli, rogor gadaamuSaoT Savi naweris<br />
saboloo variantis Sesavali da daskvna, gansakuTrebiT, rogor da sad<br />
unda SemoitanoT debuleba.)<br />
9.2 darwmundiT, rom naSromis ZiriTadi nawili Tanmimdevrulia<br />
moxsenebis struqturis mkafiod Camoyalibebis Semdeg, SeamowmeT<br />
ZiriTadi nawili. mkiTxveli Tqvens naSroms miiCnevs Tanmimdevrulad,<br />
rodesac SeeZleba dainaxos:<br />
- ra ZiriTadi terminebi gasdevs naSromis yvela nawils<br />
- sad sruldeba TiToeuli Tavi da qveTavi da iwyeba momdevno<br />
- rogor aris yoveli nawili dakavSirebuli winasTan<br />
- ra rols asrulebs TiToeuli nawili mTelSi<br />
- romeli winadadebiT aris warmodgenili TiToeuli nawilis da<br />
qvenawilis arsi yovel maTganSi<br />
- ra ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli terminebi gasdevs TiToeul nawils<br />
mkiTxvelma es elementebi rom dainaxos, gadaxedeT moxsenebas da<br />
SeamowmeT:<br />
1. gasdevs Tu ara ZiriTadi terminebi mTel moxsenebas?<br />
- SemoxazeT ZiriTadi terminebi SesavalSi da daskvnaSi warmodgenil<br />
debulebaSi (gadaxedeT 7.3-s).<br />
- SemoxazeT igive terminebi moxsenebis ZiriTad nawilSi.<br />
- xazi gausviT sityvebs, dakavSirebuls im cnebebTan, romlebic<br />
gamoxatulia Semoxazuli terminebiT.<br />
Tu mkiTxveli ver dainaxavs Tqvens ZiriTad terminebs abzacebis<br />
umetesobaSi, SeiZleba, ifiqros, rom naSromi ar aris Tanmimdevruli.<br />
gadaamuSaveT, SeitaneT es terminebi im nawilebSi, sadac ar aris<br />
sakmarisad gamoyenebuli. Tu xazi gausviT ufro met sityvas, vidre<br />
Semoxazuli gaqvT, SegiZliaT, darwmunebuli iyoT, rom mkiTxveli<br />
SeniSnavs, rogor ukavSirdeba xazgasmuli sityvebi ZiriTad terminebs. Tu<br />
mosalodnelia, rom mkiTxveli ver SeniSnavs kavSirs, SecvaleT<br />
146
dakavSirebuli sityvebi. Tu Tqven gadauxvieT Tqveni logikis ZiriTadi<br />
xazidan, mogiwevT naweris seriozuli gadamuSaveba.<br />
2. mkafiod aris Tu ara gamoyofili TiToeuli nawilis da qvenawilis<br />
dasawyisi?<br />
qvesaTaurebis gamoyenebiT SegiZliaT, mianiSnoT erTi mTavari nawilidan<br />
momdevnoze gadasvla (gadaxedeT 6.2.4-s). ufro did naSromSi SegiZliaT,<br />
daama<strong>to</strong>T adgili ZiriTadi gadasvlis adgilebSi. Tu ver gadawyvetT, ra<br />
sityvebi gamoiyenoT qvesaTaurebSi an sad CarToT isini, mkiTxveli<br />
saerTod ver dainaxavs wyobas. (sxvadasxva donis saTaurebis stilebis<br />
Sesaxeb ix. A2.2).<br />
3. iwyeba Tu ara TiToeuli didi nawili sityvebiT, romlebic mianiSnebs,<br />
rogor ukavSirdeba aRniSnuli nawili winas?<br />
mkiTxvelma unda SeZlos danaxva, sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba nawilebi;<br />
amas garda, maT unda gaigon, ra<strong>to</strong>m daalageT isini mocemuli<br />
TanmimdevrobiT (ix. 6.2.5-6.2.6). Tanmimdevrobis logika aRniSneT iseTi<br />
sityvebis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa pirvel rigSi, amas garda, ufro<br />
mniSvnelovania, momdevno sakiTxi, zogi ar eTanxmeba am mosazrebas da a.S.<br />
4. Cans Tu ara mkafiod, rogor Seesabameba TiToeuli nawili mTels?<br />
TiToeul nawils dausviT SekiTxva: ras pasuxobs es nawili? Tu kiTxvis<br />
saSualebiT ver axerxebT, upasuxoT im xuTi SekiTxvidan erT-erTs<br />
romelzec pasuxi arguments warmoadgens (ix. 5.2), dafiqrdiT, ramdenad<br />
Sesabamisia es nawili: ramdenad Sinaarsobrivia is, ganmartavs Tu ara<br />
cnebis an sakiTxs winais<strong>to</strong>rias an sxvagvarad Tu exmareba mkiTxvels? Tu<br />
ver ganmartavT, rogor aris nawili dakavSirebuli debulebasTan,<br />
dafiqrdiT, umjobesi xom ar aris misi amoReba naSromidan.<br />
5. warmodgenilia Tu ara TiToeuli nawilis arsi misi mcire Sesavlis<br />
bolos (an nawilis boloSi) mocemul winadadebaSi?<br />
Tu SesaZlebelia, nawilis arsi Sesavlis boloSi CarTeT. araviTar<br />
SemTxvevaSi ar moaTavsoT is nawilis SuaSi. Tu nawili oTx an xuT<br />
gverdze metia, SegiZliaT, arsi am nawilis bolos kidev erTxel<br />
gaimeoroT.<br />
6. gamoyenebulia Tu ara nawilSi konkretuli terminebi, romlebic mas<br />
gamoarCevs?<br />
ise, rogorc ZiriTadi terminebi, romlebic aerTianebs mTel moxsenebas<br />
da gamoarCevs mas sxva moxsenebebisgan, ZiriTadi terminebic, romlebic<br />
147
ganasxvavebs TiToeul nawils da qvenawils, unda gasdevdes da<br />
aerTianebdes mas. gaimeoreT safexuri (1) TiToeuli nawilisTvis: ipoveT<br />
winadadeba, romelic gamoxatavs mis arss da gansazRvreT ZiriTadi<br />
terminebi, romlebic gamoarCevs mocemul nawils sxva nawilebisgan.<br />
Semdeg SeamowmeT, gasdevs Tu ara es terminebi am nawils. Tu terminebi<br />
ver aRmoaCineT, mkiTxvelma SesaZloa, ver dainaxos, ra gansxvavebuli<br />
ideebia warmodgenili masSi.<br />
9.3 SeamowmeT abzacebi<br />
TiToeuli abzaci unda Seesabmebodes misi nawilis arss. nawilebis<br />
msgavsad, TiToeul abzacs unda waumZRvaroT erTi an ori Sesavali<br />
winadadeba, romelSic, rogorc wesi, warmodgenili iqneba misi arsi da<br />
CarTuli iqneba ZiriTadi cnebebi, romlebic gaivrcoba abzacis danarCen<br />
nawilSi. Tu abzacis Sesaval winadadebebSi ar aris warmodgenili misi<br />
arsi, maSin is bolo winadadebaSi unda miuTiToT. daalageT winadadebebi<br />
garkveuli principiT da SeusabameT isini abzacis arss (Tanmimdevrobis<br />
principis Sesaxeb ix. 6.2.5).<br />
moerideT mcire abzcebis wyebas (sadac xuTze naklebi striqonia) an<br />
Zalian did abzacebs (sferoebis umetesobisTvis naxevar gverdze meti).<br />
or an samwinadadebiani abzacebi gamoiyeneT CamonaTvlisTvis,<br />
gadasasvleli nawilis, Sesavlis da daskvniTi nawilebisTvis, agreTve, im<br />
debulebebisTvis, romelTa xazgasmac gsurT. (am wignSi viyenebT mcire<br />
abzacebs, raTa mkiTxvels gauioldes Tvalis gadavleba; moxsenebebis<br />
werisas amgvari gaioleba, rogorc wesi, ar aris saWiro.)<br />
9.4 ramdenime dRis Semdeg gadaxedeT samuSao variants, Semdeg gaakeTeT<br />
perifrazi<br />
Tu proeqts adre daiwyebT, geqnebaT dro, rom gadamuSavebul Sav nawers<br />
ramdenime dRis Semdeg kidev gadaxedoT. is, rac erT dRes mogwonT,<br />
meore dRes SeiZleba, sxvagvarad SeafasoT. roca Sav nawers<br />
daubrundebiT, nu waikiTxavT mas Tavidan bolomde; gadaavleT Tvali<br />
did nawilebs: Sesavals, TiToeuli ZiriTadi nawilis pirvel abzacs da<br />
daskvnas. Semdeg, wakiTxulis safuZvelze, gaakeTeT misi perifrazi im<br />
adamianisTvis, visac ar waukiTxavs. gamogividaT perifrazi? aris masSi<br />
Sejamebuli argumenti? umjobesia, Tu vinme sxvas sTxovT, gadaavlos<br />
Tvali Tqvens moxsenebas, waikiTxos mxolod Sesavali da ZiriTadi<br />
nawilebis Sesavlebi: is, Tu ramdenad kargad Seajamebs aRniSnuli piri<br />
Tqven naSroms, mianiSnebs, ramdenad kargad gaigebs mas mkiTxveli.<br />
148
dabolos, naweri yovelTvis gadaamuSaveT profesoris an xelmZRvanelis<br />
rCevis gaTvaliswinebiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, awyeninebT im<br />
specialistebs, romlebic xarjaven dros da kiTxuloben Tqvens<br />
moxsenebas, raTa rCevebi mogcen; amasTanave, xelidan gauSvebT moxsenebis<br />
daxvewis SesaZleblobas. es ar niSnavs imas, rom TiToeuli rCeva unda<br />
SeasruloT; ubralod, dakvirvebiT awon-dawoneT isini.<br />
149
10. Sesavlis da daskvnis saboloo variantis SemuSaveba<br />
10.1 SeimuSaveT Sesavlis saboloo varianti<br />
10.1.1 mokled warmoadgineT manamde Catarebuli kvlevebi<br />
10.1.2 xelaxla waradgineT SekiTxva rogorc sakiTxi, romelic ar aris<br />
cnobili an kargad Seswavlili<br />
10.1.3 warmoadgineT Tqveni SekiTxvis mniSvnelovneba<br />
10.1.4 warmoadgineT debuleba<br />
10.1.5 SeqmeniT axali pirveli winadadebis samuSao varianti<br />
10.2 SeqmeniT daskvnis saboloo samuSao varianti<br />
10.2.1 xelaxla warmoadgineT debuleba<br />
10.2.2 aRniSneT axali mniSvnelovneba, praqtikuli gamoyeneba an axali<br />
kvleva (samivesTvis)<br />
10.3 saTauris mofiqreba bolosTvis moi<strong>to</strong>veT<br />
mas Semdeg, rac Savi naweris saboloo variants SeqmniT da naxavT, ra gaqvT<br />
dawerili, SegiZliaT, daweroT Sesavlis da daskvnis saboloo variantebi.<br />
moxsenebis es ori nawili mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs imaSi, Tu rogor<br />
waikiTxavs da daimaxsovrebs mkiTxveli moxsenebis danarCen nawilebs. amdenad,<br />
sasurvelia, dro dauTmoT am nawilebis damuSavebas, raTa isini maqsimalurad<br />
mkafio da saintereso iyos.<br />
Sesavali sam mizans emsaxureba. misi daniSnulebaa:<br />
- moaqcios kvleva sxva kvlevis konteqstSi<br />
- gaagebinos mkiTxvels, ra<strong>to</strong>m unda waikiTxos moxseneba<br />
- gaxados moxseneba gasagebi<br />
Sesavlebis umravlesoba mTeli moxsenebis daaxloebiT 10 procents Seadgens<br />
(zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi xSirad ufro mcires).<br />
daskvnac sam mizans emsaxureba. daskvnis daniSnulebaa:<br />
- mkafiod gaagebinos mkiTxvels debuleba<br />
- gaagebinos mkiTxvels misi mniSvnelovneba<br />
- warmoadginos Semdgomi kvlevis ganxorcielebis rekomendacia<br />
daskvna, rogorc wesi, Sesavalze mokle unda iyos. Tezisis da sadisertacio<br />
naSromis SemTxvevaSi, Sesavali da daskvna, Cveulebriv, calke Tavebia.<br />
150
10.1 SeimuSaveT Sesavlis saboloo varianti<br />
moxsenebebis Sesavlebi gansxvavdeba sferoebis mixedviT. Tumca, maT<br />
umravlesobas safuZvlad udevs oTxi nawilisgan Semdgari modeli, romelic<br />
aRwerili iyo 6.2.2.-Si:<br />
1. sawyisi konteqsti an winais<strong>to</strong>ria. rodesac am nawilSi Sejamebulia<br />
Sesabamisi kvleva, mas ewodeba literaturis mimoxilva; is Tqvens proeqts<br />
sxva kvlevis konteqstSi aqcevs da momdevno safexurisTvis gvamzadebs.<br />
es nawili mokle unda iyos.<br />
2. kvlevis SekiTxvis warmodgena. es, Cveulebriv, moicavs imis warmodgenas,<br />
rac ar aris cnobili an Seswavlili, an rac mcdaria im kvlevaSi,<br />
romelic miuTiTeT pirvel punqtSi aRniSnul safexurSi. aRniSnuli<br />
nawili xSirad iwyeba sityvebiT Tumca, miuxedavad amisa an dazustebis<br />
aRmniSvneli sxva sityvebiT.<br />
3. SekiTxvis mniSvnelovneba. gacemulia pasuxi SekiTxvaze mere ra? is Zalian<br />
mniSvnelovania mkiTxvelis dasaintereseblad.<br />
4. debuleba. aq pasuxi gaecema kvlevis SekiTxvaze, romelic mocemulia<br />
meore safexurSi. qvemoT warmodgenilia Semoklebuli magaliTi<br />
(TiToeuli winadadeba SeiZleba gaiSalos erT an met abzacze):<br />
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, riskis analitikosebi Seiswavlian risks, rogorc<br />
statistikur problemas da albaTobis Teoriis racionalur gamoyenebas.<br />
konteqsti Tumca, riskis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamcemma pirebma aRmoaCines, rom<br />
rigiTi adamianebis mier riskis Sefaseba ar Cans dakavSirebuli statistikaze<br />
dafuZnebul albaTobebTan. SekiTxva. vidre ar gavigebT, rogor aRiqvamen<br />
araspecialistebi risks, gamoucnobi darCeba adamianis Semecnebis mniSvnelovani<br />
aspeqti. mniSvnelovneba. rogorc Cans, araspecialistebi risks afaseben yvelaze<br />
cudi variantebis vizualizaciiT, Semdeg afaseben imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad<br />
saSiSia warmosaxuli suraTi. debuleba<br />
10.1.1 mokled warmoadgineT manamde Catarebuli kvlevebi<br />
yvela moxseneba ar iwyeba kvlevis mimoxilviT. zogierTi maTgani iwyeba<br />
uSualod kvlevis SekiTxviT, romelic warmodgenilia rogorc raRac, rac ar<br />
ician an ar aris Seswavlili. Semdeg mosdevs Sesabamisi literaturis<br />
mimoxilva. es gavrcelebuli strategiaa im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac sayovelTaod<br />
cnobilia, rom raRac ar aris garkveuli:<br />
pasiur mwevelobasa da gulis daavadebebs Soris urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb<br />
SeTanxmebuli azri jer ar arsebobs.<br />
Tumca, Tu bevrisTvis ucnobia amgvari Ria sakiTxis arseboba, misi ase wardgena<br />
SeiZleba, Zalian mkveTrad moxvdes mkiTxvelis Tvals, rogorc, magaliTad,<br />
qvemoT moyvanili winadadeba:<br />
mkvlevrebs ar esmiT, rogor afaseben risks rigiTi adamianebi.<br />
151
ogorc wesi, av<strong>to</strong>ri mkiTxvels amzadebs manamde ganxorcielebuli im kvlevis<br />
aRweriT, romelsac maTi kvleva gaafarToebs, Secvlis, an Seasworebs. Tumca,<br />
Tu moxseneba gamiznulia zogadi kategoriisMmkiTxvelze, konteqsti SeiZleba,<br />
mokle iyos:<br />
Cven vriskavT yoveldRe - roca vWriT quCas, mivirTmevT zedmetad cximian<br />
sakvebs, maSinac ki, rodesac Sxaps viRebT. riskis Seswavla daiwyo azartuli<br />
TamaSebis SemoRebasTan erTad. amdenad, didi xania, mas maTematikurad afaseben.<br />
meoce saukuneSi mkvlevrebi iyenebdnen maTematikur xerxebs riskis Sesaswavlad<br />
mraval sferoSi: investiciebSi, samomxmareblo produqciaSi, omSic ki. Sedegad,<br />
mkvlevrebis udides nawils miaCnia, rom SesaZlebelia riskis statistikurad<br />
gamoTvla da rom masTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebi racionalurobis<br />
princips unda efuZnebodes.<br />
sxva mkvlevrebisTvis gamiznul moxsenebaSi es Sesavali konteqsti, Cveulebriv,<br />
aRwers konkretul kvlevas, romelsac gaafarToebs an Secvlis mocemuli<br />
moxseneba. mniSvnelovania manamde ganxorcielebuli kvlevis obieqturad<br />
warmodgena. amdenad, ise aRwereT is, rogorc misi ganmaxorcielebeli<br />
mkvlevrebi aRwerdnen.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac meTeqvsmete saukuneSi girolamo kardanom daiwyo azartuli<br />
TamaSebis raodenobrivad gaanalizeba (Cardano 1545), riskis ganxilvas miudgnen,<br />
rogorc wminda maTematikur amocanas; riskis analizi mniSvnelovnad<br />
gaumjobesda meCvidmete saukuneSi, rodesac paskalma, laibnicma da sxvebma<br />
kalkulusi Semoitanes (Bernstein 1996). meoce saukuneSi mkvlevrebma gaafarToes<br />
mimarTuleba da daiwyes riskis Seswavla cxovrebis yvela sferoSi:<br />
investiciebSi, samomxmareblo saqonelSi, garemosa da omSic ki (Stimson 1990,<br />
1998). es problemebic, TiTqmis mxolod maTematikuri poziciidan aris<br />
ganxiluli. (mogvianebiT warmodgenilia Tanamedrove kvlevis detaluri<br />
ganxilva.)<br />
zogierT moxsenebaSi, gansakuTrebiT Tezisebsa da sadisertacio naSromebSi,<br />
msgavsi aRwera iSleba ramdenime gverdze, citirebulia aTobiT wigni da statia,<br />
romlebic mxolod met-naklebad Seesabameba sakiTxs, Cveulebriv, amis mizania,<br />
aCvenos, rom mkvlevari bevr literaturas gaecno. am saxis kvlevebidan<br />
SesaZlebelia sasargeblo bibliografia moipovon sxva, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
damwyebma mkvlevrebma, magram mkiTxvels, romelsac bevri dro ar aqvs, surs,<br />
Seityos mxolod konkretuli kvlevis Sesaxeb, romlis gafarToebas, Secvlas an<br />
Sesworebasac apirebs mkvlevari.<br />
mniSvnelovania zemoaRniSnuli manamde Catarebuli kvlevis obieqturad da<br />
srulad warmodgena: aRwereT is, rogorc amas gaakeTebda Tqvens mier<br />
citirebuli mkvlevari, citatebi ki moiyvaneT ara SerCeviT an konteqstidan<br />
amovardnilad, aramed ise, rogorc av<strong>to</strong>rs hqonda warmodgenili Tavis<br />
naSromSi.<br />
karieris adreul etapze SeiZleba, ver moaxerxoT manamde ganxorcielebuli<br />
kvlevebis Tavdajerebulad mimoxilva, vinaidan, savaraudod, ar gecodinebaT<br />
maTi umetesoba. Tu asea, warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni mkiTxveli imave<br />
mdgomareobaSia, rogorSic Tqven iyaviT kvlevis dawyebamde. ra ar icodiT<br />
152
maSin? ra SegeSalaT maSin, rac kvleviT gamoasworeT? rogor gaaumjobesa<br />
kvlevam Tqveni mcdari warmodgena? aq SegiZliaT im samuSao hipoTezis<br />
gamoyeneba, romelic uaryaviT: SeiZleba C<strong>and</strong>a, rom X asea, Tumca,... (ix., agreTve,<br />
4.1.2).<br />
10.1.2 xelaxla waradgineT SekiTxva, rogorc sakiTxi, romelic ar aris cnobili<br />
an kargad Seswavlili<br />
Sesavali konteqstis SemuSavebis Semdeg aRniSneT, manamde ganxorcielebul<br />
kvlevaSi ra ar gakeTebula an ra<strong>to</strong>m aris is arasrulyofili, an, Tundac,<br />
mcdari. warmoadgineT es dazusteba an uaryofa Semdegi sityvebiT: Tumca,<br />
miuxedavad amisa, an romelime sxva terminiT, romelic mianiSnebs, rom Tqven<br />
SecvliT miRebul codnas da Seswavlis Sedegs, romelic axlaxans gamoikvlieT:<br />
mas Semdeg, rac giloramo kardanom.... maTematikuri kuTxiT. konteqsti. Tumca,<br />
riskis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamcemma pirebma aRmoaCines, rom rigiTi<br />
adamianebi risks afaseben iracionalurad da maT mier riskis Sefaseba ar<br />
ukavSirdeba statistikurad realur albaTobebs. gaurkvevelia, aseT<br />
araspecialistTa mier riskis Sefaseba SemTxveviT gamocnobas efuZneba, Tu<br />
gegmazomieri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. SekiTxva xelaxla aris Camoyalibebuli.<br />
10.1.3 warmoadgineT Tqveni SekiTxvis mniSvnelovneba<br />
axla mkiTxvels unda daanaxoT, ra<strong>to</strong>m aris mniSvnelovani kvlevis SekiTxvaze<br />
pasuxis gacema. warmoidgineT, rom mkiTxveli svams yvelaze gamaRizianebel<br />
SekiTxvas _ mere ra? Semdeg pasuxi gaeciT am SekiTxvas. pasuxi ise unda<br />
CamoayaliboT, rom TvalsaCino iyos, ra uaryofiTi Sedegebi eqneboda kvlevis<br />
SekiTxvaze pasuxis arqonas:<br />
mas Semdeg, rac giloramo kardanom... maTematikuri kuTxiT. konteqsti Tumca,<br />
riskis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamcemma pirebma aRmoaCines, rom... gaurkvevelia,<br />
aseT araspecialistTa mier riskis Sefaseba SemTxveviT gamocnobas efuZneba, Tu<br />
gegmazomieri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. SekiTxva xelaxla aris Camoyalibebuli. (mere ra?)<br />
vidre ar gavigebT, araspecialistebi risks rogor afaseben, adamianis<br />
msjelobis mniSvnelovani aspeqti amoucnobi darCeba: SemecnebiTi procesis<br />
saxeoba, romelic gegmazomieri Cans, Tumca, mdebareobs im zRvars gareT, rasac<br />
ewodeba `racionaluri azrovneba”. mniSvnelovneba<br />
SegiZliaT, piriqiT, xazi gausvaT kvlevis SekiTxvaze pasuxis mopovebis<br />
mniSvnelovnebas:<br />
mas Semdeg, rac giloramo kardanom... maTematikuri kuTxiT. konteqsti Tumca,<br />
riskis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamcemma pirebma aRmoaCines, rom... gaurkvevelia,<br />
aseT araspecialistTa mier riskis Sefaseba SemTxveviT gamocnobas efuZneba Tu<br />
gegmazomieri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. SekiTxva xelaxla aris Camoyalibebuli. (mere ra?)<br />
Cven rom gavigoT, rogor iReben Cveulebrivi adamianebi riskebis Sesaxeb<br />
gadawyvetilebebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, SevZlebdiT, ukeT CavwvdomodiT<br />
SemecnebiT process, romelic Cans gegmazomieri, Tumca, mdebareobs im zRvars<br />
gareT, rasac ewodeba `racionaluri azrovneba” mniSvnelovneba<br />
153
SesaZloa, gagiWirdeT pasuxis gacema SekiTxvaze mere ra? es is problemaa,<br />
romelsac mxolod gamocdilebis Sedegad gadaWriT. Tumca, man SesaZloa,<br />
gamocdili mkvlevrebic ki gaaRizianos.<br />
10.1.4 warmoadgineT debuleba<br />
mas Semdeg, rac ganacxadebT iseT rames, rac ar aris cnobili an Seswavlili<br />
da imas, Tu ra<strong>to</strong>m unda moxdes misi Seswavla, saWiro iqneba, mkiTxvels<br />
warmoudginoT debuleba, pasuxi kvlevis SekiTxvaze (momdevno abzaci<br />
sagrZnoblad aris Semoklebuli):<br />
mas Semdeg, rac giloramo kardanom... maTematikuri kuTxiT. konteqsti Tumca,<br />
riskis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamcemma pirebma aRmoaCines, rom rigiTi<br />
adamianebi risks aRiqvamen gegmazomieri, Tumca, iracionaluri da<br />
statistikurad realur albaTobebTan kavSiris armqone gzebiT... SekiTxva (mere<br />
ra?) vidre ar gavarkvevT, araspecialistebi rogor aRiqvamen risks, amoucnobi<br />
darCeba adamianis msjelobis mniSvnelovani saxe: SemecnebiTi procesi, romelic<br />
Cans gegmazomieri, Tumca, mdebareobs im zRvars gareT, rasac ewodeba<br />
`racionaluri azrovneba” mniSvnelovneba rogorc Cans, araspecialistebi risks<br />
afaseben ara SesaZlo movlenebisTvis raodenobrivi albaTobebis miniWebiT,<br />
aramed yvelaze cudi variantebis vizualizaciiT, Semdeg risks aniWeben doneebs<br />
imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad mkafio da saSiSia warmosaxuli suraTi. debuleba<br />
Tu gaqvT safuZveli, rom debuleba naSromis bolomde ar warmoadginoT,<br />
Sesavlis bolos dawereT daskvniTi winadadeba, sadac gamoyenebuli iqneba<br />
ZiriTadi terminebi aRniSnuli debulebidan da romelic miuTiTebs Semdgom<br />
nawilebze:<br />
rogorc Cans, araspecialistebi risks afaseben ara raodenobrivi albaTobebis<br />
miniWebiT, aramed vizualuri warmosaxvis Tvisebebis sistematurad gamoyenebiT.<br />
mkiTxveli xedavs, rom debuleba mogvianebiT iqneba warmodgenili<br />
es oTxi safexuri SesaZloa, meqanikurad mogeCvenoT. Tumca, nebismier sferoSi<br />
isini warmoadgens Sesavals kvleviTi naSromebis udidesi nawilisTvis, rogorc<br />
samecniero samyaroSi, ise mis gareT. rodesac wyaroebs gaecnobiT,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, saJurnalo statiebs, yuradRebiT daakvirdiT am oTxnawilian<br />
CarCos. Tqven ara mxolod iswavliT Sesavlebis weris mTel rig strategiebs,<br />
aramed ukeT gaigebT im moxsenebebs, romlebsac kiTxulobT.<br />
10.1.5 SeqmeniT axali pirveli winadadebis samuSao varianti<br />
zogierT av<strong>to</strong>rs ise uWirs naSromis pirveli winadadebis dawera, rom kliSeebs<br />
mimarTvs xolme. moerideT Semdegi saxis kliSeebs:<br />
- nu gaimeorebT davalebaSi mocemul sityvas<br />
- nu moiyvanT citatas leqsikonidan: vebsterSi riski ganmartebulia,<br />
-<br />
rogorc ...<br />
gadaWarbebiT nu SeafasebT mniSvnelovnebas: saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
filosofosebi davoben ... mwvave sakiTxze... O(kargi SekiTxvebi Tavad<br />
metyvelebs mniSvnelovnebaze)<br />
154
Tu gsurT daiwyoT rame ufro saxaliso sakiTxiT, vidre manamde<br />
ganxorcielebuli kvlevaa, scadeT qvemoT mocemuli sawyisi winadadebidan erTerTis<br />
(Tumca, gaiTvaliswineT gafrTxileba, romelic maT mosdevs) gamoyeneba:<br />
1. STambeWdavi citata:<br />
naTqvamia, rom riskis gamoTvla silamazis Sefasebas hgavs: amas iracionaluri<br />
mayureblis Tvali wyvets.<br />
2. STambeWdavi faqti:<br />
mraval adamians manqaniT mgzavroba urCevnia TviTmfrinaviT mgzavrobas,<br />
vinaidan aviakatastrofis mkafio suraTi maTSi SiSs aRZravs miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom gacilebiT didia trasaze manqaniT mgzavrobisas daRupvis albaToba, vidre<br />
aviakatastrofis Sedegad.<br />
3. Sesabamisi magaliTi:<br />
jorj mileri klientebTan Sesaxvedrad Sor manZilebze yovelTvis manqaniT<br />
miemgzavreboda, radgan sjeroda, rom TviTmfrinavis Camovardnis riski Zalian<br />
didi iyo. maSinac ki, rodesac av<strong>to</strong>katastrofis Sedegad xerxemali daiziana,<br />
mainc Tvlida, rom swori gaTvla gaakeTa. `yovel SemTxvevaSi, gadavrCi.<br />
TviTmfrinavis Camovardnis SemTxvevSi gadarCenis Sansebi nuls udris!”<br />
SegiZliaT SeajamoT samive:<br />
naTqvamia, rom riskis gamoTvla silamazis Sefasebas hgavs: masze iracionaluri<br />
mayurebeli msjelobs. mraval adamians manqaniT mgzavroba urCevnia<br />
TviTmfrinaviT mgzavrobas, vinaidan aviakatastrofis mkafio suraTi maTSi SiSs<br />
aRZravs, miuxedavad imisa, rom gacilebiT didia trasaze manqaniT mgzavrobisas<br />
daRupvis albaToba, vidre aviakatastrofis Sedegad. jorj mileri klientebTan<br />
Sesaxvedrad Sor manZilebze yovelTvis manqaniT miemgzavreboda, radgan<br />
sjeroda, rom TviTmfrinavis Camovardnis riski Zalian didi iyo. maSinac ki,<br />
rodesac av<strong>to</strong>katastrofis Sedegad xerxemali daiziana, mainc Tvlida, rom<br />
swori gaTvla gaakeTa. `yovel SemTxvevaSi, gadavrCi. TviTmfrinavis Camovardnis<br />
SemTxvevaSi gadarCenis Sansebi nuls udris!” mraval adamians manqaniT<br />
mgzavroba urCevnia TviTmfrinaviT mgzavrobas, vinaidan aviakatastrofis mkafio<br />
suraTi maTSi SiSs aRZravs, miuxedavad imisa, rom gacilebiT didia trasaze<br />
manqaniT mgzavrobisas daRupvis albaToba, vidre aviakatastrofis Sedegad.<br />
aucileblad gamoiyeneT terminebi, romlebic Seexeba ZiriTad cnebebs da<br />
romlebsac gamoiyenebT Sesavlis danarCen nawilSi (naSromis danarCen<br />
nawilSic). am SemTxvevaSi aseTi terminebia: gamoTvla, riski, mkafio suraTi,<br />
iracionaluri, ufro mosalodneli.<br />
axla ki gafrTxileba: vidre saxaliso Sesavals dawerT, aucileblad<br />
gadaamowmeT, Tu iyeneben Tqvens sferoSi aseTi saxis Sesavlebs. zogierT<br />
sferoSi isini miiCneva zedmetad Jurnalisturad da seriozuli mecnierebisTvis<br />
Seufereblad.<br />
155
10.2 SeqmeniT daskvnis saboloo samuSao varianti<br />
Tu ukeTesi gegma ar gaqvT, daskvna aageT Sesavlis elementebze, sapirispiro<br />
wyobiT.<br />
10.2.1 xelaxla warmoadgineT debuleba<br />
xelaxla warmoadgineT debuleba daskvnis dasawyisSive, ufro srulad, vidre<br />
SesavalSia:<br />
rigiTi adamianebi riskTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebebs iReben ara<br />
racionalur an raodenobriv safuZvelze, aramed, sul mcire, eqvsi<br />
fsiqologiuri faq<strong>to</strong>ris safuZvelze, romlebic ara mxolod moicavs emocias,<br />
aramed sistematurad iyenebs vizualuri warmosaxvis Zalas.<br />
am etapze Tqven, savaraudod, zustad iciT, ra aris Tqveni debuleba. Tumca,<br />
mainc, gamoiyeneT bolo Sansi, rom xelaxla, maqsimalurad konkretulad da<br />
srulad CamoayaliboT is.<br />
10.2. aRniSneT axali mniSvnelovneba, praqtikuli gamoyeneba an axali kvleva<br />
(samivesTvis)<br />
debulebis warmodgenis Semdeg SeaxseneT mkiTxvels misi mniSvnelovneba.<br />
umjobesia, Tu warmoadgenT debulebis axal mniSvnelovnebas an praqtikul<br />
gamoyenebas:<br />
es Sedegebi mianiSnebs adamianis Semecnebis manamde ucnob aspeqtze – esaa<br />
gamoTvliTi logika, romelic damoukidebelia statistikuri albaTobebisgan da<br />
moicavs sizustis doneebs an realizms vizualizaciaSi. mas Semdeg, rac<br />
gavigebT riskis am warmosaxviT, magram gegmazomier Sefasebas, riskis Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis gadamcemma pirebma unda SeZlon axsnan, rogor miiReba<br />
gadawyvetileba riskis Sesaxeb yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.<br />
dabolos, SesTavazeT Semdgomi kvleva. es Jesti mianiSnebs imaze, Tu rogor<br />
SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs gaagrZelon am sakiTxze msjeloba. masSi asaxulia<br />
Sesavlis konteqsti:<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom es faq<strong>to</strong>rebi aumjobesebs Cvens codnas riskis Sesaxeb,<br />
isini ar amowuravs riskis Sefasebis `adamianur” faq<strong>to</strong>rebs. Cven unda<br />
gamovikvlioT, agreTve, asakis, sqesis, ganaTlebis da gonebrivi<br />
SesaZleblobebis faq<strong>to</strong>rebis moqmedeba. magaliTad,...<br />
10.3 saTuri dawereT bolos<br />
pirveli, rasac mkiTxveli waikiTxavs saTauria; is yvelaze bolos unda<br />
daweroT. masSi unda aisaxos naSromis Tema da konceptualuri CarCo, amdenad,<br />
aageT is ZiriTadi terminebidan, romlebic manamde SemoxazeT da xazi gausviT<br />
(gadaxedeT 9.2). SeadareT es sami saTauri<br />
156
iski<br />
riskis Sefaseba<br />
iracionaluri, Tumca gegmazomieri riskis Sefaseba: vizualuri warmosaxvis<br />
roli fardobiTi riskis gamoTvlaSi<br />
pirveli saTauri aris zusti, Tumca, Zalian zogadi imisTvis, rom mogvces<br />
informacia, ris Sesaxeb aris naSromi. meore aris SedarebiT konkretuli,<br />
mesameSi ki gamoyenebulia rogorc saTauri, ise qvesaTauri; Sesabamisad,<br />
mkiTxveli winaswar igebs, ra sakvanZo sityvebi gamoCndeba naSromSi. rodesac<br />
mkiTxveli xedavs, rom saTaurSi mocemuli ZiriTadi sityvebi kvlav meordeba<br />
SesavalSi da Semdeg naSromSi, ufro mosalodnelia, igrZnon, rom naSromis<br />
nawilebi urTierTdakavSirebulia. ori nawilisgan Semdgari saTaurebi yvelaze<br />
gamosadegia: isini gaZlevT karg SesaZleblobas, gamoiyenoT ZiriTadi sityvebi<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebis warmosadgenad.<br />
am etapze SeiZleba, ise daiRaleT moxsenebaze muSaobiT, rom araferi gsurT,<br />
garda imisa, rom droulad daasruloT is. cotac moiTmineT; win kidev erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani amocana gaqvT.<br />
157
11 winadadebebis damuSaveba<br />
11.1 gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcieT winadadebis pirvel Svid an<br />
rva sityvas<br />
11.1.1 moerideT grZeli Sesavali frazebis da winadadebebis<br />
gamoyenebas<br />
11.1.2 qvemdebare unda iyos mokle da konkretuli<br />
11.1.3 moerideT qvemdebaresa da zmnas Soris erT an or sityvaze<br />
metis CarTvas<br />
11.1.4 ZiriTadi moqmedebebi gamoxateT zmnebiT da ara saxelzmnebiT<br />
11.1.5 mkiTxvelisTvis nacnobi informacia CarTeT winadadebis<br />
dasawyisSi, axali informacia ki – boloSi<br />
11.1.6 SearCieT zmnebi moqmedebiT an vnebiT gvarSi manamde<br />
moxseniebuli principebis asaxvis mizniT<br />
11.1.7 saTanadod gamoiyeneT pirveli piris nacvalsaxeli<br />
11.2 gaaanalizeT wakiTxuli masala<br />
11.3 SearCieT swori sityva<br />
11.4 gaaSalaSineT<br />
11.5 daasruleT da amobeWdeT<br />
bolo didi amocana, romelic Tqvens winaSe dgas – esaa winadadebebis<br />
maqsimalurad mkafiod Camoyalibeba, imdenad, ramdenadac amis<br />
SesaZleblobas Tqveni ideebi gaZlevT. zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba,<br />
icodeT, rom naweri daxvewas moiTxovs, gansakuTrebiT, Tu pretenziul<br />
mkiTxvels ucnob da kompleqsur Temas acnobT. SeiZleba, ifiqroT, rom<br />
saerTod dagaviwydaT garkveviT wera. im winadadebebis dasamuSaveblad,<br />
romlebic, Tqveni azriT, amas saWiroebs, gegma dagWirdebaT; garda amisa,<br />
unda gamonaxoT gza, rom, pirvel rigSi, gansazRvroT is winadadebebi,<br />
romlebic Tqven mogwonT, magram SesaZloa, mkiTxvels ar moewonos.<br />
158
ver girCevT, rogor gamoasworoT TiToeuli problema yovel<br />
winadadebaSi, magram SegviZlia, girCioT, rogor gadaWraT is problemebi,<br />
romelTa winaSec yvelaze xSirad aRmoCndeba xolme av<strong>to</strong>ri, romelic<br />
cdilobs, da<strong>to</strong>vos `seriozuli mkvlevris” STabeWdileba; es is stilia,<br />
romelsac gamocdili mkiTxvelebis umravlesoba xelovnurad miiCnevs. ai,<br />
mokle magaliTi:<br />
1a. teroristebis azrovnebis Seswavlis Sedegad SesaZlebeli iqneba<br />
sazogadoebis dacvis gaumjobeseba.<br />
rac ar unda STambeWdavad JRerdes, studenti, romelmac es dawera,<br />
mxolod Semdegs gulisxmobda:<br />
1b. Tu gavigebT, rogor azrovneben teroristebi, SevZlebT sazogadoebis ukeT<br />
dacvas.<br />
Tumca, (1a)-s xarvezebi rom aRmoaCinoT da is (1b)-d gardaqmnaT, unda<br />
icodeT ramdenime gramatikuli termini: arsebiTi saxeli, zmna moqmedebiT<br />
gvarSi, zmna vnebiT gvarSi, Sedgenili qvemdebare, martivi qvemdebare,<br />
mTavari winadadeba, damokidebuli winadadeba. Tu isini bundovnad<br />
gaxsovT, dawyebamde Tvali gadaavleT gramatikis saxelmZRvanelos.<br />
11.1 gaakeTeT aqcenti winadadebis pirvel Svid an rva sityvaze<br />
ise, rogorc garkveviT daweril naSromSi, nawilSi an abzacSi<br />
Txzulebis arsi pirvel ramdenime winadadebaSia warmodgenili, mkafiod<br />
dawerili winadadebis arssac misi pirveli ramdenime sityva gamoxatavs.<br />
rodesac mkiTxveli iolad aRiqvams pirvel Svid an rva sityvas, ufro<br />
swrafad waikiTxavs darCenil teqsts, ukeT gaigebs da didxans<br />
daamaxsovrdeba. am or winadadebas Soris aris gansxvaveba:<br />
159
2a. federalistebis argumenti saxalxo demokratiis mier mTavrobis<br />
destabilizaciis Sesaxeb aRmocenda maTi rwmenidan, rom fraqciebi sakuTari<br />
interesebis gatarebas sazogadoebrivi sikeTis xarjze axdendnen.<br />
2b. federalistebi acxadebdnen, rom saxalxo demokratia axdenda mTavrobis<br />
destabilizacias, vinaidan maT sjerodaT, rom fraqciebi sakuTar interesebs<br />
sazogadoebrivi sikeTis xarjze atarebdnen.<br />
(2b)-is msgavsi winadadebis dasawerad an (2a)-is Sesacvlelad da (2b)-d<br />
gardasaqmnelad, gaiTvaliswineT Semdegi Svidi principi:<br />
- ecadeT, SesavalSi mxolod ramdenime grZeli fraza da winadadeba<br />
gamoiyenoT; winadadebis qvemdebareze swrafad gadadiT.<br />
- qvemdebare unda iyos mokle da konkretuli, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi<br />
unda daasaxeloT piri, romelic axorcielebs moqmedebas, romelic<br />
gamoxatulia zmniT, romelic mas mosdevs.<br />
- moerideT qvemdebares da zmnas Soris erT an or sityvaze metis<br />
CarTvas.<br />
- ZiriTadi moqmedebebi gamoxateT zmnebiT da ara saxelzmnebiT.<br />
- mkiTxvelisTvis nacnobi informacia CasviT winadadebis dasawyisSi,<br />
axali informacia – bolosken.<br />
- aarCieT zmnebi moqmedebiT an vnebiT gvarSi manamde moxseniebuli<br />
principebis asasaxavad.<br />
- saTanadod gamoiyeneT pirveli piris nacvalsaxeli.<br />
es principebi niSnavs Semdegs: mkiTvels surs, swrafad da iolad<br />
gadavides mokle, konkretuli, nacnobi qvemdebaridan zmnaze, romelic<br />
gamoxatavs konkretul moqmedebas. amas Tu uzrunvelyofT, winadadebis<br />
danarCeni nawili, Cveulebriv, TavisTavad aewyoba. sakuTari naweri rom<br />
SeafasoT, moZebneT nawerSi es maxasiaTeblebi. gadaavleT Tvali<br />
TiToeuli winadadebis Svid an rva sityvas. dakvirvebiT SeamowmeT<br />
160
winadadebebi, romlebic ar Seesabameba am kriteriumebs, Semdeg<br />
gadaamuSaveT isini Semdegnairad:<br />
11.1.1 moerideT grZeli Sesavali frazebis da winadadebebis gamoyenebas<br />
SeadareT es ori winadadeba (Sesavali frazebi msxvili SriftiT aris<br />
gamoyofili; Sedgenili qvemdebareebi gamoyofilia daxrili SriftiT):<br />
3a. umaRlesi ganaTlebis mkvlevrebi umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebis mier<br />
specialobis sul mcire erTxel mainc SecvlasTan dakavSirebiT acxadeben, rom<br />
pirvelkurselma studentebma, savaraudod, kargad ar ician, ra airCion ZiriTad<br />
specialobad.<br />
3b. umaRlesi ganaTlebis mkvlevrebi amtkiceben, rom studentebis umravlesoba<br />
erTxel mainc icvlis ZiriTad specialobas umaRles saswavlebelSi swavlisas.<br />
Tu asea, maSin, rogorc Cans, pirvelkurselebi ZiriTad specialobas<br />
arasrulyofil informaciaze dayrdnobiT irCeven.<br />
mkiTxvelebis umravlesobas miaCnia, rom (3a) ufro rTuli wasakiTxia,<br />
vidre (3b), vinaidan masSi uwevT TxuTmeti sityvisgan Semdgari frazis<br />
wakiTxva, vidre qvemdebaremde (pirvelkurselebi) miaRweven. (3b)-Si ori<br />
winadadebis meSveobiT mkiTxveli kiTxvas iwyebs qvemdebariT _<br />
mkvlevrebi an gadavlen qvemdebareze Zalian mokle frazis Semdeg _ Tu<br />
asea.<br />
aq moqmedebs Semdegi principi: winadadebebis umravlesoba daiwyeT<br />
pirdapir qvemdebariT. daaxloebiT, aTze meti sityvisgan Semdgari<br />
Sesavali frazebiT daiwyeT mxolod ramdenime winadadeba. Cveulebriv,<br />
SegiZliaT, gadaamuSaoT grZeli Sesavali frazebi da damokidebuli<br />
winadadebebi da aqcioT isini damoukidebel winadadebebad, rogorc (3b)-<br />
Sia naCvenebi.<br />
161
11.1.2 qvemdebareebi mokle da konkretuli unda iyos<br />
mkiTxvelma martivad unda aRiqvas winadadebis qvemdebare, magram<br />
amas ver moaxerxebs, Tu qvemdebare aris Sedgenili, kompleqsuri da<br />
abstraqtuli. SeadareT es ori winadadeba (Sedgenili qvemdebareebi<br />
TiToeul maTganSi gamoyofilia daxrili SriftiT; erTsityviani martivi<br />
qvemdebare gamoyofilia msxvili SriftiT):<br />
4a. saskolo sistemis mier dawyebiTi skolisTvis kiTxvis axali saswavlo<br />
gegmis warmatebiT danergva damokidebulia TiToeul skolaSi direq<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
dainteresebis demonstrirebaze da, gonivruli miznebis dasaxvis mxriv,<br />
maswavleblebis urTierTTanamSromlobaze.<br />
4b. saskolo sistema warmatebiT danergavs kiTxvis axal saswavlo gegmas<br />
dawyebiTi skolebisTvis mxolod maSin, rodesac TiToeuli direq<strong>to</strong>ri<br />
warmoaCens, rom is dainteresebulia amiT, xolo maswavleblebi erTmaneTTan<br />
TanamSromloben gonivruli miznebis dasaxvaze.<br />
(4a)-Si Sedgenili qvemdebare TerTmeti sityvisgan Sedgeba, martivi<br />
qvemdebare ki abstraqciaa _ danergva. (4b)-Si, romelic ufro mkafio<br />
variantia, TiToeuli Sedgenili qvemdebare moklea da TiToeuli martivi<br />
qvemdebarec met-naklebad konkretulia: saskolo sistema, TiToeuli<br />
direq<strong>to</strong>ri, is, maswavleblebi. amas garda, TiToeuli qvemdebare<br />
moqmedebas axorcielebs zmniT: sistema danergavs, direq<strong>to</strong>ri warmoaCens,<br />
is dainteresebulia, maswavleblebi TanamSromloben.<br />
principi Semdegia: mkiTxveli, Cveulebriv, winadadebas advilad aRiqvams,<br />
Tu qvemdebares mTavari figura mocemulia ramdenime konkretuli<br />
sityviT, idealur variantSi esaa piri, romelic, imavdroulad, aris im<br />
zmniT gamoxatuli qmedebis `moqmedi”, romelic qvemdebares mosdevs.<br />
162
Tumca, saqme ase martivad ar aris: xSirad SesaZlebelia mkafio<br />
is<strong>to</strong>riebis moyola abstraqtul figurebze;<br />
5. profesiul saqmianobaSi arcerTi unari ar fasobs ise, rogorc problemebis<br />
gadaWris unari. problemebis swrafad gadaWrisTvis Cven sxvadasxva kuTxiT<br />
unda ganvixiloT situacia da unda vipovoT erTze meti gadawyvetileba.<br />
faq<strong>to</strong>brivad, problemebis efeqtianma gadaWram SeiZleba, warmoaCinos zogadi<br />
inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi.<br />
mkiTxvelTa mcire nawils Tu gauWirdeba am abstraqtuli qvemdebareebis<br />
gageba, vinaidan isini aris mokle da nacnobi: arc erTi unari,<br />
problemebis swrafad gadaWris unari da problemebis efeqtianad<br />
gadaWra. mkiTxveli ibneva grZeli da ucnobi abstraqtuli qvemdebaris<br />
wakiTxvisas.<br />
grZeli, abstraqtuli qvemdebareebis Semcveli winadadebeba sam<br />
safexurad SeasworeT:<br />
- winadadebaSi gamoavlineT mTavari figura.<br />
- ipoveT misi ZiriTadi moqmedeba da Tu is abstraqtuli arsebiTi<br />
saxeliTaa gamoxaturli, aqcieT zmnad.<br />
- mTavari figura aqcieT am axali zmnis qvemdebared.<br />
magaliTad, SeadareT (6a) da (6b) (moqmedebebi gamoyofilia msxvili<br />
SriftiT; zmnebi gamoyofilia daxrili SriftiT).<br />
6a. dasaqmebis meti SesaZleblobis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, socialur klass da<br />
ganaTlebas Soris urTierTkavSiris gaanalizebis gareSe, srulyofilad ver<br />
SeviswavliT ekonomikur mobilurobas.<br />
163
6b. ekonomistebs srulyofilad ar aqvT Seswavlili ekonomikuri mobiluroba,<br />
vinaidan isini ver aanalizeben, rogor urTierTqmedebs socialuri klasi da<br />
ganaTleba, rom Seqmnas dasaqmebis meti SesaZlebloba.<br />
orive winadadebaSi mTavari figura aris ekonomistebi, magram (6a)-Si, es<br />
figura ar aris romelime zmnis qvemdebare; is winadadebaSi saerTodac<br />
ar aris: Cven is unda davaskvnaT im moqmedebebidan, romlebic Camalulia<br />
arsebiT saxelebSi: analizi da Seswavla (ras akeTeben ekonomistebi). Cven<br />
SevcvliT (6a)-s da CamovayalibebT (6b)-s saxiT, gadavaqcevT ra mTavar<br />
figurebs, ekonomistebs, socialur klass da ganaTlebas mkafio zmnebis -<br />
- Seswavla, analizi, urTierTqmedeba da Seqmna -- qvemdebareebad.<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis sasurvelia, rom qvemdebareebi warmoadgendnen mTavar<br />
figurebs TxzulebaSi. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi isini unda iyos realuri<br />
figurebi, xolo konkretuli zmnebiT ki mTavari moqmedebebi unda<br />
gamoixa<strong>to</strong>s.<br />
11.1.3 moerideT qvemdebares da zmnas Soris erT an or sityvaze metis<br />
CarTvas<br />
mas Semdeg, rac mokle qvemdebares waikiTxavs, mkiTxvels urCevnia,<br />
swrafad gadavides zmnaze, amdenad, moerideT zmnis qvemdebarisgan<br />
gamoyofas grZeli frazebiT da winadadebebiT:<br />
7a. zogierT ekonomists, imis gamo, rom weren upirovno da obieqturi stiliT,<br />
iolad ar gamosdis rigiT adamianebTan komunikacia.<br />
(7a)-Si, imis gamo, rom qvemdebare _ zogierTi ekonomisti _ gamoyofilia<br />
zmnisgan _ ar gamosdis _ iZulebulni varT, SevaCeroT azrovnebis nakadi.<br />
winadadebis Sesacvlelad gadaitaneT winadadeba, romelic azris<br />
gawyvetas iwvevs, winadadebis dasawyisSi an boloSi, gamomdinare iqidan,<br />
es winadadeba ufro mWidrod winas ukavSirdeba Tu momdevnos. roca<br />
164
darwmunebuli ar xarT, CasviT bolos (amis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad ix.<br />
11.1.5).<br />
7b. imis gamo, rom zogierTi ekonomisti wers upirovno da obieqturi stiliT,<br />
maT iolad ar gamosdiT komunikacia rigiT adamianebTan. es faq<strong>to</strong>ri...<br />
7g. zogierT ekonomists iolad ar gamosdis komunikacia rigiT adamianebTan,<br />
vinaidan isini weren upirovno da obieqturi stiliT. isini iyeneben zmnebs<br />
vnebiT gvarSi da..<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis nakleb uxerxulobas qmnis mokle CarTuli frazebi:<br />
8. zogierTi ekonomisti gangeb wers upirovno da obieqtur stilSi.<br />
11.1.4 ZiriTadi moqmedebebi gamoxateT zmnebiT da ara saxelzmniT<br />
mkiTxvels swrafad surs zmnaze gadasvla. Tumca, amavdroulad, unda,<br />
rom zmna gamoxatavdes ZiriTad moqmedebas. amdenad, moerideT damxmare<br />
zmnebis: aqvs, akeTebs, qmnis an aris gamoyenebas iseTi moqmedebis<br />
gamosaxatavad, romelic abstraqtul saxelzmnaSia Camaluli. saxelzmna<br />
gardaqmeniT zmnad.<br />
SeadareT es ori winadadeba (moqmedebebis gamomxatveli arsebiTi<br />
saxelebi/saxelzmnebi gamoyofilia msxvili SriftiT; moqmedebebis<br />
gamomxatveli zmnebi _ asomTavruliT; damxmare zmnebi gamoyofilia<br />
daxrili SriftiT):<br />
9a. samoqalaqo omis adreul wlebSi samxreTis mcdeloba, didi britaneTis<br />
gadabirebisa warumatebeli iyo.<br />
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9b. samoqalaqo omis pirvel wlebSi samxreTma scada, gadaebirebina didi<br />
britaneTi, magram marcxi ganicada.<br />
(9a)-Si sami mniSvnelovani moqmedeba zmna ki ar aris, aramed saxelzmnebi<br />
da zedsarTavi: mcdeloba, gadabireba, warumatebeli. (9b) ki ufro<br />
pirdapir gamoxatavs azrs, radgan is moqmedebebs zmnebiT aRwers, scada,<br />
gadaebirebina, ganicada.<br />
11.1.5 mkiTxvelisTvis nacnobi informacia CasviT winadadebis dasawyisSi,<br />
axali informacia – boloSi<br />
mkiTxveli winadadebas yvelaze ukeT igebs maSin, rodesac advilad<br />
SeuZlia qvemdebaris aRqma, xolo umartivesad aRsaqmeli qvemdebare<br />
ubralod mokle da konkretuli ki ar aris, aramed nacnobic. qvemoT<br />
warmodgenil TiToeul nawyvetSi SeadareT meore winadadeba rogor<br />
uwyobs an ar uwyobs xels `dinebis” SegrZnebas:<br />
10a. mecnierebma, romlebic kosmosSi arsebul Sav xvrelebs ikvleven, wamoWres axali<br />
sakiTxebi kosmosis Sesaxeb. mkvdari varskvlavis Cavardna iseT mcire wertilSi,<br />
romelic, albaT, marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar aris, qmnis Sav xvrels. msgavsi<br />
didi zomis sagnis aseT mcire moculobaSi gavlis Sedegad, kosmosis struqtura<br />
ucnaurad icvleba.<br />
10b. mecnierebma, romlebic ikvleven Sav xvrelebs kosmosSi, wamoWres axali sakiTxebi<br />
kosmosis Sesaxeb. Savi xvreli iqmneba mkvdari varskvlavis iseT mcire wertilSi<br />
CavardniT, romelic marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar aris. aseTi didi zomis<br />
sagnis aseT mcire moculobaSi gavlis Sedegad, kosmosis struqtura ucnaurad icvleba.<br />
mkiTxvelebis umravlesobas miaCnia, rom (10b) ukeT ikiTxeba, vidre (10a),<br />
nawilobriv, imis gamo, rom meore winadadebis qvemdebare _ Savi xvreli _<br />
ufro mokle da konkretulia, vidre qvemdebare (10a)-Si: mkvdari<br />
166
varskvlavis Cavardna. Tumca, (10b) kidev imi<strong>to</strong>m ikiTxeba ukeT, rom misi<br />
ideebis Tanmimdevroba gansxvavebulia.<br />
(10a)-Si meore winadadebis pirveli sityvebi gamoxatavs axal informacias:<br />
10a... Savi xvrelebi kosmosSi... mkvdari varkvlavis Cavardna wertilSi,<br />
romelic albaT marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar iqneba, qmnis...<br />
TiTqos gaurkvevelia, saidan modis es sityvebi varskvlavebis<br />
Camovardnis Sesaxeb. Tumca (10b)-Si, pirveli sityvebi Savi xvreli iqmneba...<br />
exmaureba wina winadadebis bolos: ... Sav xvrelebs kosmosSi.<br />
amas garda, mas Semdeg, rac am cvlilebas SevitanT, am meore winadadebis<br />
bolo nawili ufro logikurad Tanmimdevrulad warmoadgens mesame<br />
winadadebas:<br />
10b ...mkvdari varskvlavis CavardniT iseT mcire wertilSi, romelic marmarilos<br />
burTulaze meti zomis ar aris. aseTi didi sagnis aseT mcire moculobaSi<br />
gavlis Sedegad icvleba....<br />
SeadareT (10a); misi meore winadadebis bolodan mesame winadadebis<br />
dasawyisze ise bunebrivad ar gadavdivarT:<br />
10a. mkvdari varskvlavis Cavardna iseT mcire wertilSi, romelic, albaT,<br />
marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar aris, qmnis Sav xvrels. aseTi didi<br />
sagnis mcire moculobaSi gavlis Sedegad kosmosis struqtura ucnaurad<br />
icvleba.<br />
swored ami<strong>to</strong>m, mkiTxvels miaCnia, rom (10a) nawyveti ufro<br />
danawevrebulia, vidre (10b): wina winadadebis bolo nawili bunebrivad ar<br />
gadadis momdevno winadadebis dasawyisze.<br />
167
principi _ Zveli informacia pirvel rigSi _ niSnavs axali informaciis<br />
bolos CarTvas, gansakuTrebiT, roca saubaria axal teqnikur terminebze.<br />
amdenad, axali teqnikuri terminis Semotanisas moaTavseT is winadadebis<br />
boloSi. SeadareT:<br />
11a. kalciumis inhibi<strong>to</strong>rs SeuZlia kunTis spazmebis marTva. sarkomerebi _<br />
kunTovani boWkoebis mcire elementebia, sadac es preparati moqmedebs.<br />
TiToeuli sarkomeri Sedgeba ori boWkosgan, romelTagan erTi msxvilia, meore<br />
ki wvrili. wvrili boWko Seicavs cilebs _ aqtins da miozins. aqtinis da<br />
miozinis urTierTqmedebisas guli ikumSeba.<br />
11b. kunTovani spazmebis marTva SeiZleba preparatiT, romelic cnobilia<br />
kalciumis inhibi<strong>to</strong>ris saxeliT. is moqmedebs sarkomerebad wodebul kunTovani<br />
boWkoebis mcire elementebSi. TiToeul sarkomers aqvs ori boWko, erTi<br />
msxvili da erTi wvrili. wvrili boWko Seicavs or cilas, aqtins da miozins.<br />
aqtinis da miozinis urTierTqmedebisas guli ikumSeba.<br />
axali teqnikuri terminebia kalciumis inhibi<strong>to</strong>ri, sarkomerebi, boWkoebi<br />
da cilebi _ aqtini da miozini, Tumca, (11a)-Si isini pirvelad Cndeba<br />
winadadebebis dasawyisSi. (11b)-Si ki, piriqiT, es axali terminebi<br />
pirvelad Cndeba winadadebebis bolos. amis Semdgom es ukve nacnobi<br />
informaciaa da SeiZleba momdevno winadadebebis dasawyisSi Caisvas.<br />
weris yvela principze mniSvnelovani es ukanasknelia: nacnobi<br />
informacia axlis win, nacnobi informaciisESemdeg ucnobi informacia.<br />
11.1.6 SearCieT zmnebi moqmedebiT an vnebiT gvarSi, manamde moxseniebuli<br />
principebis asaxvis mizniT<br />
albaT, gaxsovT rCeva, rom unda moeridoT zmnebis vnebiT gvarSi<br />
gamoyenebas – kargi rCevaa, radgan vnebiTi gvaris gamoyenebis gamo<br />
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iZulebuli xdebiT daweroT winadadeba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba im<br />
principebs, romlebic Cven ganvixileT. magaliTisTvis, ixileT meore<br />
winadadeba:<br />
12a. globalur daTbobas SeiZleba, mravali katastrofuli Sedegi mohyves. ,<br />
SesaZlebelia, tropikuli daavadebebis da mavne mwerebis raodenobis zrda<br />
kanadis sazRvris CrdiloeTSic ki iqnas gamowveuli zmna vnebiT gvarSi klimatis<br />
aseTi cvlilebiT.<br />
meore winadadeba iwyeba TerTmeti sityvisgan Semdgari qvemdebariT,<br />
romelic gadmoscems axal informacias: tropikuli daavadebebi... kanadis<br />
sazRvris CrdiloeTSic ki. es aris vnebiT gvarSi mocemuli zmnis – iqnas<br />
gamowveuli - Sesabamisi qvemdebare; am zmnas mosdevs mokle, nacnobi<br />
informacia wina winadadebidan: klimatis aseTi cvlilebiT. es winadadeba<br />
ufro mkafio iqneboda es zmna moqmedebiT gvarSi rom yofiliyo:<br />
12b. globalur daTbobas SeiZleba, mravali katastrofuli Sedegi mohyves.<br />
klimatis cvlilebam SesaZloa, gamoiwvios zmna moqmedebiT gvarSi tropikuli<br />
daavadebebis da mavne mwerebis momravleba kanadis sazRvris CrdiloeTSic ki.<br />
axla qvemdebare nacnobia da axali informacia ufro grZeli fraziT<br />
aris warmodgenili boloSi. am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebiT gvarSi mocemuli<br />
zmnis gamoyenebaa marTebuli.<br />
Tumca, Tu arasodes CasvamT zmnas vnebiT gvarSi, dawerT winadadebebs,<br />
romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba Zveli-axlis princips. Cven vixileT amis<br />
magaliTi<br />
(10a)-Si:<br />
10a. mecnierebma, romlebic kosmosSi arsebul Sav xvrelebs ikvleven, wamoWres<br />
axali SekiTxvebi kosmosis Sesaxeb. Sav xvrels qmnis<br />
zmna moqmedebiT gvarSi mkvdari<br />
169
varskvlavis iseT mcire zomis wertilSi Camovardna, romelic, albaT,<br />
marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar iqneba. aseTi didi zomis sagnis aseT<br />
mcire moculobaSi gavlis Sedegad kosmosis struqtura ucnaurad icvleba.<br />
meore winadadebaSi zmna aris moqmedebiT gvarSi, Tumca, nawyveti ukeT<br />
ikiTxeba, rodesac zmna vnebiT gvarSia:<br />
10b. mecnierebma, romlebic ikvleven Sav xvrelebs kosmosSi, wamoWres axali<br />
SekiTxvebi kosmosis Sesaxeb. Savi xvreli iqmneba zmna vnebiT gvarSi mkvdari<br />
varskvlavis CavardniT iseT mcire wertilSi, romelic marmarilos burTulaze<br />
meti zomis ar aris. aseTi didi zomis sagnis aseT mcire moculobaSi gavlis<br />
Sedegad kosmosis struqtura ucnaurad icvleba.<br />
kiTxvisas ukeT aRiqmeba ufro mokle, konkretuli da nacnobi qvemdebare,<br />
ganurCevlad imisa, ra zmna mosdevs mas. amdenad, aarCieT moqmedebiTi an<br />
vnebiTi gvari imis mixedviT, romeli gaZlevT sasurveli saxis<br />
qvemdebares: mokles, konkretulsa da nacnobs. SegiZliaT, saukeTesod<br />
gansazRvroT, rogor Seafasebs mkiTxveli nawers, Tu vinmes xmamaRla<br />
waakiTxebT mas. Tu es adamiani borZikobs an, TiTqos, mono<strong>to</strong>nurad<br />
laparakobs, SegiZliaT, ivaraudoT, rom mkiTxvels naklebad moewoneba<br />
naweri.<br />
11.1.7 saTanadod gamoiyeneT pirveli piris nacvalsaxeli<br />
TiTqmis yvelas gaugia rCeva, rom unda moeridos samecniero<br />
naSromis werisas nacvalsaxelebis -- me an Cven gamoyenebas. sinamdvileSi,<br />
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxvanairi Sexedulebebi arsebobs.<br />
zogierTi maswavlebeli urCevs studentebs, arasodes gamoiyenon me,<br />
vinaidan es maT nawers `subieqturobis” elfers sZens. sxvebi urCeven me-s<br />
gamoyenebas, raTa naweri ufro xalisiani gaxadon da pirovnuloba<br />
SesZinon.<br />
170
profesorTa umetesoba da redaq<strong>to</strong>rebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom av<strong>to</strong>rebi<br />
unda moeridon me-s gamoyenebas or SemTxvevaSi:<br />
- av<strong>to</strong>ri, romelic ar aris Tavdajerebuli, Zalian bevr winadadebas<br />
iwyebs fraziT me vfiqrob an me mimaCnia (an maTi ekvivalentiT, Cemi<br />
azriT). mkiTxveli isedac Tvlis, rom fiqrobT da gjeraT imis,<br />
rasac werT. amdenad, ar aris aucilebeli amis xazgasma.<br />
- gamoucdeli av<strong>to</strong>rebi Zalian xSirad mogviTxroben sakuTari<br />
kvlevis Sesaxeb: Tavdapirvelad, mivmarTe.. Semdeg Sevamowme... da a.S.<br />
mkiTxvels nakleb ainteresebs kvlevis is<strong>to</strong>ria, mas surs Sedegebis<br />
Sesaxeb Seityos.<br />
Tumca, gvjera da samecniero Jurnalebis umetesoba Tanxmdeba, rom<br />
pirveli piris gamoyeneba marTebulia or SemTxvevSi. am bolo<br />
winadadebaSi warmodgenilia erT-erTi SemTxvevis ilustracia: Cven...<br />
gvjera, rom pirveli piri...<br />
- drodadro Sesavlis saxiT frazis me (an Cven) gvjera gamoyenebiT<br />
SeiZleba, dogmaturi gancxadebis Serbileba. SeadareT es nakleb<br />
xarisxiani varianti:<br />
13. pirveli piris gamoyeneba marTebulia or SemTxvevaSi.<br />
mniSvnelovania, ise xSirad ar gamoiyenoT es frazebi, rom<br />
Tavdaujereblobis STabeWdileba SeqmnaT da arc ise iSviaTad, rom<br />
metismetad Tavdajerebuli gamoCndeT.<br />
- pirveli piris nacvalsaxelebis, me an Cven, gamoyeneba marTebulia,<br />
agreTve, rodesac is aris iseTi zmnis qvemdebare, romelic<br />
asaxelebs moqmedebas, romelic konkretulad damaxasiaTebelia<br />
TqvenTvis, argumentis av<strong>to</strong>risTvis: aseTi moqmedebis gamomxatveli<br />
171
zmnebi, rogorc wesi, SesavalSi gamoiyeneba: me<br />
giCvenebT/davamtkiceb/ganvac-xadeb, rom X. . . da daskvnebSi: me<br />
warmovadgine/vaCvene/davaskveni, rom Y. . . imis gamo, rom mxolod<br />
Tqven SegiZliaT aCvenoT, daamtkicoT an ganacxadoT is, rac Tqvens<br />
argumentSia, mxolod Tqven SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT piris<br />
nacvalsaxeli me:<br />
14. am naSromSi me giCvenebT, rom am universitetSi socialuri gansxvavebebi...<br />
meores mxriv, mkvlevrebi iSviaTad iyeneben pirvel pirs im<br />
moqmedebisTvis, romelic sxvebma unda gaimeoron. es sityvebia: gayofa,<br />
gazomva, awon-dawona, Semowmeba da a.S. mkvlevrebi iSviaTad weren<br />
winadadebebs moqmedebiT gvarSi Casmuli zmnebiT, rogoricaa:<br />
15a. me gamovTvale X-is koeficienti.<br />
amis nacvlad, isini, savaraudod, daweren vnebiT gvarSi, vinaidan<br />
nebismiers SeuZlia amisi gakeTeba:<br />
15b. gamoTvlili iqna X-is koeficienti.<br />
analogiuri principebi vrceldeba nacvalsaxelze Cven, Tu Tqven or an<br />
met av<strong>to</strong>rTagan erT-erTi xarT. Tumca, mravali profesori da redaq<strong>to</strong>ri<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba mis orgvar gamoyenebas:<br />
- Cven (rogorc Cveni udidebulesoba) gamoiyeneba mwerlis mier<br />
sakuTar Tavze miTiTebis gasakeTeblad<br />
- Cven, gamoyenebuli yvela mizniT mianiSnebs zogadad adamianebze<br />
arasworia:<br />
16. Cven yuradRebiT unda viyoT wyaroebis citirebisas, rodesac viyenebT<br />
monacemebs am wyaroebidan. rodesac vkiTxulobT im av<strong>to</strong>rebis naSromebs,<br />
172
omlebmac es mosazreba ar gaiTvaliswines, undoblobiT vimsWvalebiT maT<br />
mimarT.<br />
Tumca, saboloo gadawyvetileba Tqvenma xelmZRvanelma unda miiRos. Tu<br />
is erTmniSvnelovnad gikrZalavT nacvalsaxelebis me an Cven gamoyenebas,<br />
daujereT mas.<br />
11.2 gaaanalizeT wakiTxuli masala<br />
mas Semdeg, rac gaigebT, mkiTxveli rogor Seafasebs naSroms, iciT,<br />
rogor daweroT mkafiod, Tumca, amavdroulad iciT, ra<strong>to</strong>m Cans ase<br />
kompaqturi is, rac unda waikiTxoT. mkiTxvels SeiZleba, gauWirdes<br />
teqstis gageba rTuli Sinaarsis gamo. Tumca, sirTule SeiZleba,<br />
SeiZleba Seqmnas imanac, Tu av<strong>to</strong>ri gaurkvevlad wers. momdevno nawyveti,<br />
magaliTad, ar aris srulyofilad dawerili:<br />
15a. im faqtis aRiareba, rom sxvadasxva enis gramatika gansxvavdeba, SeiZleba,<br />
gaxdes im problemebis seriozuli ganxilvis safuZveli, romelTa winaSec<br />
dganan mTargmnelebi msoflio literaturuli Sedevrebisa, romlebic dawerili<br />
iyo sxva enaze garda inglisurisa.<br />
Tumca, zemoT gamoyenebuli sityvebis naxevriT rom gadmovceT, es<br />
nawyveti, mxolod Semdegs niSnavs:<br />
15b. roca gvecodineba, rom enebs gansxvavebuli gramatika aqvs, SegviZlia,<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT im specialistTa problemebi, romlebic msoflio<br />
literaturis Sedevrebs inglisur enaze Targmnian.<br />
amdenad, rodesac giWirT zogierTi samecniero naweris gageba (da asec<br />
iqneba), nu daabralebT Tavs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tavidanve. gaaanalizeT<br />
naSromis winadadebebi. Tu maTSi aris grZeli qvemdebareebi, sadac bevri<br />
abstraqtuli arsebiTi saxelia da gamoxatavs axal informacias,<br />
173
problema aris, savaraudod, ara is, rom Tqven ver kiTxulobT martivad,<br />
aramed is, rom av<strong>to</strong>rma ver SeZlo, garkveviT daewera. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
samwuxarod, rac met gamocdilebas miiRebT akademiur weraSi, miT didia<br />
riski aseTi maneris imitaciisa. faq<strong>to</strong>brivad, profesiuli weris<br />
problema dgas akademiuri mecnierebebis yvela sferoSi.<br />
11.3 SearCieT swori sityva<br />
st<strong>and</strong>artuli rCevis kidev erTi nawili -- swori sityvis SerCeva:<br />
1. SearCieT sityva swori mniSvnelobiT. afeqti ar niSnavs efeqts;<br />
mraval cnobarSi CamoTvlilia sityvebi, romlebic, Cveulebriv,<br />
erevaT xolme. Tu gamoucdeli av<strong>to</strong>ri xarT, girCevT, SeiZinoT<br />
aseTi wigni.<br />
2. sityva SearCieT saTanado gamoyenebis mixedviT. Tu Sav nawers<br />
swrafad qmniT, arsebobs imisi riski, rom SearCioT sityvebi,<br />
romlebic SeiZleba, niSnavdes imas, rasac gulisxmobT, Tumca, iyos<br />
metismetad familaruli kvleviTi naSromisTvis. adamians SeuZlia,<br />
gaakritikos meore av<strong>to</strong>ri an daamarcxos is; riski SeiZleba, C<strong>and</strong>es<br />
saSiSi an Semzaravi. zemoT moyvanil sityvaTa wyvilebs msgavsi<br />
mniSvnelobebi aqvT, Tumca mkiTxvelebis umetesoba miiCnevs, rom<br />
meore nakleb akademiuria.<br />
meores mxriv, Tu Zalian SeecdebiT, rom Tqveni naSromi marTlac<br />
`akademiur” naSromad gamoiyurebodes, dgeba imis saSiSroeba, rom<br />
gamoiyenebT Zalian oficialur sityvebs. SegiZliaT ixmaroT sityvebi:<br />
fiqri an Rrmad dafiqreba, daleva an SeTviseba. es wyvilebi axlos dgas<br />
mniSvnelobiT, magram TiToeul maTganSi meore Zalian maRalfardovania<br />
im naSromisTvis, romelic Cveulebrivi eniT aris dawerili. daZlieT<br />
survili, gamoiyenoT sityva, romelic, Tqveni azriT, gansakuTrebiT<br />
maRalfardovania da moZebneT, sxva, misi ufro sada sinonimi.<br />
174
Calsaxad girCevT, moZebnoT leqsikonSi sityvebi, romlebSic<br />
darwmunebuli ar xarT. Tumca, isini ki ar aris problema, aramed is<br />
sityvebi, romlebSic darwmunebuli xarT. ufro uaresi, vercerTi<br />
leqsikoni ver getyviT, romeli sityvaa maRalfardovani ama Tu im<br />
konteqstisTvis. am sakiTxs swrafad gadaWriT, Tu sTxovT vinmes,<br />
waikiTxos Tqveni naSromi wardgenamde (Tumca, frTxilad iyaviT, vidre<br />
Zalian bevr rCevas daijerebT; ix. 7.10). am problemis grZelvadiani<br />
gadawyveta aris bevri kiTxva, bevri wera, bevri kritikuli SeniSvnis<br />
mosmena da maT safuZvelze swavla.<br />
11.4 gaaSalaSineT<br />
amobeWdvamde naSromi kidev erTxel waikiTxeT, raTa SeasworoT<br />
gramatikuli Secdomebi, marTlwera da punqtuacia. mravali gamocdili<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ri iwyebs bolo winadadebiT da ase miyveba naSromis dasawyisamde,<br />
raTa azrebze ar gadaitanos yuradReba da ar gamorCes sityvebi. nu<br />
daeyrdnobiT mxolod kompiuteris marTlweris Semowmebis funqcias. is<br />
ver gamoavlens iseT sityvebs, romlebic dawerilia sworad, magram<br />
arasworad aris gamoyenebuli: their/there/they’re, it’s/its, <strong>to</strong>o/<strong>to</strong>, accept/except,<br />
affect/effect, already/all ready, complement/compliment, principal, principle, discrete/discreet<br />
a.S. Tu am saxis problemasTan Sexeba gqoniaT, safuZvlianad gadaamowmeT<br />
Tqveni naSromi, raTa SeamowmoT aseTi sityvebi. marTlweris Sesaxeb<br />
ufro vrclad ix. me-20 Tavi.<br />
Tu bevri ucxo sityva, cifri, abreviatura da a.S. gaqvT gamoyenebuli,<br />
gadaxedeT Sesabamis Tavebs winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos me-3 nawilSi.<br />
dabolos, Tu Tqvens naSroms aqvs sarCevi, sadac mocemulia Tavebis da<br />
nawilebis saTaurebi da nomrebi, darwmundiT, rom isini zustad<br />
Seesabameba Sesabamis formulirebas da numeracias naSromis ZiriTad<br />
175
nawilSi. Tu teqstSi miuTiTebT naweris sxvadasxva nawilebze da<br />
Tavebze, darwmundiT miTiTebebis sizusteSi.<br />
zogierT students miaCnia, rom naSromis xarisxze mxolod maSin unda<br />
izrunon, roca inglisuris sagnisTvis amzadeben mas. marTalia,<br />
leq<strong>to</strong>rebi inglisuris garda sxva kursebze, savaraudod, ufro met<br />
yuradRebas naSromis Sinaarss miaqceven, vidre stils. Tumca, nu<br />
ifiqrebT, rom isini yuradRebis miRma da<strong>to</strong>veben naweris mkafioobas da<br />
logikur Tanmimdevrulobas. Tu is<strong>to</strong>riis an xelovnebis leq<strong>to</strong>ri<br />
akritikebs Tqvens naSroms, cudad daweriliao, nu daicavT Tavs, es xom<br />
enis kursi ar aris. TiToeuli kursi, romelic saWiroebs weras, aris<br />
SesaZlebloba, gaivarjiSoT mkafio, damajerebel, logikuri<br />
TanmimdevrobiT weraSi. es aris unari, romelic Zalian gamogadgebaT<br />
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze.<br />
11.5 daasruleT da amobeWdeT<br />
weris dawyebaze ufro rTuli SeiZleba, dasruleba iyos. yvelas gvsurs,<br />
kidev erTi dRe wyobis dasaxvewad, kidev erTi saaTi sawyisi abzacisTvis,<br />
kidev erTi wuTi, rom... Tqveni idea. gamocdilma mkvlevrebma ician kidev<br />
erTi mniSvnelovani ram kvlevis da naSromebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb: is<br />
arasodes aris srulyofili. ase rom, rogorc wesi, ar Rirs bolo 1<br />
procentis an 5 procentis gasworeba. studentebi, romlebic<br />
sadisertacio naSroms weren, gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekidebian<br />
srulyofilebis st<strong>and</strong>artis miRwevas. is ki, ZiriTadad, mxolod maT<br />
gonebaSi arsebobs. arcerTi Tezisi an sadisertacio naSromi ar unda<br />
iyos absoluturad srulyofili; rac aris, es aris. raRac etapze unda<br />
daasruloT masze muSaoba. SeeSviT weras da amobeWdeT. (Tumca, vidre<br />
waradgenT, gadafurcleT bolojer, raTa darwmundeT, rom gamoiyureba<br />
ise, rogorc gsurT: SexedeT gverdebis gayofas, kideebis sazRvrebs,<br />
cxrilebis da naxatebis ganlagebas da a.S.)<br />
176
axla SeiZleba, ifiqroT, rom dasrulebulia naSromze muSaoba.<br />
faq<strong>to</strong>brivad, erTi bolo amocana grCebaT: Cabarebuli naSromis Sesaxeb<br />
komentarebis mopoveba da maTi gaTvaliswineba.<br />
177
12 Sefasebuli Txzulebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli komentarebis<br />
gaTvaliswineba<br />
12.1 moZebneT zogadi principebi konkretul komentarebSi<br />
12.2. gaesaubreT xelmZRvanels<br />
pedagogebs ar moswonT, rodesac studenti mxolod naSromSi<br />
dawerili niSniT interesdeba da yuradRebas ar aqcevs Sinaarsobriv<br />
komentarebs an, ufro meti, Tavsac ki ar iwuxebs naSromis wasaRebad.<br />
samecniero da profesiuli moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSi araerTi naSromis<br />
dawera mogiwevT; amdenad, mizanSewonili iqneba, Tu gecodinebaT, rogor<br />
afasebs mkiTxveli naSroms da momdevno naSromze muSaobisas, risi<br />
gaumjobeseba SegiZliaT ukeTesi Sefasebis misaRebad. amisTvis kidev erTi<br />
gegma iqneba saWiro.<br />
12.1 moZebneT zogadi principebi konkretul komentarebSi<br />
pedagogis komentarebis wakiTxvis Semdeg yuradReba gaamaxvileT im<br />
komentarebze, romlebic SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT Semdgomi naSromisTvis:<br />
- moZebneT, xom ar Seicavs Txzuleba marTlweris punqtuaciis da<br />
gramatikuli xasiaTis Secdomebs. Tu Secdomebs gamoavlenT,<br />
gecodinebaT, ris gaumjobesebaze unda imuSaoT.<br />
- Tu pedagogi ambobs, rom daSvebuli gaqvT faq<strong>to</strong>brivi Secdomebi,<br />
gadaamowmeT, uxarisxo Canawerebi gaakeTeT naSromSi, Tu faqtebi<br />
gadaitaneT arasworad? aras<strong>and</strong>o wyarom xom ar SegiyvanaT<br />
SecdomaSi? rac ar unda aRmoaCinoT, gecodinebaT, rogor unda<br />
moiqceT momdevno naSromze muSaobisas.<br />
- Tu pedagogi nawers afasebs mxolod sakuTari TvalsazrisiT,<br />
moZebneT da daakvirdiT Sesabamis aspeqtebs. Tu pedagogs miaCnia,<br />
178
om naweri danawevrebulia, Zalian moklea, an dauxvewavia,<br />
gadaamowmeT winadadebebi me-11 TavSi warmodgenili safexurebis<br />
mixedviT. Tu pedagogs miaCnia, rom naweri ar aris kargad<br />
organizebuli an gaumarTavia, gadaamowmeT Txzuleba me-9 TavSi<br />
warmodgenili principebis mixedviT. pedagogis mier gamoTqmuli<br />
SeniSvnebis safuZvels yovelTvis ver ipoviT. Tumca, rodesac<br />
aRmoaCenT, gecodinebaT, momavalSi ra gamoasworoT.<br />
12.2 gaesaubreT xelmZRvanels<br />
Tu pedagogis komentarebi moicavs iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa<br />
araorganizebuli, alogikuri an dausabuTebeli da ver poulobT maT<br />
safuZvels, daniSneT Sexvedra xelmZRvanelTan. rogorc naSromze<br />
muSaobis yvela sxva safexuris SemTxvevaSi, es Sexvedrac ukeT<br />
warimarTeba, Tu dagegmavT da gaivarjiSebT kidec masSi:<br />
- Tu maswavleblis SeniSvnebi exeba marTlweris, punqtuaciis<br />
sakiTxebs da gramatikul Secdomebs, es Secdomebi msxvili<br />
SriftiT gaasworeT maswavlebelTan Sexvedramde, raTa daanaxoT,<br />
rom gaiTvaliswineT misi komentarebi.<br />
- nu gamoTqvamT ukmayofilebas niSnis gamo. garkveviT gaagebineT,<br />
rom, ubralod, gsurT gaigoT, ras emyareba komentarebi, raTa<br />
momavalSi SeZloT msgavsi Secdomebis Tavidan acileba.<br />
- yuradReba gaamaxvileT mxolod ramdenime komentarze. gaivarjiSeT<br />
SekiTxvebis dasmaSi, raTa mimarTva Tavaziani gamogivideT: ase ki ar<br />
mimarToT `Tqven brZanebT, rom naSromi araorganizebulia, Tumca,<br />
ar ambobT, ra<strong>to</strong>m,”; amis nacvlad, uTxariT: `SegiZliaT, damexmaroT,<br />
vnaxo, ra aris araswori naSromis wyobaSi, raTa SemdgomSi<br />
gaviTvaliswino?”<br />
- sTxoveT pedagogs, miganiSnoT, ra aris misi Sefasebis safuZveli da<br />
giTxraT, rogori unda yofiliyo esa Tu is monakveTebi. ase ki ar<br />
179
hkiTxoT: `ra ar mogewonaT?” aramed hkiTxeT, `konkretulad sad<br />
davuSvi Secdoma da rogor SemiZlia misi gamosworeba?”<br />
Tu pedagogi Sefasebis safuZvels garkveviT ver gixsniT, SeiZleba,<br />
naSromi Seafasa kompleqsurad da ara detalurad. Tu asea, masTan<br />
Sexvedra bevrs verafers SegZenT.<br />
pedagogTan Sexvedris gamarTva maSinac SegiZliaT, Tu umaRlesi Sefaseba<br />
miiReT. mniSvnelovania, gaigoT, rogor daimsaxureT es Sefaseba, vinaidan<br />
Semdgomi proeqti, savaraudod, ufro rTuli iqneba da SeiZleba, masze<br />
muSaobisas kvlav gamoucdel mkvlevarad igrZnoT Tavi. marTlac, nu<br />
gagikvirdebaT, Tu TiToeul axal naSromze muSaobisas aseTi grZoba<br />
dageuflebaT. es ucxo aravisTvis aris. Tumca, gegmis arsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, am sirTules Tavs varTmevT xolme; merwmuneT,<br />
Tqvenc gamogivaT.<br />
180
13 kvlevis wardgena sxvadasxva formiT<br />
13.1 dagegmeT zepiri moxseneba<br />
13.1.1 daaviwroeT warsadgeni sakiTxi<br />
13.1.2 gaiazreT msmenels da mkiTxvels Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi<br />
13.2 moamzadeT Tqveni prezentacia<br />
13.2.1 gaakeTeT Sesavlis monaxazi<br />
13.2.2 SeqmeniT Canawerebi moxsenebis ZiriTadi nawilisTvis, raTa Tvalis<br />
SevlebiT SegeZloT maTi gageba<br />
13.2.3 SeimuSaveT daskvna Sesavlis mixedviT<br />
13.2.4 moemzadeT SekiTxvebisTvis<br />
13.2.5 moamzadeT dasarigebeli masala<br />
13.3 dagegmeT stendze warmodgenili moxsenebis prezentacia<br />
13.4 dagegmeT Tqveni sakonferencio ganacxadi<br />
SesaZloa, jer Zalian gamoucdeli xarT saimisod, rom ifiqroT Tqveni<br />
naSromis gamoqveynebaze. Tumca, savaraudod, mis romeliRac nawils waradgenT<br />
zepiri moxsenebis saxiT audi<strong>to</strong>riis winaSe. zepiri moxsenebis momzadeba ufro<br />
iolia, vidre weriTisa. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic saWiroa gegma da moxsenebis<br />
wardgenaSi gavarjiSeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom audi<strong>to</strong>riis winaSe sakuTari<br />
naSromis Sesaxeb mkafiod da damajereblad saubris unari Zalian<br />
mniSvnelovania nebismier specialobaSi. Tu sadoq<strong>to</strong>ro disertaciaze muSaobT,<br />
savaraudod, apirebT momavalSi naSromis dabeWdvas, magram vidre profesiul<br />
JurnalSi gagzavnideT, unda scadoT misi zepiri moxsenebis saxiT wardgena.<br />
am TavSi warmogidgenT, rogor gamoiyenoT gegma zepiri moxsenebis<br />
mosamzadebeli teqstis dasawerad. ganvixilavT, agreTve, moxsenebis sxvadasxva<br />
elementebisgan Semdgar formas, romelsac ewodeba stendze warmosadgeni<br />
moxseneba, sadac Serwymulia weriTi naSromis da zepiri moxsenebis elementebi.<br />
dabolos, ganvixilavT, rogor mzaddeba sakonferencio ganacxadi.<br />
181
13.1 dagegmeT zepiri moxseneba<br />
zepir moxsenebas werasTan SedarebiT ramdenime upiratesoba aqvs.<br />
moxsenebis wardgenis Semdeg kiTxva-pasuxis dros myisier ukukavSirs iRebT;<br />
msmeneli gamoxatavs reaqcias, romelic SeiZleba, iyos naklebad kritikuli,<br />
vidre es weriTi naSromis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda, gansakuTrebiT, Tu prezentacias<br />
miscemT mxolod axali ideebis mosmenis an axali monacemebis gamocdis saxes.<br />
magram imisaTvis, rom es reaqcia gamosadegi iyos, iseTive dakvirvebiT unda<br />
dagegmoT zepiri moxseneba, rogorc weriT moxsenebas dagegmavdiT.<br />
13.1.1 daaviwroeT warsadgeni sakiTxi<br />
savaraudod, moxsenebis warsadgenad mxolod ociode wuTi geqnebaT. (Tu<br />
naSroms kiTxulobT, rac nakleb rekomendebulia, es niSnavs striqonebs Soris<br />
orintervaliani daSorebis mqone araumetes Svid-aT gverdiani Txzulebis<br />
wakiTxvas.) amdenad, naSromi unda daiyvanoT mis ZiriTad arsamde an aqcenti<br />
gaakeToT mxolod mis romelime nawilze. ai, sami gavrcelebuli varianti:<br />
- problemis da argumentis monaxazis gacnoba. Tu problema axalia, xazi<br />
gausviT mis originalurobas. daiwyeT mokle SesavliT: literaturis<br />
mokle mimoxilva + SekiTxva + ras iwvevs pasuxis arcodna + debuleba<br />
(gadaxedeT 9.1); Semdeg ganmarteT mizezebi da SeajameT TiToeuli<br />
maTganis mtkicebulebebi .<br />
- qveargumentis reziume. Tu argumenti Zalian didia, aqcenti gakeTeT<br />
-<br />
ZiriTad qveargumentze. aRniSneT ufro masStaburi problema SesavalSi<br />
da daskvnaSi. Tumca, xazi gausviT, rom mxolod mis nawilze SeCerdebiT.<br />
meTodologia an monacemebis Sesaxeb angariSi. Tu warmoadgenT axal<br />
meTodologias an monacemebis wyaros, axseniT, ra<strong>to</strong>m aris is<br />
mniSvnelovani. Tavdapirvelad mokled warmoadgineT problema, Semdeg<br />
yuradReba gaamaxvileT imaze, Tu rogor SeiZleba am problemebis gadaWra<br />
Tqvens mier gamokvleuli axali meTodebis an monacemebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
13.1.2 gaiazreT msmenels da mkiTxvels Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi<br />
momxseneblebs msmenelis gaRizianebis amouwuravi meTodebi aqvT. zogi<br />
maTgani robotis msgavsad imeorebs dazepirebul winadadebebs an Cahyurebs<br />
nawers da TiToeul gverds kiTxulobs, iSviaTad aixedavs zemoT, raTa<br />
182
vizualuri kontaqti daamyaros audi<strong>to</strong>riasTan. sxvebi warmoadgenen monacemebiT<br />
savse slaidebs, romelTa struqtura Semoifargleba msgavsi frazebiT: da axla<br />
am slaidSi warmodgenilia... aseT momxseneblebs miaCniaT, rom pasiuri msmeneli<br />
aqtiur mkiTxvels an dainteresebul mosaubres hgavs. es ar Seesabameba<br />
sinamdviles:<br />
- roca vkiTxulobT, SegviZlia, SevyovndeT, raTa davfiqrdeT da<br />
gavaanalizoT rTuli monakveTebi. wyobaze dakvirvebisTvis SegviZlia,<br />
CavxedoT qvesaTaurebs, abzacebis dasawyisebsac ki. Tu goneba<br />
-<br />
gagvefanteba, xelaxla wavikiTxoT.<br />
saubrisas SekiTxvebi SegviZlia, davsvaT maSinve, roca mogvafiqrdeba da<br />
vTxovoT sxva pirs, ganmar<strong>to</strong>s msjeloba an, ubralod, gaimeoros naTqvami.<br />
zepiri moxsenebis msmenels arc erTi zemoT aRniSnulis gakeTeba ar<br />
SeuZlia. mas sWirdeba motivacia, rom moisminos moxseneba, aseve, daxmarebac,<br />
rom advilad misdios momxseneblis azrovnebis nakads. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,<br />
SeiZleba, msmenels goneba gaefan<strong>to</strong>s da fiqrebSi wavides. amdenad, saubrisas<br />
erTmniSvnelovnad unda gamoxa<strong>to</strong>T mizani da, Tu naSroms kiTxulobT,<br />
winadadebebis struqtura gacilebiT martivi unda iyos, vidre weriT<br />
moxsenebaSi. amdenad, gamoiyeneT SedarebiT mokle winadadebebi, ufro Sesabamisi<br />
qvemdebareebiT (ix. 11.1.2). xSirad gamoiyeneT `me”, `Cven,” da `Tqven”. is, rac<br />
dauxvewav ganmeorebad eCveneba mkiTxvels, Cveulebriv, misaRebia msmenelisTvis.<br />
13.2 moamzadeT Tqveni prezentacia<br />
msmenelis yuradRebis SenarCuneba rom SeZloT, moxseneba waikiTxeT ara<br />
leqciis msgavsad, aramed megobruli saubris <strong>to</strong>niT; am unaris gamomuSaveba<br />
martivi ar aris, vinaidan cota Cvengans SeuZlia, ise weros, rogorc saubrobs<br />
da vinaidan umetes Cvengans Tanmimdevruli moxsenebis warsadgenad Canawerebi<br />
sWirdeba. Tu moxseneba unda waikiTxoT, nu waikiTxavT ori wuTSi erT gverdze<br />
mets (daaxloebiT, samasi sityva gverdze). dainiSneT dro da ikiTxeT ufro<br />
nela, vidre, Cveulebriv, saubrobT xolme. drodadro sagangebod aswieT Tavi<br />
da vizualuri kontaqti daamyareT audi<strong>to</strong>riasTan, gansakuTrebiT, roca rame<br />
mniSvnelovans ambobT. erTi gverdis wakiTxvisas ase moiqeciT sul mcire<br />
erTxel an orjer mainc.<br />
183
gacilebiT sjobs moxsenebis wakiTxva Canawerebis mixedviT. Tumca, amisTvis<br />
dagWirdebaT Canawerebis momzadeba.<br />
13.2.1 gaakeTeT Sesavlis monaxazi<br />
ocwuTiani zepiri moxsenebisTvis, Tavidanve unda SeZloT audi<strong>to</strong>riis interesis<br />
gaRviveba. amdenad, Sesavali moamzadeT ufro dakvirvebiT, vidre moxsenebis<br />
nebismieri sxva nawili. Sesavali SeqmeniT oTxi nawilisgan Semdgari problemis<br />
gacnobaze dafuZnebiT, romelic 10.1 nawilSia aRwerili, gamoiyeneT, agreTve,<br />
gegma (frCxilebSi mocemulia miaxloebiTi xangrZlivoba.)<br />
gamoiyeneT Canawerebi mxolod imisTvis, rom gaixsenoT oTxi nawili; is ar unda<br />
iyos moxsenebis wardgenis zedmiwevniTi scenari. Tu Sinaarsi ar gaxsovT, mzad<br />
ar xarT moxsenebis gasakeTeblad. Canawerebi sakmarisad sruli unda iyos<br />
saimisod, rom gaixsenoT Semdegi:<br />
1. kvleva, romelsac ganavrcobT, cvliT an asworebT (araumetes erTi wuTisa).<br />
2. kvlevis SekiTxvis warmodgena – risi arcodnis an ra Seuswavleli sakiTxis<br />
Sesaxeb isaubrebT (ocdaaTi wami an naklebi).<br />
3. pasuxi SekiTxvaze: mere ra? (ocdaaTi wami)<br />
es sami safexuri Zalian mniSvnelovania msmenelis dainteresebisTvis. Tu<br />
SekiTxva axali an sadavoa, meti dro dauTmeT mas. Tu mkiTxvelma icis misi<br />
mniSvnelovneba, swrafad aRniSneT is da ganagrZeT.<br />
4. debuleba, pasuxi sakvlev SekiTxvaze (ocdaaTi wami an naklebi).<br />
msmenels imTaviTve unda gaagebinoT pasuxi; es ufro mniSvnelovania maSin,<br />
roca waradgenT zepir moxsenebas. amdenad, misi arsi mainc aRniSneT maSinac,<br />
rodesac seriozuli safuZveli gaqvT mis boloSi warsadgenad. Tu maSinve ar<br />
warmoadgenT pasuxs, miniSneba mainc gaakeTeT masze.<br />
5. warmoadgineT moxsenebis struqtura (aTi an oci wami). amisTvis yvelaze<br />
gamosadegi gzaa sarCevis zepirad warmodgena: `pirvel rigSi ganvixilav...”<br />
184
weriTi moxsenebis SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi meTodis gamoyenebam SeiZleba, dauxvewavi<br />
naSromis STabeWdileba Seqmnas; magram, roca zepir moxsenebas akeTebT, ufro<br />
detalurad axsnaa saWiro. moxsenebis ZiriTad nawilze gadasvlisas<br />
ganmeorebiT warmoadgineT igive struqtura.<br />
gadaimeoreT Sesavli ara mxolod imi<strong>to</strong>m, rom misi sworad warmodgena SeZloT,<br />
aramed, agreTve, imisTvis, rom SeZloT audi<strong>to</strong>riasTan vizualuri kontaqtis<br />
damyareba. mogvianebiT SegiZliaT, CaixedoT CanawerebSi.<br />
gaiTvaliswineT, agreTve, rom sasurvelia, Sesavalze daaxloebiT sam wuTze met<br />
xans ar SeCerdeT.<br />
13.2.2 SeqmeniT Canawerebi moxsenebis ZiriTadi nawilisTvis, raTa Tvalis<br />
SevlebiT SegeZloT maTi gageba<br />
nu dawerT Canawerebs dasrulebuli winadadebebis formiT (miT umetes,<br />
abzacebs), romlebsac xmamaRla waikiTxavT; Canawerebi unda dagexmaroT, rom<br />
ucbad gadaxedoT moxsenebis struqturas da mniSvnelovan monakveTebSi saTqmel<br />
punqtebs. amdenad, Canawerebi ar unda warmoadgendes weriTi moxsenebidan<br />
gadmotanil winadadebebs; Canawerebi SeqmeniT Tavidan.<br />
TiToeuli ZiriTadi ideisTvis gamoiyeneT calke gverdi. TiToeul gverdze<br />
dawereT mTavari sakiTxebi, ara Temebis, aramed debulebebis saxiT,<br />
Semoklebuli formiT an (mxolod maSin, Tu ase unda moiqceT) dasrulebuli<br />
winadadebebis saxiT. mis zemoT SegiZliaT, daama<strong>to</strong>T mkafio gadasvla,<br />
qvesaTauris zepiri moxsenebis msgavsad: `pirveli sakiTxia...”<br />
TvalsaCinod moniSneT ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, raTa advilad SeZloT maTi cnoba.<br />
maT qveS, Temebis saxiT, CamoTvaleT Sesabamisi faqtebi. Tu Tqvens mier<br />
warmodgenili damamtkicebeli faqti moicavs ricxvebs an citatebs, albaT,<br />
mogiwevT maTi amowera. sxva SemTxvevaSi, Tqvens mier moyvanil faq<strong>to</strong>briv<br />
mtkicebulebas sakmarisad kargad unda icnobdeT, raTa SeZloT mis Sesaxeb<br />
audi<strong>to</strong>riis winaSe saubari.<br />
185
sakiTxebi ise daalageT, rom pirvel rigSi isaubroT yvelaze mniSvnelovan<br />
sakiTxebze. Tu saubari gigrZeldebaT (ZiriTadad, asea xolme), SegiZliaT<br />
gadaxvideT momdevno nawilze an, Tundac, daskvnaze da ar gamo<strong>to</strong>voT<br />
argumentis mniSvnelovani aspeqti. arasodes moamzadoT iseTi kulminaciuri<br />
wertili, romlis miRwevac ar SegiZliaT. Tu raime unda gamo<strong>to</strong>voT, kiTxvapasuxis<br />
nawilis dros daubrundiT am sakiTxs.<br />
13.2.3 SeimuSaveT daskvna Sesavlis mixedviT<br />
daskvna SeqmeniT ise, rom SesaZlebeli iyos misi damaxsovreba, vinaidan msmeneli<br />
gaimeorebs mas, rodesac dausvamen SekiTxvas, ra Tqva jonsma? sakmaod kargad<br />
daiswavleT daskvna, raTa SeZloT misi wardgenisas audi<strong>to</strong>riasTan vizualuri<br />
kontaqtis SenarCuneba da ar mogiwioT CanawerebSi Caxedva da iqidan amokiTxva.<br />
daskvna unda Sedgebodes Semdegi sami nawilisgan:<br />
- debuleba, ufro detaluri, vidre SesavalSi<br />
- Tu msmenels ufro ainteresebs varaudi an monacemebi, isinic SeajameT.<br />
- Tqveni pasuxi SekiTxvaze mere ra?<br />
- SegiZliaT, xelaxla warmoadginoT pasuxi Sesavlidan. Tumca, SeecadeT,<br />
daama<strong>to</strong>T axali pasuxi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu igi hipoTezuria.<br />
- rCevebi Semdgomi kvlevisTvis, ra aris kidev gasakeTebeli?<br />
gaimeoreT daskvna, raTa zustad icodeT, ramdeni xani gWirdebaT mis<br />
warmosadgenad (ar unda aRematebodes erT an or wuTs). Semdeg, rodesac es dro<br />
dagrCebaT, warmoadgineT daskvna, maSinac ki, Tu ar dagisrulebiaT bolo<br />
(SedarebiT umniSvnelo) sakiTxebis Sesaxeb saubari. Tu ramdenime sakiTxi unda<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>voT, isaubreT maT Sesaxeb kiTxva-pasuxis dros. Tu droze adre<br />
amTavrebT, moerideT improvizacias da drois gawelvas. Tu Tqvens Semdeg sxva<br />
gamodis, Tqvens mier gamouyenebeli dro mas dauTmeT.<br />
13.2.4 moemzadeT SekiTxvebisTvis<br />
Tu gagimarTlaT, moxsenebis Semdeg SekiTxvebs dagisvamen. amdenad, moamzadeT<br />
pasuxebi mosalodneli SekiTxvebisTvis. icodeT, rom dagisvamen SekiTxvebs<br />
monacemebis da wyaroebis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxsenebis<br />
dros ar SeexeT maT. Tu iseT sakiTxebze saubrobT, romlebic ukavSirdeba<br />
186
gamoCenil mkvlevrebs an kvleviT institutebs, moemzadeT imis Sesaxeb vrclad<br />
sasaubrod, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba Tqveni naSromi maT, gansakuTrebiT, Tu<br />
aRniSnuli mkvlevarebis an institutebis Sedegebis an midgomis sawinaaRmdego<br />
mosazrebebs gamoxatavT an uaryofT maT. mzad iyaviT, agreTve, imisTvis, rom<br />
SeiZleba, mogiwioT iseTi wyaros Sesaxeb dasmul SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema,<br />
romlebzec arasodes gsmeniaT. saukeTeso politikaa aRiareba, rom es wyaro ar<br />
ginaxavT, magram gadaamowmebT. Tu SekiTxva keTilganwyobili <strong>to</strong>niT aris<br />
dasmuli, SeekiTxeT, ra<strong>to</strong>m aris wyaro Sesabamisi. nu moemzadebiT mxolod<br />
TavdacviTi pasuxebis gasacemad. gamoiyeneT SekiTxvebi, raTa xelaxla gausvaT<br />
xazi mTavar sakiTxebs an isaubroT sakiTxebze, romlebic, SesaZloa, gamogrCaT.<br />
dakvirvebiT mousmineT TiToeul SekiTxvas. Semdeg darwmundiT, rom gesmiT is,<br />
gaakeTeT pauza da erTi wuTiT dafiqrdiT pasuxze. Tu SekiTxva ver gaigeT,<br />
sTxoveT av<strong>to</strong>rs, Tavidan Camoayalibos is. pasuxs uneblied da TavdacviTi<br />
formiT nu gascemT. fasdaudebelia kargi SekiTxvebi, maSinac ki, Tu<br />
arakeTilganwyobili Cans. gamoiyeneT isini sakuTari Tvalsazrisis dasaxvewad.<br />
13.2.5 moamzadeT dasarigebeli masala<br />
moxsenebis wardgenisas SegiZliaT, waikiTxoT mcire citatebi an mniSvnelovani<br />
monacemebi. Tumca, Tu bevri citata an mniSvnelovani monacemi gaqvT, moamzadeT<br />
dasarigebeli masala. Tu moxsenebas slaidebis mixedviT akeTebT, daarigeT maTi<br />
nabeWdi aslebi. SegiZliaT, msmenels daurigoT, agreTve, ZiriTadi sakiTxebis<br />
monaxazi, sadac da<strong>to</strong>vebulia carieli adgilebi SeniSvnebis gasakeTeblad.<br />
13.3 dagegmeT stendze warmodgenili moxseneba<br />
stendze warmodgenili moxseneba -- es aris farTo dafa, romelzec warmoadgenT<br />
kvlevis reziumes, yvelaze Sesaferis damamtkicebel faqtebTan erTad. stendze<br />
warmodgenili moxsenebis prezentacia, rogorc wesi, imarTeba derefnebSi an<br />
did oTaxSi, sadac bevri sxva momxsenebelia. adamianebi gadainacvleben erTi<br />
stendidan momdevnoze da momxseneblebs usvamen SekiTxvebs. stendze<br />
187
warmodgenili moxsenebis gamoyenebiT, xdeba weriTi da zepiri moxsenebis<br />
dadebiTi aspeqtebis gaerTianeba. isini, vinc kiTxuloben stendze warmodgenil<br />
moxsenebas, ufro ukeT daakvirdebian mas, vidre msmeneli, maT SeuZliaT<br />
daeyrdnon TvalsaCino vizualur signalebs, romlebic gamoyenebuli gaqvT<br />
masalis organizebisTvis – ujrebi, xazebi, ferebi da sxvadasxva zomis SriftiT<br />
dawerili saTaurebi.<br />
SegiZliaT stendze warmodgenili moxseneba aawyoT arsebuli kompiuteruli<br />
programebis da internet saitebis gamoyenebiT, romelTa daxmarebiTac xarisxian<br />
produqts SeqmniT. Tumca, rac Seexeba Tavad teqts, misi momzadebisas unda<br />
gaiTvaliswinoT saxelmZRvanelo principebi, rom naSromis xmamaRla wakiTxva<br />
SeZloT. mniSvnelovania kidev ramdenime sakiTxis gaTvaliswineba:<br />
1. argumenti dayaviT doneebad. argumenti vizualurad warmoadgineT sam doneze:<br />
- gamoyaviT mokle mimoxilva an problemis aRwera da reziume stendze<br />
warmodgenili moxsenebis zeda nawilSi (CasviT ujraSi, gamoiyeneT didi<br />
Srifti, d a.S.).<br />
- mis qveS CamoTvaleT varaudebi, rogorc qvesaTaurebi nawilSi, sadac<br />
mocemulia argumentis Sejameba.<br />
- am nawilis qveS xelaxla ganacxadeT varaudebi da maT qveS daajgufeT<br />
damtkicebeli faqtebi.<br />
2. ganmarteT yvela grafiki da cxrili. TiToeul grafikTan, warweris garda,<br />
daamateT ramdenime winadadeba, sadac axsnili iqneba, ra aris mniSvnelovni<br />
monacemebSi da rogor amyarebs isini varauds da debulebas (gadaxedeT 7.7 da<br />
8.3.1).<br />
13.4 dagegmeT sakonferencio SeTavazeba<br />
konferenciebze sityviT gamosvla kargi saSualebaa naSromis gasacnobad.<br />
Tumca, imisTvis, rom migiwvion moxsenebiT gamosasvlelad, Cveulebriv, unda<br />
waradginoT ganacxadi. es winadadeba naSromis sityvasityviT Sejameba ki ar<br />
188
unda iyos, aramed informacia, romelsac `liftSi naxevar wuTSi mouyvebiT”<br />
adamians – rasac etyodiT vinmes, romelic liftSi SegxvdebodaT da vinc<br />
dainteresdeboda da gkiTxavdaT: ra sityviT gamodixarT dRes? (faq<strong>to</strong>brivad,<br />
dakvirvebiT momzadebuli da gavarjiSebuli `liftSi moyolili ambavi”<br />
gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia naSromis garSemo nebismieri saubrisTvis,<br />
gansakuTrebiT interviuebis dros).<br />
`liftSi moyolili ambavi” Sedgeba sami nawilisgan:<br />
- problemis gancxadeba, romelSic xazgasmulia pasuxi SekiTxvaze mere ra?<br />
- debulebis da ZiriTadi varaudebis monaxazi.<br />
- yvelaze mniSvnelovani damamtkicebeli faqtebis Sejameba.<br />
konferenciaze msmenels naklebad ainteresebs, ra sityvebs iyenebT; maTTvis<br />
ufro mniSvnelovania gaigon, ra<strong>to</strong>m unda moisminon moxseneba. Tqveni mizania,<br />
daayenoT kvlevis SekiTxva da pasuxi gasceT oponentebis SekiTxvaze: mere ra?<br />
amdenad, aqcenti gaakeTeT imaze, ra wvlili Seaqvs debulebas sakvlev sferoSi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, ra aris masSi nova<strong>to</strong>ruli an sadavo. Tu ganixilavT manamde<br />
ganxorcielebuli kvlevis farglebSi Seswavlil sakiTxs, aRniSneT is. Semdeg<br />
yuradReba gaamaxvileT Tqvens axal monacemebze an axal debulebaze,<br />
gamomdinare iqidan, romelia ufro originaluri.<br />
icodeT, rom oponentebma xSirad Tqvenze naklebi ician Temis Sesaxeb da<br />
SeiZleba, dasWirdeT daxmareba Tqveni sakiTxis mniSvnelovnebis danaxvisTvis.<br />
amdenad, mas Semdegac ki, rac pasuxs gascemT pirvel mere ra? SekiTxvaze, kvlav<br />
dasviT da gaeciT mas pasuxi da, Tu SegiZliaT, kidev erTxel gaimeoreT igive.<br />
konferenciaze isaubrebT Tu mxolod mosmena mogiwevT, damokidebulia ara<br />
mxolod kvlevis xarisxze, aramed SekiTxvis mniSvnelovnebazec.<br />
189
14 kvlevis arsis Sesaxeb<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, jerovani daskvnis miReba kvlevis garda mravali sxva<br />
gziT aris SesaZlebeli: SegviZlia, daveyrdnoT intuicias, grZnobas, Sinagan<br />
gamWriaxobasac ki. Tumca, WeSmariteba, romelsac Cven am saSualebebis<br />
gamoyenebiT davadgenT, subieqturia. rodesac sxvebs vTxovT, irwmunon Cveni<br />
Sexeduleba da imoqmedon mis mixedviT, Cvens grZnobebs ver SevTavazebT<br />
damamtkicebel faqtebad; mxolod is SegviZlia, vTxovoT, endon Cvens Sinagan<br />
gamocdilebas da debulebebs.<br />
Tumca, mecnieruli WeSmaritebani da maTi aRmoCenis gzebi sajaro<br />
SeswavlisTvis unda iyos xelmisawvdomi. debulebebs vafuZnebT yvelasTvis<br />
xelmisawvdom faqtebze da logikuri msjelobis principebze, romlebsac,<br />
vimedovnebT, rom Cveni mkiTxveli gonivrulad miiCnevs. Semdgom mkiTxveli am<br />
yovelives gamocdis yvela SesaZlo saSualebis gamoyenebiT. SeiZleba, es maRal<br />
st<strong>and</strong>arts niSnavs, magram es asec unda iyos, Tuki moveliT, rom sxvebi sakuTar<br />
codnas da moqmedebebs, sakuTar cxovrebasac ki, daayrdnoben imas, ris<br />
dajerebasac vTxovT.<br />
rodesac aRiarebT principebs, romlebic ayalibebs sazogadoebriv,<br />
faqtebze dafuZnebul rwmenas, aRiarebT kidev or princips, romlebsac Znelad<br />
Tu avuvliT gverds. pirveli Seexeba Cvens damokidebulebas av<strong>to</strong>ritetul<br />
wyarosTan. sul raRac xuTi saukunis win codnis gaumjobesebis mizniT<br />
faq<strong>to</strong>brivi mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze kvlevis warmoeba xSirad safrTxed<br />
aRiqmeboda. gavlenian pirTa Soris mravals sjeroda, rom mniSvnelovani<br />
WeSmaritebani cnobili iyo da rom mecnieris saqmes maTi SenarCuneba da<br />
gadacema warmoadgenda da araviTar SemTxvevaSi – maTi eWvqveS dayeneba. Tu<br />
axali faqtebi eWvqveS ayenebda damkvidrebul Sexedulebas, rogorc wesi,<br />
Sexeduleba gadawonida xolme faqtebs. mravalma, vinc gabeda, rom faqtebis<br />
safuZvelze misuliyo iseT daskvnebamde, romlebic eWvqveS ayenebda<br />
damkvidrebul azrs, gadaasaxles, daapatimres, rig SemTxvevebSi, sikvdiliTac ki<br />
dasajes.<br />
dResac ki, adamianma, romelic faqtebis safuZvelze msjelobs, SeiZleba,<br />
gaaRizianos is, vinc damkvidrebul Sexedulebas iziarebs. magaliTad, zogierTi<br />
is<strong>to</strong>rikosi acxadebs, rom arsebuli faqtebis erTobliobis safuZvelze,<br />
savaraudod, Tomas jefersoni Tavisi monis, sali hemingis Svilebidan erTis<br />
mama mainc iyo. sxvebi ar iziareben am mosazrebas, ara imi<strong>to</strong>m, rom ukeTesi<br />
Semxvedri faqti gaaCniaT, aramed Zlierad damkvidrebuli Sexedulebis gamo:<br />
jefersonis donis adamiani aseT rames ar gaakeTebda (ix. 5.5). Tumca, kvlevis<br />
sferoSi, rogorc akademiur, ise profesiul kvlevaSi, kargi faq<strong>to</strong>brivi<br />
mtkicebulebebi da gonivruli msjeloba yovelTvis gadawonis damkvidrebul<br />
rwmenas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase unda iyos.<br />
msoflios zogierT nawilSi jer isev ufro mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT<br />
damkvidrebuli Sexedulebebis dacva, vidre maTi Semowmeba. Tumca, sxvagvarad<br />
vfiqrobT isini, visac gvesmis, raoden mniSvnelovania kvleva: Cven migvaCnia, rom<br />
araTu SegviZlia, aramed unda davayenoT kidec kiTxvis niSnis qveS<br />
damkvidrebuli azri, ganurCevlad imisa, ramdenad av<strong>to</strong>ritetul pirs sjera<br />
misi – im pirobiT, rom pasuxebs davafuZnebT sarwmuno varaudebze, romlebic,<br />
Tavis mxriv, s<strong>and</strong>o faqtebze iqneba damyarebuli.<br />
Tumca, mxolod es principi ar aris sakmarisi. roca debulebas<br />
warmovadgenT, araTu unda movelodeT, aramed unda vurCioT kidec sxvebs,<br />
190
eWvqveS daayenon ara mxolod debuleba, is gzac ki, romlis gamoyenebiTac<br />
mivediT am debulebamde, raTa maT dagvisvan SekiTxva: ra<strong>to</strong>m fiqrobT ase?<br />
aseTi SekiTxvebis mosmena iSviaTad aris sasiamovno. Tumca, Cven valdebulni<br />
varT, keTilganwyobiT movisminoT sawinaaRmdego azri, eWvi da TavSekavebuli<br />
SeniSvna, romlebic erTianobaSi gulisxmobs Semdegs: ar veTanxmebi, yovel<br />
SemTxvevaSi, jer ar mjera. rac ufro metad davayenebT eWvqveS damkvidrebul<br />
Sexedulebebs, miT ufro mzad unda viyoT aseTi SekiTxvebis misaRebad da maTze<br />
sapasuxod, vinaidan SeiZleba, am kiTxva-pasuxis Sedegad adamianebma uari Tqvan<br />
im Sexedulebebze, risac Zlier sjeraT.<br />
rodesac zogierTi studenti aseT winaaRmdegobebs xvdeba, uWirs maTTan<br />
gamklaveba. zogs miaCnia, rom eWvqveS dayeneba imisa, risic sjera, ar aris<br />
WeSmaritebis aqtiuri Zieba, aramed pirdapiri Tavdasxmaa maTSi myarad<br />
fesvgadgmul Rirebulebebze. sxvebs cinikuri skepticizmi ipyrobs, eWvqveS<br />
ayeneben yvelafers da arafris sjeraT. adamianebis nawili uazro<br />
fardobiTobaSi eSvebian: `TiToeul Cvengans aqvs ufleba, hqondes Tavisi<br />
Sexeduleba. amdenad, yvela Sexeduleba sworia maTTvis, visac misi sjera!”<br />
mravali saerTod uaryofs ara mxolod pasuxebs, romlebmac SeiZleba, eWvqveS<br />
daayenos maTi Sexeduleba, aramed im SekiTxvebsac, romlebmac es pasuxi<br />
gamoiwvia.<br />
magram profesiul, samecniero da samoqalaqo sferoebsa da politikaSic<br />
ki, gamocdilebis Sedegad miRebul codnas da didi ZalisxmeviT mopovebul<br />
Sexedulebas ver Secvlis piradi mosazreba, relativisturi Sexeduleba<br />
WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb, an mosaxerxebeli, damkvidrebuli Sexeduleba.<br />
es ar niSnavs, rom naCqarevad unda vTqvaT uari didi xnis win<br />
damkvidrebul da drois mier gamocdil Sexedulebebze. Cven maT SevcvliT<br />
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac gveqneba saimedo argumentebi, romlebic emyareba<br />
gonivrul varaudebs. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, emyareba saukeTeso faqtebs da<br />
keTilganwyobil, imavdroulad saguldagulo azrTa gacvla-gamocvlas, romlis<br />
drosac maqsimalurad kritikulad gamoicdeba argumentebi. anu, maSin gavxdebiT<br />
pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse damcveli, rodesac SegveZleba, SevqmnaT sakuTari<br />
gonivruli argumentebi, romelTa gamoyenebiTac gamoicdeba da Sefasdeba<br />
sxvebis debulebebi.<br />
am yvelafris praqtikuli gamoyeneba SeiZleba, sakurso naSromSi ver<br />
ixiloT. Tumca, miuxedavad mSrali xasiaTisa, nebismieri audi<strong>to</strong>riisTvis<br />
gamiznuli kvleviTi Txzuleba aris dialogi, romelic unda iyos sarwmuno,<br />
erToblivi, magram detaluri Seswavla imisa, risi unda gvjerodes da risi -<br />
ara.<br />
191
nawili meore<br />
wyaroebis miTiTeba<br />
15. zogadi Sesavali wyaros damowmebis wesebis Sesaxeb<br />
15.1 ra<strong>to</strong>m mivuTiTebT gamoyenebul literaturas<br />
15.2 wyaros miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi<br />
15.2.1 rodis unda mivuTiToT wyaro<br />
15.2.2 ra informacia unda CairTos citirebaSi<br />
15.3 wyaros damowmebis ori stili<br />
15.3.1 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili<br />
15.3.2 teqsturi miTiTebis stili<br />
15.4 eleqtronuli wyaroebis damowmeba<br />
15.4.1 internetwyaroebi<br />
15.4.2 sxva eleqtronuli matareblebi<br />
15.5 miTiTebis momzadeba<br />
15.6 miTiTebis programebis Sesaxeb<br />
mkvlevris upirvelesi movaleobaa sworad moiyvanos faqtebi, mere ki<br />
uTxras mkiTxvels, sad moipova isini. amisaTvis mkvlevarma unda<br />
miuTiTos is wyaroebi, saidanac moipova faqtebi, ideebi an sityvebi,<br />
romlebsac iyenebs naSromSi.<br />
15.1 ra<strong>to</strong>m mivuTiTebT gamoyenebul literaturas<br />
wyaros damowmebas vaxdenT, sul cota, oTxi mizezis gamo:<br />
1. jerovnad dafasebis mizniT. kvleva ar aris martivi saqme. is, vinc<br />
kargad axorcielebs kvlevas, iRebs konkretul jildos – Tanxas,<br />
dawinaurebas, karg niSans, diploms da a.S. Tumca, aranakleb<br />
mniSvnelovania aRiareba, kmayofileba da av<strong>to</strong>riteti, rodesac<br />
vinmes saxeli asocirdeba codnasTan, romelsac sxvebi afaseben da<br />
iyeneben. zogierTi mkvlevrisTvis es erTaderTi gasamrjeloa.<br />
amdenad, sxvisi naSromis damowmebisas av<strong>to</strong>ris mimarT gamoxatavT<br />
pativiscemas, romelic man daimsaxura. (agreTve, Tavs icavT<br />
plagiatis braldebisgan; ix. 7.9.)<br />
192
2. mkiTxvelis dasarwmuneblad faqtebis sizusteSi. mkvlevrebi<br />
wyaroebis citirebas axdenen, raTa sxva mkvlevrebs samarTlianad<br />
moeqcnen, agreTve, raTa moipovon mkiTxvelis ndoba. mxolod<br />
faqtebis sworad moyvana ar aris sakmarisi. mkiTxvels unda<br />
acnoboT im wyaros Sesaxebac, saidanac es faqtebi moiyvaneT, raTa<br />
maT SeZlon faqtebis s<strong>and</strong>oobis Sefaseba, Tundac, gadamowmeba, Tu<br />
amis survili gauCndebaT. mkiTxveli ar endoba wyaros, romelic<br />
misTvis ucnobia da romelsac ver moZebnis. Tu mkiTxveli ar<br />
endoba Tqvens mier damowmebul wyaros, ar irwmunebs arc Tqvens<br />
mier moyvanil faqtebs; da Tu faqtebs ar irwmunebs, ar daijerebs<br />
Tqvens arguments. wyaroebis srulad, zustad da saTanadod<br />
damowmeba pirveli nabijia mkiTxvelis ndobis mopovebisken.<br />
3. mkiTxvelisTvis kvlevis im tradiciis saCveneblad, romelsac<br />
emyareba Tqveni naSromi. mkvlevrebi im wyaroebs miuTiTeben, romlis<br />
monacemebsac iyeneben; amas garda, isini miuTiTeben im naSroms,<br />
romelsac avrcoben, amyareben, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben an<br />
asworeben. es miTiTeba exmareba mkiTxvels ara mxolod Tqveni,<br />
konkretuli naSromis gagebaSi, aramed mis dakavSirebaSi Sesabamisi<br />
sferos sxva kvlevebTan.<br />
4. raTa mkiTxvels SeuwyoT xeli, rom misdios an ganavrcos Tqveni<br />
kvleva. bevri mkiTxveli kvleviT naSromSi miTiTebul wyaroebs<br />
iyenebs ara naSromis s<strong>and</strong>oobis Sesamowmeblad, aramed sakuTari<br />
proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad. amdenad, Tqveni citirebebi<br />
daexmareba sxvebs ara mxolod Tqveni gzis gagrZelebaSi, aramed<br />
kvlevebis axali mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebaSic.<br />
15.2 wyaros miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi<br />
wyaros damowmebasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi rom<br />
daakmayofiloT, unda icodeT, rodis unda CarToT naSromSi wyaros<br />
Sesaxeb miTiTeba da wyaros Sesaxeb ra informacia SeitanoT masSi.<br />
15.2.1 rodis unda mivuTiToT wyaro<br />
meSvide TavSi, kerZod, 7.9 punqtSi, detalurad aris ganxiluli,<br />
rodis unda gaakeToT citireba sxva wyaroebidan gamoyenebuli<br />
masalebisTvis. mokled rom vTqvaT, citireba aucilebelia Semdeg<br />
SemTxvevebSi:<br />
- rodesac wyarodan citata sityvasityviT mogyavT (ix., agreTve, 25-e<br />
Tavi citatebis Sesaxeb).<br />
- rodesac akeTebT ideebis perifrazs, romlebic dakavSirebulia<br />
konkretul wyarosTan, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu zustad wyaroSi<br />
gamoyenebul sityvebs ar iyenebT.<br />
- rodesac iyenebT nebismier ideas, monacems an meTods, romelic<br />
SeiZleba, miekuTvnos nebismier wyaros, romelsac gaecaniT.<br />
193
ogorc 15.1 punqtSi aRvniSneT, citireba SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT,<br />
agreTve, imisaTvis, rom mkiTxvelis yuradReba miapyroT wyaroebs,<br />
romlebic Seesabameba Tqveni argumentis konkretul nawils, magram<br />
rodesac ar mogyavT citata an perifrazi am wyarodan. aseTi miTiTebebi<br />
mianiSnebs imaze, rom icnobT am wyaroebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTSi<br />
mocemulia debulebebi, romlebic ar emTxveva Tqvensas.<br />
15.2.2 ra informacia unda CairTos citirebaSi<br />
wyaroebis damowmebis xangrZlivi tradiciis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac<br />
sxvadasxva sferoSi moRvawe mkvlevrebma daiwyes sxvadasxvanairad wera,<br />
maT SeimuSaves, agreTve, wyaroebis miTiTebis da dokumentirebis<br />
Taviseburi gzebi. mas Semdeg, rac moxda wyaros miTiTebis meTodebis<br />
st<strong>and</strong>artizacia, mkvlevrebs uwevT ara mxolod erTi an ori<br />
st<strong>and</strong>artidan, aramed sxvadasxva st<strong>and</strong>artebidan maTTvis Sesaferisi<br />
meTodis amorCeva.<br />
wyaros damowmebis stilebi gansxvavdeba maTSi CarTuli<br />
elementebiT da am elementebis formatiT. Tumca, maT erTi mizani<br />
aerTianebs: mkiTxvelisTvis im informaciis miwodeba, romelic sWirdebaT<br />
wyaros amosacnobad da mosaZieblad. wyaroebis udidesi nawilis, maT<br />
Soris, wignebis, statiebis, gamouqveynebeli dokumentebis, internetSi<br />
ganTavsebuli wyaroebis da sxva werilobiTi masalebis Sesaxeb<br />
warmodgenili informacia unda Seicavdes pasuxebs Semdeg SekiTxvebze:<br />
- vin dawera Txzuleba, vin Cautara redaqtireba an Targmna teqsti<br />
(zogjer, vin gaakeTa es yvelaferi)?<br />
- ra monacemebiT SeiZleba teqstis amocnoba? es moicavs Txzulebis<br />
saTaurs da qvesaTaurs; Jurnalis, krebulis an im seriebis<br />
saTaurs, sadac is aris Setanili, agreTve, <strong>to</strong>mis nomers, gamocemis<br />
nomers an sxva informacias, romlis mixedviT SesaZlebelia misi<br />
dadgena; aseve, gverdis nomrebs, internet misamarTs an sxva<br />
informacias adgilis Sesaxeb, Tu miTiTeba keTdeba SedarebiT<br />
vrceli teqstis konkretul nawilze.<br />
- vin da rodis gamoaqveyna teqsti? es moicavs gamomcemlobis<br />
dasaxelebas, publikaciis adgilsa da TariRs an miTiTebas, rom<br />
dokumenti ar aris gamoqveynebuli.<br />
sxva wyaroebisTvis, rogorica audio da video Canawerebi,<br />
gansxvavebuli detalebis miTiTebaa saWiro. Tumca, informacia maT<br />
Sesaxebac unda gvaZlevdes pasuxs imave SekiTxvebze: vin dawera, vin<br />
Cautara redaqtireba, Targmna an Seadgina wyaro? ra monacemebiT<br />
SeiZleba wyaros povna? vin gamoaqveyna da rodis?<br />
mkiTxveli moelis, rom gamoiyenebT wyaros damowmebis im stils,<br />
romelic Seesabameba maT konkretul sferos ara, ubralod, imi<strong>to</strong>m, rom<br />
194
maTTvis es stili nacnobia, aramed imis gamo, rom misi gamoyenebiT,<br />
aCvenebT mkiTxvels, rom icnobT maT Rirebulebebs da wesebs. Tumca, unda<br />
aRiniSnos, rom detalebi martivi ar aris: rodis unda gamoiyenoT<br />
asomTavruli, wertilebi, mZime, rodis unda gamo<strong>to</strong>voT adgili. Tumca,<br />
Tu am mcire elementebs sworad ar asaxavT, mkiTxvelTa did nawils<br />
gauCndeba eWvi, ramdenad SeiZleba Tqveni ndoba ufro masStabur<br />
sakiTxebSi. mkvlevrebis umravlesoba ar cdilobs am detalebis<br />
dazepirebas. isini, ubralod, swavloben wyaros damowmebis im formas,<br />
romelsac yvelaze xSirad iyeneben, raTa gamudmebiT ar mouwioT<br />
Sesabamisi wesebis moZebna. xolo im wyaroebis miTiTebis dros, romlebic<br />
nakleb gavrcelebulia an uCveulo elementebs Seicavs, xelmZRvaneloben<br />
am wignis msgavsi saxelmZRvaneloTi.<br />
15.3 wyaros miTiTebis ori stili<br />
winamdebare wignSi ganxilulia wyaros miTiTebis ori yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebuli forma. erT maTgans ewodeba sqolioSi miTiTebis stili<br />
(romelic farTod gamoiyeneba humanitarul mecnierebebSi da zogjer<br />
socialur mecnierebebSi) da meores _ teqsturi miTiTebis stili<br />
(romelic, ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba socialur da sabunebismetyvelo<br />
mecnierebebSi). Tu darwmunebuli ar xarT, romeli stili gamoiyenoT<br />
naSromSi, rCevisTvis mimarTeT instruq<strong>to</strong>rs.<br />
SesaZloa, sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, xelovnebis is<strong>to</strong>riis<br />
kurssa da politikur mecnierebaTa kursSi) sxvadasxva stilis gamoyeneba<br />
mogTxovon. Tumca, konkretul naSromSi Tanmimdevruloba daicaviT da<br />
erTi stili gamoiyeneT.<br />
Tu kvleviT sferoSi moRvaweoba axali dawyebuli gaqvT, gaecaniT<br />
am nawils, sadac mokled aris aRwerili wyaros miTiTebis ori stilis<br />
gamoyenebis principebi. Semdeg, Tu sqolioSi miTiTebis stils iyenebT,<br />
gaecaniT me-16 Tavs, sadac ixilavT am stilis mimoxilvas da gaecaniT me-<br />
17 Tavs, sadac ixilavT detalur saxelmZRvanelo principebsa da<br />
magaliTebs, rogor gaakeToT wyaroebis umetesi saxeobebis citireba. Tu<br />
sqolioSi miTiTebis stils iyenebT, am stilis mimoxilva da detaluri<br />
ganxilva, Sesabamisad, warmodgenilia me-18 da me-19 TavebSi.<br />
15.3.1 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili<br />
rodesac sqolioSi miTiTebis stiliT akeTebT citirebas, wyaros<br />
mianiSnebT im winadadebis boloSi indeqsis dasmiT, romelSic<br />
moixseniebT wyaros:<br />
is acxadebs, rom `gaurkvevlobebiT mocul samyaroSi nabeWdi masalebis mZlavri<br />
instrumentis saxiT gamoyeneba SeiZleba.” 1<br />
Semdeg saTanadod danomril SeniSvnaSi miuTiTebT am citatis<br />
wyaros. miTiTebaSi mocemulia informacia wyaros Sesaxeb (av<strong>to</strong>ri,<br />
195
saTauri da informacia publikaciis Sesaxeb), agreTve, miuTiTebT<br />
Sesabamisi gverdis nomrebs. SeniSvnebi ibeWdeba gverdis qveda nawilSi<br />
(ewodeba sqolioebi) an naSromis boloSi, siis saxiT (ewodeba<br />
SeniSvnebi). yvela SeniSvnas erTidaigive zogadi forma aqvs:<br />
N: 1. Adrian Johns, The Nature of The book: Print <strong>and</strong> Knowledge in Making (<strong>Chicago</strong>: University of <strong>Chicago</strong><br />
Press, 1998), 623.<br />
N: 1. adrian jonsi, wignis buneba: gamomcemloba da codnis Seqmnis procesi (Cikago:<br />
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998), 623.<br />
Tu imave teqsts isev miuTiTebT, SegiZliaT, Semdgomi SeniSvnebi<br />
SeamokloT:<br />
N: 5. Johns, Nature of The book, 384-385.<br />
N: 5. jonsi, wignis buneba, 384-385<br />
umetes SemTxvevebSi wyaroebs miuTiTebT, agreTve, naSromis<br />
boloSi, bibliografiis nawilSi. es CamonaTvali, Cveulebriv, moicavs<br />
TiToeul wyaros, romelic miTiTebuli gaqvT SeniSvnaSi da zogjer sxva<br />
wyaroebs, romlebsac gaecaniT, magram ar miuTiTeT. bibliografiaSi<br />
miTiTebuli TiToeuli erTeuli moicavs igive informacias, rasac sruli<br />
SeniSvna, Tumca, is odnav gansxvavebuli formiT aris warmodgenili:<br />
N: Johns, Adrian, The Nature of The book: Print <strong>and</strong> Knowledge in Making. <strong>Chicago</strong>:<br />
University of <strong>Chicago</strong> Press, 1988.<br />
N: jonsi, Adrian, wignis buneba: gamomcemloba da codnis Seqmnis procesi. Cikago:<br />
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998<br />
15.3.2 teqsturi miTiTebis stili<br />
teqtsturi miTiTebis stilis gamoyenebisas wyaros gamoyenebis Sesaxeb<br />
miniSnebas akeTebT CarTuli citirebiT (av<strong>to</strong>ri, TariRi da Sesabamisi<br />
gverdis nomrebi). CarTul citirebas urTavT citatis Semdgom.<br />
is acxadebs, rom `gaurkvevlobebiT mocul samyaroSi, nabeWdi masalebis<br />
mZlavri instrumentis saxiT gamoyeneba SeiZleba.” (Johns, 1998, 623).<br />
naSromis bolos, gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalSi<br />
aRniSnavT yvela wyaros. es CamonaTvali, rogorc wesi, moicavs nebismier<br />
wyaros, romelic miTiTebuli gaqvT frCxilebSi Casmul citirebaSi da<br />
zogjer sxva wyaroebsac, romlebsac gaecaniT, magram citireba ar<br />
mogixdeniaT. gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis TiToeuli statia<br />
moicavs srul bibliografiul informacias wyaros Sesaxeb, vinaidan es<br />
196
informacia ar aris CarTul citirebaSi. gamoyenebuli literaturis<br />
CamonaTvlis yvela erTeuls erTi da igive zogadi forma aqvs:<br />
N: Johns, Adrian. 1998. The Nature of The book: Print <strong>and</strong> Knowledge in Making. <strong>Chicago</strong>:<br />
Univ. of <strong>Chicago</strong> Press.<br />
N: jonsi, Adrian. 1998. wignis buneba: gamomcemloba da codnis Seqmnis procesi. Cikago:<br />
Cikagos univ. gamomc.<br />
15.4 eleqtronuli wyaroebis damowmeba<br />
beWdviT epoqaSi ganviTarda citirebis st<strong>and</strong>artuli formebi.<br />
Tumca, mkvlevrebi axla sul ufro metad eyrdnobian wyaroebs, romlebic<br />
internetSi an sxva eleqtrobul wyarozea ganTavsebuli. wyaroebis es<br />
axali forma ukve sakmarisad didi xania arsebobs saimisod, rom<br />
mkvlevrebs SeeqmnaT st<strong>and</strong>artuli citirebis formebi, romlebic<br />
misadagebulia maT specialur maxasiaTeblebze, gansakuTrebiT, maT<br />
droebiT da cvalebad xasiaTze.<br />
15.4.1 internetSi ganTavsebuli wyaroebi<br />
wyaroebi, romlebic internetSia ganTavsebuli, TavisTavad,<br />
naklebad mdgradia, vidre nabeWdi wyaroebi.<br />
- internetSi ganTavsebuli masalebis Secvla Zalian iolia, xSirad<br />
arc imas miuTiTeben, rom masalaSi cvlilebebi Seitanes. zogierT<br />
saitze miTiTebulia cvlilebis Setanis TariRi, Tumca, bevri amas<br />
ar mianiSnebs. ar arsebobs st<strong>and</strong>artebi imis gansasazRvrad, Tu ra<br />
moculobis cvlileba iTvleba Sesworebad, amdenad, cvlilebebis<br />
Setanis TariRi erT vebsaitze SeiZleba, gulisxmobdes marTlweris<br />
Secdomis gasworebas, meoreSi ki, faq<strong>to</strong>brivi monacemebis an<br />
debulebebis cvlilebas.<br />
- mraval vebsaitze ar aris miTiTebuli av<strong>to</strong>ri, gamomcemeli an<br />
sponsori. amis gamo aseTi wyaroebi uTanabrdeba sxva anonimur<br />
wyaroebs da seriozuli dakonkretebis gareSe nakleb savaraudoa,<br />
seriozuli gamoyenebisTvis rom s<strong>and</strong>o iyos (ix. 3.4.3).<br />
- internetSi ganTavsebuli masala SeiZleba, imavdroulad<br />
xelmisawvdomi iyos erTze meti saitidan, zogi maTgani ufro<br />
saimedoa, vidre sxva.<br />
- internetSi ganTavsebuli wyaroebis umetesoba ganTavsebulia URLze<br />
(resursis st<strong>and</strong>artuli loka<strong>to</strong>ri). Tumca URL-ebi cvalebadia.<br />
ar arsebobs imis garantia, rom URL ar Seicvleba Tveebis, kvirebis<br />
an, Tundac, dReebis Semdeg. es ki arTulebs an SeuZlebels xdis,<br />
rom Tqven an mkiTxvelma moiZioT masala, romelsac Tavdapirvelad<br />
gaecaniT.<br />
197
kvlevaSi gamosayeneblad dakvirvebiT SearCieT internetSi<br />
ganTavsebuli wyaroebi. rodesac informacia ganTavsebulia ramdenime<br />
vebsaitze an onlain reJimSi, an kidev BbeWdur gamocemaSi, arCevani<br />
gaakeTeT yvelaze mdgrad da s<strong>and</strong>o variantze, romelzec migiwvdebaT<br />
xeli da yovelTvis miuTiTeT, romeli versia gamoiyeneT.<br />
wyaroebis ori kategoria. am wignSi ganxiluli citirebis orive<br />
stilisTvis internetSi ganTavsebuli wyaroebi or kategoriad iyofa.<br />
1. internetSi ganTavsebuli mravali wyaro arafriT gansxvavdeba nabeWdi<br />
wyarosgan, garda gamoqveynebis adgilisa – magaliTad, inernet-JurnalSi<br />
gamoqveynebuli statia nabeWd JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statiisgan. am<br />
saxis sxva wyaroebs Soris aris internetSi ganTavsebuli wignebi,<br />
gazeTebi da saJurnalo statiebi da sajaro dokumentebi. internetSi<br />
ganTavsebul wyaroze miTiTeba gaakeTeT am saxis nabeWdi wyaros msgavsad<br />
_ Tavdapirvelad miuTiTeT st<strong>and</strong>artuli monacemebi publikaciis Sesaxeb<br />
(av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli, saxelwodeba, TariRi da a.S.). miTiTebis bolos<br />
daamateT URL misamarTi da TariRi, rodesac masalas gaecaniT (ix.<br />
qvemoT). me-17 TavSi (sqolioSi miTiTebis stilisTvis) da me-19 TavSi<br />
(teqsturi miTiTebis stilisTvis) SegiZliaT, ixiloT magaliTebi<br />
Sesabamisi saxis wyarosTvis msgavsi detalebis miTiTebis Sesaxeb.<br />
2. internetSi ganTavsebuli sxva saxis wyaroebi, organizaciis an kerZo<br />
vebsaitebi da eleqtronuli fostis adresatebis siebi, mxolod am<br />
matareblisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. imis gamo, rom am wyaroebis<br />
Sesaxeb ar moipoveba publikaciis st<strong>and</strong>artuli monacemebis umetesoba,<br />
isini miiCneva `araoficialurad gamoqveynebulad.” aseTi wyaros<br />
citirebisTvis unda warmoadginoT rac SeiZleba meti informacia wyaros<br />
Sesaxeb, URL misamarTsa da wvdomis TariRTan erTad (ix. qvemoT). am<br />
informaciis citirebis magaliTebi mocemulia 17.7 punqtSi (sqolioSi<br />
miTiTebis stilisTvis) da 19.7 (teqsturi miTiTebis stilisTvis).<br />
URL misamarTebi, wyaros mudmivi atributebi da wvdomis TariRebi.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom URL misamarTi ar gamoirCeva mdgradobiT, is<br />
internetSi ganTavsebuli masalis ZiriTadi misamarTia. internetSi<br />
ganTavsebuli TiToeuli wyaros citireba, romlis povna URL misamarTiT<br />
SeiZleba, unda moicavdes URL misamarTs, mas Semdeg, rac mieTiTeba<br />
informacia publikaciis Sesaxeb. Tu wyaroSi gamoyenebulia cifruli<br />
obieqtis atributis (DOIs) an mudmivi atributis sxva sistema, nacvlad<br />
URL misamarTisa, gamoiyeneT Sesabamisi misamarTi Tqvens citirebaSi. URL<br />
misamarTebis an sxva atributebis miTiTebis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />
mosapoveblad, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmeT 17.1.7 punqts<br />
(sqolioSi miTiTebis stilisTvis) an 19.1.8 (teqsturi miTiTebis<br />
stilisaTvis) punqts.<br />
198
garda amisa, TiToeuli miTiTeba internetSi ganTavsebuli wyaros<br />
Sesaxeb unda moicavdes TariRs, rodesac bolos gaxseniT masala. Tu<br />
wyaro Secvlili an amoRebulia internetidan, es TariRi ufro zustad<br />
asaxavs im variants, romelic Tqven gamoiyeneT, vidre URL misamarTi an<br />
mxolod sxva atributi. agreTve, SegiZliaT, internetSi ganTavsebuli<br />
wyaro, romlis citirebasac apirebT, CaweroT myar diskze an kompaqtur<br />
diskze, raTa gqondeT saimedo asli, romlic naxvac Tqven an Tqvens<br />
mkiTxvels mogvianebiT SeeZleba. me-17 da me-19 TavebSi warmodgenilia<br />
citirebebSi wvdomis TariRebis miTiTebis ara erTi magaliTi.<br />
saitebi, romlebic saWiroebs xelmoweras an romlebze wvdomac<br />
SezRudulia. internetSi ganTavsebul mraval monacemTa bazaze,<br />
Jurnalebsa da sxva periodul gamocemebze wvdoma mxolod xelmoweris<br />
gziT aris SesaZlebeli. analogiurad, zogierT vebsaitze da veblogebze<br />
wvdoma eZleva mxolod im momxmarebels, romelic daregistrirebulia an<br />
sxvagvarad moipova wvdomis ufleba. aseTi wyaroebis citirebisas ar aris<br />
saWiro, miuTiToT `saWiroebs xelmoweras” an `SezRuduli wvdoma”;<br />
ubralod, miuTiTeT URL misamarTi da wvdomis TariRi, rogorc<br />
nebismieri sxva internet wyaros SemTxvevaSi moiqceodiT.<br />
15.4.2 sxva eleqtronuli matareblebi<br />
sxva eleqtronul matarebelze, rogoricaa CD-ROM-ebi, Cawerili<br />
wyaroebi internetSi ganTavsebul wyaroebze ufro mdgradia. im<br />
wyaroebis citireba, romlebic tiraJirdeba da vrceldeba,<br />
gamoqveynebuli wignebis msgavsad unda moxdes, mxolod unda daema<strong>to</strong>s<br />
informacia matareblis Sesaxeb; ix. 17.5.8 (bibliografiis stilisTvis) an<br />
19.5.8 (gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis stilisTvis).<br />
Tu wyaro ganTavsebulia erTze met eleqtronul matarebelze (mag.,<br />
internetSi da CD-ROM-ze) an arsebobs rogorc eleqtronuli, ise<br />
nabeWdi saxiT, gamoiyeneT yvelaze mdgradi varianti da yovelTvis<br />
gaakeTeT miTiTeba gamoyenebul variantze.<br />
15.5 wyaros miTiTebis momzadeba<br />
miTiTebis momzadebis da Semowmebis procesi SegiZliaT,<br />
gaimartivoT, Tu gecodinebaT, ra dagWirdebaT.<br />
- gamoiyeneT yvelaze s<strong>and</strong>o wyaroebi, maTi yvelaze s<strong>and</strong>o versia. Tu<br />
ipoviT meore an mesame rigis informacias, moiZieT wyaros<br />
originali.<br />
- Tu wyaros mravali varianti arebobs, yovelTvis miuTiTeT is,<br />
romelic gamoiyeneT. variantebs Soris SeiZleba, iyos mcire, Tumca,<br />
199
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba, ramac SesaZloa, gavlena moaxdinos<br />
citatebis sizusteze an sxva miTiTebebze.<br />
- CainiSneT yvela bibliografiuli informacia, vidre Canawerebs<br />
gaakeTebdeT. ix. suraTi 16.1 (sqolioSi miTiTebis stilisTvis) an<br />
naxatSi 18.1 (teqsturi miTiTebis stilisTvis) warmodgenili<br />
nimuSebi, sadac naCvenebia, ra informacia aris saWiro ramdenime<br />
gavrcelebuli saxis wyaroebisTvis.<br />
- TiToeuli citatis an perifrazisTvis CaiwereT gverdebis nomrebi.<br />
- Savi naweris Seqmnisas garkveviT gamoyaviT TiToeuli adgili,<br />
sadac SeiZleba, dagWirdeT wyarodan citireba. gacilebiT martivia<br />
arasaWiro citatis amoSla Sesworebisas, vidre imis gaxseneba, sad<br />
gamoiyeneT sxvisi azri.<br />
- rodesac Sav nawers saboloo saxiT CamoayalibebT, gadaxedeT me-17<br />
da me-19 Tavebs, raTa uzrunvelyoT, rom TiToeuli citireba swori<br />
formiT iyos warmodgenili. yuradReba miaqcieT punqtuacias da<br />
intervalebs.<br />
- bibliografiis an gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis Sekreba<br />
SegiZliaT an wyaroebis gamoyenebisas, an Savi naweris Seqmnis da<br />
Sesworebis dros. aucileblad yuradRebiT SeamowmeT TiToeuli<br />
detali.<br />
TiToeuli citatis miTiTebis sworad Camoyalibeba SeiZleba,<br />
mosawyeni samuSao iyos. Tumca, kvlevis yoveli sxva fazis msgavsad, Tu<br />
iciT, ra gWirdebaT da Tavidanve marTavT process, SeZlebT kvlevis am<br />
yvelaze nakleb saxaliso nawilis swrafad, martivad da saimedod<br />
dasrulebas.<br />
15.6 miTiTebis programebis Sesaxeb<br />
kompiuteruli programebis mwarmoebeli kompaniebi gvTavazoben<br />
sxvadasxva programas, romlebic akabadonebs bibliografiul<br />
informacias wyaros miTiTebis konkretuli stilis mixedviT. maT Sorisaa<br />
stilebi, romlebic momdevno TavebSia ganxiluli. Tu aseT programas<br />
gamoiyenebT, SeiZleba, dro dazogoT, Tumca, es ar niSnavs imas, rom<br />
stilis ZiriTadi principebi ar unda icodeT. amas garda, wyaroebis<br />
miTiTebisa da bibliografiis marTvis programebi sxvadasxva xarisxisaa<br />
da SesaZloa, ar Seicavdes im mcire cvlilebebs citirebis stilebSi,<br />
romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi Semodis (mag., gansxvavebuli<br />
eleqtronuli wyaroebis damateba). Tu aseT programas iyenebT, yovelTvis<br />
unda SeamowmoT programis mier dakabadonebuli citirebebis sizuste da<br />
srulyofileba.<br />
200
16 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili:<br />
st<strong>and</strong>artuli formati<br />
16.1 st<strong>and</strong>artuli sistema<br />
16.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba<br />
16.1.2 punqtuacia<br />
16.1.3 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba<br />
16.1.4 saTaurebis gaformeba<br />
16.1.5 ricxvebi<br />
16.1.6 abreviaturebi<br />
16.1.7 abzacis Seweva<br />
16.2 bibliografiebi<br />
16.2.1 bibliografiebis saxeebi<br />
16.2.2 muxlebis dalageba<br />
16.2.3 wyaroebi, romelTa gamo<strong>to</strong>veba SeiZleba<br />
16.3 SeniSvnebi<br />
16.3.2 sqolioebi da teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi<br />
16.3.3 SeniSvnebis danomvra<br />
16.3.4 SeniSvnebis daformateba<br />
16.3.5 kompleqsuri SeniSvnebi<br />
16.4 SeniSvnebis Semoklebuli formebi<br />
16.4.1 Semoklebuli SeniSvnebi<br />
16.4.2 iqve (Ibid.)<br />
16.4.3 frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi<br />
humanitarul da zogierT socialur mecnierebaSi gamoiyeneba sqolioSi<br />
miTiTebis stili. am TavSi mimoxilulia sqolioSi miTiTebis stilSi miTiTebis<br />
st<strong>and</strong>artuli sistema, maT Soris bibliografiis muxlebi, sruli SeniSvnebi,<br />
Semoklebuli SeniSvnebi da frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi. SeniSvnebis<br />
201
magaliTebi aRniSnulia `S:”-Ti; bibliografiis muxlebis magaliTebi aRniSnulia<br />
`b”-Ti.<br />
sqolioSi miTiTebis stilis gamoyenebisas wyaros Sesaxeb miniSnebas akeTebT<br />
zeda indeqsis dasmiT im winadadebis bolos, romelSic miTiTebuli gaqvT<br />
aRniSnuli wyaro:<br />
erTi mecnieris TqmiT, ,,rkinigzis gayvanis Sedegad, Cikago aRmosavlelebisa da<br />
dasavlelebis Sexvedrebis umniSvnelovanesi adgili gaxda.” 4<br />
Semdeg akeTebT miTiTebas Sesabamisi citatis wyaroze saTanadod danomrili<br />
SeniSvnis meSveobiT, romelSic mocemulia informacia wyaros Sesaxeb (av<strong>to</strong>ri,<br />
saTauri da informacia publikaciaze), agreTve, Sesabamisi gverdis nomrebi.<br />
SeniSvnebi ibeWdeba gverdis bolos (ewodeba sqolio) an CamonaTvalSi, romelic<br />
Catanilia naSromis bolos (ewodeba teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi). yvela<br />
SeniSvnas aqvs erTnairi zogadi forma:<br />
S: 4. uiliam qrononi, bunebis megapolisi: Cikago da didi dasavleTi [niu-iorki:<br />
gamomcemloba nor<strong>to</strong>ni da kompania, 1991], 92-93<br />
Tu kvlav akeTebT miTiTebas imave teqstze, SegiZliaT momdevno SeniSvnebis<br />
Semokleba:<br />
S: 8. qrononi, bunebis megapolisi, 383.<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi, naSromis bolos, bibliografiaSi warmoadgenT, agreTve,<br />
wyaroebis CamonaTvals. es CamonaTvali, rogorc wesi, moicavs TiToeul wyaros,<br />
romelic miTiTebuli gaqvT SeniSvnaSi, zogjer sxva wyaroebsac, romlebsac<br />
gaecaniT, Tumca, miTiTebuli ar gaqvT. bibliografiis TiToeuli muxli moicavs<br />
igive informacias, romelic CarTulia srul SeniSvnaSi, Tumca, warmodgenilia<br />
odnav gansxvavebuli formiT:<br />
202
S: qrononi, uiliam. bunebis megapolisi: Cikago da didi dasavleTi. niu-iorki:<br />
gamomcemloba nor<strong>to</strong>ni da kompania, 1991.<br />
mkiTxveli elis, rom zedmiwevniT daicavT citirebis am wesebs. isini Seexeba<br />
ara mxolod CasarTav informacias da am monacemebis Tanmimdevrobas, aramed,<br />
agreTve, punqtuacias, mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebas, daxrili Sriftis<br />
gamoyenebas da a.S. wyaros miTiTeba rom sworad gaaformoT, didi yuradReba<br />
unda miaqcioT wvrilman detalebs, romlebic mkvlevarTa didi nawilisTvis<br />
iolad dasamaxsovrebeli ar aris. momdevno TavSi mocemulia mza gzamkvlevi am<br />
detalebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
16.1 st<strong>and</strong>artuli sistemebi<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs wyaroebis da maTi miTiTebis uamravi forma,<br />
savaraudod, mxolod ramdenime saxis gamoyeneba mogiwevT. uCveulo wyaroebis<br />
citirebisas SeiZleba, dagWirdeT miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli detalebis<br />
moZieba. Tumca, citirebis im saxeebisTvis, romlebsac yvelaze xSirad<br />
gamoiyenebT, iolad SegiZliaT, iswavloT st<strong>and</strong>artuli sistemebi. Semdeg<br />
SeZlebT Sablonebis Seqmnas, romelTa daxmarebiTac moaxerxebT kiTxvis<br />
procesSi bibliografiuli monacemebis swrafad da saimedod Caweras.<br />
am qveTavis danarCen nawilSi aRwerilia st<strong>and</strong>artuli sistemebi. 16.1 naxatSi ki<br />
warmodgenilia nimuSebi da magaliTebi farTod gavrcelebuli saxis<br />
wyaroebisTvis. me-17 TavSi mocemulia mTeli rigi wyaroebis magaliTebisa, maT<br />
Soris, gamonaklisebi aq ganxiluli sistemebidan.<br />
naxati 16.1 SeniSvnebis da bibliografiis muxlebis nimuSebi<br />
qvemoT warmodgenil nimuSebSi naCvenebia, romeli elementebi unda CairTos<br />
SeniSvnebSi (S) da bibliografiebSi (b) wyaroebis ramdenime gavrcelebuli saxis<br />
citirebisas; naCvenebia, agreTve, maTi Tanmimdevroba. aseve, naCvenebia punqtuacia<br />
da elementebis gaformeba. ruxi feriT daCrdiluli teqsti aRniSnavs<br />
Semoklebas (an maT ganmartebas) da sxva terminebs. XX aRniSnavs citirebuli<br />
203
teqstis gverdis nomrebs, YY aRniSnavs statiis an Tavis gverdebis srul<br />
diapazons.<br />
magaliTebi, ganmartebebi da variantebi damatebiT ix. me-17 TavSi. Semoklebuli<br />
SeniSvnebis formebis nimuSebi ix. 16.2 naxatSi.<br />
wignebi<br />
1. erTi av<strong>to</strong>ri an redaq<strong>to</strong>ri<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri<br />
(gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis dasaxeleba, gamocemis TariRi), XX-XX.<br />
1. jared daiamondi, iaraRi, baqteriebi da foladi: adamianebis bediswera (niuiorki:<br />
gamomcemloba “nor<strong>to</strong>ni da kompania”, 1997), 47-48.<br />
b: av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli. wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri. gamocemis<br />
adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi.<br />
daiamond, jared. iaraRi, baqteriebi, da foladi: adamianebis bediswera. niuiorki:<br />
gamomcemloba “nor<strong>to</strong>ni da kompania”, 1997.<br />
im wignis miTiTebisas, romelsac av<strong>to</strong>ris nacvlad redaq<strong>to</strong>ri hyavs, sqema ase<br />
SecvaleT:<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. redaq<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, red. wignis saTauri...<br />
7. mark e. noli, red., religia da amerikis politika...<br />
b: redaq<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, redaq<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli, red. wignis saTauri...<br />
noli, mark e., red., religia da amerikis politika...<br />
2. ramdenime av<strong>to</strong>ri<br />
wignis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac ori av<strong>to</strong>ri hyavs, gamoiyeneT Semdegi sqema:<br />
204
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari da meore av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli<br />
da gvari, wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri (gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis<br />
saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi), XX-XX.<br />
2. kai berdi, kai da martin j. Servini, amerikeli promeTe: j. robert<br />
openhaimeris triumfi da tragedia (niu-iorki: alfred a. knopfi, 2005), 52.<br />
b: pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli, da meore av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli<br />
da gvari. wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis<br />
saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi.<br />
berdi, kai da martin j. Servini. amerikeli promeTe: j. robert openhaimeris<br />
triumfi da tragedia. niu-iorki: alfred a. knopfi, 2005.<br />
Tu wigns sami av<strong>to</strong>ri hyavs, struqtura SecvaleT Semdegnairad:<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, meore av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli<br />
da gvari da mesame av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, wignis saTauri...<br />
5. jois efelbai, lin hanti da margaret jeiqobi. simarTle is<strong>to</strong>riis Sesaxeb ..<br />
naxati 16.1 SeniSvnebis da bibliografiis muxlebis nimuSebi<br />
(gagreleba)<br />
b: pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli, meore av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da<br />
gvari da mesame av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, wignis saTauri. .<br />
efelbai, joisi, lin hanti da margaret jeiqobi. simarTle is<strong>to</strong>riis Sesaxeb...<br />
Tu wigns oTxi an meti av<strong>to</strong>ri hyavs, SeniSvnis struqtura mxolod aseTi saxiT<br />
SecvaleT:<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari da sxvebi, wignis<br />
saTauri...<br />
15. Jaklin daud holi da sxv., ojaxiviT...<br />
3. av<strong>to</strong>r(eb)i, agreTve, redaq<strong>to</strong>ri an mTargmneli<br />
Tu wigns av<strong>to</strong>ris garda redaq<strong>to</strong>ric hyavs, gamoiyeneT Semdegi struqtura:<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, wignis saTauri: wignis<br />
qvesaTauri, red. redaq<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari (gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis<br />
saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi), XX-XX.<br />
205
9. j.b. harli, rukebis axali saxeoba: eseebi kar<strong>to</strong>grafiis is<strong>to</strong>riaSi, red.<br />
pol leqs<strong>to</strong>ni (baltimori: jon hopkinsis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2002),<br />
132-33.<br />
b: av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli. wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri.<br />
redaqtirebulia redaq<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari mier. gamocemis adgili:<br />
gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi.<br />
harli, j.b., rukebis axali saxeoba: eseebi kar<strong>to</strong>grafiis is<strong>to</strong>riaSi.<br />
redaqtirebulia pol leqs<strong>to</strong>nis mier. baltimori: jon hopkinsis<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba, 2002.<br />
Tu wigns redaq<strong>to</strong>ris nacvlad mTargmneli hyavs, redaq<strong>to</strong>ris Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis nacvlad CasviT sityvebi Targm. da Targmnilia da mTargmnelis<br />
saxeli da gvari mier.<br />
4. gamocemis nomeri<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, wignis saTauri: wignis<br />
qvesaTauri, gamocemis nomeri gamoc. (gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis<br />
dasaxeleba, gamocemis TariRi), XX-XX.<br />
11. rojer denielsi: amerikaSi Camosvla: imigraciis is<strong>to</strong>ria da eTnikuri<br />
faq<strong>to</strong>ri amerikis cxovrebaSi, me-2 gamoc. (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba harper<br />
pereniali, 2002), 84.<br />
b: av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli, wignis saTauri: wigni qvesaTauri. gamocemis<br />
nomeri gamoc. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi.<br />
denielsi, rojer. amerikaSi Camosvla: imigraciis is<strong>to</strong>ria da eTnikuri faq<strong>to</strong>ri<br />
amerikis cxovrebaSi. me-2 gamoc. niu-iorki: gamomcemloba harper pereniali,<br />
2002.<br />
5. erTi Tavi redaqtirebul wignSi<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. Tavis av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, `Tavis saTauri: Tavis<br />
qvesaTauri,” wignSi – wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri, red. redaq<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
206
saxeli da gvari (gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba, gamocemis<br />
TariRi), XX-XX.<br />
15. en uins<strong>to</strong>n spirni, `bunebis ganaSenianeba: frederik lo olmstedis<br />
memkvidreoba, wignSi `uCveulo pozicia: bunebaSi adamianis adgilis xelaxla<br />
gaazreba”, red. uiliam qrononi (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba nor<strong>to</strong>ni da kompania,<br />
1996), 101.<br />
b: Tavis av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, Tavis av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli. `Tavis saTauri: Tavis<br />
qvesaTauri.” wignSi – wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri, redaqtirebulia<br />
redaq<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari mier, YY-YY. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis<br />
saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi.<br />
spirni, en uins<strong>to</strong>n, `bunebis ganaSenianeba: frederik lo olmstedis<br />
memkvidreoba.” wignSi `uCveulo pozicia: bunebaSi adamianis adgilis xelaxla<br />
gaazreba”, redaqtirebulia uiliam qrononis mier, 91-113, Nniu-iorki:<br />
gamomcemloba nor<strong>to</strong>ni da kompania, 1996<br />
saJurnalo statiebi<br />
6. saJurnalo statiis beWduri varianti<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, `statiis saTauri: statiis<br />
qvesaTauri,” Jurnalis saxelwodeba, gamocemis nomeri (gamocemis TariRi): XX-<br />
XX.<br />
4. Pfremod k, naiari, `saocari Tavgadasavlebi: ingliselTa saTavgadasavlo<br />
wignebi da indoeTi, 1680-1727”, britaneTmcodneobis Jurnali 44, #2 (2005 wlis<br />
aprili): 213<br />
b: av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli. `statiis saTauri: statiis qvesaTauri.”<br />
Jurnalis saxelwodeba gamocemis nomeri (gamocemis TariRi): YYYY-YY.<br />
Nnaiari, fremod k. `saocari Tavgadasavlebi: ingiselTa saTavgadasavlo<br />
wignebi da indoeTi, 1680-1727”, britaneTmcodneobis Jurnali 44, #2 (2005 wlis<br />
aprili): 213-38.<br />
Tu statias ramdenime av<strong>to</strong>ri hyavs, ixelmZRvaneleT meore nimuSSi<br />
warmodgenili av<strong>to</strong>rebis saxelebis Sesabamisi sqemiT.<br />
207
7. internetSi gamoqveynebuli Jurnalis statiebi<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, `statiis saTauri: statiis<br />
qvesaTauri,” Jurnalis saxelwodeba gamocemis nomeri (gamocemis TariRi),<br />
`mdebareoba”-is qveS, URL-is misamarTi (wvdoma masalaze, wvdomis TariRi).<br />
4. deniel a. makfarl<strong>and</strong>i, `winaaRmdegoba rogorc socialuri drama:<br />
cvlilebaze orientirebuli SemTxvevebis Seswavla,” amerikis sociologiuri<br />
Jurnali 109, no.6 (2004 wlis maisi), ganyofilebaSi “Settings”,<br />
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v109n6/050199/050199.html [bolos Sesvlis<br />
TariRi: 2006 wlis 3 maisi].<br />
B: av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli. `statiis saTauri: statiis qvesaTauri.”<br />
Jurnalis saxelwodeba gamocemis nomeri (gamocemis TariRi). URL–is misamarTi<br />
(wvdoma masalaze, wvdomis TariRi).<br />
makfarl<strong>and</strong>i, deniel, e. `winaaRmdegoba, rogorc socialuri drama: cvlilebaze<br />
orientirebuli SemTxvevebis Seswavla.” amerikis sociologiuri Jurnali 109,<br />
no.6 (2004 wlis maisi),<br />
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v109n6/050199/050199.html [bolos<br />
Sesvlis TariRi: 2006 wlis 3 maisi].<br />
16.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba<br />
SeniSvnebSi da bibliografiis muxlebSi yvela saxis wyaroebisTvis elementebis<br />
Tanmimdevrobis erTi da igive st<strong>and</strong>artuli struqtura gamoiyeneba: av<strong>to</strong>ri,<br />
saTauri, informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb. Tumca, SeniSvnebSi av<strong>to</strong>rebis saxelebi<br />
st<strong>and</strong>artuli TanmimdevrobiT aris warmodgenili (pirvelad saxeli), xolo<br />
bibliografiis muxlebSi -- piriqiT (jer gvari), anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT.<br />
SeniSvnebi, romlebSic konkretuli monakveTebia citirebuli, Cveulebriv,<br />
moicavs gverdis nomrebs an sxva informacias adgilis Sesaxeb; bibliografiis<br />
muxlebSi ase ar aris, Tumca, iq mieTiTeba gverdis nomrebis sruli diapazoni<br />
iseTi wyarosTvis, romelic warmoadgens ufro didi nawilis Semadgenels, mag.,<br />
statiis an Tavis.<br />
208
16.1.2 punqtuacia<br />
SeniSvnebSi elementebis umetesoba gamoyaviT mZimeebiT; bibliografiis muxlebSi<br />
elementebis gamosayofad wertilebi gamoiyeneT. SeniSvnebSi informacia<br />
publikaciis Sesaxeb CasviT frCxilebSi; bibliografiis muxlebSi ase ar<br />
gaakeToT. gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli stilebi, vinaidan gansazRvrulia, rom<br />
SeniSvna unda ikiTxebodes teqstis msgavsad, sadac wertilis dasma niSnavs<br />
citatis dasrulebas. bibliografia ki Sedgenilia, rogorc CamonaTvali,<br />
romelSic TiToeul wyaros aqvs calke muxli, amdenad, wertilebis gamoyeneba<br />
Tavisuflad SeiZleba av<strong>to</strong>ris, saTauris da publikaciis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />
gamosayofad.<br />
16.1.3 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba<br />
ucxoenovani wyaroebis miTiTebisas saTaurebis umetesoba daiwyeT mTavruli<br />
asoebiT saTauris stilSi, Tumca, saTaurebi ucxo enebze daiwyeT mTavruli<br />
asoebiT winadadebis stilSi. (orive stilis Sesaxeb ix. 22.3.1.) mTavruli<br />
asoebiT, Cveulebisamebr, dawereT sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebi (ix. 22-e Tavi).<br />
16.1.4 saTaurebis gaformeba<br />
SedarebiT moculobiTi nawarmoebebis (wignebis, Jurnalebis) saTaurebi ibeWdeba<br />
daxrili SriftiT; SedarebiT mcire nawilebis (Tavebi, statiebi) saTaurebi<br />
ibeWdeba swori SriftiT da Tavsdeba brWyalebSi. gamouqveynebuli naSromebis<br />
(mag., disertaciebi) saTaurebi ibeWdeba swori SriftiT da Tavsdeba brWyalebSi,<br />
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu isini wignis moculobisaa.<br />
16.1.5 ricxvebi<br />
saTaurebSi ricxvebi sityvierad gadmoicema an ricxvebiT iwereba zustad ise,<br />
rogorc originalSia. gverdis nomrebi, romlebic originalSi romauli<br />
cifrebiT aris gamoxatuli, mieTiTeba patara romauli cifrebiT. yvela sxva<br />
ricxvi (Tavis nomrebi an naxatebis nomrebi) warmodgenilia arabuli cifrebiT,<br />
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu originalSi isini romauli cifrebiT aris aRniSnuli an<br />
sityvierad gadmocemuli.<br />
209
16.1.6 abreviaturebi<br />
SeniSvnebSi SeamokleT terminebi: redaq<strong>to</strong>ri, mTargmneli da <strong>to</strong>mi (red., mTargm.,<br />
t.). bibliografiis muxlebSi es terminebi xSirad gaSifrulia, rodesac isini<br />
gamoiyeneba informaciis warsadgenad (redaqtirebulia ...-is mier), xolo<br />
Semoklebuli saxiT gamoiyeneba, rodesac informaciis dasasruls aris<br />
warmodgenili (red.).<br />
16.1.7 Seweuli abzaci<br />
teqstSi SeniSvnebis Seweva sxva abzacebis msgavsad xdeba; yvela momdevno xazi<br />
swordeba marcxniv. bibliografiis muxlebis Seweva piriqiT xdeba: pirveli xazi<br />
swordeba marcxniv da yvela momdevno striqoni Seweulia abzacis zomis bijiT.<br />
16.2 bibliografiebi<br />
naSromebSi, romlebSic gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebisTvis gamoiyeneba<br />
sqolioSi miTiTebis stili, Cveulebriv, CarTulia SeniSvnebi da, agreTve,<br />
SeniSvnebSi miTiTebuli yvela wyaros bibliografiuli CamonaTvali. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom SeniSvnebSi da bibliografiebSi irTveba erTi da igive informacia,<br />
saWiroa mkiTxvelma es informacia orive adgilas naxos, vinaidan SeniSvnebi da<br />
bibliografia gansxvavebulad gamoiyeneba. SeniSvnebis daxmarebiT mkiTxvels<br />
SeuZlia, swrafad naxos konkretuli miTiTebis Sesabamisi wyaro, kiTxvis<br />
Sewyvetis gareSe, bibliografiaSi ki ixilos kvlevis masStabi da misi kavSiri<br />
manamde momzadebul naSromebTan. bibliografiis daxmarebiT mkiTxvels, agreTve,<br />
SeuZlia wyaroebis gamoyeneba sakuTar kvlevaSi. amdenad, naSromSi yovelTvis<br />
gamoiyeneT rogorc SeniSvnebi, ise, bibliografia, im SemTxvevebis garda,<br />
rodesac wyaro bevria an Tu instruq<strong>to</strong>ri gaZlevT sxvagvar miTiTebas. Tu<br />
bibliografias ar CarTavT, darwmundiT, rom SeniSvnebSi srulyofilad aris<br />
mocemuli informacia TiToeul wyaroze, pirvelad miTiTebisas mainc.<br />
16.2.1 bibliografiis saxeebi<br />
ZiriTadad bibliografiaSi unda CairTos TiToeuli naSromi, romelic<br />
miTiTebuli gaqvT teqstSi (garda ramdenime gansakuTrebuli saxis wyarosa; ix.<br />
16.2.3). SegiZliaT, CarToT is naSromebi, romlebic mniSvnelovani iyo<br />
msjelobisTvis, magram maTze teqstSi konkretuli miTiTeba ar gagikeTebiaT. am<br />
210
saxis wyaroebi daasaTaureT ase: bibliografia an gamoyenebuli wyaroebi. ix.<br />
danarTSi naxati A.15, sadac warmodgenilia bibliografiis nimuSi.<br />
arebobs sxva variantebic:<br />
- SerCeuli bibliografia. zogierTi bibliografia ar moicavs SeniSvnebSi<br />
miTiTebul yvela naSroms; es keTdeba sivrcis dazogvis an umniSvnelo<br />
miTiTebebis gamo<strong>to</strong>vebis mizniT, romlebic, savaraudod, ar iqneba<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis saintereso. SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT SerCeuli<br />
bibliografia, Tu gaqvT safuZvliani mizezebi saamisod da Tqveni<br />
instruq<strong>to</strong>ri an mrCeveli gamarTlebulad miiCnevs amas. daasaTaureT es<br />
masala Semdegnairad: SerCeuli bibliografia da zemoT daamateT<br />
-<br />
SeniSvna, sadac aRwerili iqneba SerCevis principi.<br />
bibliografia erTi av<strong>to</strong>ris mixedviT. zogierTi av<strong>to</strong>ri erTi av<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
naSromebs calke Camowers st<strong>and</strong>artul bibliografiasTan erTad. Tumca,<br />
x<strong>and</strong>axan, SeiZleba, mxolod aseTi saxiT warmoadginos bibliografia, erT<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rs exeba naSromi da iqve miuTiTos ramdenime sxva wyaro. aseTi<br />
CamonaTvali Semdegnairad daasaTaureT: ..... –is [av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari]<br />
Txzulebebi/naSromebi an raime saTanado aRwerilobiTi saTauri<br />
(gamoqveynebuli naSromebi, naSromebi, da a.S.). SegiZliaT, daalagoT<br />
qronologiuri an anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT saTauris mixedviT. Tu<br />
-<br />
qronologiurad alagebT, erTsa da imave wels gamoqveynebuli naromebis<br />
saTaurebi anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT CamowereT.<br />
anotirebuli bibliografia. zogierTi mwerali bibliografiis TiToeul<br />
muxls urTavs naSromis Sinaarsis mokle aRweras an informacias imis<br />
Sesaxeb, Tu ra kavSirSia masala kvlevasTan. ZiriTad SemTxvevebSi, Tu<br />
erT muxls urTavT anotacias, unda daurToT yvelas. Tumca, mkvlevrebi<br />
zogjer anotacias urTaven mxolod yvelaze mniSvnelovan naSromebs an im<br />
naSromebs, romelTa kvlevasTan Sesabamisoba SeiZleba, ar iyos<br />
TvalsaCino. Tu anotaciebi mokle frazebia, CasviT frCxilebSi da<br />
miuTiTeT publikaciis Sesaxeb informaciis Semdeg (gaiTvaliswineT, rom<br />
frCxilebSi Casmul muxlSi an mis Semdeg wertili ar daismis):<br />
211
: Tulmini, stiven. argumentis gamoyeneba. kembriji: kembrijis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 1958. (gardamtexi teqsti, struqturis arasimboluri eniT<br />
aRwerili argumentiT).<br />
SegiZliaT, agreTve, daama<strong>to</strong>T anotacia sruli winadadebis saxiT axal<br />
striqonze Seweuli abzacis gamoyenebiT:<br />
b: Tulmini, stiven. argumentis gamoyeneba. kembriji: kembrijis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 1958.<br />
es aris gardamtexi teqsti, romelSic argumenti aRwerilia struqturis<br />
arasimboluri eniT.<br />
16.2.2 muxlebis dalageba<br />
anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT av<strong>to</strong>ris mixedviT. bibliografia, rogorc wesi,<br />
warmoadgens yvela wyaros erTian CamonaTvals; wyaroebi dalagebulia anbanis<br />
mixedviT av<strong>to</strong>ris, redaq<strong>to</strong>ris an TiToeul muxlSi pirvel adgilze<br />
miTiTebuli piris gvaris mixedviT. (ucxo saxelebis, Sedgenili saxelebis da<br />
sxva gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisas anbanis mixedviT dalagebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.1.1)<br />
teqstis redaqtirebis programebis umravlesobas aqvs anbanis mixedviT<br />
dalagebis funqcia; Tu am funqcias iyenebT, TiToeul muxls unda mosdevdes<br />
myari gadatana. Tu sakurso an sadisertacio naSromze muSaobT, SesaZloa,<br />
fakultetma an universitetma migiTiToT, rom muxlebSi informacia anbanis<br />
mixedviT unda daalagoT asoebis an sityvebis mixedviT; ix. `Cikagos stilis<br />
saxelmZRvanelo”, 18.56 -59, me-15 gamocema (2003 w.), sadac mocemulia am ori<br />
sistemis ganmarteba.<br />
Tu bibliografia moicavs or an met naSroms, romlebic dawerili,<br />
redaqtirebuli an naTargmnia erTi da imave piris mier, daalageT muxlebi<br />
anbanurad saTauris mixedviT (artiklebs yuradRebas nu miaqcevT). pirvelis<br />
garda, yvela muxlSi SecvaleT piris saxeli grZeli tireTi, romelsac ewodeba<br />
sami M-is sigrZis tire (ix. 21.7.3). redaqtirebis an Targmnis miTiTebisas (red.,<br />
Targmn. da a.S.) tires Semdeg dasviT mZime da saTanado aRniSvna. CamowereT<br />
212
yvela aseTi naSromi im naSromebamde, romelTa SemTxvevaSic piri iyo<br />
Tanaav<strong>to</strong>ri an Tanaredaq<strong>to</strong>ri.<br />
b: geiTs, henri luis umcr. amerika da feri: dialogi afroamerikelebTan. niuiorki:<br />
gamomcemloba uoren buqsi, 2004<br />
-----------, red. monebis klasikuri monayoli. niu-iorki: gamomcemloba fengvin<br />
petmani, 2002.<br />
-----------. gamorCeuli maimuni: afroamerikuli literaturuli kritikis Teoria.<br />
niu-iorki: oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1989.<br />
geiTs, henri luis umcr., da kornel vesti. afroamerikuli saukune: rogor<br />
Secvales Savkanianma amerikelebma Cveni qveyana.Nniu-iorki: gamomcemloba,<br />
fri presi, 2000.<br />
igive principi gamoiyeneba iseTi naSromebisTvis, romlebic dawerilia<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rebis erTi jgufis mier, romlebic miTiTebulia erTi da igive<br />
TanmimdevrobiT.<br />
b: marti, martin e., da r. skoT eflbai, red.-ebi. fundamentalizmis Sesaxeb.<br />
Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 2004.<br />
--------. dideba da Zalaufleba: fundamentalisturi gamowveva Tanamedrove<br />
msoflios. bos<strong>to</strong>ni: gamomcemloba bikon presi , 1992.<br />
marti, martin i., da mika marti. rodesac WeSmariti simartives vpoulobT:<br />
rTul samyaroSi sulieri siwmindis povna. gr<strong>and</strong> rapods, miCigani:<br />
gamomcemloba uilian ermanis gamomcemloba, 1998.<br />
Tu wyaroSi ar aris miTiTebuli av<strong>to</strong>ri an redaq<strong>to</strong>ri, anbanurad daalageT<br />
miTiTebis pirveli elementi, Cveulebriv, saTauris mixedviT. nu miaqcevT<br />
yuradRebas artiklebs.<br />
b: moxseneba indoeTis didi trigonometruli Sefasebis Sesaxeb. 22<br />
<strong>to</strong>mi. dera dani: indoeTis kvleva, 1870-1910.<br />
`indoeTis didi trigonometriuli Sefaseba.” kalkuta riviu 38 [1863]: 26-62.<br />
`saxelmwifo da aziis samomavlo perspeqtiva”. quorterli riviu 63, no. 126 (1839<br />
wlis marti): 369-402.<br />
araanbanuri TanmimdevrobiT dalageba. drodadro mkiTxvelisTvis ufro<br />
mosaxerxebeli iqneba anbanuris garda, sxva Tanmimdevrobis gamoyeneba. rogorc<br />
213
wesi, ufro mosaxerxebelia, qronologiurad dalagdes erTi av<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
bibliografiebi, agreTve, informacia specialuri CamonaTvlebis _ sagazeTo<br />
statiebis, saarqivo masalebis Sesaxeb da a.S. SeiZleba, agreTve, mosaxerxebeli<br />
iyos Tanmimdevrobis Semobruneba konkretuli mizniT – magaliTad,<br />
<strong>to</strong>pografiuli rukebis CamonaTvlis dros, roca rukebi dalagebulia Statis an<br />
regionis mixedviT. Tu anbanuris an qronologiuris garda sxva Tanmimdevrobas<br />
iyenebT, dasawyisSi warmodgenil SeniSvnaSi ganmarteT, ra<strong>to</strong>m gadawyviteT am<br />
principis gamoyeneba.<br />
kategoriebad dalagebuli CamonaTvlebi. SedarebiT vrceli bibliografia<br />
SegiZliaT, daalagoT kategoriebad, es mkiTxvels daexmareba, jgufis saxiT<br />
dainaxos dakavSirebuli wyaroebi. SedarebiT vrceli bibliografiebis<br />
seqciebad kategorizaciis gavrcelebuli gzebi moicavs Semdegi principebs:<br />
- wyaroebis dalageba wyaros formis mixedviT. SegiZliaT, SeqmnaT<br />
xelnawerebis, saarqivo koleqciebis, Canawerebis da a.S. calke siebi.<br />
- wyaroebis dalageba rigis mixedviT. SegiZliaT, erTi av<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
bibliografiis msgavsad, cal-calke daalagoT pirvelxarisxovani,<br />
-<br />
meorexarisxovani da mesamexarisxovani wyaroebi.<br />
wyaroebis dalageba sferos mixedviT. wyaroebis dajgufeba SegiZliaT<br />
sferos mixedviT an mkiTxvelis interesebis mixedviT (rogorc am wignis<br />
bibliografiaSia). magaliTad, komediuri literaturis Teoriis da<br />
fsiqologiis Sesaxeb gamoyenebuli naSromebis miTiTebisas, SeiZleba<br />
wyaroebis kategorizacia: komediis Teoria, fsiqologiuri kvlevebi,<br />
literaturuli kritika, komediuri Janris nawarmoebebi.<br />
Tu axdenT wyaroebis kategorizacias, warmoadgineT isini calkeuli an erTiani<br />
bibliografiiT, romelic seqciebad iqneba dayofili. calkeuli bibliografia<br />
an seqcia warmoadgineT qvesaTauriT an, Tu saWiroa, dasawyisSi mocemuli<br />
SeniSvniT. erTiani bibliografiis TiToeul seqciaSi gamoiyeneT Tanmimdevrobis<br />
erTi da igive principi (Cveulebriv, anbanis mixedviT). nu miuTiTebT wyaros<br />
erTze met seqciaSi, Tu misi garkveviT kategorizacia ar SeiZleba ori an<br />
ramdenime sxva xerxiT. Tu Tanmimdevrobis gansxvavebul principebs iyenebT,<br />
214
ibliografiebi SeqmeniT cal-calke da TiToeuls daurTeT sakuTari<br />
ganmartebiTi saTauri.<br />
16.2.3 wyaroebi, romelTa gamo<strong>to</strong>veba SeiZleba<br />
rogorc wesi, SegiZliaT bibliografiaSi ar miuTiToT Semdegi saxis wyaroebi:<br />
- sagazeTo statiebi (ix. 17.4)<br />
- klasikuri, Suasaukuneebis da arqauli inglisuriT dawerili<br />
-<br />
literaturuli nawarmoebebi (17.5.1) da (zogierT SemTxvevaSi) cnobili<br />
inglisurenovani piesebi (17.8.7)<br />
biblia da sxva wminda werilebi (17.5.2)<br />
- cnobili sacnobaro literatura, rogoricaa didi leqsikonebi da<br />
-<br />
enciklopediebi (17.5.3)<br />
mokle gamoqveynebuli masala, rogoricaa gamoqveynebuli naSromebis an<br />
warmodgenebis recenziebi (17.5.4), mokle mimoxilvebi (17.5.5), broSurebi da<br />
angariSebi (17.5.6)<br />
- gamouqveynebeli interviuebi da piradi mimowera (17.6.3), veblogis<br />
informacia da komentarebi (17.7.2) da eleqtronuli fostis adresatebis<br />
siebi (17.7.3)<br />
- konkretuli<br />
(17.6.4)<br />
dokumentebi gamouqveynebeli xelnawerebis krebulebidan<br />
- saxviTi da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis mravali wyaro, maT Soris,<br />
-<br />
mxatvruli xelovnebis nimuSebi da sxva msgavsi wyaroebi (17.8.1), cocxali<br />
Sesruleba (17.8.2), satelevizio da sxva samauwyeblo programebi (17.8.3)<br />
aSS-is konstitucia (17.9.5), sasamarTlo saqmeebi (17.9.7) da zogierTi sxva<br />
sajaro dokumenti (17.9)<br />
SeiZleba, bibliografiaSi CarToT konkretuli naSromi romelime am<br />
kategoriidan, romelic mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an xSirad gaqvT<br />
miTiTebuli.<br />
Tu erTi ufro didi nawilidan iyenebT mraval aseT wyaros -- magaliTad,<br />
ramdenime dokuments xelnawerTa erTi krebulidan – SegiZliaT, miuTiToT<br />
ufro didi nawili, rogorc es me-17 Tavis Sesabamis punqtebSia ganxiluli.<br />
215
16.3 SeniSvnebi<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rebi SeniSvnis ramdenime sxvadasxva saxes iyeneben; SeniSvnis saxis arCeva<br />
damokidebulia sferoze, mkiTxvelze da naSromis tipze. am nawilSi axsnilia<br />
SeniSvnebis saxeebi da maTi SerCevis principi.<br />
16.3.1 sqolioebi da teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi<br />
Tqvens fakultetze SesaZloa, konkretulad iyos gansazRvruli, sqolioebi<br />
unda gamoiyenoT Tu teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
Tezisis an sadisertacio naSromisTvis. Tu konkretuli miTiTeba ar arsebobs,<br />
Cveulebriv, unda arCioT sqolioebi, romlebic ufro advili wasakiTxia.<br />
teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebis gamoyenebisas mkiTxvels uwevs naSromis<br />
bolomde gadafurcvla TiToeuli citirebis Sesamowmeblad. Tu<br />
Sinaarsobriv SeniSvnebs teqstis bolos Catanil SeniSvnebSi CarTavT (ix. 16.3.5),<br />
mkiTxvelma SeiZleba, yuradReba ar miaqcios maT, vinaidan teqstis bolos<br />
SeniSvnebis naxvis gareSe ver mixvdeba, romeli SeniSvnaa arsebiTi da romelSi<br />
mxolod wyaroebia citirebuli.<br />
meores mxriv, aarCieT teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi, rodesac sqolioebi<br />
imdenad grZeli an bevria, rom gverdze Zalian did adgils ikavebs, naSromi<br />
kargavs vizualur mimzidvelobas da rTuli wasakiTxi xdeba. amasTanave,<br />
teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebSi ufro mosaxerxebelia cxrilebis, poeturi<br />
citatebis da sxva masalis CarTva, romelic specialur gaformebas moiTxovs.<br />
teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebis gamoyenebisas, Tu wyaros miTiTebebisgan<br />
gamoacalkevebT Sinaarsobriv SeniSvnebs, SeZlebT, SeamciroT riski, rom<br />
mkiTxvels gamorCeba mniSvnelovani komentarebi. danomreT wyaros miTiTebebi da<br />
moaTavseT isini teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebSi. arsebiTi SeniSvnebi<br />
aRniSneT varskvlaviT da sxva simboloebiT (ix. 16.3.3) da dabeWdeT rogorc<br />
sqolioebi. ase nu moiqceviT, Tu ramdenime an meti Sinaarsobrivi SeniSvna gaqvT<br />
gamoyenebuli.<br />
216
16.3.2 SeniSvnebis miTiTeba teqstSi<br />
rodesac miuTiTebT an sxvagvarad iyenebT wyaros masalas, teqstSi unda<br />
CarToT zeda indeqsiT nomeri, romelic miuTiTebs mkiTxvels im SeniSvnaze,<br />
romelSic am wyaros Sesaxeb bibliografiuli informaciaa mocemuli. citatebis<br />
umetesobisTvis, CasviT uSualod momdevno nomeri, ganurCevlad imisa, citata<br />
teqstSia CarTuli Tu blokuri citatis saxiT aris gamoyofili (ix. 25.2).<br />
zogierTi citatisTvis da st<strong>and</strong>artuli citirebebisTvis, miTiTebis nomeri<br />
moaTavseT winadadebis bolos, bolo sasveni niSnis, brWyalebis an frCxilis<br />
daxurvis Semdeg.<br />
kinahanis Sarms ZiriTadad magia ganapirobebda. 1<br />
,,ai”, werda jorj Tempel<strong>to</strong>n strongi, `amis gakeTeba SeuZliaT Cvens mkeravebs.”<br />
(manamde gamocemul wignSi man TiTqmis sapirispiro ram Tqva.) 3<br />
Tumca, Tu SeniSvna Seexeba tiremde arsebul teqsts, miTiTebis nomeri CasviT<br />
tires win:<br />
SoTuelis seriebSi gamoCnda mikerZoebulobis elementebi 4 – Tumca, ara TvalSi<br />
sacemad.<br />
ar CasvaT erTdroulad erTze meti indeqsi (mag., 5, 6 ). amis nacvlad gamoiyeneT<br />
erTi nomeri da CarTeT yvela miTiTeba an komentari erT SeniSvnaSi (ix. 16.3.5).<br />
esTetikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, nu CarTavT SeniSvnebis nomrebs<br />
saTauris, qvesaTauris an qveTavis SigniT an bolos. Tu SeniSvna Seexeba mTlian<br />
Tavs, gamo<strong>to</strong>veT nomeri da CasviT nomris gareSe sqolio pirveli gverdis<br />
bolos, danomril SeniSvnebamde. Tu SeniSvna Seexeba nawils, romelic mosdevs<br />
qveTavis saTaurs, CasviT miTiTebis nomeri mocemuli nawilis pirveli<br />
winadadebis Semdeg.<br />
217
16.3.3 SeniSvnebis danomvra<br />
SeniSvnebi danomreT Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT, daiwyeT 1-iT. Tu naSroms calke<br />
Tavebi aqvs, TiToeul TavSi xelaxla daiwyeT danomvra pirveli SeniSvniT. nu<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>vebT nomers da nu gamoiyenebT iseT nomrebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, 5a.<br />
Tu wyaros citirebisTvis gamoiyenebT teqstis bolos Catanil SeniSvnas,<br />
Sinaarsobrivi SeniSvnebisTvis (ix. 16.3.1) ki sqolioebs, ar danomroT sqolioebi.<br />
amis nacvlad, aRniSneT is pirveli sqolios gverdze varskvlaviT (*). Tu<br />
gverdze erTze meti sqolio gaqvT gamoyenebuli, indeqsis simboloebi Semdegi<br />
TanmimdevrobiT gamoiyeneT * † ‡ §<br />
cxrilebisTvis gamoyenebuli SeniSvnebis Sesaxeb ix. 26.2.7.<br />
16.3.4 SeniSvnebis daformateba<br />
sqolioebi da teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi SewieT abzacis msgavsad.<br />
TiToeuli SeniSvnis dasawyisSi aRniSneT miTiTebis nomeri, sasurvelia<br />
daibeWdos ara rogorc zeda indeqsi, aramed rogorc Cveulebrivi teqsti.<br />
ricxvs da SeniSvnis teqsts Soris dasviT wertili da gamo<strong>to</strong>veT intervali.<br />
Tu nebadarTulia departamentis an universitetis mier gansazRvruli<br />
miTiTebebiT, SegiZliaT, amis nacvlad SeniSvnebSi miTiTebis nomrebisTvis<br />
gamoiyenoT qveda indeqsi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli SeniSvnis teqsti<br />
wertilis da intervalis gareSe unda daiwyoT. es meTodi gamoiyeneT im<br />
SeniSvnebisTvis, romlebic aRniSnulia simboloebiT (ix. 16.3.3.).<br />
sqolioebi. TiToeuli sqolio daiwyeT gverdze, romelzec keTdeba sqolioze<br />
miTiTeba. CasviT mokle xazi teqstis bolo striqonsa da pirvel sqolios<br />
Soris TiToeul gverdze, maT Soris, im SeniSvnebs Sorisac, romlebic wina<br />
gverdebidan aris gadmosuli, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqveni teqsturi<br />
damuSavebis programas amis av<strong>to</strong>maturad damuSavebis funqcia ar aqvs. Tu<br />
sqolio momdevno gverdze gadadis, gayaviT is Sua winadadebaSi, raTa<br />
218
mkiTxvelma ar ifiqros, rom SeniSvna dasrulda da aRar waikiTxon momdevno<br />
gverdze moTavsebuli nawili. Tu erTze meti sqolioa, gverdze daiwyeT<br />
TiToeuli momdevno SeniSvna calke striqonidan, mis win da<strong>to</strong>veT carieli<br />
striqoni.<br />
teqstebiT.<br />
ix. naxati A.10, sadac mocemulia sanimuSo gverdi sqolioebis<br />
teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi. teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi unda<br />
Camoiweros erTad teqstis da danarTebis dasrulebis Semdeg, bibliografiis<br />
CamonaTvlis dawyebamde. daiwyeT TiToeuli SeniSvna axal striqonze, gamo<strong>to</strong>veT<br />
carieli striqoni SeniSvnebs Soris. CamonaTvals gaukeTeT saTauri SeniSvnebi.<br />
Tu xelaxla iwyebT danomvras TiToeuli TavisTvis, daamateT qvesaTaurebi,<br />
raTa gamijnoT SeniSvnebi Tavebis mixedviT: `Tavi 1” da a.S. ix. naxati 14, sadac<br />
mocemulia teqstis bolos gamotanili SeniSvnebis gverdis nimuSi.<br />
16.3.5 kompleqsuri SeniSvnebi<br />
citirebebi. Tu ramdenime wyaros citirebas axdenT erTi Tvalsazrisis<br />
gasamyareblad, moerideT teqstis datvirTvas miTiTebis nomrebis erT<br />
SeniSvnaSi dajgufebiT. CamoTvaleT citirebebi imave TanmimdevrobiT,<br />
rogoriTac miTiTeba Cndeba teqstSi; gamoyaviT citirebebi wertil-mZimeebiT.<br />
uiTmanis formebis masStabi da damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi CvenTis gasagebi xdeba<br />
mxolod ramdenime mecnieris naSromebis erTad gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi – uolter<br />
saTonis mier uiTmenis leqsebis ganmartebebi; pol faselis mier `akvanSi”<br />
struqturis saguldagulo Seswavla; s.q. qofmanis mier `bruklinis boraniT<br />
mgzavrobisa” da “induri pasaJis” garCeva. 1<br />
S: 1. saToni, `leqsis Tavisufali formis analizi, ilustrirebulia uaiTmanis<br />
analiziT”, esTeTikisa da xelovnebis kritikis Jurnali 18 (1959 wlis dekemberi):<br />
241-54; faseli, `uiTmenis saintereso galoba: mogoneba da Sejereba”, r.u.b.<br />
liuisis mier redaqtirebul naSromSi `uiTmanis siaxlove”, 28-51; qofmani,<br />
`bruklinis boraniT mgzavrobisa”: ,,SeniSvna uitmanis poeziaSi katalogis<br />
teqnikaze”, Tanamedrove filologia 51 (1954 wlis maisi): 225-32; qofmani,<br />
,,uitmanis “induri pasaJis” forma da Sinaarsi” PMLA 70 (1995 wlis ivnisi): 337-49.<br />
219
odesac mTel rig damatebiT wyaroebs miuTiTebT, mosaxerxebelia, agreTve,<br />
citirebebis dajgufeba da mas jaWvur citirebebs uwodeben.<br />
S: 2. fsiqologiuri, neorofsiqologiuri, da filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT<br />
TviTSegnebis Tanamimdevrulobis procesebis Sesaxeb ix. bernar j. baarsi,<br />
TviTSegnebis SemecnebiTi Teoria (niu-iorki: kembrijis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 1988); jerald edelmeni, msubuqi haeri, brwyinvale cecxli: azris<br />
Sesaxeb (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba beisqi buqsi, 1992); da deniel deneTi,<br />
TviTSegnebis analizi (bos<strong>to</strong>ni: gamomcemloba Little Brown, 1991).<br />
citirebebi da komentarebi. Tu SeniSvna imavdroulad moicavs citirebas da<br />
Sinaarsobriv komentars, pirvel rigSi, CasviT citireba, mis Semdeg dasviT<br />
wertili, Semdeg ki calke winadadebaSi CasviT komentari.<br />
parizSi stumroba, imavdroulad, iyo tkboba saukeTeso Tanamedrove da yvelaze<br />
cocxali xelovnebis centriT. 9<br />
S: 2. neTi, `parizis saxelovnebo saswavleblebi”, 269. `oqros xanis”<br />
amerikelma mxatvrebma imogzaures evropuli xelovnebis sxva centrebSi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia miunxeni, Tumca parizma yvelas gadaaWarba<br />
masStabiTa da mniSvnelobiT.<br />
rodesac SeniSvnaSi citatas rTavT, miTiTeba moaTavseT citatis bolo sasveni<br />
niSnis Semdeg.<br />
S: 33. `nafici msajulebi Seiswavlian wardgenil saCivrebs da braldebebs da<br />
Statis mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze gamoscemen sabraldebo<br />
daskvnas.” qerm holi, magiurgi sarke: kanoni amerikis is<strong>to</strong>riaSi (niu-iorki:<br />
oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1989), 172.<br />
SeniSvnebSi arsebiTi komentarebi zomierad gamoiyeneT. Tu Tvalsazrisi<br />
mniSvnelovania argumentisTvis, CarTeT teqstSi. Tu naklebad mniSvnelovania,<br />
220
kargad moifiqreT, aris Tu ara imdenad mniSvnelovani, rom Caisvas calke<br />
SeniSvnis saxiT.<br />
16.4 mokle formebi SeniSvnebisTvis<br />
zogierT sferoSi instruq<strong>to</strong>ri SeiZleba, moelodes Tqvengan, rom TiToeul<br />
SeniSvnaSi CarTavT srul bibliografiul monacemebs. Tumca, umetes sferoebSi<br />
SegiZliaT, naSromis pirvelad miTiTebisas warmoadginoT sruli citireba,<br />
Semdgom citirebebSi ki _ Semoklebuli. ramdenime sferoSi av<strong>to</strong>rebma daiwyes<br />
Semoklebuli formebis gamoyeneba yvela citirebisTvis, srul monacemebs ki<br />
mxolod bibliografiaSi miuTiTeben.<br />
Tu ar iciT, Tqvens sferoSi rogori meTodia gavrcelebuli, gaecaniT Tqveni<br />
departamentis an universitetis mier gansazRvrul miTiTebebs.<br />
16.4.1 Semoklebuli SeniSvnebi<br />
Semoklebuli SeniSvna unda moicavdes sakmaris informacias imisaTvis, rom<br />
mkiTxvelma moZebnos sruli citireba bibliografiaSi an wina SeniSvnaSi.<br />
SeniSvnebis ori ZiriTadi variantia: mxolod av<strong>to</strong>ri da av<strong>to</strong>ri-saTauri. mTel<br />
rig sferoebSi, yvela Semoklebuli SeniSvnisTvis, mwerlebi iyeneben SeniSvnis<br />
formas _ av<strong>to</strong>ri-saTauri; sxva sferoebSi, umetesad, Semoklebuli<br />
SeniSvnebisTvis av<strong>to</strong>rebi iyeneben formas _ mxolod av<strong>to</strong>ri, xolo av<strong>to</strong>risaTauris<br />
formas, rodesac axdenen erTi da igive av<strong>to</strong>ris erTze meti naSromis<br />
citirebas. Tu wyaros ar hyavs av<strong>to</strong>ri (an redaq<strong>to</strong>ri), SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT<br />
mxolod saTauri SeniSvna. naxatSi 16.2 warmodgenilia nimuSebi TiToeuli saxis<br />
Semoklebuli SeniSvnisTvis.<br />
SeniSvna mxolod av<strong>to</strong>ris miTiTebiT Seicavs av<strong>to</strong>ris gvars da gverdis nomrebs<br />
(an adgilis ganmsazRvrel sxva maxasiaTebels), gamoyofilia mZimiT da mis<br />
Semdeg daismeba wertili. Tu naSroms av<strong>to</strong>ris garda hyavs redaq<strong>to</strong>ri, miuTiTeT<br />
redaq<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, Tumca, ar daurToT red.. av<strong>to</strong>ri-saTauris SeniSvnis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, emateba Semoklebuli saTauri, romelic Sedgeba sruli saTauridan<br />
moyvanili oTxamde sityvisgan. av<strong>to</strong>ri da Semoklebuli saTauri erTmaneTisgan<br />
221
gamoyaviT mZimiT, xolo saTauri dabeWdeT daxrili SriftiT an CasviT<br />
brWyalebSi, rogorc sruli SeniSvnis SemTxvevaSi moiqceodiT.<br />
S: 1. filip boli, kaSkaSa dedamiwa: xelovneba da feri (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba<br />
farari, strausi da Jiro, 2001), 140.<br />
4. boli, 204.<br />
an<br />
4. boli, kaSkaSa dedamiwa, 204.<br />
12. nensi l. grini, `gasvlis politika: imigraciis modelis Semobruneba”,<br />
Tanamedrove is<strong>to</strong>riis Jurnali 77 (2005 wlis ivnisi): 275.<br />
an<br />
17. grini, 276.<br />
17. grini, `gasvlis politika”, 276.<br />
20. jon demosi, `namdvili ambebi da sxva Txzulebebi: ”, naSromSi uaxlesi<br />
is<strong>to</strong>ria: is<strong>to</strong>rikosebi da romanistebi upirispirdebian amerikis warsuls (da<br />
erTmaneTs), red. mark s. karnsi (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba saimoni da Susteri,<br />
2001), 135.<br />
an<br />
22. demosi, 138.<br />
22. demosi, “namdvili ambebi,” 138.<br />
rodesac naSroms mravali av<strong>to</strong>ri an redaq<strong>to</strong>ri hyavs, CamoTvaleT gvarebi igive<br />
TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc srul SeniSvnaSia mocemuli.<br />
222
S: 5. ian h. kalicki da devid l. goldvini, red.-ebi, energetika da usafrTxoeba:<br />
sagareo politikis axali strategiis SemuSaveba (baltimori: jon hopkinsis<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005), 195-96.<br />
8. kalicki da goldvini, 204.<br />
an<br />
8. kalicki da goldvini, energetika da usafrTxoeba, 204.<br />
16.4.2 Ibid.<br />
iyo dro, rodesac av<strong>to</strong>rebi amoklebdnen citirebebs SeniSvnebSi laTinuri<br />
terminebis da abreviaturebis gamoyenebiT: idem - ,,igive”, op. cit., opere cita<strong>to</strong><br />
- `citirebul naSromSi”; da loc.cit. - `citirebul adgilas.” es wesi aRar<br />
miiCneva mizanSewonilad. amdenad, moerideT laTinuri citirebis terminebis<br />
gamoyenebas. es ar exeba ibid., romelic momdinareobs sityvidan ibidem anu<br />
`iqve.” zogierTi av<strong>to</strong>ri jer isev iyenebs ibid.-s citirebis SemoklebisTvis im<br />
naSromis misaTiTeblad, romlis bibliografiuli monacemebi uSualod wina<br />
SeniSvnaSia mocemuli.<br />
S: 30. buxani, rCevebi dedebs, 71.<br />
31. ibid., 95.<br />
32. ibid.<br />
naxati 16.2 Semoklebuli SeniSvnebis nimuSebi<br />
qvemoT warmodgenili nimuSebi gviCvenebs, romeli elementebi da ra<br />
TanmimdevrobiT unda CairTos sami saxis Semoklebul SeniSvnebSi (ix. 16.4.1<br />
imisaTvis, Tu rodis gamoiyenoT TiToeuli forma). aq, agreTve, naCvenebia<br />
punqtuacia, saTaurebis mTavruli asoebiT dawyeba ucxoenovan wyaroebSi da<br />
elementebis gaformeba. ruxi daCrdilva miuTiTebs terminebze, rogorc isini<br />
faq<strong>to</strong>brivad aris citirebaSi. XX aRniSnavs citirebuli gverdebis nomrebs.<br />
mxolod av<strong>to</strong>ri SeniSvnebi<br />
223
1. erTi av<strong>to</strong>ri<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, XX-XX.<br />
2. daiamondi, 85-90.<br />
naSromisTvis, romlis citirebac xdeba redaq<strong>to</strong>ris an mTargmnelis mixedviT,<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ris nacvlad (ix. 17.1.1) miuTiTeT redaq<strong>to</strong>ri an mTargmneli. ar dama<strong>to</strong>T<br />
red. an Targmn., rogorc sruli SeniSvnisas gaakeTebdiT.<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. redaq<strong>to</strong>ris an mTargmnelis gvari, XX-XX.<br />
9. noli, 15.<br />
Tu erTze met av<strong>to</strong>rs aqvs erTi da igive gvari, gamoyaviT isini saxelebis<br />
miTiTebiT.<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvarebi, XX-XX.<br />
12. filip smiTi, 212-13.<br />
2. ori an sami av<strong>to</strong>ri<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari da meore av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, XX-XX.<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, meore av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari da mesame<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, XX-XX.<br />
15. eflbai, hanTi da jeiqobi, 140.<br />
3. oTxi an meti av<strong>to</strong>ri<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari da sxvebi, XX-XX.<br />
10. holi da sxv., 91-93.<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ri-saTauri SeniSvnebi<br />
4. wignebi<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, Semoklebuli saTauri, XX-XX.<br />
2. daiamondi, iaraRi, baqteriebi da foladi, 85-90.<br />
224
im wignebis citirebisas, romlebsac erTze meti av<strong>to</strong>ri hyavs, ixelmZRvaneleT<br />
me-2 da me-3 nimuSebSi av<strong>to</strong>rebis saxelebisTvis mocemuli sqemiT.<br />
naxati 16.2 Semoklebuli SeniSvnebis nimuSebi (gagrZeleba)<br />
5. statiebi<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, `Semoklebuli saTauri”, XX-XX.<br />
8. naiari, `saocari Tavgadasavlebi”, 225.<br />
im statiebisTvis, romelsac erTze meti av<strong>to</strong>ri hyavs, gamoiyeneT av<strong>to</strong>rebis<br />
saxelebis sqema, romelic mocemulia me-2 da me-3 nimuSebSi.<br />
SeniSvnebi mxolod saTauris miTiTebiT<br />
6. wignebi av<strong>to</strong>ris gareSe<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. Semoklebuli saTauri, XX-XX.<br />
11. angariSi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, 252<br />
7. statiebi av<strong>to</strong>ris gareSe<br />
S: SeniSvnis nomeri `Semoklebuli saTauri”, XX-XX.<br />
17. `didi trigonometriuli kvleva”, 26-27.<br />
SeniSvnebSi ibid ar unda daweroT daxrili SriftiT da mis Semdeg unda dasvaT<br />
wertili. Tu citireba moicavs gverdis nomers, dausviT mZime iqve-s Semdeg. Tu<br />
miTiTebis gverdis nomeri igivea, rogorc wina SeniSvnaSi, nu CarTavT gverdis<br />
nomers ibid-is Semdeg. nu gamoiyenebT ibid-s SeniSvnis Semdeg, romelic Seicavs<br />
erTze met citirebas, agreTve, moerideT ibid-is gamoyenebas im sqolioebze<br />
miniSnebis gasakeTeblad, romlebic ar aris moTavsebuli imave gverdze.<br />
225
6.4.3 frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi<br />
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi, sqolioebi da teqstis bolos Catanili<br />
SeniSvnebi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi wyaro, frCxilebSi Casmuli, SeiZleba,<br />
teqstSive miuTiToT da ara sqolioSi an teqstis bolos Catanil SeniSvnebSi.<br />
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvniT mkiTxvels sTavazobT ufro gasageb, advilad<br />
wasakiTx teqsts, gansakuTrebiT, Tu bevria miTiTeba ramdenime wyaroze.<br />
erTi mecnieris azriT, `rkinigzis gamo Cikago gaxda aRmosavlelebisa da<br />
dasavlelebis Sexvedris umniSvnelovanesi adgili” (qrononi, bunebis<br />
megapolisi, 92-93)<br />
SegiZliaT, gamudmebiT gamoiyenoT frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi garkveuli<br />
saxis wyaroebisTvis, romelTa moZieba mkiTxvels iolad SeuZlia mxolod<br />
ramdenime elementiT. aseTi wyaroebia: sagazeTo statia (ix. 17.4), sasamarTlo<br />
saqme (17.9.7), ufro adreuli literaturuli nawarmoebi (17.5.1), biblia an sxva<br />
wminda werili (17.5.2), an wyaro saxviTi da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis<br />
sferodan (17.8). maTi umetesobisTvis bibliografiaSi unda warmoadginoT sruli<br />
informacia.<br />
mraval sferoSi SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi, Tu<br />
ganixilavT konkretul naSroms vrclad da gWirdebaT masze miTiTebis xSirad<br />
gakeTeba. pirvelad, rodesac naSromze akeTebT miTiTebas, miuTiTeT sruli<br />
bibliografiuli monacemebi sqolioSi an teqstis bolos Catanil SeniSvnaSi;<br />
Semdgomi miTiTebebisTvis, Semoklebuli SeniSvnebis nacvlad gamoiyeneT<br />
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi (ix. 16.4.1). imis gamo, rom es axali meTodia<br />
zogierT sferoSi, gadaamowmeT instruq<strong>to</strong>rTan an mrCevelTan, vidre aseTi<br />
meTodiT miuTiTebdeT wyaroebs.<br />
enisa da literaturis Semswavlel sferoebSi frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebis<br />
nacvlad, rogorc wesi, ukve gamoiyeneba sqolioebi an teqstis bolos Catanili<br />
SeniSvnebi wyaroebis citirebis umetesobisTvis, maT Soris, TiToeul naSromze<br />
pirvelad miTiTebisas.<br />
226
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnis formatireba. frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvna<br />
dasviT iq, sadac CasvamdiT miTiTebis nomers SeniSvnisTvis: citatis,<br />
winadadebis an winadadebis nawilis bolos. SeniSvna unda daisvas mZimis,<br />
wertilis an sxva sasveni niSnis win da ara mis Semdeg, rodesac citata<br />
teqstSia CarTuli. xolo blokis saxiT gamoyofili citatis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
SeniSvna mosdevs bolo punqtuaciis niSans (magaliTisTvis ix. 25.2.2).<br />
yvelaze sruli frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvna Seicavs igive informacias, rasac<br />
Semoklebuli SeniSvnis forma _ av<strong>to</strong>ri-saTauri, sadac elementebi gamoyofilia<br />
mZimeebiT. (gaiTvaliswineT, rom elementebic da punqtuaciac odnav<br />
gansxvavebulia gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis stilis mixedviT<br />
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebis stilisgan, romelic aRwerilia me-18 da me-19<br />
TavebSi; nu aurevT an nu gaaerTianebT am or stils.)<br />
`is, rac introspeqciisas gveCveneba, rom moxdeba maSinve da Zalisxmevis gareSe,<br />
xSirad warmoadgens procesebis kompleqsur erTobliobas, romelTa<br />
dasrulebasac dro sWirdeba” (ledu, sineptikuri ujredi, 116).<br />
eqspertis azriT, samuSao adgilze megobrobis gansxvavebuli normebi moqmedebs<br />
(liTli, “kolegialobis normebi,” 330).<br />
zogierT sferoSi av<strong>to</strong>rebisgan moelian sruli formis gamoyenebas yvela<br />
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnisTvis; sxva sferoebSi maT SeuZliaT, Seamoklon<br />
SeniSvnebi, vinaidan sruli SeniSvnebi arRvevs teqstis dinebas. Tu Tqvens<br />
sferoSi dasaSvebia Semokleba, wyaroebis umetesobisTvis SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT<br />
erT-erTi sami variantidan:<br />
- mxolod gverdebis nomrebi. SegiZliaT, frCxilebSi CasvaT mxolod<br />
gverdis nomeri (nomrebi) an adgilis mimaniSnebeli sxva elementi, Tu<br />
mkiTxvels SeuZlia, iolad teqstidan amoicnos konkretuli wyaro an Tu<br />
is aris Tqveni kvlevis ZiriTadi sagani (rogorc qvemoT, pirvel<br />
magaliTSi, hariet biCer s<strong>to</strong>us biZia Tomas qoxis Sesaxeb), an Tu<br />
aRniSnavT av<strong>to</strong>rs an saTaurs teqstSi.<br />
227
sawyali joni! mogviTxrobs s<strong>to</strong>u. `es sakmaod bunebrivi iyo; da cremlebi,<br />
romlebic gadmoscvivda laparakisas, iseve bunebrivad wamovida, TiTqos<br />
is TeTrkanians ekuTvnoda” (169).<br />
ernst kasireris aRniSnavs amas “ena da miTSi” (59-60).<br />
- av<strong>to</strong>ri da gverdis nomeri. unda miuTiToT av<strong>to</strong>ri da gverdis nomeri<br />
(nomrebi) an adgilis aRmniSvneli sxva monacemi, Tu mkiTxveli iolad ver<br />
amoicnobs wyaros teqstidan da Tu mocemuli av<strong>to</strong>ris mxolod erT<br />
naSroms miuTiTebT.<br />
erTi swavlebis mixedviT, `materialuri kultura SeiZleba, iyos<br />
informaciis yvelaze obieqturi wyaro, romelic gagvaCnia amerikis<br />
warsulis Sesaxeb” (diTzi, 259), sxvebi ar eTanxmebian am mosazrebas.<br />
- saTauri da gverdis nomeri. unda CasvaT Semoklebuli saTauri da<br />
gverdis nomeri (nomrebi) an adgilis aRmniSvneli sxva monacemi, Tu<br />
mkiTxvels iolad SeuZlia av<strong>to</strong>ris amocnoba teqstidan da Tu mocemuli<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ris erTze met naSroms miuTiTebT.<br />
fiures azriT, `meore msoflio omma daasrula is, rac daiwyo pirveli<br />
msoflio omiT – didi politikuri religiebis dominireba evropis<br />
sazogadoebriv azrze” (pasingi, 360).<br />
Tu naSromi xSirad gaqvT miTiTebuli, saTauri unda SeamokloT. Tu<br />
abreviatura ar aris TvalsaCino, unda daakonkre<strong>to</strong>T is, SeniSvnaSi pirveli<br />
citirebisTvis. (Tu iyenebT xuTze met aseT abreviaturas citirebebSi,<br />
CamoTvaleT isini Tqveni naSromis calke nawilSi; ix. A.2.1.)<br />
S: 2. fransua fiure, iluziis gaqroba: komunizmis idea meoce saukuneSi, margmn.<br />
debora fiure (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 19990, 368<br />
(citirebulia teqstSi rogorc Pl).<br />
228
fiures TqmiT, `meore msoflio omiT dasrulda is, riTac daiwyo pirveli --<br />
didi politikuri religiebis dominireba evropis sazogadoebriv azrze” (Pl, 360).<br />
sagazeTo statiebisTvis da sxva saxis wyaroebisTvis, romlebSic av<strong>to</strong>ri,<br />
saTauri da gverdis nomeri ar aris ZiriTadi amosacnobi elementi (ix. me-17<br />
Tavis Sesabamisi<br />
SeniSvnis stili.<br />
nawilebi), saWiroebisamebr SecvaleT frCxilebSi Casmuli<br />
niu iork Taimsis statiaSi uzenaes sasamarTloSi gardaqmnebis Sesaxeb (2005<br />
wlis 30 seqtemberi) linda grinhauzi warmoadgens msjelobas am tendenciebis<br />
garSemo.<br />
229
17 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili: specifikuri saxis wyaroebis miTiTeba<br />
17.1 wignebi<br />
17.1.1 av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari<br />
17.1.2 saTauri<br />
17.1.3 gamocema<br />
17.1.4 <strong>to</strong>mi<br />
17.1.5 seria<br />
17.1.6. monacemebi gamocemis Sesaxeb<br />
17.1.7 gverdis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia<br />
17.1.8 Tavebi da wignis sxva dasaTaurebuli nawilebi<br />
17.1.9 werilebi da sxva korespondencia gamoqveynebul krebulebSi<br />
17.1.10 internetSi ganTavsebuli da sxva eleqtronuli wignebi<br />
17.2 saJurnalo statiebi<br />
17.2.1 av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari<br />
17.2.2 statiis saTauri<br />
17.2.3 Jurnalis saxelwodeba<br />
17.2.4 informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb<br />
17.2.5 gverdis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia<br />
17.2.6 specialuri gamocemebi da damatebebi<br />
17.2.7 internetSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi<br />
17.3 popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi<br />
17.4 sagazeTo statiebi<br />
17.4.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli sakiTxebi<br />
17.4.2 specialuri tipis sagazeTo miTiTebebi<br />
230
17.5 gamoqveynebuli wyaroebis damatebiTi saxeebi<br />
17.5.1 klasikuri, Suasaukuneebis da adreuli periodis inglisuri<br />
literaturuli Txzulebebi<br />
17.5.2 biblia da sxva wminda werilebi<br />
17.5.3 sacnobaro literatura<br />
17.5.4 recenziebi, kritikuli statiebi<br />
17.5.5 reziumeebi, mimoxilvebi<br />
17.5.6 bukletebi da angariSebi<br />
17.5.7 mikroformis gamocemebi<br />
17.5.8 CD-ROM-ebi an DVD-ROM-ebi<br />
17.5.9 onlain monacemTa bazebi<br />
17.6 gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi<br />
17.6.1 sakurso da sadisertacio naSromebi<br />
17.6.2 Sexvedrebze wakiTxuli leqciebi da moxsenebebi<br />
17.6.3 interviuebi da piradi mimowerebi<br />
17.6.4 xelnawerTa koleqciebi<br />
17.7 araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi<br />
17.7.1 vebgverdebi<br />
17.7.2 veblogebze gamoqveynebuli Canawerebi da komentarebi<br />
17.7.3 adresatTa eleqtronuli misamarTebis siebi<br />
17.8 wyaroebi saxviT da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi<br />
17.8.1 vizualuri wyaroebi<br />
17.8.2 cocxali Sesruleba<br />
17.8.3 satelevizio programebi da sxva samauwyeblo wyaroebi<br />
17.8.4 audioCanawerebi<br />
17.8.5 videoCanawerebi<br />
17.8.6 onlainmultimediuri failebi<br />
231
17.8.7 teqstebi vizualur da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi<br />
17.9 sajaro dokumentebi<br />
17.9.1 Sesatani elementebi, maTi Tanmimdevroba da daformatebis wesi<br />
17.9.2 kongresis publikaciebi<br />
17.9.3 sapreziden<strong>to</strong> publikaciebi<br />
17.9.4 saxelmwifo departamentebisa da saagen<strong>to</strong>ebis publikaciebi<br />
17.9.5 aSS-is konstitucia<br />
17.9.6 SeTanxmebebi, konvenciebi<br />
17.9.7 sasamarTlo saqmeebi<br />
17.9.8 saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis dokumentebi<br />
17.9.9 kanadis mTavrobis dokumentebi<br />
17.9.10 britaneTis mTavrobis dokumentebi<br />
17.9.11 saerTaSoriso organoebis publikaciebi<br />
17.9.12 gamouqveynebeli saxelmwifo dokumentebi<br />
17.9.13 onlain sajaro dokumentebi<br />
17.10 erTi wyaro, miTiTebuli meoreSi<br />
meTeqvsmete TavSi warmodgenilia sqolioSi miTiTebis sitlis<br />
gamoyenebiT SeniSvnebis miTiTebis nimuSi; agreTve, bibliografiis<br />
muxlebi, sruli SeniSvnebi, mokle SeniSvnebi da frCxilebSi Casmuli<br />
SeniSvnebi. Tu TqvenTvis ucnobia citirebis es stili, gaecaniT am<br />
sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil Tavs, vidre SeudgebodeT winamdebare Tavis<br />
wakiTxvas.<br />
am TavSiki detaluradaaganxiluli, rogor unda SeadginoT SeniSvnebi da<br />
bibliografiis muxlebi mravali tipis wyarosTvis. Tavi organizebulia<br />
wyaroTa tipebis mixedviT, iwyeba yvelaze gavrcelebuli wyaroebiT --<br />
wignebiT da saJurnalo statiebiT, xolo Semdeg ganixilulia sxva<br />
gamoqveynebuli, gamouqveynebeli da Cawerili wyaroebi. wignebisadmi (17.1)<br />
232
da saJurnalo statiebisadmi (17.2) miZRvnil nawilebSi ufro<br />
siRrmiseulad ganixileba variaciebi iseT elementebSi, rogoricaa<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, saTaurebi/saxelwodebebi da URL-misamarTebi,<br />
vidre naklebad gavrcelebuli wyaroebis Semcvel nawilebSi.<br />
onlain da sxva eleqtronuli wyaroebi, romlebic nabeWdi wyaroebis<br />
(magaliTad, onlain saJurnalo statiebi) analogiuria, miekuTvneba<br />
Sesabamisi tipis wyaros. `araoficialurad gamoqveynebul” (ix. 15.4.1)<br />
wyaroebad CaTvlili sxva onlain wyaroebi ganixileba 17.7-Si.<br />
nawilebis umravlesobaSeicavs sruli SeniSvnebisTvis (aRiniSneba `S”-Ti)<br />
da bibliografiis muxlebisTvis (b) gankuTvnil saxelmZRvanelo<br />
miTiTebebs da magaliTebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi magaliTebSi<br />
warmodgenilia erTi da imave naSromis miTiTeba orive formiT, raTa<br />
warmoCindes msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi maT Soris; sxva SemTxvevebSi<br />
naCvenebia gansxvavebuli naSromebi, raTa warmoCindes variaciebi<br />
elementebSi, konkretuli saxis wyaroSic ki.<br />
im tipis wyaros miTiTebisTvis, romelic ar aris am TavSi ganxiluli,<br />
ixileT`Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos” me-15 gamocemis (2003) me-17 Tavi.<br />
SegiZliaT, SeqmnaT qvemoT moyvanil principebTan da magaliTebTan<br />
misadagebuli sakuTari stili. pedagogebis, ganyofilebebis da<br />
universitetebis umravlesoba eTanxmeba amgvar adaptaciebs, TumaT am<br />
ukanasknelebTan SeTanxmebiT gamoiyenebT.<br />
17.1 wignebi<br />
wignebi asaxavselementebis ufro farTo diapazons, vidre sxva tipis<br />
gamoqveynebuli wyaroebis umetesoba. elementebSi arsebuli mravali<br />
variacia, romelic winamdebare nawilSia ganxiluli, sxva tipis<br />
wyaroebsac Seesabameba.<br />
233
17.1.1 av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari<br />
TiToeuli av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari zustad ise miuTiTeT, rogorc<br />
satitulo furcelzea warmodgenili. Tu saxeli da gvari moicavs erTze<br />
met inicials, da<strong>to</strong>veT maT Soris sivrceebi (ix. 24.2.1).<br />
SeniSvnebSi av<strong>to</strong>rebis saxelebi da gvarebi CamoTvaleT st<strong>and</strong>artuli<br />
rigiTobiT (pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT saxeli):<br />
S: 1. filip boli, dedamiwa xasxasa ferebSi: xelovneba da feris<br />
gamogoneba(niu-iorki: farari, Strausi da Jiro, 2001), 140.<br />
6. T. h. brini, revoluciis forumi: samomxmareblo politikisroli<br />
amerikis damoukideblobaSi (niu-iorki: oqsfordis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 2004),48.<br />
8. Eelizabet a., naSromebis krebuli, red. li s. markusi, jenel<br />
miuleri, da meri beT rouzi (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba,<br />
2000), 102-4.<br />
bibliografiismuxlebSi av<strong>to</strong>rebis saxelebi da gvarebi CamowereT<br />
Sebrunebuli TanmimdevrobiT (pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT gvari), zogierTi<br />
arainglisuri saxelebis da gvarebisa da sxva SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT,<br />
romlebic ganmartebulia qvemoT miTiTebul paragrafSi `specialuri<br />
tipis saxelebi da gvarebi”<br />
b:boli, filip. dedamiwa xasxasa ferebSi: xelovneba da feris gamogoneba.<br />
niu-iorki: farari, Strausi da Jiro, 2001.<br />
brini, T. h. revoluciis forumi: samomxmareblo politikis roli<br />
amerikis damoukideblobaSi.niu-iorki: oqsfordis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 2004.<br />
elizabet a. naSromebis krebuli.redaqtirebulia li s. markusis, jenel<br />
miuleris, da meri beT rouzis mier. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 2000.<br />
ramdenime av<strong>to</strong>ri.Tu wigns erTze meti av<strong>to</strong>ri hyavs,SeniSvnaSi miuTiTeT<br />
yvela saxeli da gvari st<strong>and</strong>artuli TanmimdevrobiT. sami an meti<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ris SemTxvevaSi `da”-s win dausviT mZime. Tu oTxi an meti av<strong>to</strong>ria,<br />
234
miuTiTeT mxolod pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, Semdeg ki da<br />
sxvebi.(mZimis wamZRvarebis gareSe).<br />
S: 2. kai berdi da martin j. Servini, amerikis promeTe: j. robert<br />
openhaimeris triumfi da tragedia(niu-iorki: alfred a. knofi, 2005). 52.<br />
3. jois eflbai, lin hanti, da margaret jeiqobi,simarTle is<strong>to</strong>riis<br />
Sesaxeb(niu-iorki: u. u. nor<strong>to</strong>ni&kompania, 1994), 135-36.<br />
8. Jaklin daud holi da sxvebi. ojaxis msgavsad: samxreTis bambis<br />
samyaros Seqmna (Cefel hili: CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 1987), 114-15.<br />
bibliografiis muxlSimiuTiTeT pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari<br />
Sebrunebuli TanmimdevrobiT, daurTeT mZime da CamoTvaleT danarCeni<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rebi st<strong>and</strong>artuli TanmimdevrobiT. miuTiTeT yvela av<strong>to</strong>ri, maTi<br />
raodenobis miuxedavad; ar gamoiyenoTda sxvebi.<br />
b: berdi, kai, da martin j. Servini.amerikis promeTe: j. robert openhaimeris<br />
triumfi da tragedia.niu-iorki: alfred a. knofi, 2005.<br />
eflbai, jois, lin hanti, da margaret jeiqobi. simarTle is<strong>to</strong>riis<br />
Sesaxeb.niu-iorki: u. u. nor<strong>to</strong>ni& kompania, 1994.<br />
holi, Jaklin daudi, jeims leloudisi, robert korstadi, meri merfi, lu<br />
en jounsi, da kris<strong>to</strong>fer b. deili. ojaxis msgavsad: samxreTis<br />
bambis samyaros Seqmna.Cefel hili: CrdiloeT karolinasuniversitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 1987.<br />
redaq<strong>to</strong>ri an mTrgmneli av<strong>to</strong>rTan erTad. Tu satitulo<br />
gverdze,av<strong>to</strong>ris garda, miTiTebulia redaq<strong>to</strong>ri an mTargmneli, miuTiTeT<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari ise, rogorc aRwerilia zemoT. redaq<strong>to</strong>ris an<br />
mTargmnelis saxeli da gvari daumateT wignis saxelwodebis Semdeg. Tu<br />
wigns mTargmnelic hyavs da redaq<strong>to</strong>ric, miuTiTeT maTi saxelebi da<br />
gvarebi imave TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc originalis satitulo gverdzea.<br />
SeniSvnebSi redaq<strong>to</strong>ris an mTargmnelis saxelis da gvaris win CasviT<br />
abreviatura red. (da arasdros red-ebi., vinaidan am konteqstSi igi<br />
aRniSnavs `redaqtirebulia ... X—is mier” da ara `redaq<strong>to</strong>ri”) an mTarg.<br />
235
S: 6. iv bonifoi, axali da rCeuli leqsebi,red. jon noToni da enToni<br />
rudolfi (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1995), 35.<br />
7. rigoberta menCu, sazRvris gadalaxva, mTarg. da red. en vraiTi(niu-<br />
iorki: gamomcemloba“eerso”, 1999), 50-51.<br />
10. Teodor u. adorno da volter benjamini. sruli mimowera, 1928-1940,<br />
red. henri lonici, mTarg. nikolas uoqeri (kembriji, masaCusetsi:<br />
harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999), 212.<br />
bibliografiis statiebSi redaq<strong>to</strong>ris an mTargmnelis saxelis da gvaris<br />
win CasviT fraza redaqtirebulia ... mier an Targmnilia ... mier.<br />
b:bonefoi, iv. axali da rCeuli leqsebi.redaqtirebulia jon noTonis da<br />
enToni rudolfis mier. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 1995.<br />
menCu, rigoberta. sazRvrebis gadalaxva. Targmnili da<br />
redaqtirebuliaen vraiTis mier. niu-iorki: “verso”. 1999.<br />
adorno, Teodor u., da uolter benjamini. sruli mimowera, 1928-1940<br />
redaqtirebulia henri lonicis mier. Targmnilia nikolas<br />
uoqeris mier.kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 1999.<br />
rodesac satitulo furcelze redaq<strong>to</strong>ri an mTargmneli miTiTebulia<br />
rTuli aRweriT, magaliTad, `redaqtirebulia, SesavliT da SeniSvnebiT,<br />
... X-is mier” an `Targmnilia, winasityvaobiT ...X-is mier”, SegiZliaT am<br />
frazis gamartiveba da mxolod `redaqtirebulia...X-is mier’’ an<br />
,,Targmnilia ...X-is’’ mier gamoyeneba, Semdgom ki zemoT moyvanilinimuSebis<br />
mixedviT dawera. sazogadod, Tu winasityvaoba an Sesavali dawerilia<br />
ara av<strong>to</strong>ris, aramed sxva romelime piris mier, ar aris aucilebeli am<br />
pirovnebis miTiTeba, Tu specialurad ar moixseniebT am nawils (ix. 17.1.8).<br />
im SemTxvevebisTvis, rodesac av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari miTiTebulia<br />
wignis saxelwodebaSi,xolo redaq<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari – satitulo<br />
furcelze, ixileT qvemoT mocemuli ,,av<strong>to</strong>rTan dakavSirebuli<br />
damatebiTi situaciebi”.<br />
236
edaq<strong>to</strong>ri an mTrgmneli av<strong>to</strong>ris nacvlad. rodesac redaq<strong>to</strong>ri an<br />
mTargmneli miTiTebulia wignis satitulo furcelze av<strong>to</strong>ris nacvlad,<br />
CawereT am pirovnebis saxeli da gvari av<strong>to</strong>risTvis gankuTvnil<br />
adgilas.dawereT iseve, rogorc dawerdiT av<strong>to</strong>ris saxels da gvars (ix.<br />
zemoT), Tumca, daumateT abreviatura red. ed. (mravlobiTSi red.-ebi) an<br />
mTarg.(mravlobiTSi mTarg.-ebi) gvaris da saxelis Semdeg. Tu redaq<strong>to</strong>ri<br />
an mTargmneli ramdenimea, ixelmZRvaneleT`ramdenime av<strong>to</strong>rSi”<br />
Camoyalibebuli principebiT.<br />
S: 3. Teodor silverStaini, mTargm., ser geveini da mwvane raindi(Cikago:<br />
UCikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1974), 34.<br />
4. timoTi e. fulopi da albert j. rabo<strong>to</strong>, red.-ebi,afroamerikuli<br />
religia: ganmartebiTi eseebi is<strong>to</strong>riisa da kulturis Temebze(niuiorki:gamomcemloba<br />
`ruTleji”, 1997), 412-14.<br />
b:silverStaini, Teodor, mTargm. ser geveini da mwvane raindi.Cikago: Cikagos<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1974.<br />
fulop, timoTi, e., da albert j. rabo<strong>to</strong>, red.-ebi. afroamerikuli<br />
religia: ganmartebiTi eseebi is<strong>to</strong>riisa da kulturis Temebze.niu-<br />
iorki: gamomcemloba `ruTleji”,1997<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi situaciebi. qvemoT<br />
warmogidgenTwyaroebSi av<strong>to</strong>rebis miTiTebis zogierT damatebiT<br />
saSualebas. Tu waawydebiT SemTxvevebs, romlebsac aq ar SevxebivarT,<br />
mimarTeT models, romelic migaCniaT masTan yvelaze axlos.<br />
- av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari saTaurSi. Tu av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari<br />
miTiTebulia iseTi wignis saTaurSi an qvesaTaurSi, rogoricaa<br />
av<strong>to</strong>biografia, SeniSvnaSi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari da<br />
daiwyeT saTauriT. xolo bibliografiis muxlSi CasviT av<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
saxeli da gvari,gameorebis miuxedavad. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
mraval msgavs naSromebs redaq<strong>to</strong>rebic hyavs, nu miuTiTebT maT<br />
saxelsa da gvars redaq<strong>to</strong>ris saxelis qveS, garda gansakuTrebuli<br />
SemTxvevebisa (magaliTad, am pirovnebis mier redaqtirebuli<br />
naSromebis Seswavlisas).<br />
237
S: 12. general u. T. Sermanis memuarebi, red. Carlz roisteri (niu-<br />
iorki: amerikis biblioTeka, 1990), 836.<br />
15. sinaTle da Ramis elvareba: qarson makqulersis daumTavrebeli<br />
av<strong>to</strong>biografia, red. karlos l. diusi (medisoni: viskonsinis<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999), 54.<br />
b:Sermani, u. T. general u. T. Sermanis memuarebi. redaqtirebulia Carlz<br />
roisteris mier. niu-iorki: amerikis biblioTeka, 1990.<br />
makulers, karson. ganaTeba da Ramis elvareba: qarson<br />
makqulersisdaumTavrebeli av<strong>to</strong>biografia. redaqtirebulia<br />
karlos l. diusis mier. medisoni: viskonsinis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 1999.<br />
- organizacia, rogorc av<strong>to</strong>ri. Tu organizaciis, asociaciis,<br />
komisiis an korporaciis mier gamoSvebuli publikaciis satitulo<br />
furcelze ar aris miTiTebuli av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, av<strong>to</strong>rad<br />
miuTiTeT sakuTriv organizacia, maSinac ki, rodesac igi<br />
miTiTebulia, rogorc gamomcemeli.<br />
S:9. j<strong>and</strong>acvis msoflio organizacia, fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacvis<br />
momsaxurebis organizacia(Jeneva: j<strong>and</strong>acvis msoflio organizacia, 2003),<br />
50.<br />
b: SeerTebul Statebze teroristuli Tavdasxmebis erovnuli komisia.11<br />
seqtembris komisiis angariSi.<br />
niu-iorki: gamomcemloba u. u. nor<strong>to</strong>ni<br />
dakompania, 2004.<br />
- fsevdonimi.ixmareT farTod gamoyenebuli fsevdonimi, rogorc<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ris namdvili saxeli da gvari. Tu namdvili saxeli da gvari<br />
ucnobia,kvadratul frCxilebSi, fsevdonimis Semdeg daurTeT<br />
fsevd.<br />
S:16.mark tveni,ufliswuli da maTxovari: nawarmoebi nebismieri asakis<br />
axalgazrdisaTvis(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba“harper en brazersi”, 1899). 34.<br />
238
:sentineli (fsevd.). `werilebi”.naSromSi absoluturi antifederalisti,<br />
redaqtirebulia herbert j. s<strong>to</strong>ringis mier.<br />
Cikago: Cikagos<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba. 1981.<br />
- anonimi av<strong>to</strong>ri. Tu av<strong>to</strong>ri cnobilia an xvdebian av<strong>to</strong>ris vinaobas,<br />
magramigi ar moixsenieba wignis satitulo furcelze, daurTeT<br />
saxeli da gvari frCxilebSi (kiTxvis niSniT, raTa aRniSnoT, rom<br />
darwmunebuli ara xarT). Tu av<strong>to</strong>ri an redaq<strong>to</strong>ri ucnobia,<br />
moerideT sityvis `anonimi” xmarebas saxelis da gvaris adgilas da<br />
SeniSvna an bibliografiis muxli saTauriT daiwyeT.<br />
S: 22. [ebenezer kuki?],planta<strong>to</strong>ris sarke(anapolisi, 17301,5-6.<br />
31. A virjiniaSi dawyebuli plantaciis miznebis da Sedegebis<br />
namdvili da gulwrfeli gancxadeba, ra doneze iqna miRweuli da ra<br />
saSualebebiT moxda maTi xelSewyoba (1610),17.<br />
b:[ebenezer kuki?], planta<strong>to</strong>ris sarke.anapolisi. 1730.virjiniaSi dawyebuli<br />
plantaciis miznebis da Sedegebis namdvili da gulwrfeli<br />
gancxadeba, ra doneze iqna miRweuli da ra saSualebebiT moxda<br />
maTi xelSewyoba. 1610.<br />
gansakuTrebuli tipis saxelebi.zogjer advili ar aris, gavarCioT,<br />
romelia av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da romeli – gvari. cnobili is<strong>to</strong>riuli<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rebis vinaoba daazusteT meriam vebsteris biografiul leqsikonSi<br />
(Merriam-Webster’s Biographical Dictionary); Tanamedrove av<strong>to</strong>rebis vinaobis<br />
dasazusteblad CaixedeT Tqveni biblioTekis onlain katalogSi. qvemoT<br />
mocemulia amgvari, rTulad amosacnobi saxelebis da gvarebis anbanis<br />
mixedviT dawyobis zogadi principebi. Semoklebul an frCxilebSi Casmul<br />
SeniSvnebSi CasviT gvari(last name) zustad Sebrunebuli formiT (rogorc<br />
es qvemoTaa naCvenebi msxvili SriftiT).<br />
- Sedgenili gvarebi. Sedgenili gvarebi, defisiani gvarebis<br />
CaTvliT,daawyveT anbanuri wesiT, kompozitis pirveli nawilis<br />
mixedviT. Tu gaTxovili qali iyenebs rogorc sakuTar, ise meuRlis<br />
gvars, defisis gareSe daawyveT anbanuri wesiT meore gvaris<br />
mixedviT. mraval ucxo enaSiadvili amosacnobia kompozituri<br />
239
saxelebi (ix. qvemoT), Tumca aris iseTi enebi, magaliTad, franguli<br />
da germanuli, sadac ase ar xdeba.<br />
Kkesler-harisi, alis mies van der rohe,ludvigi<br />
Hhine, darlinklarki teilar de Sardeni, pier<br />
- nawilakiani saxelebi. ama Tu im enidan gamomdinare, iseTi<br />
nawilakebi, rogoricaa de, di, d’ da van, SeiZleba an ar SeiZleba,<br />
CaiTvalos gvaris pirvel nawilad anbanuri wesiT dawyobisas.<br />
CaixedeT zemoT miTiTebul erT-erT wyaroSi, Tu ar xarT<br />
darwmunebuli, rogor unda moiqceT konkretuli saxelis daweris<br />
dros. gaiTvaliswineT, rom nawilakebi SeiZleba,daweriliiyos<br />
nusxuri an mTavruli asoebiT, zog maTgans ki mosdevdes<br />
apostrofi.<br />
de goli, Carlz bovuari, simon de<br />
di leonardo, Mmiqaela kuningi, uilem de<br />
van renseleri, stefan MmediCi, lorenco de’<br />
-,,mak”-iT, ,,sent”-iT an ,,o”-Ti dawyebuli gvarebi. ,,mak”-iT, ,,sent”-iT an ,,o”-<br />
Tidawyebul gvarebs SeiZleba. daalageT yvela es gvari anbanuri wesiT<br />
faq<strong>to</strong>brivad arsebuli asoebis safuZvelze; nu daajgufebT maT imis<br />
gamo, rom isini msgavsia.<br />
- saxelebi da gvarebi enebSi, garda inglisurisa. mraval<br />
enaSisaxelebis darqmevis pirobiTobebi gansxvavdeba inglisur enaSi<br />
arsebulTagan. Tu Tqveni naSromi Seicavs romelime konkretuli<br />
enis bevr saxelsa da gvars, SeiswavleT am enis pirobiTobebi.<br />
mravali espanuri gvari Sedgenilia da Seicavs pirovnebis mamis da dedis<br />
gvarebs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebulia kavSiriT ,,i”. daalageT<br />
aseTi gvarebi anbanuri wesiT pirveli nawilis mixedviT.<br />
ortega i gaseti, xose sanCez mendoza, xuana<br />
,,al-’’ an ,,el-’’ nawilakebiT dawyebuli arabuli gvarebi daawyveT<br />
anbanuri wesiT,nawilakis momdevno elementis mixedviT. gvarebi,<br />
romlebic iwyeba nawilakebiT ,,abu”, ,,abd” da ,,ibn” msgavsia inglisuri<br />
240
gvarebisa, romlebic iwyeba ,,mak”-iT an ,,sent”-iT da unda daawyoT<br />
anbanuri wesiT am elementebis mixedviT.<br />
hakim, tavfiq al- abu zafar nadvi, sied<br />
Jamal, muhamed hamid al- ibn saud, aziz<br />
Tu av<strong>to</strong>ri, romelic Cinur an iaponur gvars atarebs, xelmZRvanelobs<br />
tradiciuli wesiT (gvari, romelsac mosdevs darqmeuli saxeli _family<br />
name followed by given name),nu dasvamT saxels gvaris win an mZimes saxelsa<br />
da gvars Soris. Tu av<strong>to</strong>ri xelmZRvanelobs dasavluri wesiT (saxels<br />
mosdevs gvari), dawereT, rogorc gvar-saxeli.<br />
17.1.2 saTauri<br />
tradiciuli wesi dasavluri wesi<br />
Caovu-Ci cou, Tang<br />
ioSida Sigeru kurosava, noriaki<br />
CamoTvaleT wignebis sruli saTaurebi da qvesaTaurebi. dawereT orive<br />
daxrili SriftiT da gamoyaviT saTauri qvesaTaurisgan orwertiliT. Tu<br />
ori qvesaTauria, pirveliswin dasviT orwertili, meores win ki –<br />
wertilmZime.<br />
S:5. ian h. kalicki da devid l. goldvini, red.-ebi,energetika da<br />
usafrTxoeba: sagareo politikaSi axali strategiisken(baltimori:<br />
joh hopkinsis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005), 195-96.<br />
b:ahmed,leila. AsazRvargareT mogzauroba: kairodan amerikaSi: erTi<br />
qalis mogzaurobis is<strong>to</strong>ria. niu-iorki:fareri, strausi da Jiro,<br />
1999.<br />
da<strong>to</strong>veT ucvlelad originali saTaurisdamwerloba, defisebis<br />
ganlageba da punqtuacia, ori gamonaklisis garda: SecvaleT<br />
sityvebi,romlebic mTlianad mTavruli asoebiT aris dawerili (garda<br />
inicialuri abreviaturebis an aqronimebisa; ix. Tavi 24) didi da patara<br />
asoebiT da SecvaleT ampers<strong>and</strong>i (&) da-Ti. ricxvebi dawereT sityvierad<br />
241
ancifrebiT, originalis Sesabamisad (meTormete saukune an me-12 saukune),<br />
Tu umjobesi ar iqna maTi siis sxva saTaurebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana.<br />
wignis Tavebis da sxva nawilebis saTaurebTan dakavSirebiT ix. 17.1.8.<br />
saTaurebSi arsebuli specialuri elementebi. specialur gaformebas<br />
saWiroebs saTaurebSi arsebuli ramdenime elementi.<br />
- TariRebi. gamoiyeneT mZimesaTaurSi an qvesaTaurSi TariRebis<br />
gamosayofad, original wyaroSi punqtuaciis ararsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSic. Tu wyaroSi miTiTebul TariRebs axlavs afiqsi (1920idan<br />
1945-mde) an orwertili, ixelmZRvaneleT wyaroSi gamoyenebuli<br />
wesiT.<br />
S: 5. uolter a. makdugali, Tavisufleba Zalian axlos aris: amerikis<br />
axali is<strong>to</strong>ria, 1525-1828 (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba“harper kolinsi”, 2004),<br />
333-34.<br />
b:jeliko, jefri, da siuzan jeliko. l<strong>and</strong>Safti: bunebis ganaSenianeba<br />
preis<strong>to</strong>riuli xanidan Tanamedrove periodamde. me-3 gam. niuiorki:<br />
gamomcemloba “Temsi da hudsoni”, 1995.<br />
- saTaurebi da miTiTebebi saTaurebSi. rodesac erTi naSromis<br />
saTauri, romelic, rogorc wesi, daxrili SriftiT<br />
iwereba,miTiTebulia sxva naSromis daxrili SriftiT warmodgenil<br />
saTaurSi, CasviT miTiTebuli saTauri brWyalebSi. Tu is saTaurSi<br />
Cveulebrivad brWyalebSia Casmuli, da<strong>to</strong>veT brWyalebi.<br />
S: 22. celiaeflgeiTi, baxi berlinSi: qveyana da kultura mendelsonis "wm.<br />
maTes vnebaSi " (Ithaca: kornelis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005), 25.<br />
b: makhiu, rol<strong>and</strong>. `fineganis samZimris” SeniSvnebi. me-2 gam.baltimori: jon<br />
hopkinsis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1991.<br />
Tumca, rodesac miTiTeba gamoiyeneba wignis srul mTavar saTaurad,<br />
nuRar CasvamT mas brWyalebSi.<br />
242
S: 8. sem svoufi. me var fanqari: maswavlebeli, moswavleebi da maTi<br />
is<strong>to</strong>riebi(niu-iorki: henri holti da kompania. 2004), 108-9.<br />
b:Cernofi,jon m. TaRliToba ar aris qurdoba: afrikeli meZavi gogonas<br />
Tavgadasavali.Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 2003.<br />
- daxrili SriftiT mocemuli terminebi. daxrili SriftiTdabeWdil<br />
saTaurSi SemavaliiseTiterminebi, rogoricaa saxeobebis<br />
saxelwodebebi an gemebis saxelebi, romlebic teqstSi<br />
Cveulebrivad daxrili SriftiT aris mocemuli, warmoadgineT<br />
swori SriftiT.<br />
S: 7. T. hiupening<strong>to</strong>ni, rodesac sakvebi sikvdils iwvevs: Zroxis cofi, e.<br />
koli, dakatastrofebis raoba(niu-iorki: oqsfordis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 2003), 15.<br />
b:lex, raimond b. SeerTebuli Statebis xomaldis -- indianapolisistragikuli<br />
xvedri.SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvao flotis yvelaze cudi<br />
katastrofa. niu-iorki: gamomcemloba “kuper squearis gamomcemloba”,<br />
2001.<br />
- kiTxvis da Zaxilis niSnebi. rodesac saTauri an qvesaTauri<br />
mTavrdeba kiTxvis an Zaxilis niSniT, mas aranairi sxva sasveni<br />
niSani ar mosdevs.<br />
S: 26. Tomas franki, ra xdeba kanzasSi? rogor moiges konserva<strong>to</strong>rebma<br />
amerikelebis guli(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba `Metropolitan Books”, 2004), 250-51.<br />
b:aaron, henri. ra<strong>to</strong>m aris ase rTuli daxmarebebis reformis<br />
ganxorcieleba? vaSing<strong>to</strong>ni, kolumbiis olqi: gamomcemloba bruqings<br />
institusenis gamomcemloba”, 1973.<br />
Zveli saTaurebi.meTvramete saukuneSi an ufro adrindel periodSi<br />
gamoqveynebuli naSromebis saTaurebSiSeinarCuneT originalSi arsebuli<br />
punqtuacia da damwerloba. agreTve, SeinarCuneT originali nawarmoebis<br />
mTavruli asoebiT damwerloba maSinac ki, Tu ar Seesabameba saTaurebis<br />
stils. Tumca, sityvebi, romlebic mTlianad mTavruli asoebiT aris<br />
243
dawerili, unda Seicvalos da mTavruliT mxolod sawyisi asoebi<br />
daiweros. Tu saTauri Zalian grZelia, SegiZliaT, SeamokloT da,<br />
imavdroulad, miawodoT mkiTxvelebs sakmarisi informacia, raTa maT<br />
moZebnon sruli saTauri biblioTekaSi an gamomcemlis katalogSi.<br />
mianiSneT saTaurebSi gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli adgilebi sami wertilis CasmiT. Tu<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli adgili bibliografiis muxlSi saTauris boloSia,<br />
gamoiyeneT oTxi wertili (samwertili da wertili; ix. 25.3.2).<br />
S: 19. jon rei, <strong>to</strong>pografiuli, zneobrivi da fiziologiuri<br />
dakvirvebebi: beneluqsis qveynebis nawilSi, germaniaSi, italiasa da<br />
safrangeTSi mogzaurobis Sedegad: im mcenareebis katalogiT,<br />
romlebic inglisis adgilobriv saxeobebs ar miekuTvneba... rasac<br />
erTvis `ba<strong>to</strong>n fransis uilugbis mokle monaTxrobi, misi mogzauroba<br />
espaneTSi([londoni], 1673), 15.<br />
b:Eeskalante, bernardino. portugalielebis mier msoflios aRmosavleTSi<br />
mdebare saxelmwifoebsa da provinciebSi mogzaurobis is<strong>to</strong>ria.....<br />
Targmnilia jon fremfTonis mier. londoni, 1579.<br />
arainglisuri saTaurebi. arainglisuri saTaurebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
ixelmZRvaneleT Sesabamis enaSi sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebis da<br />
zedsarTavi saxelebis mTavruli asoebiT daweris arsebuli principebiT.<br />
Tu ar icnobT am principebs, mimarTeT s<strong>and</strong>o wyaros.<br />
S: 3. daniel maisonevi, Jan-fransualamarSidaiv seinT-amani,Les relationspubliques:<br />
Dans unesociete en mouvance(Sainte-Foy, QC: Presses de I'Universite de<br />
Quebec, 1998), 15.<br />
6. liliana piletiCs<strong>to</strong>ianoviCi, red. Gutfreund i ceski kubizam (Belgrade: Muzej<br />
savremene umetnosti, 1971), 54-55.<br />
b:kroun-Smalci, gebriel. nawarmoebSi:“Wahrheitsind wir starker: Frauenalltag inder<br />
Sowjetunion.”Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1992.<br />
244
Tu saTaurs qarTul Targmans daurTavT, moaTavseT igioriginalis<br />
Semdeg. CasviT frCxilebSi, daxrili Sriftis an brWyalebis gareSe,<br />
dawereT mTavruli asoebiT winadadebis stilis mixedviT.<br />
S: 7. henrik verezicki, Koniec sojuszu trzech cesarzy [sami impera<strong>to</strong>ris ligis<br />
dasasruli] (varSava: PWN, 1977), 5.<br />
b:Zhongguo renkou <strong>to</strong>ngji nianjian 1996 [CineTis mosaxleobis statistikuri<br />
weliwdeuli, 1996w.]. pekini: Zhongguo <strong>to</strong>ngji chubanshe, 1996.<br />
Tu gesaWiroebaT rogorc originalis, ise, misi Targmanis miTiTeba,<br />
gamoiyeneT erT-erTi qvemoT moyvanili forma, imis mixedviT, raze gsurT<br />
mkiTxvelis yuradRebis gamaxvileba _ originalze Tu Targmanze.<br />
b:fure, fransua. Le passe d'une illusion. parizi: gamomcemloba `Editions Robert<br />
Laffont”,1995. Targmnilia debora fures mier, rogorc iluziis gaqroba<br />
(Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999).<br />
an<br />
fure, fransua. The Passing of an Illusion. Targmnilia debora fures mier.<br />
Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999. Tavdapirvelad<br />
gamoqveynebulia saTauriT Le passe d'une illusion (parizi: gamomcemloba<br />
`Editions Robert Laffont”, 1995).<br />
17.1.3 gamocema<br />
termin gamocemas aqvs ramdenime mniSvneloba da yvela maTgani<br />
gamomdinareobs im faqtidan, rom zogi naSromi araerTxel gamoicema, maT<br />
SinaarsSi an/da formatSi Setanili cvlilebebiT. Tu miuTiTebT wigns,<br />
romelic gamoqveynda araerTi gamocemis saxiT, yovelTvis miuTiTeT,<br />
romeligamocemiT isargebleT, vinaidan gamocemebi SeiZleba,<br />
gansxvavebuli iyos. (Tu qvemoT aRwerili niSnebidan arc erTi ar<br />
miesadageba wigns, SegiZliaT,CaTvaloT, rom igi pirveli gamocemaa, ris<br />
miTiTebac ar xdeba).<br />
245
ganaxlebuli gamocemebi. rodesac wigni xelaxla gamoicema SinaarsSi<br />
Sesuli mniSvnelovani cvlilebebiT, mas SeiZleba,vuwodoT<br />
`ganaxlebuli” an `Semdgomi”gamocema. es informacia, rogorc<br />
wesi,ganTavsebulia wignis satitulo furcelze da meordeba, gamocemis<br />
TariRTan erTad, saav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebebis gverdze.<br />
pirvelis garda sxva gamocemis miTiTebisas, saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT<br />
gamocemis rigiTi nomeri an aRwera. SeamokleT iseTi formulireba,<br />
rogoricaa `meore gamocema, ganaxlebuli da gavrcobili”, rogorc `me-2<br />
gamoc.” SeamokleT `ganaxlebuli gamocema” rogorc `ganax. gamoc.”;<br />
aRweras daurTeT mxolod miTiTebuli gamocemis da ara sxva nebismieri<br />
wina gamocemis gamoqveynebis TariRi (ix. 17.1.6).<br />
S: 1. pol j. bolTi, deimonv. koleta, dakolinz j. Sekelfordi umcr.,<br />
amerikis Tavdacvis politika,me-8 gam. (baltimori: jon hopkinsis<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba. 2005), 157-58.<br />
b:deniels, rojer. amerikaSi Camosaxleba: amerikis cxovrebaSi imigraciis<br />
da eTnikuri faq<strong>to</strong>ris is<strong>to</strong>ria. me-2 gam.niu-iorki: gamomcemloba<br />
“harper pereniali”, 2002.<br />
babi, florenc. mindvridan samzareulomde: mewarme qalebis politikuri<br />
ekonomika peruSi. ganax. gam.ostini: texasis universitetis gamomcemloba,<br />
1989.<br />
gadabeWdili gamocemebi. SesaZlebelia, agreTve, wignis xelaxla<br />
gamocema axal formatSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, rbilydini gamocema<br />
(gamoqveynebuli Tavdapirveli an sxva gamomcemlis mier) an eleqtronuli<br />
forma (ix. 17.1.10). maSinac ki, roca wignis Sinaarsi SesaZloa,<br />
minimalurad iyosSecvlili originalTan SedarebiT, miuTiTeT<br />
gadabeWdili gamocema, Tu mas eyrdnobodiT. SeiZleba,isurvoT, miuTiToT,<br />
rom es gadabeWdili gamocemaa, gansakuTrebiT, Tu igi gamoqveynda<br />
Tavdapirveli gamocemidan erT an orze meti wlis Semdeg an klasikuri<br />
nawarmoebis Tanamedrove nabeWdi gamocemaa. am SemTxvevaSi miuTiTeT<br />
246
ogorc originali gamocemis, ise, im gamocemis publikaciis TariRebi,<br />
romelic Tqven gamoiyeneT (ix. 17.1.6).<br />
S: 23. piter vard fei. opiumis omi, 1840-1842 (1975; gadabeW., Cefel<br />
hili:CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba, 1997), 67-68.<br />
b:emerson, ralf valdo. buneba. 1836. gadabeW., bos<strong>to</strong>ni: gamomcemloba<br />
17.1.4 <strong>to</strong>mi<br />
“bikoni”, 1985.<br />
Tu wigni mraval<strong>to</strong>miani naSromis nawilia, CarTeT es informacia<br />
miTiTebebSi.<br />
konkretuli <strong>to</strong>mi. is, Tu rogor miuTiTebT mraval<strong>to</strong>miani naSromis<br />
konkretul <strong>to</strong>ms, damokidebulia imaze, aqvs Tu ara <strong>to</strong>ms mTeli<br />
naSromisgan gansxvavebuli saTauri. Tu asea, miuTiTeT konkretuli <strong>to</strong>mis<br />
saTauri, mis Semdeg ki rogorc <strong>to</strong>mis nomeri, ise, zogadi saTauri.<br />
SeamokleT <strong>to</strong>mi (t.) da <strong>to</strong>mis nomrebisTvis gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi.<br />
S: 10. iaroslav pelikani. qristianuli doqtrina da Tanamedrove<br />
kultura (1700 wlidan), qristianuli tradicia: doqtrinis<br />
ganviTarebis is<strong>to</strong>ria,t.<br />
1989). 16.<br />
5(Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba,<br />
b:pelikani, iaroslav. qristianuli doqtrina da Tanamedrove kultura (1700<br />
wlidan). qristianuli tradicia: doqtrinis ganviTarebis is<strong>to</strong>ria,<br />
t. 5.Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1989.<br />
Tu <strong>to</strong>mebs ar aqvs individualuri saTaurebi da Tqven miuTiTebT<br />
mxolod erT-erT maTgans, bibliografiis muxls daumateT <strong>to</strong>mis nomeri.<br />
(ix. qvemoT, rogor unda miuTiToT mTlianad mraval<strong>to</strong>miani naSromi).<br />
SeniSvnaSi CasviT <strong>to</strong>mis nomeri (t.-s gareSe) uSualod gverdis nomris<br />
win da ganacalkeveT isini orwertiliTSualeduri intervalis gareSe.<br />
247
S: 36. muriel sT. kler birni, red.,lislis werilebi (Cikago: Cikagos<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1981), 4:243.<br />
b:birni, muriel sT. kler, red. lislis werilebi. t. 4. Cikago: Cikagos<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba,1981.<br />
zogmraval<strong>to</strong>meul naSroms hyavs rogorc saerTo redaq<strong>to</strong>ri, ise yoveli<br />
<strong>to</strong>mis redaq<strong>to</strong>ri an av<strong>to</strong>ri. aseTi naSromebis nawilebis miTiTebisas,<br />
daurTeT informacia redaq<strong>to</strong>ris an av<strong>to</strong>ris Sesaxeb (ix. 17.1.1)<br />
konkretuli <strong>to</strong>mis saTuris Semdeg da <strong>to</strong>mis nomris da saerTo saTauris<br />
win. qvemoT warmodgenili pirveli magaliTi gviCvenebs,agreTve, rogor<br />
unda mivuTiToT erTze met fizikur nawilad gamoqveynebuli <strong>to</strong>mi (t. 2,<br />
w. 3).<br />
S: 40.barbara e. mundi, ,,centraluri amerikis<br />
kar<strong>to</strong>grafia".naSromSikar<strong>to</strong>grafia afrikis, amerikis, arqtikis,<br />
avstraliis da wynari okeanis auzis tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, red.<br />
devid vudvordi da j. malkolm luisi, `kar<strong>to</strong>grafiis is<strong>to</strong>ria” t. 2, w. 3,<br />
red. j. braian harli da devid vudvordi (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 1998), 233.<br />
b:doni, jon. “iubileebi"redaqtirebulia geri a. strinjeris da Ted lari<br />
pebvorTis mier. jon donis poeziis gamocema sxvadasxva teqstiT, t. 6,<br />
redaqtirebulia geri a. sTrinjeris mier. blumingToni: indianas<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1995.<br />
mTliani mraval<strong>to</strong>meuli naSromi. Tu SeniSvnebSi miuTiTebT<br />
mraval<strong>to</strong>meuli naSromis erTze met <strong>to</strong>ms, bibliografiaSi SegiZliaT<br />
mTliani naSromis miTiTeba. (Tu naSromi Seicavs rogorc mTliani<br />
naSromis, aseve, konkretuli <strong>to</strong>mebis saTaurebs an redaq<strong>to</strong>rebs, rogorc<br />
zemoT iyo aRwerili, meti sizustisTvissaWiroa <strong>to</strong>mebis saTiTaod<br />
miTiTeba).miuTiTeT saTauri da <strong>to</strong>mebis saerTo raodenoba, xolo, Tu<br />
<strong>to</strong>mebi gamoicemoda ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, miuTiTeTgamoqveynebis<br />
TariRebis sruli periodi.<br />
248
:aris<strong>to</strong>tele. aris<strong>to</strong>teles naSromebis sruli krebuli: oqsfordis<br />
ganaxlebuli Targmani. redaqtirebulia j. barnsis mier. 2 <strong>to</strong>mi.<br />
prins<strong>to</strong>ni, niu-jersi: prins<strong>to</strong>nis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1983.<br />
TiltiCi, pol. sistematuri Teologia. 3 <strong>to</strong>mi. Cikago: Cikagos<br />
17.1.5 seria<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1951-63.<br />
Tu miTiTebuli wigni aris oficialuri seriis nawili, ar gevalebaT<br />
seriis Sesaxeb informaciis miTiTeba, magram SegiZliaT amis Taobaze<br />
garkveuli an sruli informaciis darTva, raTa daexmaroT mkiTxvelebs<br />
wyaros adgilis an misi s<strong>and</strong>oobis dadgenaSi. moaTavseT es informacia<br />
saTauris Semdeg (da, aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, gamocemis da <strong>to</strong>mis<br />
Sesaxeb informaciis Semdeg) da publikaciis monacemebis win.<br />
yvelaze sasargeblo informacias seriis Sesaxeb Seicavs misi saTauri.<br />
warmoadgineT igi swori SriftiT, saTauris mTavruli asoebiT daweris<br />
stilSi. Tu seriis <strong>to</strong>mebi danomrilia, SegiZliaT,daurToT miTiTebuli<br />
naSromis nomeri seriis saTauris Semdeg. seriis redaq<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da<br />
gvari xSirad gamo<strong>to</strong>vebulia, magram SegiZliaT misi miTiTeba seriis<br />
saTauris Semdeg.<br />
S: 7.gerSon devid hunderti, ebraelebi poloneTis qalaqSi: otapovis<br />
is<strong>to</strong>ria meTvramete saukuneSi, jon hopkinsis universitetis<br />
iudaistikis fakulteti (baltimori: jon hopkinsis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 1992), 113.<br />
b:markmani, Carlzu. Cikago winais<strong>to</strong>riul periodSi: Tanamedrove qalaqebis<br />
preis<strong>to</strong>riuli periodis arqeologia. ilinoisis arqeologiuri<br />
kvlevebi 7. springfildi: ilinoisisis<strong>to</strong>riuli memkvidreobis<br />
dacvissaagen<strong>to</strong>, 1991.<br />
isenbergi, nensi. sqesidamoqalaqeobasamoqalaqo omis<br />
winadroindelamerikaSi. Ggenderi da amerikuli kultura,<br />
redaqtirebulia linda qerberis da nel irvin feinTeris mier. Cafel<br />
hili: CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998.<br />
249
zogi danomrili seria imdeni xania arsebobs, rom danomvra Tavidan<br />
iwyeba. axali seriiswignebi miTiTebuliaax. ser. (axali serioebi), me-2<br />
ser. (me-2 seriebi) an sxva msgavsi aRniSvniT, romelic, rogorc wesi,<br />
moTavsebulia seriis nomris win da gamoyofilia mZimeebiT. Zveli<br />
seriiswignebi ase aRiniSneba, Zv. ser. (Zveli seriebi), pir. ser. (pireli<br />
seriebi) da a.S.<br />
S: 3. Carlzr. boqseri, red. samxreT CineTi meTeqvsmete saukuneSi,<br />
H“haklutis sazogadoebis gamomcemloba. me-2 ser. 106 (londoni, 1953), 44.<br />
b:palmatari, elen s. braziliis kunZul maraios keramikis nawarmi. amerikis<br />
filosofosTa sazogadoebis naSromebi, ax. ser. 39. naw. 3. filadelfia,<br />
1950.<br />
17.1.6 monacemebi gamocemis Sesaxeb<br />
monacemebi gamocemis Sesaxeb, Cveulebriv, moicavs sam elements: gamocemis<br />
adgils (qalaqi), gamomcemlis saxelwodebas da gamocemis TariRs (weli).<br />
SeniSvnebSi es elementebi Tavsdeba frCxilebSi; bibliografiis<br />
statiebSi ara.<br />
S: 1. jared daiamondi,iaraRi, baqteriebidafoladi: adamianTa xvedri(niuiorki:<br />
gamomcemloba “nor<strong>to</strong>ni da kompania”, 1997), 47.<br />
b: daiamondi, jared. iaraRi, baqteriebi da foladi: adamianTa xvedri.niuiorki:<br />
gamomcemloba n”or<strong>to</strong>ni da kompani”, 1997.<br />
iseT wignebis miTiTebisas, romlebic gamoqveynda meoce saukunemde an<br />
romelTa Sesaxebac informacia sakuTriv naSromSi ar Cndeba, SegiZliaT<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>voT da ar miuTiToTgamomcemlobis saxelwodeba, agreTve,<br />
gamocemis adgilebi.<br />
S: 32. Carlz lembi, Eelias eseebi(1823), 5-6.<br />
b: lembi, Carlz. elias eseebi. 1823.<br />
250
gamoqveynebis adgili.gamocemis adgili aris qalaqi, sadac<br />
gamomcemlobis mTavari redaqcia mdebareobs; igi, rogorc wesi, mieTiTeba<br />
satitulo gverdze, zogjer ki saav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebebis Semcvel gverdze. iq,<br />
sadac ori an orze meti qalaqia miTiTebuli (magaliTad, `Cikago da<br />
londoni”), miuTiTeT mxolod pirveli qalaqi.<br />
los-anJelesi: “pol geTis fondis gamomcemloba“<br />
niu-iorki: kolumbiis universitetis gamomcemloba<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis SesaZloa, ucnobi iyos gamocemis qalaqian aerios imave<br />
saxelis matarebel sxva qalaqSi, ami<strong>to</strong>m daumateT mas Statis (ix. 24.3.1),<br />
mxaris an (Tu saWiroa) qveynis abrevitura. rodesac gamomcemlobis<br />
saxelwodeba Seicavs Statis (qveynis) saxels, aRar aris saWiro Statis<br />
(qveynis) abreviaturis darTva.<br />
CeSairi, koneqtikuti:grafiqs gamomcemloba<br />
harmondsvorTi, gaerTianebuli samefo:penguin buqsis gamomcemloba<br />
kembriji, masaCusetsi: em-ai-Ti presis gamomcemloba<br />
Cefel hili: CrdiloeT karolinis universitetis gamomcemloba<br />
gamoiyeneT ucxo qveynebis qalaqebis Tanamedrove, farTod xmarebuli<br />
inglisuri saxelebi.<br />
vaSing<strong>to</strong>ni da ara uoSing<strong>to</strong>niCikago da ara Siqago<br />
rodesac publikaciis adgili ucnobia, SegiZliaT,gamoiyenoT abreviatura<br />
ucn. (ucnobi) gamomcemlis saxelis win. Tu iciT adgili, magram ar xarT<br />
darwmunebuli sizusteSi, CasviT is kvadratul frCxilebSi kiTxvis<br />
niSniT.<br />
ucn.: uinZori.<br />
[leiq blafi, ilinoisi?): vlieti da eduardsi.<br />
gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba miuTiTeT zustad ise, rogorc mocemulia<br />
wignis satitulo furcelze, maSinac, rodesac TqvenTvis cnobilia, rom<br />
251
saxelwodeba Semdeg Seicvala an Tqvens bibliografiaSi Setanil sxva<br />
wignebSi sxvadasxvagvarad saxeldeba.<br />
harkot breis end uoldi<br />
harkot brei iovanoviCi<br />
harkot, breisi<br />
Tumca, adgilis dazogvis mizniT, SegiZliaT,iseTi abreviaturebis<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>veba, rogoricaa korp. (korporacia), Sps (SezRuduli<br />
pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba), komp. (kompania) da sagamomc. komp.<br />
(sagamomcemlo kompania).<br />
haf<strong>to</strong>n mifini da ara haf<strong>to</strong>n mifinis korp.<br />
litl, braun da ara litl, braun da komp.<br />
Tu gamomcemlobaucxouria, nu gadaTargmniT an nu SeamoklebT<br />
gamomcemlobis saxelwodebis raime nawils, miuTiTeT qalaqis saxeli<br />
inglisurSi gavrcelebuli formiT (rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli). Tu<br />
gamomcemeliucnobia, daurTeT mxolod gamoqveynebis adgili (Tu<br />
cnobilia) da gamocemis TariRi.<br />
gamocemis TariRi.wignis gamocemis TariRi Seicavs mxolod wels, ara<br />
Tves an dRes da,rogorc wesi, saav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebebis gancxadebis TariRis<br />
identuria. is,Cveulebriv, mieTiTeba saav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebebis Semcvel<br />
gverdze zogjer ki — satitulo furcelze.<br />
ganaxlebul da gadabeWdil gamocemebs SeiZleba,hqondes saav<strong>to</strong>ro<br />
uflebebis gancxadebis erTze meti TariRi. aseT SemTxvevaSi yvelaze<br />
uaxlesi miuTiTebs gamocemis TariRs. magaliTad: © 1982, 1992, 2003, aq 2003<br />
gamocemis TariRia.aseT naSromebSi publikaciis TariRebis citirebis<br />
Sesaxeb ix. 17.1.3.<br />
Tu ver adgenT nabeWdi nawarmoebis gamocemis TariRs, CasviT abreviatura<br />
ver dadg. (n.d), wlis nacvlad. Tu TariRi ar aris miTiTebuli,<br />
magrammigaCniaT, rom iciT, SegiZliaT, dauma<strong>to</strong>T frCxilebSi kiTxvis<br />
niSniT, rac mianiSnebs, rom TariRis sisworeSi darwmunebuli ar xarT.<br />
b: smiTi, jon. wigni Rirsebebis Sesaxeb. edinburgi, ver dadg.<br />
mileri, samuel. kidev erTi wigni Rirsebebis Sesaxeb. bos<strong>to</strong>ni, [1750?].<br />
252
Tu wignze gamomcemlobaSi muSaoba mimdinareobs da ukve<br />
dasaTaurebulia, Tumca, gamocemis TariRi jer ar aris cnobili,<br />
TariRisTvis gankuTvnil adgilas miuTiTeT gamoqveyndeba uaxloes<br />
momavalSi. Tu wigni jer ar aris gadacemuli gamomcemlobisTvis<br />
dasabeWdad, miuTiTeT is, rogorc gamouqveynebeli xelnaweri (ix. 17.6).<br />
S: 91. jein q. av<strong>to</strong>ri, wignis saTauri (gamoqveynebis adgili:<br />
gamomcemlobissaxelwodeba, gamoqveyndeba uaxloes momavalSi).<br />
17.1.7 gverdis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia<br />
gverdis nomrebi da is sxva informacia, romelic gamoiyeneba miTiTebuli<br />
amonaridis an elementis adgilmdebareobis dasadgenad,<br />
Cveulebriv,gvxvdeba SeniSvnebSi da ara bibliografiaSi.<br />
nomrebis diapazonis saCveneblad saWiro saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi<br />
ixileT 23.2.4-Si.<br />
gverdi, Tavi da gamyofi nomrebi.SeniSvnebSi gverdis nomrebi,<br />
Cveulebriv,wignis miTiTebis bolo elementia. nu daurTavT sityvas<br />
gverdi an abreviaturebs gv. an gv.-ebi; gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi, garda<br />
im gverdebisa, romlebic originalSi romauli cifrebiT aris danomrili.<br />
S:14. en s. rouzi, viq<strong>to</strong>rianuli epoqis amerika da samoqalaqo omi(niu-iorki:<br />
kembrijis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1992), 145-46.<br />
17. jerom kagani, `meaTe saiubileo gamocemis Sesavali”. wignSi<br />
`bavSvis buneba”(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba `Basic Books”, 1994),xxii-xxiv.<br />
zogjer miTiTeba Seexeba mTlian Tavs (SemoklebiT T., nawils (naw.),<br />
wigns (w.),an seqcias (seq.) da ara gverdis nomrebis diapazons.<br />
S: 22. donald l. mileri. saukunis qalaqi: Cikagos epopea da amerikis<br />
Seqmna(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba “saimoni da Susteri”, 1996), naw. 2.<br />
253
mdebareobis maniSnebeli specialuri tipis informacia. wignis<br />
zogierT nawils aqvs specialuri tipismdebareobis maniSnebeli<br />
informacia, romlebic gamoiyeneba miTiTebebSi.<br />
- SeniSvnebis nomrebi. SeniSvnebis miTiTebisTvis gamoiyeneT<br />
abreviatura Sen. (SeniSvna), mravlobiTSi Sen.-ebi. Tu miTiTebuli<br />
SeniSvna aris erTaderTi sqolio Tavis gverdze an daunomravi<br />
sqolio, daumateT Sen. gverdis nomris Semdeg (Sualeduri<br />
intervalis an sasveni niSnis gareSe). Tu miTiTebuli<br />
SeniSvnisgverdze sxva SeniSvnebic aris, miuTiTeT gverdis nomeri<br />
da Semdeg Sen., an (Tu TanmimdevrobiT miTiTebulia ori an meti<br />
SeniSvna) – Sen.-ebi da SeniSvnis nomeri (nomrebi).<br />
S: 45.en<strong>to</strong>ni gref<strong>to</strong>ni,sqolio: saintereso is<strong>to</strong>ria(kembriji, masaCusetsi:<br />
harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1997), 72Sen.<br />
46. dvaiTbolingeri, ena: datenili iaraRi(londoni: gamomcemloba<br />
“longmeni”, 1980), 192Sen.23,192Sen.30, 199Sen.14, 201Sen.-ebi16-17.<br />
- ilustraciebisa da cxrilis nomrebi. gamoiyeneT abreviatura nax.<br />
naxatis aRsaniSnad, magram srulad dawereT cxrili, ruka, dafa da<br />
sxva tipis ilustraciebis dasaxelebebi. miuTiTeT gverdis nomeri<br />
ilustraciis nomris win.<br />
S: 50. riCard sobeli. sazogadoebis azri SeerTebuli Statebis sagareo<br />
politikaSi: azrTa sxvadasxvaoba daxmarebis winaaRmdeg arsebuli<br />
poziciis garSemo(bos<strong>to</strong>ni:<br />
gamomcemlebi – roumen en liTlfildi. 1993), 87,<br />
cxrili 5.3.<br />
Tabaxis, furclebisa da formatebis nomrebi.zogierT wigns, romelic<br />
daibeWda 1800 wlamde, ara aqvs gverdebis nomrebi da dayofilia<br />
Tabaxebad, Semdeg furclebad an formatebad,yovel maTgans aqvs wina<br />
(rec<strong>to</strong> anr) da ukana mxare (verso anv). am naSromebis loka<strong>to</strong>rebi unda<br />
Sedgebodes Sesabamisi cifrebisa da identifika<strong>to</strong>rebis jaWvisgan,<br />
intervalebis an daxrili SriftiT dawerili niSnebis gareSe: magaliTad,<br />
G6v, 176r, 232r-v an(Tu miuTiTebT mTlian formatebad) fol. 49.<br />
URL-misamarTebi, mudmivi wyaros identifika<strong>to</strong>rebi, Sesvlis TariRebi, da<br />
aRwerilobiTi maCveneblebi. internetSi gamoqveynebuli wigns (ix. 17.1.10)<br />
254
URL-i daurTeT SeniSvnaSic da bibliografiis muxlSic. yoveli URL-i<br />
iwyeba im pro<strong>to</strong>kolis nusxuri asoebiT Sedgenili abreviaturiT,<br />
romelic gamoiyeneba mkiTxvelebisTvis eleqtronuli masalis<br />
misawodeblad, yvelaze xSirad http da ftp. am abreviaturas mudmivad<br />
mosdevs orwertili da ori daxrili xazi, ris Semdegac modis<br />
gamomcemlis domenis saxeli, mas mere ki _ resursis misamarTi. domenis<br />
saxelis momdevno komponentebi gancalkevebulia misgan da erTmaneTisgan<br />
erTi daxrili xaziT.<br />
http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/pubs/MexAmHist/chapter14.html#six<br />
mTavruli asoebis dasma URL-is Sida komponentebSi xdeba zustad ise,<br />
rogorc isini warmogvidgeba ekranze. Tu URL-s `damasrulebeli daxrili<br />
xazi~ aqvs boloSi, CarTeT igi. nu CasvamT URL-s kvadratul frCxilebSi,<br />
sasurvelia, rom URL-is uwyve<strong>to</strong>ba ar dairRves striqonis bolos, magram<br />
Tu amis gakeTeba saWiroa, saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebisTvis ixileT 20.4.2.<br />
zog internet wyaros,URLmisamarTebis garda, sxva mudmivi<br />
identifika<strong>to</strong>rebic aqvs. Tu wyaro iyenebs obieqtis cifrul<br />
identifika<strong>to</strong>rebsan msgavs sistemas, daurTeT informacia, romlis<br />
Sedareba SesaZlebeli iqneba Tqvens miTiTebaSi arsebul URL-<br />
misamarTTan.<br />
doi: 10. 1006/jeth.2000.2694<br />
nebismieri internetwyaros miTiTebisas daurTeT am wyaroSi ukanasknelad<br />
Sesvlis TariRi, Tu ise moxda, rom mas Semdeg Sinaarsi Seicvala an<br />
amoRebulia internetidan (ix. 15.4.1). SeRwevis TariRi CasviT frCxilebSi<br />
URLmisamarTis an mudmivi identifika<strong>to</strong>ris Semdeg.<br />
(Sesvlis TariRi: 2006 wlis 17 maisi)<br />
internetSi gamoqveynebuli wignebi SeiZleba, ar Seicavdes gverdebis<br />
nomrebs, romlebic gvexmareba frCxilebSi Casmul miTiTebebSi naCvenebi<br />
amonaridis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvraSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi SegiZliaT,<br />
URLmisamarTis da Sesvlis TariRis win dauma<strong>to</strong>T aRwerilobiTi<br />
maCvenebeli, rogoricaa, magaliTad, wina qvesaTauri (ix., magaliTad,<br />
255
19.1.10). aucilebeli ar aris amgvari maCveneblis CarTva bibliografiis<br />
muxlSi.<br />
17.1.8 Tavebi da wignis sxva dasaTaurebuli nawilebi<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi, unda miuTiToT mTavari saTauri nebismieri wignisa,<br />
romelSic warmodgeniliaerTi, uwyveti argumenti an Txroba, maSinac,<br />
roca Tqven, faq<strong>to</strong>brivad, mis mxolod erT romelime nawils iyenebT. Tu<br />
xelmZRvanelobT im wignis mxolod erTi nawiliT, romelic erTi an<br />
ramdenime av<strong>to</strong>ris mier sxvadasxva Temaze dawerili damoukidebeli<br />
naSromebis krebulia, SegiZliaT, miuTiToT mxolod is erTi Tavi an<br />
nawili, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba Tqvens kvlevas. amiT<br />
daexmarebiT mkiTxvels, dainaxos, ramdenad miesadageba wyaro Tqvens<br />
proeqts.<br />
b:demosi, jon. `namdvili cxovreba da sxva fiqcia: uolis stegneris<br />
‘wonasworobis kuTxis’ xelaxla gaazreba." wignSi`romanis is<strong>to</strong>ria:<br />
is<strong>to</strong>rikosebi da novelistebi upirispirdebian amerikis warsuls<br />
(da erTimeores), redaqtirebulia mark s. karnsis mier, 132-45. niuiorki:<br />
gamomcemloba “saimoni da Susteri”, 2001.<br />
da ara<br />
karnsi, mark s., red. `romanis is<strong>to</strong>ria: is<strong>to</strong>rikosebi da novelistebi<br />
upirispirdebian amerikis warsuls (da erTimeores). niu-iorki:<br />
gamomcemloba “saimoni da Susteri”, 2001.<br />
erTi av<strong>to</strong>ris mier dawerili wignebis nawilebi. Tu miuTiTebT erTi<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ris mier dawerili wignis dasaTaurebul nawils, pirvel rigSi<br />
miuTiTeT am nawilis saTauri swori SriftiT, moaTavseT brWyalebSi.<br />
aRniSvnis `wignSi ---...” Semdeg miuTiTeT wignis saTauri. bibliografiis<br />
muxlSi, wignis saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT am nawilis gverdebis sruli<br />
intervali; SeniSvnaSi miuTiTeT gverdis nomeri (nomrebi) konkretuli<br />
miTiTebisTvis, rogorc nebismieri sxva citatis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
256
S: 1. jon Carlz Cestini, `neokolonializmi",wignSi ---`sisxlsa da cecxlSi<br />
dabadebuli: laTinuri amerikis mokle is<strong>to</strong>ria(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba<br />
“nor<strong>to</strong>ni da kompania”, 2001), 190-91.<br />
b:Cestini, jon Carlz. `neokolonializmi”.wignSi --- `sisxlsa da cecxlSi<br />
dabadebuli: laTinuri amerikis mokle is<strong>to</strong>ria, 179-206. niu-iorki:<br />
gamomcemloba “nor<strong>to</strong>ni da kompania”, 2001.<br />
Tu miuTiTebT nawils saerTo saTauriT, rogoricaa Sesavali,<br />
winasityvaoba an bolosityvaoba,CasviT es termini wignis saTauris win.<br />
miuTiTeT saerTo saTauri swori SriftiT brWyalebis gareSe da pirveli<br />
sityva mTavruli asoTi dawereT mxolod bibliografiis muxlSi. Tu es<br />
nawili dawerilia sxva da ara wignis ZiriTadi av<strong>to</strong>ris mier, saTauris<br />
Semdeg Tavdapirvelad miuTiTeT nawilis av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari,<br />
Semdegki --wignis av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari.<br />
S: 7.alfred u. qrosbi, Sesavali wignis `ekologiuri imperializmi:<br />
evropis biologiuri eqspansia” axali gamocemisTvis, 900-1900, axali<br />
gamoc. (niu-iorki, kembrijis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2004), xv.<br />
16. qreg qalhuni, winasityvaoba wignisa --`mravalkulturuli politika:<br />
rasizmi, eTnikuroba da musulmanebi britaneTSi”, winasityvaobis av<strong>to</strong>ri<br />
– tariq modudi (mineapolisi: minesotas universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005),<br />
xvi.<br />
b:qrosbi, alfred u. SesavaliwignisE`ekologiuri imperializmi: evropis<br />
biologiuri eqspansia” axali gamocemisTvis, 900-1900. axali<br />
gamoc.niu-iorki, kembrijis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2004.<br />
qalhuni, qreg. winasityvaoba wignisa -- `mravalkulturuli politika:<br />
rasizmi, eTnikuroba, da musulmanebi britaneTSi”, winasityvaobis<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ri – tariq modudi. mineapolisi: minesotas universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 2005.<br />
redaqtirebuli krebulebis nawilebi. Tu miuTiTebT redaqtirebuli<br />
krebulis nawils, romelic moicavs mravali av<strong>to</strong>ris naSroms, pirvel<br />
rigSi, miuTiTeT nawilis av<strong>to</strong>ri da saTauri (swori SriftiT,<br />
257
WyalebSi Casmuli). sityvis `wignSi ...” Semdeg miuTiTeT wignis saTauri<br />
da redaq<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari. bibliografiis muxlSi wignis saTauris<br />
Semdeg miuTiTeTam nawilis gverdebis sruli intervali; SeniSvnaSi<br />
miuTiTeT gverdis nomeri (nomrebi) konkretuli literaturisTvis,<br />
rogorc nebismieri sxva citatis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
S: 3. en qari da daglas j. Surmani, `religia da feminizmi: reformistuli<br />
qristianuli analizi”, wignSi `religia, feminizmi, da ojaxi”, red. an<br />
qari da meri stiuart fon liueni (luisvili, kentuki: gamomcemloba<br />
“uestminster jon nox presi”, 1996), 13-14.<br />
b:qari, enda daglas Surmani. `religia da feminizmi: reformistuli qristianuli<br />
analizi”, wignSi `religia, feminizmi da ojaxi”, redaqtirebulia en<br />
qarisa da meri stiuart fon liuenis mier, 11-32. luisvili, kentuki:<br />
gamomcemloba “uestminster jon nox presi”, 1996.<br />
Tu miuTiTebT erTsa da imave redaqtirebul krebulSi Semaval or an met<br />
naSroms, SegiZliaT,miiCnioT isini calkeul wyaroebad an sivrcis<br />
dazogvis mizniT SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT Semoklebuli forma, romelic<br />
ganxilulia 16.4.1-Si. rodesac SeniSvnaSi pirvelad miuTiTebT wignis<br />
romelime nawils, CasviT sruli bibliografiuli informacia nawilis<br />
Sesaxeb da,zogadad,wignis Sesaxeb. Semdeg, Tu miTiTebas akeTebT wignis<br />
sxva nawilze, srulad miuTiTeT av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari da nawilis<br />
saTauri, wignis Sesaxeb informacia ki CawereT Semoklebuli formiT.<br />
Semdgomi SeniSvnebi calkeuli nawilebisTvis st<strong>and</strong>artuli Semoklebuli<br />
SeniSvnebis formis mixedviT unda CairTos.<br />
S: 4. uiliam h. kiTingi, `forti diarborni da Cikago”,nawilSi`dablobebiani<br />
Stati: ilinoisis Sesaxeb”, 1673-1967, mogzaurebisa da sxva pirebis<br />
monaTxrobis mixedviT, red. pol m. engli (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 1967), 84.<br />
12. sara klarklipinkoti, `Cikago”, “Angle”-Si, 362.<br />
14. kiTingi, 85.<br />
15. lipinkoti, 365.<br />
258
ibliografiaSi CarTeT sruli miTiTeba mTlian wignze da Semoklebuli<br />
SeniSvnis erT-erTi varianti calkeuli nawilebis miTiTebisTvis.<br />
b:engli. pol m., red. `dablobebiani Stati: ilinoisis Sesaxeb”, 1673-1967,<br />
mogzaurebisa da sxva pirebis monaTxrobis mixedviT. (Cikago: Cikagos<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1967).<br />
kiTingi, uiliam h.`forti diarborni da Cikago”. “Angle”-Si, 84-87.<br />
lipinkoti, sara klark. `Cikago”. “englSi”, 362-70.<br />
anTologiebSi moTavsebuli naSromebi. miuTiTeT anTologiaSi dabeWdili<br />
mokle moTxroba, leqsi, ese an sxva naSromi iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT<br />
mravali redaq<strong>to</strong>ris mier redaqtirebulkrebulSi Semaval naSroms.<br />
anTologiebSi gamoqveynebuli umetesi naSromebis saTaurebi<br />
dawereTswori SriftiT, moaTavseT brWyalebSi. gamonakliss warmoadgens<br />
amonaridis saTauri didi moculobis mqone poemidan an prozauli<br />
nawarmoebidan, romelic unda daiweros daxrili SriftiT (ix. 22.3.2).<br />
S:7.izabel alende, `sulebs ase surdaT”,krebulSilaTinuri amerikis eseebis<br />
oqsfordis krebuli, red. lion stavansi (niu-iorki, oqsfordis<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1997),463-64.<br />
b:uiglesvorTi, maikl. amonaridiwignidan `gankiTxvis dRe”.<br />
anTologiaSiamerikis poeziis axali anTologia: tradiciebi da<br />
revoluciebi, dasawyisidan 1900 wlamde, redaqtirebulia stiven<br />
gauld aqelrodis, kamil romanis da Tomas travisanos mier,68-74.<br />
niu brunSviki, niu-jersi: rutgersis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2003.<br />
Tu nawarmoebis Tavdapirveli publikaciis TariRi mniSvnelovania<br />
naSromis konteqstidan gamomdinare, miuTiTeT is naSromis saTauris<br />
Semdeg da anTologiis saTauris win, rogorc SeniSvnebSi, ise,<br />
bibliografiaSi.<br />
259
S: 2. izabel alende, `sulebs ase surdaT” (1984), krebulSioqsfordis<br />
wigni...<br />
b:uiglesvorTi, maikl. amonaridiwignidan `gankiTxvis dRe”. 1662.<br />
anTologiaSiaxali anTologia...<br />
17.1.9 werilebi da sxva korespondencia gamoqveynebul krebulebSi<br />
SegiZliaT,miuTiToT im wignebis konkretuli nawilebi, romlebSic<br />
Sesulia werilebi, memor<strong>and</strong>umebi da sxva korespondencia, vinaidan<br />
konkretuli miTiTeba Seicavs informacias, romelic ar aris aRniSnuli<br />
mTliani wignis miTiTebaSi, magaliTad TariRs da konkretuli<br />
komunikaciis monawileebs. (gamouqveynebeli piradi komunikaciebisTvis ix.<br />
17.6.3; gamouqveynebeli werilebis xelnawerebis krebulebisTvis ix. 17.6.4.)<br />
aseTi masalis miTiTebisTvis aRniSneT gamgzavnis da mimRebis saxelebi<br />
da gvarebi, Semdeg TariRi da (aseTis arsebobis da mizanSewonilobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi) adgili, sadac komunikacia momzadda. sityva werili ar aris<br />
aucilebeli, magram daasaTaureT sxva formebi, rogoricaa angariSi an<br />
memor<strong>and</strong>umi. krebulis saTauri da sxva monacemebi miuTiTeT iseTive<br />
formiT, rogorc redaqtirebuli wignis SemTxvevaSi. yuradReba miaqcieT<br />
Semoklebuli SeniSvnis formas, romelic gansxvavebulia elementebis<br />
Cveuli sqemisgan.<br />
S:1. adamsis werilebi Carlz milnes gaskels, londoni, 1896 wlis 30 marti,<br />
werilebSi `henris werilebi adamsis misamarTiT”, 1858-1891, red. vorTingTon<br />
Consi fordi (bos<strong>to</strong>ni: gamomcemloba “haf<strong>to</strong>n mifini”, 1930), 141,<br />
2. adamsis werilebi gaskels, 142.<br />
5. i-bi-emisa da herold rossis memor<strong>and</strong>umi 1946 wlis 2 maisi, i. b. uaiTis<br />
werilebSi, red. doroTi lobrano guTi (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba “harperi da<br />
ro”, 1976), 273.<br />
260
:jeqsoni, paulina. paulina jeqsonis werilebi jon pepis umcrosis misamarTiT,<br />
1676 w. 3 oq<strong>to</strong>mberi. naSromSi `semuel pepisis da misi ojaxis werilebi”,<br />
redaqtirebuli helen Trusdel hiTis mier, no. 42. oqsfordi:<br />
gamomcemloba “klarendon presi”, 1955.<br />
Tu SeniSvnebSi miuTiTebT erTi wignidan ramdenime werilze an sxva<br />
komunikaciebze, bibliografiaSi aRniSneT mxolod wigni da ara<br />
konkretuli nawilebi.<br />
b: CerCili, uins<strong>to</strong>n da dvaiT d. eizenhaueri.CerCilis da eizenhaueris<br />
mimowera, 1953-1955,redaqtirebulia piter j. boilis mier.Cepel<br />
hili: CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba, 1990.<br />
17.1.10 onlain da sxva eleqtronuli wignebi<br />
internetSi ganTavsebuli wignebisTvis ixelmZRvaneleT nabeWdi<br />
wignebisTvis arsebuli miTebebiT. st<strong>and</strong>artuli elementebis<br />
garda,miuTiTeT URL misamarTi da TariRi, rodesac gaxseniT masala (ix.<br />
15.4.1, 17.1.7). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL misamarTi ar aris<br />
sakmarisi; maqsimalurad unda miuTiToT sruli faqtebi gamocemis<br />
Sesaxeb, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZebna im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu<br />
URL misamarTi Seicvleba. Tu gverdis nomrebi ar aris<br />
aRniSnuli,SeniSvnaSi citirebuli monakveTis adgilmdebareoba miuTiTeT<br />
aRwerilobiTi loka<strong>to</strong>ris (rogoricaa wamZRvarebuli qvesaTauri)<br />
damatebiT da Tavad gamocemis saxelwodebis win sityva ,,wignSi’’<br />
CamatebiT,URLmisamarTisa da gaxsnis TariRamde.<br />
S: 1. Julian samora da patricia v<strong>and</strong>el simoni, meqsikeli da amerikeli<br />
xalxis is<strong>to</strong>ria, ganax. red. (isT lansingi, miCigani: Julian<br />
samoraskvleviTi instituti, miCiganis Statis universiteti, 2000),<br />
nawilSi`samoqalaqo omi meqsikaSi”,http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/<br />
pubs/MexAmHist/chapterU.html#six (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 19 dekembers).<br />
b: samora, Julian dapatricia v<strong>and</strong>el simoni.Hmeqsikeli da amerikeli<br />
xalxebis is<strong>to</strong>ria. ganax. red. isT lansingi, miCigani: Julian<br />
261
samoras kvleviTi instituti, miCiganis Statis universiteti, 2000.<br />
http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/pubs/MexAmHist/chapterU .html#six (gaxsnilia<br />
2005 wlis 19 dekembers).<br />
rodesac miuTiTebT wignebs, romlebic gamoqveynebulia sxva eleqtronul<br />
formatSi, rogoricaa internetidan CamosatvirTi wignebian wignebi,<br />
romlebic wignis maRaziaSi an biblioTekaSi sxva tipis matarebelzea<br />
xelmisawvdomi, miuTiTeT formati (CD-ROM, Microsoft Reader e-book).<br />
S: 1. Tomas h. devenporti da jon s. beki. sifxizle ekonomikaSi: biznesis<br />
axali valuta(kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis biznes-skolis gamomcemloba,<br />
2001), TK3 `mkiTxvelis eleqtronuli wigni”.<br />
b:helmani, hel.<br />
didi antagonizmi teqnologiebis sferoSi: aTi yvelaze<br />
aqtiuri dava. niu-iorki: jon uili. 2004. Rocket eleqtronuli wigni.<br />
17.2 saJurnalo statiebi<br />
perioduli gamocemebis umravlesoba, riTac ixelmZRvanelebT naSromis<br />
momzadebisas, klasificirdeba rogorc Jurnalebi - samecniero an<br />
profesiuli perioduli gamocemebi, romlebic xelmisawvdomia, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, samecniero biblioTekebSi da gamoweriT. Jurnalebi xSirad,<br />
Tumca, ara yovelTvis (mag.:sainsi), saTaurebSi Seicavs sityvas ,,Jurnali”.<br />
Tanamedrove is<strong>to</strong>riis Jurnali,popularuliJurnalebi,rogorc wesi, ar<br />
aris samecniero gamocemebi; isini ufro xelmisawvdomia<br />
mkiTxvelebisTvis, vidre samecniero Jurnalebi, rogorc Sinaarsobrivi<br />
TvalsazrisiT, ise, maTi samecniero wreebs farglebs gareT gavrcelebis<br />
gamo. es gansxvaveba mniSvnelovania, vinaidan samecniero Jurnalebis<br />
statiebisa da masebze gaTvlili popularuli Jurnalebisstatiebis<br />
miTiTeba sxvadasxvanairad xdeba. Tu ara xarT darwmunebuli, ra<br />
periodul gamocemasTan gaqvT saqme _ samecniero Tu masobriv-<br />
262
popularul JurnalTan, naxeT, xom ar Seicavs Jurnalis statiebi<br />
miTiTebebs; Tu pasuxi dadebiTia, miiCnieT igi samecnierod.<br />
17.2.1 av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari<br />
miuTiTeT av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari zustad ise, rogorc statiebis<br />
saTaurebSia. ixelmZRvaneleT 17.1.1-Si mocemuli wignis av<strong>to</strong>rebisTvis<br />
gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT.<br />
17.2.2 statiis saTauri<br />
CamoTvaleT statiis sruli saTaurebi da qvesaTaurebi. gamoiyeneT swori<br />
Srifti, gamoyaviT saTauri qvesaTaurisgan orwertiliT da saTaurebic<br />
da qvesaTaurebic moaTavseT brWyalebSi. dasviT mTavruli asoebi<br />
saTauris stilis dacviT (ix. 22.3.1).<br />
S:1 2. nensi l. grini, `gasvlis politika: imigraciis modelis<br />
Semobruneba”,Tanamedrove is<strong>to</strong>riis Jurnali 77(2005 wlis ivnisi): 275.<br />
b:grini, nensi l. `gasvlis politika: imigraciis modelis<br />
Semobruneba”.Tanamedrove is<strong>to</strong>riis Jurnali77(2005 wlis ivnisi): 263-89.<br />
terminebi, rogoricaa saxeobebis saxelwodebebi da wignebis saTaurebi,<br />
romlebic, rogorc wesi, daxrili SriftiT iwereba teqstSi, kvlav<br />
daxrili SriftiT daiwereba statiis saTaurSi; terminebi, romlebic,<br />
Cveulebriv, citirebulia teqstSi, kvlav rCeba erTmag brWyalebSi,<br />
vinaidan Tavad saTauria Casmuli ormag brWyalebSi. nu dasvamT mZimes an<br />
wertils statiis im saTauris an qvesaTauris Semdeg, romelic sruldeba<br />
kiTxvis an Zaxilis niSniT.<br />
S: 23. judiT luisi, `’Tis a Misfortune <strong>to</strong> Be a Great Ladie'MdedaTa sikvdilianoba<br />
britaneTis<br />
(1998): 26.<br />
aris<strong>to</strong>kratiaSi, 1558-1959," britaneTmcodneobis Jurnali37<br />
b:Llofteni, piter. `gamoZaxili sityvebis TamaSsa da xmlis trials<br />
Soris hamletSi” aelinuri kvleebi2 (1989): 12-29.<br />
263
uiliamsoni, jorj s. `ram mokla avgus fon kocebiu? Rirsebis cduneba<br />
da germanuli nacionalizmis politikuri Teologia, 1789-1819."<br />
Tanamedrove is<strong>to</strong>riis Jurnali12 (2000 wlis dekemberi): 890-943.<br />
ucxoenovan saTaurebSi mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba saWiroa konkretuli<br />
enis tradiciebis Sesabamisad ,,winadadebis stilis” (ix. 22.3.1) dacviT. Tu<br />
daurTavT inglisur Targmans, CasviT igi kvadratul frCxilebSi,<br />
brWyalebis gareSe.<br />
S: 22. Jerar buSari, "Un essai d'anthropologie regionale: L'his<strong>to</strong>ire sociale du Saguenay<br />
aux XIXe et XXe siecles," Annales: Economies, societes, civilisations 34 (1979 wlis<br />
ianvari): 118.<br />
b:kerni, u. "Waar verzamelde Pigafetta zijn Maleise woorden?" [sad Seagrova pigafeltam<br />
malaiziuri sityvebi?] Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, l<strong>and</strong>- en volkenkundo<br />
78(19381:271-73.<br />
17.2.3 samecnieroJurnalis saxelwodeba<br />
statiis saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT Jurnalis saTauri daxrili SriftiT,<br />
mTavruli asoebis dasmiT ,,saTauris stilSi” (ix. 22.3.1). miuTiTeT<br />
saTauri zustad ise, rogorc Jurnalis satitulo furcelze an<br />
sarCevisdasawyisSia; nu gamoiyenebT abreviaturebs. Tu oficialuri<br />
saTauri aris abreviatura, magaliTad, “smk”, nu gaSifravT mas.<br />
ucxoenovani JurnalebisTvis mTavruli asoebi SegiZliaT dasvaT rogorc<br />
saTauris, aseve, winadadebis stilSi, Tumca, unda da<strong>to</strong>voT yvela<br />
artikli, romelic original teqstSia mocemuli(Der Spiegel).<br />
17.2.4 informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb<br />
samecniero Jurnalebis miTiTebebis didi nawiliSeicavs <strong>to</strong>mis nomers,<br />
gamocemis nomers an Tves da wels. mkiTxvels SeiZleba, ar dasWirdes<br />
yvela es elementi statiis mosaZebnad, Tumca yvela maTganis miTiTebiT<br />
Tavidan vicilebT erT-erTSi Secdomis gaparvis risks.<br />
264
<strong>to</strong>mis da nomris gamocemis nomrebi. <strong>to</strong>mis nomeri mosdevs Jurnalis<br />
saTaurs Sualeduri sasveni niSnis gareSe da ar iwereba daxrili<br />
SriftiT. gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi maSinac, roca Tavad Jurnali<br />
iyenebs romauls. Tu gamocemas aqvs nomeri, is mosdevs <strong>to</strong>mis nomers,<br />
gamoyofilia mZimiT da win uZRvis nom.<br />
S: 2.kris<strong>to</strong>fer s. makai, `laktantiusidan diokletianes<br />
memkvidreobamde”,klasikuri filologia94, nom.2 (1999): 205.<br />
b:kumari, rahul. `gonivruli mizezebi kontraqtualistur zneobriv<br />
argumentSi”.eTika114 (2003wlis oq<strong>to</strong>mberi): 6-37.<br />
rodesac JurnalSi aRniSnulia mxolod gamocemis nomeri da ar aris<br />
miTiTebuli <strong>to</strong>mis nomrebi, Jurnalis saxelwodebis Semdeg daismis mZime.<br />
b:biTi, j. m. `danaSaulis modeli inglisSi, 1660-1800”.warsuli da Tanamedrove<br />
periodSi, nom. 62 (1974): 47-95.<br />
gamoqveynebis TariRi. publikaciis TariRi brWyalebSi aris Casmuli<br />
<strong>to</strong>mis nomris (an gamocemis nomris Semdeg, Tu miTiTebulia). TariRis<br />
formatTan dakavSirebiT ixelmZRvaneleT JurnalSi gamoyenebuli<br />
formatiT; is unda Seicavdes TariRs da SeiZleba, Seicavdes sezons, Tves<br />
an zust dRes. Jurnalis miTiTebaSi sezonis saxelebi mTavruli asoTi<br />
daiwyeT, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini teqstSi mTavruli asoebiT ar<br />
iwyeba.<br />
S: 27. sara bernsi, `mxatvris sxeulis SekveTa:Tomas ikinsis<br />
av<strong>to</strong>portretebi”, amerikuli<br />
gazafxuli): 95.<br />
xelovnebis Jurnali19, no. 1 (2005wlis<br />
b:jenkinsi, j. qregi, devid jeiqobsi da jon agnone. `politikuri<br />
SesaZleblobebi da afroamerikuli protesti, 1948-1997”.amerikis<br />
sociologiuri Jurnali109, nom. 2 (2003 wlis seqtemberi): 277-303.<br />
265
Tu statia miRebulia gamosaqveyneblad, magram jer ar gamoqveynebula,<br />
ixmareT frCxilebSi Casmuli fraza: gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi,<br />
TariRis (da gverdebis nomrebis) nacvlad. nebismieri statia, romelic<br />
jer ar aris miRebuli gamosacemad, CaTvaleT gamouqveynebel xelnawerad<br />
(ix. 17.6).<br />
S: 4. margaret m. av<strong>to</strong>ri, `statiis saTauri",Jurnalis saxelwodeba 98<br />
(gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi).<br />
b:av<strong>to</strong>ri, margaret m. `statiis saTauri".Jurnalis saxelwodeba 98<br />
(gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi)<br />
17.2.5 gverdis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia<br />
Tu SeniSvnaSi miuTiTebT konkretul monakveTs, miuTiTeT mxolod<br />
konkretuli citirebuli gverd(eb)i. bibliografiis muxlis an SeniSvnis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, romelSic mTliani statia aris miTiTebuli, CawereT<br />
statiis gverdis nomrebis sruli intervali (ix. 23.2.4). rogorc wesi,<br />
samecniero Jurnalebis statiebis gverdis nomrebi mieTiTeba orwertilis<br />
dasmiT gverdebis win da ara mZimeebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
S: 4. Tim hiCkoki, `,maTxovroba meTvramete saukunis londonis quCebSi’’<br />
britaneTmcodneobis Jurnali44 (2005 wlis ivlisi): 478.<br />
b:Ggoldi, en groZinsi. `simarTlis marcvlebi: sakvebis da mowyalebis cvalebadi<br />
ierarqia rajasTanis sam moTxrobaSi”. religiebis is<strong>to</strong>ria38, # 2<br />
(1998): 150-71.<br />
internetSi gamoqveynebuli samecniero Jurnalebis statiebis miTiTebisas<br />
daurTeT gverdebis nomrebi (Tu aris) da URL-i (an mudmivi<br />
identifika<strong>to</strong>ri)da, aseve, statiis mopovebis TariRi. detalebis da<br />
magaliTebis gasacnobad ixileT 17.2.7. URL-ebSi punqtuaciisa da<br />
mTavruli asoebis dasmis zogadi principebis gasacnobad ixileT 17.1.7.<br />
266
17.2.6 specialuri gamocemebi da damatebebi<br />
specialuri gamocema aris erTi Temisadmi miZRvnili Jurnalis gamocema.<br />
mas aqvs <strong>to</strong>mis da gamocemis Cveulebrivi nomrebi. Tu specialur<br />
gamocemas aqvs sakuTari saTauri da hyavs redaq<strong>to</strong>ri, miTiTebaSi<br />
aRniSneT orive maTgani. saTauri mocemulia swori SriftiT da Casmulia<br />
brWyalebSi.<br />
S: 67. MmeTiu l. jounsi, `dekartes geometria, rogorc sulieri varjiSi”,<br />
JurnalSi "Things", red. bil brauni, specialuri gamocema, kritikuli Zieba28,<br />
# 1 (2001 wlis Semodgoma): 43-44.<br />
b:jouns, meTiu l. `dekartes geometria rogorc sulieri savarjiSo”JurnalSi<br />
"sagnebi," red. bil brauni. specialuri gamocema,Critical Inquiry 28, nom. 1<br />
(2001 wlis Semodgoma): 40-71.<br />
Tu gesaWiroebaT mTeli gamocemis miTiTeba, gamo<strong>to</strong>veT statiasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli informacia.<br />
b:brauni, bil, " sagnebis” red. specialuri gamocema, kritikuli Zieba28, nom. 1<br />
(2001wlis Semodgoma).<br />
Jurnalis damatebas, aseve, SeiZleba, hqondes sakuTari saTauri da hyavdes<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ri an redaq<strong>to</strong>ri. specialuri gamocemisgan gansxvavebiT, igi<br />
Jurnalis Cveulebrivi gamocemebisgan calke inomreba, xSirad misi<br />
gverdebis nomrebis nawilia aso S. dasviT mZime <strong>to</strong>mis nomersa da<br />
damatebis nomers Soris.<br />
S: 4.ivar ekelendi, jeims j. hekmani da lars neSaimi, `hedonisturimodelebis<br />
gamovlena da gansazRvra” naSromSi `Sirvin rouzenis<br />
sapativsacemod”politikuri<br />
Tebervali): S72.<br />
ekonomikis Jurnali112, S1 (2004wlis<br />
b:eklendi, ivar, jeims j. hekmeni da lars neSaimi. `hedonisturi modelebis<br />
gamovlena da gansazRvra” damatebaSi`irvin rouzenis<br />
sapativsacemod”, politikuri<br />
Tebervali): S60-S109.<br />
ekonomikis Jurnali112, S1 (2004wlis<br />
267
17.2.7 internetSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi<br />
onlain JurnalebTan dakavSirebiT ixelmZRvaneleT beWdviTi Jurnalebis<br />
statiebisTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa,<br />
daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens bibliografiaSi Setanili masalis mopovebis<br />
TariRi (ix. 15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi;<br />
Tqven unda miuTiToT publikaciis yvela faqti, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia<br />
maTi dadgena, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis<br />
SemTxvevaSic. onlain JurnalebSi ganTavsebul statiebSi SeiZleba, ar<br />
moipovebodes gverdebis nomrebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini ar qveyndeba<br />
beWdviTi Jurnalebis paralelurad. Tu gverdebis nomrebi ar arsebobs,<br />
frCxilebSi Casmul miTiTebebSi mocemuli nawyvetis adgilis<br />
identificireba SegiZliaT aRwerilobiTi maCveneblis (rogoricaa wina<br />
qvesaTauri) Semdeg unda daema<strong>to</strong>s sityva qveSURL misamarTis da masalis<br />
gaxsnis TariRis win.<br />
S: 4. braian uzi da jareT Spiro, `urTierTTanamSromloba da<br />
SemoqmedebiToba: mcire samyaros sakiTxi”.amerikis sociologiuri<br />
Jurnali111, nom. 2 (2005wlis seqtemberi),nawilis`milgramisTeoria<br />
patara samyaros<br />
Sesaxeb”,qveShttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/<br />
issues/v111n2/090090/090090.html (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 19 dekembers).<br />
b:uzi, brai<strong>and</strong>a jareT Spiro. `urTierTTanamSromloba da SemoqmedebiToba:<br />
mcire samyaros sakiTxi”. amerikis sociologiuri Jurnali111, nom. 2<br />
(2005 wlis seqtemberi).http://www<br />
.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v111n2/090090/090090.html(gaxsnil<br />
ia 2005 wlis 19 dekembers).<br />
statiebis onlain monacemTa bazebi zogadad Seicavs miTiTebebisTvis<br />
saWiro yvela elementis CamonaTvals. daurTeT miTiTebuli mdgradiURL-<br />
i, romelic, aseve, aRniSnavs im monacemTa bazas, romliTac<br />
ixelmZRvaneleT statiis miTiTebisas.<br />
268
S: 6.lorens a. Sapiro`mravalmxrivi gaazreba”.filosofiis Jurnali97. nom.12<br />
(2000 wlis dekemberi): 642. http://links.js<strong>to</strong>r.org/sici?sici=0022-362X%28200012%2997%<br />
3A12%3C635%3AMR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 27 ivniss).<br />
b:Sapiro, lorens a. `mravalmxrivi gaazreba”,filosofiis Jurnali97.nom.12<br />
(2000 wlis dekemberi): 635-54. http://tinks.js<strong>to</strong>r.org/sici?sici=0022-<br />
362X%28200012%2997% 3A12%3C635%3AMR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 27<br />
ivniss)).<br />
17.3 popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi<br />
samecniero Jurnalebis miTiTebisTvis gansazRvruli mravali<br />
saxelmZRvanelo principi (ix. 17.2) Tanabrad vrceldeba popularuli<br />
Jurnalebis miTiTebaze.<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi, yovelkvireuli an yovelTviuri Jurnalebis<br />
miTiTebisas miuTiTeT mxolod TariRi, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini<br />
danomrilia <strong>to</strong>mebisa da gamocemebis mixedviT. TariRi frCxilebSi ar<br />
moaTavsoT. Tu SeniSvnaSi miTiTebas akeTebT konkretul nawyvetze,<br />
daurTeT misi gverdis nomeri. bibliografiis muxlSi ki SegiZliaT,<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>voT statiis gverdis nomrebi, vinaidan pupularuli Jurnalebis<br />
statiebi xSirad moicavs mraval gverds, romlebzec ganTavsebulia<br />
gareSe masalebi. Tu daurTavT gverdis nomrebs, gamocemis TariRisgan<br />
maT gamosayofad orwertilis nacvlad ixmareT mZime.<br />
S: 11.mark Sapiro, `’Zveli evropis’axali Zala”,Jurnali eri, 2004 wlis<br />
27dekemberi, 12-13<br />
b:Sapiro, mark. `’Zveli evropis’axaliZala”, Jurnali eri,2004 wlis 27dekemberi.<br />
Tu miuTiTebT ganyofilebas an svets, romelic regularuladgamodis,<br />
dausviT mTavruli asoebi saTauris stilSi da nu CasvamT brWyalebSi.<br />
Tu maT ar hyavT av<strong>to</strong>ri,misi gvaris nacvlad bibliografiis muxlSi<br />
CasviTJurnalis saxelwodeba.<br />
269
S: 2. barbara valrafi,msoflio sasamarTlo, Jurnali “atlantik<br />
mansli”,2005 wlis ivnisi. 128.<br />
b:Jurnali “niu iorkeri”. qalaqis aqtualuri Tema.2000 wlis aprili<br />
popularuli onlain Jurnalebis miTiTebisas ixelmZRvaneleT<br />
popularuli beWdviTi Jurnalebis statiebisTvis gankuTvnili<br />
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa, daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens<br />
bibliografiaSi Seyvanili masalis mopovebis TariRi (ix. 15.4.1).<br />
gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i sakmarisi ar aris; Tqven<br />
gamoqveynebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela faqti unda warmoadginoT<br />
ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba im<br />
SemTxvevaSic, Tu Seicvleba URL-i. popularul onlain JurnalebSi<br />
ganTavsebul statiebSi SeiZleba, ar iyos miTiTebuli gverdebis nomrebi,<br />
magram miTiTebuli nawyvetis adgilis identificireba SegiZliaT<br />
frCxilebSi Casmul miTiTebebSi sityvis qveSSemdeg aRwerilobiTi<br />
maCveneblis (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri) damatebiT, URL-misamarTis da<br />
Sesvlis TariRis miTiTebiT.<br />
S:7. Stefan farisi, JurnalSi `’'Freedom': dokumenti ar iqna napovni." 5alon.com,<br />
2005wlis 16 dekemberi,statiis qveS `CineTSi internets mexsiereba ar aqvs”,<br />
http://www.salon.com/tech/ feature/2005/12/16/censorship/index1.html [bolo<br />
Sesvla 2005 wlis 19 dekembers].<br />
b:farisi, Stefan. Jurnali `’'Freedom: dokumenti ar iqna napovni”. Salon.com, 2005<br />
wlis 16<br />
dekemberi.http://www.salon.eom/tech/feature/2005/12/16/censorship/in'dex1.html<br />
(bolo Sesvla 2005 wlis 19 dekembers).<br />
270
17.4 sagazeTo statiebi<br />
umetes SemTxvevebSi mxolod SeniSvnebSi miuTiTeT yoveldRiur<br />
gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi da sxva masala. rogorc<br />
wesi,aucilebeli ar aris maTi bibliografiaSi CarTva, Tumca,SeiZleba,<br />
gadawyvi<strong>to</strong>T romelime konkretuli statiis miTiTeba, romelic Zalian<br />
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an xSirad aris citirebuli.<br />
ixelmZRvaneleT popularul JurnalebSi statiebis miTiTebis zogadi<br />
modeliT (ix. 17.3). gamo<strong>to</strong>veT gverdis nomrebi, vinaidan gazeTs SeiZleba,<br />
hqondes ramdenime gamocema, romelSic masala SeiZleba gamoCndes<br />
sxvadasxva gverdebze an amoiRon kidec. SegiZliaT, daakonkre<strong>to</strong>T,<br />
romeli gamocemiT ixelmZRvaneleT da dauma<strong>to</strong>T frazebi bolo<br />
gamoSveba, Sua dasavleTis gamoSveba, an sxva msgavsi identifika<strong>to</strong>ri.<br />
S: 4. saredaqcio statia, milvokis Jurnali, 1998 wlis 1 ivnisi.<br />
6. Jak deridas nekrologi.niu iork Taimsi,2004wlis 10<br />
oq<strong>to</strong>mberi,erovnuli gamocema.<br />
Tu statias miuTiTebT saTauris mixedviT, SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT<br />
saTauris stilis an winadadebis stilis mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebis<br />
meTodi (ix. 22.3.1), oRond SerCeuli stili Tanmimdevrulad unda<br />
gamoiyenoT. gazeTebi iyeneben orivestils, amdenad, yvela saTauri<br />
SecvaleT im stilis Sesabamisad, romlis gamoyenebasac gadawyvetT.<br />
S: 9.bler kamini, `vrigli marTlac is<strong>to</strong>riuli mniSvnelobis Senobas agebs”.<br />
gazeTi `Siqago tribuni”, 2005 wlis 1 ivlisi.<br />
an<br />
9. bler kamini, `vrigli marTlac is<strong>to</strong>riuli mniSvnelobis Senobas agebs”.<br />
gazeTi“Siqago tribuni” , 2005 wlis 1 ivlisi.<br />
SeniSvnis gamoyenebis nacvlad zog SemTxvevaSi SegiZliaT, statiebis<br />
miTiTeba teqstSi ramdenime mniSvnelovani elementis CasmiT; sul mcire,<br />
271
miuTiTeT gazeTis saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi da statiis av<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
(aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) saxeli da gvari. am informaciidan zogi<br />
elementi SeiZleba,moTavsdes frCxilebSi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ar<br />
Seesabameba frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebis formas, romelic aRwerilia<br />
16.4.3-Si.<br />
an<br />
“niu iork Taimsis” statiaSi uzenaes sasamarTloSi gardaqmnebis<br />
Sesaxeb (2005 wlis 30 seqtemberi) linda grinhauzs ganxiluli aqvs es<br />
tendenciebi.<br />
2005 wlis 30 seqtembers “niu iork TaimsSi”gamoqveynebul statiaSi<br />
linda grinhauzi ganixilavs uzenaes sasamarTloSi mimdinare<br />
gardaqmnebs.<br />
17.4.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli sakiTxebi<br />
inglisurenovani gazeTebis saxelwodebaSi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT artikliThe. Tu<br />
gazeTis saxelwodeba ar Seicavs qalaqs, daumateT igi oficialur<br />
saTaurs, garda iseTi kargad cnobili erovnuli gazeTebisa, rogoricaa<br />
the Wall Street Journal an the Christian Science Moni<strong>to</strong>r. Tu aseTi saxelwodebis<br />
gazeTi mraval qalaqSi gamodis an saxelwodeba bundovania, SegiZliaT,<br />
frCxilebSi dauma<strong>to</strong>T Stati an mxare (Cveulebriv, Semoklebuli formiT;<br />
ix. 24.3.1). sxva ucxouri gazeTis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, da<strong>to</strong>veT<br />
Seucvlelad gazeTis saxelwodebaSi arsebuli artiklebi da saTaurebis<br />
Semdeg daurTeT qalaqebis saxelebi.<br />
<strong>Chicago</strong> Tribune Le Monde<br />
Saint Paul (Alberta or AB) Journal Times (London)<br />
inglisur enaze sainformacio saagen<strong>to</strong>ebis saxelwodebebSi mTavruli<br />
asoebi unda ganlagdes saTauris stilis dacviT, Tumca, dauxreli<br />
SriftiT, rodesac igi statiis av<strong>to</strong>ris magivrad aris miTiTebuli.<br />
272
S:6. `Associated Press”, `erayis konstitucia Tavdasxmebis fonze”, gazeTSiLos<br />
Angeles Times, 2005wlis 6 oq<strong>to</strong>mberi.<br />
17.4.2 specialuri tipis sagazeTo miTiTebebi<br />
gazeTebSi, garda calkeuli xelmowerili statiebisa, ganTavsebulia,<br />
agreTve, mravali sxva tipis masala da zogierTi maTganis citirebisas<br />
saWiroa specialuri wesebis dacva.<br />
- regularuli svetebi.mraval Cveulebriv svets axlavs hedlainebad<br />
wodebuli saTaurebi da svetis saTaurebi. Tqven orives gamoyeneba<br />
SegiZliaT, sivrcis dazogvis mizniT ixmareT mxolod svetis saTauri<br />
(swori SriftiT, ubrWyalebod).<br />
S: 5.grethen morgensoni, “`bazris moni<strong>to</strong>rini: fasdakleba da<br />
gaumjobesebuli<br />
aprili.<br />
an<br />
Semosavlebi”, gazeTi `niu iork Taimsi”, 2000 wlis 23<br />
5. grethen morgensoni, bazris moni<strong>to</strong>ringi,gazeTi `niu iork Taimsi”, 2000<br />
wlis 23 aprili.<br />
-werilebi redaq<strong>to</strong>rs. miuTiTeT isini zogadad, saTaurebis gareSe.<br />
S: 6. virjinia j. devisi, werili redaq<strong>to</strong>rs, gazeTi `Sikago tribuni”, 2005<br />
wlis 29 ivlisi.<br />
• danarTebSi ganTavsebuli statiebi. statiebi sakvirao `Jurnalis’’<br />
damatebebidan an sxva specialuri nawilebidan miuTiTeT popularuli<br />
Jurnalis statiebis msgavsad (ix. 17.3).<br />
• onlain reJimSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi. onlain gazeTebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT ixelmZRvaneleT beWdviT gazeTebSi ganTavsebuli<br />
statiebisTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa,<br />
daurTeT URL-misamarTi da Tqvens mier masalis mopovebis TariRi (ix.<br />
15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mar<strong>to</strong> URL-is miTiTeba sakmarisi ar aris;<br />
Tqven unda warmoadginoT publikaciis yvela faqti, ramdenadac es<br />
SesaZlebelia), raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is<br />
Secvlis SemTxvevaSic. SegiZliaT SeniSvnaSi citirebuli nawyvetis<br />
273
adgilmdebareobis miniSneba aRwerilobiTi maniSneblis damatebiT<br />
(rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri) qvesaTauris Semdeg.<br />
S: 12. deiv hoekstra, `memkvidreobis aRdgena”, gazeTi“Siqago sun-Taimsi”,<br />
2005wlis 19 dekemberi, qvesaTaurSi`saxli Sinidan<br />
Sors”,http://www.suntimes.com/output/hurricane/ cst-ftr-nola19.html (gaxsnilia<br />
2005 wlis 19 dekembers).<br />
17.5 damatebiTi tipis gamoqveynebuli wyaroebi<br />
arsebobs ramdenime damatebiTi tipis gamoqveynebuli masala, romlebzec<br />
vrceldeba miTiTebis specialuri moTxovnebi.<br />
17.5.1 klasikuri, Suasaukuneebisa da adreuli periodis inglisuri<br />
literaturuli nawarmoebebi<br />
Zvel saberZneTSi da romSi, Sua saukuneebis evropaSi da renesansis<br />
periodis inglisSi Seqmnili literaturuli nawarmoebebis miTiTeba<br />
Tanamedrove literaturuli nawarmoebebis citirebisgan gansxvavebulad<br />
xdeba. es wyaroebi xSirad dajgufebulia danomril seqciebad (wignebi,<br />
striqonebi, strofebi da a.S.), romlebic,rogorc wesi, miTiTebulia<br />
gverdebis nomrebis nacvlad. imis gamo, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
gamoqveynda am nawarmoebebis uamravi versia da Targmani, Tanamedrove<br />
gamocemebisTvis maTi gamoqveynebis TariRi da sxva faqtebi, Cveulebriv,<br />
naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre sxva tipis miTiTebebSi.<br />
amis gamo klasikuri, Sua saukuneebis da adreuli periodis inglisuri<br />
literaturuli nawarmoebebis citireba, rogorc wesi, unda xdebodes<br />
sqolioebSi an Tundac frCxilebSi Casmuli miTiTebebis formiT. (ix.<br />
16.4.3), rogorc qvemoT mocemul pirvel magaliTSia naCvenebi. miuTiTeT<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, saxelwodeba da seqciis nomeri (arabuli<br />
cifrebiT). ixileT qvemoT sxvadasxva tipis nawarmoebebis miTiTebis<br />
principebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi punqtuaciaSi, SemoklebebSi da<br />
nomrebSi.<br />
274
tucidides mier gadmocemulipeloponeziis flotis umoqmedobis oTxmoci<br />
dRe rodiSi(8.44.4), romelic dasrulda zamTris dasrulebamde(8.60.2-3),<br />
mianiSnebs...<br />
S: 3.ovid amoresi1.7.27.<br />
8.beovulfi, striqonebi 24017.<br />
11. spenseri,dedoflis feria,w. 2, leqsi 8, st. 14.<br />
Tu Tqveni naSromi exeba literaturul gamokvlevebsan sxva raime<br />
sferos, romelic moicavs teqstebis detalur analizs an Tu<br />
mniSvnelovani sxvaobaa Targmanebs Soris, miuTiTeT aseTi nawarmoebebi<br />
Tqvens bibliografiaSi. ixelmZRvaneleT 17.1.1-Si moyvanili sxva<br />
naTargmni da redaqtirebuli wignebisTvis gankuTvnili wesebiT.<br />
S:35. propertiusi, elegiesi, red. da mTargm.j.f. goldi, loebis klasikuri<br />
naSromebis biblioTeka 18 (kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 1990), 45.<br />
b:Aaris<strong>to</strong>tele. aris<strong>to</strong>teles naSromebis sruli krebuli: ganaxlebuli<br />
oqsfordis Targmani. Eredaqtirebulia jeims j. barnis mier. 2 t.<br />
prins<strong>to</strong>ni, niu-jersi: prins<strong>to</strong>nis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1983<br />
klasikuri nawarmoebebi.zemoT moyvanil zogad principebTan erTad<br />
damatebiT warmogidgenT wesebs, romlebic vrceldeba klasikuri<br />
nawarmoebebis citirebaze.<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rsa da nawarmoebis saTaurs an saTaursa da seqciis nomers Soris<br />
ar gamoiyenoT sasveni niSnebi. cifrobrivi danayofebi gamoyofilia<br />
wertilebiT intervalebis gareSe. seqciebis nomrebisTvis ixmareT<br />
arabuli cifrebi (da, sadac saWiroa, nusxuri asoebi). dasviT mZimeebi<br />
erTi da imave wyaros or an met miTiTebas Soris, xolo wertil-mZime –<br />
sxvadasxva wyaros citirebebs Soris.<br />
275
S:5. aris<strong>to</strong>fanebayayebi1019-30.<br />
6. ciceroniVerr. 1.3.21. 2.3.120; tacitiusiCanasaxi. 10.2-3.<br />
10aris<strong>to</strong>telemetafizika3.2.996b5-8; pla<strong>to</strong>nirespublika360e-<br />
361b.<br />
SegiZliaT, agreTve, av<strong>to</strong>rebis, nawarmoebebis, krebulebis da a.S.<br />
saxelebis Semokleba. yvelaze farTod aRiarebul abreviaturebs Seicavs<br />
oqsfordis klasikuri leqsikoni. isargebleT am abreviaturebiT, nacvlad<br />
sityvisa ibid. erTi da imave naSromis Tanmimdevrulad moxseniebis dros.<br />
S:9. Tuk. 2.40.2-3.<br />
14 . pindariistem.7.4З-45.<br />
Suasaukuneebis nawarmoebebi. klasikuri naSromebis miTiTebis forma<br />
Tanabrad misaRebia Sua saukuneebis nawarmoebebisTvis, romlebic<br />
dawerilia sxva enebze, garda inglisurisa.<br />
S:27. avgustineDe civitate Dei 20.2.<br />
31. abelardiEpistle 17 <strong>to</strong> Heloise (Migne PL 180.375c-378a).<br />
adreuli inglisuri nawarmoebebi.zemoT CamoTvlili zogadi<br />
principebis garda,adreuli inglisuri literaturuli nawarmoebebis<br />
miTiTebebze Semdegi wesebi vrceldeba:<br />
poemebis da piesebis miTiTebisas moixsenieT wigni, Tavi da strofi;<br />
strofi da striqoni; moqmedeba, scena da striqoni an msgavsi danayofebi.<br />
S:1. Coseri, `baTis meuRlis prologi”, kenterberis moTxrobebi, striqonebi<br />
105-14.<br />
3. mil<strong>to</strong>ni, dakarguli samoTxe,wigni 1, striqonebi 83-86.<br />
SegiZliaT, SeamokloT danomrili danayofebi moqmedeba, striqoni da<br />
sxva msgavsi sityvebis gamo<strong>to</strong>vebiT da klasikur miTiTebebSi arsebulis<br />
msgavsi sistemis gamoyenebiT (ix. zemoT). aucileblad ganmarteT<br />
SeniSvnaSi Tqveni sistema.<br />
276
S:3. mil<strong>to</strong>ni. dakarguli samoTxe. 1.83-86.<br />
Tu gamocemebi gansxvavdeba redaqciiT, striqonebis danomvriT da<br />
scenebad dayofiTac ki, gansakuTrebiT, es exeba Seqspiris nawarmoebebs,<br />
CasviT es nawarmoebi bibliografiaSi da miuTiTeT konkretuli gamocema.<br />
Tu bibliografia ar gaqvT, pirvel SeniSvnaSi daakonkreteT detalebi<br />
gamocemis Sesaxeb.<br />
b: Seqspiri, uiliam. hamleti. ardenis gamocema. redaqtirebulia herold<br />
jenkinsis mier. londoni: gamomcemloba “meTueni”, 1982.<br />
17.5.2 biblia da sxva wminda werilebi<br />
miuTiTeT biblia da sxva religiuri Sinaarsis wminda werilebi<br />
sqolioebSi, teqstis bolos Catanil an frCxilebSi Casmul SeniSvnebSi<br />
(ix. 16.4.3). ar aris saWiro maTi CarTva bibliografiaSi.<br />
bibliidan citirebis SemTxvevaSi daurTeT wignis Semoklebuli<br />
saxelwodeba, Tavis nomeri da strofis nomeri – gverdis nomris gareSe.<br />
konteqstidan gamomdinare, SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT wignebis<br />
saxelwodebebis tradiciuli an ufro mokle abreviaturebi (ix. 24.6);<br />
mimarTeT rCevisTvis Tqvens pedagogs, Tu ar xarT darwmunebuli, romeli<br />
formaa misaRebi. gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi Tavebis, strofebis<br />
nomrebisa (maT Soris, orwertiliT)da danomrili wignebis miTiTebisas.<br />
vinaidan wignebi gansxvavebulia wminda werilebis versiebis mixedviT,<br />
gansxvavebulia danomvrac, ami<strong>to</strong>m Tqvens pirvel miTiTebaSi frCxilebSi<br />
DCawereT im versiis saxelwodeba, romliTac sargeblobT, sityvierad an<br />
miRebuli abreviaturiT (ix. 24.6.4).<br />
S: 6. 2 Kings 11:8 (axali ganaxlebuli<br />
st<strong>and</strong>artuli versia). 7. 1 Cor. 6:1-10 (NAB).<br />
sxva religiis wminda werilebidan citirebis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisad<br />
gamoiyeneT bibliidan citirebis zogadi principebi (ix. 24.6.5)<br />
277
17.5.3 sacnobaro literatura<br />
sayovelTaod cnobili sacnobaro literatura, rogoricaa mTavari<br />
leqsikonebi da enciklopediebi, Cveulebriv, moixsenieba mxolod<br />
SeniSvnebSi. rogorc wesi,ar aris saWiro maTi Casma bibliografiaSi,<br />
Tumca, SegiZliaT im konkretuli naSromis CarTva, romelic<br />
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentis dasabuTebisTvis an, romelic xSirad<br />
aris miTiTebuli. SeniSvnaSi SegiZliaT, gamo<strong>to</strong>voT informacia<br />
publikaciis Sesaxeb, magram daakonkreteT gamocema (Tu es ar aris<br />
pirveli gamocema). anbanuri wesiT awyobili naSromis, magaliTad,<br />
enciklopediis, SemTxvevaSi miuTiTeT muxli (da ara <strong>to</strong>mi an gverdis<br />
nomeri), romelsac win uswrebs ix. - ixileT (s.v.- sub verbo).<br />
S:1. enciklopedia britanika, me-15 gam., ix. `xsna”.<br />
2. amerikis biografiuli leqsikoni, ix. `vadsvorTi, ieremia”.<br />
naklebad cnobili sacnobaro literaturis miTiTebisasSeniSvebSi<br />
aRniSneTinformacia publikaciis Sesaxeb da naSromi bibliografiaSi<br />
SeitaneT.<br />
S:3. Jurnali Taimsis zamkvlevi inglisuri enis stilis da gamoyenebis<br />
sakiTxebSi, ganax. gam. (londoni: gamomcemloba `Taimz buqsi”, 1999), ix.<br />
`policiis maRalCinosnebi”, `safos<strong>to</strong> misamarTebi”.<br />
b:aulestia, gorka. baskur-inglisuri leqsikoni. reno: nevadas universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba. 1989.<br />
enciklopediebis onlain versiebi eqvemdebareba regularul ganaxlebas,<br />
ami<strong>to</strong>m CarTeT rogorc URL-misamarTi, ise, masalis mopovebis TariRi (ix.<br />
15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom zogierTi sacnobaro naSromi miuTiTebs<br />
konkretuli muxlis citirebisTvis Sesaferis URL-s; sasurvelia misi<br />
gamoyeneba nacvlad saZiebo sistemebis mier gamotanili naklebad s<strong>and</strong>o<br />
URL-isa.<br />
278
S:1. Encyclopaedia Britannica onlain varianti, ix. `sibeliusi,<br />
jin”,http://www.britannica .com/ebc/article?<strong>to</strong>cld=9378608 (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 1<br />
ivniss).<br />
17.5.4 recenziebi, kritikuli statiebi<br />
wignebis, warmodgenebis da a.S. naSromebis recenzia SeiZleba, daibeWdos<br />
sxvadasxva periodul gamocemebSi da, rogorc wesi, maTze miTiTeba<br />
mxolod SeniSvnaSi unda CairTos. Cveulebriv, aucilebeli ar aris maTi<br />
bibliografiaSi Casma, Tumca, SesaZloa,gadawyvi<strong>to</strong>T konkretuli<br />
recenziis miTiTeba, romelic mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an<br />
xSirad aris naxsenebi.<br />
miuTiTeT mimomxilvelis gvari da saxeli, sityva (recenzia), romelsac<br />
mosdevs mimoxiluli naSromis saxelwodeba da av<strong>to</strong>ri (an kompozi<strong>to</strong>ri,<br />
reJisori da a.S.); adgili da TariRi (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saubaria<br />
speqtaklze) da bolos is perioduli gamocema, romelSic daibeWda<br />
mimoxilva.<br />
S: 7.riCard p. Taubi, Semdegi statiis recenzia–sazogadoebrivi sabinao<br />
mSeneblobis dabruneba: naxevarsaukunovani brZola sam raionSi,<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ri lorens j. veili, amerikis sociologiuri Jurnali110. no. 3<br />
(2004wlis noemberi): 797.<br />
15. Carlz iServudi. Semdegi dadgmis recenzia –cisferi Citi, av<strong>to</strong>ri:<br />
Seril vesti,reJisori – seret skoti, Teatri seqong sTeiji, niu-iorki,<br />
gazeTi `New York Times”, 2005wlis 24 ivnisi.<br />
b:kozini, alan. timoTi feinis (violino) da stiven bekis (fortepiano)<br />
sakoncer<strong>to</strong> gamosvlis mimoxilva, 92nd Street Y, New York. New York Times,<br />
2000wlis 21 aprili.<br />
17.5.5 reziumeebi, mimoxilvebi<br />
samecniero statiebis, sakonferencio naSromebis, disertaciebis da a.S.<br />
reziumeebi SeiZleba, gamoqveyndes sakuTriv naSromTan erTad an<br />
specialur gamocemebSi (Cveulebriv, JurnalebSi), romlebic Sedgeba<br />
279
mxolod da mxolod reziumeebisgan. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, reziumeebi,<br />
Cveulebriv, mxolod SeniSvniT unda mieTiTos. rogorc wesi, maTi<br />
bibliografiaSi CarTva ar aris aucilebeli, Tumca, SesaZloa,<br />
gadawyvi<strong>to</strong>T konkretuli recenziis miTiTeba, romelic mniSvnelovania<br />
Tqveni argumentisTvis an xSirad aris miTiTebuli.<br />
daurTeT sakuTriv naSromis sruli miTiTeba. Tu reziume ibeWdeba<br />
naSromTan erTad, miTiTebaSi sityva reziume CasviT saTauris Semdeg. Tu<br />
reziume ibeWdeba sxva gamocemaSi, sityvebi reziume . . . –SiCasviT sawyisi<br />
miTiTebis Semdeg da miuTiTeT reziumes adgilmdebareoba.<br />
S: 13. jozef ludersi, `gadaadgilebis ekonomikis warmateba: biznesis<br />
reagireba samoqalaqo uflebebis mobilizaciaze”, reziume, amerikis<br />
sociologiuri Jurnali111, nom. A (2006wlis ianvari): 963.<br />
18. sesilia albini, `molaparakebebis warmoeba saerTaSoriso<br />
TanamSromlobis Taobaze: saerTaSoriso sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da<br />
samarTlianoba”, “saerTaSiriso kvlevebis mimoxilva”29 (2003wlis ivlisi):<br />
365-85, reziume JurnalSi“mSvidobis kvlevis reziumeebi”A2, publik. nomeri<br />
236625 (2005wlis Tebervali): 6.<br />
17.5.6 bukletebi da angariSebi<br />
miuTiTeT bukletebi, korporaciuli angariSebi, broSurebi da sxva<br />
damoukidebeli publikaciebi iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT wigns. Tu ar<br />
gaqvT sakmarisi informacia zogierTi st<strong>and</strong>artuli elementis<br />
CasarTavad, rogoricaa av<strong>to</strong>ri da gamomcemeli, dokumentebis moZieba rom<br />
gaadvildes, miuTiTeT sakmarisi odenobis sxva informacia.aseTi<br />
wyaroebis miTiTeba, Cveulebriv, mxolod SeniSvnebSi unda gakeTdes.<br />
rogorc wesi, ar aris saWiro maTi bibliografiaSi CarTva, Tumca,<br />
SesaZloa, gadawyvi<strong>to</strong>T konkretuli recenziis miTiTeba, romelic<br />
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an xSirad aris naxsenebi.<br />
S: 34.heizel v. klarki, mesopotamia: or mdinares Sua(mesopotamia, ohaio:<br />
gamomcemloba “general sTori”, 1957).35. TIAA-CREF,2005 yovelwliuri<br />
280
angariSi: kolejis sapensio fondi(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba: `Tiaa-krefi”,<br />
2005), 62.<br />
17.5.7 mikroformis gamocemebi<br />
mikroformis saxiT gamocemuli naSromebi, romliTac xelmZRvanelobdiT,<br />
maT Soris disertacia, miuTiTeT wignis msgavsad. (nabeWdi formiT an<br />
internetSi moZiebuli disertaciebis misaTiTeblad (ix. 17.6.1.) daurTeT<br />
publikaciis forma (mikrofiSa, mikrofilmi da a.S.), publikaciis Sesaxeb<br />
monacemebis Semdeg. SeniSvnaSi, Tu SesaZlebelia, CarTeT adgilis<br />
ganmsazRvreli elementi. qvemoT, pirvel magaliTSi gverdis nomeri<br />
(romelic sicxadisTvis gamoyofilia abreviaturiT gv.) mikrofiSaze<br />
nabeWd teqstSi gvxvdeba; danarCenicifrebiaRniSnavenmikrofiSasda kadrs,<br />
xolo aso aRniSnavs striqons.<br />
S:5.beatris farveli, safrangeTis popularuli liTografiuli<br />
namuSevrebi, t. 12, liTografia xelovnebasa da vaWrobaSi(Cikago:<br />
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1995), teqsti-fiSa, gv. 67, 3C12.<br />
b: Tauberi, abraam. damwerlobis reforma SeerTebul StatebSi.<br />
enAarbori. MI: universitetis mikrofilmebi. 1958. mikrofilmi.<br />
17.5.8 CD-ROM-ebi an DVD-ROM-ebi<br />
miuTiTeTCD-ROM-ze an DVD-ROM-ze CawerilinaSromebi, rogorc<br />
miuTiTebdiT analogiur nabeWd naSromebs, ufro xSirad, wignebs.<br />
S:11. neiSenal jeografikis Canawerebi:110 welineiSenal<br />
jeografikisdaarsebidan, CD-ROM (Mindscape, 2000).<br />
b: oqsfordis inglisuri enis leqsikoni. me-2 gam. CD-ROM. versia 2.0. niuiorki:<br />
oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba. 1999.<br />
17.5.9 onlain monacemTa bazebi<br />
onlain monacemTa bazebSi gamoqveynebuli samecniero Jurnalebis<br />
statiebis citirebasTan dakavSirebiT, ixileT 17.2.7. sxva tipis onlain<br />
281
monacemTa bazebis dokumentebs an Canawerebs SeniSvnaSi<br />
miTiTebisasdaurTeTdokumentis av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari da dokumentis<br />
saxelwodeba (Tu aqvs), monacemTa baza (swori SriftiT), URL misamarTi<br />
da TariRi, rodesac masala moipoveT. gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod da<br />
mxolod URL-i sakmarisi ar aris; unda warmoadginoT sruli informacia<br />
publikaciis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, raTa mkiTxvels<br />
SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis SemTxvevaSic. onlain monacemTa<br />
bazebSi ganTavsebuli disertaciebis miTiTebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.6.1.<br />
S: 1. flini ufrosi,bunebrivi is<strong>to</strong>ria, red. jon bos<strong>to</strong>ki da h. T.<br />
rili, perseusis cifrul biblioTekaSi, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgibin/ptext?lookup<br />
= Plin.+ Nat.+1.dedication (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 31 marts).<br />
b:perseusis cifruli biblioTeka, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/<br />
17.6 gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi<br />
wyaroebi, romlebic arasdros gamoqveynebula, SeiZleba, ufro rTuli<br />
mosaZebni iyos mkiTxvelisTvis, vidre gamoqveynebuli, vinaidan isini<br />
inaxeba mxolod erT adgilas da ar arsebobs oficialuri cnobebi maTi<br />
publikaciis Sesaxeb. msgavsi wyaroebis miTiTebisas gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs qvemoT CamoTvlili sruli informaciis darTvas, raTa<br />
maqsimalurad srulyofili monacemebi mivawodoT mkiTxvels.<br />
gamouqveynebeli naSromebis saTaurebi mocemulia swori SriftiT,<br />
ubrWyalebod. es gansxvavebuli formati gamoarCevs maT msgavsi, magram<br />
gamoqveynebuli naSromebisgan. saTaurebi mTavruli asoebiT dawereT<br />
saTauris stilis mixedviT.<br />
282
17.6.1 Tezisebi da disertaciebi<br />
Tu xelmZRvanelobT gamouqveynebeli disertaciis nabeWdi formiT,<br />
CaTvaleT igi gamouqveynebel xelnawerad. av<strong>to</strong>ris da saxelwodebis<br />
Semdeg miuTiTeT disertaciis tipi da samecniero dawesebuleba, Semdeg<br />
TariRi. wignis publikaciis monacemebis msgavsad, es elementebi<br />
SeniSvnaSi frCxilebSi Tavsdeba, bibliografiaSi ki – ara. gamoiyeneT<br />
disertaciis Semoklebuli varianti dis.sityvis gamouqveynebelixmareba<br />
saWiro ar aris.<br />
S: 1. karen lei Culkasi, `qurTistanis kar<strong>to</strong>grafiuli warmoCena beWdviT<br />
mediaSi”(Tezisi magistris xarisxis dasacavad, sirakusis universiteti,<br />
2003), 15.<br />
b:merfi, priscila qoiT. `ra SeuZlia wigns: Cumi wyarodasajaro debatebi<br />
mediasaSualebebSi”. sadoq<strong>to</strong>ro disertacia., CrdiloeT karolinas<br />
universiteti, 2000.<br />
imisaTvis, rom miuTiToT disertacia, romelsac gaecaniT onlain<br />
monacemTa bazaSi,daurTeT monacemTa bazis saxeli, URL-i da monacemTa<br />
bazaSi Sesvlis TariRi organizaciis Sesaxeb informaciis Semdeg<br />
(mikroformis saxiT gamoSvebuli gamocemebis Sesaxeb ixileT 17.5.7.)<br />
b: merfi, priscila, qoiTi. `ra SeuZlia wigns: Cumi wyaro da sajaro<br />
debatebi mediasaSualebebSi”.sad. dis.., CrdiloeT karolinas universiteti.<br />
2000. ProQuest Dissertations<strong>and</strong> Theses-Si, http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did =<br />
727710781 &sid-2&Fmt^2& clientld=13392&RQT=309&VName=PQD (gaxsnilia 2006<br />
wlis 1 aprils).<br />
17.6.2 leqciebi da Sexvedrebze wakiTxuli moxsenebebi<br />
gamosvlis an moxsenebis av<strong>to</strong>ris da saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT sponsori,<br />
adgilmdebareoba da TaTbiris Catarebis konkretuli dRe. SeniSvnaSi es<br />
informacia frCxilebSi moaTavseT, bibliografiaSi – ara. sityva<br />
gamouqveynebeli saWiro ar aris.<br />
283
S:2.jon Trumani,`indielTa bluzi: amerikeli indielebi da musikis<br />
politika,1890-1935" (leqcia, wakiTxuli biblioTekaSi `Newberry Library”,<br />
Cikago, ilinoisi, 2005wlis 2 Tebervali).<br />
7. karen gradi, `rodesac maRali kultura popularuli kultura<br />
iyo” (amerikis is<strong>to</strong>rikosTa organizaciis yovelwliur Sexvedraze<br />
warmodgenili moxseneba. 2004wlis 26 marti).<br />
b:skokpoli, Teda. `xma da uTanasworoba: amerikis samoqalaqo demokratiis<br />
gardaqmna”.prezidentis mimarTva, amerikis poli<strong>to</strong>logTa asociaciis<br />
yovelwliuri Sexvedra, filadelfia, pensilvania,2003wlis 28<br />
agvis<strong>to</strong>.<br />
17.6.3 interviuebi da piradi urTierToba<br />
gamouqveynebeli interviu (maT Soris, interviu, romelic Tavad<br />
warmarTeT),rogorc wesi, mxolod SeniSvnaSi unda miuTiToT. Cveulebriv,<br />
ar aris saWiro maTi bibliografiaSi CarTva, Tumca, SegiZliaT<br />
gadawyvi<strong>to</strong>T calkeuli intervius CarTva bibliografiaSi, Tu is<br />
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an xSirad aris miTiTebuli.<br />
SeniSvna daiwyeT im piris gvariT da saxeliT, romelsac CamoerTva<br />
interviu da interviueris saxeliT da gvariT; daurTeT, agreTve,<br />
intervius Catarebis adgili da TariRi (Tu cnobilia) da nebismieri<br />
firisa Tu werilobiTi aslis (Tu aris xelmisawvdomi) adgilmdebareoba.<br />
(radio- an telemauwyeblobiT gadacemuli interviuebis Sesaxeb ixileT<br />
17.8.3)<br />
S:7. endriu makmilani, av<strong>to</strong>ris interviu,san diego, kalifornia,2007 wlis 2<br />
marti.<br />
14. benjamin Spoki, j.e. senis interviu, 1974 wlis 20 noemberi, interviu<br />
67a, werilobiTi asli,senis zepiri is<strong>to</strong>riis koleqcia, medicinis<br />
erovnuli biblioTeka, beTezda, MD. 17.<br />
makmilani,interviu; spoki, interviu.<br />
Tu ar SegiZliaT im piris vinaobis gamJRavneba, romelsac interviu<br />
CamoarTves, miuTiTeT is konteqstis Sesabamisi formiT. ganmarteT, ra<strong>to</strong>m<br />
284
ar aris miTiTebuli vinaoba (`yvela interviu iyo konfidencialuri; im<br />
pirTa vinaobas, visac CamovarTviT interviuebi, ar vasaxelebT ormxrivi<br />
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze’’) SeniSvnaSi an winasityvaobaSi.<br />
S:10. interviu j<strong>and</strong>acvis sferos muSakTan 2006 wlis 10 agvis<strong>to</strong>.<br />
miuTiTeT saubrebi, werilebi, eleqtronuli werilebi da a.S. mxolod<br />
SeniSvnebSi. rogorc wesi, ar aris saWiro maTi miTiTeba bibliografiaSi,<br />
magram SeiZleba, moisurvoT, miuTiToT konkretuli komunikacia, romelic<br />
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentis gasamyareblad an romelic xSirad aris<br />
citirebuli. ZiriTadi elementebia sxva adamianis saxeli da gvari,<br />
komunikaciis tipi da komunikaciis TariRi. bevr SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa,<br />
moaxerxoT frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnis gamoyeneba (ix. 16.4.3) an am<br />
informaciis nawilobriv an srulad CarTva teqstSi. gamo<strong>to</strong>veT<br />
eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebi. eleqtronul misamarTebze gagzavnili<br />
Setyobinebebis miTiTebis Sesaxeb ixileT ix. 17.7.3.<br />
S:2. maqsin grini, eleqtronuli fostis gzavnili av<strong>to</strong>rs, 2005 wlis 29<br />
seqtemberi.<br />
2006 wlis 12 oq<strong>to</strong>mbers av<strong>to</strong>rTan satelefono saubrisas polkovnikma<br />
uiliam riCim gaamJRavna, rom...<br />
17.6.4 xelnawerTa koleqciebi<br />
gamouqveynebel xelnawerTa koleqciebSi daculi dokumentebi Seicavs<br />
gamoqveynebul wyaroebze ufro rTul da mravalferovan elementebs.<br />
miTiTebaSi CarTeT, rac SeiZleba, meti informacia, Tanmimdevrulad<br />
daaformateT elementebi da saWiroebisamebr miusadageTaq moyvanili<br />
zogadi modelebi.<br />
Sesatani elementebi da maTi Tanmimdevroba. Tu SesaZlebelia, miuTiTeT<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ri da TiToeuli elementis saxelwodeba an tipi, koleqciis<br />
saxelwodeba da arqivis dasaxeleba. SeniSvnaSi, pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT<br />
285
av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari; Tu dokuments aqvs saxelwodeba, av<strong>to</strong>ri ki –<br />
ara, an Tu saxelwodeba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre av<strong>to</strong>ri,<br />
Tavdapirvelad saxelwodeba miuTiTeT.<br />
S: 5. jorj qrilis werilebi polkovnik hauzis misamarTiT, 1918 wlis<br />
seqtemberi, eduard m. hauzis dokumentebi, ielis universitetis<br />
biblioTeka, niu-heiveni, koneqtikuti.<br />
23. jeims ogleTorfis werilebi rwmunebulebs, 1733 wlis 13 ianvari,<br />
egmontis xelnawerebis filipsis koleqcia, 14200:13, jorjiis<br />
universitetis biblioTeka, aTeni (SemdgomSi miTiTebulia rogorc Egmont<br />
MSS).<br />
24. bar<strong>to</strong>nis werilebi meriamis misamarTiT, telegrama, 1923 wlis 26<br />
ianvari, Carlz i. meriamis dokumentebi, Cikagos universitetis<br />
biblioTeka.<br />
31. Tavisufal SavkanianTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis sakiTxebis<br />
komitetis Sexvedris oqmi, pensilvaniis monobis gauqmebis sazogadoeba,<br />
1790-1803, monobis gauqmebis pensilvaniis sazogadoebis dokumentebi,<br />
pensilvaniis is<strong>to</strong>riuli sazogadoeba, filadelfia (Semdgom miTiTebebSi<br />
– pensilvaniis sazogadoebis oqmebi).<br />
44. alvin jonsonis memor<strong>and</strong>umi, 1937, swrafCamkeri 36, horas kalenis<br />
dokumentebi, instituti YIVO, niu-iorki<br />
45. jozef furseli, `CrdiloeT amerikis samxreT indielTa olqis<br />
ruka” [ca. 1772]. MS 228, eiveris koleqcia, biblioTeka“Newberry Library”,<br />
Cikago.<br />
Semoklebuli SeniSvnebSiSecvaleT elementebis Cveuli sqema (ix. 16.4.1),<br />
raTa asaxoT arsebuli informacia da mkafiod miuTiToT informacia<br />
dokumentis Sesaxeb.<br />
S:46. r.s. beikeris werili hauzs, 1919 wlis 1 noemberi,<br />
hauzis dokumentebi.<br />
47. oqmebi. 1795 wlis 15 aprili, pensilvaniis<br />
sazogadoeba.<br />
286
Tu koleqciidan mxolod erT dokuments uTiTebT da is mniSvnelovania<br />
Tqveni argumentis dasabuTebisTvis an xSirad gaqvT naSromSi<br />
miTiTebuli, SeiZleba, arCioT misi bibliografiaSi CarTva.muxlSi,pirvel<br />
rigSi, miuTiTeT av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari; Tu dokuments aqvs<br />
saxelwodeba, xolo av<strong>to</strong>ri ar hyavs an Tu saxelwodeba ufro<br />
mniSvnelovania, vidre av<strong>to</strong>ri, pirvelad miuTiTeT saxelwodeba.<br />
b:Ddinkeli, jozef. luis agasis daxasiaTeba, dawerili elizabeT qeri agasis<br />
TxovniT. agasis dokumentebi. houTonis biblioTeka, harvardis<br />
universiteti, kembriji, masaCusetsi.<br />
Tu koleqciidan mravali dokumentis citirebas axdenT, bibliografiaSi<br />
`koleqciis’’ saxeliT miuTiTeT mTeli koleqcia, masSi Semavali<br />
dokumentebis av<strong>to</strong>r(eb)i an arqivi. msgavsi tipis gamouqveynebeli<br />
masalisTvis, romelic arqivebSi ar inaxeba, SecvaleT koleqciasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli informacia frazebiT `av<strong>to</strong>ris mflobelobaSia~an `kerZo<br />
koleqcia’’ da nu axsenebT adgils.<br />
b:egmontis xelnawerebi. filipsis koleqcia. jorjiis universitetis<br />
biblioTeka, aTeni.<br />
hauzi, edvard m., dokumentebi. ielis universitetis biblioTeka. niu<br />
heiveni, koneqtikuti.<br />
pensilvaniis monobis gauqmebis sazogadoeba. dokumentebi. pensilvaniis<br />
is<strong>to</strong>riuli sazogadoeba, filadelfia.<br />
stroTeri, frenCi da edvard lori. dauTariRebeli mimowera. herbert<br />
huveris sapreziden<strong>to</strong> biblioTeka, vesT brenCi, aiova.<br />
erovnuli mSrali kanonis reformis momxre qalTa organizaciis dokumentebi.<br />
alis belin diuponis failebi. pier s. diuponis dokumentebi,eluterian milsis<br />
is<strong>to</strong>riuli biblioTeka,uilming<strong>to</strong>ni, deleveri.<br />
elementebis daformatebis wesi. warmogidgenT ramdenime rekomendacias<br />
xelnawerTa koleqciebSi arsebuli dokumentebis specialur<br />
daformatebasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
• konkretuli saTaurebi ganzogadebuli saTaurebis nacvlad.miuTiTeT<br />
rogorc konkretuli, ise, ganzogadebuli saTaurebi, rogoricaa<br />
287
angariSi an oqmi, swori SriftiT, ubrWyalebod.dasviT mTavruli asoebi<br />
am tipis ganzogadebul saxelebSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini<br />
xelnaweris oficialuri saTauris nawilia da ara maSin, roca maT<br />
mxolod aRwerilobiTi funqcia akisria.<br />
-informacia adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb. zogierTi xelnaweri SesaZloa,<br />
Seicavdes gverdebis nomrebs, romlebic SeiZleba, moTavsdes SeniSvnebSi;<br />
miuxedavad amisa, mraval xelnawers eqneba adgilmdebareobis maniSnebeli<br />
sxva tipis elementi an saerTod ar eqneba is. ufro Zveli xelnawerebis<br />
danomvra, rogorc wesi, xdeba mxolod TabaxiT an formatiT, nacvlad<br />
gverdebisa. xelnawerebis zogierT koleqcias aqvs seriebi an failebis<br />
nomrebi, romlebic SeiZleba, daurToT miTiTebas.<br />
-naSromebi da xelnawerebi. xelnawerTa koleqciebis saTaurebSi<br />
terminebi naSromi da xelnawerebi sinonimebia. orive termini misaRebia,<br />
iseve, rogorc abreviaturebi MS daMSS (mravlobiTi ricxvi).<br />
-werilebi. SeniSvnebSi werilis citirebisas, pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT<br />
werilis av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, Semdeg daurTeT adresati, Semdeg ki<br />
werilis mimRebis gvari. SegiZliaT, ar miuTiToT saxelebi, Tu teqstidan<br />
TvalsaCinoa gamgzavnis da adresatis vinaoba. gamo<strong>to</strong>veT sityva werili,<br />
romelic igulisxmeba, Tumca, Tu sxva formis komunikacias uTiTebT,<br />
daakonkreteT komunikaciis tipi (depeSa, memor<strong>and</strong>umi).<br />
17.7 araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi<br />
masalas, romelic araoficialurad qveyndeba internetSi, xSirad ar<br />
eqneba publikaciis st<strong>and</strong>artuli monacemebi, rogoricaa av<strong>to</strong>ri, saTauri,<br />
gamomcemeli an TariRi. maSinac ki, rodesac SegiZliaT publikaciis<br />
Sesaxeb mxolod Zalian mwiri monacemebis mopoveba an saerTod ver<br />
adgenT maT, mainc unda miuTiToT ufro meti informacia,<br />
vidreURLmisamarTia. Tu miuTiTebT mxolod URL-s da is Seicvleba an<br />
moZveldeba, miTiTeba gamousadegari xdeba mkiTxvelisTvis. URL-i<br />
miuTiTebs, sad iyo ganTavsebuli masala, rodesac Tqven gaecaniT<br />
288
mas;sruli miTiTeba, aseve, unda uCvenebdes wyaros da Tqvens mier misi<br />
ukanasknelad monaxulebis TariRs (ix. 15.4.1).<br />
17.7.1 vebgverdebi<br />
wignebisa da perioduli gamocemebis garda onlain wyaroebidan miRebul<br />
sxva original masalasTan dakavSirebiT miuTiTeT, rac SeiZleba, meti<br />
informacia Semdegi CamonaTvlidan: av<strong>to</strong>ri, gverdis saTauri (swori<br />
SriftiT, brWyalebSi), vebgverdis saxelwodeba an mflobeli (swori<br />
SriftiT), URL-i da vebgverdze Sesvlis TariRi.<br />
S:14. Eevans<strong>to</strong>nis sajaro biblioTekis sameurveo sabWo, `evans<strong>to</strong>nis sajaro<br />
biblioTekis strategiuli gegma, 2000-2010: saqmianobis dekada”,<br />
evans<strong>to</strong>nis sajaro biblioTeka, http://www.epl .org/library/strategic-plan-<br />
OO.html (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 1 ivniss).<br />
b:evans<strong>to</strong>nis sajaro biblioTekis sameurveo sabWo. `evans<strong>to</strong>nis sajaro<br />
biblioTekis strategiuli gegma, 2000-2010: saqmianobis dekada”.<br />
evans<strong>to</strong>nis sajaro biblioTeka.http://www.epl.org/ library/strategic-plan-<br />
OO.html (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 1 ivniss).<br />
Tu av<strong>to</strong>ri ar aris dasaxelebuli, miuTiTeTvebgverdis mflobelis<br />
saxeli.<br />
S:19. bahaizmi SeerTebul StatebSi, `ganaTleba”, bahaizmi, http://www<br />
.bahai.us/content/section/7/З6/ (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 28 marts).<br />
25. Famerikis mecnierTa federacia, `rezoluciis Sedareba: sanomre<br />
niSnebis da saTaurebis kiTxva”http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/resolve5.html<br />
(gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 1 ivniss).<br />
b:bahaizmi SeerTebul StatebSi, `ganaTleba”, bahaizmi, http://www.bahai.us/<br />
content/section/7/З6/ (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 28 marts).<br />
289
araoficialur saitebze, rogoricaa mTavari gverdebi da<br />
TayvanismcemelTa saitebi, romlebsac SeiZleba, arc hqondeT saTaurebi,<br />
gamoqveynebuli masalebisTvis gamoiyeneT aRwerilobiTi frazebi.<br />
S:1. “Taqonikis banakis” kursdamTavrebulebi, 1955 fo<strong>to</strong>galerea,<br />
http://www.taconicalumni.org/1955 .html (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 1 ivniss).<br />
17.7.2 veblogze gamoqveynebuli Canawerebi da komentarebi<br />
Tu miuTiTebT veblogze (an blogze) gamoqveynebul informacias saitis<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ris mixedviT, ixelmZRvaneleT vebsaitebisTvis gansazRvruli zogadi<br />
modeliT. miuTiTeT av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari da ganTavsebis TariRi.<br />
aseTi informacia, rogorc wesi, mxolod SeniSvnaSi unda mieTiTos.<br />
Cveulebriv, ar aris maTi bibliografiaSi CarTva saWiro, Tumca,<br />
SeiZleba, gadawyvi<strong>to</strong>T konkretuli informaciis CarTva, romelic<br />
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentis dasabuTebisTvis an xSirad aris<br />
miTiTebuli.<br />
S:7.geri bekeri, `amerikis axali dilema: aralegaluri imigracia”, bekerpozneris<br />
vebJurnali,statia ganTavsebulia 2006 wlis 6 marts<br />
http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/<br />
(gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 28 marts).<br />
archives/2006/03/the_new_america.html<br />
veblogze saitis av<strong>to</strong>ris garda, sxva piris mier ganTavsebuli<br />
komentaris misaTiTeblad ixelmZRvaneleT veblogze ganTavsebuli<br />
informaciisTvis gansazRvruli zogadi principebiT. masala moixsenieT,<br />
rogorc komentari da miuTiTeT komentaris ganTavsebis TariRi (da ara<br />
Tavad komentari). Tu komentaris av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari arasrulia an<br />
fsevdonimia, kvadratul frCxilebSi, saxelis Semdeg daamateT fsevd.<br />
S:8. piter piersoni, komentari statiisa `amerikis axali dilema:<br />
aralegaluri imigracia”, beker-pozneris vebJurnali, komentari<br />
ganTavsda 2006 wlis 6 marts,http://www.becker-posner-<br />
290
log.com/archives/2006/03/the_new_america.html#c080052 (gaxsnilia 2006<br />
wlis 28 marts).<br />
11. bili [fsevd.], komentari statiisa `amerikis axali dilema:<br />
aralegaluri imigracia”, beker-pozneris vebJurnali,komentari ganTavsda<br />
2006 wlis 10 marts, httpV/www.becker-posner-<br />
blog.com/archives/2006/03/the_new_america. html#c080U9 (gaxsnilia 2006<br />
wlis 28 marts).<br />
17.7.3 adresatTaeleqtronuli misamarTebis siebi<br />
adresatTa eleqtronuli misamarTebis siidan masalis citirebisas<br />
daurTeT av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, siis saxelwodeba da gagzavnis<br />
TariRi. gamo<strong>to</strong>veT eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebi. Tu statia unda<br />
daarqivdes miuTiTeT, agreTve,URL misamarTi da TariRi, rodesac<br />
internetSi gamoiyeneT masala. msgavsi informaciis citireba, rogorc<br />
wesi, xdeba mxolod SeniSvnaSi. Cveulebriv, saWiro ar aris maTi CarTva<br />
Tqvens bibliografiaSi, Tumca, SeiZleba, gadawyvi<strong>to</strong>T konkretuli<br />
elementis CarTva, Tu is mniSvnelovania argumentis gamyarebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT an xSirad aris miTiTebuli.<br />
S:17. jon paueli, elfostis werili Grapevine-adresatTa siis wevrebisTvis,<br />
2004 wlis 30 oq<strong>to</strong>mberi,http://www .electricedi<strong>to</strong>rs.net/grapevine/issues/83.txt<br />
(gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 12 oq<strong>to</strong>mbers).<br />
17.8 vizualuri da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis wyaroebi<br />
vizualuri da saSemsruleblo xelovneba gvTavazobs mravalferovan<br />
wyaroebs: vizualur gamosaxulebebs, cocxal warmodgenebs, tele- da<br />
radiogadacemebs, Canawerebs sxvadasxva matarebelze da teqstebs.<br />
zogierTi aseTi wyaros citireba SeiZleba, rTulic iyos, Tu maT ar<br />
axlavs gamoqveynebuli wyaroebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mosaZiebeli<br />
informacia. aseTi wyaroebis miTiTebas daurTeT, SeZlebisdagvarad, bevri<br />
291
informacia, Tanmimdevrulad daaformateT elementebi da<br />
miTiTebebssaWiroebisamebr miusadageT winamdebare nawilSi mocemuli<br />
zogadi modelebi.<br />
am nawilSi CamoTvlili wyaroebis umetesoba mxolod SeniSvnebSi unda<br />
aRniSnoT an, sulac, teqstSi CarToT misi ZiriTadi elementebi. Tu<br />
sxvagvari ram ar aris miTiTebuli, rogorc wesi, saWiro ar aris am<br />
wyaroebis bibliografiaSi CarTva, Tumca, garkveul SemTxvevebSi<br />
SeiZleba, CarToT konkretuli elementi, romelic mniSvnelovania Tqveni<br />
argumentis dasabuTebis TvalsazrisiT an romelic xSirad aris<br />
miTiTebuli. Tu naSroms iseTi disciplinebisTvis werT, rogoricaa<br />
xelovneba, mediis kvlevebi an sxva msgavsi sfero, rCevisTvis Tqvens<br />
pedagogs mimarTeT.<br />
17.8.1 vizualuri wyaroebi<br />
ferweruli namuSevrebi, q<strong>and</strong>akebebi, fo<strong>to</strong>ebi da xelovnebis sxva<br />
nawarmoebebi.ferweruli naxatebi, q<strong>and</strong>akebebi, fo<strong>to</strong>suraTebi da<br />
xelovnebis sxva nawarmoebebi aRiniSneba mxolod<br />
SeniSvnebSi.daurTeT,agreTve,mxatvris saxeli da gvari, nawarmoebis<br />
saxelwodeba da Seqmnis TariRi (romelsac win uswrebs ca. [circa],Tu<br />
TariRi miaxloebiTia), aseve, im dawesebulebis saxelwodeba da<br />
adgilmdebareoba (TuaseTi arsebobs), romelSic igi inaxeba. ferweruli<br />
namuSevrebisa da q<strong>and</strong>akebebissaxelwodebebi daxrili SriftiT dawereT,<br />
xolo fo<strong>to</strong>suraTebis saxelwodebebi swori SriftiT miuTiTeT da<br />
brWyalebSi CasviT.<br />
S:7. jorjia okifi, alburi buxrebi, 1938, milvokis xelovnebis muzeumi.<br />
11. miqelanjelo, daviTi, 1501-4, samxatvro akademiis galerea, florencia.<br />
SeniSvnis gamoyenebis nacvlad, zogjer xelovnebis nimuSebis miTiTeba<br />
elementebis teqstSi CarTviTac SegiZliaT. am elementebidan zogi<br />
SeiZleba, frCxilebSi Caisvas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu isini ar Seesabameba<br />
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebis formats, romelic aRwerilia 16.4.3-Si.<br />
292
S:7. Gjorjia okifi, alpuri buxrebi, 1938, barbara buler linis, lesli<br />
polin-kempesis da fridrix u. terneris naSromSi – jorjia okifi da<br />
niu-meqsiko: adgilis SegrZneba (prins<strong>to</strong>ni: prins<strong>to</strong>nis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba, 2004), 25.<br />
Tu xelovnebis nawarmoebi gamoqveynebul wyaroSi naxeT da adgilobrivi<br />
wesebiT gansazRvrulia Sesabamisi wyaros identifikacia, organizaciis<br />
saxelwodebis da adgilmdebareobis nacvlad,SeiyvaneT informacia<br />
publikaciis Sesaxeb. onlain suraTebis (online images)Sesaxeb ix.17.8.6.<br />
S:12.ojaxis wignierebis erovnuli centri, `vinaidan me SemiZlia kiTxva”,<br />
reklama JurnalSi`atlantiq mansli”, 2006 wlis aprili, 59.<br />
sxva grafikuli wyaroebi.SeiZleba, dagWirdeT iseTi grafikuli<br />
wyaroebis citireba, rogoricaa sareklamo gancxadebebi presaSi, rukebi,<br />
karikaturebi da a.S. aRniSneT aseTi wyaroebi mxolod SeniSvnebSi,<br />
miusadageT maT xelovnebis nimuSebisTvis gankuTvnili sabaziso<br />
modelebi da daurTeT rac SeiZleba meti informacia. miuTiTeT<br />
saxelwodebebi swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi CasmiT da aRniSneT<br />
gamosaxulebis tipi, Tu is saxelwodebidancxadi ar aris. onlain<br />
grafikuli gamosaxulebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.8.6.<br />
17.8.2 cocxali Sesruleba<br />
Teatri, musika da cekva.aRniSneT cocxali Teatraluri, musikaluri an<br />
sacekvao Sesruleba mxolod SeniSvnebSi. aRniSvnas daurTeT<br />
Sesrulebuli nawarmoebis saxelwodeba, yvela wamyvani Semsruleblis<br />
saxeli da gvari da maT mier Sesrulebuli rolebi, romel TeatrSi,<br />
darbazSi da a.S gaimarTa warmodgena, warmodgenis geografiuli<br />
mdebareoba da TariRi. piesebis da didi musikaluri kompoziciebis<br />
saTaurebi dawereT daxrili SriftiT, xolo ufro mcire namuSevrebis<br />
saTaurebi _ swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi. Tu citata xazs usvams<br />
konkretuli pirovnebis Sesrulebas, Semsruleblis saxeli da gvari<br />
miuTiTeT nawarmoebis saTauris win.<br />
293
S:cisferi Citi,Semsrulebeli Seril l. vesti, reJisori sereT skoti,<br />
Second Stage Theater, niu-iorki, 2005wlis 22 ivnisi.<br />
16. iuja vangi, fortepiano, "La Valse," komp. moris raveli, saorkestro<br />
darbazi, Cikago, 2006 wlis 26 marti.<br />
SeniSvnis gamoyenebis nacvlad, zogjer, miTiTeba cocxali Sesrulebis<br />
Sesaxeb elementebis teqstSi CarTviTac SegiZliaT. am elementebidan zogi<br />
maTgani SeiZleba, frCxilebSi Caisvas, maSinac ki, Tu isini ar Seesabameba<br />
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebisformats, romelic aRwerilia 16.4.3-Si.<br />
iuja vangma moris ravelis ,,la valsis” SesrulebiT<br />
(2006 wlis 26 marts, Cikagos saorkestro darbazSi)<br />
gviCvena, rom mas esmis...<br />
Tu cocxali Sesruleba CanawerSi ixileT an moismineT, miuTiTeT es<br />
Canaweri. audioCanaweris Sesaxeb ix. 17.8.4; videoCanawerTan dakavSirebiT _<br />
17.8.5; onlain failebis (online files) Sesaxeb _ 17.8.6<br />
kinofilmebi.Tu filmi kinoTeatrSi naxeT, cocxali Sesrulebis<br />
miTiTebis msgavsad, SeniSvnaSi aRniSneT an CarTeT elementebi teqstSi.<br />
(videoCanawerebiT nanaxi filmebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.8.5; internetSi nanaxi<br />
filmebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.8.6.).miuTiTeT kinofilmis saxelwodeba, reJisori,<br />
mwarmoebeli kompaniis an distribu<strong>to</strong>ris saxelwodeba da filmis<br />
gamoSvebis weli. Tu saWiroa, aRwereT Tqvens mier citirebuli epizodis<br />
moqmedebis adgili.<br />
S:3. Capote, reJisori benet mileri, Sony Pictures Classics, 2005,<br />
sawyisi epizodi<br />
17.8.3 satelevizio programebi da sxva samauwyeblo wyaroebi<br />
programebi.miuTiTeT teleprogramebi, radioprogramebi da sxva<br />
samauwyeblowyaroebi mxolod SeniSvnebSi. daurTeT programis saxeli da<br />
TariRi, rodesac naxeT an moismineT gadacema. SegiZliaT, agreTve,<br />
aRniSnoT epizodis saTauri da nomeri (Tu xelmisawvdomia), yvela<br />
294
wamyvani Semsruleblis saxeli da gvari (Tu Tqvens msjelobas<br />
Seesabameba), adgili, saidanac xdeba mauwyebloba da Tavdapirveli<br />
mauwyeblobis TariRi (Tu gansxvavdeba im TariRisgan, rodesac Tqven<br />
naxeT an moismineT gadacema). programebis saxelebi dawereT daxrili<br />
SriftiT, xolo epizodebis an segmentebis saTaurebi – swori SriftiT,<br />
brWyalebSi.<br />
S:16. zainfildi,`sapirispiro”,epizodi 86,2005 wlis 22 seqtemberi<br />
(Tavdapirvelad gadaica 1994 wlis 19 maiss)<br />
xSirad, SeniSvnis nacvlad,SegiZliaT, aseTi programebi aRniSnoT<br />
ZiriTadi elementebis teqstSi CarTvis meSveobiT, gansakuTrebiT maSin,<br />
rodesac zogierTi an yvela damatebiTi elementi ar aris xelmisawvdomi<br />
an ar Seesabameba citirebas.<br />
sainfildis epizodi saTauriT "sapiripiro"(eTerSi gadaica 2005 wlis 22<br />
seqtembers) SesaniSnavad warmoaCens am nawarmoebis struqturas.<br />
Tu programa CanawerSi naxeT an moismineT, miuTiTeT Canaweri.<br />
videoCanaweris Sesaxeb ix. 17.8.5; onlain failebis Sesaxebix. 17.8.6.<br />
interviuebi.miuTiTeT mauwyeblis meSveobiT gadmocemuli interviuebi<br />
mxolod SeniSvnebSian teqstSi, masSiCarTuli elementebiT. miiCnieT<br />
respondenti av<strong>to</strong>rad da citirebis konteqstSi miuTiTeT interviueris<br />
vinaoba. daurTeT, agreTve, mauwyeblobis adgili da TariRi.<br />
gamouqveynebeli interviuebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.6.3.<br />
S:10. jim lereris interviu kondoliza raisTan. niuz auer, pi-bi-esi, 2005 wlis<br />
28 ivlisi.<br />
reklamebi.miuTiTeT mauwyeblobis saSualebebiT gadmocemuli reklamebi<br />
mxolod SeniSvnebSian teqstSi, masSiCarTuli elementebiT. daurTeT, rac<br />
SeiZleba, meti informacia.<br />
295
S:18. federal eqspresi, "gamoqvabulis kacis" reklama, eTerSi gadaica 2006<br />
wlis 5 Tebervals, superboloul iqs-elis msvlelobisas.<br />
.<br />
17.8.4 audioCanawerebi<br />
Tu audioCanawerSi moismineT musikaluri Sesruleba an deklamacia<br />
(spoken performance), miuTiTeT Canaweri. gamoqveynebuli nawarmoebebis<br />
msgavsad, aseT Canawerebs, rogorc wesi, ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi<br />
saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da saWiro iqneba maTi aRniSvna<br />
bibliografiaSi.<br />
aRniSneT Canaweri misi saxelwodebis qveS, an kompozi<strong>to</strong>ris, an<br />
Semsruleblis saxelis qveS, imis mixedviT, Tu romeli ufro Seesabameba<br />
Tqvens msjelobas. imisaTvis, rom sxva msgavsi Canawerebisgan ganasxvavoT,<br />
daurTeT, SeZlebisdagvarad, meti informacia: Camweri kompaniis saxeli,<br />
Canaweris saidentifikacio nomeri, Canaweris forma (firi, kompaqtdiski)<br />
da saav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebis miniWebis an Canaweris damzadebis TariRi (an<br />
orive). gamoiyeneT kompaqtdiskis (compact disc)Semoklebuli varianti: CD.<br />
S:11. xalxuri simRerebis saganZuri, t. 1, orkestri da gundi, dir. miC<br />
mileri,oqtros Canaweri A198:17A-B, 33 rpm, 1972.<br />
14. ludvig van beThoveni, sonata fortepianosTvis # 29 "Hammerklavier,"<br />
rudolf serkini, ProArte cifruli CDD 270, 1992.<br />
b:A<strong>and</strong>ersoni, dag.Frostwork. OAR 1001, Dolby HX PRO. audiokaseta. 2001.<br />
bernStaini, leonard, dir.me-5 simfonia, dimitri SostakoviCi. niuiorkis<br />
filarmonia. si-bi-es ai-em 35854. 1985.<br />
musikaluri Canaweris msgavsad miuTiTeT dramatuli piesebis, prozisa da<br />
poeziis, leqciebisa da amgvari sajarod wakiTxuli masalebis Canawerebi.<br />
S:6.dilan Tomasi, rZis xis qveS,dilan Tomasis da sxvebis Sesruleba,<br />
Caed-mon TC-2005 (audiokaseta), CDLS-2005 (CD), 1950.<br />
b:odeni, u. h. leqsebi. kiTxulobs av<strong>to</strong>ri. saubrebi xelovnebaze7137. CD.<br />
1955.<br />
296
17.8.5 videoCanawerebi<br />
Tu cocxali Sesruleba, kinofilmi an satelevizio programa, an sxva<br />
samauwyeblo masala videoCanawerSi naxeT, miuTiTeT Canaweri.<br />
gamoqveynebuli naSromebis msgavsad, aseT Canawerebs, rogorc wesi,<br />
ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da<br />
bibliografiaSi unda miuTiToT.<br />
videoCanawerebis miTiTebisas, Cveulebriv,unda ixelmZRvaneloT<br />
wignebisTvis gankuTvnili nimuSebiT, Canaweris formis damatebiT (VHS,<br />
DVD). gaiTvaliswineT, rom meore magaliTSi miTiTebulia 2001 wlis<br />
gamoSvebis masala, ami<strong>to</strong>m filmis Tavdapirveli gamosvlis TariRi<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>vebulia.<br />
S:7. jorj fridrix hendeli, mesia, VHS, atlantas simfoniuri orkestri da<br />
kameruli gundi,<br />
Treasures, 1988).<br />
robert Sos diriJorobiT (batavia, ohaio: Video<br />
b:qlisi, jo, teri giliami, erik aidli, teri jounsi da maikl palini<br />
`qronikebi”.*'meore diski. Monty Python <strong>and</strong> the Holy Grail (wminda<br />
graali),specialuri gam.. DVD. reJisorebi teri giliami da teri<br />
jounsi. qalver siTi, kalifornia:qalambia traistar houm<br />
enterteimenti, 2001.<br />
17.8.6 onlain multimediuri failebi<br />
Tu onlain naxeT gamosaxuleba, cocxali Sesruleba, kinofilmi an<br />
satelevizio programa, an sxva samauwyeblo wyaro (podkastebis (podcasts)<br />
CaTvliT), miuTiTeT onlain faili. iseve, rogorc gamoqveynebuli<br />
naSromebs, onlain multimediur failebs, rogorc wesi, ucvleli da<br />
xelmisawvdomi saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da saWiroa maTi<br />
bibliografiaSi Seyvana.<br />
citirebisas ixelmZRvaneleT zemoT aRwerili Sesabamisi tipis<br />
wyarosTvis gankuTvnili principebiT. zogierTi elementis gansazRvra,<br />
297
ogoricaa failebis TariRebi, SeiZleba, rTuli iyos; mainc miuTiTeT<br />
maqsimalurad vrceli informacia. amasTan, miuTiTeT onlain saitis<br />
saxeli da failis tipi da (SeniSvnebSi, Tu mizanSewonilia) dro,<br />
rodesac miTiTebuli masala Cndeba failSi. daurTeT URL-i da saitze<br />
Sesvlis TariRi. gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi;<br />
unda warmoadginoT damatebiTi informacia, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos<br />
wyaros moZieba URLmisamarTis Secvlisgan damoukideblad. Tu fails ar<br />
aqvs calkeURL-i (rogorc qvemoT moyvanil meore magaliTSi), miuTiTeT<br />
mTeli saiti.<br />
S:12. BBC,`bleri akeTebs gancxadebas afrikaze momuSave axali jgufis Seqmnis<br />
Taobaze”,BBC-is axali ambebis vebsaiti, Windows Media Player-is videofaili, 3:43,<br />
http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolavconsole/ifs_news/hi/<br />
newsid_5110000/newsid_5119200/nb_wm_5119262.stm (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 27 ivniss).<br />
16. volfgang amadeus mocarti, "Allegro Modera<strong>to</strong>",sonata #10<br />
fortepianosTvis, С Major (1778), Kunst der Fuge, MIDI faili, 1:02,<br />
http://www.kunstderfuge.com/mozart.htm (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 19 noembers).<br />
b:BBC. `bleri akeTebs gancxadebas afrikaze momuSave axali jgufis Seqmnis<br />
Taobaze”.BBC-is axali ambebis vebsaiti. Windows Media Player –is<br />
videofaili.http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolavconsole/ifs_news/hi/newsid_5110000/<br />
newsid_5119200/nb_wm_5119262.stm (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 27 ivniss).<br />
mocarti, volfgang amadeus. "Allegro Modera<strong>to</strong>",sonata # 10 fortepianosTvis,<br />
С Major. 1778. Kunst der Fuge. MIDI faili,<br />
http://www.kunstderfuge.com/mozart.htm (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 19 noembers).<br />
17.8.7 teqstebi vizualur da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi<br />
gamofenebis katalogebi.miuTiTeT gamofenis katalogi, rogorc<br />
miuTiTebdiT wigns. mxolod bibliografiis muxlSi publikaciis<br />
monacemebis Semdeg CawereT gamofenis saxelwodeba da<br />
adgilmdebareoba(ebi).<br />
S:6. judiT a. barteri, red., meri kasati: Tanamedrove qali(Cikago: Cikagos<br />
xelovnebis instituti, hari n. abramsTan TanamSromlobiT, 1998), 5.<br />
298
:barter, judiT, red.Mmeri kasati: Tanamedrove qali. Cikago: Cikagos<br />
xelovnebis instituti, hari n. abramsTan TanamSromlobiT, 1998. gamoqveynebulia<br />
Semdeg gamofenasTan kavSirSi – `meri kasati: Tanamedrove qali”, romelic<br />
warmodgenili iyo bos<strong>to</strong>nis saxviTi xelovnebis muzeumSi, vaSing<strong>to</strong>nis<br />
kolumbiis olqis erovnul galereasa da Cikagos xelovnebis institutSi.<br />
piesebi.zogierT SemTxvevaSi ganTqmuli inglisurenovani piesebi<br />
SegiZliaT, aRniSnoT mxolod SeniSvnebSi. (ix., agreTve, 17.5.1.) gamo<strong>to</strong>veT<br />
publikaciis Sesaxeb monacemebi da miuTiTeT nawyvetebi moqmedebisa da<br />
scenis (an sxva dayofis) da ara gverdis nomris mixedviT.<br />
S:22. eujin onili, xangrZlivi mogzauroba RamiT, moqm. 2, scena 1.<br />
Tu Tqveni naSromi exeba literaturul kvlevas an teqstebis Rrma<br />
analizs, an Tu bundovani nawarmoebis Targmanis citirebas akeTebT,<br />
yvela piesa miuTiTeT ise, rogorc miuTiTebdiT wigns da aRniSneT is<br />
bibliografiaSi. nawyvetebi miuTiTeT danayofebis an gverdebis mixedviT,<br />
adgilobrivi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.<br />
S: 25. enid begnoldi, carcis baRi (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba `rendam houzi”,<br />
1953], 8-9.<br />
b:anuili, jin. beketi anu RmerTis pativi. Targmnilia lusien hilis mier.niuiorki:<br />
gamomcemloba `riverheds buqsi”, 1996.<br />
partiturebi. miuTiTeT gamoqveynebuli partitura wignis miTiTebis<br />
analogiurad.<br />
S:1. juzepe verdi,Ilcorsaro [melodramma tragico sam moqmedebad), libre<strong>to</strong>s av<strong>to</strong>ri –<br />
franCesko maria piavi, reJ. elizabeT hadsoni, 2 p., (2 vols.), juzepe verdis<br />
nawarmoebebi, ser. 1, operebi (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba; q.<br />
milani: `gamomcemloba `ji rikordi”:, 1998).<br />
b:mocarti, volfgang amadeus.sonatebi da fantaziebi fortepianosTvis.<br />
momzadebulia naTan broderis av<strong>to</strong>grafebis da Zveli nabeWdi wyaroebis<br />
gamoyenebiT. ganax. gam. red. brin mori, PA: Theodore Presser, 1960.<br />
299
miuTiTeT gamouqveynebeli partitura ise, rogorc miuTiTebdiT<br />
gamouqveynebel masalas xelnawerTa koleqciebidan.<br />
S: 2. ralf Seifi, `partitura violinosa da cameti SemsruleblisTvis”,<br />
partitura, 1966, specialuri krebuli, jozef regenStainis sax. biblioTeka,<br />
Cikagos universiteti.<br />
17.9 sajaro dokumentebi<br />
sajaro dokumentebi moicavs msoflios mTavrobebis yvela donis mier<br />
gamoSvebuli wyaroebis erTobliobas. winamdebare nawilSi<br />
warmodgenilia gavrcelebuli tipis inglisurenovani sajaro<br />
dokumentebisTvis gankuTvnili zogadi principebi; Tu dagWirdebaT sxva<br />
tipis dokumentebis miTiTeba, ixelmZRvaneleT yvelaze miaxloebuli,<br />
saWiroebisamebr adaptirebuli modeliT.<br />
sajaro dokumentebi Seicavs ufro rTul da mravalferovan elementebs,<br />
vidre gamoqveynebuli wyaroebi. miTiTebebSi daurTeT, SeZlebisdagvarad,<br />
meti saidentifikacio informacia, Tanmimdevrulad daaformateT<br />
elementebi da saWiroebisamebr miusadageT miTiTebebs aq ganxiluli<br />
zogadi modelebi.<br />
am nawilis umetesoba exeba dokumentebs, romlebic gamoaqveynes aSS-is<br />
samTavrobo organoebma da saagen<strong>to</strong>ebma. kanadisa da gaerTianebuli<br />
samefos mTavrobebisa da, aseve, saerTaSoriso organoebis mier<br />
gamoqveynebuli dokumentebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.9.9-17.9.11. gamouqveynebeli<br />
samTavrobo dokumentebis Sesaxeb ix.17.9.12.<br />
17.9.1 Sesatani elementebi, maTi Tanmimdevroba da daformatebis wesi<br />
miTiTebebSi SeitaneT, rac SeiZleba, meti qvemoT CamoTvlili elementi:<br />
• mTavrobis (qveynis, Statis, qalaqis, olqis an sxva erTeulis) da<br />
xelisuflebis organos (sakanonmdeblo organos, aRmasrulebeli<br />
departamentis, sasamarTlo biuros, sabWos, komisiis an komitetis)<br />
saxelwodeba, romelmac gamosca dokumenti;<br />
300
-dokumentis an krebulis saTauri, Tu aseTi arsebobs (rogorc wesi,<br />
daxrili SriftiT).<br />
• av<strong>to</strong>ris, redaq<strong>to</strong>ris an Semdgenlis saxeli da gvari, Tu miTiTebulia;<br />
-angariSis nomeri an sxva saidentifikacio informacia.<br />
• monacemebi publikaciis Sesaxeb: gamocemis adgili da gamomcemlis<br />
saxelwodeba, Tu es ukanaskneli gansxvavdeba gamomcemeli organosgan<br />
(17.9.2-17.9.4-Si ganxiluli aSS-is federaluri mTavrobis mier<br />
gamocemuli yvela publikaciisTvis, Sesabamisad,gamoiyeneT aRniSvnebi<br />
Washing<strong>to</strong>n, DC, da Government Printing Office); gamoqveynebis TariRi.<br />
• gverdis nomrebi an adgilis dasadgeni sxva monacemebi, Tu saWiroa.<br />
CamoTvaleT Sesabamisi elementebi zemoT naCvenebi TanmimdevrobiT.<br />
zogierTi tipis dokumentTan dakavSirebiT daSvebuli gamonaklisebi<br />
ganxilulia 17.9-is momdevno nawilebSi.<br />
S:1. senatis sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti, 1956 wlis kanoni erToblivi<br />
uSiSroebis Sesaxeb, 84-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses., 1956, sen. 2273, 9-10.<br />
b:AaSS-is kongresi. senati. sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti. 1956 wlis kanoni<br />
erToblivi uSiSroebis Sesaxeb. 84-e mowvevis kong. me-2 ses.,1956. sen. 2273.<br />
19.9.2 kongresis publikaciebi<br />
kongresis publikaciebis SemTxvevaSi bibliografiis muxlebi, Cveulebriv,<br />
iwyeba aRniSvniT aSS-is kongresi (U.S. Congress), romelsac mosdevs senati<br />
(Senate) an warmomadgenelTa palata (House). (gamartivebis mizniT,<br />
SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT, ubralod,aSS-issenati (U.S. Senate) an aSS-is<br />
warmomadgenelTa palata (U.S. House)). SeniSvnebSi, rogorc wesi, aSS ar<br />
mieTiTeba. sxva gavrcelebuli elementebia komiteti da qvekomiteti;<br />
gamoqveynebis TariRi; dokumentis saTauri; kongresisa da sxdomis nomeri<br />
(aseTi SemoklebiT: kongr. (Cong.) da ses. (sess)).publikaciis TariRi;<br />
dokumentis nomeri da aRwera (magaliTad, H. Doc. 487), Tu es informacia<br />
xelmisawvdomia.<br />
301
debatebi. 1873 wlidan kongresSi gamarTul debatebs mTavroba aqveynebda<br />
kongresis oficialur gamocemaSi `Congressional Record”(kongresis reestri).<br />
yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia, miuTiTeT gamocemis <strong>to</strong>mebi, romlebSic<br />
xSirad aisaxeba cvlilebebireestris yoveldRiuri gamoSvebebis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
S:16. kongresis reestri, 71-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses, 72. naw. 10: 10828-30.<br />
b: a.S.S. kongresi. kongresis reestri. 71-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses. 1930. t. 72.<br />
naw. 10.<br />
zogjer SeiZleba, dagWirdeT SeniSvnaSi debatebSi gamomsvlelis<br />
vinaobis, Temis da TariRis miTiTeba.<br />
S:4. masaCusetsis Statis sena<strong>to</strong>ri kenedi, gamosvla birTvuli iaraRis<br />
Sewyvetisa da Semcirebis erToblivi rezoluciis Sesaxeb, 1982 wlis 10<br />
marts, sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetis winaSe. S.J. Res. 163, 97-e mowvevis<br />
kong., 1-li ses.. kong. reestr.128, naw. 3: 3832-34.<br />
1874 wlamde kongresSi gamarTuli debatebi qveyndeboda gamocemaSi<br />
`SeerTebuli Statebis kongresis is<strong>to</strong>ria~ (Annals of the Congress of the United<br />
States) (romelic, aseve, cnobilia sxva saxelwodebebiT da moicavs 1789-<br />
1824 wlebis periods, “Congressional Debates”, (kogresis debatebi)(1824-37) da<br />
“Congressional Globe” (kongresis samyaro)(1833-73)). miuTiTeT es dokumentebi<br />
iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT “Congressional Record”-s.<br />
angariSebi da dokumentebi.senatis (SemoklebiT sen. (S.)), aseve,<br />
warmomadgenelTa palatis (SemoklebiT war. pal. (H.)) angariSebisa da<br />
dokumentebis citirebisas daurTeT rogorc kongresis, aseve, sesiebis<br />
nomrebi da, Tu SesaZlebelia, seriis nomeric.gaiTvaliswineT<br />
Semoklebuli SeniSvnis forma, romelic gansxvavdeba Cveuli modelisgan<br />
(ix. 16.4.1).<br />
302
S:9. senatis sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti, 1956 wlis kanoni ormxrivi<br />
uSiSroebis Sesaxeb, 84-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses., 1956, sen. warm. pal.(Rep.)<br />
2273, 9-10.<br />
14. iaponiasTan, germaniasa da italiasTan saomari mdgomareobis<br />
gamocxadeba, 77-e mowvevis kong., 1-li sesia, 1941, sen. dok. 148, seriuli<br />
10575, 2-5.<br />
15. senatis komiteti, kanoni ormxrivi uSiSroebis Sesaxeb,<br />
9.<br />
22. federaluri sasamarTloebis reorganizacia,<br />
75-emowvevis kong., 1-li<br />
sesia, 1937. sen.warm. pal. (Rep.) 711.<br />
b:SeerTebuli Statebis kongresi. warm. pal. (House). saerTaSoriso fuladi da<br />
finansuri problemebis sakiTxebze erovnuli sakonsultacio sabWos 1947<br />
wlis 31 martis angariSi.80-e mowv. kongr. 1-li ses. warm. pal. dok. 365.<br />
sxdomebi.konkresis komisiebisTvis micemuli Cvenebebis Canawerebi,<br />
Cveulebriv, qveyndeba saTaurebiT, romlebic unda aRiniSnos miTiTebebSi.<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rad miuTiTeT Sesabamisi komiteti. gaiTvaliswineT Semoklebuli<br />
SeniSvnis forma, romelic gansxvavdeba Cveuli modelisgan (ix. 16.4.1).<br />
S:13. palatis sabanko da savalu<strong>to</strong> komiteti, `breTon vudsis” xelSekrulebebis<br />
aqti: warm. pal.(H.R.)sxdomebi 3314, 79-emowvevis kong., 1-li sesia, 1945, 12-14.<br />
14. palatis komiteti, Bret<strong>to</strong>n Woods, 13.<br />
b:aSS-is kongresi. senati. sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti. SimSiloba afrikaSi:<br />
sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetis mosmena.99-e mowveviskong., 1-li sesia, 1985<br />
wlis 17 ianvari.<br />
kongresis kanonproeqtebi (sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi) da rezoluciebi<br />
qveyndeba bukletis formiT. miTiTebebSi warmomadgenelTa palataSi<br />
wardgenili kanonproeqtebis da rezoluciebis Semoklebad gamoiyeneba<br />
war. pal. (HR),xolo senatSi wardgenili kanonproeqtebisa da<br />
rezoluciebis Semoklebad sen. (S). daurTeT “Congressional Record”-Si<br />
gamoqveynebuli publikaciis detalebi (Tu xelmisawvdomia).<br />
303
S:16. 1985 wlis aqti sursaTisusafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, warmomadgenelTa palata<br />
.<br />
(HR) 2100, 99-e mowvevis kongr., 1-li ses., kongresis reestri131. no. 132,<br />
yoveldRiuri gam.(1985 wlis 8 oq<strong>to</strong>mberi): H 8461<br />
b:aSS-is kongresi. palata. 1985 aqti sursaTisusafrTxoebisSesaxeb.<br />
warmomadgenelTa palata (HR) 2100. 99-e mowvevis kong., 1-li sesia.<br />
kongresis reestri131, no. 132, yoveldRiuri gam.(1985 wlis 8 oq<strong>to</strong>mberi): H<br />
8353-8486.<br />
kanonmdebloba.kongresis mier damtkicebuli kanonproeqtebi an<br />
rezoluciebijer calke ibeWdeba, Semdeg ki ikribeba da ikinZeba<br />
yovelwliur <strong>to</strong>mebad saxelwodebiT: `SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis<br />
krebuli’’(the United States Statutes at Large). am krebulis gamoqveyneba daiwyo<br />
1874 wels. mogvianebiT, am <strong>to</strong>mebs aerTianeben SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
kodeqsSi (United States Code). miuTiTeT aSS-is sakanonmdeblo aqti, aSS-is<br />
kodeqsi (U.S. Statutes,U.S. Code) an orive; gansakuTrebuli debulebebi<br />
miuTiTeT nawilis mixedviT (romelsac win uswrebs nawilis simbolo da<br />
intervali), xolo aqtebi – gverdebis mixedviT.<br />
kanonmdeblobis dokumentebi mxolod SeniSvnebSi miuTiTeT; ar aris<br />
aucilebeli bibliografiaSi maTi CarTva. yuradReba miaqcieT<br />
Semoklebuli SeniSvnis formas, romelic gansxvavdeba Cveuli<br />
modelisgan. (16.4.1).<br />
S:18. 1946 wlisaqti a<strong>to</strong>muri energiis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifo kanoni 585, 79-e<br />
mowvevis kong., me-2 sesia (1946 wlis 1 agvis<strong>to</strong>), 12, 19.<br />
19. 1996 wlis aqti telekomunikaciebis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifo kanoni 104-104.<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebuli 110 (1996):56.<br />
25. 1969 wlis aqti erovnuli garemosdacvis politikis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifo<br />
kanoni 91-190. § 102, SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebuli83 (1970): 853,<br />
kodificirebulia rogorcU.S. Code 42 (2000), § 4332.<br />
27. aqti erovnuli garemosdacviTi politikis Sesaxeb, § 103.<br />
1874 wlamde kanonebi qveyndeboda Cvidmet<strong>to</strong>mian `amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis kanonebis krebulSi~ (Statutes at Large of the United States of America),<br />
304
1789-1873. am krebulis miTiTebebi Seicavs <strong>to</strong>mis nomers da misi<br />
gamoqveynebis TariRs.<br />
17.9.3 sapreziden<strong>to</strong> gamocemebi<br />
sapreziden<strong>to</strong> gamocemebi, brZanebulebebi, ve<strong>to</strong>ebi, mimarTvebi da a.S.<br />
qveyndeba `sapreziden<strong>to</strong> dokumentebis yovelkvireul krebulSi’’(the Weekly<br />
Compilation of Presidential Documents) da `SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentebis<br />
sajaro dokumentebSi~ (Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States).<br />
mowodebebi da brZanebulebebi Tavsdeba, agreTve, yoveldRiur<br />
`federalur reestrSi’’ (Federal Register), Semdeg ki qveyndeba `federaluri<br />
normatiuli aqtebis krebulis’’ (the Code of Federal Regulations) me-3 <strong>to</strong>mSi.<br />
sapreziden<strong>to</strong> gamocemebi wyarod gamoiyeneT `krebulSi’’ gamoqveynebis<br />
Semdeg.<br />
S:2. prezidenti, brZanebuleba,`karibis zRvis auzis ekonomikuri aRdgenis<br />
Sesaxeb kanoni, brZanebuleba 5142, cvlileba 5133 brZanebulebaSi”,<br />
federaluri reestri49,nom. 2 (1984 wlis 4 ianvari): 341.<br />
21. brZaneba nom.11,609, federaluri normatiuli aqtebis krebuli, <strong>to</strong>mi 3,<br />
gv. 586 (1971-75).<br />
b:aSS prezidenti. brZanebuleba. ,,kanoni karibis zRvis auzis ekonomikuri<br />
aRdgenis Sesaxeb, brZanebuleba 5142, cvlileba 5133<br />
brZanebulebaSi.’’federaluri reestri 49,nom.2 (4ianvari, 1984):341.<br />
aSS-is prezidentebis sajaro dokumentebi ikribeba or mraval<strong>to</strong>meul<br />
naSromSi: `prezidentebis mimarTvebis da dokumentebis krebuli”<br />
(Compilation of the Messages <strong>and</strong> Papers of the Presidents), 1789-1897)da `SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis prezidentebis sajaro dokumentebi~ (Public Papers of the Presidents of<br />
the United States). yuradReba miaqcieT Semoklebuli SeniSvnis formas,<br />
romelic gansxvavdeba Cveuli modelisgan (ix. 16.4.1).<br />
S:27. palatis sxvadasxva dokumentinom. 210, 53-e mowvevis kong., me-2<br />
ses.,prezidentebis mimarTvebis da dokumentebis krebulSi, 1789-1897, red. j.d.<br />
riCardsoni (vaSing<strong>to</strong>ni, kolumbiis olqi: mTavrobis gamomcemloba, 1907).<br />
4:16.<br />
305
32. warm. pal. dok. nom.210, 17.<br />
b:huveri, herbert. SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentebis sajaro<br />
dokumentebi:herbert huveri, 1929-33.4 <strong>to</strong>mi. vaSing<strong>to</strong>ni, kolumbiis olqi:<br />
mTavrobis gamomcemloba, 1974-77.<br />
17.9.4 saxelmwifo departamentebis da saagen<strong>to</strong>ebisgamocemebi<br />
saministroebi, sammarTveloebi da saagen<strong>to</strong>ebi gamoscemen angariSebs,<br />
biuletenebs, cirkularebsa da sxva masalebs. saTauris Semdeg daurTeT<br />
miTiTebuli av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari.<br />
S:SeerTebuli Statebis finansTa saministro, finansTa ministris angariSi<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis xazinis vaWrobisa da navigaciis reestridan 1850<br />
wlis 30 ivnisis mdgomareobiT,31-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses., warm. pal.<br />
aRmasrulebeli dokumenti 8 (vaSing<strong>to</strong>ni, kolumbiis olqi, 1850-51).<br />
b:SeerTebuli Statebis Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosmineralebis marTvis<br />
samsaxuri.kaliforniis yureSi (1984 wlis aprili) da meqsikis dasavleT yureSi<br />
(1984 wlis ivlisi)navTobis gaJonvis riskis analizi, av<strong>to</strong>ri – robert p.<br />
labeli. Ria failis angariSi, SeerTebuli Statebis geologiuri kvleva.<br />
denveri, 1984.<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro.medianuri saerTo<br />
qira SeerTebuli Statebis administraciuli erTeulebis (sagrafoebis)<br />
mixedviT, 1970w. momzadebulia geografiuli sammarTvelos mier,<br />
binaTmSeneblobis sammarTvelosTan TanamSromlobiT, mosaxleobis<br />
aRweris biuro. vaSing<strong>to</strong>ni, kolumbiis olqi: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba,<br />
1975w.<br />
samTavrobo komisiebis, magaliTad, kavSirgabmulobis federaluri<br />
komisiis an fasiani qaRaldebisa da birJebis komisiis mier gamocemuli<br />
biuletenebis, cirkularebis, angariSebisa da kvlevebis citireba xdeba<br />
zustad iseve, rogorc sakanonmdeblo angariSebisa (legislative reports). isini<br />
xSirad klasificirdeba, rogorc warmomadgenelTa palatis (war. pal.)<br />
(House (H)) an senatis (sen.) (Senate (S)) dokumentebi.<br />
306
S:32. senati, komunaluri momsaxurebis korporaciebis Sesaxeb vaWrobis<br />
federaluri komisiisadmi angariSi,70-e mowvevis kongr., 1-li sesia, 1935 , sen.<br />
dok. 91, naw. 71 A.<br />
b:SeerTebuli Statebis fasiani qaRaldebis da birJis komisia.fasiani<br />
qaRaldebis da birJis komisiis yovelwliuri angariSi fiskaluri<br />
wlisTvis. vaSing<strong>to</strong>ni, kolumbiis olqi: mTavrobis gamomcemloba, 1983w.<br />
17.9.5 aSS-is konstitucia<br />
aSS-is konstitucia unda mieTiTos mxolod SeniSvnebSi; ar aris<br />
aucilebeli misi bibliografiaSi CarTva. daurTeT muxli an Sesworeba,<br />
nawili da, Tu saWiroa, punqtic. iseTi terminebisTvis, rogoricaa<br />
cvlilebada nawili da, Tu saWiroa, muxli,gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi<br />
da, Tu moisurvebT, abreviaturebi iseTi terminebisTvis, rogoricaa<br />
cvlileba da nawili.<br />
S: 32. SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia, muxli 2, naw. 1, punqti 3.<br />
33. SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia, cvlileba 14, seq.2.<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi, SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT frCxilebSi CarTuli SeniSvna<br />
(parenthetical note) (ix. 16.4.3) an teqstSi miuTiToT damazustebeli<br />
informacia. aseT dros nawilebis saxelebi dawereT sityvierad. Tu<br />
cvlilebebis nomrebs cifrebis nacvlad sityvierad werT, sityvebis<br />
pirveli asoebi mTavruliT dawereT.<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis 1-li muxlis me-9 nawilis mixedviT<br />
akrZalulia sasamarTlo brZanebis SeCereba im SemTxvevebis garda, rodesac<br />
`ajanyebis an Semosevis SemTxvevaSi amas sazogadoebis usafrTxoebis miznebi<br />
moiTxovs.”<br />
pirveli cvlileba icavs Tavisufali sityvis uflebas.<br />
17.9.6 xelSekrulebebi<br />
1949 wlamde xelmowerili xelSekrulebebis teqstebi qveyndeba<br />
`SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebulSi~ (United States Statutes at Large);<br />
307
araoficialur miTiTebaSi gamoiyeneba terminebi `xelSekrulebebis seria~<br />
(the Treaty Series) an`sapreziden<strong>to</strong> SeTanxmebebis seria~ (the Executive Agreement<br />
Series).1949 wels an mas Semdeg xelmowerili xelSekrulebebi Tavmoyrilia<br />
dokumentSi `SeerTebuli Statebis xelSekrulebebi da sxva<br />
saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi~ (United States Treaties <strong>and</strong> Other International<br />
Agreements)(UST, 1950-) an `xelSekrulebebi da sxva saerTaSoriso aqtebis<br />
seriebi~ (Treaties <strong>and</strong> Other International Acts Series)(TIAS, 1946-). orze meti<br />
saxelmwifos monawileobiT dadebuli xelSekrulebebi SeiZleba,<br />
moiZebnos dokumentSi `gaerTianebuli erebis xelSekrulebebis seria:<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis samdivnoSi daregistrirebuli an daarqivebuli, an<br />
aRricxvaSi gatarebuli xelSekrulebebi da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi~<br />
(the United Nations Treaty Series: Treaties <strong>and</strong> International Agreements Registered or Filed or<br />
Recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations). 1920-1946 wlebSi dadebuli<br />
msgavsi xelSekrulebebi Tavmoyrilia ,,erTa ligis xelSekrulebebis<br />
seriaSi~(the League of Nations Treaty Series).<br />
miuTiTeT xelSekrulebebis saxelebi swori SriftiT, moaTavseT<br />
brWyalebSi. dawereT daxrili SriftiT gamocemebis saxelebi, im<br />
SemTxvevaSic, Tu isini mraval<strong>to</strong>meuli naSromebi an seriebia. zusti<br />
TariRi aRniSnavs dokumentze xelmoweris TariRs, amdenad, umjobesia,<br />
zusti TariRis miTiTeba, vidre mxolod wlis, romelic SeiZleba<br />
gansxvavdebodes xelSekrulebis gamoqveynebis wlisgan.yuradReba<br />
miaqcieT Semoklebuli SeniSvnis formas, romelic gansxvavdeba Cveuli<br />
modelisgan (ix. 16.4.1.)<br />
S:4.`birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis akrZalva”, 1963wlis 5 agvis<strong>to</strong>, SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis xelSekrulebebi da sxva saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi 14, naw. 2.<br />
15. `dania da italia: samxedro samsaxuris Sesaxeb konvencia",1954 wlis 15<br />
ivlisi, SeTanxmebebi da sxva saerTaSoriso aqtebi, seria250, nom.. 3516 (1956):<br />
45.<br />
39.`birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis akrZalva”.<br />
308
:SeerTebuli Statebi. `sazRvao SeiaraRebis SezRudvis Sesaxeb<br />
SeTanxmeba”. 1922 wlis 26 Tebervali. SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebuli<br />
43, naw. 2(1922).<br />
17.9.7 sasamarTlo saqmeebi<br />
yvela instanciis sasamarTlos saqmeebis miTiTeba erTnairad xdeba.<br />
SeniSvnebSi swori SriftiT miuTiTeT saqmis sruli saxeli. daurTeT<br />
<strong>to</strong>mis nomeri (arabuli cifrebiT), sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa<br />
krebulissaxeli (SemoklebiT; ix. qvemoT), seriis rigiTi nomeri (Tu<br />
saWiroa), sasamarTlos Semoklebuli saxeli da TariRi (erTad,<br />
frCxilebSi) da sxva Sesabamisi informacia, magaliTad, amkinZavi<br />
samsaxuris (the publisher for a loose-leaf service), Statis, an adgilobrivi<br />
sasamarTlos saxeli (Tu miTiTebuli ar aris seriis saxelwodebaSi).<br />
gverdis nomeriaRniSnavs gadawyvetilebis sawyis gverds; damatebiTi<br />
nomeri aRniSnavs uSualod miTiTebuli gverdis nomers.<br />
kanonebi mxolod SeniSvnebSi miuTiTeT; ar aris aucilebeli maTi<br />
bibliografiaSi CarTva.<br />
S:18. United States v. Christmas. (SeerTebuli Statebi qristeSobis winaaRmdeg) 222<br />
F.3d U1, 145 (4th Cir. 2000].<br />
21. Profit Sharing Plan v. MBank Dallas. N.A. 683 F. Supp. 592 (N.D. Tex. 1988).<br />
Semoklebuli SeniSvna SeiZleba moicavdes saqmis saxelwodebas da,<br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, gverdis nomers.<br />
S: 35.SeerTebuli Statebi qristeSobis winaaRmdeg, 146.<br />
42. jorjia brailsfordis winaaRmdeg, 2.<br />
erTaderTi gansxvavebuli elementi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa<br />
miTiTebisas sxvadasxva sasamarTli instanciis saxelwodebebia. qvemoT<br />
CamoTvlilia yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelebi.<br />
• aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlo. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis<br />
citirebisas miuTiTeT `SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />
angariSebi~ (United States Supreme Court Reports)(SemoklebiT U.S.) an `aSS-s<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~ (Supreme Court<br />
309
Reporter) (SemoklebiT S. Ct.), Tu is jer ar aris asaxuli pirvel<br />
dokumentSi.<br />
S: 21. korporacia AT&T “Iowa Utilities Bd.”-is winaaRmdeg, 525 SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos angariSebi. 366 (1999).<br />
39. Sps arTur <strong>and</strong>erseni SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg. aSS-s uzenaesi<br />
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli125 2129 (2005).<br />
• qveda instanciis federaluri sasamarTloebi. ufro qveda instanciis<br />
federaluri sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebis citirebisas miuTiTeT<br />
`federaluri sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~ (Federal<br />
Reporter)(F.) an `aSS-s saolqo sasamarTloebisa da saapelacio<br />
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~ (Federal Supplement)(F. Supp.).<br />
S: 3.SeerTebuli Statebis denisis winaaRmdeg. 183 federaluri<br />
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli. 201 (2d Cir. 1950).<br />
15. iToni korporaciis ` IBM Corp” winaaRmdeg,aSS-is 925 saolqo<br />
sasamarTlosa da saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli<br />
487 (S.D. Tex. 1996).<br />
• Statisa da adgilobrivi sasamarTloebi. Statis da adgilobrivi<br />
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis citirebisas, sadac SesaZlebelia,<br />
miuTiTeT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis oficialuri saxelmwifo<br />
krebulebi. Tu kerZo krebuls iyenebT (commercial reporter), miuTiTeT igi,<br />
rogorc es naCvenebia qvemoT moyvanil meore magaliTSi. Tu<br />
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis krebulSi ar aris miTiTebuli<br />
sasamarTlos saxelwodeba, miuTiTeT is frCxilebSi, TariRis win.<br />
S:6. uiliamsi deivisis winaaRmdeg, 27 Cal. 2d 746 (1946).<br />
8. bivensi moblis winaaRmdeg, 724 So. 2d 458. 465 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).<br />
17.9.8 Statis da adgilobrivi mTavrobis dokumentebi<br />
Statis da adgilobrivi mTavrobis dokumentebis citireba gaakeTeT iseve,<br />
rogorc federaluri dokumentebisa. ixmareT swori Srifti (brWyalebis<br />
gareSe) Statis kanonebisa da municipaluri dadgenilebebisTvis; ixmareT<br />
daxrili Srifti kodeqsebisTvis (krebulebisTvis). sadac saWiroa,<br />
daurTeT saxeli, raTa aRniSnoT kodeqsis romeli versiidanaa citata<br />
moyvanili. Semdeg frCxilebSi miuTiTeT kodeqsis gamocemis TariRi.<br />
310
S:39. ilinoisis generaluri asamblea, kanonSi cvlilebis Setanis komisia,<br />
angariSi ilinoisis Statis 80-e mowvevis generaluri asambleis winaSe (Cikago,<br />
1977w). 14-18.<br />
41. niu meqsikos konstitucia, muxli 4, seq. 7.<br />
44. ohaios Statis ganaxlebuli kodeqsi, anotaciebiT, seq.3599.01 (West<br />
2000).<br />
52. meTampetaminis kontrolis da sazogadoebis dacvis Sesaxeb aqti,<br />
ilinoisis sakanonmdeblo dokumentebis krebuli, Tavi.720,naw. 646/10 (2005).<br />
b:ilinoisis garemosdacviTi xarisxis instituti (IIEQ). gogirdis orJangis<br />
da nawilakebis gamobolqvis mimoxilva da reziume, av<strong>to</strong>ri – sidni m.<br />
marderi. ilinoisis garemosdacviTi xarisxis institutis dokumentisnom.<br />
77/21. q, Cikago, 1977.<br />
17.9.9 kanadis mTvrobis dokumentebi<br />
kanadis mTavrobis dokumentebi miuTiTeT aSS-is sajaro dokumentebis<br />
msgavsad. miTiTebebi daiwyeT sityviT kanadis, Tu igi calsaxad ar aris<br />
gasagebi konteqstidan. SeamokleT sityvebi Tavi (T.) (chapter - c.) da nawili<br />
(naw.) (section - s)., magram Tu miuTiTebT mxolod ramdenime kanadur<br />
dokuments, ixmareT Semoklebebi chap. dasec.<br />
kanadismTavrobis dokumentebs gamoscemen federaluri parlamentis orive<br />
palata (senati da TemTa palata), provinciebisa da teri<strong>to</strong>riebis<br />
sakanonmdeblo dawesebulebebi da sxvadasxva aRmasrulebeli uwyebebi.<br />
saparlamen<strong>to</strong> debatebi gamoicema calke seriebad: `TemTa palatis<br />
debatebi~ (House of Commons Debates) da `senatis debatebi~ (Senate Debates).<br />
sadac saWiroa, daurTeT gamomsvlelis saxeli da gvari. provinciebisa<br />
da teri<strong>to</strong>riebis sakanonmdeblo organoebi gamoscemen sakuTar debatebs.<br />
S:2. kanada, TemTa palatis debatebi (2000 wlis 3 ivnisi), gv. 7904 (q-ni<br />
lalondi, parlamentis wevri).<br />
b:kanada. mani<strong>to</strong>ba. sakanonmdeblo asamblea. debatebi da ganxilvebi. 2000<br />
wlis 17 agvis<strong>to</strong>.<br />
311
saparlamen<strong>to</strong> kanonproeqtebis miTiTebisas daurTeT misi nomeri,<br />
saTauri, sesiis nomeri, parlamentis nomeri da, saWiroebisamebr,<br />
damatebiTi informacia.<br />
S:3. kanonproeqti C-40, eqstradiciis Sesaxeb aqti me-2 sesia, 36-e mowvevis<br />
parlamenti,1998, cl. 1 (miRebulia 17 ivniss,1999). kanadis kanonmdebloba1999,<br />
c.<br />
18.<br />
kanadis kanonmdebloba pirvelad yovelwliur `kanadis kanonmdeblobaSi~<br />
(Statues of Canada) gamoqveynda, 1985 wels ki is gaaerTianes dokumentSi<br />
`kanadis gadamuSavebuli kanonmdebloba~ (the Revised Statutes of Canada). sadac<br />
SesaZlebelia, gamoiyeneT bolo wyaro da daasaxeleT sakanonmdeblo<br />
dokumentis saxelwodeba, krebuli, Sedgenis weli, Tavi da nawili.<br />
S: 4. kanadis kanoni cocxali bunebis Sesaxeb, kanadis gadamuSavebuli<br />
kanonmdebloba 1985, c. W-9, s.1.<br />
5. kanoni adamianTa reproduqciis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb, kanadis<br />
kanonmdebloba 2004, c. 2, s. 2.<br />
17.9.10 britaneTis mTavrobis dokumentebi<br />
britaneTis mTavrobis dokumentebi miuTiTeT aSS-is sajaro dokumentebis<br />
msgavsad. citirebebi daiwyeT fraziT `gaerTianebuli samefo~ (United<br />
Kingdom), Tu es koteqstidan calsaxad cxadi ar aris. britaneTis<br />
saxelmwifo dokumentebis umetesobas misi udidebulesobis (mefis an<br />
dedoflis) saxelmwifo kancelaria(Her (of His) Majesty’s Stationery Office)<br />
(HMSO) gamoscems londonSi.<br />
saparlamen<strong>to</strong> debatebi gamoicemoda ramdenime seriad, xolo 1909 wlidan<br />
– gamoicema calke-calke seriebad lordTa da TemTa palatebisTvis.<br />
miTiTebebi Seicavs TariRs, serias, <strong>to</strong>mis nomers da (Tu saWiroa) svets<br />
an, x<strong>and</strong>axan, gverdis nomers. zog SemTxvevaSi SegiZliaT, miuTiToT <strong>to</strong>mis<br />
konkretuli dokumenti.yuradReba miaqcieT Semoklebuli SeniSvnis<br />
formas, romelic gansxvavdeba st<strong>and</strong>artuli modelisgan (ix. 16.4.1).<br />
312
S:1. saparlamen<strong>to</strong> debatebis oficialuri angariSi, me-3 ser.,t. 249 (1879),<br />
cols. 611-27.<br />
5. saparlamen<strong>to</strong> sxdomebis oficialuri angariSi,me-3 ser., t. 249, col. 628.<br />
21. CerCili, gamosvla TemTa palatis winaSe, 1945 w. 18 ianvari,<br />
saparlamen<strong>to</strong> debatebi, TemTa palata,me-5 ser., t. 407 (1944-45), cols. 425-46.<br />
b: gaerTianebuli samefo. saparlamen<strong>to</strong> debatebis oficialuri<br />
angariSi, me-3 ser., t. 249 (1879).<br />
CerCili, uins<strong>to</strong>n. gamosvla TemTa palataSi, 1945 w. 18 ianvari.<br />
saparlamen<strong>to</strong> debatebi, TemTa palata, me-5 ser. t. 407 (1944-45),<br />
cols. 425-46.<br />
kanonproeqtebi, angariSebi da parlamentis mier calke gamocemuli<br />
dokumentebi yoveli sesiis dasasruls erTad gamoicema <strong>to</strong>mebad. am<br />
<strong>to</strong>mebs `sesiis dokumentebi~ (Sessional Papers) ewodeba. yoveli <strong>to</strong>mi Seicavs<br />
nawilis saxels (a divisional title).<br />
S: 8. TemTa palata, `saerTo saganmanaTleblo samsaxuris<br />
xelmZRvanelis TanaSemwis amJamindeli da momavali funqcia”,sesiis<br />
dokumentebi, 1982-83, patimarTa ganaTleba, 1983 wlis 25 aprili, t.2, par. 9.14.<br />
gv. 102.<br />
b:<br />
gaerTianebuli samefo. TemTa palata. `saerTo saganmanaTleblo<br />
samsaxuris xelmZRvanelis TanaSemwis amJamindeli da momavali<br />
funqcia”.sesiis dokumentebi, 1982-83, patimarTa ganaTleba, 1983 wlis 25<br />
aprili,t. 2, par. 9.14. gv. 102.<br />
parlamentis aqtebi, rogorc wesi, aRiniSneba mxolod<br />
SeniSvnaSi.aucilebeli ar aris maTi bibliografiaSi CarTva, Tumca,<br />
SegiZliaT miuTiToT naSromi, romelic mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentis<br />
gasamyareblad an, romelic xSirad gaqvT gamoyenebuli. aqtebis<br />
citirebisas miuTiTeT saxelwodeba (swori SriftiT, ubrWyalebod),<br />
TariRi da Tavis nomeri (T.TavisTvis; arabuli cifri saxelmwifo<br />
nomrisTvis, nusxuri romauli cifrebi adgilobrivi nomrisTvis). 1963<br />
313
wlamde gamoSvebuli aqtebis aRniSvnisas miuTiTeT monarqis mefobis<br />
weli, monarqis saxeli (SemoklebiT) da rigiToba (arabuli cifrebiT).<br />
S: 8. aqti gansaxlebis Sesaxeb, 1701,12 & 13 Will. 3, c. 2.<br />
15. aqti erTiani fondis Sesaxeb, 1963, c. 1.<br />
16. aqti manCesteris dafuZnebis Sesaxeb, 1967, c. xl.<br />
britaneTis is<strong>to</strong>riuli Canawerebis mravali krebuli arsebobs, zogierTi<br />
maTgani saxelmwifo arqivSi Senaxuli dokumentebis aslia. SeniSvnebSi<br />
xSirad miTiTebuli masalebi Semoklebuli formiT miuTiTeT.<br />
S:19. Rot. pari, t. 2 (1341) (n.p., n.d.).<br />
b:gaerTianebuli samefo. inglisis saidumlo sabWos aqtebi.redaq<strong>to</strong>ri j.r.<br />
deisenTi. 32 <strong>to</strong>mi.londoni, 1890-1907.<br />
gaerTianebuli samefo. Rotuliparliamen<strong>to</strong>rum ... (1278-1504). 6 t. N.p., n.d.<br />
gaerTianebuli samefo. samefos kanonmdebloba.redaqtirebulia a.<br />
ludersis da sxvebis mier. 11 t. londoni, 1810-28.<br />
17.9.11 saerTaSoriso organoebis gamocemebi<br />
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, magaliTad, gaerTianebuli erebis<br />
dokumentebis citirebisas, miuTiTeT uflebamosili organo (da, sadac<br />
saWiroa, av<strong>to</strong>ri da redaq<strong>to</strong>ri), TariRi da dokumentis Tema an saxeli.<br />
daurTeT, agreTve, seriis da gamocemis nomrebi, gamocemis adgili da<br />
gamomcemeli. sayovelTaod cnobili mTavari organoebis citirebisas<br />
SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT abreviaturebi (gaero _ gaerTianebuli erebi(UN -<br />
United Nations), mso _ msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO - World Trade<br />
Organization) da a.S.).<br />
S:1. erTa liga, Soreul aRmosavleTSi rusuli warmomavlobis qalebis<br />
mdgomareoba, ser. LoNP (Jeneva, 1935), IV.3.<br />
3. gaeros generaluri asamblea, mecxre sesia, oficialuri dokumentebi.me-19<br />
damateba,gaeros specialuri fondi ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis:<br />
saboloo angariSi, momzadebulia reimond SCeivenis mier gaeros generaluri<br />
asambleis 724В (VIII), A/2728,1954rezoluciis Sesabamisad.<br />
314
:generaluri xelSekruleba tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb. mravalmxrivi<br />
savaWro molaparakebebis urugvais raundis Sedegebi: iuridiuli<br />
teqstebi. Jeneva: tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb generaluri xelSekrulebis<br />
(GATT) samdivno, 1994.<br />
msoflio savaWro organizacia (mso).saerTaSoriso vaWroba: tendenciebi da<br />
statistika. Jeneva: mso, 1995.<br />
17.9.12 gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebi.<br />
gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebis citirebisas ixelmZRvaneleT<br />
17.6.4-Si aRwerili modelebiT.<br />
aSS-is mTavrobis gamouqveynebeli dokumentebis umravlesoba inaxeba<br />
erovnul arqivebSi (the National Archives <strong>and</strong> Records Administration (NARA),<br />
vaSing<strong>to</strong>nSi, kolumbiis olqSi an mis filialebSi. yvela am masalis, maT<br />
Soris, filmebis, fo<strong>to</strong>suraTebis da audioCanawerebis, aseve, teqsturi<br />
masalebis citireba xdeba Canaweris jgufis record group (RG) nomris<br />
mixedviT.<br />
kanadis gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebi inaxeba kanadis erovnul<br />
arqivSi (the National Archives of Canada) (NAC), ontarios provinciaSi, otavaSi.<br />
gaerTianebul samefoSi gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebis<br />
ramdenime sacavia, kerZod, saxelmwifo arqivi (the Public Record Office) (PRO)<br />
da britaneTis muzeumi (the British Library) (BL), orive maTgani mdebareobs<br />
londonSi.<br />
17.9.13 internetSi ganTavsebuli sajaro dokumentebi<br />
internetSi ganTavsebuli sajaro dokumentebis citirebisas<br />
ixelmZRvaneleT 17.9-Si warmodgenili Sesabamisi magaliTebiT. amasTan,<br />
daurTeT URL-is misamarTi da masalis gaxsnis TariRi (ix. 15.4.1).<br />
gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-misamarTis miTiTeba ar aris sakmarisi;<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad, unda miuTiToT wyaros yvela monacemi, raTa<br />
mkiTxvelma SeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis SemTxvevaSic. Tu<br />
gverdebis nomrebi xelmisawvdomi ar aris, miTiTebuli nawyvetis<br />
315
adgilmdebareobis aRniSvna SeniSvnaSi aRwerilobiTi informaciis<br />
damatebiT SegiZliaT (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri).<br />
S:39. SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, `Semosavlebi,<br />
siRaribis done da janmrTelobis dazRveva SeerTebuli StatebSi,<br />
2004”,seqciaSi`Semosavlis siRaribis donesTan Sefardeba”,http://www<br />
.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 19 dekembers).<br />
b:SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro. `Semosavlebi, siRaribis<br />
done, da janmrTelobis dazRveva SeerTebuli StatebSi, 2004”.<br />
]http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf<br />
dekembers).<br />
(gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 19<br />
17.10 erTi wyaro, miTiTebuli meoreSi<br />
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis mqone mkvlevrebieridebian im citatebis<br />
moyvanas, romlebic maT originalSi ar unaxavT. Tu erTi wyaro<br />
miuTiTebs sxva sasargeblo wyaroze, savaraudod, mkiTxveli amjobinebs,<br />
rom moiZioT orginali, raTa gadaamowmoT rogorc miTiTebis sizuste,<br />
ise, is, Tu ramdenad sworad gadmoscems citata originalis azrs.<br />
amasTan, Tu pirvelwyaro xelmisawvdomi ar aris, SeniSvnaSi aRniSneT is<br />
amgvarad: `miTiTebuli meorad wyaroSi~. bibliografiis muxlSiformati --<br />
,,miTiTebuli ...Si” SecvaleT saWiroebisamebr.<br />
S:8.luis Jukovski, `gulwrfeloba da obieqtivacia”,poezia37 (1931 wlis<br />
Tebervali): 269. citata moyvanilia boni kostelos naSromSimariana<br />
muri: warmosaxviTi Tvisebebi(kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba,1981), 78.<br />
b:Jukovski, luis. `gulwrfeloba da obieqtivacia”.poezia37 (1931 wlis<br />
Tebervali): 269. citata moyvanilia boni kostelos naSromSi mariana<br />
muri: warmosaxviTi Tvisebebi. kembriji,<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1981.<br />
masaCusetsi: harvardis<br />
316
msgavsi situacia SeiZleba Seiqmnas, rodesac uTiTebT citatas, romelic<br />
meorad wyaroSi ipoveT, xolo am meorad wyaroze ki pirvelwyaros<br />
miTiTebiT gadaxvediT. (ix. 3.1.1). xSirad ver SeZlebT, gaecnoT<br />
pirvelwyaros, gansakuTrebiT, Tu is gamouqveynebeli xelnawerebis<br />
krebulia. am SemTxvevaSi ixelmZRvaneleT zemoT mocemuli principebiT.<br />
317
18 teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebis stili:<br />
st<strong>and</strong>artuli formati<br />
18.1 st<strong>and</strong>artuli sistema<br />
18.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba<br />
18.1.2 punqtuacia<br />
18.1.3 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba<br />
18.1.4 saTaurebis gaformeba<br />
18.1.5 ricxvebi<br />
18.1.6 abreviaturebi<br />
18.1.7 abzacis Seweva<br />
18.2 bibliografia<br />
18.2.1 muxlebis dalageba<br />
18.2.3 wyaroebi, romlebic SegiZliaT, ar miuTiToT<br />
18.3 teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebi<br />
18.3.2 gansakuTrebuli elementebi da formatTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi<br />
18.3.3 gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi da teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebi<br />
socialur da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi ZiriTadad teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi<br />
miTiTebebis stili gamoiyeneba. es stili, agreTve, cnobilia av<strong>to</strong>ri-TariRis<br />
stilis saxeliT, vinaidan wyaroebis miTiTebisas av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli, gvari da<br />
gamocemis TariRi mniSvnelovani elementebia. winamdebare TavSi warmodgenilia<br />
citirebis st<strong>and</strong>artuli sistemis mimoxilva teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebis stilis<br />
gamoyenebiT, maT Sorisa, rogorc bibliografiis muxlebi, ise, teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi<br />
miTiTebebi. teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebis magaliTebi aRniSnulia `P”-Ti;<br />
gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis muxlebis magaliTebi aRniSnulia `R”-<br />
Ti.<br />
teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebis stilis gamoyenebisas wyaros Sesaxeb miniSnebas<br />
akeTebT am wyaros miTiTebis gaswvriv teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebis moTavsebiT<br />
(moicavs av<strong>to</strong>rs, TariRs da Sesabamisi gverdis nomrebs):<br />
erTi mecnieris TqmiT, rkinigzis gayvanis Sedegad, Cikago aRmosavlelebisa da<br />
dasavlelebis Sexvedrebis umniSvnelovanesi wertili gaxda. [Cronon 1991, 92-93].<br />
naSromis bolos yvela wyaros CamowerT bibliografiaSi. bibliografia,<br />
rogorc wesi, moicavs teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebaSi aRniSnul TiToeul wyaros,<br />
zogjer sxva wyaroebsac, romlebsac gaecaniT, magram ar migiTiTebiaT. vinaidan<br />
teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTeba ar Seicavs srul bibliografiul informacias wyaros<br />
Sesaxeb, es informacia unda miuTiToT bibliografiaSi. bibliografiis yvela<br />
muxls unda hqondes erTi da igive zogadi forma:<br />
R: Cronon, William. 1991. Nature’s metropolis: <strong>Chicago</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Great West. New York: W.W. Nor<strong>to</strong>n<br />
& Company.<br />
318
mkiTxveli Tqvengan sworad wyaros miTiTebis wesebis zedmiwevniT dacvas<br />
moelis. es wesebi Seexeba ara mxolod CasarTav informacias da am monacemebis<br />
Tanmimdevrobas, aramed. agreTve, punqtuacias, mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebas<br />
(inglisur enaze werisas. mTarg. SeniSvna), daxrili Sriftis gamoyenebas da sxva.<br />
wyaro rom sworad miuTiToT, didi yuradReba unda miaqcioT wvrilman<br />
detalebs, romelic mkvlevarTa didi nawilisTvis advilad dasamaxsovrebeli<br />
ar aris. momdevno TavSi mocemulia mza gzamkvlevi am detalebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
18.1 st<strong>and</strong>artuli modelebi<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom wyaroebis da maTze miTiTebis uamravi forma<br />
arsebobs, savaraudod, mxolod ramdenime saxis gamoyeneba mogiwevT. uCveulo<br />
wyaroebis citirebisas SeiZleba, dagWirdeT miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
detalebis moZieba, xolo citirebis im saxeebisTvis, romlebsac yvelaze xSirad<br />
gamoiyenebT, iolad SegiZliaT st<strong>and</strong>artuli sistemebis damaxsovreba. Semdeg<br />
SeZlebT Sablonebis Seqmnas, romelTa daxmarebiTac moaxerxebT kiTxvis<br />
procesSi bibliografiuli monacemebis swrafad da saimedod Caweras.<br />
am qveTavis darCenil nawilSi aRwerilia st<strong>and</strong>artuli sistemebi, 18.1<br />
naxatze ki warmodgenilia Sablonebi da magaliTebi farTod gavrcelebuli<br />
saxis wyaroebisTvis. me-19 TavSi mocemulia mTeli rigi wyaroebis magaliTebi,<br />
maT Soris, gamonaklisebi aq ganxiluli sistemebidan.<br />
18.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba<br />
bibliografiis muxlebSi elementebis Tanmimdevroba yvela saxis<br />
wyarosTvis erTnairia: av<strong>to</strong>ri, gamocemis TariRi (weli), saTauri, sxva<br />
informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb. teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi am elementebidan<br />
mxolod pirveli ori mieTiTeba. Tu isini konkretul nawyvetebs Seexeba,<br />
SesaZloa, gverdis nomrebs an adgilis ganmsazRvrel sxva informaciasac<br />
Seicavdes; bibliografiis muxlebis SemTxvevaSi ase ar aris. Tumca, iq<br />
mieTiTeba gverdis nomrebis sruli diapazoni iseTi wyarosTvis, romelic<br />
warmoadgens ufro didi nawilis, mag., statiis an Tavis Semadgenels.<br />
18.1.2 punqtuacia<br />
gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis muxlebSi elementebis umetesoba<br />
gamoyaviT wertilebiT; teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi av<strong>to</strong>rs da TariRs Soris<br />
sasveni niSani ar dasvaT, TariRi gverdis nomrisgan mZimiT gamoyaviT.<br />
18.1.3 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba<br />
saTaurebis umetesoba mTavruli asoebiT daiwyeT winadadebis stilis<br />
mixedviT, xolo samecniero Jurnalebis, popularuli Jurnalebis da gazeTebis<br />
saxelwodebebi saTauris stilis mixedviT dawereT mTavruli asoebiT. (orive<br />
stilis Sesaxeb ix. 22.3.1.) (wesi exeba inglisur enaze wyaros miTiTebis<br />
SemTxvevas. mTarg. SeniSvna).<br />
naxati 18.1 bibliografiis muxlebisa da teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebis nimuSebi<br />
qvemoT warmodgenil nimuSebSi giCvenebT, romeli elementebi unda CairTos<br />
bibliografiaSi (R) da teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi (P) wyaroebis ramdenime<br />
319
gavrcelebuli saxis citirebisas. naCvenebia, agreTve, punqtuacia, saTaurebis<br />
mTavruli asoebiT dawyeba da elementebis gaformeba. ruxi feriT daCrdiluli<br />
teqsti aRniSnavs abreviaturebs da sxva terminebs, rogorc isini miTiTebaSi<br />
daiwereboda. XX aRniSnavs citirebuli teqstis gverdis nomrebs, YY aRniSnavs<br />
statiis an Tavis gverdebis srul diapazons.<br />
magaliTebi, ganmartebebi, da variantebi damatebiT ix. me-19 TavSi.<br />
wignebi<br />
1. erTi av<strong>to</strong>ri an redaq<strong>to</strong>ri<br />
R: av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. wignis saTauri: wignis<br />
qvesaTauri. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba.<br />
Diamond, Jared. 1997. Guns, germs, <strong>and</strong> steel: The fates of human societies. New York: W. W. Nor<strong>to</strong>n<br />
<strong>and</strong> Company.<br />
Tu wigns av<strong>to</strong>ris nacvlad redaq<strong>to</strong>ri hyavs, sqema ase SecvaleT:<br />
R: redaq<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, redaq<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli, red. gamocemis TariRi ...<br />
Noll, Mark A., red. 1990...<br />
P: (redaq<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)<br />
2. ramdenime av<strong>to</strong>ri<br />
Tu wigns ori av<strong>to</strong>ri hyavs, gamoiyeneT Semdegi sqema:<br />
R: pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da meore av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da<br />
gvari. gamocemis TariRi. wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri. gamocemis adgili:<br />
gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba.<br />
Bird, Kai & Martin J. Sherwin. 2005. American Prometheus: The triumph <strong>and</strong> tragedy of J. Robert<br />
Oppenheimer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.<br />
P: (pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari da meore av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)<br />
[Bird & Sherwin 2005, 52]<br />
Tu wigns sami av<strong>to</strong>ri hyavs, struqtura SecvaleT ase:<br />
R: pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli, meore av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da<br />
gvari, da mesame av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari. gamocemis TariRi...<br />
Appleby, Joyce, Lynn Hunt,& Margaret Jacob. 1994...<br />
naxati 16.1 gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis da teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebis<br />
nimuSebi<br />
(gagreleba)<br />
P: (pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, meore av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, da mesame av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari.<br />
gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)<br />
[Appleby, Hunt,& Jacob. 1994, 135-36]<br />
320
Tu wigns oTxi an meti av<strong>to</strong>ri hyavs, SeniSvnis struqtura mxolod aseTi saxiT<br />
SecvaleT:<br />
P: (pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da sxvebi. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)<br />
[Hall da sxvebi. 1987, 114-15]<br />
3. av<strong>to</strong>r(eb)i, agreTve, redaq<strong>to</strong>ri an mTargmneli<br />
Tu wigns av<strong>to</strong>ris garda, redaq<strong>to</strong>ric hyavs, gamoiyeneT Semdegi struqtura:<br />
R: av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. wignis saTauri: wignis<br />
qvesaTauri, red. redaq<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis<br />
saxelwodeba.<br />
Harley, J.B. 2002. The new nature of maps: Essays in the his<strong>to</strong>ry of car<strong>to</strong>graphy. red. Paul Lax<strong>to</strong>n.<br />
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.<br />
P: (av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)<br />
(Harley 2002, 132-33)<br />
Tu wigns redaq<strong>to</strong>ris nacvlad mTargmneli hyavs, redaq<strong>to</strong>ris Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis nacvlad, bibliografiis muxlSi CasviT sityvebi Targm. da<br />
Targmnilia da miuTiTeT mTargmnelis saxeli da gvari.<br />
4. gamocemis nomeri<br />
R: av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. wignis saTauri: wignis<br />
qvesaTauri, gamocemis nomeri gam. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis<br />
saxelwodeba.<br />
Daniels, Roger. 1002. Coming <strong>to</strong> America: A his<strong>to</strong>ry of immigration <strong>and</strong> ethnicity in American life. me-2<br />
gam. New York: Harper Perennial.<br />
P: (av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)<br />
(Daniels 2002, 84)<br />
5. erTi Tavi redaqtirebul wignSi<br />
R: Tavis av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, Tavis av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. Tavis saTauri:<br />
Tavis qvesaTauri. wignSi – wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri, red. redaq<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
saxeli da gvari, YY-YY. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba.<br />
Spirn, Anne Whis<strong>to</strong>n. 1996. Constructing nature: The legacy of Frederick Law Olmsted. wignSi<br />
“Uncommon ground: Rethinking the human place in nature”, red. William Cronon, 91-113. New York:<br />
W.W. Nor<strong>to</strong>rn <strong>and</strong> Company.<br />
P: (Tavis av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)<br />
bibliografia<br />
saJurnalo statiebi<br />
6. saJurnalo statiis beWduri gamocema<br />
R: av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. statiis saTauri: statiis<br />
qvesaTauri. Jurnalis saxelwodeba <strong>to</strong>mis nomeri (TariRTan dakavSirebuli<br />
damatebiTi informacia): YY-YY.<br />
bibliografia<br />
321
P: (av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)<br />
bibliografia<br />
Tu statias ramdenime av<strong>to</strong>ri hyavs, ixelmZRvaneleT av<strong>to</strong>rebis saxelebis<br />
miTiTebis meore nimuSSi warmodgenili Sesabamisi sqemiT.<br />
7. internetSi gamoqveynebuli saJurnalo statiebi<br />
R: av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. statiis saTauri: statiis<br />
qvesaTauri. Jurnalis saxelwodeba <strong>to</strong>mis nomeri (TariRTan dakavSirebuli<br />
damatebiTi informacia). URL-is misamarTi (gaxsnilia/monaxulebulia masalaze<br />
wvdomis TariRi).<br />
McFarl<strong>and</strong>, Daniel A. 2004. Resistance as a social drama: A study of change-oriented encounters.<br />
American Journal of Sociology 109, no. 6 (maisi).<br />
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v109n6/050199/050199.html<br />
[gaxsnilia/monaxulebulia 2006 wlis 3 maiss]<br />
P: (av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, gamocemis TariRi).<br />
bibliografia<br />
sakuTari saxelebi, Cveulebisamebr, mTavruli asoebiT dawereT (ix. 22-e Tavi).<br />
zogierT dargSi bibliografiaSi SeiZleba, iTxovdnen mTavruli asoebis<br />
saTauris stilSi dasmas; adgilobriv saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebSi gadaamowmeT,<br />
romeli meTodis gamoyenebaa gansazRvruli.<br />
18.1.4 saTaurebis gaformeba<br />
SedarebiT moculobiTi nawarmoebebis (wignebis, Jurnalebis) saTaurebi ibeWdeba<br />
daxrili SriftiT; ufro mcire nawilebis (Tavebi, statiebi) saTaurebi ibeWdeba<br />
swori SriftiT da ar Tavsdeba brWyalebSi. gamouqveynebeli naSromebis (mag.,<br />
disertaciebi) saTaurebi ibeWdeba swori SriftiT da ar Tavsdeba brWyalebSi,<br />
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu isini wignis moculobisaa.<br />
18.1.5 ricxvebi<br />
saTaurebSi ricxvebi sityvierad gadmoicema an cifrebiT iwereba zustad ise,<br />
rogorc wyaroSia. gverdis nomrebi, romlebic wyaroSi romauli cifrebiT aris<br />
warmodgenili, mieTiTeba patara romauli cifrebiT. yvela sxva ricxvi<br />
(rogoricaa Tavis nomrebi an naxatebis nomrebi) warmodgenilia arabuli<br />
cifrebiT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu originalSi isini romauli cifrebiT aris<br />
warmodgenili an sityvierad aris gadmocemuli.<br />
18.1.6 abreviaturebi<br />
SeniSvnebSi SeamokleT terminebi, rogoricaa redaq<strong>to</strong>ri, mTargmneli, da <strong>to</strong>mi<br />
(red., mTargm., da t.). mravlobiTi forma, Cveulebriv, iwarmoeba `ebi”-s damatebiT<br />
(red.-ebi). adgilobrivi saxelmZRvanelo principebiT SesaZloa, nebadarTuli<br />
iyos damatebiTi abreviaturebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa univ. _ universitetis<br />
Semokleba.<br />
322
18.1.7 Seweuli abzaci<br />
gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebis muxlebis Seweva Sebrunebulad xdeba;<br />
pirveli xazi swordeba marcxniv, xolo yvela momdevno striqoni Seweulia<br />
abzacis identuri intervaliT. teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebi teqstSi Tavsdeba da<br />
maTi Seweva ar xdeba.<br />
18.2 bibliografia<br />
naSromebSi, romlebSic gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebisTvis<br />
gamoiyeneba teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebis – gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis<br />
stili, bibliografiaSi warmodgenilia sruli bibliografiuli informacia<br />
teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi aRniSnul wyaroebze (ramdenime gansakuTrebuli tipis<br />
wyaros garda; ix. 18.2.2). SegiZliaT, agreTve, miuTiToT naSromebi, romlebic<br />
mniSvnelovni iyo Tqveni azrovnebis procesSi, magram teqstSi konkretulad ar<br />
migiTiTebiaT. bibliografiuli informaciis warmodgenis garda, gamoyenebuli<br />
literaturis CamonaTvlidan mkiTxveli xedavs Tqvens mier ganxorcielebuli<br />
kvlevis masStabs da am kvlevis kavSirs manamde momzadebul naSromebTan.<br />
gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis daxmarebiT mkiTxvels, agreTve,<br />
SeuZlia wyaroebis sakuTar kvlevaSi gamoyeneba. Tu wyaros miTiTebis am stils<br />
gamoiyenebT, naSromSi aucileblad unda CarToT bibliografia.<br />
CamonaTvali daasaTaureT ase: bibliografia (an gamoyenebuli<br />
literatura). ix. naxati A.16 danarTSi, sadac mocemulia bibliografia.<br />
18.2.1 muxlebis dalageba<br />
anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT da qronologiurad av<strong>to</strong>ris mixedviT.<br />
bibliografia, rogorc wesi, warmoadgens yvela wyaros erTian CamonaTvals;<br />
wyaroebi dalagebulia anbanis mixedviT av<strong>to</strong>ris, redaq<strong>to</strong>ris an TiToeul<br />
muxlSi pirvel adgilze miTiTebuli piris gvaris mixedviT. (ucxo saxelebis,<br />
Sedgenili saxelebis da sxva gansakuTrebuli saxelebis anbanis mixedviT<br />
dalagebis Sesaxeb ix. 19.1.1) teqstis redaqtirebis programebis umravlesobas<br />
aqvs CamonaTvlis anbanis mixedviT dalagebis funqcia; Tu am funqcias iyenebT,<br />
TiToeul muxls unda mosdevdes myari gadatana. Tu sadiplomo an sadisertacio<br />
naSromze muSaobT, SesaZloa, Tqvens kaTedraze an universitetSi mogcen<br />
miTiTeba, rom informacia muxlebSi anbanis mixedviT unda daalagoT asoebis an<br />
sityvebis mixedviT. ix. `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelo”, 18.56 -59, me-15 gamocema<br />
(2003 w.), sadac mocemulia am ori sistemis ganmarteba.<br />
Tu bibliografia moicavs or an met naSroms, romlebic dawerili,<br />
redaqtirebuli an naTargmnia erTi da igive piris mier, daalageT muxlebi<br />
qronologiurad gamocemis TariRis mixedviT. pirvelis Semdeg yvela muxlSi<br />
piris saxeli SecvaleT grZeli tireTi, romelsac ewodeba sami M-is sigrZis<br />
tire (ix. 21.7.3). redaqtirebuli an Targmnili naSromebis SemTxvevaSi, dasviT<br />
mZime da saTanado aRniSvna (red., mTargmn., da a.S.) tires Semdeg. CamowereT<br />
yvela aseTi naSromi im naSromebamde, romelTa SemTxvevaSic piri iyo<br />
Tanaav<strong>to</strong>ri an Tanaredaq<strong>to</strong>ri.<br />
R: Gates, Henry Louis Jr. 1989. The signifying monkey: A theory of African-American Literary critisism.<br />
New York: Oxford University Press.<br />
-------------, red. 2002. The classic slave narratives. New York: Penguin Putnam.<br />
323
------------. 2004. America behind the color line: Dialogues with African Americans. New York: Warner<br />
Books.<br />
Gates, Henry Louis Jr., da Cornel West. 2000. The African American century: How black Americans<br />
have shaped our country. New York: Free Press.<br />
igive principi gamoiyeneba av<strong>to</strong>rTa erTi jgufis mier dawerili iseTi<br />
naSromebisTvis, romlebic miTiTebulia erTi da imave TanmimdevrobiT.<br />
R: Marty, Martin E., da R. Scott Appleby. 1992. The glory <strong>and</strong> the power: The fundamentalist challenge<br />
<strong>to</strong> the modern world. Bos<strong>to</strong>n: Beacon Press.<br />
----------, red.-ebi. 2004. Accounting for fundamentalisms. <strong>Chicago</strong>: University of <strong>Chicago</strong> Press.<br />
Marty, Martin E., da Micah Marty. 1998 When true simplicity is gained: Finding spiritual clarity in a<br />
complex world. Gr<strong>and</strong> Rapids, Ml: William B. Eerdmans <strong>Publishing</strong> Company.<br />
Tu bibliografiaSi Sesulia erTze meti naSromi, romelic gamocemulia<br />
erTsa da imave wels av<strong>to</strong>ris an av<strong>to</strong>rTa jgufis mier, romelTa gvarebic erTi<br />
da igive TanmimdevrobiT aris dalagebuli, muxlebi daalageT anbanuri<br />
TanmimdevrobiT saTauris mixedviT (inglisur enaze werisas. mTarg. SeniSvna).<br />
wels daamateT asoebi a, b, g da a.S., swori SriftiT, intervalis gareSe. am<br />
naSromebis miTiTebis Semcveli teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebi asoebs unda Seicavdes<br />
(ix. 18.3.2).<br />
R: Davis, Natalie Zemon. 1983a. Beyond the market: Books as gifts in the sixteenth-century France.<br />
Transactions of the Royal His<strong>to</strong>rical Society 33: 69-88.<br />
---------. 1983b. The return of Martin Guerre. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.<br />
Tu wigns an saJurnalo statias av<strong>to</strong>ri an redaq<strong>to</strong>ri ar hyavs (an sxva<br />
dasaxelebuli Semdgeneli, mag., mTargmneli), bibliografiaSi, pirvel rigSi,<br />
miuTiTeT saTauri da saTauris mixedviT daalageT anbanurad, (inglisur enaze<br />
werisas. mTarg. SeniSvna).<br />
R: bibliografia<br />
samecniero Jurnalebisa da sagazeTo statiebisTvis, romelTa av<strong>to</strong>ric ar aris<br />
miTiTebuli, av<strong>to</strong>risTvis gankuTvnil adgilze CasviT Jurnalis an gazeTis<br />
saxelwodeba (ix. 19.3 da 19.4). sxva tipis wyaroebisTvis ix. me-19 Tavis Sesabamisi<br />
nawili, sadac warmodgenilia saxelmZRvanelo principebi; Tu sxvagvari<br />
miTiTeba ar aris mocemuli, saTauri am principis mixedviT miuTiTeT.<br />
kategoriebad dalagebuli CamonaTvlebi. teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
mkiTxvels mxolod av<strong>to</strong>ris da TariRis Sesaxeb monacemebi aqvs bibliografiis<br />
Sesabamisi muxlis mosaZieblad. amdenad, garda iSviaTi gamonaklisebisa,<br />
CamonaTvali daalageT zemoT aRwerili nimuSis mixedviT. qvemoT moyvanilis<br />
msgavs SemTxvevebSi SegiZliaT CamonaTvlis dayofa calkeul kategoriebad:<br />
• Tu specialuri tipis wyarosTvis, mag., xelnaweris, saarqivo koleqciebis,<br />
Canawerebis da a.S. sam an oTx muxlze meti gaqvT, isini danarCeni muxlebisgan<br />
gancalkevebiT miuTiTeT.<br />
324
• Tu mniSvnelovania pirvelwyaroebis gamoyofa meoradi da mesamexarisxovani<br />
wyaroebisgan, muxlebi calke nawilebSi CamowereT.<br />
Tu axdenT wyaroebis kategorizacias, warmoadgineT TiToeuli nawili<br />
qvesaTauriT da, Tu aucilebelia, dasawyisSi ganTavsebuli SeniSvniT. muxlebi<br />
TiToeul seqciaSi daalageT zemoT aRwerili principebis mixedviT, wyaro ar<br />
miuTiToT erTze met seqciaSi, Tu calsaxad ar SeiZleba misi kategorizacia<br />
ori an meti saxiT.<br />
18.2.3 wyaroebi, romlebic SegiZliaT, gamo<strong>to</strong>voT<br />
rogorc wesi, SegiZliaT, bibliografiaSi ar miuTiToT Semdegi saxis wyaroebi:<br />
- klasikuri, Sua saukuneebis da adreuli literaturuli nawarmoebebi<br />
(19.5.1) da (zogierT SemTxvevaSi) cnobili piesebi (19.8.7)<br />
- biblia da sxva wminda wignebi (19.5.2)<br />
- farTod gavrcelebuli sacnobaro literatura, rogoricaa didi<br />
leqsikonebi da enciklopediebi (19.5.3)<br />
- anonimuri gamouqveynebeli interviuebi da piradi mimowera/komunikacia<br />
(19.6.3), veblogis informacia da komentarebi (19.7.2) da eleqtronuli<br />
fostis adresatebis siebi (19.7.3)<br />
- saxviTi da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis mravali wyaro, maT Soris,<br />
mxatvruli xelovnebis namuSevrebi da sxva vizualuri wyaroebi (19.8.1),<br />
cocxali Sesruleba (19.8.2), satelevizio da sxva samauwyeblo programebi<br />
(19.8.3)<br />
- aSS-is konstitucia (19.9.5) da zogierTi sxva sajaro dokumenti (19.9)<br />
SeiZleba, arCioT, rom bibliografiaSi miuTiToT am kategoriidan romelime<br />
konkretuli naSromi, romelic mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an<br />
romelic xSirad gaqvT miTiTebuli.<br />
18.3 teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebi<br />
teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTeba sakmaris informacias Seicavs imisaTvis, rom<br />
mkiTxvelma ipovos sruli miTiTeba bibliografiaSi; Cveulebriv, es informacia<br />
moicavs av<strong>to</strong>ris saxels da gvars, gamocemis TariRs da (Tu konkretul nawyvets<br />
uTiTebT) gverdis nomers an adgilis amsaxvel sxva informacias. saxeli, gvari<br />
da TariRi zustad unda Seesabamebodes bibliografiis muxlis Sesabamis<br />
elementebs. (gaiTvaliswineT, rom teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi elementebis<br />
dalagebasa da punqtuaciasTan dakavSirebuli modeli odnav gansxvavdeba im<br />
meTodisgan, romelic gamoiyeneba sqolios stilis miTiTebebSi, romlebic 16.4.3-<br />
Sia aRwerili; nu agerevaT an nu gaaerTianebT am or stils).<br />
18.3.1 teqstSi ganTavseba<br />
rodesac miuTiTebT an sxvagvarad iyenebT masalas wyarodan, teqstSi unda<br />
moaTavsoT teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTeba Sesabamisi wyaros Sesaxeb ZiriTadi<br />
informaciiT. citatis SemTxvevaSi, teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTeba uSualod citatis<br />
Semdeg CasviT, ganurCevlad imisa, citata teqstSia CarTuli Tu blokis saxiT<br />
aris gamoyofili (ix. 25.2.2). sxva SemTxvevaSi, teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebi<br />
winadadebis an winadadebis nawilis boloSi moaTavseT. rodesac teqstSi<br />
325
citatas rTavT, frCxili unda daxuroT mZimis, wertilis da sxva sasveni niSnis<br />
win.<br />
Tumca, blokuri citatis SemTxvevaSi teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTeba saboloo sasveni<br />
niSnis Semdeg Tavsdeba.<br />
ix. naxati A.11, sadac warmodgenilia teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebis magaliTi.<br />
18.3.2 specialuri elementebi da formatTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi<br />
teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebis ZiriTadi modeli aRwerilia 18.1-Si, 18.1 naxatze<br />
ki warmodgenilia nimuSebi wyaroebis ramdenime farTod gavrcelebuli<br />
tipisTvis. am nawilSi ganxilulia specialuri elementebi, romelTa CarTvac<br />
SesaZloa, saWiro iyos, agreTve, formatTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, romlebic<br />
SeiZleba, wamoiWras yvela saxis teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
Semdeg SemTxvevebSi naSromis redaq<strong>to</strong>ris, mTargmnelis an sxva<br />
Semdgenelis saxeli da gvari ganixileT, rogorc av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, Tu<br />
sxvagvari miTiTeba ar arsebobs.<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rebi erTi da igive gvariT. Tu uTiTebT naSromebs erTze meti av<strong>to</strong>riT,<br />
romlebsac erTi da igive gvari aqvT, TiToeul teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebaSi<br />
daumateT av<strong>to</strong>ris pirveli iniciali, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu TariRebi<br />
gansxvavebulia. Tu inicialebi erTnairia, saxelebi sityvierad dawereT.<br />
[J. Smith 2001, 140] [Adele Gottfried 1988, 15]<br />
[T. Smith 1998, 25-26] [Allen Gottfried 1994, 270]<br />
erTi da imave av<strong>to</strong>ris naSromebi da TariRi. Tu uTiTebT erTze met naSroms,<br />
romelic erTsa da imave wels gamosca av<strong>to</strong>rma an av<strong>to</strong>rTa jgufma da isini<br />
erTnairadaa miTiTebuli, bibliografiaSi muxlebi anbanurad daalageT<br />
saTaurebis mixedviT, wels ki daurTeT asoebi a, b, g da a.S. (ix. 18.2.1). igive<br />
principiT dawereT teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebic (asoebi iwereba swori SriftiT,<br />
TariRis Semdeg intervali ar unda iyos).<br />
[Davis 1983a, 74]<br />
[Davis 1983b, 59-60]<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ri ar aris miTiTebuli. rodesac uTiTebT wigns an saJurnalo statias,<br />
romelSic av<strong>to</strong>ri ar aris miTiTebuli, bibliografiaSi av<strong>to</strong>ris nacvlad<br />
saTauri miuTiTeT (ix. 18.2.1). teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi gamoiyeneT Semoklebuli<br />
saTauri, romelic unda Seicavdes sruli saTauris oTxamde amosacnob sityvas;<br />
saTauri dabeWdeT daxrili an swori SriftiT, gamoyenebuli literaturis<br />
CamonaTvlis analogiurad.<br />
[Account of operations 1870-1910]<br />
[Great Trigonometrical Survey 1863, 26]<br />
samecniero Jurnalebis da sagazeTo statiebis SemTxvevaSi, romelTa av<strong>to</strong>rebic<br />
ar aris miTiTebuli, orive adgilze av<strong>to</strong>ris nacvlad Jurnalis an gazeTis<br />
saxelwodeba miuTiTeT (ix. 19.3 da 19.4). saxelmZRvanelo principebi sxva tipis<br />
wyaroebis Sesaxeb ixileT me-19 Tavis Sesabamis nawilSi; Tu sxvagvari miTiTeba<br />
ar aris warmodgenili, gamoiyeneT Semoklebuli saTauri.<br />
326
TariRi ar aris miTiTebuli. Tu uTiTebT gamoqveynebul naSroms, romelzec<br />
ar aris miTiTebuli TariRi, TariRis adgilas dasviT T.a.m. (`TariRi ar aris<br />
miTiTebuli”), rogorc bibliografiaSi, ise, teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi. gamoiyeneT<br />
swori Srifti da patara asoebi.<br />
[Smith T.a.m., 5]<br />
sxva tipis wyaroebis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvanelo principebi SegiZliaT, ixiloT me-<br />
19 Tavis Sesabamis nawilSi.<br />
teqstSi miTiTebulia av<strong>to</strong>ri. Tu teqstSi av<strong>to</strong>ris saxelia miTiTebuli,<br />
SegiZliaT, teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebaSi es elementi ar CarToT. Tu sicxadisTvis<br />
aucilebelia, miTiTeba uSualod av<strong>to</strong>ris saxelis Semdeg moaTavseT, Tu is<br />
mTeli winadadebis an misi nawilis boloSi ar aris.<br />
amis Semdgom, Cangi sakmaod detalurad aRwers nankinis okupacias [1997, 159-67].<br />
ariesis [1965] mier warmodgenili argumentebi Seicvala Semdgomi kvlevebis<br />
Sedegad.<br />
erTze meti naSromis miTiTeba. Tu erTi Tvalsazrisis dasabuTebisTvis<br />
uTiTebT ramdenime wyaros, daajgufeT isini teqs<strong>to</strong>briv erT miTiTebaSi.<br />
daalageT anbanis mixedviT, qronologiurad an mniSvnelovnebis mixedviT<br />
(konteqstidan gamomdinare), wyaroebi erTmaneTisgan wertil-mZimiT gamoyaviT.<br />
ramdenime Teoretikosi mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeboda am pozicias [Armstrong <strong>and</strong><br />
Malacinski 1989; Pickett <strong>and</strong> White 1995; Beigl 2004].<br />
18.3.3 gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi da teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebi<br />
Tu gsurT, teqsts daurToT mniSvnelovani komentarebi, teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi<br />
miTiTebebis nacvlad mimarTeT gverdobliv SeniSvnebs. SeniSvnis ganTavsebis,<br />
danomvris da daformatebis Sesaxeb ixileT 16.3.2-16.3.4. sqolioSi wyaros<br />
miTiTebisTvis gamoiyeneT teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebis Cveuli forma.<br />
N: 10. jeims uilsoni aRniSnavs, rom `arc erT politikoss arasdros daukargavs<br />
xmebi biurokratiis dagmobis gamo.” [1989, 235].<br />
327
19. teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTitebis stili: specifikuri tipis<br />
wyaroebis miTiTeba<br />
19.1 wignebi<br />
19.1.1 av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari<br />
19.1.2 gamocemis TariRi<br />
19.1.3 saxelwodeba<br />
19.1.4 gamocema<br />
19.1.5 <strong>to</strong>mi<br />
19.1.6 seriebi<br />
19.1.7 monacemebi gamocemaze<br />
19.1.8 gverdebis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia<br />
19.1.9 Tavebi da wignis saxelwodebis mqone sxva nawilebi<br />
19.1.10 onlain da sxva eleqtronuli wignebi<br />
19.2 samecniero Jurnalebisstatiebi<br />
19.2.1 av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari<br />
19.2.2 gamoqveynebis TariRi<br />
19.2.3 statiis saTauri<br />
19.2.4 samecniero Jurnalis saxelwodeba<br />
19.2.5 informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb<br />
19.2.6 gverdebis nomrebi da adgilT<strong>and</strong>akavSirebulisxva informacia<br />
19.2.7 specialuri gamocemebi da damatebebi<br />
19.2.8 internetSigamoqveynebuli statiebi<br />
19.3 arasamecnieroJurnalebisstatiebi<br />
19.4 sagazeTo statiebi<br />
19.4.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli sakiTxebi<br />
19.4.2 specialuri tipis sagazeTo miTiTebebi<br />
19.5gamoqveynebuli wyaroebisdamatebiTitipebi<br />
19.5.1 klasikuri, Suasaukuneebis da adreuli periodis inglisuri<br />
literaturuli nawarmoebebi<br />
19.5.2 biblia da sxva wminda werilebi<br />
19.5.3 sacnobaro literatura<br />
328
19.5.4 recenziebi, kritikuli statiebi<br />
19.5.5 reziumeebi, mimoxilvebi<br />
19.5.6 bukletebi da angariSebi<br />
19.5.7 gamocemebi mikroformis saxiT<br />
19.5.8 CD-ROM-ebi anDVD-ROM-ebi<br />
19.5.9 internetSi ganTavsebulimonacemTa bazebi<br />
19.6 gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi<br />
19.6.1 sadiplomo Temebi da disertaciebi<br />
19.6.2 Sexvedrebze wakiTxulileqciebi da moxsenebebi<br />
19.6.3 interviuebi da piradi saubrebi<br />
19.6.4 xelnawerTa koleqciebi<br />
19.7 araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi<br />
19.7.1 vebgverdebi<br />
19.7.2 veblogebze gamoqveynebuli Canawerebi da komentarebi<br />
19.7.3 adresatTa eleqtronuli misamarTebis siebi<br />
19.8 wyaroebi saxviT da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi<br />
19.8.1 vizualuri wyaroebi<br />
19.8.2 cocxali Sesruleba<br />
19.8.3 satelevizio programebi da sxva samauwyeblo wyaroebi<br />
19.8.4 audio Canawerebi<br />
19.8.5 videoCanawerebi<br />
19.8.6 onlain multimediuri failebi<br />
19.8.7 teqstebi vizualur da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi<br />
19.9 sajaro dokumentebi<br />
19.9.1 Sesatani elementebi, maTi rigi da daformatebis wesi<br />
19.9.2 kongresis publikaciebi<br />
19.9.3 sapreziden<strong>to</strong> publikaciebi<br />
19.9.4 saxelmwifo departamentebisa da saagen<strong>to</strong>ebis publikaciebi<br />
19.9.5 aSS-is konstitucia<br />
19.9.6 SeTanxmebebi, konvenciebi<br />
19.9.7 sasamarTlo saqmeebi<br />
19.9.8 saxelmwifoda adgilobrivi mTavrobis dokumentebi<br />
329
19.9.9 kanadis mTavrobis dokumentebi<br />
19.9.10 britaneTis mTavrobis dokumentebi<br />
19.9.11 saerTaSoriso organizaciebis publikaciebi<br />
19.9.12 gamouqveynebeli saxelmwifo dokumentebi<br />
19.9.13 onlain sajaro dokumentebi<br />
19.10 erT wyaroSi, miTiTebuli meore wyaro<br />
me-18 TavSi warmodgenilia teqsobtivi miTiTebis stilis mixedviT<br />
wyaroebis teqstsa da bibliografiaSi damowmebis ZiriTadi wesebi. Tu TqvenTvis<br />
ucnobiamiTiTebis es stili,gaecaniT am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil Tavs, vidre<br />
SeudgebodeT winamdebare Tavis wakiTxvas.<br />
am TavSi detaluradaa ganxiluli, rogor unda SeadginoT<br />
bibliografiismuxlebisxvadasxvatipis wyarosTvis.SedarebiT naklebadaa<br />
ganxiluliteqstSi miTiTebis wesebi.Tavi organizebulia wyaroTa tipebis<br />
mixedviT,iwyeba yvelaze gavrcelebuli wyaroebiT – wignebiT da Jurnalis<br />
statiebiT, xolo Semdeg ganixilavs sxva gamoqveynebul, gamouqveynebel da<br />
Caweril wyaroebs. wignebisadmi (19.1) da Jurnalis statiebisadmi (19.2) miZRvnil<br />
nawilebSi ufro siRrmiseulad ganixileba variaciebi iseT elementebSi,<br />
rogoricaa av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, saxelwodebebi da internetmisamarTebi,<br />
vidre naklebad gavrcelebuli wyaroebis Semcvel nawilebSi.<br />
internetda sxva eleqtronuli wyaroebi, romlebic nabeWdi wyaroebis<br />
(magaliTad, onlain-Jurnalis statiebi) analogiuria,miekuTvneba Sesaferisi<br />
tipis wyaros. `araoficialurad gamoqveynebul~ wyaroebad CaTvlili sxva<br />
onlain wyaroebi (ix. 15.4.1) ganixileba 19.7-Si.<br />
am Tavis nawilebis umravlesoba Seicavs teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebis<br />
stilisTvis (romlebic identificirebulia aso R-iT) gankuTvnil<br />
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebs da magaliTebs. vinaidan umravlesoba eqvemdebareba<br />
me-18 TavSi moyvanil nimuSs, isini aq (P) ganixileba mxolod dazustebis mizniT<br />
an im SemTxvevebisTvis, rodesac uCveulo elementebma SeiZleba, teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi<br />
miTiTebis momzadebisas dabneuloba gamoiwvios (magaliTad, rodesac naSroms<br />
hyavs rogorc av<strong>to</strong>ri, ise redaq<strong>to</strong>ri).<br />
im tipis wyaros miTiTebisTvis, romelic ar aris naxsenebi am TavSi,<br />
ixileT ,,Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos”me-15 gamocemis (2003) me-17 Tavi.<br />
330
agreTve, SegiZliaT, SeqmnaT qvemoT moyvanil principebTan da magaliTebTan<br />
misadagebuli sakuTari stili. pedagogebis, ganyofilebebis da universitetebis<br />
umravlesoba eTanxmeba amgvar adaptaciebs, Tu maT am ukanasknelebTan<br />
SeTanxmebiT gamoiyenebT.<br />
19.1 wignebi<br />
wignebi asaxavs elementebis ufro farTo diapazons, vidre sxva tipis<br />
gamoqveynebuli wyaroebis umetesoba. elementebSi arsebuli mravali<br />
variacia, romelic winamdebare nawilSia ganxiluli, sxva tipis<br />
wyaroebsac Seesabameba.<br />
19.1.1 av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari<br />
Tqvens bibliografiaSiyoveli av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari warmoadgineT<br />
zustad iseve, rogorc satitulo furcelzea warmodgenili. Tu saxeli<br />
da gvari moicavs erTze met inicials, da<strong>to</strong>veT maT Soris sivrceebi (ix.<br />
24.2.1). CamowereT av<strong>to</strong>rebis saxelebi da gvarebi Sebrunebuli<br />
TanmimdevrobiT (pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT gvari), zogierTi ucxoenovani<br />
saxelebis da gvarebisa da sxva SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, romlebic<br />
ganmartebulia qvemoT miTiTebul paragrafSi `specialuri tipis saxelebi<br />
da gvarebi~ (gv. ___).<br />
R: boli, filipi. 2001. brwyinvale dedamiwa: xelovneba da feris gamogoneba.<br />
niu iorki: farari, Strausi da Jiru.<br />
brini, t. g. revoluciis bazari: rogor Camoayaliba momxmarebelTa<br />
politikam amerikis damoukidebloba. niu iuorki: oqsfordis<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
elizabet i. 2000. namuSevrebis krebuli. gamomc. li s. markusi, jeneT<br />
miuleri da meri beT rouzi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi CawereT mxolod av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, zustad<br />
ise, rogorc miTiTebulia bibliografiaSi. Tu cnobilia mxolod da<br />
mxolod av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli, gamoiyeneT igi gvaris nacvlad.<br />
P: (bol 2001, 140)<br />
(brin 2004, 48)<br />
(elizabet I 2000, 102-4)<br />
331
mravali av<strong>to</strong>ri. iseTi wignis bibliografiis muxlSi<br />
miTiTiebisas,romelSic erTze meti av<strong>to</strong>ria, miuTiTeT pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
saxeli da gvari Sebrunebuli TanmimdevrobiT, daurTeT mZime da<br />
CamoTvaleT danarCeni av<strong>to</strong>rebi st<strong>and</strong>artuli TanmimdevrobiT. daurTeT<br />
yvela av<strong>to</strong>ri maTi raodenobis miuxedavad; nu gamoiyenebTsxvebi-s.<br />
R: berdi, kai da martin j. Servini. 2005. amerikeli promeTe: j. robert<br />
opengeimeris triumfi da tragedia. niu iorki: alfred a. knopfi.<br />
eplbi, joisi, lin hanti da margaret jeikobi. 1994. simarTle is<strong>to</strong>riis<br />
Sesaxeb. niu iorki: u. u. nor<strong>to</strong>ni da kompania.<br />
holi, Jaklin daudi, jeims leludisi, robert korstedi, meri merfi, lu<br />
en jounsi da kris<strong>to</strong>fer b. deili. 1987. ojaxiviT: samxreTis bambis<br />
sarTavi fabrikis samyaros Seqmna. Cepel hili: CrdiloeT karolinas<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi CawereTav<strong>to</strong>rTa gvarebi zustad iseve,<br />
rogor mocemulia bibliografiaSi. oTxi an meti av<strong>to</strong>ris arsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, miuTiTeT mxolod pirveli av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari, Semdeg ki<br />
daurTeT sxvebi.<br />
P: (birdi da Servini 2005, 52)<br />
(apleti, hanti da jakobi 1994, 135-36)<br />
(hali da sxvebi 1987, 114-15)<br />
redaq<strong>to</strong>ri an mTargmneli av<strong>to</strong>rTan damatebiT. Tu satitulo gverdze<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rTan erTad miTiTebulia redaq<strong>to</strong>ri an mTargmneli, miuTiTeT<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari ise, rogorc aRwerilia zemoT.redaq<strong>to</strong>ris an<br />
mTargmnelis saxeli da gvari daumateT wignis saxelwodebis Semdeg.<br />
mTargmnelis da redaq<strong>to</strong>ris arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, miuTiTeTmaTi<br />
saxelebi da gvarebi imave TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc originalis satitulo<br />
furcelzea.<br />
bibliografiismuxlebSi redaq<strong>to</strong>ris an mTargmnelis saxelis da gvaris<br />
win CasviT abreviatura red.an mTarg.<br />
R: bonefoi, ivi. 1995. axali da nakrebi poemebi (leqsebi). gamomc. joni no<strong>to</strong>ni<br />
da en<strong>to</strong>ni rudolfi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
332
menCu, rigoberta. 1999. sazRvrebis gadakveTisas. mTarg. da gamomc. en<br />
raiti. niu iorki: verso.<br />
adorno, Teodori v. da uolter benjamini. 1999. korespondenciis sruli<br />
krebuli. 1928-1940. gamomc. anri lonici. mTargm. nikolas uokeri. kembriji,<br />
masaCusetsi: harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
rodesac satitulo furcelze redaq<strong>to</strong>ri an mTargmneli<br />
miTiTebulia rTuli aRwerilobiT, magaliTad, `redaqtirebulia<br />
SesavliT da SeniSvnebiTX–is mier~ an `Targmnilia winasityvaobiTX–is<br />
mier~, SegiZliaT am frazis gamartiveba da mxolod abreviaturebis red.<br />
da mTarg. gamoyeneba zemoT xsenebuli magaliTebis mixedviT. zogadad, Tu<br />
winasityvaoba an Sesavali dawerilia ara av<strong>to</strong>ris, aramed sxva romelime<br />
piris mier, ar aris aucilebeli am pirovnebis miTiTeba, Tu specialurad<br />
ar moixseniebT am nawils (ix. 19.1.9). im SemTxvevebisTvis, rodesac av<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
saxeli da gvari miTiTebulia wignis saxelwodebaSi, xolo redaq<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
saxeli da gvari – satitulo furcelze, ixileT qvemoT mocemuli<br />
`damatebiTi saav<strong>to</strong>ro situaciebi~.<br />
Tu naSromi Tqvens bibliografiaSi Setanilia av<strong>to</strong>ris saxelisa da<br />
gvaris miTiTebiT, teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi ar unda Sevides redaq<strong>to</strong>ris an<br />
mTargmnelis saxeli da gvari,<br />
R: (boneloi 1995, 35)<br />
(menCu 1999, 50-51)<br />
(adorno da nejamini 1999, 212)<br />
redaq<strong>to</strong>ri an mTargmneli av<strong>to</strong>ris nacvlad. rodesac redaq<strong>to</strong>ri an<br />
mTargmneli miTiTebulia wignis satitulo furcelze av<strong>to</strong>ris nacvlad,<br />
CawereT am pirovnebis saxeli da gvari av<strong>to</strong>risTvis gankuTvnil adgilas.<br />
dawereT iseve,rogorc dawerdiT av<strong>to</strong>ris saxels da gvars (ix. zemoT),<br />
xolo bibliografiaSi daumateT abreviatura red. (mravlobiTSired.-ebi)<br />
an mTarg. (mravlobiTSimTarg.-ebi) gvaris da saxelis Semdeg. Tu<br />
redaq<strong>to</strong>ri an mTargmneli ramdenimea, ixelmZRvaneleT `ramdenime av<strong>to</strong>rSi~<br />
Camoyalibebuli principebiT (ix. gv. 230 zemoT).<br />
R: silversteini, Teodori, Targm. 1974. ser gaveini da mwvane raindi. Cikago:<br />
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
333
fulopi, timoTi e. da albert j. rabo<strong>to</strong>, gamomcemlebi 1997. afrikul-<br />
amerikuli religia: ganmartebiTi eseebi is<strong>to</strong>riasa da kulturaSi. niu<br />
iorki: rautleji.<br />
P: (silversteini 1974, 34)<br />
(fulopi da rabo<strong>to</strong>1997, 412-14)<br />
damatebiTi saav<strong>to</strong>ro situaciebiwarmogidgenT Tqvens wyaroebSi<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rebis identificirebis zogierT damatebiT saSualebas. Tu<br />
waawydebiT SemTxvevebs, romlebsac aq ar SevxebivarT, mimarTeT models,<br />
romelic masTan yvelaze axlos mdgomi migaCniaT.<br />
• av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari saTaurSi. Tu av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari<br />
miTiTebulia iseTi wignis saTaurSi an qvesaTaurSi, rogoricaa<br />
av<strong>to</strong>biografia, CasviT igi bibliografiis muxlismisTvis gankuTvnil<br />
adgilas (gameorebis miuxedavad) da aseve, teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebaSi.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom mraval msgavs naSroms redaq<strong>to</strong>rebic hyavs, nu<br />
miuTiTebTmaT saxelsa da gvars garda gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisa<br />
(magaliTad, am pirovnebis mier redaqtirebuli naSromebis Seswavlisas).<br />
R: Sermani, u. t. 1990. general u. t. Sermanis memuarebi. gamomc. Carlz<br />
roisteri. niu iorki: amerikis biblioTeka.<br />
makkalersi, karsoni, 1999. gabrwyineba da Ramis cieb-cxeleba: karson<br />
makkalersis daumTavrebeli av<strong>to</strong>biografia. gamomc. karlos l. diusi.<br />
medisoni: viskonsinis universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
P: (Sermani 1990, 836)<br />
(maqkulersi 1999, 54)<br />
• organizacia, rogorc av<strong>to</strong>ri. Tu organizaciis, asociaciis, komisiis an<br />
korporaciis mier gamoSvebuli publikaciis satitulo furcelze ar<br />
aris miTiTebuli individualuri av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, av<strong>to</strong>rad<br />
miuTiTeT sakuTriv organizacia, maSinac ki, rodesac igi miTiTebulia,<br />
rogorc gamomcemeli.<br />
R: janmrTelobis dacvis msoflio organizacia. 2003. fsiqiatriuli<br />
samsaxurebis organizeba. Jenevis janmrTelobis dacvis msoflio<br />
organizacia.<br />
P: (janmrTelobis dacvis msoflio organizacia 2003, 50)<br />
334
• fsevdonimi. ixmareT farTod gamoyenebuli fsevdonimi, rogorc av<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
namdvili saxeli da gvari. Tu namdvili saxeli da gvari ucnobia,<br />
bibliografiis muxlSi, magramarateqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebaSi, daurTeT fsevd.<br />
kvadratul frCxilebSi.<br />
R: tveni, marki. 1899. ufliswuli da maTxovari: is<strong>to</strong>ria yvela asakis<br />
axalgazrdisTvis. niu iorki: harperi da Zmebi.<br />
sentineli [fsevd.]. 1981. werilebi. wignSi sruli antifederalisti, gamomc.<br />
herbert j. s<strong>to</strong>ringi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
P: (tveni 1899, 34)<br />
(sentineli 1981, 2)<br />
• anonimuri av<strong>to</strong>ri. Tu av<strong>to</strong>ri cnobilia an xvdebian av<strong>to</strong>ris vinaobas,<br />
magram igi ar moixsenieba wignis satitulo furcelze, daurTeT saxeli<br />
frCxilebSi (kiTxvis niSniT, raTa aRniSnoT, rom darwmunebuli ar xarT).<br />
Tu av<strong>to</strong>ri an redaq<strong>to</strong>ri ucnobia, moerideT saxelis da gvaris<br />
nacvladsityvis ,,anonimuria” xmarebas da daiwyeT bibliografiis muxli<br />
saTauriT. teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi ixmareT Semoklebuli saTauri<br />
(ix.18.3.2).<br />
R: [kuki, ebenizeri?]. 1730. mcenare sotvid redivivusi anu planta<strong>to</strong>ris sarke.<br />
anapolisi. virjiniaSi dawyebuli mcenareebis gaSenebis (plantaciis<br />
gaSenebis) miznisa da Sedegebis, mis mier miRebuli xarisxisa (miRweuli<br />
donisa) da misi winsvlis saSualebebis marTali da gulaxdili<br />
gacxadeba,. 1610.<br />
P: ([ebenizeri kuki?] 1730. 5-6)<br />
(WeSmariti da gulwrfeli aRiareba1610, 17)<br />
gansakuTrebulitipis saxelebi.zogjer advili ar aris, gavarCioT,<br />
romelia av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da romeli _ gvari.cnobili is<strong>to</strong>riuli<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rebis vinaoba daazusteT meriam vebsteris biografiul leqsikonSi;<br />
Tanamedrove av<strong>to</strong>rebis vinaobis dasazusteblad, CaixedeT Tqveni<br />
biblioTekis onlain katalogSi. qvemoT mocemulia amgvari, rTulad<br />
amosacnobi saxelebis da gvarebis anbanis mixedviT dawyobis zogadi<br />
principebi. teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi CasviT saxeli da gvari zustad<br />
Sebrunebuli formiT (rogorc es qvemoTaa naCvenebi gamuqebuli SriftiT).<br />
335
• Sedgenili saxelebi da gvarebi.Sedgenili gvarebi,defisiani gvarebis<br />
CaTvliT, daawyveT anbanuri wesiT,kompozitis pirveli nawilis mixedviT.<br />
Tu gaTxovili qali xmarobs rogorc sakuTar, ise, qmris gvars defisis<br />
gareSe, daawyveT anbanuri wesiTmeore gvaris mixedviT. mraval ucxo enaSi<br />
advilad amosacnobia kompozituri saxelebi (naCvenebia qvemoT gamuqebuli<br />
SriftiT), Tumca,aris iseTi enebi, magaliTad, franguli da germanuli,<br />
sadac ase ar xdeba.<br />
kesler-harisi elis ludvig mis van der roni<br />
haini darlin klark pier tailhard Sardeni<br />
nawilakiani saxelebi. ucxoenovani wyaroebis originalis enaze<br />
moyvanisas,ama Tu im enidan gamomdinare, iseTi nawilakebi, rogoricaa de,<br />
di, d’ da van, SeiZleba an ar SeiZleba, CaiTvalos gvaris pirvel nawilad<br />
anbanuri wesiT dawyobisas. CaixedeT zemoT miTiTebul erT-erT wyaroSi,<br />
Tu ar xarT darwmunebuli, rogor unda moiqceT konkretuli saxelis<br />
SemTxvevaSi.<br />
de Gaulle, Charles Beauvoir, Simone de<br />
di Leonardo, Micaela Kooning, Willem de<br />
Van Rensselaer, Stephen Medici, Lorenzo de’<br />
• ,,mak”-iT,,,sent”-iT an ,,o”-Ti dawyebuli gvarebi. daawyveT yvela es gvari<br />
anbanuri wesiT faqtiurad arsebuli asoebis safuZvelze; nu daajgufebT<br />
maT imis gamo, rom isini erTnairia.<br />
• saxelebi da gvarebi sxva enebSi, garda inglisurisa. mraval enaSi<br />
saxelebis darqmevis pirobiTobebi gansxvavdeba inglisur enaSi<br />
arsebulTagan. Tu Tqveni naSromi Seicavs romelime konkretuli enis bevr<br />
saxelsa da gvars, SeiswavleT am enis pirobiTobebi.<br />
mravali espanuri gvari Sedgeniliada Seicavs individis mamis da<br />
dedis gvarebs, romlebic rogorc wesi, dakavSirebulia kavSiriT<br />
y.daawyveT gvarebi anbanuri wesiT pirveli nawilis mixedviT.<br />
Ortega y Gasset, José Sanchez Mendoza, Juana<br />
,,al-“ an ,,el-“nawilakebiT dawyebuliarabuli gvarebi daawyveT<br />
anbanuri wesiT,nawilakis momdevno elementis mixedviT. gvarebi, romlebic<br />
iwyeba nawilakebiT ,,abu”, ,,abd” da ,,ibn” msgavsia inglisuri gvarebisa,<br />
romlebic iwyeba,,mak”-iT an ,,sent”-iT da unda daawyoT anbanuri wesiT am<br />
elementebis mixedviT.<br />
336
hakimi <strong>to</strong>fik al- abu zafar, siedi<br />
jamal, muhamed hamid al- ibn Saudi, azizi<br />
Tu av<strong>to</strong>ri, romelic Cinur an iaponur gvars atarebs, xelmZRvanelobs<br />
tradiciuli wesiT (gvari mosdevs saxels), nu dasvamT saxels gvaris win<br />
an mZimes saxelsa da gvars Soris. Tu av<strong>to</strong>ri xelmZRvanelobs dasavluri<br />
wesiT (saxeli mosdevs gvars).<br />
tradiciuli wesi dasavluri wesi<br />
Cao vu-Ci cou, tangi<br />
ioSida Sigero kurosava, noriaki<br />
19.1.2 gamocemis TariRi<br />
wignis gamocemis TariRi Seicavs mxolod wels da ara Tvesa da dRes.is,<br />
rogorc wesi, identuria saav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebis TariRisa, romelic, zogadad,<br />
miTiTebulia saav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebis gverdze da zogjer satitulo<br />
furcelze.<br />
bibliografiis muxlSi gamoyaviT TariRi wertilebiT, rogorc calke<br />
elementi. teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi dasviT igi av<strong>to</strong>ris gvaris Semdeg<br />
Sualeduri punqtuaciis gareSe.<br />
R: ginsborgi, poli. 2005. yoveldRiuri cxovrebis politika: arCevanis<br />
gakeTeba, cxovrebis Secvla. niu heiveni: ielis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba.<br />
P: (ginsborgi 2005, 53)<br />
gadamuSavebuli gamocemebi da xelaxali gamocemebi SeiZleba,<br />
Seicavdessaav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebis erTze met TariRs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, uaxlesi<br />
TariRi miuTiTebs gamocemis TariRze – magaliTad, 2003 “© 1982, 1992, 2003.”<br />
ixileT 19.1.4 aseT naSromebSigamocemis TariRebis misaTiTeblad.<br />
Tu ar SegiZliaT nabeWdi naSromis gamocemis TariRis gansazRvra, mis<br />
nacvlad gamoiyeneT Semokleba daudg. (daudgeneli). Tu TariRi ar aris<br />
mowodebuli, magram migaCniaT, rom iciT mis Sesaxeb, SegiZliaT, CasvaT<br />
igikvadratul frCxilebSi da daurToT kiTxvis niSani imis saCveneblad,<br />
rom ara xarT darwmunebuli).<br />
R: smiTi, joni. daudg. saTnoebaTa wigni. edinburgi..<br />
mileri, semueli. [1750?]. kidev erTi saTnoebaTa wigni. bos<strong>to</strong>ni.<br />
337
P: (smiTi daudg, 5)<br />
(mileri[1750?], 5)<br />
Tu wignis gamocemasTan dakavSirebiT dadebulia kontraqti<br />
gamomcemelTan da mas ukve aqvs saTauri, magram gamoqveynebis TariRi jer<br />
cnobiliar aris, CasviT ,,gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi’’TariRis nacvlad.<br />
gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad, am tipis teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebaSi<br />
dasviT mZime av<strong>to</strong>ris gvaris Semdeg. gamouqveynebel xelnawerad miiCnieT<br />
nebismieri wigni, romlis gamocemazec kontraqti jer ar aris<br />
dadebuli(ix. 19.6).<br />
R: av<strong>to</strong>ri, jein q. gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi. wignis saxelwodeba.<br />
gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlis saxeli.<br />
P: (av<strong>to</strong>ri,gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi, 16)<br />
19.1.3 saTauri<br />
bibliografiis muxlebSi CamoTvaleT wignebis sruli saTaurebi da<br />
qvesaTaurebi. dawereT orive daxrili SriftiT da gamoyaviT saTauri<br />
qvesaTaurisgan ori wertiliT. ori qvesaTauris arsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi,pirvelis win dasviT ori wertili, meoris win ki _ wertilmZime.<br />
R: kaliki, iani g. da devid l. goldvini, gamomc., 2005. energia da<br />
usafrTxoeba: sagareo politikis axali strategiisken. baltimori: jons<br />
hopkinsis universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
ahmed, leila. 1999. sazRvris gadakveTis adgili: kairodan amerikaSi; qalis<br />
mogzauroba. niu iorki: Strausi da Jiru.<br />
da<strong>to</strong>veT ucvlelad originaluri saTauris damwerloba, defisebis<br />
ganlageba da punqtuacia, magram SegiZliaT, SecvaloT ampers<strong>and</strong>i (&) da-<br />
Ti. cifrebi dawereT sityvierad an warmoadgineT cifrebis saxiT,<br />
originalis Sesabamisad (meTormete saukune an me-12 saukune), Tu umjobesi<br />
ar iqna maTi siis sxva saTaurebTanSesabamisobaSi moyvana.<br />
wignis Tavebis da sxva nawilebis saTaurebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT 19.1.9.<br />
saTaurebSi arsebuli specialuri elementebi.specialur gaformebas<br />
saWiroebs saTaurebSi arsebuli ramdenime elementi.<br />
338
• TariRebi. ixmareT mZime saTaurSi da qvesaTaurSi TariRebis gamosayofad,<br />
originalur wyaroSi punqtuaciis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic. Tu wyaroSi<br />
miTiTebul TariRebs axlavs afiqsi(,,1920-dan 1945-mde”)an ori wertili,<br />
ixelmZRvaneleT wyaroSi gamoyenebuli wesiT.<br />
R: makdugali, uolteri a. 2004. Tavisufleba sul axlosaa: amerikis axali<br />
is<strong>to</strong>ria, 1525-1828. niu iorki: harperkolinsi.<br />
jeliko, jefri da siuzen jeliko. 1995. adamianis peizaJi: garemos<br />
formireba winais<strong>to</strong>riidan dRemde.me-3 gamoc. niu iorki: teimzi da<br />
hadsoni.<br />
• saTaurebi da miTiTebebi saTaurebSi. rodesac erTi naSromis saTauri,<br />
romelic, rogorc wesi, daxrili SriftiT iwereba, miTiTebulia sxva<br />
naSromis daxrili SriftiT warmodgenil saTaurSi, CasviT miTiTebuli<br />
saTauri brWyalebSi. Tu is saTaurSi Cveulebrivad brWyalebSia Casmuli,<br />
da<strong>to</strong>veT brWyalebi. miTiTebul saTaurebSi ganalageT mTavruli asoebi<br />
winadadebis stilis mixedviT (ix. zemoT).<br />
R: aplgeiti, celia. 2005. baxi berlinSi: eri da kultura `wminda maTes<br />
vnebaTa” aRorZinebaSi mendelsonis mier. itaka: kornelis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba.<br />
makhiu, rol<strong>and</strong>i. 1991. `fineganis gamofxizlebis~ komentarebi. me-2 gamoc.<br />
baltimori: jons hopkinsis universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
amasTan, Tu miTiTeba gamoiyeneba wignis srul mTavar saTaurad, nuRar<br />
CasvamT mas brWyalebSi.<br />
R: svoupi, semi. 2004. me var fanqari: maswavlebeli, misi mowafeebi da maTi<br />
is<strong>to</strong>riebis samyaro. niu iorki: genri holti da kompania.<br />
Cernovi, joni m. 2003. prostitucia ar aris qurdoba: afrikeli meZavis<br />
is<strong>to</strong>riebi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
• daxrili SriftiT mocemuli terminebi. rodesac daxrili SriftiT<br />
mocemuli saTauri Seicavs iseT terminebs,rogoricaa saxeobebis<br />
saxelwodebebi an gemebis saxelebi, romlebic teqstSi Cveulebrivad<br />
daxrili SriftiT aris mocemuli, warmoadgineT terminebi swori<br />
SriftiT.<br />
R: peningroni, t. hiu. 2003. rodesac sakvebi klavs: saqonlis Rrublovani<br />
encefaliti, baqteriebi E. coli da stiqiur ubedurebaTa mecniereba. niu<br />
iorki: oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
339
leki, raimondi b. 2001. kreiser indianapolisis tragikuli bedi: aSS-s<br />
sazRvao flotis udidesi ubedureba okeaneSi. niu iorki: koper skveris<br />
gamomcemloba.<br />
• kiTxvis da Zaxilis niSnebi. rodesac saTauri an qvesaTauri mTavrdeba<br />
kiTxvis an Zaxilis niSniT, mas aranairi sxva sasveni niSani ar mosdevs.<br />
R: frenki, <strong>to</strong>masi. 2004. ra emarTeba kanzass?rogor daipyres konserva<strong>to</strong>rebma<br />
amerikis guli.. niu iorki: metropoliten buqs.<br />
aaroni, genri. 1973. ra<strong>to</strong>m aris aseTi keTildReobis reformireba?<br />
vaSing<strong>to</strong>ni, kolumbiis olqi: brukingsis institutis gamomcemloba.<br />
Zveli saTaurebi. meTvramete an ufro adrindel saukuneebSi gamocemuli<br />
naSromebis saTaurebis SemTxvevaSi, SeinarCuneT originaluri punqtuacia<br />
da damwerloba, magram SecvaleT mTavruli asoebis ganlageba<br />
winadadebis stiliT (ix. zemoT). Tu saTauri Zalian grZelia,<br />
SegiZliaT,SeamokloT da, imavdroulad, miawodoT mkiTxvelebs sakmarisi<br />
informacia, raTa maT moZebnon sruli saTauri biblioTekaSi an<br />
gamomcemlis katalogSi. mianiSneTsaTaurebSi gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli adgilebi<br />
sami wertilis CasmiT. Tu gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli adgili saTauris boloSia,<br />
ixmareT oTxi wertili (samwertiliani elifsisi da wertili; ixileT<br />
R:rei,<br />
25.3.2).<br />
joni. 1673. <strong>to</strong>pografiuli, moraluri da fiziologiuri<br />
dakvirvebebi:gakeTebuli niderl<strong>and</strong>ebis, belgiis, luqsemburgis nawilSi,<br />
germaniaSi, italiasa da safrangeTSi mogzaurobis dros; inglisisTvis<br />
aradamaxasiaTebeli mcenareebis katalogiTurT ..., rasac erTvis frensis<br />
uilegbis, eskvairis, mokle angariSi espaneTis did nawilSi misi<br />
mogzaurobis Sesaxeb. (londoni).<br />
eskalante, bernardino. 1579. traqtati im portugalielebis mogzaurobaze<br />
msoflios aRmosavleTi nawilis saxelmwifoebsa da teri<strong>to</strong>riebze . . .<br />
mTargm. jon fremp<strong>to</strong>ni. londoni.<br />
saTaurebi sxva enebze.sxva enebze mocemuli saTaurebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
ixelmZRvaneleT Sesabamis enaSi sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebisTvis da<br />
zedsarTavi saxelebisTvis arsebuli mTavruli asoebis ganlagebis<br />
principebiT. Tu ar icnobT am principebs, mimarTeT s<strong>and</strong>o wyaros.<br />
340
R: Maisonneuve, Danielle, Jean-François Lamarche, <strong>and</strong> Yves St-Am<strong>and</strong>. 1998. Les relations<br />
publiques: Dans une société en mouvance. Sainte-Foy, QC: Presses de l’Université de Québec.<br />
(franguli)<br />
S<strong>to</strong>janovic, Ljiljana Piletic, ed. 1971. Gutfreund i ceski kubizam. Belgrade: Muzej savremene<br />
umetnosti. (serbuli?)<br />
Krone-Schmalz, Gabriele. 1992. In Wahrheit sind wir stärker: Frauenalltag in der Sowjetunion.<br />
Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. (germanuli)<br />
Tu saTaurs Targmans daurTavT, moaTavseT igi originalis Semdeg.<br />
CasviT frCxilebSi, daxrili Sriftis an brWyalebis gareSe.<br />
R: Wereszycki, Henryk. 1977. Koniec sojuszu trzech cesarzy [The end of the Three Emperors’<br />
League]. Warsaw: PWN. (polonuri)<br />
Zhongguo renkou <strong>to</strong>ngji nianjian 1996 [China population statistics yearbook 1996 – CineTis<br />
mosaxleobis statistikis yovelwliuri angariSi 1996]. 1996. Beijing: Zhongguo<br />
<strong>to</strong>ngji chubanshe.<br />
Tu gesaWiroebaT rogorc originalis, ise misi Targmanis miTiTeba,<br />
ixmareT erT-erTi qvemoT moyvanili forma imisda mixedviT, razegsurT<br />
mkiTxvelis yuradRebis gamaxvileba_ originalze Tu Targmanze.<br />
R: Furet, François. 1995. Le passé d’une illusion. Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont. (franguli)<br />
Targm. debora fiures mier, rogorc iluziis gaqroba(Cikago: Cikagos<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999).<br />
an<br />
fiure, fransua. 1999. iluziis gaqroba. mTargm. debora fiure. Cikago:<br />
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba. Tavdapirvelad gamoica, rogorc Le<br />
passé d’une illusion (Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont, 1995).<br />
19.1.4 gamocema<br />
termingamocemasaqvs ramdenime mniSvneloba da yvela maTgani<br />
gamomdinareobs im faqtidan, rom zogi naSromi araerTxel gamoicema maT<br />
SinaarsSi da/an formatSi Setanili cvlilebebiT. Tu miuTiTebT wigns,<br />
romelic gamoqveynda araerTi gamocemis saxiT, Tqvens bibliografiaSi<br />
yovelTvis mianiSneT, romeli gamocemiT isargebleT, vinaidan<br />
SeiZleba,gamocemebi gansxvavebuli iyos (Tu qvemoT aRwerili<br />
markerebidan arcerTi ar miesadageba wigns, SegiZliaT CaTvloT, rom igi<br />
pirveli gamocemaa – faqti, romlis miTiTebac ar xdeba).<br />
341
ganaxlebuligamocemebi. rodesac wigni xelaxla gamoicema SinaarsSi<br />
SesulimniSvnelovani cvlilebebiT, mas SeiZleba, vuwodoT `ganaxlebuli~<br />
an `Semdgomi~ gamocema. es informacia, rogorc wesi, ganTavsebulia wignis<br />
satitulo furcelze da meordeba, gamocemis TariRTan erTad, saav<strong>to</strong>ro<br />
uflebis gverdze.<br />
pirvelis garda sxva gamocemis miTiTebisas, saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT<br />
gamocemis rigiTi nomeri an aRwera. SeamokleT iseTi formulireba,<br />
rogoricaa `meore gamocema, ganaxlebuli da gavrcobili~, rogorc ,,me-2<br />
gamoc.”.SeamokleT `ganaxlebuli gamocema~ rogorc,,ganax. gamoc.”aRweras<br />
daurTeT mxolod miTiTebuli gamocemis da ara sxva nebismieri wina<br />
gamocemis gamoqveynebis TariRi (ix.19.1.2.).<br />
R: danielsi, rojeri: 2002. amerikaSi Casvla: imigraciisa da eTnikuri<br />
warmomavlobis is<strong>to</strong>ria amerikis cxovrebaSi. me-2 gamoc. niu iorki: harper<br />
pereniali.<br />
bebi, florensi. 1989. yanas da qvabs Soris: gamyidveli qalebis<br />
politekonomika peruSi. gadaxed. gamoc. ostini: texasis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba.<br />
gadabeWdili gamocemebi. SesaZlebelia, agreTve, wignis xelaxali<br />
gamocema axal formatSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qaRaldis ydiani<br />
gamocema (gamoqveynebuli Tavdapirveli an sxva gamomcemlis mier) an<br />
eleqtronuli forma (ix.19.1.10).maSinac, roca wignis Sinaarsi SesaZloa,<br />
minimalurad iyos Secvlili originalTan SedarebiT, miuTiTeT<br />
gadabeWdili gamocema, Tu mas eyrdnobodiT. SeiZleba, isurvoT, miuTiToT<br />
Tqvens bibliografiaSi, rom es gadabeWdili gamocemaa, gansakuTrebiT, Tu<br />
igi gamoqveynda originaluri gamocemidan erTi an orze meti wlis Semdeg.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, miiCnieT xelaxali gamocemis TariRi gamocemis TariRad,<br />
xolo bibliografiis muxlSi frCxilebSi daurTeT originalis TariRi<br />
(ix.19.1.2).<br />
R: fei, piter vodi. 1997. opiumis omi, 1840-1842. Cepel hili: Crdilo<br />
karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba. (Tavdapir. gamoc. 1975 w.).<br />
P: (fei 1997, 67-68)<br />
Tu gadabeWdili gamocema klasikuri naSromis Tanamedrove nabeWdi<br />
gamocemaa, mainc unda miuTiToT, rom es aris gadabeWili gamocema; magram<br />
342
Tu Tqveni naSromis konteqsti moiTxovs originaluri gamocemis TariRis<br />
miTiTebas, daurTeT igi frCxilebSiaxali gamocemis TariRis win rogorc<br />
bibliografiaSi, ise,teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi.<br />
R: emersoni, ralf voldo. 1997. neiCe. bos<strong>to</strong>ni: bikoni. (Tavdapir. gamoc. 1836 w.).<br />
P: (emersoni 1985, 10)<br />
an<br />
R: emersoni, ralf voldo. [1836] 1985. neiCe. bos<strong>to</strong>ni: bikoni.<br />
P: (emersoni [1836] 1985, 10)<br />
19.1.5 <strong>to</strong>mi<br />
Tu wigni mraval<strong>to</strong>meuli naSromis nawilia, CarTeT es informacia Tqvens<br />
miTiTebebSi.<br />
konkretuli <strong>to</strong>mi. is, Tu rogor miuTiTebT mraval<strong>to</strong>miani naSromis<br />
konkretul <strong>to</strong>ms, damokidebulia imaze, aqvs Tu ara <strong>to</strong>ms mTeli<br />
naSromisgan gansxvavebuli saTauri. dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
miuTiTeT konkretuli <strong>to</strong>mis saTauri, romelsac mosdevs rogorc <strong>to</strong>mis<br />
nomeri, aseve zogadi saTauri. SeamokleT <strong>to</strong>mi (t.) da <strong>to</strong>mebis<br />
nomrebisTvis ixmareT arabuli cifrebi.<br />
R: pelikani, iaroslavi. 1989. qristianuli doqtrina da Tanamedrove<br />
kultura (1700 wlidan). gamocemis qristianuli tradicia: doqtrinis<br />
ganviTarebis is<strong>to</strong>ria me-5 t. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
Tu <strong>to</strong>mebs ar aqvs individualuri saTaurebi da Tqven miuTiTebT<br />
mxolod erT-erT maTgans, bibliografiis muxls daumateT <strong>to</strong>mis nomeri<br />
(ix. qvemoT, rogor unda miuTiToT mTlianad mraval<strong>to</strong>meuli<br />
naSromi).teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebaSi CasviT <strong>to</strong>mis nomeri uSualod gverdis<br />
nomris win da ganacalkeveT isini ori wertiliT Sualeduri<br />
intervalebis gareSe.<br />
R: birni, miuriel sent-kleri, gamomc. 1981. lailis werilebi. t. 4. Cikago:<br />
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
P: (birni 1981, 4:243)<br />
zog mraval<strong>to</strong>meul naSroms hyavs rogorc saerTo redaq<strong>to</strong>ri, ise<br />
yoveli <strong>to</strong>mis individualuri redaq<strong>to</strong>ri an av<strong>to</strong>ri. amgvari naSromebis<br />
nawilebis miTiTebisas bibliografiis muxlSi daurTeT informacia <strong>to</strong>mis<br />
individualuri gamomcemlis an av<strong>to</strong>ris Sesaxeb (ix. 19.1.1) individualuri<br />
343
<strong>to</strong>mis saTauris Semdeg da <strong>to</strong>mis nomris da saerTo saTauris win. es<br />
magaliTi gviCvenebs, agreTve, rogor unda mivuTiToT erTze met fizikur<br />
nawilSi gamoqveynebuli <strong>to</strong>mi _t.2, w. 3. teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi CawereT<br />
mxolod miTiTebuli nawilis av<strong>to</strong>ri.<br />
R: mundi, barbara e. 1998. mezoamerikuli kar<strong>to</strong>grafia. gamocemaSi<br />
kar<strong>to</strong>grafia tradiciul afrikul, amerikul, arqtikul, avstraliur da<br />
wynari okeanes sazogadoebebSi. gamomc. devid vudvordi da j. malkolm<br />
liuisi, gamocemis kar<strong>to</strong>grafiis is<strong>to</strong>ria t. 2, w. 3, gamomc. j. braian<br />
harli da devid vudvordi, 183-256. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba.<br />
P: (mundi 1998, 233)<br />
mTliani mraval<strong>to</strong>meuli naSromi. Tu Tqvens bibliografiaSi<br />
miuTiTebT mraval<strong>to</strong>meuli naSromis erTze met <strong>to</strong>ms, bibliografiaSi<br />
miuTiTeT mTliani naSromi (Tu naSromi Seicavs rogorc mTliani<br />
naSromis, aseve,konkretuli <strong>to</strong>mebis saTaurebs an redaq<strong>to</strong>rebs, rogorc<br />
zemoT iyo aRwerili, meti sizustisTvis saWiroa <strong>to</strong>mebis saTiTaod<br />
miTiTeba). Tu <strong>to</strong>mebi gamoicemoda ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, miuTiTeT<br />
saTauri da <strong>to</strong>mebis saerTo raodenoba.rogorc bibliografiaSi,<br />
aseve,teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi daurTeT gamoqveynebis TariRebis sruli<br />
periodi.<br />
R: aris<strong>to</strong>tele. 1983. aris<strong>to</strong>teles sruli naSromebi: gadaxeduli oqsfordis<br />
Targmani. gamomc. j. barnsi, 2 t. prins<strong>to</strong>ni, niu jersi: prins<strong>to</strong>nis<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
tiliCi, poli. 1951-63. meTodikuri (sistematuri) Teologia. 3 t. Ckago:<br />
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
P: (tiliCi 1951-63, 2:41)<br />
19.1.6 seria<br />
Tu miTiTebuli wigni aris formaluri seriis nawili, ar gevalebaT,<br />
daurToT informacia seriis Sesaxeb, magram SegiZliaT amis Taobaze<br />
garkveuli an sruli informaciis darTva, raTa daexmaroT mkiTxvelebs<br />
wyaros adgilmdebareobis an misi saimedoobis dadgenaSi. CasviT es<br />
informacia saTauris (da Tu aseTi arsebobs, gamocemis da <strong>to</strong>mis Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis) Semdeg da publikaciaze monacemebiswin.<br />
344
yvelaze sasargeblo informacias seriis Sesaxeb Seicavs misi<br />
saTauri. warmoadgineT igi swori SriftiT (ix.22.3.1). Tu seriis <strong>to</strong>mebi<br />
danomrilia, SegiZliaT daurToT miTiTebuli naSromis nomeri seriis<br />
saTauris Semdeg.seriis redaq<strong>to</strong>ris gvari xSirad gamo<strong>to</strong>vebulia, magram<br />
SegiZliaT misi miTiTeba seriis saTauris Semdeg.<br />
R: markmeni, Carlzi v. 1991. is<strong>to</strong>riamdeli Cikago: Tanamedrove didi qalaqis<br />
raionis is<strong>to</strong>riamdeli arqeologia. ilinoisis arqeologiuri<br />
gamokvlevebi 7. springfildi: ilinoisis is<strong>to</strong>riis dacvis saagen<strong>to</strong>.<br />
aizenbergi, nensi. 1998. seqsi da moqalaqeobrioba omamdel amerikaSi. sqesi<br />
da amerikuli kultura, gamomc. linda k. qerberi da nel irvin peinteri.<br />
Cepel hili: Crdilo karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
zogi danomrili seria imdeni xania arsebobs, rom danomvra Tavidan<br />
iwyeba. axali seriis wignebi miTiTebulia ax. ser. (axali seriebi), me-2<br />
ser. (me-2 seriebi)an sxva msgavsi aRniSvniT, romelic, rogorc wesi,<br />
gamoyofilia mZimeebiT, seriis nomris win. Zveli seriis wignebis<br />
identificireba xdeba aRniSvniT Zv. Ser (Zveli seriebi), pir. ser. (pirveli<br />
seria)da a.S.<br />
R: boqseri, Carlzi r., gamomc. 1953. samxreTi CineTi meTeqvsmete saukuneSi.<br />
hakluit sazogadoebis publikaciebi, me-2 ser., 106. londoni.<br />
palmatari, elen k., 1950. maraJos kunZulis keramika, brazilia. amerikis<br />
filosofiuri sazogadoebis Sromebi, ax. ser.,39, naw. 3. filadelfia.<br />
19.1.7 monacemebi gamocemaze<br />
monacemebigamocemaze,Cveulebriv, Seicavs or elements: gamocemis adgils<br />
(qalaqs) da gamomcemlis saxelwodebas. (gamocemis mesame monacemi –<br />
TariRi – miTiTebis am stilSi irTveba, rogorc calke elementi, av<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
saxelis da gvaris Semdeg; ix.19.1.2.)<br />
R: daiamondi, jaredi. 1997. qvemexebi, baqteriebi da foladi: adamianuri<br />
sazogadoebebis bed-iRbali. niu iorki: v. v. nor<strong>to</strong>ni da kompania.<br />
wignebs, romlebic gamoqveynda meoce saukunemde an romelTa Sesaxebac<br />
informacia sakuTriv naSromSiar Cndeba, SesaZloa, ar hqondes<br />
zemoaRniSnuli monacemebi publikaciaze.<br />
R: lemi, Carlzi. 1823. elias eseebi.<br />
345
gamoqveynebis adgili. gamoqveynebis adgili aris qalaqi, sadac<br />
mdebareobs gamomcemlis mTavari redaqciebi; igi Cveulebrivad Tavsdeba<br />
satitulo furcelze, zogjer ki saav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebis Semcvel gverdze. iq,<br />
sadac ori an meti qalaqia miTiTebuli (magaliTad, `Cikago da londoni~),<br />
miuTiTeT mxolod pirveli qalaqi.<br />
los anJelesi: j. pol geti trastis publikaciebi<br />
niu iorki: kolumbiis universitetis gamomcemloba<br />
mkiTxvelma SesaZloa, ar icodes gamocemis qalaqi an aerios imave<br />
saxelis matarebel sxva qalaqSi, ami<strong>to</strong>mdaumateT mas (Statis) (ix. 24.3.1),<br />
provinciis an (saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi) qveynis abreviatura. rodesac<br />
gamomcemlis saxelwodeba Seicavs Statis (qveynis) saxels, aRar aris<br />
saWiro Statis (qveynis) abreviaturis darTva.<br />
CeSiri, koneqtikuti: grafiks presi<br />
harmondsvorTi, gaerTianebuli samefo: pengvin buqs<br />
kembriji, masaCusetsi: masaCusetsis teqnologiuri institutis<br />
gamomcemloba<br />
Capel hili: CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba<br />
gamoiyeneT ucxo qveynebis qalaqebis Tanamedrove,<br />
farTodxmarebulisaxelebi.<br />
vaSing<strong>to</strong>ni da ara uoSing<strong>to</strong>ni pekini da ara beijini<br />
Tu gamoqveynebis adgili ar aris cnobili, SegiZliaT ixmaroT<br />
abreviatura ucn. (ucnobi)gamomcemlis saxelwodebis win.Tu iciT adgili,<br />
magram ar xarT darwmunebuli sizusteSi, CasviT frCxilebSi kiTxvis<br />
niSniT.<br />
ucn.: vindzori..<br />
[leik blafi, ilinoisi?): vlieti da edvardsi<br />
gamomcemlis saxelwodeba. yoveli wignisTvis miuTiTeT gamomcemlis<br />
saxelwodeba, zustad ise, rogorc mocemulia satitulo furcelze,<br />
maSinac, rodesac TqvenTvis cnobilia, rom saxelwodeba mas Semdeg<br />
Seicvala an Tqvens bibliografiaSi mocemul wignebSisxvadasxvagvarad<br />
ibeWdeba.<br />
arkur breisi da veldi<br />
arkur breisi iovanoviCi<br />
346
arkur, breisi<br />
ucxo qveynebis gamomcemlebis SemTxvevaSi, nu gadaTargmniT an<br />
SeamoklebT gamomcemlis saxelwodebis nebismier nawils. Tu gamomcemeli<br />
ucnobia,<br />
TariRi.<br />
daurTeT mxolod gamoqveynebis adgili (Tu cnobilia) da<br />
19.1.8 gverdebis nomrebi da adgilmdebareobis dasadgeni sxva informacia<br />
gverdebis nomrebi da is sxva informacia, romelic gamoiyeneba<br />
miTiTebuli amonaridis an elementis adgilmdebareobis dasadgenad,<br />
Cveulebriv, gvxvdeba teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi da ara bibliografiaSi.<br />
nomrebis diapazonis saCveneblad saWiro saxelmZRvanelo<br />
miTiTebebi ixileT 23.2.4.<br />
gverdi, Tavi da gamyofi nomrebi. teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi gverdebis<br />
nomrebi, rogorc wesi, wignis miTiTebis bolo elementia. nu daurTavT<br />
sityvas gverdian abreviaturebs gv. an gv.-ebi;ixmareT arabuli cifrebi,<br />
garda originalSi romauli cifrebiT danomrili gverdebisa.<br />
P: (rouzi 1992, 145-46)<br />
(keigani1994, xxii-xxiv)<br />
zogjer miTiTeba Seexeba mTlian Tavs (SemoklebiT T.), nawils<br />
(naw.),wigns (w.)an seqcias (seq.) gverdebis nomrebis diapazonis sanacvlod.<br />
P: (mileri 1996, naw. 2)<br />
sepecialuri tipis loka<strong>to</strong>rebi. wignis zogierT nawils aqvs<br />
specialuri tipis loka<strong>to</strong>rebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba miTiTebebSi.<br />
• SeniSvnebis nomrebi. SeniSvnebis miTiTebisTvis gamoiyeneT abreviatura<br />
Sen. (SeniSvna), mravlobiTSi Sen.-ebi.Tu miTiTebuli SeniSvna aris<br />
erTaderTi sqolio Tavis gverdze an daunomravi sqolio, daumateT<br />
Sen.gverdis nomris Semdeg (Sualeduri intervalis an punqtuaciis gareSe).<br />
Tu miTiTebuli SeniSvnis gverdze sxva SeniSvnebic aris, miuTiTeT<br />
gverdis nomeri da Semdeg Sen.an (Tu TanmimdevrobiT miTiTebulia ori an<br />
meti SeniSvna) - Sen.-ebida SeniSvnis nomeri (nomrebi).<br />
P: (graf<strong>to</strong>ni 1997, 72 Sen.)<br />
(bolingeri 1980, 192 Sen.23, 192Sen.30, 199Sen.14, 201Sen.-ebi16-17)<br />
• ilustraciebisa da cxrilebis nomrebi. ixmareT<br />
abreviaturanax.naxatisTvis, magram srulad dawereT cxrili,ruka,dafada<br />
sxva tipis ilustraciebis dasaxelebebi.miuTiTeT gverdis nomeri<br />
ilustraciis nomris win.<br />
347
P: (sobeli 1993, 87, cxrili 5.3)<br />
• striqonebis nomrebi. striqonebis nomrebiT identificirebuli poeturi<br />
da sxva naSromebisTvis morideT abreviaturebisstr.(striqoni)da str.ebigamoyenebas;<br />
isini Zalze advilad SeiZleba agverios cifrebSi 1 da 11.<br />
ixmareT str. an str-ebi, an ixmareT mxolod cifrebi iq, sadac naTlad<br />
aRniSneT, rom mxedvelobaSi gaqvT striqonebi.<br />
P: (neSi 1945, striqonebi 1-4)<br />
• Tabaxis, furclebisa da formatebis nomrebi. zogierT wigns, romelic<br />
daibeWda 1800 wlamde, ara aqvs gverdebis nomrebi da dayofilia<br />
Tabaxebad, Semdeg furclebadan formatebad.yovel maTgans aqvs wina mxare<br />
(rec<strong>to</strong> an r) da ukana mxare (verso an v). am naSromebis loka<strong>to</strong>rebi unda<br />
Sedgebodes Sesabamisi cifrebisa da identifika<strong>to</strong>rebis jaWvisgan,<br />
intervalebis an daxrili SriftiT dawerili niSnebis gareSe: magaliTad,<br />
G6v, 176r, 232r-v.<br />
URL-ebi, mudmivi wyaros identifika<strong>to</strong>rebi, Sesvlis TariRebi da<br />
aRwerilobiTi maCveneblebi. internetSi gamoqveynebuli wigns (ix.19.10)<br />
URL-i daurTeT mxolod bibliografiis muxlSi. yoveli URL-i iwyeba im<br />
pro<strong>to</strong>kolis nusxuri asoebiT Sedgenili abreviaturiT, romelic<br />
gamoiyeneba mkiTxvelebisTvis eleqtronuli masalis misawodeblad,<br />
yvelaze xSirad http da ftp. am abreviaturas mudmivad mosdevs ori wertili<br />
da ori daxrili xazi, ris Semdegac modis gamomcemlis domeinuri<br />
saxeli, romelsac mosdevs resursis misamarTi. domenuri saxelis<br />
momdevno komponentebi gancalkevebulia misgan da erTmaneTisgan erTi<br />
daxrili xaziT.<br />
http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/pubs/MexAmHist/chapter14.html#six<br />
mTavruli asoebis dasma URL-is Sida komponentebSi xdeba zustad<br />
ise, rogorc isini warmogvidgeba ekranze. Tu URL-s `damasrulebeli<br />
daxrili xazi~ aqvs boloSi, CarTeT igi. Tu CasvamT URL-s<br />
frCxilebSi,sasurvelia, rom URL-i ar dairRves striqonis bolos, magram<br />
Tu amis gakeTebasaWiroa, ixileT 20.4.2 saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis<br />
mosapoveblad.<br />
zog internet wyaros URL-ebis garda sxva mudmivi<br />
identifika<strong>to</strong>rebic aqvs. Tu wyaro iyenebs cifruli obieqtis<br />
348
identifika<strong>to</strong>rebsan msgavs sistemas, daurTeT informacia, romlis<br />
Sedareba SesaZlebeli iqneba Tqvens miTiTebaSi arsebul URL-Tan.<br />
doi: 10. 1006/jeth.2000.2694<br />
nebismieri internet wyaros miTiTebisas daurTeT am wyaroSi<br />
ukanasknelad Sesvlis TariRi, Tu ise moxda, rom mas Semdeg Sinaarsi<br />
Seicvala an amoRebulia internetidan (ix.15.4.1). SeRwevis TariRi CasviT<br />
frCxilebSi URL-is an mudmivi identifika<strong>to</strong>ris Semdeg.<br />
(boloSesvlis TariRi: 17 maisi, 2006)<br />
internetSi gamoqveynebuli wignebi SeiZleba, ar Seicavdes<br />
gverdebis nomrebs, romlebic gvexmarebateqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi naCvenebi<br />
amonaridis adgilmdebareobis identificirebaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi,<br />
SegiZliaT,URL-is da SesvlisTariRis win dauma<strong>to</strong>T aRwerilobiTi<br />
maCvenebeli,rogoricaa, magaliTad, wina qvesaTauri (ix., magaliTad,<br />
19.1.10). aucilebeli ar aris amgvari maCveneblis CarTva bibliografiis<br />
muxlSi.<br />
19.1.9 Tavebi da wignis sxva dasaTaurebuli nawilebi<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi,unda miuTiToT nebismieri im wignis mTavari saTauri,<br />
romelSic SemoTavazebulia calkeuli, uwyveti argumenti an Txroba,<br />
maSinac, roca Tqven, faq<strong>to</strong>brivad,mis mxolod erT romelime<br />
nawilsiyenebT. Tu xelmZRvanelobT im wignis mxolod erTi nawiliT,<br />
romelic warmoadgens erTi an ramdenime av<strong>to</strong>ris mier sxvadasxva Temaze<br />
dawerili damoukidebeli naSromebis krebuls, SegiZliaT, miuTiToT<br />
mxolod is erTi Tavi an nawili, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba<br />
Tqvens gamokvlevas. amiTdaexmarebiT mkiTxvels,dainaxos, ramdenad<br />
miesadageba wyaro Tqvens proeqts.<br />
R: demosi, joni. 2001. realuri cxovrebis is<strong>to</strong>riebi da sxva mokle<br />
moTxrobebi (novelebi): uolas stegneris `saukuno gansvenebis angelozis~<br />
xelaxali ganxilva. gamocemaSi romanis is<strong>to</strong>ria: is<strong>to</strong>rikosebi da<br />
romanistebi upirispirdebian amerikis warsuls (da erTmaneTs), gamomc.<br />
mark k. karnesi, 132-45. niu iorki: saimoni da Susteri<br />
P: (demos 2001, 137)<br />
nacvlad Semdegisa:<br />
349
R: karnesi, marki k., gamomc. 2001. romanis is<strong>to</strong>ria: is<strong>to</strong>rikosebi da<br />
romanistebi upirispirdebian amerikis warsuls (da erTmaneTs). niu iorki:<br />
saimoni da Susteri.<br />
P: (karnesi 2001, 131)<br />
erTi av<strong>to</strong>ris mier dawerili wignebis nawilebi. Tu miuTiTebT erTi<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ris mier dawerili wignis dasaTaurebul nawils, bibliografiaSi<br />
unda Sevides, pirvel rigSi, am nawilis saTauri, swori SriftiT,<br />
brWyalebis gareSe, Semdeg wertili. aRniSvnis,,wignSi” Semdeg miuTiTeT<br />
wignis saTauri, Semdeg am nawilis gverdebis nomrebi sruli intervaliT.<br />
R: Cestini, joni Carlzi. 2001. neokolonializmi. gamocemaSi sisxlSi da<br />
cecxlSi dabadebulni: laTinuri amerikis mokle is<strong>to</strong>ria, 179-206. niu<br />
iorki: v. v. nor<strong>to</strong>ni da kompania<br />
Tu miuTiTebT nawils saerTo saTauriT, rogoricaa,Sesavali,<br />
winasityvaoba an bolosityvaoba, CasviT es termini wignis saTauris win.<br />
miuTiTeT saerTo saTauri swori SriftiT brWyalebis gareSe da daiwyeT<br />
mTavruli asoTi mxolod pirveli sityva.<br />
Tu es nawili dawerilia sxva da ara wignis ZiriTadi av<strong>to</strong>ris mier,<br />
miuTiTeT misida wignis av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari saTauris Semdeg; teqs<strong>to</strong>briv<br />
miTiTebebSi moxseniebulia mxolod nawilis av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari.<br />
R: krosbi, alfredi v. 2004. wignis ekologiuri imperializmi: evropis<br />
biologiuri eqspansia, 900-1900 axali gamocemiswinasityvaoba. axali gamoc.<br />
niu iorki: kembrijis universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
kalxuni, kreigi. 2005. wignis mravalkulturuli politika: rasizmi,<br />
eTnikuri kuTvnileba da musulmanebi britaneTSi winasityvaoba, av<strong>to</strong>ri<br />
tarik modudi. mineapolisi: minesotas universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
P: (kalxuni 2005, xv)<br />
redaqtirebuli krebulebis nawilebi. Tu bibliografiaSi miuTiTebT<br />
redaqtirebuli krebulis nawils, romelic moicavs mravali av<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
naSroms, pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT nawilis av<strong>to</strong>ri, TariRi da nawilis<br />
saTauri (swori SriftiT, brWyalebis gareSe). Sityvis,,wignSi” Semdeg<br />
miuTiTeT wignis saTauri, redaq<strong>to</strong>ris gvari da am nawilis gverdebis<br />
nomrebi sruli intervaliT. teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi moixsenieba mxolod<br />
nawilis av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari.<br />
350
R; kari, eni da duglas j. Suurmani. 1996. religia da feminizmi: reformisti<br />
qristianis analizi. gamocemaSi: religia, feminizmi da ojaxi, gamomc. en<br />
qari da meri stiuart van leve, 11-32. luisvili, kentuki: vestminsteris<br />
jon noqsis gamomcemloba.<br />
P: (karida Suurmani 1996, 13-14)<br />
Tu miuTiTebT erTsa da imave redaqtirebul krebulSi Semaval or<br />
an met naSroms, SegiZliaT miiCnioT isini calkeul wyaroebad an, sivrcis<br />
dazogvis mizniT, SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT Semoklebuli forma.<br />
bibliografiaSisrulad miuTiTeT mTliani wigni da SemoklebiT _ yoveli<br />
individualuri nawili. Amukanasknels daurTeT av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari,<br />
gamoqveynebis TariRi da nawilis sruli saTauri; sityvis,,wignSi” Semdeg<br />
daurTeT wignis redaq<strong>to</strong>ris arasrulisaxeli (mxolod gvari),<br />
gamoqveynebis<br />
intervaliT.<br />
TariRi da am nawilis gverdebis nomrebi sruli<br />
R: engli, poli m., gamomc. 1967. preriebis Stati: STabeWdilebebi<br />
ilinoisidan, 1673-1967, Sedgenili mogzaurebis da sxva damkvirveblebis<br />
mier. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
kitingi, viliami h. 1967. forti dieborni da Cikago. Jurnali engli 1967,<br />
84-87.<br />
lipinkoti, sara klarki. 1967. Cikago. Jurnali engli 1967, 362-70.<br />
am formis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi,teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebi unda<br />
exebodes mxolod nawilebs da ara mTlianad wigns.<br />
P: (kitingi 1967, 84), arasworia (engli 1967, 84)<br />
(lipinkoti 1967, 362), arasworia (engli 1967, 362)<br />
anTologiebSi moqceuli naSromebi. miuTiTeT anTologiaSi dabeWdili<br />
mokle moTxroba, poema, leqsi an nakvevi, ese an sxva naSromi iseve,<br />
rogorc miuTiTebdiT mravali av<strong>to</strong>ris mier redaqtirebul krebulSi<br />
Semaval naSroms. anTologiebSi gamoqveynebuli umetesi naSromebis<br />
saTaurebi dawereT swori SriftiT. Gamonaklisiaamonaridis saTaurididi<br />
moculobis poemidan an prozauli nawarmoebidan, romelic unda<br />
daiweros daxrili SriftiT (ix.22.3.2).<br />
351
R: alende, izabeli. 1997. sulebs surdaT. laTinur-amerikuli eseebis<br />
oqsfordis wignSi, gamomc. ilan stavansi, 461-67. niu iorki: oqsfordis<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
viglsvorTi, maikli, 2003. amonaridi bedisweris dRidan. gamocemaSi<br />
amerikuli poeziis axali anTologia: tradiciebi da revoluciebi,<br />
sawyisebi daTariRebuli 1900 wliT, gamomc. stiven guld aqselrodi,<br />
kamil romeni da Tomas travisano,68-74. niu bransuiki, niu jersi:<br />
ratjersis universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
P: (alende 1997, 463-64)<br />
(viglsvorTi 2003, 68)<br />
Tu nawarmoebis originaluri gamocemis TariRi mniSvnelovania<br />
Tqveni naSromis konteqstidan gamomdinare, daurTeT igi frCxilebSi<br />
anTologiis gamoqveynebis TariRis win rogorc bibliografiaSi,<br />
ise,teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi.<br />
R: viglsvorTi, maikli. [1662] 2003. amonaridi ... dan<br />
P: (viglsvorTi [1662] 2003, 68)<br />
19.1.10onlain da sxva eleqtronuli wignebi<br />
onlain wignebis SemTxvevaSi, ixelmZRvaneleT nabeWdi wignebisTvis<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda Cveulebrivi<br />
elementebisa, daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens mier masalis bibliografiaSi<br />
Setanis TariRi (ix, 15.4.1, 19.1.8). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i<br />
sakmarisi ar aris; unda warmoadginoT gamoqveynebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
yvela faqti, ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iqneba maTi dadgena, raTa<br />
mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros migneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Seicvleba URL-i.<br />
Tu ar aris gverdebis nomrebi, miTiTebuli amonaridis adgilmdebareobis<br />
identificireba SegiZliaT teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi aRwerilobiTi<br />
maCveneblis damatebiT (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri) sityvisqveSSemdeg.<br />
R: samora, juliani da patricia v<strong>and</strong>el saimoni. 2000. meqsikel-amerikeli<br />
xalxis is<strong>to</strong>ria. gadaxed. gamoc. ist lansingi, miCigani: julian samoras<br />
kvleviTi instituti, miCiganis Statis<br />
universiteti.http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/pubs/MexAmHist/chapter14.html#six<br />
(bolos Sesvlis TariRi: 2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).<br />
P: (samora da v<strong>and</strong>el saimoni 2000, gamocemaSi `samoqalaqo omi meqsikaSi~)<br />
352
an<br />
(samora da v<strong>and</strong>el saimoni 2000)<br />
rodesacmiuTiTebT sxva eleqtronul formatebSi gamocemul iseT<br />
wignebs, romlebic xelmisawvdomia CamosatvirTad wignebis gamyidvelisgan<br />
an biblioTekidan, miuTiTeT formati (CD-ROM, maikrosoftis el-wignebis<br />
wamkiTxveli).<br />
R: davenporti, Tomasi jon beki, 2001. sasignalo ekonomika: biznesSi fulis<br />
mimoqcevis axali saSualebebis gageba (biznesis axali gavrcobilobis<br />
gageba) kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis biznesis skolis gamomcemloba.<br />
programis TK3 rideris eleqtronuli wigni.<br />
helmani, heli. 2004. didi SinabrZolebi teqnologiaSi: aTi dava yvelaze<br />
gacxovelebuli davebidan.niu iorki: jon uaili. eleqtronuli wigni.<br />
19.2 samecniero Jurnalebis statiebi<br />
perioduli gamocemebis umravlesoba, riTacixelmZRvanelebT naSromis<br />
momzadebisas, klasificirdeba rogorc Jurnalebi - samecniero an<br />
profesiuli perioduli gamocemebi, romlebic xelmisawvdomia, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, akademiur biblioTekebSi da gamoweriT. Jurnalebi xSirad,Tumca,<br />
ara yovelTvis (mag.:Signs),saTaurebSi Seicavs sityvas,,Jurnali”<br />
(Tanamedrove is<strong>to</strong>riis Jurnali).popularuliJurnalebi, rogorc wesi, ar<br />
aris samecniero gamocemebi; isini ufro xelmisawvdomia mkiTxvelebisTvis,<br />
vidre samecniero Jurnalebi rogorc Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT, ise<br />
maTi akademiuri garemos farglebs gareT gavrcelebis gamo. es<br />
gansxvaveba mniSvnelovania, vinaidan samecniero Jurnalebis statiebisa da<br />
masebze gaTvlili popularuli Jurnalebis statiebis miTiTeba<br />
sxvadasxvanairad xdeba. Tu ara xarT darwmunebuli, ra periodul<br />
gamocemasTan gaqvT saqme _ samecniero Tu masobriv-popularul<br />
JurnalTan - naxeT, xom ar Seicavs Jurnalis statiebi miTiTebebs; Tu<br />
pasuxi dadebiTia, miiCnieT igi samecnierod.<br />
353
19.2.1 av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari<br />
miuTiTeT av<strong>to</strong>rebis saxeli da gvari zustad ise, rogorc esstatiebis<br />
saTaurebSia gakeTebuli. ixelmZRvaneleT19.1.1-Si mocemuli wignebis<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rebisTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT.<br />
19.2.2 gamoqveynebis TariRi<br />
samecniero Jurnalisstatiis gamoqveynebis ZiriTadi TariRi mxolod<br />
welia. bibliografiis muxlSi gamoyaviT is, rogorc misi sakuTari<br />
elementi, xolo av<strong>to</strong>ris saxelis da gvaris Semdeg dasviT wertili.<br />
teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi dasviT igi av<strong>to</strong>ris gvaris Semdeg Sualeduli<br />
punqtuaciis gareSe.<br />
R: bernsi, sara. 2005. mxatvris sxeulis SekveTa: Tomas ikinsis mier<br />
av<strong>to</strong>portretebis Seqmnis mcdelobebi. amerikuli xelovneba. 19, # 1<br />
(gazafxuli): 82-107.<br />
jenkinsi, j. kreigi, devid jekobsi da joun anioni. 2003. politikuri<br />
SesaZleblobebi da afrikul-amerikuli protesti, 1948-1997. amerikis<br />
sociologiuri Jurnali109, #. 2 (seqtemberi): 277-303.<br />
P: (bernsi 2005, 95)<br />
(jenkinsi, jekobsi, daanioni2003, 298-99)<br />
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom damatebiTi informacia TariRis<br />
Sesaxeb,SesaZlebelia, mogvianebiT gamoCndes frCxilebSi bibliografiis<br />
muxlSi, <strong>to</strong>mis nomris Semdeg (an gamoSvebis nomris Semdeg, Tu iqneba; ix.<br />
19.2.5)<br />
Tu statia miRebulia gamosaqveyneblad, magram jer ar<br />
gamoqveynebula, ixmareT fraza(gamova axlo momavalSi) TariRis (da<br />
gverdebis nomrebis) sanacvlod. gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad, am<br />
tipis teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi dasviT mZime av<strong>to</strong>ris gvaris Semdeg.<br />
nebismieri statia, romelic jer ar aris miRebuli gamosacemad, CaTvaleT<br />
gamouqveynebel xelnawerad (ix. 19.6).<br />
R: av<strong>to</strong>ri, margaret m. gamova axlo momavalSi. statiis saTauri. Jurnalis<br />
saxelwodeba 98.<br />
P: (av<strong>to</strong>ri, gamodis axlo momavalSi)<br />
354
19.2.3 statiis saTauri<br />
CamoTvaleT statiis sruli saTaurebi da qvesaTaurebi.gamoiyeneT swori<br />
Srifti, gamoyaviT saTauri qvesaTaurisgan ori wertiliT da nu ixmarT<br />
brWyalebs. dasviT mTavruli asoebi winadadebis stilis dacviT (ix. 22.3.1).<br />
R: grini, nensi l. 2005. gamosvlis politika: imigraciis paradigmis mkveTri<br />
Secvla. Tanamedrove is<strong>to</strong>riis Jurnali77 (ivnisi): 263-89.<br />
iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa saxeobebis saxelwodebebi da wignebis<br />
saTaurebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, daxrili SriftiT iwereba teqstSi,<br />
kvlav daxrili SriftiT daiwereba statiis saTaurSi; terminebi,<br />
romlebic, Cveulebriv, citirebulia teqstSi, kvlav rCeba ormag<br />
brWyalebSi. nu dasvamT mZimes an wertils statiis im saTauris an<br />
qvesaTauris Semdeg, romelic sruldeba kiTxvis an Zaxilis niSniT.<br />
R: liuisi, judiTi. 1998. `ubedurebaa didgvarovan m<strong>and</strong>ilosnad yofna~:<br />
dedaTa sikvdilianoba britaneTis aris<strong>to</strong>kratiaSi, 1558-1959. britanuli<br />
gamokvlevebis Jurnali 37:26-40.<br />
lofteni, piteri.eqo (gamoxmaurebebi) kalambursa da maxvilgonierebas<br />
(farikaobas) Soris halmetSi.aelianuri kvlevebi. 2:12-29.<br />
viliamsoni, jorji s. ram mokla avgust fon kocebu? saTnoebis cdunebebi<br />
da germanuli nacionalizmis politikuri Teologia, 1789-1819.<br />
Tanamedrove is<strong>to</strong>riis Jurnali 72 (dekemberi): 890-943.<br />
ucxoenovan saTaurebSi mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba saWiroa<br />
konkretuli enis tradiciebis Sesabamisad ,,winadadebis stilis” dacviT.<br />
nu daurTavT Targmans, CasviT igi frCxilebSi, brWyalebis gareSe.<br />
R: Bouchard, Gérard. 1979. Un essair d’anthropologie régionale: L’his<strong>to</strong>ire sociale du Saguenay aux<br />
XIXe et XXe siècles. Annales: Économies, sociètés, civilisations 34 (ianvari): 118-34.<br />
(franguli)<br />
Kern, W. 1938.Waar verzamelde Pigafetta zijn Maleise woorden? [sad Seagrova pigaferam<br />
misi malaziuri sityvebi?] Tijdschrift voor indische taal-, l<strong>and</strong>- en volkenkunde 78:271-<br />
73. (hol<strong>and</strong>iuri?)<br />
19.2.4 samecniero Jurnalis saxelwodeba<br />
statiis saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT Jurnalis saTauri daxrili SriftiT,<br />
,,saTauris stilSi” (ix. 22.3.1). miuTiTeT saTauri zustad ise, rogorc<br />
Jurnalis satitulo furcelze an Sinaarsis Tavzea; nu ixmarT<br />
355
abreviaturebs.Tu oficialuri saTauri aris abreviatura, nu gaSifravT<br />
mas.ucxoenovani JurnalebisTvis mTavruli asoebi SegiZliaT dasvaT<br />
rogorc saTauris, aseve, winadadebis stilSi.Tumca, unda da<strong>to</strong>voT yvela<br />
sawyisi artikli (Der Spiegel).<br />
19.2.5 informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb<br />
garda publikaciis TariRisa, bibliografiis muxlebis umravlesoba<br />
Seicavs <strong>to</strong>mis nomers da gamocemis nomers. mkiTxvelebs SeiZleba, ar<br />
dasWirdeT yvela es elementi statiis mosaZebnad, magram yvela maTganis<br />
miTiTebiT Tavidan vicilebT erT-erT maTganSi Secdomis gaparvis<br />
SesaZleblobas.<br />
<strong>to</strong>mis nomeri mosdevs Jurnalis saTaurs Sualeduri sasveni niSnis<br />
gareSe da ar iwereba daxrili SriftiT. ixmareT arabuli cifrebi<br />
maSinac, roca Tavad Jurnali iyenebs romaul cifrebs. gamocemis nomris<br />
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, igi mosdevs <strong>to</strong>mis nomers, gamoyofilia mZimiT da<br />
mas win uswrebs nom. Tu garda gamoqveynebis wlisa, TariRTan<br />
dakavSirebiT nebismieri sxva damatebiTi informacia gaqvT (ix.19.2.2),<br />
daurTeT igi frCxilebSi <strong>to</strong>mis da gamocemis nomrebis Semdeg.am<br />
informaciasTan dakavSirebiT ixelmZRvaneleT Jurnalis wesebiT;<br />
informaciam SeiZleba, moicvas weliwadis dro, Tve an zusti dRe. daiwyeT<br />
JurnalebSi miTiTebuli weliwadis droebis saxelebi mTavruli asoTi,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini teqstSi ar weria mTavruliT.<br />
R: mekai, kris<strong>to</strong>feri, s. 1999. laqtanciusi da diokletianes taxtis memkvidre.<br />
klasikuri filologia 94, # 2:198-209.<br />
kumar, rahuli. 2003. gonivruli safuZvlebi kontraqtualistur moralur<br />
argumentSi.eTika 114 (oq<strong>to</strong>mberi): 6-37.<br />
rodesac Jurnali iyenebs mxolod gamocemebis nomrebs <strong>to</strong>mebis<br />
nomrebis gareSe, Jurnalis saTaurs mosdevs mZime.<br />
R: biti, j. m. 1974. danaSaulis xasiaTi (suraTi, modeli, sqema) inglisSi,<br />
1660-1800. warsuli da awmyo, # 62:47-95.<br />
19.2.6 gverdebis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia<br />
bibliografiis muxlebSi miuTiTeT statiis gverdebis nomrebi sruli<br />
intervaliT (ix.23.2.4). tradiciisamebr, bibliografiebSi Jurnalis<br />
statiebis gverdebis nomrebi mosdevs or wertils da ara mZimes. rodesac<br />
356
frCxilebSi moqceuli damatebiTi informacia TariRze uSualod win<br />
uswrebs or wertils, da<strong>to</strong>veT intervali ori wertilis Semdeg; rodesac<br />
<strong>to</strong>mis an gamocemis nomeri uSualod win uswrebs or wertils, nu<br />
da<strong>to</strong>vebT intervals ori wertilis Semdeg.<br />
R: hiCkoki, timi. 2005. maTxovroba meTvramete saukunis londonis quCebSi.<br />
Jurnali britanuli gamokvlevebi 44, # 3 (ivlisi): 478-98.<br />
gouldi, ana groZinsi. 1998. simarTlis marcvlebi: purisa da mowyalebis<br />
cvalebadi ierarqiebi sam rajastanul zRaparSi. gamocema religiebis<br />
is<strong>to</strong>ria 38, # 2:150-71.<br />
Tu teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi miuTiTebT konkretul nawyvets,<br />
daurTeT mxolod miTiTebuli konkretuli gverdi (gverdebi),<br />
romelsac(romlebsac) win uswrebs mZime (da ara ori wertili).<br />
P: (hiCkoki 2005, 478)<br />
(gouldi 1998, 152-53)<br />
internetSi gamoqveynebuli Jurnalis statiebis miTiTebisas,<br />
daurTeT gverdebis nomrebi (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) da URL-i (an<br />
mudmivi identifika<strong>to</strong>ri)da, aseve, statiis mopovebis TariRi. detalebis<br />
da magaliTebis gasacnobad, ixileT 19.2.8. URL-ebSi punqtuacis gamoyenebis<br />
zogadi principebis gasacnobad, ixileT 19.1.8.<br />
19.2.7 specialuri gamocemebi da damatebebi<br />
specialuri gamocema aris erTi Temisadmi miZRvnili Jurnalis gamocema.<br />
igi atarebs <strong>to</strong>mis da gamocemis Cveulebriv nomrebs. Tu specialur<br />
gamocemas aqvs sakuTari saTauri da hyavs redaq<strong>to</strong>ri, daurTeT orive<br />
bibliografiis muxls.saTauri mocemulia swori SriftiT da Casmulia<br />
brWyalebSi. teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi daurTeT mxolod miTiTebuli<br />
nawilis av<strong>to</strong>ri.<br />
R: jounsi, meTiu l. dekartis geometria, rogorc sulieri varjiSi<br />
(swavleba, momzadeba) 2001. naSromSi `sagnebi~, gamomc. bil brauni.<br />
specialuri gamocema, kritikuli Ziebebis Jurnali28, # 1 (Semodgoma): 40-71.<br />
P: (jounsi 2001, 43-44)<br />
Tu gesaWiroebaT mTlianad gamocemis miTiTeba, gamo<strong>to</strong>veT<br />
statiasTan dakavSirebuli informacia.<br />
357
R: brauni, bili, gamoc. 2001. `sagnebi~. specialuri gamoSveba, kritikuli<br />
Ziebebis Jurnali28, # 1 (Semodgoma).<br />
Jurnalis damatebas,aseve, SeiZleba,hqondes sakuTari saTauri da<br />
hyavdes av<strong>to</strong>ri an redaq<strong>to</strong>ri. specialuri gamocemisgan gansxvavebiT, igi<br />
Jurnalis Cveulebrivi gamocemebisgancalke inomreba; xSirad misi<br />
gverdebis nomrebis nawilia aso S. dasviT mZime <strong>to</strong>mis nomersa da<br />
damatebis nomers Soris.<br />
R: iklendi, ivari, jeims j. hekmani da larsi neSeimi. 2004. hedonisturi<br />
modelebis gamovlena da Sefaseba. statiaSi `gamokvlevebi Servin rozenis<br />
pativsacemad~, politikuri ekonomikis Jurnali112, S1 (Tebervali): S60-S109.<br />
19.2.8 internetSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi<br />
onlain JurnalebTan dakavSirebiT ixelmZRvaneleT beWdviTi Jurnalebis<br />
statiebisTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa,<br />
daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens bibliografiaSi Seyvanili masalis mopovebis<br />
TariRi (ix. 15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi;<br />
Tqven unda miuTiToT publikaciis yvela faqti, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia<br />
maTi dadgena, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis<br />
SemTxvevaSic. onlain JurnalebSi ganTavsebul statiebSi SeiZleba, ar<br />
moipovebodes gverdebis nomrebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini ar qveyndeba<br />
beWdviTi Jurnalebis paralelurad. Tu gverdebis nomrebi ararsebobs,<br />
teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi mocemuli nawyvetis adgilis identificireba<br />
SegiZliaT aRwerilobiTi maCveneblis (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri)<br />
damatebiTsityvisqveS Semdeg.<br />
R: uzi, braiani da jaret spairo. 2005. TanamSromloba da Semoqmedeba: patara<br />
samyaros problema. Jurnali American Journal of Sociology 111, #2<br />
(seqtemberi).http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v111n2/090090/090090.htm<br />
l (bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).<br />
P: (uzi da spairo 2005, saTauris `milgremis patara samyaros Teoria~ qveS)<br />
an<br />
(uzi da spairo 2005)<br />
statiebis onlain monacemTa bazebi, rogorc wesi, Seicavs<br />
miTiTebebisTvis saWiro yvela elementis CamonaTvals. daurTeT<br />
358
miTiTebuli stabiluri URL-i, romelic, aseve, axdens im monacemTa bazis<br />
identificirebas, romliTac Tqven ixelmZRvaneleT statiis miTiTebisas.<br />
R: Sapiro, lorensi a. 2000. mravaljeradi realizaciebi. filosofiis<br />
Jurnali 97, # 12 (dekemberi): 635-54. http://links,js<strong>to</strong>r.org/sici?sici=0022-<br />
362X%28200012%2997%3A12%3C635%3AMR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q(bolo Sesvlis<br />
TariRi 27, 2006).<br />
P: (Sapiro 2000, 642)<br />
19.3 popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi<br />
samecniero Jurnalebis miTiTebisTvis saWiro yvela saxelmZRvanelo<br />
miTiTeba (ix.19.2) Tanabrad vrceldeba popularul Jurnalebze. dawereT<br />
statiebis saTaurebi swori SriftiT, brWyalebis gareSe da mTavruli<br />
asoebis dasmiT winadadebis stilSi; dawereT Jurnalis saTaurebi<br />
daxrili SriftiT, xolo mTavruli asoebi dasviT saTauris stilSi<br />
(ix.22.3.1).<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi, miuTiTeT mxolod yovelkvireuli an<br />
yovelTviuri Jurnalebis TariRi, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini<br />
danomrilia<strong>to</strong>mebisa da gamocemebis mixedviT. bibliografiis muxlebSi<br />
daurTeT weli Tavis Cveul adgilze, xolo nebismieri damatebiTi<br />
informacia TariRTan dakavSirebiT (rogoricaa Tve an zusti dRe) –<br />
Jurnalis saTauris Semdeg, Tumca ara frCxilebSi. Tu teqs<strong>to</strong>briv<br />
miTiTebebSi miuTiTebT konkretul nawyvets, daurTeT misi gverdis<br />
nomeri.bibliografiis muxlSi ki SegiZliaT, gamo<strong>to</strong>voT statiis<br />
gverdebis nomrebi, vinaidan popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi moicavs<br />
mraval gverds, romlebzec ganTavsebulia gareSe masalebi. Tu<br />
bibliografiis muxls daurTavT gverdebis nomrebs, ixmareT mZime ori<br />
wertilis nacvlad, raTa gamoyoT isini gamocemis TariRisgan.<br />
R: Sapiro, marki. 2004. axali Zalaufleba `Zveli evropisTvis~. neiSen, 27<br />
dekemberi.<br />
P: (Sapiro2004, 12-13)<br />
Tu miuTiTebT ganyofilebas an svets, romelic regularulad<br />
gamodis, dausviT mTavruli asoebi saTauris stilSi da nu CasvamT<br />
359
WyalebSi. dasaxelebuli av<strong>to</strong>ris armqone ganyofilebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ris nacvlad, gamoiyeneT Jurnalis saxelwodeba.<br />
R: uolrefi, barbara. 2005. sityvis sasamarTlo, Jurnali atlanTiq<br />
mansli,ivnisi, 128.<br />
niu iorkeri. 2000. yvela cnobili adamiani. 10 aprili.<br />
P: (uolrefi 2005, 128)<br />
(niu iorkeri2000, 15)<br />
popularuli onlain Jurnalebis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, ixelmZRvaneleT<br />
popularuli beWdviTi Jurnalebis statiebisTvis gankuTvnili<br />
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa, daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens<br />
bibliografiaSi Seyvanili masalis mopovebis TariRi (ix. 15.4.1).<br />
gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i sakmarisi ar aris; Tqven<br />
gamoqveynebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela faqtiundawarmoadginoT srulad,<br />
raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba im SemTxvevaSic, Tu Seicvleba<br />
URL-i. popularul onlain JurnalebSi ganTavsebul statiebSi SeiZleba,<br />
ar iyos miTiTebuli gverdebis nomrebi, magram miTiTebuli nawyvetis<br />
adgilis identificireba SegiZliaT teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi sityvis<br />
qveSSemdegaRwerilobiTi<br />
qvesaTauri)damatebiT.<br />
maCveneblis (rogoricaa wina<br />
R: ferisi, stefani, 2005. `Tavisufleba~: ar aris aRmoCenili arcerTi<br />
dokumenti. onlain Jurnali Salon.com, 16<br />
dekemberi.http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2005/12/16/censorship/index1.html (bolos<br />
Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).<br />
P: (ferisi 2005, saTauris `internets ar gaaCnia mexsiereba CineTSi~ qveS)<br />
an<br />
(ferisi2005)<br />
19.4 sagazeTo statiebi<br />
zogadad, Tqvens bibliografiaSi miuTiTeT yoveldRiurgazeTebSi<br />
gamoqveynebuli statiebi da sxva masala ise, rogorc miuTiTebdiT<br />
popularul JurnalebSi ganTavsebul statiebs (ix.19.3). xelmouwereli<br />
statiis SemTxvevaSi, av<strong>to</strong>ris nacvlad gamoiyeneT gazeTis saxelwodeba.<br />
360
vinaidan gazeTs SeiZleba gaaCndes ramdenime odnav gansxvavebuli<br />
Sinaarsis gamocema, SegiZliaT, daazus<strong>to</strong>T, romeli gamocemiT<br />
ixelmZRvaneleT da dauma<strong>to</strong>T frazebi bolo gamocema, Sua dasavleTis<br />
gamoSvebaan sxva msgavsi identifika<strong>to</strong>ri.<br />
R: kamini, bleri. 2005. riglis Senoba – aSkara RirsSesaniSnaoba. Cikago<br />
tribuni. 1 ivlisi.<br />
miluoki jornal-sentineli. 1998. mowinave. 1 ivnisi.<br />
niu iork Taimsi, erovnuli gamocema.2004. Jak deridas nekrologi. 10<br />
oq<strong>to</strong>mberi.<br />
teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT gverdebis nomrebi, vinaidan<br />
statia SeiZleba, gamoCndes sxvadasxva gverdze an amoRebulic ki iyos<br />
gazeTis sxvadasxva gamoSvebaSi. amasTan, gazeTis saxelwodebaSi<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>veT gamoSvebis aRweriloba, Tu av<strong>to</strong>ris nacvlad gazeTs uTiTebT.<br />
P: (kamini 2005)<br />
(miluoki jornal-sentineli1998)<br />
(niu iork Taimsi2004)<br />
teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebis gamoyenebis nacvlad, SegiZliaT miTiTebis<br />
zogi elementis Tqvens teqstSi Casma. Tumca, bibliografiaSi saWiroa<br />
statiis srulad miTiTeba.<br />
gazeT niu iork taimsSi uzenaes sasamarTloSi mimdinare<br />
gadaadgilebebisadmi miZRvenil statiaSi (2005) grinhausi ganixilavs am<br />
tendenciebs.<br />
an<br />
2005 wlis 30 seqtembers gamoqveynebul statiaSi, gazeTi niu iork taimsi,<br />
linda grinhausi ganixilavsuzenaes sasamarTloSi mimdinare<br />
gadaadgilebebs.<br />
19.4.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli sakiTxebi<br />
amerikuli gazeTebis miTiTebisas, saxelwodebaSi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT sawyisi<br />
artikli The. Tu gazeTis saxelwodeba ar Seicavs qalaqs, daumateT igi<br />
oficialur saTaurs, garda iseTi kargad cnobili erovnuli gazeTebisa,<br />
rogoricaa the Wall Street Journal an the Christian Science Moni<strong>to</strong>r. Tu aseTi<br />
saxelwodebis gazeTiqalaqSia an saxeli bundovania, SegiZliaT,<br />
frCxilebSi dauma<strong>to</strong>T Stati an provincia (Cveulebriv, Semoklebuli<br />
361
formiT; ix. 24.3.1). sxva ucxouri gazeTis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, da<strong>to</strong>veT<br />
Seucvlelad sawyisi artiklebi da saTaurebis Semdeg daurTeT qalaqebis<br />
saxelebi.<br />
<strong>Chicago</strong> Tribune Le Monde<br />
Saint Paul (Alberta or AB) Journal Times (London)<br />
19.4.2 specialuri tipis sagazeTo miTiTebebi<br />
gazeTebSi, garda calkeuli xelmowerili statiebisa, ganTavsebulia,<br />
agreTve, mravali sxva tipis masala da zogierTi maTganis citirebisas<br />
saWiroa specialuri wesebis dacva.<br />
• regularuli svetebi. MravalCveulebriv svets axlavs hedlainebad<br />
wodebuli saTaurebi da svetis saTaurebi.Tqven orives gamoyeneba<br />
SegiZliaT an sivrcis dazogvis mizniT, ixmareT mxolod svetis saTauri<br />
(swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi Casmis gareSe da mTavruli asoebis dasmiT<br />
saTauris stilSi).<br />
R: morgensoni, gretheni. 2000. fasdaklebis siaxleebze kargi mogebis Sesaxeb.<br />
Sou marqeT uotCi. niu iork Taimsi. 23 aprili.<br />
an<br />
morgensoni, gretheni. 2000. Sou Sou marqeT uotCi. niu iork Taimsi. 23<br />
aprili.<br />
• werilebi redaq<strong>to</strong>rs. miuTiTeT isini zogadad, hedlainebis gareSe.<br />
R: devisi, virjinia j. 2005. werili redaq<strong>to</strong>rs. Siqago tribuni. 29 ivlisi.<br />
• danarTebSi ganTavsebuli statiebi.StatiebiJurnalebisdamatebebidan an<br />
sxva specialuri nawilebidanmiuTiTeT popularuli Jurnalis statiebis<br />
msgavsad (ix.19.3).<br />
• internet statiebi.onlain gazeTebTan dakavSirebiT, ixelmZRvaneleT<br />
beWdviT gazeTebSi ganTavsebuli statiebisTvis gankuTvnili<br />
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa, daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens mier<br />
masalis mopovebis TariRi (ix.15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mar<strong>to</strong> URL-i<br />
sakmarisi ar aris; Tqven unda warmoadginoT publikaciis yvela faqti<br />
srulad, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis<br />
SemTxvevaSic.<br />
362
R: heqstra, deivi. 2005. memkvidreobis aRdgena. gazeTi <strong>Chicago</strong> Sun-Times. 19<br />
dekemberi. http://www.suntimes.com/output/hurricane/cst-ftr-nola 19.html (bolo Sesvlis<br />
TariRi 2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).<br />
19.5 arsebobs ramdenime damatebiTi tipis gamoqveynebuli masala,<br />
romelic iTvaliswinebs specialur moTxovnebs maTi miTiTebisas.<br />
19.5.1 klasikuri,<br />
nawarmoebebi<br />
Suasaukuneebisa da adreuli periodis literaturuli<br />
klasikur saberZneTSi da romSi, Suasaukuneebis evropaSi da renesansis<br />
periodisSeqmnili literaturuli nawarmoebebis miTiTeba Tanamedrove<br />
literaturuli nawarmoebebis citirebisgan gansxvavebuladxdeba. es wyaroebi<br />
xSirad dajgufebulia danomril seqciebad (wignebi, striqonebi, strofebi<br />
da a.S.), romlebic, zogadad, miTiTebulia gverdebis nomrebis nacvlad. imis<br />
gamo, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gamoqveynda am nawarmoebebis uamravi<br />
versia da Targmani, Tanamedrove gamocemebisTvis maTi gamoqveynebis TariRi<br />
da sxva faqtebi, zogadad, naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre sxva tipis<br />
miTiTebebSi.<br />
amis gamo, klasikuri, Sua saukuneebis da adrindeli<br />
periodisliteraturuli nawarmoebebis citireba, rogorc wesi, unda<br />
xdebodes mxolod teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebis formiT. Tu av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari da<br />
saTauri ukve ar aris naxsenebi teqstSi, pirvelad moxseniebisTanave<br />
daurTeT isini seqciis nomerTan erTad.Tu Semdgomi miTiTebebi calsaxad<br />
Seexeba imave nawarmoebs, daurTeT mxolod seqciis nomeri.ixileT qvemoT<br />
sxvadasxva tipis nawarmoebebs Soris arsebuli sxvaobebi punqtuaciaSi,<br />
SemoklebebSi da nomrebSi.<br />
peloponesis flotis oTxmocdRiani umoqmedoba rodosTan (fukidide,<br />
peloponesis omis is<strong>to</strong>ria8.44.4), Sewyvetili zamTris dasrulebamde (8.60.2-3),<br />
varaudobs (gulisxmobs) ...<br />
an<br />
363
odosTan peloponesis flotis oTxmocdRiani umoqmedoba, romlis<br />
Sesaxebac iuwyeba tucidide (peloponesis omis is<strong>to</strong>ria8.44.4), Sewyvetili<br />
zamTris dasrulebamde (8.60.2-3), varaudobs (gulisxmobs) ...<br />
Tu Tqveni naSromi exeba literaturul gamokvlevebs an sxva raime<br />
sferos, romelic moicavs teqstebis detalur analizs an Tu mniSvnelovania<br />
sxvaobebi Targmanebs Soris, miuTiTeT aseTi nawarmoebebi Tqvens<br />
bibliografiaSi. ixelmZRvaneleT 19.1.1-Si moyvanili sxva naTargmni da<br />
redaqtirebuli wignebisTvis gankuTvnili wesebiT.<br />
R: properciusi. 1990. elegiebi. gamomc. da mTargn. j. p. guldi. lebis klasikuri<br />
biblioTeka 18. kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
aris<strong>to</strong>tele. 1983. aris<strong>to</strong>teles naSromebis sruli krebuli: oqsfordis<br />
gadaxeduli Targmani. gamomc. j. barnesi. 2 t. prins<strong>to</strong>ni, niu jersi:<br />
prins<strong>to</strong>nis universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
klasikuri nawarmoebebi.zemoT moyvanil zogad principebTan<br />
erTaddamatebiT warmogidgenT wesebs, romlebic vrceldeba klasikuri<br />
nawarmoebebis citirebaze.<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rsa da nawarmoebis saTaurs an saTaursa da seqciis nomers Soris<br />
gamoiyeneT sasveni niSani, cifrobrivi danayofebi gamoyofilia wertilebiT<br />
intervalebis gareSe. seqciebis nomrebisTvis ixmareT arabuli cifrebi.<br />
dasviT mZimeebi erTi da igive wyaros citirebebs Soris da wertil-mZime –<br />
sxvadasxva wyaros citirebebs Soris.<br />
P: (aris<strong>to</strong>fane bayayebi 1019-30)<br />
(ciceroni ver. 1.3.21, 2.3.120; tacitusi germ. 10.2-3)<br />
(aris<strong>to</strong>tele metafizika3.2.996b5-8; pla<strong>to</strong>ni respublika 360e-361b)<br />
SegiZliaT, agreTve, av<strong>to</strong>rebis, nawarmoebebis, krebulebis da a.S.<br />
saxelebis Semokleba. yvelaze farTod aRiarebul abreviaturebs Seicavs<br />
oqsfordis klasikuri leqsikoni. isargebleT am abreviaturebiT, nacvlad<br />
sityvisa ibid. erTi da igive naSromis Tanmimdevruli moxseniebis dros.<br />
P: (Thuc. 2.40.2-3)<br />
(Pindar Isthm. 7.43-45)<br />
Sua saukuneebis nawarmoebebi.klasikuri naSromebis miTiTebis forma<br />
Tanabrad misaRebia Sua saukuneebis nawarmoebebisTvis, romlebic dawerilia<br />
364
ucxo enebze. Tu seqciis nomers win uswrebs aRwerilobiTi termini, meti<br />
sicxadisTvis gamoyaviT igi mZimiT naSromis saTaurisgan.<br />
P: (avgustini RvTis qalaqi20.2) (laTinuri)<br />
(abelari epis<strong>to</strong>le 17 eloizas, mini Pl180 375c - 378a)<br />
adrindelinawarmoebebi. zemoT CamoTvlili zogadi principebis garda,<br />
adrindeli<br />
vrceldeba:<br />
literaturuli nawarmoebebis miTiTebebze Semdegi wesebi<br />
poemebis da piesebis miTiTebisas moixsenieT wigni, Tavi da strofi; strofi<br />
da striqoni; aqti, scena da striqoni an msgavsi danayofebi. meti<br />
sicxadisTvis, elementebi gamoyaviT mZimeebiT.<br />
P: (Coseri, baTis peiqris colis moTxrobis prologi, kenterberis moTxrobebi,<br />
striqonebi 105-14)<br />
(mil<strong>to</strong>ni, dakarguli samoTxe, wigni 1, striqonebi83-86)<br />
SegiZliaT, SeamokloT danomrili danayofebi aqti, striqonida sxva msgavsi<br />
sityvebis gamo<strong>to</strong>vebiT da klasikur bibliografiebSi arsebulismsgavsi<br />
sistemis gamoyenebiT (ix. zemoT). aucileblad ganmarteT sqolioSi Tqveni<br />
sistema.<br />
P: (mil<strong>to</strong>ni, dakarguli samoTxe, 1.83-86)<br />
Tu gamocemebi gansxvavdeba redaqciiT, striqonebis danomvriT da<br />
scenebad dayofiTac ki, CasviT es nawarmoebi Tqvens bibliografiaSi da<br />
miuTiTeT konkretuli gamocema.<br />
P: Seqspiri, uiliami. 1982. hamleti. ardenis gamocema. gamomc. harold jenkinsi.<br />
londoni: meTueni.<br />
19.5.2 biblia da sxva wminda werilebi<br />
miuTiTeT biblia da sxva religiuri Sinaarsis wminda werilebi teqs<strong>to</strong>briv<br />
miTiTebebSi. ar aris saWiro maTi CarTva Tqvens bibliografiaSi.<br />
bibliidan citirebis SemTxvevaSi, daurTeT wignis Semoklebuli<br />
saxelwodeba, Tavis nomeri da strofis nomeri – gverdis nomris gareSe.<br />
konteqstidan gamomdinare, SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT wignebis saxelwodebebis<br />
tradiciuli an ufro mokle abreviaturebi (ix.24.6); mimarTeT rCevisTvis<br />
Tqvens pedagogs, Tu ar xarT darwmunebuli, romeli formaa misaRebi.<br />
isargebleT arabuli cifrebiT Tavebis, strofebis nomrebisa (maT Sorisori<br />
wertiliT) da wignebis nomrebis bibliografiaSi miTiTebisas..<br />
365
tradiciuli abreviaturebi:<br />
P: (1Ts. 4:11, 5:2-5, 5:14)<br />
ufro mokle abreviaturebi:<br />
P: (2sm. 11:1-17, 11:26-27; 1mt. 10:13-14)<br />
vinaidan wignebi da danomvra gansxvavdeba wminda werilebis versiebis<br />
mixedviT, Tqvens pirvel miTiTebaSi miuTiTeT frCxilebSi is versia,<br />
romliTac sargeblobT, saxelwodebis sityvierad an miRebuli abreviaturis<br />
saxiT warmodgenis meSveobiT (ix.24.6.4).<br />
P: (2 mefeebi 11:8 [axali gasworebuli st<strong>and</strong>artuli versia])<br />
(1kr. 6:1-10 [axali amerikuli biblia NAB])<br />
sxvareligiis wminda werilebidan citirebis SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamisad<br />
gamoiyeneT bibliidan citirebis zogadi principebi (ix. 24.6.5)<br />
19.5.3 sacnobaro literatura<br />
sayovelTaod cnobili sacnobaro literatura, rogoricaa, mTavari<br />
leqsikonebi da enciklopediebi, Cveulebriv, moxseniebuli unda iqnes<br />
mxolod teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi. zogadad, ar aris saWiro maTi Casma Tqvens<br />
bibliografiaSi, magram SegiZliaT im konkretuli naSromis CarTva,<br />
romelsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs Tqveni argumentaciis<br />
dasabuTebisTvis an romelsac xSirad citireben. gamo<strong>to</strong>veT TariRi, magram<br />
daakonkreteT gamocema (Tu es ar aris pirveli gamocema). anbanuri wesiT<br />
awyobili naSromis, magaliTad, enciklopediis, SemTxvevaSi, miuTiTeT muxli<br />
(da ara <strong>to</strong>mi an gverdis nomeri), romelsac win uswrebs ix.ixileT. .<br />
P: (enciklopedia britanika me-15 gamoc., ix. `xsna~)<br />
(amerikuli biografiuli leqsikoni, (ix. `uodsuorti, jeremaia~)<br />
naklebad cnobili sacnobaro literaturis wyarod gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
miuTiTeT igi wignis msgavsad (ix.19.1).<br />
R: taimsis inglisuri enis stilisa da gamoyenebis saxelmZRvanelo. 1999. gadax.<br />
(Seswor.) gamoc. londoni: Taims buqsi.<br />
aulescia, gorka. 1989. baskur-inglisuri leqsikoni. reno: nevadas<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
P: (taimsis saxelmZRvanelo 1999, ix. `plociis wodebebi~, `safos<strong>to</strong><br />
misamarTebi~)<br />
366
(aulescia1989, 509)<br />
enciklopediebis onlain versiebi eqvemdebareba regularul<br />
ganaxlebas.ami<strong>to</strong>m CarTeT rogorc URL-i, ise masalis mopovebis TariRi<br />
(ix.15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom zogierTi sacnobaro naSromi miuTiTebs<br />
konkretuli muxlis citirebisTvis Sesaferis URL-s; sasurvelia misi<br />
gamoyeneba nacvlad saZiebo sistemebis mier generirebuli naklebad s<strong>and</strong>o<br />
URL-isa.<br />
P: (onlainenciklopedia britanika, ix.`sibeliusi, jini~,<br />
http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article?<strong>to</strong>cld=9378608 [bolo Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 1<br />
ivnisi])<br />
19.5.4 recenziebi, kritikuli statiebi<br />
wignebis, speqtaklebis da a.S. naSromebis recenzia SeiZleba, daibeWdos<br />
sxvadasxva periodul gamocemebSi. Tqvens bibliografiaSi CasviT<br />
mimomxilvelis gvari da saxeli, sityva(recenzia), romelsac mosdevs<br />
mimoxiluli naSromis saxelwodeba da av<strong>to</strong>ri (an kompozi<strong>to</strong>ri, reJisori da<br />
a.S.); adgili da TariRi (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saubaria speqtaklze) da bolos<br />
is perioduli gamocema, romelSic daibeWda mimoxilva.<br />
R: taubi, riCardi p. 2004. naSromis sazogadoebrivi (saxelmwifo) sacxovrebeli<br />
binebis aRdgena: naxevarsaukunovani brZola sam sazogadoebriv raionSi<br />
mimoxilva lorens j. veilis av<strong>to</strong>robiT. sociologiis amerikuli<br />
Jurnali110, # 3 (noemberi): 797-99.<br />
iSevudi, Carlzi. 2005. cisferi Citunas mimoxilva, av<strong>to</strong>ri - Ceril l. vesti,<br />
reJisori – seret skoti. seq<strong>and</strong> sTeijis Teatri, niu iorki. niu iork Taimsi.<br />
24 ivnisi.<br />
kozini, aleni. 2000. timoTi feinis (violino) da stiven bekis (fortepiano)<br />
mier Sesrulebuli koncertis mimoxilva. niu iuorki, 92-e quCa Y, niu iorki.<br />
niu iork Taimsi. 21 aprili.<br />
19.5.5 reziumeebi, mimoxilvebi<br />
samecniero statiebis, sakonferencio naSromebis, disertaciebis da a.S.<br />
reziumeebi SeiZleba, gamoqveyndes sakuTriv naSromTan erTad an specialur<br />
gamocemebSi (Cveulebriv, JurnalebSi), romlebic Sedgeba mxolod da mxolod<br />
reziumeebisgan.<br />
367
daurTeT sakuTriv naSromis sruli miTiTeba. Tu reziume ibeWdeba<br />
naSromTan erTad, miTiTebaSi sityva reziumeCasviT saTauris Semdeg.Tu<br />
reziume ibeWdeba sxva gamocemaSi, sityvebi reziume . . . –SiCasviT sawyisi<br />
miTiTebis Semdeg da miuTiTeT reziumes adgilmdebareoba.dasviT sakuTriv<br />
naSromis TariRi, nacvlad reziumes TariRisa, av<strong>to</strong>ris gvarisa da saxelis<br />
Semdeg.<br />
R: ludersi, jozefi. 2006. moZraobis warmatebis ekonomika: biznesis reagireba<br />
samoqalaqo uflebebis mobilizaciaze. reziume. amerikuli sociologiis<br />
Jurnali111, # 4 (ianvari): 963.<br />
albini, sesilia. 2003. molaparakebebi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis<br />
sakiTxebze: globaluri sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da samarTlianoba.<br />
saerTaSoriso gamokvlevebis mimoxilva29 (ivlisi): 365-85. reziume mSvidobis<br />
kvlevis referatebis JurnalSi 42, publik. nom. 236625 (2005 wlis Tebervali):<br />
6.<br />
19.5.6 bukletebi da angariSebi<br />
miuTiTeT bukletebi, korporaciuli angariSebi, broSurebi da sxva<br />
av<strong>to</strong>nomiuri publikaciebi iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT wigns. Tu gakliaT<br />
informacia zogierTi st<strong>and</strong>artuli elementisTvis, rogoricaa av<strong>to</strong>ri da<br />
gamomcemeli, dokumentebis identificirebis mizniT, miuTiTeT sakmarisi<br />
odenobis sxva informacia.<br />
R: klarki, heizeli v. 1957. mesopotamia: or mdinares Soris. mesopotamia, ohaio:<br />
moqalaqeebis universaluri maRaziis dasasruli.<br />
TIAA-CREF. 2005. 2005 wlis wliuri angariSi: kolejis pedagogebis sapensio<br />
aqciebis fondi. niu iorki TIAA-CREF.<br />
19.5.7 gamocemebi mikroformis saxiT<br />
mikroformis saxiT gamocemuli naSromebi, romlebiTac xelmZRvanelobdiT,<br />
maT Soris disertaciebi, Tqvens bibliografiaSi miuTiTeT wignis<br />
msgavsad.nabeWdi formiT an internetiT nasargeblevidisertaciebis<br />
misaTiTeblad(ix.19.6.1.),daurTeT publikaciis forma (mikrofiSa, mikrofilmi<br />
da a.S.) publikaciis faqtebis Semdeg.<br />
R: farveli, beatrisa, 1995. franguli popularuli liTografiuli<br />
gamosaxulebebis miRebis xerxebi. t. 12, liTografia xelovnebasa da<br />
vaWrobaSi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba. mikrofiSa.<br />
368
tauberi, abrahami. 1958. damwerlobis reforma SeerTebul StatebSi. en<br />
arbori, miCigani: universitetis mikrofilmebi. mikrofilmi.<br />
Tu SesaZlebelia, teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi CasviT adgilis ganmsazRvreli<br />
elementi. Semdeg magaliTSi gverdis nomeri,romelic TvalsaCinoebisTvis<br />
identificirebulia abreviaturiT gv. gvxvdeba nabeWd teqstSi mikrofiSaze;<br />
danarCeni cifrebi aRniSnaven mikrofiSas da kadrs, xolo aso aRniSnavs<br />
rigs.<br />
P: (farveli 1995, gv. 67, 3C12)<br />
19.5.8 CD-ROM-ebi an DVD-ROM-ebi<br />
miuTiTeTCD- an DVD-ROM-ze Cawerili naSromebi, rogorc miuTiTebdiT<br />
analogiur nabeWd naSromebs, ufro xSirad, wignebs.<br />
R: “neiSenal jeografiki” nomrebis sruli krebuli: Jurnalis `National<br />
Geographic~ 110 weli. 2000. CD-ROM. kompiuteruli programuli uzrunvelyofis<br />
gamomcemeli kompania mainsqeipi.<br />
oqsfordis inglisuri leqsikoni. 1999. me-2 gamoc. CD-ROM, versia 2.0. niu<br />
iorki: oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
19.5.9 onlain monacemTa bazebi<br />
onlainmonacemTa bazebSi gamoqveynebuli samecniero Jurnalebis statiebis<br />
citirebasTan dakavSirebiT, ixileT 19.2.8. sxva tipis onlain monacemTa<br />
bazebis SemTxvevaSi, Tqvens bibliografiaSisrulad miuTiTeT monacemTa<br />
baza, Tu axdenT misgan mravali dokumentis an Canawerebis citirebas.<br />
(miuTiTeT monacemTa bazis saxeli, (swori SriftiT), URL-i mTavari<br />
gverdisTvis da Tqvens mier masalis mopovebis TariRi (an TariRebis<br />
diapazoni). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod da mxolod URL-i sakmarisi ar<br />
aris; unda warmoadginoT sruli informaciapublikaciis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac<br />
es SesaZlebelia, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis<br />
SemTxvevaSic.<br />
R: perseusis cifruli biblioTeka. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ (bolos Sesvlis<br />
TariRi 1 Tebervali-31 marti, 2006)<br />
Tu miuTiTebT msgavsi monacemTa bazidan mxolod erT dokuments an<br />
Canawers, Tqvens bibliografiaSi igi CawereT cal-calke. daurTeT<br />
dokumentis av<strong>to</strong>ri da saTauri (Tu xelmisawvdomia), monacemTa bazis saxeli<br />
(swori SriftiT), URL-i konkretuli gverdisTvis da Tqvens mier masalis<br />
369
mopovebis TariRi. onlain monacemTa bazebSi arsebul disertaciebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT ixileT 19.6.1.<br />
R: plini ufrosi. bunebrivi is<strong>to</strong>ria, gamomc. jon bos<strong>to</strong>ki da g. t. raili.<br />
perseusis cifrul biblioTekaSi, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-<br />
bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+1.dedication (bolo Sesvlis TariRi 2006 wlis 31 marti).<br />
Tqvens teqstSi dokumentis Tu Canaweris damowmebisTvis,miuTiTeT<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad amomwuravi informacia, raTa citata bibliografiis<br />
muxlSi moyvanil informaciasTan daakavSiroT. CasviT es informacia<br />
teqs<strong>to</strong>briv<br />
teqstSi.<br />
miTiTebebSi (romlis elementebi gamijnulia mZimeebiT)an<br />
P: (plini ufrosi, perseusis cifruli biblioTeka)<br />
. . . rogorc miTiTebulia plini ufrosis samecniero naSromSi bunebrivi<br />
is<strong>to</strong>ria (perseusis cifruli biblioTeka).<br />
19.6 gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi<br />
wyaroebi, romlebic arasdros gamoqveynebula, SeiZleba, ufro rTuli<br />
mosaZebni iyos mkiTxvelisTvis, vidre gamoqveynebuli, vinaidan isini inaxeba<br />
mxolod erT adgilas da ar arsebobs oficialuri faqtebi maTi gamocemis<br />
Sesaxeb. Tqvens bibliografiaSi msgavsi wyaroebis miTiTebis dros<br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs qvemoT CamoTvlili sruli informaciis<br />
darTvas, raTa maqsimalurad davexmaroT mkiTxvels.<br />
gamouqveynebeli naSromebis saTaurebi mocemulia swori SriftiT,<br />
brWyalebSi Causmeladda dauxrelad. es gansxvavebuli formati gamoarCevs<br />
maT msgavsi, magram gamoqveynebuli naSromebisagan.<br />
19.6.1 sadiplomo Temebi da disertaciebi<br />
Tu xelmZRvanelobT gamouqveynebeli disertaciis nabeWdi formiT,CaTvaleT<br />
igi gamouqveynebel xelnawerad.av<strong>to</strong>ris, TariRis (Tu aris xelmisawvdomi) da<br />
saTauris Semdeg daurTeT disertaciis tipi da samecniero dawesebuleba.<br />
gamoiyeneTdisertaciisSemoklebuli<br />
variantidis.Sityvisgamouqveynebelixmareba saWiroar aris.<br />
370
R: merfi, priscila koiti. 2000. risi gakeTeba SeuZlia wigns: Cumi gazafxuli da<br />
media-saSualebebSi mowyobili sajaro diskusia. dis. filosofiis doq<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, CrdiloeT karolinas universiteti.<br />
kulkesi, karen lei. 2003. kurdistanis kar<strong>to</strong>grafiuli gamosaxulebebi<br />
beWdviT mediaSi. disertacia magistris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad,<br />
sirakiusis universiteti.<br />
imisaTvis, rom miuTiToT disertacia, romelsac gaecaniT onlain<br />
monacemTa bazaSi, daurTeT monacemTa bazis saxeli, URL-i da monacemTa<br />
bazaSi SeRwevis TariRibibliografiis sawyisi informaciis Semdeg<br />
(mikroformis saxiT gamoSvebuli gamocemebis Sesaxeb ixileT 19.5.7.)<br />
R: merfi, priscila koiti. 2000. risi gakeTeba SeuZlia wigns: Cumi gazafxuli da<br />
media-saSualebebSi mowyobili sajaro diskusia. dis. filosofiis doq<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, CrdiloeT karolinas universiteti.<br />
linkze: ProQuest Disserations <strong>and</strong> Theses,<br />
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=727710781&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=13392&RQT=<br />
309&VName=PQD (bolo Sesvlis TariRi 2006 wlis 1 aprili).<br />
19.6.2 Sexvedrebze wakiTxuli leqciebi da moxsenebebi. gamosvlis an moxsenebis<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ris, TariRis da saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT sponsori, adgilmdebareoba<br />
da (Tu aris xelmisawvdomi) TaTbiris Catarebis konkretuli dRe.<br />
Sityvagamouqveynebeli saWiro ar aris.<br />
R: trautmeni, joni. 2005. induri bluzi: amerikeli indielebi da musikis<br />
politika, 1890-1935. leqcia, niuberis biblioTeka, Cikago, ilinoisi. 2<br />
Tebervali.<br />
gredi, kareni. 2004. rodesac maRali kultura iyo popularuli kultura.<br />
amerikel is<strong>to</strong>rikosTa organizaciis yovelwliur sxdomaze warmodgenili<br />
moxseneba, bos<strong>to</strong>ni, masaCusetsi. 26 marti.<br />
skoqpoli, Teda. 2003. xma da uTanasworoba: amerikuli samoqalaqo<br />
demokratiis transformacia. sapreziden<strong>to</strong> mimarTva, politikuri mecnierebis<br />
amerikuli asociaciis yovelwliuri sxdoma, filadelfia, pensilvania. 28<br />
agvis<strong>to</strong>.<br />
19.6.3 interviuebi da piradi urTierTobebi<br />
imisaTvis, rom mivuTiToT gamouqveynebeli interviu (maT Soris, interviu,<br />
romelic Tavad CaiwereT),daiwyeT bibliografiis muxli im piris gvariT da<br />
371
saxeliT, romelsac CamoerTva interviu, da interviueris saxeliT da gvariT;<br />
daurTeT, agreTve, intervius Catarebis adgili da TariRi (Tu cnobilia) da<br />
nebismieri firisa Tu transkriptis (Tu aris xelmisawvdomi)<br />
adgilmdebareoba. (radio- an telemauwyeblobiT gadacemuli interviuebis<br />
Sesaxeb ixileT 19.8.3)<br />
R: makmilani, endriu. 2007. av<strong>to</strong>ris mier CamorTmeuli interviu. san diego,<br />
kalifornia. 2 marti.<br />
spoki, benjameni. 1974. mil<strong>to</strong>n j. e. senis mier CamorTmeuli interviu. 20<br />
noemberi. interviu 67A, Canaweri, senis zepiri is<strong>to</strong>riis koleqcia, medicinis<br />
erovnuli biblioTeka, betesda, merilendi.<br />
teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi miuTiTeT respodnetis da ara interviueris saxeli.<br />
P: (makmilani 2007)<br />
(spoki 1974)<br />
Tu ar SegiZliaT im piris vinaobis gamJRavneba, romelsac interviu<br />
CamoarTves, gamoiyeneT mxolod teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebebi konteqstisTvis<br />
Sesaferisi informaciiT. Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT am informaciis zogierTi<br />
nawilis an sruli informaciis teqstSi CarTva, magram ar aris saWiro<br />
intervius miTiTeba bibliografiaSi. ganmarteT vinaobis ardasaxelebis<br />
faqti sqolioSi an winasityvaobaSi (`yvela interviu iyo konfidencialuri;<br />
im pirTa vinaobas, visac CamovarTviT interviuebi, ar vasaxelebT erToblivi<br />
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze~<br />
P: (interviu j<strong>and</strong>acvis sferos muSakTan, 2006 wlis 10 agvis<strong>to</strong>)<br />
miuTiTeT saubrebi, werilebi, eleqtronuli werilebi da a.S.<br />
mxolodteqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi. zogadad ar aris saWiro maTi miTiTeba<br />
Tqvens bibliografiaSi, magram SeiZleba, moisurvoT, uCvenoT konkretuli<br />
komunikaciis faqti, romelsac kritikuli mniSvneloba aqvs Tqveni<br />
argumentaciis gasamyareblad an, romelsac xSirad citireben. is ZiriTadi<br />
elementebi, romlebic mZimeebiTunda gamoiyos, arissxvaadamianis saxeli da<br />
gvari, TariRi da komunikaciis tipi. bevr SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba, es<br />
informacia teqstSi nawilobriv an sruladCarToT. gamo<strong>to</strong>veT eleqtronuli<br />
fostis misamarTebi. EleqtronulmisamarTebze gagzavnili Setyobinebebis<br />
miTiTebis Sesaxeb ixileT 19.7.3-Si.<br />
372
P: (maqsin grini, 2005 wlis 29 seqtemberi, av<strong>to</strong>ris misamarTze gagzavnili<br />
eleqtronuli werili)<br />
2006 wlis 12 oq<strong>to</strong>mbers av<strong>to</strong>rTan gamarTul satelefono saubarSi<br />
polkovnikma viliam riCma gamoaSkarava, rom . . .<br />
19.6.4 xelnawerTa koleqciebi<br />
gamouqveynebel xelnawerTa koleqciebSi daculi dokumentebi Seicavs<br />
gamoqveynebul wyaroebze ufro rTul da mravalferovan elementebs. Tqvens<br />
miTiTebas daurTeT rac SeiZleba meti saidentifikacio informacia,<br />
Sesabamisad daaformateT elementebi da moargeTaq moyvanili zogadi<br />
modelebi saWiroebis mixedviT.<br />
Sesatani elementebi da maTi Tanmimdevroba.Tu koleqciidanmravali<br />
dokumentis citirebas axdenT, Tqvens bibliografiaSi `koleqciis~ saxeliT<br />
miuTiTeT mTeli koleqcia, masSi Semavali dokumentebis av<strong>to</strong>r(eb)i an arqivi.<br />
iseTitipis gamouqveynebeli masalisTvis, romelic arqivebSiar inaxeba,<br />
SecvaleT koleqciasT<strong>and</strong>akavSirebuli informacia frazebiT `av<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
mflobelobaSia~ an `kerZo koleqcia~ da nu axsenebT adgils. nu daurTavT<br />
TariRs, vinaidan koleqciaTaumravlesoba Seicavs sxvadasxva TariRiT<br />
daTariRebul dokumentebs.<br />
R: egmontis xelnawerebi. filifsis koleqcia. jorjias universitetis<br />
biblioTeka, atensi.<br />
hausi, edvardi m., dokumentebi. ielis universitetis biblioTeka, niu heiveni,<br />
koneqtikuti.<br />
monobis gauqmebis pensilvaniis sazogadoeba. dokumentebi. pensilvaniis<br />
his<strong>to</strong>riuli sazogadoeba, filadelfia.<br />
stroteri, frenCi da edvard louri. dauTariRebeli korespondencia.<br />
herbert huveris sapreziden<strong>to</strong> biblioTeka, dasavleTis filiali, aiova.<br />
`mSrali kanonis~ Sesaxeb erovnuli reformis momxre qalTa organizaciis<br />
dokumentebi. elis belin diuponis failebi, pier s. diuponis dokumentebi.<br />
is<strong>to</strong>riuli biblioTeka elefterian milz his<strong>to</strong>rikal laibreri,<br />
vilming<strong>to</strong>ni, delaveri.<br />
imisaTvis, rom moaxdinoT amgvari koleqciidan Tqvens teqstSi calkeuli<br />
dokumentis citireba, gamoyenebuli bibliografiis muxlSi miuTiTeT av<strong>to</strong>ri<br />
373
da TariRi, dokumentis saTauri an tipi da koleqciis an arqivis<br />
saxeli.gamoyaviT elementebi mZimeebiT. bevr SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba, es<br />
informacia nawilobriv an srulad CarToT teqstSi.<br />
P: (jeims oglTorpi ndobiT aRWurvil pirebs, 1733 wlis 13 ianvari, egmontis<br />
xelnawerebi)<br />
ndobiT aRWurvili pirebis misamarTiT 1733 wlis 13 ianvars gagzavnil<br />
werilSi (egmontis xelnawerebi) jaims oglTorpma ganacxada . . .<br />
Tu axdenT koleqciidan mxolod erTi dokumentis citirebas, igi<br />
calkeCasviT bibliografiaSi da ixelmZRvaneleT teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi<br />
miTiTebebisTvis gankuTvnili Cveulebrivi modeliT.<br />
R: dinkeli, jozefi. 1869. elisabed keri agasis TxovniT dawerili lui agasis<br />
aRwera. agasis dokumentebi. hou<strong>to</strong>nis biblioTeka, harvardis universiteti,<br />
kembriji, masaCusetsi.<br />
elementebis daformatebis wesi.warmogidgenT ramdenime rekomendacias<br />
xelnawerTa koleqciebSi arsebuli dokumentebis specialur<br />
daformatebasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
• individualuri saTaurebi - ganzogadebuli saTaurebi. miuTiTeT rogorc<br />
individualuri, ise, ganzogadebuli saTaurebi, rogoricaa angariSian<br />
oqmi, swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi Casmis an daxrili Sriftis gareSe.<br />
• informaciis lokalizeba. zogierTi xelnaweri SesaZloa, Seicavdes<br />
gverdebis nomrebs, romlebic SeiZleba, moTavsdes teqs<strong>to</strong>briv<br />
miTiTebebSi.mraval xelnawers eqneba sxva tipis loka<strong>to</strong>ri an saerTod ar<br />
eqneba is. ufro Zveli formatiT nacvlad gverdebisa. zogierT<br />
xelnawerebis koleqcias gaaCnia saidentifikacio seriebi an failebis<br />
nomrebi, romlebic SeiZleba daurToT miTiTebas.<br />
• dokumentebi da xelnawerebi. xelnawerTa koleqciebis saTaurebSi<br />
terminebi dokumenti da xelnawerebi sinonimebia. orive termini misaRebia,<br />
iseve, rogorc maTi abreviaturebi.<br />
• werilebi.. imisaTvis, rom moaxdinoT werilis citireba teqs<strong>to</strong>briv<br />
miTiTebebSi, daiwyeT werilis av<strong>to</strong>ris gvariT, Semdeg ki miuTiTeT<br />
werilis mimRebis gvari. gamo<strong>to</strong>veT sityva werili,romelic igulisxmeba.<br />
magram sxva formis komunikaciis SemTxvevaSi, daakonkreteT komunikaciis<br />
tipi (depeSa, memor<strong>and</strong>umi).<br />
374
19.7 araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi<br />
masalas, romelic araoficialurad qveyndeba internetSi, xSirad ar<br />
eqneba publikaciis iseTi st<strong>and</strong>artulimonacemebi, rogoricaa av<strong>to</strong>ri,<br />
saTauri, gamomcemeli an TariRi. maSinac ki, rodesac SegiZliaT,<br />
publikaciis Sesaxeb mxolod Zalian mwirimonacemebis mopoveba an<br />
saerTod ver adgenT maT, mainc unda miuTiToT bibliografiaSi URL-ze<br />
meti informacia. Tu miuTiTebT mxolod URL-s da isSeicvleba an<br />
moZveldeba, Tqveni miTiTeba gamousadegari xdeba mkiTxvelebisTvis. URL-i<br />
miuTiTebs, sad ido masala, rodesac Tqven mas ecnobodiT;sruli<br />
miTiTeba,aseve,unda uCvenebdes wyaros da Tqvens mier misi ukanasknelad<br />
monaxulebis TariRs (ix.15.4.1).<br />
19.7.1 vebgverdebi<br />
wignebisa da perioduli gamocemebis garda, onlain wyaroebidan miRebul<br />
sxva originalur masalasTan dakavSirebiT bibliografiaSi SeitaneT rac<br />
SeiZleba meti informacia Semdegi CamonaTvlidan: av<strong>to</strong>ri, gverdis<br />
saTauri (swori SriftiT, brWyalebis gareSe), saitis saxeli an<br />
mflobeli, URL-i da saitze Sesvlis TariRi (an saitze Sesvlis<br />
TariRebis diapazoni).<br />
R: evans<strong>to</strong>nis sajaro biblioTekis mzrunvelTa sabWo. evans<strong>to</strong>nis sajaro<br />
biblioTekis strategiuli gegma, 2000-2010: sazogadoebasTan<br />
urTierTobebis aTwleuli. evans<strong>to</strong>nis sajaro biblioTeka.<br />
http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 1<br />
ivnisi-15 agvis<strong>to</strong>).<br />
Tu av<strong>to</strong>ri dasaxelebuli ar aris, miuTiTeT saitis mflobelis<br />
saxeli.<br />
R: amerikel mecnierTa federacia. rezoluciis Sedareba: sanomre niSnebisa<br />
da saTaurebis (hedlainebis) wakiTxva. http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/resolve5.html<br />
(bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 1 ivnisi).<br />
araoficialur saitebze, rogoricaa personaluri gverdebi da<br />
gasarTobi saitebi,romlebsac SeiZleba, arc hqondeT saTaurebi,<br />
gamoqveynebuli masalebisTvis ixmareT aRwerilobiTi frazebi<br />
375
R: kemp takonikis gamoSveba. 1955 wlis fo<strong>to</strong>galerea.<br />
http://www.taconicalumni.org/1955.html (bolo Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 1 ivnisi).<br />
imisaTvis, rom Tqvens teqstSi miuTiToT vebsaiti oficialuri<br />
publikaciis TariRis gareSe, CasviT av<strong>to</strong>ris an saitis mflobelis<br />
saxeli an bibliografiis muxlSi gamoyenebuli aRwerilobiTi fraza.<br />
CasviT es informacia frCilebSi an teqstSi.<br />
rogorc iyo miTiTebuli amerikel mecnierTa federaciis vebsaitze . . .<br />
19.7.2 veblogze gamoqveynebuli Canawerebi da komentarebi<br />
Tu miuTiTebT veblogze (an blogze) gamoqveynebul informacias da<br />
komentarebs, daurTeT veblogi Tqvens bibliografias.amisaTvisunda<br />
ixelmZRvaneloT vebsaitebis sabazo modeliT. saitis mTavari<br />
gverdisTvismiuTiTeT URL-i.<br />
R: beker-pozneris blogi. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/ (bolos Sesvlis<br />
TariRi 2006 wlis 28 marti).<br />
veblogzegamoqveynebuli calkeuli infoirmaciisa da komentarebis<br />
citireba xdeba mxolod teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi. is ZiriTadi elementebi,<br />
romlebic gamoiyofa mZimeebiT, aris av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, veblogis<br />
saxeli da miniSneba imaze, Tu romelia veblogze (saitis av<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
mier)gamoqveynebuli Canaweri da romeli _ komentari,(dawerili sxva<br />
adamianis mier) da gamoqveynebis TariRi. Tu av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli arasrulia an<br />
fsevdonimia, miuTiTeT igi, rogorc saxeli.xSirad SeiZleba, es<br />
informacia teqstSi srulad an nawilobriv CarToT.<br />
P: (piter pirsoni, beker-pozneris blogi, komentari, gagzavnili 2006 wlis 6<br />
marts)<br />
. . . geri bekeris Tanaxmad (komentari, gagzavnili 2006 wlis 6 marts, bekerpozneris<br />
blogze). sapasuxo komentarebi ekuTvnis piter pirsons (gagzavna<br />
6 marts) da bils (gagzavna 10 marts) . . .<br />
19.7.3 adresatTa eleqtronuli misamarTebis siebi<br />
adresatTa eleqtronuli misamarTebis siidanmasalis citirebis mizniT<br />
daurTeT av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari, gagzavnis TariRi da siis saxeli.<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>veT eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebi. msgavsi informaciis<br />
citireba, rogorc wesi, xdeba mxolod teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebebSi, sadac<br />
elementebi gamoyofilia mZimeebiT. zogadad saWiro ar aris maTi CarTva<br />
376
Tqvens bibliografiaSi, magram SeiZleba, moisurvoT, CarToT Tqveni<br />
argumentaciis gamyarebisTvis kritikulad mniSvnelovani an xSirad<br />
miTiTebuli specialuri informacia. xSirad SeiZleba, es informacia<br />
teqstSi srulad an nawilobriv CarToT.<br />
P: (jon paueli, 2004 wlis 30 oq<strong>to</strong>mberi, eleqtronuli werili greipvainis<br />
eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebze)<br />
greipvainis eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebze 2004 wlis 30 oq<strong>to</strong>mbers<br />
gagzavnil eleqtronul werilSi jon paueli acxadebs ..<br />
19.8 vizualuri da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis wyaroebi<br />
vizualuri da saSemsruleblo xelovneba gvaZlevs mravalgvar<br />
wyaros: vizualur gamosaxulebebs, cocxal warmodgenebs, tele da<br />
radiogadacemebs, teqstur da sxvadasxva mediaCanawerebs. zogierTi<br />
aseTi wyaros citireba SeiZleba, rTulic iyos, Tu maT Tan ar<br />
axlavs gamoqveynebuli wyaroebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
saidentifikacio informacia. aseTi wyaroebis miTiTebas daurTeT<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad bevri saidentifikacio monacemi, Tanmimdevrulad<br />
daaformateT elementebi da miTiTebebs saWiroebisamebr miusadageT<br />
winamdebare nawilSi mocemuli zogadi modelebi.<br />
am nawilSi CamoTvlili wyaroebis umetesoba mxolod teqstur<br />
miTiTebebSi unda aRniSnoT an sulac, teqstSi CarToT misi<br />
ZiriTadi elementebi. zogadad, saWiro ar aris am wyaroebis<br />
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi CarTva, magram garkveul SemTxvevebSi<br />
SeiZleba, amis gakeTeba mogiwioT. SeiZleba, moisurvoT, miTiTebebis<br />
CamonaTvalSi CarToT konkretuli wyaro, romelic kritikulad<br />
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentaciis dasabuTebisTvis, an romelic<br />
xSiradaa citirebuli. Tu naSroms iseTi disciplinisTvis werT,<br />
rogoricaa xelovneba, mediakvlevebi an sxva msgavsi sagani,<br />
rCevisTvis Tqvens pedagogs mimarTeT.<br />
19.8.1 vizualuri wyaroebi<br />
377
ferweruli namuSevrebi, q<strong>and</strong>akebebi, fo<strong>to</strong>suraTebi da<br />
xelovnebis sxva nawarmoebebi. ferweruli naxatebi, skulpturebi,<br />
fo<strong>to</strong>suraTebi da xelovnebis sxva nawarmoebebi aRiniSneba mxolod<br />
teqstur miTiTebebSi. miTiTebas daurTeT mxatvris saxeli da gvari,<br />
nawarmoebis saxelwodeba da Seqmnis TariRi (romelsac win uswrebs<br />
ca. [circa], Tu TariRi miaxloebiTia), aseve im dawesebulebis<br />
saxelwodeba da adgilmdebareoba, romelSic igi inaxeba (aseTis<br />
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi). ferweruli namuSevrebisa da skulpturebis<br />
saxelwodebebi daxrili SriftiT dawereT, xolo fo<strong>to</strong>suraTebis<br />
saxelwodebebi swori SriftiT miuTiTeT da brWyalebSi CasviT.<br />
gamoyaviT elementebi mZimeebiT.<br />
P: (jorjia o’kifi, kldis sakvamurebi, 1938, miluokis xelovnebis<br />
muzeumi)<br />
(mikelanjelo, daviTi, 1501-4, akademiis galerea, florencia)<br />
(anseli, adamsi, `CrdiloeTi gumbaTi, kalaTisebri gumbaTi,<br />
hofmanis mTa, iosemiti~, ca. 1935, smiTsonis amerikuli xelovnebis<br />
muzeumi, vaSing<strong>to</strong>ni, kolumbiis olqi)<br />
teqsturi miTiTebebis gamoyenebis nacvlad, zogjer<br />
xelovnebis nimuSebis citireba elementebis teqstSi CarTviTac<br />
SegiZliaT,<br />
o’kifma pirvelad warmoadgina es teqnika suraTSi kldis<br />
sakvamurebi (1938; miluokis xelovnebis muzeumi).<br />
Tu xelovnebis nawarmoebi gamoqveynebul wyaroSi naxeT da<br />
adgilobrivi wesebi Tqvengan am wyaros identificirebas moiTxovs,<br />
SeiyvaneT gamoqveynebuli wyaro miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi . teqstur<br />
miTiTebebSi aRniSneT av<strong>to</strong>ri da TariRi nacvlad dawesebulebis<br />
saxelisa da adgilmdebareobisa. onlain suraTebTan dakavSirebiT<br />
ix. 19.8.6.<br />
378
R: linsi, barbara buleri, lesli poling-kempesi da frederik v.<br />
terneri. 2004. jorjia o’kifi da niu meqsiko: adgilis SegrZneba.<br />
prins<strong>to</strong>ni: prins<strong>to</strong>nis universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
P: (jorjia o’kifi, kldis sakvamurebi, 1938, linsis, poling-kempesisa<br />
da terneris naSromSi 2004, 25)<br />
sxva grafikuli wyaroebi. SeiZleba, dagWirdeT iseTi grafikuli<br />
wyaroebis citireba, rogoricaa sareklamo gancxadebebi presaSi,<br />
rukebi, karikaturebi da a.S. aRniSneT aseTi wyaroebi mxolod<br />
teqstur miTiTebebSi, miusadageT maT xelovnebis nimuSebisTvis<br />
gankuTvnili sabaziso modelebi da daurTeT rac SeiZleba meti<br />
informacia. miuTiTeT saxelwodebebi swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi<br />
CasmiT da aRniSneT grafikis tipi, Tu is saxelwodebidan cxadi ar<br />
aris. onlain grafikis Sesaxeb ix. 19.8.6.<br />
P: (ojaxSi wera-kiTxvis codnis erovnuli centri, `imi<strong>to</strong>m, rom<br />
SemiZlia kiTxva~, reklama (gancxadeba), Jurnali atralntik mansli,<br />
2006 wlis aprili, 59)<br />
19.8.2 cocxali Sesruleba<br />
Teatri, musika da cekva. aRniSneT cocxali Teatraluri,<br />
musikaluri an sacekvao Sesruleba mxolod frCilebSi Casmul<br />
miTiTebebSi. aRniSvnas daurTeT Sesrulebuli nawarmoebis<br />
saxelwodeba, yvela wamyvani Semsruleblis saxeli da gvari da maT<br />
mier Sesrulebuli rolebi, romel TeatrSi, darbazSi da a.S<br />
gaimarTa warmodgena, warmodgenis geografiuli mdebareoba da<br />
TariRi. piesebis da didi musikaluri kompoziciebis saTaurebi<br />
dawereT daxrili SriftiT, xolo ufro mcire namuSevrebis<br />
saTaurebi miuTiTeT swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi CasmiT.<br />
saTaurebisTvis gamoiyeneT mTavruli asoebiT saTaurebis weris<br />
stili. Tu citata xazs usvams individis Sesrulebas,<br />
Semsruleblis saxeli da gvari miuTiTeT nawarmoebis saTauris win.<br />
gaacalkeveT elementebi mZimeebiT.<br />
379
P: (cisferi Cituna, av<strong>to</strong>ri Ceril l. vesti, reJisori sirit skoti,<br />
P:<br />
seqond sTeijis Teatri, niu iorki, 2005 wlis 22 ivnisi)<br />
(iuja vangi, pianisti, `valsi~, kompozi<strong>to</strong>ri moris raveli,<br />
simfoniuri centri, Cikago, 2006 wlis 26 marti)<br />
teqsturi miTiTebebis gamoyenebis nacvlad, x<strong>and</strong>axan, citireba<br />
cocxali Sesrulebis Sesaxeb elementebis teqstSi CasmiTac<br />
SegiZliaT.<br />
iuja vangis mier Sesrulebulma moris ravelis `valsma~ (2006 wlis<br />
26 marti, simfoniuri centri, Cikago) warmoaCina mis mier . . . gageba<br />
. . .<br />
Tu cocxali Sesruleba CanawerSi ixileT an moismineT,<br />
miuTiTeT es Canaweri. audio Canaweris Sesaxeb ix. 19.8.4; video<br />
CanawerTan dakavSirebiT _ 19.8.5; inlain failebis Sesaxeb _ 19.8.6.<br />
kinosuraTebi. Tu filmi kinoTeatrSi naxeT, cocxali Sesrulebis<br />
miTiTebis msgavsad, teqstur miTiTebebSi aRniSneT an CarTeT<br />
elementebi teqstSi. (videoCanawerebSi nanaxi filmebis Sesaxeb ix.<br />
19.8.5; onlain nanaxi kinofilmebis Sesaxeb ix. 19.8.6.) miuTiTeT<br />
kinosuraTis saxelwodeba, reJisori, mwarmoebeli kompaniisa an<br />
distribu<strong>to</strong>ris saxelwodeba da filmis gamoSvebis weli (daxrili<br />
SriftiT). saTaurebisTvis gamoiyeneT mTavruli asoebiT saTaurebis<br />
weris stili. gaacalkeveT elementebi mZimeebiT. Tu saWiroa,<br />
aRwereT Tqvens mier citirebuli epizodis moqmedebis adgili.<br />
(kapote, reJisori benet mileri, kinostudia soni fiqCerz klasiqsi,<br />
2005, Sesavali scena)<br />
19.8.3 satelevizio programebi da sxva samauwyeblo wyaroebi<br />
programebi. miuTiTeT teleprogramebi, radioprogramebi da sxva<br />
samauwyeblo wyaroebi mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi. daurTeT<br />
programis saxeli da TariRi, rodesac naxeT an moismineT gadacema.<br />
SegiZliaT, agreTve, aRniSnoT epizodis saTauri da nomeri (Tu<br />
380
xelmisawvdomia), yvela wamyvani Semsruleblis saxeli da gvari (Tu<br />
Tqvens diskusias Seesabameba), adgili, saidanac xdeba mauwyebloba<br />
da Tavdapirveli mauwyeblobis TariRi (Tu gansxvavdeba im<br />
TariRisgan, rodesac Tqven naxeT an moismineT gadacema). dawereT<br />
daxrili SriftiT programebis saxelebi, xolo epizodebis an<br />
segmentebis saTaurebi – swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi CasmiT.<br />
gaacalkeveT elementebi mZimeebiT.<br />
P: (sainfeldi, `sapirispiro~, epizodi 86, 2005 wlis 22 seqtemberi<br />
[Tavdapirvelad gavida eTerSi 1994 wlis 19 maisi])<br />
(mTavari sainformacio programa yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
erovnuli sazogadoebrivi radio NPR, 2006 wlis 20 aprili)<br />
xSirad, teqsturi miTiTebebis nacvlad, SegiZliaT, amgvari<br />
programebi aRniSnoT ZiriTadi elementebis teqstSi CarTviT,<br />
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac zogierTi an yvela damatebiTi<br />
elementi ar aris xelmisawvdomi an ar Seesabameba citirebas.<br />
sainfeldis epizodi saTauriT `sapirispiro~ (eTerSi gavida 2005<br />
wlis 22 seqtembers) SesaniSnavad gadmoscems am Txrobis<br />
struqturas.<br />
Tu programa CanawerSi naxeT an moismineT, miuTiTeT Canaweri.<br />
videoCanaweris Sesaxeb ix. 19.8.5; onlain failebis Sesaxeb - 19.8.6.<br />
interviuebi. miuTiTeT mauwyeblis meSveobiT gadmocemuli<br />
interviuebi mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi an teqstSi elementebis<br />
CarTviT. miiCnieT respodenti av<strong>to</strong>rad da citirebis konteqstSi<br />
miuTiTeT interviueris vinaoba. daurTeT, agreTve, mauwyeblobis<br />
forumi da TariRi. saTaurebisTvis gamoiyeneT mTavruli asoebiT<br />
saTaurebis weris stili. gaacalkeveT elementebi mZimeebiT.<br />
gamouqveynebeli interviuebis Sesaxeb ix. 19.6.3.<br />
P: (kondolisa raisi, jim lereris mier CamorTmeuli interviu,<br />
satelevizio sianformacio programa niu auerz, sazogadoebrivi<br />
samauwyeblo samsaxuri, 2005 wlis 28 ivlisi)<br />
381
eklamebi. miuTiTeT mauwyeblobis saSualebebiT gadmocemuli<br />
reklamebi mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi an teqstSi elementebis<br />
CasmiT. daurTeT rac SeiZleba meti informacia.<br />
P: (federal eqspresi, `mRvimis kacis~ reklama, eTerSi gavida super<br />
boulis me-40 matCis dros, 2006 wlis 5 Tebervali)<br />
19.8.4 audio Canawerebi<br />
Tu audio CanawerSi moismineT musikaluri Sesruleba an<br />
deklamacia, miuTiTeT Canaweri. gamoqveynebuli naSromebis msgavsad,<br />
aseT Canawerebs, zogadad, ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi<br />
saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da saWiro iqneba maTi aRniSvna<br />
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi. teqstur miTiTebebSi unda aRniSnoT<br />
mxolod av<strong>to</strong>ri da TariRi.<br />
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi Canawerebi aRniSneT kompozi<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
an Semsruleblis saxelis qveS imis mixedviT, Tu romeli ufro<br />
Seesabameba Tqvens msjelobas. imisaTvis, rom sxva msgavsi<br />
Canawerebisgan ganasxvavoT, daurTeT SeZlebisdagvarad meti<br />
informacia: kompaniis saxeli, Canaweris saidentifikacio nomeri,<br />
Canaweris forma (kaseta, kompaqtdiski) da saav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebis<br />
miniWebis an Canaweris gakeTebis TariRi (an orTave). SeamokleT<br />
kompaqtdiski, rogorc CD.<br />
R: beTxoveni, ludvig van. 1992. sonata # 29 fortepianosTvis<br />
“hemmerklavier.” rudolf serkini. ProArte Digital CDD 270.<br />
<strong>and</strong>ersoni, dugi. 2001. vokalur-instrumentaluri jgufi Frostwork.<br />
OAR 1001, Dolby HX PRO. audiokaseta.<br />
bernstaini, leonardi, diriJ. 1985. simfonia # 5, kompozi<strong>to</strong>ri<br />
dimitri SostakoviCi. niu iorkis filarmoniuri orkestri. CBS IM<br />
35854.<br />
musikaluri Canaweris msgavsad, miuTiTeT dramatuli piesebis,<br />
prozisa da poeziis, leqciebisa da amgvari sajarod wakiTxuli<br />
masalebis Canawerebi.<br />
382
R: <strong>to</strong>masi, dilani. 1950. radio piesa rZis xis qveS. Semsruleblebi<br />
dilan <strong>to</strong>masi da sxvebi. Caedmon TC-2005 (audiokaseta), CDLS-2005 (CD).<br />
imisTvis, rom teqstSi miuTiToT masala, romelsac ar aqvs<br />
Caweris oficialuri TariRi, aRniSneT is miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi<br />
da nawarmoebis saTaurSi miuTiTeT kompozi<strong>to</strong>ris an Semsruleblis<br />
gvari da saxeli. CasviT es informacia frCxilebSi an teqstSi.<br />
19.8.5 videoCanawerebi<br />
Tu cocxali Sesruleba, kinofilmi, satelevizio programa, an sxva<br />
samauwyeblo wyaro videoCanawerSi naxeT, miuTiTeT Canaweri.<br />
gamoqveynebuli naSromebis msgavsad, amgvar Canawerebs, zogadad,<br />
ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da<br />
isini miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi unda ganTavsdes. teqs<strong>to</strong>briv<br />
miTiTebebSi aRniSneT mxolod av<strong>to</strong>ri da TariRi.<br />
videoCanawerebis miTiTebisas, zogadad, vxelmZRvanelobT<br />
wignebisTvis gankuTvnili nimuSebiT, Canaweris formis damatebiT<br />
(VHS, DVD). gaiTvaliswineT, rom meore magaliTSi miTiTebulia 2001<br />
wlis gamoSvebis masala, ami<strong>to</strong>m filmis Tavdapirveli gamosvlis<br />
TariRi gamo<strong>to</strong>vebulia.<br />
R: hendeli, georgi fridrixi. 1988. mesia. VHS. atlantas simfoniuri<br />
orkestri da kameruli gundi, diriJori robert Sou. batavia, ohaio:<br />
video saunje.<br />
klizi, joni, teri jiliami, erik aidli, teri jonsi da maikl<br />
palini. 2001. komentarebi. dosko 2. monti piToni da wminda graali,<br />
spec. gamoc. DVD. diriJori teri jiliami da teri jonsi. kalver-<br />
siti, kalifornia: kompania kolamvia tristar houm enterteimenti.<br />
19.8.6 onlain multimediuri failebi<br />
Tu onlain naxeT gamosaxuleba, cocxali Sesruleba, kinofilmi,<br />
satelevizio programa, an sxva samauwyeblo wyaro (podkastebis<br />
CaTvliT), miuTiTeT onlain faili. iseve, rogorc gamoqveynebuli<br />
naSromebi, onlain multimediur failebs, zogadad, ucvleli da<br />
383
xelmisawvdomi saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da saWiroa maTi<br />
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi Seyvana.<br />
citirebisas ixelmZRvaneleT zemoT aRwerili Sesabamisi tipis<br />
wyarosTvis gankuTvnili principebiT. Tu rTulia failis TariRis<br />
gansazRvra, ixmareT aRniSvna TariRis gareSe an miuTiTeT sxva<br />
mxriv Sesaferisi TariRi. amasTan, miuTiTeT saitis saxeli da<br />
failis tipi. daurTeT URL-i da saitze Sesvlis TariRi.<br />
gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi; unda<br />
warmoadginoT damatebiTi informacia, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos<br />
wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis SemTxvevaSic. Tu fails ar aqvs<br />
individualuri URL-i (rogorc qvemoT moyvanil meore magaliTSi),<br />
miuTiTeT mTeli saiti.<br />
R: bi-bi-si. TariRis gareSe. `bleri akeTebs gancxadebas axali<br />
afrikuli komisiis Sesaxeb~. bi-bi-sis sainformacio vebsaiti bi-bi-<br />
sis axali ambebis veb gverdi. vindousis mediapleeris videofaili.<br />
http://news.bbc.uk/nolavconsole/ifs_news/hi/newsid_5110000/newsid_5119200/nb_wm_<br />
5119262.stm (bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2006 wlis 27 ivnisi).<br />
mocarti, volfgang amadeusi. 1778. `alegro modera<strong>to</strong>~, sonata # 10<br />
fortepianosTvis do maJorSi. kusnt de fugi. MIDI faili.<br />
http://www.kunstderfuge.com/mozart.htm (bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis<br />
19 noemberi).<br />
oficialuri TariRis armqone failis citirebisas, aRniSneT<br />
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari da saTauri.<br />
daurTeT es informacia frCxilebSi an teqstSi. Tu saWiroa,<br />
miuTiTeT, agreTve, citirebuli masalis failSi gamoCenis dro.<br />
P: (BBC TariRis gareSe, 3:43)<br />
19.8.7 teqstebi vizualur da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi<br />
vizualur da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi teqstebs, zogadad,<br />
ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da<br />
384
isini miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi unda SeiyvanoT. teqs<strong>to</strong>briv<br />
miTiTebebSi aRniSneT mxolod av<strong>to</strong>ri da TariRi.<br />
gamofenebis katalogebi. miuTiTeT gamofenis katalogi iseve,<br />
rogorc wigns miuTiTebdiT. miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi,<br />
gamoqveynebis monacemebis Semdeg, CawereT gamofenis saxelwodeba da<br />
adgilmdebareoba(ebi).<br />
R: barteri, judiTi a., red. 1998. meri keseti: Tanamedrove qali. Cikago:<br />
Cikagos xelovnebis instituti, gari n. abramsTan TanamSromlobiT.<br />
gamoqveynda erTdroulad gamofenasTan `meri keseti: Tanamedrove<br />
qali~, romelic moewyo bos<strong>to</strong>nis natifi xelovnebis muzeumSi,<br />
vaSing<strong>to</strong>nis, kolumbiis olqi, erovnul galereaSi da Cikagos<br />
xelovnebis institutSi.<br />
piesebi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi ganTqmuli piesebi SegiZliaT,<br />
aRniSnoT mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi. (ix., agreTve, 19.5.1.)<br />
saTaurebisTvis gamoiyeneT mTavruli asoebiT saTaurebis weris<br />
stili. daaSoreT elementebi mZimeebiT. gamo<strong>to</strong>veT publikaciis<br />
monacemebi da miuTiTeT nawyvetebi aqtisa da scenis (an sxva<br />
dayofis) da ara gverdis nomris mixedviT.<br />
P: (iujin o’neili, grZeli mogzauroba RameSi, aqti 2, scena 1)<br />
Tu Tqveni naSromi exeba literaturul kvlevas an teqstebis Rrma<br />
analizs, an Tu bundovani nawarmoebis citirebas akeTebT, yvela<br />
piesa miuTiTeT ise, rogorc miuTiTebdiT wigns da aRniSneT is<br />
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi. pasaJebi miuTiTeT gverdebiT an<br />
danayofebiT adgilobrivi moTxovnebis mixedviT.<br />
R: bagnoldi, inidi. 1953. carcis baRi. niu iorki: gamomcemloba rendom<br />
hausi R<strong>and</strong>om House.<br />
anui, Jani. 1996. Tomas beketi. mTargm. lusien hili. niu iorki:<br />
gamomcemloba riverhed buqsi Riverhead Books.<br />
P: (bagnoldi 1953, 8-9)<br />
(anui 1996, moqm. 1, sc. 1)<br />
385
partiturebi. miuTiTeT gamoqveynebuli partituta ise, rogorc<br />
miuTiTebdiT wigns.<br />
R: verdi, juzepe. 1998. korsari (tragikuli melodrama sam moqmedebad).<br />
libre<strong>to</strong>s av<strong>to</strong>ri franCesko maria piave. gamomc. elisabed hadsoni.<br />
2 t. juzepe verdis naSromebi, ser. 1, operebi. Cikago: Cikagos<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba; milani: gamomcemloba j. rikordi G.<br />
Ricordi.<br />
mocarti, volfgang amadeusi. 1960. sonatebi da fantaziebi<br />
fortepianosTvis. momzadebuli originalebidan da yvelaze<br />
adrindeli beWdviTi wyaroebidan naTan broderis mier. gadaxed.<br />
gamoc. brin mari, pensilvania: gamomcemloba Theodore Presser.<br />
miuTiTeT gamouqveynebeli partitura ise, rogorc<br />
miuTiTebdiT gamouqveynebel masalas xelnawerTa koleqciebidan.<br />
R: Seipi, ralfi. 1966. partita violinosTvis da cameti<br />
SemsruleblisTvis. partitura. specialuri koleqcia, jozef<br />
regenSteinis biblioTeka. Cikagos universiteti.<br />
19.9 sajaro dokumentebi<br />
sajaro dokumentebi moicavs msoflios yvela donis mTavrobebis<br />
mier gamoSvebuli wyaroebis erTobliobas. winamdebare nawilSi<br />
warmodgenilia gavrcelebuli tipis inglisurenovani sajaro<br />
dokumentebisTvis gankuTvnili zogadi principebi; Tu dagWirdebaT<br />
sxva tipis dokumentebis miTiTeba, ixelmZRvaneleT yvelaze<br />
miaxloebuli, saWiroebisamebr adaptirebuli modeliT.<br />
sajaro dokumentebi Seicavs ufro rTul da mravalferovan<br />
elementebs, vidre gamoqveynebuli wyaroebi. miTiTebebSi daurTeT<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad meti saidentifikacio informacia,<br />
Tanmimdevrulad daaformateT elementebi da, saWiroebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, miTiTebebs miusadageT zogadi modelebi.<br />
am nawilis umetesi nawili exeba dokumentebs, romlebic<br />
gamoaqveynes aSS-s samTavrobo organoebma da saagen<strong>to</strong>ebma. kanadisa<br />
386
da gaerTianebuli samefos mTavrobebisa da, aseve, saerTaSoriso<br />
organoebis mier gamoqveynebuli dokumentebis Sesaxeb ix. 19.9.9-<br />
19.9.11. zogadad, gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebis Sesaxeb<br />
ix. 19.9.12.<br />
19.9.1 Sesatani elementebi, maTi Tanmimdevroba da daformatebis wesi<br />
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi SeitaneT rac SeiZleba meti qvemoT<br />
CamoTvlili elementi:<br />
• mTavrobis (qveynis, Statis, qalaqis, olqis an sxva qvedanayofis) da<br />
saxelisuflo organos (sakanonmdeblo organos, aRmasrulebeli<br />
departamentis, sasamarTlo biuros, sabWos, komisiis an komitetis)<br />
saxeli, romelmac gamosca dokumenti;<br />
• gamoqveynebis TariRi;<br />
• individualuri av<strong>to</strong>ris, redaq<strong>to</strong>ris an Semdgenlis saxeli da<br />
gvari, Tu miTiTebulia;<br />
• angariSis nomeri an sxva saidentifikacio informacia;<br />
• monacemebi gamocemis Sesaxeb: gamocemis adgili da gamomcemlis<br />
gvari da saxeli, Tu es ukanaskneli gansxvavdeba gamomcemeli<br />
organosgan (19.9.2-19.9.4-Si ganxiluli aSS-s federaluri mTavrobis<br />
mier gamocemuli yvela publikaciisTvis Sesabamisad gamoiyeneT<br />
aRniSvnebi;<br />
• gverdis nomrebi an sxva lokaliza<strong>to</strong>rebi, Tu saWiroa;<br />
CamoTvaleT Sesabamisi elementebi zemoT naCvenebi<br />
TanmimdevrobiT. zogierTi tipis dakumentTan dakavSirebiT<br />
daSvebuli gamonaklisebi ganxilulia 19.9-is momdevno nawilebSi.<br />
R: aSS-is kongresi. senati. sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti. 1956. 1956<br />
wlis erToblivi usafrTxoebis aqti. 84-e kongr., me-2 ses. sen. ang.<br />
2273.<br />
teqstur miTiTebebSi av<strong>to</strong>ris adgilze CawereT is<br />
informacia, romelic miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi TariRis win aris<br />
moyvanili. Tu es informacia grZelia, miTiTebebSi SegiZliaT, is<br />
387
logikurad da Tanmimdevrulad SeamokloT. bevr SemTxvevaSi<br />
teqsturi miTiTebebis nacvlad, SeiZleba, moaxerxoT am<br />
informaciis teqstSi srulad an nawilobriv CarTva.<br />
P: (aSS-is senati 1956, 9-10)<br />
. . . rogorc daadgina senatis sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetma<br />
Tavis angariSSi, romelic Tan axlavs 1956 wlis erToblivi<br />
usafrTxoebis aqts (9-10).<br />
19.9.2 kongresis publikaciebi<br />
kongresis publikaciebis SemTxvevaSi, miTiTebebis CamonaTvlis<br />
muxlebi, Cveulebriv, iwyeba aRniSvniT aSS-is kongresi, romelsac<br />
mosdevs senati an warmomadgenelTa palata. (gamartivebis mizniT,<br />
SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT, ubralod, aSS-is senati an aSS-is<br />
warmomadgenelTa palata. sxva gavrcelebuli elementebia komiteti<br />
da qvekomiteti; gamoqveynebis TariRi; dokumentis saTauri;<br />
kongresisa da sxdomis nomeri (aseTi SemoklebiT: kongr. da ses.)<br />
da dokumentis nomeri da aRwera (magaliTad, H. Doc. 487), Tu es<br />
informacia xelmisawvdomia.<br />
debatebi. 1873 wlidan kongresSi gamarTul debatebs mTavroba<br />
aqveynebda aSS-is kongresis oficialur gamocemaSi `kongreSenal<br />
rekord~ (kongresis reestri). yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia,<br />
miuTiTeT gamocemis <strong>to</strong>mebi, romlebSic xSirad aisaxeba<br />
cvlilebebi. daiwyeT teqsturi miTiTebebi abreviaturiT kongr.<br />
reest. da daurTeT <strong>to</strong>mis da nawilis nomrebi, aseve gverdebis<br />
nomrebi.<br />
R: aSS-is kongresi. kongresis reestri. 1930. 71-e kongr., me-2 ses. t. 72,<br />
naw. 10.<br />
P: (kongr. reest. 1930, 72, naw. 10: 10828-30)<br />
388
Tu gesaWiroebaT momxseneblis da gansaxilveli sakiTxis<br />
miTiTeba, CasviT es monacemebi teqstSi, xolo teqstur miTiTebebSi<br />
warmoadgineT mxolod monacemebi publikaciis Sesaxeb.<br />
masaCusetsis sena<strong>to</strong>rma kenedim Tavis gamosvlaSi isaubra erTobliv<br />
rezoluciaze birTvuli iaraRis gayinvis da SezRudvis Sesaxeb<br />
(kongr. reest. 1982, 128, naw. 3: 3832-34).<br />
1874 wlamde kongresSi gamarTuli debatebi qveyndeboda<br />
gamocemaSi `SeerTebuli Statebis kongresis is<strong>to</strong>ria~ (romelic,<br />
aseve cnobilia sxva saxelebiT) da moicavs 1789-1824 wlebis<br />
periods, `kongreSenal dibeits~ (kongresis debatebi) (1824-37) da<br />
`kongreSenal gloub~ (kongresis samyaro) (1833-73). miuTiTeT es<br />
dokumentebi iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT ,,kongreSenal rekords”.<br />
angariSebi da dokumentebi. senatis (SemoklebiT sen.), aseve<br />
warmomadgenelTa palatis (SemoklebiT war. pal.) angariSebisa da<br />
dokumentebis citirebisas daurTeT rogorc kongresis, aseve<br />
sesiebis nomrebi da, Tu SesaZlebelia, seriis nomeric.<br />
R: aSS-is kongresi. warmomadgenelTa palata. 1947. saerTaSoriso<br />
savalu<strong>to</strong> da finansuri sakiTxebis erovnuli sakonsultacio<br />
sabWos saqmianobis 1947 wlis 31 martis angariSi. 80-e kongr., 1-li<br />
ses. war. pal. dok. 365.<br />
P: (aSS-is war. pal. 1947, 4)<br />
mosmenebi. konkresis komisiebisTvis micemuli Cvenebebis Canawerebi,<br />
Cveulebriv, qveyndeba saTaurebiT, romlebsac aRniSnaven<br />
miTiTebebSi. av<strong>to</strong>rad miuTiTeT Sesabamisi komiteti.<br />
R: aSS-is kongresi. senati. sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti. 1985.<br />
SimSili afrikaSi: mosmenebi sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetSi. 99-e<br />
kongr., 1-li ses., 17 ianvari.<br />
P: (aSS-is senati 1985, 53)<br />
389
kanonproeqtebi da rezoluciebi. kongresis kanonproeqtebi<br />
(sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi) da rezoluciebi qveyndeba bukletis<br />
formiT. miTiTebebSi warmomadgenelTa palataSi wardgenili<br />
kanonproeqtebis da rezoluciebis Semoklebad gamoiyeneba war. pal.<br />
(HR), xolo senatSi wardgenili kanonproeqtebisa da rezoluciebis<br />
Semoklebad - sen. daurTeT ,,kongreSenal rekordSi” gamoqveynebuli<br />
publikaciis detalebi (Tu xelmisawvdomia).<br />
R: aSS-is kongresi. warmomadgenelTa palata. 1985. 1985 wlis sakvebis<br />
usafrTxoebis aqti. war. pal. 2100. 99-e kongr., 1-li ses., kongresis<br />
reestri 131, # 132, yoveldRiuri gamoc. (8 oq<strong>to</strong>mberi): war. pal. 8353-<br />
8486.<br />
P: (aSS-is warmomadgenelTa palata 1985, war. pal. (H) 8461)<br />
sakanonmdeblo aqtebi. kanonproeqtebi an rezoluciebi, romlebic<br />
kanonad damtkicda jer calke ibeWdeba, Semdeg ki ikribeba da<br />
ikinZeba yovelwliur <strong>to</strong>mebad saxelwodebiT: `SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
kanonebis krebuli~. am krebulis gamoqveyneba daiwyo 1874 wels.<br />
mogvianebiT am <strong>to</strong>mebs aerTianeben SeerTebuli Statebis kodeqsSi.<br />
miuTiTeT aSS-is sakanonmdeblo aqti, aSS-is kodeqsi an orive;<br />
gansakuTrebuli debulebebi miuTiTeT nawilis mixedviT (romelsac<br />
win uswrebs nawilis simbolo da intervali), xolo aqtebi –<br />
gverdebis mixedviT.<br />
teqstur miTiTebebSi daurTeT aqtis miRebis weli;<br />
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi SeitaneT agreTve aqtebis krebulis<br />
gamoqveynebis TariRi. is SeiZleba, gansxvavdebodes kanonis miRebis<br />
wlisgan.<br />
R: 1946 wlis aqti a<strong>to</strong>muri energiis Sesaxeb. sajaro kanoni 585. 79-e<br />
kongr., me-2 ses. 1 agvis<strong>to</strong>.<br />
aqti kreditebis zusti angariSgebis Sesaxeb. 1970. aSS-is kodeqsi 15<br />
(2000), §§ 1681 da Semdgomi.<br />
390
1969 wlis aqti erovnuli garemosdacviTi politikis Sesaxeb.<br />
sajaro kanoni 91-190. aSS-is kanonebis krebuli 83 (1970): 852.<br />
kodificirebulia aSS-is kodeqsiT 42 (2000), §§ 4321 da Semdgomi.<br />
P: (1946 wlis aqti a<strong>to</strong>muri energiis Sesaxeb)<br />
(aqti kreditebis zusti angariSgebis Sesaxeb 1970)<br />
(1969 wlis aqti erovnuli garemosdacviTi politikis Sesaxeb., par.<br />
102)<br />
1874 wlamde kanonebi qveyndeboda Cvidmet<strong>to</strong>mian `amerikis<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis sakanonmdeblo aqtebis krebulSi~, 1789-1873. am<br />
krebulis miTiTebebi Seicavs <strong>to</strong>mis nomers da misi gamoqveynebis<br />
TariRs.<br />
19.9.3 sapreziden<strong>to</strong> gamocemebi<br />
sapreziden<strong>to</strong> gamocemebi, brZanebulebebi, ve<strong>to</strong>ebi, mimarTvebi da a.S.<br />
qveyndeba `sapreziden<strong>to</strong> dokumentebis yovelkvireul krebulSi~ da<br />
`SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentebis sajaro dokumentebSi~.<br />
mowodebebi da brZanebulebebi Tavsdeba, agreTve, yoveldRiur<br />
`federalur reestrSi~, Semdeg ki qveyndeba `federaluri<br />
normatiuli aqtebis krebulis~ me-3 titulSi. sapreziden<strong>to</strong><br />
gamocemebi wyarod gamoiyeneT `krebulSi~ gamoqveynebis Semdeg.<br />
R: aSS-is prezidenti. 1984. proklamacia. aqti karibis zRvis auzis<br />
ekonomikuri aRdgenis Sesaxeb, proklamacia 5142, proklamacia<br />
Sesworebis Setanis Sesaxeb 5133. federaluri reestri 49, # 2, gv. 341<br />
(4 ianvari).<br />
aSS-is prezidenti. 1971. prezidentis brZanebuleba # 11,609.<br />
federaluri normatiuli aqtebis krebuli, saTauri 3, gv. 586 (1971-<br />
75).<br />
P: (aSS-is prezidenti 1984, 341)<br />
(aSS-is prezidenti 1971)<br />
391
aSS-s prezidentebis sajaro dokumentebi ikribeba or<br />
mraval<strong>to</strong>meul naSromSi: `prezidentebis mimarTvebis da<br />
dakumentebis krebuli”, 1789-1897, –da `SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
prezidentebis sajaro dokumentebi~. es ukanaskneli gankuTvnilia<br />
momavali mTavrobebisTvis.<br />
R: huveri, gerberti. 1977. SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentebis sajaro<br />
dokumentebi: gerbert huveri, 1929-33. t. 4, vaSing<strong>to</strong>ni, kolumbiis<br />
olqi: samTavrobo beWdvis sammarTvelo.<br />
P: (huveri 1977, 178-83)<br />
19.9.4 samTavrobo dawesebulebebisa da saagen<strong>to</strong>ebis gamocemebi<br />
saministroebi, sammarTveloebi da saagen<strong>to</strong>ebi gamoscemen<br />
angariSebs, biuletenebs, cirkularebsa da sxva masalebs. saTauris<br />
Semdeg daurTeT miTiTebuli av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli da gvari.<br />
R: aSS-is Sinagan saqmeTa saministro. sasargeblo wiaRiseulis marTvis<br />
samsaxuri. 1984. navTobis daRvris riskis analizi meqsikis yures<br />
centraluri (1984 aprili) da dasavleTi nawilebisTvis (1984<br />
ivlisi), moamzada robert p. labelma. sajaro angariSi, aSS-is<br />
geologiuri samsaxuri. denveri.<br />
aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro. 1975. mTliani binis qiris<br />
mediana SeerTebuli Statebis olqebis mixedviT, 1970. moamzada<br />
geografiis ganyofilebam sabinao mSeneblobis ganyofilebasTan<br />
erTad, mosaxleobis aRweris biuro. vaSingroni, kolumbiis olqi:<br />
samTavrobo beWdvis sammarTvelo.<br />
P: (aSS-is Sinagan saqmeTa saministro 1984, 3)<br />
(aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro 1975, 15-16)<br />
samTavrobo komisiebis, magaliTad, kavSirgabmulobis<br />
federaluri komisiis an fasiani qaRaldebisa da birJebis komisiis<br />
mier gamocemuli biuletenebis, cirkularebis, angariSebisa da<br />
kvlevebis citireba xdeba zustad iseve, rogorc sakanonmdeblo<br />
392
angariSebisa. isini xSirad klasificirdeba, rogorc<br />
warmomadgenelTa palatis (war. pal.) an senatis (sen.) dokumentebi.<br />
R: aSS-is kongresi. senati. 1935. federaluri vaWrobis komisiis<br />
angariSi sazogadoebrivi sargeblobis (komunaluri) korporaciebis<br />
Sesaxeb. 70-e kongr., 1-li ses., sen. dok. 91, naw. 71A.<br />
aSS-is fasiani qaRaldebisa da sabirJo operaciebis komisia. 1983.<br />
fasiani qaRaldebisa da sabirJo operaciebis komisiis wliuri<br />
angariSi finansuri wlisTvis. vaSing<strong>to</strong>ni, kolumbiis olqi:<br />
samTavrobo beWdvis sammarTvelo.<br />
P: (aSS-is senati 1935, 1)<br />
(aSS-is fasiani qaRaldebisa da sabirJo operaciebis komisia 1983,<br />
42)<br />
19.9.5 aSS-s konstitucia<br />
aSS-s konstitucia aRiniSneba mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi; ar aris<br />
aucilebeli misi CarTva miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi. daurTeT muxli<br />
an Sesworeba, nawili da, Tu saWiroa, punqtic. iseTi terminebisTvis,<br />
rogoricaa Sesworeba da nawili, gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi da,<br />
Tu moisurvebT, abreviaturebi.<br />
P: (aSS-is konstitucia, mux. 2, naw. 1, punq. 3)<br />
(aSS-is konstitucia, Seswor. 14, naw. 2)<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi, SegiZliaT, teqstSi CarToT<br />
saidentifikacio monacemebi. aseT dros nawilebis saxelebi<br />
dawereT sityvierad. Tu Sesworebebis nomrebs cifrebis nacvlad<br />
sityvierad werT, sityvebis pirveli asoebi mTavruliT dawereT.<br />
aSS-is konstitucia, 1-l muxlSi, me-9 nawilSi, krZalavs<br />
sasamarTlo brZanebis SeCerebas (gadavadebas), `garda SemTxvevebisa,<br />
rodesac ajanyebis an samxedro Semosevis SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba,<br />
saWiro iyos sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad~.<br />
pirveli SesworebiT daculia azris Tavisuflad gamoTqmis ufleba.<br />
393
19.9.6 xelSekrulebebi<br />
1949 wlamde xelmowerili xelSekrulebebis teqstebi qveyndeba<br />
`SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebulSi~; araoficialur<br />
miTiTebaSi gamoiyeneba terminebi `xelSekrulebebis seria~ an<br />
`sapreziden<strong>to</strong> SeTanxmebebis seria~. 1949 wels an mas Semdeg<br />
xelmowerili xelSekrulebebi Tavmoyrilia dokumentSi<br />
`SeerTebuli Statebis xelSekrulebebi da sxva saerTaSoriso<br />
SeTanxmebebi~, 1950- an `xelSekrulebebi da sxva saerTaSoriso<br />
aqtebis seriebi~, 1946-). orze meti saxelmwifos monawileobiT<br />
dadebuli xelSekrulebebi SeiZleba, moiZebnos dokumentSi<br />
`gaerTianebuli erebis xelSekrulebebis seria: gaerTianebuli<br />
erebis samdivnoSi daregistrirebuli an daarqivebuli, an<br />
aRricxvaSi gatarebuli xelSekrulebebi da saerTaSoriso<br />
SeTanxmebebi~. 1920-1946 wlebSi dadebuli amgvari xelSekrulebebi<br />
Tavmoyrilia ,,erTa ligis xelSekrulebebis seriaSi".<br />
miuTiTeT xelSekrulebebis saxelebi swori SriftiT,<br />
brWyalebis gareSe. dawereT daxrili SriftiT gamocemebis<br />
saxelebi, im SemTxvevaSic, Tu isini mraval<strong>to</strong>meuli naSromebia da<br />
ara seriebi. zusti TariRi aRniSnavs dokumentze xelmoweris<br />
TariRs da misi miTiTeba SeiZleba xelSekrulebis gamoqveynebis<br />
welTan erTad.<br />
R: aSS-is saxelmwifo departamenti. 1963. birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis<br />
akrZalva, 5 agvis<strong>to</strong>, 1963. SeerTebuli Statebis xelSekrulebebi da<br />
sxva saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi 14, naw. 2.<br />
SeerTebuli Statebi. 1922. xelSekruleba samxedro-sazRvao<br />
SeiaraRebebis SezRudvis Sesaxeb. 1922 wlis 26 Tebervali.<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebuli 43, naw. 2.<br />
P: (aSS-is saxelmwifo departamenti 1963)<br />
(SeerTebuli Statebi 1922)<br />
394
19.9.7 sasamarTlo saqmeebi<br />
yvela instanciis sasamarTlos saqmeebis miTiTeba erTnairad xdeba.<br />
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi daxrili SriftiT miuTiTeT saqmis<br />
sruli saxeli (v _ laT., winaaRmdeg, mTarg. SeniSvna) abreviaturis<br />
CaTvliT). daurTeT <strong>to</strong>mis nomeri (arabuli cifrebiT), sasamarTlo<br />
gadawyvetilebaTa krebulis saxeli (SemoklebiT; ix. qvemoT), seriis<br />
rigiTi nomeri (Tu saWiroa), gadawyvetilebis sawyisi gverdis<br />
nomeri, sasamarTlos Semoklebuli saxeli da TariRi, sxva<br />
Sesabamisi informacia, magaliTad, amkinZavi samsaxuri, an Statis, an<br />
adgilobrivi sasamarTlos saxeli (Tu miTiTebuli ar aris<br />
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis krebulis Semdgenis saxelSi).<br />
R: SeerTebuli Statebi qrismasis winaaRmdeg. 222 F.3d 141 (4 th<br />
Cir. 2000).<br />
mogebaSi monawileobis gegma embank dalasis winaaRmdeg, N.A. 683 fed.<br />
dam. 592 (N.D. Tex. 1988).<br />
erTaderTi elementi, romelic gansxvavdeba sasamarTlos<br />
instanciis mixedviT, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis krebulis<br />
saxelia. qvemoT CamoTvlilia yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelebi.<br />
• aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlo. uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetilebebis moyvanisas, miuTiTeT `SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos moxsenebebi~ (SemoklebiT `aSS-s uzenaesi<br />
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~, Tu is jer ar aris<br />
asaxuli pirvel dokumentSi.<br />
R: korporacia ei-ti end ti korp. Aiova iutilitizis winaaRmdeg 525<br />
a.S.S. 366 (1999).<br />
S.p.p. artur Andersen i SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg. 125 S. Ct. 2129<br />
(2005).<br />
• ufro dabali instanciis federaluri sasamarTloebi. ufro dabali<br />
instanciis federaluri sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebis<br />
moyvanisas, miuTiTeT `federaluri sasamarTloebis<br />
gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~ an `aSS-s saolqo sasamarTloebisa da<br />
saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~.<br />
395
R: SeerTebuli Statebi dennisis winaaRmdeg. 183 F. 201 (2d Cir. 1950).<br />
i<strong>to</strong>ni ai-bi-em korp.-is winaaRmdeg 925 fed. dan. 487 (S.D. Tex. 1996).<br />
• Statisa da adgilobrivi sasamarTloebi. Statis da adgilobrivi<br />
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis citirebisas, sadac SesaZlebelia,<br />
miuTiTeT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis krebulis oficialuri<br />
saxelmwifo Semdgenebi. Tu komerciul krebuls iyenebT, miuTiTeT<br />
igi, rogorc es naCvenebia qvemoT moyvanil meore magaliTSi. Tu<br />
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis krebuli ar asaxelebs sasamarTlos,<br />
miuTiTeT is frCxilebSi TariRis win.<br />
R: viliamsi devisis winaaRmdeg. 27 kalif. kal. 2d 746 (1946).<br />
bivens moblis winaaRmdeg. 724 So. 2d 458. (misisipis saapel. sas. 1998).<br />
sasamarTlo saqmis citirebisas teqstSi miuTiTeT saqmis<br />
saxeli da TariRi (Tu konkretul formulirebas uTiTebT,<br />
daurTeT, aseve, gverdis nomeric). xSir SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba,<br />
teqstSi erT-erTi an orive elementi SeitanoT.<br />
P: (SeerTebuli Statebi qrismasis winaaRmdeg 2000)<br />
. . . misi principis saukeTeso magaliTi iyo saqme SeerTebuli<br />
Statebi qrismasis winaaRmdeg (2000).<br />
19.9.8 Statis da adgilobrivi mTavrobis dokumentebi<br />
Statis da adgilobrivi mTavrobis dokumentebis citireba gaakeTeT<br />
iseve, rogorc federaluri dokumentebisa. ixmareT swori Srifti<br />
(brWyalebis gareSe) Statis kanonebisa da municipaluri<br />
dadgenilebebisTvis; ixmareT daxrili Srifti kodeqsebisTvis<br />
(krebulebisTvis). sadac saWiroa, daurTeT saxeli, raTa aRniSnoT<br />
kodeqsis romeli versiidanaa citata moyvanili. Semdeg frCxilebSi<br />
miuTiTeT kodeqsis gamocemis TariRi.<br />
R: kanoni metamfetaminis moxmarebis kontrolis da sazogadoebis<br />
dacvis Sesaxeb. 2005. ilinoisis sakanonmdeblo aqtebis krebuli,<br />
Tavi 720, naw. 646/10 (2005).<br />
ilinoisis garemos xarisxis dacvis instituti (igxi). 1977. gogirdis<br />
dioqsidis da aerozolebis da myari nawilakebis emisiis winaaRmdeg<br />
396
ZolaSi sazogadoebis CarTvis mimoxilva da reziume. moamzada<br />
sidnei m. marderma. igxdi-s dokuemnti # 77/21. Cikago.<br />
P: (niu meqsikos konstitucia, mux. 4, naw. 7)<br />
(kanoni metamfetaminis moxmarebis kontrolis da sazogadoebis<br />
dacvis Sesaxeb 2005)<br />
19.9.9 kanadis samTavrobo dokumentebi<br />
kanadis samTavrobo dokumentebi miuTiTeT aSS-s sajaro<br />
dokumentebis msgavsad. miTiTebebi daiwyeT sityviT kanadis, Tu igi<br />
calsaxad ar aris gasagebi konteqstidan. SeamokleT sityvebi Tavi<br />
(T.) da nawili (naw),<br />
saparlamen<strong>to</strong> debatebi gamoicema calke seriebad: `TemTa<br />
palatis debatebi~ da `senatis debatebi~. sadac saWiroa, daurTeT<br />
gamomsvlelis saxeli da gvari. provinciebisa da teri<strong>to</strong>riebis<br />
sakanonmdeblo organoebi gamoscemen sakuTar debatebs.<br />
R: kanada. mani<strong>to</strong>ba. sakanonmdeblo asamblea. 2000. debatebi da<br />
pro<strong>to</strong>kolebi. 17 agvis<strong>to</strong>.<br />
P: (kanada 2000, 5326)<br />
saparlamen<strong>to</strong> sakanonmdeblo aqtebis miTiTebisas daurTeT<br />
sakanonmdeblo aqtis nomeri, saxeli, miRebis weli, sadac saWiroa,<br />
sesiis nomeri, parlamentis nomeri da, saWiroebisamebr, damatebiTi<br />
informacia.<br />
R: kanonproeqti C-40. kanoni eqstradiciis Sesaxeb. 1999. me-2 ses., 36-e<br />
parlamenti, 1998, punq. 1. kanadis statutebi, T. 18.<br />
P: (kanonproeqti C-40, kanoni eqstradiciis Sesaxeb 1999)<br />
kanadis aqtebi pirvelad yovelwliur `kanadis statutebSi~<br />
gamoqveynda, 1985 wels ki is gaaerTianes dokumentSi `kanadis<br />
gadamuSavebuli aqtebi~. sadac SesaZlebelia, gamoiyeneT bolo<br />
wyaro da daasaxeleT aqtis saxeli, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis<br />
krebulis Semdgeni, Sedgenis weli, Tavi da nawili.<br />
397
R: kanoni kanadis cocxali bunebis Sesaxeb, kanadis gadamuSavebuli<br />
aqtebi 1985, T. W-9, naw. 1.<br />
kanoni adamianis reproduqciis damxmare saSualebebis Sesaxeb,<br />
kanadis statutebi 2004, c.2, s. 2.<br />
P: (kanoni kanadis cocxali bunebis Sesaxeb 1985)<br />
19.9.10 britanuli samTavrobo dokumentebi<br />
britaneTis samTavrobo dokumentebi miuTiTeT aSS-is sajaro<br />
dokumentebis msgavsad. citirebebi daiwyeT fraziT `gaerTianebuli<br />
samefo~, Tu es koteqstidan calsaxad cxadi ar aris. britanuli<br />
saxelmwifo dokumentebis umetesobas misi udidebulesobis (mefis<br />
an dedoflis) saxelmwifo kancelaria gamoscems londonSi.<br />
saparlamen<strong>to</strong> debatebi gamoicemoda ramdenime seriad, xolo<br />
1909 wlidan – gamoicema calke-calke seriebad lordTa da TemTa<br />
palatebisTvis. miTiTebebi Seicavs TariRs, serias, <strong>to</strong>mis nomers da<br />
(Tu saWiroa) svets an x<strong>and</strong>axan gverdis nomers. zog SemTxvevaSi<br />
SegiZliaT, miuTiToT <strong>to</strong>mis konkretuli dokumenti.<br />
R: gaerTianebuli samefo. 1879. saparlamen<strong>to</strong> debatebis oficialuri<br />
angariSi. me-3 ser., t. 249.<br />
CerCili, uins<strong>to</strong>ni. 1945. TemTa palataSi warmoTqmuli sityva, 18<br />
ianvari. saparlamen<strong>to</strong> debatebi, TemTa palata, me-5 ser., t. 407 (1944-<br />
45), svetebi 425-46.<br />
P: (gaerTianebuli samefo, svetebi 611-27)<br />
(CerCili 1945, svetebi 425-46)<br />
parlamentis mier calke gamocemuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi,<br />
moxsenebebi da dokumentebi yoveli sesiis dasasruls erTad<br />
gamoicema <strong>to</strong>mebad. am <strong>to</strong>mebs `sesiis dokumentebi~ (Sessional Papers)<br />
ewodeba. yoveli <strong>to</strong>mi Seicavs nawilis saxels.<br />
R: gaerTianebuli samefo. TemTa palata. 1983. saxalxo ganaTlebis<br />
adgilobrivi organoebis mTavari administra<strong>to</strong>ris TanaSemwis<br />
398
amJamindeli da momavali roli. sesiis dokumentebi, 1982-83.<br />
patimrebisTvis profesiis swavleba cixeebSi. 25 aprili. t. 2.<br />
P: (gaerTianebuli samefo 1983, t. 2, par. 9.14, gv. 102)<br />
parlamentis aqtebi, rogorc wesi, aRiniSneba mxolod<br />
teqstur miTiTebebSi an teqstSi. aucilebeli ar aris maTi CarTva<br />
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi. Tumca, SegiZliaT, CamonaTvalSi CarToT<br />
is naSromi, romelic kritikulad mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentis<br />
gasamyareblad an romelic xSirad gaqvT gamoyenebuli. aqtebis<br />
citirebisas miuTiTeT saxeli (swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi Casmis<br />
gareSe), TariRi da Tavis nomeri (T. TavisTvis; arabuli cifri<br />
saxelmwifo nomrisTvis, nusxuri romauli cifrebi adgilobrivi<br />
nomrisTvis). 1963 wlamde gamoSvebuli aqtebis aRniSvnisas miuTiTeT<br />
monarqis mefobis weli, monarqis saxeli (SemoklebiT) da rigiToba<br />
(arabulad).<br />
P: (1701 wlis aqti taxtis memkvidreobis Sesaxeb, 12 da 13 uil. 3, T. 2)<br />
(1963 wlis qti konsolidirebuli fondis Sesaxeb, T. 1)<br />
(1967 aqti manCesteris korporaciis Sesaxeb, T. xl)<br />
britanuli is<strong>to</strong>riuli Canawerebis mravali krebuli arsebobs.<br />
zogierTi maTgani saxelmwifo arqivSi Senaxuli dokumentebis<br />
aslia.<br />
R: gaerTianebuli samefo. 1890-1907. inglisis saidumlo sabWos aqtebi.<br />
gamomc. j. r. deisenti. 32 <strong>to</strong>mi. londoni.<br />
gaerTianebuli samefo. dauTariRebeli. gaerTianebuli samefos<br />
parlamentis oficialuri dokumentebi . . . (1278-1504). 6 <strong>to</strong>mi.<br />
paginaciis gareSe<br />
gaerTianebuli samefo. 1810-28. samefo aqtebi. gamomc. e. ludersi da<br />
sxvebi. 11 <strong>to</strong>mi. londoni.<br />
P: (gaerTianebuli samefo, 1810-28)<br />
399
19.9.11 saerTaSoriso organoebis gamocemebi<br />
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, magaliTad, gaerTianebuli erebis,<br />
dokumentebis citirebisas, miuTiTeT sanqciis gamcemi organo (da,<br />
sadac saWiroa, av<strong>to</strong>ri da redaq<strong>to</strong>ri), TariRi da dokumentis Tema<br />
an saxeli. daurTeT, agreTve, seriis da gamocemis nomrebi,<br />
gamocemis adgili da gamomcemeli. sayovelTaod cnobili mTavari<br />
organoebis citirebisas SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT abreviaturebi<br />
(gaero _ gaerTianebuli erebi, mso _ msoflio savaWro organizacia<br />
da a.S.).<br />
R: erTa liga. 1935. rusuli warmoSobis qalebis mdgomareoba Soreul<br />
aRmosavleTSi. ser. LoNP, IV.3. Jeneva: erTa liga.<br />
generaluri SeTanxmeba tarifebis da vaWrobis Sesaxeb (gStv). 1994.<br />
mravalmxrivi savaWro molaparakebebis urugvais raundis Sedegebi:<br />
normatiuli aqtebis teqstebi. Jeneva: gStv-is samdivno.<br />
P: (erTa liga 1935)<br />
(gStv 1994)<br />
19.9.12 gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebi<br />
gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebis citirebisas<br />
ixelmZRvaneleT 19.6.4-Si aRwerili modelebiT.<br />
aSS-is mTavrobis gamouqveynebeli dokumentebis umravlesoba<br />
inaxeba erovnul arqivebSi, vaSing<strong>to</strong>nSi, kolumbiis olqSi an mis<br />
filialebSi. yvela am masalis, maT Soris, filmebis,<br />
fo<strong>to</strong>suraTebis da audio Canawerebis, aseve, teqsturi masalebis<br />
citireba xdeba Canaweris jgufis nomris mixedviT.<br />
kanadis gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebis Sesanaxi<br />
dawesebulebaa kanadis erovnuli arqivebi otavaSi, ontario.<br />
gaerTianebul samefos aqvs gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo<br />
dokumentebis ramdenime sacavi, kerZod, saxelmwifo arqivi da<br />
britaneTis muzeumi, orive maTgani mdebareobs londonSi.<br />
400
19.9.13 sajaro dokumentebi onlain reJimSi<br />
sajaro dokumentebis citirebisas ixelmZRvaneleT 19.9-Si<br />
warmodgenili Sesabamisi magaliTebiT. amasTan, daurTeT URL-i da<br />
masalis internetiT gacnobis TariRi (ix. 15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT,<br />
rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi; SeZlebisdagvarad unda<br />
miuTiToT wyaros yvela monacemi, raTa mkiTxvelma SeZlos wyaros<br />
moZieba URL-is Secvlis SemTxvevaSic. Tu gverdebis nomrebi<br />
xelmisawvdomi ar aris, miTiTebuli nawyvetis adgilmdebareobis<br />
aRniSvna teqstur miTiTebebSi aRwerilobiTi lokaliza<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
damatebiT SegiZliaT (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri).<br />
R: aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro. 2004. Semosavali, siRaribe da<br />
dafarva janmrTelobis dazRveviT SeerTebul StatebSi, 2004.<br />
http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf (bolos Sesvlis TariRi<br />
2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).<br />
P: (aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro 2004, saTauris `Semosavlis da<br />
siRaribis donis fardoba~ qveS)<br />
an<br />
(aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro 2004)<br />
19.10 erT wyaroSi miTiTebuli meore wyaro<br />
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis mqone mkvlevrebi Tavs arideben im<br />
citatebis moyvanas, romlebic maT originalSi ar unaxavT. Tu erTi<br />
wyaro miuTiTebs sxva sasargeblo wyaroze, savaraudod, Tqveni<br />
mkiTxvelebi amjobineben, rom moiZioT orginali, raTa gadaamowmoT<br />
rogorc miTiTebis sizuste, ise is, Tu ramdenad sworad gadmoscems<br />
citata originalis azrs.<br />
amasTan, Tu originaluri wyaro xelmisawvdomi ar aris,<br />
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi aRniSneT is amgvarad: `miTiTebuli<br />
401
meorad wyaroSi~. teqstur miTiTebebSi SeitaneT mxolod<br />
originaluri wyaros av<strong>to</strong>ris gvari.<br />
R: Jukofski, lui. 1931. gulwrfeloba da xorcis Sesxma. Jurnali<br />
poezia 37 (Tebervali): 269. citirebulia naSromSi boni kostelo,<br />
mariana muri: warmosaxviTi simdidreebi (kembriji, masaCusetsi:<br />
harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1981).<br />
P: (Jukofski 1931, 269)<br />
msgavsi situacia SeiZleba Seiqmnas, rodesac uTiTebT<br />
citatas, romelic meorad wyaroSi ipoveT, xolo am meorad wyaroze<br />
ki pirvelwyaros miTiTebiT gadaxvediT. (ix. 3.1.1). xSirad ver<br />
SeZlebT, gaecnoT pirvelwyaros, gansakuTrebiT, Tu is<br />
gamouqveynebeli xelnawerebis krebulia. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
ixelmZRvaneleT zemoT mocemuli principebiT.<br />
402
nawili III<br />
stili<br />
20 orTografia (marTlwera)<br />
20.1 mravlobiTi ricxvi<br />
20.1.1 zogadi wesi<br />
20.1.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi<br />
20.2 kuTvnilebiTi brunva<br />
20.2.1 zogadi wesi<br />
20.2.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi<br />
20.3 Sedgenili da prefiqsebiT warmoebuli sityvebi<br />
20.3.1Sedgenili sityvebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba, rogorc zedsarTavi<br />
saxelebi<br />
20.3.2 Sedgenili sityvebi, romelic gamoiyeneba rogorc arsebiTi da<br />
zedsarTavi saxelebi<br />
20.3.3 prefiqsebiT warmoebuli sityvebi<br />
20.4 striqonis gadatana<br />
20.4.1 sityvebis gadatana<br />
20.4.2 intervalebis gadatana da punqtuacia<br />
werisas misdieT amerikul wesebs da iyaviT Tanmimdevrulni,<br />
citirebebis SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, sadac Cveulebrivad zustad<br />
unda misdioT originalur damwerlobas (ix. 25-e Tavi). Tu<br />
gagiCndaT eWvi, mimarTeT leqsikons. Tumca, unda icodeT, rom<br />
leqsikonebSi xSirad gansxvavebulad aris mocemuli erTi da imave<br />
sityvis damwerloba da zogi leqsikoni sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro<br />
zusti da Tanamedrovea.<br />
403
orTografiis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze s<strong>and</strong>o da<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ritetuli leqsikonia `vebsteris mesame axali saerTaSoriso<br />
leqsikoni~ (Webster’s Third New International Dictionary) an misi<br />
Semoklebuli varianti –`meriem-vebsteris sauniversite<strong>to</strong><br />
leqsikonis~ (Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary)meTerTmete gamocema.<br />
Semoklebuli varianti xelmisawvdomia wignis, CD-ROM-isa da<br />
vebformatis saxiT. adamianebis saxelebi da geografiuli<br />
adgilebis dasaxelebebi ixileT,,vebsteris” leqsikonis bolos an<br />
`meriem-vebsteris biografiuli leqsikonisa~ (Merriam-Webster’s<br />
Biographical Dictionary)da `meriem-vebsteris geografiuli leqsikonis~<br />
(Merriam-Webster’s Geographical Dictionary) calke gamocemebSi.<br />
Tu ,,vebsteris” leqsikonSi erTi da imave sityvis sxvadasxva<br />
dawerilobaa mocemulivariantis amosarCevad ixelmZRvaneleT<br />
Semdegi principebiT: sadac variantebi gamoyofilia sityviT `an~<br />
(or), airCieT erT-erTi varianti da mudmivad isgamoiyeneT; sadac<br />
variantebi gamoyofilia sityviT `aseve~, ixmareT pirveli. Tu<br />
,,vebsteris” leqsikonSi moyvanili sasurveli<br />
dawerilobagansxvavdeba Tqvens disciplinaSi miRebuli<br />
variantisgan, ixelmZRvaneleT Tqveni disciplinis dawerilobiT.<br />
sxvadasxva disciplinisTvis damaxasiaTebeli stilis<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebi ixileT bibliografiaSi.<br />
umetesi teqsturi procesorisorTografiis Semowmebis<br />
funqcias SeuZlia zogi, magram ara uklebliv yvela,<br />
orTografiuli Secdomis dafiqsireba. magaliTad, igi ver<br />
gamoicnobs imas, rom Tqven dabeWdeT sityva <strong>and</strong>, magram<br />
gulisxmobdiT sityvas an-s, an dawereT sityva quite sityvis quiet-<br />
isnacvlad. is, savaraudod, ver dagexmarebaT sakuTari saxelebis an<br />
ucxouri sityvebis beWdvisas da SeiZleba, ise masStaburad<br />
SegacvlevinoT damwerloba, rom orTografia araswori gamovides.<br />
404
damwerlobis Semowmebis funqcia ver Secvlis karg leqsikons an<br />
saguldagulo koreqturas.<br />
winamdebare Tavi gTavazobT zogad saxelmZRvanelo<br />
miTiTebebs damwerlobis im SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac<br />
leqsikonebis umravlesobaSiver naxavT. Tu muSaobT sadiplomo<br />
naSromze an disertaciaze, Tqvens ganyofilebas an universitets<br />
SeiZleba,damwerlobis specialuri moTxovnebi hqondes (specifikuri<br />
leqsikonebis gamoyenebis CaTvliT). es moTxovnebi, rogorc wesi,<br />
disertaciebis ganyofilebaSi moipoveba. Tu muSaobT sakurso<br />
naSromze, Tqvenma pedagogma SeiZleba, aseve, mogTxovoT,<br />
ixelmZRvaneloT damwerlobis garkveuli principebiT. gaerkvieT am<br />
moTxovnebSi, sanam Tqvens naSromsmoamzadebT. isini winamdebare<br />
TavSi SemoTavazebul saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebze upiratesia.<br />
20.1 mravlobiTi ricxvi<br />
20.1.1 zogadi wesi<br />
sazogado arsebiTi saxelebisTvis mravlobiTi ricxvi awarmoeT aso<br />
s-isdamatebiT (an es-is damatebiT sityvebisTvis, romlebic mTavrdeba<br />
daboloebiT ch, j, s, sh, x, an z). leqsikonebis umravlesoba iZleva<br />
mravlobiT formebs mxolod im sityvebisTvis, romlebic ar<br />
emorCileba zogad wess.<br />
zogadi wesi vrceldeba adamianebis gvarebze da sxva sakuTar<br />
arsebiT saxelebze, maT Soris, ZirZveli amerikuli <strong>to</strong>mebis<br />
saxelebze. Tu aseTi arsebiTi saxeli mTavrdeba y-ze, nu SecvliT y-<br />
sie-iT, rogorc moiTxoveba sazogado arsebiTi saxelebisTvis. (nu<br />
agerevaT mravlobiTi ricxvis formebi kuTvnilebiTi brunvis<br />
formebSi, romlebic aRwerilia 20.2-Si).<br />
the Costellos the two Germanys<br />
the Frys (not the Fries)<br />
the Rodriguezes<br />
the Hopis of Arizona (not the Hopi)<br />
405
20.1.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi<br />
Sedgenili sityvebi. ori arsebiTi saxelisgan Semdgari Sedgenili<br />
sityvebis SemTxvevaSi bolo arsebiT saxels daumateTs-i daes-i.<br />
bookkeepers district at<strong>to</strong>rneys ac<strong>to</strong>r-singers<br />
Tu arsebiT saxels mohyveba windebuliani frazaan<br />
zedsarTavi saxeli, mTavar arsebiT saxelsdaurTeT s-i anes-i.<br />
sisters-in-law at<strong>to</strong>rneys general men-of-war<br />
asoebi da ricxviTi saxelebi. umetes SemTxvevebSi, mTavruli<br />
asoebisa da ricxviTi saxelebis mravlobiTi ricxvi awarmoeT<br />
mxolod s-is (da ara ‘s-is) darTviT.<br />
The three Rs the 1950s 767s<br />
amasTan, nusxuri asoebis da zogierTi calkeuli mTavruli asos<br />
SemTxvevaSi,s-s apostrofis gareSe sxva sityvis (is, As) an<br />
abreviaturis (ms) STabeWdilebis SeqmnaSeuZlia. Tukis-igaugebrobas<br />
iwvevs, daurTeT apostrofi. apostrofi da s-i swori SriftiT<br />
iwereba maSinac, roca aso daxrili StifriT aris dawerili (ix.<br />
22.2.2).<br />
dotting all the i’s x’s <strong>and</strong> y’s three A’s <strong>and</strong> two B’s<br />
abreviatura.abreviaturebis mravlobiTi ricxvis formebi awarmoeT<br />
Sida wertilebis gareSe da mxolod s-is darTviT. Tu abreviaturis<br />
mxolobiTi ricxvis forma mTavrdeba wertiliT, dawereT s-i<br />
wertilis win. (ix.24.1.3 abreviaturebis punqtuaciis Sesaxeb).<br />
URLs vols.<br />
DVDs eds.<br />
daurTeT apostrofi s-is win mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
abreviatura Seicavs Sida wertilebs an rogorc mTavrul, ise<br />
nusxur asoebs.<br />
406
PhD’s (or Ph.D.’s; see 24.2.3)<br />
ramdenime abreviaturas aqvs mravlobiTi ricxvis arawesieri<br />
forma (ix., aseve,24.7).<br />
pp. (p.-is mravlobiTi, page) nn. (n.-is mravlobiTi, note)<br />
Tu Tqveni naSromi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs exeba da<br />
iyenebT sazomi erTeulebis abreviaturebs (ix.24.5), ixmareT erTi da<br />
igive abreviatura rogorc mxolobiTi, ise mravlobiTi<br />
formebisTvis.<br />
6 kg 37 m<br />
20.2 kuTvnilebiTi brunva<br />
2<br />
terminebi daxrili SriftiT da brWyalebSi. daxrili SriftiT<br />
dawerili terminis mravlobiTi ricxvis sawarmoeblad daurTeT mas<br />
mxolods-i(da ara’s)swori SriftiT. nu awarmoebT brWyalebSi<br />
Casmuli terminis mravlobiT ricxvs ‘s-is darTviT; xelaxla<br />
CamoayalibeT winadadeba.<br />
two <strong>Chicago</strong> Tribunes<br />
. . . included “To be continued” many times<br />
da ara<br />
. . . included many “To be continued’s”<br />
20.2.1 zogadi wesi<br />
sazogado da sakuTari saxelebis umetesobis, aseve s-iT, x-iT an z-iT<br />
daboloebuli sityvebis, kuTvnilebiTi forma awarmoeT apostrofisa da<br />
s-is darTviT. es wesi. aseve, moqmedebs arsebiT saxelad gamoyenebuli<br />
asoebis, ricxviTi saxelebisa da abreviaturebis kuTvnilebiTi formis<br />
warmoebaze (erTmaneTSi ar agerioT kuTvnilebiTi da mravlobiTi forma,<br />
romelic 20.1-Sia ganxiluli). gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisTvis ixileT<br />
20.2.2.<br />
407
An argument’s effects Steven’s poems 2009’s economic outlook<br />
the phalanx’s advance Diaz’s revolt JFK’s speech<br />
usulo arsebiTi saxelebi, garda drois monakveTis aRmniSvnelisa,<br />
iSviaTad iRebs kuTnilebiT formas.<br />
A day’s length magram ara The house’s door<br />
mravlobiTi ricxvis sazogado da sakuTari saxelebis kuTnilebiTi<br />
forma awarmoeT mxolod apostrofis dasmiT. gansakuTrebuli<br />
SemTxvevebisTvis ixileT 20.2.2.<br />
Politicians’ votes ara Politicians’s votes<br />
The Rodriguezes’ house ara The Rodriguezes’s house<br />
im arsebiTi saxelebis kuTvnilebiTi forma, romelTac arawesieri<br />
mravlobiTi forma aqvs da s-iT ar bolovdeba, awarmoeT apostrofis<br />
Semdeg s-is darTviT.<br />
the mice’s nest children’s literature<br />
20.2.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi<br />
S-iT daboloebuli mxolobiTi arsebiTi saxelebi. Semdegi tipis<br />
arsebiTi saxelebis kuTvnilebiTi brunva awarmoeT mxolod<br />
apostrofis meSveobiT:<br />
• arsebiTi saxelebi, romliTac moixsenieben jgufs an koleqtiur<br />
erTobas, magramgramatikaSi miCneulia mxolobiTad nouns that name a<br />
group or collective entity but are treated as grammatically singular.<br />
politics’ true meaning the United States’ role<br />
• arsebiTi saxelebi, romlebic bolovdeba munj s-ze.<br />
Descartes’ Discourse on Method Albert Camus’ novels<br />
• mravalmarcvliani arsebiTi saxelebi, umaxvilo daboloebebiT,<br />
romelic warmoiTqmeba, rogorc eez, maT Soris, mravali berZnuli<br />
da Zvel berZnulad qceuli saxelebi hellenized names.<br />
Aris<strong>to</strong>phanes’ plays the Ganges’ source Charles Yerkes’ ideas<br />
• s-zean bgera s-ze daboloebuli arsebiTi saxelebi For . . .<br />
sakegamoTqmebSi<br />
408
for conscience’ sake<br />
for appearance’ sake<br />
amis sanacvlod, SegiZliaT, xelaxla CamoayaliboT winadadeba,<br />
romelic Seicavs erT-erT aseT gamonakliss. (am situaciaSi U.S.<br />
abreviaturis xmarebis wesis Sesaxeb ix.24.3.1.)<br />
the role of the United States nacvlad the United States’ role<br />
for the sake of appearance nacvlad for appearance’ sake<br />
Sedgenili sityvebi. mxolobiTi Sedgenili sityvebis kuTvnilebiTi<br />
brunva awarmoeT bolo sityvisTvis apostrofis da s-is darTviT,<br />
maSinac, roca pirveli mTavari arsebiTi saxelia.<br />
his sister-in-law’s business the at<strong>to</strong>rney general’s decision<br />
moerideT kuTvnilebiTi brunvis xmarebas mravlobiT ricxvSi myof<br />
Sedgenil sityvebSi, romlebSic arsebiT saxels mosdevs<br />
windebuliani fraza an zedsarTavi saxeli; xelaxla CamoayalibeT<br />
winadadeba.<br />
decisions of the at<strong>to</strong>rneys general da ara at<strong>to</strong>rneys’ general decisions<br />
ramdenime arsebiTi saxeli. Tu kuTvnilebiTi brunva aRniSnavs,<br />
rom ori an meti obieqtidan TiToeulical-calke flobs raimes,<br />
CasviT yvela arsebiTi saxeli kuTvnilebiT brunvaSi.<br />
New York’s <strong>and</strong> <strong>Chicago</strong>’s teams his<strong>to</strong>rians’ <strong>and</strong> economists’ methods<br />
Tu kuTvnilebiTi brunva aRniSnavs, rom ori an meti obieqti<br />
erToblivad flobs raimes, CasviT kuTvnilebiT brunvaSi mxolod<br />
bolo arsebiTi saxeli.<br />
Minneapolis <strong>and</strong> St. Paul’s teams his<strong>to</strong>rians <strong>and</strong> economicsts’ data<br />
daxrili SriftiT dabeWdili da brWyalebSi Casmuli terminebi.<br />
Tu daxrili SriftiT dabeWdili termini kuTvnilebiT brunvaSia,<br />
rogorc apostrofi, iseve s-i unda daibeWdos swori SriftiT. nu<br />
CasvamT kuTvnilebiT brunvaSi brWyalebSi moqceul termins;<br />
xelaxla CamoayalibeT winadadeba.<br />
the Atlantic Monthly’s edi<strong>to</strong>r admirers of “Ode on a Grecian Urn”<br />
409
20.3 Sedgenili da prefiqsebiT warmoebuli sityvebi<br />
Znelia winaswar Tqma, rodis unda daurToT Sedgenil sityvas an<br />
Sedgenil modifika<strong>to</strong>rs defisi, dav<strong>to</strong>voT udefisod (intervaliT<br />
da ara defisiT elementebs Soris) an uintervalod(daweroT<br />
rogorc erTi sityva). am SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso av<strong>to</strong>ritetiTqveni<br />
leqsikonia. Tu leqsikonSi ver moZebniT Sedgenil sityvas,<br />
ixelmZRvaneleT Semdgom paragrafebSi Camoyalibebuli principebiT,<br />
raTa gansazRvroT, unda ixmaroT Tu ara defisi. Tu vercerT<br />
magaliTSi vermoaxerxebT formis moZebnas, da<strong>to</strong>veT Sedgenili<br />
sityva udefisod.<br />
qvemoT Camoyalibebuli modelebi ar aris upirobo wesebi.<br />
konteqstidan, piradi gemovnebidan an Tqvens disciplinaSi miRebuli<br />
xmarebis wesidan gamomdinare,mravali individualuri SemTxvevis<br />
gansazRvramogixdebaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom qvemoT<br />
SemoTavazebuli defisis dasmis magaliTebi logikuri da<br />
wasakiTxad ufro advilia, zogierTi maTgani mxolod da mxolod<br />
tradiciulia.<br />
20.3.1 Sedgenili sityvebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba, rogorc zedsarTavi<br />
saxelebi<br />
zogi Sedgenili sityva gamoiyeneba, rogorc mxolod zedsarTavi<br />
saxeli. umetes SemTxvevebSi, aseTi Sedgenili sityva dawereT<br />
defisiT, Tu igi win uswrebs mis mier gansazRvrul arsebiT<br />
saxels; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, da<strong>to</strong>veT igi udefisod.<br />
arsebiTi saxelis win arsebiTi saxelis Semdeg<br />
open-ended question most of the questions were open ended<br />
full-length treatment treatment is full length<br />
duty-free goods goods brought in duty free<br />
thought-provoking commentary commentary was thought provoking<br />
over-the-counter drug drug sold over the counter<br />
a frequently referred-<strong>to</strong> book this book is frequently referred <strong>to</strong><br />
410
spelled-out numbers numbers that are spelled out<br />
arsebobs ramdenime gamonaklisi:<br />
• Tu Sedgenil sityvas, romelic, Cveulebriv, defisiTiwereba, win<br />
uswrebs da gansazRvravs zmniszeda (magaliTad, very), amoiReT<br />
defisi, radgan sityvebis dajgufeba isedac gasagebi iqneba<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis.<br />
modifika<strong>to</strong>ris mqone arsebiTi<br />
saxelis win<br />
modifika<strong>to</strong>ris mqone arsebiTi<br />
saxelisSemdeg<br />
a well-known author a very well known author<br />
an ill-advised step a somewhat ill advised step<br />
• dawereT defisiT all-iT dacross-iT dawyebuliSedgenili sityvebi,<br />
garda ramdenime sityvisa, romlebic tradiculad erTad iwereba,<br />
magaliTad, crossover (Tu geeWvebaT, CaixedeT leqsikonSi).<br />
arsebiTi saxelis win arsebiTi saxelis Semdeg<br />
all-encompassing treatment text that includes cross-references<br />
• dawereT erTad terminebiT borne, like dawide daboloebuli Sedgenili<br />
sityvebi, Tu Sedgenili sityvis pirvel nawils ara aqvs sami an<br />
samze meti marcvali, Tu igi ar aris sakuTari arsebiTi saxeli an<br />
Tu ar bolovdeba imave asoze, romliTac iwyeba Semdegi termini.<br />
zogadi modeli gamonaklisebi<br />
foodborne mosqui<strong>to</strong>-borne<br />
childlike bell-like<br />
worldwide <strong>Chicago</strong>-wide<br />
• SedarebiTi konstruqciebi, dawyebuli iseTi terminebiT, rogoricaa<br />
more/most, less/least dabetter/best unda daiweros defisiT mxolod im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, roca SesaZlebelia, gaugebari iyos, SedarebiTi<br />
termini gansazRvravs zedsarTav saxels, romelic mas Sedgenili<br />
saxelis SigniTmosdevs, Tu Sedgenili sityvis Semdegmdgom arsebiT<br />
saxels.<br />
411
gansazRvravs zedsarTav<br />
saxels<br />
gansazRvravs arsebiT saxels<br />
colleges produce more-skilled workers we hired more skilled workers for the<br />
holidays<br />
• konstruqciebi, romlebic Seicavs ly –ze daboloebul zmnizedas,<br />
romelsac mosdevs zedsarTavi saxeli, ar aris Sedgenili sityvebi<br />
da ar iwereba defisiT arc erT konteqstSi.<br />
arsebiTi saxelis win arsebiTi saxelis Semdeg<br />
highly developed species the species was highly developed<br />
widely disseminated literature literature has been widely disseminated<br />
20.3.2 Sedgenili sityvebi, romelic gamoiyeneba rogorc arsebiTi da<br />
zedsarTavi saxelebi<br />
zogi Sedgenili sityva Tavdapirvelad arsebiTi saxelia. Tumca,mas<br />
SeuZlia, aseve, zedsarTavis saxelis funqciis Sesruleba, rodesac<br />
is win uswrebs da gansazRvravs sxva arsebiT saxels. (20.3.1-Si<br />
moyvanili magaliTebisgan gansxvavebiT, es Sedgenili sityvebi<br />
arsebiTi saxelis Semdeg iSviaTad gamoiyeneba zedsarTav saxelebad<br />
da, Tanac, gamoiyeneba mxolod iseT zmnasTan, rogoricaa was an are,<br />
rogorc naCvenebia qvemoT, mesame magaliTSi). umetes SemTxvevaSi<br />
defisiT dawereT Sedgenili sityva, rodesac igi win uswrebs<br />
arsebiT saxels, romelsac igi gansazRvravs; winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi, dawereT defisis gareSe.<br />
zedsarTavi saxeli arsebiTis<br />
win<br />
arsebiTi an zedsarTavi saxeli<br />
arsebiTis Semdeg<br />
the decision-making process decision making became her specialty<br />
a continuing-education course a program of continuing education<br />
a middle-class neighborhood her neighborhood was middle class<br />
arsebobsramdenime gamonaklisi:<br />
412
• Sedgenili sityva, romelic iwyeba e-Ti (electronic-is Semoklebuli<br />
varianti), ex-iT anself-iT, yvela konteqstSi defisiTdawereT. erTi<br />
gamonaklisi: Tuself-s win uswrebs un-i, Sedgenili sityva iwereba<br />
erTad, (magaliTad, unselfconscious).<br />
ex-husb<strong>and</strong> self-destructive e-mail<br />
• Sedgenili sityva, romelic bolovdeba elect-ze, yvela konteqstSi<br />
defisiTdawereT, Tu Tanamdebobis saxelwodeba Sedgeba mxolod<br />
erTi sityvisgan, magram dawereT defisis gareSe, rodesac<br />
Tanamdebobis saxelwodeba Sedgeba ori an orze meti sityvisgan.<br />
president-elect district at<strong>to</strong>rney elect<br />
• ori SeTanxmebuli arsebiTi saxelisgan Semdgari Sedgenili sityva,<br />
romelTa dakavSireba SesaZlebelia kavSiriT <strong>and</strong>, yvela konteqstSi<br />
defisiTdawereT.<br />
ac<strong>to</strong>r-singer mother-daughter relationship<br />
city-state parent-teacher conference<br />
• mimarTulebis aRmniSvneli sityvebisgan Semdgari Sedgenili sityva<br />
dawereT erTad, Tu termini aRwers erT mimarTulebas. Tu<br />
Sedgenili sityva Seicavs SeTanxmebul arsebiT saxelebs, romelTa<br />
dakavSireba SesaZlebelia kavSiriT <strong>and</strong> anwindebuli by, dawereT<br />
sityva defisiT.<br />
northeast a street running north-south<br />
southwest east-southeast winds<br />
• Sedgenili sityvebi, romelic aRwers naTesaur kavSirebs, iwereba<br />
rogorc erTad, ise, defisiT. Tu geparebaT eWvi sityvis<br />
marTlweraSi, CaixedeT leqsikonSi. (qorwinebiTi naTesauri<br />
kavSirebis aRmniSvneli Sedgenili arsebiTi saxelebis (inlaws)mravlobiTi<br />
ricxvisa da kuTvnilebiTi brunvis formebis<br />
Sesaxeb ix., Sesabamisad, 20.1.2 da 20.2.2.)<br />
gr<strong>and</strong>father stepdaughter great-gr<strong>and</strong>mother son-in-law<br />
• zogi cnobili fraza yovelTvis defisiT iwereba.<br />
stick-in-the-mud jack-of-all-trades<br />
413
sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebis Semcveli Sedgenili<br />
sityvebi.dawereT defisis gareSe im Sedgenili sityvebis<br />
umravlesoba, romlebic Seicavs sakuTar arsebiT saxelebs,<br />
eTnikuri jgufebis saxelebis CaTvliT.<br />
zedsarTavi saxeli arsebiTis<br />
win<br />
arsebiTi saxeli an zedsarTavi<br />
saxeli arsebiTis Semdeg<br />
African American culture an African American has written<br />
French Canadian explorer the explorer was French Canadian<br />
Middle Eastern geography the geography of the Middle East<br />
State Department employees employed by the State Department<br />
Korean War veterans veterans of the Korean War<br />
magram, Tu pirveli termini Semoklebulia,dawereT defisiT.<br />
Afro-American culture an Afro-American has written<br />
Tu SeiZleba SeTanxmebuli terminebis dakavSireba kavSiriT <strong>and</strong>,<br />
dawereT terminebi defisiT.<br />
Israel-Egypt peace treaty Spanish-English dictionary<br />
ricxvebis Semcveli Sedgenili sityvebi. rodesacSedgenili sityva<br />
Seicavs ricxvs, dawereT igi defisiT, Tu ricxvi win uswrebs<br />
arsebiT saxels, romelsac igi gansazRvravs; winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi, dawereT defisis gareSe. (ricxviTi saxelebisada<br />
sityvebiT dawerili cifrebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ix. 23-e Tavi)<br />
zedasarTavi saxeli<br />
arsebiTis win<br />
arsebiTi an zedsarTavi saxeli<br />
arsebiTis Semdeg<br />
fifty-year project the project <strong>to</strong>ok fifty years<br />
four-year-old child the child was four years old<br />
twentieth-century literature studied the literature of the twentieth century<br />
third-floor apartment she lived on the third floor<br />
214-day st<strong>and</strong>off st<strong>and</strong>off that lasted 214 days<br />
414
arsebobs ramdenime gamonaklisi:<br />
• yovelTvis defisis gareSe dawereT sityva percent-isSemcveli<br />
Sedgenili sityva, xolo ricxvi miuTiTeT arabuli cifrebiT<br />
(ix.23.1.3).<br />
a 15 percent increase increased by 15 percent<br />
• wiladis sityvebiT dasawerad yovelTvis ixmareT defisi. (ricxviTi<br />
saxelebsa dawiladebSi cifrebis sityvierad daweris Sesaxeb ix.<br />
23.1.3)<br />
a two-thirds majority a majority of two-thirds<br />
• wiladSi, romelic iwyeba sityviT half anquarter, ixmareT defisi, Tu<br />
igi win uswrebs arsebiT saxels, romelsac gansazRvravs;<br />
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, da<strong>to</strong>veT defisis gareSe.<br />
zedsarTavi saxeli<br />
arsebiTis win<br />
arsebiTi an zedsarTavi saxeli<br />
arsebiTis Semdeg<br />
a half-hour session after a half hour had passed<br />
a quarter-mile run ran a quarter mile<br />
• ricxvebis intervalis Semcveli Sedgenili sityvebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
ixmareT defisi orive terminSi, magram pirvel terminSi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT<br />
Sedgenili sityvis meore nawili.<br />
five- <strong>to</strong> ten-minute intervals eight- <strong>to</strong> ten-year-olds<br />
20.3.3 prefiqsebis warmoebuli sityvebi<br />
prefiqsebis meSveobiT warmoqmnili sityvebi, rogorc wesi, iwereba,<br />
rogorc erTi sityva, iqneba es arsebiTi saxeli (postmodernism),<br />
zmnebi(misrepresent), zedsarTavi saxeli (anterbellum) Tu<br />
zmnizeda(prematurely). Tumca, qvemoT CamoTvlil SemTxvevebSi ixmareT<br />
defisi:<br />
• rodesac prefiqsi erTvis sityvas, romelic iwyeba mTavruli asoTi<br />
sub-Saharan magram subdivision<br />
415
pro-Asian magram pronuclear<br />
• rodesac prefiqsi erTvis ricxviT saxels<br />
pre-1950 magram predisposed<br />
mid-80s magram midlife<br />
• imisaTvis, rom ganvacalkevoT orii,ori a an sityvebis an<br />
marcvlebissxva kombinaciebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT gaugebrobis<br />
gamowveva<br />
anti-intellectual magram antidepressant<br />
semi-invalid magram semiopaque<br />
• rodesac prefiqsi win uswrebs defisiT an defisis gareSe daweril<br />
Sedgenil sityvas<br />
non-coffee-drinking magram nonbelief<br />
post-high school magram postgame<br />
• ormag prefiqsSi ganmeorebiTi terminebisgamosayofad<br />
sub-subentry<br />
• rodesac prefiqsi calkea warmodgenili<br />
pre- <strong>and</strong> postwar macro- <strong>and</strong> microeconomics<br />
es modelebi vrceldeba sityvebze, romlebic iwarmoeba<br />
qvemoT mocemuli da sxva prefiqsebis meSveobiT.<br />
ante cyber macro multi pro<strong>to</strong> super<br />
anti extra mega neo pseudo supra<br />
bi hyper meta non re trans<br />
416
io infra micro post semi ultra<br />
co inter mid pre socio un<br />
counter intra mini pro sub<br />
es modelebi, aseve, vrceldeba iseT windebulebze, rogoricaa<br />
over daunder, romlebic SeiZleba, daerTos sityvebs imave adgilze,<br />
sadac prefiqsebi.<br />
overachiever underh<strong>and</strong>ed over- <strong>and</strong> underused<br />
20.4 striqonis gadatana<br />
20.4.1 sityvebis gadatana<br />
umetes naSromebSi, sityvebi, romlebsac unda daerTos defisi<br />
(gadatanis niSani) striqonis bolos, aris is sityvebi, romlebic<br />
Segnebulad dawereT defisiT, magaliTad, Sedgenili sityvebi<br />
(ix.20.3). daayeneT Tqveni teqsturi procesori marcxniv sworebaze<br />
(`uswormasworo~ marcxena mijniT) da nu gamoiyenebT defisebis<br />
av<strong>to</strong>maturad dasmis funqcias.<br />
magram, Tu Tqvengan moiTxoveba rogorc marcxena, aseve, marjvena<br />
mijnebis gaTanabreba, SeiZleba, mogixdeT defisebis dasma<br />
striqonebSi, raTa Tavi aaridoT sityvebs Sorisdid daSorebebs. nu<br />
daaboloebT defisebiT (gadatanis niSnebiT) oTx an oTxze met<br />
Tanmimdevrul striqons (ris Sedegadac miviRebT mijnis gaswvriv<br />
`defisebis blokirebas~) da mTlianad teqsturi procesoris<br />
av<strong>to</strong>matur funqcias nu mi<strong>and</strong>obT defisebis dasmas. zogadad, es<br />
ufro saimedo iqneba, Tumca, ar gamoricxavs Secdomebis daSvebas.<br />
ami<strong>to</strong>m SeamowmeT teqsturi procesoris mier gadatanili sityvebi.<br />
Tu raimem dagaeWvaT, CaixedeT leqsikonSi, sadac mTavari sityvis<br />
417
dasawyisSi centrirebuli wertilebiT an msgavsi saSualebebiT<br />
miTiTebulia sityvebis gadatanis misaRebi variantebi.<br />
erT-erTi specifikuri tipis problema ukavSirdeba sityvebs,<br />
romlebic erTnairad iwereba, magram sxvadasxvanairad gamoiTqmis.<br />
aseTi sityvebi SeiZleba, gansxvavebulad iyofodes marcvlebad,<br />
magaliTad, rec-ord dare-cord. Tqvenma teqsturma procesorma<br />
SeiZleba,konteqstisgan ganurCevlad, erTnairad gadaitanos es<br />
sityvebi,<br />
20.4.2 intervalebis gadatana da punqtuacia<br />
Tqvenma teqsturma procesorma SesaZloa,arasworad gadaitanos<br />
intervalebi da punqtuaciis niSnebi. yovelTvis SeamowmeT Tqveni<br />
naSromi da naxeT, xom ar aris arasworad gadatanili intervalebi<br />
an punqtuaciis niSnebi.<br />
inicialebi. Tu pirovnebis saxelis da meore saxelis nacvlad<br />
gamoiyeneba inicialebi, da<strong>to</strong>veT intervali maT Soris, magram nu<br />
gayofT da gadaitanT maT meore xazze. Tu saWiroa, SegiZliaT,<br />
da<strong>to</strong>voT inicialebi da gadaitanoT gvari. ix., aseve,24.2.1.<br />
M. F. K. Fusher M. F. K. / Fisher magram ara M. / F. K. Fisher<br />
• ricxvebi da TariRebi. nurasdros gadaitanT meore striqonze<br />
cifrebiT daweril ricxvebs (25,000) an nebismier termins, romelic<br />
Seicavs cifrebs,mimatebis simbolos, abreviaturebs an sazom<br />
erTeulebs(10%; £6 4s. 6d.; 6:40 p.m.; AD 1895; 245 ml). TariRebSi nu<br />
gayofT Tvis dRes da Tvis saxels (February 15). dawvrilebiT<br />
ricxvebisa da TariRebis sistemebis Sesaxeb ix. 23-e TavSi.<br />
• abreviaturebi. nu gadaitanT abreviaturebs meore striqonze, maTSi<br />
arsebuli mTavruli asoebis, punqtuaciisa da intervalebis<br />
miuxedavad (BA, U.S., NATO, p.m., kg, PhD, Gov. Gen.). erTaderTi<br />
gamonaklisia, rom abreviatura, romelic ukve Seicavs defiss,<br />
418
magaliTad, AFL-CIO, SeiZleba,gaiyosdefisze. 24-e TavSi ixileT meti<br />
informacia abreviaturebis Sesaxeb.<br />
• punqtuacia. nurasdros daiwyebT striqons damamTavrebeli<br />
brWyaliT, frCxiliT an kvadratuli frCxiliT. nurasdros<br />
daamTavrebT striqons gamxsneli brWyaliT, frCxiliT an<br />
kvadratuli frCxiliT, an (a)-iT an (l)-iT, rogorc CamonaTvalis<br />
dawyebisas. punqtuaciis Sesaxeb meti informaciisTvis ixileT 21-e<br />
Tavi da siebis Sesaxeb _ 23.4.2. nu gadaitanT meore striqonze<br />
mravalwertils (ix.25.3.2); am problemis Tavidan aridebis mizniT<br />
gamoiyeneT Tqveni teqsturi procesoris mravalwertilis funqcia.<br />
• URL-ebi da eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebi. moerideT URL-ebis<br />
da eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebis gadatanas meore striqonze.<br />
TuU gixdebaT maTi gadatana, dasviT gadatanis niSani ori<br />
wertilis, daxrili xazis (an ormagi daxrili sazis) an simbolos<br />
@ Semdeg, magram wertilis an nebismieri sxva punqtuaciis an<br />
simbolos win. defisebi xSirad URL-is an eleqtronuli fostis<br />
misamarTebis nawilia, ami<strong>to</strong>m, gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad,<br />
nurasdros daurTavT defiss gadatanis niSnad an nu gadaitanT<br />
URL-s an misamarTs arsebul defisze.<br />
http://<br />
www.press.uchicago.edu<br />
http://www<br />
.press.uchicago.edu<br />
http://www.press.uchicago.edu/<br />
cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/12917.ctl<br />
Tu Tqveni teqsturi procesori av<strong>to</strong>maturad aformatebs<br />
URL-ebs da eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebs hiperteqsturi<br />
kavSiris saxiT, mas SeuZlia am nawilebis dayofa zemoxsenebuli<br />
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis darRveviT. mraval dasayenebel<br />
parametrSi aseTi dayofa misaRebia imdenad, ramdenadac mkafiod<br />
dgindeba sruli URL-i an misamarTi hiperteqsturi kavSiris saxiT<br />
(xazgasmiT an meore feriT) da ar erTvis zedmeti defisebi<br />
striqonis gadatanis saCveneblad.<br />
419
21 punqtuacia<br />
21.1 wertili<br />
21.2 mZime<br />
21.2.1 damoukidebeli winadadebebi<br />
21.2.2 rigebi<br />
21.2.3araSemzRudavi winadadebebi da frazebi<br />
21.2.4 mZimis gamoyenebis sxva SemTxvevebi<br />
21.3 wertil-mZime<br />
21.4 ori wertili<br />
21.5 kiTxvis niSani<br />
21.6 Zaxilis niSani<br />
21.7 defisi da tireebi<br />
21.7.1 defisi<br />
21.7.2 tire<br />
21.7.3 mravaljeradi tireebi<br />
21.8 frCxilebi da kvadratuli frCxilebi<br />
21.8.1 frCxilebi<br />
21.8.2 kvadratuli frCxilebi<br />
21.9 daxrili xazebi<br />
21.10 brWyalebi<br />
21.11 mravaljeradi sasveni niSnebi<br />
21.11.1 sasveni niSnebis gamo<strong>to</strong>veba<br />
21.11.2 sasveni niSnebis Tanmimdevroba<br />
winamdebare YTavSi warmodgenilia punqtuaciis zogadi<br />
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi Tqveni naSromisTvis. zogi wesi mkafiod<br />
aris Camoyalibebuli, zogi ki ara, ami<strong>to</strong>m xSirad mogiwevT saR<br />
azrs da maxvil yurs miendoT.<br />
420
specialur elementebs, rogoricaa abreviaturebi, citirebebi<br />
da miTiTebebi, punqtuaciis Tavisiwesebi aqvs, romlebic ganixileba<br />
winamdebare wignis Sesabamis TavebSi.<br />
Tu werT sadiplomo naSroms an disertacias, Tqvens<br />
ganyofilebas an universitets punqtuaciasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
SeiZleba, specifikuri moTxovnebihqondes. am moTxovnebis Sesaxeb<br />
informacias, Cveulebriv, awodebs sadiplomo naSromebisa da<br />
disertaciebis ganyofileba. Tu muSaobT sakurso naSromze, Tqvenma<br />
pedagogma SeiZleba, mogTxovoT, ixelmZRvaneloT punqtuaciis<br />
garkveuli principebiT. gaecaniT am moTxovnebs, vidre moamzadebT<br />
naSroms. maT upiratesoba aqvT winamdebare TavSi SemoTavazebul<br />
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebTan SedarebiT. sxvadasxva disciplinaSi<br />
miRebul stilTan dakavSirebuli miTiTebebi ixileT<br />
bibliografiaSi.<br />
21.1 wertili<br />
wertiliT bolovdeba TxrobiTi an brZanebiTi winadadeba da iribi<br />
SekiTxva. wertiliT, aseve, SeiZleba, dabolovdes winadadebis<br />
fragmenti, Tu konteqstidan naTlad ikveTeba misi ri<strong>to</strong>rikuli<br />
funqcia. Tumca,akademiur nawerSi wertilis ase gamoyeneba iSviaTia.<br />
yvela am SemTxvevaSi wertili azrisdamasrulebeli simboloa da<br />
mas erTi intervaliunda mosdevdes.<br />
Consider the advantages of this method.<br />
The question was whether these differences could be reconciled.<br />
vertikalur nusxaSi CamoTvlili punqtebis bolos wertili<br />
unda dasvaT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu punqtebi dasrulebuli<br />
winadadebebia (ix.23.4.2). sxva SemTxvevebSi nu dasvamT saboloo<br />
wertilebs ukanaskneli punqtis boloSic ki da nu daiwyebT pirvel<br />
sityvebs mTavruli asoTi.<br />
The report covers three areas:<br />
1. the securities markets<br />
421
21.2 mZime<br />
2. the securities industry<br />
3. the securities industryin the economy<br />
individualuri wertilebis gamoyeneba, aseve, SeiZlebasxva<br />
konteqstSi, maT Soris, abreviaturebSi (kerZod, ix.24.1.3) da<br />
miTiTebebSi (16.1.2 da18.1.2), aseve, URL-ebSi (20.4.2, 17.1.7 da 19.1.8), sadac<br />
maT xSirad uwodeben wertilebs.wertilebis rigi SeiZleba<br />
gamoyenebul iqnes citirebebSi (ix.25.3.2), sadac maT uwodeben<br />
mravalwertils, cxrilebSi (26.2.6) da satitulo elementebis<br />
gverdebze (A.2.1), sadac maT uwodebebn punqtirs.<br />
nu ixmarT wertilebs Tavis an nawilis saTauris, umetesi<br />
qvesaTauris (ix. A.2.2) an cxrilebis saTaurebis Semdeg (26.2.2).<br />
suraTebis warwerebSi wertilebis xmarebis Sesaxeb ixileT 26.3.2.<br />
mZime gamoyofs komponentebswinadadebis SigniT, maT Soris,<br />
damoukidebel da damokidebul winadadebebs, frazebsa da calkeul<br />
sityvebs. mas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba maSin, rodesac<br />
mkiTxveli SeiZleba, ver gaerkves, sad mTavrdeba damoukidebeli da<br />
damokidebuli winadadeba an fraza da iwyeba sxva winadadeba an<br />
fraza:<br />
Before leaving the members of the committee met in the assembly room.<br />
Before leaving, the members of the committee met in the assembly room.<br />
ricxvebSi mZimeebis xmarebis Sesaxeb ixileT 23.2.2. miTiTebebSi<br />
mZimeebis xmarebis Sesaxeb ixileT 16.1.2 da 18.1.2.<br />
21.2.1 damoukidebeli winadadebebi<br />
winadadebaSi, romelic Sedgeba ori an orze meti damoukidebeli<br />
winadadebisgan, romlebic gaerTianebuliadamakavSirebeli<br />
sityvebiT(<strong>and</strong>, but, or , nor, for, so, yet), dasviT mZime kavSiris win. es ar<br />
aris upirobo wesi; mZimis dasma saWiro ar aris or mokle,<br />
422
damoukidebel winadadebas Soris, romlebsac ar aqvs Sida<br />
punqtuacia.<br />
Students around the world want <strong>to</strong> learn English, <strong>and</strong> many young Americans are eager <strong>to</strong><br />
teach them.<br />
The sena<strong>to</strong>r arrived at noon <strong>and</strong> the president left at one.<br />
winadadebaSi, romelic Seicavs sam an samze met mokle da<br />
martiv damoukidebel winadadebebs Sida punqtuaciis gareSe,<br />
gamoyaviT winadadebebi mZimeebiT da CasviT damakavSirebeli sityva<br />
bolo winadadebis win. (yovelTvis CasviT mZime kavSiris win). Tu<br />
winadadebebi ufro grZeli da ufro rTulia, gamoyaviT isini<br />
wertil-mZimiT (ix.21.3) an,umjobesi iqneba,sxvagvarad CamoayaliboT<br />
winadadeba.<br />
The committee designed the questionnaire, the field workers collected responses, <strong>and</strong> the<br />
statistician analyzed the results.<br />
The committee designed the questionnaire, which was short; the field workers, who did<br />
not participate, collected responses; <strong>and</strong> the statistician analyzed the results, though not<br />
until several days later.<br />
nu dawerT mZimes ori qvemdebaris an ori Semasmenlis<br />
damakavSirebeli kavSiris win.<br />
The agencies that design the surveys <strong>and</strong> the analysts who evaluate the results should<br />
work <strong>to</strong>gether. :<br />
They do not condone such practices but attempt <strong>to</strong> refute them theoretically.<br />
rodesac winadadeba iwyeba fraziT an damokidebuli<br />
winadadebiT, romelic gansazRvravs momdevno or damoukidebel<br />
SeTanxmebul winadadebas, dasviT mZime Sesavali elementis Semdeg,<br />
magram ara or damoukidebel winadadebas Soris.<br />
Within ten years, interest rates surged <strong>and</strong> the housing market declined.<br />
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21.2.2 rigebi<br />
seriaSi, romelic Sedgeba sami an samze meti sityvisgan, frazisgan<br />
an Sida punqtuaciis armqone winadadebisgan,elementebi gamoyaviT<br />
mZimeebiT. yovelTvis dasviT mZime im kavSiris win, romelsac<br />
Semohyavsboloelementi.<br />
The governor wrote his sena<strong>to</strong>rs, the president, <strong>and</strong> the vice president.<br />
Attending the conference were Fern<strong>and</strong>ez, Sullivan, <strong>and</strong> Kendrick.<br />
The public approved, the committee agreed, but the measure failed.<br />
nu ixmarT mZimeebs, Tu rigis yvela elementi dakavSirebulia<br />
kavSirebiT.<br />
The palette consisted of blue <strong>and</strong> green <strong>and</strong> orange.<br />
Tu sami an samze meti sityvisgan, frazisgan an winadadebisgan<br />
Semdgari rigi bolovdeba gagrZelebis gamomxatveli gamoTqmiT (da<br />
a.S.) (<strong>and</strong> so forth, <strong>and</strong> so on, <strong>and</strong> the like, anetc.), am bolo gamoTqmis<br />
punqtuacia igivea, rac rigis bolo elementisa. Tumca, SegiZliaT,<br />
mZime daama<strong>to</strong>T gagrZelebis gamomxatveli gamoTqmis Semdeg, raTa<br />
Tavidan aiciloT gaugebroba grZeli rigis Semdeg.<br />
They discussed movies, books, plays, <strong>and</strong> the like until late in the night.<br />
Management can improve not just productivity, but hours, working conditions, training,<br />
benefits, <strong>and</strong> so on, without reducing wages.<br />
ixmareT wertil-mZime rigSi elementebis gamosayofad, Tu erTi an<br />
erTze meti elementi Seicavs mZimeebs an Tu elementebi grZeli da<br />
rTulia (ix.21.3).amasTan, Tu aseTi rigi moqceulia winadadebis<br />
mTavari zmnis win, Tavidan CamoayalibeT winadadeba.<br />
The three cities that we compare are Hartford, Connecticut; Kalamazoo, Michigan; <strong>and</strong><br />
Pasadena, California.<br />
da ara<br />
Hartford, Connecticut; Kalamazoo, Michigan; <strong>and</strong> Pasadena, California, are three cities<br />
worth comparing.<br />
424
21.2.3 araSemzRudveli winadadebebi da frazebi<br />
ixmareT mZimeebiaraSemzRudveli winadadebis orive mxridan<br />
gamosayofad.winadadebaaraSemzRudvelia, Tu ar aris aucilebeli<br />
mis mier gansazRvruli arsebiTi saxelis erTmniSvnelovani<br />
identificireba.<br />
These five books, which are on reserve in the library, are required reading.<br />
aq fraziT Semdgari arsebiTi saxeli These five books<br />
erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs im wignebs, romlebsac gulisxmobs<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ri; wignebis Semdgomi identificirebisTvissaWiroar aris<br />
araSemzRudveli winadadeba. meores mxriv, qvemoT moyvanil<br />
winadadebaSi damokidebuli winadadebathat are required<br />
readingSemzRudvelia, radgan miuTiTebs im konkretul wignebze,<br />
romlebic savaldebulod wasakiTxia. ami<strong>to</strong>m es winadadeba ar aris<br />
gamoyofili mZimeebiT.<br />
The books that are required reading are on reserve in the library.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom nacvalsaxeliwhich xSirad ixmareba<br />
SemzRudvel winadadebebTan, yuradRebiani av<strong>to</strong>rebi cdiloben,<br />
SeinarCunon gansxvaveba SemzRudvel nacvalsaxelsa that (mZimis<br />
gareSe) da araSemzRudvel nacvalsaxels which (mZimiT) Soris.<br />
frazebze.<br />
igive principebi vrceldeba SemzRudvel da araSemzRudvel<br />
The president, wearing a red dress, attended the conference.<br />
The woman wearing a red dress is the president.<br />
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21.2.4 mZimisgamoyenebis sxva SemTxvevebi<br />
mZimeebs iyeneben sxva situaciebSi. (TariRebSi mZimeebis gamoyenebis<br />
Sesaxeb ixileT 23.3.1.)<br />
• Sesavali sityvebi da frazebi. rodesac iwyebT winadadebas<br />
mravalsityviani SesavliT, mas boloSidausviT mZime,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, Tu saubrisas am momentSi normaluria mcire pauza.<br />
mZimis dasma ar aris aucilebeli mokle windebuliani frazis<br />
Semdeg, garda SemTxvevebisa, rodesac mZimis gareSe winadadeba<br />
SeiZleba, arasworad iqnes gagebuli.<br />
If the insurrection is <strong>to</strong> secceed, the army <strong>and</strong> police must st<strong>and</strong> side by side.<br />
Having accomplished her mission, she returned <strong>to</strong> headquarters.<br />
To Anthony, Blake remained an enigma.<br />
After this week the commission will be able <strong>to</strong> write its report.<br />
ori an orze meti zedsarTavi saxeli, romelic win uswrebs<br />
arsebiT saxels. gamoyaviT mZimeebiT ori an orze meti zedasarTavi<br />
saxeli iq, sadac winadadebis azris damaxinjebis gareSe SeiZleba<br />
maTi dakavSireba kavSiriT<strong>and</strong>. nu ixmarT mZimes, Tu pirveli<br />
zedsarTavi saxeli gansazRvravs meores da misi amoRebis Sedegad<br />
icvleba winadadebis azrs.<br />
It was a large, well-placed, beautiful house.<br />
They strolled out in<strong>to</strong> the warm, luminous night.<br />
She refused <strong>to</strong> be identified with a traditional political label.<br />
• ganmartebiTi komentarebi. iseT sityvebs da frazebs,<br />
rogoricaanamely, that is anfor example, Cveulebriv, SemoyavT<br />
ganmartebiTi komentari. amrigad, yvela am sityvis Semdeg iwereba<br />
mZime da SeiZleba,saWiro gaxdesmaT win wertil-mZimis an wertilis<br />
426
dasma. amasTan, rodesac iyenebT kavSirsor mniSvnelobiT `sxva<br />
sityvebiT~, dasviT mZime mis win. (es da sxva msgavsi gamoTqmebi<br />
SeiZleba, aseve gamovyoT tireebiT an frCxilebiT; ix.21.7.2 da 21.8.1.)<br />
Many people resent accidents of fate; that is, they look on illness or bereavement as<br />
undeserved.<br />
The compass st<strong>and</strong>, or binnacle, must be visible <strong>to</strong> the helmsman.<br />
• CanarTebi. sityva an fraza CanarTia, Tu mosdevs arsebiT saxels da<br />
asrulebs araSemzRudveli winadadebis funqcias (ix.21.2.3). aseTi<br />
elementi gamoiyofa mZimeebiT. Tumca, rodesac danarTi (apozitivi)<br />
saWiroa mis mier gansazRvruli arsebiTi saxelis<br />
identificirebisTvis, mZimeebi ar iwereba.<br />
Smith, a Reed College graduate, taught at Harvard for several years.<br />
Kierkegaard, the Danish philosopher, asked, “What is anxiety?”<br />
magram<br />
The Danish philosopher Kierkegaard asked, “What is anxiety?”<br />
• geografiuli saxelebi. geografiul saxelebSi mZimeebi dasviT<br />
mravaljeradi individualuri elementebis gamosayofad.<br />
(misamarTebSi mZimeebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ix.23.1.7.)<br />
Cincinnati, Ohio, is on the Ohio River.<br />
The next leg of the trip was <strong>to</strong> Florence, Italy.<br />
• Sorisdebulebi da maerTebeli zmnizedebi. gamoyaviT<br />
Sorisdebulebi, maerTebeli zmnizedebi da a.S. azrovnebaSi an<br />
winadadebis riTmSi Seferxebis miniSnebis mizniT. Tumca, gamo<strong>to</strong>veT<br />
mZimeebi, rodesac aseTi elementebi ar arRvevs uwyve<strong>to</strong>bas da<br />
kiTxvisas ar moiTxovs pauzas.<br />
Nevertheless, it is a matter of great importance.<br />
It is, perhaps, the best that could be expected.<br />
427
Perhaps it is therefore clear that no deposits were made<br />
• dapirispirebuli elementebi. gamoyaviT mZimeebiT not, not only an<br />
msgavsi gamoTqmiT dawyebuli Sorisdebuli frazamxolod im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu gindaT, rom mkiTxvelma gaakeTos pauza am frazis<br />
win. ixmareT mZime the more . . . the more tipis winadadebebs Soris, Tu,<br />
ra Tqma unda, isini Zalian mokle ar aris an Tu isini, savaraudod,<br />
arasworad iqneba gagebuli.<br />
The idea, not its expression, is significant.<br />
She was delighted with, but also disturbed by, her new freedom.<br />
The more it stays the same, the less it changes.<br />
• CarTuli elementebi. subieqtsa da zmnas Soris an zmnasa da mis<br />
obieqts Soris CarTuli elementis gamoyofisas ixmareT mZimeebi. Tu<br />
aRmoCndeba, rom winadadebaSi gamoyofT erTze met aseT CarTul<br />
elements, xelaxla CamoayalibeT winadadeba.<br />
The Quinn Report was, <strong>to</strong> say the least, a bombshell.<br />
Wolinski, after receiving instructions, left for Algiers.<br />
• gameorebuli sityvebi. ixmareT mZimeidenturi sityvebis<br />
gamosayofad. gamonakliss warmoadgens sityvathat.<br />
They marched in, in twos.<br />
Whatever is, is right.<br />
magram<br />
He gave his life so that that cause might prevail.<br />
21.3 wertil-mZime<br />
wertil-mZimiT aRiniSneba imaze didi pauza winadadebaSi vidre es<br />
mZimiT miiRweva.ixmareT wertil-mZime rTul winadadebaSi im<br />
428
damoukidebeli winadadebebis gamosayofad, romlebic ar aris<br />
dakavSirebuli maerTebeli kavSiriT(<strong>and</strong>, but, or, nor, yet, for, so).<br />
One hundred communities are in various stages of completion; more are on the drawing<br />
board.<br />
Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT, ixmaroT wertil-mZime maerTebel kavSirTan<br />
erTad, Tu winadadebebi grZelia da maTSi mZimeebi an sxva sasveni<br />
niSnebia. aseT SemTxvevebSi SesaZloa, mogixdeT wertil-mZimis<br />
wertiliT Secvla.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-s mrewvelobaSi produqtiuloba erT sul<br />
mosaxleze gacilebiT metia, vidre CineTSi, CineTSi sul ufro<br />
izrdeba kargi ganaTlebis mqone axalgazrda muSaxelis raodenoba;<br />
magram, kidev ufro mTavari isaa, rom, codna, romelic SeiZleba,<br />
gadaeces erTi xalxidan meores, msoflios umniSvnelovanes<br />
ekonomikur resurad iqca.<br />
ixmareT wertil-mZime iseT sityvebis win, rogoricaathen,<br />
however, thus, hence, indeed, accordingly, besides, datherefore, rodesac am<br />
sityvebs or damoukidebel winadadebas Soris Sualeduri<br />
(gardamavali) funqcia akisria.<br />
Some think freedom always comes with democracy; however, many voters in many<br />
countries have voted for governments that they know will restrict their rights.<br />
Tu elementebs rigSi Sida punqtuaciaaqvs, ganacalkeveT isini<br />
wertil-mZimeebiT (ix., aseve,21.2.2).<br />
Green indicates vegetation that remained stable; red, vegetation that disappeared; yellow,<br />
new vegetation.<br />
429
21.4 ori wertili<br />
or wertils Semoyavs winadadeba, fraza an elementebis rigi,<br />
romlebic afarToebs, ganmartavs an magaliTebis saxiT aCvenebs<br />
manamde warmodgenili elementis azrs. misi funqcia damoukidebel<br />
winadadebebs Soris axlos aris wertil-mZimis funqciasTan, Tumca,<br />
igi ufro metad amaxvilebs yuradRebas balansze an Sedegze.<br />
People expect three things of government: peace, prosperity, <strong>and</strong> respect of civil rights.<br />
Chinese culture is unnrivaled it its depth <strong>and</strong> antiquity: it is unmatched in its rich artistic<br />
<strong>and</strong> philosophical records.<br />
ixmareT ori wertili sailustracio masalis an CamonaTvlis<br />
Semosayvanad. nu dasvamT ori wertils uSualod zmnis Semdeg; amis<br />
nacvlad, gamoiyeneT Sesavali elementi, rogoricaathe following or as<br />
follows. (ix., aseve, 23.4.2.)<br />
The qualifications are as follows: a doc<strong>to</strong>rate in economics <strong>and</strong> an ability <strong>to</strong> communicate<br />
statistical data <strong>to</strong> a lay audience.<br />
nacvlad Semdegisa:<br />
The qualifications are: a doc<strong>to</strong>rate in economics . . .<br />
sayuradReboa, rom winadadebis SigniT ori wertilis momdevno<br />
pirveli sityva, rogorc wesi, ar iwyeba mTavruli asoTi, Tu igi ar<br />
aris sakuTari saxeli. (ori wertiliT Semoyvanil citirebebSi<br />
mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 25-e Tavi.)<br />
ori wertili aseve iwereba saTaurebSi (ix.17.1.2 da 19.1.3),<br />
drois aRniSvnebSi (23.1.5), URL-ebSi (17.1.7 da 19.1.8).miTiTebebSi<br />
sxvadasxva gziT gamoiyeneba ori wertili.<br />
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21.5 kiTxvis niSani<br />
dasviT kiTxvis niSani SekiTxvis saxiT Camoyalibebuli sruli<br />
winadadebis bolos. Tu kiTxvis niSani bolo sasveni niSania, mas<br />
Semdeg saWiroa erTi intervali.<br />
Who would lead the nation in its hour of need?<br />
dasviT kiTxvis niSani SekiTxvis formiT Camoyalibebuli da<br />
mTliani winadadebis nawilis saxiT Casmuli winadadebis Semdeg.<br />
nu ixmarT brWyalebs, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac, danarCeni<br />
winadadebisgan gansxvavebiT, SekiTxva citireba.<br />
Would the union agree? was the critical question.<br />
Tu Casmuli kiTxva winadadebis boloSia, nu dasvamT wertils<br />
kiTxvis niSnis Semdeg. Tqvengan ar moiTxoveba Casmuli kiTxvis<br />
pirveli sityvis mTavruli asoTidawyeba, Tumca sawyisi mTavruli<br />
aso exmareba mkiTxvels SekiTxvis identificirebaSi, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
Tu igi Seicavs Sida punqtuacias. Tu winadadeba mouqneli xdeba,<br />
SegiZliaT kiTxvis xelaxali Camoyalibeba TxrobiTi winadadebis<br />
formiT, romelsac wertilimosdevs.<br />
Several legisla<strong>to</strong>rs raised the question, Can the fund be used in an emergency, or must it<br />
remain dedicated <strong>to</strong> its original purpose?<br />
Several legisla<strong>to</strong>rs raised the question of using the fund in an emergency, which was not<br />
its original purporse.<br />
kiTxvis niSniT SesaZlebelia, agreTve, daeWvebis an<br />
gaurkvevlobis gadmocema, magaliTad, TariRSi.<br />
The painter Niccolò dell’Abbate (1512?-71) assisted in the decorations at Fontainebleau.<br />
fermweri<br />
431
21.6 Zaxilis niSani<br />
Zaxilis niSani iSviaTad Tu gamoiyeneba akademiur nawerSi, garda im<br />
SemTxvevebisa, rodesac is citirebuli masalis nawilia. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu Zaxilis niSani bolo sasveni niSania winadadebaSi,<br />
mas unda mosdevdes erTi intervali.<br />
21.7 defisi da tire<br />
21.7.1 defisi<br />
21.7.2 tire<br />
defisebi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva konteqstSi, maT Soris rTul<br />
sityvebSi (ix.20.3) da CaTvliT ricxvebSi (inclusive numbers)(23.2.4).<br />
tire aris gagrZelebuli defisi, romelic mZimeebis (ix. 21.2) da<br />
frCxilebis (ix. 21.8.1) msgavsad, gamoiyeneba teqstis gamosayofad,<br />
Tumca,tire teqsts maTze gamokveTilad gamoyofs. teqnikurad mas<br />
em-tire ewodeba (kompiuteruli fontebis SemoRebamde igi zustad<br />
mTavruli aso m-issiganis <strong>to</strong>li iyo) da es simbolo moipoveba<br />
umetes teqstur procesorSi. 2<br />
misi warmodgena SesaZlebelia ori<br />
Tanmimdevruli defisis formiT, Tumca,umetes teqstur procesors<br />
2 arsebobs tires meore tipi, romelsac ewodeba en-tire (tire, romelic Tavis droze<br />
zustad Seesabameboda mTavruli aso n-is siganes), romelic gamoiyeneba gamoqveynebul<br />
naSromebSi da aRniSnavs intervals (“through”), rogorc wesi, ricxvebTan an TariRebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi (1998-2008). SesaZlebelia, agreTve, misi sxva konteqstSi gamoyeneba, amas<br />
ambobs `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ (<strong>Chicago</strong> Manual of Style) me-15 gamocemis (2003)<br />
nawilSi 6 83. Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi moiTxovs mis<br />
gamoyenebas, niSani SegiZliaT naxoT umetes teqstur procesorSi; sxva SemTxvevebSi am<br />
konteqstSi ixmareT defisi. gaiTvaliswineT, rom winamdebare wignSi, sadac saWiroa,<br />
gamoiyeneba en tireebi (en dashes), iseve, rogorc adrindel miTiTebaSi `Cikagos<br />
saxelmZRvanelosTan~ (<strong>Chicago</strong> Manual) dakavSirebiT.<br />
432
ormagi defisis em-tired av<strong>to</strong>maturad gadayvanis funqcia aqvs. nu<br />
da<strong>to</strong>vebT intervals tires orive mxareze.<br />
frCxilebSi Casmuli elementis gamoyofis mizniT tireebis<br />
gamoyenebisas daawyvileT isini, rogorc daawyvilebdiT mZimeebs an<br />
frCxilebs. Tumca, imis gamo, rom isini sakmaod TvalSisacemia, nu<br />
ixmarT erT winadadebaSi erTze met wyvils; amis nacvlad, ixmareT<br />
frCxilebi maTSi Casmuli informaciis meore fenisTvis.<br />
The influence of three impressionists—Monet (1840-1926), Sisley (1839-99), <strong>and</strong> Degas<br />
(1834-1917)—is obvious in her work.<br />
Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT erTi tires gamoyeneba gamaZlierebeli an<br />
ganmmartebelielementis gamosayofad.<br />
It was a revival of a most potent image—the revolutionary idea.<br />
ixmareT tire an tireebis wyvili, romelic gamoyofs frazas, raTa<br />
gadmosceT azrovnebis nakadis mkveTri rRveva, rac, aseve,<br />
winadadebis struqturis rRvevasiwvevs.<br />
Rutherford—how could he have misinterpreted the evidence?<br />
Some characters in Tom Jones are “flat”—if you do not object ot this borrowing of E. M.<br />
Forster’s somewaht discredited term—because they are caricatures of their names.<br />
tirem SeiZleba, aseve, Semoiyvanos Semajamebeli subieqti<br />
ramdenime elementis CamoTvlis Semdeg.<br />
The statue of the discus thrower, the charioteer of Delphi, the poetry of Pindar — all<br />
represent the great ideal.<br />
433
21.7.3 mravaljeradi tireebi<br />
Tu axdenT citirebas damaxinjebuli an Znelad gasarkvevi<br />
teqstidan an warmoadgenT uwmawur (salanZRav) sityvas, miuTiTeT<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli sityva an gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli aso 2-em tires (2-em dash)<br />
meSveobiT (romelic Sedgeba ori Tanmimdevruli em-tires an oTxi<br />
defisisgan). gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli sityvisTvis da<strong>to</strong>veT intervali tires<br />
orive mxares; gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli asoebisTvis nu da<strong>to</strong>vebT intervals<br />
tiresa da sityvis nawils Soris.<br />
The vessel left the ---- of July.<br />
H----h? [Hirsch?]<br />
It was a d---- shame.<br />
3-emtire (romelic Seicavs sam Tanmimdevrul em tires an eqvs<br />
defiss) gamoiyeneba bibliografiaSi av<strong>to</strong>ris an redaq<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
gvarebis ganmeorebiT misaTiTeblad (ix. 16.2.2. da 18.2.1).<br />
21.8 frCxilebi da kvadratuli frCxilebi<br />
21.8.1 frCxilebi<br />
frCxilebi, rogorc wesi, gamoyofs winadadebaSi ganmartebiT an<br />
Sewyvetis elementebs, dawyvilebuli mZimeebis (ix.21.2) da tireebis<br />
(21.7.2) msgavsad. zogadad, ixmareT mZimeebi mTavar winadadebasTan<br />
mWidrod dakavSirebul masalasTan, tireebi da frCxilebi –<br />
naklebad dakavSirebul masalasTan. abreviatuebie.g. dai.e.,<br />
romlebsac SeuZliaT ganmartebiTi komentaris Semoyvana (ix. 24.7),<br />
gamoiyeneba mxolod frCxilebSi an SeniSvnebSi.<br />
The conference has (with some malice) divided in<strong>to</strong> four groups.<br />
434
Each painting depicts a public occasion, in each–a banquet, a parade, a coronation<br />
(though the person crowned is obscured)–crowds of people are pictured as swarming<br />
ants.<br />
There are tax incentives for “clean cars” (e.g., gasoline-electric hybrids <strong>and</strong> vehicles<br />
powered by compressed natural gas <strong>and</strong> liquefied propane).<br />
frCxilebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba, aseve, miTiTebebSi (ix. Tavebi<br />
16 da 18) da nusxaSi an sqemaSi cifrebis an asoebis gamosayofad (ix.<br />
23.4.2).<br />
21.8.2 kvadratuli frCxilebi<br />
kvadratuli frCxilebi yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba citirebul<br />
monakveTSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis saCveneblad (ix.25.3<br />
magaliTebisTvis). maTi xmareba SesaZlebelia, aseve,<br />
frCxilebSiCasmuli masalis meore fenis gamosayofad.<br />
He agrees with the idea that childhood has a his<strong>to</strong>ry (first advanced by Philippe Ariès<br />
[1914-84] in his book Centuries of Childhood [1962]).<br />
21.9 daxrilixazebi<br />
marcxniv daxrili xazi (‘/’) gamoiyeneba wiladebSi (ix.23.1.3) da<br />
poeziis citirebebSi (ix.25.2.1). erTmagi da ormagi xazebi,<br />
aseve,marjvniv daxrili xazebi (“\”) gvxvdeba URL-ebSi da sxva<br />
eleqtronul parametrebSi (ix. 20.4.2).<br />
21.10 brWyalebi<br />
citirebul masalaSi brWyalebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 25.2.1.<br />
saTaurebSi da sxva specifikur situaciebSi maTi xmarebis Sesaxeb<br />
ixileT 22.3.2. miTiTebebSi maTi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 16.1.4 da<br />
18.1.4.<br />
435
zogierTi dargi – magaliTad, lingvistika, filosofia da<br />
Teologia – sityvebisa da cnebebis gamosayofad iyenebs erTmag<br />
brWyalebssingle quotation marks. am SemTxvevaSi damamTavrebeli brWyali<br />
win unda uswrebdes mZimes an wertils (ix.21.11.1).<br />
kami ‘hair, beard’<br />
The variables of quantification, ‘something’, ‘nothing’, . . .<br />
sxva danarCeni dargebis umetesobaSiterminebis gansazRvrebebSi<br />
brWyalebis da daxrili xazebis gamoyenebisas ixelmZRvaneleT<br />
22.2.2-issaxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT.<br />
21.11 mravaljeradi sasveni niSnebi<br />
winamdebare TavSi mocemuli saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi zogjer<br />
iTvaliswinebs erTad ori sasveni niSnis xmarebas – magaliTad,<br />
wertilisa da damaboloebeli frCxilisa. qvemoT moyvanili<br />
saxelmZRvanelo principebi aregulirebs erT-erTi sasveni niSnis<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>vebas da sasveni niSnebis Tanmimdevrobas orives gamoyenebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi.<br />
21.11.1 sasveni niSnebis gamo<strong>to</strong>veba<br />
mravalwertilis gamoklebiT, nurasdros ixmarT or wertils<br />
erTad, rogorc es xdeba maSin, rodesac abreviaturiT bolovdeba<br />
winadadeba. da<strong>to</strong>veT abreviaturis wertili, Tu winadadeba<br />
sruldeba kiTxvis niSniT an Zaxilis niSniT.<br />
The exchange occurred at 5:30 p.m.<br />
Could anyone match the productivity of Rogers Inc.? \<br />
Tu konteqsti moiTxovs rogorc mZimis, aseve, ufro Zlieri<br />
sasveni niSnis, magaliTad, kiTxvis niSnis an tiresdasmas, amoiReT<br />
mZime.<br />
If he had read “What Do Dogs Think?” he would have known the answer.<br />
While the sena<strong>to</strong>r couldn’t endorse the proposal – <strong>and</strong> he certainly had doubts about it –<br />
he didn’t condemn it.<br />
436
21.11.2 sasveni niSnebis Tanmimdevroba<br />
momijnave sasveni niSnebis yvelaze savaraudo SemTxvevebi moicavs<br />
damaboloebel sasven niSnebs brWyalebTan, frCxilebTan an<br />
kvadratul frCxilebTan erTad. sasveni niSnebis xmarebis<br />
amerikuli varianti eyrdnoba sasveni niSnebis Tanmimdevrobis<br />
ramdenime s<strong>and</strong>o saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebas.<br />
brWyalebTan erTad<br />
saboloo mZime an wertili TiTqmis yovelTvis win uswrebs<br />
damaboloebel brWyals, miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ar aris igi<br />
citirebuli masalis nawili.<br />
In support of the effort “<strong>to</strong> bring justice <strong>to</strong> our people,” she joined the strike.<br />
She made the argument in an article titled “On ‘Managing Public Debt.’”<br />
aris erTi gamonaklisi: Tu erTmagi brWyalebi gamoiyeneba<br />
specialuri terminebis gamosayofad garkveul dargebSi, rogoricaa<br />
lingvistika, filosofia da Teologia (ix.21.10), dasviT wertili an<br />
mZime damaboloebeli brWyalis Semdeg.<br />
Some contemporary theologians, who favored ‘religionless Christianity’, were<br />
proclaiming the ‘death of God’.<br />
kiTxvis niSnebi da Zaxilis niSnebi win uswrebs<br />
damaboloebel brWyals, Tu isini warmoadgens citirebuli masalis<br />
nawils. isini mosdevs brWyals, Tu Seexeba mTel winadadebas,<br />
romelSic Cndeba citireba.<br />
Her poem is titled “What Did the Crow Know?”<br />
Do we accept Jefferson’s concept of “a natural aris<strong>to</strong>cracy”?<br />
wertil-mZime da ori wertili yovelTvis mosdevs brWyalebs.<br />
Tu citireba bolovdeba wertil-mZimiT an ori wertiliT, SecvaleT<br />
is wertiliT an mZimiT, raTa miusadagoT mTavari winadadebis<br />
struqturas (ix. 25.3.1).<br />
He claimed that “every choice reflects an attitude <strong>to</strong>ward Everyman”; his speech then<br />
enlarged on the point in a telling way.<br />
437
The Emergency Center is “almost its own city”: it has its own services <strong>and</strong> governance.<br />
frCxilebTan da kvadratul frCxilebTan erTad.mTliani<br />
winadadebis frCxilebSi Casmisas dasviT am winadadebis<br />
damasrulebeli wertili (an sxva damaboloebeli sasveni niSani)<br />
bolo frCxilis win. magram wertili frCxilis gareTdasviT, Tu<br />
frCxilebSi Casmuli masala, gramatikulad dasrulebuli<br />
winadadebac ki, wina winadadebas ganmartavs an agrZelebs mis azrs.<br />
igive principebi vrceldeba kvadratul frCxilebSi Casmul<br />
masalazec.<br />
We have noted similar motifs in Japan. (They can also be found in Korean folktales.)<br />
Myths have been accepted as allegorically true (by the S<strong>to</strong>ics) <strong>and</strong> as priestly lies (by the<br />
Enlightenment).<br />
(The direc<strong>to</strong>r promised completion “on time <strong>and</strong> under budget” [italics mine].)<br />
frCxilebSi Casmuli miTiTebebis damaboloebeli punqtuaciis<br />
Sesaxeb ixileT 25.2.<br />
438
22. saxelebi, specialuri terminebi da naSromebis saTaurebi<br />
22.1 saxelebi<br />
22.1.1 xalxebi, geografiuli adgilebi da organizaciebi<br />
22.1.2 is<strong>to</strong>riuli movlenebi, kulturuli terminebi da drois<br />
aRniSvnebi<br />
22.1.3 sxva tipis saxelebi<br />
22.2 specialuri terminebi<br />
22.2.1 ucxoenovani terminebi<br />
22.2.2 terminebad gansazRvruli sityvebi<br />
22.3 naSromebis saTaurebi<br />
22.3.1 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba<br />
22.3.2 teqstis tipografiuli moniSvna<br />
22.3.3 punqtuacia<br />
winamdebare TavSi SemoTavazebulia saxelebis, specialuri<br />
terminebis da naSromebis saTaurebis warmodgenis zogadi<br />
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi. am TavSi, aseve,ganxilulia, Tu ra<br />
SemTxvevebSi unda gamoviyenoT mTavruli an nusxuri asoebi<br />
sityvebis dasawyisSi da rodis unda gamoviyenoT brWyalebi an<br />
daxrili Srifti (gansxvavebiT swori Sriftisgan) sityvebis,<br />
frazebisa Tu saTaurebis gamosayofad.<br />
zog SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, mogixdeT am saxelmZRvanelo<br />
principebis misadageba SemTxvevebTan, romlebic ar aris moyvanili<br />
winamdebare naSromSi. Tu es ase moxdeba, iyaviT Tanmimdevrulni. Tu<br />
ar SegiZliaT daxrili Sriftis xmareba, mimarTeT xazgasmas.<br />
TumuSaobT sadiplomo naSromze an disertaciaze, Tqvens<br />
ganyofilebas an universitets SeiZleba,hqondes saxelebis,<br />
specialuri terminebisa da saTaurebis daweris gansakuTrebuli<br />
moTxovnebi. es moTxovnebi, rogorc wesi, moipoveba Tezisebisa da<br />
disertaciebis ganyofilebaSi. Tu muSaobT saklaso naSromze,<br />
439
Tqvenma pedagogma SeiZleba, aseve, mogTxovoT daicvaT msgavsi<br />
naSromebis warsadgenad saWiro principebi. ganixileT es<br />
moTxovnebi, sanam moamzadebT Tqvens naSroms. isini winamdebare<br />
TavSi SemoTavazebul saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebze upiratesia.<br />
sxvadasxva disciplinaSi arsebul stilTan dakavSirebiT<br />
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi ixileT bibliografiaSi.<br />
22.1 saxelebi<br />
sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebi an saxelebi iwereba mTavruli asoebiT,<br />
Tumca xSirad rTulia, ganvasxvavoT saxeli zogadi terminisgan.<br />
winamdebare nawilSi ganxilulia yvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />
SemTxvevebi. ufro detaluri informaciis misaRebad ixileT<br />
`Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ 2003 wlis me-15 gamocemis me-8<br />
Tavi (<strong>Chicago</strong> Manual of Style, 15 th edition (2003)).<br />
teqstSi saxelebi, Cveulebriv, warmodgenilia swori SriftiT,<br />
Tumca, aris ramdenime gamonaklisi, romelic ganxilulia 22.1.3-Si.<br />
22.1.1 xalxebi, geografiuli adgilebi da organizaciebi<br />
zogadad dawereT mTavruliT konkretuli xalxis, geografiuli<br />
adgilebisa da organizaciis dasaxelebis yoveli elementis<br />
pirveli aso. amasTan, sakuTari saxelebi, romlebic Seicavs<br />
nawilakebs (magaliTad, de davan) an rTuli gvarebi SeiZleba,<br />
gansxvavdebodes mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
daeWvebis SemTxvevaSi CaixedeT `vebsteris biografiul leqsikonSi~<br />
an sxva av<strong>to</strong>ritetul leqsikonSi, windebulebi (of) da kavSirebi<br />
(<strong>and</strong>), romlebic saxelebis Semadgeneli nawilebia, rogorc wesi,<br />
nusxuriT iwereba, rogorc, magaliTad, artikli the saxelis win.<br />
saxelebis kuTvnilebiTi brunvis formebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT<br />
20.2. abreviaturebi saxelebTan erTad ixileT 24.2-Si. ricxvebis<br />
Semcveli saxelebi ixileT 23.1.6-Si.<br />
440
Eleanor Roosevelt the Unived States Congress<br />
W. E.B. Du Bois the State Department<br />
Ludwig van Beethoven the European Union<br />
Vic<strong>to</strong>ria Sackville-West the University of North Carolina<br />
Chiang Kai-shek the Honda Mo<strong>to</strong>r Company<br />
Sierra Leone Skidmore, Owings & Merrill<br />
Central America the University of <strong>Chicago</strong> Press<br />
New York City the National Conference of Christians <strong>and</strong> Jews<br />
the Atlantic Ocean the Roman Catholic Church<br />
the Republic of Lithuania the Allied Expeditionary Force<br />
profesiis gamomxatveli tituli uSualod piradi saxelis<br />
win mTavruli asoTiiwereba, rogorc saxelis nawili. Tu tituls<br />
calke an piradi saxelis Semdeg iyenebT, is iqceva nawarmoeb<br />
terminad da iwereba patara asoTi. igive principi vrceldeba sxva<br />
saerTo terminebze, romlebic geografiuli adgilis an<br />
organizaciis saxelwodebis nawilia.<br />
President Harry Truman announced the president announced<br />
Professors Harris <strong>and</strong> Wilson wrote the professors wrote<br />
next <strong>to</strong> the Indian Ocean next <strong>to</strong> the ocean<br />
students at Albion College students at the college<br />
441
mTavruliT iwereba, aseve, eTnikuri da nacionaluri jgufebis<br />
saxelebi, rac ar vrceldeba socio-ekonomikuri fenis aRmniSvnel<br />
terminebze. (orive tipis Sedgenil sityvebSi defisis dasmis Sesaxeb<br />
ixileT 20.3.2. <strong>to</strong>mebis saxelebis, magaliTad, Hopi, mravlobiTi<br />
ricxvis Sesaxeb ixileT 20.1.1.)<br />
Arab Americans the middle class<br />
Latinos blue-collar workers<br />
mTavruliT dawereT arsebiTi saxelebisgan warmoebuli<br />
zedsarTavi saxelebi, garda SemTxvevebisa, rodesac maT dakarges<br />
uSualo asociacia konkretul pirovnebebTan an geografiul<br />
adgilebTan da gadaiqcnen yoveldRiuri salaparako enis nawilad.<br />
Machiavellian scheme french fries<br />
Roman <strong>and</strong> Arabic art roman <strong>and</strong> arabic numerals<br />
22.1.2 is<strong>to</strong>riuli movlenebi, kuturuli terminebi da drois aRniSvnebi<br />
mravali is<strong>to</strong>riuli periodisa da movlenis saxeli,<br />
tradiciisamebr, mTavruli asoebiT iwereba; ufro zogadi terminebi<br />
_Cveulebriv,nusxuriT, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac isini<br />
Seicavs sakuTar saxels. daicaviT Tqvens disciplinaSi arsebuli<br />
wesebi.<br />
the Bronze Age ancient Rome<br />
the Depression the nineteenth century<br />
the Industrial Revolution the Shang dynasty<br />
Prohibition the colonial period<br />
the Seven Years’ War the baby boom<br />
442
kulturis stilis, moZraobebisa da skolebis aRmniSvneli<br />
arsebiTi saxelebi da zedsarTavi saxelebi zogadad mTavruliT<br />
iwereba mxolod maSin, rodesac isini warmoebulia sakuTari<br />
saxelebisgan an rodesac saWiroa, ganvasxvavoT isini saerTo<br />
terminebisgan (magaliTad,S<strong>to</strong>icism). am SemTxvevaSic daicaviT Tqveni<br />
disciplinis wesebi.<br />
classical Aris<strong>to</strong>telian reasoning<br />
impressionism Dadaism<br />
modernism Hudson River school<br />
deconstruction Romanesque architecture<br />
kviris dReebis, Tveebisa da dResaswaulebis saxelebi iwereba<br />
mTavruli asoTi, xolo weliwadis droebis – ara. meti informacia<br />
TariRis sistemebis Sesaxeb ixileT 23.3.<br />
Tuesday September Independence Day spring<br />
22.1.3 sxva tipis saxelebi<br />
sxva tipis saxelebis werisas, aseve, vxelmZRvanelobT mTavruli<br />
asoebis gamoyenebis specialuri nimuSebiT, xolo zogierTi maTgani<br />
daxrili SriftiT unda daiweros.<br />
• akademiuri kursebi da sagnebi. dawereT mTavruliT specialuri<br />
kursebis saxelebi da ara zogadi sagnebis an kvlevis sferoebis<br />
saxelebi, garda enebis saxelebisa.<br />
Introduction of Asian Art art his<strong>to</strong>ry<br />
Topics in Vic<strong>to</strong>rian Literature English literature<br />
• aqtebi, xelSekrulebebi da samTavrobo programebi. dawereT<br />
mTavruliT aqtebis, xelSekrulebebis, samTavrobo programebisa da<br />
msgavsi dokumentebisa Tu organizaciebis oficialuri an miRebuli<br />
saxelwodebebi, xolo nusxuriT – araoficialuri an saerTo<br />
saxelwodebebi.<br />
the United States (or U.S.) Constitution the due process clause<br />
the Treaty of Versailles the treaty<br />
Head Start `hed starti~ (ganmanaTlebeli da<br />
443
samedicino programa)<br />
• brendebis saxelebi. dawereT mTavruliT produqtebis brendebis<br />
saxelebi, magram nu ixmarT simboloebs<br />
® TM an saxelebis Semdeg.<br />
amasTan,Tu ar saubrobT specifikur produqtze, ixmareT saerTo<br />
termini brendis saxelis nacvlad.<br />
Coca-Cola cola<br />
Xerox pho<strong>to</strong>copy<br />
• eleqtronuli teqnologia. dawereT mTavruliT kompiuteruli<br />
aparaturisa da programebis, qselebis, brauzerebis, sistemebisa da<br />
enebis saxelebi da am saxelebis Semoklebuli formebi.<br />
Windows XP the Internet; the Net<br />
Internet Explorer the World Wide Web; the Web<br />
• sasamarTlo saqmeebi. dawereT mTavruliT da daxrili SriftiT<br />
sasamarTlo saqmeebis saxelwodebebi; dawereT daxrili SriftiT<br />
asov. (versus). SegiZliaT, saqmis saxelwodebis Semokleba misi<br />
srulad miTiTebis Semdeg. sasamarTlo saqmeebis miTiTebebis<br />
Sesaxeb ixileT 17.9.7. da 19.9.7.<br />
pirveli miTiTeba Semdgomi miTiTebebi<br />
Mir<strong>and</strong>a v. Arizona Mir<strong>and</strong>a<br />
United States v. Carlisle Carlisle<br />
• gemebi, sahaero xomaldebi da sxva satranspor<strong>to</strong> saSualebebi.<br />
dawereT mTavruliT da daxrili SriftiT gemebis, sahaero<br />
xomaldebisa da sxva satranspor<strong>to</strong> saSualebebis saxelebi. Tu<br />
saxelebis win gvxvdeba iseTi abreviaturebi, rogoricaa USS (United<br />
States ship) an HMS (Her [or His] Majesty’s ship), nu dawerT daxrili<br />
SriftiT am abreviaturebs an nu ixmarT sityvas ship saxelTan<br />
erTad.<br />
USS Constitution Spirit of St. Louis<br />
HMSSaranac the space shuttle Endeavor<br />
• mcenareebi da cxovelebi. humanitaruli an socialuri<br />
mecnierebebisadmi miZRvnil naSromebSinu dawerT mTavruliT<br />
444
mcenareebisa da cxovelebis saxeobebis dasaxelebebs.mTavruliT<br />
iwereba mxolod maTi warmoSobis mimaniSnebeli geografiuli<br />
adgilis dasaxeleba. saxeobebis ornawiliani laTinuri saxelebi<br />
iwereba daxrili SriftiT, gvariiwereba mTavruliT, xolo saxeoba<br />
(an specifikuri epiTeti) nusxuri asoebiT. tipebis, rigebis da a.S.<br />
saxelebi iwereba swori SriftiT. sabunebismetyvelo<br />
mecnierebebisadmi miZRvnil naSromebSi ixelmZRvaneleT Tqvens<br />
disciplinaSi miRebuli wesebiT.<br />
rhesus monkey Rocky Mountain sheep Rosa caroliniana Chordata<br />
22.2 specialuri terminebi<br />
zogi specialuri termini moiTxovs daxrili Sriftis, brWyalebisa<br />
da mTavruli asoebis xmarebas.<br />
22.2.1 ucxoenovani terminebi<br />
dawereT daxrili SriftiT calkeuli ucxo enaze dawerili<br />
sityvebi da frazebi, romlebic, savaraudod, ucnobi iqneba<br />
inglisurenovani mkiTxvelisTvis da dasviT mTavruli asoebi iseve,<br />
rogorc maT originalisenaze svamen. (Tu ar iciT ama Tu im enis<br />
mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebis principebi, CaixedeT av<strong>to</strong>ritetul<br />
wyaroSi, rogoricaa `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ 2003 wlis<br />
me-15 gamocemis me-10 Tavi. ucxoenovani naSromebis saTaurebis<br />
Sesaxeb ixileT 22.3.1.<br />
This leads <strong>to</strong> the idea of bermensch <strong>and</strong> <strong>to</strong> the theory of the acte gratuit <strong>and</strong> surrealism. .<br />
nu dawerT daxrili SriftiT ucxoenovan saxelebs an pirad<br />
titulebs (wodebebs), romlebic maT axlavT.<br />
Padre Pio<br />
the Académie Française<br />
the Pier<strong>to</strong> del Sol<br />
Tu Tqven gansazRvravT ucxoenovan termins, CasviT<br />
gansazRvrebaterminis Semdeg teqstSi an SeniSvnaSi frCxilebSi an<br />
brWyalebSi.<br />
The usual phrase was ena tuainu-iai, “I wanted <strong>to</strong> eat.”<br />
445
According <strong>to</strong> Sartrean on<strong>to</strong>logy, man is always de trop (in excess).<br />
ucxoenovani wyaroebidan moyvanili ufro grZeli<br />
citatebisTvis gamoiyeneT swori Srifti. dawereT daxrili<br />
SriftiT mTliani citata an masSi arsebuli nebismieri sityva<br />
mxolod maSin, Tu isini daxrili SriftiT aris warmodgenili<br />
originalSi. CasviT citata brWyalebSi teqstis SigniT an<br />
gamoiyeneT blok-citata 25.2-Si Camoyalibebuli principebis<br />
Sesabamisad.<br />
The confusion of le pragmatisme is traced <strong>to</strong> the supposed failure <strong>to</strong> distinguish “les<br />
propriétés de la valeur en général” from the incidental.<br />
22.2.2 terminebad gansazRvruli sityvebi<br />
Tqvens mier gansazRvruli ZiriTadi terminebis xazgasmis mizniT,<br />
maTi pirvelad moxseniebisas dawereT isini daxrili SriftiT,<br />
Semdeg ki ixmareT swori Srifti. SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT brWyalebi<br />
(e.w. `gamafrTxilebeli brWyalebi’’), raTa gaafrTxiloT mkiTxveli,<br />
rom arast<strong>and</strong>artulad an ironiuli kuTxiT iyenebT termins.<br />
zedmeti xmarebis SemTxvevaSi es ori meTodi naklebad efeqturi<br />
xdeba.<br />
The two chief tactics of this group, obstructionism <strong>and</strong> misinformation, require careful<br />
analysis.<br />
Government “effeciency” resulted in a huge deficit.<br />
dawereT termini daxrili SriftiT, Tu mas moixseniebT,<br />
rogorc termins.<br />
The term critical mass is more often used metaphorically than literally.<br />
How did she define the word existential?<br />
magram<br />
A critical mass of students <strong>to</strong>ok existential philosophy.<br />
dawereT daxrili nusxuri SriftiT asoebi, romlebic calke<br />
moixsenieba. niSnebis da magaliTebis gamomxatveli sityvebi iwereba<br />
swori SriftiT da mTavruliT. amgvarad gamoyenebuli sityvebis<br />
mravlobiTi ricxvis formebis Sesaxeb ixileT 20.1.2.<br />
446
Many of the place-names there begin with the letters h <strong>and</strong> k.<br />
In her senior year, she received an A <strong>and</strong> six B’s.<br />
Imagine a group of interconnected persons: A knows B, B knows C, <strong>and</strong> C knows D.<br />
22.3 naSromebis saTaurebi<br />
rodesac miuTiTebT werilobiT, mxatvrul an samauwyeblo<br />
namuSevars, warmoadgineT misi saTauri zustad iseve, rogorc is<br />
naCvenebia originalur namuSevarSi an, Tu originali xelmisawvdomi<br />
ar aris, - av<strong>to</strong>ritetul wyaroSi.<br />
yovelTvis daicaviT aseT saTaurebSi originaluri<br />
damwerloba (maT Soris, dasmuli defisebi), maSinac, rodesac igi<br />
ar Seesabameba me-20 TavSi aRweril Tanamedroveamerikul wesebs,<br />
ixileT 17.1.2 saTaurebis punqtuaciaSi zogierTi dasaSvebi<br />
cvlilebis Sesatanad, rogoricaa ori wertilis xmareba saTaursa<br />
da qvesaTaurs Soris da mZimis darTva TariRebis win.<br />
akademiuri tradiciisamebr, saTaurebi iwereba mTavruli<br />
asoebis gamoyenebisa da teqstis moniSvnis (daxrili Srifti,<br />
brWyalebi an arcerTi) specifikuri modelebiT, imisda miuxedavad,<br />
Tu rogor aris warmodgenili originalSi. teqstSi da miTiTebebSi<br />
gamoyenebuli saTaurebisTvis principebi,garkveulwilad,<br />
gansxvavebulia.<br />
22.3.1 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba<br />
saTaurebs aqvs mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebis ori modeli:<br />
saTauris stili (headline style) da winadadebis stili(sentence style).<br />
warmoadgineT teqstSi moxseniebuli saTaurebis umetesoba saTauris<br />
stilSi. ucxoenovani saTaurebis SemTxvevaSi isargebleT<br />
winadadebis stiliT.<br />
miTiTebebSi arCevani damokidebulia im miTiTebis stilze,<br />
romliTac sargeblobT: zogadad, saTauris stili gamoiyeneba<br />
bibliografiuli miTiTebebisTvis da winadadebis stili _<br />
447
miTiTebebis CamonaTvlisTvis. (aris ramdenime gamonaklisi; ixileT,<br />
Sesabamisad, me-17 da me-19 Tavebi.)<br />
Tqveni naSromisada misi nebismieri nawilebis an Tavebis<br />
saTaurebisTvis isargebleT saTauris stiliT, Tu Tqvens<br />
disciplinaSi ar aris miRebuli winadadebis stili (ix. A.1.5).<br />
saTauris stili. saTauris stilis mizaniateqstidan saTaurebis<br />
mkafiodgamokveTa. am stilSi mTavruliT dawereT saTauris da<br />
qvesaTauris yvela sityvis pirveli a,so garda Semdegi<br />
gamonaklisebisa:<br />
• nu dawerT mTavruliT artiklebs (a, an, the),kavSirebs (<strong>and</strong>, but, or, nor,<br />
for, so, yet) an sityvebs <strong>to</strong> daas, Tu aseTi sityva ar aris saTauris an<br />
qvesaTauris pirveli an bolo sityva.<br />
• nu dawerT mTavruliT windebulebs (of, in, at, above, under da a.S.),<br />
TumaTze ar keTdeba aqcenti (through - A Rover Runs Through It-Si) Tu<br />
isini ar gamoiyeneba zmnizedebis (up - Look Up), zedsarTavi saxelebis<br />
(on - The On But<strong>to</strong>n) an kavSirebis (before - Look Before You Leap) funqciiT.<br />
• nu dawerT mTavruliT defisiani Sedgenili sityvis meore (an<br />
momdevno) nawilebs, Tu isini ar aris sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebi<br />
an zedsarTavi saxelebi. (nu dagaviwydebaT saTaurebSi defisebis<br />
dasmis originaluri wesis SenarCuneba maSinac, roca igi<br />
gansxvavdeba 20.3-Si ganxiluli principebisgan.)<br />
• nu dawerT mTavruliT sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebis im nawilebs,<br />
romlebic,Cveulebriv, nusxuriT iwereba, rogorc es naCvenebia22.1.1-<br />
Si( Ludwig van Beethoven).<br />
The Economic Effects of the Civil War in the Mid-Atlantic States<br />
To Have <strong>and</strong> <strong>to</strong> Hold: A Twenty-first-century View of Marriage<br />
All That Is True: The Life of Vincent van Gogh, 1853-90<br />
Four Readings of the Gospel according <strong>to</strong> Mathew<br />
Self-government <strong>and</strong> the Re-establishement of a New World Order ena<br />
Global Warming: What We Are Doing about It Today<br />
Still Life with Oranges<br />
E-flat Concer<strong>to</strong><br />
448
miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri mokle sityva am stilSi nusxuriT<br />
iwereba,mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebas sityvis sigrZe ar<br />
gansazRvravs. saWiroa mokle zmnebis (is, are), zedsarTavi saxelebis<br />
(new), piris nacvalsaxelebis (it, we) da CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis<br />
(that) mTavruli asoebiT dawera, vinaidan isini zemoT CamoTvlili<br />
gamonaklisebis siaSia. dawereT nuxuriT grZeli windebulebi<br />
(according), radgan isini gvxvdeba gamonaklisebs Soris.<br />
dauSvebelia ori tipis saTauris saTauris stilSi<br />
warmodgena maSinac, Tu am stils Tqven iyenebT yvela sxva<br />
saTaurisTvis:<br />
• sxva enebze, garda inglisurisa, daweril saTaurebSi ixmareT<br />
winadadebis stilis kapitalizacia (ixileT qvemoT).<br />
• meTvramete saukuneSi da ufro adre gamoqveynebuli naSromebis<br />
saTaurebSi ucvlelad da<strong>to</strong>veT originaluri mTavruli asoebis<br />
gamoyenebis stili (da orTografia), Tumca,gaiTvaliswineT, rom<br />
sityvebSi, romelTa yvela asoc originalSi mTavruliT aris<br />
dawerili, mxolod pirveli aso unda daweroT mTavruliT.<br />
A Treatise of morall philosophy Contaynyge the sayings of the wyse<br />
winadadebis stili. saTauris stilisgan gansxvavebiT, winadadebis<br />
stilisaTaurebis warmodgenis ufro martivi, magram naklebad<br />
gamorCeuli saSualebaa. am stilSi mTavruliT dawereT mxolod<br />
saTauris da qvesaTauris pirveli sityvis pirveli aso da<br />
nebismieri momdevno sakuTari arsebiTi saxeli da sakuTari<br />
zedsarTavi saxeli.<br />
Seeing <strong>and</strong> selling late-nineteenth-century Japan<br />
Natural crisis: Symbol <strong>and</strong> imagination in the mid-American farm crisis<br />
Religious feminism: A challenge from the National Organization for Women<br />
The last supper<br />
winadadebis stili gamoiyeneba, agreTve, ucxourenovani<br />
naSromebis saTaurebisTvis. ucxo enebis mTavruli asoebiT daweris<br />
449
principebi gansxvavdeba inglisuri enis principebisgan, ami<strong>to</strong>m Tu<br />
ar xarT darwmunebuli konkretuli ucxo enis principebSi,<br />
CaixedeT av<strong>to</strong>riterul wyaroSi.<br />
Speculum Romanae magnificentiae<br />
His<strong>to</strong>ria de la Orden de San Gerónimo<br />
Reallexikon zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte<br />
Phénoménologie et religion. Structures de l’institution chrétienne<br />
22.3.2 teqstis tipografiuli moniSvna<br />
specialuri tipografiuli moniSvna – daxrili Srifti da<br />
brWyalebi – aseve,gvexmareba naSromebis saTaurebis teqstidan<br />
gamokveTaSi. winamdebare paragrafSi CamoTvlili saxelmZRvanelo<br />
miTiTebebi vrceldeba teqstSi gamoyenebul saTaurebze. isini aseve<br />
vrceldeba umetes saTaurze bibliografiis stilis miTiTebebSi<br />
(ix. me-17 Tavi), rac ar SeiZleba, iTqvas sqolioSi miTiTebis<br />
stilSi aRniSnul saTaurebze(ixileT me-19 Tavi).<br />
qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebi warmodgenilia saTauris stiliT.<br />
Tumca, saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi, aseve, vrceldeba winadadebis<br />
stilis mqone saTaurebze (ix. 22.3.1).<br />
daxrili Srifti. dawereT daxrili SriftiT SedarebiT<br />
grZeligamoqveynebuli (dabeWdili an eleqtronuli formiT<br />
mocemuli) an sazogadoebisTvis sxvamxriv cnobili naSromebis<br />
saTaurebi, teqstSi (da ara miTiTebebSi) sityva the swori SriftiT<br />
da nusxuri asoebiT iwereba umetesi saTauris dasawyisSi, maSinac,<br />
roca is oficialuri saTauris nawilia. am naSromebis nawilebTan<br />
da amave tipis ufro mokle naSromebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT<br />
qvemoT.<br />
• wignebi (Culture <strong>and</strong> Anarchy, the <strong>Chicago</strong> Manual of Style)<br />
• piesebi (A Winter’s Tale) da Zalian grZeli poemebi, gansakuTrebiT<br />
wignis moculobis mqone poemebi (Dante’s Inferno)<br />
450
• samecniero Jurnalebi (Signs), popularuli Jurnalebi (Time),<br />
gazeTebi (the Washing<strong>to</strong>n Post) da sxva perioduli gamocemebi<br />
• grZeli musikaluri nawarmoebebi (the Marriage of Figaro)<br />
• ferweruli naxatebi (Mona Lisa), q<strong>and</strong>akebebi (Michelangelo’s David) da<br />
sxva xelovnebis nimuSebi, garda fo<strong>to</strong>ebisa<br />
• kinofilmebi (Citizen Kane) da satelevizio (Sesame Street) da<br />
radioprogramebi (All Things Considered)<br />
brWyalebi. ufro mokle naSromis saTauri, romelic SeiZleba<br />
iyos an ar iyos ufro grZeli naSromis nawili (rogoricaa<br />
zemoCamoTvlili naSromebi) CasviT brWyalebSi, magram ar<br />
daweroT daxrili SriftiT:<br />
• Tavi (“The Later Years”) an wignis sxva dasaTaurebuli nawilebi<br />
• mokle moTxrobebi (“The Dead”), mokle poemebi (“The Housekeeper”) da<br />
narkvevebi (“Of Books”)<br />
• statiebi an sxva masala samecniero JurnalebSi (“The Function of<br />
Fashion in Eighteenth-century America”), popularul JurnalebSi (“Who<br />
Should Lead the Supreme Court?”), gazeTebSi (“Election Comes Down <strong>to</strong> the<br />
Wire”) da sxva periodul gamocemebSi<br />
• satelevizio programebis individualuri epizodebi (“The<br />
Opposite”)<br />
• mokle musikaluri nawarmoebebi (“The Star-Spangled Banner”)<br />
• fo<strong>to</strong>suraTebi (Ansel Adam’s “North Dome”)<br />
ixmareT, aseve, brWyalebi da swori Srifti im sruli<br />
naSromebis saTaurebSi, romlebic ar aris oficialurad<br />
gamoqveynebuli, maT Soris Semdegi saxis naSromebisa:<br />
• Tezisebi theses da disertaciebi (“A Study of Kant’s Early Works”)<br />
451
• leqciebi da sxdomebze wakiTxuli moxsenebebi (“Voice <strong>and</strong><br />
Inequality: The Transformation of American Civic Democracy”)<br />
• dasaTaurebuli dokumentebi xelnawerebis koleqciebSi (“A Map<br />
of the Southern Indian District of North America”)<br />
specialuri tipofrafiuli moniSvnis gareSe. dawereT<br />
mTavruliT, magram nu gamoiyenebT daxril Srifts an brWyalebs<br />
Semdegi specialuri tipis saTaurebis SemTxvevaSi:<br />
• wignebis seriebi (Studies in Legal His<strong>to</strong>ry).<br />
• xelnawerebis koleqciebi (Egmont Manuscripts).<br />
• wminda wignebi (the Bible) da sxva religiuri naSromebi (the<br />
Upanishads), aseve, bibliis sxvadasxva versia(the King James Version) da<br />
misi wignebi (Genesis; sruli sia ixileT 24.6-Si).<br />
• musikaluri nawarmoebebi, moxseniebuli maTi Janris mixedviT<br />
(Symphony no. 41, Cantata BWV 80), Tumca, am nawarmoebebis<br />
popularuli saxelwodebebi iwereba daxrili SriftiT (the Jupiter<br />
Symphony) da Casmulia brWyalebSi (“Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott”),<br />
gamomdinare, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, maTi sigrZidan.<br />
• zogadad moxseniebuli vebsaitebi (MSNBC.com), Tumca,<br />
miTiTebebSi vebsaitebis saxelebi iwereba daxrili SriftiT<br />
(Salon.com), xolo calkeuli statiebisa Tu gverdebis saTaurebi<br />
iwereba swori SriftiT da Casmulia brWyalebSi (“The Fix’).<br />
miiCnieT wignebis an sxva naSromebis nawilebis saerTo<br />
aRniSvnebi nebismier sxva sityvad. nu dawerT mTavruliT da nu<br />
ixmarT daxril Srifts an brWyalebs, garda SemTxvevebisa,<br />
rodesac igives izamdiT Cveulebrivi sityvis dawerisas (rogorc<br />
winadadebis dasawyisSi). Tu nawili Seicavs nomers, miuTiTeT igi<br />
arabul ricxvebSi, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor aris igi<br />
naCvenebi originalur naSromSi (ixileT 23.1.8).<br />
in Lionel Trilling’s preface as discussed in chapters 4 <strong>and</strong> 5<br />
452
22.3.3 punqtuacia<br />
a comprehensive bibliography killed off in act 3, scene 2<br />
daicaviT teqstSi saTauris bolos mZimis, wertilis an sxva sasveni<br />
niSnis dasmis st<strong>and</strong>artuli saxelmZRvanelo wesebi. Tu saTauri<br />
bolovdeba TariRebiT, gamoyaviT isini dawyvilebuli mZimeebiT,<br />
winadadebis daboloebis gamoklebiT, sadac damaboloebeli sasveni<br />
niSani enacvleba meore mZimes (ix., aseve,17.1.2). brWyalebSi Casmuli<br />
saTaurebis SemTxvevaSi dasviT mZime an wertili Camketi sasveni<br />
niSnis win (ix., aseve,21.11.2).<br />
Have you ever read The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787?<br />
Her article, “Continuity <strong>and</strong> Change, 1500-1800,” argues in favor of continuity.<br />
453
23. ricxvebi<br />
23.1 sityvebi Tu ricxvebi?<br />
23.1.1 zogadi wesi<br />
23.1.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi<br />
23.1.3 procentebi da wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi<br />
23.1.4 fuli<br />
23.1.5 dro<br />
23.1.6 saxelebi ricxvebTan erTad<br />
23.1.7 misamarTebi da magistralebi<br />
23.1.8 gamoqveynebuli namuSevrebis nawilebi<br />
23.1.9 gan<strong>to</strong>lebebi da formulebi<br />
23.2 ricxvebis mravlobiTi forma da punqtuacia<br />
23.2.1 ricxvebi mravlobiTSi<br />
23.2.2 mZimeebi ricxvebSi<br />
23.2.3 sxva punqtuacia ricxvebSi<br />
23.2.4 CaTvliTi ricxvebi<br />
23.3 TariRTa sistemebi<br />
23.3.1 Tve, dRe da weli<br />
23.3.2 aTwleulebi, saukuneebi da epoqebi<br />
23.4 teqstis gareT gamoyenebuli ricxvebi<br />
23.4.1 ricxvebi cxrilebSi, suraTebSi da miTiTebebSi<br />
23.4.2 CamonaTvlebi<br />
23.4.3 naSromis struqtura<br />
winamdebare Tavi gTavazobT zogad miTiTebebs ricxvebis<br />
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. es saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi<br />
vrceldeba humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebis TiTqmis<br />
yvela disciplinaze, magram im disciplinebs, romlebic mTlianad<br />
efuZneba ricxobriv monacemebs, SeiZleba, ufro konkretuli<br />
454
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi hqondes. Tu amzadebT naSroms<br />
sabunebismetyvelo an zust mecnierebebSi, an romelime sxva<br />
wmindad teqnikur dargSi, dacaviT am konkretul disciplinaSi<br />
miRebuli wesebi. sxvadasxva disciplinisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi ixileT bibliografiaSi.<br />
zog SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, mogixdeT am saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis<br />
morgeba im situaciebze, romlebic aq ar aris moyvanili. Tu es ase<br />
iqneba, iyaviT Tanmimdevrulni.<br />
Tu muSaobT sadiplomo naSromze an disertaciaze, Tqvens<br />
ganyofilebas an universitets SeiZleba, gaaCndes specifikuri<br />
moTxovnebi ricxvebis wardgenasTan dakavSirebiT. es moTxovnebi,<br />
rogorc wesi, moipoveba sadiplomo namuSevrebisa da disertaciebis<br />
ofisSi. Tu amzadebT saklaso naSroms, Tqvenma pedagogma SeiZleba,<br />
aseve, mogTxovoT ricxvebis wardgenis garkveuli principebis dacva.<br />
gaerkvieT am moTxovnebSi vidre naSromis weras daiwyebT. isini<br />
winamdebare paragrafSi moyvanil saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebze<br />
upiratesia.<br />
23.1 sityvebi Tu ricxvebi?<br />
cifrebis wardgenisas yvelaze xSirad dasmuli kiTxvaa, rogor<br />
unda warvadginoT ricxvebi – sityvebiT (twenty-two) Tu ricxvebiT<br />
(22). rodesac ricxvs mosdevs zomis erTeuli, aqac unda<br />
gadawyvi<strong>to</strong>T, sityvebiT daweroT erTeulis (percent), simbolos (%),<br />
Tu abreviaturis saxiT.<br />
23.1-23.3-Si warmodgenili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi Seexeba Tqveni<br />
naSromis teqstSi gamoyenebul ricxvebs. cxrilebSi, suraTebSi,<br />
miTiTebebSi da Tqveni naSromis struqturaSi gamoyenebul<br />
ricxvebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT 23.4.<br />
Tu sxvagvarad ar iqna miTiTebuli, ricxvebi am TavSi gulisxmobs<br />
arabul cifrebs (1, 2, 3 da a.S.). romauli cifrebis (i, ii, iii da a.S.)<br />
Sesaxeb ixileT cxrili 23.1.<br />
455
23.1.1 zogadi wesi<br />
vidre SeadgenT Tqveni naSromis proeqts, miiReT gadawyvetileba<br />
rogor warmoadgenT masSi ricxvebs da ganuxrelad daicaviT<br />
arCeuli wesi. Tqveni arCevani damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramden<br />
ricxvobriv monacems warmoadgenT da rogoria Tqvens disciplinaSi<br />
miRebuli wesebi. im SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb, romlis drosac SeiZleba,<br />
SecvaloT zemoaRniSnuli wesi, ixileT 23.1.2-23.1.8.<br />
cxrili 23.1. romauli ricxvebi<br />
arabuli romauli arabuli romauli arabuli romauli<br />
1 I 11 XI 30 XXX<br />
2 II 12 XII 40 XL<br />
3 III 13 XIII 50 L<br />
4 IV 14 XIV 60 LX<br />
5 V 15 XV 70 LXX<br />
6 VI 16 XVI 80 LXXX<br />
7 VII 17 XVII 90 XC<br />
8 VIII 18 XVIII 100 C<br />
9 IX 19 XIX 500 D<br />
10 X 20 XX 1,000 M<br />
SeniSvna: romauli ricxvebi mTavruli asoebiTaa warmodgenili;<br />
cifrebis patara asoebiT warmosadgenad gamoiyeneT igive formebi,<br />
rac mTavrul asoebSi (i I-sTvis, v V-sTvis da a.S.). im ricxvebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, romlebic ar aris cxrilSi mocemuli,<br />
ixelmZRvaneleT warmodgenili nimuSebiT.<br />
Tu humanitarul da socialur mecnierebebSi mogyavT mxolod<br />
ramdenime raodenobrivi monacemi, erTidan asamde ricxvebi dawereT<br />
sityvierad (fifty-five). dawereT, aseve, sityvierad mrgvali ricxvebi,<br />
456
omlebsac mosdevs: thous<strong>and</strong>, ten thous<strong>and</strong>, million da a.S. yvela sxva<br />
cifrisTvis ixmareT arabuli ricxvebi. ixelmZRvaneleT am<br />
modeliT, roca ricxvi gamoxatavs fizikuri sididis sazomis<br />
nawils (manZili, sigrZe, temperatura da a.S.) da nu ixmarT<br />
abreviaturebs am erTeulebTan (ix. 24.5).<br />
After seven years of war came sixty-four years of peace. .<br />
The population of the three states was approximately twelve million. .<br />
He catalogued more than 527 works of art.<br />
Within fifteen minutes the temperature dropped twenty degrees.<br />
Tu Tqveni Tema Zalian damokidebulia ricxobriv monacemebze,<br />
daicaviT sxva wesi: dawereT sityvierad mxolod martivi ricxvebi<br />
da ixmareT cifrebi yvela sxva ricxvisTvis.<br />
This study of 14 elec<strong>to</strong>ral districts over seven years included 142 participants.<br />
He hit the wall at 65 miles per hour, leaving skid marks for nine feet.<br />
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi zogadi wesi SeiZleba,<br />
iTvaliswinebdes cifrebis gamoyenebas yvela ricxvisTvis, garda im<br />
SemTxvevebisa, rodesac maTiT iwyeba winadadeba (ix. 23.1.2).<br />
SegiZliaT, aseve, raodenobis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyenoT<br />
abreviaturebi (ix. 24.5).<br />
rogorc aRmoCnda, saSualo wonam Seadgina 7 gr. – savaraudoze<br />
bevrad naklebi.<br />
rigobiT ricxviT saxelebTanac igive, raodenobiTi ricxviTi<br />
saxelebis gamoyenebis wesebi unda daicvaT. sadac saWiroa, daurTeT<br />
st, nd, rd an th.<br />
On the 122 nd <strong>and</strong> 123 rd days of his trip, he received his eighteenth <strong>and</strong> nineteenth letters<br />
from home.<br />
23.1.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi<br />
ramdenime gavrcelebul SemTxvevaSi 23.1.1-Si ganxiluli situacia<br />
modifikacias saWiroebs.<br />
457
sawyisi ricxvebi. nurasdros daiwyebT winadadebas ricxviTi<br />
saxeliT. dawereT ricxvi sityvierad an sxvagvarad dawereT<br />
winadadeba, gansakuTrebiT, maSin, rodesac masSi sxva msgavsi tipis<br />
ricxviTi saxelia.<br />
Two hundred fifty soldiers in the unit escaped injury; 175 sustained minor injuries.<br />
an, ukeTesi variantia,<br />
Of the soldiers in the unit, 250 escaped injury <strong>and</strong> 175 sustained minor injuries.<br />
sityvierad dawerisas gamo<strong>to</strong>veT terminSi arsebuli sityva <strong>and</strong><br />
(miuRebelia two hundred <strong>and</strong> fifty).<br />
ricxvebis rigi. nu daicavT zogad wess, rodesac erTsa da imave<br />
winadadebaSi warmodgenilia zRvruli sididis zemoT da qvemoT<br />
arsebuli ricxvebis rigi, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac am ricxvebs<br />
erTmaneTs adareben. qvemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi yvela ricxvi<br />
cifrebSia warmodgenili.<br />
Of the group surveyed, 78 students had studied French <strong>and</strong> 142 had studied Spanish for<br />
three years or more.<br />
We analyzed 62 cases; of these, 59 had occurred in adults <strong>and</strong> 3 in children.<br />
Tu ganixilavT Tematurad Zalian daaxloebul monacemTa or rigs,<br />
nu daicavT zogad wess da sicxadisTvis sityvierad dawereT erTi<br />
rigis yvela ricxvi da gamoiyeneT ricxviTi saxelebi meore rigis<br />
yvela ricxvisTvis.<br />
programis farglebSi 9 bavSvs daetyo garkveuli gaumjobeseba<br />
eqvsi Tvis Semdeg, xolo 37 bavSvs daetyo mniSvnelovani<br />
gaumjobeseba Tvrameti Tvis Semdeg.<br />
mrgvali ricxvebi. dawereT calke, sityvierad mrgvali ricxvi<br />
(mTeli ricxvi, romelsac mosdevs hundred, thous<strong>and</strong>, hundred thous<strong>and</strong>,<br />
million da a.S) (ix. 23.1.1), xolo ramdenime mrgvali ricxvi –<br />
gverdigverd, cifrebiT. Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT, msxvili mrgvali<br />
ricxvebi warmoadginoT cifrebisa da sityvebis kombinaciis saxiT<br />
(ix., aseve, 23.1.4).<br />
458
They sold 1,500 copies in the first year <strong>and</strong> 8,000 in the second.<br />
These changes will affect about 7.8 million people in New York alone.<br />
23.1.3 procentebi da wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi<br />
gamoiyeneT ricxvebi procentebisa da wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelebis<br />
saCveneblad, garda winadadebis dasawyisisa (ix. 23.1.2). sityva<br />
procenti percent dawereT sityvebiT, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac<br />
mravlad gixdebaT procentuli cifruli monacemebis Cveneba da<br />
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa disciplinebisa, sadac, rogorc<br />
wesi, ufro misaRebia simbolo % (ricxvis Semdeg Sualeduri<br />
intervalis gareSe). gaiTvaliswineT, rom dauSvebelia percentage<br />
xmareba ricxvTan erTad.<br />
Scores for students who skipped summer school improved only 9 percent. The percentage<br />
of students who failed was about 2.4 times the usual rate.<br />
Within this system, the subject scored 3.8, or 95%.<br />
magram ara<br />
The average rose 9 percentage points.<br />
rodesac erTi da imave tipis punqtisTvis erTsa da imave<br />
winadadebaSi an paragrafSi iyenebT wilobiT ricxviT saxelebsa da<br />
mTel ricxvebs, orive ricxvebis saxiT warmoadgineT.<br />
The average number of children born <strong>to</strong> college graduates dropped from 2.4 <strong>to</strong> 2.<br />
kolejis kursdamTavrebulTa Soris Sobadobis saSualo<br />
raodenobam iklo 2.4-dan 2-mde.<br />
dasviT noli 1.00-ze naklebi wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelis win, Tu<br />
warmodgenili sidide SeiZleba, gau<strong>to</strong>ldes an gadaaWarbos 1.00-s;<br />
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT sawyisi noli.<br />
a mean of 0.73 a loss of 0.08 p < .05<br />
calkeuli wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
ixelmZRvaneleT nawilebis sityvierad daweris zogadi wesiT (ix.<br />
23.1.1). nawilebis sityvebiT dawerisas dawereT defisi maT Soris.<br />
dawereT cifrebiT da nawilebs Soris Sualeduri intervalis<br />
gareSe mTeli ricxvisgan da wiladisgan Sedgenili erTeuli.<br />
459
Trade <strong>and</strong> commodity services accounted for nine-tenths of all international receipts <strong>and</strong><br />
payments.<br />
One year during the Dust Bowl era, the <strong>to</strong>wn received only 15/16 of an inch of rain.<br />
ZiriTadi saWreli iaraRis sigrZe, romelsac sazogadoebaSi<br />
23.1.4 fuli<br />
iyenebdnen, Seadgenda 2½ futs.<br />
aSS-is valuta. Tu aSS-is valutas mxolod drodadro moixseniebT,<br />
ixelmZRvaneleT zogadi wesiT (ix. 23.1.1) da dawereT sityvebiT<br />
dollars da cents. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ixmareT ricxvebi<br />
simboloebTan $ an ȼ. gamo<strong>to</strong>veT aTobiTi wertili da momdevno<br />
nolebi mxolod dolarebSi miTiTebuli Tanxebis dawerisas, Tu<br />
amavdroulad ar aCvenebT wilad.<br />
Rarely do they spend more than five dollars a week on recreation.<br />
The report showed $135 collected in fines. .<br />
After peaking at $200.00, shares of the s<strong>to</strong>ck plummeted <strong>to</strong> $36.75.<br />
warmoadgineT msxvili mrgvali ricxvebi cifrebisa da sityvebis<br />
kombinaciis saxiT.<br />
The deficit that year was $420 billion.<br />
sxva valutebi. garda SeerTebuli Statebis valutisa, sxva<br />
valutebis dawerisas ixelmZRvaneleT aSS dolaris modeliT.<br />
umetes valutebSi fuladi erTeulis simboloebi win uswrebs<br />
ricxvebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropuli qveynebi aTobiT wertils<br />
warmoadgenen mZimeebiT wertilebis nacvlad, Tqven SegiZliaT,<br />
wertilebi gamoiyenoT, garda uSualod wyaroebidan amoRebuli<br />
citatebis dawerisas.<br />
When she returned, she had barely fifty euros in her name.<br />
The household records show that it costs only £36.50.<br />
Its current estimated worth is ¥377 m illion.<br />
evropuli saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba amJamad iyenebs erTian<br />
valutas, romelsac ewodeba evro (ȼ) , magram Tu Tqveni naSromi 2002<br />
460
23.1.5 dro<br />
wlamde periodis Temebs eZRvneba, SeiZleba, SegxvdeT iseTi<br />
valutebi, rogoricaa franguli franki (F), germanuli doiCe marka<br />
(DM) da italiuri lira (Lit). britanuli valuta kvlavindeburad<br />
gamosaxulia girvanqa sterlingebSi (£) da pensebSi (p.). Tumca, 1971<br />
wels aTobiT sistemaze gadasvlamde, igi gamoisaxeboda girvanqa<br />
sterlingebSi, SilingebSi da pensebSi (magaliTad, £12 17s. 6d.). unda<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom billion tradiciul britanul xmarebaSi<br />
aRniSnavs milion milions da ara miliards; gaugebrobis Tavidan<br />
asacileblad nu gamoiyenebT sityvas billion Tanxebis britanul<br />
valutaSi dawerisas.<br />
Tu ar icnobT romelime konkretuli valutis daweris wesebs,<br />
CaixedeT av<strong>to</strong>ritetul wyaroSi.<br />
drois monakveTebis - saaTi, naxevari saaTi an meoTxedi saaTi –<br />
dawerisas miuTiTeT dro sityvierad, nawilebs Soris defisiT.<br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi daakonkreteT in the morning an in the evening.<br />
SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT o’clock, Tumca, kvleviT naSromebSi is<br />
iSviaTad gvxvdeba.<br />
The participants planned <strong>to</strong> meet every Thursday around ten-thirty in the morning.<br />
Although scheduled <strong>to</strong> end at 11:00 a.m. , the council meeting ran until 1:37 p.m.<br />
gamoiyeneT noon da midnight (ricxvebis nacvlad) dReRamis am<br />
konkretuli monakveTis aRsaniSnavad.<br />
TariRebSi sityvebis an ricxvebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 23.3.<br />
23.1.6 saxelebi ricxvebTan erTad<br />
zogierTi tipis sakuTari, samTavrobo da organizaciebis saxelebi<br />
da saxelwodebebi Seicavs sityvebiT an cifrebiT gamosaxul<br />
ricxvebs. ixileT, aseve, 22.1 zogadad sakuTari saxelebis mTavruli<br />
asoebiT dawerasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
• liderebi. erTi da imave saxelis mqone impera<strong>to</strong>rebs, mefeebs an<br />
papebs ganasxvaveben mTavruliT dawerili romauli cifrebiT<br />
(ix. cxrili 23.1).<br />
461
Charles V Napoleon III Elizabeth II Benedict XVI<br />
• ojaxis wevrebi. identuri saxelebisa da gvarebis mamrobiTi<br />
sqesis ojaxis wevrebs xSirad ganasxvaveben romauli an<br />
arabuli ricxviTi saxelebiT (ix., aseve, 24.2.1). unda<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom saxelsa da ricxviT saxels Soris ar<br />
iwereba mZime.<br />
Adlai E. Stevenson III Michael F. Johnson 2nd<br />
• mTavrobebi da administraciul-teri<strong>to</strong>rialiulri danayofebi.<br />
garkveuli dinastiebi, mTavrobebi, mmarTveli organoebi,<br />
administraciul-teri<strong>to</strong>riialulri da sasamarTlo danayofebi,<br />
aseve, samxedro erTeulebi, Cveulebriv,ad aRiniSneba rigiTi<br />
nomriT arsebiTi saxelis win. rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT<br />
arsebiTis win. dawereT asamde nomrebi nomris aRmniSvneli<br />
ricxvi sityvierad da mTavruliT (Tu saWiroa, defisiT nomris<br />
nawilebs Soris); gamoiyeneT cifrebi asis zemoT ricxvebisTvis.<br />
Nineteenth Dynasty Fourteenth Congressional District<br />
Fifth Republic Forty-seventh Ward<br />
Eighty-first Congress Tenth Circuit<br />
109 th Congress 101 st<br />
Airborne Division<br />
• eklesiebi da religiuri organizaciebi. dawereT nomrebi<br />
sityvierad da mTavruliT eklesiebis an religiuri<br />
organizaciebis saxelwodebebis win rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis<br />
formiT (Tu saWiroa, defisiT nomris nawilebs Soris).<br />
Twenty-first Church of Christ, Scientist<br />
saero organizaciebi. saZmoebisa da kavSirebis adgilobrivi<br />
ganyofilebebis nomrebi dawereT cifrebiT saxelebis Semdeg.<br />
American Legion, Department of Illinois, Crispus Attucks Post no. 1268<br />
United Au<strong>to</strong> Workers, Local 890<br />
23.1.7 misamarTebi da magistralebi<br />
ixelmZRvaneleT zogadi wesiT (ix. 23.1.1) adgilobrivi danomrili<br />
quCebis dasawerad. Statis, federaluri da StatebsSorisi<br />
magistralebi yovelTvis aRiniSneba nomrebiT, iseve, rogorc<br />
462
quCebis an Senobebis misamarTebi, telefonis da faqsis nomrebi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom teqstSi sruli misamarTis elementebi<br />
gamoyofilia mZimeebiT, magram mZime ar iwereba safos<strong>to</strong> indeqsis<br />
win. misamarTebSi miRebuli abreviaturebis Sesaxeb ixileT 24.3.2.<br />
The National Park Service maintains as a museum the house where Lincoln died (516<br />
10 th<br />
Street NW, Washing<strong>to</strong>n, DC 20004; 202-426-6924).<br />
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe designed the apartments at 860-880 North Lake Shore Drive.<br />
Interstate 95 as a critical transportation line from Bos<strong>to</strong>n <strong>to</strong> Miami.<br />
23.1.8 gamoqveynebuli namuSevrebis nawilebi<br />
nomrebi gamoqveynebuli namuSevrebis nawilebSi mocemulia arabul<br />
ricxvebSi, miuxedavad zogadi wesisa (ix. 23.1.1) da naSromis<br />
sxvadasxva adgilebSi maTi moxseniebisa. ix., aseve, 22.3.2.<br />
chapter 14 part 2 act 1, scene 3<br />
23.1.9 gan<strong>to</strong>lebebi da formulebi<br />
ricxvebi gan<strong>to</strong>lebebsa da formulebSi yovelTvis mocemulia<br />
cifrebiT, miuxedavad zogadi wesisa (23.1.1). detaluri<br />
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi maTematikuri gamosaxulebebis<br />
warmodgenis Sesaxeb ixileT `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos~<br />
2003 wlis me-15 gamocemis me-14 TavSi.<br />
23.2 ricxvebis mravlobiTi forma da punqtuacia<br />
23.2.1 ricxvebi mravlobiTSi<br />
sityvierad dawerili ricxvebis mravlobiTi awarmoeT iseve,<br />
rogorc sxva arsebiTi saxelebis mravlobiTi ricxvi (ix. 20.1).<br />
Half the men surveyed were in their thirties or forties.<br />
cifrebiT warmodgenili ricxvebis mravlobiTi iwarmoeba mxolod<br />
s-is (da ara ‘s-is) damatebiT.<br />
The pattern changed in the late 1990s as more taxpayers submitted 1040s online.<br />
To fly 767s, the pilots required special training.<br />
463
23.2.2 mZimeebi ricxvebSi<br />
oTx an oTxze metniSna ricxvTa umravlesobaSi gamoyaviT mZimeebiT<br />
aTasebi, asobiT aTasebi, milionebi da a.S. sabunebismetyvelo<br />
mecnierebaTa disciplinebSi oTxniSna ricxvebSi mZimeebi xSirad<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>vebulia.<br />
1,500 12,275,500 1,475,525,000<br />
nu ixmarT mZimes oTxniSna wlebSi; ixmareT mZime xuT an xuTze met<br />
niSnian wlebSi (ixileT aseve 23.3).<br />
2007 10,000 BC<br />
nu ixmarT mZimes oTxniSna gverdebis nomrebSi, quCebis misamarTebSi,<br />
telefonis an faqsis nomrebSi, safos<strong>to</strong> indeqsebSi, erTze nakleb<br />
wilobiT ricxviT saxelebSi an organizaciebis saxelebSi.<br />
page 1012 0.1911 centimetres Committee of 1000<br />
23.2.3 sxva punqtuacia ricxvebSi<br />
ricxvebi zogjer Seicavs Sida sasven niSnebs. sad ixmaroT<br />
wertilebi (aTobiTi ricxvebi decimals), ixileT 23.1.3 da 23.1.4; ori<br />
wertili _ 23.1.5; defisi _ 23.1.1 da 23.1.3; tireebi _ 23.2.4.<br />
23.2.4 CaTvliTi ricxvebi<br />
ricxvebis diapazonis, magaliTad, gverdebis an wlebis, saCveneblad<br />
miuTiTeT Tanmimdevrobis pirveli da bolo (an CaTvliTi) ricxvebi.<br />
Tu cifrebi sityvierad weria, bolosarTebiT from da <strong>to</strong> aRniSneT<br />
diapazoni; Tu ricxvebi mocemulia cifrebiT, gamoiyeneT es sityvebi<br />
an maerTebeli defisi orive mxridan intervalis gareSe. zogierT<br />
konstruqciaSi, magaliTad, miTiTebebSi, yovelTvis ixmareT<br />
defisebi (ix. Tavebi 16-19). nu gamoiyenebT erTad sityvebs da<br />
defisebs CaTvliTi ricxvebis warmosadgenad.<br />
from 45 <strong>to</strong> 50 magram ara from 45-50<br />
45-50 magram ara forty-five-fifty<br />
asi an asze meti mniSvnelobis CaTvliTi ricxvebisTvis SegiZliaT,<br />
gamoiyenoT sruli cifrebi defisis orive mxares (245-280 an 1929-<br />
464
1994) an SeamokloT meore ricxvi. 23.2 cxrilSi warmodgenilia<br />
Semoklebis erT-erTi sistema.<br />
es sistema mosaxerxebelia rogorc gverdebis numeraciisTvis, aseve,<br />
wlebis aRniSvnisTvis. mZimeebi ixmareba mxolod xuTniSna<br />
ricxvebTan, rac Zalze iSviaTad xdeba (ix. 23.2.2). Tu ricxvi<br />
Seicavs erT an met mZimes, saWiroebisas, meti TvalsaCinoebisTvis<br />
gaimeoreT ricxvi mZimis marjvniv. nurasdros SeamoklebT romaul<br />
cifrebs (ix. cxrili 23.1).<br />
6,000-6,018 12,473-479 xxv-xxviii<br />
wlebis SemTxvevaSi uCveneT im diapazonis yvela cifri, romelic<br />
Seicavs erTze met saukunes. miuTiTeT, aseve, sruli TariRebi<br />
sistemaSi, romelSic TariRebis daTvla xdeba konkretuli<br />
wertilidan ukana mimarTulebiT (anu BC, “before Christ” da BCE,<br />
“before the common era”Cv.w.aR-mde – Cvens welTaRricxvamde). sxva<br />
SemTxvevebSi isargebleT sistemiT, romelic naCvenebia cxrilSi<br />
23.2. ixileT 23.3 TariRebis sistemebze meti informaciis misaRebad.<br />
the years 1933-36 15,000-14,000 BCE<br />
the winter of 1999-2000 115 BC-10 AD<br />
cxrili 23.2 inkluziuri ricxvebis abreviaciis sistema<br />
pirveli ricxvi meore ricxvi magaliTebi<br />
1-99 dawereT yvela cifri 3-10, 71-72, 96-117<br />
100 an 100-is jeradebi dawereT yvela cifri 100-104, 1100-1113<br />
101-dan 109-mde, 201-dan<br />
209-mde da a.S.<br />
110-dan 199-mde, 210-dan<br />
299-mde da a.S.<br />
dawereT mxolod Secvlili<br />
nawili<br />
dawereT ori an orze meti<br />
cifri, saWiroebis mixedviT<br />
magram Tu oTxniSna ricxvSi<br />
icvleba sami cifri, dawereT<br />
oTxive cifri<br />
101-8, 1103-4<br />
245-48, 498-532,<br />
1929-94<br />
1894-1986, 2787-2816<br />
465
23.3 TariRTa sistemebi<br />
teqstSi TariRebis warmodgena moicavs 23.1 da 23.2-Si moyvanili<br />
problemebis msgavs mraval problemas, iseve, rogorc elementTa<br />
TanmimdevrobasTan da dasaxelebasTan dakavSirebul garkveul<br />
wesebs.<br />
23.3.1 Tve, dRe da weli<br />
dawereT sityvebiT Tveebis saxelebi, rodesac isini Cndeba teqstSi<br />
– calke an TariRebis SemadgenlobaSi. warmoadgineT dReebi da<br />
wlebi ricxvebiT da Tavi aarideT maT gamoyenebas winadadebis<br />
dasawyisSi, sadac saWiro iqneba maTi sityvierad dawera (ix. 23.1.2).<br />
nurasdros SeamoklebT wlebis miTiTebebs (“the great flood of ‘05”).<br />
cxrilebis, suraTebis da miTiTebebis miRebuli abreviaturebis<br />
Sesaxeb ixileT 24.4.2.<br />
Every September, we recall the events of 2001.<br />
magram ara<br />
Two thous<strong>and</strong> one was a memorable year.<br />
imisaTvis, rom srulad miuTiToT TariRebi, dawereT Tve, dRe<br />
(momdevno mZimiT) da weli, aSS-Si miRebuli praqtikis Sesabamisad.<br />
Tu gamo<strong>to</strong>vebT dRes, gamo<strong>to</strong>veT mZimec. gamo<strong>to</strong>veT, aseve, mZime<br />
TariRebSi, romlebSic Tveebis nacvlad miTiTebulia weliwadis<br />
droebi; nu dawerT mTavruliT weliwadis droebs (ix. 22.1.2). Tu<br />
masala, romelic citatad mogyavT, iyenebs britanuli stilis<br />
TariRebis aRniSvnas (15 March 2007), nu SeitanT maTSi cvlilebebs.<br />
President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963.<br />
By March 1865, the war was nearly over.<br />
The research was conducted over several weeks in spring 2006.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom sruli TariRebis aRniSvnebSi dReebi,<br />
zogadad, ar aris warmodgenili rigiTi ricxvebis saxiT – anu<br />
ricxviT saxelebs ar erTvis/mosdevs st, nd, rd an th. gamoiyeneT es<br />
466
daboloebebi mxolod sityvierad daweril ricxvebTan erTad, im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, roca miuTiTebT romelime garkveul TariRs da ar<br />
asaxelebT arc Tves, arc wels.<br />
The date chosen for the raid was the twenty-ninth.<br />
magram ara<br />
The events occurred on June 11 th , 1968.<br />
23.3.2 aTwleulebi, saukuneebi da epoqebi<br />
zogadad miuTiTeT aTwleulebi ricxvebiT, saukunis CaTvliT<br />
(ixileT 23.2.1 ricxvebisTvis mravlobiTSi). Tu saukune gasagebia, nu<br />
SeamoklebT ricxvebs (magaliTad, “the ‘90s”); amis nacvlad,<br />
aTwleulis saxeli dawereT sityvebiT. nebismieri saukunis pirveli<br />
ori aTwleuli ar eqvemdebareba arcerT stils da sicxadisTvis<br />
srulad unda iqnes miTiTebuli.<br />
The 1920s brought unheralded financial prosperity.<br />
During the fifties, the Cold War dominated the headlines.<br />
Many of these discoveries were announced during the first decade of the twenty-first<br />
century.<br />
am aRmoCenebis umravlesobis Sesaxeb gamocxadda ocdameerTe<br />
saukunis pirvel dekadaSi.<br />
dawereT saukuneebi ricxvebiT an sityvierad, nusxuriT (ixileT<br />
23.2.1 ricxvebisTvis mravlobiTSi). Tu saukune dawerilia<br />
sityvierad da gamoiyeneba zedsarTav saxelad, romelic win<br />
uswrebs mis mier gansazRvrul arsebiT saxels, rogorc meore<br />
magaliTSia naCvenebi, gamoiyeneT defisi; sxva SemTxvevebSi defiss<br />
nu dawerT.<br />
The Ot<strong>to</strong>man Empire reached its apex in the 1600s.<br />
She teaches nineteenth-century novels but would rather teach poetry from the twentieth<br />
century.<br />
igi aswavlis mecxramete saukunis romanebs, Tumca, erCivna,<br />
eswavlebina meoce saukunis poezia.<br />
467
epoqebis yvelaze gavrcelebul aRniSvnebSi gamoyenebulia<br />
abreviaturebi BC (“before Christ”) da AD (anno Domini). zog<br />
disciplinebSi iyeneben sxva aRniSvnebs, rogoricaa BCE da CE<br />
(ixileT 24.4.3). AD win uswrebs wels; sxva aRniSvnebi mosdevs wels.<br />
epoqebTan CaTvliTi ricxvebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 23.2.4.<br />
Solomon’s Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BC <strong>and</strong> again by the<br />
Romans in AD 70.<br />
23.4 teqstis gareT gamoyenebuli ricxvebi<br />
wina nawilebSi mocemulia saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi naSromis<br />
teqstSi ricxvebis warsadgenad. im ricxvebTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
romlebic gamoiyeneba sakuTriv naSromis struqturaSi an nebismier<br />
sxva adgilas, ixelmZRvaneleT naSromis Sesabamisi nawilebisTvis<br />
da danayofebisTvis gankuTvnili specialuri saxelmZRvanelo<br />
miTiTebebiT.<br />
23.4.1 ricxvebi cxrilebSi, suraTebSi da miTiTebebSi<br />
cxrilebSi da suraTebze ganTavsebuli cifrobrivi monacemebi<br />
TiTqmis yovelTvis warmodgenilia arabuli cifrebiT. ricxvebi<br />
cxrilebSi, maT Soris, cxrilebis saTaurebSi ganxilulia 26.2-Si;<br />
ricxvebi suraTebze, maT Soris, suraTebis saTaurebSi _ 26.3-Si.<br />
garda ramdenime gamonaklisisa, <strong>to</strong>mebis, gamocemebis, gverdebis<br />
nomrebisa da sxva mdebareobis maCvenebeli miTiTebisTvis<br />
gamoiyeneba arabuli cifrebi. bibliografiis stilis miTiTebebSi<br />
gamoyenebuli ricxvebi ganxilulia 16.1.5-Si da me-17 TavSi;<br />
miTiTebebis CamonaTvlis stiliT ricxvebis miTiTeba ganxilulia<br />
18.1.5-Si da me-19 TavSi.<br />
23.4.2 CamonaTvlebi<br />
teqstSi, danarTSi an naSromTan dakavSirebul sxva masalebSi<br />
ganxiluli sakiTxebis CamosaTvlelad SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT<br />
ricxvebi.<br />
468
CamonaTvlebi. Tqveni teqsti SeiZleba, Seicavdes im sakiTxebis<br />
siebs, romelTa CamoTvlac xazgasmis mizniT gsurT. rodesac aseTi<br />
siebi mokle da martivia, CarTeT isini erT winadadebaSi. saWiroa<br />
uzrunvelyoT yvela komponentis gramatikuli paraleluroba<br />
(yvela saxelobiTi jgufis zedsarTavi saxelebis da a.S.). yovel<br />
komponents win unda uZRvodes arabuli ricxvi frCxilebSi. orze<br />
meti komponentis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, yovel maTgans unda<br />
mosdevdes mZime (an, Tu komponenti struqturulad rTulia,<br />
wertil-mZime; ix. 21.3). Tu sia teqstSi Semodis dasrulebuli<br />
winadadebis Semdeg, ixmareT ori wertili am winadadebis bolos;<br />
sxva SemTxvevebSi nu ixmarT sasven niSans.<br />
Wilson’s secretary gave three reasons for his resignation: (1) advancing age, (2)<br />
gradually failing eyesight, <strong>and</strong> (3) opposition <strong>to</strong> the war.<br />
The committee strongly endorsed the policies of (1) complete executive power, except as<br />
constitutionally limited; (2) strong ligislative prerogatives; (3) limited judicial authority,<br />
especially when it interfered with their own role.<br />
Tu sxva miznebisTvis ukve iyenebT arabul ricxvebs frCxilebSi,<br />
cifrebis nacvlad dawereT asoebi, nusxurad, daxrili SriftiT.<br />
Haskin’s latest theory has several drawbacks; (a) it is not based on current evidence <strong>and</strong><br />
(b) it has a weak theoretical grounding.<br />
Tu siaSi CamoTvlili komponentebi grZelia an gsurT, maTTvis meti<br />
mniSvnelobis miniWeba, daawyveT isini vertikaluri siis saxiT. sias<br />
win gauZRveba sruli winadadeba, boloSi ori wertiliT. aqac<br />
saWiroa uzrunvelyoT, rom yvela komponenti iyos gramatikulad<br />
paraleluri. yoveli maTgani daiwyeT msxvili wertiliT an arabuli<br />
ricxviT, romelsac mosdevs wertili frCxilebis gareSe. Tu<br />
komponentebi sruli winadadebebia, dawereT mTavruliT yoveli<br />
winadadebis pirveli aso da dasviT damaboloebeli wertilebi; sxva<br />
SemTxvevebSi ixmareT nusxuri asoebi wertilebis gareSe (ix. 21.1).<br />
469
daalageT erT mwkrivSi ricxvebi wertilebiT, intervali da<br />
pirveli striqonis pirveli sityva.<br />
My research therefore suggests the following conclusions:<br />
1. The painting could not have been a genuine Picasso, regardless of the claims of<br />
earlier scholars.<br />
2. It is impossible <strong>to</strong> identify the true artist without further technical analysis.<br />
teqsturi dokumentis sqema. zog situaciaSi SegiZliaT, daurToT<br />
sqema an msgavsi CamonaTvali Tqveni naSromis danarTSi an naSromis<br />
momzadebis dagegmvis etapze (ix. 6.2.1). isargebleT aRniSvnis im<br />
sistemiT, romelic Seicavs asoebs da romaul da arabul ricxvebs,<br />
gadawieT marjvniv yoveli done tabulaciis erTi klaviSiT<br />
(Cveulebriv, naxevari inCiT). saWiroa, yovel doneze minimum ori<br />
komponenti CamoTvaloT; ori an meti komponentis ararsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, gadaxedeT sqemis struqturas. Tu komponentebi<br />
frazebia, dawereT mTavruliT winadadebis stilSi (ix. 22.3.1) da nu<br />
gamoiyenebT damaboloebel sasven niSans. Tu isini sruli<br />
winadadebebia, dawereT mTavruliT da dausviT sasveni niSnebi,<br />
rogorc nebismier sxva winadadebaSi (ix. magaliTisTvis 6.2.1).<br />
I. Wars of the nineteenth century<br />
A. United States<br />
1. Civil War, 1861-65<br />
a) Cause<br />
(1) Slavery<br />
b) Result<br />
(a) Compromise<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
i) Missouri Compromise<br />
ii) Compromise of 1850 . . .<br />
470
II. Wars of the twentieth century<br />
A. United States<br />
1. First World War . . .<br />
2.<br />
23.4.3 naSromis struqtura<br />
Tqveni naSromi moiTxovs ricxvebis gamoyenebas sxvadasxva<br />
konteqstSi, gverdebis, Tavebis da saTaurebis danomvrisas. danarTSi<br />
ixileT naSromis struqturaSi ricxvebis gamoyenebis detaluri ganxilva.<br />
471
24. abreviaturebi<br />
24.1 zogadi principebi<br />
24.1.1 abreviaturebis tipebi<br />
24.1.2 rodis gamoviyenoT abreviaturebi<br />
24.1.3 rogor davaforma<strong>to</strong>T abreviaturebi<br />
24.2 saxelebi da saxelwodebebi, titulebi<br />
24.2.1 sakuTari saxelebi<br />
24.2.2 profesiuli titulebi, wodebebi<br />
24.2.3 samecniero xarisxebi<br />
24.2.4 saagen<strong>to</strong>ebi, kompaniebi da sxva organizaciebi<br />
24.3 geografiuli terminebi<br />
24.3.1 geografiuli saxelebi<br />
24.3.2 misamarTebi<br />
24.4 dro da TariRebi<br />
24.4.1 dro<br />
24.4.2 dReebi da Tveebi<br />
24.4.3 epoqebi<br />
24.5 zomis erTeulebi<br />
24.6 biblia da misi wignebi<br />
24.6.1 Zveli aRTqma<br />
24.6.2 arakanonikuri teqstebi<br />
24.6.3 axali aRTqma<br />
24.6.4 bibliis versiebi<br />
24.6.5 sxva wminda wignebi<br />
24.7 abreviaturebi miTiTebebSi da sxva samecniero konteqstSi<br />
winamdebare TavSi SemoTavazebulia abreviaturebis gamoyenebis<br />
zogadi wesebi. Tavis droze abreviaturebi oficialur<br />
dokumentebSi gamoiyeneboda mxolod ramdenime gansakuTrebul<br />
472
SemTxvevaSi, axla ki isini garTod gamoiyeneba werisas. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, maTi gamoyenebisas konkretuli disciplinebis wesebs unda<br />
misdioT. am TavSi warmodgenili wesebi Seesabameba umetes<br />
humanitarul da socialur mecnierebaSi miRebul wesebs. Tu<br />
amzadebT naSroms sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa disciplinebSi<br />
(natural sciences), fizikaSi, qimiaSi, astronomiaSi, geologiaSi (physical<br />
sciences), maTematikaSi an nebismier sxva teqnikur dargSi, daicaviT<br />
ama Tu im disciplinis wesebi.<br />
zog disciplinaSi SeiZleba, dagWirdeT iseTi abreviaturebis<br />
gamoyeneba, romlebic aq ar ganixileba. `meriam-vebsteris saerTo<br />
sauniversite<strong>to</strong> leqsikonSi~ mocemulia mravali abreviatura<br />
mravali dargidan. kidev erT resurss warmoadgens `Cikagos stilis<br />
saxelmZRvanelos~ 2003 wlis me-15 gamocemis me-15 Tavi.<br />
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi sxvadasxva disciplinaSi miRebul<br />
stilTan dakavSirebiT ixileT bibliografiaSi.<br />
Tu muSaobT sadiplomo naSromze an disertaciaze, Tqvens<br />
ganyofilebas (fakultets, kaTedras) an universitets SeiZleba,<br />
hqondes abreviaturebis gamoyenebis specifikuri moTxovnebi,<br />
romlebic, rogorc wesi, moipoveba sadiplomo naSromebisa da<br />
disertaciebis ganyofilebaSi. Tu amzadebT saklaso naSroms,<br />
Tqvenma pedagogma SeiZleba, mogTxovoT garkveuli principebis<br />
dacva abreviaturebis gamoyenebis dros. ganixileT es moTxovnebi<br />
manam, vidre moamzadebT Tqvens naSroms. isini am TavSi<br />
SemoTavazebul saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebze upiratesia.<br />
24.1 zogadi principebi<br />
24.1.1 abreviaturebis tipebi<br />
terminebis Semokleba SesaZlebelia ramdenime gziT. rodesac<br />
termini mokldeba yoveli sityvis mxolod pirvel asoebamde da<br />
warmoiTqmeba, rogorc erTi sityva (NATO, AIDS) da mas akronims<br />
uwodeben; Tu asoebi warmoiTqmeba, rogorc asoebis rigi (EU, PBS),<br />
473
am sityvebs ewodeba abreviatura. sxva terminebi mciredeba<br />
Semoklebis wesiT: rCeba mxolod terminis pirveli da bolo asoebi<br />
(Mr., Dr.) an vardeba bolo asoebi (ed., Tues.). winamdebare TavSi yvela<br />
es forma ganxilulia zogadi terminis abreviaturis saTauriT,<br />
abreviaturebis tipebs Soris zemoxsenebuli gansxvavebebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
24.1.2 rodis gamoviyenoT abreviaturebi<br />
umetes naSromebSi mcire raodenobiT gamoiyeneT Semoklebebi,<br />
vinaidan maT gamo teqsti SeiZleba, zedmetad araformaluri an<br />
zedmetad specifikuri gamoCndes. winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia<br />
Semoklebebis is tipebi, romelTa gamoyenebac sjobs sruli,<br />
gavrcobili terminis gamoyenebas, aseve, iseTi Semoklebebi,<br />
romlebic, Tu Tanmimdevrulad gamoiyeneba, misaRebia samecniero<br />
naSromebSi.<br />
Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT es<br />
daSvebulia, SegiZliaT, Semoklebebi gamoiyenoT saxelebis,<br />
titulebisa da sxva terminebisTvis, romlebsac xSirad xmarobT<br />
Tqvens naSromebSi. pirvelad moxseniebisas srulad miuTiTeT<br />
termini da daurTeT Semokleba frCxilebSi. Semdgom miTiTebebSi<br />
Tanmimdevrulad gamoiyeneT es Semokleba. mravali Semoklebis<br />
gamoyenebisas, SesaZloa, upriani iyos naSromis satitulo<br />
elementebSi Semoklebebis siis darTva, raTa daexmaroT im<br />
mkiTxvelebs, romlebsac, SesaZloa, gamorCaT Semoklebis pirveli<br />
ganmarteba (ix. A.2.1).<br />
Semoklebebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli formaa da xSirad gamoiyeneba<br />
naSromis teqstis gareTac. winamdebare TavSi ganixileba zogi<br />
iseTi Semokleba, romlebic, SesaZloa, gamoiyenebodes cxrilebSi,<br />
suraTebsa da miTiTebebSi. cxrilebsa da suraTebSi gamoyenebuli<br />
Semoklebebi damatebiT ganixileba 26-e TavSi; Semoklebebi sqolios<br />
474
stilis mixedviT ixileT _ 16.1.6-Si da me-17 TavSi; Semoklebebi<br />
teqsturi miTiTebis stilSi ixileT _ 18.1.6-Si da me-19 TavSi.<br />
24.1.3 rogor davaforma<strong>to</strong>T abreviaturebi<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom Semoklebebi emorCileba winamdebare TavSi<br />
ganxilul zogad wesebs, arsebobs mravali gamonaklisi.<br />
• mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba. Semoklebebis yvela aso iwereba<br />
mTavruliT, nusxuriT an maTi kombinaciiT.<br />
BC p. Gov.<br />
CEO a.m. Dist. Atty.<br />
U.S. kg PhD<br />
• punqtuacia. zogadad, mTavruliT warmodgenili yvela<br />
abreviatura ar Seicavs wertilebs, maSin, rodesac nusxuriT an<br />
mTavruli da nusxuri asoebis kombinaciiT daweril<br />
abreviaturebs aqvs wertili yoveli Semoklebuli elementis<br />
Semdgom. amasTan, rogorc zemoT mocemul magaliTebSi xedavT,<br />
aris gamonaklisebic: abreviatura a.S.S. U.S. Seicavs wertilebs<br />
(ix. 24.3.1); metruli sazomi erTeulebi (ix. 24.5) mocemulia<br />
nusxurSi wertilebis gareSe da abreviaturas PhD ar aqvs<br />
wertilebi. sxva gamonaklisebi moxseniebulia am Tavis sxva<br />
nawilebSi.<br />
• intervalebi. zogadad, nu da<strong>to</strong>vebT intervals asoebs Soris<br />
akronimebSi (NATO) da abreviaturebSi (PBS), Tumca, saWiroa<br />
elementebs Soris intervalis da<strong>to</strong>veba im abreviaturebSi,<br />
romlebic Semoklebis Sedegad aris warmoebuli (Dist. Atty.). Tu<br />
abreviatura Seicavs ampers<strong>and</strong>s (&), nu da<strong>to</strong>vebT intervalebs mis<br />
garSemo (Texas A&M). sakuTar saxelebSi intervalebis dasmis<br />
Sesaxeb ixileT 24.2.1.<br />
• tipografiuli moniSvna. nu dawerT abreviaturebs daxrili<br />
SriftiT.<br />
• ganusazRvreli artiklebi. rodesac abreviatura mosdevs<br />
ganusazRvrel artikls, airCieT artiklebi a da an, imisda<br />
mixedviT, Tu rogor ikiTxeba abreviatura. akronimebi na<strong>to</strong>,<br />
475
Sidsi (NATO, AIDS) warmoiTqmeba, rogorc sityvebi; akronimebi<br />
(initialisms) (EU) ikiTxeba, rogorc asoebis rigebi.<br />
member nation of NATO a NATO member<br />
person with AIDS an AIDS patient<br />
member nation of the EU an EU member<br />
24.2 saxelebi da saxelwodebebi, titulebi<br />
24.2.1 sakuTari saxelebi<br />
zogadad, pirvelad nu SeamoklebT pirovnebis saxels (Benj. Franklin)<br />
an gvars. mas Semdeg, rac teqstSi miuTiTebT saxelsa da gvars,<br />
SemdgomSi moxseniebisas dawereT mxolod misi gvari. amasTan, Tu<br />
moixseniebT am gvaris matarebel erTze met pirovnebas, gaugebrobis<br />
Tavidan asacileblad, yoveli moxseniebisas, gvarTan erTad<br />
dawereT maTi saxelebic (Alice James, William James). Tu xSirad<br />
moixseniebT am saxelebs naSromSi, sanacvlod SegiZliaT,<br />
gamoiyenoT Tqvens mier SerCeuli abreviaturebi (AJ, WJ), Tumca, am<br />
abreviaturebis dawerisas aucileblad gaiTvaliswineT 24.1.2-Si<br />
aRwerili SemTxvevebi.<br />
zogi pirovneba cnobilia, upirveles yovlisa, inicialebiT<br />
nacvlad saxelisa da/an meore saxelisa. am inicialebs unda<br />
mosdevdes wertili da intervali. amasTan, Tu amoklebT saxelsa da<br />
gvars, gamo<strong>to</strong>veT wertilebi da intervalebi.<br />
G. K. Chester<strong>to</strong>n but JFK<br />
M. F. K. Fisher but FDR<br />
socialuri titulebi, magaliTad, Ms. da Mr., yovelTvis iwereba<br />
SemoklebiT, mTavruliT da mosdevs wertili. Tumca, naSromebis<br />
476
umetesobaSi aucilebeli ar aris maTi gamoyeneba, Tu es,<br />
savaraudod, ar iwvevs gaurkvevlobas, vTqvaT, qmris an colis<br />
moxseniebisas.<br />
dawereT Semdegi abreviaturebis Sr., Jr., III (an 3 rd ), IV (an 4 th<br />
) msgavsi<br />
abreviaturebi maT win mZimis gareSe. dawereT isini mxolod<br />
saxelisa da gvaris Semdeg da ara mxolod gvarTan erTad,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom mefeebi da religiuri moRvaweebi SeiZleba,<br />
cnobili iyvnen mxolod saxeliT. nu dawerT sityvebiT termins,<br />
rodesac is saxelis nawilia (magaliTad, dauSvebelia John Smith<br />
Junior).<br />
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. William J. Kaufmann III Mary II<br />
24.2.2 profesiuli titulebi, wodebebi<br />
zog pirovnebas saxelis garda, aqvs qvemoT CamoTvlili samoqalaqo,<br />
samxedro an religiuri tituli. bevri es tituli tradiciulad<br />
Semoklebulia, rodesac isini win uswrebs saxels da maT nawilad<br />
aris miCneuli. vinaidan yvela es abreviatura oficialuri<br />
(sakuTari) titulis Semoklebuli formaa, mTavruliT iwereba<br />
mxolod pirveli aso, boloSi wertilis darTviT.<br />
Adm.<br />
Admiral Lt. Leutenant<br />
Ald. Alderman, Alderwoman Lt. Col. Lieutenant Colonel<br />
Atty. Gen. At<strong>to</strong>rney General Maj. Major<br />
Capt. Captain Pres. President<br />
Col. Colonel Rep. Representative<br />
Dist. Atty. District At<strong>to</strong>rney Rev. Reverend<br />
Dr. Doc<strong>to</strong>r Sen. Sena<strong>to</strong>r<br />
477
Fr. Father Sgt. Sergeant<br />
Gen. General Sr. Sister<br />
Gov. Governor St. Saint<br />
Hon. Honorable<br />
titulis matarebeli pirovnebis pirvelad moxseniebisas dawereT<br />
abreviatura pirovnebis saxeliTa da gvariT. (Tqveni survilisamebr<br />
yovelTvis SegiZliaT titulebis sityvebiT dawera, magram gaakeTeT<br />
es Tanmimdevrulad). Semdgomi moxseniebis dros SegiZliaT, rogorc<br />
wesi, miuTiToT mxolod pirovnebis gvari, magram Tu TqvenTvis<br />
saWiroa titulis gameoreba (raTa ganasxvavoT erTnairi saxelis<br />
mqone ori adamiani an gamoxa<strong>to</strong>T pativiscema), miuTiTeT tituli<br />
sityvebiT gvarTan erTad. ixmareT sityvebi reverend an honorable<br />
mxolod saxelTan da gvarTan erTad, ra SemTxvevaSic tituls win<br />
unda uswrebdes artikli the.<br />
Sen. Barack Obama Sena<strong>to</strong>r Obama<br />
Gen. Richard Myers General Myers<br />
Rev. Jane Schaefer the Reverend Jane Schaefer<br />
Tu iyenebT erT-erT tituls damoukideblad an saxelis Semdeg, is<br />
iqceva saerTo terminad da iwereba nusxuriT, sityvierad.<br />
the sena<strong>to</strong>r from Illinois Myers served as a general<br />
zogadi modelis gamonakliss warmoadgens Semokleba Dr. gamoiyeneT<br />
an abreviatura Dr. saxelis win an xarisxis aRmniSvneli<br />
oficialuri abreviatura (ix. 24.2.3), saxelis Semdeg ori mZimiT<br />
gamoyofili, nu gamoiyenebT orives erTad.<br />
Dr. Lauren Shapiro discovered the cause of the outbreak.<br />
doq<strong>to</strong>r Sapirom aRmoaCina epidemiis afeTqebis mizezi.<br />
478
Lauren Shapiro, MD, discovered . . .<br />
loren Sapirom, medicinis doq<strong>to</strong>rma, aRmoaCina . . .<br />
Dr. Shapiro discovered . . . doq<strong>to</strong>rma Sapirom aRmoaCina . . .<br />
The doc<strong>to</strong>r discovered . . . eqimma aRmoaCina . . .<br />
damatebiT warmogidgenT ramdenime sxva profesiul tituls,<br />
romelTa Semoklebac SesaZlebelia piradi saxelis Semdeg. aseTi<br />
titulebi gamoiyofa mZimeebiT, rogorc zemoT moyvanil<br />
magaliTebSi.<br />
JP justice of the peace<br />
LPN licensed practical nurse<br />
MP member of Parliament<br />
SJ Society of Jesus<br />
24.2.3 samecniero xarisxebi<br />
qvemoT CamoTvlili saerTo samecniero terminebis abreviaturebis<br />
gamoyeneba SegiZliaT rogorc teqstSi, aseve sxvaganac. zogi maTgani aris<br />
abreviatura (ix. 24.1.1), dawerili mTavruliT, wertilebis an intervalebis<br />
gareSe. sxvebi Seicavs rogorc inicialebs, ise Semoklebul terminebs da,<br />
Sesabamisad, rogorc mTavrul, ise, nusxur asoebs, Cveulebrivad,<br />
wertilebis an intervalebis gareSe. Tumca, Tu muSaobT Tezisze an<br />
disertaciaze, Tqveni fakultetis (kaTedris) saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebiT<br />
SeiZleba, moiTxoveba am xarisxebis (da SesaZloa, aseve, abreviaturebis)<br />
daformateba Sida wertilebiT, rogorc es miTiTebulia frCxilebSi.<br />
AB Artium Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Arts)<br />
AM Artium Magister (Master of Arts)<br />
BA Bachelor of Arts<br />
BD Bachelor of Divinity<br />
BFA Bachelor of Fine Arts<br />
BM Bachelor of Music<br />
BS Bachelor of Science<br />
DB Divinitatis Baccalaureus (Bachelor of<br />
Divinity)<br />
DD Divinitatis Doc<strong>to</strong>r (Doc<strong>to</strong>r of Divinity)<br />
479
DMin (D.Min.) Doc<strong>to</strong>r of Ministry<br />
EdD Doc<strong>to</strong>r of Education<br />
JD Juris Doc<strong>to</strong>r (Doc<strong>to</strong>r of Law)<br />
LHD Litterarum Humaniorum Doc<strong>to</strong>r (Doc<strong>to</strong>r of<br />
Humanities)<br />
LittD (Litt.D.) Litterarum Doc<strong>to</strong>r (Doc<strong>to</strong>r of Letters)<br />
LLB (LL.B.) Legum Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Laws)<br />
LLD (LL.D.) Legum Doc<strong>to</strong>r (Doc<strong>to</strong>r of Laws)<br />
MA Master of Arts<br />
MBA Master of Business Administration<br />
MD Medicinae Doc<strong>to</strong>r (Doc<strong>to</strong>r of Medicine)<br />
MFA Master of Fine Arts<br />
MS Master of Science<br />
PhB (Ph.B.) Philosophiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of<br />
Philosophy)<br />
PhD (Ph.D.) Philosophiae Doc<strong>to</strong>r (Doc<strong>to</strong>r of<br />
Philosophy)<br />
SB Scientiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of<br />
Science)<br />
SM Scientiae Magister (Master of Science)<br />
STB Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Sacred<br />
Theology)<br />
24.2.4 saagen<strong>to</strong>ebi, kompaniebi da sxva organizaciebi<br />
SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT abreviaturebi rogorc teqstSi, aseve,<br />
sxvagan, im samTavrobo saagen<strong>to</strong>ebis, samauwyeblo kompaniebis,<br />
asociaciebis, saZmo da momsaxurebis organizaciebis, kavSirebis da<br />
sxva jgufebis saxelebis da dasaxelebebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic<br />
akronimebiT an abreviaturebiT sayovelTaod cnobilia (ix. 24.1.1).<br />
Tavdapirveli moxseniebisas dawereT sityvebiT sruli saxelwodeba<br />
da frCxilebSi miuTiTeT misi abreviatura (ix. 24.1.2). msgavsi<br />
abreviaturebi iwereba mxolod mTavruli asoebiT, wertilebis<br />
480
gareSe. ixileT qvemoT aseTi abreviaturebis warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
CamonaTvali; am kategoriebSi Semavali sxva saxelebi da<br />
saxelwodebebi (magaliTad, ABA, CBS da NEH) imave WrilSi<br />
ganixileba.<br />
AAAS CNN NAFTA TVA YMCA<br />
AFL-CIO EU NFL UN<br />
AMA FTC NIMH UNESCO<br />
AT&T HMO NSF VA<br />
COC NAACP OPEC WHO<br />
Tu kompaniis abreviatura ar aris sayovelTaod cnobili, dawereT<br />
teqstSi misi saxeli srulad da mTavruliT. SegiZliaT, saxelidan<br />
amoiRoT terminebi Inc. an Ltd. nu dawerT mTavruliT artikls the<br />
saxelis dasawyisSi.<br />
Merck <strong>and</strong> Company the University of <strong>Chicago</strong> Press<br />
cxrilebSi, suraTebze da miTiTebebSi SegiZliaT, aseve, daweroT<br />
qvemoT CamoTvlili abreviaturebi kompaniis saxelebSi. miaqcieT<br />
yuradReba gansxvavebebs mTavrulis dasmasa da punqtuaciaSi.<br />
Assoc. Ltd.<br />
Bros. Mfg.<br />
Co. PLC (public limited company)<br />
Corp. RR (railroad)<br />
Inc. Ry. (railway)<br />
LP (limited partnership)<br />
24.3 geografiuli terminebi<br />
24.3.1 geografiuli saxelebi<br />
teqstSi yovelTvis dawereT sityvebiT da mTavruliT qveynebis,<br />
Statebis, olqebis, provinciebis, teri<strong>to</strong>riebis, wylebis, mTebis da<br />
sxva geografiuli obieqtebis saxelebi (ix. 22.1.1). erTi gamonaklisia<br />
yofili sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri, zogadad<br />
moxseniebuli, rogorc the former USSR.<br />
481
yovelTvis sityvebiT dawereT United States misi arsebiTi saxelis<br />
funqciiT gamoyenebisas. zedsarTavi saxelis funqciiT gamoyenebisas<br />
SegiZliaT, an SeamokloT is, rogorc U.S., an daweroT sityvebiT<br />
(meti formalobisTvis). tradiciisamebr, is Seicavs wertilebs,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom akronimia.<br />
She was ineligible for the presidency because she was not born in the United States.<br />
His U.S. citizenship was revoked later that year.<br />
cxrilebSi, suraTebze, miTiTebebSi da safos<strong>to</strong> misamarTebSi<br />
SeamokleT aSS-is Statebis saxelebi aSS-is safos<strong>to</strong> samsaxuris<br />
mier SemoRebuli ori asosgan Semdgari uwertilo safos<strong>to</strong><br />
kodebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
AK Alaska DE Delaware<br />
AL Alabama FL Florida<br />
AR Arkansas GA Georgia<br />
AZ Arizona HI Hawaii<br />
CA California IA Iowa<br />
CO Colorado ID Idaho<br />
CT Connecticut IL Illinois<br />
DC District of Columbia IN Indiana<br />
KS Kansas NY New York<br />
KY Kentucky OH Ohio<br />
LA Louisiana OK Oklahoma<br />
MA Massachusetts OR Oregon<br />
MD Maryl<strong>and</strong> PA Pennsylvania<br />
ME Maine RI Rhode Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
MI Michigan SC South Carolina<br />
MN Minnesota SD South Dakota<br />
MO Missouri TN Tennessee<br />
MS Mississippi TX Texas<br />
MT Montana UT Utah<br />
NC North Carolina VA Virginia<br />
482
ND North Dakota VT Vermont<br />
NE Nebraska WA Washing<strong>to</strong>n<br />
NH New Hampshire WI Wisconsin<br />
NJ New Jersey WV West Virginia<br />
NM New Mexico WY Wyoming<br />
NV Nevada<br />
SegiZliaT, aseve, SeamokloT kanadis provinciebisa da<br />
teri<strong>to</strong>riebis saxelebi da gamoiyenoT miRebuli abreviaturebi:<br />
AB Alberta NU Nunavut<br />
BC British Columbia ON Ontario<br />
MB Mani<strong>to</strong>ba PE Prince Edward Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
NB New Brunswick QC Quebec<br />
NL Newfoundl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Labrador SK Saskatchewan<br />
NS Nova Scotia YT Yukon<br />
NT Northwest Terri<strong>to</strong>ries<br />
24.3.2 misamarTebi<br />
teqstSi dawereT sityvebiT da mTavruliT terminebi, romlebic<br />
misamarTebis nawilia, maT Soris qvemoT CamoTvlili da maTi<br />
msgavsi terminebi (magaliTad, sityvis street sxva sinonimebi).<br />
cxrilebSi, suraTebze, miTiTebebSi da safos<strong>to</strong> misamarTebSi<br />
gamoiyeneT abreviaturebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela abreviatura<br />
iyenebs wertilebs, garda akronimebisa (Northeast da misi msgavsi<br />
terminebi). ixileT 23.1.7, sadac mocemulia teqstSi CarTuli<br />
misamarTis magaliTi.<br />
Ave. Avenue Sr. Street<br />
Blvd. Boulevard N. North<br />
Ct. Court S. South<br />
Dr. Drive E. East<br />
Expy. Expressway W. West<br />
Pkwy. Parkway NE Northeast<br />
483
Rd. Road NW Northwest<br />
Sq. Square SE Southeast<br />
SW Southwest<br />
Tu calke iyenebT erT-erT am termins, igi iqceva saerTo terminad<br />
da iwereba nusxuriT da sityvebiT.<br />
He drove down the street.<br />
The s<strong>to</strong>rm came in from the west.<br />
24.4 dro da TariRebi<br />
24.4.1 dro<br />
SegiZliaT, teqstSi da sxvagan gamoiyenoT abreviaturebi a.m. (ante<br />
meridiem an before noon) da p.m. (post meridiem an after noon) konkretuli<br />
drois aRsaniSnavad. abreviatura iwereba nusxuriT, swori SriftiT,<br />
Sualeduri intervalis gareSe. nu dawerT maT sityvebTan in the<br />
morning, in the evening an o’clock erTad; ixileT, aseve, 23.1.5.<br />
24.4.2 dReebi da Tveebi<br />
teqstSi sityvebiT da mTavruliT dawereTYkviris dReebisa da<br />
Tveebis saxelebi; ixileT, aseve, 23.3.1. cxrilebSi, suraTebze da<br />
miTiTebebSi SeiZleba maTi Semokleba, Tu amas Tanmimdevrulad<br />
gaakeTebT. dawereT wertilebi abreviaturebTan.<br />
Sun. Wed. Sat. Jan. Apr. July Oct.<br />
Mon. Thur. Feb. May Aug. Nov.<br />
Tues. Fri. Mar. June Sept. Dec.<br />
24.4.3 epoqebi<br />
arsebobs epoqebis aRniSvnis sxvadasxva sistema da yvela maTganSi<br />
cifrebiT daweril TariRebTan gamoiyeneba abreviatura. yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebuli sistema iyenebs terminebs BC da AD, Tumca, zog<br />
disciplinebSi miRebulia sxvanairi aRniSvnebi, rogoricaa qvemoT<br />
CamoTvlili aRniSvnebi. Tqvens naSromSi yvelgan gamoiyeneT<br />
Sesabamisi abreviaturebi; CasviT yvela aso mTavrulSi, wertilebis<br />
484
gareSe. AD win uswrebs wels; sxva aRniSvnebi mosdevs mas (ix., aseve,<br />
23.2.4 da 23.3.2).<br />
BC before Christ<br />
da<br />
AD anno Domini (in the year of the Lord)<br />
BCE before the common era<br />
da<br />
CE common era<br />
BP before the present<br />
MYA (an mya) million years ago<br />
24.5 sazomi erTeulebi<br />
humanitarul da socialur mecnierebebSi sazomi erTeulebis manZilis,<br />
moculobis, simaRlis da a.S. Cawera aucilebelia. ricxvebis Cawera unda<br />
ganaxorcieloT 23.1.1 ZiriTadi wesebis Sesabamisad.<br />
xuTi mili 150 kilogrami 14.5 metri<br />
zust mecnierebebSi gamoiyeneT ricxvebSi mocemuli sazomebi. (Tqven<br />
SesaZloa gamoiyenoT abreviatura sxva disciplinebSi adgilobrivad<br />
dadgenili wesebis Seasabamisad.) da<strong>to</strong>veT adgili ricxvsa da<br />
ganzomilebas Soris garda Semdegisa (36 o ; 512K), aseve gaxsovdeT, rom<br />
abreviatura igivea rogorc mxolobiTSi aseve mravlobiTSi. sityvierad<br />
CawereT ganzomileba Tu ar iwyeba ricxviT an rodesac ricxvi<br />
sityvieradaa Cawerili. (aseve winadadebis dawyebisas; naxeT 23.1.1).<br />
ineqciiT SevuSviT virusis 10ml implantis axlos.<br />
Sedegebi mocemulia mikrolitrebSi.<br />
Tormeti mikrolitri virusisa miCneul iqna rogorc usafrTxo<br />
raodenoba.<br />
485
sazomi erTeulebis abreviaturis cxrili ixileT 15.55 Cikagos stilis<br />
me-15 gamocema (2003)<br />
24.6 biblia da misi wignebi<br />
rodesac moixseniebT teqstSi bibliis mTlian Tavebs an wignebs, an<br />
arakanonikur teqstebs, dawereT wignebis saTaurebi sityvebiT,<br />
magram nu gamoiyenebT daxril Srifts.<br />
Jeremiah 42-44 records the flight of the Jews <strong>to</strong> Egypt. The<br />
Revelation of St. John the Divine, known as “Revelation,” closes the New Testament.<br />
bibliis citirebisas muxlebis mixedviT (ix. 17.5.2 da 19.5.2), dawereT<br />
SemoklebiT wignebis saxelebi da maTi danomvrisas, gamoiyeneT<br />
arabuli cifrebi (1 mefeebi). gamoiyeneT, aseve, arabuli cifrebi<br />
Tavebis da muxlebis nomrebisTvis, maT Soris, ori wertilis<br />
dasmiT. vinaidan wminda werilis sxvadasxva versia iyenebs<br />
sxvadasxva saxels da nomers, miuTiTeT versia, romlidanac mogyavT<br />
citata. konteqstidan gamomdinare, SegiZliaT, versiis saxelwodeba<br />
sityvebiT daweroT, Tavdapirvelad mainc, an gamoiyenoT<br />
abreviaturebi (ix.T 24.6.4), winmswrebi an Sida punqtuaciis gareSe.<br />
1 Song of Sol. 2:1-5 NRSV Ruth 3:14 NAB<br />
2:1-5 NRSV 3:14 NAB<br />
Semdeg nawilebSi anbanis mixedviT aris CamoTvlili bibliis<br />
wignebis rogorc tradiciuli, aseve, ufro mokle abreviaturebi.<br />
Tu ar xarT darwmunebuli, abreviaturis romeli formaa<br />
Sesaferisi, SeekiTxeT Tqvens pedagogs. sadac ar aris mocemuli<br />
abreviaturebi, dawereT sruli forma.<br />
24.6.1 Zveli aRTqma<br />
gaiTvaliswineT, rom Zveli aRTqmis (Old Testament) abreviaturaa OT.<br />
tradiciuli<br />
abreviatura<br />
ufro mokle<br />
abreviatura<br />
sruli saxelwodeba<br />
486
Amos Am Amos<br />
1 Chron. 1 Chr 1 Chronicles<br />
2 Chron. 2 Chr 2 Chronicles<br />
Dan. Dn Daniel<br />
Deut. Dt Deuteronomy<br />
Eccles. Eccl Ecclesiastes<br />
Esther Est Esther<br />
Exod. Ex Exodus<br />
Ezek. Ez Ezekiel<br />
Ezra Ezr Ezra<br />
Gen. Gn Genesis<br />
Hab. Hb Habakkuk<br />
Hag. Hg Haggai<br />
Hosea Hos Hosea<br />
Isa. Is Isaiah<br />
Jer. Jer Jeremiah<br />
Job Jb Job<br />
Joel Jl Joel<br />
Jon. Jon Jonah<br />
Josh. Jo Joshua<br />
Judg. Jgs Judges<br />
1 Kings 1 Kgs 1 Kings<br />
2 Kings 2 Kgs 2 Kings<br />
Lam. Lam Lamentations<br />
Lev. Lv Leviticus<br />
Mal. Mal Malachi<br />
Mic. Mi Micah<br />
Nah. Na Nahum<br />
Neh. Neh Nehemiah<br />
Num. Nm Numbers<br />
Obad. Ob Obadiah<br />
Prov. Prv Proverbs<br />
Ps. (plural, Pss.) Ps (plural, Pss) Psalms<br />
Ruth Ru Ruth<br />
1 Sam. 1 Sm 1 Samuel<br />
2 Sam. 2 Sm 2 Samuel<br />
487
Song of Sol. Sg Song of Solomon (Song of<br />
Songs)<br />
Zech. Zec Zechariah<br />
Zeph. Zep Zephaniah<br />
24.6.2 arakanonikuri teqstebi apocrypha<br />
arakanonikuri teqstebis (Apocrypha) wignebi Sesulia bibliis<br />
kaTolikur, Tumca, ara ebraul an protestantul, versiebSi. unda<br />
gaiTvaliswinoT, rom Apocrypha-s tradiciuli abreviaturaa Apoc. (ar<br />
arsebobs ufro mokle abreviatura).<br />
tradiciuli<br />
abreviatura<br />
ufro mokle<br />
abreviatura<br />
sruli saxelwodeba<br />
Bar. Bar Baruch<br />
Bel <strong>and</strong> Dragon - Bel <strong>and</strong> the Dragon<br />
Ecclus. Sir Ecclesiasticus (Sirach)<br />
1 Esd. - 1 Esdras<br />
2 Esd. - 2 Esdras<br />
Jth. Jdt Judith<br />
1 Macc. 1 Mc 1 Maccabees<br />
2 Macc. 2 Mc 2 Maccabees<br />
Pr. of Man. - Prayer of Manasses (Manasseh)<br />
Song of Three Children - Song of the Three Holy Children<br />
Sus. - Susanna<br />
Tob. Tb Tobit<br />
Wisd. of Sol. Ws Wisdom of Solomon<br />
- - Additions <strong>to</strong> Esther (Rest of Esther)<br />
24.6.3 axali aRTqma<br />
gaiTvaliswineT, rom axali aRTqmis (New Testament) abreviaturaa NT.<br />
tradiciuli<br />
abreviatura<br />
ufro mokle<br />
abreviatura<br />
sruli saxelwodeba<br />
Acts - Acts of the Apostles<br />
Apoc. - Apocalypse (Revelation)<br />
Col. Col Colossians<br />
488
P<br />
1 Cor. 1 Cor 1 Corinthians<br />
2 Cor. 2 Cor 2 Corinthians<br />
Eph. Eph Ephesians<br />
Gal. Gal Galatians<br />
Heb. Heb Hebrews<br />
James Jas James<br />
John Jn John (Gospel)<br />
1 John 1 Jn 1 John (Epistle)<br />
2 John 2 Jn 2 John (Epistle)<br />
3 John 3 Jn 3 John (Epistle)<br />
Jude - Jude<br />
Luke Lk Luke<br />
Mark Mk Mark<br />
Matt. Mt Matthew<br />
1 Pet. 1 Pt 1 Peter<br />
2 Pet. 2 Pt 2 Peter<br />
Phil. Phil Philippians<br />
Philem. Phlm Philemon<br />
Rev. Rv Revelation (Apocalypse)<br />
Rom. Rom Romans<br />
1 Thess. 1 Thes 1 Thessalonians<br />
2 Thess. 2 Thes 2 Thessalonians<br />
1 Tim. 1 Tm 1 Timothy<br />
2 Tim. 2 Tm 2 Timothy<br />
Titus Ti Titus<br />
24.6.4 bibliis versiebi<br />
qvemoT mocemuli abreviaturebi moicavs bibliis mraval<br />
st<strong>and</strong>artul versias. Tu versia, romelsac Tqven miuTiTebT, ar<br />
aris warmodgenili am siaSi, mimarTeT Tqvens pedagogs.<br />
ARV American Revised Version<br />
ASV American St<strong>and</strong>ard Version<br />
AT American Translation<br />
AV Authorized (King James) Version<br />
CEV Contemporary English Version<br />
489
DV Douay Version<br />
ERV English Revised Version<br />
EV English version(s)<br />
JB Jerusalem Bible<br />
NAB New American Bible<br />
NEB New English Bible<br />
NRSV New Revised St<strong>and</strong>ard Version<br />
RSV Revised St<strong>and</strong>ard Version<br />
RV Revised Version<br />
Vulg. Vulgate<br />
24.6.5 sxva wminda wignebi<br />
sxva mravali religiuri wminda wigni dayofilia bibliis msgavs<br />
nawilebad. sakuTriv wignebis saTaurebi dawereT mTavruliT da<br />
swori SriftiT (Qur’an, Vedas), magram dawereT daxrili SriftiT<br />
maTi nawilebis saTaurebi (al baqara, rig-veda al-Baqarah, Rig-Veda).<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs am wignebisa da maTi nawilebis<br />
Semoklebis sayovelTaod miRebuli meTodi, SegiZliaT, bibliis<br />
miTiTebebis punqtuaciis msgavsi sasveni niSnebi gamoiyenoT maTi<br />
miTiTebebisas (ix. aseve 17.5.2 da 19.5.2). Tu wigns aqvs mravaljeradi<br />
danomrili danayofebi, SegiZliaT, SeanacvloT ori wertili<br />
wertilebiT an mZimeebiT an sxvagvarad miuTiToT nawyvetis<br />
adgilmdebareoba.<br />
Qur’an 2:257 an Qur’an 2 (al-Baqarah): 257<br />
Mahabharata 1.2.3<br />
Tu Tqveni naSromi eZRvneba religiuri Temebis gamokvlevas,<br />
mimarTeT Tqvens pedagogs ufro konkretuli saxelmZRvanelo<br />
miTiTebebis misaRebad.<br />
24.7 abreviaturebi miTiTebebSi da sxva samecniero konteqstSi<br />
miTiTebebSi abreviaturebs farTod iyeneben da upiratesobasac<br />
aniWeben, gansakuTrebiT sxva (garda av<strong>to</strong>risa) individebis rolis<br />
490
(ed. red., trans. mTargmn.), naSromis nawilebis (vol. t., bk. wig., sec. naw.)<br />
gansazRvrisa da informaciis adgilmdebareobis mosaZieblad (gv. p.,<br />
Sen. n.). Tumca, teqstSi da zog miTiTebebSi saWiroa abreviaturebis<br />
nacvlad sityvebis srulad gamoyeneba. sqolios stilSi<br />
abreviaturebis gamoyenebis wesebi ixileT 16.1.6-Si da me-17 TavSi;<br />
teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebis stilSi abreviaturebis gamoyenebis wesebi<br />
ixileT 18.1.6-Si da me-19 TavSi.<br />
zog disciplinaSi dasaSvebia naSromis teqstSi, frCxilebSi Casmul<br />
winadadebebSi samecniero abreviaturebis gamoyeneba: mag. e.i. e.g. da<br />
i.e. gaecaniT Tqveni disciplinis wesebs abreviaturebis<br />
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
qvemoT mocemulia miTiTebebSi da sxva samecniero konteqstSi<br />
gamoyenebuli yvelaze gavrcelebuli abreviaturebis CamonaTvali.<br />
abreviaturebis umravlesobas mravlobiT ricxvSi daurTeT<br />
daboloeba s an es, garda gamonaklisebisa. nu dawerT daxrili<br />
SriftiT laTinuri terminebis abreviaturebs. Tu ar xarT<br />
darwmunebuli ama Tu im abreviaturis saTanado gamoyenebaSi,<br />
mimarTeT av<strong>to</strong>ritetul wyaros.<br />
abbr. abbreviated, abbreviation<br />
abr. abridged, abridgment<br />
anon. anonymous<br />
app. appendix<br />
assn. association<br />
b. born<br />
bib. Bible, biblical<br />
bibliog. bibliography, bibliographer<br />
biog. biography, biographer<br />
bk. book<br />
ca. circa, about, approximately<br />
cap. capital, capitalize<br />
CD compact disk<br />
cf. confer, compare<br />
491
chap. chapter<br />
col. column<br />
comp. compiler, compiled by<br />
cont. continued<br />
d. died<br />
dept. department<br />
dect. dictionary<br />
diss. dissertation<br />
div. division<br />
DOI digital object identifier<br />
DVD digital versatile (or video) disc<br />
ed. edi<strong>to</strong>r, edition, edited by<br />
e.g. exempli gratia, for example<br />
esp. especially<br />
et al. et alii or et alia, <strong>and</strong> others<br />
etc. et cetera, <strong>and</strong> so forth<br />
ex. example<br />
fig. figure<br />
ff. <strong>and</strong> following<br />
fol. folio<br />
ftp file transfer pro<strong>to</strong>col<br />
http hypertext transfer pro<strong>to</strong>col<br />
ibid. ibidem, in the same place<br />
id. idem, the same<br />
i.e. id est, that is<br />
intl. international<br />
intro. introduction<br />
l. (pp. ll.) line<br />
loc. cit. loco cita<strong>to</strong>, in the place cited<br />
misc. miscellaneous<br />
MS (mr. MSS) manuscript<br />
n (mr. nn) note<br />
natl. national<br />
n.b. an NB nota bene, take careful note<br />
n.d. no date<br />
no. number<br />
492
n.p. no place; no publisher; no page<br />
NS New Style (dates)<br />
n.s. new series<br />
op.cit. opera cita<strong>to</strong>, in the work cited<br />
org. organization<br />
OS Old Style (dates)<br />
o.s. old series<br />
p. (mr. pp.) page<br />
par. paragraph<br />
pl. plate; plural<br />
PS postscriptum, postscript<br />
pseud. pseudonym<br />
pt. part<br />
pub. publication, publisher, published by<br />
q.v. quod vide, which see<br />
r. rec<strong>to</strong>, right<br />
repr. reprint<br />
rev. revised, revised by, revision; review, reviewed by<br />
ROM read-only memory<br />
sec. section<br />
ser. series<br />
sing. singular<br />
soc. society<br />
sup. supra, above<br />
supp. supplement<br />
s.v. (pl. s.vv.) sub verbo, sub voce, under the word<br />
syn. synonym, synonymous<br />
trans. translated by, transla<strong>to</strong>r<br />
univ. university<br />
URL uniform resource loca<strong>to</strong>r<br />
usu. usually<br />
v. (pl. vv.) verse; verso, right<br />
viz. videlicet, namely<br />
vol. volume<br />
vs. or v. versus (in legal contexts, use v.<br />
493
25. citirebebi<br />
25.1 zusti citireba da plagiatis Tavidan acileba<br />
25.2 citatebis CarTva teqstSi<br />
25.2.1 winadadebaSi CarTuli citatebi<br />
25.2.2 blokuri citatebi<br />
25.3 citatebis gardaqmna<br />
25.3.1 dasaSvebi cvlilebebi<br />
25.3.2 gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli adgilebi<br />
winamdebare Tavi gTavazobT citatebis warmodgenis zogad wesebs.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela es magaliTi warmodgenilia inglisur<br />
enaze, wesebi, aseve, vrceldeba ucxoenovan citatebze (ixileT,<br />
aseve, 22.2.1).<br />
Tqvens naSromSi sxva av<strong>to</strong>rebis namuSevrebis CarTvis erT-<br />
erTi variantTaganiauSualod wyaroebidan citireba; alternatiuli<br />
variantebisa da maTi gamoyenebis wesebis Sesaxeb ixileT<br />
7.4.nebismieri variantis arCevisas unda miuTiToT sityvebisa da<br />
ideebis wyaro. me-15 TavSi mocemulia Sesavali citatebis<br />
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, xolo momdevno TavebSi ganxilulia citirebis<br />
ori gavrcelebuli stili (me-16 da me-17 Tavebi, sqolioSi<br />
miTiTebis stili; me-18 da me-19 Tavebi – teqsturi miTiTebis stili).<br />
Tu muSaobT Tezisze an disertaciaze, Tqvens fakultets an<br />
universitets SeiZleba, citatebis wardgenis specifikuri wesebi<br />
hqondes, romlebic, rogorc wesi, sadiplomo naSromebisa da<br />
disertaciebis ofisSimoipoveba. Tu muSaobT sakurso naSromze,<br />
Tqvenma pedagogma SesaZloa, aseve, mogTxovoT citirebis garkveuli<br />
principebis dacva.gaerkvieT am moTxovnebSi naSromis momzadebamde.<br />
isini winamdebare TavSi SemoTavazebul saxelmZRvanelo<br />
miTiTebebze upiratesia. miTiTebebi sxvadasxva disciplinaSi<br />
gamoyenebuli citirebis stilis Sesaxeb ixileT bibliografiaSi.<br />
494
Tu disertacias gare sadisertacio sacavSi gzavniT,<br />
garkveuli tipis citatebis gamosayeneblad SesaZloa, dagWirdeT<br />
oficialuri nebarTvis aReba saav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebis mflobelebisgan.<br />
ixileT `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ 2003 wlis me-15<br />
gamocemis me-4 Tavi.<br />
25.1 zusti citireba da plagiatis Tavidan acileba<br />
samecniero proeqtSizust citirebas kritikuli mniSvneloba aqvs,<br />
ami<strong>to</strong>m Tqven unda:<br />
• gamoiyenoT yvelaze s<strong>and</strong>o xelmisawvdomi gamocema<br />
• gadaweroT sityvebi zustad iseve, rogorc originalSia an<br />
gardaqmnaT citata, mxolod ise, rogorc es miTiTebulia 25.3-Si<br />
• zustad miuTiToT wyaro Tqvens bibliografiaSi (ix. me-16 da me-<br />
18 Tavebi), raTa mkiTxvelebma SeZlon maTi moZieba.<br />
samecniero eTika, aseve, moiTxovs, rom yovelTvis, rodesac<br />
sityvebi, cxrilebi, grafikebi an monacemebi mogyavT wyarodan<br />
citatad, saWiroa, miTiTebis Sesaferisi stilis gamoyenebiT (ix.<br />
me-15 Tavi) mkafiod aRniSnoT, ra isesxeT da saidan isesxeT. Tu<br />
ase ar moiqceviT, SeiZleba, plagiatSidagadanaSaulon. Tumca,<br />
maSinac ki, roca zustad miuTiTebT wyaros, plagiatSi<br />
dadanaSulebis riskis qveSmainc CaigdebT Tavs, Tu wyaroszust<br />
sityvebsgamoiyenebT, magram ar miuTiTebT maT, rogorc citatas<br />
25.2-Si aRwerili erT-erTi gziT. plagiatis ufro vrceli<br />
ganxilva mocemulia 7.9-Si.<br />
25.2 citatebis CarTva teqstSi<br />
citatis teqstSi CarTva, misi sidididan gamomdinare,oridan erT-<br />
erTi gziTSegiZliaT, Tu citata oTxi an naklebi striqonisgan<br />
Sedgeba, moaTavseT igi Tqvens teqstSi da CasviT brWyalebSi. Tu<br />
igi xuTi an xuTze meti striqonisgan Sedgeba, gamoyaviT rogorc<br />
495
lokuri citata, brWyalebis gareSe. SeniSvnebSi da sqolioebSi<br />
citatebis moyvanisas ixelmZRvaneleT igive principebiT (ix. 16:3.5).<br />
SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT blokuri citata xuT striqonze patara<br />
citatis SemTxvevaSic, Tu gsurT misi gamoyofa an misi Sedareba<br />
ufro did citatasTan.<br />
25.2.1 winadadebaSi CarTuli citatebi<br />
xuT striqonze naklebi nawyvetis citirebisas CasviT zustad<br />
citirebuli sityvebi ormag brWyalebSi. teqstSi citatis Casmis<br />
ramdenime saSualeba arsebobs (ixileT 7.5.). SegiZliaT citatis<br />
Semoyvana av<strong>to</strong>ris saxelTan erTad, romelsac mosdevs termini,<br />
magaliTad, aRniSnavs, acxadebs, amtkicebsan Tanaxmad(miaqcieT<br />
yuradReba, rom es terminebi, Cveulebriv, awmyoSia da ara<br />
warsulSi: aRniSnavda, moiTxovda da a.S., magram zogi disciplina<br />
gansxvavebuli wesebiTxelmZRvanelobs). am SemTxvevaSi dasviT mZime<br />
citatis win.<br />
rikoeri wers, `arc ise advilia intrigasa da davas Soris zRvaris<br />
gavleba.”<br />
rogorc rikoeri aRniSnavs,`arc ise advilia zRvaris gavleba<br />
intrigasa da davas Soris~.<br />
Tu citatis SuaSi svamT kuTvnilebis aRmniSvnel frazas, gamoyaviT<br />
is mZimeebiT.<br />
`arc iseTi advilia~, rikoeris TqmiT, `zRvaris gavlebaintrigasa<br />
da davas Soris~.<br />
citataSi mZimeebis, wertilebis da sxva sasveni niSnebis gamoyenebis<br />
Sesaxeb ixileT 21.11.2 da 25.3.1; citataSi mTavruli asoebis<br />
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 25.3.1.<br />
citatebis ganlageba. Tu SeniSvnaSi an sqolioSimiuTiTebT<br />
citirebis wyaros, maSin is, Tu sad daurTavT zeda indeqsis nomers<br />
(ix. 16.3.2), damokidebulia winadadebis SigniTcitatis adgilze. Tu<br />
496
citata winadadebis boloSia, daurTeT nomeri Camketi brWyalis<br />
Semdeg.<br />
litvakis TqmiT, `aTobiT axalgaTavisuflebuli monisTvis es<br />
moZraoba maTi emansipaciis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani<br />
gamoxatuleba iyo~. 4<br />
Tu citata mTavrdeba winadadebis SuaSi, dasviT nomeri im<br />
(damokidebuli an damoukidebeli) winadadebisbolos, romelic<br />
Seicavs citatas da romelic xSirad winadadebis dasasrulia.<br />
`aTobiT axalgaTavisuflebuli monisTvis es moZraoba maTi<br />
emansipaciis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani gamoxatuleba iyo~,<br />
litvakis TqmiT. 4<br />
litvaki amtkicebs, rom `aTobiT axalgaTavisuflebuli monisTvis<br />
es moZraoba maTi emansipaciis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani<br />
gamoxatuleba iyo~ 4 da Semdeg am mosazrebas asabuTebs.<br />
ganlagebis igive variantebi vrceldeba citatebze, romlebic<br />
mocemulia sqolioSi miTiTebis (16.4.3) an teqsturi miTiTebis<br />
stilis muxlebTan erTad (ix. 18.3.1), mxolod erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
gansxvavebiT: Tu wertili an mZime, Cveulebriv, win uswrebs Camket<br />
brWyals, am SemTxvevaSi dasviT igi citatis gareT, Camketi<br />
frCxilis Semdeg.<br />
mwerlebi cdiloben, gaigon, `rogor yofen adamianebi kategoriebad<br />
im obieqtebs, romlebsac yoveldRiur situaciebSi xvdebian~<br />
(boukeri da stari 1999, 59).<br />
imisaTvis, rom daedginaT, `rogor yofen adamianebi kategoriebad im<br />
obieqtebs, romlebsac yoveldRiur situaciebSi xvdebian~ (boukeri<br />
da stari 1999, 59), mwerlebma kvleva Caatares.<br />
imis gageba, Tu`rogor yofen adamianebi kategoriebad im obieqtebs,<br />
romlebsac yoveldRiur situaciebSi xvdebian~, mTavaria boukerisa<br />
da starisTvis (1999, 59).<br />
497
specialuri punqtuacia. erT citataSi meore citatis moqcevisas<br />
citirebuli sityvebis Sida rigisTvis gamoiyeneT erTmagi<br />
brWyalebi.<br />
roTkos, bolis mtkicebiT, `surda Seeqmna naxatebi, romelTac<br />
sulieri problemebis gadaWris unari eqneboda: ‘suraTebi saswauls<br />
unda sCadiodnen’, ganacxada man erTxel.~<br />
Tu teqstSi or an orze met poetur striqons CasvamT, gamoyaviT<br />
isini daxrili xaziT (/) winmswrebi da momdevno intervalebiT.<br />
Tumca, poeziisTvis, umetes SemTxvevebSi, gamoiyeneT blokuri<br />
citatebi.<br />
maT cxovreba erT martiv azramde dahyavT: `yvelaferi mSvidad aris<br />
da mwifdeba saflavisken mimaval gzaze; / Cumad, mwifdeba, ecema da<br />
kvdeba.”<br />
25.2.2blokuri citatebi<br />
proza. warmoadgineT xuTi an xuTze meti striqonis mqone<br />
prozauli citata blokuri citatis saxiT. citata SeiyvaneT<br />
teqstSi Tqvenive sityvebiT; ix. 7.5. Tu citata SemogyavT sruli<br />
winadadebis formiT, daaboloeT winadadeba ori wertiliT.Tu<br />
iyenebT mxolod wyaros mosaxseniebel frazas, magaliTad,<br />
aRniSnavs, moiTxovs, amtkicebs, mixedviT, av<strong>to</strong>ris saxelTan erTad,<br />
daasruleT fraza mZimiT. Tuki citatas Tqveni winadadebis<br />
sintaqsSi rTavT, nu gamoiyenebT punqtuacias citatis win, Tu aseT<br />
situaciaSi, Cveulebriv, ar iwereba sasveni niSnebi (ixileT meore<br />
magaliTi qvemoT).<br />
blokur citataSi striqonebs Soris erTi intervalia.<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>veT erTi striqoni citatis win da citatis Semdeg. nu<br />
dawerT brWyalebs dasawyisSi da boloSi, magram da<strong>to</strong>veT<br />
xeluxlebeli originalSi arsebuli nebismieri brWyalebi. SewieT<br />
498
marjvniv mTliani citata imdenad, ramdenadac SewevdiT abzacis<br />
pirvel striqons. (literaturis Semswavlel da sxva dargebSi,<br />
sadac teqstebis saguldagulo analizitardeba, Tu originalis<br />
teqsti Seweulia marjvniv, unda SewioT marjvniv blokuri citatis<br />
pirveli striqoni ufro Rrmad, vidre danarCeni citata; ixileT,<br />
aseve, 25.3.) damatebiTi informacia citataSi sasveni niSnebisa da<br />
mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 25.3.1-Si.<br />
jeksoni iwyebs keris mniSvnelobis aRniSvniT:<br />
sacxovrebeli saxli adamianis Sinagani bunebis<br />
gamoxatulebaa; vercerT sazogadoebas ver gavugebT bolomde<br />
mis wevrTa sacxovrebeli saxlebis gareSe. mecxramete<br />
saukunis melodiaSi ismis sityvebi: `araferi Seedreba keras~<br />
da, Tumca, mis fexqveS garTxmuli iyo zurmuxtis qalaqi,<br />
doroTis ver warmoedgina kanzasSi mSobliuri saxlis garda<br />
sadme sxvagan yofna, Cveni saxlebi gvicavs samyarosgan.<br />
Sesavalis bolo nawilSi igi ganixilavs . . .<br />
Tu citataSi mogyavT erTze meti abzaci, nu daurTavT damatebiT<br />
striqonebs abzacebs Soris da SewieT marjvniv meore da momdevno<br />
abzacebis pirveli striqoni - ufro Rrmad, vidre danarCeni citata.<br />
man aRniSna, rom<br />
mTavrobebs, Cveulebriv, Rupavs maTi ususuroba an tirania.<br />
pirvel SemTxvevaSi Zalaufleba xelidan usxltebaT; meore<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki mas ZaliT glejen xelidan.<br />
bevrma adamianma, romelmac naxa, rogor moicva anarqiam<br />
demokratiuli qveynebi, CaTvala, rom im qveynebSi mTavroba<br />
susti da ususuri iyo. sinamdvileSi ki sakmarisia, erTxel<br />
gaCaRdes omi maT partiebs Soris, rom mTavroba kargavs<br />
sazogadoebazegavlenas. (<strong>to</strong>kvili, 248)<br />
Tu sqolioSi miuTiTebT wyaros, daurTeT SeniSvnis nomeri<br />
striqonis zeda indeqsis saxiT blokuri citirebis boloSi,<br />
1<br />
499
ogorc zemoT moyvanil pirvel magaliTSia naCvenebi (ix., aseve,<br />
16.3.2). Tu teqstSive miuTiTebT wyaros, daurTeT miTiTeba blokuri<br />
citirebis damaboloebeli punqtuaciis Semdeg, rogorc es<br />
naCvenebia meore magaliTSi. (unda aRiniSnos, rom es gansxvavdeba<br />
25.2.1-Si naCvenebi wesisgan, sadac aRwerilia ra adgilze unda<br />
mieTiTos wyaro brWyalebSi Casmuli citatis moyvanisas).<br />
poezia da drama. ori an orze meti poeturi striqonisgan Semdgari<br />
citata warmoadgineT blokuri citatis saxiT. poemis (leqsis)<br />
yoveli striqoni daiwyeT axal xazze, originalis msgavsi<br />
punqtuaciiT striqonebis boloebSi. naSromebis umetesobaSi SewieT<br />
poeturi nawarmoebis bloki marjvniv prozauli citatis msgavsad;<br />
Tu striqoni imdenad grZelia, rom ver Tavsdeba erT xazze, SewieT<br />
gadmosuli nawili danarCen citataze ufro Rrmad. disertaciaSi an<br />
sxva ufro vrcel naSromSi, romelic mravlad Seicavs citatebs<br />
poeziidan, moaTavseT yoveli citata gverdis centrSi.<br />
Seqspiris es soneti Seicavs ramdenime dauviwyar pasaJs:<br />
ra Sxami masva siyvarulma?! an ra samsala<br />
damalevina jojoxeTur cremlTan nazavi?!<br />
SiSi imedze da imedi SiSze gacvala,<br />
rom gamarjvebuls marcxi megrZno uzarmazari.<br />
Tu citatad mogyavT uCveulod ganlagebuli striqonebis<br />
mqone leqsi, gaimeoreT striqonebis dajgufebis originaluri<br />
varianti.<br />
es herbertma Zalian lamazad gadmosca Semdeg striqonebSi:<br />
da iq iyo Rvino<br />
sanam TvaliT davaSrobdi mas: iq iyo puri<br />
sanam Cems cremlSi CavZiravdi mas.<br />
nuTu is xani mxolod me davkarge?<br />
nuTu im napirs veRar mivagneb?<br />
Aarc yvavilebi, aRarc gvirgvini?sul ganviZarcve?<br />
sul gavflange?<br />
500
Tu dramatuli piesis dialogidan ori an meti striqoni mogyavT<br />
citatad, gamoyaviT is, rogorc blokuri citata, daformatebuli<br />
prozauli nawarmoebis msgavsad. miuTiTeT yoveli moqmedi piris saxeli<br />
ise, rom igi gamoirCeodes dialogisgan, magaliTad, dawereT isini<br />
mTavruliT an sxvadasxva SriftiT. daiwyeT yoveli replika axali<br />
striqonidan, xolo gadmosuli nawilebi SewieT danarCen citataze ufro<br />
Rrmad.<br />
r. roister doisteri. Tu ar moviyvane colad, gavgiJdebi.<br />
m. merigriki. ara, `suleli~ ar vici, magram `giJi~ namdvilad xar.<br />
epigrafebi. epigrafi aris citata, romelic gansazRvravs Tqveni<br />
naSromis Tematikas. sadiplomo naSromebis an disertaciis<br />
satitulo elementebSi gamoyenebuli epigrafebis Sesaxeb ixileT<br />
A.2.1-Si. epigrafi Tavis an nawilis dasawyisSi miiCnieT blokur<br />
citatad. epigrafis qvemoT miuTiTeT av<strong>to</strong>ri da saTauri, striqoni<br />
gaasworeT marjvniv da win emtire (an ori defisi; ix. 21.7.2)<br />
daurTeT. epigrafis citirebisas ar gesaWiroebaT amaze meti<br />
formalobis dacva. da<strong>to</strong>veT ori carieli striqoni wyaros<br />
striqonsa da teqstis dasawyiss Soris. ix., aseve, suraTi A.9.<br />
qalaqi ar gviambobs Tavis warsulze, magram xelisgulis xazebiviT Tan<br />
atarebs mas.<br />
-- italo kalvino, uCinari qalaqebi<br />
25.3 citatebis Secvla<br />
citirebis dros zustad unda gaimeoroTwyaros formulireba,<br />
damwerloba, mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba da punqtuacia, maSinac,<br />
Tu isini ar misdevs winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos miTiTebebs.<br />
amasTan, citatis teqstSi CarTvisas, SegiZliaT misi gardaqmna<br />
teqstis sintaqsTan misadagebis an mis garkveul nawilebze<br />
yuradRebis gamaxvilebis mizniT.<br />
unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom sxvadasxva disciplinas sxvadasxva<br />
st<strong>and</strong>arti aqvs winamdebare nawilSi ganxiluli sakiTxebisTvis,<br />
501
magaliTad, sawyisi mTavruli an nusxuri asoebis gardaqmnis da<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli adgilebis nacvlad mravalwertilis dawerisTvis.<br />
disciplinaTa umetesobaSi naSromis dawerisas ixelmZRvaneleT<br />
zogadi wesebiT. literaturis Semswavlel da sxva iseT dargebSi,<br />
sadac teqstebis saguldagulo analizitardeba, ixelmZRvaneleT<br />
ufro mkacri wesebiT, romlebic garkveul TemebSia mocemulia. Tu<br />
ar xarT darwmunebuli, romel miTiTebebs misdioT, ixelmZRvaneleT<br />
adgilobrivi wesebiT an rCevisTvis mimarTeT pedagogs.<br />
25.3.1 dasaSvebi cvlilebebi<br />
orTografia. Tu originaluri wyaro Seicavs aSkara tipografiul<br />
Secdomas, SeasworeT igi komentarebis gareSe.<br />
originali: es daskvnebi sabloo ar aris, Tumca namdvilad<br />
damafiqrebelia.<br />
klei<strong>to</strong>ni aRiarebs, rom misi daskvnebi “saboloo ar aris”.<br />
magram Tu msgavsi Secdoma avlens raime mniSvnelovans wyaros<br />
Sesaxeb an asabuTebs Tqvens arguments, da<strong>to</strong>veT igi ucvlelad<br />
Tqvens citataSi. uSualod Secdomis Semdeg daurTeT laTinuri<br />
sityva sic (“asea”), daxrili SriftiT, Casmuli kvadratul<br />
frCxilebSi, raTa aRniSnoT, rom es av<strong>to</strong>ris mier daSvebuli<br />
Secdomaa. cud manerad iTvleba Secdomebze miTiTeba wyaros<br />
uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Casayeneblad.<br />
originali: saSualo amerikelma ar icis wera da ar SeuZlia mZimeis [sic]<br />
sworad gamoyeneba.<br />
rasels Tavisi argumentis magaliTad mohyavs is, rom saSualo amerikels<br />
`ar SeuZlia mZimeis [sic]sworad gamoyeneba~.<br />
Tu citata mogyavT Zveli an arast<strong>and</strong>artuli orTografiis mqone<br />
dialeqtze dawerili wyarodan, SeinarCuneT originaluri<br />
marTlwera da nu ixmarT sic-s. Tu, sicxadis mizniT, Tanamedrove<br />
502
marTlwerasa da punqtuacias gamoiyenebT citataSi, SeniSvnaSi an<br />
SesavalSi, acnobeT Tqvens mkiTxvelebs amis Sesaxeb.<br />
mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba da punqtuacia. disciplinebis<br />
umravlesobaSi SegiZliaT, SecvaloT citirebuli nawyvetis sawyisi<br />
aso mTavrulidan nusxuriT an nusxuridan mTavruliT cvlilebis<br />
Sesaxeb aRniSvnis gakeTebis gareSe. Tu CaaqsovT citatas Tqveni<br />
teqstis sintaqsSi, daiwyeT igi nusxuriT.sxva SemTxvevaSi daiwyeT<br />
citata mTavruliT, Tu igi iwyeba sruli winadadebiT, xolo<br />
nusxuriT _ Tu ar iwyeba sruli winadadebiT. msgavsi cvlilebebi<br />
SegiZliaT, aseve, gaataroT mravalwertilis gamoyenebisas; ixileT<br />
25.3.2.<br />
originali: am faq<strong>to</strong>rebis Sedegad cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis<br />
sargebeli unda moetana.<br />
fern<strong>and</strong>esis TqmiT, `cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli unda<br />
moetana.”<br />
fern<strong>and</strong>esi acxadebs, rom `cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli<br />
unda moetana.”<br />
fern<strong>and</strong>esi aRniSnavs, rom `am faq<strong>to</strong>rebis Sedegad cvlilebas meqsikeli<br />
xalxisTvis sargebeli unda moetana.~<br />
“cvlilebas~, aRniSnavs fern<strong>and</strong>esi, `meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli<br />
unda moetana.”<br />
imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor daamuSavebT citatas teqstSi,<br />
SegiZliaT, aseve, gamo<strong>to</strong>voT damaboloebeli wertili an SecvaloT<br />
is mZimiT.<br />
fern<strong>and</strong>esi aRniSnavs, rom cvlilebas `meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli<br />
unda moetana~ mis mier ganxiluli faq<strong>to</strong>rebis Sedegad.<br />
`cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli unda moetana~, amtkicebs<br />
fern<strong>and</strong>esi.<br />
literaturis Semswavlel da sxva iseT dargebSi, sadac teqstebis<br />
siRrmiseuli analizi tardeba, mTavruli asos nebismieri cvlileba<br />
aRniSneT Secvlili asos kvadratul frCxilebSiCasmiT.<br />
503
fern<strong>and</strong>esis mtkicebiT, `cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli unda<br />
moetana.~<br />
fern<strong>and</strong>esi yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom `am faq<strong>to</strong>rebis Sedegad<br />
cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli unda moetana.~<br />
nebismier disciplinaSi, Tu ormag brWyalebSi CasvamTnawyvets,<br />
romelic ukve Seicavs maT, sicxadis mizniT SecvaleT Sida<br />
brWyalebi erTmagi brWyalebiT (ix. 25.2.1). Tu originaluri nawyveti<br />
bolovdeba wertil-mZimiT an orwertiliT, SecvaleT igi wertiliT<br />
an mZimiT, raTa miusadagoT Tqveni winadadebis struqturas (ix.<br />
21.11.2).<br />
daxrili Srifti. sityvebi, romlebic originalSi daxrili<br />
SriftiTar weria, SegiZliaT, daweroT daxrili SriftiT, magram<br />
citataSi an mis miTiTebaSi unda aRniSnoT cvlileba sityvebiT<br />
(daxrili Srifti Cemia)an (gamoyofilia). citataSi daurTeT<br />
kvadratul frCxilebSi Casmuli aRniSvna uSualod daxrili<br />
SriftiT dawerili sityvebis Semdeg. miTiTebaSi daurTeT aRniSvna<br />
gverdis nomris Semdeg; mas win unda uswrebdes wertil-mZime (ix.,<br />
aseve, 16.3.5). Tu daxrili SriftiT dawerT or an met adgils<br />
citataSi, ixmareT SeniSvna da ara frCxilebSi Casmuli komentari.<br />
ix., aseve, 22.2.2.<br />
Sulcis mixedviT, `2010 wlis bolosTvis yoveli demokratia<br />
[gamoyofilia] birTvuli terorizmis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba.~ 1<br />
brauni aRniSnavs mxolod, rom <strong>to</strong>mebi ganadgureba “sul raRac aT welze<br />
mokle droSi~ [271; daxrili Srifti Cemia].<br />
CanarTebi. Tu TqvenTvis aucilebelia citataSi erTi an meti<br />
sityvis Casma ganmartebis an Sesworebis mizniT, CasviT CanarTi<br />
kvadratul frCxilebSi. Tu aRmoCnda, rom bevri amgvari CanarTi<br />
gamogdiT, umjobesia, xelaxla CamoayaliboT winadadeba an ufro<br />
mcire zomis citatebi CarToT teqstSi.<br />
rogorc igi aRniSnavs, `es udidesi mxatvrebi [pikaso, braki, matisi]<br />
akademiuri swavlebis winaaRmdeg ajanydnen.~<br />
504
igi aRniSnavs, rom pikaso, braki da matisi `ajanydnen akademiuri<br />
swavlebis winaaRmdeg.~<br />
SeniSvnebi. Tu citatad mogyavT nawyveti, romelic Seicavs<br />
SeniSvnis striqonis zeda indeqss, magram Tqven sakuTriv SeniSvnas<br />
ar rTavT teqstSi, SegiZliaT, gamo<strong>to</strong>voT SeniSvnis nomeri.<br />
25.3.2 gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli adgilebi<br />
Tu citatidan gamo<strong>to</strong>vebT sityvebs, frazebs, winadadebs an<br />
abzacebs imis gamo, rom isini ar exeba Tqvens Temas, nu SecvliT an<br />
arasworad nu warmoadgenT originaluri citatis azrs. Tqven<br />
valdebuli xarT ara mxolod da<strong>to</strong>voT is sityvebi, romlebsac<br />
SeuZlia citatis mTliani azris Secvla (rogoricaa ara, arasodes,<br />
yovelTvis), aramed da<strong>to</strong>voT mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebi. qvemoT<br />
moyvanil citataSi arasworad aris gadmocemuli av<strong>to</strong>ris azri. (ix.,<br />
aseve, 4.2.3.)<br />
originali: rogorc ki moixsneboda mimdinare problemebi, cvlileba<br />
aucileblad moit<strong>and</strong>a sargebels.<br />
iangis mtkicebiT, `cvlileba aucileblad moit<strong>and</strong>a sargebels~.<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli sityvis, frazis an winadadebis aRniSvnis<br />
mizniT, ixmareT mravalwertili – sami wertili maT<br />
SorisintervalebiT. (bevr teqstur procesors aqvs specialuri<br />
niSani, romelic mravalwertils aRniSnavs).vinaidan wertilebi<br />
cvlis gamo<strong>to</strong>vebul sityvebs, isini yovelTvis rCeba brWyalebis an<br />
kvadratuli frCxilebis SigniT. da<strong>to</strong>veT intervali bolo<br />
citirebuli sityvis an sasveni niSnis da mravalwertilis pirvel<br />
wertils Soris da kidev erTi intervali bolo wertilis Semdeg<br />
sityvis an sasveni niSnis win.<br />
Cven vibrZviT simarTlisTvis; . . . TavisuflebisTvis . . .; da . . .<br />
gadarCenisTvis~.<br />
is, Tu rogor iyenebT Tqven mravalwertils garkveul situaciebSi,<br />
damokidebulia Tqvens disciplinaze. disciplinaTa<br />
umravlesobisTvis ixelmZRvaneleT zogadi meTodiT; literaturis<br />
505
Semswavleli da sxva im dargebisTvis, sadac tardeba teqstebis<br />
saguldagulo analizi, ixelmZRvaneleT teqstebis Seswavlis<br />
meTodiT (ixileT qvemoT). Tu ar xarT darwmunebuli, romeli<br />
meTodiT unda ixelmZRvaneloT, gaecaniT Tqvens adgilobriv wesebs<br />
an SeekiTxeT Tqvens pedagogs. 25.3.1-Si ixileT mTavrulis dasmisa<br />
da punqtuaciis Secvlis wesebi gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli adgilebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
zogadi meTodi. SegiZliaT, citata sxvadasxvanairad SeamokloT,<br />
ise, rogorc es qvemoT aris warmodgenili.<br />
originali: rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es da bodiSi<br />
mouxados dazaralebul mxares. is unda moiqces saerTaSoriso<br />
diplomatiuri st<strong>and</strong>artebis Sesabamisad. man, aseve, unda gadadgas<br />
nabijebi situaciis Sesacvlelad.<br />
Tu gamo<strong>to</strong>vebT sityvebs winadadebis SigniT, dawereT<br />
mravalwertili, rogorc es qvemoT aris naCvenebi.<br />
`rodesac eri cdeba, man . . . bodiSi unda mouxados dazaralebul mxares.”<br />
Tu gamo<strong>to</strong>veT masala winadadebebs Soris da Tu<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli adgilis winmswrebi masala gramatikulad<br />
srulyofili winadadebaa, dawereT damaboloebeli sasveni niSani<br />
uSualod am winadadebis Semdeg. da<strong>to</strong>veT intervali am sasveni<br />
niSnis da mravalwertilis pirvel wertils Soris. daicaviT es<br />
wesi im SemTxvevaSic, Tu gamo<strong>to</strong>veT winmswrebi winadadebis<br />
dasasruli da Tuki is, rac darCa, gramatikulad srulyofilia<br />
(rogorc aris naCvenebi qvemoT meore magaliTSi).<br />
`rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es da bodiSi mouxados<br />
dazaralebul mxares. . . . man, aseve, unda gadadgas nabijebi situaciis<br />
Sesacvlelad.”<br />
`rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es. . . . man, aseve, unda gadadgas<br />
nabijebi situaciis Sesacvlelad.”<br />
Tu <strong>to</strong>vebT masalas winadadebebs Soris ise, rom<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli adgilis winmswrebi da momdevno masala<br />
506
gaerTianebisas qmnis gramatikulad srulyofil winadadebas, nu<br />
dawerT damaboloebel sasven niSans mravalwertilis win. amasTan,<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ris azris arasworad gadmocemis Tavidan asacileblad, am<br />
dros, zogadad, umjobesia, gamoviyenoT Semoklebis erT-erTi zemoT<br />
naCvenebi varianti an cal-calke ori citata.<br />
`rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es da . . . gadadgas nabijebi<br />
situaciis Sesacvlelad.”<br />
iqidan gamomdinare, Tu sad aris sityvebi gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli, igive<br />
principebi vrceldeba sxva tipis sasven niSnebze, romlebic win<br />
uswrebs an mosdevs mravalwertils, zog situaciaSi, rogoricaa<br />
qvemoT moyvanili meore magaliTi, gamoiyeneT citatis moyvanis<br />
gansxvavebuli wesi.<br />
`rogor cioda? . . . veravin SeZlebda aseT amindSi muSaobas.~<br />
`vaWris saqonelSi iyo qsovilebi da mravali sxva ram . . . , yvelaferi,<br />
rasac qalaqis qalba<strong>to</strong>nebi SeiZendnen~.<br />
an<br />
vaWris saqonelSi iyo qalaqis qalba<strong>to</strong>nebisTvis gankuTvnili `qsovilebi<br />
da bevri sxva ram~.<br />
vinaidan mraval konteqstSi naTlad Cans, rodis Semoklda citata,<br />
arsebobs situaciebi, roca aucilebeli ar aris mravalwertilis<br />
gamoyeneba:<br />
• citirebuli frazis, arasruli winadadebis an originalis sxva<br />
iseTi fragmentis win an Semdgom, romelic calsaxad ar aris<br />
srulyofili winadadeba. magram, Tu raimes gamo<strong>to</strong>vebT<br />
fragmentis SigniT, ixmareT mravalwertili Sesaferis adgilas:<br />
smiTi werda, rom prezidentze `didi STabeWdileba moaxdina~<br />
moxsenebam, romelic xazs usvamda `yvela msxvili qveynis . . .<br />
ekonomikuri resursebis gamoyenebas.”<br />
• citatis dasawyisSi, maSinac, roca gamo<strong>to</strong>vebulia originaluri<br />
winadadebis sawyisi nawili.<br />
507
• citatis bolos, maSinac, roca gamo<strong>to</strong>vebulia originaluri<br />
winadadebis bolo nawili.<br />
teqstis Seswavlis meTodi. teqstis Seswavlis meTodi zogad<br />
meTodze ufro mkacrad misdevs mravalwertilis gamoyenebas, raTa<br />
aRniSnos citirebuli winadadebebis dasawyisSi an bolos<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli masala. Tu am meTods iyenebT, ixelmZRvaneleT<br />
zogadi wesebiT, garda qvemoT moyvanili SemTxvevebisa.<br />
originali: rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es da bodiSi<br />
mouxados dazaralebul mxares. is unda moiqces saerTaSoriso<br />
diplomatiuri st<strong>and</strong>artebis Sesabamisad. man, aseve, unda gadadgas<br />
nabijebi situaciis Sesacvlelad.<br />
• Tu <strong>to</strong>vebT masalas winadadebebs Soris, magram srulad<br />
mogyavT gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli adgilis winmswrebi winadadeba,<br />
dawereT damaboloebeli sasveni niSani uSualod am<br />
winadadebis Semdeg. da<strong>to</strong>veT intervali am sasveni niSnis da<br />
mravalwertilis pirvel wertils Soris, rasac iTvaliswinebs<br />
zogadi meTodi, romelic naCvenebia qvemoT moyvanil pirvel<br />
magaliTSi. amasTan, Tu gamo<strong>to</strong>vebulia winmswrebi winadadebis<br />
bolo nawili (maSinac, rodesac darCenili winadadeba<br />
gramatikulad srulyofilia), dasviT intervali sasveni<br />
niSnis nacvlad uSualod winadadebis Semdeg. intervalis<br />
Semdeg CasviT mravalwertilis oTxi wertili gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli<br />
adgilis aRsaniSnavad (rogorc naCvenebia meore magaliTSi<br />
qvemoT).<br />
`rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es da bodiSi mouxados<br />
dazaralebul mxares. . . . man, aseve, unda gadadgas nabijebi situaciis<br />
Sesacvlelad.”<br />
magram<br />
`rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es. . . . man, aseve, unda gadadgas<br />
nabijebi situaciis Sesacvlelad.”<br />
• Tu citatas iwyebT winadadebiT, romelic, miuxedavad<br />
winadadebis dasawyisSi gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli adgilisa, gramatikulad<br />
srulyofilia, aRniSneT gamo<strong>to</strong>veba mravalwertilis meSveobiT.<br />
Tu pirveli sityva citataSi, originalisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
508
dawerilia mTavruliT, CasviT Secvlili aso kvadratul<br />
frCxilebSi (ix. 25.3.1).<br />
. . . man es unda aRiaros es da bodiSi mouxados dazaralebul mxares.”<br />
• Tu asrulebT citatas winadadebiT, romelic, miuxedavad<br />
winadadebis boloSi gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli adgilisa, gramatikulad<br />
srulyofilia, aRniSneT gamo<strong>to</strong>veba oTxwertiliT, iseve,<br />
rogorc miuTiTebdiT winadadebebs Soris gamo<strong>to</strong>vebul<br />
daboloebas.<br />
,,roca eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es . .”<br />
gansakuTrebuli tipis gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli adgilebi. Semdegi wesebi<br />
vrceldeba gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli adgilebis miTiTebis orive meTodze:<br />
zogadze da teqstis Seswavlis meTodze.<br />
Tu blokuri citatis SegniT<strong>to</strong>vebT mTlian abzacs an mets,<br />
miuTiTeT gamo<strong>to</strong>veba wertiliT da mravalwertilis sami wertiliT<br />
abzacis bolos, gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli adgilis win. Tu citata Seicavs<br />
kidev erT abzacs gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli adgilis Semdeg, SewieT axali<br />
abzacis pirveli striqoni. Tu citata iwyeba abzacis Suidan,<br />
daiwyeT is mravalwertilis sami wertiliT striqonis Sewevis<br />
Semdeg.<br />
mer<strong>to</strong>ni wers:<br />
es-esaa Cndeboda axalTaxali sindisi, rogorc sulis realuri,<br />
moqmedi funqcia. sul male yoveli Cemi moqmedeba ufro Segnebuli<br />
gaxdeboda. . . .<br />
. . . vinaidan aravis SeuZlia an SeeZlo mxolod TavisiT da<br />
TavisTvis cxovreba, sxva aTasobiT adamianis beds es aucileblad<br />
unda Sexeboda.<br />
aCveneT blokur citataSi moqceuli leqsis erTi mTliani an<br />
meti gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli striqoni mravalwertilebis xaziT, romlis<br />
sigrZe zeda striqonis sigrZis <strong>to</strong>li iqneba.<br />
mTavar pasaJSi weria:<br />
509
nuRar itirebT, kaeSniT savse mwyemsebo, nuRar itirebT,<br />
radgan, licidas, Seni wuxili araa mkvdari,<br />
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
maTTvis, vinc Sedis im xifaTiT savse mdinareSi.<br />
510
26. cxrilebi da suraTebi<br />
26.1 zogadi wesebi<br />
26.1.1 adgilmdebareoba teqstSi<br />
26.1.2 zoma<br />
26.1.3 wyaroebis aRmniSvneli striqonebi<br />
26.2 cxrilebi<br />
26.2.1 cxrilebis struqtura<br />
26.2.2 cxrilebis nomrebi da saTaurebi<br />
26.2.3 svetebis wesebi<br />
26.2.4 svetebis saTaurebi<br />
26.2.5 gverduli svetebi<br />
26.2.6 cxrilis centraluri nawili<br />
26.2.7 gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi<br />
26.3 suraTebi<br />
26.3.1 diagramebi, sqemebi<br />
26.3.2 suraTebis nomrebi da warwerebi<br />
mraval samecniero kvleviT naSromSi monacemebis warsadgenad<br />
gamoiyeneba cxrilebi da suraTebi. Cxrilebi aris svetebisgan da<br />
rigebisgan Semdgari cxaurebi, romlebSic warmodgenilia<br />
ricxobrivi an sityvieri monacemebi kategoriebis mixedviT.<br />
suraTebi moicavs grafikebs, diagramebs, sqemebs, fo<strong>to</strong>suraTebs,<br />
rukebs, musikaluri nawarmoebebis nawyvetebs, naxazebs da sxva<br />
gamosaxulebebs. yvela am tipis arateqstur masalas erToblivad<br />
moixsenieben, rogorc naxats (termini, romelic drodadro<br />
gamoiyenebda suraTis nacvlad) an grafikuli gamosaxulebebi<br />
(diagramebi, grafikebi, suraTebi da simboloebi).<br />
rodesac gaqvT monacemebi, romlebic SeiZleba, gadmoices<br />
cxrilis an suraTis saxiT, Tqveni pirveli amocanaa, am<br />
511
formatebidan yvelaze efeqtiani airCioT; zogi tipis monacemebi<br />
SeiZleba, ukeT warmoadginoT cxrilSi, zogi _ sqemaSi, zogi ki _<br />
grafikSi. Tqveni arCevani gavlenas moaxdens imaze, Tu rogori<br />
reaqcia eqneba mkiTxvels Tqvens monacemebze. es aris ri<strong>to</strong>rikuli<br />
sakiTxebi, romlebic ganixileba me-8 TavSi. winamdebare Tavi<br />
yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu rogor unda aagoT SerCeuli<br />
konkretuli forma, am SemTxvevaSi, cxrilebi da ori tipis suraTi:<br />
sqemebi (diagramebi) da grafikebi.<br />
dResdReobiT cxrilebis, sqemebis (diagramebis) da grafikebis<br />
umravlesoba kompiuteruli programebis meSveobiT iqmneba. Tumca,<br />
programa ver SegirCevT yvelaze efeqtur formats an cxrilebisa<br />
da suraTebis swor stils; programa, aseve, ver uzrunvelyofs<br />
logikur an formalur Tanmimdevrulobas. mzad unda iyoT, rom<br />
cxrilebis, sqemebis (diagramebis) da grafikebis Seqmnamde<br />
mogixdebaT zogi st<strong>and</strong>artuli parametris Secvla, xolo Seqmnis<br />
Semdeg _ Sesabamisad daxvewa. informacias Tqvens naSromSi<br />
cxrilebisa da yvela tipis suraTebis Casmis Sesaxeb,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini ar aris Seqmnili Tqvens teqstur<br />
procesorSi, ixilavT danarTis A.3.1-Si.<br />
Tu muSaobT sadiplomo Temaze an disertaciaze, romelic<br />
Seicavs cxrilebsa da suraTebs, Tqvens fakultets (kaTedras,<br />
ganyofilebas) an universitets SeiZleba, hqondes specifikuri<br />
moTxovnebi maT formatTan dakavSirebiT. es moTxovnebi, rogorc<br />
wesi, SegiZliaT, moiZioT sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis<br />
ofisSi. Tu muSaobT sakurso naSromze, Tqvenma pedagogma SesaZloa,<br />
aseve, mogTxovoT cxrilebisa da suraTebis momzadeba garkveuli<br />
wesebis dacviT. gaerkvieT am moTxovnebSi, vidre moamzadebT Tqvens<br />
naSroms. isini winamdebare TavSi SemoTavazebul saxelmZRvanelo<br />
miTiTebebze upiratesia. saxelmZRvaneloebis xvadasxva<br />
disciplinebSi arsebuli wesebis Sesaxeb ixileT bibliografiaSi.<br />
512
26.1 zogadi wesebi<br />
naSromebSi cxrilebisa da suraTebis warmodgenis ramdenime zogadi<br />
wesi arsebobs.<br />
26.1.1 adgilmdebareoba teqstSi<br />
cxrili an suraTi rac SeiZleba axlos unda iyos im abzacTan,<br />
romelSic pirvelad moixseniebT mas. Tu cxrili an suraTi ver<br />
Tavsdeba darCenil gverdze da arc srul gverds ikavebs,<br />
daamTavreT teqsti gverdis dasrulebamde da moaTavseT cxrili an<br />
suraTi meore gverdis dasawyisSi. (ixileT A.3.1-Si informacia<br />
naSromSi cxrilebisa da suraTebis Casmis Sesaxeb, aseve, A.12-Si da<br />
A.13-Si ixileT cxrilebisa da suraTebis gverdze ganTavsebis<br />
magaliTebi).<br />
SegiZliaT, mcire zomis cxrilebi an suraTebi erT gverdze<br />
jgufebad daawyoT, oRond isini calsaxad unda gamoirCeodes<br />
erTmaneTisgan. jgufebad dawyobili cxrilebi zogadad inarCunebs<br />
saTaurebs (ix. 26.2.2). Tu jgufebad dawyobili suraTebi axlo<br />
kavSirSia erTmaneTTan, daurTeT erTi nomeri da saerTo warwera;<br />
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, gamoiyeneT cal-calke nomrebi da warwerebi<br />
(ix. 26.3.2).<br />
Tu cxrili an suraTi teqstTan naklebad aris dakavSirebuli<br />
an zedmetad didia masSi Casasmelad, moaTavseT danarTSi an Tqveni<br />
naSromis sacnobaro ganyofilebis nawilSi saTauriT naxatebi<br />
(ix.A.2.3).<br />
26.1.2 zoma<br />
sadac SesaZlebelia, daaformateT cxrilebi da suraTebi ise, rom<br />
isini moTavsdes horizontaluri an vertikaluri sworebis mqone<br />
erT gverdze. Tu ver Tavsdeba, ecadeT, SeamokloT svetebis grZeli<br />
saTaurebi an SeamokloT ganmeorebiTi terminebi.<br />
Tu ver axerxebT cxrilis an suraTis moTavsebas erT<br />
gverdze, ramdenime gamosavali gaqvT.<br />
513
• horizontaluri sworeba. Tu cxrili an suraTi Zalian farToa<br />
gverdisTvis, SeabruneT igi oTxmocdaaTi gradusiT ise, rom<br />
marcxena mxare moxvdes gverdis ZirSi; aRniSnul sworebas ewodeba<br />
vertikaluri. nu moaTavsebT raime teqsts horizontaluri cxrilis<br />
an suraTis Semcvel gverdze. dabeWdeT cxrilis saTauri an<br />
suraTis warwera horizontaluri an vertikaluri sworebiT.<br />
ixileT magaliTisTvis suraTi A.13.<br />
• gverdigverd. Tu cxrili gverdze grZelia, siganiT ki _ gverdis<br />
naxevarze naklebi, gayaviT is orad da erTsa da imave gverdze<br />
gverdigverd moaTavseT orive nawili. orive nawils daurTeT<br />
svetebis saTaurebi.<br />
• gverdebze ganawileba. Tu cxrili an suraTi imdenad grZelia, rom<br />
ver Tavsdeba erT vertikalur gverdze an imdenad farToa, rom ver<br />
Tavsdeba horizontalur gverdze, gadaanawileT igi or (an orze<br />
met) gverdze. yovel gverdze gaimeoreT gverduli svetisa da yvela<br />
sxva svetis saTaurebi (ix. 26.2). miuwereT cxrilis nomerssityva<br />
,,gagrZeleba” yoveli gverdis zeda marcxena mxares, pirveli<br />
gverdis Semdeg, marcxniv sworebiT da daxrili asoebiT (cxrili 2<br />
gagrZeleba). yvela gverdze, garda bolosi, gamo<strong>to</strong>veT qveda xazi.<br />
• zomis Semcireba. Tu suraTi warmoadgens fo<strong>to</strong>s an sxva<br />
gamosaxulebas, SegiZliaT, SeamciroT misi zoma. gaecaniT Tqvens<br />
adgilobriv wesebs fo<strong>to</strong>suraTis rezoluciisa da sxva Sesabamisi<br />
maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb informaciis mosapoveblad.<br />
• cxrilebis da suraTebis cal-calke warmodgena. Tu zemoT<br />
moyvanili wesebidan arc erTi ar Seesabameba Tqvens SemTxvevas,<br />
monacemebi SegiZliaT, gayoT da warmoadginoT ori an meti calke<br />
mocemuli cxrilis an suraTis saxiT.<br />
• danarTi. Tu cxrili an suraTi Seicavs masalas, romlis<br />
warmodgena SeuZlebelia nabeWdi formiT, magaliTad, didi<br />
moculobis monacemTa nakrebi an multimediuri faili, daurTeT<br />
igi danarTis saxiT, rogorc naCvenebia A.2.3-Si.<br />
26.1.3 wyaros aRmniSvneli striqonebi<br />
aucilebelia, miuTiToT yvela im monacemis wyaro, romelic Tavad<br />
ar mogipovebiaT da cxrilebsa da suraTebSi gaqvT gamoyenebuli.<br />
514
ase unda moiqceT im SemTxvevaSic, Tu monacemebs axali formiT<br />
warmoadgenT – magaliTad, agebT grafiks Tavdapirvelad cxrilis<br />
saxiT gamoqveynebul monacemebze dayrdnobiT, amatebT cxrilSi<br />
axal monacemebs sxva wyarodan an metaanalizis gziT aerTianebT<br />
sxvadasxva wyarodan mopovebul monacemebs.<br />
miiCnieT wyaros aRmniSvneli striqonebi cxrilis sqoliod<br />
(ix. 26.2.7) an suraTis warweris nawilad (ix. 26.3.2). daiwyeT wyaros<br />
aRmniSvneli striqoni sityviT wyaro(ebi). Tu striqoni ikavebs orze<br />
met xazs, gadasuli sityvebi unda gaswordes marcxniv da<br />
daibeWdos striqonebs SoriserTi intervaliT. dasviT wertili<br />
striqonis bolos.<br />
Tu miTiTebebisas xelmZRvanelobT sqolioSi miTiTebis stiliT,<br />
miuTiTeT sruli informacia wyaros Sesaxeb (ix. me-16 Tavi), aseve,<br />
miuTiTeT originaluri cxrilis an suraTis nomeri an im gverdis<br />
nomeri, saidanac aiReT monacemebi. Tu ar miuTiTebT am wyaros<br />
naSromis sxva adgilebSic, saWiro ar aris misi CarTva Tqvens<br />
bibliografiaSi.<br />
wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia gamocemidan devid hale, kulturis<br />
gageba: xelovneba da klasi amerikul ojaxbSi (Cikago: Cikagos<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1993), cxrili 2.)<br />
wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia gamocemebidan riCard g. adamsi umc.,<br />
`fuladi gzavnilobebi, investireba da soflis kapitalis<br />
akumulireba pakistanSi~, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da kulturuli<br />
cvlileba 47, # 1 (1998); 155-73; devid beveni, pol kolieri da ien<br />
ganingi, glexebi da mTavroba: ekonomikuri analizi (oqsfordi:<br />
gamomcemloba klerdoni. 1989), 125-28.<br />
Tu iyenebT teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebis stils, miuTiTeT wyaro<br />
teqs<strong>to</strong>briv miTiTebis msgavsad, magram frCxilebis gareSe da<br />
bibliografiaSi miuTiTeT sruli informacia wyaros Sesaxeb (ix.<br />
me-18 Tavi).<br />
515
wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia gamocemidan hale 1993, cxrili 2.<br />
wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia gamocemebidan adamsi 1998, 155-73; beveni,<br />
kolieri da ganingi 1989, 125-28.<br />
Tu monacemebi adaptirebulia originalur wyaroSi warmodgenili<br />
masalidan, wyaros aRmniSvnel striqons daurTeT fraza<br />
adaptirebulia . . . –dan, rogorc naCvenebia cxrilebSi 26.1 da 26.3.<br />
im fo<strong>to</strong>ebs, rukebs da sxva suraTebs, romlebic uSualod Tqven ar<br />
SegiqmniaT, wyaros aRmniSvneli striqonis nacvlad miuTiTeT<br />
av<strong>to</strong>ri.<br />
ruka Seadgina jerald f. failma. fo<strong>to</strong> gadaiRo jeims l. beladma<br />
Tu disertaciasgare sadisertacio arqivSi waradgenT SesaZloa,<br />
saav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebiT daculi cxrilebis an suraTebis reproduqciis<br />
gamosayeneblad oficialuri nebarTva dagWirdeT. ixileT `Cikagos<br />
stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ 2003 wlis me-15 gamocemis me-4 Tavi. Tu<br />
gWirdebaT nebarTvebTan dakavSirebuli samadlobeli striqonebis<br />
darTva, ixileT CMOS 12.40-51 (suraTebi) da 13.44 (cxrilebi).<br />
26.2 cxrilebi<br />
bevr situaciaSi SeiZleba, gerCivnoT masalebis cxrilis saxiT<br />
warmodgena. me-8 TavSi naCvenebia cxrilebis gamoyenebis<br />
kriteriumebi da, aseve, maTi Sedgenis zogadi principebi.<br />
winamdebare nawili moicavs im sakiTxebs, romlebic SeiZleba,<br />
wamoiWras cxrilebis momzadebisas. cxrilebSi 26.1-26-3 naCvenebia am<br />
nawilSi ganxiluli principebis magaliTebi.<br />
Sinaarsis sirTulidan da, Sesabamisad, struqturidan<br />
gamomdinare, cxrilebs Soris bevri gansxvavebaa, magram arsebiTad<br />
mniSvnelovania cxrilebis SigniT da maT Soris logikuri kavSiri,<br />
raTa Tqveni monacemebi mkiTxvelisTvis gasagebi iyos.<br />
gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi cxrilebSi moTavsebuli yvela<br />
ricxobrivi monacemisTvis, Tu ar iqneba sxva raime miTiTebaamasTan<br />
516
dakavSirebiT. adgilis dazogvis mizniT, SegiZliaT, SedarebiT<br />
ufro Tavisuflad ixmaroT abreviaturebi da simboloebi, magram<br />
gamoiyeneT isini dazogviT da Tanmimdevrulad. Tu ar arsebobs<br />
st<strong>and</strong>artuli abreviaturebi, Tavad SeqmeniT Semoklebebi da<br />
ganmarteT isini cxrilis sqolioSi (ix. 26.2.7) an, Tu aseTi bevri<br />
iqneba, Tqveni naSromis satitulo elementebis abreviaturebis<br />
CamonaTvalSi (ix.A.2.1).<br />
cxrili 26.1 for kornerSi, bos<strong>to</strong>ni, SerCeuli eklesiebi<br />
eklesia religiuri<br />
tradicia<br />
RmerTis eklesia<br />
wminda sulis<br />
eklesia<br />
fundamentalisturi<br />
evangelisturi<br />
baptisturi<br />
sulis saxli<br />
mTa nibos<br />
apos<strong>to</strong>luri<br />
daswreba eTnikuri<br />
warmomavloba<br />
100 karibis,<br />
ormocdaaTianeli<br />
Sereuli<br />
samxreTuli<br />
ormocdaaTianeli<br />
10 Savi<br />
baptisturi 70 samxreTuli<br />
Savi<br />
klasi<br />
saSualo<br />
muSa<br />
saSualo<br />
50 haituri muSa<br />
ormocdaaTianeli<br />
apos<strong>to</strong>luri 30 samxreTuli<br />
muSa/<br />
Savi<br />
saSualo<br />
wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia naSromidan: omar m. makrobertsi, didebis quCebi:<br />
eklesia da sazogadoeba qalaqis Savkaniani mosaxleobiT dasaxlebul ubanSi<br />
(Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 2003), 53.<br />
cxrili 26.2. gotfritis provinciis arCevnebis Sedegebi, 1950-60<br />
partia<br />
1950 1956 1960<br />
xmebis aRebuxmebisaRebuxmebisaRebu- % li % li % liadgiadgiadgi-<br />
517
lebi lebi lebi<br />
provinciis<br />
asamblea<br />
konserva<strong>to</strong>rebi 35.5 47 26.0 37 30.9 52<br />
socialistebi 12.4 18 27.1 44 24.8 39<br />
qristian-<br />
demokratebi<br />
sxvebi<br />
sul<br />
49.2 85 41.2 68 39.2 59<br />
a<br />
2.9 0 5.7 1 5.1 0<br />
100.0 150 100.0 150 100.0 150<br />
erovnuli<br />
asamblea<br />
konserva<strong>to</strong>rebi 32.6 4 23.8 3 28.3 3<br />
socialistebi 13.5 1 27.3 3 24.1 2<br />
qristian-<br />
demokratebi<br />
52.1 7 42.8 6 46.4 8<br />
sxvebi 1.8 0 6.1 0 1.2 0<br />
sul 100.0 12 100.0 12 100.0 13 b<br />
wyaro: monacemebi ervonidan 1950, 1956, 1960.<br />
a es adgili moipova radikalma socialistma, romelic konservatiuli koaliciis<br />
wevri gaxda.<br />
b<br />
1960 wlis gadanawilebam gotfrits moapovebina damatebiTi adgili erovnul<br />
asambleaSi.<br />
cxrili 26.3 umuSevrobis maCvenebeli samuSao asakis niu<br />
iorkelebSi, 2000<br />
umuSevrobis procenti mdedro-<br />
biTi<br />
sqesi<br />
samuSao Zalis %<br />
mamrobiTi<br />
sqesi<br />
orive<br />
sqesis<br />
warmo-<br />
madgenlebi<br />
yvela muSaki 6.1 5.4 . . .<br />
ganaTlebis mixedviT<br />
(25-64 asaki)<br />
arasruli 11.9 5.8 . . .<br />
saSualo 5.4 5.0 . . .<br />
kolejis ramdenime 4.2 4.5 . . .<br />
518
weli<br />
humanitarul<br />
mecnierebaTa<br />
2.6 2.3 . . .<br />
bakalavri BA an meti<br />
asakis mixedviT<br />
16-19 . . . . . . 19.3<br />
20-34 . . . . . . 6.5<br />
35-54 . . . . . . 4.7<br />
55-64 . . . . . . 2.9<br />
wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia naSromidanmark levitani, `es namdvilad aq<br />
moxda: siRaribis zrda niu iork sitiSi~, gamocemaSi niu iorki da los<br />
anJelesi: politika, sazogadoeba da kultura – SedarebiTi mimoxilva,<br />
gamomc. devid hale (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 2003),<br />
cxrili 8.2.SeniSvna:.`samuSao asaki~ ganisazRvreba 16-dan 64 wlamde.<br />
aRweris monacemebSi 25 wlamde asakis ganaTlebis done mokvleuli ar<br />
yofila.<br />
26.2.1 cxrilis struqtura<br />
cxrils gaaCnia elementebi, romlebic analogiuria grafikis<br />
horizontaluri da vertikaluri RerZebisa. horizontalur RerZze<br />
ganTavsebulia svetis saTaurebi. vertikalur RerZze _ saTaurebi,<br />
romlebic Seadgens egreT wodebul gverdul svets.<br />
cxrilSi (vertikaluri) svetebisgan da (horizontaluri)<br />
striqonebisgan Semdgari cxauri erTmaneTs ufardebs<br />
damoukidebeli da damokidebuli cvladebis or rigs.<br />
damoukidebeli cvladebi, tradiciulad, Tavsdeba marcxniv,<br />
gverdul svetSi. damokidebuli cvladebi ki _ tradiciulad,<br />
svetebis saTaurebSi. Tu CarTavT cvladebis imave rigs Tqveni<br />
naSromis or an orze met cxrilSi, iyaviT Tanmimdevrulni: yovel<br />
cxrilSi cvladebi unda CasvaT erTsa da imave adgilas – rogorc<br />
svetebis saTaurebSi, ise gverdul svetSi.<br />
monacemebs, romlebic SeiZleba, iyos sityvebi, ricxvebi an<br />
orive (ix. cxrili 26.1), weren svetebis saTaurebis qveS da<br />
gverduli svetis marjvniv arsebulujredebSi.<br />
519
26.2.2 cxrilebis nomrebi da saTaurebi<br />
zogadad, yovel cxrils aqvs nomeri da saTauri. moaTavseT nomeri<br />
da saTauri marcxniv gasworebul striqonze, cxrilis zemoT.<br />
daiwyeT sityvierad cxrili, Semdeg dawereT cxrilis nomeri<br />
(arabuli cifrebiT) da dasviT wertili. erTi intervalis Semdeg ki<br />
dawereT saTauri damaboloebeli wertilis gareSe. saTaurSi<br />
mTavruli gamoiyeneT winadadebis stilSi (ix. 22.3.1). Tu saTauri<br />
ikavebs erTze met striqons, Semdegi striqonebi ibeWdeba marcxniv<br />
sworebiT, striqonebs SoriserTi intervaliT.<br />
cxrili 13. iena-dolaris fardobebi iaponur eqsportSi, 1995-2005.<br />
cxrili, romelic martivad Tavsdeba teqstSi, magaliTad,<br />
ubralo orsvetiani CamonaTvali, ar saWiroebs numeracias an<br />
saTaurs.<br />
Cikagos mosaxleoba geometriuli progresiiT gaizarda misi<br />
arsebobis pirvel saukuneSi:<br />
1840 4,470<br />
1870 298,977<br />
1900 1,698,575<br />
1930 3,376,438<br />
cxrilis nomrebi. danomreT cxrilebi calke da suraTebi calke,<br />
im TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac moixseniebT maT teqstSi.<br />
Tu gaqvT sul ramdenime cxrili, danomreT isini Tanmimdevrulad<br />
mTel naSromSi, Tavebis CaTvliT. Tu Tqvens naSromSi bevri cxrili<br />
da Tavia, gamoiyeneT ormagi numeracia; anu, dabeWdeT Tavis nomeri,<br />
Semdeg wertili, Semdeg cxrilis nomeri, rogorc naCvenebia<br />
cxrilSi 12.4.<br />
rodesac teqstSi moixseniebT cxrils, miuTiTeT cxrilis<br />
nomeri (`me-3 cxrilSi~) nacvlad misi adgilmdebareobisa (`qvemoT~),<br />
vinaidan SeiZleba, mogixdeT cxrilis gadaadgileba naSromis<br />
redaqtirebis an daformatebis procesSi.<br />
520
cxrilis saTaurebi. cxrilebis saTaurebi unda iyos mokle, Tumca,<br />
sakmaod mravlismetyveli, raTa mianiSnos maTi monacemebis<br />
specifikur xasiaTze da ganasxvaos cxrilebi erTmaneTisgan.<br />
Sesaferisi saTaurebis daweris wesebi ixileT 8.3.1-Si.cxrilebis<br />
saTaurebi SeiZleba, warmoadginoT ufro mcire zomis SriftiT,<br />
vidre danarCeni teqsti; gaecaniT Tqvens adgilobriv<br />
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebs.<br />
16.2.3 svetebis xazebi<br />
xazebi gamoyofs sxvadasxva tipis monacemebs da teqsts. Metismetad<br />
bevri xazi damabnevelia, ami<strong>to</strong>m gamoiyeneT isini ekonomiurad da<br />
Tanmimdevrulad (ix., aseve, 8.3.2).<br />
• gaavleT msxvili horizontaluri xazebi, raTa gamoyoT saTauri<br />
svetebis saTaurebisgan (ix. 26.2.4), svetebis saTaurebi _ cxrilis<br />
ZiriTadi nawilisgan, xolo ZiriTadi nawili _ sqolioebisgan.<br />
Jamebis striqonis zemoT xazis gavleba tradiciulia, Tumca, ara<br />
arsebiTi. teqstSi orsvetiani cxrilebi umjobesia, ganTavsdes<br />
xazebis gareSe, im pirobiT, rom svetebis saTaurebi gamoyofili<br />
iqneba tipografiuli wesiT.<br />
• gamoyeneT naxevrad msxvili horizontaluri xazebi, raTa<br />
uCvenoT, svetebis romeli saTaurebi da romeli svetebi<br />
eqvemdebareba specialuri tipis saTaurebs, Tu maT iyenebT (ix.<br />
26.2.4; cxrili 26.2).<br />
• svetebs Soris sakmarisi adgili da<strong>to</strong>veT, raTa ar mogixdeT<br />
Sida vertikaluri an sxva horizontaluri xazebis gamoyeneba. nu<br />
ixmarT vertikalur xazebs cxrilis CarCoSi moTavsebis mizniT.<br />
Tumca, gverdigverd ganlagebuli grZeli da viwro cxrilis<br />
SemTxvevaSi (ix. 26.1.2), gamoiyeneT vertikaluri xazi ori nawilis<br />
gamosayofad.<br />
• moerideT xazebis nacvlad Crdilebis gamoyenebas, Tu cxrili ar<br />
aris grZeli an rTuli (ix. 8.3.2). ecadeT, aseve, ar ixmaroT<br />
ferebi maSinac ki, roca Tqveni naSromi ibeWdeba ferad<br />
printerze, radgan SemdgomSi igi SeiZleba, daibeWdos an<br />
gamravldes Sav-TeTr ferebSi da Tu naSromi disertaciaa, is,<br />
SeiZleba, mikrofilmiTac gaaSuqon. nebismier am formaSi<br />
521
Crdilebi da ferebi mkafiod ar Cans. Crdilebis gamoyenebisas<br />
darwmundiT, rom teqsti kargad ikiTxeba, ar ixmaroT sxvadasxva<br />
elferi, radgan maT Soris gansxvaveba SeiZleba, ar gamoCndes.<br />
26.2.4 svetebis saTaurebi<br />
cxrilSi unda iyos minimum ori sveti, yoveli svetis TavSia<br />
saTauri, romelic asaxelebs qveda svetSi moyvanil monacemebs.<br />
• svetebis saTaurebisTvis gamoiyeneT arsebiTi saxelis Semcveli<br />
frazebi. ecadeT, rom saTauri iyos mokle (an moaTavseT<br />
ujredSi, rogorc naCvenebia 26.1 da 26.2 cxrilebSi), raTa cxrili<br />
ar gamogivideT metismetad ganieri.<br />
• svetebis saTaurebi CasviT mxolobiTSi an mravlobiTSi, qvemoT<br />
moTavsebuli monacemebidan gamomdinare. gverduli svetebis<br />
saTaurebi, Cveulebriv, mxolobiT ricxvSia (ix. 26.2.5).<br />
• dawereT svetebis saTaurebi mTavruliT winadadebis stilSi (ix.<br />
22.3.1).<br />
• gaasworeT gverduli svetebis saTaurebi marcxniv; danarCeni<br />
svetebis saTaurebi moaTavseT centrSi svetebis qvemoT, yvelaze<br />
farTo Canaweris Tavze. horizontalurad gaasworeT yvela<br />
saTauris qveda striqoni.<br />
Tu monacemebi rTulia, svetebis saTaurebTan erTad SesaZloa,<br />
dagWirdeT specialuri tipis saTaurebis darTva. aseTi saTauri<br />
SeiZleba, moicavdes monacemTa or an met svets. moaTavseT saTauri<br />
centrSi, Sesabamisi svetebis Tavze da gausviT qvemoT (da, Tu<br />
saWiroa, zemoT) naxevrad msxvili horizontaluri xazi. 26.2<br />
cxrilSi naCvenebia saTaurebi rogorc svetebis saTaurebis zemoT<br />
(“1950”), ise qvemoT.<br />
saTaurebs SeiZleba, hqondes ganmartebiTi aRniSvnebi qvedasvetSi<br />
warmodgenili monacemebis asaxsnelad an sazomierTeulis<br />
saCveneblad. CasviT aseTi aRniSvnebi frCxilebSi. aRniSvnebisTvis<br />
SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT abreviaturebi da simboloebi (km/l, km, kg.,<br />
522
%, $da a.S.), amasTan, daicaviT Tanmimdevroba cxrilebSi da maT<br />
Soris.<br />
pasuxebi(%) peso (milioni)<br />
26.2.5 gverduli sveti<br />
cxrilis gverdul svetad wodebul marcxnidan pirvel svetSi<br />
CamoTvlilia yovel rigSi warmodgenil monacemTa kategoriebi.<br />
• yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia, gverdul svets daurTeT svetis<br />
saTauri, maSinac, roca saTauri saerTo terminia (`tipuri<br />
maxasiaTebeli~ an `cvladi~). gamo<strong>to</strong>veT saTauri mxolod im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu is,ubralod, imeorebs cxrilis saTaurs an Tu<br />
gverduli svetis kategoriebi Zalze mravalferovania erTi<br />
saTaurisTvis.<br />
• yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia, warmoadgineT gverduli svetis<br />
punqtebi, rogorc arsebiTi saxelebi an saxelobiTi jgufebi da<br />
Tanmimdevrulad daicaviT maTi forma: `wignebi, saJurnalo<br />
statiebi, xelnawerebi da ara `wignebi, JurnalebSi gamoqveynebuli<br />
statiebi, xelnawerebi~. yvela cxrilSi erTi da igive punqtisTvis<br />
gamoiyeneT erTi da igive sityva (magaliTad, Tu erT cxrilSi<br />
dawerT yofili ssrk, nu ixmarT meore cxrilSi frazas yofili<br />
sabWoTa kavSiri).<br />
• dawereT mTavruliT gverduli svetis yvela punqti – winadadebis<br />
stilSi (ix. 22.3.1), damaboloebeli wertilebis gareSe.<br />
• gaasworeT gverduli svetis saTauri da punqtebi marcxniv da<br />
dawereT daxrili SriftiT meore striqonze gadasuli nebismieri<br />
sityva (rogorc 26.1 cxrilzea naCvenebi).<br />
• cxrilSi mocemuli cifrebis jamis saCveneblad daurTeT, daxrili<br />
SriftiT, gverduli svetis punqti saxelwodebiT jami (ix.cxrili<br />
26.2).<br />
Tu, mTavar punqtebTan erTad, gverduli sveti aseve Secavs<br />
qvepunqtebs (ix. cxrili 26.3), gamoyaviT isini Seweuli abzaciT,<br />
teqstis tipofrafiuli moniSvniT (magaliTad, daxrili SriftiT)<br />
an orives meSveobiT. mTavruli Sriftis xmarebisas da sxva wesebis<br />
523
gamoyenebisas ixelmZRvaneleT mTavari punqtebisTvis gankuTvnili<br />
zemoT moyvanili principebiT.<br />
26.2.6 cxrilis centraluri nawili<br />
cxrilis centraluri nawili Sedgeba Tqveni monacemebis -<br />
sityvebis, ricxvebis an orives - Semcveli ujredebisgan (ix. cxrili<br />
26.1).<br />
Tu monacemebi ricxobrivia da svetSi an mTel cxrilSi<br />
warmodgenili yvela mniSvneloba mocemulia aTasebSi an<br />
milionebSi, gamo<strong>to</strong>veT marjvnidan bolo nolebi da Sesabamisi<br />
svetis saTauris aRniSvnaSi (ix. 26.2.4), cxrilis saTaurSi (26.2.2) an<br />
sqolioSi (26.2.7) miuTiTeT erTeuli. miuTiTeT carieli ujredi<br />
centrSi moqceuli intervalebiani sami wertiliT<br />
(mravalwertiliT), rogorc naCvenebia 26.3 cxrilSi.<br />
horizontaluri gasworeba. yoveli rigis monacemebi gausworeT<br />
am rigis gverduli svetis punqts.<br />
• Tu gverduli svetis punqti gadadis or an met xazze, xolo<br />
Sesabamisi monacemebi erT xazze Tavsdeba, gausworeT rigi<br />
gverduli svetis punqtis qveda striqons (ixileT rigi, dawyebuli<br />
fraziT `wminda sulis eklesia~ 26.1 cxrilSi).<br />
• Tu rogorc gverduli svetis punqti, ise monacemebi gadadis or an<br />
met xazze, gausworeT rigi gverduli svetis punqtis zeda striqons<br />
(ixileT rigi, dawyebuli fraziT `mTa nibos apos<strong>to</strong>luri~ 26.1<br />
cxrilSi).<br />
• Tu saWiroa, CasviT punqtiris xazebi, romlebic mkiTxvelis<br />
yuradRebas mimarTavs gverduli svetidan pirveli svetis<br />
monacemebisken. (punqtiris xazebis amgvari gamoyenebis magaliTi<br />
ixileT suraTze A.5.)<br />
vertikaluri sworeba. gaasworeT cifrebis sveti vertikalurad<br />
maTi faqtiuri an nagulisxmevi aTobiTiF wertilebis mixedviT,<br />
marjvnidan bolo ricxvze gasworebiT, raTa mkiTxvelebs SeeZloT<br />
svetSi warmodgenili mniSvnelobebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba. Tu<br />
524
svetSi mocemul yvela ricxobriv mniSvnelobas erTvis noli<br />
aTobiTi wertilis win, SegiZliaT gamo<strong>to</strong>voT nolebi (ix. suraTi<br />
A.13).<br />
gaasworeT dolarisa da procentis niSnebi, xarisxebi da a.S.<br />
magram Tu isini gvxvdeba svetis yvela ujredSi, amoSaleT isini<br />
ujredebidan da svetis saTaurSi miuTiTeT erTeuli aRniSvnis<br />
saxiT (ix. 26.2.4, cxrili 26.2 da suraTi A.13).<br />
Tu monacemebi Seicavs sityvebs, ganaTavseT yoveli svetis<br />
centrSi saTauris qveS. Tu nebismier punqts aqvs meore xazze<br />
gadasuli teqsti, gaasworeT yoveli sveti marcxniv (ix. cxrili<br />
26.1).<br />
26.2.7 gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi<br />
Tu cxrilSi gvxvdeba gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi, gaasworeT isini<br />
marcxniv, striqonebs Soris erTi intervaliT. da<strong>to</strong>veT carieli<br />
striqoni cxrilis qveda xazsa da pirvel SeniSvnas Soris da aseve,<br />
SeniSvnebs Soris. gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi SeiZleba, daibeWdos<br />
ufro mcire SriftiT, vidre danarCeni teqsti; CaixedeT Tqvens<br />
adgilobriv saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebSi.<br />
cxrilebisTvis gakuTvnili SeniSvnebi SeiZleba, oTxi tipis iyos: (1)<br />
wyaros aRmniSvneli striqonebi (romlebic ganvixileT 26.1.3-Si), (2)<br />
zogadi SeniSnvebi, romlebic exeba mTel cxrils, (3) SeniSvnebi<br />
romlebic exeba cxrilis konkretul nawilebs da (4) SeniSvnebi<br />
statistikuri mniSvnelobis xarisxis Sesaxeb. Tu Tqven gaqvT erTze<br />
meti tipis SeniSvna, daawyveT isini zemoaRniSnuli TanmimdevrobiT.<br />
zogadi SeniSvnebi. zogadi SeniSvnebi exeba mTel cxrils. isini<br />
gansazRvravs abreviaturebs, ganmartavs cxrilis saTaurs,<br />
akonkretebs, rogor xdeboda monacemebis Segroveba an mopoveba,<br />
miuTiTebs mniSvnelobebis damrgvalebaze da a.S. yovelive<br />
zemoaRniSnuls erT SeniSvnaSi mouyareT Tavi. cxrilSi an mis<br />
saTaurSi nu dawerT SeniSvnis nomers (an sxva simbolos), nurc<br />
525
sakuTriv SeniSvnas miawerT nomers. ubralod, daiwyeT SeniSvna<br />
sityviT SeniSvna (daxrili SriftiT, momdevno ori wertiliT). ix,<br />
aseve, 26.3.<br />
SeniSvna: radgan yvela monacemze ar migviwvdeboda xeli, jamebs<br />
Soris Seusabamobaa.<br />
specifikuri SeniSvnebi. SeniSvnebi, romlebic Seicavs cxrilis<br />
konkretuli punqtis axsna-ganmartebebs, SeiZleba, davurToT<br />
cxrilis nebismier nawils, garda cxrilis nomris an saTaurisa.<br />
miuTiTeT aseT SeniSvnaze striqonzeda indeqsiT, gamoiyeneT<br />
nusxuri asoebi nacvlad ricxvebisa, rogorc cxrilSi, ise,<br />
sakuTriv, SeniSvnaSi. SeniSvnis ganmarteba daiwyeT ara sityviT<br />
SeniSvna, aramed striqonzeda indeqsiT, romelic igive asoa, rac<br />
cxrilSi miTiTebisas gamoiyeneT. nu dawerT wertils an<br />
orwertils striqonzeda indeqsis Semdeg.<br />
a<br />
jami ar Seicavs vaWrobis muSakebsa da muSebs.<br />
Tu cxrilSi CasvamT erTze met aseT SeniSvnas (rogorc naCvenebia<br />
cxrilSi 26.2), daicaviT Tanmimdevroba, daiwyeT cxrilis zeda<br />
marcxena nawilidan, marcxnidan marjvniv, Semdeg CamouyeviT qvemoT<br />
– rigidan rigamde. Tu SeniSvna exeba cxrilis or an orze met<br />
punqts, ixmareT igive aso yoveli punqtisTvis; Tu SeniSvna exeba<br />
svetis an rigis yvela punqts, daurTeT aso Sesabamisi svetis<br />
saTaurs an gverduli svetis punqts.<br />
SeniSvnebi statistikuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. Tu daurTavT<br />
SeniSvnebs Tqveni monacemebis statistikuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb<br />
(romlebsac, aseve, ewodeba SeniSvnebi albaTobaze) da Tu<br />
mniSvnelobis done st<strong>and</strong>artulia, aRniSneT SeniSvnebi fifqiT<br />
rogorc cxrilSi, ise sakuTriv SeniSvnaSi. ixmareT erTi fifqi<br />
albaTobis yvelaze dabali donesTvis, ori fifqi – momdevno ufro<br />
maRali donesTvis da sami – momdevno ufro maRali donesTvis.<br />
amasTan, Tu aRniSnavT ara st<strong>and</strong>artul, aramed sxva mniSvnelobis<br />
526
xarisxebs, fifqis nacvlad ixmareT striqonzeda indeqsebi. vinaidan<br />
es sqolioebi moklea da erTi mizani aqvs, SegiZliaT, erT<br />
striqonze gaaerTianoT, intervaliT, Sualeduri punqtuaciis<br />
gareSe. asop (albaToba,wertilis gareSe) iwereba nusxuriT da<br />
daxrili SriftiT. gamo<strong>to</strong>veT nolebi aTobiTi wertilebis win.<br />
*p
Tqveni naSromis yoveli diagrama da grafiki iseTi formis unda<br />
iyos, rom saukeTesod asaxos misi monacemebi da daasabuTos masSi<br />
gamoTqmuli mtkicebebi. Tumca, mniSvnelovania SeTanxmebuloba<br />
rogorc diagramebsa da grafikebs SigniT, ise maT Soris, raTa<br />
mkiTxvelebi kargad gaerkvnen Tqvens monacemebSi. nebismieri tipis<br />
diagramisa Tu grafikis SemTxvevaSi saWiroa, mxedvelobaSi iqonioT<br />
Semdegi principebi:<br />
• erTnairi tipis elementebi – RerZebi, xazebi, wertilebi, svetebi<br />
da solebi – warmoadgineT erTnairad. gamoiyeneT gamokveTili<br />
vizualuri efeqtebi mxolod imisTvis, rom ganasxvavoT<br />
elementebi da ara imisTvis, rom SeqmnaT damatebiTi efeqti.<br />
• yvela ricxobrivi monacemisTvis ixmareT arabuli cifrebi.<br />
• yvela aRniSvna unda iyos mokle da Seesabamebodes cxrilebis<br />
kargad dasaTaurebis wesebs (ix. 8.3.1). gamoiyeneT suraTis<br />
warwera (ix. 26.3.2) monacemTa yvela im aspeqtis asaxsnelad,<br />
romlis asaxvac SeuZlebelia aRniSvnebSi. adgilis dazogvis<br />
mizniT SegiZliaT, ufro Tavisuflad gamoiyenoT abreviaturebi<br />
da simboloebi, vidre es teqstSia nebadarTuli, magram ixmareT<br />
isini zomierad da Tanmimdevrulad. st<strong>and</strong>artuli<br />
abreviaturebis ararsebobisas SeqmneT Tqveni abreviaturebi da<br />
ganmarteT isini warweraSi an, Tu abreviatura bevria, Tqveni<br />
naSromis satitulo elementebSi mocemul abreviaturebis<br />
CamonaTvalSi (ix.A.2.1).<br />
• aRniSneT diagramis an grafikis yvela is xazi, wertili an sxva<br />
elementi, romelic saWiroebs ganmartebas. Tu frazebi da<br />
calkeuli sityvebi erTad aris warmodgenili, yvela maTgani erT<br />
stilSi gaaformeT (rogorc naCvenebia suraTSi 8.3). RerZis<br />
aRniSvnis sxva zemoxsenebuli principebi vrceldeba, aseve, am<br />
tipis aRniSvnebze.<br />
• moerideT gamuqebas da ferebis gamoyenebas maSinac ki, Tu Tqveni<br />
naSromi daibeWdeba ferad printerze, radganis SeiZleba,<br />
SemdgomSi daibeWdos an gamravldes Sav-TeTr ferebSi, sadac<br />
gamuqeba da feri,SesaZloa, mkafiod ar gamoCndes. gamuqebisas<br />
528
ecadeT, ar gaamuqoT suraTis teqsti da ar ixmaroT sxvadasxva<br />
elferi, radgan maT Soris gansxvaveba SeiZleba, ar gamoCndes.<br />
26.3.2 suraTebis nomrebi da warwerebi<br />
zogadad, Tqveni naSromis yvela suraTs unda hqondes nomeri da<br />
warwera. Tu naSromSi daurTavT mxolod ramdenime suraTs da<br />
teqstSi maTze konkretulad ar miuTiTebT, gamo<strong>to</strong>veT nomrebi.<br />
warwerebi suraTebze keTdeba danarCen teqstze ufro mcire zomis<br />
SriftiT; CaixedeT Tqvens adgilobriv saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebSi.<br />
suraTis qvemoT, striqonis dasawyisSi dawereT sityva suraTi<br />
(gasworebuli marcxniv, mTavruliT, swori SriftiT), Semdeg<br />
suraTis nomeri (arabuli cifrebiT), Semdeg wertili. intervalis<br />
Semdeg _ warwera, romelsac, Cveulebriv, mosdevs damaboloebeli<br />
wertili (magram naxeT qvemoT). Tu warwera ikavebs erTze met<br />
striqons, Semdeg striqonebze gadasuli sityvebi unda gaswordes<br />
marcxniv, striqonebs Soris erTi intervaliT.<br />
suraTi 6. kordovas didi meCeTi, me-8-10 saukuneebi.<br />
nawarmoebebis nimuSebis suraTebs daawereT nomeri da warwera<br />
zemoT.<br />
suraTebis nomrebi. suraTebi danomreT calke, cxrilebi calke, im<br />
TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac moixseniebT maT teqstSi. Tu<br />
gaqvT mxolod ramdenime suraTi, danomreT isini Tanmimdevrulad<br />
mTel teqstSi, Tavebis CaTvliT. Tu naSromSi bevri suraTi da bevri<br />
Tavia, gamoiyeneT ormagi numeracia anu Tavis nomeri, Semdeg<br />
wertili, Semdeg suraTis nomeri, rogorc naCvenebia 12.4 suraTze.<br />
rodesac teqstSi moixseniebT suraTs, miuTiTeT suraTis<br />
nomeri (`me-3 suraTze~) nacvlad misi adgilmdebareobis miTiTebisa<br />
(`qvemoT~), vinaidan naSromis redaqtirebis an daformatebis dros<br />
SeiZleba, gadaadgiloT suraTi. teqstSi suraTebze mimaniSnebel<br />
aRniSvnebSi nu dawerT mTavruliT sityvas suraTi da nu<br />
529
SeamoklebT mas rogorc sur., garda frCxilebSi Casmuli<br />
miTiTebebisa – magaliTad, ,,(naxe sur. 10)’’.<br />
suraTebis warwerebi. suraTebis warwerebi ufro mravalferovania,<br />
vidre cxrilebis saTaurebi. zog SemTxvevaSi warwerebi SeiZleba,<br />
Sedgebodes mxolod saxelobiTi jgufisgan, (ix. 22.3.1), wertilis<br />
gareSe.<br />
suraTi 9. beTiuni meri maklaudi – Savi kabinetis lideri am<br />
periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
ufro rTuli warwerebi iwyeba saxelobiTi jgufisgan, romelsac<br />
erTi an meti sruli winadadeba mosdevs. am warwerebs dasmuli aqvT<br />
damaboloebeli wertilebi, sawyisi arasruli winadadebis Semdegac.<br />
Tu Tqveni warwerebi Seicavs am ori tipis narevs,<br />
Tanmimdevrulobis SesanarCuneblad SegiZliaT, dasvaT<br />
damaboloebeli wertili pirveli tipis warwerebis Semdeg.<br />
suraTi 16. beni<strong>to</strong> xuaresi. meqsikis gamoCenili prezidenti, abraam<br />
linkolnis Tanamedrove da megobari, ganasaxierebs Sua saukunis<br />
mZime brZolebSi mopovebul meqsikuri liberalizmis gamarjvebas.<br />
berklis kaliforniis universitetis bankroftis biblioTekis<br />
sakuTreba.<br />
rodesac suraTs aqvs wyaros aRmniSvneli xazi, daurTeT igi<br />
warweris bolos, 26.1.3-is saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis Sesabamisad.<br />
suraTi 2.7. iaos veli, bolo brZolis adgili. anastasia novagis<br />
fo<strong>to</strong>.<br />
zogjer warwera erTvis iseT suraTs, romelic Seicavs<br />
ramdenime nawils. miuTiTeT warweraSi nawili terminebiT TavSi,<br />
qvemoT, zemoT, marcxnidan marjvniv an marcxnidan saaTis isris<br />
mimarTulebiT (daxrili SriftiT, raTa ganasxvaoT sakuTriv<br />
warwerisgan) an daxrili SriftiT.<br />
530
suraTi 6. zemoT, marcxniv, uiliam livings<strong>to</strong>ni; marjvniv, henri<br />
brokholst livings<strong>to</strong>ni; qvemoT, marcxniv, jon jei; marjvniv, sara<br />
livings<strong>to</strong>n jei.<br />
suraTi 15. havaiuri ankesebis oTxi tipi: a, ekliani ankesikus<br />
baknisgan; b, ankesi satyuari margalitis niJarisgan da adamianis<br />
Zvlis wveroTi.<br />
Tu suraTis warwera ver eteva imave gverdze, romelzec<br />
sakuTriv suraTia ganTavsebuli, CasviT igi teqstis uaxloes<br />
winmswreb gverdze (ix.3.1), adgilmdebareobis miTiTebiT, daxrili<br />
SriftiT suraTis nomrisa da warweris win.<br />
Semdeg gverdze.suraTi 19. col-qmari 20-diumiani feradi<br />
televizoriT. 1980-iani wlebis ekonomikurma reformebma Zlieri<br />
stimuli misca samomxmareblo interesis zrdas CineTSi.<br />
531
danarTi naSromis formati da misi Cabareba<br />
a.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli zogadi moTxovnebi<br />
a.1.1. are<br />
a.1.2. Sriftis saxeoba<br />
a.1.3. striqonebs Soris daSoreba, abzaci<br />
a.1.4. gverdebis organizeba<br />
a.1.5. saTaurebi<br />
a.2 formatTan dakavSirebuli specifikuri moTxovnebi<br />
a.2.1. wina gverdebi<br />
a.2.2. teqsti<br />
a.2.3. ukana gverdebi<br />
a.3. CabarebasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi<br />
a.3.1. Tqveni failebis momzadeba<br />
a.3.2. amobeWdili versiis Cabareba<br />
a.3.3. eleqtronuli versiis Cabareba<br />
rodesac sadiplomo naSroms, disertacias an raime Temas werT,<br />
aucilebelia, daicvaT formatisa da stilis garkveuli moTxovnebi.<br />
sadiplomo naSromisa da disertaciis SemTxvevaSi am moTxovnebs Tqveni<br />
kaTedra an universitetis sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis<br />
samsaxuri adgens; sakurso Temis SemTxvevaSi, moTxovnebs Tqveni<br />
instruq<strong>to</strong>ri gansazRvravs. aseve, SesaZlebelia, Temis Cabarebisas<br />
specifikuri procedurebis dacva mogTxovon, magaliTad, amobeWdili<br />
versia unda CaabaroT Tu eleqtronuli.<br />
roca sadiplomo naSroms an disertacias amzadebT, gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba miaqcieT am moTxovnebs. Tqven Segafaseben imis mixedviTac,<br />
ramdenad icavT Tqvens sferoSi dadgenil akademiur wesebs da<br />
moTxovnebs. formatTan da CabarebasTan dakavSirebuli wesebis<br />
umravlesoba gamiznulia imisaTvis, rom Tqveni naSromi Seinaxos, iqneba<br />
es akinZuli Tu eleqtronuli saxiT da momavalSi xelmisawvdomi iyos<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis.<br />
532
aq mocemuli miTiTebebi formatisa da naSromis Cabarebis Sesaxeb<br />
farTodaa miRebuli sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis<br />
momzadebisas. Tumca, universitetebis umravlesobas sakuTari moTxovnebi<br />
aqvs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, xelmisawvdomia sadiplomo naSromebisa da<br />
disertaciebis samsaxurSi. sanam Tqvens sadiplomo naSroms an<br />
disertacias CaabarebT, gadaxedeT Tqveni kaTedris specifikur<br />
moTxovnebs. es moTxovnebi aq mocemul miTiTebebze upiratesia.<br />
zogadad, sakurso naSromTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi naklebad mkacri<br />
da mravlismomcvelia, vidre sadiplomo naSromTan da disertaciasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi. sakurso Temebi, rogorc wesi, nakleb<br />
elementebs moicavs da vinaidan maT arc kinZaven da arc eleqtronulad<br />
inaxaven, Cabarebis gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebi ar arsebobs. Tumca, aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSic, unda daicvaT Tqvens sferoSi dawesebuli wesebi Temis<br />
daformatebisas, radgan isini mkiTxvels exmareba, swrafad moaxdinos<br />
sqolioebisa Tu vrceli citatebis identificireba. Tu Tqveni Temis<br />
formatTan dakavSirebiT raime kiTxvebi gaqvT, SeekiTxeT Tqvens<br />
instruq<strong>to</strong>rs an gaesaubreT Tqveni kaTedris warmomadgenlebs.<br />
am danarTSi mocemul instruqciebSi nagulisxmebia, rom Tqven Temas<br />
kompiuterze moamzadebT. miuxedavad imisa, rom kompiuteruli teqsturi<br />
redaq<strong>to</strong>rebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia, maTi umetesoba av<strong>to</strong>maturad<br />
akeTebs areebs, sqolioebs, nomravs gverdebs. Tumca, Tuki specifikur<br />
miTiTebebs unda misdioT, gansakuTrebiT, areebTan da formatirebis sxva<br />
msgavs sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, SeamowmeT Tqveni Temis amobeWdili<br />
varianti (umjobesia, xelT saxazavi iqonioT) manam, sanam mas CaabarebT.<br />
marTalia, programulma uzrunvelyofam gaamartiva Temis daformateba,<br />
magram igi bolomde verasdros Secvlis Tqvens gansjas.<br />
a.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli zogadi moTxovnebi<br />
am seqciaSi aRwerilia formatTan dakavSirebuli zogadi sakiTxebi,<br />
romlebic Tqvens naSroms exeba. informacia specifikuri elementebisa da<br />
maTi formatirebis Sesaxeb ixileT a.2-Si. Tqvens instruq<strong>to</strong>rs, kaTedras<br />
533
an universitets SesaZloa, dawesebuli hqondes normebi, romlebic aq<br />
mocemuli instruqciebisgan gansxvavdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, aq mocemul<br />
instruqciebTan SedarebiT, upiratesoba Tqvens adgilobriv instruqciebs<br />
eniWeba.<br />
a.1.1. mindvrebi<br />
zogadad yvela Tema amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi st<strong>and</strong>artuli zomis<br />
furcelze iwereba - 8, 5 X 11 (inCi). da<strong>to</strong>veT, daaxloebiT, erTi inCis<br />
zomis mindori gverdis oTxive mxares. sadiplomo naSromis an<br />
disertaciis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, marcxena mxares ufro didi mindvris<br />
dacva dagWirdeT, rogorc wesi – 1,5 inCis.<br />
gaiTvaliswineT isic, rom nebismier sqoliosa da furclis TavSi<br />
dawerili informacia, maT Soris, qudSic da sxva saidentifikacio<br />
informacia, im zomis mindvrebSi unda moeqces (ix. a.1.4), rac adgilobrivi<br />
instruqciebiTaa gansazRvruli.<br />
a.1.2. Sriftis saxeoba<br />
Tqveni teqstisTvis airCieT Srifti, romelic kargad ikiTxeba,<br />
magaliTad, Times New Roman an Palatino da gamoiyeneT is mTel naSromSi.<br />
moerideT ornamentebian Sriftebs. aseTi Sriftis gamo mkiTxvelma<br />
SeiZleba, naklebad seriozulad aRiqvas Tqveni naSromi. (Sriftebis<br />
specifikuri maxasiaTeblebisTvis, ixileT robert brainherstis naSromi,<br />
tipografiuli stilis elementebi [Point Roberts, WA: Hartley & Marks, 2004]).<br />
Temebis umravlesobisTvis, umjobesia, gamoiyenoT 12 zomis Srifti, an<br />
minimum 10 zomis mainc. zogierTi universiteti iTxovs 12 zomis Srifts<br />
teqstisTvis da 10 zomis Srifts sqolioebis da SeniSvnebis, sqemebisa da<br />
cxrilebSi mocemuli warwerebisTvis.<br />
a.1.3. striqonebs Soris daSoreba, abzaci<br />
naSromis teqstSi striqonebi ori xaziT daaSoreT, garda qvemoT<br />
mocemuli SemTxvevebisa, sadac mxolod erTi xazi unda iyos<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli:<br />
• vrceli citatebi (ix. 25.2.2)<br />
534
• cxrilebis saTaurebi da sqemis warwerebi<br />
qvemoT CamoTvlil elementebSi, gaakeTeT st<strong>and</strong>artuli, erTmagi<br />
daSoreba TiToeul striqons Soris, magram erTeulebi gamoyaviT<br />
erTmaneTisgan ormagi daSorebiT.<br />
• garkveuli elementebi wina gverdebze (ix. a.2.1), maT Soris, Sinaarsi<br />
da sqemebis, cxrilebisa Tu abreviaturebis nebismieri CamonaTvali<br />
• sqolioebi da SeniSvnebi<br />
• bibliografia da saxelTa saZiebeli<br />
zogierTi kaTedra an universiteti striqonebs Soris dacilebas ara<br />
jeradobis (erTmagi, ormagi da misT), aramed erTeulebis mixedviT<br />
(magaliTad, ,,zustad 24 erTeuli”) mixedviT gansazRvravs. amis gakeTeba<br />
bevr teqstur redaq<strong>to</strong>rSia SesaZlebeli.<br />
saSveni niSnis gamoyenebisas, mxolod erTi erTeuliT daaSoreT<br />
simboloebi teqsts. abzacis gamoyofisas, umjobesia, tab klaviSis<br />
gamoyeneba; aseve, gamoiyeneT teqstis svetebi da sxva elementebi,<br />
romlebic uzrunvelyofs teqstis simwyobres.<br />
yvela paragrafSi abzaci erTnairad daicaviT. vrceli citatebisTvis<br />
arsebobs abzacis gamoyofis specialuri wesebi, imis mixedviT, citata<br />
prozidanaa Tu poeziidan (ix. 25.2.2).<br />
a.1.4. gverdebis organizeba<br />
gverdebis danomvra. Tu Tqveni naSromis wina gverdebi mxolod satitulo<br />
gverds moicavs, ar danomroT igi. danomreT naSromis ZiriTadi nawili<br />
da bolo gverdebi arabuli cifrebiT. danomvra teqstis pirveli<br />
gverdidan daiwyeT.<br />
Tu sadiplomo naSroms an disertacias werT, wina gverdebi teqstis<br />
ZiriTadi nawilisgan gansxvavebulad danomreT.<br />
• Tu teqstis wina gverdebi moicavs satitulo furcels da bevr<br />
sxvadasxvagvar komponents (ix. a.2.1.), isini danomreT nusxuri<br />
romauli cifrebiT (i, ii, iii, da a.S., ix. cxrili 23.1). rogorc wesi,<br />
danomvrisas, wina nawilis yvela gverdi, Cabarebis gverdis garda,<br />
535
saTvalavSi unda CaTvaloT, Tumca, SeiZleba, yvela maTgans ar<br />
daaweroT nomeri. kaTedrebsa da universitetebs xSirad aqvT<br />
SemuSavebuli specifikuri moTxovnebi wina gverdebis danomvrasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT; Tu Tqvens SemTxvevaSi ase ar aris, gamoiyeneT am<br />
danarTSi mocemuli instruqciebi.<br />
• teqstis danarCeni nawili, maT Soris, ukana gverdebi (ix. a.2.3),<br />
inomreba erTmaneTis miyolebiT, arabuli cifrebiT.<br />
Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia Zalian grZelia, Tqvenma<br />
kaTedram an universitetma igi SeiZleba, ramdenime <strong>to</strong>mad akinZos.<br />
adgilobrivma instruqciebma unda migiTiToT, ra aris gverdebis<br />
maqsimaluri raodenoba TiToeuli <strong>to</strong>misTvis, aseve, unda gangimar<strong>to</strong>T,<br />
Tu arsebobs specialuri moTxovnebi mraval<strong>to</strong>miani naSromis dasanomrad.<br />
ganlageba. rogorc wesi, gverdebis aRniSvna xdeba gverdis qveda an zeda<br />
nawilis centrSi an zeda nawilis marjvena mxares. saklaso<br />
naSromebisTvis amoirCieT zemoT mocemuli erT-erTi stili da mudmivad<br />
daicaviT igi.<br />
tradiciulad, sadiplomo naSromebsa da disertaciebs gverdebis<br />
aRniSvnas sxvadasxva adgilas ukeTeben, imis mixedviT, Tu naSromis ra<br />
nawils vnomravT (ise, rogorc am danarTis nimuSebSia mocemuli).<br />
• gverdis qveda nawilis centrSi inomreba yvela wina gverdi;<br />
naSromis ZiriTadi nawilis gverdebi da ukana gverdebi, romelTac<br />
saTaurebi aqvT, rogoricaa axali Tavis pirveli gverdi an danarTi.<br />
• gverdis zeda nawilis centrSi an marjvniv inomreba: naSromis<br />
yvela danarCeni gverdi da ukana gverdebi.<br />
bevrma kaTedram da universitetma aRmofxvres es gansxvavebebi da<br />
moiTxoven, rom mTels disertaciasa Tu sadiplomo naSromSi erTnairad<br />
iyos danomrili yvela gverdi. zemoT mocemuli sami variantidan zogi<br />
gverdebis nomris ganlagebis adgils akonkretebs, sxvebi ki students<br />
<strong>and</strong>obs am gadawyvetilebas. gaecaniT adgilobriv instruqciebs am<br />
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
536
sxva saidentifikacio elementebi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, neba<br />
dagrTon, an sulac mogTxovon, rom saidentifikacio informacia<br />
furclis zeda an qveda nawilSi miuTiToT gverdis nomris gverdiT.<br />
sakurso naSromisTvis, instruq<strong>to</strong>rma SesaZloa, mogTxovoT naSroms<br />
daaweroT Tqveni gvari da saxeli, Temis Cabarebis ricxvi an ,,pirveli<br />
varianti”. ufro grZeli naSromebisTvis, Tavis an seqciis dasaTaureba<br />
daexmareba mkiTxvels teqstSi orientaciaSi. sadiplomo naSromebsa da<br />
disertaciebSi furclis zeda da qveda mxares dasacavi moTxovnebi<br />
dRemde muSavdeba. amdenad, gaecaniT Tqvens adgilobriv instruqciebs.<br />
a.1.5 saTaurebi<br />
imisda mixedviT, ramdenad kompleqsuria Tqveni Tema, SeiZleba, naSromi<br />
sakmaod bevr komponents moicavdes, ise, rogorc es aRwerilia a.2<br />
nawilSi. maT umetesobas saTauri unda hqondes. yvela aseTi elementis<br />
saTaurisTvis gamoiyeneT erTi da igive tipografia da formati,<br />
tradiciulad gaSualedebuli romauli Srifti (iseve, rogorc naCvenebia<br />
am danarTSi mocemul nimuSebSi). nebismieri cifris aRniSvna, romelic<br />
win uZRvis saTaurs (magaliTad, nawili II: adreuli wlebi) tipografiiTa<br />
da formatiT saTaurs unda Seesabamebodes.<br />
Tu Tqveni naSromi Tavebadaa dayofili, maSin Tavebis dasaTaureba da<br />
cifrebis aRniSvna tipografikulad erTnairi unda iyos, magram unda<br />
gansxvavdebodes sxva komponentebis saTaurebisgan. TavebSi mocemuli<br />
qvesaTaurebisTvis ixileT a.2.2.<br />
Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi instruqciebi moqnilia, SegiZliaT, gansxvavebuli<br />
tipografikaDda formati gamoiyenoT sxvadasxva tipis saTaurebisTvis.<br />
mocemuli Sriftis yvela saTauri Tanmimdevruli unda iyos da<br />
TiToeuli Srifti danarCenisgan unda gansxvavdebodes. didi danayofebis<br />
saTaurebi (nawilebi, Tavebi) vizualurad ufro TvalSisacemi unda iyos,<br />
vidre qvesaTaurebi. zogadad, saTaurebi ufro TvalsaCinoa, roca<br />
537
Camuqebuli da daxrili asoebiT centrSia gamotanili, vidre maSin, roca<br />
marcxniv, Cveulebrivi zomis SriftiT an winadadebisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli asoebis stiliTaa mocemuli.<br />
yvelaze efeqturi gza saTaurebSi Tanmimdevrulobis dasacavad is aris,<br />
rom Tavidanve gansazRvroT stili yvela tipis saTaurisTvis (maT Soris,<br />
Srifti, pozicia da a.S.) zogadi programuli uzrunvelyofis funqciis<br />
daxmarebiT (i. a.3.1)<br />
a.2 formatTan dakavSirebuli specifikuri moTxovnebi<br />
a.1-Si mocemuli zogadi moTxovnebis garda, naSromis gansakuTrebul<br />
elementebs, specifikuri, formatTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi gaaCnia. am<br />
seqciaSi aRwerilia is elementebi, romlebic yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba<br />
skurso Tu sadiplomo naSromebsa da disertaciebSi, aseve, mocemulia<br />
maTi nimuSebic. yvela nimuSi, a.1 da a.8 sqemebis gamoklebiT, Cikagos<br />
universitetSi daculi disertaciebidanaa amoRebuli. sadac saWiroeba<br />
moiTxovda, gverdebi redaqtirebulia am saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul<br />
stilTan da formatTan dakavSirebuli rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad. Tu<br />
Tqvens instruq<strong>to</strong>rs, kaTedras an universitets aqvs specifikuri<br />
moTxovnebi, romlebic aq mocemuli rekomendaciebisagan gansxvavdeba,<br />
upiratesoba Tqvens adgilobriv moTxovnebs eniWeba.<br />
vrceli Temebis umravlesobas, iseve, rogorc sadiplomo naSromebsa da<br />
disertaciebs, sami ZiriTadi nawili aqvs: 1) wina gverdebi, 2) Tavad<br />
naSromis teqsti da 3) ukana gverdebi. wina da ukana gverdebi, aseve,<br />
ramdenime komponentadaa dayofili Tqveni Temis Taviseburebis mixedviT.<br />
saklaso naSromis pirveli gverdebi, albaT, mxolod saTauris gverds<br />
moicavs, bolo gverdebi ki bibliografias an saxelTa saZiebels.<br />
a.2.1. wina gverdebi<br />
Tqveni sadiplomo naSromis an disertaciis pirveli gverdebi SesaZloa,<br />
moicavdes yvela an zogierT qvemoT CamoTvlil komponents. kaTedrebsa<br />
da universitetebs, rogorc wesi, aqvT instruqciebi am elementebis<br />
538
TanmimdevrobasTan dakavSirebiT; aseTis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
gaiTvaliswineT qvemoT mocemuli instruqciebi.<br />
Cabarebis gverdi. sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis umravlesobas<br />
gaaCnia Cabarebis gverdi da igi naSromis pirveli gverdia. aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi, igi ar inomreba da wina gverdebis numeraciis saTvalavSic<br />
ar Sedis.<br />
Cabarebis gverdze miTiTebulia, rom naSromi Cabarebulia magistris da<br />
doq<strong>to</strong>ris xarisxisTvis wayenebuli moTxovnebis dacviT (formulireba<br />
SesaZloa, sxvanairadac Camoyalibdes) da masSi da<strong>to</strong>vebulia carieli<br />
adgili sagamocdo komisiis wevrebis xelmowerisTvis.<br />
539
gardaqmnis misteria:<br />
wminda ignatus loiolas sulieri varjiSebis gavlena<br />
karavajos wminda pavles moqceva<br />
robert loblau<br />
Sesavali xelovnebis is<strong>to</strong>riaSi<br />
15 marti, 2007 weli<br />
sqema a.1. satitulo gverdi saklaso naSromisaTvis<br />
540
Cikagos universiteti<br />
adam smiti da TanagrZnobis wreebi<br />
disertacia Cabarebulia socialuri mecnierebebis fakultetze<br />
filosofiis doq<strong>to</strong>ris xarisxis mosapoveblad<br />
politikuri mecnierebebis kaTedra<br />
fiona forman-barzilai<br />
Cikago, ilinoisi<br />
2001 wlis dekemberi<br />
sqema a.2. disertaciis satitulo gverdi. gadmobeWdilia fona formanbarzilais<br />
nebarTviT. ,,adam smiti da TanagrZnobis wreebi” [sadoq<strong>to</strong>ro<br />
disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 2001).<br />
541
sarCevi<br />
samadlobeli sityva iv<br />
Sesavali 1<br />
nawili I. ,,me”-s wre 19<br />
Tavi 1. konfliqturi ,,me” 20<br />
Tavi 2. ,,me” da misi sarke: dinamikurad gagebuli TanagrZnoba 43<br />
nawili II. sazogadoebis wre 74<br />
Tavi 3. socializebuli sindisi 75<br />
Tavi 4.,,mokrZalebuli ganyofilebebi”: s<strong>to</strong>ikuri kosmopolis<br />
sawinaaRmdegod 102<br />
nawili III. kacobriobis wre 137<br />
Tavi 5. komerciuli erebis kosmopolisi 138<br />
Tavi 6. TanagrZnoba sivrceSi 168<br />
Tavi 7. negatiuri samarTali 187<br />
daskvna 212<br />
bibliografia 215<br />
sqema a.3. Sinaarsi. gadmobeWdilia fona forman-barzilais nebarTviT.<br />
,,adam smiti da TanagrZnobis wreebi” [sadoq<strong>to</strong>ro disertacia, Cikagos<br />
universiteti, 2001).<br />
iii<br />
542
cxrilebi<br />
1.1 a.S.S-is centraluri mTavrobis xarjebi, 1830-1860.........................41<br />
1.2 a.S.S-is Tavdacvis departamentis xarjebi, 1855-1860.....................45<br />
1.3 erovnuli jarebis SedarebiTi miaxloebiTi<br />
danaxarjebi 1860 wels: safrangeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo<br />
da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi............................................................65<br />
1.4 kvartirmeisteris da komisariatis gadaxdebis geografia, 1855 wlis ivlisi-1860 wlis<br />
ivnisi......................................68<br />
1.5 kvartirmeisteris departamentis xarjebi kategoriebis<br />
mixedviT, 1856-1860......................................................................................................69<br />
1.6 kontraq<strong>to</strong>rebis gaZRola kvartirmeisteris departamentSi,<br />
1855-1860..................................................................................................................................66<br />
1.7 fort livenuorsSi kvartirmeisteris departamentis maragis<br />
Sinaarsis aRwera Ceinis da iutas eqspediciisTvis, 1857...102<br />
1.8 cxovelebisa da vagonebis Sesyidvis kontraqtebi iutas meore<br />
eqspediciisTvis, Tebervali-marti, 1858...........................................................112<br />
2.1 niu iorkis oci yvelaze didi samxedro mommaragebeli,<br />
1861-1862............................................................................................................................................181<br />
2.2 masaCusetsis oci yvelaze didi samxedro mommaragebeli, 1861…...186<br />
2.3 pensilvaniis oci yvelaze didi samxedro mommaragebeli<br />
1861-1862..............................................................................................................................................188<br />
3.1 a.S.S-s Tavdacvis departamentis (armiis) xarjebi, 1860-1866...............240<br />
3.2 kvartirmeisteris departamentis wamyvani Semsyidveli oficrebi,1860-1865, aTvisebuli<br />
Tanxebisa da sabrZolo postebis<br />
mixedviT.......................................................................................................................................240<br />
3.3 kvartirmeisteris da komisariatis gadaxdebis geografia, 1861 wlis ivlisi-1865 wlis<br />
ivnisi...................................................................................................................260<br />
4.1 wamyvani samxedro sawarmo industriebis Sedareba CrdiloeTSi.....319<br />
4.2 a.S.S.-is armiis wamyvani mZime teqnikis momwodeblebi, 1861-1866.............321<br />
4.3 a.S.S.-is tyvia-wamlis industria samoqalaqo omis win.............................330<br />
sqema a.5. cxrilebis CamonaTvali. dabeWdilia mark r. uilsonis<br />
nebarTviT, ,,samoqalaqo omis biznesi: samxedro warmoeba, saxelmwifo da<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis politikuri ekonomia, 1850-1880”<br />
[sadoq<strong>to</strong>ro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 2002].<br />
543
sqema a.8. leqsikoni<br />
leqsikoni<br />
arabuli cifrebi. erT-erTi cnobili erTeuli, romelsac<br />
ariTmetikuli gaTvlebisas iyeneben (1, 2, 3 da a.S.)<br />
vrceli citata. brWyalebSi Casmuli citata, romelic<br />
tipografikulad teqstisgan abzacebiTaa gamoyofili<br />
Camuqebuli Srifti. Srifti, romelic ufro muqia da ufro msxvili,<br />
vidre Cveulebrivi Srifti<br />
daxrili Srifti. gadaxrili Srifti, romelic xeliT nawers ufro<br />
hgavs (rogorc es), vidre romaul Srifts.<br />
nusxuri asoebi. aso, romelic ar aris dawerili mTavruli SriftiT<br />
(a,b,c, da a.S.)<br />
romauli cifrebi. cifri, romelic tradiciuli romauli cifrebis<br />
iii d.a.S.).<br />
kombinaciiT miiReba, an mTavruli (I, II, III, d.a.S.), an nusxuri (i, ii,<br />
romauli Srifti. mTavari Sriti da ara daxrili.<br />
teqstSi SeWrili citata. citata, romelic teqstSive grZeldeba da ar<br />
aris calke gamoyofili.<br />
544
kaTedrebisa da universitetebis umravlesobas aqvs Cabarebis gverdis<br />
nimuSi, romelic zustad unda daicvaT formatisa da sarCevis<br />
formulirebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
satitulo gverdi. sakurso Temebi unda iwyebodes satitulo gverdiT<br />
(Tumca, zogierTi saTaurs teqstis pirvel gverdze akeTebs. moelaparakeT<br />
amis Sesaxeb Tqvens instruq<strong>to</strong>rs). Temis saTauri furclis zeda kididan<br />
mesamedi manZilis daSorebiT, SuaSi dasviT. Tu Temas mTavari saTauric<br />
aqvs da qvesaTauric, am SemTxvevaSi, mTavari saTauri erT xazze dawereT,<br />
Semdeg ori wertili dasviT da qvesaTauri meore xazze gadaitaneT.<br />
ramdenime xazis qvemoT dawereT Tqveni saxeli im informaciasTan erTad,<br />
romelsac Tqveni instruq<strong>to</strong>ri moiTxovs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kursis<br />
saxelwodeba (kaTedrisa da nomris miTiTebiT) da ricxvi. sqema a.1.<br />
gviCvenebs saklaso naSromis satitulo gverdis nimuSs. Temebis<br />
umetesobisTvis, es erTaderTia, romelic wina gverdebSi Sedis.<br />
sadiplomo naSromis an disertaciisTvis, kaTedrebisa da universitetebis<br />
umravlesobas aqvs sanimuSo satitulo gverdebi, romlebsac zustad unda<br />
miyveT Sinaarsisa da formatis gaTvaliswinebiT. sxva SemTxvevebSi,<br />
nimuSad gamoiyeneT a.2 sqema. satitulo gverdze SegiZliaT, miuTiToT i,<br />
magram gverdis nomeri ar daaweroT.<br />
Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia ramdenime <strong>to</strong>mad aikinZeba<br />
(ix. a.1.4), albaT, dagWirdebaT calke satitulo gverdebi TiToeulisTvis.<br />
gaecaniT adgilobriv wesebs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
saav<strong>to</strong>ro ufleba an carieli gverdi. sadiplomo naSromSi an<br />
disertaciaSi, satitulo gverdis Semdeg CasviT saav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli gverdi. es gverdi danomreT - ii, magram es cifri ar<br />
daaweroT, Tu amas Tqveni adgilobrivi wesebi ar migiTiTebT. miTiTeba<br />
saav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebasTan dakavSirebiT gverdis bolos, marcxena mxares,<br />
daaxloebiT ase daitaneT:<br />
saav<strong>to</strong>ro ufleba © 20XX ekuTvnis Tqveni saxeli gvari<br />
yvela ufleba daculia<br />
545
ar dagWirdebaT saav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebaze formaluri ganacxadis gakeTeba,<br />
radgan es Canaweri ukve legalurad asabuTebs Tqvens saav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebas.<br />
Tu ar gWirdebaT TemaSi saav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebis miTiTeba, SegiZliaT, am<br />
adgilas carieli furceli CasvaT an saerTod gamo<strong>to</strong>voT es komponenti.<br />
es damokidebulia Tqvens adgilobriv wesebze.<br />
miZRvna. Tu Tqveni kaTedra an universiteti Tqvens naSromSi miZRvnis<br />
teqstis CarTvis uflebas iZleva, SegiZliaT, mokle miZRvna gaakeToT im<br />
adamianis saxelze, vinc TqvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. es<br />
gverdi wina gverdebis danomvrisas gaiTvaliswineT saTvalavSi, magram<br />
masze cifri ar daaweroT, Tu amas Tqveni adgilobrivi wesebi ar<br />
miuTiTebs. miZRvna furclis zeda kididan mesamedi manZilis daSorebiT<br />
ganaTavseT, rogorc wesi, centrSi da gamoiyeneT romauli Srifti sasveni<br />
niSnis gareSe. ar gWirdebaT sityvebi eZRvneba an vuZRvni, ubralod<br />
dawereT:<br />
anikas<br />
SegiZliaT, im adamianis dakonkretebac, visac naSroms uZRvniT (,,mamaCems,<br />
sebastian uelss”). an SegiZliaT, raime sxva informacia daurToT,<br />
magaliTad, dabadebis da gardacvalebis TariRi. ufro metad<br />
eqstravagantuli miZRvnebi ukve Zvelmodurad iTvleba, saxumaro<br />
miZRvnebi ki dros ver uZlebs.<br />
epigrafi. Tu Tqveni kaTedra an universiteti epigrafebis gakeTebis<br />
saSualebas iZleva, SegiZliaT, miZRvnasTan erTad, an mis nacvlad,<br />
epigrafi daurToT. epigrafi aris citata, romelic naSromis Temas exeba.<br />
epigrafi yvelaze Sesaferisia maSin, rodesac misi Sinaarsi<br />
gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia da kargad gamoxatavs naSromis arss.<br />
epigrafis gverdi wina gverdebis saTvalavSi gaiTvaliswineT, magram ar<br />
danomroT,, Tu amas ar miuTiTebs Tqveni adgilobrivi wesebi. ar aris<br />
saWiro gverdze sityva epigrafi daurToT.<br />
epigrafi furclis zeda kididan mesamedi manZilis daSorebiT iwereba,<br />
igi an centrSia, an ganvrcobili citatis forma aqvs (ix. 25.2.2). ar<br />
546
gaukeToT brWyalebi. epigrafis Semdeg xazze, rogorc wesi, marjvena<br />
mxares, moiyvaneT wyaro – av<strong>to</strong>ris saxeli, naSromis saTauri (22.3.2) da,<br />
Tu survili gaqvT, citatis ricxvi, romlis winac tires dasvamT (an or<br />
tires; ix 21.7.2):<br />
patara dasawyisidan, didi saqmeebi gamovida misi xeliT... da rogorc erTi<br />
patara sanTliT aTasobiT sanTeli SeiZleba, dainTos, ise gaanaTa aq<br />
danTebulma sanTelma bevri sxva da mTeli Cveni qveyana.<br />
-uiliam bredfordi<br />
zogierTi adamiani fiqrobs, rom modernizmis mizezi qalebi arian, rasac ar<br />
unda gulisxmobdnen masSi<br />
-niu iork san, 13 Tebervali, 1917<br />
epigrafi, aseve, SeiZleba, iyos Tavis an seqciis dasawyisSi; ix. 25.2.2 da<br />
sqema a. 9.<br />
sarCevi: yvela naSroms, romelic Tavebs moicavs, sarCevi sWirdeba. am<br />
komponentis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT danomreT. gverdis TavSi<br />
saTaurad sarCevi daawereT. Tu sarCevi erT gverdze metia, saTauri ar<br />
gaimeoroT sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel striqons Soris<br />
gaakeTeT ormagi daSoreba. CamonaTvalSi, TiToeul elements Soris<br />
daSoreba erTmagi unda iyos.<br />
sarCevSi ar iwereba is gverdebi, romlebic win uswrebs sarCevs<br />
(Cabarebis gverdi, satitulo gverdi, saav<strong>to</strong>ro uflebis an carieli<br />
gverdi, miZRvna da epigrafi), magram unda iwyebodes wina gverdebis<br />
Semadgeneli im gverdebisgan, romelic sarCevs moyveba. am nawilis Semdeg<br />
Tanmimdevrulad CamoTvaleT nawilebi, Tavebi an teqstis sxva erTeulebi<br />
da Semdeg bolo gverdebis Semadgeneli nawilis komponentebi. Tu<br />
teqstSi qvesaTaurebs iyenebT (ix. a.2.2), gamoiyeneT mxolod pirveli an<br />
meore done, Tu sxva doneebi imdenad specifikuri ar aris, rom Tqvens<br />
mkiTxvels Temis zust mimoxilvaSi daexmaros. darwmundiT, rom sityvebis<br />
formulireba, mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba da danomvris stili<br />
(arabuli, romauli Tu sityvieri), iseve, rogorc yvela saTaurisa da<br />
547
qvesaTauris tipografika (ix. a.1.5) emTxveva zustad imas, rac mocemulia<br />
Tqvens naSromSi.<br />
danomreT TiToeuli komponentis mxolod pirveli gverdi (da ara mTeli<br />
gverdebi), gamoiyeneT nusxuri romauli da arabuli ricxvebi, ise,<br />
rogorc Tavad gverdebze gaqvT. numeracia marjvena mxares moaqcieT da,<br />
Tu survili gaqvT, gamoitaneT wertilebisgan Semdgari xazi (maT<br />
mimarTulebis mimcems uwodeben), raTa mkiTxvelis Tvals mimarTuleba<br />
misces da yvela saTauri gverdis nomerTan daakavSiros.<br />
sqema a.3 gviCvenebs martivi struqturis mqone Temis sarCevis nimuSs.<br />
nawilebisa da Tavebis saTaurebi marcxnivaa, numeracia ki marjvniv.<br />
ufro kompleqsuri TemisTvis, miyeviT Tqveni Temis organizebis logikas,<br />
Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi wesebi ar moiTxovs gansakuTrebul formats.<br />
sqema a.4 gviCvenebs grZeli sarCevis mqone meore gverds. yuradReba<br />
miaqcieT, rom SegiZliaT, centrSi dasvaT nawilebis saTaurebi an<br />
<strong>to</strong>mebis nomrebi (Tu relevanturia; ix a.1.4) relevanturi Tavebis zemoT<br />
da gamoiyenoT sityva Tavi saTaurad, Tavebis nomrebis aRmniSvneli<br />
svetis zemoT. Tavebis saTaurebi da qveTavebi ufro advilad rom<br />
gaarCioT, SegiZliaT, qveTavebi abzaciT gamoyoT. TiToeuli done<br />
gamoyaviT wina donisgan naxevarinCiani abzaciT.<br />
Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia erTze met <strong>to</strong>mad aikinZeba,<br />
SesaZloa, sarCevis ganmeoreba mogiwioT an sxva SemTxvevaSi yvela <strong>to</strong>mSi<br />
Sinaarsis mniSvnelovani elementebi mainc gaimeoroT. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb<br />
gaecaniT Tqvens adgilobriv wesebs.<br />
sqemebis, cxrilebis da ilustraciebis CamonaTvali. Tu Tqveni<br />
sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (zog SemTxvevaSi ki saklaso naSromi)<br />
moicavs sqemebs, cxrilebs an orives, maTi CamonaTvali wina gverdebSi<br />
SeitaneT. aseTi CamonaTvlis gverdi romauli cifriT danomreT. Tu<br />
Tqveni naSromi mxolod sqemebs moicavs (ix. 26-e Tavi ganmartebisTvis),<br />
pirvel gverds TavSi daawereT sqemebi; Tu igi mxolod cxrilebs<br />
moicavs, daawereT cxrilebi. Tu CamonaTvali erTze meti gverdia, ar<br />
548
gaimeoroT saTauri sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel xazs<br />
Soris ormagi daSoreba gaakeTeT, Tavad TiToeul CamonaTvals Soris ki<br />
- ermagi. sqema a.5 gviCvenebs cxrilebis CamonaTvlis nimuSs.<br />
Tu Tqveni naSromi moicavs rogorc sqemebs, ise, cxrilebs, Tqveni<br />
adgilobrivi wesebis mixedviT, SesaZloa, maTi gaerTianebac SeZloT.<br />
CamonaTvals daarqviT ilustraciebi (im nimuSis mixedviT, rac zemoT<br />
aRvwereT), magram igi or nawilad gayaviT, sqemebi da cxrilebi, rogorc<br />
a.6 sqemaSia mocemuli.<br />
yvela sqema an cxrili arabuli cifrebiT danomreT da vertikalurad<br />
gaaTanabreT CamonaTvali...Tu iyenebT ormag numeracias (rogorc a.5<br />
sqemaSia mocemuli), gaaTanabreT cifrebi meaTedebze.<br />
sqemis warwerebi da cxrilebis saTaurebi SesabamisobaSi unda iyos<br />
TemaSi mocemuli sityvebisa da mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebasTan, Tu<br />
warwerebi Zalian grZelia, SeamokleT logikurad. gadatanili teqsti<br />
gamoyaviT naxevarinCiani abzaciT. (cxrilis saTaurebsa da sqemis<br />
warwerebze ufro meti informaciisTvis ix. 26.2.2 da 26.3.2). gverdebi<br />
CamowereT da marjvniv gaaTanabreT. Tu survili gaqvT, gamoiyeneT<br />
mimarTulebis mimcemi xazi, raTa SeaerToT warwerebi da saTaurebi<br />
gverdebis nomrebTan.<br />
winaTqma: Tqvens sadiplomo naSromSi an disertaciaSi SesaZloa, gqondeT<br />
winaTqma, sadac axsniT, ra iyo YTqveni motivacia, roca am kvlevaze<br />
muSaoba daiwyeT, mimoixilavT proeqts, kvlevis masStabs da naSromis<br />
mizans. SesavalSi, aseve, SeiZleba, iyos samadlobeli sityva, Tu is<br />
imdenad vrceli da detaluri ar aris, rom calke seqcia dauTmoT (ix.<br />
qvemoT). am komponentis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT danomreT.<br />
pirveli gverdis TavSi daawereT winaTqma. Tu igi erTze met gverds<br />
moicavs, ar gaimeoroT saTauri sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis<br />
pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT. teqstSic ori xazi<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>veT striqonebs Soris da mTavari teqstis mixedviT daaformateT.<br />
549
samadlobeli sityva: Tqvens sadiplomo naSromSi an disertaciaSi<br />
SeiZleba, gamoyoT samadlobeli sityva, romelSic madlobas gadauxdiT<br />
Tqvens xelmZRvanelsa da kolegebs da daasaxelebT im individebs an<br />
institutebs, romlebic, Tqveni azriT, kvlevaSi gansakuTrebiT<br />
dagexmaraT (magaliTad, aRniSneT konsultaciebi teqnikur sakiTxebze an<br />
daxmareba specialuri aRWurvilobis an resursebis kuTxiT). Tu<br />
madlobas uxdiT Temis xelmZRvanels an komisias rutinuli<br />
daxmarebisTvis, igi SesavalSi SeitaneT (ix. zemoT) an sulac gamo<strong>to</strong>veT.<br />
madlobis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT aRniSneT. Ppirveli gverdis<br />
TavSi dasviT saTauri samadlobeli sityva. Tu samadlobeli sityva<br />
erTze met gverds moicavs, ar gaimeoroT saTauri sxva gverdebze.<br />
saTaursa da teqstis pirvel xazs Soris ori xazi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT. teqstSic<br />
ori xazi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT xazebs Soris da mTavari teqstis Sesabamisad<br />
daaformateT.<br />
abriviaturebis CamonaTvali. Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia<br />
(an zogierT SemTxvevaSi saklaso naSromi) bevr abriviaturas moicavs,<br />
garda Cveulebrivi abriviaturebisa, romlebic 24-e TavSi mimovixileT,<br />
abriviaturebis CamonaTvali gaakeTeT wina gverdebSi. Aaq unda SeitanoT<br />
iseTi abriviaturebi, romlebic exeba im wyaroebs, romelTac xSirad<br />
moixseniebT, an im organizaciebs, romlebic farTodaa cnobili (24.1.2).<br />
aseTi CamonaTvlis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT danomreT. Ppirveli<br />
gverdi ase daasaTaureT - abreviaturebi. Tu abreviaturebi erTze met<br />
gverds moicavs, ar gaimeoroT saTauri sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da<br />
teqstis pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT. erTi xazi<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>veT TiToeul abreviaturas Soris. sqema a.7 gviCvenebs<br />
abreviaturebis nimuSs. (am nimuSSi mocemuli abreviaturebi daxrili<br />
xaziT mxolod imi<strong>to</strong>maa warmodgegnili, rom isini gamoqveynebuli<br />
naSromebis saTaurebia.)<br />
550
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom abreviatura anbanis mixedviT aris dalagebuli,<br />
da ara misi ganmartebis mixedviT. abriviaturebi, rogorc wesi, marcxena<br />
mxaresaa gaTanabrebuli.<br />
abreviaturebis ganmartebebi (an gadatanili teqsti) Tanabari abzacebiTaa<br />
gamoyofili, romelic saSualebas iZleva, pirvel svetSi yvelaze grZel<br />
abreviaturasa da meore svetSi, pirvel sityvas Soris, daaxloebiT<br />
naxevari inCis adgili darCes.<br />
leqsikoni: Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (an, zogierT<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni saklaso Tema) bevr ucxour sityvas an teqnikur<br />
terminebsa da frazebs moicavs, romelic Tqveni mkiTxvelisTvis<br />
SesaZloa, ucnobi iyos, leqsikoni dagWirdebaT. zogierTi kaTedra da<br />
universiteti iTxovs, rom leqsikoni ukana gverdebis nawils Seadgendes,<br />
danarTebis Semdeg da SeniSvnebis, bibliografiisa da saxelTa saZieblis<br />
win. Tuki arCevnis Tavisufleba gaqvT, leqsikoni wina gverdebSi<br />
moaTavseT, Tu saWiroa, rom mkiTxveli icnobdes am sityvebs teqstis<br />
wakiTxvamde. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki igi ukana mxares moaTavseT (ix. A.2.3).<br />
Tu leqsikons wina mxares moaTavsebT, misi yvela gverdi romauli<br />
cifrebiT danomreT. Ppirvel gverds dasawyisSi leqsikoni daawereT. Tu<br />
leqsikoni erTze met gverds moicavs, saTauri aRar gaimeoroT Semdeg<br />
gverdebze. saTauris Semdeg ori xazi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT, sanam sityvebis<br />
Camoweras daiwyebT. Yyoveli axali sityvisa da frazis Semdeg erTi xazi<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>veT. sqema a.8 gviCvenebs leqsikonis nimuSs.<br />
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom terminebi anbanis mixedviT iyos<br />
dalagebuli marcxena mxares da wertiliT mTavrdebodes (zogjer or<br />
wertils an tiresac iyeneben). terminebi SegiZliaT, CaamuqoT an daxrili<br />
asoebiT daweroT, raTa gamoyoT isini. amis Semdeg modis Targmani an<br />
ganmarteba. misi pirveli sityvis pirveli aso mTavrulia da wertili<br />
mosdevs. Tumca, Tu ganmarteba mxolod erTi sityviT an mokle fraziT<br />
Semoifargleba, ar gamoiyenoT wertili. Tu ganmarteba erTze met xazs<br />
moicavs, naxevarinCiani abzaciT gamoyaviT gadatanili teqsti.<br />
551
edaqtirebis an kvlevis meTodi. Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an<br />
disertacia moiTxovs winaswar axsna-ganmartebas gamoyenebuli kvlevis<br />
meTodebis an redaqtirebis stilTan dakavSirebiT (rogoricaa, rogor<br />
gaakeTeT arCevani sxvadasxva teqstebidan), igi calke komponentad<br />
gamoyaviT. meTodis Sesaxeb, aseve, SesaZlebelia, mokled isaubroT<br />
SesavalSic. Tu mxolod imis Tqma gsurT, rom gamoyenebuli<br />
literaturidan aRebuli citatebis citirebis da mTavruli asoebis<br />
gamoyenebis modernizeba moaxdineT, igi SesavalSi SeitaneT an SeniSvnad<br />
CawereT pirveli citatis Semdeg.<br />
romauli cifrebiT danomreT yvela gverdi, sadac meTods aRwerT.<br />
pirvel gverds TavSi daawereT redaqtirebis an kvlevis meTodi. Tu es<br />
nawili erT gverdze metia, saTauri sxva gverdebze ar gaimeoroT.<br />
saTaursa da teqstis pirvel xazs Soris ori xazi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT. Aam<br />
nawilis teqstSi or-ori xazi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT da ise daaformateT, rom mTavar<br />
teqstTan Sesabamisi iyos.<br />
mokle mimoxilva. zogierTi universiteti da kaTedra moiTxovs, rom<br />
sadiplomi naSroms an disertacias hqondes mokle momoxilva, romelic<br />
mis mokle Sinaarss gvacnobs (zogjer mokle mimoxilvas calke<br />
dokumentad abarebineben). aseTi mimoxilva, savaraudod, Cabardeba<br />
gamosaqveyneblad disertaciebis mimoxilvebis saerTaSoriso gamocemas.<br />
am komponentis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT danomreT. pirveli<br />
gverdis TavSi, saTaurad gamoitaneT mokle mimoxilva. Tu mimoxilva<br />
erTze met gverds moicavs, saTauri aRar gaimeoroT Semdeg gverdebze.<br />
saTauris Semdeg ori xazi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT, sanam teqstis daweras daiwyebT.<br />
zogierT kaTedrasa da universitets mimoxilvis specifikuri modeli<br />
aqvs, romelsac zustad unda misdioT Sinaarsis, formatisa da teqstSi<br />
misi ganlagebis dacviT.<br />
a.2.2 teqsti<br />
naSromis teqsti moicavs yvelafers, rac wina da ukana gverdebs Sorisaa<br />
moTavsebuli. igi iwyeba SesavliT da mTavrdeba daskvniT. orive maTgani<br />
552
SeiZleba erT paragrafs ar aRematebodes an imdenad grZeli iyos, rom<br />
ramdenime gverds moicavdes. sadiplomo naSromSi an disertaciaSi,<br />
teqsti ramdenime Tavadaa dayofili, zogjer nawilebad, seqciebad da<br />
qveseqciebad. vrceli saklaso naSromebic SesaZloa, amgvarad iyos<br />
dayofili.<br />
vinaidan, teqstis didi nawili Tqveni kvlevis SedegebTan dakavSirebul<br />
paragrafebs moicavs, a.1-Si ganxiluli moTxovnebis garda, SeiZleba,<br />
arsebobdes TiTze CamosaTvleli formatirebis moTxovnebi. damatebiTi<br />
sakiTxi SeiZleba, mxolod is iyos, Tu rogor daaforma<strong>to</strong>T SeniSvnebi an<br />
frCxilebSi Casmuli miTiTebebi da rogor ganalagoT cxrilebi da<br />
sqemebi teqstSi.<br />
naSromis danomvra arabuli cifrebiT Tqveni teqstis pirvelive<br />
gverdidan daiwyeT.<br />
Sesavali. sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis umravlesoba iwyeba<br />
seqciiT, romelic mimoixilavs rogorc naSromis Sinaarss, ise, masSi<br />
mocemul argumentebs. es komponenti imdenad gamokveTilia, rom av<strong>to</strong>ri<br />
mas mTeli danarCeni naSromisgan gamoyofs (SinaarsSi unda Sevides<br />
proeqtis mimoxilva da nebismieri sakiTxi, romelic siaxled miiCneva am<br />
proeqtSi; ix. a.2.1). Tu aseTi SesavliT daiwyebT, pirvel gverds TavSi<br />
Sesavali daawereT. saTauri aRar gaimeoroT Semdeg gverdebze. saTauris<br />
Semdeg ori xazi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT, sanam teqstis daweras daiwyebT. Tu Sesavlis<br />
Sinaarsi naTlad gamokveTili ar aris danarCeni Tavebisgan, dafiqrdiT,<br />
xom ar ajobebs misi Setana pirvel TavSi.<br />
naSromis nawilebi. Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromis an disertaciis<br />
teqsts or an met nawilad dayofT, romelTaganac TiToeuli or an met<br />
Tavs moicavs, yvela nawili daiwyeT misi satitulo gverdiT. Tu pirveli<br />
nawilis satitulo gverdi moicavs Sesavals (maSinac ki, Tu Sesavals<br />
hqvia 1 Tavi), danomvrisas saTvalavSi gaiTvaliswineT, magram masze<br />
nomeri ar aRniSnoT im gamonaklisi SemTxvevis garda, romelic qvemoTaa<br />
mocemuli an im SemTxvevis garda, roca amas adgilobrivi instruqciebi<br />
553
moiTxovs. am gverds TavSi daawereT nawili da win nomeri miuwereT.<br />
adgilobrivi wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, nawilis nomeri aRniSneT an<br />
mTavruli romauli cifriT (II), an sityvierad (ori); Tavebi sxva stiliT<br />
danomreT. Tu nawils nomerTan erTad saTauric aqvs, da<strong>to</strong>veT erTi<br />
carieli xazi da dawereT igi ori xazis qvemoT.<br />
Tu nawilis satitulo gverdze waumZRvarebT teqsts, romelic mkiTxvels<br />
am nawilis Sinaars gaacnobs, maSin gverdi arabuli cifriT danomreT.<br />
ori xazi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT saTaursa da teqstis pirvel striqons Soris. Tu<br />
teqsti erT gverdze metia, ar gaimeoroT nawilis saTauri an nomeri<br />
Semdeg gverdebze.<br />
yvela nawilis satitulo gverdi erTnairad daaformateT: Tu erT<br />
nawils nomerTan erTad saTauric aqvs, maSin yvela nawils gaukeTeT<br />
saTauri; Tu erT nawils wamZRvarebuli aqvs teqsti, aseTi Sesavlis<br />
teqsti yvela nawilSi gaimeoreT.<br />
sur. a.9. Tavis pirveli gverdi. gadmobeWdilia fona forman barzilais<br />
nebarTviT, ,,adam smiti da TanagrZnobis wreebi” (sadoq<strong>to</strong>ro disertacia,<br />
Cikagos universiteti, 2001).<br />
554
Tavi 1<br />
konfliqturi me<br />
raoden RvarZliani unda iyos filosofia, romelic ar aZlevs adamianobas da megobrobas imave<br />
privilegiebs, rac uyoymanod ergo Surisa da brazis bnel vnebebs. aseTi filosofia ufro<br />
satiras hgavs, vidre adamianuri bunebis realur aRweras da SesaZlebelia, karg safuZvels<br />
qmnides paradoqsuli gonebamaxvilobisa da xumrobisTvis, Tumca, Zalian cudia nebismieri<br />
seriozuli argumentisTvis.<br />
--devid iumi, moralis principebTan dakavSirebuli msjeloba<br />
me-19 saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, adam smitis Sesaxeb kvlevebi mimoixilavs<br />
sakiTxebs, romlebic mis or umniSvnelovanes naSroms exeba. problema, romelic aqamde ,,adam<br />
smitis problemis” saxeliTaa cnobili, ikvlevs, rogor davakavSiroT erTmaneTTan moraluri<br />
sentimentebis Teoriis (1759) moralur-filosofiuri aqcenti TanagrZnobaze da erebis<br />
simdidris (1776) ekonomikuri aqcenti TviTinteresze. 1 Seesabameba es wignebi erTmaneTs Tu erTi<br />
meoris gagrZelebad SeiZleba, miviCnioT? da Tu ara, romelia maT Soris pirveli smitis<br />
TvalsazrisiT?<br />
rogorc SesavalSi vaxsene, smits uamravi ekonomisti da ekonomikis is<strong>to</strong>rikosi ikvlevs.<br />
Sedegi ki isaa, rom misi moraluri filosofia mudmivad subordinirebulia. 2 umravlesoba<br />
amtkicebda, rom TviT-interesma Caqola TanagrZnoba da did yuradRebas ar aqcevda, ramdenad<br />
iyo es ideebi gadajaWvuli Tavad smitis gonebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ,,smitis memkvidreobis”<br />
maTeuli Sefaseba radikalurad gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan, Cikagos skolis mecnierebi,<br />
rogorebic arian haiaki, fridmani, bekeri da aseve, marqsistebi, rogorebic arian makfersoni da<br />
dumonti, zogadad, Tanxmdebian, rom erebis simdidreSi smiti, ZiriTadad, adamianuri motivaciis<br />
materialistur, hobsianur orientacias mihyveba, romelic mxolod da mxolod Tanabrad, didi<br />
optimizmiT<br />
1. sasargeblo mimoxilvisTvis ixileT riCard TaiCgreber III ,,adam smitis problemis<br />
kidev erTi Sefaseba”, britaneTis Seswavlis sakiTxebis Jurnali 20. nomeri 2, (1981 gazafxuli):<br />
106-23<br />
2. ganxilvebisTvis ixileT donald uinCi, adam smitis politikis Sesavali:<br />
is<strong>to</strong>riografiuli mimoxilvis ese (kembriji; kembrijis universitetis presa, 1978), 1-27; da uinCi<br />
,,adam smiti da liberaluri tradicia”, liberalizmis tradiciebi.: eseebi jon lokis, adam<br />
smitis, job stiuart milis Sesaxeb, red. knud haakonseni (sidnei: damoukidebeli kvlevebis<br />
centri, 1998), 82-104.<br />
20<br />
555
gavlenis gamo. faq<strong>to</strong>brivad, demokratebi palataSi 1857 wlamde ver moxvdnen da<br />
kongresi, sadac Semcirebebze yvelaze meti gadawyvetileba miiRes, swored<br />
respublikelebis dominirebis qveS iyo. 66 mcire mSvidobismyofeli jaris mxardaWera<br />
gavrcelebuli ambavi gaxldaT, rogorc kongresSi, aseve, sazogadoebaSi.<br />
amerikelebs Soris antimilitaristuli tradicia, romelic atibelumis eraSi<br />
Camoyalibda, omis Semdgom eraSic SemorCa. 67 1865 wlis dekemberSi, mas Semdeg, rac<br />
prezidenti jonsoni kongresis winaSe sityviT gamovida, pro-respublikuri gazeTi<br />
“sinsinati deili qomerSali” werda:<br />
Zlieri armiis Senaxva mSvidobianobis dros arc Cvens erovnuli interess<br />
Seesabameba da arc Cveni mTavrobis principebs. albaT, armiis Sesanaxi<br />
uzarmazari Tanxebi yvelaze naklebi borotebaa. moqalaqeTa uzarmazari<br />
nawili <strong>to</strong>vebs mniSvnelovan profesiebs, maSin, roca maT SeeZloT,<br />
produqtiulebi yofiliyvnen. yovelive es, SfoTvas, ambiciebs da<br />
ukmayofilebas uwyobs xels. safuZveli eyreba erovnul RvarZlianobas da<br />
mtrobas, Cndeba dominan<strong>to</strong>bis da dapyrobis survili, romelic<br />
momakvdinebelia xalxis keTildReobisTvis. 68<br />
bevri respublikeli demokratebTan saerTo enas poulobda mSvidobianobis dros<br />
armiis SenaxvasTan dakavSirebiT. respublikelTa Soris bevri fiskaluri<br />
konserva<strong>to</strong>ri iyo; maT Soris iyvnen elihu uoSburni, uan uikis komitetis yofili<br />
wevri, romelic 1870 wels parizidan mis Zmas (aseve kongresmens) swerda<br />
vaSing<strong>to</strong>nSi, rom SeSfoTebuli iyo omis kontraq<strong>to</strong>rebis dajildoebiT. ,,imedi maqvs,<br />
Tqveni komiteti”, werda uoSburni, ,,yelze danas daadebs xarjvis nebismier<br />
mcdelobas, romelic absoluturad ar aris saWiro”. 69 miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
kongresmenTa umetesoba da maTi amomrCevlebi bunebrivad<br />
66. UUtley, Frontier Regulars, 59-68<br />
76. Marcus Cunliffe, Soldiers <strong>and</strong> Civilians: The Martial Spirit in America, 1775-1865 (Bos<strong>to</strong>n: Little, Brown<br />
& Co., 1968).<br />
68. Cincinnati Daily Commercial. December 16, 1865<br />
69. Elihu Washburne <strong>to</strong> C.C. Washburne, February 5, 1879, C.C. Washburne Papers, SHSW.<br />
sur. a.10. teqstis gverdi sqolioebiT. gadmobeWdilia mark r. uilsonis<br />
nebarTviT, ,,samoqalaqo omis biznesi: samxedro sawarmoebi, saxelmwifo<br />
da politikuri ekonomia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, 1850-1880”<br />
(sadoq<strong>to</strong>ro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 2002).<br />
556
141<br />
im mecnierebis daskvnebi, romlebic amtkiceben, rom socialur uzrunvelyofaze orientirebuli<br />
saxelmwifo kriziss gadaurCa (Pierson 1994; Piven <strong>and</strong> Cloward 1988; Schwab 1991; Ruggies 1996 ),<br />
aras<strong>and</strong>oa, Tu isini mxolod aseTi saxelmwifos pirvel segmentze saubroben, Zveli drois<br />
pensiebze: reiganis pozicia socialuri dacvis xarjebis SemcirebasTan dakavSirebiT imdenad<br />
arapopularuli iyo, rom man droulad aiRo xeli am iniciativaze da Sedegad socialuri<br />
dacvis xarjebi ara mar<strong>to</strong> SeinarCuna, aramed gazarda kidec. rogorc piersoni dawvrilebiT<br />
aRwers:<br />
socialur uzrunvelyofaze orientirebulma saxelmwifom sakuTari amomrCeveli<br />
gaiCina. is moqalaqeebic, visac ar uyvarT gadasaxadebis gadaxda, saocrad mijaWvuli<br />
arian saxelmwifo socialur uzrunvelyofas. is faqti, rom es socialuri programebi<br />
uzrunvelyofs koncentrirebul da pirdapir sargebels da amave dros gadanawilebul<br />
da xSirad arapirdapir xarjebs, maTi grZelvadiani politikuri sicoxlisunarianobis<br />
mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens (Pierson 1994, 2).<br />
ra Tqma unda, es simarTles Seesabameba mxolod im programebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic ar<br />
axdens sargeblis koncentraciasa da xarjebis gafantvas, ise, rogorc socialuri dacvis<br />
SemTxvevaSi. sawinaaRmdegosTan gvaqvs saqme im programebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebsac sargebeli<br />
moaqvs umciresobisTvis, umravlesobaze gadasaxadebis dawesebiT iseve, rogorc AFDC programis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, romelic avad Tu kargad, amerikis meore nawilis socialur uzrunvelyofaze<br />
orientirebuli saxelmwifos simbolo gaxda. reiganis administraciam moigeria pirveli<br />
gaficva AFDC–s winaaRmdeg, 1981 wlis omnibusis biujetis aqtiT (OBRA Rochefort 1986), romelmac<br />
Seamcira programaSi monawileTa raodenoba da drois limiti daawesa ,,30 da 1/3 wesze”. garda<br />
amisa, reiganma Seamcira kvebis Stampis programa, subsidirebuli sacxovreblebi, saskolo<br />
sadilis programa, bavSvTa zrunvisa da ojaxuri daxmarebis programa, saxelmwifo mentaluri<br />
janmrTelobisa da konsultaciebis programa, legaluri daxmareba da sxva mcire programebi<br />
(Trattner [1974] 1999).<br />
radgan es Semcirebebi ufro masStaburi ar iyo, aman bevr mecniers afiqrebina, rom<br />
konserva<strong>to</strong>rTa Semoteva ar iyo warmatebuli: ,,es programebi mniSvnelovnad farTo iyo 1985<br />
wels, vidre 1966 wels. reiganis revolucia Zalian patara iyo, Tu mas am is<strong>to</strong>riul konteqstSi<br />
ganvixilavT (Gottschalk 1988). es aris daskvna, romelsac<br />
sqema a.11. gverdi, romelSic frCxilebSi Casmuli miTiTebebia mocemuli,<br />
gadmobeWdilia monika prasadis nebarTviT, ,,Tavisufali bazris politika:<br />
neoliberaluri ekonomikuri politikis aRzeveba britaneTSi,<br />
safrangeTSi da SeerTebul StatebSi” (sadoq<strong>to</strong>ro disertacia, Cikagos<br />
universiteti, 2000).<br />
557
sur. 1. Leonce Reynaud, “Prison Mazas,” Traite d’ Architecture (1863), vol. 2, plate 58.<br />
mazas cixe, romelmac Secvala parizis foburgis wminda antuanis cixe, erT-erTi<br />
pirveli dawesebuleba iyo, sadac ganaxorcieles mTavrobis gankarguleba ujredovan<br />
dizainTan dakavSirebiT (ix. nax. 1) 35 . parizis prefeqtma moiwvia diuma, bosingo, lebloni da<br />
maTi kolegebi specialur komisiaSi, sadac cixis haeriT momaragebis mecnieruli st<strong>and</strong>arti<br />
unda SeemuSavebinaT. bevri cdis Sedegad, rogorc vnaxeT, maT gaakeTes saaTisebri figuris<br />
dizaini, romelic gaTvlili iyo aT kubur metr haerze erTi adamianisTvis. es st<strong>and</strong>arti<br />
miiRoO komisiam da gadawyda, rom mTavroba ventilaciis am sistemas airCevda.<br />
1850 wlis maisSi axali cixe gaixsna. bentamis panoptikons hqonda<br />
35. cixe moicavda ramdenime individualur dakavebis sakans, da La Roquette sakans<br />
axalgazrdebisTvis. maza aseTi farTo masStabis pirveli proeqti iyo safrangeTSi. Benjamin<br />
Appert, Bognes, prisons et criminals, 2 nd ed. (Paris: Guilbert, 1836), 1: 155<br />
sur. a.12. gverdi teqstiTa da sqemiT. gadmobeWdilia dana jin simonsis<br />
nebarTviT ,,minimaluri frangi: mecniereba da cxovrebis st<strong>and</strong>artebi,<br />
1840-1960” (sadoq<strong>to</strong>ro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 2004).<br />
234<br />
558
sur, a.13. horizontaluri gverdi. gadmobeWdilia naTaniel baum-snous<br />
nebarTviT, ,,eseebi mosaxleobis sivrcul ganawilebasa da dasaqmebaze”<br />
(sadoq<strong>to</strong>ro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 2005).<br />
559
Tavebi. sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis umravlesoba, iseve,<br />
rogorc bevri vrceli sakurso naSromi, ori an meti Tavisgan Sedgeba.<br />
TiToeuli Tavi axal gverdze iwyeba. gverdis dasawyisSi daawereT Tavi,<br />
Semdeg miawereT nomeri. SegiZliaT, danomroT arabuli cifrebiT (4) an<br />
sityvierad (meoTxe). Tu Tqveni Tema nawilebadacaa dayofili,<br />
TavebisTvis danomvris sxvanairi stili SearCieT (magaliTad, nawili II;<br />
Tavi meoTxe). Tu Tavs nomerTan erTad saTauric aqvs, es saTauri ori<br />
xaziT qvemoT dawereT, gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli xazis qvemoT. arc nomeri da arc<br />
saTauri ar gaimeoroT Tavis sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel<br />
xazs Soris ori xazi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT. suraTi a.9 gviCvenebs Tavis pirveli<br />
gverdis nimuSs epigrafiT (ix. 25.2.2).<br />
alternatiuli formati gulisxmobs, rom gamo<strong>to</strong>voT sityva Tavi da<br />
mxolod misi nomeri da saTauri daweroT, romlebic erT xazze<br />
moTavsdeba da ori wertiliT an maT Soris carieli adgiliT gamoiyofa.<br />
Tumca aseT formats nu gamoiyenebT, Tu Tqveni naSromi nawilebsac<br />
moicavs da Tavebsac, Tu ar asaTaurebT Tavebs an Tu aris mosalodneli,<br />
rom axali Tavi naSromis nebismier sxva nawilSi aerioT.<br />
seqciebi da qveseqciebi. sadiplomo naSromebSi, disertaciebsa da vrcel<br />
sakurso TemebSi, Tavebi SeiZleba, seqciebad iyos dayofili; seqciebi ki<br />
Tavis mxriv – qveseqciebad, da a.S. Tu Tqvens naSromSi, an masSi mocemul<br />
TavSi mxolod ramdenime seqciaa, SegiZliaT, seqciebs Soris danayofebi<br />
araformalurad miuTiToT paragrafebs Soris damatebiTi xazis<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>vebiT.<br />
Tu naSromSi an mis TavebSi formalurad gaakeTebT seqciebs, TiToeuli<br />
maTgani SegiZliaT, daasaTauroT, am saTaurebs qvesaTaurebsac uwodeben.<br />
SesaZloa, ramdenime donis qvesaTaurebi gqondeT, pirveli donis, meore<br />
donis da ase Semdeg. Tu Zalian grZel da kompleqsur naSroms ar<br />
amzadebT, kargad dafiqrdiT manam, sanam orze an samze meti donis<br />
qvesaTaurs gamoiyenebT. imis magivrad, rom mkiTxvels daexmaros,<br />
SeiZleba, amdenma qvesaTaurma piriqiT, xelic ki SeuSalos mas. nebismier<br />
doneze minimum ori qvesaTauri mainc unda gqondeT; Tu ar gaqvT, Tqveni<br />
dayofa SesaZloa, ar iyos logikuri.<br />
Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi instruqciebi qvesaTaurebTan dakavSirebiT raime<br />
specifikur wesebs ar gTavazobT, SegiZliaT, sakuTari tipografika da<br />
560
formati SeimuSaoT. qvesaTauris TiToeuli done Tanmimdevruli unda<br />
iyos da gansxvavdebodes yvela sxva donisagan. maRali donis<br />
qvesaTaurebi vizualurad ufro unda C<strong>and</strong>es, vidre dabali donisa.<br />
zogadad, qvesaTaurebi ufro kargad Cans, rodesac centrSi,<br />
gamsxvilebuli da daxrili SriftiTaa gamotanili an rodesac<br />
saTaurisTvis damaxasiaTebeli didi asoebis stiliTaa dawerili, vidre,<br />
roca marcxena mxares, Cveulebrivi SriftiT an winadadebisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli didi asoebis stiliTaa dawerili. qvesaTauris win da<br />
Semdeg, damatebiT gamo<strong>to</strong>veT erTi xazi; boloSi ar dausvaT wertili.<br />
gTavazobT sqemas xuTdoniani qvesaTaurebisTvis.<br />
• pirveli done: centrSi, gamsxvilebuli an daxrili SriftiT,<br />
saTaurisTvis damaxasiaTebeli stilis mTavruli asoebiT<br />
Tanamedrove xelovneba<br />
• meore done: centrSi, Cveulebrivi SriftiT, saTaurisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli stilis mTavruli asoebiT<br />
romelia ZiriTadi stili?<br />
• mesame done: marcxniv, gamsxvilebuli an daxrili SriftiT,<br />
saTaurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli stilis mTavruli asoebiT<br />
abstraqtuli eqspresionizmi<br />
• meoTxe done: marcxniv, romauli SriftiT, winadadebisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli stilis mTavruli asoebiT (es magaliTi<br />
qarTulad ar gamodis)<br />
ZiriTadi mxatvrebi da praqtikosebi<br />
• mexuTe done: iwyeba paragrafis dasawyisSi (ar moyveba<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>vebuli xazi), gamsxvilebuli an daxrili SriftiT,<br />
winadadebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli stilis didi asoebiT da boloSi<br />
wertiliT.<br />
poloki, rogorc lideri. wamyvani abstraqtuli eqspresionisti<br />
mxatvris roli jekson polokma moirgo...<br />
561
arasodes daamTavroT gverdi qvesaTauriT. teqsturi redaq<strong>to</strong>ri ise<br />
daayeneT, rom yvela saTauri momdevno paragrafze iyos mibmuli da Tu<br />
saWiroa, damatebiT erTi an ori xazi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT, raTa qvesaTauri<br />
gverdis TavSi iyos. sxvadasxva donis or qvesaTaurs Soris, romlebic<br />
erTadaa mocemuli ise, rom maT Soris ar aris teqsti, kidev erTi xazi<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>veT.<br />
SeniSvnebi da frCxilebSi mocemuli miTiTebebi. Tu sqolioSi miTiTebis<br />
stils iyenebT, ixileT 16.3, imis Taobaze, Tu rogor daaforma<strong>to</strong>T<br />
sqolioebi. suraTi a.10 gviCvenebs teqstis nimuSs sqolioebiT.<br />
Tu teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebis stils iyenebT, ixileT 18.3, sadac ganxilulia<br />
rogor daaforma<strong>to</strong>T frCxilebSi mocemuli miTiTebebi.<br />
cxrilebi da sqemebi. TuU Tqveni naSromi cxrilebs da sqemebs moicavs,<br />
ixileT 26-e Tavi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor daaforma<strong>to</strong>T cxrilebi,<br />
garkveuli tipis sqemebi da sqemebis warwerebi. aseve, ixileT a.3.1. imis<br />
Taobaze, Tu rogor CasvaT es elementebi Tqvens naSromSi. suraTi a.12<br />
gviCvenebs teqstis nimuSs, sadac sqemaa Casmuli da suraTi a.13 gviCvenebs<br />
horizontaluri cxrilis nimuSs.<br />
daskvna. sadiplomo naSromSi an disertaciaSi (zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki<br />
sakurso naSromSi), savaraudod, daskvnac geqnebaT, romelic sakmarisad<br />
didi iqneba imisaTvis, rom calke komponentad gamoyoT. Tu aseTi daskvna<br />
gaqvT, gverdis TavSi daawereT daskvna. ar gaimeoroT saTauri daskvnis<br />
sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel xazs Soris ori xazi<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>veT.<br />
SesaZlebelia, daskvna Tqveni naSromis bolo danomrili Tavi iyos, Tu<br />
gindaT, xazi gausvaT mis kavSirs Tqveni teqstis danarCen nawilTan. aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi, sityva daskvna, Tavis saTaurad aqcieT (ix. zemoT, gv. 397).<br />
a.2.3 bolo gverdebi<br />
Tqveni naSromis bolo gverdebi SeiZleba, Sedgebodes qvemoT CamoTvlili<br />
yvela an mxolod zogierTi komponentisgan, an sulac arcerT maTgans ar<br />
562
Seicavdes. universitetebi da kaTedrebi, rogorc wesi, miuTiTeben, ra<br />
TanmimdevrobiT unda dalagdes es komponentebi; Tu es ase ar xdeba,<br />
miyeviT im rigiTobas, rac qvemoTaa mocemuli. ukana gverdebi arabuli<br />
cifrebiT, erTmaneTis miyolebiT danomreT.<br />
ilustraciebi. Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (zog<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki Tqveni sakurso Tema) moicavs fo<strong>to</strong>ebs, rukebs an msgavsi<br />
tipis sqemebs, romlebic Tqveni TemisTvis SedarebiT naklebad<br />
relevanturia an zedmetad didia imisaTvis, rom teqstSi CasvaT (ix. 26.1.1),<br />
isini ukana gverdebis pirvel komponentad gadaitaneT. sxva tipis sqemebi,<br />
cxrilebi da grafikebi, romlebic am kriteriumebSi jdeba, danarTad<br />
unda iyos mocemuli; ixileT qvemoT.<br />
pirveli gverdis dasawyisSi daawereT ilustraciebi. ar gaimeoroT<br />
saTauri ilustraciebis sxva gverdebze. Tqvens naSromSi sqemebis<br />
CarTvasTan dakavSirebiT ufro meti informaciisTvis ixileT a.3.1.<br />
danarTebi. Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (zog SemTxvevaSi<br />
ki Tqveni saklaso Tema) moicavs mniSvnelovan masalas, romelic martivad<br />
ar moTavsdeba Tqvens ZiriTad teqstSi, es masala erT an ramdenime<br />
danarTSi SeitaneT ukana gverdebis nawilad (danarTebi Tavebis bolos<br />
ar daurToT).<br />
aseTi masalis magaliTia cxrilebi da sxvadasxva saxis sqemebi,<br />
grafikebi, romlebic Tqveni TemisaTvis an SedarebiT nakleb<br />
relevanturia, an Zalian didia teqstSi Casasmelad; ganrigebi da<br />
formebi, romlebic gamoiyeneT masalebis Sesagroveblad; dokumentebis<br />
qseroaslebi, romlebic ar aris xelmisawvdomi mkiTxvelisTvis; da<br />
situaciuri magaliTebi, romlebic zedmetad grZelia teqstSi Casasmelad.<br />
pirveli gverdis dasawyisSi daawereT danarTi. ar gaimeoroT saTauri<br />
danarTis sxva gverdebze, Tu igi erTze met gverds moicavs. saTaursa da<br />
teqstis pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT.<br />
Tu danarTSi mocemuli masala sxvadasxva tipisaa – magaliTad, cxrili<br />
da situaciuri magaliTi - maSin erTze met danarTad dayaviT. am<br />
563
SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli danarTi danomreT cifriT an asoTi da saTauric<br />
gaukeTeT. danomvra SegiZliaT, gaakeToT an arabuli cifrebiT (1, 2), an<br />
sityvierad (erTi, ori), an SegiZliaT, ubralod, anbanis asoebi<br />
gamoiyenoT Tanmimdevrulad (a, b). ricxvi an aso sityva danarTis Semdeg<br />
dasviT, saTauri ki momdevno xazze dawereT. (Tu Tqveni naSromi mxolod<br />
erTi danarTisgan Sedgeba, am SemTxvevaSic SegiZliaT saTauris gakeTeba,<br />
magram aq nomris an asos dawera saWiro aRar aris).<br />
Tu danarTi Tqveni sakuTari ganmartebiTi teqstisgan Sedgeba, teqstSi<br />
striqonebi ori xaziT daaSoreT erTmaneTTan da daaformateT ZiriTadi<br />
teqstis Sesabamisad. Tu igi mxolod pirveladi wyaros an situaciuri<br />
magaliTisgan Sedgeba, SeiZleba, teqstSi striqonebs Soris erTxaziani<br />
daSorebebi gaakeToT, gansakuTrebiT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu teqsti grZelia.<br />
damxmare masala, romelic ver SeZeliT, amobeWdili saxiT gqonodaT,<br />
magaliTad, monacemTa didi baza an multimediuri faili, aseve, danarTad<br />
gqondeT. daurTeT am masalis mokle aRwera da misi adgili, aseve, Tu<br />
arsebobs – hiperlinkic. gaecaniT adgilobriv instruqciebs formatisa<br />
da prezentaciis moTxovnebTan dakavSirebiT; aseve, ixileT a.3.1<br />
leqsikoni: Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (an zogierT<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni saklaso Tema) leqsikons saWiroebs (ix. a.2.1),<br />
SegiZliaT, igi ukana gverdebze moaqcioT, danarTebis Semdeg da<br />
SeniSvnebis, bibliografiisa da saxelTa saZieblis win. daicaviT yvela<br />
formatis moTxovnebi, rac a.2.1-Sia mocemuli, magram gaiTvaliswineT, rom<br />
Tu leqsikoni ukana gverdebzea, igi romauli cifrebis nacvlad, arabuli<br />
cifrebiT unda dainomros. suraTi a.8 gviCvenebs leqsikonis nimuSs<br />
(romelic daformatebulia wina gverdebze Sesatanad).<br />
SeniSvnebi. Tu sqolioSi miTiTebebis stils iyenebT, SegiZliaT,<br />
SeniSvnebi bolo gverdebis nawilad gauSvaT (ix. 16.3.4 SeniSvnebis<br />
daformatebisTvis). pirveli gverdis TavSi daawereT SeniSvnebi. ar<br />
gaimeoroT saTauri danarTis sxva gverdebze, Tu igi erTze met gverds<br />
564
moicavs. saTaursa da SeniSvnebis pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>veT, Tavad SeniSvnebs Soris ki _ erTi xazi. suraTi a.14 gviCvenebs<br />
bolo SeniSvnebis gverds im naSromis SemTxvevaSi, romelic Tavebad aris<br />
dayofili.<br />
Tuki teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebis stils iyenebT, SeniSvnebi ar geqnebaT.<br />
bibliografia da saZiebeli. Tu sqolioSi miTiTebis bibliografiis<br />
CarTva bolo gverdebSi mogiwevT. am komponentis sawyis gverds TavSi<br />
daawereT bibliografia. ar gaimeoroT saTauri bibliografiis sxva<br />
gverdebze, Tu igi erTze met gverds moicavs. saTaursa da teqstis<br />
pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT, Tavad bibliografiaSi<br />
mocemul erTeulebs Soris ki _ erTi xazi. suraTi a.15 gviCvenebs<br />
bibliografiis gverdis nimuSs.<br />
zogierTi saxis bibliografiis SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebuli saTauri unda<br />
gamoiyenoT, magaliTad - gamoyenebuli literatura. Tu bibliografias<br />
av<strong>to</strong>rebis mixedviT anbanurad ar daalagebT, win SeniSvna gaukeTeT,<br />
qvesaTauri (romelic Sesabamisad iqneba daformatebuli) an orive, raTa<br />
axsnaT struqtura. ix. 16.2 sxvadasxva variaciebisTvis.<br />
Tu teqs<strong>to</strong>brivi miTiTebis stils iyenebT, aucileblad unda daurToT<br />
saZiebeli ukana mxares. pirveli gverdis TavSi daawereT saZiebeli. ar<br />
gaimeoroT saTauri saZieblis sxva gverdebze, Tu igi erTze met gverds<br />
moicavs. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi<br />
gamo<strong>to</strong>veT, Tavad saZiebelSi mocemul erTeulebs Soris ki _ erTi xazi.<br />
suraTi a.16 gviCvenebs bibliografiis gverdis nimuSs.<br />
iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saZiebels av<strong>to</strong>rebis mixedviT anbanurad ar<br />
alagebT (ix. 18.2.1), TavSi gaukeTeT SeniSvna, qvesaTauri (romelic<br />
Sesabamisadaa daformatebuli) an orive, struqturis gansamartad.<br />
565
a.3. Cabarebis moTxovnebi<br />
a.3.1. Tqveni failebis momzadeba<br />
eleqtronuli failebis marTvisa da momzadebisTvis ramdenime rCevis<br />
gamoyeneba dagexmarebaT, Tavi aaridoT problemebs da nebismieri<br />
situaciisTvis gasagebi, kargad daformatebuli naSromi waradginoT. es<br />
instruqciebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, Tu naSromi eleqtronuli<br />
formiT unda CaabaroT (ix. a.3.3).<br />
failis marTva. SeecadeT maqsimalurad SeamciroT monacemebis<br />
dakargvisa an gafuWebis riski.<br />
• moamzadeT Tqeni naSromi erT eleqtronul failad, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, Tu ra sididisaa is. erT failTan muSaoba saSualebas<br />
gaZlevT, moZebnoT da cvlilebebi ganaxorcieloT globalurad,<br />
aseve, danomvra gaakeToT av<strong>to</strong>maturad (magaliTad, sqolioebis<br />
danomvra) da aRweroT stili Tanmimdevrulad (ix. qvemoT).<br />
naSromebi, romlebic eleqtronulad bardeba, yovelTvis erT<br />
failad unda iyos.<br />
• fails martivi da logikuri saxeli daarqviT. Tu droTa<br />
ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva versia geqnebaT, Tanmimdevrulad daarqviT<br />
saxelebi (magaliTad, yovelTvis daamTavreT ricxviT), rom<br />
sxvadasxva versiebi ar agerioT.<br />
• moerideT failze muSaobas erTze meti tipis programuli<br />
uzrunvelyofiT. erTi programidan meoreSi gadatana yovelTvis<br />
moicavs Secdomebisa da monacemTa dakargvis risks, maSinac ki,<br />
rodesac st<strong>and</strong>artul teqstur redaq<strong>to</strong>rSi muSaobT.<br />
• faili xSirad SeinaxeT TiToeuli weriTi sesiis dros.<br />
• TiToeuli weriTi sesiis Semdeg informaciis sarezervo asli<br />
SeinaxeT ramdenime adgilas. Tqveni adgilobrivi myari diskis<br />
garda, SeinaxeT adgilobriv qselSic (Tu aseTi gaqvT) an calke<br />
Sesanax mowyobilobaSi, magaliTad CD-ze.<br />
• amobeWdeT faili manam, sanam Temis Cabarebis ricxvi moaxlovdeba.<br />
kargad daakvirdiT, raime xarvezi ar iyos kompiuteruli<br />
uzrunvelyofis gamo, magaliTad, SeiZleba, Tqveni printeri ver<br />
cnobdes garkveul simboloebs da cudad amoibeWdos. amonabeWds<br />
566
,,pirveli versia” daarqviT da SeinaxeT, sanam bolo versias<br />
CaabarebT. gamouval mdgomareobaSi (rogoricaa kompiuteris<br />
gafuWeba an seriozuli virusiT dabinZureba) SegiZliaT, es versia<br />
gamoiyenoT, raTa daamtkicoT, rom pirveli versia namdvilad<br />
gqondaT.<br />
teqstis komponentebi: Tqveni teqstis yvela komponenti<br />
warmoadgineT gasagebad da Tanmimdevrulad:<br />
• teqstis TiToeuli komponenti Tanmimdevrulad daaformateT, maT<br />
Soris Cveulebrivi teqsti, vrceli citatebi, sqolioebi da<br />
TiToeuli tipis saTauri da qvesaTauri. Tanmimdevrulobis<br />
dasacavad yvelaze efeqturi gzaa, TiToeuli komponentisTvis<br />
gansazRvroT da gamoiyenoT garkveuli stili (maT Soris, Srifti,<br />
mTavruli asoebi, pozicia da a.S.) programuli uzrunvelyofis<br />
funqciebis saSualebiT.<br />
• Tqveni teqsturi redaq<strong>to</strong>ris saSualebiT teqsti marcxena mxares<br />
gaaTanabreT (da<strong>to</strong>veT ,,araTanabari” marjvena mxare) da ar<br />
gamoiyenoT av<strong>to</strong>maturi gadatana (ix. 20.4.1).<br />
• gaakeTeT specialuri simboloebi an ZiriTadi klaviSebis<br />
gamoyenebiT, an simbolos Sriftidan. specialuri aRmniSvnelebi<br />
(rogoricaa berZnuli asoebi, maTematikuri simboloebi da<br />
paragrafebi an seqciis niSnebi) gaakeTeT simbolos Sriftidan.<br />
• moerideT ferad Srifts. im SemTxvevaSic, Tu Temas ferad<br />
printerze amobeWdavT, mogvianebiT SeiZleba, Sav-TeTr printerze<br />
dabeWdoT da feri kargad aRar gadavides.<br />
• formulebi da gan<strong>to</strong>lebebi, Tu SesaZlebelia, gan<strong>to</strong>lebebis<br />
redaq<strong>to</strong>ris saSualebiT gaakeTeT. Tu ara, isini relevantur<br />
programaSi gaakeTeT da Tqvens teqstSi imijebis saxiT CasviT<br />
(ixileT qvemoT). imijsa da teqsts Soris, sul mcire, erTi xazi<br />
mainc gamo<strong>to</strong>veT (Tu, ra Tqma unda, teqsti moyveba), rogorc zemoT,<br />
aseve, qvemoT.<br />
cxrilebi. gamoiyeneT programuli uzrunvelyofa gasagebi,<br />
fokusirebuli da relevanturi cxrilebis Sesaqmnelad.<br />
567
• cxrilebi Tqveni teqsturi redaq<strong>to</strong>ris cxrilebis redaq<strong>to</strong>rSi<br />
gaakeTeT, Tu aris amis SesaZlebloba. Tu ara, maSin eqselis<br />
failSi gaakeTeT da CasviT Tqvens teqstSi, rogorc cxrili,<br />
romelic ar aris mibmuli romelime failze. daaformateT mis<br />
garSemo arsebuli teqstis Sesabamisad. ixileT 26-e Tavi cxrilis<br />
struqturis, formatis da teqstSi misi ganlagebis Taobaze.<br />
• cxrilis nomeri da misi saTauri cxrilis Tavze dasviT (ix. 26.2.2).<br />
saTauri cxrilis mTel siganeze gaagrZeleT da ar gamoyoT<br />
abzaciT gadatana. cxrilis saTauri SeiZleba, ufro patara<br />
SriftiT iyos dawerili, vidre teqstis Srifti. gaecaniT Tqvens<br />
adgilobriv miTiTebebs.<br />
• sqolioebi (Tu, ra Tqma unda, gaqvT) moaTavseT cxrilis bolo<br />
xazs qvemoT, erTi xazis gamo<strong>to</strong>vebiT. sqolioebi ufro patara<br />
SriftiT unda iyos dabeWdili, vidre danarCeni teqsti; gaecaniT<br />
adgilobriv instruqciebs amasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
• sul mcire erTi xazi mainc gamo<strong>to</strong>veT cxrilis saTaursa da mis<br />
zemoT arsebul nebismier teqsts Soris, aseve, cxrilis<br />
damaboloebel xazsa (an bolo sqolios) da mis qvemoT arsebul<br />
nebismier teqsts Soris. Tu cxrili gverdis zeda nawilSi an<br />
boloSia, miiyvaneT zeda an qveda areebamde.<br />
• moerideT Crdilebs, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca grZeli an<br />
kompleqsuri cxrilebi gaqvT (ix. 8.3.2). aseve, moerideT ferebs. im<br />
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqven naSroms ferad printerze beWdavT.<br />
mogvianebiT, SeiZleba, is Sav-TeTr printerze amobeWdon da Tu<br />
disertaciaa, am SemTxvevaSi mikrofirebzec SesaZloa, rom Seinaxon.<br />
aseT SemTxvevebSi, Crdilebi da ferebi kargad ar jdeba. Tu<br />
Crdilebs mainc iyenebT, darwmundiT, rom igi cxrilis teqsts ar<br />
faravs, ar gamoiyenoT bevri sxvadasxvagvari Crdili. gaecaniT<br />
adgilobriv instruqciebs rezoluciasa da masTan dakavSirebul<br />
maxasiaTeblebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
• gaimeoreT saTauris sveti da yvela svetis saTauri (ix. 26.2)<br />
mravalgverdiani cxrilis yovel gverdze. cxrilis nomeri dawereT<br />
“gagrZelebul” xazze yvela gverdze pirveli gverdis Semdeg,<br />
marcxena mxares, daxrili SriftiT (cxrili 2-is gagrZeleba).<br />
cxrilis bolo xazi gamo<strong>to</strong>veT yvela gverdze, bolo gverdis<br />
garda.<br />
568
• cxrilisTvis, romelic mTlian gverds ikavebs an horizontaluria,<br />
daicaviT st<strong>and</strong>artuli veli (ix. 16.1.2). ar daama<strong>to</strong>T Cveulebrivi<br />
teqsti im gverdze, romelzec cxrili furclis horizontalurad<br />
aris ganTavsebuli. cxrilis saTauri dasviT furclis<br />
horizontalurad an vertikalurad. gverdi Sesabamisad danomreT.<br />
• iseTi cxrili, romlis warmodgena beWduri saxiT SeuZlebelia,<br />
magaliTad, cxrili, romelSic sakmaod bevri monacemia, naSroms<br />
danarTad daurTeT (ix. a.2.2).<br />
sqemebi. darwmundiT, rom Tqveni grafikebi advilad ikiTxeba,<br />
zustia da mizanmimarTuli.<br />
• Tu SesaZlebelia, grafikebi da diagramebi teqsturi redaq<strong>to</strong>ris<br />
saSualebiT aageT. sxva SemTxvevaSi, igi Sesabamis programaSi<br />
SeqmeniT da teqstSi CasviT, rogorc gamosaxuleba. daaformateT<br />
mis garSemo arsebuli teqstis Sesabamisad. ixileT 26-e Tavi<br />
cxrilis tipTan, formatsa da teqstSi mis ganTavsebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT.<br />
• fo<strong>to</strong>ebi, rukebi da sxva tipis sqemebi teqstSi gamosaxulebebis<br />
saxiT CasviT. Tu romelime maTgani mxolod beWduri saxiT gaqvT,<br />
daaskanereT, Tu aris amis SesaZlebloba da ise CasviT teqstSi,.<br />
gamosaxulebebi, romlebic darTulia Tqveni naSromis beWdur<br />
variantze, qseroaslis gadaRebis dros cudad gamodis da aseve, ar<br />
iqneba im versiaSi, romelsac eleqtronulidan amobeWdaven.<br />
• sqemis nomeri da warwera gaakeTeT sqemis qveda xazze (ix. 26.3.2).<br />
(mxolod musikis magaliTebis SemTxvevaSi gaakeTeT nomeri da<br />
warwera sqemis zeda xazze). warwera sqemis srul siganeze<br />
gaayoleT da abzaciT ar gamoyoT gadatana. Tu areebs Soris<br />
manZili sakmarisi ar aris, rogorc sqemis, aseve, warwerisTvis,<br />
warwera uaxloesi wina gverdis teqstis boloSi gaakeTeT (an Tu<br />
aucilebelia, TavSi). sqemis warwerebi SeiZleba, ufro patara<br />
SriftiT gaakeToT Tqvens mTavar teqstTan SedarebiT; gaecaniT<br />
adgilobriv monacemebs.<br />
• am gverdze da<strong>to</strong>veT sul mcire erTi carieli xazi sqemasa da mis<br />
zemoT arsebul teqsts Soris; aseve, warwerasa da teqsts Soris<br />
sqemis qvemoT. Tu sqema gverdis TavSi an boloSia moTavsebuli,<br />
miiyvaneT zeda an qveda areebamde.<br />
569
• moerideT Crdilebs da ferebs im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqven naSroms<br />
ferad printerze beWdavT. mogvianebiT is SeiZleba Sav-TeTr<br />
printerze amobeWdon da Tu disertaciaa, SeiZleba, mikrofirebzec<br />
Seinaxon. aseT SemTxvevebSi, Crdilebi da ferebi kargad ar jdeba.<br />
Tu Crdilebs mainc iyenebT, darwmundiT, rom igi cxrilis teqsts<br />
ar faravs, ar gamoiyenoT bevrnairi Crdili, radgan igi garkveviT<br />
ar Cans.<br />
• gaecaniT adgilobriv instruqciebs rezoluciasa da masTan<br />
dakavSirebul maxasiaTeblebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
• sqemisTvis, romelic mTlian gverds ikavebs an horizontalurad<br />
aris ganTavsebuli, daicaviT st<strong>and</strong>artuli veli (ix. 16.1.2). ar<br />
daama<strong>to</strong>T Cveulebrivi teqsti im gverdze, romelzec sqema<br />
horizontaluradaa mocemuli. sqemis saTauri dasviT furclis<br />
horizontalurad an vertikalurad. gverdi Sesabamisad danomreT.<br />
• iseTi sqema, romlis warmodgena beWduri saxiT SeuZlebelia,<br />
magaliTad, multimediis faili, SeinaxeT calke da naSroms<br />
danarTad daurTeT (ix. a.2.3).<br />
a.3.2. amobeWdili versiis Cabareba<br />
Tu sakurso naSroms abarebT, es procedura SeiZleba, sakmaod martivi<br />
iyos da mxolod erTi versiis amobeWdvas da instruq<strong>to</strong>risTvis<br />
Cabarebas moicavdes. Tumca, aseve, SeiZleba, mogTxovon misi<br />
eleqtronuli formiT Cabareba (ix. a.3.3) an misi ramdenime aslis<br />
gadacema ramdenime individisTvis (Tqveni klaselebis an sxva<br />
maswavleblebisTvis). zustad daicaviT instruqciebi da yovelTvis<br />
SeinaxeT rogorc amobeWdili, aseve, eleqtronuli versia. yvela asli<br />
zustad unda edrebodes originals.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom furclis orive mxares beWdva furcels<br />
dagizogavT da teqnologiuradac sirTules ar warmoadgens,<br />
instruq<strong>to</strong>rebis umetesobisTvis ufro advilia, waikiTxon da<br />
komentarebi gaakeTon erT mxares amobeWdil teqstze. Tu gansxvavebul<br />
570
instruqcias ar miiRebT, naSromi furclis erT mxares amobeWdili<br />
CaabareT.<br />
moTxovnebi sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebisTvis ufro<br />
mkacria, vinaidan aseTi naSromebi, didi albaTobiT, akinZuli an<br />
eleqtronuli formiT Seinaxeba universitetSi an, SesaZloa,<br />
disertaciebis gare sacavSi. manam, sanam Cabarebis dro mova, gaecaniT<br />
Tqveni kaTedris an universitetis konkretul miTiTebebs, Tu ra formiT<br />
unda CaabaroT naSromi (amobeWdili, eleqtronuli versia Tu orive),<br />
ramdeni asli unda CaabaroT da raime dokumentebi xom ar aris<br />
mosawesrigebeli an Sesavsebi manam, sanam naSroms CaabarebT. Tu amis<br />
SesaZlebloba geqnebaT, sTxoveT universitetis kompetentur<br />
TanamSromels, gadaxedos Tqvens naSroms formatis kuTxiT manam, sanam<br />
saboloo versias CaabarebT.<br />
TiTqmis yvela kaTedra da universiteti moiTxovs sadiplomo<br />
naSromi da disertacia ramdenime variantad CaabaroT gansakuTrebuli<br />
tipis qaRaldze amobeWdili. aseTi qaRaldi, rogorc wesi, unda iyos 81/ 2<br />
X 11 inCi (amerikul universitetebSi) da didi xnis manZilze unda<br />
inaxebodes, rac imas niSnavs, rom qaRaldis SemadgenlobaSi mJava ar<br />
unda iyos. Tu adgilobriv instruqciebSi ar weria, rogori unda iyos<br />
qaRaldi, daicaviT amerikuli biblioTekis asociaciis rekomendacia,<br />
romlis mixedviTac unda airCioT oci paundis wonis, Ph-neitraluri<br />
qaRaldi, romelsac aweria ,,buferuli” da minimum 2 procent tutes<br />
Seicavs. yvela qaRaldi, romelsac ,,disertaciebis qaRalds” uwodeben am<br />
kategoriaSi ar gadis, ami<strong>to</strong>m kargad gaigeT ra tipis qaRalds gTxoven,<br />
sanam amobeWdvas daiwyebT.<br />
universitetebis umetesobas erTi an ramdenime aslebis gadamRebi<br />
centri aqvs, kampusze an kampusisgan moSorebiT. am centrebSi kargad<br />
ician, ra tipis qaRaldi dagWirdebaT disertaciebisTvis. marTalia, maTi<br />
momsaxureba cota ufro Zviri SeiZleba dajdes Tqvenive amobeWdilTan<br />
SedarebiT, magram, samagierod, amcirebT imis risks, rom Tqvens Temas<br />
571
daiwuneben furclis araswori SerCevis an amobeWdvis xarvezis gamo.<br />
aslebis gadamRebi centris TanamSromlebi, rogorc wesi, formatTan<br />
dakavSirebul xarvezebs, rogoricaa areebi, ar akvirdebian. ami<strong>to</strong>m,<br />
darwmundiT, rom Tqveni Tema formatis Yyvela moTxovnas akmayofilebs<br />
manam, sanam amobeWdvas daiwyebT. kargad SeamowmeT aslebi manam, sanam<br />
aslebis gadamReb centrs da<strong>to</strong>vebT da acnobeT iq momuSave personals,<br />
Tu raime problemas SeamCnevT.<br />
a.3.3 eleqtronuli failebis Cabareba<br />
bevri kaTedra da universiteti moiTxovs sadiplomo naSromis an<br />
disertaciis eleqtronuli saxiT Cabarebas, zog SemTxvevaSi ki _<br />
eleqtronuli da amobeWdili saxiT. aseve, sakurso naSromebis<br />
SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba, moiTxovos instruq<strong>to</strong>rma eleqtronuli failis<br />
Cabareba.<br />
gaecaniT adgilobriv instruqciebs teqnikuri specifikaciebisTvis<br />
da moiTxoveT daxmareba karga xniT adre, sanam Temis Cabarebis dro mova.<br />
Tu gTxoven, rom naSromi PDF formatiT CaabaroT, darwmundiT, rom<br />
Srifti mibmulia failze da ar Seicvleba, raTa SeinarCunoT naSromis<br />
garegnuli saxe da formati. SeamowmeT, rom yvela hiperlinki sworadaa<br />
Casmuli. Tu teqstSi ilustraciebic gaqvT, gamosaxulebis rezolucia da<br />
sxva maxasiaTeblebi imisda mixedviT gansazRvreT, Tu rogor<br />
gamoiyeneben naSroms (daarqiveben, dabeWdaven, internet sivrceSi<br />
ganaTavseben Tu sxva). sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis ofisSi<br />
an Tqvens xelmZRvanelTan gadaamowmeT, rogor CaabaroT iseTi masala,<br />
romelic sakmaod mozrdilia, magaliTad, monacemTa didi baza an<br />
multimediis failebi.<br />
572
cxrilebis da diagramebis danarTi<br />
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ბიბლიოგრაფია<br />
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