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<strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> <strong>instituti</strong><br />

<strong>Shota</strong> <strong>Rustaveli</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> <strong>of</strong> Georgian Literature<br />

1

Literary Researches<br />

28<br />

2007<br />

2

literaturuli Ziebani<br />

28<br />

2007<br />

3

edaqtori<br />

maka elbaqiZe<br />

saredaqcio kolegia<br />

ivane amirxanaSvili<br />

amiran arabuli<br />

Tamaz vasaZe<br />

mariam karbelaSvili<br />

nona kupreiSvili<br />

Tamar lomiZe<br />

saredaqcio sabWo<br />

manana kvaWantiraZe<br />

helen kuperi (kembriji, sapatio wevri)<br />

gaga lomiZe<br />

irma ratiani (Tavmjdomare)<br />

revaz siraZe<br />

gaga SurRaia (romi, sapatio wevri)<br />

rusudan ColoyaSvili<br />

rostom CxeiZe<br />

elguja xinTibiZe<br />

pasuxismgebeli mdivani<br />

soso tabucaZe<br />

literaturuli Ziebani, 27, 2006<br />

redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi,<br />

merab kostavas q. 5.<br />

telefoni: 99-63-84<br />

faqsi: 99-53-00<br />

E-mail: litinst@lit<strong>instituti</strong>.ge<br />

Editor<br />

Maka Elbakidze<br />

Editorial Board<br />

Ivane Amirkhanashvili<br />

Amiran Arabuli<br />

Tamaz Vasadze<br />

Mariam Karbelashvili<br />

Nona Kupreishvili<br />

Tamar Lomidze<br />

Editorial Council<br />

Manana Kvachantiradze<br />

Helen Cooper (Cambridge, Honorary member)<br />

Gaga Lomidze<br />

Irma Ratiani<br />

Revaz Siradze<br />

Gaga Shurgaia (Rome, Honorary member)<br />

Rusudan Cholokashvili<br />

Rostom Chkheidze<br />

Elguja Khintibidze<br />

Responsible Editor<br />

Soso Tabutsadze<br />

Literary Researches 27, 2006<br />

Address: 0108, Tbilisi<br />

M. Kostava str. 5<br />

Tel.: 99-63-84<br />

Fax: 99-53-00<br />

E-mail: litinst@lit<strong>instituti</strong>.ge<br />

4

Sinaarsi<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> sasuliero-saeklesio<br />

mwerloba<br />

darejan menabde<br />

Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis Zeglebi<br />

germanul enaze<br />

(`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da `ninos cxovreba~)<br />

irina nacvliSvili<br />

JamTaaRmwerlis „aswlovani matianis“<br />

bibliuri wyaroebisaTvis<br />

goCa kuWuxiZe<br />

`wmida SuSanikis martvilobis~ arqetipis<br />

aRdgenisaTvis<br />

lali ruxaZe<br />

sikvdil-sicocxlis urTierTmimarTebis<br />

problema da V-XVIII saukuneebis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

mwerloba<br />

saba-firuz metreveli<br />

„wmida gobronis martvilobis“<br />

saxismetyvelebis zogierTi aspeqti<br />

maia maWavariani<br />

hagiografiuli paradigmebi wm. dimitris<br />

wamebisa da Sesxmis mixedviT<br />

lia wereTeli<br />

`ese ars naTesavi qarTvelTaÁ~<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> saero da sakaro<br />

mwerloba<br />

maia naWyebia<br />

moraluri gmiris Zieba qarTulი da<br />

evropuli barokos literaturaSi<br />

rusTvelologiuri kvlevani<br />

boris darCia<br />

vis gamoeqca tarieli?<br />

nana gonjilaSvili<br />

`amas hgvandes, odes erTgan muSTar, zual<br />

Seiyarnes...~<br />

lia gugunava<br />

qristianuli mrwamsi `hamletsa~ da<br />

`vefxistyaosanSi~<br />

XIX saukune: epoqa da literatura<br />

julieta gaboZe<br />

qarTveli mecenatebi da akakis sicocxlis<br />

bolodroindeli gamocemebi<br />

eka vardoSvili<br />

Tamar mefis xateba XIX saukunis qarTul<br />

poeziaSi<br />

nino kaxaSvili<br />

al. yazbegis `mTis Tavisuflebis simbolo~<br />

8<br />

12<br />

17<br />

20<br />

25<br />

32<br />

37<br />

47<br />

52<br />

56<br />

66<br />

75<br />

80<br />

85<br />

Contents<br />

Georgian Religious<br />

Literature<br />

Darejan Menabde<br />

Old Georgian Literary Monuments in the<br />

German Language (Moktsevai Kartlisai and<br />

The Life <strong>of</strong> Saint Nino)<br />

Irina Natsvlishvili<br />

The Biblical Sources <strong>of</strong> The Chronicle <strong>of</strong> One<br />

Hundred<br />

Gocha Kuchukhidze<br />

For "Martyrdom Saint Shushanik"Archetypes<br />

Restoration<br />

Lali Rukhadze<br />

Life and Death Parading In Georgian<br />

Hagiography in V-XIII Centuries<br />

Saba-Piruz Metreveli<br />

Some Image Aspects <strong>of</strong> ,,Marthyrdom <strong>of</strong> St.<br />

Gobroni“<br />

Maya Machavariani<br />

Hagiographic Paradigms According to the<br />

Martyrdom and Praise <strong>of</strong> St. Demetrios<br />

Lia Tsereteli<br />

"A Man Related to the Gedregeans"<br />

Georgian Courtly and Secular<br />

Literature<br />

Maia Nachkebia<br />

Search for Moral Hero in Georgian and<br />

European Baroque Literatures<br />

<strong>Rustaveli</strong> Studies<br />

Boris Darchia<br />

From Whom Tariel Has Escaped<br />

Nana Gonjilashvili<br />

"They were indeed like the planets Jupiter and<br />

Saturn united…"<br />

Lia Gugunava<br />

Christian Belief in `Hamlet~ and<br />

`Vepkhistkaosani~<br />

XIX Century: Epoch and Literature<br />

Juli Gabodze<br />

Georgian Maecenases and Akaki's Last<br />

Editions<br />

Eka Vardoshvili<br />

The Imaging <strong>of</strong> Queen Tamar in the Georgian<br />

Poetry <strong>of</strong> XIX century<br />

Nino Kakhashvili<br />

Symbol <strong>of</strong> “Freedom <strong>of</strong> Mountain” in<br />

Aleksandre Kazbegi’s Creative Work<br />

5

ilia _ 170<br />

merab RaRaniZe<br />

ilia WavWavaZis `osmalos saqarTvelo~:<br />

erovnuli erTianobis koncefcia<br />

rusudan kusraSvili<br />

poema `aCrdilis~ SemoqmedebiTi<br />

istoriisaTvis<br />

qeTevan niniZe<br />

Tanamedrove samoqalaqo faseulobebi<br />

ilia WavWavaZis publicistur teqstebSi<br />

XX saukunis mwerloba<br />

venera kavTiaSvili<br />

musika, rogorc galaktionis<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedveloba<br />

Tea beriZe<br />

mzis paradigma ana kalandaZis<br />

SemoqmedebaSi<br />

TinaTin gavaSeli<br />

`iuloni~ _ saxarebiseuli STagonebiT<br />

nasazrdoebi piesa<br />

miTosi. rituali. simbolo<br />

zaza kvercxiSvili<br />

zRapris mTavar gmirTa (a)moraluri saxe<br />

nestan ratiani<br />

saxeli, mamis saxeli da heliosis kultis<br />

ugulebely<strong>of</strong>a (solaruli kultis<br />

naSTebi homerosis `odiseaSi~)<br />

dalila bedianiZe<br />

kidev erTxel `nacarqeqias~ Sesaxeb<br />

Tamar gogolaZe<br />

zRapari, igavi da mxatvruli teqsti<br />

poetikuri kvlevani<br />

Tamar barbaqaZe<br />

leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebi me-20 saukunis<br />

90-iani wlebis presaSi<br />

literaturuli meridianebi<br />

naTela Citauri<br />

dakvirvebani XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

emigrantuli mwerlobis Taviseburebebze<br />

polemika<br />

bondo arvelaZe<br />

somxuri lapidaruli warwerebi<br />

saqarTveloSi<br />

amagdarni<br />

maia jaliaSvili<br />

sulis tkivili<br />

gamoTxoveba oTar CxeiZesTan<br />

axali wignebi<br />

93<br />

100<br />

104<br />

109<br />

114<br />

120<br />

125<br />

136<br />

142<br />

148<br />

152<br />

162<br />

167<br />

169<br />

172<br />

Ilia _ 170<br />

Merab Ghaghanidze<br />

„Ottoman Georgia“ by Ilia Chavchavadze:<br />

The Conseption <strong>of</strong> the National Unity<br />

Rusudan Kusrashvili<br />

For the Creative History <strong>of</strong> the Narrative<br />

Poem "The Phantom"<br />

Ketevan Ninidze<br />

Contemporary Civil Values in Ilia<br />

Chavchavadze's Publicity<br />

XX Century Literature<br />

Venera Kavtiashvili<br />

Music as Galaktion's Weltanschauung<br />

Tea Beridze<br />

The Paradigm <strong>of</strong> Sun in Ana Kalandadze's<br />

Creative Works<br />

Tinatin Gavasheli<br />

"Iuloni" - Play Inspired by Gospel<br />

Mythology. Ritual. Symbol<br />

Zaza Kvertskhishvili<br />

The Amoral Image <strong>of</strong> Fairy Tale Main<br />

Characters<br />

Nestan Ratiani<br />

Proper Name, Patronymic and Rejection <strong>of</strong> the<br />

Cult <strong>of</strong> Helios (Remnants <strong>of</strong> the Solar Cult in<br />

Homer`s “Odyssey”)<br />

Dalila Bedianidze<br />

Once Again About "Lazy-bones"<br />

Tamar Gogoladze<br />

Fairy-tale, Fable and Literary Text<br />

Poetical Studies<br />

Tamar Barbakadze<br />

Prosody issues in Periodicals in 1990-ies<br />

Literary Meridians<br />

Natela Chitauri<br />

Tendencies <strong>of</strong> XX century Georgian Emigrant<br />

Writing<br />

Polemics<br />

Bondo Arveladze<br />

Armenian Lapidar Inscriptions in Georgia<br />

Maya Jaliashvili<br />

Ache <strong>of</strong> Soul<br />

New Books<br />

Honoured<br />

6

<strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong><br />

<strong>instituti</strong>s samecniero publikaciebis stili<br />

175<br />

Style <strong>of</strong> Academic Publications in <strong>Shota</strong><br />

<strong>Rustaveli</strong> <strong>Institute</strong> <strong>of</strong> Georgian Literature<br />

7

<strong>qarTuli</strong> sasuliero-saeklesio mwerloba<br />

Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis Zeglebi germanul enaze<br />

(`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da `ninos cxovreba~)<br />

darejan menabde<br />

germaniaSi XVIII saukunis 80-iani wlebidan gaCnda interesi <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong>admi.<br />

araerTi mecnieri _ i. adleri, f. alteri, i. adelungi, f. bodenStedti, a. laisti, i. Seri, a.<br />

baumgartneri, f. finki, o. hauzeri, a. baumStarki da sxv. _ Seexo saqarTvelos istoriis,<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturisa da mwerlobis sakiTxebs (reviSvili 1977: 144-187). erT-erTi yvelaze<br />

adrindeli gamokvleva 1897 wels daibWda fraiburgSi _ aleqsandre baumgartneris `ms<strong>of</strong>lio<br />

<strong>literaturis</strong> istoriis~ ortomeuli, romelSic calke Tavadaa gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili `<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literatura~ (baumgartneri 1897: 256-268). wignis sqolioebidan irkveva, rom avtors<br />

usargeblia m. broses, a. laistisa da d. baqraZis SromebiT. a. baumgartneri gadmogvcems<br />

uZveles cnobebs mirianis mefobis dros saqarTveloSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis<br />

gavrcelebis Sesaxeb.<br />

1911 wels gamoqveynda anton baumStarkis naSromi `<strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura~, romelSic<br />

mimoxilulia <strong>qarTuli</strong> sasuliero mwerloba. aq sxva qarTvel wmindanebTan erTad ixsenieba<br />

wminda nino, rogorc qarTveli xalxis ganmanaTlebeli, xolo Cveni mwerlobis uZveles ZeglTa<br />

Soris dasaxelebulia `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~, romelic, a. baumStarkis SefasebiT, `uZvirfasesi<br />

wyaroa erovnuli istoriis adrindeli saukuneebis Sesaswavlad~ (baumStarki 1911: 99-110).<br />

gerhardt deetersis azriT ki, <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis dasawyisi warmarTobis dacemas da<br />

qristianobis gavrcelebas unda ukavSirdebodes (deetersi 1963: 129-155) da a. S.<br />

germaniaSi, germanul enaze, ibeWdeboda ara mxolod germanel, aramed iq moRvawe<br />

qarTvel mecnierTa gamokvlevebic.<br />

saqarTveloSi qristianuli religiis gavrcelebasa da wminda ninos misionerul<br />

moRvaweobas exeba cnobili saeklesio moRvawis, Teologis, istorikosisa da filologis miqel<br />

TarxniSvilis (1897-1958) germanul enaze gamoqveynebuli naSromebi, romlebSic didi adgili<br />

eTmoba saqarTvelos eklesiisa da sasuliero mwerlobis istoriis Seswavlas.<br />

Tavis gamokvlevebSi m. TarxniSvili cdilobda evropeli mecnierebisa da, saerTod,<br />

dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis gaecno saqarTvelos eklesia, kultura, istoria da<br />

literatura. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa misi erT-erTi adrindeli naSromi `Das Christentum in<br />

Georgien~ (`qristianoba saqarTveloSi~) (TarxniSvili 1936), romelSic mimoxilulia<br />

saqarTvelos eklesiis ganviTarebis gza. werilSi warmoCenilia wm. ninos istoriuli roli<br />

saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebaSi da misi adgili saqarTvelos istoriaSi. m.<br />

TarxniSvili iqve aRniSnavda, rom `...RvTivkurTxeuli moRvaweobis Semdeg wm. nino<br />

gardaicvala qalaq bodbeSi, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac igi qristes sjuls qadagebda,<br />

da iqve iqna dakrZaluli. mis saflavs dRemde did pativs scemen. qarTulma eklesiam wm. ninos<br />

miakuTvna sapatio saxeli `mociqulTa swori~. mis xsenebas dResaswauloben 14 ianvars.<br />

RvTisadmi da Tavisi xalxisadmi mxurvale siyvarulis niSnad wm. ninom dagvitova wminda jvari,<br />

romelsac dResac Tayvans scemen morwmuneni Tbilisis sakaTedro taZarSi~ (TarxniSvili 1994:<br />

33).<br />

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia m. TarxniSvilis naSromebi `wminda ninos legenda da <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

erovnuli Segnebis istoria~ (1940) da `wminda nino, qarTlis ganmanaTlebeli~ (1953),<br />

romlebSic mkvlevarma araerTi saintereso sakiTxi wamoWra.<br />

werilSi `Die Legende der heiligen Nino und die Gesichte des georgischen Nationalbewußtseins~ (`wminda<br />

ninos legenda da <strong>qarTuli</strong> erovnuli Segnebis istoria~) (TarxniSvili 1940: 40-75; TarxniSvili<br />

1994. 104-132), ganixilavs ra qarTul da ucxour wyaroebSi dacul cnobebs wm. ninos Sesaxeb,<br />

avtori askvnis, rom wm. nino istoriuli pirovnebaa da `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ cnobebi<br />

sinamdviles Seesabameba. m. TarxniSvilis sityviT, `ninos bedi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli<br />

qarTveli eris bedTan. Zvelma warmarTulma Sexedulebam, romlis mixedviTac monisa da qalis<br />

mniSvneloba damdablebuli iyo, nino raRac drois ganmavlobaSi ukana planze gadaswia, magram<br />

gamoRviZebulma religiur-erovnulma TviTSegnebam, romelmac qristianul moZRvrebaSi<br />

adamianTa Tanasworobisa da qalis RirsebisaTvis mniSvnelovani dasayrdeni hpova, igi kvlav<br />

dagvibruna da masTan erTad XII s-is `oqros xana~ gvaCuqa~ (`wminda ninos legenda...~ 1994: 132).<br />

iqve mkvlevari ganixilavs n. maris, s. kakabaZis, i. javaxiSvilis, k. kekeliZisa da p. peetersis<br />

calkeul mosazrebebs da ayalibebs sakuTar Sexedulebebs.<br />

naSromSi `Die heilige Nino, Bekehrerin von Georgien~ (`wminda nino — qarTlis ganmanaTlebeli~)<br />

(TarxniSvili 1953: 572-581; TarxniSvili 1994: 299-308) m. TarxniSvili upirispirdeba somex<br />

8

mecniers n. akinians, romelsac tendenciuri mosazrebebi hqonda qarTlis gaqristianebasa da<br />

ninos moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

m. TarxniSvilis monawileobiT germanul enaze gamoica kidev erTi wigni _ `nino<br />

mociquli~. wignis gamomcemeli iyo nikoloz janeliZe (1921-1993), m. TarxniSvilis erT-erTi<br />

mowafe, SemdgomSi hamburgisa da kilis universitetebis leqtori. n. janeliZem hamburgis<br />

axlos, qalaq itcehoeSi, daaarsa gamomcemloba `saqarTvelo~ (`georgiSe ferlag<br />

`saqarTvelo~), sadac araerTi <strong>qarTuli</strong> wignis Targmani daibeWda germanul enaze (`<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

zRaprebi~, 1974; `vefxistyaosnis~ Semoklebuli prozauli gardaTqma — l. pepe-gegelaSvilTan<br />

erTad, 1984 da sxv.) am gamomcemlobaSi 1961 wels germanul enaze daibeWda wigni `Die Apostolin<br />

Nino~ (`nino mociquli~) (`nino mociquli~ 1961: 53), romelsac, rogorc g. SaraZe wers,<br />

safuZvlad daedo `cxovrebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa netarisa<br />

ninoÁsi~ (SaraZe 1991: 485). ai, ras iuwyeboda `kavkasionSi~ gamoqveynebuli mokle anotacia<br />

germanuli gamocemis Sesaxeb: `yvela wigns Tavisi daniSnuleba aqvs. nikoloz janeliZes<br />

ganuzraxavs da ganuxorcielebia kidec germanelebisaTvis miewodebia nimuSi imisa, Tu<br />

saqarTvelo dasavleTis kulturasTan rogor iyo gadabmuli, da kerZod, qristianobis<br />

meoxebiT. am nimuSad mas gamoyenebuli aqvs Txroba wmida ninos Sesaxeb, rac kargad aris<br />

cnobili qarTul religiur-mwerlobaSi da <strong>literaturis</strong> istoriaSi: `cxorebaÁ da<br />

moqalaqobaÁ Rirsisa da mociqulTa sworisa netarisa ninoÁsi~, sadac moTxrobilia moqcevaÁ<br />

qarTlisaÁ, anu gaqristianeba misi wmida ninos mier. dasaxelebul germanul wignakSi<br />

gadmocemulia ambavi wmida ninosi. germanulad teqstis dadgenaSi nikoloz janeliZes<br />

moxmarebia gansvenebuli qarTveli mecnieri mixeil TarxniSvili. wignaki dasuraTebulia:<br />

wmida nino, wmida giorgi (romelic imperator diokletianes hklavs), qarTvelTa mefe miriani,<br />

da sveticxoveli. nikoloz janeliZes Tavisi wvlili Seutania <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis<br />

evropielTaTvis gacnobis saqmeSi da es kargi saqmea, _ saqebi saqme!~ (kavkasioni 1964: 140).<br />

n. janeliZis mier gamocemuli wignakis Sedarebam `ninos cxovrebis~ redaqciebTan<br />

dagvarwmuna, rom aRniSnuli Targmanis safuZvelia XIII saukunis ucnobi avtoriseuli redaqcia<br />

`wm. ninos `cxovrebisa~.<br />

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da leonti mroveliseuli `ninos cxovreba~ germanul enaze<br />

Targmna germanelma qarTvelologma, ienis universitetis pr<strong>of</strong>esorma gertrud peCma (1910-<br />

1993). g. peCi iyo enaTmecnieri, aRmosavlur enaTa specialisti, 1937 wels daicva disertacia<br />

Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> zmnis Sesaxeb (qse 1984: 52), xolo 1961 wels ienis fridrix Sileris saxelobis<br />

universitetSi daaarsa kavkasiur enaTa centri (<strong>qarTuli</strong>... : 82). paralelurad g. peCi ikvlevda<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> sakiTxebsac. man werilebis cikli uZRvna rusTvelsa da mis poemas<br />

(rusTveli... 1976: 246-279), vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebas (peCi 1973: 22), germanulad Targmna k.<br />

gamsaxurdias `didostatis marjvena~ (peCi 1977: 26) da sxv.<br />

amjerad CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa g. peCis mier Targmnili ori uZvelesi<br />

Txzuleba _ `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da `ninos cxovreba~, romlebzec qvemoT sagangebod<br />

SevCerdebiT.<br />

1975 wels parizSi gamomaval JurnalSi `bedi qarTlisa~ (`reviu de karTveloloJi~)<br />

gamoqveynda `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ germanuli Targmani, Sesrulebuli gertrud peCis mier<br />

(peCi 1975: 288-337). Targmanis sruli saTauria `Die Bekehrung Georgiens. Mokcevay Kartlisay (Verfasser<br />

unbekannt)~. Targmani moicavs 47 gverds, axlavs mTargmnelis orgverdiani winasityvaoba. esaa<br />

maRal doneze Sesrulebuli mecnieruli Targmani, romlis avtori winasityvaobaSi cdilobs,<br />

germanulenovan mkiTxvels naTeli warmodgena Seuqmnas teqstsa da mis problematikaze;<br />

saubrobs `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ Satberdul da WeliSur xelnawerebze, qronologiaze,<br />

gamocemebsa da gamomcemlebze (e. TayaiSvili, s. yubaneiSvili...). iqve mokled mimoxilulia<br />

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ Sesaxeb arsebuli samecniero literatura (i. javaxiSvili, k. kekeliZe, p.<br />

ingoroyva, m. lorTqifaniZe...) da TxzulebasTan dakavSirebuli sxva istoriulliteraturuli<br />

problemebi. g. peCi sagangebod msjelobs saqarTveloSi qristianobis<br />

gavrcelebaze, wm. ninos misioneruli moRvaweobis mniSvnelobasa da ninos kultis<br />

aRmocenebaze (peCi 1975: 288-290).<br />

winasityvaobidanve irkveva, rom Targmani Sesrulebulia `Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> agiografiuli<br />

<strong>literaturis</strong> Zeglebis~ I tomisa da e. TayaiSviliseuli <strong>qarTuli</strong> da rusuli gamocemebis<br />

safuZvelze (peCi 1975: 289), amasTanave, mTargmnels gamouyenebia sulxan-saba orbelianis<br />

`leqsikoni <strong>qarTuli</strong>~, <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni da sxv. (peCi 1975: 290). dasasrul,<br />

g. peCi madlobiT moixseniebs qarTvel kolegebs (n. babunaSvili, m. lorTqifaniZe, m. SaniZe),<br />

romlebmac daxmareba gauwies `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ germanul enaze TargmnaSi.<br />

g. peCis Targmanis originalTan Sedareba cxady<strong>of</strong>s, rom es aris `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~<br />

Satberduli redaqciis sityvasityviTi Targmani, Sesrulebuli maRali pr<strong>of</strong>esionalizmiTa da<br />

kompetenturobiT. Targmans axlavs mozrdili sqolioebi, romlebSic Satberduli redaqciis<br />

nakluli adgilebi Sevsebulia WeliSuri redaqciis TxrobiT. sqolioebSi aseve mocemulia<br />

teqstis gansxvavebuli variantebi, ganmartebebi da komentarebi. <strong>qarTuli</strong>dan germanul enaze<br />

gadatanilia bibliur wyaroTa miTiTebebic, rac kidev ufro sruly<strong>of</strong>il warmodgenas uqmnis<br />

mkiTxvels `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ teqstze. sworadaa Targmnili pirTa da geografiuli<br />

9

saxelebi, msgavsad originalisa, Targmanic day<strong>of</strong>ilia Tavebad da qveTavebad ∗ : Kapitel 1 _<br />

[Tavi: a:] (peCi 1975: 290-301); Kapitel 2 `Als aber im Glauben an die heilige Dreifaltigkeit ihren Lauf zu Ende<br />

brachte~ _ [Tavi: b:] `xolo odes daasrula srbaÁ TÂsi sarwmunoebasa zeda wmidisa samebisasa~<br />

(peCi 1975: peCi 1975:); Kapitel 3, `Das Leben der heiligen Nino~ _ [Tavi: g:] `cxorebaÁ wmidisa ninoÁsi~<br />

(peCi 1975: 302-304); Kapitel 4 `von derselben Salome von Užarma aufgezeichnet~ _ [Tavi: d:] `aRwerili<br />

misve salome uJarmelisaÁ~ (peCi 1975: 307-311); Kapitel 6 `Die Ankunft der heiligen Nino in Mcxeta,<br />

aufgezeichnet von derselben Salome von Užarma~ _ [Tavi: v:] `mowevnaÁ wmidisa ninoÁsi mcxeTad,<br />

aRwerili misive salome uJarmelisaÁ~ (peCi 1975: 311-314); _ Kapitel 7 `Das eine Jüdische Frau mit<br />

Namen Sidonia, die Tochter des Priesters Abiatar, aufgezeichnet hat~ _ [Tavi: z:] `romeli aRwera dedakacman<br />

huriaman, saxeliT sidonia, asulman abiaTar mRdelisaman~ (peCi 1975: 315-318); Kapitel 8 `von<br />

derselben Frau Sidonia erzählt~ _ [Tavi: À:] `Tqumuli sidoniaÁsive dedakacisaÁ~ (peCi 1975: 318-320);<br />

kapitel 9 `Von derselben erzählt~ _ [Tavi: T:] `Tqumuli misive~ (peCi 1975: 320-324); Kapitel 11 `Von<br />

derselben erzählt~ _ [Tavi: ia:] `Tqumuli misive~ (peCi 1975: 324-325); Kapitel 12 `das Abiatar berichtete,<br />

der zuvor Priester im Iudenviertel von Mcxeta war und die Taufe unter der Hand Ninos empfing~ — [Tavi: ib:]<br />

`romeli Tqua abiaTar, romeli iyo pirvel mRdeli baginsa Sina huriaTa mcxeTas da naTel-iRo<br />

Ãelsa Sina ninoÁssa~ (peCi 1975: 325-328); Kapitel 13 `über das verehrungswürdige Kreuz, worüber Iakob<br />

geschrieben hat~ _ [Tavi: ig:] `patiosnisa juarisaTÂs, romeli aRwera iakob~ (peCi 1975: 328-330);<br />

Kapitel 14 `Die Aufrichtung des verchrungswürdigen Kreuzes und danach eine weitere Erscheinung~ _ [Tavi: id:]<br />

`aRmarTebaÁ patiosnisa juarisa mcxeTisaÁ da merme kualad gamoCinebaÁ~ (peCi 1975: 330-334);<br />

Kapitel 15 `Der Brief, den König Mirean von Kartli, in der Stunde seines Todes schrieb. Er liess ihn durch die Hand<br />

des Erzbisch<strong>of</strong>s Iakob schreiben und übergab ihn Salome von Užarma, die in Wahrheit über alles unterrichtet war~ _<br />

[Tavi: ie:] `wigni, romeli dawera mirean mefeman qarTlisaman Jamsa sikudilisasa. aRwera ÃeliTa<br />

iakob mTavarepiskoposisaÁTa da misca salomes uJarmelsa, Zis colsa TÂssa, romeli mecnier<br />

iyo yovelsave WeSmaritad~ (peCi 1975: 334-337); `Das Vermächtnis König Mireans an seinen Sohn Rev und<br />

an seine Gemahlin Nana~ _ `anderZi mirean mefisaÁ Zisa TÂsisa mimarT revisa da colisa TÂsisa<br />

nanaÁsa~ (peCi 1975: 337).<br />

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ teqstze xangrZlivi muSaobis periodSi g. peCma specialuri<br />

statiac dabeWda Tsu SromaTa krebulSi _ `zogierTi nominaluri funqciis<br />

gansazRvrebisaTvis `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ teqstSi~ (peCi 1971: 125-138).<br />

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ Targmnis Semdeg gertrud peCi kidev didxans muSaobda qarTul<br />

saistorio wyaroebze. amisi dasturia 1985 wels laifcigSi dastambuli, mSvenivrad<br />

gaformebuli xuTasgverdiani wigni `Das Leben Kartlis~ (`qarTlis cxovreba~) germanul enaze<br />

(peCi 1985). wigns darTuli aqvs g. peCis sakmaod vrceli winasityvaoba, romliTac igi waradgens<br />

saqarTvelos ucxoeli mkiTxvelis winaSe (peCi 1985: 5-50). pirveli, rac TvalSi sacemia am<br />

winasityvaobis gacnobisas, aris didi siTbo da siyvaruli saqarTvelosadmi. avtori mkiTxvels<br />

uambobs im qveynis Sesaxeb, romelic kavkasionis qedsa da Sav zRvas Soris mdebareobs, rogorc<br />

sazRvari evropasa da azias, qristianobasa da islams Soris...<br />

winasityvaobaSi met-naklebad aRwerilia saqarTvelos istoriis umniSvnelovanesi<br />

peripetiebi. Semdeg avtori uSualod exeba `qarTlis cxovrebasa~ da mis avtorebs.<br />

winasityvaoba dainteresebul mkiTxvels sakmaod srul warmodgenas uqmnis saqarTveloze,<br />

amzadebs mas uZvelesi matianeebis gasacnobad.<br />

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ germanuli Targmanis Sedgeniloba amgvaria ∗∗ : Leonti Mroveli, [Erster<br />

Teil:] `Leben der kartwelischen Könige~ (leonti mroveli, [nawili pirveli:] `cxovreba qarTuelTa<br />

mefeTasa~) (peCi 1985: 51-130); [Zweiter Teil:] `Die Bekehrung Könige Mirians und ganz Kartlis durch unsere<br />

heilige und selige Mutter, die Apostelin Nino~ ([nawili meore:] `moqceva mirian mefisa da mis Tana<br />

yovlisa qarTlisa wmidisa da netarisa dedisa Cuenisa nino mociqulisa mier~) (peCi 1985: 131-<br />

199); `Dshuanscher, `Das Leben Wachtang Gorgassals~ (juanSeri, `cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa~) (peCi<br />

1985: 201-318); Leonti Mroveli, `Das Martyriam des heiligen und rühmenswerten Blutceuged Artschil, der König<br />

von Kartli war~ (leonti mroveli, `mefe qarTlisa arCili~) (peCi 1985: 318--322); `Die Chronik Kartlis~<br />

(`matiane qarTlisa~) (peCi 1985: 323-394); `Leben des König der Könige, David~ (`cxovreba mefeTmefisa<br />

daviTisi~) (peCi 1985: 395-446); `Die Chronik aus der Zeit Georg Laschas~ (`laSa giorgisdroindeli<br />

matiane~) (peCi 1985: 447-457); Ssumbat, Sohn Davids, `Leben und Chronik der Bagratiden~<br />

(sumbat daviTis-Ze, `cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa~) (peCi 1985: 459-481). wigns darTuli<br />

aqvs istoriuli TariRebis qronologia, pirTa da geografiul saxelTa ganmarteba-<br />

∗ aq da Semdeg `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ Tavebis saxelwodebebi damowmebulia wignidan: Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

agiografiuli <strong>literaturis</strong> Zeglebi, wigni I (V-X ss.), `mecniereba~, Tb.: 1964.<br />

∗∗ aq da Semdeg leonti mrovelis `ninos cxovrebis~ Tavebis saxelwodebebi damowmebulia wignidan: qarTlis<br />

cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba<br />

`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1955.<br />

10

komentarebi (peCi 1985: 483-492), romlebic germanulenovan mkiTxvels daexmareba `qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis~ teqstis ukeT gagebaSi.<br />

leonti mrovelis `ninos cxovreba~ germanul TargmanSi, originalis msgavsad, calke<br />

Tavadaa gamoy<strong>of</strong>ili: `Die Bekehrung König Mirians und ganc Kartlis durch unsere heilige und selige Mutter, die<br />

Apostelin Nino~ (`moqceva mirian mefisa da mis Tana yovlisa qarTlisa wmidisa da netarisa dedisa<br />

Cuenisa nino mociqulisa mier~) (peCi 1985: 131-187; qarTlis cxovreba: 72-130). amTaviTve unda<br />

aRvniSnoT, rom `ninos cxovreba~, iseve, rogorc mTlianad `qarTlis cxovreba~, srulad aris<br />

Targmnili germanul enaze. g. peCi mimarTavs uzustesi samecniero Targmanis gzas da ara<br />

gardaTqma-perifrazirebas. germanuli teqsti TiTqmis sityvasityviT mihyveba originals,<br />

mTargmneli ar amaxinjebs pirTa saxelebsa da toponimebs, zogjer, <strong>qarTuli</strong> gamocemis<br />

safuZvelze, bibliur pirvelwyaroebsac uTiTebs (peCi 1985: 143-144). originalis msgavsad,<br />

germanuli Targmanic Seicavs qveTavebs: `Erzählung des Priesters Abiathar, der ein Iüngen der seligen Nino<br />

war~ (`Tqmuli abiaTar mRdelisa, romeli daemowafa wmidasa da netarsa ninos~) (peCi 1985: 151-<br />

153); `Erzählung desselben Priesters Abiathar über das Gewand unseres Herrn Iesus Christus~ (`Tqmuli misive<br />

abiaTar mRdelisa kuarTisaTÂs uflisa Cuenisa ieso qristesisa~) (peCi 1985: 153-163); `Erzählung<br />

der Frau Sidonia, die eine Anhängerin Ninos war, die die wunderbare Bekehrung König Mirians erlebte und<br />

aufschrieb, und das Niederfallen vor Nino mit dem Bekenntnis zu Christus, die Aufrichtung des Kreuzes, den<br />

Kirchenbau und die Wunder darin~ (`Tqmuli sidonia dedakacisa, romeli iyo mowafe ninosi, romeliese<br />

ixila da daiwera moqceva saswauliTa mirian mefisa, da Sevrdoma ninosi aRsarebisaTÂs<br />

qristesisa, juarisa aRmarTebisaTÂs, eklesiaTa aRSenebisaTÂs da mas Sina saswaulTa misTaTÂs~<br />

(peCi 1985: 163-166); `Erzählung derselben über den Kirchenbau~ (`Tqmuli misive aRSenebisaTÂs<br />

eklesiisa~) (peCi 1985: 166-174); `Űber die Aufrichtung des verehrungswürdigen Kreuzes~ (`aRmarTebisaTÂs<br />

patiosnisa juarisa~) (peCi 1985: 175-180); `Der Brief den der Patriarch von Ostrom und der König der<br />

Brandshen an Nino und König Mirian und das ganze Volk von Kartli schrieben~ (`wigni, romeli mouwera<br />

patriarqman hromisaman da branjTa mefeman ninos da mefesa mirians da yovelsa ersa<br />

qarTlisasa~) (peCi 1985: 181-187).<br />

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ peCiseul Targmanze vrceli recenzia gamoaqveyna l. bregaZem,<br />

romelmac Targmani specialurad Seudara originals da zogierTi uzustobac gamoavlina.<br />

magram, miuxedavad amisa, igi wers: `ucxoeli mTargmnelis mier `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mTeli<br />

pirveli tomis Targmna da gamocema, udavod, didi gabedulebaa da amgvari saqmis<br />

wamowyebisaken mxolod sagnis didi siyvaruli Tu ubiZgebs adamians. es dasafasebelia. amitom,<br />

ramdeni SeniSvnac unda gvqondes am naSromis mimarT, xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom gakeTda didi<br />

saqme, romlis TandaTan sruly<strong>of</strong>a amieridan gansakuTrebul siZneles aRar warmoadgens~<br />

(bregaZe 1987).<br />

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ teqstze muSaobas ukvalod ar Cauvlia _ saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

kargi codna gamovlinda g. peCis ara mxolod am Targmanis winasityvaobaSi, aramed sxva<br />

naSromebSic: `<strong>SoTa</strong> rusTveli da misi dro~, `RvTis xati da adamianis saxe rusTvelis<br />

`vefxistyaosanSi~ (rusTveli... 1976: 249-279) da sxv.<br />

wm. ninos saxeli araerTxel ixsenieba ienis universitetis pr<strong>of</strong>esoris hainc fenrixis<br />

wignSi `Die Georgische Literatur~ (`<strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura~) (fenrixi 1981). es aris <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

<strong>literaturis</strong> mokle mimoxilva dasabamidan me-20 saukunis <strong>literaturis</strong> CaTvliT. naSromis<br />

meore TavSi `Frühfeadale Literatur~ (`adrefeodaluri xanis literatura~) (fenrixi 1981: 35-41)<br />

ixsenieba saqarTvelos eklesiis araerTi wmindani: evstaTi mcxeTeli, abo Tbileli, grigol<br />

xanZTeli... da maTi cxovreba-wamebis amsaxveli nawarmoebebi. avtoris sityviT, `wminda ninos<br />

cxovrebisa da qarTveli mefis mirianis dros gaqristianebis ambebia gadmocemuli<br />

hagiografiul ZeglebSi `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ da `nino kabadokielis cxovreba~. ninom<br />

daaxloebiT 350 wels gaaqristiana saqarTvelo, ris Semdegac misi cxovreba bevr TxzulebaSia<br />

aRwerili. moRweulia xuTi Zveli varianti, romelTagan uZvelesia Satberduli redaqcia,<br />

romelic me-10 saukuneSi Seiqmna~ (fenrixi 1981: 39-40). miuxedavad zogierTi uzustobisa,<br />

aRniSnul wignSi qarTlis gaqristianebisa da wm. ninos misioneruli moRvaweobis Sesaxeb<br />

mocemuli cnobebi garkveul interess imsaxurebs.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

baumgartneri 1897: Baumgartner A. Geschichte der Weltliteratur. Freiburg: 1897.<br />

baumStarki 1911: Baumstark A. Die georgische Literatur. Die christliche Literaturen des Orients. Sammlung Göschen, II,<br />

Leipzig: 1911.<br />

bregaZe 1987: bregaZe l. `qarTlis cxovreba~ germanulad. gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 23. I. 1987.<br />

deetersi 1963: Deeters G. Georgische Literatur, in Handbuch der Orientalistik, erste Abteilung. Der Nahe und der Mittlere<br />

Osten, siebenter Band. Leiden-Köln: 1963.<br />

TarxniSvili 1936: Tarchnishvili M. Das Christentum in Georgien. Der Christliche Orient in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. 1,<br />

1936. Munchen, #1, #2.<br />

TarxniSvili 1940: Tarchnishvili M. Die Legende der heiligen Nino und die Geschichte des georgischen Nationalbewußtseins.<br />

Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 40. 1940.<br />

11

TarxniSvili 1951: Tarchnishvili M. Georgia. Enciclopedia Cattiloca. Firenze. 6, Città del Vaticano: 1951.<br />

TarxniSvili 1953: Tarchnishvili M. Die heilige Nino, Bekehrerin von Georgien. Analeeta Ordinis Saneti Basili Magni. Rom:<br />

1953.<br />

TarxniSvili 1994: TarxniSvili m. werilebi. seria: <strong>qarTuli</strong> eklesiis istoria (masalebi da gamokvlevebi).<br />

krebuli Seadgina da gamokvleva daurTo T. ZubburiZem. I. `kandeli~, Tb.: 1994.<br />

`kavkasioni~ 1964: `kavkasioni~, IX, parizi: 1964.<br />

`nino mociquli~ 1961: Die Apostelin Nino. Eine georgische Legendengestalt. Herausgegeben von Nikolos Dschanelidse.<br />

Itzehoe in Hollstein, 1961.<br />

peCi 1971: peCi g. zogierTi nominaluri funqciis gansazRvrebisaTvis `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ teqstSi. Tsu<br />

Sromebi, 2(140) (germanul enaze), 1971.<br />

peCi 1973: Pätsch G. Washa-Pschawela und der Realismus. - `Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der FSU~, 22, 1973.<br />

peCi 1975: Pätsch G. Die Bekehrung Georgiens. Bedi Kartlisa. Revue de Kartvelologie, vol. XXXIII, Paris: 1975.<br />

peCi 1977: Pätsch G. K. Gamsachurdia 1893-1975. - `Georgien Wissen. Zeitschrift der FSU~, 26, 1977.<br />

peCi 1985: Pätsch G. Das Leben Kartlis. Eine Chronik ans Georgien, 300-1200. Herausgegeben von Gertrud Pätsch. Leipzig:<br />

1985.<br />

reviSvili 1977: reviSvili S. <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> germaneli mkvlevarebi. wignSi: germanul-<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

etiudebi. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1977.<br />

rusTveli... 1976: rusTveli ms<strong>of</strong>lio literaturaSi. I (Semdgenlebi: l. menabde, n. orlovskaia, S.<br />

reviSvili, d. fanCuliZe). Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1976.<br />

fenrixi 1981: Fähnrich H. Die Georgische Literatur (Ein überblich). Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1981.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba... 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.<br />

yauxCiSvilis mier. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1955.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong>... 2003: <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura evropul mecnierebaSi (e. xinTibiZis redaqciiT). Tb.:<br />

`qarTvelologi~, 2003.<br />

qse 1984: <strong>qarTuli</strong> sabWoTa enciklopedia. VIII, Tb.: 1984.<br />

SaraZe 1991: SaraZe g. ucxoeTis cis qveS. I, Tb.: `merani~, 1991.<br />

Zeglebi 1964: Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> agiografiuli <strong>literaturis</strong> Zeglebi. wigni I (V-X ss.). Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1964.<br />

Old Georgian Literary Monuments in the German Language<br />

(Moktsevai Kartlisai and The Life <strong>of</strong> Saint Nino)<br />

Summary<br />

Darejan Menabde<br />

The present study is <strong>of</strong> the bibliographic character. In it scholarly studies published about Moktsevai<br />

Kartlisai („The Conversion <strong>of</strong> Kartli“) and The Life <strong>of</strong> Saint Nino in German translations, journals and<br />

newspapers are gathered. The interest in Georgian literature originated in Germany from the 1780s. A number <strong>of</strong><br />

scholars - I.Adler, F.Alter, I.Adelung, A.Baumgartner, A.Baumstark, and others - touched upon the issues <strong>of</strong> the<br />

history <strong>of</strong> Georgia, Georgian culture and literature in their works. Georgian researchers (M.Tarkhnishvili,<br />

N.Janelidze, and others) also published numerous papers on St.Nino in the German language. In the study<br />

considerable attention is devoted to the translations <strong>of</strong> German kartvelologist G. Pätsch. The aim <strong>of</strong> the study is<br />

to record and classify the presented material.<br />

irina nacvliSvili<br />

JamTaaRmwerlis „aswlovani matianis“ bibliuri wyaroebisaTvis<br />

Sua saukuneebis qarTul mwerlobas, iseve, rogorc saerTod am drois xelovnebas,<br />

dRevandelisagan gansxvavebuli esTetikuri kategoriebi ayalibebs. literaturul ZeglTa<br />

mxatvruli specifika bibliur saxeobriv sistemas efuZneba da esa Tu is nawarmoebic swored<br />

amis kvalobaze Sinaarsdeba. <strong>qarTuli</strong> JamTaaRmwerlobac, romelic Cveni erovnuli mwerlobis<br />

erTiani procesis ganuy<strong>of</strong>eli nawilia, amgvar SemoqmedebiT-saazrovno models emorCileba.<br />

amasTanave, is im specifikur istorizms avlens, romelic Suasaukuneobrivma qristianulma<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lxedvam SeimuSava. istoriis Teologiuri filos<strong>of</strong>iis mixedviT, romelic saTaves netari<br />

avgustinedan iRebs, kacobriobis cxovrebaSi RvTis Carevis TiToeuli aqti qmnis istoriis<br />

konkretul etaps da, amdenad, istoriuli faqtebi religiur faseulobas iZenen. miwieri<br />

istoria eqvemdebareba gamoxsnis bibliur istorias da imarTeba transcendentuli<br />

CanafiqriT. Suasaukuneobrivi ms<strong>of</strong>lxedva y<strong>of</strong>iT—realuri movlenis konkretul mizezobriv<br />

axsnas ki ar eZebda, aramed eswrafoda misi simboluri kavSiris danaxvas ms<strong>of</strong>lio istoriuli<br />

dramis arqetipebTan, rameTu erovnuli istoria simetriulad Seesatyviseba bibliurs iseve,<br />

12

ogorc axali aRTqma-Zvels. amasTan, miwier istorias ara aqvs TavisTavadi Rirebuleba, is<br />

sakraluri istoriis anareklia da sazriss mxolod masSi CarTviT iZens.<br />

erovnuli istoriis ms<strong>of</strong>lio istoriis nawilad aRqma sisxlxorceulia Sua saukuneTa<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> istoriografiisaTvis, romelic qveynis cxovrebas Suasaukuneobrivi<br />

saRvTismetyvelo tipologiis kvalobaze warmoaCens. am TvalsazrisiT uaRresad sainteresoa<br />

XIV saukunis „aswlovani matiane“, romelic ambis mimdinareobiTa da movlenaTa gadmocemis<br />

logikiT ufro qronografiul stils misdevs, vidre qronikul-matianurs. ucnobi qarTveli<br />

istorikosi Txrobas movlenaTa Sinagan-azrobrivi kavSirebis safuZvelze agebs da, amdenad,<br />

siuJeti misi Txzulebisa, garkveulwilad, ufro mxatvrulia, vidre istoriuli. qarTveli<br />

eris cxovrebis yoveli mniSvnelovani movlena „aswlovan matianeSi“ zedroul ganzomilebas<br />

iZens da bibliuri kategoriebis saSualebiT aixsneba; istoriuli pirebi Tu calkeuli<br />

situaciebi ms<strong>of</strong>lio bibliuri istoriis rakursSia warmodgenili. konkretuli samyaro<br />

simbolurad gaorebulia bibliuri arqetipebis Ziebis xarjze. cxovreba viTardeba or<br />

droul sibrtyeSi _ miwieri arsebobis empiriul movlenaTa da RvTiuri Canafiqris<br />

aRsrulebis fonze. saqarTvelos istoria mowodebulia, rogorc zedrouli bibliuri<br />

istoriis droSi gamovlena da masTan alegoriuli Sesatyvisoba. personaJTa saxeebi<br />

ganzogadebulia bibliuri idealis kvalobaze da esTetikur Rirebulebas iZenen imis mixedviT,<br />

Tu ramdenad gamoxataven isini adamianuri arsebobis qristianul sazriss. amasTanave,<br />

JamTaaRmwereli eyrdnoba TeologiaSi bibliis safuZvelze SemuSavebul Tvalsazriss:<br />

„samyaro skolaa... istoria, da upirveles yovlisa, „saRvTo istoria“ _ pedagogiuri procesi..<br />

oikumenis sivrce adgilia ms<strong>of</strong>lio skolisaTvis“ (averincevi 1977:162) ∗ . amitomac igi<br />

saqarTvelos istoriis damoZRvriT Sinaarss bibliuri zneTswavlulebis gamoyenebiT<br />

gvawvdis. ase rom, biblia JamTaaRmwerlis istoriografiuli Tu eTikur-esTetikuri<br />

azrovnebis safuZvelia.<br />

zemoaRniSnulis sailustraciod amjerad yuradRebas mivaqcevT „aswlovani matianis“<br />

ramdenime pasaJs, romlebSic avtori konkretuli istoriuli pirisa da mTeli eris Secodebas<br />

zogadbibliur SecodebasTan akavSirebs da, amasTanave, am Secodebis Sedegebs bibliur<br />

winaswarmetyvelebaTa fonze moiazrebs. aseT pasaJebs miekuTvneba mematianis monaTxrobi<br />

rusudanis mier Svilis gamefebis gamo ZmisSvilis gawirvis Sesaxeb.<br />

mamida rusudanis SesmeniT saberZneTis sulTanma yiasdinma daviT ufliswuli gvelebian<br />

ormoSi Caagdo, magram ucodveli Wabuki gansacdelisagan RmerTma ixsna. rusudans ki,rogorc<br />

mefes Tu rogorc dedas, arasaxarbielo xvedri ergo. uSualod ufliswulis gvelebian ormoSi<br />

y<strong>of</strong>nis suraTis dasrulebis Semdeg istorikosi wers: „rameTu esreT ganizraxa mefeman<br />

rusudan, TaviT TvisiT damtkicebad mefobisa Zisa Tvisisa, ara momxsenebelman sityvisa<br />

winaswarmetyuelisa esaiassa, romel ityvis: „da moxednes ufalman gonebasa mas zeda didebiTa<br />

TualTa maT misTasa. rameTu Tqua ZalTa xelTa CemTaTa vyo, da sibrZniTa gulisxmis-y<strong>of</strong>isa<br />

CemisaTa mogipyrne sazRvarni Teslebisani, da Zali maTi warmoviRo da SevZrne [qalaqni]<br />

damkvidrebulni, da s<strong>of</strong>eli yoveli davipyra ÃeliTa CemiTa viTarca marTueni, da viTarca<br />

kuercxni daSTomilni aRvixune, da aravin iyos romeli ganmeres me anu sityua migos. aw ukue<br />

ididos _ mea culi Tvinier mkueTelisa, viTarmca TaviT TvisiT kueTda? anu amaRldes xerxi<br />

Tvinier mzidvelisa misisa? egreTve vin aRiRos kuerTxni gina SeSa? ara egreT, aramed<br />

moavlinos ufalman sabaoT Sensa patiosnebasa zeda upatioeba da didebasa Sensa zeda cecxli<br />

aRgzebuli aRtydebodes“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 203-204). rogorc Cans, JamTaaRmwereli<br />

esaias winaswarmetyvelebas zepirad imowmebs (ix. es. 10, 12-16), ris gamoc matianiseuli teqsti<br />

sityva-sityviT ki ar mihyveba biblias, aramed Tavisufali perifrazis STabeWdilebas tovebs.<br />

JamTaaRmwereli Tavisi mizandasaxulobis gaTvaliswinebiT maxvils asurastaneli mTavris<br />

RvTis nebis ugulebely<strong>of</strong>is gziT warmomdgar qedmaRlobasa da pativmoyvareobaze svams,<br />

rasac „aswlovan matianeSi“ rusudanis qmedeba Seesabameba. amitomac miiCnevs istorikosi, rom<br />

xvedri, romelic Semdgom rusudans uflisgan ergo, SeiZleba esaias winaswarmetyvelebis<br />

gauTvaliswineblobis Sedegad CaiTvalos da misive sityvebiT gamoixatos. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

istorikosi win wamoswevs ded<strong>of</strong>lis pativmoyvareobas, rogorc did codvas, da amis sapasuxo<br />

RvTiur risxvas esaias winaswarmetyvelebis fonze moiazrebs. rusudan ded<strong>of</strong>lis xvedrisadmi<br />

esaias winaswarmetyvelebis misadagebiT vlindeba JamTaaRmwerlis zogadqristianuli<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedveloba _ bibliuri ambebi maradiuli kategoriebia, romlebic periodulad<br />

cocxldebian realur cxovrebaSi. Sesabamisad, yvela istoriul faqtsa Tu movlenas<br />

pirvelsaxe „saRvTo werilSi“ eZebneba. samyaros amgvari xedva akvalianebda mTel<br />

Suasaukuneobriv xelovnebas. a. gureviCis dakvirvebiT: „samyaro gaiazreboda, upirvelesad,<br />

rogorc mTeli, romlis nawilebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli iyo simboluri analogiebiT.<br />

amitom mizezobriv axsnas daqvemdebarebuli roli ekisreboda da mniSvneloba hqonda mxolod<br />

Zalze konkretul sakiTxTa Sesaxeb msjelobisas, magram samyaro mTlianad, Sua saukuneTa<br />

moazrovneebis TvalSi, ar imarTeba mizezobriobis kanonebiT, sxvadasxva movlenas Soris<br />

∗ damowmebuli rusuli samecniero <strong>literaturis</strong> Targmani sxva SemTxvevebSic Cvenia _ i.n.<br />

13

arsebobs ara horizontaluri kavSirebi („mizezi-Sedegis“, „moqmedeba-antimoqmedebis“ tipisa),<br />

aramed ierarqiis vertikaluri mimarTebani: yovel miwier sagans aqvs transcendentuli<br />

prototipi, pirvelsaxe, romelic mas, faqtobrivad, ar „ xsnis...“ magram avlens mis ufro Rrma<br />

azrs. damokidebulebani pirvelsaxesa da movlenas Soris stabiluria da ucvleli. es aris<br />

funqcionaluri da ara dinamikuri mimarTebani“ (gureviCi 1972: 303).<br />

bibliur da istoriul movlenaTa urTierTmimarTebis es principi udevs safuZvlad<br />

„aswlovan matianeSi“ avtoris mier moxmobil sxva Sedarebasac. kerZod, laSa-giorgis<br />

cxovrebis wesze saubrisas („Seqceuli iyo smasa da Wamasa“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 157))<br />

JamTaaRmwereli paralels avlebs ebraeli eris bibliur SecodebasTan: „viTarca<br />

winaswarmetyvelica ityvis: „Wama iakob, ganZRa, gansxva, gansuqna, da dauteva RmerTi<br />

Semoqmedi Tvisi, da ganudga RmerTsa macxovarsa Tvissa“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 157).<br />

rasakvirvelia, aq konkretuli pirovneba (iakobi) ki ar igulisxmeba, aramed iakobis<br />

STamomavalni, „iakobis saxli“. damowmebuli citata aris meore sjulis wignis, kerZod,<br />

aRsasrulis win moses galobis teqstis erTi nawili (II sj. 32, 15). am galobas bibliaSi<br />

specifikuri funqcia da daniSnuleba aqvs. igi uflis CvenebiTa da brZanebiT iwereba<br />

yovelTaTvis saswavlad da Taobidan Taobaze gadasacemad RvTis rwmenis Seuryevlobis<br />

mizniT. masSi gaTvaliswinebulia ebraeli eris rogorc ukve ganvlili gza, ise momavali<br />

cxovrebac da saboloo perspeqtivac. amdenad, moses galoba bibliur sjulis wignSi<br />

winaswarmetyvelebis niSnebs atarebs. JamTaaRmwerlis mier SedarebisaTvis moxmobili<br />

citatac TviT bibliaSi jer ar momxdars, magram mosaxdens mianiSnebs. is, rac<br />

winaswarmetyvelebis formiT gamoiTqva moses galobaSi, realurad erTxel ukve ganxorcielda<br />

ebraeli eris bibliur cxovrebaSi, axla ki, JamTaaRmwerlis Teos<strong>of</strong>iuri TvalsazrisiT,<br />

meordeba saqarTvelos istoriaSic. am gaazrebiT, qarTlis cxovrebac kacobriobis istoriis<br />

uSualo nawilia. misi yoveli konkretul—realuri movlena CarTulia saerTo ms<strong>of</strong>liuristoriul<br />

dramaSi. amgvari ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedveloba, SedarebisaTvis teqstis moses galobidan<br />

moxmobis SemTxvevaSi, „aswlovan matianeSi“ bibliuri winaswarmetyvelebis saqarTvelos<br />

sinamdvileSi axdenis fonze aris mowodebuli. laSa giorgis Sinagani bunebidan gamomdinare<br />

(„iyo ese laSa-giorgi saxiobis moyuare, Rvinis moyuare da gemoT-moyuare“ (qarTlis cxovreba<br />

1959: 156-157)), istorikosis mier warmodgenili misi cxovrebis wesi („Seqceul iyo smasa da<br />

Wamasa“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 157)) ubralo „Wama-smas“ ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed gancxromis<br />

im codvian gzas, romelic RvTisagan gandgomis momaswavebelia. amis sailustraciod<br />

JamTaaRmwereli jer wminda mamaTa naazrevs moiSveliebs („romlisaTvis dasweren mamani,<br />

viTarmed: „samni arian mizezni vnebaTani, romelTagan iSvebian yovelni borotni:<br />

gemoTmoyuarebani, vecxlis moyuareba da didebis-moyuareba; amaTni pirmSoni arian: siZvani,<br />

mruSebani, risxva, mwynaroba, ampartavneba“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 157)), xolo Semdeg moses<br />

zemoaRniSnul sityvebs sjulis wignidan. rogorc Cans da mosalodnelic iyo, JamTaaRmwereli<br />

moses galobis nawyvets zepirad imowmebs. amitomac SeiniSneba mcireodeni gansxvaveba<br />

„aswlovani matianisa“ da meore sjulis wignis Sesabamis adgilebs Soris. istorikosis mier<br />

bibliidan damowmebul citata, laSa-giorgisTan erTad, mis garemocvasac, e. i. mTeli<br />

qarTveli eris garkveul nawilsac miemarTeba. uSualod moseseuli sityvebis Semdeg<br />

JamTaaRmwereli ityvis: „egreTve iqmna naTesavsaca amas Sina qarTvelTasa, rameTu ganZRes da<br />

iSuebdes da uwesoebad midrkes siZvaTa Sina da mTrvalobaTa ugunurni kacni, mefis karsa zeda<br />

ara-y<strong>of</strong>isa-Rirsni da aw karsa zeda my<strong>of</strong>ni“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 157), xolo Semdeg<br />

konkretulad qveynis „mooxrebis“ suraTs gvTavazobs, rac, yovelive zemoTqmulidan<br />

gamomdinare,mas Semcode ebraeli eris mimarT RvTis ricxvis analogiad miuCnevia.<br />

qarTvelTa Secodebis Sedegebs mematiane sxva SemTxvevaSic bibliuri<br />

winaswarmetyvelebis axdenis saxiT warmoaCens.<br />

rusudanis mefobis Jams TaTarTa mier saqarTvelos rbevisa da oxrebis mizezad<br />

JamTaaRmwerels eris sruli moraluri da zneobrivi degradacia miaCnia („mZvinvareni<br />

gansacdelni aRiZvrodes saqarTvelosa sazRvarTa, ukeTurebisaTvis mkvidrTa qarTlisaTa,<br />

rameTu yoveli asaki berTa da yrmaTa, mefeTa da mTavarTa, didTa da mcireTa midrka<br />

siboroteTa. rameTu dauteves simarTle da WeSmariteba, vinaTgan TviT mRdelTa mier<br />

ixilveboda arawmideba, vinaTgan yoveli eri iqmodes sibilwesa“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 186)),<br />

rac, Tavis mxriv, mas beniamenis ZeTa codvas agonebs („viTar odesme Zeni beniamenisni“ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1959: 186)). swored maT miemarTeba bibliaSi winaswarmetyveleba, romelsac<br />

warmoTqvams esaia „Zvinad babilonisa“ xilvis Sedegad: „xmai naTesavTa mravalTa mTaTa zeda<br />

msgavsi naTesavTa mravalTa. xma mefeTa da naTesavTa SekrebulTa. ufalman sabaoT ubrZana<br />

naTesavsa saWurveliT mbrZolsa moslva queyanisagan Sorielisa mwuervalisagan safuZvelisa<br />

cisasa. ufalman da saWurveliT mbrZolTa misTa ganxrwnad yovlisa mkvidrovnisa da<br />

codvilTa warwymedad misgan. valalaebdiT, rameTu axlos ars dRe uflisaჲ da Semusrva<br />

RmrTisa mier moiwios“ (es. 13, 4-6). am teqstis Tavisufali perifraziT („ufali, ufali sabaoT<br />

ubrZanebs naTesavsa Wurvilsa moslvad queyaniT SoriT, kidiT safuZveliTgan cisaT, ufali da<br />

Wurvilni da mbrZolni misni, ganryunad yovlisa s<strong>of</strong>lisa da codvaTa mospolvad misgan.<br />

RaRadebdiT, rameTu axlos ars dRe uflisa, da Semusrva RmrTisa mier moiwios“ (qarTlis<br />

14

cxovreba 1959: 187). gvimJRavnebs mematiane Tavis saTqmels. kerZod, istorikosis<br />

TvalTaxedviT, rusudanis zeobis Jams qarTvelebma Sescodes iseve, rogorc Zveli aRTqmis<br />

istoriaSi beniamenis STamomavlebma, romelTa kvalobazec gaiziares maT uflis mier<br />

ganCinebuli saSineli xvedri, winaswar gamoTqmuli esaias xilvaSi („viTar igini miecnes<br />

mosasrvelad, egreTve eseni aqa Sina miscna RmerTman naTesavni qarTvelTani mosasrvelad<br />

msgavsad ZeTa beniamenisTa, viTarca ityvis winaswarmetyveli esaia: „ufali, ufali sabaoT<br />

ubrZanebs naTesavsa Wurvilsa...“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 186-187)). magram JamTaaRmwereli<br />

bibliidan mxolod am pasaJis moxmobiT ar kmay<strong>of</strong>ildeba da isev esaias winaswarmetyvelebis<br />

moSveliebiT ufro amZafrebs saqarTvelos savalalo mdgomareobis suraTs: „da kualad xmobs:<br />

„dRe uflisa movals ukurnebeli, risxviTa da guliswyromiTa, dadebad yoveli s<strong>of</strong>eli oxrad<br />

da codvilTa warwymedad misgan“ (qarTlis cxolvreba 1959: 187). esaias winaswarmetyvelebisa<br />

da saqarTvelos y<strong>of</strong>is erT sibrtyeze warmodgena Sua saukuneTa istoriografiuli<br />

azrovnebis specifikas gvivlens _ qveynisa Tu eris cxovreba winaswar gansazRvrulia<br />

bibliiT, rameTu igi oden saukuneTa siRrmeSi mimdinare movlenebs ki ar gvacnobs, aramed<br />

maradiul kategoriaTa sistemas amkvidrebs. realurad momxdar ama Tu im faqts arqetipi<br />

warsulSi eZebneba. amiT „warsuli xelaxla aRorZindeba da brundeba, iqceva ra awmyos realur<br />

Sinaarsad. magram damoukidebeli Rirebulebis dakargviT awmyo, amasTan erTad, ivseba ufro<br />

Rrma da maradiuli SinaarsiT, ramdenadac igi uSualod miemarTeba miTur warsuls,<br />

gardasuls, romelic mudam grZeldeba. cxovreba kargavs SemTxveviTobisa da swrafad<br />

mdinarebis xasiaTs. is CarTulia maradisobaSi da aqvs gacilebiT amaRlebuli azri“ (gureviCi<br />

1972: 108).<br />

amave TvalsazrisiT aris gansaxilveli „aswlovani matianis“ sxva pasaJic, sadac avtori<br />

xvarazmelTa mier saqarTvelos aoxrebaze gvesaubreba: „da gagrZelda eseviTari Wiri da<br />

zegardamomavali risxva xuTisa wlisa JamTa, rameTu or wel pirvel aRaoxres queyana da xuTi<br />

weli qalaqsa dayves, da aoxrebdes queyanaTa zemoxsenebulTa. arRara iyo Senebuleba Tvinier<br />

cixeTa da simagreTa, rameTu queyana saqarTvelosa mieca gansaryunelad amis ZaliTa, rameTu<br />

dauteves mefeTa da mTavarTa samarTali, mowyaleba, siyuaruli, siwrfoeba, simSvide,<br />

simarTle da amis wil moipoves ampartavneba, zakua, Suri, Ãdoma, siZulvili, angareba,<br />

mimZlavreba, klvani, parvani, siZvani, uwesoebani“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 178-179). rogorc<br />

vxedavT, JamTaaRmwereli am SemTxvevaSic qveynis waxdenis mizezad mis mkvidrTa sulier<br />

dacemas asaxelebs. magram, amasTanave, sainteresoa, rom istorikosis, erTi SexedviT,<br />

Cveulebrivi monaTxrobis sityvieri masala TiTqmis mTlianad bibliidan, kerZod ki, romaelTa<br />

mimarT pavles epistoledan unda momdinareobdes. aq vkiTxulobT: „da viTarca ara gamoicades<br />

RmerTi, raiTamca aqunda mecnierebiT, miscna igini RmerTman gamoucdelsa mas gonebasa saqmed<br />

ujeroisa. aRsavseni yovliTa sicruiTa, siZviTa, ukeTurebiTa, angahrebiTa, borotebiTa, savse<br />

SuriTa, kacis-klviTa, ÃdomiTa, zakuiTa, borotis CueulebiTa, cundrukebiTa, Zviris<br />

metyuel, RmrTis Semawuxebel, maginebel, ampartavan, uweso, uyuarul, uwirav, uwyalo“ (rom. 1,<br />

28-31). swored codvianobis gamo daatyda qarTvelobasac Tavs Sesabamisi RvTiuri risxva.<br />

amitom qarTveli eris zneobriv gadagvarebaze saubars „aswlovan matianeSi“ bunebrivad<br />

erwymis mosalodneli msjavris saSinelebiT aRsavse fraza: „vai maTda, romelni kualsa<br />

balamissa Seudges“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 178). istorikosis mier SemoTavazebuli Sedareba<br />

balam bosorelTan dakavSirebul bibliur istorias gulisxmobs (ix. ricx. 22-31), romelze<br />

miTiTebac „saRmrTo werilis“ ramdenime wignSi gvxvdeba, magram uSualod Sedarebis<br />

pirvelwyaro iudas epistole unda iyos, romelSic vkiTxulobT: „vaÁ maTda, rameTu gzasa mas<br />

kaenissa vlenan da sacdursa mas balamis sasyidlisasa aRerines da cilobiTa miT koresiTa<br />

warwymdes“ (iud. 1,11) (Tumca „aswlovan matianeSi“ mociqulis nacvlad winaswarmetyvelis<br />

moxsenieba erTgvar uxerxulobas iwvevs. iqneb, JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebis es epizodi<br />

dazustebas moiTxovdes?!). zemoaRniSnuli citatiT JamTaaRmwereli winaswar amzadebs<br />

ganwyobilebas RvTisagan qarTvelebis warwymedis suraTis warmosaCenad: „yovelman asakman<br />

berTa da WabukTaman, mciriTgan vidre didadmde, miaqcies siboroted, rameTu seni igi<br />

sodomelTa da salmoba gomorelTa moiwia, da amis ZliT misca igini RmerTman warwymedad<br />

borotad, rameTu ganviwireniT RmrTisa mier, romel daviviwyeT RmerTi da RmerTmanca<br />

samarTlianad dagviviwya. da mooxrda queyana saqarTvelosa, lixT—aqaT mooxrda“ (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba 1959: 178-179). erTi mxriv, mematianes sakuTari eris moraluri garyvnileba sodom _<br />

gomorelTa codvebs agonebs (ix. dab. 18; 19), amitom saqarTvelos mooxrebac RvTisagan am<br />

bibliuri qalaqebis daqcevis (dab. 19, 24; 19, 28) analogiad miuCnevia, magram, meore mxriv, esaias<br />

winaswarmetyvelebis acxadebadac ucvnia, radgan wers: „viTarca xmobs esaia winaswarmetyveli:<br />

„vaÁ naTesavsa codvilsa, eri romeli savse ars codviTa, naTesavni borotni, Zeni<br />

usjuloebisani; dauteveT ufali da ganarisxeT wmida igi israelisa. rasRa iwylviT da<br />

SesZinebT usjuloebasa. yoveli Tavi salmobad da yoveli guli mwuxarebad, kualTagan ferxTa<br />

vidre Tavadmde; ara ars mas Sina mwuxareba, sicocxle, ara ars wyluli, arca naguemi, brZvili<br />

gansivebuli, ara ars salbuni dasadebeli, arca zeTi, arca Sesaxueveli. queyana Tqueni oxer<br />

ars da qalaqi Tqueni cecxliTa momwuara. s<strong>of</strong>elsa Tquensa winaSe Tquensa ucxoTeslni<br />

mosWamen, da mooxrebul ars da daqceul erisagan ucxoTeslTasa da daSTes asuli sionisa,<br />

15

viTarca kravi venaxsa Sina, da viTarca xilis-sacavi da viTarca qalaqi moculi. ukeTumca ara<br />

ufalman sabaoT damitevna Cuen Tesli, viTarca sodomelnica SeviqmeniTca da gomorelTa<br />

mivemsgavseniT“ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 178-179). „aswlovani matianis es adgilic bibliuri<br />

teqsti perifrazirebuli variantia (ix. es. 1, 4-9).<br />

konkretul—istoriuli pirovnebisa da mTeli eris Secodebis bibliuri Secodebis<br />

gamovlinebad aRqma mematianis da, amave dros, mTlianad epoqis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobas gvivlens.<br />

Sua saukuneebSi konkretul istorias TavisTavadi mniSvneloba ar hqonda. is ganixileboda,<br />

rogorc maradiuli, erTaderTi WeSmariti Rirebulebis mqone, bibliuri kategoriebis<br />

gamovlena lokalur droSi. miwieri cxovreba sazriss mxolod sakralur istoriaSi CarTviT,<br />

masTan ziarebiT iZenda. realuri istoria Sua saukuneebSi gaiazreboda ara logikis, aramed<br />

mistikis safuZvelze, anu aixsneboda ara obieqturi mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis Ziebis gziT,<br />

aramed kacobriobis cxovrebis saerTo bibliur sqemaSi CarTviT. am Tvalsazriss gahyva Sua<br />

saukuneTa <strong>qarTuli</strong> istorios<strong>of</strong>iac. yovelive zemoTqmulis kvalobaze, „aswlovani matianis“<br />

bibliuri konteqstic unda aRviqvaT mematianis mcdelobad, saqarTvelos istoria konkretul<br />

epoqaSi maradiulTan kavSirSi warmogvidginos da amiT cxadyos misi WeSmariti sazrisi.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

averincevi 1977: Аверинцев С.С. Поэтика ранневизантийской литературы. М.: издательство “Наука», 1977.<br />

gureviCi 1972: Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М.: издательство «Искусство», 1972.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba 1959: qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.<br />

yauxCiSvilis mier. II. Tb.: gamomcemloba „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, 1959.<br />

The Biblical Sources <strong>of</strong> The Chronicle <strong>of</strong> One Hundred<br />

Summary<br />

Irina Natsvlishvili<br />

Medieval Georgian literature, similar to the art <strong>of</strong> that period in general, is based on the aesthetic categories,<br />

quite different from those <strong>of</strong> the present day. The artistic specificity <strong>of</strong> these literary monuments draws on the biblical<br />

image system and one or another work is interpreted on this basis. Georgian chronicling, which is an inalienable part<br />

<strong>of</strong> our national literature, follows a similar model <strong>of</strong> creation and thinking. Along with this, it shows the specific<br />

historism, worked out by the medieval Christian world view. According to the theological philosophy <strong>of</strong> history,<br />

originating with St Augustine, every act <strong>of</strong> divine agency in the life <strong>of</strong> humankind constitutes a particular stage <strong>of</strong><br />

history, and thus, historical facts acquire a religious value. The earthly life obeys the biblical history <strong>of</strong> the redemption<br />

and is guided by the transcendent intent. The medieval world view did not look for a specific causal explanation <strong>of</strong> a<br />

phenomenon <strong>of</strong> real life, but sought to find its symbolic link with the archetypes <strong>of</strong> the world historical drama, for<br />

national history symmetrically corresponds to the biblical history, as is the case with the correspondence <strong>of</strong> the New<br />

and the Old Testament. The earthly life has no value in itself. It is the reflection <strong>of</strong> the sacred history, acquiring a<br />

meaning only with relation to the latter.<br />

The perception <strong>of</strong> national history as a part <strong>of</strong> the world history is typical for the old Georgian historiography<br />

too, which writes the history <strong>of</strong> the country on the basis <strong>of</strong> the medieval theological typology. In this regard, attention<br />

attaches to The Chronicle <strong>of</strong> One Hundred Years <strong>of</strong> the 14th c., which according to the narration and the logic <strong>of</strong><br />

representation <strong>of</strong> the events adheres to the chronographic rather than the chronicle style. The narration <strong>of</strong> the<br />

anonymous Georgian historian is based on the relations <strong>of</strong> the inner sense and thus the plot <strong>of</strong> his work is somewhat<br />

more literary than historical. In The Chronicle <strong>of</strong> One Hundred Years every significant event <strong>of</strong> the life <strong>of</strong> the<br />

Georgian people acquires a timeless dimension and is explained by the biblical categories. Historical figures and<br />

separate situations are shown in respect to the world biblical history. Due to the search for the biblical archetypes, the<br />

real world is symbolically dual, life goes on two temporal planes - against the background <strong>of</strong> the empiric phenomena<br />

<strong>of</strong> the earthly life and the fulfillment <strong>of</strong> the divine intent. The history <strong>of</strong> Georgia is represented as a manifestation <strong>of</strong><br />

the supra-temporal biblical history in time and the allegoric correspondence to it.<br />

In this respect, the present author would like to focus attention on several passages <strong>of</strong> The Chronicle <strong>of</strong> One<br />

Hundred Years, in which the chronicler links the transgression <strong>of</strong> an individual historical figure or the entire nation<br />

with the biblical sin, also interpreting its results in relation to the prophecies <strong>of</strong> the Holy Scripture. This "code" <strong>of</strong> the<br />

chronicle demonstrates the world view <strong>of</strong> that time, according to which the life <strong>of</strong> a country or a nation is<br />

predetermined by the Bible, for it not only narrates the past events, but also establishes the system <strong>of</strong> the eternal<br />

categories. One or another fact finds an archetype in the past. Owing to this, "the past revives and returns, becoming<br />

the real contents <strong>of</strong> the present. The present loses its independent value, but it is enriched with a deeper and eternal<br />

meaning, as it is directly linked to the mythic past, which lives on eternally. Life is no longer accidental and fleeting, it<br />

is included in eternity and has a deeper meaning" (A.Gurevich). Taking into account the above-mentioned, the biblical<br />

context <strong>of</strong> The Chronicle <strong>of</strong> One Hundred Years should be understood as the attempt <strong>of</strong> the chronicler to show<br />

Georgia's history at a particular time in relation to the eternal and to demonstrate its real meaning in this way.<br />

16

`wmida SuSanikis martvilobis~ arqetipis aRdgenisaTvis<br />

goCa kuWuxiZe<br />

iakob xucesi `wmida SuSanikis martvilobis~ dasawyisSi wers: `da aw damtkicebulad<br />

giTxra Tquen aRsasruli wmidisa da sanatrelisa SuSanikisi~; Semdeg iwyebs Txrobas, Tu<br />

rogor gaemgzavra varsqen pitiaxSi iranis Sahis karze da iqve brZanebs: `da colad misa iyo<br />

asuli vardanisi, somexTa spaÁpetisaÁ, romlisaTÂs ese mivwere Tquenda, mamisagan saxeliT<br />

vardan, da siyuaruliT saxeli misi SuSanik, moSiSi RmrTisaÁ, viTarca-igi vTquT, siyrmiTgan<br />

TÂsiT~ (Zeglebi 1964: 11).<br />

sityvebi _ `viTarca igi vTquT~, didi xania, rac iqcevs mkvlevarTa yuradRebas. radgan<br />

nawarmoebSi SuSanikis bavSvobaze arsad ar aris laparaki, mkvlevarTa umetesobisaTvis cxadi<br />

xdeba, rom iakob xucess ded<strong>of</strong>lis bavSvobaze, sxva, _ CvenTvis mouRwevel teqstSi<br />

ulaparakia; mkvlevarTa Soris ar aris Tanxmoba, Tu ra saxis unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo is teqsti.<br />

sergi gorgaZe miiCnevda, rom `wmida SuSanikis martvilobas~ win uZRoda miwer-mowera<br />

avtorsa da im pirs Soris, vinc iakobs nawarmoebis dawera daavala.<br />

ivane javaxiSvili ar iziarebda mosazrebas, TiTqos nawarmoebi SekveTiT iyos dawerili,<br />

_ imitom, rom, rogorc iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavs, `martvilobidan~ kargad Cans, Tavisi nebiT<br />

rom gadauwyvetia iakobs ded<strong>of</strong>lis mowameobis aRwera, _ iakobi wamebad gamzadebul<br />

ded<strong>of</strong>als eubneba: `viTar gegulebis, miTxar me, raÁTa uwyodi da aRvwero SromaÁ Seni~;<br />

vfiqrobT, es imas niSnavs, rom, Tu SuSaniki gauZlebs gamocdas, Tu SeZlebs, rom isev<br />

qristesken Semoaqcios varsqeni, maSin SesaZloa Rirseuli ded<strong>of</strong>lis `cxovreba~ daiweros da<br />

varsqenic codvisagan TavdaxsnilTa, momnanieTa Soris iqneba am wignSi moxseniebuli,<br />

aRniSnaven netari ded<strong>of</strong>lis did Rvawls, rac codvaSi Cavardnilis gadasarCenad gaswia;<br />

gavixsenoT deda febronia `wmida grigol xancTelis cxovrebidan~, _ man xom mefe ixsna `siZvis<br />

dedakacTan~ erTad codvaSi y<strong>of</strong>nisagan... Tu mowameobrivad aRasrulebs ded<strong>of</strong>ali cxovrebas,<br />

maSin `mowameoba~ daiwereba misi; iakobma winaswar ar icis `cxovrebis~ Janris nawarmoebi gamova<br />

misi xelidan Tu `wamebisa~... iv. javaxiSvili miiCnevda, rom, SesaZloa, nawarmoebis mxolod<br />

meore nawilia SemorCenili da mas aklia `mTeli pirveli, SuSanikis cxovrebis momTxrobeli~<br />

nawili, romelSic SuSanikis RvTismosavobazec iqneboda saubari (javaxiSvili 1980: 64).<br />

korneli kekeliZe, Tumca bolomde ar uary<strong>of</strong>da, magram, _ mainc saeWvod miiCnevda am<br />

azrs, radgan, rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs, _ `agiografiul mwerlobis tradicias aseTi<br />

danawileba erTi mTliani nawarmoebisa ar sCvevia~ (kekeliZe 1980:115); igi varaudobda, rom,<br />

SesaZloa, iakob curtavels dawerili hqonda wmida SuSanikisadmi miZRvnili sxva nawarmoebi, _<br />

`romelSic SuSanikis Sesaxeb gakvriT iyo laparaki~, Semdeg ki axali nawarmoebi dawera, sadac<br />

`sagangebod an damtkicebiT [...] aRwera misi martviloba~ (kekeliZe1980: 115).<br />

sruliad ueWvelia, rom marTlac arsebula romeliRac Cvenamde mouRweveli teqsti,<br />

romelSic wmida SuSanikze iyo saubari.<br />

konkretulad ris Sesaxeb unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo im teqstSi laparaki, iqneboda Tu ara masSi<br />

SuSanikis cxovreba moTxrobili?<br />

rogorc ganxiluli citatidan vnaxeT, nawarmoebis dasawyisSi avtori gvamcnobs, Tu vin<br />

iyo SuSaniki, _ visi meuRle, visi Svili gaxldaT, ra erqva mamamiss. rom y<strong>of</strong>iliyo ucnob<br />

teqstSi wmida SuSanikis cxovreba Tundac Zalian mokled moTxrobili, albaT, isic iqneboda<br />

naTqvami, rom vardanis asuli da varsqenis coli iyo igi da iakobs am cnobebis gameoreba aRar<br />

dasWirdeboda. iakob xucesi im ucnobi teqstidan, Cveni azriT, mxolod ramdenime cnobas<br />

imeorebs. Tu CavukvirdebiT nawarmoebs, SevamCevT, romeli winadadeba warmoadgens winare<br />

teqstSi mocemuli cnobebis gameorebas: `mamisagan saxeliT vardan da siyuaruliT saxeli misi<br />

SuSanik,~ _ am SemTxvevaSi adre naTqvamis nawilobrivi gameoreba unda iyos; Cven kargad viciT,<br />

Tu ra erqva ded<strong>of</strong>als, misi saxeli Cvens xelT arsebul teqstSic ukve moxseniebuli aqvs<br />

avtors da, cxadia, moxseniebuli iqneboda im teqstSic, romelSic ded<strong>of</strong>lis bavSvobidan<br />

RvTismoSiSobaze y<strong>of</strong>ila laparaki... magram iakobi mainc kidev ambobs, rom ded<strong>of</strong>lis saxeli<br />

SuSaniki iyo da amas imitom akeTebs, raTa agvixsnas, rom am saxels mas siyvaruliT uZaxdnen,<br />

xolo `namdvili~ saxeli sxva iyo, e. i am SemTxvevaSi imis dazusteba xdeba, rom SuSanik<br />

ded<strong>of</strong>als, vityviT ase, _ `<strong>of</strong>icialurad~ mamiseuli saxeli _ vardani erqva... Tu misi saxeli<br />

`vardanduxti~ iyo, maSin, SesaZloa, isic unda vifiqroT, rom sparsuli daboloebis mqone<br />

saxelis xseneba ar surs iakobs, rom am saxeliT aRar ixseniebda SuSaniki Tavs...<br />

damoukidebeli nawarmoebi iqneboda es teqsti Tu Semadgeneli nawili nawarmoebisa,<br />

rogori Sinaarsisa unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo igi?<br />

`martviloba~, rogorc aRvniSneT, iwyeba sityvebiT: `da aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen<br />

aRsasruli~... e. i. avtori ambobs, rom axla ki danamdvilebiT, damowmebiT (e. i. faqtebis<br />

CvenebiT) moyveba netari SuSanikis aRsasruls.<br />

nawarmoebi eklesiaSi sakiTxavadaa dawerili, xolo aq moyvanili winadadeba adre<br />

dawyebuli saubris uSualo gagrZelebas warmoadgens (am sakiTxebze ix. _ kekeliZe 1980: 115);<br />

17

moZRvari mrevls imis Sesaxeb esaubreba, razedac cota xnis winaT daiwyo laparaki... Cveni<br />

azriT, Zalian Zneli dasajerebelia, rom eklesiaSi my<strong>of</strong>i mqadagebeli wmida SuSanikisadmi<br />

miZRvnil sxva nawarmoebs, sxva sakiTxavs gulisxmobdes, _ imas, romelic CvenTvis cnobil<br />

sakiTxavTan erTad SeiZleba arc y<strong>of</strong>iliyo wakiTxuli, romelsac, SesaZloa, arc icnobda<br />

mrevli; Zneli dasajerebelia, rom iakobis es sityvebi sxva, _ damoukidebeli nawarmoebis<br />

arsebobaze mianiSnebdes, _ igi mrevlisaTvis mosasmenad ar axsenebda iseT sakiTxavs, romelic<br />

am mrevlisaTvis SesaZloa ucnobi y<strong>of</strong>iliyo; ufro iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom<br />

`martvilobis~ CvenTvis cnobil teqsts win uZRoda masTan uSualod dakavSirebuli teqsti, _<br />

Sesavali, romelSic wmida SuSanikis RvTismoSiSobaze, sikeTeze iyo saubari, romelSic misi<br />

saqebari sityvebi iqneboda gadmocemuli, riTac moZRvari msmenelebs netari SuSanikis ambis<br />

mosasmenad amzadebda... Tu Cveni varaudi sworia, maSin safiqrebeli xdeba, rom es iyo<br />

nawarmoebi, romelSic avtori netari SuSanikis ambis uSualod moTxrobamde msmenels wmidanis<br />

saTnoebaze esaubreboda, adidebda mis gamZleobas, tanjvaTa atanis unars, did morwmuneobas,<br />

RvTismoSiSebas, rac SuSaniks bavSvobidanve gamoarCevda.<br />

SeiZleba ufro meti dazustebac.<br />

rogorc vnaxeT, iakobi, brZanebs: `da colad misa iyo asuli vardanisi, somexTa<br />

spaÁpetisaÁ, romlisaTÂs ese mivwere Tquenda~... e. i. wmida SuSanikis mamis Sesaxeb ukve<br />

mogwereTo... garda imisa, rom xsenebuli sityvebi kidev erTxel adasturebs iakob xucesis mier<br />

dawerili sxva, _ CvenTvis ucnobi teqstis arsebobas, igi sxva mxrivac iqcevs yuradRebas:<br />

saeWvoa, rom es sityvebi mxolod mrevlisaken iyos mimarTuli, _ aq adresati igulisxmeba, am<br />

adgilas werilis miwerazea laparaki (am garemoebas ukve miqcevia yuradReba mecnierebaSi);<br />

vfiqrobT, adresatad upirvelesad igulisxmeba werilis konkretuli mimRebi, romelic,<br />

mrevlisagan gansxvavebiT, mqadageblis axlos ar imy<strong>of</strong>eba; marTalia, am sityvebs mrevls<br />

ukiTxaven, magram sityvebi _ `mivwere Tquenda~ aSkarad migvaniSnebs, rom aq werilis miwerazea<br />

laparaki da, amdenad, safiqrebeli xdeba, rom iakobi romelsame saeklesio pirs mimarTavs,<br />

TiTqos romeliRac pirs uambobs momxdars, TiTqos mas eubneba, _ aw damtkicebulad (e. i. _<br />

faqtebis moyvaniT, damowmebiT, damarwmuneblad) getyvi, giambob wmida SuSanikis aRsasrulis<br />

Sesaxebo... romelsame erT pirs mimarTavs, magram, cxadia, msmenelebad mrevls, saerTod, _<br />

`SuSanikis wamebis~ yvela mkiTxvels gulisxmobs; Txrobis es wesi Tavad saxarebaSia<br />

gamoyenebuli, _ luka maxarebeli saxarebis dasawyisSi RmrTismoyvared moxseniebul<br />

Te<strong>of</strong>iles mimarTavs, Te<strong>of</strong>iles uambobs uflis Sesaxeb, magram, cxadia, saxareba mxolod<br />

misTvis ki ara, _ mTeli qristianuli samyaros gasagonad iwereba... mociqulTa epistoleebs<br />

konkretuli adresatebi hyavs, magram am epistoleebs eklesiaSi mTel mrevls ukiTxaven, _<br />

imitom, rom, cxadia, es epistoleebic mTeli qristianuli samyaros gasagonad aris dawerili;<br />

lukas saxareba, rogorc iTqva, Te<strong>of</strong>ilesadmi mimarTviT iwyeba, Te<strong>of</strong>iles sayuradRebod wers<br />

luka maxarebeli am sityvebs, _ `jer-miCnda meca, romeli Seudeg pirveliTgan yovliTa<br />

WeSmaritebiTa Semdgomad miwerad Senda mÃneo RmrTismoyuareo Te<strong>of</strong>ile, raÁTa scan,<br />

romelTaTÂs-igi iswave sityuaTa maT krZalulebaÁ~, _ l. 1, 3-4 (citirebas vaxdenT Semdegi<br />

gamocemidan _ <strong>qarTuli</strong> oTxTavi 1979); axal qarTul TargmanSi _ `miviCnie mec, rom mas<br />

Semdeg, rac guldasmiT gamovikvlie yovelive Tavidan, Tanmimdevrulad agiwero, Rirseulo<br />

Te<strong>of</strong>ile. rom Seicno im moZRvrebis WeSmariteba, romelic giswavlia~ (axali aRTqma 1991); es<br />

sityvebi TiTqos stilisturadac axloa `SuSanikis wamebis~ sityvebTan, _ `romeli ese mivwere<br />

Tquenda~, `damtkicebulad giTxra~... iakobic xom damowmebiT, e. i. faqtebis moyvaniT,<br />

Tanmimdevrulad, `damtkicebulad~ apirebs Txrobas; yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare<br />

safiqrebeli xdeba, rom iakobi Sesaval nawilSi erT-erT saeklesio pirs mimarTavda; Tu es iyo<br />

saeklesio ierarqi, romelmac iakobs saeklesio sakiTxavis dawera daavala, aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />

iakob curtaveli, rogorc Cveulebriv xdeboda xolme, albaT, uRirsad miiCnevda Tavs, magram<br />

mere ver gabedavda davalebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmas da daTanxmdeboda moeTxro am didi<br />

wmidanis cxovreba, Semdeg ki isaubrebda imis Sesaxeb, rom SuSaniki bavSvobidanve RvTismoSiSi<br />

iyo... swored am dros axsenebda SuSanikis mamas, _ `spaÁpet~ vardans (viszedac Semdeg Tqva:<br />

`romlisaTÂs ese mivwere Tquenda~), Seaqebda Svilis saTnod aRzrdisaTvis... nawarmoebidan<br />

marTlac aSkarad Cans, rom iakobma netari SuSanikis cxovrebis aRwera ara vinmes davalebiT,<br />

aramed, _ sakuTari nebiT daiwyo, magram erTia cxovrebis aRwera da meore _ am<br />

aRwerilisaTvis saeklesio sakiTxavis formis micema. iakobma, SesaZloa, gabeda, rom aRewera<br />

netari SuSanikis cxovreba, SesaZloa, ded<strong>of</strong>lis sicocxleSive iwerda mis Tavs gardamxdar<br />

movlenebs; man, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, Seqmna masala saeklesio sakiTxavis dasawerad, magram<br />

Tavad sakiTxavis Sesaqmnelad albaT uRirsad miiCnevda Tavs... amasTan, Tund, davuSvaT, rom<br />

mas Tavidanve gadawyvetili hqonda eklesiaSi wasakiTxi wigni Tavadve daewera, ar aris<br />

SeuZlebeli, rom saqmis bolomde misayvanad mainc Tavisze didi saeklesio ierarqis Txovna Tu<br />

brZaneba dasWirveboda, _ iseTi Txovna, romelSic, daaxloebiT iseve, rogora `wmida habo<br />

tfilelis martvilobaSi~, ewereboda, rom, radgan iakobma kargad icis, Tu ra gardaxda Tavs<br />

wamebuls, radgan uSualod Seeswro movlenebs, swored mas evaleba wmida SuSanikze sakiTxavis<br />

dawera... SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom `wmida SuSanikis martvilobis~ CvenTvis cnobil teqsts win<br />

marTlac uZRoda iakob xucesis werili, _ saeklesio ierarqTan miwerili... xsenebuli<br />

18

saeklesio ierarqis dawerili epistole, SesaZloa, ar axlda nawarmoebs, magram, Tu `wmida<br />

habos wamebis~ magaliTs gavixsenebT, amgvari varaudis gamoricxvac ar iqneba marTebuli; arc<br />

is aris SeuZlebeli, rom iakobi mimarTavda ara Tavisze did saeklesio pirs, aramed, _<br />

romelime sxva RvTismosav adamians, romelsac wmida SuSanikis mowameobis ambis mosmena<br />

ainteresebda, romelsac sulis sasargeblo istoriis mosmena sWirdeboda... orive SemTxvevaSi<br />

vfiqrobT, rom `wmida SuSanikis martvilobas~ win uZRoda Sesavali, romelsac epistoles<br />

forma hqonda da romelSic RvTismoSiSi SuSanikis bavSvobaze, mis kargad aRmzrdel mamaze da<br />

sxvaze iqneboda saubari; vfiqrobT, `wmida SuSanikis martvilobas~ win uZRoda iseTi Sesavali,<br />

romelsac saeklesio ierarqTan an sxva RvTismosav pirovnebasTan miwerili epistoles forma<br />

hqonda, Tumc, Cven ar vambobT, rom es iyo Cveulebrivi, _ klasikuri formis epistole, _<br />

SesaZloa, es iyo ara klasikuri epistole an mimowera, aramed, _ iseTi Sesavali nawarmoebisa,<br />

romlis dasawyisSi erT-erTi pirovnebisadmi xdeboda mimarTva da romelic epistoles hgavda,<br />

romelSic, vimeorebT, wmida SuSanikis qeba ewera, xotba hqonda Sesxmuli ded<strong>of</strong>lis<br />

RvTismosaobas, bavSvobidan Cveul RvTismoSiSobas; SesavalSi, Cans, zogadad iyo saubari wmida<br />

SuSanikze, misi cxovrebiseuli faqtebis Tanamimdevruli gadmocema ki daiwyo sityvebiT: _<br />

`da aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen~... Cven verc im mosazrebas gaviziarebT, TiTqos<br />

liturgiaze zepirad warmoiTqva fraza wmida SuSanikis bavSvobis Sesaxeb, rom amaze<br />

metyvelebs teqstis SemorCenili sityvebi: `viTarca igi vTquT~... `wmida SuSanikis wameba~ aris<br />

eklesiaSi sakiTxavad winaswar Seqmnili teqsti da ara eklesiaSi mqadageblis mier<br />

homiliasaviT zepirad warmoTqmuli da am dros an Semdeg sxvis mier Cawerili... ver<br />

gaviziarebT azrs, TiTqos sityvebi `da aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen~ _ wmida SuSanikis<br />

mowameobis dRes, _ uSualod RvTismsaxurebis Semdeg warmoTqmuli frazaa, da rom e. i. am<br />

winadadebas sxva teqstis gagrZelebis gamo ki ara aqvs aseTi, _ romeliRac sxva teqstis<br />

momdevno winadadebis saxe, aramed, imitom, rom misiT wirvis an locvis Semdgomi etapi, _<br />

qadageba, uSualod, _ wmida SuSanikis cxovrebis Txroba iwyeboda; hagiografiuli sakiTxavi<br />

mxolod eklesiaSi, mxolod liturgiaze ara, _ igi saxlebSic ikiTxeboda, kiTxulobdnen<br />

monasterSi monazvnebi (kluCevski 2000: 751-775)... `wmida SuSanikis wamebis~ dawerisas<br />

aucileblad gaiTvaliswinebdnen, rom es mxolod liturgiisas sakiTxavi nawarmoebi ar aris da<br />

mas iseT formas ar miscemdnen, rom marto liturgiaze mosaxmarad gamomdgariyo da, rogorc<br />

damoukidebel mxatvrul nawarmoebs, vTqvaT, saxlSi wakiTxvisas, ara _ mTliani da<br />

sruly<strong>of</strong>ili, nakluli teqstis saxe hqonoda.<br />

amrigad, vfiqrobT, ivane javaxiSvili da korneli kekeliZe savsebiT marTebulad<br />

miiCnevdnen, rom iakob curtavels wmida SuSanikisadmi miZRvnili sxva teqstic unda hqonoda<br />

dawerili, sergi gorgaZe ki, Cans, am SemTxvevaSi kidev ufro axlos mivida simarTlesTan, _<br />

simarTlesTan axlos dadga, roca miiCnia, rom `wmida SuSanikis martvilobas~ win Sesavali,<br />

kerZod, _ mimowera unda hqonoda wamZRvanebuli (vambobT, rom, Cans, axlos mivida<br />

simarTlesan, radgan ar arsebobs damarwmunebeli argumenti, rom es iyo mimowera da ara<br />

mxolod iseTi teqsti, romelic sasuliero pirisadmi mimarTviT iwyeboda; am SesavalSi,<br />

SesaZloa, romelime pirovnebisadmi iakobis mxolod mimarTva iyo da ara _ mis mier Seqmnili<br />

klasikuri epistole, vTqvaT, _ pasuxi Tavisi moZRvrisadmi); Cven teqsti SesaZleblobas<br />

gvaZlevs daaxloebiT warmovidginoT, Tu ris Sesaxeb unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo im SesavalSi laparaki...<br />

safiqrebelia, rom habosa da, Tu aq warmoCenili mosazreba sworia, SuSanikis `wamebebSi~<br />

Txroba msgavsi formiT, _ konkretuli pirovnebisadmi mimarTviT iwyeboda; saerTod,<br />

vfiqrobT, rom, erTi pirovnebisadmi iseTi saubari, rac ara mxolod am erT pirovnebas, aramed,<br />

msmenelis ganusazRvrel raodenobas gulisxmobs, sakiTxavis amgvarad dawyeba qarTul<br />

eklesiaSi qristianobis adreul periodSi lukas saxarebis, moqiculTa epistoleebis<br />

zegavleniT aRmocenebuli tradicia iyo...<br />

wmida SuSanikis bavSvobaze, Cveni azriT, SesavalSi iqneboda saubari; rogorc Cans,<br />

saeklesio praqtikaSi iakob curtavelis epistoles kiTxva ar iyo tradiciad Camoyalibebuli,<br />

liturgiaze mas yovelTvis ar kiTxulobdnen, _ esec unda iyos erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom<br />

SemdgomSi epistole aRar gadaiweres da `wmida SuSanikis martvilobam~ Cvenamde Sesavlis<br />

gareSe moaRwia.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

axali aRTqma 1991: axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi. bibliis Targmnis <strong>instituti</strong>. stolkholmi: 1991.<br />

kekeliZe 1980: kekeliZe k. Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> istoria. I, Tb.: 1980.<br />

Zeglebi 1864: Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> agiografiuli <strong>literaturis</strong> Zeglebi. I, dasabeWdad moamzades il. abulaZem,<br />

n. aTaneliSvilma, n. goguaZem, l. qajaiam, c. qurcikiZem, c. Wankievma da c. jRamaiam ilia<br />

abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT. Tb.: 1964.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> oTxTavi 1979: <strong>qarTuli</strong> oTxTavis ori bolo redaqcia. teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo<br />

ivane imnaiSvilma. Tb.: 1979.<br />

javaxiSvili 1980: javaxiSvili iv. Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> saistorio mwerloba. wigni I, Tb.: 1980.<br />

kluCevski 2000: Ключевский В. Краткий курс по русской истории. М.: 2000.<br />

19

For "Martyrdom Saint Shushanik" Archetypes Restoration<br />

Summary<br />

Gocha Kuchukhidze<br />

Jacob Tsurtaveli (V cent) in the work "Martyrdom saint Shushanik " writes: “Saint Shushanik it since the<br />

childhood had fear before the God”.<br />

In the story anywhere it is not spoken about the childhood Shushanik, scientists consider, that the author<br />

speaks about the childhood <strong>of</strong> Shushanik in another text. That text has not reached us. Between scientists there is<br />

no consent about what was that text.<br />

Pr<strong>of</strong>. Sergi Gorgadze considered that before "Martyrdom Saint Shushanik" there was a correspondence<br />

between authors and that person which has given the order on the story.<br />

Acad. Ivane Djavakhishvili writes that was kept probably only the second part <strong>of</strong> the story.<br />

Acad. Korneli Kekelidze considered not as the truth this fact. He spoke: Hagiographical work does not<br />

know the facts <strong>of</strong> division <strong>of</strong> the story on parts. In our opinion this correct supervision.<br />

We think will difficultly believe that it means other text, - that text <strong>of</strong> which was not known by the reader.<br />

In the first sentence "Martyrdom Saint Shushanik" the author speaks: Now I will tell you <strong>of</strong> a surely about<br />

death <strong>of</strong> Saint Shushanik. These words as though extension <strong>of</strong> the unfamiliar text. Up to the unfamiliar text there<br />

was one more text which is closely connected with this text- In introduction it is spoken about fear <strong>of</strong> the God<br />

Shushanik, About kindness, After the author has described the vital facts consistently.<br />

Jacob writes: - The Varsqen wife was the daughter <strong>of</strong> Vardan, he was Armenian spaspet (military leader),<br />

about him "I have written to you".<br />

These words read to people who have gathered in church, But words "has written to you" gives a sign that<br />

the author speaks about the letter which it writes any the church person.<br />

Such rule <strong>of</strong> narration is used in the Gospel, Saint Luke Herald in the beginning Gospel. Addresses an<br />

Theophilus and to it tells about the god. But it is obvious, that the Gospel is written not only for it, and for all<br />

Christian world. Epistles <strong>of</strong> envoys has specific addressees, But it is obvious, that Epistles is written for all<br />

Christian world.<br />

We think, before the text "Martyrdom Saint Shushanik" has been written the letter. Probably, the author<br />

has written church chapter, probably, it was not classical epistles, and introduction in work which beginning<br />

address to one person and which was similar on epistles.<br />

In our opinion Sergi Gorgadze is close from the truth when it considered, that before the story there is an<br />

introduction, particularly correspondence.<br />

sikvdil-sicocxlis urTierTmimarTebis problema da<br />

V-XVIII saukuneebis <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba<br />

lali ruxaZe<br />

(s<strong>of</strong>lis bibliuri paradigma da `wm. SuSanikis wamebis~ saxismetyveleba)<br />

`Tu xar sicocxle, ra ars sikvdili?~ _ ai, kiTxva, romelic sakuTari Tavis SecnobasTan<br />

erTad gauCnda adamians. yoveli epoqa Taviseburad pasuxobs mas da, Sasabamisad, iqmneba<br />

religiuri Tu filos<strong>of</strong>iuri mimdinareobebi.<br />

qristianulma azrovnebam sakiTxi gadaWra `ara-arsisagan arsad moyvanebis~ TeoriiT,<br />

romlis Tanaxmad, `ara-arsisagan~ anu `ara-y<strong>of</strong>ilisagan~ Seiqmna xiluli samyaro da, bolos,<br />

xati RvTisa — adamiani. kreacionizmi asea Camoyalibebuli mose winaswarmetyvelis mier: `Tqua<br />

RmerTman: vqmneT kaci xatad da msgavsad Cuenda... da Seqmna RmerTman kaci, mtuerisa<br />

momRebelman queyanisagan da STabera pirsa missa suli sicocxlisa da iqmna kaci sulad<br />

cxovelad~ (Sesaqme 1,27; 2,27). qristianobam, amave dros, SeiTvisa da Taviseburad gaaRrmava<br />

antikuri filos<strong>of</strong>iuri moZRvreba oTxi elementis (miwa, cecxli, wyali, haeri) kavSiris<br />

Sesaxeb, romelTa `daxsnad~ miiCneoda sikvdili (emeseli 1914: 61-62). `queyanisagan~ anu<br />

miwisagan adamianis Seqmnis principma da moZRvrebam kavSirTa Sesaxeb Taviseburad gadaWra<br />

sxeulis (miwady<strong>of</strong>ilis) sakiTxi rogorc sicocxleSi, aseve sulisa da xorcis gayris<br />

(`kavSirTa daxsnis~) Semdegac: `miwa xar da miwad iqec!~<br />

RvTismetyvelebaSi sagangebod aRiniSneba, rom Semoqmedma `Seiyvana kaci s<strong>of</strong>lad<br />

ukuanaÁskneli dabadebulTa, ara Tu SeuracxebisaTÂs misisaTÂs... aramed raÁTa iyos meufÀ<br />

dabadebiTganve misiT. yoveli sikeTe daaunja man `ubesa Sina queyanisasa~, `ganhmzada s<strong>of</strong>eli<br />

20

ege didebuli da patiosani~ da mxolod amis Semdeg `Semoiyvana kaci da misca mas saqmed<br />

monagebi rCeuli, povnili da momzadebuli~ (Zeglebi 1964: 147). e. i. moxda sulier da<br />

materialur faseulobaTa Tavmoyra, risi warmomCeni da damagvirgvinebeli gaxda adamiani<br />

(`Cven kacTa mogvca qveyana~...). TviT cxovreba Seicavda or gansxvavebul sawyiss `saRmrTosa~<br />

da `queyanis~ SerwymiT, romelTa dapirispirebisa da, miwieris sapirispirod, RvTaebrivis<br />

amaRlebaSi hpova Tavisi ideali qristianulma xelovnebam.<br />

TavisTavad daisva problema `ganhy<strong>of</strong>is~ anu gansxvavebisa dabadebuls _ adamiansa da<br />

dambadebels _ Semoqmeds Soris, rac aixsna `Secvalebadi~ bunebiT. adamiani `ar-arsisagan<br />

Secvala arsad madliTa TÂsiTa dambadebelma~ (Zeglebi 1964: 180-181). e. i. adamianis SeqmnaSive<br />

arsebobda mizezi Tu sawyisi misi Semdgomi `midrekisa~. asec moxda: adamma RvTiT naboZebi<br />

`aznaurebaÁ nebisaÁ~ xorciel miswrafebebs dauqvemdebara da aqedan daedo safuZveli<br />

pirvelcodvas; kaci — adami daSorda Tavis pirvelsaxes. Semoqmedma `maSin gamosaxa xati misTÂs<br />

TÂsisa mamakacebaÁ da dedakacebaÁ, romeli ara ars Zirsa mas Sina~ (Zeglebi 1964: 180-181).<br />

ramdenadac boroteba ar aris Semoqmedis emanaciis Sedegi, unda garkveuliyo misi<br />

warmoSobis sakiTxi, rac qristianulma moZRvrebam imTaviTve kacobriobis pirvelcodvas<br />

daukavSira, igi iqna miCneuli sikvdilis mizezad. ∗ e. i. samoTxidan `gansvla~<br />

moiazreboda borotebisa da sikvdilis gaCenad, Tavad boroteba ki SemdegSi sawuTrosa da<br />

sikvdilis saxiT Seicnes. ramdenadac kacobriobis pirvelcodvis tvirTvas (gamoxsnas,<br />

patiebas) warmoadgenda golgoTis misteria, qriste `meore~ anu `ganaxlebul~ adamad iwoda,<br />

romel ars `bunebiTa miT pirvelisa mis adamisa TÂnier xolo codvisa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 207).<br />

amdenad, sayovelTaobis anu ganzogadebis (`yovelTa zeda~) principi ganapirobebs<br />

kacobriobis codvilianobisa (`kaci ese codvil ars~ _ ioane 9,24) da aRdgomis ideasac:<br />

`viTarca adamis gamo yovelni mowydebian, egreca qristes mier yovelni cxovel iqmnen~ (1<br />

korinTelTa 15,22). samoTxis datovebiT adamianma dakarga Tavisi pirvelsaxe — xateba RvTisa<br />

da xorcieli bunebiT damkvidrda samyaroSi (s<strong>of</strong>elSi). Zveli aRTqmis mier<br />

nawinaswarmetyveleb mesias swored es dakarguli sruly<strong>of</strong>ileba unda daebrunebina<br />

adamianisaTvis, rac SemdegSi ganxorcielda sityva _ logosis `gankacebiT~, qristeSi<br />

RvTaebrivi da adamianuri bunebis SerwymiT.<br />

marTalia, qristianuli Teologia garkveuli kuTxiT upirispirdeba amqveyniur<br />

cxovrebas, magram srul borotebad da araraobad ar miiCnevs y<strong>of</strong>iT-materialurs (winaaRmdeg<br />

SemTxvevaSi arc imsjelebdnen amdens mis Sesaxeb). igi warmavali da SefardebiTi Rirebulebaa<br />

mxolod maradiulTan mimarTebaSi. hegelis ganmartebiT, `saRvTo poeziaSi RmerTi erTaderTi<br />

mniSvnelobis mqonea yvela saganSi, romelnic, mis sapirispirod, warmavali da umniSvnelo<br />

araraobani aRmoCndebian~ (hegeli 1973: 437). RvTaebriv brwyinvalebasa da, maradiulobasTan<br />

SedarebiT, s<strong>of</strong>lis SefardebiT naklsa da zads warmoaCens Zveli aRTqma (eklesiaste 1,4).<br />

SemdegSi orTodoqsulma qristianobam imdenad gaamZafra da gaaRrmava es winaaRmdegoba, rom<br />

saukuneTa Semdgom misi daZleva, s<strong>of</strong>lisa da zesTas<strong>of</strong>lis harmonia, iqca qristianuli<br />

azrovnebis mTavar amocanad (TvaraZe 2001).<br />

V-XVIII saukuneebis <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> nimuSebi am mxriv metad saintereso da<br />

dasafiqrebel suraTs qmnis: sawuTro jer s<strong>of</strong>lis identur cnebad iqca, mere ki<br />

(JamTaaRmwerlis epoqidan) _ sikvdilisa. XVI s-dan sawuTros arsSi moiazreba rogorc<br />

`s<strong>of</strong>eli ese didebuli da patiosani~ (nemesios emeseli), aseve sikvdili _ `kavSirTa daxsna~,<br />

`gayra sulisa da xorcisa~. da im epoqaSi, rodesac kacobriobas gulisyuri mimarTuli hqonda<br />

samyaros moaxloebul dasasrulsa da gankiTxvis dReze, rodesac xelovnebis nimuSebSi<br />

yvelasagan gamorCeul personaJad iqca sikvdili, misi triumfi _ `rokva~, `kamaTi~ da<br />

`dava~ sicocxlesTan, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> gmirebi daJinebiT ekamaTebian sawuTros,<br />

gmoben mis muxTal, `orgemage~ bunebas da mTeli sicxadiT warmoidgenen im saSinel wuTs,<br />

rodesac sawuTro sikvdiliseuli basri iaraRiTa (celi, maxvili, sxvadasxva seni) da<br />

makvdinebeli sasmeliT savse fialiT xelSi moulodnelad gamoecxadeba amqveyniuri SvebiT<br />

galaRebul adamians. wuTis<strong>of</strong>lisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba ganapiroba sarwmunoebrivi<br />

sakiTxebisadmi imdroindeli sazogadoebis indiferentizmmac (`arvis unda saxareba, arca<br />

wigni mociqulTa~... `saRmrTo wigni bevri waxda uydoTa da ubudobiT~...): RvTaebrivi emanaciis<br />

nay<strong>of</strong>i (s<strong>of</strong>eli) borotebad gamocxadda, xolo sikvdili (gardacvaleba _ cxovrebis wesis<br />

Secvla) _ yovelgvari arsebobis dasasrulad, romlis Semdeg aRar dainaxeboda maradiuli<br />

y<strong>of</strong>a (`aw da maradis ukuniTi ukunisamdis~, sadac `aw~ maradiulis nawilia da `es~ dro da<br />

sivrce sakraluri dro-sivrcis dasawyisad, mosamzadebel safexurad miiCneva. amdenad, SiSi<br />

sikvdilisa — rogorc yovelives dasasrulis gancda _ ar arsebobda).<br />

XVIII s-dan qarTul azrovnebaSi ukve SeiniSneba sawuTrosa da sikvdilis cnebaTa<br />

Tavdapirveli (bunebrivi) gaazrebis aRdgena. arCil bagrationis mcdelobas agvirgvinebs<br />

daviT guramiSvili (romlis `ms<strong>of</strong>lSegrZneba mTlianad ganmsWvalulia qristianuli suliT<br />

da, rac aRsaniSnavia, igi kvlav iyureba bibliuri samyarosaken~, _ caiSvili 1981: 142):<br />

∗ am garemoebamac ganapiroba XVI-XVIII ss-is qarTul cnobierebaSi `sawuTrosa~ da `sikvdilis~ paradigmaTa erT<br />

saazrovno sibrtyeze `ganTavseba~ da identur cnebebad gaazreba (aRqma) — l. r.<br />

21

warmoudgenilia s<strong>of</strong>lis borotebad dasaxva, miT ufro, misi gaigiveba sikvdilTan! am periodis<br />

qarTul poeziaSi pirvelad gaimijneba es ori cneba da iqmneba `kacisa da sawuTrosagan ciloba<br />

da pWoba, erTmanerTis Zviris xseneba~ da `sikvdilisa da kacis Selaparakeba da ciloba~. igive<br />

igrZnoba goCa dadianis poemis `goCasa da s<strong>of</strong>lis gabaasebis~ H 1632 (XIX s.) xelnawerSic (ruxaZe<br />

2005: 127-128).<br />

rac Seexeba qarTul folklors, amgvari identuroba naklebad SeimCneva, radgan igi<br />

garkveulad transformirebulia drois Sesabamisad, da, amdenad, daSorebulia pirvelsaxes.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> azrovnebis es Tavisebureba sakmaod sainteresoa da damafiqrebeli. misi axsna<br />

mxolod qarTvelTa sarwmunoebrivi indiferentizmiT (konkretul epoqaSi), mZime<br />

socialur-politikuri y<strong>of</strong>iT an sxva kulturis gavleniT (barokos xelovnebisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli sikvdilis Tema, dasavleT evropuli warmoSobis `sicocxlisa da sikvdilis<br />

kamaTis~ gavlena an, zogadad, epoqiseuli esqatologiuri ganwyobileba) SeuZlebelia. pasuxi<br />

ufro Rrmad, eris miTologemebsa da saazrovno sistemebSia saZiebeli. manam ki Tvali unda<br />

mivadevnoT samyaros aTvisebis qarTul models, ufro zustad, enas _ qarTvelobis, rogorc<br />

socio-kulturuli arsebis Semqmnelis, da `movixelToT~ rodis da ratom ewoda s<strong>of</strong>els<br />

(`Semoqmedis mier ganmzadebuls, didebulsa da patiosans~) sawuTro.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, enaSi aisaxeba eris suli, misi Sinagani `me~ da mimarTeba gare<br />

samyarosTan. masSi (mis wiaRSi) da misiT Sedgeba (xorcieldeba) eri _ rogorc kulturuli<br />

fenomeni. amdenad, `socio-kulturuli sistemis semantikuri konstruireba daiyvaneba enaze,<br />

rogorc Zalauflebis absolutur velze~. qarTul enasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />

arqauli elferi, romelic mis xangrZlivobaze metyvelebs da romliTac qarTvelTa mier<br />

samyaros totaluri aTviseba xdeboda, iyo ukiduresad religiuri, RvTaebriv-mistikuri da<br />

samyaros miTo-poetur `aRweraze~ orientirebuli (iakobaSvili 2005: 31).<br />

qarTvelobas, rogorc erT-erT uZveles qristian ers, odiTganve gansakuTrebuli<br />

damokidebuleba hqonda sityvis, rogorc logosisadmi. ioane minCxic poeziis eniT<br />

imeorebda wm. ioane oqropiriseul ganmartebas: `sityuaÁ dausabamoÁ, romeli mamisa maRlisa<br />

Tana iyo Sobili gamouTqmelad, Tanaarsi da Tanaswori mamisa da sulisaÁ~ (minCxi 1987: 149).<br />

qarTul semantikur sistemaSi, rogorc samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis Secnobadamkvidrebis<br />

gansakuTrebul modelSi (realobaSi), yovel sityvas Tavisi myari adgili da<br />

funqcia aqvs met-naklebi xarisxiT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis nimuSebi<br />

sxvadasxva drois dazianebuli xelnawerebiTaa moRweuli da Tavdapirveli saxis aRdgena<br />

xSirad SeuZlebelia. droTa ganmavlobaSi gadamwerni msgavs terminT xSirad<br />

urTierTCaanacvlebdnen, Sinaarsis mxriv erTnair enobriv erTeulad (sinonimad) miiCnevdnen,<br />

rac Taviseburad afermkrTalebda, zogjer ki piriqiT, azrobriv siRrmesa da xibls matebda<br />

qarTuls. gadamwerTa da konkretuli epoqis zogadi azrovnebidan gamomdinare, ase ganTavsda<br />

erTian semantikur arealSi leqsikuri erTeulebi: sawuTo, sawuTro, s<strong>of</strong>eli, kaci.<br />

Tavdapirvelad `sityvis konis~ Semqmnels movusminoT: s<strong>of</strong>eli sam saxed iTqmis: saukunu<br />

igi s<strong>of</strong>eli da wuTis<strong>of</strong>eli da kacis bunebac s<strong>of</strong>lad iTqmis. sawuTro wuTis xnisa, gina es<br />

s<strong>of</strong>eli. sawuTro es s<strong>of</strong>eli~ (2. korin. 4,17) (orbeliani 1993: 107).<br />

saxarebaSi ramdenjerme gvxvdeba termini sawuTo. zRvis piras (niSandoblivia wylis,<br />

rogorc maradiulis, paradigma!) my<strong>of</strong>i ufali Tavis mowafeT ganumartavs igavs mTesvelsa da<br />

Teslze: kldovanze (nakleb miwaze) davadrnil Tesls (sityvas) Ziri (fesvi) ar gaaCnia gulSi.<br />

amdead, aramdgradi (uZiro, usafuZvlo, ufskruli) da warmavalia igi: `xolo Ziri ara aqun<br />

gulsa TÂssa sawuTrosa // sawuTos ∗ arn~ (maTe 13.21). markoz maxarebelic amave konteqstSi<br />

gaiazrebs sawuTos: `da rameTu ara arn Ziri maTi Soris, aramed sawuTo // sawuTro ∗∗ aried~<br />

(markozi 4,17).<br />

aqve movixmobT saxarebis am pasaJis rusul versias: `Но не имеет в себе корня и непостоянен~...<br />

(От Матфея 13,21), "Но не имеют в себе корня и непостоянны"... (От Марка 4,17). rusul TargmanSi<br />

calsaxad aRiqmeba uZiro (ufesvo) sityvis (marcvlis) naklulovaneba: `sawuToa~ _<br />

`непостоянен~. cxadia, saxarebis qarTulad Targmnis dros `sawuTos~ atributis funqcia<br />

hqonda. transcendentulTan dapirispirebaSi miwieri arsebobis swrafmavlobis Segnebam am<br />

pasaJSi mis adgilas (nacvlad) fonetikurad da Sinaarsobrivad msgavsi termini `sawuTro~<br />

Caanacvla da moxda ara marto leqsikuri, aramed semantikuri cvlilebac — zedsarTavi saxeli<br />

gaarsebiTda (sawuTo s<strong>of</strong>eli→sawuTro).<br />

Sua saukuneebis qristianulma azrovnebam erTgvarad `Seamcira~ da `Caketa~ empiriuli<br />

samyaro, rogorc mxolod aCrdili WeSmaritebisa da ara Tavad WeSmariteba. adamiani ar ibadeba<br />

`drois SegrZnebiT~. droisa da sivrcis miseul aRqmas gansazRvravs is kultura, romelsac igi<br />

∗ sawuTo _ H.IKA<br />

sawuTro _ FG<br />

∗∗ sawuTo _ GHIKA. sawuTro _ F. e. i. giorgi mTawmidelisa da sulxan-sabaseul redaqciebSi yvelgan `sawuTo~<br />

ikiTxeba.<br />

22

ganekuTvneba. yovelive es naTlad Cans terminTa (s<strong>of</strong>eli, sawuTo // sawuTro)<br />

transformaciisas qarTul saazrovno sistemaSi.<br />

iakob xucesi leqsikurad msgavs, magram ara identur cnebebad gaiazrebs sawuTo,<br />

sawuTrosa da s<strong>of</strong>els. jojiki da misi saxleuli sulier Semweobas iTxoven wm.<br />

SuSanikisagan, Tuki Sescodes, `viTarca kacTa sawuTroÁsaTa ∗ da s<strong>of</strong>lis moyuareTa~ (Zeglebi<br />

1963: 26). aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavad korneli kekeliZec gansxvavebuli SinaarsiT (gansxvavebul<br />

leqsikur erTeulad), cal-calke aRiqvamda am konteqstSi `s<strong>of</strong>elsa~ da `sawuTros~: `если в<br />

чем-нибудь согрешили мы перед тобою, как преданные миру и временной сей жизни люди, прости нас~. igive<br />

iTqmis varsqenis, rogorc `sawuTro meuRlis~ ∗∗ Sesaxebac: `...Варксена, временно бывшего моим<br />

мужем~ (curtaveli 1978: 69).<br />

`wm. SuSanikis wamebis~ saerTo konteqstidan da korneli kekeliZis rusuli Targmanidan<br />

gamomdinare, logikuria mosazreba, rom iakob xucesis droindeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> azrovneba<br />

`sawuTosa~ da `sawuTros~ erT cnebad ar aRiqvamda. `sawuTooba~ s<strong>of</strong>lis Tviseba iyo da<br />

_ Tavad s<strong>of</strong>eli. imJamindeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> cnobiereba sruliad bibliuri iyo (`wm. SuSanikis<br />

wameba~ amis Tqmis uflebas gvaZlevs _ l. r.). jojiki da misi axloblebi ganicdidnen da<br />

amitomac aRiarebdnen wmindanis winaSe sakuTar arasruly<strong>of</strong>ilebas, nakls (`msgavsebisagan<br />

davakldi~, _ `galobani sinanulisani~). kerZod, isini kldeze daTesil (davardnil) Tesls<br />

damgvanebodnen, uflis sityvas safuZveli (niadagi) ver epova maTs sulebSi, amitom `sawuTosa<br />

arn~ (maTe 13,21). amave azrobriv konteqstSi unda gaviazroT wm. SuSanikiseuli saxeldeba<br />

varsqenisa: `sawuTo meuRle~. igi uflis madls (Tesls) moklebulia da iseve upirispirdeba wm.<br />

SuSaniks, rogorc maradiulobas _ sawuTooba, mTels _ nawili, Sesabamisad, maradiul siZes<br />

_ `sawuTo meuRle~.<br />

sulxan-saba orbeliani s<strong>of</strong>lis mesame saxed kacis bunebas miiCnevs (`kacis bunebac<br />

s<strong>of</strong>lad iTqmis~). erTi SexedviT, ucnauri ganmartebaa (es ar aris nemesios emeseliseuli<br />

termini `bunebisaTÂs kacisa~), miT ufro, rom didi leqsikografi nimuSs ar asaxelebs. isev `wm.<br />

SuSanikis wamebas~ vubrundebiT. iakob xucesi amqveyniurobis aRsaniSnavad gvTavazobs Semdeg<br />

terminebs: sawuTo//sawuTro da cxoreba. avtori sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom wm.<br />

SuSanikis upirveles sakiTxav wigns `fsalmunni~ warmoadgenda, ufro metic, `mciredTa dReTa<br />

Semdgomad asergasisni igi fsalmunni daiswavlna~ (Zeglebi 1964: 23). jojiksa da misi ojaxis<br />

wevrebTan gamoTxovebis Jams mowame fsalmunTmgalobliseul paradigmebs imeorebs s<strong>of</strong>lisa<br />

da zesTas<strong>of</strong>lis dapirispirebisa da materialuri arsebobis amaoebis warmosaCenad, oRond<br />

mcireodeni semantikuri saxecvlilebiT: `ese yoveli cxorebaÁ, viTarca yuavili velTaÁ,<br />

warmaval ars~ (Zeglebi 1964: 27).<br />

cxadia, mowamem sulier mRviZarebasa da RvTaebriv madlmosilebas fsalmunuri<br />

azrovnebis gaSinaganebiTac miaRwia, misi cnobiereba imdenad `gajerebulia~ (aRsavsea)<br />

bibliuri saxismetyvelebiT, rom SesaZloa erTi romelime sityva Seicvalos (iqneb es droTa<br />

ganmavlobaSi gadamwerTa mier moxda), wminda werilis arsis Secvla SeuZlebelia. marTlac, wm.<br />

SuSaniki azrobrivad zustad imeorebs: `kaci, viTarca Tiva, arian dReni misni; viTarca yuavili<br />

velisa, egreT aRyuavdes~ (fs. 102,12). sainteresoa, rom daviTis sagalobelSi cota adre `kacs~<br />

`me~ enacvleboda da igive azri amgvarad JRerda: `da dReni Cemni, viTarca aCrdili warÃdes, da<br />

me viTarca TivaÁ ganvÃem~ (fs. 101,12).<br />

bibliuri saxismetyvelebidan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom fsalmunTmgalobeli swored<br />

kacs — s<strong>of</strong>lis mkvidrs da ara Tavad s<strong>of</strong>els adarebs Tivas _ gamxmar balaxs da amgvari<br />

paradigmiT gaiazrebs zogad WeSmaritebas _ s<strong>of</strong>eli (empiriuli samyaro, miwieri y<strong>of</strong>aarseboba)<br />

warmavalia, amaoa. aki sikvdilis erT-erTi bibliuri arqetipi celia. balaxi (kaci)<br />

iceleba (kvdeba).<br />

wm. SuSanikis qristianul cnobierebaSi, imJamindeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> azrovnebidan gamomdinare,<br />

es bibliuri paradigma (kaci _ balaxi) icvleba semantikurad gansxvavebuli, magram azrobrivi<br />

datvirTviT imave cnebiT _ s<strong>of</strong>eli. e. i. `kacis bunebac s<strong>of</strong>lad iTqmis~, rogorc didi<br />

leqsikografi brZanebs.<br />

amgvari niuansuri cvlilebisaTvis hagiografs Teologiuri safuZvelic unda hqonoda,<br />

sxvagvarad, piradi iniciatividan gamomdinare, ver Seicvleboda wminda werilis enobrivi<br />

qsovili. savaraudod, s<strong>of</strong>lisa da kacis amgvari `erTsaxovneba~ bunebrivi unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo<br />

imJamindeli evangeluri azrovnebis fonze (azrovnebidan gamomdinare). iovanes saxarebis<br />

muxls (`da s<strong>of</strong>elman igi ver icna~ _ iovane 1,10) amgvarad ganmartavs wm. iovane oqropiri: `ese<br />

igi ars, viTarmed s<strong>of</strong>lis saqmeTa SemSWualulTa kacTa da s<strong>of</strong>lismoyuareTa ver icnes,<br />

rameTu qristesa egreTve uwess eseviTarTa maT da ityÂs: `mamao marTalo, da s<strong>of</strong>elman Sen ara<br />

gicna~ (wm. ioane oqropiri 1993: 63). didi egzegetiki cota adre ufro akonkretebda ver<br />

SemcnobT: `s<strong>of</strong>lad amis adgilsa ersa mas uswavlelsa da ugunursa ityÂs: ganxrwnilsa mas da<br />

queyanisa saqmeTa Seqceulisa~ (wm. ioane oqropiri 1993: 61). fsalmunnis cnobil pasaJSi amgvar<br />

∗ `sawuTosaTa~ _ K red.<br />

∗∗ `sawuTo meuRle~ _ K red.<br />

23

`Canacvlebas~, Cveni azriT, garkveuli mizani unda hqonoda, kerZod, ara konkretuli<br />

pirovnebis (`kacad-kacadi~, _ abuserisZe tbeli) sikvdili da cxovrebis amaoeba unda<br />

warmoedginaT wm. SuSanikis winaSe muxlmodrekilT, aramed zogadad `s<strong>of</strong>lisa~ da `uflis<br />

ver SemcnobTa~ cxovrebis amaoeba daviT mefsalmunis avtoritetis fonze.<br />

amgvari `Canacvleba~, hagiografis mxridan, ufro mZafrad, Rrmad da ganzogadebiT<br />

warmoaCenda konkretul situaciaSi, erTi mxriv, codvas (`mosisxleobaÁ iqmna, da Tquen<br />

yovelni Tanamdeb iqmneniT~, Zeglebi 1964: 16), meore mxriv, queyanisa saqmeTa SeqceulTa~<br />

cxovrebis swrafwarmavlobasa da amaoebas. amgvari sayovelTaobis anu ganzogadebis<br />

warmoCenas (SesaZleblobas) Tavad fsalmunnis saxismetyveleba karnaxobda hagiografs.<br />

`yuavili velTa~ xom ukve Seicavs (badebs) usazRvroebis gancdas, rogorc yovelgvari droisa<br />

da sivrcis samanis gareSe mowodebuli. amgvaria `cxorebac~ usasrulod<br />

mravalTaTvis da usasrulod yvelgan, oRond mxolod aq, miwaze, mzis qveSeTSi, _<br />

imeorebs fsalmunTmgaloblis xmaze giorgi merCule.<br />

* * *<br />

gansjisaTvis<br />

`xolo Ziri ara aqun gulsa TÂssa sawuTosa // sawuTrosa arn~ (maTe 13,21).<br />

`da rameTu ara arn Ziri maTi Soris, aramed sawuTo // sawuTro aried~ (markozi 4,17).<br />

***<br />

sainteresoa, rom saxarebiseul am paradigmas emyaraba nikoloz baraTaSvilis msjeloba<br />

adamianis movaleobisa da amqveyniurobis arsTan dakavSirebiT: `mainc ra aris Cveni y<strong>of</strong>awuTis<strong>of</strong>eli,<br />

Tu ara oden sawyauli aRuvsebeli?!~ es azri ritorikuli kiTxvis saxiTaa<br />

gacxadebuli, amdenad, igi pasuxs ar moiTxovs, Tavad Seicavs mas. baraTaSvilisaTvis sawuTros<br />

`aRuvsebloba~ misi Tvisebaa (arsia), ufro metic, WeSmaritebaa! radgan Ziri (safuZveli,<br />

simyare, fskeri) ar gaaCnia. saxarebis mixedviT, `nakleb miwiania~. adamianis cxovrebac Tesls<br />

emsgavseba _ uZiro sawuTroSi ver aRmocendeba. e. i. maradiulobas, RvTaebriobas ver<br />

eziareba, `Ziri ara aqun gulsa TÂssa~ (maTe 13,21). avsebuloba, sisavse anu sisrule ki<br />

aucileblobaa ufalTan miaxloebis, misi arsis wvdomisa da Tanagancdisa: `iyveniT srul,<br />

viTarca mamaÁ Tqueni srul ars!~<br />

***<br />

iliaseuli luarsabisTvisac kaci (s<strong>of</strong>eli) uZiro qvevria (WurWelia, Tumca, misda<br />

saubedurod, uflis sityva (madli, Tesli) mis `Wkua-gonebaSi~ mxolod materialur<br />

sakvebad aRiqmeba da `RvTiT monaberi~ sulic qaris motanils emsgavseba.<br />

***<br />

amgvar konteqstSi xom ar unda gavigoT daviT aRmaSeneblis godeba?<br />

`me var, viTarca ufskruli<br />

Sesakrebeli bilwebisa RuarTaÁ!~<br />

aq gancdaTagan upirvelesi satkivari ufskrulze modis (e. i. Ziri, simyare,<br />

safuZveli) ar gaaCnia da amitomac ver gaidga masSi fesvi uflis sityvam. saxierebis (saTnoebis)<br />

sapirispirod `bilweba~ davanda da man (`bilwebis Ruarma~) waaxdina WurWeli. ufro zustad,<br />

uflis WurWlad saTuebi (savaraudo) sibilwis Sesakrebeli gaxda (e. i. naklulovanebis<br />

Sedegad uflis WurWlad savaraudo `bilwebis Sesakrebeli~ gaxda).<br />

am troparis saxismetyvelebiTi analizis dros opoziciur saxeebze, oRond<br />

gansxvavebulze, araerTi sayuradRebo msjelobaa warmodgenili (l. grigolaSvili, r.<br />

baramiZe, n. sulava), kerZod: `daviT aRmaSenebelma Tavisi codvebi ukeTurebis aRmamsrbol<br />

mdinares Seadara, riTac kvlav opoziciuri saxe Semoitana sagalobelSi... ukeTurebis aRmarTmsrboli<br />

mdinare da bilwebis Rvari iseTi paradigmuli saxeebia, romelTagan erTi meores<br />

eyrdnoba, meore pirvelisgan momdinareobs, e. i. erTi da imave saxis ganviTarebaa, meore<br />

(bilwebis Rvari) pirveliTaa ganpirobebuli~ (nestan sulava, XII-XIII saukuneebis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

himnografia, Tb., `merani~, 2003, gv. 21-22).<br />

`opoziciuri saxiT~ poziciuris (RvTaebrivis) dakleba-dakargvis saxarebiseul amgvar<br />

gancdas efuZneba nikoloz baraTaSvilis msjelobac adamianis movaleobisa da amqveyniurobis<br />

arsTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

axali aRTqumaÁ 2003: axali aRTqumaÁ. wm. giorgi mTawmidelis redaqciis kritikulad dadgenili teqstis<br />

mesame sruli gamocema. Tb.: `sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gamomcemloba~, 2003.<br />

24

iblia 1990: Библия. Книги священного писания Ветхого и Нового Завета. SGP. Box 516. Chicago, II 606090-0516. USA,<br />

1990.<br />

doCanaSvili 1983-1986: doCanaSvili el. (redaqtori). mcxeTuri xelnaweri. teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva<br />

daurTo el. doCanaSvilma. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1983.<br />

emeseli 1914: nemesios emeseli. bunebisaTÂs kacisa. s. gorgaZis gamocema. tf.: saeklesio muzeumis<br />

gamocema, 17, 1914).<br />

TvaraZe 2001: TvaraZe r. <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> istoria. t. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~,<br />

2001.<br />

iakobaSvili 2005: iakobaSvili l. <strong>qarTuli</strong> miTologemebi. Tkxsu samecniero Sromebis krebuli. III, Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 2005.<br />

imnaiSvili 1979: imnaiSvili iv. (redaqtori). <strong>qarTuli</strong> oTxTavis bolo ori redaqcia. teqsti gamosca da<br />

gamokvleva daurTo iv. imnaiSvilma. Tb.: `Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1979.<br />

minCxi 1987: ioane minCxis poezia. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1987.<br />

orbeliani 1993: orbeliani sulxan-saba. leqsikoni <strong>qarTuli</strong>. II, Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1993.<br />

ruxaZe 2005: ruxaZe l. `goCasa da s<strong>of</strong>lis gabaseba~ (`goCaiani~) da misi savaraudo avtorebi. krebuli:<br />

literaturuli Ziebani. XXVI, Tb.: 2005.<br />

caiSvili 1986: caiSvili s. daviT guramiSvili. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1986.<br />

curtaveli 1978: Цуртавели Иакоб. Мученичество Шушаник. Перевод с грузинского Корнелия Кекелидзе. Тб.: изв.<br />

"Мерани", 1978.<br />

Zeglebi 1964: uZvelesi redaqciebi basili kesarielis `equsTa dReTaÁsa da grigol noselis Targmanebis<br />

`kacisa agebulebisaTÂs~. wignSi: Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> Zeglebi. t. I. X-XII ss-is<br />

xelnawerTa mixedviT gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo ilia abulaZem. Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1964.<br />

wm. ioane oqropiri 1993: wm. ioane oqropiri. ganmarteba ioanes saxarebisa. Targmani wm. eqvTime<br />

mTawmidelisa. naw. II. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merkuri~, 1993.<br />

hegeli 1973: hegeli. esTetika. t. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba `xelovneba~, 1973.<br />

Life and Death Paradimg In<br />

Georgian Hagiography in V-XIII Centuries<br />

Summary<br />

Lali Rukhadze<br />

Mundane existence is the result <strong>of</strong> divine emanation and consequently, its perception as the evil is<br />

absolutely unacceptable. It was regarded as the phenomenon having its significance onli in comparison with<br />

divine, eternal existence. Death was interpreted as “gardatsvaleba” (word by word-reincarnation, transition from<br />

one form <strong>of</strong> existence to another)-separation <strong>of</strong> soul and body. As far as mundane life was considered to be the<br />

beginning <strong>of</strong> eternal existence, more precisely, it was considered to be the preparatory stage; “Gardatsvaleba”<br />

was regarded as change <strong>of</strong> lifestyle, transition from material to eternal spiritual life. That`s why fear <strong>of</strong> death was<br />

not the fear <strong>of</strong> non-existence-“nothing”. It was hard emotional experience, caused from the expected anger <strong>of</strong><br />

Most High for man`s sins. Material time and space was considered to be the part <strong>of</strong> sacral time and sphere, the<br />

step on the way to elevation, spiritual perfection.<br />

saba-firuz metreveli<br />

„wmida gobronis martvilobis“ saxismetyvelebis zogierTi aspeqti<br />

adamianis sulis ganmwmend saSualebad locvasTan, marxvasTan, wm. ziarebasTan,<br />

aRsarebasTan da sinanulTan erTad gansacdelic moiazreba. wm. mefe da winaswarmetyveli<br />

daviTi brZanebs: „ganmcaden Cuen, RmerTo, da gamomaჴ urven Cuen viTarca gamoiÃurvis vercxli,<br />

Semiyvanen Cuen sabrÃesa, dahkribe Wiri beWTa CuenTa“ (fs. 65,10—11).<br />

nebismieri gansacdeli, romelsac RmerTi mouvlens adamians, madlobiT, simSvidiT,<br />

udrtvinvelad unda miiRos adamianma da gamocda cdunebad ar unda eqces. ase miiRes<br />

gansacdeli abraamma, iobma, tobim, iosebma... qristesTvis wamebulebma.<br />

„wmida gobronis martvilobis“ avtori, episkoposi stefane mtbevari, Txzulebis<br />

dasawyisSive Segvaxsenebs, rom „ioseb da yovelni mamaT-mTavarni TiToeulad gamoicadnes<br />

msgavsad Zalisa Cuenisa“ ∗ . amas mohyveba citatebi bibliidan imis dasturad, rom mzad unda iyo<br />

∗ citatebi damowmebulia Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> agiografiuli <strong>literaturis</strong> Zeglebidan.<br />

25

gansacdelisTvis, rom ufali aswavlis da tanjavs masze msasoebel da Seyvarebul Svilebs.<br />

agiografis miniSneba bunebrivi da gasagebia: unda daviTminoT, gavuZloT, avitanoT, madlobiT<br />

miviRoT is, rac ase saWiro da aucilebelia Cveni sulis gadarCenisTvis. amiT avtori iqiTkenac<br />

gvibiZgebs, rom Txzulebis gmiri swored gansacdelTa daTmenis cocxal magaliTad<br />

mogvevlineba. aseTi sagangebo eqskursebi pasuxia imisa, rom stefane mtbevaris qmnileba<br />

abstraqtuli monumentalizmis principebiTaa Seqmnili da yvelaferi emsaxureba qristesTvis<br />

wamebuli personaJis saxis gamokveTas, rac, Tavis mxriv, qristianuli esTetikis principebs<br />

emyareba.<br />

Txzulebis dasawyisi erTgvari gafrTxilebaa ampartavanTaTvis: „viTarca ityÂs daviT:<br />

amaRldi, msajulo simarTlisao da miage misagebeli ampartavanTa“, aqve moxmobilia wm. pavle<br />

mociqulis sityvebi: „amisTÂs moiwios risxvaÁ RmrTisaÁ naSobTa zeda urCebisaTa“.<br />

yovel drosa da epoqaSi erT-erT umniSvnelovanes movlenad, maradiul Rirebulebad<br />

rCeba imis Segneba, Tu vin xar da ratom xar, raSia Seni, rogorc adamianis daniSnuleba, risTvis<br />

moxvedi amqveynad, ra misia unda aRasrulo. qristianuli anTropologiis sakiTxebi<br />

erTdroulad iyris Tavs agiografis SefasebaSi: „agebulebaÁ TÂsi ver eswava umadloTa maT<br />

naTesavTa da msgavsebaÁ mTavrobisa TÂsisaÁ ver gulisÃma-eyo“.<br />

radgan RmerTma adamiani Seqmna „xatad da msgavsad TÂssa“ (Ses. 1, 11) da mas „STahbera“<br />

Tavisi ukvdavi suli, amiT aziara maradisobas, ufro sworad, adamiani mTeli Tavisi<br />

SemadgenlobiT e. i. suliTa da xorciT Seqmna misi amqveyniuri damsaxurebis Sesatyvisi<br />

maradiuli cxovrebisaTvis, Tavisi arsis mixedviT mas Seswevs ganuwyveteli sruly<strong>of</strong>is unari<br />

(qiqoZe 1993: 252-253). mcxovaric ase mogviwodebs: „iyueniT Tquen srul, viTarca mamaÁ Tqueni<br />

zecaTaÁ srul ars“ (m. 5, 48). sruly<strong>of</strong>a miiRweva maSin, roca mTeli sicocxlis manZilze suli<br />

naziarebi iqneba sikeTes. marTlmadidebeli eklesiis katexizmo adamianis misias ase<br />

gansazRvravs: „kacis daniSnuleba is aris, rom ganaviTaros RvTisagan moniWebuli Zali da niWi<br />

da miaRwios sisrules da RvTis msgavsebas... sul ukanaskneli miswrafeba kacisa aris RmerTi,<br />

erToba anu cxoveli kavSiri RmerTTan“ (katexizmo 1994: 24). amis aucileblobas isic qmnis, rom<br />

igi RvTis xati da msgavsia. wm. ioane damaskelis mixedviT: „xatisebrioba“ gonismierobasa da<br />

TviTuflebrivobas aRniSnavs, „msgavsebisebroba“ ki _ Zalisamebr saTnoebis msgavsebas“<br />

(damaskeli 2000: 361).<br />

adamianuri cxovrebis mizania,Seicno Tavi Seni da amiT _ dambadebeli. rogorc eklesiis<br />

mamebi gvaswavlian, adamianis Seqmna RvTis Warbi siyvarulis gamovlenaa. garda amisa, „ragvari<br />

siyvaruli da erTgulebac gankacebulma RmerTma gamoavlina adamianisaTvis, imgvarive<br />

siyvaruli da erTgulebac kacs marTebs uzenaesisadmi. RvTaebrivi sauflos miRma mdgom<br />

adamians daesaxeba amaRldes RmerTamde, gaemijnos sasrulobas, Camoicilos araraoba“<br />

(farulava 1992: 110).<br />

stefane mtbevaris erTgvari gulistkivili da aRSfoTeba, rom „agebulebaÁ Tvsi ver<br />

eswava umadloT maT naTesaÂTa da msgavsebaÁ mTavrobisa TÂsisaÁ ver gulisÃma-eyo“ imas<br />

gulisxmobs, rom moxda codviT dacema, riTac „xati Semoqmedis RmrTisaÁ Seuracx-yves“,<br />

codvas sikvdili Semohyva kacTa modgmisTvis, dairRva maradisobasTan wilnayaroba da daiwyo<br />

wuTis<strong>of</strong>lis misteria. agiografi Segvaxsenebs ms<strong>of</strong>lio warRvnas, sodom-gomoris warwymedas,<br />

iezabel ded<strong>of</strong>lisa da wm. elia winaswarmetyვ elis cnobil epizods Zveli aRTqmidan. mTeli<br />

konteqsti gaJRenTilia imis SegonebiT, rom ar unda viyoT urCni RvTisa, rom ukeTureba<br />

dausjeli ar darCeba. avtori isaia winaswarmetyvels daimowmebs: „ukeTu isminoT Cemio,<br />

keTilsa queyanisasa sWamdeT, ukueTu ara isminoT, maxÂlman SegWamnes Tquen“.<br />

RmerTi marTlmsajulia da mis winaSe yvela ixilavs nay<strong>of</strong>s simarTlisas. amitom unda<br />

gvqondes SiSi RvTisa, davutevoT ukeTureba da sinanulad moveqceT _ aseTia agiografis<br />

Rrma rwmena da mTeli es istoria, aseTi vrceli eqskursi mas dasWirda mxolod imisTvis, rom<br />

gviCvenos, rogor da ratom isjeba somexTa eri _ „rameTu mociqulTa mier qadagebuli<br />

marTlmadideblobisa igi sarwmunoebaÁ wmidisa kaTolike eklesiisaÁ ganagdes da moZRuarTa<br />

mier wmidaTa krebaTa RmrTiv sulierTa ganwesebuli kanoni saeklesioÁ Seuracx-yves“.<br />

stefane mtbevaris es sityvebi mowmobs mis aSkara antimon<strong>of</strong>izitur tendencias. garda<br />

amisa, mTeli msjeloba ganmsWvalulia imis SegnebiT, rom qveyana isjeba codvebis gamo, rom,<br />

rodesac erTiani sayovelTao (kaTolike) eklesiis wmida swavleba, mociqulTagan qadagebuli,<br />

da wmida saeklesio krebebis mier ganCineბuli kanonebi gankiTxvis sagani gaxdeba, maSin<br />

aRmocendeba mwvalebloba, amis gamo codva fiTriviT moedeba garemos: „miwaÁ igi somxiTisaÁ<br />

ampartavan da mkÂdrni misni cudad mzuaobar, angahr, laR da codÂs moyuare, ampartavan,<br />

uwyalo, uyuarul da yovliTa ukeTurebiTa savse“ _ aseTi daxasiaTebis Semdeg sruliad<br />

bunebrivi da logikuria, rom „amaTa queyanaTa zeda ganewyo ufali risxviTa gulis-wyromisa<br />

misisaჲTa“. somxeTis mooxreba avtors Sedarebuli aqvs ninevelTa daqcevasTan.<br />

„wm. gobronis martvilobis“ arqiteqtonika sruliad gansxvavebulia „wamebaTa“ Tu<br />

„cxovrebaTa“ Janris sxva qmnilebebisagan. sakuTriv gobronis wamebis ambavs Txzulebis erTmesamedze<br />

naklebic ki uWiravs. danarCeni Semzadebaa am Rvawlis warmosaCenad, misi gmirobis<br />

rangSi asayvanad. „wm. gobronis martvilobis“ saxismetyvelebaSi mniSvnelovania saxelis<br />

simbolika. agiografi gvauwyebs, rom gobronma „saxeli icvala, viTarca yovelTa wmidaTa,<br />

26

viTarca petres klde da savles pavle, amas ewoda pirvelad miqel da mere gobron“. amis<br />

Sesaxeb sagangebod msjelobs i. grigalaSvili, romlis azriT: „RvTis rCeul pirTaTvis meore<br />

saxelis wodeba maSin xdeba, roca isini gansakuTrebul viTarebaSi aRmoCndebian. metbevari<br />

mowamis saxelis cvlilebaze xazgasmiT mianiSnebs mniSvnelovan sulier feriscvalebaze“<br />

(grigalaSvili 2005: 35) „miqeli“ RvTis swori, RvTaebrivi (saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari<br />

1992: 418). unda iqces martvilad, anu damadastureblad, mowmed, sisxlisa da sicocxlis fasad<br />

rom daamowmebs WeSmaritebas. ise rogorc wm. mociqulTa Tavni petre da pavle, romelTac,<br />

agiografis TqmiT, emsgavseba netari gobroni. stefane mtbevari wmindanis pirvelsaxeebad<br />

miuTiTebs iobs, iosebs, daviT winaswarmetyvels, wmida didmowame giorgisa da Teodores. am<br />

paradigmul saxe—simboloebze Tavis monografiaSi mianiSnebs i. grigalaSvili. Cven, Cveni<br />

mxriv, davZenT, rom ZiriTadi msgavseba aq gansacdelTa Tmenaa. rogorc i. grigalaSvili wers,<br />

miqel—gobroni Zalian hgavs miqel-gabriels, gabrieli niSnavs simtkices, anu RvTis Zalas<br />

(saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari 1992: 408). garda amisa, gobroni iTargmneba, rogorc Zala.<br />

ase unda iqces miqeli — RvTis swori RvTis Zalad, simtkiced, uSiSar da medgar sikvdilze<br />

gamarjvebul martvilad.<br />

ieso qristes mier ganvlili gza golgoTisaken, marTalia, jvarcmiT dasrulda, magram<br />

aRdgomiTa da amaRlebiT dagvirgvinda. qristianul literaturaSi yvelaferma, rac wmida<br />

maxareblebis mier iqna gadmocemuli, paradigmis mniSvneloba SeiZina, kerZod ki<br />

martirologiur TxzulebebSi: ,,dumili, udrtvinveloba, moTmineba braldebaTa da<br />

Seuracxy<strong>of</strong>aTa winaSe, sakuTar tanjva-tkivilTa daviwyeba, udanaSauloba... gulmowyaleba...<br />

miteveba... RvTis mowyalebis gadmosvla da SeWirvebaSi ganmtkiceba“ (farulava 1992: 114) iqca<br />

sagangebo mibaZvis pirvelsaxed.<br />

„wm. gobronis martviloba“ sainiteresoa im mxrivac, rom aq gaidialebulia meudabnoe<br />

mamebis Rvawli, maTi locviTi saTnoebani: „RmerTman ara aufla STasvlad mas Sina masliTa<br />

didebulTa udabnoTaÁTa da locviTa wmidiTaiTa, romelTa saTnoebani maTni keTilni, suetni<br />

caTani ganmtkicebul arian~. rac meti mlocveli ber-monazoni, meudabnoe Tu gandegili hyavs<br />

qveyanas, miT ufro daculia igi boroti Zalisagan, ufro mtkice da Zlevamosilia.<br />

brZolaSi Seupovari da uZlevelia netari gobroni. agiografi siamayiT aRniSnavs:<br />

„yovelTa uwinarÀs ipova simÃniTa netari gobron da Zali brZolisa misisaÁ). yovelsa mas<br />

simravlesa zeda sacnaur iyo... gamouÃdis netari gobron da gandevnis da Zlevisa misgan umetÀs<br />

ganakÂrvna yovelni“ (Zeglebi 1964: 177).<br />

axovaneba mxedrisa, erisa da mamulisaTvis Tavdadebuli gmirisa sakvirveli iyo<br />

yovelTaTvis. miqel-gobroni, gamorCeuli fizikuri ZaliT, brZolaSi SeupovrobiTa da<br />

uSiSrobiT, sxva RvawliTac Semkobilia: „SeemsWualnes Ãorcni TÂsni SiSsa RmrTisasa da<br />

ganumzada Tavi TÂsi qristesTÂs satanjvelad da sikudilsa daTmenad“ (Zeglebi 1964: 177-178).<br />

uZleveli da uSiSari gobroni RvTis moSiSi da qristesTvis sikvdilis maZiebelia. igi<br />

Zlieri pirovnebaa, am siZlieres ganapirobebs misi fizikuri da sulieri mzaoba, rom Seewiros<br />

siyvaruls, uerTgulos mas da sakuTari sisxliT daamowmos qristesTvis, rwmenisa da<br />

siyvarulisTvis udrtvinveloba.<br />

„martÂlobaÁ, gobronisi“ esqatologiuri suliskveTebiT Seqmnili nawarmoebia.<br />

agiografis sityvebi gafrTxilebad gaismis, rom sulieri mRviZareba gaaaqtiuros CvenSi.<br />

apokalifsuri molodini adamianuri Zalisxmevis mobilizaciisTvis aris aucilebeli: „saSinel<br />

da SesaZrwunebel ars dRÀ igi sasjelisaÁ, meored mosvla uflisaÁ, oden cani daiqcnen da<br />

wesni icvalnen, mnaTobni daSrten yovelni da queyanaÁ Seimusros, oÃraÁ igi sayÂrisaÁ zarscemdes<br />

yovelTa dabadebulTa da ZrwoliT xedviden mefesa qristesa, momavalsa juariTa“<br />

(Zeglebi 1964: 179-180).<br />

sayovelTao samsjavro, uflis meored mosvla samyaros dasasruls gulisxmobs. es dRe<br />

adamianebisTvis ar aris gancxadebuli. uzenaesma niSnebi CamoTvala, romlebic winaswar<br />

gvacnoben mis meored mosvlasa da morwmuneebs am didi movlenis Sesaxeb afrTxileben.<br />

„sasjelis dReze“ ufali igavebiTac saubrobda: igavi keTili Teslisa da RvarZlis Sesaxeb (m.<br />

13,24-20), igavi badis Sesaxeb, romelic zRvaSi iyo Cagdebuli da yvela saxis Tevzi moinadira (m.<br />

13, 47-50), igavi aTi qalwulis Sesaxeb (m. 25, 1—13), igavi talantebis Sesaxeb (m. 25, 14-29) da a.S.<br />

jvarze vnebis win mowafeebTan macxovarma moixsenia momavali sayovelTao samsjavros dRe..<br />

amis Sesaxeb gvauwyebdnen mociqulebic. qveynis aRsasruli gardauvalia. yovel wuTs, yovel<br />

dResa da yovel wels mizandasaxulad mivyavarT im `ukanasknel dResTan“ (i. 6,39), „didsa da<br />

ganCinebul dResTan“ (saqm. 2,20), „sasjelis dResTan“ (m. 10,15). „dResa mas risxvisa da<br />

gamoCinebisa da marTlmsajulebisa RvTisasa“ (rom. 2,5).<br />

pirveli qristianebi im dRis xilvis sasoebiT cxovrobdnen da ambobdnen: „ufali axlos<br />

ars“ (filip. 4,5), male mova ufali da yvelas Tavisi saqmeebisamebr miagebs. „Tormeti<br />

mociqulis swavleba“, romelic II saukuneSia dawerili, Seicavs samadlobel locvas: „dae<br />

movides madli da dae gansruldes es wuTis<strong>of</strong>eli. osana daviTis RmerTs“ (vasiliadisi 2003:<br />

391).<br />

sulier sifxizlesa da meored mosvlisaTvis mzadebas dauRalavad gviqadagebs stefane<br />

mtbevaric: „saSinel da SesaZrwunebel ars dRÀ igi“_ gvafrTxilebs da amiT Segvaxsenebs Cvens<br />

27

upirveles movaleobas wuTis<strong>of</strong>elSi. qarTvelma agiografma kargad icis, rom meored mosvlis<br />

Jams gaismeba kvnesa, daiRvreba cremli, miwa Seiryeva, ca daigragneba, mTvare naTels aRar<br />

gamoscems, varskvlavebi Camocvivdebian da mzis Suqi sibneleSi CaiZireba. avtori am dRes<br />

„saSinels“ uwodebs. Rirsi svimeon axali RvTismetyveli gancvifrebulia meored mosvlis am<br />

SemaZrwunebeli suraTis warmodgeniT da ZrwoliT wers: „macxovris mosvlis saSineli dRe<br />

imitom ki ar iwodeba amgvarad, rom es yvelaze ukanaskneli dRea da arc mxolod imitom, rom<br />

mxolod maSin mova ufali, aramed imis gamo, rom meufe da RmerTi yovelTa, ufali Cveni ieso<br />

qriste am dRes mTeli Tavisi brwyinvalebiT gamoanaTebs. uflis am naTebis gamo xiluli mze<br />

dabneldeba da,saerTod,SeumCneveli gaxdeba, varskvlavebi Caqrebian da yovelive xiluli<br />

wignis msgavsad daixureba e.i. ukan daixevs, raTa adgili Semoqmeds dauTmos... angelozebi am<br />

dRes didad gankvirdebian, radgan ixilaven imas, rac aqamde ar uxilavT (vasiliadisi 2003: 394).<br />

stefane mtbevaris sityvebi „oÃraÁ igi sayÂrisaÁ zar-scemdes yovelTa dabadebulTa“<br />

imas gulisxmobs, rom miqael mTavarangelozi sayvirs dascems da adamidan vidre samyaros<br />

dasasrulamde yvela gardacvlils gamoaRviZebs. rogorc pavle mociquli brZanebs: ”Tavadi<br />

ufali brZanebiTa da xmiTa angelozT mTavrisaTa da sayvirTa RmrTisaTa gardmoxdes zeciT da<br />

mkvdarni igi qristesmierni aRdgen pirvelad“ (I Tes. 4, 16).<br />

rac Seexeba agiografis Tqmuls: „ZrwoliT xedviden mefesa qristessa, momavals<br />

juariTa“ _ imas gulisxmobs, rom msajuli iqneba Ze RvTisa _ ufali Cveni ieso qriste,<br />

romelmac Tavad gviTxra: mama RmerTma „yoveli msjavri mosca Zesa“ (i. 5, 22). pavle mociqulis<br />

sityviT, msjavrs aRasrulebs mama RmerTi Zis meSveobiT, romelic TviTon mamam daadgina<br />

msajulad (saqm. 17, 31).<br />

macxovris meored mosvlas win waruZRveba „saswauli Zisa kacisa“ (m.24, 30), anu jvari,<br />

romelsac angelozebi wamoabrZaneben da elvis msgavs naTebas gamoscems _ amas gulisxmobs<br />

qarTveli avtori, roca gvauwyebs, rom qriste „movals juariTa“.<br />

qristianuli sarwmunoeba adamians sikvdilze axlebur xedvas da WeSmarit codnas<br />

aniWebs. yvelis cixidan gamoyvanili pyrobilebi erTmaneTs ase amxneveben: „gualeT, Zmano,<br />

qristÀs Tana da nu vin Cuengani SeorguldebiT da sixaruliT gamovides da urTierTs<br />

aswavebdes mxiaruliTa piriTa ficxelsa mas satanjvelsa sikudilsa, viTarca saSuebelsa<br />

keTilsa“. rogorc vxedavT, maTSi daZleulia sikvdilis SiSi da sixaruliTac ki egebebian<br />

satanjvels.<br />

sikvdilis SiSi memkvidreobiT miiRo kacTa modgmam pirvelqmnili adamianebisgan,<br />

romelTac RvTis mcneba daarRvies. n. vasiliadisi Tavis monografiaSi „sikvdilis<br />

saidumloeba“ sikvdilis SiSis Svid mizezs miuTiTebs: 1. sikvdilis SiSs xSirad kacTmoZule<br />

eSmaki gvinergavs; 2. WeSmariti sarwmunoebis ganelebis Sedegia; 3. amqveyniur sikeTeTa<br />

gadaWarbebuli Sefasebaა ; 4. ar gveSinia codvilTaTvis gankuTvnili momavali sasjelis gamo; 5.<br />

Cvens gulebs sasufevlis siyvaruli ar dauflebia; 6. movlenebs mxolod zedapirulad<br />

vuyurebT da ar vuRrmavdebiT; 7. sikvdilis SiSi gamowveulia codvebisadmi Cveni gulgrili<br />

damokidebulebiT (vasiliadisi 2003: 183-186) .<br />

radgan aseTia sikvdilis SiSis mizezebi, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, Tu rogori rwmena da<br />

siyvaruli hqondaT yvelis cixeSi datyvevebulebs.<br />

mowafeebma icodnen, rom sikvdili sicocxleze ukeTesia, amitomac „urTierTas<br />

aswavebdes mxiaruliTa piriTa ficxelsa mas satanjvelsa sikudilsa“. wm. ioane RvTismetyვ eli<br />

gvamcnobs, rom zeciuri wmida samsxverplos qveS ixila RvTis sityvisTvis momwydarTa sulebi<br />

(gamocx. 6, 9-10). isini cocxalni arian da iTxoven, rom aResrulos msjavri, daisajnon<br />

morwmuneTa mdevnelebi. rogorc Cans, yovelive es exmareboda qristianebs, medgrad<br />

Sexvedrodnen tanjva-wamebas, amitomac eniT gamouTqmeli Sinagani sixaruliTa da imediT<br />

xvdebodnen qristesTvis sikvdils.<br />

ase, magaliTad, mTeli arsebiT eswrafvoda mowamebriv aRsasruls wm. egnate<br />

RmerTSemosili, antioqiis episkoposi. wm. polikarpe smirinelma mowamebrivi aRsasrulis win<br />

iloca da RmerTs madloba Seswira imisTvis, rom Rirsi gaxda mowameTa dass SerTvoda da amis<br />

Semdeg morCilad Sevida cecxlSi.<br />

rodesac ormocma mowamem warmarTi guSagisagan brZaneba miiRo, ganmosiliyvnen da<br />

SiSvelni Sesuliyvnen gayinul tbaSi, es brZaneba gasaocari sixaruliT aRasrules, erTmaneTs<br />

amxnevebdnen da madlierebiT SehRaRadebdnen RmerTs.<br />

msgavsi magaliTebis moxmoba mravlad SeiZleba, magram, SesaZloa gaCndes kiTxva: aseTi<br />

damokidebuleba sicocxlis ugulebely<strong>of</strong>as xom ar niSnavs?! Tu vinme sikvdils eZebs da<br />

TavgamodebiT miiltvis misken, xom ar niSnavs, rom amqveyniur sicocxles ar afasebs? _<br />

„sruliadac ara! rameTu qristiani nebismier adamianze metad emadliereba RmerTs am didi<br />

wyalobisaTvis, igi xom sicocxles Semoqmedis udides wyalobad miiCnevs“ (vasiliadisi 2003:<br />

229).<br />

saSineli wamebiT daxoces yvelis cixeSi datyvevebulebi. rogorc agiografi gvauwyebs:<br />

„romelnime maxviliTa scemdes, romelnime horoliTa da isriTa SesCxuepdes da dasWrides<br />

ÃorcTa maTTa, dinebiTa ganapebdes, da RÂZlebi igi maTi, viTarca ZaRlTa piriTa ganetaca, da<br />

esrÀT dasTxines sisxlini maTni, da esrჱT srul iqmna wamebaÁ maTi qristÀs mier“.<br />

28

wm. ioane oqropiri didmowame drosidas sadidebel sityvaSi ambobs: „mowameTa sikvdili<br />

waqezebaa morwmunisa, SemarTeba eklesiisa, ganmtkiceba qristianobisa, Zleva sikvdilisa,<br />

damowmeba aRdgomisa, ganqiqeba eSmakisa, msjavrdeba satanisa, maswavlebeli<br />

sibrZnismoyvareobisa. igia ... moTminebis momcemi, mxneobis aRmZvreli, Ziri, saTave da mSobeli<br />

yovelgvari sikeTisa“ (vasiliadisi 2003: 230).<br />

amirasa da gobronis dialogi Zalian hgavs wm. abosa da msajulis saubars. veragia amira,<br />

cbieri da TaRliTi. igi cdilobs simdidriTa da TanamdebobiT gadaibiros Tavis rjulze<br />

netari gobroni, amasTanave viTomdac wminda adamianuri TanalmobiTa da gancdiT mimarTavs:<br />

„mewyalis me sikeTÀ siWabukisa SenisaÁ da mSuris sikudilisaTÂs mÃedrobaÁ Seni, romeli<br />

saxelovan xar winaSe Cuensa da aw, viTarca Svilsa sayuarelsa, gaswaveb Sen, dauteve<br />

ugunurebisa Senisa Sjuli“. aseTi „keTilismy<strong>of</strong>eli“ msajulebi mravlad icis qristianobis<br />

istoriam.<br />

„wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobidan“ cnobilia, rom rodesac igi cixisTavma moixmo<br />

„wmidaჲ evstaTi mcired Sebrkolda da unda moridebaჲ“ (Zeglebi 1964: 31). Tumca man maleve<br />

daTrguna es odnavi SekrToma. ufro rTuli suraTia wm. gobronis SemTxvevaSi. erTi SexedviT.<br />

mas gauWirda xorcis daTmoba da iseTive sixaruliT ar Sexvedria satanjvels, rogorc misi<br />

moZmeni, yvelis cixeSi datyvevebulni. gr. farulava amis Sesaxeb wers: „Cven viciT, rogor<br />

gauWirda gobrons xorcielebis daTmoba, rogor emudareba igi Tbilisis amiras sicocxlis<br />

SenarCunebas. tkivilis aseTi dauokeblobis, sisustis mtris winaSe aseTi daufaravi<br />

demonstraciis msgavsi SemTxveva ar aris qarTul agiografiaSi. Tavis RmerTTan, sulTan da<br />

tkivilTan pirispir darCenis Semdgom, wamebis gzaze siarulis mere gobroni sZlevs Tavis<br />

sisustes da TvalSeudgam simaRles aRwevs“ (farulava 1992:119).<br />

i. grigalaSvili cdilobs,ufro frTxili iyos Tavis SefasebaSi. misi azriT: „wm. gobroni<br />

sikvdil-sicocxlis arCevanis winaSe aRmoCnda. sicocxlis daTmoba ki nebismieri<br />

adamianisaTvis saSinelia“ (grigalaSvili 2005: 56). ra Tqma unda, Zneli iyo, albaT, wm. abosTvis,<br />

wm. kostantisTvis, wm. abibosisTvis, magram isini raime garigebaze ar wasulan. netari gobroni<br />

ki vedrebiT mimarTavs amiras: „gevedrebi, Ãelmwifeo, nu maiZuleb me datevebad qristianobisa,<br />

... mraval arian Sen queSe qristianeni da meca ara davaklo monebaÁ Ãelmwifebas Sensa yovliTa<br />

saxiTa, romliTa genebos Sen“.<br />

am epizodis analizisas mTavaria ara imis miCqmalva, rom viRacas SeeSinda, ukan daixia,<br />

molaparakebis gza airCia, kompromisze wavida, aramed is, rom wmindanma unda sZlios uxilav<br />

mters, Sinagan xmas, unda amaRldes sikvdilis SiSze, rwmenam unda gaunaTos goneba da, rodesac<br />

adamianur sisusteze gaimarjvebs, religiuri sixarulic maSin mova. es epizodi imis kargi<br />

magaliTia, Tu rogor yalibdeba tanjvis gzaze wmindani, rogor xdeba misi sulieri<br />

feriscvaleba, romlis Sedegad daiZleva sikvdili, ganqiqdeba eSmaki da izeimebs sikeTe<br />

borotebaze, dadgeba sulieri gamarjvebis dResaswauli.<br />

garda amisa, netari gobronis am TxovnaSi, marTalia, igrZnoba TviTgadarCenis mwvave<br />

survili, Tumca ikveTeba martvilobis rTul gzaze Semdgari wmindanis udreki saxec: „da ese<br />

WeSmaritad uwyode Sen, rameTu arca keTilTa SenTa aRTqumaTa, arca ZÂr-ZÂr borotTa SenTa<br />

Cem zeda mowevniTa SemiZlo ganyenebad uflisa Cemisa iesu qristesi“. es xasiaTis sirTulis<br />

iseTi rTuli kombinaciaa, rodesac Tqmis procesSi yalibdeba pozicia. amitom saubris<br />

pirveli fragmenti Tu daTmobas gulisxmobda, iqve ukompromisobac Caisaxa. aseTi saintereso<br />

pasaJebiTaa warmodgenili wm. gobronis saubris, qcevisa da moqmedebis motivacia.<br />

s<strong>of</strong>lis amaoebas daxarbebuli amira fiqrobs, rom iqneb „SiSman sikudilisaman anu<br />

SesaZinebelman keTilisaman modrikos“ wmida gobroni. rogorc Cans,raRac meryeoba manac<br />

daafiqsira mowamis pasuxSi da imitomac gaifiqra, sikvdilis SiSma modrikoso, magram masTan<br />

meored warmdgari gobroni mtkiced etyvis: „me pirveladve giTxar Sen, ara midrekad qristÀs<br />

uflisa Cemisagan“. es fraza imiTac mniSvnelobs, rom aaSkaravebs, Tu rogor hqonda Tavidanve<br />

gadawyvetili netar gobrons uflis siyvarulisa da rwmenis erTguleba.<br />

amis Semdeg qarTveli agiografis mier iqmneba uSiSari da udreki martvilis saxe,<br />

romelic verafriT SeaZrwunes, verafriT daaSines. rac ufro izrdeboda winaaRmdegoba da<br />

sisastike mterTagan, miT ufro Zlierdeboda da uZleveli xdeboda netari gobroni. siamayiT<br />

acxadebs avtori: „ver SeaZrwunes guli misi“.<br />

„martÂlobaÁ gobronisi“ qarTul agiografiaSi unikaluri Zeglia imiTac, rom mTel<br />

TxzulebaSi mxolod erTi locva gvxvdeba, romelsac warmoTqvams wm. gobroni da romelic<br />

aRsavsea RvTis mowyalebis imediTa da madlierebis gasaocari SegnebiT, rom Rirsi gaxda<br />

mowameobisa: „gmadlob Sen, ufalo iesu qriste, romelman Rirs myav me uRirsi ese codvili da<br />

ukanaÁskneli yovelTaÁ nawilsa amas mkÂdrobisasa da mowameebisasa. ufalo, srul yav<br />

mowyalebaÁ Seni da sitkboebaÁ Cemdamo da nura damabrkolebn mizezi raÁve, manqanebaÁ da<br />

mZlavrebaÁ usjuloÁsa amis“.<br />

netari gobronis mier warmoTqmuli es locva mravalmxriv aris yuradsaRebi. jer erTi,<br />

rogorc agiografiuli mwerlobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, mowamebrivi aRsasrulis win<br />

wmindani madlobas swiravs ufals, rom Rirsi gaxda mowameTa dass SerTvoda, meorec, martvili<br />

sTxovs cisa da qveynis Semoqmeds, rom srulad miiRos mowyaleba da madli, rom grZnobdes mis<br />

29

mzrunvel xels, rom mis wiaRSi igrZnos Tavi. es aris uflis sruli mindobis SemTxveva. garda<br />

amisa, netari gobroni imiTac gamorCeulia qarTul agiografiaSi, rom igi mxurvaled sTxovs<br />

uzenaess, gaaZlieros borotTan brZolaSi, rom man ver SeZlos veranairi manqanebiTa da<br />

mZlavrebiT misi dabrkoleba. wmindani gansakuTrebulad imisgan dacvas iTxovs, raSi<br />

gaZlierebac sWirdeba. adamianuri sisuste, romelic man amirasTan pirvel saubarSi<br />

gamoavlina, uflis SemweobiT unda daZlios. amdenad, es locva logikurad kravs da<br />

amTlianebs netari gobronis pirovnebis sulier winaaRmdegobebsa da survilebs. Tu locva<br />

aris gonebis saubari RmerTTan ,,rogorc amas ambobs wm. nilos sineli (sapatriarqos uwyebani<br />

2004: 13), maSin miqel-gobronis SemecnebaSi swored is amotivtivda, risgan gaZlierebac<br />

esaWiroeboda. am mxrivac „wm. gobronis martviloba“ sruliad bunebriv da logikurad<br />

organizebul magaliTs gvTavazobs.<br />

rodesac wm. gobroni kidev waradgines amirasTan „brwyinvvida piri misi da Subli misi<br />

elvared da romelnime qristianeTaganni maxlobel iyvnes, ixiles igi TualiTa<br />

sarwmunoebisaÁTa“ (Zeglebi 1964:182).<br />

„TualiTa sarwmunoebisaTa“ stefane mtbevaris sityvaTqmnadobis brwyinvale nimuSia.<br />

rwmena aris Zala, madli, marwmune am Zalisa da madlis matarebeli. rwmena sixarulia,<br />

araamqveyniuri cxovrebis dasawyisia. „Tual gasxen da ara hxedavT“ (mr. 8,19) _ brZanebs<br />

macxovari Cveni. Sesaloa, didebuli, mSvenieri da amaRlebuli Sens gverdiT iyos da ver<br />

amCnevde, ver xedavde. „visac surs ixilos RvTaebrivi da mSvenieri, jer TviTon unda gaxdes<br />

RvTaebrivi da mSvenieri“_ ambobs plotine. rwmenis Tvali maSin agexileba, roca SenSi Semova<br />

naTeli s<strong>of</strong>lisa, roca Seicnob Sens dambadebels, roca ipovi WeSmaritebisaken mimaval gzas,<br />

romelsac miyavxar sasufevlisaken. bevri ram aris damokidebuli adamianze, magram unda iyos<br />

wyaloba da kurTxeva RvTisa da Seni survili, rom sxva TvaliT dainaxo samyaro, Seni cxovreba.<br />

qarTveli agiografis mier naTqvami, zogierTi qristiani „TualiTa sarwmunoebisaTa“ xedavda<br />

netar gobrons, rogorc „zegardamo gvirgvinosans“, swored im gamorCeul sulier simaRlesa<br />

da mdgomareobaze miuTiTebs, roca goneba da guli ganwmendilia da sulSic didi naTelia<br />

davanebuli.<br />

specialur literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom „wm. gobronis wamebis“ bolo nawili TiTqmis<br />

sityvasityviTaa citirebuli ioane oqropiris homiletikuri Txzulebidan „sinanulisaTÂs“<br />

(grigalaSvili 2005: 91).<br />

ratom dasWirda stefane mtbevars ase daesrulebina Txzuleba, saiTken gvibiZgebs<br />

avtori, ra aris misi mizandasaxuleba da risTvisaa saWiro sinanulisken mowodeba?<br />

sinanuli amqveyniuri cxovrebis Tanamdevi gancdaa da mxolod im kategoriis adamianTa<br />

xvedria, romlebsac gasCeniaT feriscvalebis survili, survili pirvel xatTan miaxlebisa,<br />

sruly<strong>of</strong>ilebasTan ziarebisa. sinanuli ibadeba iq, sadac iwyeba „gancdaÁ TÂsTa codvaTa“ —<br />

rogorc brZanebs wm. efrem asuri. sinanuli da codvis Segneba-gancda ganuy<strong>of</strong>elia. Tanac,<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom codva sruliad gansazRvrul etapze iqna gacnobierebuli:<br />

„TÂnier sjulisa codvaÁ mkudar ars. xolo me cxovel viyav odesme TÂnier sjulisa, da odes<br />

moiwia mcnebaÁ igi, codvaÁ gancocxlda (rom. 7,8-9). amrigad, Teologiuri TvalsazrisiT,<br />

adamianisTvis codva, rogorc gacnobierebuli faqti, moses rjulis damkvidrebamde ar<br />

arsebobda. moses kanonma gamoavlina codva da gansakuTrebuli sicxovelec mianiWa mas“<br />

(grigolaSvili 2005: 109).<br />

sinanulis arss gansazRvravs adamianSi arsebuli pirovnuli „me“, romelic<br />

gaacnobierebs imas, Tu rogor daSorda caTa da qveynis Semoqmeds, rogor SemoaRwia mis sulSi<br />

borotma Zalam, rogor imata codvam da ganeSora madli... amas mivyavarT pirovnebis sindisTan,<br />

mis Sinagan xmasTan, romelic aRZravs sinanuls, da ara kanonTan, romelic garedanaa mocemuli.<br />

cocxal arsebaTa Soris sinanuli mxolod adamianis sakuTrebaa, mxolod misTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli gancdaa, Tanac mxolod am wuTis<strong>of</strong>elSi e. i. is ar aris maradiuli, drosa da<br />

sivrceSia gansazRvruli. wm. nemesos emeselis mixedviT sinanuli „yovelTa niWTa Soris<br />

sakuTar kacisa ars“ (emeseli 1914: 17). wm. ioane oqropiri ki sagangebod gvafrTxilebs:<br />

„yovelman, romelman qmnes boroti da ara Seinanos aqave, mun veravin SemZlebel ars ganCinebad<br />

misa satanjvelTa maTgan saukuneTa (oqropiri 1955: 79).<br />

adamianis sulier feriscvalebas, mis Semobrunebas, gardaqmnas yvelaze metad aCqarebs<br />

da xels uwyobs sinanuli, romelic aris udidesi saidumlo, romelsac „meore naTlisRebasac“<br />

uwodeben. wm. ioane sinelis mixedviT, „sinanuli ganmaaxlebel ars naTlisRebisaÁ “ (sineli<br />

1986: 171). uamravi magaliTidan daviT aRmaSenebeli Tavis „galobani sinanulisanSi“ ors,<br />

mariam megviptelsa da manases asaxelebs (galoba VIII, 219-220). VI saukunis didi saeklesio mama<br />

wm. andria kriteli didi sinanulis kanons dawers, romelic ase iwyeba: „vina viwyo me glovad,<br />

saqmeTa cxovrebisa CemisaTa, anu romeli dasabami vyo qriste, godebisa amis“ (kriteli 2005:8).<br />

da, Tu bunebrivad daismis SekiTxva, ratom glovoben wmindanebi gamudmebiT? wm. abba doroTe<br />

upasuxebs: „wmindani sinaTlisaken mavali adamiania, rac ufro uaxlovdeba naTels, miT ufro<br />

xedavs codvebs. amitomac atareben isini mTel cxovrebas glovaSi“ (doroTe 2005: 3).<br />

sagangebod unda aRiniSnos isic, rom aRdgomis wmida didi marxva aris „periodi sinanulisa,<br />

Tavisi uRirsebis, codvisa da eSmakisadmi damonebis Segnebisa. am periodis himnebSi gvesmis<br />

30

aRsareba sulisa, mware cremlis mRvrelisa imis gamo, rom is aris dacemuli da Secodebuli“<br />

(kekeliZe 1956: 203).<br />

zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sruliad naTelia imis gaazreba, Tu risTvis sWirdeba<br />

stefane mtbevars qarTveli mkiTxvelis mobruneba sinanulisken. misi SekiTxvebic erTgvari<br />

Semzadebaa imisaTvis, rom vifiqroT sakuTar codvebze, avmaRledT yovelgvar miwierze da<br />

saTno veyoT ufals, „Ãsenebasa wmidaTasa veziarneT da saÃsenebelsa maTsa aRvasrulebdeT!“<br />

agiografi Txzulebis bolos or SekiTxvas gvisvams: „Senca SemZlebel xar egevTarisa<br />

msxuerplisa wardginebad winaSe RmrTisa“ da „Sen SemZlebel xar dawuad maTa [xorcTa _ sf. m.]<br />

iwroebiTa da mwuxarebiTa da nebsiT siglaxakiTa uflisaTÂs“. am SekiTxvebs pasuxi gaecema<br />

maSin, roca adamiani mzad iqneba, itvirTos Tavisi jvari, Seudges ufals, hqondes gancdaÁ<br />

TÂsTa codvaTa da dacul iyos moyvasis gankiTxvisagan. aseT SemTxvevaSi ukve aRar<br />

gagvikvirdeba qarTveli agiografis gulwrfeli rCeva: „aw ukue moakudineniT Ãorcni Tquenni<br />

da juars-acuT igi SromiTa da marxviTa, gÂrgÂniTa mowameTaÁTa, romlisaTÂs igi mZlavrni<br />

martÂlTa moswyueddes da iwamnes, xolo Sen nebsiT Tavi TÂsi moswyÂde iwroebiT“ (Zeglebi<br />

1964: 183).<br />

„amisaTÂs movivline s<strong>of</strong>lad, raÁTa vwamo WeSmariti“ (i. 18,37) _ brZanebs macxovari. igi<br />

jvars ecva kacobriobis codvebisaTvis, Semdeg mociqulebi mogvevlinnen qristes mowameebad,<br />

Semdeg pirvelma stefanem imartvila qristesTvis, mere am gzas bevri daadga da „qristianul<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi Camoyalibda <strong>instituti</strong> martvilobisa, gmirobisa, sisxlisa da sicocxlis<br />

safasurad rom daadastures WeSmariteba, arsi da fasi misi“ (farulava 1992: 115). swored amas<br />

Segvaxsenebs Cvenc „wm. gobronis martvilobis“ avtori.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

wignni.... 1989: wignni Zuelisa aRTqumisani, SesaqmisaÁ, gamoslvaTaÁ. nakveTi I. yvela arsebuli xelnaweris<br />

mixedviT gamosacemad moamzades b. gigineiSvilma da c. kikviZem. Tb.: gamomcemloba<br />

`mecniereba~, 1989.<br />

fsalmuni... 1960: fsalmunis Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> redaqciebi X-XIII saukuneTa xelnawerebis mixdviT. teqsti<br />

gamosacemad moamzada m. SaniZem. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1960.<br />

oTxTavi... 1979: <strong>qarTuli</strong> oTxTavis ori bolo redaqcia. teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo i.<br />

imnaiSvilma. Tb.: `Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1979.<br />

grigalaSvili 2005: grigalaSvili i. stefane mtbevaris `wm. gobronis wameba~. Tb.: gamomcemloba<br />

`universali~, 2005.<br />

grigolaSvili 2005: grigolaSvili l. daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobani sinanulsani~. Tb.: `Tbilisis<br />

universitetis gamomcemloba~, 2005.<br />

damaskeli 2000: wm. ioane damaskeli. marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi gadmocema. ori Zveli<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmani (wm. efrem mcirisa da wm. arsen iyalToelisa). gamosacemad moamzades roman<br />

miminoSvilma da maia rafavam. winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTi m. rafavam. Zveli<br />

berZnulidan Tanamedrove qarTulze Targmna, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi daurTo ediSer<br />

WeliZem. Tb.: `Tbilisis sasuliero akademiis gamomcemloba~, 2000.<br />

emeseli 1914: wm. nemesios emeseli. bunebisaTÂs kacisa. berZnuliTgan gadmoRebuli iovane petriwis mier,<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> teqsti Seiswavla, gamosacemad moamzada da leqsikon-saZiebeli daurTo r.<br />

gorgaZem. Tb.: 1914.<br />

vasiliadisi 2003: vasiliadisi n. sikvdilis saidumloeba. Tb.: 2003.<br />

kekeliZe 1956: kekeliZe k. `godebis Janri~ da `glovis wesebi~ Zvel qarTul literaturaSi. krebuli:<br />

etiudebi Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> istoriidan. I, Tb.: `Tbilisis universitetis<br />

gamomcemloba~, 1956.<br />

kriteli 2005: wm. andria kriteli. didi kanoni. Tb.: 2005.<br />

oqropiri 1955: wm. ioane oqropiri. sinanulisaTvis. wignSi: mamaTa swavlani. Tb.: gamomcemloba<br />

`mecniereba~, 1955.<br />

saqarTvelos.... 1992: wmindanTa saxelebi. wignSi: saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari. Tb.: 1992.<br />

katexizmo.... 1992: saxelmZRvanelo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis katexizmos Sesaswavlad. Tb.: 1994.<br />

sineli 1986: wm. ioane sinelis Sromebi. wm. eqvTime aTonelis Targmani. wignSi: saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />

kalendari. Tb.: 1986.<br />

sapatriarqos uwyebani 2004: wm. nilos sinelis rCevebi. gaz. sapatriarqos uwyebani, 3(279), 2004.<br />

farulava 1992: farulava gr. tanjvis qristologiuri gageba da erovnuli mwerloba. Jurnali ciskari, 3,<br />

Tb.: 1992.<br />

qiqoZe 1993: qiqoZe g. cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi. Tb.: 1993.<br />

Zeglebi.... 1964: <strong>qarTuli</strong> agiografiuli literatutis Zeglebi. I, ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da<br />

redaqciiT. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1964.<br />

Some Image Aspects <strong>of</strong> ,,Marthyrdom <strong>of</strong> St. Gobroni“<br />

Summary<br />

Saba-Piruz Metreveli<br />

31

Structure <strong>of</strong> the text is absolutely distinct from the other examples <strong>of</strong> the ,,Life" and the "Martyrdom"<br />

genzes. The description <strong>of</strong> the martyrdom <strong>of</strong> Gobroni- takesonly one third <strong>of</strong> the text, other part is preparation<br />

for perception <strong>of</strong> his feat. Stefani Mtbevari calls for indefatigable preparation for the second coming <strong>of</strong> the<br />

Christ: « That day is terrible ».He "is terrible" not because it that the last day, but also because in that this day<br />

Godwill in all the Light.<br />

St. Gobroni is a vivid personification <strong>of</strong> enduring difficulties. The work reveals antimonophizit<br />

tendencies. Its main subject is eschatology and ends with the teaching on regret.<br />

hagiografiuli paradigmebi wm. dimitris wamebisa da<br />

Sesxmis mixedviT<br />

maia maWavariani<br />

bizantiuri hagiografiuli <strong>literaturis</strong> Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena moaxdina<br />

antikuri berZnuli <strong>literaturis</strong> iseTma Janrebma, rogoricaa istoriografia,<br />

epistolografia, gvianantikuri romanebi da sxva (jenkinsi 1963: 39-52; jenkinsi 1954: 13-30;<br />

makgvaieri 1953: VII-XXI; heberti 1992: 251-258). hagiografiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaro gaxda<br />

enkomiuri biografia (popova 1975: 222). es ar iyo mxolod formobrivi damokidebuleba, anu es<br />

gavlena ar ganisazRvra mxolod literaturuli sqemis gadmoRebiT. hagiografiuli<br />

<strong>literaturis</strong> CamoyalibebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba iqonia am biografiebis<br />

ideurma mxarem, mizanma. did adamianTa biografiebis Seqmnas, upirveles yovlisa, hqonda<br />

didaqtikuri daniSnuleba _ biografiebSi aRwerili adamianebis diadi qmedebani unda<br />

y<strong>of</strong>iliyo iseTi magaliTi, romelic mkiTxvelSi mibaZvis survils aRZravda (jenkinsoni 1967: 4;<br />

jefermani 1988: 254).<br />

swored aseTi mizandasaxuloba gaxda SemdgomSi qristianuli hagiografiuli<br />

<strong>literaturis</strong> ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli faqtori. magram hagiografiul literaturaSi,<br />

antikuri biografiisagan gansxvavebiT, es motivi sxva simaRleze avida, kidev ufro sxva<br />

datvirTva miiRo. qristianisaTvis arsebobda erTaderTi misabaZi magaliTi — kacobriobis<br />

codvaTaTvis wamebuli ieso qriste. swored amas ambobs pavle mociquli: “mobaZav Cemda<br />

iqmneniT, viTarca me qristesa” (I kor. 11, 1). es gaxda umniSvnelovanesi mizani yvela qristianis<br />

cxovrebisa _ qristes gzis gameoreba, misi mibaZva. es iyo mTeli qristianuli hagiografiuli<br />

<strong>literaturis</strong> mTavari didaqtikuri motivi. hagiografiam miznad daisaxa im adamianTa wamebisa<br />

Tu cxovrebis aRwera, romlebmac ieso qristes gza gaimeores, am gzis gavliT eziarnen<br />

RvTaebriv WeSmaritebas. mas unda aRewera ise, rom mkiTxvels Tu msmenels imaves gameorebis<br />

survili aRZvroda.<br />

adreqristianul epoqaSi, rodesac es motivacia jer kidev ar iyo kargad gaTavisebuli da<br />

gacnobierebuli, umeteswilad iwereboda martiriumebi, qristianuli sarwmunoebisaTvis<br />

wamebuli adamianebis aRsasrulis metad sada, litoni eniT gamoTqmuli, istoriul<br />

realobasTan daaxloebuli aRwerebi. magram droTa viTarebaSi, rodesac ukve mkafiod<br />

ganisazRvra hagiografiuli <strong>literaturis</strong> didaqtikuri daniSnuleba, TxzulebebSi<br />

istoriuli realobis asaxva gaxda sruliad meorexarisxovani. istoriulma realiebma dakarga<br />

mniSvneloba, samagierod wina planze wamovida iseTi Temebi, rogoricaa qristiani mowamis<br />

ganRmrTobis gza da qristianobis gamarjveba warmarTobaze, borotebaze. aseTma midgomam<br />

ganapiroba hagiografiul literaturaSi garkveuli literaturuli paradigmebis, modelebis<br />

warmoqmna. Txzulebis moqmedma personaJebma dakarges individualuri saxasiaTo Tvisebebi,<br />

gaCnda mowamis da mtarvalis zogadi saxeebi, situaciis standartuli aRwerebi, romlebic<br />

dakanonda da aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda bizantiur mwerlobaSi.<br />

literaturuli kliSeebi damkvidrda da gavrcelda ara mxolod bizantiur, aramed<br />

mTels aRmosavlur qristianul literaturaSi, maT Soris, qarTul naTargmnsa Tu originalur<br />

hagiografiaSic. am TvalsazrisiT gvinda ganvixiloT wminda dimitrisTan dakavSirebuli<br />

Txzulebebi, rogorc berZnul, aseve qarTul literaturaSi. SemovifarglebiT ori teqstiT:<br />

`dimitris wamebis~ erT-erTi redaqciiTa da `dimitris SesxmiT~.<br />

berZnul literaturaSi gamovlenilia `dimitris wamebis~ sami redaqcia (maWavariani<br />

2004-2005: 166-176; maWavariani 2005a: 28-39). am redaqciebis Seswavla cxady<strong>of</strong>s, rom droTa<br />

viTarebaSi `dimitris wamebis~ Tavdapirvelma istoriam arsebiTi cvlilebebi ganicada.<br />

faqtobrivad, `dimitris wamebis~ sami aRniSnuli redaqcia warmoaCens rogorc mowamis saxis<br />

Camoyalibebis process, aseve garkveulwilad asaxavs berZnuli hagiografiuli <strong>literaturis</strong><br />

ganviTarebis etapebsac.<br />

wamebis yvelaze adreuli redaqcia, romelic, savaraudod, arsebobda ukve VII saukunis<br />

dasawyisSi (skedrosi 1992: 60-70), struqturuladac da Sinaarsobrivadac kimenuri<br />

32

hagiografiis metad tipuri nimuSia, romelic gamiznulia mxolod momxdaris<br />

dafiqsirebisaTvis 1 . aq gadmocemulia ori ambavi: erTi mxriv, rjulis maswavlebeli dimitris<br />

da, meore mxriv, Wabuki nestorisa da imperator maqsimianes dapirispirebis istoria. kavSiri am<br />

or Txrobas Soris metad sustia _ mxolod mesame piris sityviT dasturdeba (imperatoris<br />

daaxloebuli pirebi ambobdnen, rom SesaZloa, nestoris mier gladiatoris damarcxeba<br />

ganapiroba dimitris mier warmoTqmulma locvebma). aq mTxrobels aqvs mxolod erTi mizani —<br />

rac SeiZleba zustad, realobasTan axlos, gadmosces momxdari ambavi.<br />

`dimitris wamebis~ Sualedur redaqciaSi, romelic IX saukunes unda ganekuTvnebodes,<br />

igive siuJeturi xazi viTardeba. magram aq dimitris wamebis ambavi gavrcobilia axali<br />

epizodebiT da detalebiT, aqcentebic sxvanairadaa gadanawilebuli, ris Sedegadac wamebis es<br />

redaqcia ukve gansxvavebul JReradobas da mizandasaxulobas iZens. upirveles yovlisa, aq<br />

Secvlilia dimitris socialuri statusi. dimitri dabali wris warmomadgeneli ki ar aris,<br />

rogorc es adreul redaqciaSia (da rogorc, albaT, es sinamdvileSi iyo), aramed<br />

warCinebulTa, aristokratTa ojaxs ganekuTvneba da gamorCeulia Tavisi brwyinvale samxedro<br />

karieriTa da mdgomareobiT. meorec, am redaqciaSi mkafiod aris gansazRvruli kavSiri<br />

dimitrisa da nestors Soris — dimitri nestoris maswavlebeli da sulieri moZRvaria. amdenad,<br />

siuJeturadac Txzuleba ukeTaa Sekruli. mesamea is, rom TxzulebaSi CarTulia dimitris sxva<br />

saswaulebic (morielis mokvla, abanos qveS, sakanSi gausaZlis pirobebSi y<strong>of</strong>na, dimitris<br />

sisxlis saswaulebrivi Zala da sxv.). bevria sxva sagulisxmo ganmasxvavebeli momentebic.<br />

mTavari ki isaa, rom am redaqciaSi, adreuli redaqciisagan gansxvavebiT, dimitri<br />

warmogvidgeba aqtiur, mebrZol wmindanad. amgvarad, es saxe gacxovelebulia wm. mxedris<br />

motivis mixedviT. wminda dimitris, rogorc meomar wmindans, kidev ufro metad gamokveTs<br />

svimeon metafrasti (X-XI sukuneebis mijna) dimitris wamebis miseul, mesame redaqciaSi.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom efTvime mTawmidelma wmindan dimitris <strong>qarTuli</strong> ciklis Sesaqmnelad<br />

berZnulidan qarTulad swored wamebis Sualeduri redaqcia gadmoiRo, is redaqcia, sadac<br />

mowame dimitris da mtarval maqsimianes figurebi ukve garkveuli literaturuli modelebis<br />

mixedviTaa damuSavebuli 2 . magram efTvime ar Semoifargla Txzulebis mxolod TargmaniT.<br />

garda calkeuli monakveTebis gadasxvaferebis da kleba-matebis magaliTebisa, efTvimem<br />

Sualeduri redaqciis teqstSi Seitana ori mniSvnelovani da saintereso cvlileba, riTac<br />

kidev ufro metad gamokveTa mTavari personaJebis saxeebi da Txzulebis saerTo<br />

mizandasaxuloba. qvemoT ganvixilavT TiToeul maTgans cal-calke.<br />

1) imperator maqsimianesa da dimitris Sexvedra<br />

dimitris wamebis samsave redaqciaSi aris mxolod erTi metad mokle epizodi, rodesac<br />

dimitri da imperatori uSualod xvdebian erTmaneTs. es xdeba maSin, rodesac stadionze<br />

Sesvlis win imperators mohgvrian datyvevebul dimitris. samsave berZnul redaqciaSi<br />

imperatori imdenadaa gatacebuli gladiatorebis momavali orTabrZoliT, rom igi dimitris<br />

dakiTxvas brZolis dasasrulamde gadadebs da brZanebs mis damwyvdevas stadionis maxloblad<br />

mdebare abanos bnel sakanSi.<br />

efTvimes TargmanSi swored am epizodSia CarTuli imperatorisa da dimitris vrceli<br />

dialogi. imperatori dimitris ekiTxeba, marTalia Tu ara, rom igi qristes mimdevaria.<br />

dimitris ar eSinia Tavisi namdvili rwmenis gamoaSkaravebisa. imperatori Seecdeba mis<br />

gadmobirebas da dasawyisisaTvis pativsa da warCinebas Sepirdeba. dimitri pasuxobs<br />

tradiciuli, amaRlebuli fraziT: “yovelive didebaÁ Seni Senda iyavn warsawymedelad, xolo<br />

Cemda cxorebaÁ qriste ars da sikudili misTÂs sixarul ars” da a.S. maSin imperatori dimitris<br />

wamebiT daemuqreba. dimitri, rasakvirvelia, ar SeuSindeba imperatoris muqaras. igi moixsnis<br />

Tavis sartyels 3 , maqsimianes win daugdebs da mimarTavs antiTezebiT gamarTuli sityviT,<br />

sadac erTmaneTTan dapirispirebulia pativi amqveyniuri da pativi uxrwneli: `aha esera,<br />

sartyeli pativisa Senisa Sendave iyavn, mefeo. xolo Cemda iyavn qristÀ da sasoebaÁ, romelmanigi<br />

momces me pativi uxrwneli da waruvali saukunoÁ ukunisamde~. aq dialogi mTavrdeba.<br />

ganrisxebuli imperatori brZanebs dimitris damwyvdevas abanos sakanSi. amis Semdeg efTvimes<br />

Targmani kvlav met-naklebi cvlilebebiT mihyveba berZnul teqsts.<br />

2) dimitris mowameobrivi aRsasruli<br />

gladiator leiosis damarcxebis Semdeg imperatori daibarebs nestors. rodesac<br />

maqsimiane Seityobs, rom nestori qristiania da man Tavisi rwmenis ZaliT daamarcxa<br />

1 uadresi redaqciisaTvis ix. PG 116, col. 1167-72; Sualeduri, anonimuri redaqcia, XI s.-is xelnaweriT moRweuli:<br />

PG 116, col. 1173-1184; mesame, anu svimeon metafrastiseuli redaqcia, X-XI ss.: PG 116, col. 1185-1202.<br />

2 “wm. dimitris wamebis” da “Sesxmis” efTvimesuli teqstebi gamoqveynebuli ar aris. miTiTebisas vsargeblobT k.<br />

kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa <strong>instituti</strong>s TanamSromlis, nino natraZis, mier gadmowerili da kritikulad<br />

dadgenili teqstebiT.<br />

3 es saxe, SesaZloa, momdinareobdes Zveli aRTqmidan, ix: “da uqmne Sesamoseli wmida ahrons, Zmasa Sensa, uqmne<br />

pativad da didebad” (gamoslv. 28, 2); “da ese samoselni arian, romelni uqmne mas: samkerde da samÃre da ferÃTa<br />

sasxmeli, samoseli fesuedi da varSamangi, da sartyeli” (gamosl. 28, 4).<br />

33

gladiatori, sastikad ganrisxdeba da nestors sikvdiliT dasjis. imperatoris daaxloebuli<br />

pirebi mas Caagoneben, rom nestoris gamarjveba, SesaZloa, qristiani dimitris locvebma<br />

ganapiroba. ganrisxebuli imperatori dimitrisac moakvlevinebs.<br />

efTvimes TargmanSi dimitris mowameobriv aRsaruls metad saintereso CanarTi uZRvis<br />

win. mas Semdeg, rac mTavarni imperatorTan dimitris daadanaSauleben gladiatoris<br />

damarcxebaSi, imperatori kvlav moindomebs dimitrisTan Sexvedras, magram mTavrebi ar<br />

daeTanxmebian dimitris moyvanaze, rasac ase axsnian: `ukueTu warmoadgino igi, mefeo, winaSe<br />

Sensa, vicnobT Cuen sificxesa demetressa, viTarmed sityÂTa ver sZlo. ukueTu kula<br />

stanjvide, aRiZras eri ese qalaqisa Sen zeda, rameTu yovelnive megobar missa arian, da qnan<br />

SfoTi da amboxeba didi; aramed nu miiyvaneb mas winaSe Sensa, garna waravlinen, raÁTa moklan<br />

igi sapyrobilesa Sina, sada-igi aw mkÂdr ars bnelsa Sina~. imperators moewoneba maTi rCeva da<br />

mTavrebsve waravlens dimitris mosaklavad. sapyrobileSi misuli mTavrebi mimarTaven<br />

dimitris mliqvneluri sityvebiT `sayuareli xar Cueni...~ da kvlavac cdiloben mis<br />

gadmobirebas. dimitri siciliT uary<strong>of</strong>s maT SemoTavazebas. maSin mTavarni iwyeben mis akuwvas,<br />

dimitri ki kvlav tradiciuli fraziT mimarTavs maT. am sityvis antiTezebSi<br />

dapirispirebulia asoTa, anu sxeulis, sikvdili da sulis gabrwyineba: `ese ars dRe<br />

sixarulisaÁ da mxiarulebisa CemisaÁ, Ä usjulono, WridiT asoTa CemTa, rameTu ufroÁsad<br />

ganabrwyinvebT sulsa Cemsa~.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, orsave SemTxvevaSi efTvimes CanarTebi Seicavs iseT Sinaarss, romelic<br />

wamebis arcerT berZnul redaqciaSi ar dasturdeba. Cveni azriT, es CanarTebi aRebulia ara<br />

ucnobi, dReisaTvis dakarguli berZnuli wyaroebidan, aramed Tavad efTvimeseulia da<br />

gamiznulia dimitris Rvawlis ukeT warmoCenisaTvis. 1 orive CarTuli epizodi mihyveba<br />

hagiografiuli <strong>literaturis</strong> kliSeebs, agebulia mtarvalisa da qristiani mowamis<br />

dapirispirebis tradiciuli modelis mixedviT. rogorc Cans, efTvimes azriT, dapirispirebis<br />

amsaxveli dialogis ararseboba mTel Txzulebas da dimitris, rogorc mowamis, saxes<br />

aRaribebs. epizodebis detaluri ganxilva aCvenebs, rom efTvimeseul CanarTebSi ar aris<br />

istoriuli Rirebulebis mqone aranairi informacia. dialogebi orsave SemTxvevaSi agebulia<br />

tradiciul antiTezebze, sadac dapirispirebulia, rogorc vnaxeT, orgvari pativi:<br />

amqveyniuri da waruvali, sxeuli da suli (ix. zemoT), agreTve warmarTuli da qristianuli<br />

RmerTi, boroti da keTili da a.S. (`xolo RmerTni ege ... qvani arian da Zelni, ... xolo RmerTi<br />

Cemi ars ukudavi~..., `viTarca borotsa miqadebT sikudilsa, keTilisa mizez meqmnebis me~... da<br />

sxv.). amgvari dapirispirebani bunebrivad momdinareobs Txrobis msvlelobidan da bevri<br />

saerTo aqvs <strong>qarTuli</strong> originaluri Tu naTargmni hagiografiuli Txzulebebis Sesabamis<br />

monakveTebTan, radgan sayovelTaod iyo gavrcelebuli rogorc bizantiur, ise qarTul<br />

mwerlobaSi.<br />

imave mizans, anu dimitris, rogorc mowamis, saxis gamkveTrebasa da imperatoris, rogorc<br />

mtarvalis, damcirebas emsaxureba efTvimes mier wamebis teqstSi Setanili sxva mcire<br />

cvlilebebic. ase magaliTad, berZnul dedanTan SedarebiT dimitris pirveli gamoCena<br />

efTvimes TargmanSi bevrad ufro STambeWdavia trafaretuli formulirebis saSualebiT:<br />

`xolo maT JamTa Sina brwyinvida netari da yovlad qebuli wmidaÁ dimitri, WeSmariti igi monaÁ<br />

WeSmaritisa RmriTisa~ (PG 116, col. 1173 B 4-5). efTvime berZnul originalze ufro xatovnad<br />

aRwers abanos im saknis saSinelebas, sadac dimitri daamwyvdies: `mouTmenel iyo mÃurvalebisa<br />

misgan cecxlisa friadisa, romelni egzebodes ara oden zeda kerZo missa, aramed garemoÁsca,<br />

da savse iyo igi ara oden simÃurvaliTa cecxlisaÁTa, aramed kuamliTaca friadiTa, romelsa<br />

Sina yovladve ara iyo naTeli da SeuZlebel iyo mas Sina erTisaca Jamisa dadgomaÁ kacisa~ (PG<br />

116, col. 1177 B 1-2). is Rriankalic, romelic dimitris sapyrobileSi aRmoCnda, efTvimes mier<br />

ufro saSiSad aris gamosaxuli: `romeli ara iyo msgavsi RriakalisaÁ, aramed ucxoÁ raÁme<br />

sidide aqunda~ (PG 116, col. 1177 B 3-5).<br />

sainteresoa efTvimes TargmanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi Tavisebureba.<br />

rodesac nestori gladiatorTan sabrZolvelad daapirebs gamosvlas, imperatori erTgvar<br />

Semwynareblobas gamoiCens da urCevs, rom ar ibrZolos, da pirdeba, rom brZolis gareSec<br />

daajildoebs simamacisTvis (PG 116, col. 1180 A 2-15). efTvime ar Targmnis im frazas (PG 116, col.<br />

1180 A 12-14), sadac imperatoris adamianuri xasiaTis Tundac mcire dadebiTi niuansia<br />

gamovlenili 2 .<br />

1 efTvime aTonelis mier naTargmn teqstebSi Setanili interpolaciebi Txzulebis Janruli da kompoziciuri<br />

Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seswavlilia Cvens mecnierebaSi (bezaraSvili 2004: 34-97).<br />

2 aRsaniSnavia, rom tendenciuri Targmanis es Tavisebureba damaxasiaTebeli iyo elin<strong>of</strong>ilobamdeli periodis<br />

qarTveli mTargmnelebisaTvis, mag., daviT tbelisTvisac. paralelisaTvis ix. daviT tbelis mier Targmnili<br />

grigol RvTismetyveliseuli iulianes ganmaqiqebeli sityva (or. 4). am homiliaSi grigol RvTismetyvelis mier<br />

warmodgenili iulianes saxe misi xasiaTis saintereso TaviseburebebiT daviT tbelis TargmanSi calsaxovnad<br />

uary<strong>of</strong>iT personaJad aris gardasaxuli da ganzogadebulia hagiografiuli JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

kliSeebiT (maWavariani 2001: 20-36).<br />

34

yvela zemoT moyvanil magaliTTan erTad literaturuli paradigmis nimuSad gvinda<br />

gamovyoT `wamebis~ kidev erTi momenti. berZnul teqstSi detalurad aris aRwerili dimitris<br />

warmomavloba da kariera (PG 116, col. 1173 B 4-8), efTvimes ki es TargmanSi ar gadmoaqvs da<br />

dimitris pirovnebas kvlav tradiciuli zeaweuli ganmazogadebeli sityvebiT warmoadgens:<br />

`xolo maT JamTa Sina brwyinvida netari da yovlad qebuli wmidaÁ dimitri..., rameTu ara<br />

eSinoda mas usjuloÁsa misgan mefisa, arca mravalferTa maT satanjvelTa misTagan, rameTu<br />

aqunda mas cxorebaÁ wmidaÁ da ubowoÁ, kaci warmarTebuli yovelsave saTnoebasa zeda<br />

siCCoÁTTagan misiT da miwTomili sazomsa didsa~.<br />

aseTi detalebi efTvimes TargmanSi sakmarisi raodenobiTaa. amdenad, efTvime yvela<br />

saSualebas iyenebs, raTa `dimitris wamebis~ miseul TargmanSi kidev ufro metad warmoaCinos<br />

mowame dimitris Rvawli da qristianuli ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis mixedviT ganazogados misi<br />

damsaxureba.<br />

hagiografiuli paradigmebis TvalsazrisiT aseve saintereso suraTia `dimitris<br />

Sesxmis~ qarTul versiaSi. es versia mxolod qarTulma xelnawerebma Semogvinaxa. <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

xelnawerebis minawerebSi am teqstis avtorad dasaxelebulia grigol nazianzeli, xolo mis<br />

qarTulad gadmomReblad miCneuli iyo X-XI saukuneebis moRvawe, daviT tbeli (kekeliZe 1980:<br />

181; kekeliZe 1957: 33). magram kvlevam cxadyo, rom dimitris Sesxmis avtori ar aris grigol<br />

RvTismetyveli. Sesxma qarTulad efTvime aTonels unda Seedgina grigol RvTismetyvelis 24-e<br />

homiliis mixedviT (`sityua mRdelmowamisa kÂprianesaTÂs~. PG 35, col. 1169-1194. <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

teqsti gamoqveynebulia: metreveli, maWavariani... 2000: 63-153). efTvimes versia aris grigolis<br />

teqstis Tavisufali Targmani da perifrazireba. `dimitris Sesxmis~ teqsti, marTalia,<br />

mniSvnelovani SemoklebebiT, magram garkveuli sizustiT misdevs or.24-is ZiriTad teqsts im<br />

gansxvavebiT, rom kviprianes saxeli yvelgan Secvlilia dimitris saxeliT, xolo or.24-is is<br />

Tavebi, sadac grigoli mogviTxrobs kviprianes gaqristianebis ambavs, Canacvlebulia<br />

dimitris cxovrebisa da wamebis aRweriT 1 . es movlena kidev erTxel cxady<strong>of</strong>s literaturuli<br />

paradigmebis da ritorikuli xerxebis pirobiTobas hagiografiaSi da enkomiuri Janris<br />

nawarmoebSi. 2<br />

ismis kiTxva: Cans Tu ara msgavseba `SesxmaSi~ dimitrisTan dakavSirebul epizodebsa da<br />

`dimitris wamebis~ efTvimeseul versias Soris? unda iTqvas, rom `SesxmaSi~, enkomiuri<br />

Janridan gamomdinare, ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanilia mowamis gandidebaze, misi Rvawlis<br />

amsaxveli epizodebi ki metad moklea. magram sagulisxmoa erTi mniSvnelovani momenti,<br />

romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs `wamebis~ efTvimeseul Targmans da `Sesxmis~ qarTul versias<br />

da orsave teqsts erTnairad ganasxvavebs `dimitris wamebis~ berZnuli redaqciebisagan.<br />

`SesxmaSi~ moyvanilia dimitrisTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime Txroba: misi warmomavloba,<br />

garegnoba, zogadi miswrafeba (`erTisa mimarT oden suroda da erTi icoda gzaÁ cxorebisaÁ —<br />

qristesTÂs sikudili!~), dimitris sityva imperatorTan, angelozis mier gvirgvinis dadgma da<br />

mowameobrivi aRsasruli. am Txrobebidan yvelaze vrclad aris gadmocemuli dimitris mier<br />

imperatoris winaSe warmoTqmuli sityva stadionze Sesvlis win. es ki aris swored is epizodi,<br />

romelic dimitris qarTul TargmanSi CarTuli unda iyos Tavad efTvimes mier da romelsac<br />

paraleli wamebis arcerT berZnul redaqciaSi ar eZebneba. am epizodis Sinaarsi TiTqmis<br />

zustad meordeba `Sesxmis~ qarTul versiaSi, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom `SesxmaSi~<br />

imperatoris replikebi sul ramdenime frazaSia Tavmoyrili da ZiriTadi adgili dimitris<br />

sityvas eTmoba. marTalia, `SesxmaSi~ ar aris naxsenebi arc stadioni, arc momavali<br />

orTabrZola, magram aq dimitris sityvis dasrulebis Semdeg imperatoris brZanebiT mas abanos<br />

sakanSi daamwyvdeven, rac iZleva saSualebas zustad ganisazRvros paraleluri adgili<br />

`wamebis~ efTvimeseul TargmanSi. dimitris mier warmoTqmuli sityva “SesxmaSi” isev<br />

tradiciul kliSes mihyveba da imiT gansxvavdeba `wamebisagan~, rom aq, enkomiuri Janris<br />

Sesabamisad, es sityva ufro metadaa datvirTuli ritorikuli xerxebiT, gansakuTrebiT,<br />

anaforebiT (`da erTi ars...~) da antiTezebiT (saSineli da sawadeli; maxvili nivTieri da<br />

maxvili sulisa; queyana da zeciuri mamuli; amqveyniuri monagebni da RvTis xatis dacva,<br />

msgavseba RvTisa da xorcieli buneba da sxv.):<br />

`Cemda, Ä maqsimiane, / erT ars RmerTi da meufe, / romelman dambada da araarsisagan arsad<br />

momiyvana, / romlisa sarwmunoebaÁ ara dautevo; / da erTi ars didebaÁ Cemi, / raÁTa missa mivide<br />

da mas vxedvide, / uzeSTaessa mas yovelTa keTilTasa; / da erTi ars simdidre da sasufevelisa<br />

igi SuebaÁ, / da erTi ars saSinel, ukueTu misTa brZanebaTa gardavhÃde ...... // rameTu<br />

satanjvelni Senni ara arian Cemda saSinel, aramed sawadel. / xolo maxÂli Seni sulisa Cemisa<br />

maxÂlsa ver ganhkueTs, aramed ufroÁsad mis mier Seiwuvis. / arad Semiracxia queynieri ese,<br />

rameTu erT ars mamuli Cemi zecisa — ierusalÀmi. / xolo aqani ese monagebni ara sawadel arian<br />

1 `dimitris Sesxmis~ <strong>qarTuli</strong> versiis struqturuli analizis, teqstebis Sedarebis detaluri cxrilisa da<br />

wyaroebis Sesaxeb ix. maWavariani 2004-2005.<br />

2 enkomiuri Janris homiletikisa da hagiografiuli Janris urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb ix. bezaraSvili 2004: 64-<br />

66.<br />

35

Cemda, rameTu erTi ars didebaÁ Cemi — dacvaÁ xatisa amis Seuxebelad; / da romlisa msgavsad<br />

davibade, misi msgavsebaÁ, raoden SesaZlebel ars bunebisagan Ãorcielisa~.<br />

rogorc vnaxeT, `wm. dimitris wamebis~ berZnul Sualedur redaqciaSi gamoyenebulia<br />

hagiografiuli paradigmebi. efTvime Tavis TargmanSi kidev ufro sqematuria da ufro metad<br />

asxvaferebs teqsts tradiciuli kliSeebis mixedviT dimitris Rvawlis gamosakveTad.<br />

amisaTvis efTvime iyenebs dapirispirebis xerxs _ borotebisa da sikeTis, mtarvalisa da<br />

mowamis Sepirispirebis tradiciul models. es ganxorcielebulia zemoT ganxilul<br />

efTvimesul CanarTebSi `wamebaSi~ (da Sesabamisad, gadatanilia, savaraudoa, rom mis mierve,<br />

`SesxmaSic~).<br />

hagiografiuli paradigmebis mixedviT aris agreTve damuSavebuli, rogorc aRvniSneT,<br />

dimitris <strong>qarTuli</strong> `Sesxmis~ is monakveTebi, romlebic mowamis cxovrebas aRwers.<br />

hagiografiul models daemata ritorikuli xerxebic, gansakuTrebiT antiTezebi, romlebmac<br />

gaamZafra mtarvalisa da mowamis tradiciuli dapirispireba, ris Sedegadac miviReT<br />

mxatvrulad metad daxvewili nawarmoebi (maWavariani 2005b: 189-197).<br />

amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wminda dimitrisTan dakavSirebuli orive <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

Txzuleba _ `wamebac~ da `Sesxmac~ damuSavebulia qristianul mwerlobaSi farTod<br />

gavrcelebuli literaturuli paradigmebis mixedviT. dimitris wamebisa da Sesxmis<br />

paraleluri pasaJebi ki (vgulisxmobT dimitrisa da imperatoris dialogs maqsimianes<br />

stadionze Sesvlis win), romelic, rogorc vTqviT, ar gvxvdeba dimitris wamebis arcerT<br />

berZnul teqstSi, kidev ufro amyarebs im mosazrebas, rom dimitris `Sesxmis~ <strong>qarTuli</strong> versia,<br />

iseve rogorc `wamebisa~, unda ekuTvnodes efTvime mTawmidels. efTvime berZnuli dedisagan<br />

damoukideblad mimarTavs misi drois bizantiur da qarTul literaturaSi gavrcelebul<br />

hagiografiul paradigmebs da ritorikul xerxebs.<br />

amagvarad, saboloo daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom hagiografiuli paradigmebi da<br />

sqemebi mowamis saxisa da misi sapirispiro uary<strong>of</strong>iTi saxis Sesaqmnelad bizantiur<br />

literaturaSi Camoyalibda. qarTul literaturaSi, romelmac miiRo da gaiTavisa es<br />

modelebi, SeimCneva tendencia meti sqematizaciisaken da dapirispirebuli wyvilis _ mowamisa<br />

da mtarvalis kidev ufro gamokveTisaken ritorikuli CanarTebis saSualebiT. es xdeba im<br />

SemTxvevebSi, roca es modeli naTargmni Txzulebis berZnul wyaroSi ase vrclad ar aris<br />

warmodgenili. qarTveli mTargmnelebi, gansakuTrebiT, efTvime aToneli (Sdr. daviT tbeli)<br />

ostaturad iyeneben bizantiuri ritorikis xelovnebas, romelic maTTvis xangrZlivi<br />

literaturuli tradiciiT aris cnobili, rogorc ama Tu im Txzulebis <strong>qarTuli</strong> versiis<br />

(`dimitris wamebisa~), ise romelime berZnuli wyaros analogiiT agebuli originaluri<br />

Txzulebis Sesaqmnelad (mag., `kviprianes Sesxmis~ mixedviT Sedgenili `dimitris Sesxmisa~).<br />

damowmebani:<br />

bezaraSvili 2004: bezaraSvili q. ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika grigol RvTismetyvelis<br />

TxzulebaTa <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebis mixedviT. Tb.: 2004.<br />

heberti 1992: Hébert M. Hesychasm, Word-Weaving, and Slavic Hagioghraphy: The Literary School <strong>of</strong> Patriarch Euthymius.<br />

München: 1992.<br />

jefermani 1988: Jeffernan T.J. Sacred Biography _ Saints and their Biographers in the Middle Age., New York, Oxford: 1988.<br />

jenkinsi 1954: Jenkins R.J.H. The Classical Background <strong>of</strong> the Scriptores post Theophanem. DOP, 8, 1954.<br />

jenkinsi 1963: Jenkins R.J.H. The Hellenistic Origins <strong>of</strong> Byzantine Literature, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 17, Washington: 1963.<br />

jenkinsoni 1967: Jenkinson E. An Introduction to Latin Biography, in T.A.Dorey. ed.Latin Biography. London: 1967.<br />

kekeliZe 1957: kekeliZe k. etiudebi Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> istoriidan. V, Tb.: 1957.<br />

kekeliZe 1980: kekeliZe k. Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> istoria. I, Tb.: 1980.<br />

maWavariani 2001: maWavariani m. hagiografiuli yalibebi homiletikaSi. religia, 1-3. 2001.<br />

maWavariani 2004-2005: maWavariani m. wm. dimitri Tesalonikelis Sesxma qarTul mwerlobaSi. macne, els.<br />

2004-2005.<br />

maWavariani 2005a: maWavariani m. wm. dimitri bizantiur da qarTul mwerlobaSi. klasikuri da Tanamedrove<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba. # 9, Tb.: 2005.<br />

maWavariani 2005b: maWavariani m. bizantiuri oratoruli xelovneba dimitri Tesalonikelis<br />

hagiografiul ciklSi. logosi. weliwdeuli elinologiasa da laTinistikaSi. 3, 2005.<br />

metreveli... 2000: S. Gregorii Nazianzeni Opera. Versio Iberica, II. Orationes XV, XXIV, XIX, editae a H. Metreveli et K.<br />

Bezarachvili, M. Dolakidze, T. Kourtsikidze, M. Matchavariani, N. Melikichvili, M. Rapava, M. Chanidze (Corpus<br />

Christianorum. Series Graeca, 42. Corpus Nazianzenum, 9), Leuven- Turnhout, 2000.<br />

makgvaieri 1953: McGuire M.R.P. The Early Christian Funeral Oration, introduction for "Funeral Orations by Saint Gregory<br />

Nazianzen and Saint Ambrose". New York: 1953.<br />

mini 1857: PG. Migne J.P. (ed.). Patrologiae cursus completus omnium Patrum, Doctorum, Scriptorumque Ecclesiasticorum (…).<br />

Series Graeca, Parisiis: 1857-1866.<br />

popova 1975: Попова Т. В. Античная биография и византийская агиография, в сборникеЖ Античность и Византия. М.Ж<br />

1975.<br />

skedrosi 1992: Skedros J.C. Saint Demetrios <strong>of</strong> Thessaloniki, Civic Patron and Divine Protector 4 th -7 th Centuries. Harvard:<br />

1992.<br />

36

Hagiographic Paradigms According to the Martyrdom and Praise <strong>of</strong> St. Demetrios<br />

Summary<br />

Maya Machavariani<br />

Hagiographic paradigms and models were developed in Byzantine literature in order to create the image <strong>of</strong><br />

martyr as opposed to the image <strong>of</strong> tyrant and despot promoting the martyrdom. In Georgian literature these paradigms<br />

were adopted and accepted, but sometimes in Georgian translations, unlike some Greek originals where these models<br />

were not presented widely, the tendency towards schematizing the mentioned paradigms is revealed. In these cases the<br />

opposition <strong>of</strong> the images is shown more clearly through the interpolations <strong>of</strong> rhetorical character. Georgian translators,<br />

namely Euthymius the Athonite (the 10th century; cf. David Tbeli), use the Byzantine rhetorical skill known to them<br />

through the long literary tradition while composing the Georgian version <strong>of</strong> the Greek text (e.g., "Martyrdom <strong>of</strong> St.<br />

Demetrios") as well as almost original work created according to some Greek sources (e.g., "Praise <strong>of</strong> St. Demetrios"<br />

compiled according to the "Praise <strong>of</strong> St. Cyprian").<br />

`ese ars naTesavi qarTvelTaÁ~<br />

(asureli mamebis `cxovrebaTa~ saxismetyvelebis paradigmebi)<br />

lia wereTeli<br />

aTcamet asurel mamaTa cxovrebebis Zveli redaqciebi, svinaqsaruli da metafrasuli<br />

Zeglebi, mokle da vrceli teqstebi, maTi Seqmnis dro, urTierTmimarTebani da avtorTa<br />

vinaobis sakiTxi mravalmxrivad aris Seswavlili. urTierTsawinaaRmdego Teoriebia Seqmnili<br />

asurel mamaTa qarTlSi Camosvlis, maTi sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsisa da filos<strong>of</strong>iuri<br />

moZRvrebis Sesaxeb, Sefasebulia maTi didi Rvawli — saqarTveloSi samonastro kolonizaciis<br />

dasabami, misioneruli saqmianoba, kulturul-mwignobruli kerebis Seqmna da originaluri<br />

himnografiis dasabami. asurel mamaTa moRvaweobam didi roli Seasrula <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

qristianuli kulturis ganviTarebasa da `axalnergi~ sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebaSi.<br />

Cven ar ganvixilavT amjerad urTierTgamomricxav Teoriebs asurel mamaTa<br />

sarwmunoebrivi mrwamsisa da maTi `cxovrebebis~ Seqmnis TariRis, avtorobis, filos<strong>of</strong>iuri<br />

kredos Sesaxeb, warmovaCenT mxolod svimeon mesvetes (halabielisa) da svimeon<br />

sakvirvelmoqmedi (umcrosis) — mesveteobis fuZemdebelTa `cxovrebebTan~ asurel mamaTa<br />

`cxovrebebis~ mimarTebas. am kvlevis mimarTuleba g. feraZem gansazRvra. igi aRniSnavda, rom<br />

asurel mamaTa cxovrebebSi gadmotanilia orive svimeon mesvetis cxovrebis konkretuli<br />

faqtebi da saswaulebi. Tavis umniSvnelovanes naSromSi mecnierma ganixila asurel mamaTa<br />

cxovrebebi, mesveteTa asketuri Rvawlis fuZemdebelTa biografiuli da saswaulTa<br />

identuroba. gansazRvra, rom antioqiuri saRvTismetyvelo azrovnebisa da saxismetyvelebis<br />

tradicias iTvaliswinebs <strong>qarTuli</strong> agiografia.<br />

ZiriTad msgavsebaTagan mecnieri asaxelebs _ kverTxs, jaWvs (Torni), margalits,<br />

mRvimes, TviT erT-erTi piris saxels _ konon da a. S. amasTan, g. feraZe wers: `saswrafod<br />

saWiroa Catardes gamokvleva qarTvelebis damokidebulebaze orive svimeonis mimarT~ (feraZe<br />

2002: 10).<br />

amgvari gamokvleva ar Catarebula. arada, orive svimeon mesvetis cxovreba<br />

pirvelwyaroa asurel mamaTa cxovrebebisa.<br />

mivdevT mecnieri RvTismetyvelis samecniero cdas _ asurel mamaTa cxovrebebi<br />

Seswavlil iqnas ori svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedis `cxovrebis~ paralelurad. warmovaCenT —<br />

asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebis~ uZiriTades aspeqtebs, romlebic, eWvgareSea, ori svimon<br />

sakvirvelmoqmedis `cxovrebaTa~ qargas efuZneba. am SedarebiTma kvlevam gvafiqrebina, rom<br />

asurel mamaTa cxovrebebi Seqmnilia ori svimon mesvetis `cxovrebis~ analogiiT da es<br />

`msgavseba~ aris idealTan `mimsgavsebis~ survili. saxismetyveleba antioqiuri<br />

saRvTismetyvelo skolidan kargad aris SeTvisebuli da mza-formulebad gadmotanili,<br />

rogorc `masala~ Rrmadsulieri Sinaarsis gadmosacemad. amgvari SedarebiTi kvleva<br />

jerjerobiT ar Sesrulebula da pirvel cdas warmoadgens: orive svimeon mesvetis `cxovreba~<br />

amkvidrebs wmida mamaTa Sesamoslis saxismetyvelebas, romelsac ra Tqma unda, wyarod Zveli<br />

aRTqmisa da saxarebiseuli xatmetyveleba aqvs:<br />

ZaZa _ `da iyo samoseli netarisaÁ mis viTarca kurdani dabebkuli. da zeda kerZo misa<br />

daixvis sabeli da viTar dayo samoselsa mas Sina Svidi weli, amis Semdgomad iqmna Tavisa<br />

Tvisisa samoseli tyavisaÁ (gariti 1957: 78).<br />

37

samoseli ZaZa ganuZarcvelad hqonda svimon mesvete umcross: `Sehmoses angelozTa maT<br />

samoselsa mas zeda ZaZisaÁ didebaÁ da brwyinvalebaÁ miuTxrobeli~... (kekeliZe 1918: 245).<br />

`efrem asuris cxovreba~, romelSic antioqiuri saxismetyveleba mkafiod aris<br />

gamokveTili, did siaxloves amJRavnebs asurel mamaTa cxovrebebTan da erT umTavres wyarod<br />

warmodgeba: (efrem asurs ganuZarcvelad emosa `samoseli Zueli da dabebkuli~; moisurva<br />

wmidanma `ZaZiTa queyanasa zeda wola~...) (gariti 1957: 153).<br />

zogadad asuruli tradiciaa `kunkuli~ _ Tavsaburavi: `hpoo mun monazoni romelsa<br />

adgies kunkuli~ (kekeliZe 1918: 94).<br />

kunkuliT gamosaxavdnen asurel mamebs ikonografiaSi, xolo `cxovrebebi~ Sesamoslis<br />

saxismetyvelebas warmosaxaven; kargad damkvidrebuli xatweraa agiografiaSi `ZaZa~,<br />

`dabebkuli samosi~, `kunkuli~, `flasi~: `aha, movidodes wmidani igi mamani uÃamloni da<br />

dabebkuliTa mosilni, Seuracxad saxilvelni, kunkuliTa Semosilni wesisaebr asurTa~<br />

(Zeglebi 1971: 118).<br />

ZaZa _ uxamuri da dabebkuli samosi RvTis ZaliT ganspetakdeba _ es RvTiuri<br />

naTelmosileba <strong>qarTuli</strong> agiografiuli mwerlobis tradiciad warmodgeba.<br />

vfiqrobT, ZaZa ganasaxierebs wmidaTa cxovrebebSi macxovris _ `zeiTmoqsoil~ kvarTs.<br />

igi saidumloa (`SuSanikis wameba~), sxvaTaTvis dafaruli, anda saswauliT ganspetakdeba<br />

(`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~), mowameobrivi RvawliT ZaZa gardaisaxeba RvTiuri madlis<br />

wyarod, risi cxadi dadasturebac aris macxovris gare-samosis darad wmidaTa Sesamoselis<br />

evlogiad danawileba maTi gardacvalebis Semdgom: `yovelsa romelsa miemarjÂs, miitacebdian<br />

samoslisa misisagan viTarca evlogiasa~ (gariti 1957: 116).<br />

sartyeli, sabeli welze - Zveli aRTqmisa da saxarebiseuli tradicia — macxovris welze<br />

sartyeli (`sartyeli tyavisaÁ ertya welTa misTa~, m. 3-4) da misi saRvTismetyvelo sazrisi<br />

cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>lad aris gaazrebuli asurul-antioqiuri tradiciiT, romelsac aseTive<br />

cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>elobiT amkvidrebs asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebi~.<br />

saxismetyveluri sazrisi sartylisa amgvaria _ simbolurad sartyeli gamosaxavs<br />

wmidanis mier xorcieli bunebis Zlevas, daTrgunvas, tanjvas, sartyeli Suawels, anu adamianis<br />

zeda da qveda sxeulis nawilTa gamy<strong>of</strong> zRvars mianiSnebs, adamianis qvena-bunebis mTlianad<br />

damorCilebas, zeda _ sulieris mier. sartyeli xorcSi ise Zalumad aqvT Semortymuli orive<br />

svimon mesvetes, rom is sisxliania, xorcs awylulebs, saSinel suns gamoscems, matlebs aCens da<br />

a.S. ramdenadac uamuria aRwerili suraTebi fizikuri TvaliT, imdenad xazgasmulia<br />

`xorcielis ZleviT~ sulieri sispetakisa da simaRlis miRweva:<br />

`kualad moiRo sabeli lifisaÁ ficxeli da moirtya igi welTa misTa SiSuliv da sabelman<br />

man SeWamna welni misni vidremdis aRorZinda Ãorci misi zeda kerZo sabelsa mas. da viTarca<br />

euwya mamasaxlissa saqmÀ ese, Sehxsna mas sabeli igi iZulebiT da savse iyo igi ÃorciTa da<br />

sisxliTa welTa misTaÁTa~ (gariti 1957: 122).<br />

kunkuli, `dabebkuli samoseli~ da `sabeli~ _ aucilebeli xatmetyvelebaa asuruli<br />

tradiciiT wmida mamaTa Sesamoslisa.<br />

svimeon umcrosi sakvirvelmoqmedis sartylisa da matlis saxismetyvelebis kvali<br />

`SuSanikis wamebaSi~ TvalsaCinoa (wereTeli 2005: 21).<br />

aq gvinda kvlav davimowmoT `cxovrebaÁ mefeT mefisa daviTisi~ _ daviT aRmaSeneblis<br />

sartylis saxismetyveleba:<br />

mefis mier sisxliT savse ube _ sartylis Semoxsnisas `namtknari~ sisxlis gadmoRvra,<br />

romelic mefis Wrilobidan gadmodenilad miiCnies da mtris sisxli aRmoCnda, sartylis _<br />

saxismetyvelebis, misi saRvTismetyvelo sazrisis axal xatmetyvelebad gvesaxeba _ mefis<br />

sabrZolo-saraindo Rvawlisa da RvTivsulierebis gansaxovnebad. asurel moRvaweTa<br />

`cxovrebebis~ kvali, SiomRvimis saRvTismetyvelo skolis mravalsaukunovani tradiciis<br />

uwyvetoba asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebidan~ daviT aRmaSeneblis dromde sacnauria (`Sio<br />

mRvimisadmi anderZi~).<br />

qva _ svimeon mesvete halabielis cxovrebaSi qvis saxismetyveleba bibliuri sazrisidan<br />

aris amozrdili da saxarebiseuli simbolikiT gaRrmavebuli. qvas uZvelesi droidan hqonda<br />

Tavisi sulieri arsi. agiografiuli xatwera _ asketis mier qvis Camokideba, qvaze dawola,<br />

TavqveS qvis sasTumlad dadeba, qvis svetze dgoma bibliuri tradiciis ganvrcobaa. qva<br />

SenivTebul miwierebad cxaddeba da martvilis, asketis sulier aRzevebad gaiazreba, sulier<br />

ZalTa gamarjvebad adamianur miwier bunebaze: qva ametyvelebs uxilav, RvTivsulier<br />

gamocxadebiT WeSmaritebasa da gardaisaxeba am axali realobis xilul mowmed, erTgvar<br />

mijnad, zRurblad xilulsa da uxilavs Soris. bibliuri iakobis sizmari _ (kibeze<br />

angelozebi) sasTumlad dadebuli qva wminda adgilad moiniSnavs.<br />

am bibliur paradigmas gulisxmobs `wmida ninos cxovrebis~ epizodi _ faravnis tbasTan<br />

wm. ninom sasTumlad `lodi~ daido da esizmra kaci, romelmac dabeWdili wigni gadasca.<br />

(dekalogi).<br />

svimeons `edva qvaÁ erTi ganÃuretili da viTarca ZmaTa maT daiZinian, xolo man<br />

Camoikidis igi qedsa da dgan igi vidre ciskrisa Jamamde. da merme dadvis igi mdumriad Tvinier<br />

cnobisa maTisa~ (gariti 1957: 307).<br />

38

svimeonma `Seqmna Tavisa TÂsisa qvaÁ erTi romelsa aqunda simrgule ori wyrTaÁ, ahmarTa<br />

igi da dadgis mis zeda~ (kekeliZe 1918: 67).<br />

svimonTan mivida SeZrwunebuli xalxi. maTi s<strong>of</strong>eli TandaTan inTqmeboda wyalSi da mTa<br />

TandaTan hfaravda sacxovriss, mTis qveS ismoda grgvinva: wmida svimeonma sam qvaze jvari<br />

gamosaxva, qvebis Tavsa _ bolosa da SuaSi dadeba, sami Rame uZilod locvaSi my<strong>of</strong>oba urCia.<br />

[`wmindaman hrqua maT: `wariReT Tquen Tana sami qvaÁ da gamosaxeT TiToeulsa mas zeda saxÀ<br />

jvarisaÁ da erTi maTgani daadgiT TaviT kerZo misa, da erTi boloÁT, da erTi saSoval da<br />

ganaTieT sami Rame uZilad...~] (gariti 1957: 130).<br />

svimonTan mivida eri, maT s<strong>of</strong>els gvalva da SimSili moeloda, wyaro daSra da `ganxma~<br />

miwa: `wariReT sami qvaÁ da gamosaxeT mas zeda saxÀ juarisaÁ~ da wyaroSi am qvebis Cayra brZana.<br />

RamisTevisa da locvis Semdgom aRmoxda kvlav Zlierad wyali. (kekeliZe 1918: 38).<br />

es saxismetyvelebaa asurel mamaTa cxovrebebSi. daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi yvelaze<br />

gamokveTilia `sami qvis~ saRvTo madli: evlogiad wamoiRo sami qva wmida daviTma. (abulaZe<br />

1955: 158).<br />

RvTis neba angelozma ierusalimis patriarqs RamiT gamoucxada: `wariRo madli<br />

ierusalimisaÁ~, `Semosili dabebkuliTa samosliTa da aqus Zueli malaki, romelsa Sina sxenan<br />

samni qvani, evlogiad miRebulni~... `ori nawili ukan vaqcio ierusalimadve da ara sruliad<br />

Ãuebul iqnes madlTagan, xolo mesamedi igi mominiWebies SenTÂs warRebad udabnosa Sina~<br />

(abulaZe 1955: 159).<br />

saxismetyveleba sami qvisa `daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi~ am tradicias gulisxmobs:<br />

wmida daviTs simdablis, sarwmunoebis, Rvawlis gamo mieniWa RvTis madli. im sami qvidan,<br />

romelic man madliT srulqmna, RvTis nebiT, ori ierusalims darCa da erTi daviTs mieniWa: es<br />

aRar iyo Cveulebrivi qvebi, yovel nabijze rom xvdeba adamians, qvebs daviT garejelis<br />

rwmenisa da Tavmdablobis niSnad madlis ganfenis funqcia daekisraT. qva, qvis dadgma<br />

aRniSnavs, RvTis nebis ganmtkicebas, fuZe-qvad, saZirkvlad dadebas.<br />

ubralo qvebi gardaisaxeba RvTis nebis, jvarsaxovnebis xatmetyvelebad.<br />

qva-sveti<br />

qva safuZvlad edeba da RvTis nebiT igeba svimeon mesvetis (halabielis) mier qva-sveti.<br />

igi mesveteobis fuZemdebeli RvTis gamocxadebiT xdeba. RvTisgan euwya rogor ilocos da<br />

iRvawos, ra simaRlis sveti aRmarTos. am Txrobas saxismetyveluri funqcia aqvs. Txrobisas<br />

ganmartavs agiografi: SesaZloa vinmem ikiTxos, nuTu miwaze dgomiT ar iqneboda RvTisaTvis<br />

saTno svimeonis Rvawli `xark iyo misa raÁTa dges igi suetsa zeda?~<br />

agiografi Tavad pasuxobs: `iloca elia mTasa zeda da Seismina misi RmerTman, da daniel<br />

jurRmulsa Sina da Seismina misi da ganarina igi lomTagan, anania da moyuasni misni iyvnes<br />

saÃmilsa Sina da ganarinna igini cecxlisa misgan da iona iyo mucelsa veSapisasa danTqmuli<br />

ufskrulTa da ganarina igi Wirisagan. da TiToeuli wmidaTagani sadac vin ipovis da ilocis,<br />

miemadlos maT wyalobaÁ RmrTisaÁ.<br />

xolo Cuen esreT vhrquaT metyuelsa mas, raimeTu raJams ixilna ufalman dabadebulni<br />

TÂsni danTqmulni codvasa Sina da Sepyrobilni ruliTa uSjuloebisaÁTa, ineba raÁTa simÃniTa<br />

da moRuawebiTa da SromiTa monisa TÂsisaÁTa ganaRÂZnes da aRmoiyvannes siRrmisagan borotTa<br />

maTTaÁsa~ (gariti 1957: 180).<br />

am ganmartebas mosdevs svimeonis mier qva-svetis agebis Txroba. svetis mSeneblobas<br />

ramdenimegzis mohyva svetis orad gatexva an mTlianad Semusvra, RamiT eCvena svimeons `kaci<br />

erTi brwyinvale, da amcno: `ese ars nebaÁ uflisa SenisaÁ, raÁTa Sehqmna sueti romelsa aqundes<br />

ormeoci wyrTaÁ da Sehmzado igi samZgided samTa qvaTagan da Sen gewodos moRuawe uflisa<br />

mier, aha esera miiRe niWi ese~ (gariti 1957: 182).<br />

wmida svimeons locva eswavla aseve RvTisagan: sarkmelTan askets edo qva sami wyrTis<br />

simaRliT. naTliTmosili kaci sizmarSi am qvaze dadga da muxlTa drekiT iloca. asketma<br />

gulisxmahyo, rom amgvarad unda eloca. (gariti 1957: 184).<br />

svimeonma Tavidan Svidi wyrTis sigrZis sveti Seqmna, Semdgom oci wyrTis, bolos RvTis<br />

nebiT ormoci wyrTis sigrZis sveti aagebina `xuroT~.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom ukanasknel xans Seswavlil iqna siriis antioqiis `wm. svimeonis mTaze~<br />

samonastro kompleqsis nangreebi da gamovlenili iqna swored sami sxvadasxva dros agebuli<br />

sveti, rogorc aRwers v. jobaZe: `svimeonis sami sayudeli sveti: I _ kaklis cilindri,<br />

romelic moTavsebuli iyo dabal kolonaze; II _ iyo msgavsi, im gansxvavebiT, rom xis sayudeli<br />

Seicvala rkinis galiiT, romelic dafaruli iyo cxvris tyaviT, rodesac man datova ioanes<br />

monasteri, is avida mTaze, raTa 541 w. aeSenebina sakuTari sayudeli. es iyo namdvili kldisgan<br />

gamokveTili sveti, romelsac garSemortymuli hqonda rkinis moajiri. qvemoT svetic<br />

SemozRuduli iyo maRali rkinis zRudiT, romelTan miaxlovebac qalebs ekrZalebodaT<br />

(jobaZe 1986: 62; jobaZe 1989: 38).<br />

sagulisxmoa xuroTagan svetis mSeneblobis Txroba: dRisiT aSenebdnen da gamTeniisas<br />

damsxvreuli xvdebodaT. sveti yovelJams Seimusvroda. (gariti 1957: 180).<br />

39

`xuroTa~ mcdeloba da veraRmarTva svetisa analogiuria `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~<br />

TxrobaSi: `iwyes xuroTa maT aRmarTebad da ver uZles... araTu aRmarTebad oden ver SeuZles,<br />

aramed SeZvraca. da uqm iqmna yoveli sibrZne da RonisZiebaÁ kacTaÁ, raÁTa suetisa mis<br />

aRmarTebiTa sakvirvelad RmerTi ididos da kacni umetesad daemtkicnen sarwmunoebasa...<br />

xolo sanatreli igi godebda da daadenda cremlTa suetsa mas zeda.<br />

da viTar SuaRame oden iyo (aRwerilia armaz-zadenis mTaTa rRveva da saSineli grgvinva<br />

— laSqari mtrisa da a.S.)... da aha esera zeda miadga Wabuki erTi yovladve naTliTa Semosili da<br />

moeblardna cecxlis saxed zewari da arquna samni sityuani netarsa ninos... Wabukman man miyo<br />

Ãeli suetsa mas da upyra igi da aRamaRla da wariRo simaRlesa caTasa... aha sueti igi cecxlis<br />

saxed Camovidoda da mieaxla xarisxsa mas TÂssa~... (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ 1979: 345).<br />

`xuroTa~ mcdeloba irRveva da RvTis nebis gamocxadebis Semdgom gansruldeba svetis<br />

mSenebloba. wmindanis locva da Rvawli RvTis nebas acxadebs da sarwmunoebiT ganamtkicebs<br />

ers.<br />

savaraudoa, rom antioqiuri tradicia, asuruli xatmetyveleba `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-s<br />

Txrobas gaTvaliswinebuli da SeTvisebuli aqvs.<br />

asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebi~ Txrobisas emyareba svimeon mesvete — halabielis, umcrosi<br />

svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedi mesvetis `cxovrebaTa~ qargas da sveticxovlis saswaulebrivi<br />

aRmarTvis, sauflo kvarTis cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>eli madlis Txrobas:<br />

asureli mamebi, ioane zedaznelis winamZRolobiT, qarTlSi mosvlisTanave mcxeTaSi<br />

modian da Tayvans scemen sveticxovelsa da sauflo kvarTs, kaTolike eklesias. Semdgom<br />

TiToeuli mama saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareSi agebs taZars. TiToeuli taZris mSeneblobisas<br />

sxvadasxvagvarad meordeba sveticxovlis agebis saswauli. marTalia yvela `cxovrebam~<br />

srulad ar Semoinaxa es Txroba, magram savaraudod erTsaxovneba unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo. yvelaze<br />

srulad Sio mRvimelis `cxovreba~ cxady<strong>of</strong>s:<br />

wmida Sio `evedrebodes RmerTsa, raÁTa man aCuenos maT adgili, sadaca TÂT mas jer-uCns<br />

Semzadebad taZari didebisa TÂsisaÁ~, ...`kuamli igi sakumevelisa aRvida haersa Sina, viTarca<br />

sueti, aRmarT zecamde, vidremdis TualTaca maTgan Seifara. da dges raÁ da xedvides niSsa<br />

amas gansakrTomelsa, kualad gamoCnda wueri igi sakumevelisa haerTa Sina, queyanad<br />

STamomavali sakvirvelebiT, viTarca sabeli raÁme Semtkicebuli, xolo moeaxla raÁ queyanad,<br />

STadga xevsa mas Sina, adgilsa erTssa... xedvides sakumevelsa mas viTarca Zeglsa, egreT<br />

mdgomaresa...~ moiTxova ukue Rirsman Sio saTxroli da sca sam-gzis adgilsa mas, sada mdgomare<br />

iyo sueti igi~ (Zeglebi 1971: 141).<br />

amgvarad aris sveti RvTis nebis ganmcxadebeli da taZris mSeneblobis makurTxebeli.<br />

ufro adreuli arqetipi am Txrobisa, vfiqrobT, unda iyos qristianobamdeli<br />

kulturisaTvis niSandoblivi qva-svetebi. savaraudod maTi gardasaxva moxda qristianul qvajvarebad,<br />

romlis cxadi dadasturebaa Tavad mesveteobis fuZemdeblis svimeon mesvete<br />

halabielis cxovrebaSi qva-svetTa da qva-jvarTa saxismetyveleba:<br />

`wariReT sami qva, gamosaxeT saxe jvarisa~... (gariti 1957: 171).<br />

`oTxTave yureTa misTa aRmarTeT Zegli qvisaÁ da gamoxateT mas zeda saxe saufloÁsa<br />

juarisaÁ~ (gariti 1957: 180).<br />

amgvari qva-jvarebis mSenebloba bevrad win uswrebda taZarTa mSeneblobebs.<br />

adreqristianul xanaSi yvela qveyanaSi dasturdeba amgvar qva-jvarTa da qva-svetTa arseboba.<br />

igi Caenacvla warmarTul qva-kerpTa salocavebs da jvarSemosil wmindanTa locviT pirvel<br />

niSebad aRimarTa.<br />

`daviT garejelis cxovrebis~ arqetipad gvesaxeba uZvelesi Txroba `qva-svetis~<br />

mSeneblobisa, qva-svetis aRmarTva, an qva-svetis adgilas taZris ageba. Tavad saxelwodeba<br />

`qva-SveTi~ _ `qva-svetis~_ saxecvlilebad moCans (msgavsad `tfilisi~ _ `Tbilisi~, `qvasveti~<br />

_ `qva-SveTi~ _ anu t-s qceva T-d da s-s qceva S-d).<br />

daviT garejelis mier fexmZime dedakacis dasja, gviandeli xalxuri legenda gvesaxeba<br />

`qvaSveTis~- warmomavlobis axsnis cdad. wmidanis cxovrebas zepiri Txroba urTavs epizods<br />

cnobils `efrem asuris cxovrebidan~; anu wyaro am legenduri Txrobisa isev antioqiurasuruli<br />

warmomavlobisaa:<br />

efrem asurs borotad daswames moSurne mnaTem da fexmZime qalma bavSvis mamoba,<br />

ciliswameba efremma morCilad TavmodrekiT daiTmina da sabolood amxila: `Ãmayo ÃmiTa<br />

maRliTa da Tqua: `Sen gety yrmao, da gafuceb saxelsa RmrTisa cxovelisasa, romel ars<br />

Semoqmedi caTaÁ da queyanisaÁ... aRaRe piri Seni da uTxar samarTali `vin ars mamaÁ Seni?~. miugo<br />

yrmaman man ÃmiTa maRliTa: `efrem mnaTe ars mamaÁ Cemi~... `yrmaÁ igi meysa Sina adgilsave<br />

mokuda, maSin movida mamaÁ igi qalisaÁ da Seuvrda ferxTa wmidisa efremisTa~ (gariti 1957: 83).<br />

imis naTelsay<strong>of</strong>ad, rom asurel wmidanTa cxovrebebi saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan<br />

iyo cnobili, dasturdeba xalxur SelocvebSi, sadideblebsa da locvebSi `efrem~-is xSiri<br />

moxsenieba. umetesad daviwyebulia Tavad wmidani, magram saukuneTa manZilze efrem-is xseneba<br />

da locva cocxalia teqstebSi. efremi iseve popularulia xalxur rwmenaSi, rogorc avgarozi,<br />

Tumca orives warmomavloba daviwyebuli da gaxalxurebulia (xom ar niSnavs efrem-verdi _<br />

efremis sityvas?).<br />

40

SesaZloa iTqvas, rom ori svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedis `cxovreba~, asurel-antioqiel<br />

wmidanTa cxovrebebi ara mxolod literaturuli wyaro iyo asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebis~<br />

Sesaqmnelad, aramed SemdgomSi xalxSi kargad cnobili da popularuli Tavisi<br />

saRvTismetyvelo sazrisiT.<br />

rogorc k. kekeliZe wers: `metafrasuli redaqciebi asurel mamaTa cxovrebebisa<br />

uCveneben im Zvels, kimenurs arqetipuls, romelic safuZvlad dasdebia maT~ (kekeliZe 1956:<br />

20).<br />

rac Seexeba svetis saxismetyvelebas, antioqiuri saRvTismetyvelo sazrisiT, svetibibliuri<br />

TxrobiT win uZRoda da ecxadeboda xSirad ebraelebs udabnodan gamosvlis grZel<br />

gzaze, RvTis Tanxlebis xatmetyvelebaa sveti, amasTan qristianuli sazrisiT _ macxovarma<br />

`kldesa zeda~ daafuZna eklesia, romelsac `jojoxeTis bWeni ver ewevian~ _ qva-svetebi, qvajvarebi<br />

niSebad aRimarTeboda da amgvarad xdeboda qristianobamdeli epoqis, antikur<br />

kulturaSi cnobil svetTa gadaazreba, romelic taZris _ mSeneblobis umTavresi safuZvelia.<br />

Tavad wmidanni da wamebulni iwodebian `svetad~ sulieri aRmSeneblobis RvawliT _ (mag.<br />

basili didi efrem asurma ixila `msgavsad suetisa cecxlisa mdgomarÀ sakurTxevelsa zeda da<br />

Tavi misi aRiweoda zecad da esma zedaiT misa Ãma, romeli ityoda: `efrem, efrem, viTarca<br />

sueti ese cecxlisaÁ egreT ars basili~. gariti 1957: 95). antioqiuri saRvTismetyvelo skola<br />

amkvidrebs svimeon mesvete halabielis RvawliT _ mesveteobis, rogorc asketuri, meudabnoe<br />

Rvawlis erT-erT formas, romelSic RvTis Tanamy<strong>of</strong>oba (sulieri sveti), qva-svetiqristianuli<br />

taZari da qva-jvari _ adamiani, cocxali svetia sarwmunoebrivi Rvawlisa,<br />

cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>eli xat-saxea, RvTivsulieri cxovrebisa. es saxismetyveleba Rrmad aris<br />

gaazrebuli `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~, asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebis~ da zogadad qarTul<br />

agiografiasa da himnografiaSi, rac bizantiuri mwerlobis gavlenamde, asurul-antioqiuri<br />

saRvTismetyvelo skolis siRrmiseul codnas adasturebs.<br />

zeciuri sazrdo _ asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebSi~ gacocxlebulia svimeon mesvete<br />

halabielis `cxovrebis~ saxismetyveluri sazrisi _ wmidani marxulobs, loculobs da<br />

RvTisagan sazrdoobs, madli eniWeba zecidan, romlis winasaxed gaazrebulia Zveli<br />

aRTqmiseuli manana _ ebraelTaTvis sazrdod RvTisgan udabnoSi moniWebuli. svimon<br />

sakvirvelmoqmedi (umcrosi) sazrdoobs zeciuri saboZvariT: `gamovida taZrisa misgan kaci<br />

erTi Suenieri friad da samoseli misi iyo spetak viTarca Tovli, xolo TmaÁ Tavisa misisaÁ<br />

viTarca tevani yurZnisaÁ da Sezavebul iyo mxciTa... ...da Seiyvanes sakurTxevlad wmidaÁ<br />

svimeon da Seasues pirsa missa spetaki raime viTarca Tovli, msgavsi margalitisaÁ<br />

simrguliTa~... `egeviTari gemoÁ da sitkboebaÁ ver SesaZlebel ars povnad qveyanasa zeda. da<br />

saWmlisa misgan ganZlierda igi friad da mxiarul iqmna~ (kekeliZe 1918: 44).<br />

Sio mRvimelis `cxovrebaSi~ _ RvTismSobeli gamoecxada wmida Sios: `aw SeWame ege,<br />

romeli ars Ãelsa Sensa da amieriTgan raÁ igi zeciT mogecemodis mas sWamdi da nuRara<br />

geSinis... Wama sazrdeli igi, romeli aqunda ÃelTa misTa msgavsi TovlisaÁ, romeli miuZRuna<br />

brwyinvaleman man dedakacman. datkba piri misi miuwvdomeliTa raiTame sitkboebiTa da<br />

sixaruliTa ganZlierda~ (Zeglebi 1971: 129).<br />

lomi, mgeli, veSapi... _ asurel mamaTa `cxovrebani~ erTi umTavresi aspeqtiT erTiandeba<br />

— wminda mamebs ZaluZT cxovelTa nebisamebr damorCileba, RvTisadmi aRvlenili locvis<br />

ZaliT, maT sityviT SeuZliaT gaanadguron gveleSapi, aukrZalon mxecebs garkveul adgilebSi<br />

cxovreba, cxovelebs esmiT wmida mamaTa saubari da morCilad asruleben maT survils...<br />

cxovelTadmi gansazRvrulad gamokveTili damokidebuleba _ adreqristianuli xanis<br />

damaxasiaTebelia da miTosuri azrovnebis gardasaxvas warmoadgens agiografiul mwerlobaSi.<br />

r. siraZis mosazrebiT, ioane zedaznelis da TiToeuli asureli mamis `cxovrebaSi~<br />

TvalsaCinoa bibliuri paradigmebi (siraZe 1992: 78).<br />

vfiqrobT, asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebis~ es aspeqti antioqiuri saRvTismetyvelo skolis<br />

saxismetyveluri azrovnebis erTi umTavresi konceptia — asketi beri sulieri simaRlis iseT<br />

mwvervalze warmodgeba, rom mas ZaluZs RvTisadmi locviT daimorCilos cxovelebi, Tavisi<br />

survilisamebr gamoiyenos, amcnos maT RvTis neba, wmidani iqvemdebarebs bunebas (Tavisi oTxi<br />

elementiT — cecxls, wyals, miwas da haers), aRmoacenebs kverTxiT wyals, cecxli ar swvavs,<br />

haerSi aCerebs sagans da a.S. saswaulebad warmomdgari am epizodebis wyaro asurel mamaTa<br />

`cxovrebebSi~ umTavresad svimeon mesveteTa `cxovrebaa~ _ cxovelebis saxiT xSirad eSmaki<br />

moqmedebs, romelsac sZlevs wmindani: wmida svimeoni `Sevida quabsa mas da brZola sca eSmakman<br />

mas Sina brZoliTa didiTa da moiyvanna mis zeda mravalni mxecTaganni, guelni da veSapni,<br />

romelni hbervides da istuendes mis zeda da kualad moiyvanna mxecni mravalni msgavsi<br />

lomTani, romelni mZvinvarebiT zedamouvidodes. xolo wmidaÁ igi ara SeZrwunda da arca<br />

SeeSina maTgan, aramed juari oden daibeWdis Sublsa missa da mkerdsa da myis daSrtian<br />

ucnebani igi da ganibninian viTarca kuamli winaSe qarsa da naTeli didi brwinavda quabsa mas<br />

Sina~... (gariti 1957: 12).<br />

wmida svimeonma saSineli veSapi uCinarhyo, mZvinvare lomi Sehrisxa da ganaqarva, xucesma<br />

svimonis saxelis xsenebiT Tormeti qurciki Tavisi nebisamebr SeaCera, Seipyro ori maTgani da<br />

zardacemuli wmida svimeonTan mivida. `aha esera mxecnica da pirutyuni damorCilebul arian<br />

41

sityuasa RmrTisasa, xolo kacni urC arian da winaaRmdgom~ - warmoTqva wmidanma (gariti 1957:<br />

39).<br />

lomi emorCileba wmida svimeon mesvete umcrosis brZanebas, amarcxebs veSaps, alagmavs<br />

gveleSaps da a.S. gacocxlebulia saswaulebSi cxovelTa Zlevis, bunebis oTxi stiqiis<br />

damorCilebis saxarebiseuli mrwamsi.<br />

asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebi~ amgvari saswaulebiT mdidaria. g. feraZe miuTiTebs svimeon<br />

mesveteTa `cxovrebebis~ udavo zegavlenas asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebze~, gansakuTrebulad am<br />

epizodTa msgavsebas cxady<strong>of</strong>s:<br />

irmebisa da veSapis epizodi `daviT garejelis cxovrebidan~, irmebis epizodi anton<br />

marty<strong>of</strong>elis `cxovrebaSi~, daTvis epizodi `ioane zedaznelis cxovrebidan~, virisa da mglis<br />

epizodi, `Sio mRvimelis cxovrebaSi~ da a.S.<br />

`cxovelebis motivi gadmoRebulia wm. svimeonis cxovrebidan. Sead. svimeon umcrosis<br />

cxovreba, monumenta, gv. 241, 48, 301, 302, 305, 306. Tavad saxeli berisa-_ konon — wm. svimeonis<br />

cxovrebidan aris gadmosuli (gv. 280) cxovelebis motivi isedac xSiria hagiografiul<br />

literaturaSi~ (feraZe 2002: 34).<br />

vfiqrobT, marTebulia mecnieris amgvari daskvna: `<strong>qarTuli</strong> ber-monazvnoba Tavis<br />

sruly<strong>of</strong>il ideals umkacres gandegilobaSi xedavda. svimeon umcrosis avtoritetis<br />

sasargeblod iTamaSa roli im faqtmac, rom mis cxovrebaSi moxseniebulni arian qarTvelebi.<br />

eWvs ar iwvevs, rom adgilebi, sadac laparakia mis urTierTobaze qarTvelebTan, namdvilia.<br />

swored amitom gaxda es cxovreba ukve adreve cnobili saqarTveloSi. didi siyvaruliT<br />

kiTxulobdnen mas da wm. svimeons saqarTveloSi ber-monazvnobis damaarseblad Tvlidnen (wm.<br />

svimeon ufrosic cnobilia qarTvel berebSi. qarTvelebi masTanac arian moxseniebulni~<br />

(feraZe 2002: 36).<br />

`wm. Sios cxovrebis avtori icnobda wm. svimeonis cxovrebas da is Tavisi miznebisTvisac<br />

xSirad gamoiyena. garda im adgilebisa, romelic davimowmeT, SegviZlia moviyvanoT kidev<br />

ramdenime saintereso adgili. jer is adgili, romelic exeba sakmevels, Semdeg is, sadac<br />

avtori cdilobs daamyaros piradi nacnoboba Siosa da wm. svimeons Soris. avtori mamebs, sanam<br />

saqarTveloSi movidodnen, svimonTan gzavnis kurTxevis misaRebad. aq avtorma Tavisi<br />

miznebisaTvis gadaakeTa erTi istoriuli faqti, rac misTvis Zalian damaxasiaTebelia: im<br />

dros, roca mamebi svimeonTan mividnen, avtori mas TorneSi svams, raTa Semdeg wm. Sio erT-erT<br />

mRvimeSi cocxlad damarxos~ (feraZe 2002: 61). Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi<br />

dadgenilia, rom Torne niSnavs rkinis moajirs riTac SemosazRvruli iyo svimeon ufrosis<br />

sveti (jobaZe 1989: 57).<br />

davZenT, rom analogiuria warmomavloba svimeon mesveteTa `cxovrebebidan~ _ kverTxiT<br />

wyaros aRmocenebis, angelozTa kibis gamocxadebisa asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebSi~ (mosesa da<br />

elias xilva), `etlni cecxlisani da cxenni cecxlisani~, wmidanis mowinaaRmdegeTa xelis<br />

gaSeSeba da a.S. calkeuli motivebi pirdapir, saxismetyveluri sazrisis cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>elobiT<br />

gadmotanilia asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebSi~.<br />

calkeul paralelebs aRar ganvixilavT, vfiqrobT, isedac cxadia, rom svimeon mesveteTa<br />

`cxovrebebi~ erT-erTi upirvelesi wyaroa asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebisa~. zemo msjeloba da<br />

ganxiluli paralelebi imis naTelsay<strong>of</strong>ad movixmeT, rom siRrmiseulad ganvsazRvroT svimeon<br />

sakvirvelmoqmedis Tayvaniscemis mravalsaukunovani tradicia da misi sazrisi daviT<br />

aRmaSeneblis `SiomRvimisadmi anderZSi~.<br />

mefeTa goneba da guli<br />

asurel mamaTa Rvawli samonastro mSeneblobebsa da sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebasTan<br />

erTad gulisxmobda qarTlSi samefo xelisuflebis aRdgenas. Tu wmida ninos, andria<br />

pirvelwodebulis Semdgom, saqarTveloSi daxvda mnaTobTa da kerpTa Tayvaniscema, asurel<br />

mamebs _ gauqmebuli samefo taxti da damcrobili sarwmunoeba.<br />

wmida ninos qarTlSi mosvla agiografTa TvalsawierSi qarTveli eris axladmoqcevad<br />

gaiazreba, qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli _ mociqulTa sworad. saxismetyvelurad qristeSobis<br />

simbolika sacnauria: meTevzeebi, mwyemsni, sasTumlad qva (Sed. svimeon mesvete, wmida<br />

SuSaniki): ZilSi `kaci brwyinvale~ ganucxadebs: `aRdeg da miarTÂ wigni ese mefesa warmarTTasa<br />

mcxeTas~. urbnisSi mociqulTaswori `Sevida baginsa huriaTasa~, armazis msaxurT mcxeTaSi<br />

Camohyva. mefe miriani da nana ded<strong>of</strong>ali, eri kerpTa msaxurebas `ebnebiTa da nestvebiT~<br />

aRasrulebda (`mefe da yoveli eri erTbamad RmrTad aRiarebdes kerpTa usuloTa~) wmida nino<br />

`walkotsa mefisasa~, `mayvalTa Sina~... .<br />

saxarebiseuli (meTevze, mwyemsi) da bibliuri (ebraelTa kerpTmsaxureba, `Seuwveli<br />

mayvali~) saxismetyveleba wmidanis mier mefisa da eris qristianobaze moqcevas asuraTxatebs.<br />

mefe sTxovs wmida ninos `gamousaxos saxe eklesiisa~. ninom `axalma beselielma~ _ `saxe<br />

eklesiisaÁ dausaxa~. mefis kiTxvaze `sada uSeno saxli RmerTsa?~ wmida nino pasuxobs: `sadaca<br />

mefeTa gonebaÁ mtkice ars!~ _ es niSnavs, rom mefeSi unda gamocxaddes RvTis neba. mefis<br />

gonebis ganmtkiceba Rameuli CvenebiT dasturdeba: `amas brZanebs mefe sparsTaÁ xuara~... da<br />

42

ismis Zlieri grgvinva, mirian mefe Seipyreso... wmida ninos TqmiT, `ese niSani maTi warwymedisaÁ<br />

ars da qarTlisa cxorebisaÁ da amis adgilisa didebisaÁ~ (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ 1979: 344). wmida<br />

ninos sulieri ZalmosilebiT mefis mteri daiZlia.<br />

iriJraJa da mefem `moxeda samoTxesa mas dawyebulsa mas missa eklesiasa, rameTu mun<br />

mtkice igi gonebaÁ misi da ixila mun naTeli, viTarca elvaÁ zecadmde aRwevnuli samoTxesa mas<br />

Sina~ (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ 1979: 345).<br />

mefis naTelRebuloba, sulieri naTlis xilva da svetis damyareba `xelSeuxeblad~ erTi<br />

mTlianobaa. mefis guli da goneba sarkea eris sulierebisa. mefis gonebis ganmtkiceba RvTis<br />

nebis masSi gacxadebiT ixateba. mefe Tavad gardaisaxa RvTis taZrad da Semdgom aigeba xiluli<br />

taZari.<br />

asurel mamaTa cxovrebebSi taZrebis mSenebloba amgvaradve gansaxovndeba:<br />

wmida Sios daemowafa evagre. igi aris mTavari cixedidisa da spaspeti mefisa (`cixedidi~<br />

`wmida ninos cxovrebaSi~ eliozis saxlobas eboZa mefisgan). farsman mefe wmida SiosTan modis<br />

spaspetis gamo. mefesTan Sesagebeblad gamovida wmida Sio da dauloca mas gvirgvini, akurTxa<br />

misi mefoba. mefem Seswira SiomRvimes oTxi daba da a. S.<br />

mefes wmida Sio ase mimarTavs: `gulni mefeTani ÃelTa Sina RmrTisaTa arian~. Sio<br />

mRvimelis merve saswaulis Tanaxmad, qarTlis mTavarma stefanozma SiomRvimes `mostaca orni<br />

agarakni~, xolo Semdeg wmidanis ganswavliTa da gansacdeliT ori s<strong>of</strong>elic daabruna da sxva<br />

oric Seswira.<br />

Txroba gulisxmobs, rom mefis RvTiTganswavlas srulqmnian wmidanni. mefeTa guli da<br />

goneba aRivseba RvTis madliT. mefeTa xeldasxma RvTis nebisa da madlis gadmosvlaa maTze,<br />

rac taZarTa aRmSeneblobis, eris RvTivsulierebis dasabamia.<br />

amave sazriss gulisxmobs mefis sasuliero pirTagan dalocva `grigol xanZTelis<br />

cxovrebaSi~, rac ukve tradiciad moCans. SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom asurel mamaTa Rvawlma<br />

erTgvarad safuZveli moumzada qarTvel bagration mefeTa taxts.<br />

am tradiciis kvalSi dgas mefis xelisuflebisa da sasuliero pirTa `mouklebeli~<br />

locvis Tanxmieroba daviT aRmaSeneblis `anderZisa~ da `cxorebis~ mixedviT. omSi mimavali<br />

mefe moixilavs samefo taZars, wers anderZs, mas akurTxebs sulieri moZRvari.<br />

amasTan, TvalnaTelia agiografiul TxzulebaTa analizisas, mefe-RvTismsaxurTa<br />

erToba, mefeTa xeldasxma RvTisagan, bibliur tradicias ganasaxovnebs saqarTveloSi da<br />

`RvTisnebiTobis~ erovnuli xatmetyvelebaa. orive svimeon mesvetis `cxovrebaSi~ amgvari<br />

analogi ar aris.<br />

`samisa dRisa mkudari aRmadgina svimon sakvirvelmoqmedma~<br />

mas Semdgom, rac ganvixileT asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebis~ umTavresi wyaro — svimeon<br />

mesvete-halabieli ufrosi, da umcrosi mesvete sakvirvelmoqmedi, maTi `cxovrebebis~<br />

analogiuri Txroba asureli mamebis `cxovrebebSi~ epizodebi da saxismetyveleba, naTeli<br />

xdeba, rom TiToeuli asureli mamis mier daarsebul savaneSi saukunidan saukunemde cocxali<br />

iyo tradicia _ svimon sakvirvelmoqmedisa da asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebis~<br />

zepirgadmocemebi, arqetipuli Txroba da saswaulebi, sagaloblebi, maTi yovelwliuri<br />

xsenebis dRes mosaxseneblebi da vedrebani... Savi mTis saRvTismetyvelo skolasTan intensiuri<br />

urTierToba hqondaT qarTvel berebs, stumrobdnen Sav mTas da ganiswavlebodnen. arabobis<br />

Semdgom gansakuTrebulad gacxovelda Savi mTis saRvTismetyvelo skola. qarTvelTa<br />

siaxloves Sav mTasTan konkretul-istoriuli werilobiTi wyaroebi aqvs:<br />

giorgi dayudebuli (`Seyenebuli~) kargad cnobili qarTul xelnawerTa anderZebidan,<br />

romelzec mogviTxrobs `giorgi mTawmindelis cxovreba~. misi TaosnobiT safuZveli Caeyara<br />

Sav mTaze berZnulidan qarTulad Targmans zedmiwevniTi sisruliT, Tavisi filologiuri<br />

kvleviT _ sqolioebiT, ganmartebebiT da a.S. giorgi dayudebuli iyo moZRvari giorgi<br />

mTawmindelisa da misi zedamxedvelobiT moRvaweobda Sav mTaze (romanwmindaSi,<br />

svimeonwmindasa da kaliposSi), aq sxvadasxva dros ganiswavlnen da moRvaweobdnen giorgi<br />

mcire, romelmac dawera `cxorebaÁ da moqalaqobaÁ wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa giorgi<br />

mTawmindelisaÁ~, efrem mcire, romelic mecnierTagan iwodeba `Savi mTis literaturuli<br />

skolis meTaurad da yvelaze saxelovan warmomadgenlad (menabde 1980: 162), `man Seqmna da<br />

gaaZliera Savi mTis filos<strong>of</strong>iur-Teologiuri skola~ (menabde 1980: 163), aq moRvaweobda saba<br />

Tuxareli, anton tbeli da gansakuTrebiT arsen iyalToeli, romelmac Sav mTaze Targmna<br />

`wamebaÁ wmidaTa samTa aRmsarebelTa: guria, samona da abibosi~, iambikoebiT Seamko<br />

`samociqulo~ da Sav mTaze moRvaweobis Semdgom daviT aRmaSeneblis sulieri moZRvari da misi<br />

saxelmwifoebrivi Rvawlis Tanamdgomia.<br />

samarTlianad wers d. meliqiSvili, rom Savi mTis saRvTismetyvelo-literaturuli<br />

skola da iq moRvawe qarTveli sasuliero pirebi iyvnen gelaTis sasuliero akademiis<br />

fuZemdebelni: `XI saukunidan Sav mTaze qarTvel moRvaweTagan iwyeba filos<strong>of</strong>iuri da<br />

Teologiuri <strong>literaturis</strong> aTviseba da Targmna-komentireba, rac Semdgom grZeldeba da<br />

Rrmavdeba gelaTis saRvTismetyvelo-literaturul skolaSi. (meliqiSvili, 2004, 9)<br />

43

odesac vsaubrobT svimeon mesvete (halabielis) da svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedi<br />

(umcrosis) `cxovrebaTa~ kvalze asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebSi~, yuradReba mivaqcieT<br />

zedmiwevniT siaxloves rogorc saxismetyveluri TvalsazrisiT, aseve leqsikurgamomsaxvelobiT,<br />

sityvier qsovils daviT aRmaSeneblis `SiomRvimisadmi anderZTan~. cxadia,<br />

marTebulia g. feraZis mosazreba, romelic wers: `garda wm. svimeonis, daviT garejelis, ioane<br />

zedaznelis cxovrebisa, SeiZleba avtors hqonoda zepiri monastruli gadmocemebi,<br />

romlebsac is Tavisi survilisda mixedviT Teoriulad iyenebs. cxovrebis Seqmnis dro<br />

pirdapir xelSesaxebia. araerTxel aris masSi moxseniebuli didi eklesia, romelic daviT<br />

aRmaSenebelma (1089-1025) aagebina... advili SesaZlebelia, rom wm. Sios cxovrebis Seqmna am<br />

didi, axali eklesiis kurTxeviT iyos gamowveuli. SeiZleba avtori arsen beri iyos; mefe<br />

daviTis sulieri moZRvari~ (feraZe 2002: 38).<br />

vfiqrobT, es mosazreba, gasaziarebelia _ `wmida Sios cxovreba~ uTuod arsebobda<br />

uZvelesi saxiT, saswaulebi da zepirgadmocemebi mravlad hqondaT SiomRvimeSi moRvawe<br />

berebs, arsebobda Sio mRvimelis saxeliT cnobili qadageba _ `swavlani~ werilobiTi Zegli,<br />

e.w. `Sios anderZi~, romelsac ixseniebs daviT aRmaSenebeli `SiomRvimisadmi anderZSi~ da bevri<br />

sxva istoriuli sabuTi, romlis arseboba sruliad cxadia da mecnierTagan dadgenili<br />

(silogava 2003: 16).<br />

arsen beri kargad icnobs svimeon mesvete (halabielis) da svimeon mesvete umcrosis<br />

`cxovrebebs~, maT saRvTismetyvelo sazriss, Tavad aris warmomadgeneli Savi mTis<br />

saRvTismetyvelo-literaturuli skolisa. `SiomRvimisadmi anderZSi~ daviT aRmaSenebeli<br />

`yovlad Suenierad aRweril~ am Zeglebs ixseniebs _ (anderZi 1989: 13).<br />

arsen beri, `anderZis~ Tanaxmad, aris svimon sakvirvelmoqmedis soxasteris winamZRvari.<br />

mefe adgens: `me xudabuni Semiwiravs muxrans wmidisa svimon sakvirvelmoqmedisada~... (anderZi<br />

1989: 12).<br />

es konkretul-istoriuli cnoba `anderZSi~ adasturebs, Tu raoden didi iyo svimeon<br />

sakvirvelmoqmedisadmi Tayvaniscema, misi saxelobis lavris `svimonwmindis~, wes-ganrigTa<br />

erTguleba, anu Savi mTis saRvTismetyvelo-literaturuli tradicia Tavad saqarTveloSi,<br />

ase rom sruliad realuria daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi arsen beris mier axlad gardakazmva<br />

`Sio mRvimelis cxovrebisa~. Tavad mefe mSvenivrad icnobs am `cxovrebebs~, rasac adasturebs<br />

am teqstebis urTierTmimarTeba, sityvieri qsovili, leqsikuri msgavseba:<br />

Sed: `kadnier iqmna~, wm. svimons dausivda fexi da dauZlurda ise, rom `xatiTa da<br />

samSvinveliT~ ixilveba mxolod, `gankrZaluli iyo~, purobas teqstSi ewodeba `seri~. `efrem<br />

asuris cxovreba~, romelic arsen beris xelaxla naTargmni Cans `gany<strong>of</strong>aÁ sulisa da xorcTa~-s<br />

igive sazrisiT moixseniebs, rogorc `SiomRvimisadmi anderZi~:<br />

`anderZSi~: `winaSe RmrTisa meoxad kadnier iyvnen~, romeli Semdgomad arsenissa<br />

gankrZaluli mRvdeli iyos~, `viTarca suliersa mamasa hSvenis sajdomeliTa da seriTa~,<br />

`gany<strong>of</strong>asa misa xorcTagan, ganyav igi nawilisagan cxovnebulTaisa~.<br />

`cxorebaÁ mefeT mefisa daviTisi~, amgvarad mogviTxrobs: `nadirsa devnasa Sina odesme<br />

muxnars wareqca cxeni da esoden Seimusra, romel sam dRe yovlad usulod mdebare iyo<br />

uZravad, samSÂnvelisagan oden sacnauri cocxlad da Semdgomad samisa dRisa namtknarsa<br />

sisxlisa aRmomyrelsa moeqca suli da sityuaÁ da ZliTRa aRdga cocxali~ (SaniZe 1992: 221).<br />

daviT aRmaSeneblis `SiomRvimisadmi anderZi~ mogviTxrobs: `soxasteri, viTa bersa<br />

ganmanaTlebelsa Cemsa arsenis gauwesebia da me xudabuni Semiwiravs muxrans wmidisa svimon<br />

sakvirvelmoqmedisada, romelman samisa dRisa mkvdari aRmadgina, igi viTarca TviT arseni<br />

ganawesis, egre iqmnas, garna Cem mier eseodeni, romeli Semdgomad arsenisa gankrZaluli<br />

mRvdeli iyos maxsenebuli Cemi Seucvaleblad~ (anderZi 1989: 18).<br />

orive teqstSi mefis erTsa da imave gansacdelzea saubari. es xazgasmulia samecniero<br />

literaturaSi (lolaSvili 1978: 97). am gansacdels mefis sulier cxovrebaSi udidesi<br />

mniSvneloba hqonda: `mkvdari iyo da aRdga, fexze wamodga cocxali, magram mefisTvis es<br />

gansacdeli rogorc Sinagani gamocdileba, ar SeiZleba SemTxveviTi y<strong>of</strong>iliyo da ukvalod<br />

Caevlo mis sulier cxovrebaSi. fizikuri gadarCena unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo niSani imisa, rom mefis<br />

pirovnebaSi moxda sulieri gardatexa - badali meored Sobisa, Tu mkvdreTiT aRdginebisa,<br />

axal, ganaxlebul kacad, da TviT `sami dRis~ simbolizmi idumalebriv mniSvnelobas aniWebs am<br />

gansacdels, rac samudamod gamokveTa misma bageebma `anderZSi~ Casawerad (kiknaZe 1989: 72).<br />

z. kiknaZis es mosazreba pirveli ganmarteba iyo daviT aRmaSeneblis `SiomRvimisadmi<br />

anderZis~ RvTivsulieri Sinaarsisa, magram ar gamokvleula, Tu vin aris es svimon<br />

sakvirvelmoqmedi da ratom maincdamainc mas umadlis mefe gadarCenas?<br />

cxadia, svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedi ar aris daviT aRmaSeneblis Tanamedrove sasuliero<br />

piri, rogorc es zogierT istorikoss miaCnda mcdarad, aramed swored asurel mamaTa<br />

moZRvari da qarTlSi wamosvlis win gzis damlocveli, maTi Rvawlis sulierad Tanamdgomeli<br />

_ svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedi, mesvete (umcrosi), aseve sveimon mesvete (halabieli), TiTqmis<br />

gaigivebuli es ori didi asketi saswaulebiT, cxovrebebiTa da RvawliT.<br />

rac Seexeba konkretulad `sami dRis~ simbolikas, esec svimon sakvirvelmoqmedis<br />

`cxovrebaTa~ saxismetyveluri tradiciaa, sadac `sami dRe~ xazgasmulad macxovris darad<br />

44

mkvdreTiT aRdgomis sazrisiT cxaddeba: `STavida saflavad, sadac wmida gvamni sxenan, dayo<br />

saflavsa zeda sami dRe, SuaRames eCvena brwyinvalebaÁ naTlisaÁ da meyseulad ganeSora misgan<br />

vnebaÁ igi da moegnes Tvalni misni da aRmovida saflaviT~ (gariti 1957: 12).<br />

`da viTarca yo ese, meyseulad ivltoda seni igi misgan da raJams ganikurna igi daadgra<br />

mis Tana (wmida svimonTan) sam dRe~ (gariti 1957: 14).<br />

`daibane piri Seni da icxe gulsa Sensa saxeliTa uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristesiTa, da<br />

imarxe sam dRe da Sewire msxverpli uflisa mimarT... (gariti 1957: 39).<br />

svimon mesvete umcrosis `cxovrebaSi~ `sami dRe~ aseTive sazrisiT gaRrmavebulia:<br />

`samisa dRisa aRdgomisa SenisaTvis damifaren!~ svimon mesvete aRasrulebs kidec `sami dRis<br />

mkvdari~ adamianis gacocxlebis saswauls... (kekeliZe 1918: 203).<br />

`sami dRis mkvdris~ aRdgoma daviT aRmaSenebels orive svimeon mesvetis `cxovrebis~<br />

saxismetyveluri analogiiT aqvs gaazrebuli `SiomRvimisadmi anderZSi~, Tavis gadarCenas mefe<br />

wmida svimeon sakvirvelmoqmeds umadlis, Sesawirs uZRvnis da gansacdels Rrmadsulieri<br />

sazrisiT mogviTxrobs. naTelia, mefis mier ori svimeon mesvetis `cxovrebaTa~<br />

saxismetyveluri sazrisis gaTvaliswineba. misi analogiiT asrulebs mefe `anderZis~ Txrobas.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom mxolod asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebi~ rodi aRniSnaven orive svimeon<br />

mesvetis gansakuTrebul mfarvelobas, sulier Rvawls qarTvelTaTvis. es xazgasmulia Tavad<br />

am ori wmidanis `cxovrebebSi~. z. gamsaxurdiam yuradReba gaamaxvila da didi roli mianiWa am<br />

cnobas: `kviprosis mTavarepiskoposis arkadis mier aRwerili `cxovrebaÁ svimeon mesvetisa~<br />

mogviTxrobs, rom svimeon mesvetem `gankvirvebasa Sina ixila eri didZali friad mamaTa da<br />

dedaTa da yrmaTaÁ da aqunda xelTa maTTa jvrebi da movidodes igini aRmosavleTiT missa da<br />

suliwmidaÁ hfarvida maT~. Semdeg suliwmidam auwya mas, rom `ese ars naTesavi qarTvelTaÁ~,<br />

meore dRes marTlac movidnen masTan qarTvelebi jvrebiT xelSi. uTuod am xilvam ganapiroba<br />

is, rom svimeon mesvete daumegobrda qarTvelebs, xolo SemdgomSi saqarTveloSi warmoagzavna<br />

aTcameti asureli mama qristianobis saqadageblad da gansamtkiceblad... ase rom, saqarTvelos<br />

wilxvdomilobis ideis gamoZaxils jer kidev svimeon mesvetis `cxovrebaSi~ vxvdebiT (Zegli VII<br />

saukunes ganekuTvneba) (gamsaxurdia 1990: 75).<br />

SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom SiomRvime daviT aRmaSeneblis dros aris ara mxolod<br />

feodaluri senioria, aramed samefo sasuliero centri, romelsac mefem sruli<br />

damoukidebloba mianiWa. igi saRvTismetyvelo-saliteraturo keraa da Savi mTis<br />

saRvTismetyvelo skolis tradiciis kvalSi dgas, iTargmneba da iwereba sasuliero teqstebi,<br />

aq aris Sio mRvimelis tradicia aRorZinebuli himnografiis ganviTarebis mxrivac. Tavad<br />

`galobani sinanulisani~ da demetre mefis sagaloblebi (Sio mRvimelis sulieri xati<br />

cocxalia, sami iambiko eZRvneba mas) am didi tradiciis dadasturebaa, amasTan<br />

saxismetyveluri erTsaxovneba dasturdeba. amgvarad, SiomRvime moiazreba umTavres sulier<br />

centrad da, daviT mefis mcdelobiT, gelaTis saRvTismetyvelo tradiciis fuZemdeblad.<br />

dabolos, imis naTelsay<strong>of</strong>ad, rom svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedi udidesi popularobiT<br />

sargeblobda saqarTveloSi, davimowmebT qarTul eklesia-monastrebSi farTod gavrcelebul<br />

ikonografiul da reliefur gamosaxulebebs. saqarTveloSi sami ikonografiuli versiaa<br />

dadasturebuli svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedis gamosaxvisa:<br />

a) makurTxebeli marjveniTa da wigniT xelSi.<br />

b) orantis pozaSi, xelebiT mkerdTan.<br />

g) xelebganpyrobili, romliTac jvarcmul macxovars emsgavseba (oSki).<br />

reliefebi svimon mesvetis gamosaxulebiT:<br />

oSki (X s.) dasavleTis Sesasvlelis Tavze, oSki (XI s.) samxreTis oqtagoni wm. svimeonis<br />

amaRleba (aladaSvili 1977: 78).<br />

zedaznis kankeli (XI s.) (Smerlingi 1976: 99).<br />

SiomRvimis kankeli (XI s.) (volskaia 1957: 89).<br />

aseve svimeon mesvetis laRamis Weduri xati (XI s.) (CubinaSvili 1940).<br />

svimeon mesvetis gamosaxulebani monumenturi kedlis mxatvrobaSi: daviT garejis,<br />

atenis (XI s.) orive svimeon mesvete, zemo krixi (raWa) XI s. orive svimeon mesvete sarkmlis<br />

WrilSi, ubisa (XIII-XV ss.) orive svimeon mesvete samxreTis Sesasvlelis orive mxares, varZia (XII<br />

s.) orive mesvete, samxreT Sesasvlelis sarkmeli, alaverdi (XI s.), Cukulis xis karebi (XI s.)<br />

(yaWeiSvili 2006, 45), SiomRvimis darbazis dasavleTi kedeli (XII s.). aq mocemulia `wm. svimeonis<br />

amaRleba~ angelozebis mier, aseve kacxis sveti, ori mesvetis gamosaxuleba gelaTSi da a. S.<br />

vfiqrobT, sruliad naTelia, ori svimeon mesvetis sulieri kvali asurel mamaTa<br />

cxovrebebSi da, saerTod, qarTul agiografiasa da ikonografiaSi, sazogadod, qarTul<br />

azrovnebaSi.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

abulaZe 1955: abulaZe i. (redaqtori). asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi. gamocemuli<br />

i. abulaZis mier. Tb.: 1955.<br />

aladaSvili 1977: Аладашвили . Монументальная Скульптура Грузии. М.: 1977.<br />

anderZi 1989: daviT aRmaSenebeli. anderZi Sio mRvimelisadmi. galobani sinanulsani. Tb.: 1989.<br />

45

gamsaxurdia 1990: gamsaxurdia z. saqarTvelos sulieri misia. Tb.: 1990.<br />

gariti 1957: gariti J. cxorebaÁ da gangebaÁ wmidisa sÂmon mesuetisaÁ da sakvirvelmoqmedisaÁ, romeli iyo<br />

damkvidrebuli mTasa zeda halabisasa, cxorebaÁ efrem asurisa (sinuri xelnaweri).<br />

gamocemuli Garitte G. Vies géorgíennes de s. Syméon Stylite I'Ancien at de s. Ephrem. CSCO, 171, Louvain:<br />

1957.<br />

volskaia 1957: Вольская А. Рельефи Шио-Мгвиме и их место в развитии грузинской средневековой скульптуры. Тб.:<br />

1957.<br />

kekeliZe 1918: kekeliZe k. <strong>qarTuli</strong> hagiografiuli Zeglebi. kimeni I. Tb.: 1918.<br />

kekeliZe 1956: kekeliZe k. sakiTxi siriel moRvaweTa qarTlSi mosvlis Sesaxeb. etiudebi... I, Tb.: 1956.<br />

kilaZe 2005: kilaZe c. SiomRvimis monastris jvarTamaRlebis taZris moxatuloba. disertaciis<br />

avtoreferati. Tb.: 2005.<br />

kiknaZe 1989: kiknaZe z. mZleveli sawuTroÁsa. daviT aRmaSenebeli. galobani sinanulisani. Tb.: 1989.<br />

lolaSvili 1978: lolaSvili i. arsen iyalToeli. Tb.: 1978.<br />

meliqiSvili 2004: meliqiSvili d. gelaTi _ sxua aTina da meore ierusalimi. gelaTis mecnierebaTa<br />

akademiis Jurnali, 12, 2004.<br />

menabde 1980: menabde l. Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis kerebi. t. II, Tb.: 1980.<br />

moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ 1979: moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ. Satberdis krebuli. gamosacemad moamzades b.<br />

gigineiSvilma da e. giunaSvilma. Tb.: 1979.<br />

silogava 2003: silogava v. daviT aRmaSeneblis anderZi. Tb.: 2003.<br />

siraZe 1992: siraZe r. vici, raÁsaTvis var. wignSi: qristianuli kultura da <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba. I, Tb.: 1992.<br />

feraZe 2002: feraZe g. ber-monazvnobis dasawyisi saqarTveloSi. krebulSi: lmobierebis gzaze. goeTes<br />

<strong>instituti</strong>s gamocema, Tb.: 2002.<br />

yaWeiSvili 2006: yaWeiSvili T. svimon sakvirvelmoqmedis ikonografia. sakandidato disertacia<br />

(xelnaweri). 2006.<br />

SaniZe 1992: SaniZe m. `cxorebaÁ mefeT-mefisa daviTisi~. Tb.: 1992.<br />

Smerlingi 1976: Шмерлинг Р. Малые форми в архитектуре средневековой Грузии. М.: 1976.<br />

CubinaSvili 1940: Чубинашвили Г. Грузинское чеканное искуство. 1940.<br />

Zeglebi 1971: Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> Zeglebi (metafrasuli). III, Tb.: 1971.<br />

wereTeli 2005: wereTeli l. ZaZa da antioqiis palekarti. literaturuli Ziebani, 2005.<br />

jobaZe 1986: Djobadze W. Archeological investigations in the Region West <strong>of</strong> Antioch on the Orontes. Stuttgart: 1986.<br />

jobaZe 1989: Djobadze W. Materials for the Study <strong>of</strong> Geprgian Monastiris in the Western Environs <strong>of</strong> Antioch <strong>of</strong> Antioch on the<br />

Orontes. Corpus Scriptorum Orientalium. 1989.<br />

"A Man Related to the Gedregeans"<br />

Summary<br />

Lia Tsereteli<br />

In middle ages monks were very popular. It's one <strong>of</strong> the founder was St. Symeon stylite. The Cristian<br />

world showed special love towards him. He is recalled on the I st <strong>of</strong> September according to Christian calendar.<br />

In the work is considered the Iconographic image <strong>of</strong> St. Symon and tropology aspects.<br />

The article investigates the tropology <strong>of</strong> "lives" <strong>of</strong> Assirian fathers. "Lives" are compared to those <strong>of</strong> two<br />

Svimeon Stilite.<br />

One tropological tradition is stated. It is the spiritual unity <strong>of</strong> Georgia and Antioch.<br />

46

<strong>qarTuli</strong> saero da sakaro literatura<br />

moraluri gmiris Zieba qarTulი da evropulი<br />

barokos literaturaSi<br />

maia naWyebia<br />

`filos<strong>of</strong>osebi da ritorebi daviwyebas miecnen;<br />

umetesobam arc ki uwyis imperatorTa da<br />

mxedarTmTavarTa saxelebi, magram martvilTa<br />

saxelebi yvelam Tavisi megobrebis saxelebze<br />

ukeT icis~ _ Teodorite kriteli.<br />

martvils yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia eris sulier cxovrebaSi. amas isic<br />

mowmobs, rom rogorc ki XVII saukuneSi garkveuli religiuri Tu politikuri kataklizmebis<br />

gamo gaCnda saWiroeba da aucilebloba sazogadoebaSi misabaZi adamianis nimuSi danergiliyo,<br />

martvilma da wmindanma sasuliero literaturidan mxatvrul literatraSi gadainacvla.<br />

***<br />

Teimuraz pirvelis `wameba qeTevan ded<strong>of</strong>lisa~ 1628 wliT aris daTariRebuli. rogorc<br />

qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSia aRniSnuli, saistorio poemaTa rigi swored Teimurazis<br />

am TxzulebiT iwyeba, igi pirvelad iyenebs qarTul mwerlobaSi istoriul-nacionalur<br />

fabulas da e.w. istoriul-nacionaluri mimarTulebis damwyebi xdeba [baramiZe 1934: 217].<br />

Teimurazis Txzulebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi gansakuTrebuli siRrmiT gaioz imedaSvils aqvs<br />

Seswavlili. ikvlevs ra saistorio eposis warmoSobis safuZvlebs, mkvlevari miuTiTebs, rom<br />

`aRorZinebis~ xanis wina periodis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura TiTqmis moklebuli iyo sakuTari<br />

sinamdvilis Secnobis unars da am periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo ZiriTadad ucxo<br />

sinamdvilidan aRebuli Tematikisadmi interesi. erovnuli katastr<strong>of</strong>iT gamowveulma<br />

socialur-politikurma viTarebam did gavlena iqonia sazogadoebriv ganwyobilebaze,<br />

romelic Seipyro y<strong>of</strong>ierebis amaoebis gancdam da saero mwerlobaSi didxans ver poulobda<br />

adgils sakuTari sinamdvilidan aRebuli erovnuli gmiris saxe. mkvlevaris TvalsazrisiT,<br />

saero poeziaSi istoriuli Janris gaCena aixsneba agiografiaSi arsebuli istoriuli nakadis<br />

tradiciebis gadasvliT saero mwerlobaSi [imedaSvili 1964: 124]. igi am etaps<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis TvalsazrisiT axal safexurad miiCnevs, romelic mwerlobaSi ayenebs<br />

realobis Secnobis princips da fantastikuri gmiris nacvlad mwerlobaSi Semohyavs sakuTari<br />

y<strong>of</strong>is adamiani. saero da sasuliero nakadebis urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT Teimurazis<br />

Txzulebas saintereso Zeglad miiCnevs, radganac masSi erTiandeba sasuliero mwerlobis<br />

Tematur-kompoziciuri tradiciebi saero mwerlobis stilsa da leqsikis SedarebiT<br />

ubraloebasTan” [imedaSvili 1964: 128].<br />

mkvlevari miuTiTebs `qeTevanis wamebis~ ormag xasiaTze, rodesac wers, rom Teimurazis<br />

poema sasuliero da saero literaturuli tradiciebis urTierTobis is safexuria, romelic<br />

Tematurad da ideologiurad agiografiuli anu sasulieroa, formis mxriv ki saero. saero<br />

mwerlobas mkveTrad SemuSavebuli erovnuli ideali agiografiam uanderZa _ esaa mowame<br />

gmiri da `Teimurazs SeiZleba miekuTvnos misi nakadis mxolod saero poeziaSi Setanis<br />

prioriteti~ [imedaSvili 1964: 148].<br />

XVII saukunis evropaSi wamebulis, rogorc moraluri gmirisadmi yuradRebis<br />

gamaxvilebis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa Semdegi paraleli: espaneTSi qronologiurad amave<br />

periodSi Seiqmna kalderonis drama _ `mtkice ufliswuli~ (1628-1629). nawarmoebi<br />

mogviTxrobs utexi portugalieli ufliswulis _ don fernandos gmirul cxovrebasa da<br />

mowamebriv sikvdilze, romelic tyved Cauvarda mavrebs da uari ganacxada megobris da<br />

samSoblos Ralatis fasad Tavisuflebis miRebaze. dramaturgi, xatavs ra don fernandos<br />

beds, warmosaxavs mas rogorc `wmindanis cxovrebas~ [istoria... 1987: 47-48]. zogierTi<br />

mkvlevari mas agiografiuli tipis nawarmoebad miiCnevs, zogierTi ki religiur-filos<strong>of</strong>iur<br />

dramad Tvlis. magaliTad, espanuri <strong>literaturis</strong> cnobili mkvlevari menendes-i-pelaio<br />

`mtkice ufliswuls~ agiografiuli tipis nawarmoebebs miakuTvnebda, xedavda ra masSi<br />

dramatizirebul `cxovrebas~ [tomaSevski 1969: 30].<br />

qristianuli Tematikis da masTan dakavSirebuli gmiris _ martvilis, mebrZolis,<br />

mxedarTmTavris _ barokos literaturaSi asaxvasTan dakavSirebiT metad sainteresoa<br />

safrangeTis magaliTi. iq barokos epoqis miwuruls, 1654-1657 wlebSi gamoqveynda ramdenime<br />

`heroikuli poema~ anu epopea. maTTvis nimuSs homerosisa da virgiliusis poemebi<br />

47

warmoadgendnen, magram gadamwyveti da principuli iyo is, rom maTSi Tanamedroveobis<br />

xazgasma xdeboda wminda werilidan, wmindanTa cxovrebidan da saerTod qristianobis<br />

istoriidan aRebuli siuJetebis damuSavebiT. moxda warmarTuli siuJetebis Canacvleba<br />

erovnuli istoriidan aRebuli siuJetebiT, heroikuli poemis mTavari gmirebi iyvnen frangi<br />

eris Semqmneli gmirebi. sen sorlenis poemaSi `klovisi, anu gaqristianebuli safrageTi~ (1657)<br />

klovisi, safrangeTis pirveli qristiani mefe, warmodgenilia, rogorc misabaZi qristianuli<br />

gmiri, romelis moqmedebac erovnul TviTSegnebas emyareba. sagulisxmoa am nawarmoebis<br />

aRmzrdelobiTi daniSnuleba im epoqis konteqstSi, gamoxatuli Tanamedrovis mier:<br />

`axalgazrda ludoviko XIV-s unda miebaZa klovisis gmiruli saTnoebis nimuSisaTvis da unda<br />

eswavla siyvaruli deda eklesiisa. am Janris saukeTeso nimuSad ki Sapelenis `qalwuli~<br />

miiCneoda. misi gmiri _ Jana d’arki is saerTo-erovnuli mniSvnelobis figura iyo, romelmac<br />

Tavisi simtkiciT mterze gaimarjva [Sevo 1997: 105].<br />

maSasadame, saqarTvelosa da evropaSi msgavsi literaturuli procesebi mimdinareobda,<br />

moraluri gmiris literaturaSi warmoCenis aucilebloba maTSi erTdroulad, TiTqmis<br />

paralelurad gaCnda. evropaSic da saqarTveloSic msgavsi situacia iyo, Tu dasavleTSi<br />

religiuri omebi mZvinvaredda, saqarTvelos gareSe mtrebi esxmodnen Tavs, da am msgavsma<br />

mdgomareobam msgavsi asaxva hpova literaturaSi. saqarTvelosa da safrangeTSi mimdinare<br />

literaturuli procesebi Tavisi arsiT identuria, rac imaSi mJRavndeba, rom Tu manamde<br />

saqarTveloSi xdeboda ucxo sinamdvilidan aRebuli Tematikis damuSaveba da saero<br />

mwerlobaSi didxans ver poulobda adgils sakuTari sinamdvilidan aRebuli erovnuli gmiris<br />

saxe, Teimurazis Txzuleba pirvelia, sadac erovnuli gmiri _ qeTevan wamebulia gamoyvanili;<br />

safrangeTSi ki antikuri gmirebis adgili erovnuli istoriidan aRebulma gmirebma daikaves;<br />

maSasadame, orive qveyanaSi moxda ucxo gmirisa da Tematikis Canacvleba nacionaluri gmiriTa<br />

da Sesabamisad nacionaluri TematikiT.<br />

am paralelebis safuZvelze vxedavT, rom evropuli barokos literaturas Temisa da<br />

gmiris SerCevis TvalsazrisiT exmaureba imave periodis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura [naWyebia 2005:<br />

82-83].<br />

***<br />

XVII saukuneSi gansakuTrebiT gamoCnda evropis didi daintereseba saqarTveloTi, rac<br />

dadasturebas poulobs rogorc evropel diplomatTa, misionerTa Tu mogzaurTa nawerebSi,<br />

ise mxatvrul literaturaSi.<br />

evropis mxatvrul literaturaSi <strong>qarTuli</strong> Temis SeWra, pirvel yovlisa, iseT did<br />

pirovnebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, rogorc qeTevan ded<strong>of</strong>alia. 1624 wels sparseTis Sahis<br />

karze qarTveli ded<strong>of</strong>lis mowamebrivi aRsasrulis istoriulma faqtma farTo gamoxmaureba<br />

hpova dasavleT evropis qveynebis rogorc saistorio xasiaTis, ise mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi. es<br />

qveynebia: portugalia, safrangeTi, espaneTi, italia, germania, inglisi da slovakeTi,<br />

romelic im dros avstria-ungreTis monarqiaSi Sedioda.<br />

qeTevanis saxe aisaxa germaneli dramaturgis _ andreas grifiusis tragediaSi _<br />

`qeTevan (katerina) qarTveli, anu gautexeli simtkice~ (1647) [grifiusi 1975: 61-213], romlis<br />

saTauric ukve Seicavs im zneobriv potencials, romelic gamoxatavs mwerlis<br />

damokidebulebas mTavari gmiris mimarT. 1701 wels ki slovakeTis qalaq skalicaSi, romelic<br />

iezuitTa erT-erT centrs warmoadgenda, daidga anonimi skaliceli iezuitis piesa qeTevan<br />

ded<strong>of</strong>lis Sesaxeb saTauriT _ `katerina (qeTevani), qarTvelTa ded<strong>of</strong>ali, Tavisive sisxliT<br />

Semkuli, scenaze warmodgenili~ ["Katerina, královná gurziánská vlastní krví ozdobená, na divadlo<br />

predstavená] [anTologia 1981: 605-610], romlis saTauric miuTiTebs imaze, rom nawarmoebis<br />

mTavari gmiri mowamea. es nawarmoebi e.w. saskolo piesaTa Janrs miekuTvneba, romelsac<br />

gansakuTrebuli zneobriv-aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia ekisrebaoda.<br />

bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva, ratom airCia orma evropelma avtorma Tavisi nawarmoebis<br />

Temad qarTveli ded<strong>of</strong>lis tragikuli istoria. amaze pasuxs is mSfoTvare atmosfero iZleva,<br />

romelic XVII-XVIII ss evropaSi sufevda. es periodi aRbeWdili iyo Rrma krizisiT, rac<br />

gamoixateboda sisxlian religiur omebSi, Turqebis SemosevebSi, ocdaaTwlian omSi,<br />

epidemiebsa da sxva ubedurebebSi. religiuri da socialuri Seviwroeba, gauTavebeli saubari<br />

omze, didi gaWirveba, Savi Wiris epidemia da bunebrivi katastr<strong>of</strong>ebi xalxSi pesimizms,<br />

uimedobasa da amqveyniuri cxovrebisadmi undoblobas iwvevda [minariki 1985: 196].<br />

barokos adamiani icnobda sam meTods, romelsac misi Sinagani ganxeTqileba unda<br />

gaemTlianebina _ es iyo grZnobebis, nebisy<strong>of</strong>is da azrovnebis gza. erTianobis miRwevis am sam<br />

saSualebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli barokos adamianis sami tipi: mistikosi, moraluri gmiri da<br />

universaluri brZeni. mistikosi midioda grZnobis gziT (siyvaruli), moraluri gmiri _<br />

nebisy<strong>of</strong>is gziT (moqmedeba) da universaluri brZeni _ azrovnebis gziT (sibrZne) [minariki<br />

1985: 198-199]. Sesabamisad, barokos centralur gmirad wmindani, mowame, mxedarTmTavari,<br />

Tavgadasavlebis moyvaruli da dampyrobeli iqca da es imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom amgvari<br />

48

gmirebis saqcieli momdinareobda erTis mxriv mowinaaRmdegeze gamarjvebidan, meore mxriv ki<br />

_ TviTdaZlevidan [minariki 1985: 198].<br />

is saerTo situacia da ganwyobileba, romelic evropaSi sufevda, naTels xdis qeTevan<br />

wamebulis mowamebrivi aRsasrulis mimarT im interess, romelic evropelebma gamoiCines<br />

qarTveli ded<strong>of</strong>lis pirovnebisadmi: qeTevanis patriotuli suliskveTeba da<br />

sarwmunoebisadmi erTguleba pasuxobda im ideals, romelic amxnevebda ganuwyvetel<br />

religiur omebSi Cabmul barokos adamians, ramac mis cnobierebaSi martvili-gmiris arqetipis<br />

xelaxali gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia. amitomac qarTveli wmindanis, qeTevan ded<strong>of</strong>lis saxeli XVII<br />

saukunis dasavleT evropaSi kargad iyo cnobili _ rwmenisaTvis Tavdadebuli ded<strong>of</strong>lis<br />

bediT daintereseba TviT epoqis suliskveTebam ganapiroba, rac zneobrivi idealis, moraluri<br />

gmiris ZiebiT iyo nakarnaxevi.<br />

***<br />

andreas grifiusis tragedia _ `qeTevan (katerina) qarTveli, anu gautexeli simtkice~,<br />

rjulisa da mamulisaTvis Tavganwiruli qarTveli ded<strong>of</strong>lis cxovrebas eZRvneba. igi<br />

istoriuli sinamdvilis amsaxvel wyaroTa safuZvelzea dawerili da istoriuli qronikis<br />

tipis dramatul nawarmoebs warmoadgens, romelSic zedmiwevniT aris warmodgenili<br />

saqarTvelos imdroindeli politikuri viTareba im wyaroTa Tanaxmad, riTac<br />

xelmZRvanelobda grifiusi, germanuli barokos es erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgeneli.<br />

gatanjuli saqarTvelos y<strong>of</strong>is daxatviT miniSnebebiT Tavisi samSoblos gaveranebul y<strong>of</strong>aze<br />

saubrobda.<br />

piesaSi naCvenebia sparseTis winaaRmdeg qarTveli xalxis brZolis erTi epizodi.<br />

qarTvelma ded<strong>of</strong>alma qeTevanma araerTxel daicva samSoblo da samefo taxti Sah-abazis<br />

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, xolo rodesac sparseTis Sahi xelaxla daesxa Tavs saqarTvelos,<br />

qeTevan ded<strong>of</strong>ali Tavisi nebiT wavida SahTan, raTa exsna samSoblo. magram elCad misuli<br />

ded<strong>of</strong>ali daatyveves da sparseTis qalaq SirazSi gagzavnes, ris Semdegac Sah-abasma qeTevans<br />

coloba da sparseTis ded<strong>of</strong>loba SesTavaza da mosTxova mas qristes rjuli daegdo da<br />

mahmadianobis mieRo. qarTvelma ded<strong>of</strong>alma uari ganacxada amgvar Seuracxmy<strong>of</strong>el<br />

winadadebaze. miuxedavad Sahis Txovnisa da muqarisa, qeTevanma Sahs ganucxada, rom igi mzadaa<br />

miiRos `cecxli da rkina~ da mrisxane da veragi Sahis survili amayad uaryo. Sahma<br />

daumorCilebeli ded<strong>of</strong>alis wameba brZana. mTeli tragediis manZilze qeTevani daxatulia,<br />

rogorc pirovneba, romelic mxolod mamulis Tavisuflebaze da rjulis siwmindeze fiqrobs<br />

da qeds ar uxris tirans, iranis uZlieres Sahs, romlis xelTaa misi sicocxlec da sikvdilic.<br />

gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad ixateba qeTevan ded<strong>of</strong>lis mtkice xasiaTi meoTxe moqmedebaSi,<br />

rodesac imamyulixani Sahis brZanebiT cdilobs aTasnairi amqveyniuri siamis dapirebiT<br />

acTunos ded<strong>of</strong>ali, raTa man uaryos qriste, irwmunos mahmadi da sparseTis ded<strong>of</strong>ali gaxdes.<br />

gvirgvini an wameba, bednieri sicocxle an tanjviT sikvdili _ aseTia alternativa, romelic<br />

Sahis brZanebaSia. ded<strong>of</strong>ali maradiul ciur didebas arCevs amqveyniur warmaval didebas,<br />

romelic rwmenis Ralatis fasad moipoveba. sparseli tirani qarTvelma ded<strong>of</strong>alma Tavisi<br />

zneobrivi simtkiciT daamarcxa. mtkiced da udrtvinvelad gauZlo ded<strong>of</strong>alma gavarvarebuli<br />

marwuxebiT miyenebul saSinel tanjvas da cxovreba sazareli wamebiT daasrula. qeTevanma<br />

gmirulad arCia mowamebrivi sikvdili da ar uRalata Tavis sarwmunoebasa da ers. grifiusis<br />

tragediis centrSi mowamis saxea, romelic yovelTvis maradiul RirebulebaTa Sesabamisad<br />

moqmedebs.<br />

iseve, rogorc danarCen evropaSi, avstria-ungreTis monarqiaSic, romlis nawilsac<br />

slovakeTi Seadgenda, mwvave krizisi idga. religiur brZolaSi, romelic iq mimdinareobda,<br />

kontrreformacias mxars gansakuTrebiT iezuitebi uWerdnen. Tavisi mizandasaxulebisaTvis<br />

maT Teatraluri warmodgenebi gamoiyenes, romlis aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvneloba swrafad<br />

amoicnes da daafases. saskolo piesebis Tematika arsebiTad gansazRvruli iyo, igi zneobrivi<br />

aRzrdis saqmes emsaxureboda da Temebis SerCevac Sesabamisad xdeboda: piesebis masalas<br />

iRebdnen Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebidan, xSirad iyenebdnen epizodebs qristes<br />

cxovrebidan, aseve yuradRebiT sargeblobda piesebi RvTismSoblisa da ioane naTlismcemlis<br />

cxovrebidan, am nawarmoebTa wyaros wmindanTa cxovrebebic warmoadgenda, iyenebdnen<br />

epizodebs antikuri da aRmosavleTis qveynebis istoriidan.<br />

anonimi slovaki iezuitis saskolo piesa _ `katerina (qeTevani), qarTvelTa ded<strong>of</strong>ali,<br />

Tavisive sisxliT Semkuli, scenaze warmodgenili~ _ sruli saxiT ar Semonaxula, arsebobs<br />

mxolod misi orenovani sin<strong>of</strong>sisi, dawerili laTinur da slovakizirebul Cexur enebze<br />

[minariki 1985: 281]. piesaSi qarTveli ded<strong>of</strong>ali sarwmunoebisa da mamulis erTgulebis<br />

simbolos warmoadgens da mayureblisaTvis igi sarwmunoebisadmi erTgulebis misabaZi<br />

magaliTi unda gamxdariyo, rasac axalgazrdobis aRzrdis saqmeSi did mniSvnelobas<br />

aniWebdnen [naWyebia 1991: 62-72; naWyebia 1992: 58-67].<br />

slovakuri piesis Sinaarsi Semdegia: Sah-abasma daamarcxa qarTvelTa mefe Teimurazi,<br />

aaoxra qveyana da mravali qarTveli tyve ispahanSi gareka. tyveTa Soris iyo qarTvelTa<br />

49

ded<strong>of</strong>ali qeTevani (katerina), metad keTilSobili da qristianuli sarwmunoebis erTguli.<br />

Sah-abazs ganzraxuli hqonda qeTevanis colad SerTva, magram qarTveli ded<strong>of</strong>lis wminda<br />

cxovrebis wesisa da qristianuli moZRvrebis erTgulebis gamo Sahma sawadels ver miaRwia,<br />

Tumc igi yovelgvar xerxs mimarTavda, raTa WeSmariti qristianis gonebidan qriste ganedevna<br />

da mahmadianobaze moeqcia. Sah-abazis yvela cda amao aRmoCnda, radganac ded<strong>of</strong>lis simtkice<br />

kldesaviT utexi iyo. Sahma ver SeZlo qarTveli ded<strong>of</strong>lis damorCileba verc muqariT, verc<br />

mzakvrobiT da verc pirmoTneobiT, raTa mas uareyo Tavisi mxsneli sarwmunoeba. uryevi Tavis<br />

gadawyvetilebaSi, qarTveli ded<strong>of</strong>ali Tavad moiTxovs dasajon sikvdiliT, rasac amayad<br />

amcnobs Sahis mociquls [anTologia 1981: 605-610].<br />

mTavari slovaki avtorisaTvis is iyo, rom eCvenebina, qeTevani qristianul<br />

sarwmunoebaze uaris Tqmas sikvdils amjobinebs, anu umTavres Rirebulebas qriatianuli<br />

sarwmunoebis erTguleba warmoadgens.<br />

***<br />

unda iTqvas ramdenime sityva Teimurazisa da grifiusis TxzulebaTa esTetikaze.<br />

barokos mxatvruli realizacia xdeboda emociur atmosferoSi, romelsac unda<br />

ganecvifrebina da aeRelvebina adamianis warmosaxva. barokos nawarmoebebSi xSiria jvarcmisa<br />

da mowamebrivi sikvdilis detaluri aRwerebi da fizikuri tanjvis sagangebo xazgasma. es<br />

savsebiT bunebrivia, radgan, rogorc cnobilia, barokos epoqaSi SemoqmedTa sagangebo<br />

yuradReba mipyrobili iyo pirovnebis cxovrebis yvelaze daZabuli, kulminaciuri<br />

momentisadmi: swored aseTia wamebis scena, romelsac barokos epoqaSi mTavari roli mieniWa.<br />

rogorc barokos <strong>literaturis</strong> mkvlevarni aRniSnaven, realistur konkretul detalTa<br />

dawvrilebiTi aRwera gansakuTrebiT izidavda dramaturgebs da piesebi savse iyo wamebaTa<br />

usastikesi scenebiT [s<strong>of</strong>ronova 1982: 195-196].<br />

Teimurazis poemaSi gansakuTrebuli gancdiTa da emociurobiT aris aRwerili qeTevanis<br />

wamebis momentebi: maqsimaluri efeqtis misaRwevad Teimurazi jer detalurad aRwers wamebis<br />

iaraRebs da ukve amiT winaswar axdens mkiTxvelze mZafr emociur zemoqmedebas da SiSis,<br />

SeZrwunebis grZnobas iwvevs:<br />

an<br />

pirvelad cecxlT daagznes, maSig Cayares rkinani,<br />

maSin raRaca moexvnes sawvelni sisxlTa mdinani.<br />

uTxres, Tu: rjulzed moeqec, daagde igi winani<br />

Tvare sasjeli es aris, ra naxo, Senca inani (50).<br />

qveS daufines, daxures zeda lursmisa rkinani,<br />

qve waiares, gaapes broli, lali da minani (60).<br />

jiRad qvabi, yamCad bari, ambarCebad sajebia (69).<br />

sainteresoa am striqonebis Sedareba grifiusis TxzulebasTan, sadac epoqis esTetikis<br />

Tanaxmad, grifiusic naturalisturad aRwers am scenebs:<br />

orsav TeZoze marwuxebi ekida axla,<br />

mZime SanTebi ZuZuebSi CasWides maRla.<br />

sisxli sdioda, cecxls aqrobda _ cecxlsa da rkinas;<br />

gaxsnes filtvebi, gza gauxsnes sikvdilis yinvas,<br />

mkerdSi rkinebis gayriT sulsac gauRes kari.<br />

orive SemTxvevaSi avtorebs wamebis aRweris paralelurad mohyavT qristes jvarcmis<br />

ambavi:<br />

Teimurazi:<br />

grifiusi:<br />

ici xom, qristes ra uyves, am saswaulsa RvTisasa.<br />

lerwamni frCxilsa daavles damxsnelsa adamisasa,<br />

lursmniTa Zelsa miakres, hy<strong>of</strong>en nebasa misasa,<br />

rad ar iWirvi, eRirso saqmesa wamebisasa? (63)<br />

xom iyo misi macxovaric ase jvarcmuli,<br />

xelfexSekruli da SiSveli, gana Cacmuli!<br />

jaWviT SeboWes da awames jvarze gakruli,<br />

ase ganSorda am glovis vels qristec Cagruli.<br />

50

maSasadame, garda moraluri gmiris problemis dayenebisa, Teimurazis poema evropul<br />

barokos Tavisi poetikiTac exmaureba.<br />

da bolos, Tu XVII saukunis evropaSi moraluri gmiris ZiebaSi mwerlebi warsulisaken<br />

mimarTavdnen mzeras da ideals warsulSi eZebdnen, an sxva qveynis istorias iSveliebdnen,<br />

saqarTveloSi amgvari pirovneba realurad arsebobda. sagangebo mniSvnelobis faqtia, rom<br />

qeTevanis pirovneba aisaxa germanul da slovakur literaturaSi da samudamod daimkvidra iq<br />

adgili, rogorc patriotma da sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavdadebulma pirovnebam, wamebulma,<br />

moraluri gmiris gansaxierebam.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

anTologia... 1981: Antológia Staršej Slovenskej Literatúry. Na vydanie pripravil a poznámky napísal J. Mišianik, SPN,<br />

Bratislava: 1981.<br />

baramiZe 1934: baramiZe al. Teimuraz pirveli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. teqsti, gamokvleva, leqsikoni<br />

al. baramiZisa da g. jakobias redaqciiT. tfilisi: 1934.<br />

grifiusi 1975: grifiusi andreas. qeTevan qarTveli anu gautexeli simtkice. germanulidan Targmna akaki<br />

gelovanma, redaqcia da narkvevi <strong>SoTa</strong> reviSvilisa. Tb.: 1975.<br />

imedaSvili 1964: imedaSvili g. Teimuraz pirvelis `wameba qeTevan ded<strong>of</strong>lisa~ da martvilologiuri<br />

Janri // Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> sakiTxebi. kr. II, Tb.: 1964.<br />

istoria... 1987: История зарубежной литературы XII века. М.: 1987.<br />

minariki 1985: Minárik, Jozef. Dejiny slovenskej literatúry. I, Staršia slovenská literatúra,<br />

(800-1780), SPN, 1985.<br />

naWyebia 1991: naWyebia m. anonimi slovaki iezuitis drama qeTevan ded<strong>of</strong>lis Sesaxeb. Teatri da cxovreba,<br />

6, 1991.<br />

naWyebia 1992: naWyebia m. slovakuri piesa qeTevan ded<strong>of</strong>lis Sesaxeb. macne, enisa da literaturas seria, 1,<br />

1992.<br />

naWyebia 2005: naWyebia m. moraluri gmiris problema barokos literaturaSi. II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi<br />

_ qristianoba: warsuli, awmyo, momavali. Tezisebi. Tbilisi, 2005.<br />

s<strong>of</strong>ronova 1982: Софронова Л. А. Некотые черты художественнй природы польского и русского театров XVII-XVIII вв<br />

// Барокко в славянских культурах, Наука, М., 1982.<br />

tomaSevski 1997: Томашевский Н. Испанский театр золотого века // Испанский театр, М., 1969.<br />

Sevo 1997: Chauveau, Jan-Pieree. Lire le baroque. DUNOD, Paris: 1997.<br />

Search for Moral Hero in Georgian and<br />

European Baroque Literatures<br />

Summary<br />

Maia Nachkebia<br />

Based on the research carried out on Georgian and European baroque literature it turned out that in both<br />

cases search for moral hero was focused on national dimension. While in previous period in Georgian literature<br />

were not dominating national themes and heroes, Theimuraz’s poem _ “Martyrdom <strong>of</strong> Queen Ketevan” is the<br />

first, that introduces national hero _ martyred Queen Ketevan. From this point <strong>of</strong> view is very interesting French<br />

literature <strong>of</strong> the 17 th century when several “epopee heroique” were published. They are written under the<br />

influence <strong>of</strong> Homer and Vergilius although the most important and decisive is that they introduce national<br />

heroes: Clovis, Juan d’Arc.<br />

It shall be pointed out that the fact <strong>of</strong> Queen Ketevan’s martyrdom was spread all over the Europe and she<br />

became a hero <strong>of</strong> dramatical pieces. German writer Griphius depicted her in his play and anonymous Slovak<br />

Jesuit dedicated to Ketevan school play. Therefore, Georgian Queen who was tortured for her orthodox belief<br />

and was identified with moral hero <strong>of</strong> baroque epoch became an inseparable part <strong>of</strong> these literatures.<br />

51

usTvelologiuri kvlevani<br />

vis gamoeqca tarieli?<br />

boris darCia<br />

am bolo dros yuradReba gamaxvilda da gansxvavebuli Sexedulebani gamoiTqva imaze, Tu<br />

`gaqceva~ zmnis romeli gramatikuli formaa rusTveluri `vefxistyaosnis~ im epizodSi, sadac<br />

tarieli ixsenebs da axalgacnobil avTandils uyveba, `wylis piras mtirali mjdomi~ rogor<br />

gamoeqca mis dasaWerad amxedrebul mefe rostevansa da mis amalas. poemis gamocemebis<br />

absolutur umravlesobaSi es zmna gamoveqec saxiT aris warmodgenili:<br />

movixeden, momewia ra patroni Seni, vnaxe,<br />

xelmwifobiT Semebralnes, amad xeli ar Sevaxe,<br />

TvalTa wina gamoveqec, meti ara Sevuzraxe.<br />

Cemi cxeni uCinosa hgavs da sxvasmca ras vasaxe! 1 (294).<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ mecnierul-kritikuli teqstis damdgenelTagan erTaderTia pavle<br />

ingoroyva, romelmac poemis Tavis orive gamocemaSi gamoveqec-is nacvlad dabeWda wamouvel<br />

(ingoroyva 1953: str. 294; ingoroyva 1970: str. 254). meore erTaderT 2 gamocemaSi, romelic<br />

1966 wels akaki SaniZisa da aleqsandre baramiZis redaqciiT ganxorcielda, aRniSnuli zmnebi<br />

gamogeqec formiT aris Secvlili (SaniZe, baramiZe 1966: str. 296/294 ).<br />

am variantTagan romelime maTganis avtoriseulobis dasabuTeba aravis ucdia. pirvelad<br />

es dumili daarRvia mariam karbelaSvilma, romelmac 2000-2002 wlebSi gamoqveynebul Tavis<br />

mwvave kritikul-polemikuri werilebis seriaSi `rusTvelologia da pr<strong>of</strong>esionalizmi, sityva<br />

rusTvelis poeturi enis dasacavad~ sagangebod ganixila aRniSnuli sityvebi da formebi,<br />

gviCvena xelnawerTa monacemebi, mxari dauWira a. SaniZisa da al. baramiZis variants gamogeqec<br />

da mogvca misi Taviseburi gageba: rom wylis piras Sexvedridan tarieli da avTandili<br />

erTmaneTs icnoben. amitom tarieli avTandils eubneba, Sen gamogeqeci~ (karbelaSvili 2002: 8).<br />

2003 wels amave sakiTxze aleqsi WinWaraulma dabeWda werili `vefxistyaosnis leqsikidan<br />

(«gamoveqec» Tu «gamogeqec»)~, sadac exmianeba m. karbelaSvilis naSroms, icavs imave<br />

gamogeqec formas, magram mZafri toniT uary<strong>of</strong>s m. karbelaSviliseul gagebas. misi<br />

TvalsazrisiT, gamogeqec gamoxatavs ara Tanamedrove <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis Sinaarss (rac gulisxmobs<br />

tarielis mier mxolod avTandilisagan garidebas), aramed Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis normas,<br />

rodesac pirveli da meore obieqturi piris niSnebi m da g gadmogvcems rogorc mxolobiT, ise<br />

mravlobiT ricxvsac. amdenad, misi SexedulebiT, gamogeqec aRniSnavs: tarieli gaeqca ara<br />

marto avTandils, aramed maT, rogorc avTandils, ise rostevansa da mis amalas (WinWarauli<br />

2003: 243-249).<br />

male am naSroms mohyva guram kartozias didad mniSvnelovani wigni `teqstologiuri<br />

gamokvlevebi~, sadac avtori sagangebo werilSi `vis gaeqca tarieli?~ exeba aRniSnul sakiTxs,<br />

uary<strong>of</strong>s m. karbelaSviliseul Tvalsazriss da rusTveliseulad miiCnevs tradiciul<br />

variants _ gamoveqec, rac niSnavs: `tarieli swored rostevans, mefes, gaerida~ (kartozia<br />

2004: 245_248).<br />

rogor gvesaxeba Cven es sakiTxebi?<br />

erTi, rac yovelmxriv udavoa da razec samive mkvlevaric SeTanxmebulia, isaa, rom p.<br />

ingoroyvaseuli varianti wamouvel gviandeli sworebis Sedegia da miuRebeli. am wakiTxvas<br />

icavs poemis xelnawerTa qveredaqciuli jgufi 3 K (XVII s-s meore naxevari), O (XVII s-is<br />

miwuruli), G' (XIX s.), R' (1802 w.) da agreTve Q-1075 (XIX s.), romlis kiTxva-sxvaobani ar asaxula<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ xelnawerTa variantebis wignsa da poemis 1966 wlis a. SaniZisa da al.<br />

baramiZiseul variantebian gamocemaSi. es jgufi am SemTxvevaSi da, saerTodac, erT ZiriTad<br />

redaqciul jgufs qmnis xelnawerebTan _ J (XVII _ XVIII ss.) da T-sTan (XVII s. bolo). oriveSia<br />

wamogivel. p. ingoroyva ara marto aq, agreTve poemis mTeli teqstis dadgenisas ZiriTadad am<br />

1 str<strong>of</strong>Ta numeracias vuTiTebT poemis pirveli saiubileo (1937 w.) da misgan momdinare (1951, 1953, 1957 ww.)<br />

gamocemebis str<strong>of</strong>Ta saTvalavis mixedviT, TviT teqsts qemoT vimowmebT a. SaniZisa da al. baramiZiseuli<br />

variantebiani gamocemidan, sadac aRniSnuli numeracia frCxilebSia moTavsebuli (SaniZe, baramiZe 1966).<br />

2 aq mxedvelobaSi miRebuli araa `vefxistyaosnis~ solomon yubaneiSviliseuli CanarT-danarTebiani gamocema<br />

(yubaneiSvili 1956) da `vefxistyaosnis~ xelnawerTa variantebis pirveli wigni (yubaneiSvili 1960), romlebsac<br />

safuZvlad uZevs ara dadgenili, aramed calkeul xelnawerTa teqstebi.<br />

3 xelnawerebi dasaxelebuli gvaqvs `vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa variantebis~ wignebsa (yubaneiSvili 1960;<br />

kekeliZe 1961; guguSvili 1962; lolaSvili 1963) da poemis a. SaniZisa da al. baramiZis gamocemaSi (SaniZe, baramiZe<br />

1966) miRebuli literebis mixedviT.<br />

52

edaqciis xelnawerebs, sxva SemTxvevebSi ufro J-s, eyrdnoba, rac erTi umTavresi naklia<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ miseuli gamocemebisa.<br />

maSasadame, davis sagnad rCeba formebi _ gamoveqec Tu gamogeqec.<br />

winaswar da pirdapir unda vTqvaT, poemis xelnawerTa da qveteqstebis monacemebi<br />

imgvaria, gadaWriT da dabejiTebiT romelimesadmi upiratesobis micema sakmaod Znelia.<br />

daviwyoT gamoveqec formiT. aqvs Tu ara mas arsebobis ufleba? ramdenime monacemiT<br />

aqvs!<br />

gansaxilvel str<strong>of</strong>Si tarieli laparakobs mxolod rostevanze: `movixeden, momewia ra<br />

patroni Seni, vnaxe~. asevea meore striqonSic: `xelmwifobiT Semebralnes, amad xeli ar Sevaxe~.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, Tavisuflad SeiZleba, mwerals mesame striqonSiac kvlav marto<br />

rostevanze eTqva: `TvalTa wina gamoveqec...~<br />

aseTi gageba Tavisuflad Seesabameba wina epizods, sadac wylis piras momxdari<br />

incidentia aRwerili. iqac ZiriTadi aqcenti rostevanzea gadatanili, Tumca jer<br />

avTandilzedacaa naTqvami: `Sesxdes m e f e da a v T a n d i l mis ymisa misawevelad~, magram<br />

tarielisaTvis upirvelesi da umTavresi mainc rostevania: `Seigna m i s l v a m e f i s a misad<br />

ukanad mdevnelad~ (96. 1,4) da `ra cna, m e f e m o v i d a o, hkra maTraxi missa cxensa~ (97. 1). TviT<br />

rostevani ambobs: `m e ra mnaxa, cxensa Sejda, TvalTa cremlni moixocna, ... viTa eSma d a m e k a<br />

r g a, ar kacurad g a r d a m k o c n a~ (110. 1-3). avTandili fridons uambobs: `ra t a r i e l m e<br />

f e icna, ... cxensa miscna sadaveni, dagvekarga wina TvalTa~ (995. 3-4). ra Tqma unda, maSin<br />

tarieli avTandilsac da rostevanis sxva mxleblebsac gamoeqca, magram misTvis gadamwyveti<br />

mainc mefea, isaa mosaridebeli!<br />

rogoria gamoveqec formis damcvel xelnawerTa siZvele da redaqciuli raoba?<br />

a. WinWarauli gamogeqec-is miRebisaTvis erT-erT sabuTad xelnawerTa raodenobasa da<br />

maT siZvele-siaxles iSveliebs. misi sityvebia: `am zmnis sadavo formebidan gamoveqec<br />

dasturdeba FGJUVWZ (7) xelnawersa da TerTmet (11) ZiriTad gamocemaSi. xelnawerTa siZvelesiaxlis<br />

TvalsazrisiT aseTi viTarebaa: gamoveqec-s mxars uWers ori (2) me-17 saukunisa da<br />

xuTi (5) me-18 saukunis xelnaweri, gamogeqec-s rva (8) me-17 saukunisa da eqvsi (6) me-18<br />

saukunisa. rogorc am Sedarebidan Cans, gamogeqec-s samjer meti xelnaweri uWers mxars, rac<br />

teqstologiis praqtikuli gamocdilebiT soliduri upiratesobaa uavtografo Txzulebis<br />

kvlevisas~ (WinWarauli 2003: 244).<br />

namdvilad ki es ase ar aris. gamoveqec-s, marTlac, Svidi nusxa adasturebs, magram ara<br />

yvela is, romelsac avtori asaxelebs. saTvalavSi arc Cven Semogvaqvs vaxtangiseul<br />

gamocemaze dafuZnebuli F'L'Q' da sxva prim nusxebi. arafers vambobT, koreqturul Secdomaze,<br />

I-s magivrad J-ia dabeWdili. siidan viRebT W-s, radgan igi xelnaweri ki ara, vaxtangiseuli<br />

gamocemaa da Tanac, ukve dadgenilia, _ kritikuli. siidan viRebT U-sac, radgan igi am nawilSi<br />

vaxtangiseuli gamocemidan momdinareobs. ufro sayuradRebo isaa, rom gamorCenilia yvelaze<br />

Zveli TariRiani E nusxa da angariSi ar eweva gamoviqec variants, romelic gamoveqec-is<br />

wisqvilze asxams wyals.<br />

maSasadame, gamoveqec-s iZleva Semdegi nusxebi: E (1646 w.), F (1688 w.), G da I (orive XVII s-is<br />

miwuruli), V (XVIII s.), Z (XVII s.) da I' (XIX s-is dasawyisi).<br />

gamogeqec-s icavs ara 14, rogorc a. WinWarauli iuwyeba, magram ar asaxelebs, aramed<br />

bevrad naklebi, 6 xelnaweri: A (1671 w.), B (1680), C (XVII-is 20-iani wlebi), M (XVII s.), X (1702 w.) da<br />

Q-1335 (XIX s.). arc am ukanasknelis variantebi asaxula `vefxistyaosnis~ xelnawerTa<br />

variantebis wignsa da poemis 1966 wlis variantebian gamocemaSi.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, nusxaTa raodenobisa da siZvelis mxriv sadavo variantebi<br />

erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdeba. piriqiT: gamoveqec-s cota met upiratesobas<br />

aZlevs is, rom, rogorc zemore vTqviT, masTan axloa H-isa (XVII s-is miwuruli Tu XVIII s-s<br />

dasawyisi) da D'-is (XIX s.) varianti _ gamoviqec. gamoveqec win dgas agreTve redaqciaTa<br />

raodenobis mxrivac. misi damcveli nusxebi or ZiriTad redaqciul jgufs Seadgens. EFIZ...<br />

erTi redaqciuli jgufia, romelTanac dgas R da sxva nusxebi, romlebic aq dazianebulia. GH<br />

da V sxva redaqciul jgufSi erTiandeba, romelSic Sedis DQ da sxva nusxebi, romlebsac<br />

agreTve dazianebis gamo es str<strong>of</strong>i ar moepoveba. gamogeqec-s ki erTaderTi redaqcia iZleva _<br />

ABCMX.<br />

gamoveqec-is sasargeblod isic SeiZleboda gamogveyenebina, rom wina str<strong>of</strong>Si tarieli<br />

yvelgan exeba meore pirs _ Tqven:<br />

ras maqnevdiT, rad gindodiT, erTmanerTsa raTa vhgvandiT?<br />

Tqven morWmulni sTamaSobdiT, Cven mtiralni RawvTa vhbandiT.<br />

ra monani Sesapyroblad momwieniT, gahgulvandiT,<br />

aw veWv, rome Cemad nacvlad Tana mkvdarTa miitandiT.<br />

53

da gveTqva, radgan am str<strong>of</strong>Si yvelgan saubaria meore pirze, Tqvenze, aman gamoiwvia<br />

momdevno str<strong>of</strong>Si imave meore piris, gamogeqec-is, gaCenao.<br />

ase rom, gamoveqec formis mxardaWerisTvis garkveuli safuZvlebi namdvilad arsebobs.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, Cven mainc gvgonia, pirveladia gamogeqec, oRond ara im SinaarsiT, rom<br />

masSi meore pirad marto Sen, avTandili, igulisxmebodes. amgvari gagebis mxardasaWerad<br />

TxzulebaSi araferi moipoveba, maT Soris ar gamodgeba striqoni: `avTandil axlos kvla naxa<br />

saxe misive kacisa~ (227.1). rogorc g. kartozia SeniSnavs, aq naTqvamia, `rom avTandilma sami<br />

wlis win axlos nanaxi ucxo moyme ki ar naxa, aramed wina saRamos am xeze mjdomi rom uWvretda,<br />

is kaci naxa kvlav~ (kartozia 2004: 247).<br />

kacma rom Tqvas, Tu ganyenebulad vimsjelebT, gamoricxuli araa, avTandils adrindeli<br />

Sexvedridan tarielis saxe daemaxsovrebina da sami (ase weren, sinamdvileSia oTxi) wlis Semdeg<br />

meored Sexvedrisas is ecno, ise rogorc tarielsac aRbeWdoda da ar daviwyeboda avTandilis<br />

saxe. magram, isev vityviT, nawarmoebSi amaze raime miniSnebac ara gvaqvs. Tanac, erTi<br />

(avTandilis mier tarielis damaxsovreba) aucileblad ar niSnavs meores (SeWirvebul<br />

tarielsac daexsomebia avTandili) da orive erTad kidev _ imas, gamogeqec marto avTandils<br />

exebodes. TavisTavad isic SesaZlebelia, tariels, raki avTandili ukve gaicno da maSindeli<br />

incidenti moagones, erTmaneTis saxis daumaxsovrebladac misTvis eTqva, Sen gamogeqecio.<br />

magram, kvlav vimeorebT, poemaSi orive Sexvedris aRwerisas win wamoweulia mefis, rostevanis,<br />

persona da gamogeqec-Si Sinaarsobrivad igi aucileblad unda igulisxmebodes.<br />

Cvenc vfiqrobT, dasmuli sakiTxis gadasaWrelad udidesi da gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa<br />

is garemoeba, rom, rogorc a. WinWaraulsa da g. kartozias miaCniaT, gamogeqec SeiZleba<br />

gavigoT Zvel<strong>qarTuli</strong> unikaluri gramatikuli SinaarsiT, _ meore obieqturi piris<br />

mravlobiTis gamomxatvelad (SaniZe 1976: 64; imnaiSvilebi 1996: 32-36): gamogeqeciT me Tqven,<br />

anu Sen _ avTandils, mas _ rostevans da mis sxva mxleblebs.<br />

Tumca, ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, am gramatikuli movlenis qronologia dadgenili<br />

ar aris, mainc Tavisuflad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom gamogeqec aRniSnuli gagebiT XVII da<br />

momdevno saukuneTaTvis, romlebsac ganekuTvneba `vefxistyaosnis~ nusxebi, rTuli wakiTxvaa,<br />

rac zogadi teqstologiuri kanoniT Cveulebriv martiviT icvleba. a. WinWarauli savsebiT<br />

sworad afasebs: `isic xom faqtia, rom gadamwerebi gaugebars gasagebiT cvlian da ara piruku~<br />

(WinWarauli: 244).<br />

didad sagulisxmoa isic, rom gamogeqec-s erTxmad iZleva is redaqciuli jgufi (ACMX),<br />

romelic sxvebTan SedarebiT mTeli `vefxistyaosnis~ manZilze, CanarT-danarTebianad, ukeT<br />

icavs arqaul enobriv normebs (SaniZe, baramiZe 1966: 014; karbelaSvili 1977; darCia 1975). am<br />

wakiTxvas mxars uWers T' (XIX s.), sadac saZiebeli sityva boloasonaklulad meore piris<br />

formiT weria _ gamogeqe. sargis caiSvilis daxasiaTebiT, es nusxa vaxtangiseuli gamocemidan<br />

momdinareobs, magram `me-19 saukunis sxva xelnawerTa msgavsad, aq vaxtangiseuli redaqciis<br />

garda wyarod gamouyenebiaT vrceli xelnawerebi (A da B tipisa) da iqidan SemoutaniaT<br />

ramdenime CanarTi~ (caiSvili 1984: 436). SesaZlebelia, es wakiTxvac saTaves am redaqciidan<br />

iRebdes.<br />

arafers vambobT JT-s wamogivel variantze, meore pirs rom gamoxatavs, radgan misi<br />

redaqciis ufro Zveli nusxebi amave sityvas pirveli piriT (wamouvel) warmogvidgenen da<br />

wamogivel romelime sxva wyaros gareSe, konteqstis zegavleniT damoukideblad SeiZleboda<br />

gaCeniliyo.<br />

rac Seexeba konteqsts, am mxrivac raime dabrkoleba ar arsebobs. rogorc zemoT<br />

davimowmeT, win, pirveli Sexvedrisas, avtori bolo mdevarTa Soris rostevanTan erTad<br />

avTandilsac gamoy<strong>of</strong>s: `Sesxdes m e f e da a v T a n d i l mis ymisa misawevelad~. meore<br />

Sexvedrisas avTandilic pirveli Sexvedris aqtiur monawileebSi Tavis Tavsac asaxelebs:<br />

Sen mindors gnaxeT gaWrili, Cven zeda gardgekideniT,<br />

patroni Cemi gagiwyra, Cven xafad wagekideniT,<br />

gixmeT, ar moxve, laSqarni ukana gamogkideniT,<br />

Sen velni wiTlad SehReben srulad sisxlisa ki deniT.<br />

yvelakasa maTraxiTa Tavi uxrmlod gardahkveTeT.<br />

mefe Sejda, dagvekarge, kvali Seni ver movkveTeT,<br />

viTa qaji dagvemale, monebica davafeTeT,<br />

aman ufro dagvaSmagna, Tavi srulad gavaSeTeT (287-288).<br />

amgvaradve uambobs avTandili fridons:<br />

vZebneT da kvali ver vpovneT, davswameT eSmauroba (996.1).<br />

aseve, tarielsac maSindeli ambis mogonebisas avTandili yvelgan mis monawiled hyavs<br />

gamoyvanili da mas `TqvenobiT~ (Sen, rostevani da amala) mimarTavs:<br />

54

erTgan gnaxen nadirobas Sen da Seni me gamzrdeli (292. 3).<br />

da mTeli momdevno, zemore damowmebuli str<strong>of</strong>i: `maqmnevdiT~, `gindodi~,<br />

`Tqven...TamaSobdiT~, `momwieniT~, `miitandiT~.<br />

zemoT amis gamo es ukanaskneli str<strong>of</strong>i imis damamtkiceblad movixmeT, rom SeiZleboda,<br />

misi zegavleniT gamoveqec (pirveli piri) meore pirad, gamogeqec-ad, gadakeTebuliyo. magram<br />

upirvelesad da ufro warmatebiT igi imis maCveneblad gamodgeba, rom, radgan tarieli<br />

yvelgan avTandils Sexla-Semoxlis monawiled miiCnevs, aseve moqceuliyo mesame striqonis<br />

aRniSvnaSic, _ eTqva gamogeqec.<br />

gamogeqec-s mxars dauWers isic, Tu, rogorc a. WinWarauli miiCnevs, amgvarive<br />

Sinaarsisaa wina str<strong>of</strong>is sityva gindodi (`ras maqmnevdiT, rad g i n d o d i, erTmanerTsa raTa<br />

vhgvandiT~). saTuod mas imitom vxdiT, rom es forma, gindodi, mxolod or nusxaSi _ F-sa da J-<br />

Sia, romlebic gamoveqec-s uWeren mxars, xolo sxva xelnawerebi, maT Soris, isini, romlebic<br />

gamogeqec-s iZlevian da, sazogadod, arqaulobis damcvelebadaa miCneuli, da isinic,<br />

romlebic gamoqceva zmnaSi FI-is emTxvevian, amjerad gverdze dganan. ai, maTi wakiTxvebi:<br />

gindoda ABCEHRMOX, gindodaT GLYI'R', gindodiT JT.<br />

es magaliTebi imis maCvenebelia, rom sagangebod aris Sesaswavli `vefxistyaosani~ da misi<br />

epoqis werilobiTi Zeglebi, sad da ramdenad icaven isini saZiebel enobriv movlenas.<br />

amrigad: TavisTavad konteqsts Tavisuflad esadageba da, amdenad, avtoriseulad<br />

SeiZleboda migveRo gamoveqec forma, magram, radgan mis gverdiT mogvepoveba gamogeqec<br />

formac, romelic arqauli SinaarsiT SeiZleba moviazroT, romelsac iZleva arqaulobis<br />

SedarebiT ukeT damcveli redaqcia, am gagebiT is konteqsts ufro Seesabameba, meoredan<br />

(gamogeqec) pirveli (gamoveqec) advilad miiReba. xolo piriqiT _ Znelad. yovelive amis gamo<br />

Cvenc migvaCnia, rom rusTveliseulad miviRoT a. SaniZisa da al. baramiZiseuli gamocemis mier<br />

aRdgenili wakiTxva _ gamogeqec, rac niSnavs: tarieli avTandils eubneba, rom me gamogeqeciT<br />

Tqven _ Sen (avTandils) da maT (rostevansa da mis amalas).<br />

damowmebani:<br />

guguSvili 1962: vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa variantebi. III. gamosacemad moamzada meri guguSvilma. Tb.:<br />

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1962.<br />

darCia 1975: darCia b. vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa redaqciebi gagrZelebebis mixedviT. Tb.: gamomcemloba<br />

`mecniereba~, 1975.<br />

imnaiSvilebi 1996: imnaiSvili ivane, imnaiSvili vaxtang. zmna Zvel qarTulSi I, mainis frankfurti: 1996.<br />

ingoroyva 1953: <strong>SoTa</strong> rusTaveli. vefxitstyaosani. p. ingoroyvas redaqciiTa da SeniSvnebiT. Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1953.<br />

ingoroyva 1970: <strong>SoTa</strong> rusTaveli. vefxis-tyaosani. teqsti p. ingoroyvas redaqciiTa da istoriulliteraturuli<br />

da teqstologiuri gamokvlevebis darTviT, or wignad. wigni pirveli. Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `merani~, 1970.<br />

karbelaSvili 1977: karbelaSvili m. vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa klasifikaciisaTvis. Tb.: gamomcemloba<br />

`mecniereba~, 1977.<br />

karbelaSvili 2002: karbelaSvili m. rusTvelologia da pr<strong>of</strong>esionalizmi, sityva rusTvelis poeturi<br />

enis dasacavad. gaz. `kalmasoba~, maisi, 2002, # 5.<br />

kartozia 2004: kartozia g. teqstologiuri gamokvlevebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2004.<br />

kekeliZe 1961: kekeliZem l. vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa variantebi, II, gamosacemad moamzada liana<br />

kekeliZem. Tb.: saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1961.<br />

lolaSvili 1963: vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa variantebi. IV, gamosacemad moamzada ivane lolaSvilma. Tb.:<br />

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1963.<br />

yubaneiSvili 1956: vefxistyaosani, CanarTi da danarTi teqstebi. teqsti gamosacemad daamzada,<br />

winasityvaoba da saZieblebi daurTo sol. yubaneiSvilma. Tb.: saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />

akademiis gamomcemloba, 1956.<br />

yubaneiSvili 1960: vefxistyaosnis xelnawerTa variantebi. I, gamosacemad moamzada solomon<br />

yubaneiSvilma. Tb.: saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1960.<br />

SaniZe... 1966: SaniZe ak., baramiZe al. <strong>SoTa</strong> rusTveli. vefxis tyaosani. teqsti ZiriTadi variantebiT,<br />

komentarebiTa da leqsikoniTurT or tomad a. SaniZisa da a. baramiZis redaqciiT, I, teqsti<br />

da variantebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1966.<br />

SaniZe 1976: SaniZe a. Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis gramatika. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1976.<br />

WinWarauli 2003: WinWarauli a. vefxistyaosnis leqsikidan (`gamoveqec~ Tu `gamogeqec~). kreb.<br />

`literaturuli Ziebani~, XXIV, Tb.: 2003.<br />

From Whom Tariel Has Escaped?<br />

Summary<br />

Boris Darchia<br />

55

Given article discusses the following line <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Shota</strong> <strong>Rustaveli</strong>'s Poem "The Knight in the Panther's<br />

Skin" –"I fled before your //his eyes, I said nothing". This veriational difference, represented in the manuscript<br />

and edition <strong>of</strong> the poem, gives different interpretation <strong>of</strong> this passage: Whom has Tariel escaped from- Avtandil?<br />

Rostevan? or from both <strong>of</strong> them and their accompanying people? The author concludes: A. Shanidze's and Al.<br />

Baramidze's edition should be regarded as closest to the original where – "fled before your eyes " means: Tariel<br />

tells Avtandil: "I have escaped from You" – You means Avtandil ,Rostevan and his slaves.<br />

`amas hgvandes, odes erTgan muSTar, zual Seiyarnes...~<br />

nana gonjilaSvili<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ astraluri samyaros Seswavlas da masTan dakavSirebuli mxatvruli<br />

saxeebis analizs samecniero literaturaSi araerTi naSromi mieZRvna (v. nozaZe, z. avaliSvili,<br />

a. baramiZe, e.xinTibiZe, m. mamacaSvili, d. qumsiSvili, z. kiknaZe da a.S). aRniSnulia, rom<br />

rusTaveli astrologiuri samyaros zedmiwevniT codnas amJRavnebs da am sferosTan<br />

dakavSirebuli yoveli niuansi Tu Strixi poemaSi mizanmimarTuladaa moxmobili.<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ astraluri samyarodan yuradRebas ipyrobs ori planeta _ muSTari da<br />

zuali. winamdebare naSromis mizania, am mnaTobTa funqciuri datvirTvis warmoCena da<br />

saxismetyvelebis Seswavla, rac astrologiur SexedulebebTan erTad mxatvruli<br />

gansaxovnebis plastebs iTavsebs. poemaSi mnaTobTa Soris upiratesad mze da mTvare moixseneba<br />

rogorc astrologiuri, ise esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT. danarCen planetaTagan, zuali da<br />

muSTari oTxjeraa moxmobili, otaridi _ orjer, marixi da aspirozi _ sam-samjer. poemaSi<br />

araerTxelaa naxsenebi mnaTobTa Seyra-moSorebis movlena, romelic astrologiur<br />

Sexedulebas emyareba, poemis mTavar gmirebs miemarTeba da simboluri datvirTva aqvs. aseTive<br />

suraTia Seqmnili mTvarisa da ciskris varskvlavis, muSTarisa da zualis SemTxvevaSic.<br />

rusTaveli mniSvnelovani movlenis dasasuraTxateblad, mzisa da mTvaris Semdeg,<br />

planetaTagan muSTar-zuals gamoarCevs da maT tariel-nestanis saxeebTan dakavSirebiT<br />

moixsenebs. poemis mixedviT, qajeTis cixis aRebisas erTad Seyrilma avTandil-fridonma<br />

tarieli moikiTxes, `cixisa karni ganxmulni, karTa nalewi sreuli~ (1413) ∗ da daxocilni<br />

mcvelni tarielis naqmrad miiCnies; maTi gumani, marTlac, gamarTlda da gvirabSi gasvlis<br />

Semdeg gmirebma<br />

naxes, mzisa Sesayrelad gamoeSva mTvare gvelsa (1414).<br />

rusTaveli mijnurTa Sexvedras miTosur-astrologiuri suraTiT warmogvidgens, sadac<br />

mze-tarielisa da mTvare-nestanis SeyriT borotebis uarsobas, simokles da sikeTe —<br />

siyvarulis `xan-grZlad gakvladebas~ sabolood amowmebs. boroteba-gvelis damarcxebisa da<br />

mze-mTvaris _ nestan-tarielis Seyris metaforuli suraTi araerTgzisaa yuradRebuli<br />

samecniero literaturaSi. aRniSnulia misi mxatvruli da astrologiur-miTosuri datvirTva<br />

(v. nozaZe, a. baramiZe, e.xinTibiZe, r. siraZe, m. mamacaSvili).<br />

m. mamacaSvili aRniSnavs, rom es mxatvruli suraTi mTlianad astraluri miTologiiTaa<br />

gaJRenTili, `brZola gvelTan unda gavigoT, rogorc mzis (logosis) mier gvelis (qaosis)<br />

daZleva.... mTvare uZvelesi droidan aris sulis simbolo, miTologiurad ki mzis sasZlo.<br />

mTvare antiTezaa mzisa. mze aris sicocxlis warmmarTveli Zala mamrSi da siyvarulisa<br />

mdedrSi, mTvare ki sicocxlis warmmarTvelia mdedrSi da siyvarulisa _ mamrSi. es ori<br />

mnaTobi avsebs erTmaneTs... ~ (mamacaSvili 1972: 81).<br />

<strong>rusTavelis</strong> mier taepis _ “naxes, mzisa Sesayrelad gamoeSva mTvare gvelsa” _ moxmoba<br />

damagvirgvinebeli akordia, Tavmoyra da, imavdroulad, gacxadebaa winare epizodebSi<br />

fiqsirebuli mxatvruli saxe-metaforebisa. meliq-surxavis sasaxlidan Tavdaxsnis Semdeg<br />

nestanTan mimarTebiT rusTaveli dasZens:<br />

darCa mTvare gvelisagan gavsebuli, CaunTqmeli (1194).<br />

msgavsi Sedareba kidev erTxel meordeba nestanis qajTa molaSqreTagan datyvevebisas:<br />

∗<br />

vuTiTebT `vefxistyaosans~ al. baramiZis , g. wereTlisa, s. caiSvilis red., Tb.,1988, SemdgomSi citatebi<br />

moyvanili iqneba amave redaqciidan.<br />

56

a sabraloa gavsili mTvare, CanTqmuli gvelisa! (1226)<br />

poeti nestanis bedsa Tu ubedobas `gavsebuli mTvaris~ gvelisagan CanTqma-<br />

CaunTqmelobiT warmoaCens. am metaforuli saxe-ideis xazgasma da ganmeoreba araa<br />

SemTxveviTi. igi erTgvarad gvamzadebs am mxatvruli suraTis axali Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis<br />

warmosaCenad, sadac udidesi mwuxareba-tragizmi Seudarebel sixarulad iqceva, rac<br />

borotebaze sikeTisa da siyvarulis gamarjvebis mauwyebelia. amdenad, sruliad bunebrivad<br />

aRiqmeba <strong>rusTavelis</strong> mier qajeTis damxobis Semdeg mze-tarielTan gvelisagan gamoSvebuli<br />

mTvare-nestanis miaxlebis amgvari dasuraTeba. rusTaveli aRniSnuliT ar amowuravs gmirTa<br />

sanukvari da saocnebo miznis asrulebas, dauokebeli swrafvis, cdisa da SemarTebis,<br />

SeWirvebis, siyvarulis gausaZlisi tkivilisa da usasrulo Ziebis Sedegs. poetisaTvis mzisa<br />

da mTvaris simbolika, TiTqos, araa sakmarisi am udidesi movlenis gadmosacemad, raRac<br />

gansakuTrebulia saWiro, araCveulebrivi, sxvaTagan gamorCeuli. da marTlac, rusTaveli<br />

Cveuli ostatobiT, faqizad arCevs da irCevs gansaxovnebisTvis Sesatyvis saxe-ideas; man am<br />

SemTxvevisTvis saocari da uCveuli Sedareba moiSvelia: nestan-tarielis Seyra muSTarzualis<br />

Sexvedras miamsgavsa:<br />

exveodnes erTmanerTsa, akoces da cremlni Rvarnes;<br />

amas hgvandes, odes erTgan muSTar, zual Seiyarnes (1415).<br />

Tu qajeTis damarcxebisa da gmirTa Seyris mxatvrul suraTSi _ `naxes, mzisa Sesayrelad<br />

gamoeSva mTvare gvelsa~ _ metaforaTa Sinaarsi gaxsnilia da personaJTa saxe-xatebic<br />

gacxadebuli, am TvalsazrisiT, TiTqos bundovania amave epizodTan dakavSirebiT<br />

rusTvelisagan gmirTa Sexvedris muSTar-zualis SeyrasTan Sedareba( `amas hgvandes, odes<br />

erTgan muSTar, zual Seiyarnes~) da erTob Wirs tariel-nestanis saxeTa mnaTobebTan<br />

mimarTebis amocnoba. interesmoklebuli ar aris garkveva imisa, Tu romel maTgans<br />

ukavSirdeba mijnurTa saxeebi, miT ufro, rom rusTaveli poemaSi yovel niuanssa da detals<br />

garkveul mniSvnelobas aniWebs da mizanmimarTulad moixmobs. vfiqrobT, rom muSTar-zualis<br />

warmoCena araa SemTxveviTi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT epoqas, poemaSi personaJ qalTa<br />

mdgomareobasa da <strong>rusTavelis</strong> damokidebulebas maT mimarT, usazRvro Tayvaniscemasa da<br />

mowiwebas, SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom planetaTa aRniSnul konteqstSi pirvelad naxsenebi<br />

muSTari _ nestans, zuali ki tariels ukavSirdeba. miT ufro, rom planeta zualis qaldeuri<br />

sinonimi _ ninigu mamrobiTi sqesis RvTaebas warmoadgens. poemis ganxilvidan irkveva, rom<br />

personaJTa moxsenebis etiketi rusTavelTan garkveul wessa da rigs mihyveba,<br />

gaTvaliswinebulia asaki, wodeba da sqesi. pirvel rigSi saxeldeba maRal ierarqiul<br />

safexurze mdgomi pirovneba (3, 57, 71, 95, 285, 315, 316, 322, 325, 326, 343, 940, 1437, 1512, 1500, 1531,<br />

1552); aris ramdenime SemTxveva, roca maRal ierarqiul safexurze mdgomi, mefe, moyme-raindis<br />

Semdeg ixseneba (289, 338, 1523, 1571). poemaSi qalisa da mamakacis adgilTa gansazRvrisas<br />

rusTaveli Tanasworobis princips icavs: mamakaci pirvel adgilze moixseneba daaxloebiT 11jer<br />

(220, 263, 322, 1422, 1425, 1428, 1432, 1536, 1549, 1550, 1636), aseve _ qali (260, 325, 507, 512, 517,<br />

535, 682, 1321, 1433, 1457, 1517); rusTaveli am princips maSinac icavs, roca taepSi gmirTa saxeebi<br />

Tu grZnobebi metaforaTa wyebiT gansaxovndeba (mamakaci pirvel adgilzea moxsenebuli _ 131,<br />

178, 403, 405, 676, 682, 714, 883, 1277, 1405, 1414, 1430, 1453, 1498, 1508, 1527, 1537, 1581, 1653 ; qali —<br />

39, 126, 0139, 0295, 374, 379, 402, 404, 409, 492, 501, 528, 625, 629, 706, 715, 941, 960, 1181, 1314, 1489,<br />

1559). amdenad, sakvlev str<strong>of</strong>Si rusTaveli mTavar personaJTa mnaTobebTan mimarTebas raRac<br />

sxva kriteriumiT sazRvravs.<br />

muSTar-zualis kosmiur SexvedrasTan gmirTa Seyris Sedareba astrologiur<br />

Sexedulebas emyareba da mnaTobTa astrologiuri bunebis Seswavla garkveul safuZvels qmnis<br />

nestan-tarielis saxeebTan maTi mimarTebis dasadgenad.<br />

muSTari iupiteris arabuli saxelia da `didi bedis varskvlavad~ miiCneva (Tavis mxriv,<br />

iupiteri zevsis Sesatyvisi romauli RvTaebaa da qaris, wvimisa da elvis mexTamtexeli<br />

RmerTia). `Teologiis RmerTi~ muSTari mnaTobTa rigSi meeqvse adgilzea da meeqvse ca<br />

uWiravs. igi qveynis Semoqmed da mkvdreTiT aRmadgenel RmerTad iTvleboda. astrologiurad,<br />

muSTari samarTliani, yovlismcodne, miudgomeli, umwikvlo msajulia; igi kargi bedis<br />

mwyalobeli, sicocxleze sasikeTo gavlenis mqone mefuri varskvlavia.<br />

v. nozaZe (nozaZe 1957: 92-96) qaranelTa anu sabianTa swavlis mixedviT gvawvdis<br />

varskvlavTa daxasiaTebas. iupiterTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnulia, rom mis gamgeblobaSia:<br />

sicocxle, simravle, samarTlianoba, zneobaTa siwminde, keTilmowyaleba, RvTis SiSi, daTmena,<br />

sibrZne, mSvidoba gamarjveba, mTavroba, erTguleba.<br />

`vefxistyaosanSi~, rogorc samecniero literaturaSia aRniSnuli, avTandilis<br />

mnaTobTadmi vedreba astrologiur Sexedulebas mihyveba. arabTa spaspeti muSTars<br />

samarTlian mosamarTles _ `marTalsa brWesa RmrTulsa~ _ uwodebs da swored am niSniT<br />

iTxovs misgan `marTal samarTals~ misi da TinaTinis gulTa `gabrWobisas~; evedreba mnaTobs,<br />

rom misi siwrfele, erTguleba, siyvaruli ar gaamrudos, radgan `marTalia~. amitomac,<br />

avTandili samarTliani muSTarisagan gankiTxvas da wylulTa Semsubuqebas elis:<br />

57

he muSTaro, geajebi Sen, marTalsa, brWesa RmrTulsa,<br />

mo da uyav samarTali, gaebrWobis guli gulsa;<br />

nu amrudeb umarTlesa, nu waiwymed amiT sulsa!<br />

marTali var, gamikiTxe! rad mawyluleb misTvis wylulsa? (956)<br />

`amgvarad, muSTaris mniSvneloba astrologiuria da misi Tvisebani erTi xazis mosmiT<br />

gamoxatuli da Zlieri xelovnebiT Sesrulebuli~, _ askvnis v. nozaZe am epizodis ganxilvisas<br />

(nozaZe 1957: 86) .<br />

nizami ganjelis `leili da majnunis~ mTeli erTi Tavi varskvlaviani Ramis aRweras<br />

eZRvneba. aq muSTar _ iupiteri `borjis~ saxelwodebiTaa moxmobili, Sahis siyvaruliTaa<br />

damowmebuli da bednierebis gamgea:<br />

borjis Sahis siyvaruliTaa beWeddasmuli,<br />

romelsac qveynis bedniereba upyria xelT (nizami 1972: 67).<br />

majnuni, avTandilisagan gansxvavebiT, Svid mnaTobTagan mxolod zuhrasa (ciskris<br />

varskvlavs) da muSTars evedreba, siyvarulSi Semweobas sTxovs. majnunisaTvis `didi bedis<br />

varskvlavi~ _ muSTari bednierebis, samarTlianobis, omisa da gamarjvebis gamgea; masTan<br />

Sexvedrisas maRldeba misi suli. amitomac muSTars, rogorc `qveynis samarTliani<br />

saqmeebisadmi erTguls~, `wyalobis werilTa mwerals~ da mTeli samyaros damtevnels (`Sen<br />

saxeSia gaSlili mTeli samyaro~ _ nizami 1972: 73) mijnuri vedrebiT mimarTavs:<br />

Cemi bedi Senganaa amaRlebuli,<br />

guli Cemi Senganaa Zalmosili.<br />

Semomxede wyalobis TvaliT,<br />

Tu ici wamali, marge ra.<br />

ganmaride ubedureba,<br />

gaakeTe is, rogorc SeSvenis gmirs.<br />

mijnurisagan rame niSani momitane,<br />

mipove vardnaridan gadakarguli vardi (nizami 1972: 73).<br />

mnaTobebisadmi vedrebaSi nizami ganjelisa da <strong>rusTavelis</strong> gmirebi siyvarulSi<br />

Semweobas, mijnurebTan mociqulobas iTxoven, maTi bunebis Sesatyvis qmedebas elian da, am<br />

SemTxvevaSi, muSTar-borjis (astrologiuri Sexedulebis kvalobaze) msgavsi saxasiaTo<br />

StrixebiT ixsenieben (samarTliani, brWe, miudgomeli, marTlad gamkiTxavi), Tumca majnunis<br />

vedrebaSi borjis gavlenis sfero ufro masStaburia; Sesatyvisad, misdami Txovnac _<br />

mravalmxrivi, vidre avTandilis `galobaSi~, rogorc mas v. nozaZe uwodebs.<br />

Sua saukuneebis ebraeli poeti Samuel hanagidi Svilisadmi, iosebisadmi, miZRvnil<br />

leqsSi `gamarjvebis sagalobeli~ `cis darbazebs~ SehRaRadebs da ustars andobs sakuTar<br />

ganzraxvas:<br />

_ gaswi, gafrindi, Cemo ustaro,<br />

Cemo kuSto da Cemo uStaro,<br />

rom zenaaris saufloebSi<br />

amamzevo da amamuSTaro (hanagidi 1994:24).<br />

Samuel hanagidisaTvis zenaaris saufloSi miwevnili gamarjvebis sagalobeli misi<br />

`amuSTarebis~, `bednierebis did varskvlavad~ gadaqcevis sawindaria. am mimarTebiT,<br />

avTandilisTvisac wylulTa gankurneba, mijnur gulTa Soris simarTlis gabrWoba da<br />

`umarTlesis~ aRiarebac xom misi Txovnis damowmeba _ `amuSTarebaa~.<br />

`vefxistyaosanSi~ muSTari oTxjeraa naxsenebi, orjer _ avTandilis mnaTobTadmi<br />

vedrebaSi, nestan-tarielis Seyrisas da, bolos, `mterTagan Seviwroebul~ indoeTSi<br />

dabrunebuli tarielisa da moRalate ramaz mefis Sexvedrisas. am ukanasknelze SevaCerebT<br />

yuradRebas.<br />

`mebrZolTa memajan~ tariels, arabTa mefisa da `mze moyme~ fridonis winaSe<br />

muxlmoyrili, `SmagTaganca ufro Smagi~ ramaz mefe maTgan sikvdils da laSqris Sewyalebas<br />

iTxovs, tirs `amad, gul-mduRaria~. rusTaveli dasZens, rom `kaci cremliTa Seindobs, Tu<br />

codva mas Tanac arsa... ~ (1612) da tarielmac `mrudi~ saqme gamarTa (`naqmari mrudi yvelai aw<br />

Cemgan gamarTulia~ _ 1614) da Seiwyala Secodebuli. swored am epizodSi ukanasknelad<br />

gamoCndeba muSTari:<br />

tarias Wvretad mosruli muSTari axlos mWvretia.<br />

risxvisa cecxli tariels sitkboTi dauSretia;<br />

movides, naxes: ramazis laSqari ZlivRa etia,<br />

indoeTs zeciT sinaTle Cadga, marT viTa svetia (1616).<br />

58

`RmerTisve msgavsad waRrmTuli~ tarieli `motkba~, `risxvis cecxli~ RvTis nebiTa da<br />

`didi bedis varskvlavis~, muSTaris, TanadgomiT sitkboTi daSrita, rac <strong>rusTavelis</strong> mier<br />

bibliur saxismetyvelebaSi damkvidrebuli naTlis svetis saxe-xatad aRiqmeba. mrisxaneba,<br />

qristianuli moZRvrebiT, momakvdinebeli codvaa. igi sikeTe-sitkboebiT unda Seicvalos da<br />

rusTavelma RvTis nebis aRsruleba samarTlian, mowyale muSTars miando da misi<br />

astrologiuri buneba moiSvelia. misi `axlo mWvreteloba~ axlomy<strong>of</strong>obis maCvenebelia da<br />

(Tavisi astrologiuri bunebiT) tariels miemarTeba. WeSmariti mijnuris zneobis yvela niSan-<br />

TvisebiT Semkuli tarieli, samyarodan mowyvetisa da adamianur siameTa daTmobis fasad,<br />

miwyiv eZiebs dakargul satrfos. RvTiT dawesebuli siyvarulis mopovebisaTvis Tavs wiravs<br />

da imedgadawuruli sikvdils mieaxleba (`axlos my<strong>of</strong>i sikvdilisa jda... ~ _ 865; `...s<strong>of</strong>liT<br />

gaRma gaebija~ _ 865). tarielis amgvar mijnurobas <strong>rusTavelis</strong> prologiseuli taepi<br />

miemarTeba _ `kargi mijnuri igia, vin iqs s<strong>of</strong>lisa Tmobasa~ (26). swored amitomaa igi<br />

`marTali~ da RvTaebrivi mosamarTlis, muSTaris, Tanadgoma-mfarvelobis Rirsi.<br />

mijnurobisTvis `martviloba~ da sikvdilisaTvis mudmivi mzaoba, gamorCeuli mxedruli<br />

SemarTeba, tariels marTali adamianis niSniT aRbeWdavs. vfiqrobT, swored aqedan iRebs<br />

saTaves <strong>rusTavelis</strong> Canafiqri _ tarielis saxis Sedarebisa muSTarTan, marTlisa-marTalTan.<br />

muSTari, rogorc zemoaRniSnuli str<strong>of</strong>idan irkveva, gmirTa bedis mosarCle, maTi<br />

Tanamdgomi da keTilismy<strong>of</strong>eli planetaa. am SemTxvevaSi mas, rogorc `marTalsa brWesa<br />

RmrTulsa~, RvTaebrivi samarTlis, `umarTlesis~ gankiTxvisa da ganmkiTxvelis, dammowmeblis<br />

funqcia akisria. poemaSi muSTari marTali adamianebis qomagia rogorc WeSmariti siyvarulisa<br />

da mSvidobis, ise omianobis dros.<br />

muSTarisa da tarielis saxeTa urTierTmimarTebis arsebobas safuZvels umyarebs z.<br />

gamsaxurdias Tvalsazrisi: `fuZe Tar paleomediteranuli, paleo-kavkasiuri da mcireaziuli<br />

enobrivi samyarodan modis da warmoadgens misteriaTa sakralur sityvas, RvTaebis saxels,<br />

kerZod, mcireaziuli tarhus, Weqa-quxilis da amindis RvTaebis saxelwodebas, romelsac<br />

vefxistyaosnad gamosaxavdnen uZveles mcireaziur anu protoqarTul misteriebSi da<br />

sakulto mRvimeebSi~ (gamsaxurdia 1991: 245). aRniSnuli gvafiqrebinebs, rom tarielis<br />

saxeldebaSi Tar-fuZis arseboba da misi vefxistyaosnoba kidev erTi aspeqtia muSTarTan<br />

msgavsebisa.<br />

muSTar-zualis Seyris metaforul suraTSi tarielis saxis muSTarTan mimarTebas Tu<br />

davuSvebT, maSin nestanis saxe-xatad zuali unda miviCnioT.<br />

muSTaris zemoT, meSvide caze, rigiT meSvide mnaTobi zualia, igive saturni-kronosi.<br />

igi uSoreulesi da umaRlesi Savi mnaTobia, astrologiurad, Zalmomreobis da dacemis<br />

ufalia, Wir-varamis, mwuxarebis mimniWebeli. ganadgureba, damxoba, aRm<strong>of</strong>xvra mas miewereba.<br />

arabuli astrologia saturnsa da marss erTad `ubedurebis Sav varskvlavs~ uwodebs da maT<br />

upirispirebs or bednier varskvlavs — venerasa da iupiters.<br />

zual-saturnis sinaTle bundovania, misi moZraoba yvela planetaze metad, Senelebuli,<br />

rac, ZvelTa warmodgeniT, mis simZimesa da sitlanqeze mianiSnebda; imavdroulad simsubuqesa<br />

da saTnoebasac miawerdnen, radgan samyaros umaRles sferoSi iyo moTavsebuli. `...saturns<br />

saxavdnen gonier, frTxil, uxeS da mowyenil moxucad, romelSiac inteleqtualuri<br />

monacemebi batonobda fizikur SesaZleblobaze da mas planetaruli samyaros tvinad<br />

Tvlidnen... ~ (xinTibiZe 1975: 81).<br />

mzis Semdeg avTandili zuals mimarTavs. gmiris Txovna am mnaTobis astrologiuri<br />

bunebis codnas emyareba. igi `xSiri sibneliT~, mwuxareba-kaeSniT damtvirTveli,<br />

damamZimebelia; Tavad Savi varskvlavi, adamianis `gulis Savad SemRebavi~ da sibnele-wyvdiadis<br />

momgvrelia. amgvari konteqstiT xmiandeba avTandilis locva zualisadmi. spaspeti cremlis,<br />

Wiris momatebas, tvirTmZime `kaeSnis Seyras~ evedreba da, rogorc yvela mnaTobs, zualsac<br />

siyvarulSi mociqulobas sTxovs:<br />

mo, zualo, momimate cremli cremlsa, Wiri Wirsa,<br />

guli Savad SemiRebe, sibnelesa mimec xSirsa,<br />

Semomyare kaeSnisa, tvirTi mZime, viTa-virsa,<br />

mas uTxar, Tu: “nu gaswirav, Senia da SenTvis tirsa (955).<br />

g. imedaSvili am str<strong>of</strong>Tan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom `zuali aranakleb iqcevda<br />

yuradRebas Tavisi uZraobiT, sizarmaciT, e. i. iseTi TvisebebiT, romlebic ZvelTaganve<br />

SemuSavebuli wamodgenebiT virs ukavSirdeboda. aq viri zualis zodiaqaluri niSania.<br />

avTandili axsenebs virs, zualis am RvTaebis simbolos, romelTanac dakavSirebulia simZime,<br />

tvirTis zidva, gaWirveba-daRla, uZraoba-sizarmace~ (imedaSvili 1968: 398). mecnieris azriT,<br />

am taepSi sityva `viris~ Secvla an gamotoveba (rogorc es zogierT mTargmnels aqvs) str<strong>of</strong>s<br />

azrs daukargavs.<br />

am str<strong>of</strong>is axsnisas, z. avaliSvili (avaliSvili 1931: 9) gamoy<strong>of</strong>s or moments, romliTac<br />

rusTaveli astrologiur gagebas misdevs. es aris siSave, sibnele da zualis borot RvTaebad<br />

gamoxatva.<br />

59

qaranelTa swavlis mixedviT (nozaZe 1957: 96), saturni boroti, matyuara da metad<br />

saSiSia. igi mianiSnebs yvelaferze, rac borotebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. mZime gancda,<br />

mrisxaneba, usiamovneba, sicrue, eWvi _ misi Tvisebebia. qaranelTa swavleba zualisadmi<br />

Sesasrulebeli vedrebis wessac iTvaliswinebs _ `Seasrule es vedreba, rodesac xar Sen<br />

mowyenili, an rodesac gtkiva Sen Svi naRveli. moTxove mas saturnuss yvelaferi is, rac mis<br />

bunebas Seefereba, da moiwvie merme amave dros iupiteri, romelic imas, rasac saturnus<br />

afuWebs, mas gamoasworebs, xolme~ (nozaZe 1982: 96). zualis astrologiuri mniSvneloba da<br />

niSan-Tvisebani rusTavels, mxatvruli gansaxovnebis kvalobaze, TiTqmis ucvlelad<br />

gadmoaqvs. `vefxistyaosanSic~ avTandilis zualisadmi vedreba exmianeba qaranelTa swavlebas<br />

_ avTandili, udidesi sulieri tkivilis Jams, zuals misi bunebis Sesatyvisi TxovniT<br />

mimarTavs da Semdeg ki muSTars, `didi bedis varskvlavs~, moixmobs da Svelas misgan elis, miT<br />

ufro, rom igi keTilismy<strong>of</strong>el gavlenas axdens `ubedurebis Sav varskvlavze~.<br />

nizami ganjelis `leili da majnunSi~ qeivani-zuali Sahis erTgul da siyvaruliT<br />

gamsWvalul planetadaa warmodgenili, romelic mudmiv saomar mzady<strong>of</strong>naSia:<br />

qeivani Sahisadmi didi siyvaruliT<br />

ganmsWvaluli maxvils lesavs (nizami 1972: 68).<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ zual-kronosic xom (romelzec qvemoT visaubrebT) omis, damangreveli<br />

Zalis mpyrobeli, xmalSemarTuli meomaria.<br />

Samuel hanagidis leqsSi _ `iosebisadmi~ `bnel varskvlavad~ wodebul mnaTobSi,<br />

SesaZloa, zuali igulisxmebodes, radgan `ubedurebis Savi varskvlavi~ aqac sisxlTan,<br />

ubedurebasTan da adamianur SiSTanaa dakavSirebuli:<br />

camde aRzevda sisxlis Rreoba,<br />

bneli varskvlavi aRCnda saniSnod...<br />

deda Svilisken miiqceoda, -<br />

Zrwoda ugzod da uangariSod (hanagidi 1994:28).<br />

Samuel hanagidis `bneli varskvlavisagan~ gansxvavebiT, zuali avTandilSi SiSsa da<br />

Zrwolas ar aRZravs, piriqiT, Tavad `sevdisa mufaraxi~, `cnobierTa dastaqari~, `buneba-zeari~<br />

spaspeti guluSiSrad iTxovs WirTa gamravlebas, kaeSniT damZimebas da daTmenis rwmeniT<br />

aRvsili, gansacdels siyvaruliT savse guliT, sulieri mzaobiT dauxvdeba. avTandili Tavisi<br />

bunebis ama Tu im speqtriT msgavsobs da iTavsebs planetaTa astrologiur bunebas, Sinaganad<br />

masSia mTeli cis samyaro ganfenili.es misi sulis tkiviliani simReraa, miwidan zecisaken da<br />

zecidan miwisaken amusikebuli, samyarosTan Tanaziarobis, masTan harmoniuli Serwymis<br />

`damowmebaa~. yovelive es ki miwidan amozrdili da zeciurobisken mswrafi avTandilis<br />

sulieri simaRlis cxady<strong>of</strong>aa. amirbari vedrebis dasrulebis Semdeg mnaTobTa keTilismy<strong>of</strong>el<br />

gavlenasa da Tanadgomas imowmebs:<br />

aha, mmowmoben varskvlavni, Svidnive memowmebian:<br />

mze, otaridi, muSTari da zual CemTvis bndebian... (961).<br />

planetaTa wessa da rigs, maT zemoqmedebis Zalasa da moqmedebas `vefxistyaosanSi~<br />

RmerTi ganagebs. mijnuri avTandilis gancdaTa mnaTobTagan `damowmebisa~ da maTi `dabnedis~<br />

miRma uzenaesis neba vlindeba ise, viT majnunis vedrebaSi.<br />

`rusTaveli nizamis msgavsad varskvlauri cis aRwerisas farTod da laRad iyenebs<br />

astronomiul-astrologiur codnas. misi saSualebiT qmnis igi rTul poetur metaforebs,<br />

romelTa sruli gaxsnisaTvis sami plania gasaTvaliswinebeli: poeturi, astronomiuli da<br />

astrologiuri~ (mamacaSvili 1972: 77).<br />

poemaSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, zuali oTxjeraa naxsenebi: orjer -avTandilis<br />

mnaTobTadmi vedrebaSi, `kronosis~ saxeldebiT qajeTis cixis damxobisas da tariel-nestanis<br />

Sexvedris epizodSi.<br />

z. kiknaZesa (kiknaZe 1969: 121-22) da d. qumsiSvilis (qumsiSvili 1970: 144-146)<br />

SexedulebiT, poemiseuli kronosi berZnuli miTologiis RmerT kronoss unda gulisxmobdes.<br />

aRniSnul mosazrebas e.xinTibiZe (xinTibiZe 1975: 80-86) ar eTanxmeba da am epizodis detaluri<br />

ganxilvis safuZvelze kvlavac asabuTebs rusTvelologiur literaturaSi kronosis<br />

planetad miCnevis tradiciul faqts.<br />

avTandilis mnaTobTadmi vedrebaSi zualis astrologiuri bunebis moxmoba `miwyiv<br />

brunav caze~ misi Semdgomi gamoCenis mniSvnelobas warmoaCens. zualis, `ubedurebis Savi<br />

varskvlavis~, damangreveli da gamandgurebeli energia rusTavelma sam gmirTa mier qajeTis<br />

cixis aRebisas warmoaCia:<br />

maSin qajeTs moiwia usazomo risxva RmrTisa:<br />

kronos, wyromiT Semxedvelman, moiSorva sitkbo mzisa;<br />

60

maTve risxviT gardubrunda borbali da simgrgvle cisa<br />

velni mkvdarTa ver itevdes, gadiadda jari mkvdrisa (1423).<br />

am epizodSi sikvdilis mTesveli zual-kronosis funqcia omis Temas ukavSirdeba. igi<br />

Tavis Zalmosilebas `grZnebisa mcodnel~, `vervisgan vnebul~, `yovelTa kacTa mavne~ qajTa<br />

samflobels atydeba Tavs.<br />

p. ingoroyvam (ingoroyva 1963: 153) Zveli xelnaweris mixedviT Seaswora aRniSnuli taepi<br />

_ `kronos, wyromiT Semxedvelman, moaSora sitkbo mzisa~. v. nozaZe eTanxmeba am cvlilebas da<br />

aRniSnavs: `...radgan RmerTisgan iyo ganwiruli qajeTis cixe, kronosi mas mzis sitkbos<br />

aSorebs, mzes scildeba, Sordeba da Tavis sakuTars, mrisxane bunebas Tavisuflad xmarobs,<br />

Tavis Sav saqmes asrulebs. saturnus-zual-kronos xom Savi bedis Savi varskvlavia! ~ (nozaZe<br />

1982: 84).<br />

astrologiurad kronosi `wyromiT Semxedvelia~, magram zecaze keTili varskvlavis<br />

gavleniT misi boroteba iTrguneba; magram, am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc e. xinTibiZe SeniSnavs<br />

(xinTibiZe 1975: 83-85), masTan erTad mzec mrisxanebs da amitomac ambobs rusTaveli: `maTve<br />

risxviT gardubrunda... ~<br />

RvTis risxva, zual-kronosisagan mzis keTilismy<strong>of</strong>eli gavlenis moSoreba da wyroma,<br />

cargvalis gadabruneba sikeTis, siyvarulisa da samarTlianobis aRdgenis da, Sesabamisad,<br />

borotebis daTrgunvis momaswavebelia. amdenad, zual-kronoss am epizodSi ormagi funqciuri<br />

datvirTva aqvs: borotia qajeTis mimarT, samTa gmirTaTvis ki mowyale da samarTliania. poemis<br />

gmirebi zeciur ZalTa TanadgomiT aRweven mizans.<br />

e. xinTibiZe am movlenas Semdegnair axsnas uZebnis: `erTi mxriv, astrologiuri mnaTobebi<br />

sam rainds gamarjvebas uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen, ifaravdnen: `maT samTa Svidni mnaTobni<br />

hfarven naTlisa svetiTa~. meore mxriv ki, imave astrologiurma mnaTobebma qajeTs<br />

gardubrunes `borbali da simrgvle cisa~ (xinTibiZe 1975: 93-94).<br />

marTalia, gmirebs Svidive mnaTobi mfarvelobs, magram, astrologiuri SexedulebiT,<br />

gamoricxulia zualis sikeTismfeneli da damangreveli bunebis erTdroulad gamovlena.<br />

safiqrebelia, rom rusTaveli astrologiur monacemebs mxatvruli SinaarsiT tvirTavs da<br />

mizanmimarTulad moixmobs kronosis urTierTsawinaaRmdego Tvisebebs. <strong>rusTavelis</strong><br />

kosmologiuri TvalsazrisiT, RmerTia mnaTobTa mamoZravebeli da amqveyniuri<br />

sinamdvilisken warmmarTveli. amdenad, am SemTxvevaSic, RmerTis nebaa zualis ormagi bunebis<br />

gamJRavneba, radgan unda aRsruldes debuleba: `borotsa sZlia keTilman, arseba misi<br />

grZelia~, rac nestanis gaTavisuflebas, gveleSapisagan daxsnasa da darRveuli harmoniis<br />

aRdgenas, gayrili siyvarulis sabolood Seyras, gulisxmobs. qajeTis ganadgurebis, damxobis<br />

pirvelmizezi nestania da vfiqrobT, rom mefe-qalis zualTan mimarTebis amosavalic aq unda<br />

moinaxos. poemaSi am urTierTkavSirs garkveuli wanamZRvrebi eZebneba. rogorc ukve<br />

aRvniSneT, zuali Savi varskvlavia (misi feria Savi) da ZvelTa warmodgeniT, `ubedurebis didi<br />

varskvlavia~; yvela didi ubedureba: cremli, Wiri, sapyrobile, kronosisagan momdinared<br />

iTvleboda. `saturni yvela sxva niSniT damxobil RmerTs miagavda, romelic TiTqosda<br />

tyveobaSi imy<strong>of</strong>eboda. es STabeWdileba imdenad sarwmuno iyo, rom astronomiis sistematuri<br />

kursis erT-erT fuZemdeblis k. flamarionis cnobiT, viqtor hiugos 1879 wels masTan pirad<br />

saubarSi dawmunebiT uTqvams, rom saturni sxva araferi SeiZleba iyos Tu ara saprobile, an<br />

qvesknelio~ ( xinTibiZe 1975: 81-82).<br />

zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze, zual-kronosis bunebas (mxsnelsa da damamxobels),<br />

simbolurad, nestanis saxe esadageba da msgavsebac TvalnaTelia. misi siyvaruli amamaRlebeli<br />

da, imavdroulad, yovlisdamamxobeli, `sikvdils mimaaxlebeli~ grZnoba aRmoCnda (zualimxsneli<br />

da damamxobeli). mebrZoli bunebis, vefxvisdari nestani Tavisi qmedebiT garesamyaros<br />

daupirispirda; win aRudga farsadanis gadawyvetilebas, xvarazmSas qmrobas da davaris<br />

TviTmkvlelobis uneblie mizezic gaxda. nestanis fatmanTan naTqvami sityvebi srulad<br />

gamoxatavs mis beds:<br />

bedi ubedo Cemzeda miwyiv avisa mqmnelia.<br />

kargi ra mWirdes, gikvirdes, avi ra sakvirvelia!<br />

sxvadasxva Wiri Cemzeda ar axalia, Zvelia (1171).<br />

`ubedo bedis~ nestani qajeTis tyvea, tyveoba xom zuals miewereba da mefe-qalic<br />

tragikuli siyvarulis tyvea, mudmivi Wirisa da cremlis Tanaziari, gveleSapis mier<br />

CanTqmuli da sibneleSi my<strong>of</strong>i. misTvis sikvdili lxenaa da imedi `mun Seyrisa~. amdenad,<br />

nestani zualis astrologiuri bunebis Tanaziaria. `gulis Savad SemRebavi~ zualis Savi feri<br />

nestanis bedis msgavsi Savi ridis simbolikaSic ixilveba (`Tuca Tu ferad bedisa Cemisa<br />

msgavsad Savnia~, 1286) , siTxeebidan ki am varskvlavis kuTvnilebas, Sav naRvels, qajeTis<br />

tyveobidan nestanis gamogzavnili werili exmianeba:<br />

tani kalmad maqvs, kalami — navRelsa amonawebi (1288).<br />

61

zualis astrologiur bunebaSi gaerTianebulia simsubuqe-saTnoeba da simZimemrisxaneba;<br />

nestanis rTuli sulieri samyaro, emociaTa da gancdaTa speqtric mSvenierebasaTnoebasTan<br />

erTad `pirgamexebuli vefxis~ saxesac itevs.<br />

`ptolomem ori TvisebiT moiazra saturnis mTeli astrologiuri buneba: siciviTa da<br />

simSraliT. misi azriT, `saturni civi iyo, ramdenadac daSorebuli iyo mzisgan da mSrali,<br />

ramdenadac _ dedamiwisagan~ (xinTibiZe 1975: 81). simbolurad, mze-tariels moSorebuli<br />

nestani siTbos aRar asxivebs da siciviTaa Sesudruli, damSralia, daSretilia (`dRe da Rame<br />

gauwyvedlad tirili da cremlTa frqveva! ~ -1141) da moSorebulia adamianur samyaros.zualkronosTan<br />

nestanis saxis mimarTebis safuZvels iZleva poemis kidev erTi pasaJi, kerZod,<br />

fridonisagan tarielisTvis naambobi `erTi rame sakvirvelis~ naxvis Sesaxeb, romelic<br />

qajTagan datyvevebuli nestanis xilvis ambavs ukavSirdeba. nestanis TvalSeudgami silamaziT<br />

aRfrTovanebuli fridoni ambobs:<br />

mTvare ujda kidobansa, ca meSvide masmca veci (623).<br />

am taepTan dakavSirebiT samecniero literaturaSi sxadasxvagvari mosazrebaa<br />

gamoTqmuli. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saturni, romelic samyaros umaRles nawilSi iyo<br />

moTavsebuli, nela moZraobda. amasTanave masSi simsubuqes, saTnoebasa da cecxlis bunebasac<br />

xedavdnen. `amitomac Zveli adamianebi saturns daberebul, gacivebul, da Senelebul mzed<br />

miiCnevdnen da xiluli samyaros am sakvirvelebas, zogjer Ramis mzes uwodebdnen~ ( xinTibiZe<br />

1975: 81-82). cnobilia, rom saturns sxva varskvlavTagan gansxvavebiT, sferos irgvliv ori<br />

veberTela mokaSkaSe brtyeli rgoli aqvs Semokruli.<br />

v. nozaZis ganmartebiT, fridonma ixila `igi mTvare-nestani; da am mTvares meSvide cas<br />

mivcemdio. mTvares ekuTvnis pirveli ca; meSvide ca ekuTvnis kronoss (saturnus, zuali).<br />

Svidi cis moZRvrebiT, meSvide ca aris umalesi ca-kronosisa, romelic astrologiaSi Ramis<br />

mzed iTvleba. amgvarad fridoni ambobs _ kidobanSi mjdomi qali-mTvare Tavisi silamaziT<br />

meSvide cis mnaTobi saturnusi (kronosi, zuali) iyoo. maSasadame nestani iyo Ramis mzesaturnusi~<br />

(nozaZe 1982: 48).<br />

s. caiSvilis (caiSvili 1974: 328) varaudiT am taepSi, fridoni nestanisaTvis meSvide cis<br />

Cuqebaze, ardaSurebaze saubrobs. e. xinTibiZe (xinTibiZe 1975: 83-84) konteqstis mixedviT,<br />

meSvide casTan msgavsebas Tvlis mizanSewonilad da ara - meSvide cis Cuqebas. mas Zalze<br />

ucnaurad miaCnia navSi Casvenebuli mTvare _ nestanis saturnTan mimsgavseba.<br />

e. xinTibiZisve ganmartebiT (xinTibiZe 1975: 83-84), roca saturnis ori manaTobeli rgoli<br />

mTeli sibrtyiT Cans, es mnaTobi saswaulebrivad hgavs navSi CaSvebul savse mTvares.<br />

amasTanave, rogorc e. xinTibiZe SeniSnavs, saturni idumali mnaTobia, fridonic gakvirvebuli<br />

iyo sanaxaobiT da uSores planetad aRiqva Sors, usazRvro zRvaSi manaTobeli nestani.<br />

zual-saturnis meSvide cis nestanisadmi mikuTvnebiT, rusTaveli mefe-qalis am<br />

mnaTobTan nawilianobas cxady<strong>of</strong>s, xolo Ramis mzed mis aRqmas poemis sxva epizodiT<br />

migvaniSnebs.<br />

samekobreod gasuli roSaqi da misi amala gansacvifrebelma sanaxaobam daabnia da<br />

`gonebasa msjelsa~ Caagdo:<br />

da<br />

mindor-mindor movdiodiT Cven Ramesa dia bnelsa,<br />

didni rame sinaTleni gamogviCndes Sua velsa;<br />

vTqviT, Tu: Tu mzea nuTu zeciT CamoWrili zeda xmelsa! (1221);<br />

kvlav vhkiTxeT: `gviTxar marTali, saqme Sen mzebr naTelisa,<br />

visi xar, vin xar, siT moxval manaTobeli bnelisa?” (1226).<br />

am taepTa mixedviTac, nestani `Ramesa dia bnelsa~ udidesi sinaTlis mfenel mnaTobad,<br />

`manaToblad zecisa~, Sua Ramis mzed ganicdeba, rac astrologiaSi zualis saxeldebadaa<br />

miCneuli.<br />

samecniero literaturaSi erTmniSvnelovnadaa aRiarebuli mosazreba, rom nestan-<br />

TinaTinis mxatvrul saxeTa arqetips Tamaris saxe-xati warmoadgens. poemaSi msgavsebis<br />

araerTi pasaJi, niuansi da Strixia cxadad Tu `SefarviT~ warmoCenili, razedac rusTaveli<br />

prologSive migvaniSnebs: `misi saxeli SefarviT qvemore miTqvams, miqia~ (19). qal-personaJTa<br />

Tamaris arqetipul saxesTan msgavseba `vefxistyaosnisa~ da `Tamarianis~ astraluri samyaros<br />

suraTSic ixilveba, kerZod, nestan-zualis saxeTa mimarTeba `TamarianSi~ Tamar-zualis saxexatTan<br />

reminiscirdeba. aq zuali Tamaris mSvenierebis, brwyinvalebis, Zlevamisilebis<br />

maCvenebelia:<br />

Rawvi mwyazari - a, mulRazari<br />

ugavs eloba kronos ciersa (CaxruxaZe 1957:183);<br />

radgan ca daxval, radgan cad axval<br />

62

zuali, etli, mTvare mcnebari (iqve, 191);<br />

a, rea! kronos, ena gardmkonos,<br />

vardTa gidarne naSvenebani ( iqve, 209).<br />

Suqni krTebian, emuqfebian,<br />

zual iCinebs daqadebulad (iqve, 184).<br />

`TamarianSi~ Tamaris saxe-xati Ramis mzeebr manaTobeladac saxeldeba:<br />

romelman Rame-dRe yo, Tqva: `Rame<br />

hfens Suqsa mzeebr ganaTebulad~ (iqve, 208).<br />

`TamarianSi~ Tamaris sidiadis warmomCen astralur samyaros Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />

ukanaskneli taepis qristologiur datvirTvaSi, SesaZloa, astrologiuri Tvalsawieri<br />

gaerTiandes da masSi zual-kronosi, SuaRamis mze, moviazroT.<br />

amdenad, `vefxistyaosanSi~ nestanis gansaxovneba _ zeciT xmeleTze `CamoWrili~<br />

SuaRamis mze _ Tamaris arqetipul saxesTan msgavsebis kidev erT Strixs warmoaCens da<br />

nestanis zualismierobas mowmobs, rac muSTarze ar iTqmis; `TamarianSi~ Tamaris saxe-xatTan<br />

axlos igi ar ixilveba.<br />

amgvarad, <strong>rusTavelis</strong> mier tariel-nestanis saxeTa muSTar-zualTan Tanaziarobis<br />

`SefarviT~ warmoCena SemTxveviTobas ar warmoadgens. es planetebi, iseve rogorc<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ astraluri samyaros sxva mnaTobebi, gmirTa oden brwyinvalebis,<br />

mSvenierebisa da mefuri sidiadis Cvenebas rodi emsaxureba, maTi Sinagani emociis, gancdis,<br />

rTuli fsiqologiuri samyaros gamomxatavi modusebia. rusTaveli miwiers zeciurobiT<br />

tvirTavs da zeciurobas miwierebaSi ganasaxovnebs.<br />

gmirTa Sexvedris muSTar-zualis SeyrasTan Sedareba mxolod tariel-nestanis Sinagani<br />

samyaros am planetebTan msgavsebiT ar aixsneba. misi saxismetyvelebiTi Sinaarsis da<br />

<strong>rusTavelis</strong> `xelovanebis~ amocnoba am mnaTobTa astrologiuri urTierTmimarTebiT, maTi<br />

bunebis niSnebis simboluri datvirTvis CvenebiTaa SesaZlebeli. astrologiuri swavlebidan<br />

cnobilia, rom ama Tu im mnaTobis zemoqmedebis unari caze sxva planetis Sexedvis kuTxiT,<br />

Zalis siWarbiTa da gavlenis upiratesobiT ganisazRvreba. amitom SesaZlebelia ama Tu im<br />

mnaTobis Zalis Sesustebaca da uary<strong>of</strong>iTi muxtis gabaTilebac. aqedan gamomdinare, zualis<br />

uary<strong>of</strong>iTi energia, ubedurebisa da yovelgvari Wiris momavlineblis qmedeba daiTrguneba<br />

didi bedis varskvlavis, muSTaris, Zlieri poziciiT, rac sikeTis mauwyebelia; qaranelTa<br />

swavlebac (nozaZe 1957: 95-96) xom amas mowmobs _ zualisadmi vedrebis Semdeg adamianma<br />

muSTars unda mouxmos, raTa am ukanasknelma keTili gavlena moaxdinos “ubedurebis Sav<br />

varskvlavze” da mTxovnels survili ausrulos. aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom dRiuri<br />

varskvlavebi _ mze, muSTari da zuali, Tavis saukeTeso gavlenas dRisiT axdenen, rac qajTa<br />

samefoze gamarjvebis suraTSi aisaxa. avTandilis mnaTobTadmi vedrebaSic asevea<br />

warmodgenili dRiur varskvlavTa es rigi, viTarca sikeTisa da bednierebis sawindari. Svidive<br />

planeta emowmeba avTandils siyvarulSi da Svidive mnaTobi `naTlis svetiT faravs~ sam gmirs<br />

borotebasTan brZolaSi da am Svidi mnaTobidan rusTavelma muSTar-zuali airCia tarielnestanis<br />

Sexvedris dasasuraTxateblad. astrologiurad, muSTar-zualis erTad dgoma<br />

iSviaTi movlenaa da didi bednierebis momaswavlebelia.<br />

samecniero literaturaSi am epizodis Sesaxeb araerTi mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli. v.<br />

nozaZis SexedulebiT (nozaZe 1957:82), `vefxistyaosanSi~ muSTar-zualis SexvedrasTan gmirTa<br />

Seyris Sedareba garkveuli mizniTaa naxmari da ori monatrebuli Seyvarebulis bednier<br />

Sexvedras aRniSnavs.<br />

v. beriZe (beriZe 1961 :145-147) simbolur axsnas uZebnis aRniSnul taepSi muSTarisa da<br />

zualis Seyras, rogorc ori didi da brwyinvale adamianis, ori maxlobeli arsebis Sexvedras,<br />

romelic araCveulebriv sanaxaobas warmoadgenda da iyo xangrZlivi.<br />

z. avaliSvili am epizodTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs: `am cdomilTa: iupiteris da<br />

saturnis `erTgan Seyra~, koniunkcio, astrologiaSi didi ramea, didi bednierebis<br />

momaswavebeli. imdenad, rom pirvelad kepleris mier gamoTqmuli azriT, TviT qristes Sobis<br />

is varskvlavi, saxarebaSi rom ixsenieba (maTe, 2), erTi varskvlavi ki ara, aramed saturnis da<br />

iupiteris araCveulebrivi `erTgan Seyra~ unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo; ebraelTa astrologiiTac am ori<br />

planetis TevzTa etlSi Seyra mesiis niSnad iTvleboda~ (avaliSvili 1931: 100).<br />

i. fancxavas ganmartebiT(fancxava 1941: 187), muSTari iupiteria, zuali-venera<br />

(afrodite, aspirozi), radgan mxolod maT SeuZliaT erTad Seyra. muSTarisa da zualis erT<br />

sibrtyeSi moqceva da maT sxivTa gaerTianeba ki, romelic 300 weliwadSi erTxel xdeba, mTeli<br />

samefos an mefis sikvdilis mauwyebeli iyo. amitom, mecnieris azriT, teqstSi zuali SecdomiT<br />

aris Setanili aspirozis nacvlad, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi <strong>rusTavelis</strong> gamoTqmas azri<br />

daekargeboda.<br />

63

mecnier-mkvlevarTa umravlesoba muSTar-zualis Seyris epizods yovelgvari<br />

Sesworebis gareSe ganixilavs da swored planetaTa am mimarTebas <strong>rusTavelis</strong> mxatvrul<br />

Canafiqrad miiCnevs. aRniSnuls, Cveni dakvirvebidan gamomdinare, davZenT, rom nestantarielis<br />

Sinagani samyaros erTgvari kavSiri da msgavseba muSTar-zualis astrologiur<br />

bunebasTan samecniero literaturaSi damkvidrebul tradiciul mosazrebas kidev ufro<br />

amyarebs. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli muSTar-zualis astraluri samyarodan gamorCevis<br />

safuZveli da RvTaebriobisken mimswrafi siyvarulis damowmebis simbolo SeiZleba<br />

gamxdariyo.<br />

muSTar-zualis Seyra poemaSi simboloa ara marto maTi bunebis Tanaziar mijnurTa<br />

sanukvari Sexvedrisa, aramed nestan-tarielis `ubedo bedisa~ da RvTivmimadlebuli<br />

bednierebis damtevneli mxatvruli saxea. amasve warmoaCens `vefxistyaosnis~ ferTa<br />

simbolikaze Tvalis gadevnebac. zuali erTaderTi planetaa, romelic sferosebur garss ar<br />

warmoadgens. mas, `Sav varskvlavs~, irgvliv ori mokaSkaSe rgoli aqvs Semovlebuli. elvis<br />

mpyrobeli, udidesi naTlis mfeneli, `bednierebis varskvlavi~ _ muSTari ki oqrosfrad<br />

brwyinavs. amdenad, muSTar-zualis ferebic Sav-yviTeli vefxvis tyavisa da nestanis `piroqro~<br />

Savi ridis simbolikas miemarTeba, rac am planetaTa Sesatyvisad, bednierebaubedurebis<br />

gamaerTianebeli saxe-ideaa. astrologiaSi zuals siTxeebidan naRveli ekuTvnis,<br />

muSTars - sisxli, rasac nestan-tarielis gulis sisxlTa da `sisxlis cremlTa~, naRvelisa da<br />

`sikvdimde gasatani~, sisxlsavse mijnurobis arsi miemarTeba. muSTar-zualis Seyris<br />

mxatvrul suraTSi, maTi astrologiuri bunebis Sesatyvisad, ikveTeba principi: bedniereba<br />

tanjvis gziT, rac `vefxistyaosanSi~ araerTxelaa damowmebuli:<br />

... vardni ueklod aravis moukrebian! (886);<br />

margaliti arvis mihxvdes usasyidlod, uvaWrelad (167) da a.S.<br />

rusTaveli, rogorc vxedavT, antinomiis princips iyenebs: naTeli _ bneli, sixaruli _<br />

mwuxareba, sisxli _ naRveli, sicocxle _ sikvdili. amas astrologiurad muSTaris pasiuri<br />

da zualis aqtiuri buneba da kontrastuli Tvisebebic emateba: zualis sicive da gvalva,<br />

muSTaris-sicxe da zomieri notiooba; Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom muSTari cecxlisa da<br />

wylis stiqiis planetaa, zuali - miwisa da haeris, maTi SeerTebiT samyaros Semadgeneli oTxive<br />

elementis kavSiri xorcieldeba, e.i. myardeba harmonia, xdeba darRveuli kavSirisa da<br />

mTlianobis aRdgena, im darRveuli kavSirisa, romelsac Tavad tarieli aRiarebs avTandilis<br />

winaSe: `damSlian Cemni kavSirni, SevrTivar sulTa sirasa~ (881); nestani ki qajeTis cixidan<br />

mijnurTan gagzavnil ustarSi tariels sTxovs:<br />

RmerTsa Semvedre, nuTu kvla damxsnas s<strong>of</strong>lisa Sromasa,<br />

cecxlsa, wyalsa da miwasa, haerTa Tana Zromasa... (1299).<br />

amdenad, muSTar-zualis SeyriT da samyaros Semadgeneli oTxi elementis SeerTebiT,<br />

simbolurad, nestan-tarielis `erT sul da erT xorc my<strong>of</strong>oba~, suliT xorcamde aRdgena da<br />

gamTlianeba xorcieldeba. am mnaTobTa SexvedriT, TiTqos, damTavrda tarielsa da nestanze<br />

maTi damoukidebeli qmedebis xana da asparezi. muSTar-zualis Seyra warsulisa da awmyos dro<br />

— sivrculi gadakveTis wertilia, gmirTa bedis waRma trialis, gamarjvebuli siyvarulis,<br />

harmoniis winaswarmetyveluri niSania, romelSic `momavlis xati~ ixilveba. poemis dasasruls<br />

es harmonia mTavar gmirTa `sabrZanisSi~, saxelmwifoTa cxovrebis suraTSi ixilveba:<br />

Sigan maTTa sabrZanisTa Txa da mgeli erTgan sZovdes (1661).<br />

muSTar-zualis SeyriT warmodgenil gmirTa Sexvedris mxatvrul suraTSi, SesaZloa,<br />

<strong>rusTavelis</strong> kidev erTi `SefarviT~ naTqvami amovicnoT. astrologiurad, am mnaTobTa<br />

Sexvedra iSviaTi movlenaa, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, oc weliwadSi erTxel xdeba da<br />

umSvenieres sanaxaobas warmoadgens. poemaSi nestan-tarielis cxovreba: Sexvedra, Semdeg<br />

daSoreba, rac kvlavmibrunebis momaswavebelia, caze muSTar-zualis dausrulebeli SeyraganSorebis<br />

suraTs imeorebs; gamarjvebul mijnurT mxolod sikvdili gayriT da kvlav<br />

`munamca Seiyrebian~. mnaTobTa da gmirTa am saerTo dro-sivrcul xazs v. nozaZis Sexedulebac<br />

esadageba: `...mnaTobni aq arian ms<strong>of</strong>lio mefeni an mefis wulni da arc erTi sxva vinme...mnaTobni<br />

aristokratul wres ekuTvnian, viT mefeni~ (nozaZe 1982: 58).<br />

yovelive zemoaRniSnuli safuZvels gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom `vefxistyaosanSi~<br />

astraluri samyaro mxolod astrologiuri da esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT ar aris moxmobili.<br />

Cveni azriT, rusTaveli zualisa da muSTaris astrologiur bunebas da maT Seyras gmirTa<br />

Sinagani samyaros, xasiaTis, emociaTa da gancdaTa gansaxovnebis, sulieri mimoxris, maTi<br />

cvalebadi bedis, gamarjvebuli siyvarulisa da sikeTis, harmoniuli kavSiris, darRveuli<br />

mTlianobis aRdgenis simbolod warmosaxavs. rusTaveli gmirTa rTul fsiqologiur bunebas,<br />

sulis mravalferovan da uRrmes plastebs warmoaCens. mTeli garemomcveli sivrcea CarTuli<br />

maTi siyvarulis damowmebisa da gansaxovnebisaTvis. poemaSi zeciuri samyaro adamianTan<br />

64

mimarTebiT iZens mniSvnelobas. amgvari `xelovanebiT~ siyvarulis `mzian Crdiliani~ arsis,<br />

dautevnelobisa da usazRvroebis, Zlevamosilebis Cveneba masStabur iers sZens gmirTa saxexasiaTebs<br />

da axleburad ametyvelebs `qarTulad naTargmaneb~ `leqsad gardaTqmul~ `obol<br />

margalitSi~.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

avaliSvili 1931: avaliSvili z. vefxistyaosnis sakiTxebi. pariz : 1931.<br />

baramiZe 1966: baramiZe al. <strong>SoTa</strong> rusTaveli da misi poema. Tb.: gamomcemloba ~mecniereba~, 1966.<br />

beriZe 1961: beriZe v. rusTvelologiuri etiudebi. Tb.: 1961.<br />

gamsaxurdia1991: gamsaxurdia z. vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba. Tb.: gamomcemloba ~mecniereba~, 1991.<br />

imedaSvili 1968: imedaSvili g. vefxistyaosani da <strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura. Tb.: gamomcemloba ~mecniereba~,<br />

1968.<br />

ingoroyva 1963: ingoroyva p. Txz. krebuli. t. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba ~sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,1963.<br />

kiknaZe 1969: kiknaZe z. dionisesa da kronosis gamo `vefxistyaosanSi~. ciskari, 11, 1969.<br />

nizami 1972: nizami ganjeli. leili da majnuni. m. mamacaSvilis Targmani. werilSi - galoba SvidTa<br />

mnaTobTaTvis nizamis “leili da majnunsa” da `vefxistyaosanSi~. macne (els), 1972.<br />

mamacaSvili 1972: mamacaSvili m. galoba SvidTa mnaTobTaTvis nizamis “leili da majnunsa” da<br />

`vefxistyaosanSi~. macne (els), 3, 1972.<br />

nozaZe 1957: nozaZe v. vefxistyaosnis varskvlavTmetyveleba. santiago de Cile: 1957.<br />

siraZe 1982: siraZe r. saxismetyveleba. Tb.: gamomcemloba ~nakaduli~, 1982.<br />

fancxava 1941: fancxava i. `vefxis-tyaosnis~ avtoris sakiTxis Sesaxeb. saq. saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XI-<br />

, 1941.<br />

qumsiSvili 1970: qumsiSvili d. SeniSvnebi z. kiknaZis werilis gamo. ciskari, 2,1970.<br />

rusTaveli 1988: <strong>SoTa</strong> rusTaveli . vefxistyaosani. al.baramiZis, g.wereTlis, s.caiSvilis redaqciiT. Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba ~mecniereba~, 1988.<br />

CaxruxaZe 1957: CaxruxaZe, `qeba mefisa Tamarisi~. Zv. qarTveli mexotbeni. I, iv. lolaSvilis redaqciiT.<br />

Tb.: saq.ssr.mecn.akademiis gamomcemloba ,1957.<br />

caiSvili 1974: caiSvili s. <strong>SoTa</strong> rusTaveli — daviT guramiSvili. Tb.: gamomcemloba ~mecniereba~, 1974.<br />

xinTibiZe 1975: xinTibiZe e. ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobiTi problemebi vefxistyaosanSi. Tb.: Tsu-s gamomcemloba,<br />

1975.<br />

hanagidi 1994: hanagidi Samuel, SroSani ReleTa. Sua saukuneebis ebraeli poetebi. ebraulidan Targmna j.<br />

ajiaSvilma. Tb.: saq.mecn.akademiis stamba, 1994.<br />

"They were indeed like the planets Jupiter and Saturn united…"<br />

Summary<br />

Nana Gonjilashvili<br />

The study <strong>of</strong> the astral world <strong>of</strong> The Knight in the Panther's Skin and the analysis <strong>of</strong> the images linked<br />

with it have been the object <strong>of</strong> numerous papers in the specialist literature. In the poem the meeting <strong>of</strong> Jupiter<br />

(Mushtar) and Saturn (Zual) is based on the astrological view, it is related to the main characters <strong>of</strong> the work and<br />

carries a symbolic meaning. <strong>Rustaveli</strong> compares the meeting <strong>of</strong> Tariel and Nestan, liberated from the captivity <strong>of</strong><br />

demons (the Kajis), the victory <strong>of</strong> good over evil, and the triumph <strong>of</strong> love to the meeting <strong>of</strong> the sun and the moon<br />

("The moon was freed from the serpent and her lover, the sun had found her") as well as the meeting <strong>of</strong> Jupiter<br />

and Saturn: "They were indeed like the planets Jupiter and Saturn united".<br />

Astrologically, Jupiter is the sixth planet and belongs to the sixth heaven. It is the "great fate star",<br />

divine judge, the lover <strong>of</strong> the truth, the merciful, kind, and wise planet. Saturn is the black star <strong>of</strong> misfortune, the<br />

most distant planet, belonging to the seventh heaven, bringing sorrow, destruction and violence. The astrological<br />

nature <strong>of</strong> these two stars is reflected in Avtandil's prayer to the planets. Each <strong>of</strong> them is mentioned four times in<br />

the poem. Why did <strong>Rustaveli</strong> compare the meeting <strong>of</strong> Tariel and Nestan to the meeting <strong>of</strong> Jupiter and Saturn?<br />

From the astrological viewpoint, the closeness <strong>of</strong> these two planets is a rare phenomenon, which augurs great<br />

happiness. There is a view that the star which appeared at the time <strong>of</strong> the birth <strong>of</strong> Jesus Christ might have been<br />

the meeting <strong>of</strong> Saturn and Jupiter. According to the Jewish astrology too, the meeting <strong>of</strong> these two planets in the<br />

zodiac <strong>of</strong> Pisces was regarded as the sign <strong>of</strong> the Messiah. All the above-mentioned might have become the basis<br />

for the particular attitude towards Jupiter-Saturn as a symbol <strong>of</strong> the expression <strong>of</strong> love having aspiration towards<br />

the divinity. The analysis <strong>of</strong> the text leads the author to assume that Jupiter is related to Tariel, and Saturn to<br />

Nestan. Jupiter regards Tariel with favour in one passage <strong>of</strong> the poem: Tariel on his return to India together with<br />

Nestan extinguishes "the fire <strong>of</strong> anger" towards unfaithful King Ramaz with the aid <strong>of</strong> the just and merciful<br />

Jupiter, as mercy <strong>of</strong> "a just judge" towards a true lover. It is noted in the specialist literature that the stem tar in<br />

the name Mushtar comes from the palaeo-Caucasian and Asia Minor linguistic world - the name <strong>of</strong> Tarhu, a<br />

panther skin god <strong>of</strong> thunderstorm. In this regard, the fact that Tariel is attired in a panther's skin is the symbol <strong>of</strong><br />

65

his resemblance to Jupiter as just. Nestan <strong>of</strong> "the unfortunate fate" is linked to Saturn, a captive <strong>of</strong> tragic love in<br />

the captivity <strong>of</strong> evil. If we recall the episode when Pridon saw Nestan ("In it was sitting a maiden, a beautiful<br />

moon in her glory, so splendid was she that her home should have been the seven bright heavens"), and regard<br />

the seventh heaven as the domain <strong>of</strong> Saturn, the relation <strong>of</strong> Nestan-Jupiter will become more convincing. The<br />

colours <strong>of</strong> Jupiter-Saturn (black Saturn with two shining rings and golden Jupiter) are also linked with the<br />

symbolics <strong>of</strong> the black and yellow panther skin and Nestan's black veil with a golden lining, which is the imageidea<br />

unifying happiness and misfortune, similar to these planets. The astrologically passive nature <strong>of</strong> Jupiter and<br />

the active nature <strong>of</strong> Saturn (unity <strong>of</strong> the extremes) are noteworthy too. It should also be taken into account that<br />

Jupiter is the planet <strong>of</strong> fire and water and Saturn - that <strong>of</strong> earth and air, so their unity combines the four elements<br />

<strong>of</strong> the world, i.e. harmony is established, and the broken unity is restored, which is symbolically viewed as the<br />

meeting <strong>of</strong> Tariel and Nestan. Thus, the author thinks that <strong>Rustaveli</strong> represents the astrological nature <strong>of</strong> Saturn<br />

and Jupiter and their meeting as the symbol <strong>of</strong> the characters' changeable fate, their qualities, triumphant love<br />

and kindness, re-establishment <strong>of</strong> harmony and unity.<br />

qristianuli mrwamsi `hamletsa~ da `vefxistyaosanSi~<br />

lia gugunava<br />

Seqspiri Tavis mrwamss `hamletSi~, umTavresad, hamletis piriT gamoTqvams. hamlets<br />

swams, rom RmerTi keTili, mwalobeli da adamianis xelisSemwyobia yovelgvar sasikeTo saqmeSi,<br />

rasac qveviT magaliTebiT davasabuTebT. amave dros icis, rom RmerTma adamians Tavisufali<br />

arCevanis neba misca, radgan adamiani RmerTis xatia, TviTonac RvTiuri TvisebebiT aris<br />

dajildovebuli da farTo asparezi aqvs damoukideblad imoqmedos.<br />

radganac `hamletidan~ citatebi mecnieruli TvalszrisiT momyavs da filos<strong>of</strong>iurreligiur<br />

sakiTxebze Seqspiris tragediasa da <strong>rusTavelis</strong> poemas Soris paralelebs vavlebT,<br />

hamletis mxatvrul Targmans ver daveyrdnobiT. garda amisa, maCablis mier adeqvaturi da<br />

mxatvruli Sesatyvisebi originalis fonze ufro TvalsaCinod ikveTeba.<br />

hamletis daxasiaTebiT: `mSvenieri xelovnebaa adamiani: WkuiT didebuli, sruli<br />

niWierebiT, agebulebiT axovani, mixvra-moxvriT saocari, saqmiT swori angelozisa,<br />

gonierebiT RvTisa — da es Tvali qveynisa...~ (Seqspiri 1954: II, 2; 89-90).<br />

aseTia adamiani renesansuli TvalsazrisiT.<br />

`in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god"<br />

(Shakespeare, 1978) (II, 2) p. 121<br />

e. i. adamiani moqmedebiT angelozis sworia, xolo swavliT, gagebiT, aTvisebis unariT (in<br />

apprehension) RmerTis daria.<br />

samebis meore pirze (`Zali~) qristeze <strong>rusTavelis</strong> `vefxistyaosnis~ 792 str<strong>of</strong>Si<br />

naTqvamia: `vin ars Zali uxilavi Semwed yovlTa miwierTad~. rogorc viciT, qristea Suamavali<br />

mama-RmerTsa da miwier samyaros Soris. mas miwiereba mokvdavTa Semweoba. amgvarad mama-<br />

RmerTi Zis saSualebiT axorcielebs adamianTa Semweobas. korneli kekeliZe RmerTis<br />

atributebs Soris gamoy<strong>of</strong>s RvTaebis iseT Tvisebebs, romlebic marto qristianobisaTvis<br />

aris damaxasiaTebeli: `zogi atributTagani zogadi xasiaTisaa, damaxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva<br />

religiuri sistemisa, magram aris iseTi, romelic qristianizmis specifikas Seadgens da sxva<br />

religiisaTvis ucxoa. aseTia idea RvTis saxierebisa, romelic gamoixateba imaSi, rom RmerTi<br />

aris `yovlisaTvis tkbilad mxedi~ da `tkbilad mwyalobeli~, keTili da siyvaruliT aRsavse<br />

iqamde, rom mudam mzadaa mis winaSe damnaSavesa da Secodebuls Seundos... es idea aris<br />

kuTvnileba qristianobisa, romelmac aseTi lozungi wamoayena `RmerTi siyvarul ars (I ioane,<br />

IV, 8,10)~ (kekeliZe 1979).<br />

hamletis TvalsazrisiT, mravalmxrivi niWiT dajildovebuli adamiani valdebulia<br />

Tavisi niWi gamoiyenos praqtikul saqmianobaSi. hamleti laparakobs adamianis did misiaze,<br />

moralur pasuxismgeblobaze, rac renesansuli humanizmis mixedviT RmerTma daakisra mas da<br />

xelsac uwyobs keTili zraxvebis aRsrulebaSi.<br />

What is a man,<br />

If the chief good and market <strong>of</strong> his time<br />

But to sleep and feed? A beast, no more.<br />

Sure he that made us with such large discourse,<br />

Looking before and after, gave us not<br />

That capability and godlike reason<br />

To fust in us unused (IV, 4) p. 213.<br />

66

qarTul TargmanSi vkiTxulobT:<br />

ra aris kaci, Tu igi Tavis kmay<strong>of</strong>ilebas<br />

Wamas da ZilSi hpoobs mxolod? mxecia sxva ra?<br />

vinc mogvaniWa Wkva-gonebis Sorsmxedveloba,<br />

Cagvaxedvina Cvens warsulsa da momavalSi,<br />

is ar mogvcemda am RvTaebrivs niWierebas,<br />

Tu sasargeblod moxmarebas ver SeviZlebdiT (IV,4) gv. 178.<br />

maCabels zedmiwevniT zustad aqvs gadmocemuli originalis azri, raSic ramdenime<br />

magaliTiT SegviZlia davrwmundeT.<br />

originalSi:<br />

Sure he that made us with such large discourse.<br />

discourse - msjeloba, didi gaqaneba, gagebis unari.<br />

large discourse maCabelTan aris: Wkva-gonebis Sors-mxedveloba.<br />

godlike reason RmerTis msgavsi goniereba maCabelTan asea gadmotanili: RvTaebrivi<br />

niWiereba.<br />

Seqspiri hamletis piriT kiTxulobs: gana SeiZleboda aseTi RvTaebrivi niWi, udidesi<br />

gaqaneba, RmerTis mier boZebuli, dagveobebina gamouyeneblobiT? (to fust in us unused).<br />

maCabelTan: Tu sasargeblod moxmarebas ver SeviZlebdiT.<br />

adamiani dramaturgs renesansuli gagebiT rom aqvs warmodgenili, amaSi inglisuri<br />

teqstis komentarebic SegviZlia davimowmoT. tragediis redaqtori aseT ganmartebas<br />

gvTavazobs: `The description insists that man is excellent both in power <strong>of</strong> his reason and his ability to act. Both his<br />

mind and his body are therefore involved to make him the model and touchstone <strong>of</strong> perfection for the animal<br />

Kingdom. For Hamlet the intelect alone is not enough~ (p. 120).<br />

mocemuli teqstis <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmania: `es aRwera daJinebiT amtkicebs, rom adamiani<br />

SesaniSnavia rogorc gonebrivi ZaliT, ise moqmedebis unariT. adamiani Tavisi gonebrivi da<br />

fizikuri monacemebiT, aris nimuSi da kriteriumi cxovelTa samyarosi. hamletisaTvis<br />

mxolod inteleqti sakmarisi ar aris~.<br />

hamleti Tvlis, rom RmerTma adamians RvTaebrivi goniereba da gansjis unari imitom<br />

misca, rom sasargeblo saqmes moaxmaros. es ki imas niSnavs, RmerTi moqmedebisaken ubiZgebs<br />

adamians da farulad xelsac umarTavs.<br />

igive azria gatarebuli `vefxistyaosnis~ 792-e str<strong>of</strong>Si, sadac avTandili Tavis rwmenas<br />

gamoxatavs.<br />

vin dambada, SeZlebaca manve momca Zlevad mterTad,<br />

vin ars Zali uxilavi Semwed yovlTa miwierTad.<br />

am str<strong>of</strong>Si `vin~ nacvalsaxelSi RmerTia nagulisxmevi. SevadaroT hamletis sityvebi:<br />

Sure he that made us with such large discourse...<br />

gave us not<br />

that capability and godlike reason.<br />

he - RmerTia, Semqmneli.<br />

zviad gamsaxurdiam yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom vefxistyaosanSi~ (str. 792) samebaa<br />

moxseniebuli. `TvalsaCinoa, rom saubaria pirovnul RmerTze (`vin~). am pirovnuli RmerTis<br />

Sesaxeb sami ram aris naTqvami: 1. igi aris `dambadebeli~, 2. igi aris Zali uxilavi, Semwe yovlTa<br />

miwierTad~. 3. igi sazRvars dausazRvrebs~...RvTis pirveli hipostasi anu mama... rogorc<br />

dambadebeli, dasabami, arsTa mizezi~. zviad gamsaxurdia imowmebs petre iberis da maqsime<br />

aRmsareblis gansazRvrebebs. maqsime aRmsareblis `WeSmarit aRsarebaSi~ mama-RmerTze<br />

naTqvamia: `cisa da qveynisa da zRvisa da yovelTa xilulTa da uxilavTa... Semoqmedsa da<br />

dambadebelsa, romelman dabadna piruelad zecisa Zalni da mxedrobani beureulni<br />

auracxelni, sityviT dabadna da suliTa wmidiTa srul hyvna~. qristeze anu Zeze mkvlevari<br />

Semdegnair cnobebs gvawvdis: `rac Seexeba Zes. samebis meore pirs... RvTismetyvelebaSi misi<br />

saxelia `Zali uxilavi~. ase uwodebs mas mTeli qristianuli literatura pavle mociqulidan<br />

rusTvelamde... vinaidan meore hipostasi, Ze, is aspeqtia, romliTac RmerTi uSualod<br />

ukavSirdeba qmnadobas, istoriul process da monawileobs mis ganviTarebaSi~ (gamsaxurdia<br />

1984: 49-50).<br />

qarTul qristianul literaturaSi xSiria RmerTis moxsenieba nacvalsaxeliT<br />

`romelman~. `vefxistyaosnis~ pirvel str<strong>of</strong>Si vkiTxulobT:<br />

67

omelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa miT ZlieriTa,<br />

zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna zeciT monaberiTa,<br />

Cven, kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa,<br />

misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa mis mieriTa.<br />

rusTvelologiaSi es str<strong>of</strong>i gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens: `romelman~ samyaros<br />

Semqmneli qristianuli RmerTia, is `erTi~ RmerTi, romelSic winaswar igulisxmeba misi<br />

sameba... es erTi sameba igive `uxilavi Zalia~, sampirovani, romlis erTi wevric (meore piri)<br />

qristea. es RmerTi mnaTobTa miRma, empireumSi `zegardmo arsTa~ anu angelozebs maRla `zis~<br />

da igi `sazRvrebs dausazRvrebs~ am ukanasknelT~ (gawerelia 1970: 7-8).<br />

zviad gamsaxurdias mtkicebiT `romelman~ mama RmerTis aRmniSvneli nacvalsaxelia. igi<br />

qristianuli literaturiT asabuTebs Tavis mosazrebas: `romelman~ xsenebul konteqstSic da<br />

rusTavelTanac upiratesad niSnavs mama RmerTs, pirvel pirs qristianuli samebisas...<br />

qristianul Tvalsazriss Sesaqmis procesi warmoudgenia mTliani samebis namoqmedarad,<br />

romelic, marTalia, erTi arsiT, erTi nebiT, erTi ganzraxviT qmnis samyaros, magram calkeul<br />

pirTa roli amave dros sxvadasxvanairia... eWvs ar iwvevs, rom saRmrTo werilSi, himnografiaSi<br />

moxseniebuli RmerTi `romelman sibrZniT dahbadna cani da Seqmna qveyana~, `romelman<br />

dasabamsa dahbadna saRmrToTa ZaliTa, sibrZniT wamisy<strong>of</strong>iTa araraisgan arsad...~ `romelman<br />

dasabamsa qmna caÁ da qveyanaÁ~ da a.S. mama RmerTia... sityva `Zali~ ki aq niSnavs Ze RmerTs... es<br />

aris mamis samoqmedo iaraRi SesaqmeSi... hromaelTa mimarT epistoleSi pavle mociquli<br />

miuTiTebs, rom ... es Zali maradiulia, vinaidan igi Tavad RvTaebaa~ (gamsaxurdia 1984: 25-27).<br />

humanisturi azrovneba Tvlis, rom RmerTi mowyalec aris da sastikic. borotebis<br />

mimarT daundobelia.<br />

saRvTo werilSi naTqvamia, rom `Surs miagebs ufali Tavis mowinaaRmdegeT da javrs ar<br />

SearCens Tavis mtrebs... sulgrZelia ufali da didZalovani, dausjels aravis gauSvebs...<br />

keTilia ufali _ cixe-simagre gasaWirSi da cnobs Tavis moimedeT. movardnil niaRvariviT<br />

walekavs mis adgils da Tavis mtrebs Carekavs wyvdiadSi~ (naumi 1,2-6).<br />

rodesac hamlets SemTxveviT poloniusi Semoakvdeba, amaSi is zecis Carevas xedavs.<br />

vwuxvar, rom me es Semomakvda, magram etyoba,<br />

ase ganages zecis ZalTa, me aRmirCies<br />

Tavis bWed da ganzraxvisa aRmasruleblad,<br />

am kaciT msajes da mec igiv damasjevines (III, 4, gv. 161).<br />

hamleti, renesansis epoqis humanisti, drois adeqvaturad gamoirCeva inteleqtiTa da<br />

maRali moraliT. mwerlis Sexedulebebi samyaroze, adamianze, mis valze mTlianad qristianul<br />

zneobazea damyarebuli, rac ixateba sruly<strong>of</strong>ilebisaken swrafvis, borotebis daTrgunvis<br />

qadagebaSi.<br />

hamleti sxvadasxva SemTxvevebTan kavSirSi exeba sulis ganwmendis sakiTxs da yvelgan<br />

srul SesabamisobaSia bibliur gagebasTan. magaliTad, bibliaSi vkiTxulobT: `Tu vityviT, rom<br />

ara gvaqvs codva, Cvens Tavs vacdunebT, da WeSmariteba es aris CvenSi Tu vaRiarebT Cvens<br />

codvebs, sarwmunoa da marTali, raTa mogvitevos codvebi da yovelgvari usamarTlobisgan<br />

gagvwmindos Cven~. (pirveli ioanesi, 1,8-9).<br />

dedasTan scenaSi hamleti Rrma rwmenas gamoxatavs, rom adamiani Tavis codvas Tu<br />

moinaniebs, RmerTi mas miutevebs.<br />

igi dedas eubneba:<br />

And when you are desirous to be blest,<br />

I' II blessing beg <strong>of</strong> you (III, 4) p. 197.<br />

desirous to be blest aseTi komentari aqvs darTuli:<br />

maCablis TargmanSi:<br />

anxious to obtain God's blessing through repentance<br />

didi survili RvTis wyalobas miaRwio monaniebis gziT.<br />

da Tu survili guls aRgeZra daglocos vinmem,<br />

me TviT moviTxov, dedaCemo, Sengan dalocvas (III, 4, gv. 101).<br />

rodesac ded<strong>of</strong>ali ekiTxeba hamlets, veRara mcnobo, is pasuxobs:<br />

kargad gicnob, jvars geficebi (gv. 152).<br />

68

originalSia: No, by the rood, not so. p. 185<br />

`rood~ niSnavs jvars, jvarcmas.<br />

SeniSvnebSi axsnilia `cross <strong>of</strong> Christ qristes jvari~. e.i. hamlets qristes jvari aqvs<br />

saficavad. hamleti Tavis megobrebs, romlebic aCrdilis gamoCenis mowmeni gaxdnen, jvarze<br />

aficebs.<br />

Hamlet _ Never to speak <strong>of</strong> this that you have seen,<br />

Swear by my sword. p. 87.<br />

hamlet _ daificeT, rom<br />

aravis uTxraT, raca naxeT. xmalze ificeT. (I, 5) gv.52-59.<br />

originalSi xmals (sword) aseTi komentari aqvs darTuli: `The hilt <strong>of</strong> the sword forms a cross and<br />

can therefore bind the conscience <strong>of</strong> men who are soldiers and christians. Hamlet does not rely merely on their word<br />

but insists on a formal oath. An oath to bind the conscience migth be invalid if sworn with the delil a party to it~. p.<br />

86.<br />

qarTulad iqneba: xmlis tari qmnis jvars da SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos imaSi, rom qristianma<br />

jariskacebma fici ar gatexon. hamleti sityvaze ar endoba da maTgan moiTxovs formalur<br />

daficebas. jvarze daficeba eSmakis cdunebisgan ixsnis maT, Tuki eSmakia Careuli.<br />

wmida efrem asuri ase warmogvisaxavs jvaris mniSvnelobas: `juari sacoÁ ars<br />

qristeaneTaÁ... juari mcveli ars megobarTaÁ... juari sinaTle ars bnelsa Sina msxdomareTaÁ...<br />

juari sibrZne ars RmrTis moSiSebisaÁ... juariTa mZle veqmeniT eSmaksa... juari ars Zal da<br />

macxovar da naTel Cuenda~ (swavlani 2002: 283,284).<br />

jvars swored amgvari qristianuli gageba udevs safuZvlad hamletis warmosaxvaSi,<br />

rodesac is megobrebs daJinebiT sTxovda jvarze daeficaT.<br />

`vefxistyaosanSi~ jvari metonimiurad (erTi sityvis meoreTi Secvla) aris<br />

moxseniebuli, romelsac azrobrivi datvirTva akisria. avTandilis vedrebas RmerTisadmi<br />

`zRvis Relva ganmarideo~ rusTvelologi nestan sulava aseT axsnas urTavs: `literaturaSi<br />

zRva Cveulebrivi metaforaa. igi cxovrebas, `cxovrebiseul zRvas~ gulisxmobs... SeiZleba<br />

ivaraudo, rom zRva unda gadasero xomaldiT, romelic simbolurad eklesias da qristes<br />

jvars niSnavs~ (sulava 1999: 112).<br />

mkvlevari siRrmiseulad ganixilavs avTandilis Txovnas da Sig gmiris saSvelad<br />

eklesiisa da qristes jvaris Zalas ganWvritavs. amdenad aris zRva qristes jvaris aRmniSvneli<br />

sityva, razedac gmiri imedebs amyarebs.<br />

hamleti aramarto jvris mniSvnelobas afasebs, aramed saerTod, sarwmunoebas scems<br />

Tayvans. did rols aniWebs mas adamianis zneobrivi simtkicis mosapoveblad.<br />

hamleti dedas bralsa debs qmris sikvdilSi monawileobisaTvis:<br />

hamlet _ es TiTqmis igiv codvaa,<br />

viT mefis mokvla da qmrad imis Zmis SerTva. (III, 4, gv.152).<br />

mas unda hertrudaSi sindisi gamoaRviZos, im SemTxvevaSi<br />

Tu borotebam SeCveulma, zeciT gmobilma<br />

eg ar gardahqmna miudgomel, ugrZnobel zRuded! (gv.152).<br />

da Semdeg Tvalwin uxatavs borotebiT gamowveul dakninebis suraTs:<br />

egeTi saqme Cirqsa scxebs TviT umankoebas,<br />

uspobs morcxvobis siwiTlesa, Svenebas uspobs;<br />

farisevlobis saxelsa sdebs saTnoebasa...<br />

col-qmarT pirobas moTamaSeT cru fics amsgavsebs,<br />

auqmebs srulad qorwinebis wmida uRelsa,<br />

sarwmunoebas, sasos da tkbils fuye sityvad hxdis.<br />

oh, magvar saqmiT zecis saxe risxviT elvarebs<br />

da ese myari deda-miwac SeWmuxvnilia<br />

da naRvliani, TiTqos iyos dRe gankiTxvisa. (gv.154).<br />

hamletis es sityvebi mravalmxriv ipyrobs Cvens yuradRebas. jer es erTi, aq Cans<br />

hamletis damokidebuleba qristianuli zneobisadmi, meorec, exmianeba renesansis<br />

filos<strong>of</strong>iur gagebas zena da qvena samyaros erTianobaze, amasTan erTad gamoyenebulia<br />

qristianuli terminebi `gankiTxvis dRe~ against the doom. 188, rac SeniSvnebSi axsnilia before the<br />

day <strong>of</strong> judgement gankiTxvis wina dRe.<br />

69

`zecis saxe~ `Haven's face~ aseTi komentari aqvs darTuli: `the sun~ `mze~. rogorc<br />

cnobilia ezoterul qristianobaSi mze miCneulia qristes xatad. aseTi miniSneba ramdenime<br />

adgilas gvxvdeba `hamletSi~. mamis portretis daxatvisas, hamleti mis Tmas adarebs<br />

`hiperionis kululebs~. romelsac aseTi axsna erTvis: `hair like the sun's~ Tma waagavs mzes. (III,4, gv.<br />

188).<br />

sxva adgilas hiperionTan dakavSirebiT wignis redaqtori aleqsanderi aRniSnavs: `the<br />

name is freguently use it as a title for the sun" (am saxels Seqspiri xSirad iyenebs mzis aRsaniSnavad) mze<br />

qristes epiTetad aris miCneuli rogorc dasavleTis, ise aRmosavleTis RvTismetyvelebaSi.<br />

`hamleti~ `zecis saxe~ anu `mze~, RmerTze migviTiTvebs. mocemul konteqstSi hamlets `mzeSi~<br />

warmoudgenelia mnaTobi egulisxma, radganac is cdilobs dedas Tvali auxilos, rac misi<br />

sulieri aRdgenis dasawyisi iqneboda. amisaTvis mamas adarebs biZas. mamas warmosaxavs<br />

hiperionis (mzis, xelovnebis da silamazis RvTaeba) didebuli aRnagobiTa da TvisebebiT, xolo<br />

biZas avxorc satirs adarebs, metaforulad ki `myral Waobad~ saxavs. mzis simbolo ratom<br />

dasWirdeboda mwerals, azris matarebeli rom ar y<strong>of</strong>iliyo. mzeSi Seqspirma ganWvrita qriste<br />

da amiT gagvagebina, rom y<strong>of</strong>ili mefe RvTaebrivi sruly<strong>of</strong>ilebiT RmerTTan iyo<br />

miaxlovebuli. Seqspiri am azrs tragediaSi egzoteruladac gamoxatavs, xolo `mzes~-Tan<br />

dakavSirebiT azris gamosaTqmelad farul simbolur gzas irCevs. radganac mze, rogorc<br />

qristes xateba, saidumloebad iyo miCneuli. rusTavelTan meti saSualeba gveZleva qristes<br />

mzesTan kavSiri ufro srulad gavarkvioT. rusTvelologiaSi mecnierTa Soris erT-erT<br />

mniSvnelovan sakiTxad aris miCneuli da amis irgvliv kvleva didi xania mimdinareobs.<br />

`ezoteruli qristianobis erT-erTi umTavresi debulebaa Ze RmerTis, logosis, qristes<br />

kavSiri mze-mnaTobTan, ramdenadac qriste aris mzis suli... qristesTan ki uSualod aris<br />

dakavSirebuli gangeba... am mzes `xatad RmrTisad ityvian filos<strong>of</strong>osni winani~, vinaidan Ze<br />

RmerTi, erTi mxriv identuria Tavisi bunebiT mzianisa Ramisa, erT-arsebisa, erTisa, mis<br />

uJamosa Jamisa, xolo Tavisi piriseuli aspeqtiT, hipostasiT, ganmzevebiT da gankacebiT<br />

gansxvavdeba sxva pirebisagan da aris `xati RmrTisa uxilavisa~, rogorc mas uwodebs pavle<br />

mociquli~ (gamsaxurdia 1984: 134).<br />

zviad gamsaxurdias mohyavs wmida mamebis gamonaTqvami saidumloebebis Sesaxeb. moviyvan<br />

zogierT mosazrebas, rac amJamad CvenTvis saWiroa. basili didi: `eklesiaSi arsebuli<br />

dogmatebidan da qadagebebidan zogierTi gvaqvs saRvTo werilis moZRvrebebSi, xolo<br />

zogierTi gadmocemuli gvaqvs saidumlod, miciqulTa tradiciiT~. wmida kirile<br />

ierusalimeli: `saxarebis mosmenis ufleba yvelas aqvs, magram maxaroblobis dideba mxolod<br />

qristes mociqulebs... warmarTebs ar uqadageben saidumlo moZRvrebas mamaze, Zeze da<br />

suliwmindaze... saidumloebebze vsaubrobT bundovnad, bevr rameze gadataniT mivaniSnebT~.<br />

grigol RvTismetyveli: `erT-erTi saidumlo iyo is, rom qriste aris `mze-mnaTobis suli~<br />

(135) zviad gamsaxurdia: `rac Seexeba qristes, igi yvelgan ixsenieba rogorc mze, magram arsad<br />

rogorc mziani Rame. piriqiT, xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom igi ubindo mzea~ (gamsaxurdia 1984:<br />

145).<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ 836-e str<strong>of</strong>Si vkiTxulobT:<br />

he, mzeo, vin xatad gTqves mzianisa Ramisad,<br />

erT-arsebisa erTisa, mis uJamosa Jamisad.<br />

rusTvelologiaSi am str<strong>of</strong>ma azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. gansakuTrebiT sadao<br />

gaxda oqsimoronebi: `mziani Ramisa~ da `uJamo Jamis~gageba.<br />

zurab kiknaZe eyrdnoba ioane maxaroblis sityvebs da am str<strong>of</strong>s Semdegnairad xsnis: `da<br />

naTeli igi bnelsa Sina naTobs da bneli igi mas ver ewia~. asea gadmocemuli ioanes mier qristes<br />

movlinebis faqti, xolo <strong>rusTavelis</strong> enaze igi amgvarad gamoiTqmoda: `da mze igi Ramisa Sina~<br />

naTobs da Rame igi mas ver ewia~. mociqulisa da Cveni poetis simbolikaSi naTeli da mze<br />

qristes simboloebia, xolo bneli da Rame _ s<strong>of</strong>lis, wuTi-s<strong>of</strong>lisa... rusTaveli ambobs, rom<br />

mze xatia mzianisa Ramisa, anu s<strong>of</strong>lad movlinebuli qristes xati. asea gadmocemuli<br />

<strong>rusTavelis</strong> poetur TqmaSi qristes saxeli~ (kiknaZe 1967).<br />

zurab kiknaZis TvalsazrisiT, rusTaveli qristes simboloebiT warmosaxavs `ezoTerul<br />

qristianizmSi mze qristes realur simbolod iTvleba... 836-e str<strong>of</strong>Si qristes Sesaxeb<br />

naTqvamia:<br />

1. igia naTeli bnelSi (s<strong>of</strong>lad: `s<strong>of</strong>elsa Sina iyo~) movlinebuli (`mziani Rame~).<br />

2. igia erTarseba erTisa (RmerTisa). misi bunebis ziari.<br />

3. igia gankacebuli RmerTi, orbunebovani (`uJamo Jamieri~).<br />

aq uaRresi lakoniurobiT aris gadmocemuli qristianuli rwmenis sami umniSvnelovanesi<br />

momenti (kiknaZe, 1967).<br />

akaki gawerelia `mzis~ gagebas ukavSirebs 836-e str<strong>of</strong>Si naxseneb oqsimoronebs `mzian<br />

Ramesa~ da `uJamo Jams~. `avTandili Tavis anderZSi mimarTavs mzes, rogorc `mziani Ramis~anu<br />

qristes xats, im qristes, romelic samebis (erT-arsebis) erTi wevria (rogorc `uJamo Jamis~anu<br />

70

dausabamo saRmrTo sityva, moqceuli `JamSi~, e. i. droebiT gankacebuli `aRvsebis~ dros rom<br />

isev daubrunda Tavis ipostass)~ (gawerelia 1970: 7-8).<br />

zurab kiknaZisa da akaki gawerelias TvalsazrisiT, `mziani Rame~ da `uJamo Jami~<br />

saRvTismetyvelo literaturidan gamomdinare SinaarsiT qristes gulisxmoben. agreTve maT<br />

erTarsebis erTSi qriste ganWvrites.<br />

aseT gagebas safuZveli daudo vaxtang meeqvsem.<br />

`erTarsebisagan erTi xom qriste aris da qristes exveweba da aqebs visac cierni erTis<br />

wamis y<strong>of</strong>iT gmorCilebso. me beds nu miqceo da Cems cols Semyareo... RmrTis xatad<br />

winaswarmetyvelni da filos<strong>of</strong>osni qristes ityvian. imas axvewebs avTandili miSvele rameo da<br />

TinaTinisa da imis moSorebas SesCivis~ (vasxtang meeqvse 1937).<br />

maia rafava iziarebs vaxtang meeqvsis ganmartebas da Tavis Sexedulebas asabuTebs<br />

qristes orbunebovnebaze dayrdnobiT, risTvisac igi iSveliebs `wyaroÁ codnisaÁs~.<br />

`erT-arsebis erTis~ qveS igulisxmeba qriste, Ze RmrTisa, samebidan erTi. am cnebis aseTi<br />

gageba SeiZleba gasagebi iyos amave taepSi momdevno cnebis — `uJamo Jamis~ ganmartebisaTvis...<br />

`uJamo Jami~ gamarTlebuli iqneba, Tu am RmerTis qveS vigulisxmebT qristes, romelSic ori<br />

buneba iyo SeerTebuli, romelic ori SobiT iSva. erTi Soba misi iyo mamisagan, mama<br />

RmerTisagan uJamod, droze adre, igi iSva, viTarca RmerTi. meore Soba ki iyo dedisagan. igi<br />

iSva viTarca kaci da es meore Soba moxda droSi. es faqti eWvmiutaneli qristianuli dogmaa.<br />

mivmarToT `wyaroÁ codnisaÁs~... `uJamo Jami~ aris qristeze miTiTeba~.<br />

amrigad, maia rafava miiCnevs, rom `erTarseba erTi~ niSnavs samebidan erTs~ anu qristes<br />

da `uJamo Jamic~ qristezea miTiTeba. igi gamoricxavs am cnebaSi samebis gagebas. `uJamo Jami~<br />

sapirispiro cnebebs moicavs: zedrouls da drouls. magram, es predikatebi SeuZlebelia<br />

erTbunebovan da samgvarovan RmerTs anu samebas mieweros. igi aris samebis erTi wevris,<br />

kerZod Ze RmerTis, qristes daxasiaTeba~ (rafava 1966: 116-117).<br />

zurab kiknaZe eTanxmeba mkvlevars Tavisi mosazrebis dasabuTebaSi, mxolod misTvis<br />

gaugebaria ratom dasWirda mas damaskelis damowmeba. `rafavam <strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> gamoTqmaSi<br />

`erTarsebisa erTisa~ qristes saxeli amoikiTxa da amis safuZvelze axsna meore bundovani Tqma<br />

e.w. oqsimoroni `uJamo Jami~. `uJamo Jamis~ axsnisas m. rafava ZiriTadad eyrdnoba ioane<br />

damaskelis `codnis wyaros~. ...zedmeti Cans neoplatonuri an areopagituli mistikis<br />

damowmeba, rodesac `mziani Ramis~ amosavali TviT qristianizmis pirvelwyaroSi SeiZleba<br />

amovikiTxoT~ (kiknaZe 1967).<br />

kalistrate cincaZe dasaxelebuli str<strong>of</strong>ebis Semdegnair axsnas gvTavazobs: `Rame<br />

mziani erTarsebaa. aq <strong>SoTa</strong>s SevyavarT Rame mzianis (RvTaebis) Sinagani arsebis SecnobaSi,<br />

ramdenadac es debuleba gamomuSavebuli iyo saqristiano literaturaSi. erTarseba ukve<br />

gulisxmobs RvTaebis sampirovnebas, samgvamovnebas... dausabamo da uJamo mziani Ramis erTerTi<br />

piri moevlina qveyanas, <strong>rusTavelis</strong> sityviT Jamisad. ras niSnavs es? imas, rasac aRniSnavs<br />

pirvelmowame stefane Semdegi sityvebiT: da viTarca moeaxla Jami im aRTqumisa (saq. moc. 7,17)<br />

an mociquli pavle: odes moiwia aRsasruli Jamisa, moavlina RmerTman Ze Tvisi (gal. 4,4), e.i.<br />

meore piri RvTaebisa ganxorcielda gansazRvrul drosa da Jamsa~ (ekaSvili 1966: 236).<br />

836-837-e str<strong>of</strong>ebSi <strong>rusTavelis</strong> gamoTqmuli azri ase esmis mkvlevars: `ufalo ieso<br />

qriste (mzeo), romeli filos<strong>of</strong>osTa, mociqulTa, ms<strong>of</strong>lioTa mamaTa da RvTismetyvelTa<br />

dagsaxes (gTqves) gansazRvrul dros (Jamierad) movlinebul xatad erTisa, erTarsebisa da<br />

dausabamoÁsa (uJamosa) samebisad (mzianisa Ramisad), bedsa nu miqcevo...~ (ekaSvili 1966: 237).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, mkvlevari `mzian Ramesa~ da `uJamo JamSi~ Wvrets samebas. qriste,<br />

rogorc samebis erT-erT wevri, gansazRvrul dros qveynad movlenili erTis xatia.<br />

rogorc moyvanilma citatebma dagvarwmuna zogierTi mecnieri `mzian Ramesa~, `uJamo<br />

JamSi~, `erTarseba erTSi~ qristes amoicnobs, zogierTi samebas. TiTqos amaSi winaaRmdegoba<br />

iqmneba im dros, rodesac yoveli maTgani isabuTebs wmida werilidan amonawerebs. kargad Tu<br />

CavukvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom aq winaaRmdegoba ki ar aris, aramed sakiTxisadmi midgomaa<br />

gansxvavebuli. Tavisi mxridan yvela marTalia, qristes orbunebovneba iwvevs sxvadasxvagvar<br />

axsnas.<br />

wmida maqsime aRmsarebeli qristes orbunebovnebaze saubrisas metad sayuradRebo<br />

miniSnebebs akeTebs. `mrwams erTi RmerTi mama uSobeli, da erTi Ze sityva RmrTisa, mamisagan<br />

Sobili; erTi suli wmida, mamisagan gamomavali, samgvamovani da RmrTeebiT ganuy<strong>of</strong>eli<br />

amisTvis vityviT samgvamovnebas da erTarsebas. RmrTeebis erT bunebas, rameTu zogadi ars<br />

samTave RmrTeeba da saRmrTo bunebis saxeni... ara samni RmerTni, rameTu erT ars RmerTi, erTi<br />

RmrTeeba sami Tanaarsi guamiT (CxeiZe 2004: 58)... Tavdapirvelad ufalma erTi nebiT, yovelive<br />

araraisgan dabada da ganagebs yovel arsebas da maT cxovrebas. gankacebis Semdeg ki<br />

saWiroebda sazrdelis da sasmelis miRebas... RvTaebrivi nebiT dabada yovelive araraisgan da<br />

ganagebs yoveli dabadebulis cxovrebas, xolo kacobrivi nebiT ki kacobriv saqmeebs<br />

aRasrulebda, radgan hqonda ori buneba da ori neba. wmida saxarebaSic xom weria: `xvalisa dRe<br />

unda galilead gansvlad~ (ioan. 4,3), sacnauria, rom galileaSi ar imy<strong>of</strong>eba da daapirebda iq<br />

Casvlas. es, ra Tqma unda, kacobrivi bunebiT da nebiT, RvTaebriviT ki yovelganmy<strong>of</strong>ia (CxeiZe<br />

2004: 62-63)... mociqulis sityvebiT Tu vimsjelebT, ufalma Tavad daadgina eklesiaSi:<br />

71

`pirvelad mociqulni, meored _ winaswar-metyvelni, mesamed _ moZRvarni~ (kor. 12,28).<br />

aSkaraa, rom maTi piriT saubrobs ufali. wmida werilis, wmida moRvaweTa cxovrebisa da<br />

saeklesio ganCinebis mixedviT vigebT, rom ufals ZaluZs imoqmedos, rogorc surs,<br />

RvTaebrivi an kacobrivi bunebiT (CxeiZe 2004: 73).<br />

maqsime aRmsareblis naazrevidan, aSkaraa, rom qriste RvTaebrivi bunebiT igive<br />

Tvisebebis da nebis mqonea, rogorc sameba, xolo kacobrivi bunebiT da nebiT s<strong>of</strong>lis<br />

cxovrebas ganagebs. ise rom, is rac samebas exeba, qristesac ekuTvnis.<br />

rusTvelologiaSi aRniSnulia is faqti, rom qristes orgvari bunebis gamo samebasTan<br />

msgavsebac aqvs, gansxvavebac. `Ze RmerTi, erTi mxriv, identuria Tavisi bunebiT mzianisa<br />

Ramisa, erTarsebisa erTisa, mis uJamosa Jamisa, xolo Tavisi piriseuli aspeqtiT, hipostasiT,<br />

ganmzevebiT da gankacebiT gansxvavdeba sxva pirebisagan da aris `xati RmrTisa uxilavisa~,<br />

rogorc mas uwodebs pavle mociquli~ (gamsaxurdia 1984: 134).<br />

manana gigineiSvili 836 str<strong>of</strong>is gamo davas aseT axsnas aZlevs: `erTarsebas erTi samebis<br />

Tvisebaze miuTiTebs da amdenad qristezec. radgan konteqstSi `erTarseba erTis~<br />

paralelurad warmodgenili `mziani Rame~ da `uJamo Jami~ samebis meore pirs, Zes gamoxatavs am<br />

konteqstSi. `erTarseba erTi~ SeiZleba gagebul iqnas uSualod qristeze miTiTebad, Tumca<br />

`erTarseba erTi~ aseve moicavs samebis danarCen pirTac~ (gigineiSvili 1968: 60).<br />

mkvlevari igive gagebiT ganixilavs vaxtang meeqvsis Tvalsazriss: `rac Seexeba vaxtang<br />

meeqvsis ganmartebas, romlis mixedviT `erTarseba erTi~ niSnavs samebis wevrTagan erTs _<br />

ieso qristes. aq unda SevniSnoT Semdegi: vaxtang meeqvsis ganmarteba ar ewinaaRmdegeba<br />

meore Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac erTarseba erTSi, sameba esmiT~.<br />

nestan sulava yuradRebas aqcevs saRvTo saxelebis sakiTxs da amasTan kavSirSi<br />

ganixilavs ~avTandilis locvaSi~ gmiris locvis mixedviT rogori RmerTia nagulisxmebi.<br />

`fsevdo dionise areopageli saRvTo saxelebSi or rigs gamoy<strong>of</strong>s: 1. arsobrivsa da 2.<br />

hipostasurs. arsobrivSi (`SeerTebulisa~) gulisxmobs im saxelebs, romlebiTac sameba<br />

erTarseba gamoixateba. hipostasurSi (`gany<strong>of</strong>ilisa~) ki TiToeuli hipostasis _ mama<br />

RmerTis, Ze RmerTisa da suli wmida RmerTis _ calke aRebul saxels. avTandilis locvaSi<br />

dasturdeba rogorc arsobrivi, ise hipostasuri saxelebi RmerTisa... avTandili locviT<br />

mimarTavs rogorc sameba erTarsebas, ... ise mama RmerTs, Ze RmerTs da suli wmidas... `RmerTi<br />

xmelTa da caTa~ arsobrivi saxelicaa da hipostasuric~ (sulava 1999: 107-108).<br />

`hamletSi~ Seqspiris qristianul TvalTaxedvas tragediis mTavari gmiris irgvliv<br />

my<strong>of</strong>i personaJebis gamonaTqvamebic adastureben. tragediis dasawyisSive laparakia aCrdilis<br />

gamoCenaze.<br />

horaciom aCrdilis movlineba CaTvala cudis mauwyeblad. gadmocemiT man icoda, rom<br />

keisris sikvdilis win mkvdrebi amovidnen Sesudrulebi, sisxlis wvima modioda da mze<br />

dabnelda, TiTqos samsjavros dRe damdgariyo. `dabnelda ise, TiTqos warRvnis dRe<br />

y<strong>of</strong>iliyo! exlac saSinel movlenaTa niSnebi moCans: cama da miwam piri misca dRes erTmaneTsa,<br />

rom gvauwyos Cven, rac moelis xalxs da qveyanas~ (Seqspiri 1954: I, 1, gv. 17).<br />

aq gamoTqmuli azri SeniSvnebSi Semdegnairad aris axsnili: `Eclipses <strong>of</strong> the sun or moon were<br />

considered especially bad omens. Doomsday is the christian day <strong>of</strong> judgement when Christ is said to come again to<br />

judge the living and the dead. Mathew (24,29) associated this with darkness in the sun and moon~. <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

Targmani: `mzis an mTvaris dabneleba iTvleboda gansakuTrebulad cudis momaswaveblad.<br />

samsjavros dRe (doomsday) aris qristianuli dRe gasamarTlebis, rodesac qriste meored<br />

modis cocxlebisa da mkvdrebis gasamarTleblad~. maTe 24,29 exmianeba amas imis gamo, rom aq<br />

naxsenebia mzisa da mTvaris dabneleba~.<br />

maTes saxarebaSi naTqvamia: `xolo meyseulad Semdgomad Wirisa mis maT dReTaÁsa mze<br />

dabneldes, da mTovareman ara gamosces naTeli TÂsi, da varskulavni damocÂen zeciT, da Zalni<br />

caTani SeiZrnen~ (maTe 24,29). exmianeba agreTve lukas sityvebs: `da dabnelda mze, da ganipo<br />

kretsabmeli taZrisaÁ mis Soris~ (luka 23,45).<br />

tragediaSi aCrdili Tumc mistikur xasiaTs ar atarebs, pirobiTia, misi funqciaa<br />

hamlets Seatyobinos borotmoqmedebis faqti da misgan moiTxovos SurisZieba; magram<br />

aCrdilTan dakavSirebiT mravali religiuri azria gamoTqmuli, religiuri saidumloebebi,<br />

gvacnobs mTavari gmiris garemos _ ra rwmeniT aris xalxi gamsWvaluli. mwerali, rogorc<br />

mravali magaliTiT davrwmundiT, xSirad iyenebs bibliur TxzulebebSi gatarebul<br />

qristianul gagebas. mravaljer asaxelebs mzes, romelSic qristes gulisxmobs. marcelusi<br />

axsenebs kviradRes `sunday~, romelsac aseTi komentari erTvis: `the Cristianday <strong>of</strong> rest~ (dasvenebis<br />

qristianuli dRe).<br />

wmida mama efrem asuri kvira dRes mraval mniSvnelovan movlenasTan akavSirebs,<br />

romelTagan gansakuTrebul adgils uTmobs qristes movlinebas: `dResa kviriakesa kaci RmerT<br />

iqmna, dResa kviriakesa kaci iqmna Ze RmrTisa... dRe kÂriake dRe RmrTisaÁ ars, romelsa Sina<br />

momaval ars qriste mjdomare RrubelTa zeda cisaTa da beWTa zeda angelozTasa da niSi misi<br />

winaSe missa, romel ars juari patiosani~ (swavlani 2002: 282-283).<br />

72

horacio ambobs,rom roca ganTiadzed mamali yivis, iRviZebs `dRis RmerTi~ (god <strong>of</strong> day),<br />

marcelusi ki amtkicebs, rom rodesac macxovris dabadebis dRe dgeba, mamali mTeli Rame<br />

yiviso.<br />

horacios sityvebidan CvenTvis sainteresoa gamoTqma `dRis RmerTi~ (`god <strong>of</strong> day~),<br />

romelic SeniSvnebSi asea axsnili: `god <strong>of</strong> day apollo, the sun god~. `dRis RmerTi~ da `mzis dRe~<br />

orive migvaniSnebs qristeze.<br />

rogorc ukve gavarkvieT, rusTvelologiaSi safuZvlianad aris dasabuTebuli mze<br />

RmerTis xati, qriste mzis suli da a.S. zviad gamsaxurdias mtkicebiT `836-837-e str<strong>of</strong>ebis<br />

konteqstSi sulieri xati igulisxmeba, vinaidan bedis Secvla, moajeoba, qristiani avtoris<br />

TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba mxolod aseT xatze iyos damokidebuli... specialistebis azriT,<br />

saxarebaSi qristes da misi 12 mociqulis moqmedebebi Seesabamebian mzis gzas 12 zodiaqoSi,<br />

ramdenadac qriste aris mzis suli, xolo mociqulebi zodiaqur sulebs ganasaxiereben.<br />

SemTxveviTi rodia, rom aRdgomis dRed kviraa miCneuli, rogorc `mzis dRe~ (gamsaxurdia 1984:<br />

139-140).<br />

es adgili imisaTvis moviyvaneT, rom kidev erTxel gaesvas xazi qrsitianuli gagebebis<br />

msgavs miniSnebebs.<br />

aseTive sayuradRebo aluziebia gamoTqmuli marcelusis sityvebSi qristes<br />

misaniSneblad. redaqtori aleqsanderi tyuilad ar SeniSnavs, rom horacio rogorc swavluli<br />

klasikur yaidaze msjelobs, marcelusi ki jariskaci qristianul interpretacias iZleva.<br />

marcelusis gamonaTqvams mTlianad moviyvan.<br />

some say that ever 'gainst that season comes<br />

Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated<br />

This bird <strong>of</strong> dawning singeth all night long,<br />

And then, they say, no spirit dare stir abroad,<br />

The nights are wholesome, then no planets strike,<br />

No fairy takes, nor witch hath power to charm,<br />

So hallowed and so gracious is that time. (I, 1, p. 41, 43).<br />

maCablis Targmani:<br />

zogni amboben, rom mamali mTel Rames hyivis,<br />

roca dgebao dRe macxovris dabadebisa.<br />

verc erTi suli maSin gareT ver ivlis Turme;<br />

mTeli Ramea uSiSari da dalocvili,<br />

aRarc kudians aqvs ram Zala, arc jadosnobas (I, 1, gv.19).<br />

originalSi `season~ niSnavs Sobis Tormet dRes. komentarebSi axsnilia: The twelve days <strong>of</strong><br />

Christinas.<br />

`saviour~ qarTulad aris macxovari anu qriste. `saxeli `ieso~ berZnuli ar aris, aramed<br />

ebraulia da TargmanSi `macxovars~ niSnavs, rameTu sityviT `iao~ (iaw) ebraelebi xsnas,<br />

cxovrebas gamoxataven~ (saxareba 2003: 3).<br />

amgvarad, `hamletsa~ da `vefxistyaosanSi~ gmirTa mrwamsi imaSi gamoixateba, rom maT<br />

swamT RmerTis sikeTe, mwyalobloba, rac qristianobisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. sjeraT, rom<br />

RmerTi xels umarTavs Rirseul adamianebs saqmeSi da samarTlian brZolaSi amarjvebinebs.<br />

hamletma rom moRalate amxanagebi daamarcxa, darwmunebulia, rom amaSi mas RmerTi daexmara.<br />

avTandilma mekobreebTan brZolaSi gamarjveba rom moipova, amaSi man gangebis Semweoba<br />

ganWvrita. gmirTa mrwamsi simboluradac aris gamoxatuli. mze `hamletSi~ qristes simbolod<br />

aris miCneuli da azrobrivi datvirTva akisria. `vefxistyaosanSi~ mzis qristesTan kavSiri<br />

ufro rTuli da mravalferovania da azrTa sxvadasxvaobis gamomwvevia.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

gamsaxurdia 1984: gamsaxurdia z. `vefxistxyaosani~ inglisur enaze. Tb.: 1984.<br />

gawerelia 1970: gawerelia a. <strong>rusTavelis</strong> mxatvrul-filos<strong>of</strong>iuri azrovnebis zogierTi sakiTxi. Jurnali<br />

ciskari, Tb.: 1970.<br />

gigineiSvili 1968: gigineiSvili m. mziani Rame. vefxistyaosnisa da qristianuli ms<strong>of</strong>lxedvelobis zogi<br />

sakiTxi. wignSi: Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis sakiTxebi. III, Tb.: 1968.<br />

ekaSvili 1966: ekaSvili k. (kalistrate cincaZe). `vefxistyaosnis~ avtoris ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobisaTvis. <strong>SoTa</strong><br />

rusTaveli. Tb.: 1966.<br />

vaxtang meeqvse 1937: vaxtang meeqvse `vefistyaosnis~ ganmarteba. vaxtangiseuli gamocema. 1712.<br />

aRdgenilia akaki SaniZis mier. Tb.: 1937.<br />

kekeliZe 1979: kekeliZe k. <strong>SoTa</strong> rusTaveli da misi `vefxistyaosani~ Tb.: 1979.<br />

kiknaZe 1967: kiknaZe z. Sesaxeb `mzianisa Ramisa~. gaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo, 36, Tb.: 1967.<br />

rafava 1966: rafava m. vefxistyaosnis zogi adgilis gagebisaTvis. <strong>SoTa</strong> rusTaveli. wignSi: istoriulfilos<strong>of</strong>iuri<br />

Ziebani. Tb.: 1966.<br />

rusTaveli 1951: rusTaveli S. vefxistyaosani. al. baramiZis, k. kekeliZis, a. SaniZis redaqciiT. Tb.: 1951.<br />

73

saxareba 2003: netar Te<strong>of</strong>ilaqte bulgareli. maTes saxarebis ganmarteba. Tb.: 2003.<br />

sulava 1999: sulava n. locva avTandilisa. literaturuli Ziebani. XX, Tb.: 1999.<br />

swavlani 2002: wmida mamaTa swavlani. moskovis wmida giorgis <strong>qarTuli</strong> eklesia. 2002.<br />

Seqspiri 1954: Seqspiri u. tragediebi. II. inglisuridan Targmna ivane maCabelma. redaqtori givi<br />

gaCeCilaZe. Tb.: 1954.<br />

Seqspiri 1978: Shakespeare, Hamlet, Edited by Nigel Alexander Senior Lecturer in English, University <strong>of</strong> Nottinham, Macmilian<br />

Edication, 1978.<br />

CxeiZe 2004: CxeiZe a. (redaqtori). wmida maqsime aRmsareblis cxovreba. gamosacemad moamzada ana CxeiZem.<br />

cagerisa da lentexis eparqia. 2004.<br />

Christian Belief in `Hamlet~ and `Vepkhistkaosani~<br />

Summary<br />

Lia Gugunava<br />

In Hamlet and Vepkhistkaosani the christian belief <strong>of</strong> heroes is expressed from their comprehension <strong>of</strong><br />

God. They are sure thet the God is favourable, gracious and kind. Such point <strong>of</strong> view about God and his will<br />

proves their christian understanding <strong>of</strong> God. They are sure God's providence helps worthy men in their deeds<br />

and in the just struggle. Hamlet defeating his traitor friends, was sure God helped him. When Avthandil fought<br />

<strong>of</strong>f pirates, in his win he considered that the omnipotent God protected him. In Hamlet the sun is the Simbol <strong>of</strong><br />

Christ and has the semantic load. In Vepkhistkaosani the sun is in connection with Christ is more significant,<br />

manysideded, various and is axplained variously.<br />

74

XIX saukune _ epoqa da piteratura<br />

julieta gaboZe<br />

qarTveli mecenatebi da akakis sicocxlis bolodroindeli<br />

gamocemebi<br />

`am naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi ori patara tomis meti ar gamosula maSin, roca<br />

ramdenime aTeuli mainc unda gamocemuliyo~ _ werda gulnakluli akaki wereTeli 1902 wels.<br />

rogorc Cans, sicocxlis miwurulsac ver aixdina sanukvari ocneba: erTad Seekriba da<br />

gamoeqveynebina Tavisi nawerebis mravaltomeuli. akakis es sityvebi zustad SegviZlia<br />

gavimeoroT dResac, erTi saukunis Semdeg.<br />

akakis TxzulebaTa TxuTmettomeulis gamocemidan (1963 w) TiTqmis naxevari saukune<br />

gavida, da poetis nawerebis axali akademiuri gamocemis mxolod erTi tomi ixila mkiTxvelma<br />

1991 wels. TxzulebaTa danarCeni tomebi, maT Soris bevri sruliad ucnobi masala, dResac<br />

moTminebiT elian aleqsandre sarajiSvilis, mitr<strong>of</strong>ane laRiZis, ioseb merkvilaZis, iakob<br />

mansvetaSvilisa da sxvaTa msgavs mecenat mamuliSvilebsa da dRis sinaTles.<br />

erTi saukunis win ki imedgadawurulma mgosanma Tavad ganizraxa `krebulis~ gamocema. ai.<br />

ras auwyebda mkiTxvels gaz. `axali sxivi~: `rogorc gadmogvces, poeti akaki am mokle xanSi<br />

gamoscems Jurnal `krebuls~. krebulSi daibeWdeba akakis axali poemebi: `gorgaslani~,<br />

`voroncovi~, komedia _ `reaqcia~. leqsebi da igav-arakebi. krebulSi monawileobas miiReben<br />

sxva Cveni cnobili mwerlebic~ (`axali sxivi~ 1910: 7): Semdeg ki ukve TviTon gamoaqveyna<br />

gancxadeba Jurnal `Teatrsa da cxovrebaSi~: `me TviTon ganvizraxe sruli Cemi nawerebis<br />

gamocema amgvarad, gamova krebuli yovel Tviurad, weliwadSi Tormeti wigni, oras<br />

furcliani. pirvel as furcelze iqneba dabeWdili Cemi axali nawerebi jer sruliad arsad<br />

dabeWdili da meore asze ki Zveli, ukve sxvadasxva Jurnal-gazeTebSi dabeWdili aqa-iq, magram<br />

gasworebuli da SeniSvnebiT, Tu ra drom da viTarebam gamoiwvia es anu is Txzuleba~ (masalebi<br />

mTeli wlis, e. i. 12 wigni mzadaa) (`Teatri da cxovreba~: 1910 2 maisi).<br />

rogorc Cans, akakis Tavdapirvelad `krebulis~ gamocema hqonda ganzraxuli, rasac<br />

atyobinebda kidec Tavis megobrebs, romelTaganac zogi finansur Semweobas aRuTqvamda<br />

poets da zogic moralurad exmareboda. akakis Semoqmedebas imjerad kvlav gamouCnda<br />

gulSematkivari cnobili gamomcemeli iakob mansvetaSvili, romelic materialurad<br />

exmareboda akakis nawerebis gamocemaSi. ai, ras swers cnobili eqimi ivane eliaSvili akakis: `Tu<br />

Cems nawerebze vbedav SenTan baass, icode, rom es Seni bralia, Torem ra dros esaa, roca Seni<br />

nawerebi daustambavia jer-jerobiT da ar vici ras apireb. gTxov, aucileblad macnobo, ras<br />

upirob `gorgaslans~ da sxva Sens axal Txzulebebs. mansvetovi ukve dabrunda da mzad aris,<br />

saWiro Tanxa gamoiRos, Tu calke gamocemas daapireb, Tu ara da rogor apireb, macnobe~.<br />

(akakis fondi: xelnaweri 471-379).<br />

akakic xSirad axsenebs iakob mansvetaSvils da mokiTxvas uTvlis ivanes piriT.<br />

`mansvetovi Tu mand ar iyo, mainc unda Segetyobinebina~. (wereTeli 1963: 206-207). ivane<br />

eliaSvilma vrceli werili gaugzavna akakis da Seatyobina iakob mansvetaSvilis piroba akakis<br />

nawerebis gamocemis Taobaze: `Seni werili miviRe - ager ramodenime dRea da dRemde pasuxi ver<br />

gageci, radgan mansvetovi ver vnaxe. is balaxanSi cxovrobs. dRes viyavi masTan, movelaparake,<br />

ai, ra pasuxi momca. krebulis gamocemas me ver viTavebo da rac Seexeba Cems dapirebas axali<br />

nawarmoebis gamocemas, 300 maneTamde xarjs gamoviRebo. mxolod gamocemidan Semosuli fuli<br />

akakis sakuTrebad iyoso. krebulSi iqneba moTavsebuli axali nawarmoebi Tu calke gamocemaSi,<br />

CemTvis sul erTiao. mxolod amaze mets xarjs ver vivalebo, raodenadac me Seni werilidan<br />

gavige, Sen am TavaT dagWirdeba ara meti im Tanxisa, rasac mansvetovi gpirdeba, rasakvirvelia,<br />

Tu xelismowera rigianad gaimarTeba da am SemTxvevaSi Tu ginda Sen miswere mansvetovs. Tu ara<br />

da momwere da gadavscem. marTali giTxra, me metis molodinSi viyavi, magram es pasuxi miviRe.<br />

Sen rom miswerde oriod sityvas piradad imas, kargi iqneba. Cemis azriT, jer-jerobiT<br />

xelismowera unda gaimarTos da saWiro Tanxa Seikribos. saWiroa saimedo agentebis gaCena.<br />

baqo-balaxanis raionSi agentobas me vivaleb da imedica maqvs, rom karg xelismomwers viSovi.<br />

rogorc Sen hfiqrob saaRdgomod pirveli wignis gamocemas, es mouxerxeblad mimaCnia, radgan<br />

zafxulSi muSaobas Sen ver SesZleb da isev ajobebs, Semodgomaze Seudge saqmes. manamde<br />

xelismowerac rigiani gaimarTeba. am zafxulSi me oris TviT gavTavisufldebi da maSin<br />

piradad mogelaparkebi. SemeZleba koreqturaSic dagexmaro pirvelis noembrisaTvis~ (akakis<br />

fondi: xelnaweri 475-379).<br />

aRniSnuli werili ramdenime saintereso cnobas Seicavs. rogorc Cans, akakis Tavdapirvelad<br />

ganzraxuli hqonda, Tavisi nawerebi `krebulSi~ gamoeqveynebina, saamisod masalac<br />

mzad hqonda da iakob mansvetaSvilisganac eloda finansur daxmarebas. amitomac acnobebs iv.<br />

75

eliaSvils erT werilSi: `Cemi krebuli mzad aris da 1 marts gamovao (wereTeli 1963: .205).<br />

aRniSnuli werili daTariRebuli araa, mxolod miTiTebulia, rom saubaria `akakis krebulis~<br />

Sesaxeb. am varauds Tu gaviziarebT, maSin gamodis, rom werili gacilebiT adre, kerZod, 1898<br />

wlis TebervalSia dawerili, radgan `akakis krebulis~ erT-erTi nomeri swored 1898 wlis<br />

martSi gamovida. (gaboZe 2000: 1-4).<br />

magram arsebobs meore mosazrebac, romelsac gamoTqvams j. qorCilava: `1910 wels<br />

avadmy<strong>of</strong>i ivane moskovs gaemgzavra samkurnalod. swored misi kargad dabrunebiT gamowveul<br />

sixaruls gamoxatavs poeti am werilSi~ (qorCilava 1992:) ufro sarwmunoa, rom `Cem krebulSi~<br />

igulisxmeba iakob mansvetaSvilis mier dafinansebuli `Cemi nawerebi~, romlis gamosvlam 1912<br />

wlamde (I wigni) daigviana~. amdenad, werilic 1910 wliT TariRdeba.<br />

iv. eliaSvilis werilidanve vigebT, rom mansvetaSvils uari SemouTvlia akakisaTvis<br />

`krebulis~ gamocemaSi daxmarebaze. rogorc Cans, mis gamocemas gacilebiT meti xarjebi<br />

esaWiroeboda, rac iakob mansvetaSvils ar gaaCnda. man mxolod gansazRvruli Tanxa, 300<br />

maneTi, gaiRo akakis nawerebis gamosacemad, isic im pirobiT, rom mogeba avtoris y<strong>of</strong>iliyo.<br />

albaT, amitomac Secvala poetma Tavisi pirvandeli ganzraxva da `krebulis~ nacvlad Tavisi<br />

nawerebis tomebad gamocema gadawyvita. sxvaTa Soris, 1910 wels akakim mimarTa qalaqis<br />

gamgeobas da sTxova erTi saJeni adgilis gamoy<strong>of</strong>a golovinis prospeqtze kioskisaTvis,<br />

romelSic mxolod misi nawerebi gaiyideboda, rogorc vxedavT, survili sakuTari nawerebis<br />

mraval tomad gamocemis Sesaxeb imdenad didi iyo, rom akakis misi ganxorcieleba gadaudeblad<br />

miaCnda da ukve wignebis gasaRebazec fiqrobda. sabolood, akakim gadawyvita Tavisi<br />

nawarmoebebi gamoeca tomebad saTauriT `Cemi nawerebi~. ai, ras swers amis Sesaxeb cnobili<br />

eqimi da moRvawe vaxtang RambaSiZe didebul mgosans 1912 wlis 30 aprils: `Zvirfaso akaki,<br />

velodebodi mouTmenlad Tqvens gankargulebas. mansvetovma mogcaT pasuxi Tu ara? rogor<br />

davbeWdoT, SemomiTvaleT? davabeWdoT wigns misi gamocema Tu ara? Tu davabeWdoT, vai, Tu<br />

sityva SegiSalosT da Tu ar davabeWdoT _ vai, Tu mere sTqvas: mogcemdiT, rom dagebeWdaTo”<br />

erTis sityviT rac SeiZleba saCqarod gvacnobeT Tqveni saboloo gadawyvetileba. yvelaferi<br />

mzad aris, marto amas vucdiT, Torem isedac daagvianda wigns. garda amisa, versad — verc erT<br />

JurnalSi vera vnaxeT Tqveni winasityvaoba gancxadebasaviT rom dahbeWdeT. xom ar gaxsovT,<br />

sad iyo dabeWdili? an egeb moigonoT da imis magier dasweroT _ didad dagvavalebT Tu am<br />

werilis pasuxTan amasac mogvawvdiT~ (akakis fondi: xelnaweri 657).<br />

1912 wels gaz. `Temi~ # 57-Si mkiTxvels auwyebda: `ibeWdeba da male gamova akakis<br />

TxzulebaTa pirveli wigni, romelSic moTavsebuli iqneba axali nawarmoebebi jer daubeWdavi<br />

da agreTve Zvelic, zogierTis SeniSvnebiT da ganmartebiT~.<br />

pirveli wigni moicavda 242 gverds. wigns axlda akaki wereTlisa da marjori uordropis<br />

suraTi. winasityvaobaSi akaki werda: `<strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba sazogadod vera sdgas karg niadagze,<br />

magram yvelaze ufro meti ubeduroba ki Cem nawerebs ewvia: am naxevar saukunis ganmavlobaSi<br />

ori patara tomis meti ar gamosula, maSin, rodesac ramdenime aTeuli mainc unda<br />

gamocemuliyo. amis mizezi xelmokleoba da daudevroba iyo. radganac es orive mizezi dRes<br />

Tavidan acilebulia, me TviTon ganvizraxe sruli Cemi nawerebis gamocema amgvarad. gamova<br />

TviTeuli wigni or nawilad. pirvel nawilSi dabeWdili iqneba Cemi axali nawerebi, jer srulad<br />

arsad dabeWdili da meore nawilSi ki Zveli, ukve sxvadasxva Jurnal-gazeTebSi dabeWdili aqaiq,<br />

magram gasworebuli da SeniSvnebiT, Tu ra drom da viTarebam gamoiwvia es anu is Txzuleba~.<br />

1912 wlis 9 agvistos gamomcemeli iakob mansvetaSvili `saxalxo gazeTSi~ (# 670)<br />

xelismomwerTa sayuradRebod beWdavs gancxadebas: `akakis Txzulebebis pirveli wignis<br />

pirvel 96 gverdSi (romelic spiridon losaberiZis stambaSi daibeWda) pirveli 32 gverdi<br />

Seuferebeli gamodga, amisaTvis iZulebuli gavxdiT es gverdebi xelmeored dagvebeWda, ramac<br />

zogierT xelismomwerT wignis miReba daugviana~.<br />

`Cemi nawerebis~ meore tomis Sesaxeb gaz. `Temi~ 1912 wlis # 95-Si mkiTxvels acnobebs:<br />

`Jurnal-gazeTebis kantora `imereTi~ quTaisSi amiT acxadebs, qarTvel mkiTxvelTa<br />

sayuradRebod, rom igi Seudga gamocemas b. iakob mansvetaSvilis safasiT mgosan akakis<br />

nawerebis meore wignisas. Zveli da axali leqsebi da poemebi avtorisave drois Sesafer<br />

ganmartebebiT. sxvaTa Soris am wignSi daistambeba akakis axali istoriuli poema `voroncovi<br />

da misi dro~.<br />

swored es poema gaxda wignis akrZalvis mizezi. `Cemi nawerebis II wigni 1912 wlis 28<br />

dekembers ukve awyobili iyo da mestambe ivane kilaZes gamocemisaTvis nebarTvis asaRebad,<br />

sacenzuro kanonis Tanaxmad, gaugzavnia sacenzuro komitetisaTvis 15 cali am wignisa. meore<br />

dRes quTaisis policias mosvlia gankarguleba wignis daWeris Sesaxeb. am dResve, saRamos 6<br />

saaTze policiis boqaulma moiTxova kilaZis stambaSi wignebi~ (`mercxali~ 1913: 1).<br />

manamde ki Jurnal gazeTebis kantora `imereTis~ ufrosi, mwignobari isidore kvicariZe<br />

1912 wlis gaz. `mercxalSi~ beWdavs werilebis serias saTauriT: `mwignobris SeniSvnebi:<br />

(`mercxali~ 1912: 16) `akakis nawerebis gamocemis gamo~ _ `...moxuc akakis nawerebsac gauRima<br />

bedma. mis nawerebsac aRmouCnda gulmodgine da gulwrfeli gamomcemeli. es gaxlavT Cveni<br />

uxvi qvelmoqmedi b.iakob mansvetaSvili, romelmac ikisra akakis nawerebis gamocemis nivTieri<br />

mxaris uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>a. axla ki akaki TviTon agrovebs Tavis nawerebs, ukeTebs drois Sesaferis<br />

76

SeniSvnebs, xolo gamocemisa da misi gavrcelebis xelmZRvaneloba momando me meore wignidan.<br />

gadmomca Tu ara akakim meore wignis masala, me Sevudeqi maSinve wignis beWdvas~.<br />

1913 wlis 9 ianvars quTaisis policmeisteri antonovi beWdviT saqmeTa komitets<br />

upatakebs akakis meore tomis 2800 calis dakavebis Sesaxeb (`saistorio moambe~ 1953: 428).<br />

imave wlis 15 marts gaz. `dila~ (# 10) mkiTxvels auwyebs, rom akaki quTaisidan tfiliss<br />

dabrunda. iq unda inaxulos mefis moadgile, sacenzuro komitetis mier Tavisi nawerebis<br />

meore wignis SeCerebis gamo.<br />

Sewuxebuli akaki 1913 wlis aprilSi werils ugzavnis iv.eliaSvils: `Cemi meore tomi<br />

jerac daWerilia, magram imedi maqvs male axsnian akrZalvas~ (wereTeli 1963: 210).<br />

9 maiss beWdviTi saqmis Tbilisis komiteti quTaisis policmeisters atyobinebs<br />

dadgenilebas akakis nawerebis meore wignidan poemis _ `voroncovi da misi dro~ 3-58<br />

gverdebis amoWras 2800 egzemplaridan da mis ganadgurebas aqtis SedgeniT~ (`saistorio<br />

moambe~ 1953: 425).<br />

maisis TveSive isidore kvicariZe axarebs mkiTxvels, rom am mokle xanSi daurigebs xelis<br />

momwerlebs akakis Txzulebebis meore toms, romelSic poemis `voroncovi da misi dro” magier<br />

CarTuli iqneba akakis sxva nawarmoebebi~ (Temi 1913: 214).<br />

sabolood, akakis `Cemi nawerebis~ meore wigni gamovida. `dRes rogorc iqna am<br />

gacodvilebul gamocemas eRirsa mzis sinaTle da igi cenzuraSi mesame dRea gavgzavne. xval es<br />

wigni gasayidad gamova... ~ (Temi 1913: 138).<br />

samwuxarod, isev meore tomze Sewyda akakis nawerebis gamocema. rogorc Cans, akakis<br />

sanukvar ocnebas axdena ar ewera. `ubedur kacs qva aRmarTSi miewiao~ _ naTqvamia:<br />

`mansvetovis wasvlam weli momwyvita! peterburgidan macnobes, rom aq ar aris~ (wereTeli 1963:<br />

209). iakob mansvetaSvilma veRar SeZlo am gamocemis xelSewyoba da isic SeCerda.<br />

amgvarad, 1913 wlis meore naxevarSi gamovida akakis `Cemi nawerebis~ meore da ukanaskneli<br />

tomi. am gamocemebs metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs akaki wereTlis Semoqmedebis Seswavlisas. jer<br />

erTi, rom is aris poetis sicocxleSi ganxorcielebuli erT-erTi bolo gamocema. garda amisa,<br />

es tomebi Sedgenili da nasworebia avtoris mier, anu avtorizebuli wyaroebia, romelsac<br />

mwerlis TxzulebaTa akademiuri gamocemis momzadebisas sagangebo yuradReba eTmoba.<br />

amitomac akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa TxuTmettomeulSic da poetis TxzulebaTa axal<br />

akademiur gamocemaSic isini ZiriTad wyarodaa miCneuli. Tumca, iseTi SemTxvevebicaa, roca<br />

`Cemi nawerebis~ wignebi zustad imeoreben ama Tu im nawarmoebis adrindel publikaciebs. ufro<br />

metic, koniunqturis an cenzuris gamo, zogierTi nawarmoebi am gamocemaSi kupiurebiTaa<br />

warmodgenili. aseT SemTxvevaSi gamomcemeli valdebulia, nawarmoebis sxva ufro<br />

sruly<strong>of</strong>ili da avtorizebuli teqsti SesTavazos mkiTxvels.<br />

`Cemi nawerebi~ (I da II wigni) akaki wereTlis nimuSTa Tavmoyris erT-erTi ukanaskneli<br />

mcdeloba iyo. es gamocema uaRresad mniSvnelovania akakis gamocemis ZiriTadi teqstis<br />

dasadgenad. igi zogjer azustebs ama Tu im nawarmoebis Seqmnis istorias. amis Sesaxeb Tavad<br />

poeti werda gamocemis winasityvaobaSi. yovelive es safuZvels gvaZlevs, akakis orive wigni<br />

poetis axal akademiur gamocemaSi ZiriTad wyarod vaRiaroT. `Cemi nawerebi~ umetes SemTxveva-<br />

Si gamoxatavs poetis bolo nebas, Seicavs avtoriseul komentarebsa da SeniSvnebs, es principi<br />

ucvleladaa ganxorcielemuli akakis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocemis pirvel tomSi.<br />

mwerlis TxzulebaTa akademiuri gamocemis dros gamomcemeli valdebulia ZiriTadi teqstis<br />

wyaros SerCevisas upiratesoba mianiWos avtoris bolo nebas. am TvalsazrisiT, `Cemi<br />

nawerebis~ I da II wigni swored rom angariSgasawevi gamocemaa. Tumca aqve SevniSnavT, rom am<br />

principis TviTmiznad gamocxadebac ar ivargebs. radgan SesaZloa, imave dros arsebobdes sxva<br />

gamocemebic, romlebic aseve avtoris nebas gamoxatavdes. aseT SemTxvevaSi upirveles yovlisa<br />

mecnierulad dasadgenia is, Tu romelia poetis bolo SemoqmedebiTi namuSevari. amis nimuSad<br />

davasaxelebT im nawarmoebebs, romlebic ioseb merkvilaZem gamosca aseve poetis sicocxlis<br />

bolo wlebSi.<br />

cxovrebis manZilze akaki wereTels bevr moRvawesTan hqonda urTierToba. maT Soris<br />

iyvnen isini, visTanac poets mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi ar gauwyvetia kavSiri. imaT Soris,<br />

vinc akakis erTgulni darCnen sicocxlis bolomde, erT-erTi iyo ioseb merkvilaZe, wignis<br />

maRazia `codnas~ mepatrone da gamomcemeli. maTi urTierToba jer kidev adre daiwyo.<br />

niSandoblivia, rom didma akakim swored sosiko merkvilaZes gadasca samudamo ufleba Tavisi<br />

saukeTeso Txzulebebis gamocema-gayidvisa. es arCevani mxcovanma poetma Tavisi sicocxlis<br />

miwuruls _ 1913 wels gaakeTa. 9 aprils dadebul xelSekrulebaSi ewera:<br />

`Из нас я Князь Церетели, продал в полную и исключительную собственность Иосифу Мерквиладзе<br />

право издания и продажи следующих моих сочинений на грузинском языке: 1. Исторический роман «Баши-<br />

Ачуки». 2. Исторические поэмы: «Натела». 3. «Киколас наамбоби». 4. «Баграт Диди»...<br />

К нему Иосифу Мерквиладзе и приемникам его переходит право издания и продажи сказанных<br />

произведений навсегда» (akakis fondi; xelnaweri 17791_ x/235).<br />

dasaxelebul TxzulebaTagan 1911 wels sosiko merkvilaZem gamosca: `bagrat didi da<br />

sxva leqsebi akakisa~ (wereTeli 1911) `naTela~ (wereTeli 1911) da agreTve `ori qarTvelioTia<br />

mesxi da adam beburiSvili”(wereTeli 1911). 1913 wels ki ganaxorciela Semdegi<br />

77

gamocemebi: 1) `baSi-aCuki~ _ istoriuli moTxroba (wereTeli 1913); 2) `kikolas naambobi~<br />

(wereTeli 1913) da `gamzrdeli~ (wereTeli 1913). rogorc vxedavT, akakim xelSekrulebiT 1913<br />

wels sosiko merkvilaZes xelaxla dasabeWdad is poemebic gadasca, romlebic ori wlis win<br />

ukve gamocemuli iyo! riT SeiZleba aixsnas es? upirveles yovlisa, albaT, imiT, rom akakis<br />

surda, gamoexata Tavisi bolo SemoqmedebiTi neba da iseT gamomcemels mimarTa, visac yvelaze<br />

metad endoboda. amdenad, TiTqos sadao aRaraferia, magram sakiTxs arTulebs is garemoeba,<br />

rom 1912 da 1913 wlebSi gamocemul akakis `Cemi nawerebis~ pirveli da meore wignebSic<br />

daibeWda akakis igive nawerebi (`ori qarTveli - `oTia mesxi da adam beburiSvili~; `bagrat<br />

didi~, `gamzrdeli~) _ Tu vaRiarebT im ZiriTad teqstologiur princips, rom upiratesoba<br />

ZiriTadi teqstis wyaros dadgenisas eniWeba avtoris bolo gamocemebs, maSin akakis aRniSnuli<br />

sami poemis ZiriTad nabeWd wyarod `Cemi nawerebis~ 1913 wlis II wigni unda miviCnioT. miT ufro,<br />

rom s. merkvilaZis mier gamocemuli akakis yvela nawarmoebi Seicavs uamrav teqstobrivsa da<br />

gramatikul sxvaobas sxva gamocemebTan (da maT Soris `Cemi nawerebis~ meore wignTan)<br />

SedarebiT.<br />

amitom gaCnda aucilebloba, Segveswavla teqstologiurad rogorc `Cemi nawerebis~,<br />

aseve sosiko merkvilaZis aRniSnuli gamocemebi da dagvedgina, rom swored es ukanasknelni<br />

asaxaven mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis saboloo suraTs da amdenad, gamoxataven mis bolo<br />

nebas.<br />

akakis poemebis sosiko merkvilaZiseuli gamocemebi imdenad Seuswavlelia, rom prokle<br />

kekeliZem poema `naTelas~ variantebs Soris merkvilaZiseuli es gamocema arc ki daasaxela.<br />

(kekeliZe 1961: 234-257)<br />

imisaTvis rom dagvedgina, aris Tu ara akakis nawerebis s. merkvilaZiseuli gamocemebi<br />

avtorizebuli wyaroebi, dagvWirda ramdenime myari argumentis moxmoba. saxeldobr:<br />

1. ioseb merkvilaZiseuli akakis nawerebis gamocemani ganxorcielda TviT poetis nebiT,<br />

missave sicocxleSi! akakis gadawyvetileba - miemarTa erTi da imave pirisaTvis da eTxova<br />

Tavisi nawerebis xelmeored gamocema miuTiTebs imas, rom igi endoboda am gamomcemels da<br />

kmay<strong>of</strong>ili iyo misiT.<br />

2. nawarmoebTa teqstebSi Setanili cvlilebani imgvari xasiaTisaa (Sinaarsobrivi,<br />

gramatikuli, leqsikuri), rom SeuZlebelia igi avtoris garda, sxva vinmes ekuTvnodes.<br />

3. pavle ingoroyvam s. merkvilaZis ramdenime gamocemis Sesaxeb ganacxada; `isini<br />

gadaxedulia da Sesworebulia Tavad avtoris mier~. (werTeli 1941: 623).<br />

4. sosiko merkvilaZis mier ganxorcielebuli gamocemebi ufro gviandeli redaqciebia am<br />

nawarmoebebisa, vidre 1913 wels gamosuli akakis `Cemi nawerebis~ meore wignSi Setanili masala.<br />

kvlevam gviCvena, rom `Cemi nawerebis~ I da II wignebi marTalia, 1912-13 wlebSi gamovida,<br />

magram avtors masalebi gacilebiT adre hqonia momzadebuli da gadacemulic. rogorc<br />

aRvniSneT poeti jer kidev 1910 w. 2 maiss werda amis Sesaxeb Jurn. `Teatrsa da cxovrebaSi~, rom<br />

mzad hqonda `krebulisTvis~ mTeli wlis masala. rogorc cnobilia, es gegma akakim Semdeg<br />

Secvala da `krebulis~ nacvlad `Cemi nawerebis~ gamocema gadawyvita.<br />

`gamzrdeli~ da zogierTi sxva nawarmoebi `Cemi nawerebis~ meore wignSi naucbaTevad<br />

daibeWda. aRniSnuli wigni 1912 wels unda gamosuliyo, magram cenzuram daakava igi, amoiRo<br />

iqidan poema `voroncovi~ da nakluli gverdebi poetis sxva nawarmoebebiT Seavso, maT Soris<br />

iyo `gamzrdelic~. rogorc Cans, akakim ver moaswro, poemis gadamuSavebuli teqsti daebeWda<br />

aRniSnul gamocemaSi, Tumca mcireodeni gramatikuli sworebani mainc Seutania.<br />

`Cemi nawerebis~ meore wigni 1913 wels gamovida. poeti, albaT, ar daakmay<strong>of</strong>ila<br />

`gamzrdelis~ amgvari saxiT dabeWdvam da imave wels SemoqmedebiTad gadamuSavebuli teqsti<br />

kvlav gamosacemad gadasca Tavis megobars sosiko merkvilaZes, romelmac maSinve Seasrula<br />

didi mgosnis survili.<br />

vfiqrobT, akaki, mas Semedg, rac gaamzada da gamosacemad gadasca 1910 wels Tavisi<br />

nawerebi, kvlav miubrunda zogierT nawarmoebs da SemoqmedebiTad gadaamuSava isini.<br />

`saxuroTmoZRvroT ar momiclia, Tvara Cem nawerebs xelaT ki ar gamovxanxlamdi, ufro met<br />

dros movaxmarebdi, gavaSalaSinebdi, TiTo wamis magier weliwadebs movandomebdi da maSin<br />

saxelic meti meqnebodao” (wereTeli 1961: 235) _ werda erTgan gulis-tkiviliT akaki. `akaki,<br />

rogorc bgeraTa keTil-xmovnebis ostati Segnebulad ereoda Tavisi adrindeli nawerebis<br />

teqstSi. es Careva arsebiTad 80-iani wlebidan daiwyo. 80-90-ian wlebSi akakis aliteraciuli<br />

xelovneba ganviTarebis zenits aRwevs~ (xinTibiZe 1972: 204). am naTqvamis WeSmaritebas isic<br />

adasturebs, rom sosiko merkvilaZisaTvis gadacemuli akakis nawerebi (poemebi da moTxroba<br />

`baSi-aCuki~) aSkara variantul sxvaobebs Seicavs `“Cemi nawerebis~ gamocemebTan SedarebiT.<br />

magaliTisaTvis movixmobT erT nimuSs. rogorc cnobilia, akakim naTelas garegnobis, misi<br />

mSvenierebis gadmosacemad bevri varianti mosinja. prokle kekeliZisave TqmiT: `daJinebiT<br />

uZebnia naTelas saxisTvis Sesaferisi Tvalebis epiTetebi; jer dauweria: `misi didi~, Semdeg<br />

`cisferi~, `JuJuna~ da bolos SeurCevia:<br />

cisferi misi Tvalebi<br />

samoTxis Camsaxvelia<br />

78

koWebamde scems xuWuWi<br />

Savi, ukuni, bnelia (kekeliZe 1961: 208).<br />

raoden sagulisxmoa, rom amdeni xnis naZebni Tvalebis epiTeti akakim poemis bolo, 1911<br />

wlis gamocemaSi amgvarad Secvala:<br />

giSeri Savi Tvalebi<br />

samoTxis Camsaxvelia<br />

koWebamde scems xuWuWi<br />

Savi ukuni bnelia!<br />

vfiqrobT, komentari zedmetia. amgvar sworebas verc erTi gamomcemeli ver gaubedavda<br />

cocxal avtors da miT ufro iseT mgosans, rogorc akaki iyo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Tavad<br />

poetic aRar mimarTavda amgvar `Tavneba~ gamomcemels da ori wlis Semdeg samudamo<br />

sakuTrebaSi ar gadascemda Tavisi Semoqmedebis saukeTeso nimuSebs.<br />

daskvnisaTvis aRvniSnavT, rom akaki wereTlis nawarmoebebis ioseb merkvilaZiseuli<br />

gamocemebi da akakis `Cemi nawerebis~ I da II wigni uaRresad mniSvnelovani gamocemebia. isini<br />

Seicaven avtoriseul SeniSvnebsa da komentarebs. rac xSir SemTxvevaSi aTariRebs kidec ama Tu<br />

im nawarmoebs. amitom akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa axal akademiur gamocemaSi maT saTanado<br />

adgili unda daikavon. miT ufro, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mwerlis TxzulebaTa<br />

TxuTmettomeulis gamocemidan 40 welze meti gavida, gamovlinda poetis bevri axali naweri,<br />

SesaZlebeli gaxda uari vTqvaT koniunqturazec. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, vimedovnebT,<br />

rom akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa axali akademiuri gamocema Seavsebs im xarvezebs, rac wina<br />

gamocemebs gaaCndaT.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

kekeliZe 1961: kekeliZe pr. akaki wereTlis istoriuli poemebi `Tornike erisTavi~ da `naTela~. Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba ”sabWoTa saqarTvelo” , 1961.<br />

wereTeli 1963: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet tomad. tomi XV. Tb.: saxelmwifo<br />

gamomcemloba,1963.<br />

wereTeli 1911: wereTeli a. `bagrat didi da sxva leqsebi akakisa~. wignis maRazia `codnas~ gamocema, Tb.:<br />

1911.<br />

wereTeli 1911: wereTeli a. `naTela~. wignis maRazia `codnas~ gamocema, Tb.: 1911.<br />

wereTeli 1911: wereTeli a. `ori qarTveli oTia mesxi da adam beburiSvili~. wignis maRazia `codnas”<br />

gamocema, Tb.:1911.<br />

wereTeli 1913: wereTeli a. `baSi-aCuki~. wignis maRazia `codnas~ gamocema. Tb.:1913.<br />

wereTeli 1913: wereTeli a. `gamzrdeli~ . wignis maRazia `codnas” gamocema, Tb.: 1913.<br />

wereTeli 1913: wereTeli a. `kikolas naambobi~. wignis maRazia `codnas~ gamocema, Tb.: 1913.<br />

werTeli 1941: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli Svid tomad. t.11, Tb.: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba<br />

1941.<br />

wereTeli 1961: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet tomad. t. XIII. Tb.: ”saxelmwifo<br />

gamomcemloba”, 1961.<br />

xinTibiZe 1972 : xinTibiZe a. akakis leqsi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1972 .<br />

gaboZe 2000: gaboZe j. akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa gamocemis istoriidan. J. “macne” (els), IV, 2000.<br />

qorCilava 1992: qorCilava j. ucnobi avtografebi anu didi megobrobis epizodebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba<br />

`ganaTleba~, 1992.<br />

saistorio moambe 1953: saistorio moambe , t.VII, 1953.<br />

mercxali 1913: gancxadeba akakis nawerebis gamocemis Sesaxeb. gaz. “mercxali”, 1,1913.<br />

mercxali”1912: isidore kvicariZe “mwignobaris gancxadeba”, gaz. “mercxali”, 46, 1912.<br />

Temi 1913: gancxadeba. gaz. “Temi”, 214, 1913.<br />

Temi 1913: gancxadeba. gaz. “Temi”, 138, 1913.<br />

akakis fondi xelnaweri 471-379: k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa <strong>instituti</strong> akakis fondi, xelnaweri# 471-<br />

379.<br />

akakis fondi xelnaweri 475-379: k.kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa <strong>instituti</strong>, akakis fondi, xelnaweri<br />

475-379.<br />

akakis fondi xelnaweri 657: k.kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa <strong>instituti</strong>, akakis fondi, xelnaweri #657.<br />

akakis fondi;17791_x/235: g.leoniZis sax.<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> muzeumi,akakis fondi 17791-x|235.<br />

Georgian Maecenases and Akaki's Last Editions<br />

Summary<br />

Juli Gabodze<br />

79

The article applies to Akaki Tsereteli's last editions. Partially, in 1912-1913 two volumes <strong>of</strong> works by<br />

Tsereteli were published under the title <strong>of</strong> "My works".<br />

This edition was financed by Georgian maecenas Jakob Mansvetashvili. In the same years Akaki gave the<br />

right <strong>of</strong> publishing his selected woks to the publisher Josef Merkviladze.<br />

In the work the poet's unknown correspondences to some public figures are presented for the first time.<br />

This publications have a great importance to the new Academic Edition <strong>of</strong> Akaki Tsereteli's writings.<br />

Tamar mefis xateba XIX saukunis qarTul poeziaSi<br />

eka vardoSvili<br />

yoveli qristianuli saxismetyvelebiTi paradigmis safuZveli Zveli da axali aRTqmis<br />

wignebSi unda veZeboT. `raki RvTismSoblis meSveobiT gaxda uxilavi RmerTi xiluli, amitom<br />

Zveli aRTqmis yvela simbolo, romelic adamianis winaSe RmerTis gamocxadebas gvauwyebs,<br />

gulisxmobs yovladwminda mariams, misi alegoriaa~ (baqraZe 2000: 112).<br />

RvTismSoblis bibliuri pirvelsaxe aris kibe, kibe, romelic iakobma ZilSi ixila<br />

moaswavebda yovladwminda RvTismSobels, romlisaganac iSva qriste da man SeaerTa ca da<br />

qveyana, Seariga kaci RmerTTan. kibe, romelic emyareboda qveyanas, cas swvdeboda. kibis Tavze<br />

idga ufali, rogorc yovlismpyrobeli, pantokratori, gamgebeli cisa da miwis. bibliaSi<br />

vkiTxulobT: `da aha, kibe damyarebuli queyanasa zeda, romlisa Tavi miswuTeboda cad da<br />

angelozni RmrTisani aRvidodes da gardamovidodes mas zeda. xolo ufali damtkicebuli<br />

iyos mas zeda, da Tqva: me var RmerTi abraamisi da RmerTi isak mamisa Senisa, nu geSinin! queyana,<br />

romelsa zeda Sen gZinavs mas zeda, Sen migce igi Teslsa Sensa~ (Sesaqme, 28, 12-14).<br />

meore simbolo RvTismSoblisa, romelsac Zvel aRTqmaSi vxvdebiT, aris cecxlis sveti.<br />

egviptidan gamosul ebraelebs, uflis brZanebiT moevlina Rrublis sveti, romelic maT<br />

udabnoSi dRisiT sicxisagan ifaravda, xolo RamiT _ cecxlis svetsad enTo da unaTebda gzas.<br />

cecxlis sveti moaswavebda RvTismSobels. `da ufali RmerTi uZRoda maT: suetiTa miT<br />

RrublisaTa agrilobda maT dRisiT da suetiTa cecxliisaTa gananaTlebda Rame. da ara<br />

moakldeboda sueti igi Rrublisa winamZRuarebasa mas dRisasa, arca sueti igi cecxlisa<br />

naTobasa mas Ramisa winaSe yovlisa erisa~ (gamosvlaTa, 13, 21.22).<br />

amrigad, idea, romliTac RvTismSobeli mkvidrdeba qristologiaSi, aris idea<br />

mfarvelobisa da xsnisa. RvTismSoblis saxe qarTul mwerlobaSi iqca paradigmad, romliTac<br />

gamoixateba umaRlesi idealebi, RvTismSoblis paradigma originalur qarTul mwerlobaSi<br />

Tavdapirvelad sruly<strong>of</strong>ilad vlindeba wminda ninos saxeSi.<br />

RvTismSoblis paradigmul saxismetyvelebas efuZneba rogorc Zveli, aseve axali da<br />

uaxlesi <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura.<br />

RvTismSoblis paradigmul saxismetyveleba originalur qarTul mwerlobaSi<br />

Taviseburad gamovlinda aseve Tamar mefis, viTarca personaJisa da viTarca saxe-ideis<br />

warmodgenisas.<br />

Tamaria is pirovneba, romelSic saerTo da qristianuli interesebi Seerwya erTmaneTs,<br />

ris Sedegadac moxda misi umaRles sarwmunoebriv rangamde aiyvana.<br />

Tamaris sadideblad Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi `abdulmesiansa~ da `TamarianSi~ ded<strong>of</strong>ali<br />

warmodgenilia saxelmwifoebrivi da RvTiuri niSnebiT.<br />

TamarSi mxolod mefes rodi xedavdnen, igi iyo qristianuli sarwmunoebis damcveli da<br />

gamavrcelebeli, mfarveli mTeli saqristianosi.<br />

rogorc `TamarianSi~ aseve `abdulmesianSi~ Tamari Semkulia RvTismSoblis<br />

simboloebiT: `TamarianSi~ vkiTxulobT:<br />

vina tredia? vinatre, dia,<br />

Ze RmrTisa Senda mwed mwodebare (CaxruxaZe 1988: 357).<br />

RvTismSoblis darad TviT qriste mfarvelobs Tamars, adamianis TvalisaTvis uxilavia<br />

Tamaris mSveniereba. igi oden gonebiT Seicnoba, rac meti warmosaxvis safuZveli xdeba.<br />

naTeli uTqman, Senve daginTqman,<br />

Tvalni ver gsaxven sxiv-Sesadgmevad (CxruxaZe 1988: 362).<br />

RvTisagan kurTxeulia Tamari, mas emorCileba mTeli samyaro, Tamari brZeni da<br />

samarTliani gamgebelia, zebunebrivi arsebaa, igi uZlevelia. Tamaris mefobis dros<br />

saqarTvelo gaxda medroSe qristianobisa. Tamarsa da daviT soslans ms<strong>of</strong>lio misia akisriaT,<br />

80

swored amaSi mdgomareobs `Tamarianisa~ da `abdulmesianis~ avtorebis mesianisturi<br />

koncefcia.<br />

`abdulmesianSi~ Tamaris gansadideblad moxmobilia saRvTismetyvelo simboloebi:<br />

vardo furCvnilo, cvriT ganbanilo,<br />

nergo sviano, daviTiano (SavTeli 1988: 334).<br />

Zveli metafrasebis krebulSi yovladwminda RvTismSoblis Sesaxeb naTqvamia:<br />

`gixaroden, vardo dauWnobelo, romeli — ege hfSvn siwmidesa yovlad Seuxeblisa, romeli<br />

iynosa ufalman da ganusvena, da romlisagan igi Tavadi aRyuavilna da daaWno simravle<br />

codvaTa s<strong>of</strong>lisaTai~ (Zveli metafrasuli krebuli 198: 110).<br />

`TamarianSic~ da `abdulmesianSic~ personaJebi warmodgenilni arian RvTiuri<br />

naTelmosilebiT, am mxriv gamoiy<strong>of</strong>a analogiebi ori saxisa. `mze-qriste~ da `naTeli-qriste~<br />

maTi analogiebia mze _ Tamari da naTeli _ Tamari.<br />

`Tamariansa~ aseve `abdulmesianSi~ Tamari RvTiuri naTelmosilebiTaa Semkuli Semdeg<br />

SemTxvevebSi:<br />

`abdulmesianSi~ vkiTxulobT:<br />

gxmob, Tamar, mzesa, umzesad zesa,<br />

miT romel ucxo xar saxilveli,<br />

uklebliv saTni gciskroben Rawvni,<br />

mterfobs moxedva, brol-vardobs yeli~ (CaxruxaZe 1988: 365).<br />

RmerTman samoTxiT mogvca sam-oTxiT<br />

eTer brwyinvale, mzeebr sadari;<br />

aRmosavleTiT da dasavleTiT,<br />

samxriT Crdilomdis hpoon, sad ari (SavTeli 1988: 322).<br />

zemomoyvanil magaliTebSi mziuroba swored RvTiurobis gamomxatvelia, mze saRmrTo<br />

saxelia. r. siraZe SeniSnavs, rom `mze imTaviTve iyo erTaderTobis simbolo: saxe RTvTisa,<br />

simbolo RvTiuri Zalis yovlismomcvelobisa. amave safuZvelze igi gvian gaxda pirovnebis<br />

individualuri ganumeoreblobis simbolo da simbolo TviT Semecnebisa~ (siraZe r. 19887, 22).<br />

Tamars aRniSnul poemaSi aseve mosavs RvTaebrivi naTeli. gavixsenoT qristes sityvebi<br />

ioanes saxarebidan, `me var naTeli s<strong>of</strong>lisai, romeli Semomidges me, ara vidodes bnelsa,<br />

aramed aqundes mas naTeli cxovrebisai~ (ioane 8, 12).<br />

am SemTxvevaSi religiuri Sinaarsi gadatanilia literaturul personaJebze.<br />

naTeli, wrfeli, uxrwnel-my<strong>of</strong>eli,<br />

Semwynarebeli davrdomilisa (SavTeli 1988: 324).<br />

vaqebdeT, erno, yrmano da berno,<br />

saunjed CvenTvis moniWebulsa,<br />

qristes mxedarsa, mxne-axovansa,<br />

pirad-piradad gamSvenebulsa,<br />

naTlad bnelisa ganfenilisa,<br />

eTerTa elvad dasaxebulsa,<br />

siwmindis vazad, ar bilwad, avad,<br />

naTlis embazad daarsebulsa (SavTeli 1988: 340).<br />

am str<strong>of</strong>Si araerTi qristianuli simbolo ikveTeba, romelTa Zirebi ufro gvindeli<br />

periodisaa. magaliTad, qristes mxedris anu `wminda mxedris~ winasaxea `TeTri giorgi~,<br />

naTlisa da bnelis dapirispirebas jer kidev Zvel aRTqmaSi vxvdebiT, simboluri mniSvneloba<br />

eniWeba agreTve `siwmindis vazsac~.<br />

ioane SavTels ekuTvnis agreTve `galobani varZiisa RmrTismSoblisani~. ioane SavTelma<br />

basianis omSi qarTvelTa gamarjvebas miuZRvna rogorc `abdulmesiani~, aseve `galobani~.<br />

`galobanSi~ Tamari ZiriTadad daxasiaTebulia ori niSniT, rogorc `ded<strong>of</strong>ali~ da `qalwuli~.<br />

erTmaneTs enacvlebian Semdegi sityvebi: `qalwulo, qalwulo ubiwoo, uxrwnelo RmrTisa<br />

dedao, naTelo da mfarvelo, RvTismSobelo~.<br />

Tu ioane SavTelis `galobanSi~ simbolurad Tamaris saxes davinaxavT da mas<br />

davukavSirebT varZiis RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZarSi Tamaris freskul gamosaxulebas,<br />

vnaxavT, rom maT aerTianebT erTi idea, idea mfarvelobisa da xsnisa. cnobilia, rom es idea<br />

erT-erTi mTavaria RvTismSoblis saxeSi. varZiis RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZris freskaze<br />

Tamar mefe gamosaxulia wmindanis msgavsad SaravandediT. imgvarad, rom freskis mTliani<br />

81

kompozicia gulisxmobs mis winaSe muxlmoyril mavedrebels, ise rogorc es RvTismSoblis<br />

winaSe xdeboda.<br />

sayuradReboa, aseve nawarmoebi `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~, aqac Tamari<br />

RvTismSoblis saxiTaa warmodgenili. `miudga Tamari gawmendiliTa gonebiTa da taZrisa<br />

RmrTisa aRmsWvalulisa sanTliTa sxeulisaTa mxurvaliTa guliTa da ganaTlebuliTa suliTa<br />

tabaxmelisa beTlem-my<strong>of</strong>elman mun Sua Ze, sworis Zisa RmrTisa~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 56).<br />

vnaxeT, rom Tamari RvTismSobelTanaa Sedarebuli, laSas ki qristes sworad<br />

moixsenieben.<br />

urogo ar iqneboda, aqve gavixsenebT dimitri mefis sagalobels, Tu rogor mimarTavs igi<br />

RvTismSobels:<br />

RvTismSobeli da yovlad patiosani<br />

mas axarebda angelosi frTosani:<br />

deda qalwuli, Suenieri SroSani,<br />

Sengan iSvebis mefe gvirgvinosani<br />

da mas hmonebdes mefe mraval-ymosani (dimitri mefe 1979: 183).<br />

ioane SavTelis `galobani~ Semdegnairad sruldeba:<br />

galobs taZari Seni, yovlad uxrwnelo,<br />

adamis xsnao da evais aRdgomao,<br />

niWad mommadle Sendobai gamomTqmelisa (SavTeli 1979: 200).<br />

sityvebSi `galobs taZari Seni, yovlad uxrwlelo!~ Cven SegviZlia RvTismSobelTan<br />

erTad Tamaric vigulisxmoT, radgan varZiis RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZris sulier<br />

mfarvelad Tamaric moiazreboda. varZiis monasteri misi taZaric iyo.<br />

`iseve, rogorc beTaniis, yinwvisis, berTubnis taZarTa brwyinvale moxatulobani,<br />

varZiis moxatulobac <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturisa da xelovnebis gansakuTrebuli aRmavlobis, Tamar<br />

mefisa da didi <strong>rusTavelis</strong> xanas miekuTvneba. maRali mxatvruli RirsebiT gamorCeul am<br />

mxatvrobas maTTan is saerToc aqvs, rom aqac yvelgan gvxvdeba Tamaris portreti. amasTan,<br />

varZiis moxatuloba Tavisi koloritiT gansakuTrebiT beTaniis moxatulobas uaxlovdeba~<br />

(alibegaSvili 1990: 51).<br />

daismis kiTxva: axal qarTul literaturaSi grZeldeba Tu ara es tradicia? am ideis<br />

saukeTeso gamoxatulebaa grigol orbelianis leqsi `Tamar mefis saxe beTaniis eklesiaSi~.<br />

mSvenieri da amaRlebuli qarTvelTa warmodgenaSi, upirveles yovlisa, RvTismSoblis<br />

saxismetyvelebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. `SvenebiT savses~ uwodebs grigol orbeliani Tamar<br />

mefes leqsi ~Tamar mefis saxe beTaniis eklesiaSi~. aq Cans mariamologiuri da ikonografiuli<br />

tradiciebis romantikuli transformacia.<br />

es erTgvari vedrebaa poetisa, romelic warsulSi eZebs momavlis imeds; cremlmoreul<br />

poets Tan axlavs sevdanarevi sixaruli, romelic gamowveulia Zveli didebiT da sevda,<br />

romelic ganapiroba misi qveynis awmyom. amgvarad mxolod xatis win loculoben morwmuneni.<br />

ar surs gam<strong>of</strong>xizleba grigol orbelians, radgan misi eri sulieradaa dacemuli. leqsSi<br />

Tamaria saqarTvelos didebis simbolo, poeti igonebs mis dros da rogorc saqristianos<br />

mfarvelsa da mxsnels, viTarca RvTismSobls evedreba Tamars:<br />

moxedo bedkruls,<br />

Sens satrfos-mamuls;<br />

da jvariT SeniT akurTxo kvalad (orbeliani 1992, 3470).<br />

garda grigol orbelianis leqsisa `Tamar mefis saxe beTaniis eklesiaSi~, Tamar mefis<br />

saxismetyvelebiT paradigmas XIX saukunis pieziaSi araerTgzis vxvdebiT.<br />

romantikosebi TavianT SemoqmedebaSi ZiriTadad mistirian warsuls da warsulis<br />

gansadideblad Tamaris epoqas ixseneben. pirveli qarTveli romantikosi poetis aleqsandre<br />

WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi Tamaris saxismetyveleba, viTarca saqarTvelos didebis simbolosi,<br />

erT-erT usaTauro leqsSi.... (he, saqarTvelo, ptolomes dros aRyvavebuli !) amgvarad<br />

aisaxeba:<br />

he, saqarTvelo, ptolomes dros aRyvavebuli!<br />

mSvenier iyo, mara ra?! viT ama s<strong>of</strong>lis yoveli,<br />

keTili, mosawoneli, Savma drom ferxTiT gasTela,<br />

daaWkno vardi walkotSi, miT Cemi gulic mosTvlida,<br />

gahqra daviTis xmlis elva, Cahqra Tamaris lampari (WavWavaZe 1992, 64).<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom, aleqsandre WavWavaZis sxva leqsebisagan gansxvavebiT, am leqsis<br />

dasasruli optimisturia, rwmeniTa da imediTaa savse: `mzakvars xmliT gavuswordebiT,<br />

qarTls micvemT Sveba-lxenasa~, ambobs poeti.<br />

82

XIX saukunis qarTul poeziaSi Tamar mefis saxismetyveleba ZiriTadad orgvarad<br />

vlindeba, pirveli: Tamars moixsenieben rogorc saxelmwifo moRvawes, daviT aRmaSeneblisa da<br />

<strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> gverdiT, xSirad xazgasmmulia, rom swored Tamaria <strong>SoTa</strong>s STagonebis wyaro<br />

da meore: Tamari Semkulia saRvTismSoblo simboloebiT, mas mimarTaven viTarca<br />

RvTismSobels.<br />

grigol orbelianis SemoqmedebaSi Tamar mefis xateba Cans leqsSi, `imedi~, `aris adgili~,<br />

`obolo~.<br />

leqsSi `imedi~ vkiTxulobT:<br />

aqa, ca aris lurji, wminda, mnaTi marad Jams!<br />

aqa daviTi da Tamari sulsa kidev swams;<br />

aq <strong>rusTavelis</strong> leqsni kvlavad atkboben yursa;<br />

aqa ismenen besikisas mReras ciursa (orbeliani 1992,b478).<br />

`yvelgan, sadac didi mwerali iTvaliswinebs Tavis nacionaluri kulturis warsuls,<br />

idea naciisa da istoriis, idea socialur istoriuli tanjvisa saxierdeba qalurobis<br />

simbolur gansaxeobaSi, suli warsulis nangrevebidan iRebs warmavlobis SegrZnobas, sevdas<br />

arsebobisas da mas ebadeba gulSi erTgvari gzneba maradiuli qalurobisadmi — erTgvari<br />

moTxovnileba ixilos Tavis qveynis warsuli qaluri saxis sinazeSi.<br />

saqarTveloSi xom qalis kulti Zlieria istoriulad, amas daemata kulti Tamar mefisa<br />

da qarTvelis egzaltiuri buneba, moyvaruli qalisa da afeqtebis. idea `imedisa~ gvagonebs,<br />

erTi mxriv gr. orbelianis “sadRegrZeloebs”, xolo meores mxriv ilia WavWavaZis `aCrdils~.<br />

`sadRegrZeloebi~, `imedi~ da `aCrdili~ _ samive erTgvari simboloebia <strong>qarTuli</strong> sulis<br />

istoriuli moZraobisa.<br />

v. orbelianis `imedi~ maradiuli qalurobis ideiT asaxierebs patriotizmis romantiul<br />

ideals~ (kapaneli 1926: 71).<br />

vaxtang orbeliani Tavis umSvenieres leqsSi `aris adgili~, kvlav Tamarsa da daviTs<br />

ixsenebs, aRniSnavs, rom gelaTis taZaria maT didebul gvamTa mcveli.<br />

sakmaod sainteresoa agreTve vaxtang orbelianis leqsi `oboli~ sadac poeti<br />

mogviTxrobs im adamianis Sesaxeb, romelic qveynad martosulia, mxolod RmerTi zrunavs<br />

obolze, misi sulis mesaidumleni ki ca, zRva da mTebi arian. obols Semoaqvs saqarTveloSi<br />

elinTa kultura da ganaTleba. simboluria isic, rom mxolod ganaTlebul da suliT<br />

ganwmendil obols aqvs unari ixilos Tavisi qveynis momavali, warsuli didebis ganaxlebis<br />

saxiT.<br />

naxa samSoblo cxovrebisTvis axlad dgeboba,<br />

axlis cxovrebiT da didebiT imoseboda,<br />

didebis sxiviT Semosili naxa Tamari<br />

imisi saxe mSvenieri da moRimari (orbeliani 1992, b498).<br />

aq saqarTvelos rogorc warsuli, aseve momavali dideba kvlav Tamarisa da <strong>rusTavelis</strong><br />

epoqasTan aris dakavSirebuli. leqsi `obolo~ TiTqos gagrZelebaa leqsisa `jvari vazisa~.<br />

leqsSi `jvari vazisa~ vaxtang orbeliani mogviTxrobs saqarTveloSi wminda ninos Semosvlasa<br />

da qristianobis SemoRebaze.<br />

`<strong>qarTuli</strong> qristianobis~ ZiriTad atributad SeiZleba miviCnioT k. kekeliZis mier<br />

aRniSnuli Semdegi Taviseburebani: `1. eklesiur-sarwmunoebrivi cxovrebis nacionalizacia, 2.<br />

nacionaluri wmindanebis kultis Seqmna da maTi cxovrebis Camoyalibeba. wminda giorgis<br />

kultis ganmtkiceba da misi erovnul-politikuri sarCuli. 3. nacionaluri kalendris Seqmna.<br />

4. mwerlobis gaerovneba, bibliis gadmoReba, sakulto wignebis kodifikacia. 5. idea<br />

saqarTvelos RvTismSoblisadmi `wilxvdomilobis~. 6. revizia warsuli kulturuli<br />

cxovrebisa da brZola aRmosavlur-kulturul tendenciebTan. 7. jer bizantizmi, rogorc<br />

kriteriumi kulturosnobisa da bolos daZleva bizantizmisa. 8. bizantielebTan kulturuli<br />

erovnuli dapirispireba. `elini da barbarosi~ am tendenciebis gamomJRavneba giorgi<br />

aTonelisa da giorgi xucesmonazonis piriT. daviT aRmaSeneblis upiratesobis aRiareba al.<br />

makedonelTan” (kekeliZe 1974, 249).<br />

rogorc vnaxeT <strong>qarTuli</strong> qristianobis erTerTi ZiriTadi atributia nacionaluri<br />

wmindanebis kultis Seqmna da maTi cxovrebis Camoyalibeba. aseT nacionalur wmindanebad<br />

pirvel rigSi SegviZlia miviCnioT wminda nino da Tamar ded<strong>of</strong>ali, romelTa saxismetyveleba<br />

mravalmxriv aisaxeba qarTul mwerlobaSi.<br />

Tamar mefis tradiciuli qristianuli saxismetyveleba Tavs iCens aseve ilia WavWavaZis<br />

SemoqmedebaSi. Tumca igi garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. magaliTad; Tamaris saxe Cans<br />

leqsSi `bazaleTis tba~, rogorc pirvel da meore aseve saboloo variantSi:<br />

amboben, Tamar ded<strong>of</strong>als<br />

is akvani iq Caudgams<br />

83

da ers TvisTa cremliT nadeniT<br />

tba zed karvad gaduxuravs (WavWavaZe 1951 b104).<br />

aq umTavresi is aris, rom yrma romelic akvanSi wevs da visac dRedaRam natrulobs<br />

qarTveli eri, pirvel yovlisa, Tamar mefis mieraa xeldasmuli.<br />

Tamaris saxe Cans agreTve poema `aCrdilis~” pirvel variantSi, movixmobT erT magaliTs:<br />

nuTu es xalxi, romelT dahbades,<br />

daviT, dimitri, didi Tamari<br />

rusTveli da mis Zlieri qnari,<br />

nuTu es xalxi aRara aRsdges? (WavWavaZe 1951, b320).<br />

aq Cans Tamaris tradiciuli saxismetyveleba, romelic daviTTan da rusTavelTanaa<br />

dakavSirebuli. amgvari gaazreba Tamaris saxisa realistTa SemoqmedebaSi erovnuli<br />

TviTSegnebis amaRlebiskenaa mimarTuli.<br />

poemis „mefe dimitri Tavdadebulis“ pirvandel eskizebSi vkiTxulobT:<br />

odes cxovrobda didi Tamari<br />

is deda Cveni dauviwyari... (WavWavaZe 1951, b333).<br />

am SemTxvevaSi ilia Tamars qarTvelTa dedad moixseniebs, ueWveli aq sulierebazea<br />

saubari. amave dros ilia ixsenebs qveynis warsuls, rodesac qarTvelebi Tavad ganagebdnen<br />

Tavisi qveynis beds.<br />

urigo ar iqneba, Tu aqve gavixsenebT vaJa-fSavelas leqss „didi Tamari“:<br />

qalo, qarTvelTa sulis dgmav,<br />

qalo, qarTvelTa dedao!<br />

tyuilad vambobT Sens sikvdils<br />

Tamars cocxalsa gxedao (vaJa-fSavela 1960, b305).<br />

vaJas RvTiuri naTeliT Seumosavs Tamaris saxeli, qarTvelTa dedad moixseniebs mas,<br />

Tamaris xateba gulSi lamprad unTia TiToeul fSavels. rac umTavresia, isini mowyalebas<br />

elian Tamarisgan, viTarca RvTismSoblisgan. amitom, Tamaris salocavSi uamravi xalxi iyris<br />

Tavs.<br />

Sen xar eris sicocxle<br />

Tavis ar momikvdebao!<br />

mowyaled gveqmen qarTvelTa,<br />

Cveno lamazo dedao (vaJa-fSavela 1960, b306).<br />

vaJa-fSavela Tamars, viTarca eris sulier mfarvels, ise mimarTavs da imavdroulad xazs<br />

usvams mis garegnul silamazes. Tamar mefis xatebas vaJa-fSavelas araerT leqsSi vxvdebiT.<br />

magaliTad: `Civili xmlisa~, `fSaveli jariskacis werili~, `mTvareo bevrma gimRera~,<br />

`m<strong>of</strong>rinda ucxo frinveli~, `Cveneba~. leqsebSi lirikuli subieqti xSirad emTxveva poetis<br />

pirovnebas, rac TavisTavad literaturul cnobierebas efuZneba.<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom garda `wminda mxedar~ qalTa triadisa, rodesac nino, qeTevani da<br />

Tamari erTmaneTis gverdiT erT mTlianobad moiazrebian, Tamar mefis saxismetyveleba Cans<br />

akaki wereTlis leqsebSi `sizmari~, `cocxali suraTebi~, sadac poeti acocxlebs<br />

vefxistyaosnis personaJebs, gvixatavs Tamarisa da <strong>rusTavelis</strong> epoqas.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

alibegaSvili 1990: alibegaSvili gaiane. varZiis moxatulobani. Jurnali `xelovneba~, # 4, 1990.<br />

baqraZe 2000: baqraZe ak. werilebi. Tb.: 2000.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> poezia 1979: dimitri mefe. `RvTismSoblisa~. <strong>qarTuli</strong> poezia. tomi I, 1979.<br />

kapaneli 1926: kapaneli k. <strong>qarTuli</strong> suli esTetiur saxeebSi. Tb.: 1926.<br />

kekeliZe 1974: kekeliZe k. etiudebi Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> istoriidan. tomi XIII, Tb.: 1974.<br />

orbeliani 1992: orbeliani gr. <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba. tomi IX, Tb.: 1992.<br />

orbeliani 1992: orbeliani v. <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba. tomi IX, Tb.: 1992.<br />

siraZe 1987: siraZe r. literaturul-esTetikuri narkvevebi. Tb.: 1987.<br />

vaJa-fSavela 1960: vaJa-fSavela. Txzulebani. Tb.: 1960.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba 1959: qarTlis cxovreba. tomi II, Tb.: 1959.<br />

SavTeli 1988: SavTeli i. `abdulmesiani~. <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba. tomi III, Tb.: 1988.<br />

SavTeli 1979: SavTeli i. `galobani varZiisa RmrTismSoblisani”. <strong>qarTuli</strong> poezia. tomi I, Tb.: 1979.<br />

CaxruxaZe 1988: CaxruxaZe. `Tamariani”. <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba. tomi III, Tb.: 1988.<br />

Zveli metafrasuli krebuli 1986: Zveli metafrasuli krebuli. Tb.: 1986.<br />

WavWavaZe 1951: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani aT tomad. p. ingoroyvas redaqciiT. tomi I, Tb.: 1951.<br />

84

WavWavaZe 1992: WavWavaZe al. <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba. tomi IX, Tb.: 1992.<br />

The Imaging <strong>of</strong> Queen Tamar in the Georgian Poetry <strong>of</strong> XIX Century<br />

Summary<br />

Eka Vardoshvili<br />

We have to look for the fundamentals <strong>of</strong> each Christian imaging paradigm in the Old and New Precept<br />

books. The invisible Lord became visible with the help <strong>of</strong> Virgin, that’s why all symbols <strong>of</strong> Old Percept, which<br />

are indicating the appearance <strong>of</strong> Lord to the human beings, means Saint Mary and represents her allegory.<br />

The idea which supports the gaining a foothold <strong>of</strong> Saint Mary in the Christology is the idea <strong>of</strong> liberation<br />

and protection. The paradigmatic imaging <strong>of</strong> Virgin is characteristic for the Old Georgian literature and the new<br />

one as well.<br />

In the Tamar-praising works “Abdulmesiani” and “Tamariani” the Queen is adorned with the Virgin’s<br />

symbols. In this view it is also worthy <strong>of</strong> note “The Vardzia-songs for Virgin”.<br />

The new Georgian literature continues this tradition. The best realization <strong>of</strong> this idea is the verse <strong>of</strong> Grigol<br />

Orbeliani “The image <strong>of</strong> Queen Tamar in the Betania-church”.<br />

The imaging <strong>of</strong> Queen Tamar appears in the Georgian poetry <strong>of</strong> XIX century in two ways: first one:<br />

Tamar is mentioned as statesmen in concert with David Agmashenebeli and <strong>Shota</strong> <strong>Rustaveli</strong> and second: Tamar<br />

is adorned with the Virgin’s symbols and is also addressed as Virgin.<br />

One <strong>of</strong> basic attributes <strong>of</strong> “Georgian Christianity” is creation <strong>of</strong> cult <strong>of</strong> national Saint and following to his<br />

life. Such National Saint is first <strong>of</strong> all Saint Nino and the Queen Tamar as well. The imaging <strong>of</strong> Queen Tamar<br />

has been reflected in the Georgian literature many times.<br />

The imaging <strong>of</strong> Queen Tamar we are observing in the works <strong>of</strong> Al.Chavchavadze, V. Orbeliani, Ilia<br />

Chavchavadze, Ak. Tsereteli and Vazha-Pshavela.<br />

al. yazbegis `mTis Tavisuflebis simbolo~<br />

nino kaxaSvili<br />

qarTvel da kavkasiel xalxTa erTobis idea imdenad mniSvnelovan adgils iWers al.<br />

yazbegis nawarmoebebSi, rom igi misi erovnul-politikuri ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobis safuZvladac ki<br />

iqca da rusuli kolonializmidan Tavis daxsnis erTaderT realur gzadaa dasaxuli.<br />

al. yazbegis Semoqmedebis gacnobisas erTi SexedviTve naTeli xdeba, rom misi simpaTia<br />

Samilis da TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol Crdilo kavkasiel mTielTa mxarezea. am<br />

TvalsazrisiT al. yazbegi udides mniSvnelobas aZlevs Samilis Tavganwirul brZolas ruseTis<br />

winaaRmdeg.<br />

rogorc g. asaTiani aRniSnavs, `al. yazbegi idealizebulad warmogvidgens Samilis saxes.<br />

Samili misTvis aris simbolo, gansaxiereba im moqmedebisa, romelSic mwerlis mebrZolma<br />

idealebma hpoves Tavisi yvelaze mkafio ganxorcieleba~ ( asaTiani 1974: 363).<br />

k. abaSiZis SefasebiT ki: `yazbegma `mTis~Seupovrobis, `mTis~ Tavisuflebis simbolo,<br />

mTis `arwivis~ Samilis xalxze warmtaci gavlena da momxibvlelobac Taviseburi niWiT<br />

dagvixata~ (abaSiZe 1970: 424).<br />

Samili CrdiloeT daRestnis erT-erTi mxaris yoisubus s<strong>of</strong>elSi daibada 1798 wels, aul<br />

gimrSi. misi mSoblebi iyvnen avarieli uzdeni (Tavisufali mTieli) dinRau da avarieli begis<br />

asuli baxu-mesedu. zemoxsenebulTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebac, rom<br />

mama Samilisa iyo aleqsandre batoniSvili, erekle II-is vaJi.<br />

al. fronelis gancxadebiT: `mTis batoni Samil, es Seudarebeli imami daRestnisa ubralo<br />

leki ar iyo, Cven gvjera, rom Samilis ZarRvebSi sCqefda qarTvelis sisxli~ (froneli 1914: 50).<br />

mas igi araerTi saintereso cnobis moxmobis fonze aRniSnavda. kerZod, iTvaliswinebda<br />

Samilis TanamedroveTa: RvTisavar ciskariSvilisa da doqtor kobaxiZis, aseve vaJa-fSavelasa<br />

da kapitan asaTianis mier mowvdil cnobebs, magram miuxedavad amisa, SeuZlebelia gadaWriT<br />

mtkiceba imisa, rom Samili aleqsandre batoniSvilis Svili iyo. rogorc istorikosi S. xanTaZe<br />

aRniSnavs: “erTxans gavrcelda azri, rom aleqsandre batoniSvili iyo mama Samilisa. es azri<br />

al. fronelma gaavrcela. amis safuZvlad man miiCnia aleqsandres xangrZlivi y<strong>of</strong>na<br />

daRestanSi. sxva ram ufro sarwmuno mas ar miuTiTebia. amJamad sruliad naTelia, rom<br />

85

aleqsandre batoniSvili 1813 wlamde daRestanSi ar y<strong>of</strong>ila, Samili ki am droisTvis ukve 13-14<br />

wlisa iyo (daibada 1798 w.), amdenad, es azri Cven usafuZvlod migvaCnia” (xanTaZe 1961: 274).<br />

`arabuli wera-kiTxva da yuranis pirveli Tavebi Samils biZam Seaswavla. gonebrivad<br />

bevri SesZina mas axalgazrda mezobelma gazi-muhamedma (yazi-molam), romelic Semdeg pirveli<br />

organizatori iyo daRistneli mTielebisa dampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi~ (gawerelia<br />

1962: 510).<br />

rogorc m. CiCagova aRniSnavs (rusi mkvlevari qali m. n. CiCagova piradad icnobda Samils.<br />

misi meuRle kalugis guberniis samxedro ufrosi iyo. kalugaSi gadasaxlebisas Samili<br />

weliwadze met xans imy<strong>of</strong>eboda mixeil CiCagovis zedamxedvelobis qveS da axlo urTierToba<br />

hqonda masTan da mis ojaxTan), Samilis namdvili saxeli ali (babuis saxeli) y<strong>of</strong>ila. imis gamo,<br />

rom bavSvi susti iyo da xSirad avadmy<strong>of</strong>obda, mTielTa medicinis mixedviT mSoblebisaTvis<br />

saxelis gadarqmeva urCeviaT. `mSoblebmac mas dedis mxridan biZis sapativcemulod Samili<br />

daarqves. mSoblebis sasixarulod patara Samilma gamokeTeba daiwyo, Semdgom ki Ronieri,<br />

janmrTeli Wabuki dadga, romelic yvelas ancvifrebda Tavisi Zal-RoniT~ (CiCagova 1997a:<br />

104).<br />

bavSvobaSi Samili mkvircxli xasiaTis y<strong>of</strong>ila, magram arcerT mis celqobas ziani ar<br />

moutania aravisTvis. Samili bavSvobidanve gamoirCeoda Seudrekeli nebisy<strong>of</strong>iT,<br />

cnobismoyvareobiT, siamayiTa da batonobis moyvarulobiT. gatacebuli y<strong>of</strong>ila tanvarjiSiT.<br />

`roca vinme mizanSi srolaSi an doRSi prizs aiRebda, igi saxeze Seicvleboda, kviraobiT aRar<br />

gamoCndeboda amxanagebis sazogadoebaSi, radganac misi pativmoyvareoba Selaxuli iyo. oci<br />

wlis Samili axteboda Toks, romelic or mTiels mis Tavze maRla hqonda gaWimuli. igi<br />

Tormeti arSinis siganis Rrma Txrilebsa da fexze mdgar adamians Tavze gadaaxteboda.<br />

araCveulebrivad Ronieri da gambedavi iyo. sirbilSi veravin gaaswrebda, verc WidaobaSi<br />

dajabnida vinme~ (CiCagova 1997a: 105).<br />

1819 wels, daRistanSi general ermolovis eqspediciebis dros, 22 wlis Samili<br />

TanamoZmeebTan erTad ibrZoda mrisxane generlis jarebis winaaRmdeg.<br />

carizmis dampyrobluri da koloniuri politikis winaaRmdeg daRestneli da CeCeni<br />

xalxebis brZola miuridizmis droSiTa da hazavaTis (jixada) lozungebiT mimdinareobda.<br />

`partizanuli brZolebi, romelTa magaliTebiT savsea me-19 saukunis pirveli aTeuli<br />

wlebi, unda Secvliliyo organizebuli amboxebiT. pirvel xanebSi es amboxeba pasiur formebSi<br />

vlindeboda da umTavresad religiuri motiviT iyo Seferili. daRestnis pirveli imami<br />

(samoqalaqo da sasuliero meTauri mTielebisa) yazi-mola (1875-1832), romelmac muhamed<br />

iaragelisagan miiRo hazavaTis xelmZRvanelobis nebarTva, didi energiiT Seudga<br />

amboxebisaTvis mzadebas, misi marjvena xeli Samili iyo~ (gawerelia 1962: 512).<br />

yazi-molas sikvdilis Semdeg, mTielebma imamad hamzad-begi airCies, igi 1834 w. meCeTSi<br />

mokles SeTqmulebma. imave wlis seqtemberSi imamad airCies Samili. aqedan iwyeba 25 wliani<br />

brZola mefis ruseTis gawvrTnil regularul jarebTan.<br />

al. yazbegis SemoqmedebaSi Samilis saxe pirvelad `mamis mkvlelSi~ Cndeba. nawarmoebi<br />

1882 wels daibeWda gazeT `droebaSi~ (# 6-230).<br />

rogorc g. asaTiani SeniSnavs: ` is epizodebi, romlebic romanSi Samilisadmi aris<br />

miZRvnili, miuxedavad avtoris garkveuli tendenciurobisa, dawerilia xazgasmiT<br />

realisturi, `dokumenturi~ stiliT (aRsaniSnavia, kerZod, rom `mamis mkvlelSi~ aRweril<br />

mTel rig faqtebs al. yazbegi sqolioSi istorikosTa damowmebiT adasturebs)~ (asaTiani 1974:<br />

363).<br />

Samili rogorc ki sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas Seudga, maSinve daiwyo Tavis<br />

mmarTvelobaSi wesrigis damyarebisaTvis energiuli zomebis miReba.<br />

m. CiCagova aRniSnavs: `Samilma gaiTvaliswina ra Tavisi drois moTxovnebi, SariaTis<br />

zogierTi ganawesi Secvala da Tavisi kodeqsic ki gamosca _ `nizami~, riTac mis TavaSvebul<br />

xalxs zneobrivi sargebloba moutana, romelic mTeli kavkasiis xalxebma aRiares. gana es<br />

damsaxureba araa istoriis winaSe, gana es diadi gonebis dadastureba araa~ (CiCagova 1997a: 117).<br />

Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebSi vkiTxulobT: `Samili avariis xanis ojaxis<br />

naSTebisa da, saerTod, mTieli avarieli warCinebulebis mimarT gadamWreli zomebis miRebis<br />

momxre iyo, radganac, arcTu usafuZvlod, maT gamcemlebad Tvlida~ (Crdilo... 1978: 47).<br />

al. yazbegisaTvis kargad aris cnobili aRniSnuli sakiTxi. `mamis mkvlelSi~<br />

vkiTxulobT: `xalxi ki Samils uyurebda, rogorc qomags, msarCvlels da TavdadebiT ibrZoda<br />

imis sityviT da samSoblos dasacvelad... magram vaglaxad xedavda, rom imaTSi batonymobas<br />

fesvi gaedga da batonebs ki TavianTi simdidrisaTvis da mosvenebisaTvis Tavs SemoevloT<br />

saqveyno saqme~ (yazbegi 1948: 301).<br />

imamad gaxdomis Semdeg Samilma daiwyo mTielTa Soris yvela musulmanis Tanasworobis<br />

lozungebis gavrceleba da pirdapiri brZola im feodalTa winaaRmdeg, romlebic<br />

ewinaaRmdegebodnen miuridizmis gavrcelebas. am lozungebma Samils didi popularoba<br />

moupoves mTielebSi da mis garSemo daiwyes Tavis moyra~ (Crdilo... 1978: 47).<br />

al. yazbegisaTvis Samilis es nabijic ar aris ucnobi: `am mTis kacma, gaunaTlebelma,<br />

dainaxa, rom saWiro iyo rogorc CeCnelT ar hqondaT Cveulebad batonymoba da yvelani<br />

86

Tanasworad iTvlebodnen, ise sxvaganac es wesebi Camoegdo da gaesworebina xalxi~ (yazbegi<br />

1948: 302).<br />

1842 wels, 26 wlis ilia orbeliani, roca is proporSCikis CiniT general-leitenant<br />

fezes adiutantad msaxurobda polkovnik sinaqsarovTan da proporSCik ananovTan erTad,<br />

yaziyumuxSi tyved Cauvarda daRestnisa da CeCneTis imams Samils.<br />

i. orbeliani Tavis saTavgadasavlo TxzulebaSi, “rva Tve Samilis tyveobaSi”, aRwers<br />

Samilis sazogadoebriv da pirad cxovrebas, daxasiaTebulia Samilis sasuliero,<br />

administraciuli da samxedro marTva-gamgeobis sistema, mocemulia misi politikuri<br />

aRzevebis istoria. `i. orbelianis am Txzulebis Tavebis saTaurTa ubralo CamonaTvalidanac<br />

cxadi xdeba, _ aRniSnavs g. SaraZe, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani cnobebis Semcvelia igi~<br />

(orbeliani 1991: 13).<br />

i. orbelianis am dokumentur Txzulebas istoriuli pirvelwyaros mniSvneloba aqvs,<br />

radgan igi mxolod imas gadmogvcems, rac TviTon naxa da ganicada. avtori saubrobs ra<br />

Samilis administraciul mowyobaze, aRniSnavs: `araorganizebuli da sxvadasxva tomisagan<br />

Semdgari masis ukeT xelmZRvanelobis mizniT mTeli daRestani da CeCneTi day<strong>of</strong>il iqna<br />

sanaiboebad, romelsac marTavdnen ndobiT aRWurvili da gamocdili naibebi... isini<br />

zedamxedvelobas uwevdnen sanaiboebs da rogorc ki SariaTis kanonebis sawinaaRmdego<br />

moqmedebas SeniSnaven, TavianTi Sexedulebisamebr sjian an asmenen SamilTan~ (orbeliani 1991:<br />

81).<br />

igives aRniSnavs al. fronelic, rodesac is Samilze, rogorc administratorze,<br />

saubrobs: `daRestani da saCaCno Samilma daanawila aTas-aTas komlian sanaibod, romelTac<br />

ganagebdnen naibni~ (froneli 1914: 19).<br />

al. yazbegi kargad icnobs Samilis saSinao politikas. `mamis mkvlelSi~ xalxs naibebi<br />

udganan saTaveSi. Samili ki udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs sazogadoebis azrs maT meTaurebze.<br />

kerZod, nawarmoebis erT-erT epizodSi Samili Sekrebil sazogadoebas ekiTxeba, moswons Tu<br />

ara Tavisi naibi. moismens ra kantuSis mosaxleobis ukmay<strong>of</strong>ilebas, dauyovnebliv Secvlis mas<br />

malsagiT, anu im pirovnebiT, romelsac xalxma ndoba gamoucxada.<br />

am epizods al. yazbegis aseTi ganmarteba erTvis: `yvelgan ara hqondaT naibebis<br />

amgvarad arCevis neba. im adgilebSi, sadac rusebi y<strong>of</strong>iliyvnen da mere isev imas daunarCunebia,<br />

Samili TiTon niSnavda naibebs, radgan ver endoboda, cotas xniT mainc aris mikarebuls<br />

giaurebTan~ (yazbegi 1948: 329).<br />

ilia orbelians istoriul, sociologiur da politikur dakvirvebasTan erTad<br />

mxatvruli alRoc ar Ralatobs. iSviaTad Tu vinmes moucia Samilis portretuli daxasiaTeba<br />

ise zustad da mxatvruli simarTliT, rogorc amas mis saTavgadasavlo TxzulebaSi vxvdebiT:<br />

`lekebi silamaziT ver Seiqeben Tavs, _ wers i. orbeliani, _ verc garegnuli moyvanilobiT.<br />

veluri, mkacri gamometyveleba odnavadac ar SenelebiaT, ris gamoc siamis iers ver SeniSnavT.<br />

ramdenadac mxecuri Sesaxedaobisani iyvnen isini, imdenad ufro gamometyveli da warmosadegi<br />

iyo maTi winamZRoli Samili. metad mSvenieri, TeTri da masTan norCi, odnav nayvavilari saxe,<br />

cisfrad moelvare WroRa Tvalebi, sidanac gamokrToda SorsmWvreteloba, Wkua-goneba da<br />

sulis simZlavre. tuCebze mudam Rimili dasTamaSebda, odnav gapobili bageebidan TeTri<br />

kbilebi gamoukrToda, raic mowmobda mis cbierebasac da gulkeTilobasac, iniT SeRebili<br />

wiTuri wveric Zalian amSvenebda mis saxes; tanad saSualo iyo, Camkvrivebuli, lamazad<br />

Casxmuli, iyureboda metad brged, vaJkacurad; am warmosadeg adamians ise eWira Tavi, TiTqos<br />

35 wlis vaJkaciao, maSin, roca bevrad xnieri unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo~ (orbeliani 1991: 33).<br />

am Txzulebis mxolod erTi Tavi gamoqveynda 1849 wels gazeT `kavkazSi~. icnobda Tu ara<br />

al. yazbegi am fragments da konkretulad i. orbelianis mier aRwerili Samilis zust<br />

portretul daxasiaTebas, cnobili ar aris, Tumca `mamis mkvlelSi~ aRwerili Samili Zalian<br />

gavs i. orbelianis mier aRweril Samils: `cota xnis Semdeg gamoCnda mSvenieri Sexedulebis<br />

moxuci, TeTris wveriT da TeTrisave CalmiT Tavze. TeTrs gasuqebuls cxens, romelic<br />

gediviT mocuravda, maRla da amayad Tavi aeRo, TiTqos grZnobda Tu ra mxedari mohyvanda.<br />

es gaxldaT Samili, imami CeCnisa da daRestnisa, risxvis Semyreli mterTa, erTguli da<br />

Tavgadadebuli Tavisa moZmeTa gulisTvis.<br />

imisi damSvidebuli saxe, gonivruli da gamomcdeli gamoWvreta aSkarad amtkicebda<br />

Wkuas, vaJkacobas da siamayes, Txeli tuCebi _ grZnobas, da ramdenime xazi pirisaxezed _<br />

xasiaTis simtkices~ (yazbegi 1948: 927).<br />

Samili rom TeTri cxeniT dadioda, amas m. CiCagovac adasturebs: `Samili TeTr cxenze<br />

amxedrebuli dadioda; cxens Tavi da tanis wina nawili hqonda TeTri, xolo gava- ruxi,<br />

romelic msxvili xelisgulisodena TeTri wreebiT hqonda dafaruli~ (CiCagova 1997b: 88).<br />

Samili TeTri CalmiT y<strong>of</strong>ila, rodesac tyveobidan dabrunebul Svils- jemaledins xvdeboda:<br />

`imams TeTri Calma exura, tanT TeTri Coxa ecva, fexze _ yviTeli, Tavlinuri Ceqmebi~<br />

(CiCagova 1997b: 88).<br />

Samils, pirvelive Sexvedrisas, didi STabWdileba mouxdenia m. CiCagovaze: `amayi ieriT,<br />

pirdapiri, mamacuri gamoxedviT Semovida CemTan y<strong>of</strong>ili mrisxane imami. maRali, aTleturi<br />

87

aRnagobis, welSi gamarTuli, odnav Savgvremani saxis swori nakvTebi, grZeli lamazi wveri,<br />

Wkvianuri, seriozuli, damSvidebuli _ aseTi davinaxe me Samili~ (CiCagova 1997b: 106).<br />

akaki gawerelia al. yazbegis mier aRwerili Samilis garegnobaze aseT SeniSvnas akeTebs:<br />

`mwerals savsebiT zustad ver aqvs daxatuli Samilis portreti. ase, magaliTad, `mamis<br />

mkvlelSi~ igi TeTri wveriT gvevlineba da avtori amas xazs usvams. sinamdvileSi imami iniT,<br />

wiTlad SeRebil wvers atarebda sruliad Segnebulad. kalugaSi eqsimami ambobda: rogorc me,<br />

ise yvela Cemi Tanamemamule SeRebil wvers vatarebdiT imitom, rom mters ar SeemCnia Cvens<br />

rigebSi axalgazrdebis simcire, gamowveuli mravalwliani omiTo. es Zalze mniSvnelovani<br />

detali mwerals mxedvelobidan gaparvia~ (gawerelia 1962: 575).<br />

al. yazbegisTvis es detali ucnobi namdvilad ar iqneboda, magram TeTr Calmian, TeTr<br />

cxenze amxedrebul Samils TeTri wveri rom ufro STambeWdavad warmoaCenda, amaSi mwerali ar<br />

Semcdara.<br />

am SeniSvnis miuxedavad, al. yazbegis mier aRwerili didi imamis garegnoba TiTqmis srul<br />

SesabamisobaSia TviTmxilvelTa mier aRweril SamilTan.<br />

Samili ara marto garegnobiT xiblavda mnaxvels, aramed Sinagani kulturiTa da<br />

daxvewili manerebiTac. Zveli kavkasieli mtrebi, gr. orbeliani da Samili 1859 wels<br />

gamoecnaurnen erTmaneTs peterburgSi. gr. orbeliani dimitri jorjaZes swerda: `Samila<br />

gavican peterburRSi; kargi darbaiseli kaci y<strong>of</strong>ila. magram Zalian gaocebuli iyo yovliTa<br />

miT, rasaca hxedavda. _ miTxra, kniazo, didad vhswuxvar, rom ver vnaxe Tqveni naTesavni<br />

qalebi, rom bodiSi momeTxovao, exla vhxedav, rasac naklulovanebaSi iyvnen isini, magram<br />

rogor movifiqrebdi, rom kacebi ase gancxromiT hscxovreben, rogorc aqao! —didis simwariT<br />

miambo, rom miRalates yovelTa maT, vinca iyunen daaxloebulni CemTan da vinca Cems<br />

mfarvelobas qveSe da Cemis mowyalebiT hscxovrebdeno!... (orbeliani 1937: 277).<br />

peterburgSi `publika Samils did yuradRebas aqcevda da simpaTiebs amJRavnebda mis<br />

mimarT. igi yvelas ancvifrebda Tavisi gulRiaobiT, maRali sazogadoebisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli daxvewili manerebiT, araCveulebrivi taqtiT. saerTod, man yvela moxibla<br />

Tavisi TavazianobiT da daRestnis mrisxane meufes `saucxoo moxuci~ uwodes.<br />

publikas misi gonivruli saubaric moewona. misi pasuxebi yovelTvis sazriani da<br />

moswrebuli iyo~, _ aRniSnavs m. CiCagova (CiCagova 1997b: 101).<br />

al. yazbegi axasiaTebs ra Samils, xazs usvams imas, rom mkacri da daundobeli Samili,<br />

amave dros, faqizi sulis adamiania da simkacre, romelsac iCenda, mxolod qveynis<br />

keTildReobisaTvis iyo saWiro. `is daufiqrebliv mamulis keTildReobas Seswiravda<br />

pirvelidgan ukanasknels kacamdin. TiTonac Sig Caenayeboda wamlad, magram, ra Sexedavda<br />

sicocxliT da mSvenierebiT savse Tavis mamuliSvilebs, romelTac siymawvile nebas ar aZlevda<br />

mxiaruls da bedniers cxovrebazed, ra moagondeboda, rom romelime gzadakarguls tyvias<br />

SauZlian gauxunos lalisferi tuCebi, gauqros aRgznebuli sicocxliT savse Tvalebi,<br />

moZravni, motitineni. erTbaSad uZravs da usulo sagnad gadaaqcios _Samils guli uduRda,<br />

mwaris oxvriT warmoaTqmevinebda RvTis saxels da warmoudgenlad stanjavda. Samili mama iyo<br />

_ danarCenni imis Svilebi: Samili grZnobda imas, rasac hgrZnobs mSobeli, rodesac Tavis<br />

TvaliT uyurebs mebrZols Svils da imis yoveli dakvra, yoveli tkivili mSobels mware xazad<br />

esmeba gulSi! magram samSoblos samsaxurs, mamulis Tavisuflebas is maRla ayenebda Tavis<br />

mSobliur grZnobazed, Tavis pirad Sexedulebazed. Samili ibrZoda imisTvis, rom Tavis,<br />

samSoblos dRegrZelobas da bednierebas TavisuflebaSi xedavda, da dResve rom<br />

daerwmunebinaT, rom moZmeTaTvis meti sabedniero sxva rigi moqmedeba iqneboda_ is brZolas<br />

Tavs daanebebda, aiRebda yavarjens da mwyemsad cxvars moudgeboda~ (yazbegi 1948: 328).<br />

am daxasiaTebas sqolioSi al. yazbegi ganmartebas urTavs: `rom Samili swored aseTi iyo<br />

da ara Tu daJinebuli despoti, romelic gulis ganzraxvas anacvalebs yvela sabuTebs,<br />

mtkicdeba imis cxovrebidgan aTasis magaliTebiT, rogorc yazi-maxameTis da Samilis<br />

ganxeTqileba, sadac piradi kmay<strong>of</strong>ileba enacvleba Tavis qveynis sargeblobas da sxva~ (yazbegi<br />

1948: 328).<br />

akaki gawerelias azriT: `aq avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs yazi-molas (mohk. 1832 w.) da misi<br />

TanaSemwis (Samilis) ganxeTqileba 30-ian wlebSi, romelic mxolod specialuri<br />

literaturuli wyaroebis Seswavlis safuZvelze SeiZleboda scodnoda yazbegs~ (gawerelia<br />

1962: 577).<br />

Samils mousurvebia m. CiCagovas Svilebis gacnoba. Sexvedrisas igi gaaoca Samilis mier<br />

gamoxatulma siTbom: `rogori sinaziT miesalma igi bavSvebs! ra keTili saxe hqonda, roca<br />

bavSvebs ealerseboda. Samils Zlier uyvarda bavSvebi; aseTi adamiani ki ar SeiZleba boroti<br />

iyos!~ (CiCagova 1997b: 107).<br />

Samili rom samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis ibrZoda da ara sakuTari keTildReobisaTvis<br />

al. yazbegi amas yovelTvis usvams xazs. `mamis mkvlelSi~ vkiTxulobT: `iqneb imas [Samils _<br />

n.k.] eSinoda, rom rusebi am batonobas, didkacobas waarTmevdnen? eSinoda siRaribisa? ara,<br />

Samils ar eSinoda magisi, Samili didi xania Sromas iyo SeCveuli. magram is iyo kaci da,<br />

amasTanave, warmoudgeneli gulkeTili, vaJkaci da guladi, rkinasaviT SeduRebuli, nawrTobi<br />

88

Zolis cecxlSi, imas ar daekarga is gulis sinaze da lmobiereba, romlic gansakuTrebiTi<br />

miniWebuli Rirsebaa suliT amaRlebulis xalxisa~ (yazbegi 1948: 327).<br />

`Samili yovelives vaJkacurad itanda, _ wers ak. gawereilia, gulgrili iyo Tavisi<br />

siRaribis mimarTac. erTxel, roca mas mcvelma kapitanma runovskim hkiTxa, dardobda Tu ara<br />

igi dakargul simdidreze, Samilma, romelic dauZinebeli mteri iyo yovelgvari gancxromisa<br />

da fufunebisa, upasuxa: `Sen xedav Cems cxovrebas. me kmay<strong>of</strong>ili var mcirediT da SemiZlia<br />

ufro mcirediTac kmay<strong>of</strong>ili viyo. me maSinac kmay<strong>of</strong>ili viqnebi, Tu sruliadac araferi<br />

meqneba~ (gawerelia 1962: 516).<br />

al. yazbegi Tavisi SemoqmedebiT mourideblad amxels ruseTis mier gatarebul<br />

koloniur politikas kavkasiaSi. rom `imdroindeli rusis politika ar iyo mimarTuli<br />

mSvidobians morigebazed, romelic ise advili iyo goniers da miwis muSa CeCnebTan.<br />

ucnoblobis gamo es xalxi garegan, velur xalxad miaCndaT da amisTvis egonaT, rom Tu ara<br />

brZola, imaTTan sxva araviTari morigeba ar gamodgeboda~.<br />

`mamis mkvlelSi~ al. yazbegs aRwerili aqvs mTielTa brZola voroncovis winaaRmdeg<br />

iCqeriis tyeSi. es aris cnobili `darRos eqspedicia~ 1845 wels.<br />

nawarmoebSi am brZolis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: `CeCniTgan xma modioda, rom Samili dids<br />

jarebs amzadebs da dids omebs moelis, sadac `dedal-mamloba~ unda gamoCeniliyo.<br />

eseni am molodinSi iyvnen, rodesac rusis sardlebi marTla dids jars agrovebdnen da<br />

TviT varancovis iq daswrebiT erTbaSad Tavs dasxmas upirebdnen CeCnebs.<br />

amaT ise hqondaT moangariSebuli, rom ramdenime simagris aReba sakmarisi iqneboda<br />

CeCnelT dasamorCileblad da `rkinis kacis~ Samilis mosaxrelad.<br />

eseni am mzadebaSi iyvnen, magram arc Samili hkargavda ubralod dros: is mTels<br />

daRestanSi da CeCenSi agrovebda xalxs, amagrebda cixeebsa da aqezebda xalxs, romelsac<br />

agonebda im usamarTlobaze, rac ara erTxel gamoecadaT giaurebisagan CeCnelebs~ (yazbegi<br />

1948: 301).<br />

1845 w. maisis bolos 25-aTasiani jariT voroncovma gailaSqra Samilis winaaRmdeg. `mas<br />

hqonda 42 zarbazani da didi aRali, romelSic 2500 oTxTvala da cxeni iyo. aseTi didi<br />

eqspedicia kavkasiis omisaTvis manamde ucnobi iyo~ (Crdilo... 1978: 62).<br />

Samilma ar gauwia voroncovs seriozuli winaaRmdegoba da mTebSi Seityua mteri. aulebs<br />

TviT mTielebi swvavdnen da garbodnen. eqspediciis misvlamde gadawves darRoc. `amis Semdeg<br />

mTielebma gaaxSires Tavdasxmebi voroncovis razmze. xalxi iRupeboda SimSilisa da<br />

sicivisagan. mxolod general freitagis razmis moaxloebam ixsna voroncovis razmi sruli<br />

ganadgurebisagan~ (Crdilo... 1978: 63)<br />

al. yazbegi zustad icnobs am omis detalebs. igi wers: `Samils undoda varancovi Tavisi<br />

jariT iCqeriis tyeSi Seetyuebina, swored im tyeSi, sadac ase daamarcxa am ramdenime wlis<br />

winad Renerali grabe, da rusebi ki emzadebodnen, rom es tye gaevloT Tavidgan bolomdin da<br />

Tavis iaraRisTvis daemorCilebinaT~ (yazbegi 1948: 302).<br />

es istoriuli faqti rom sworad aris aRwerili, amas akaki gawereliac aRniSnavs: `mamis<br />

mkvlelSi~ didi adgili ukavia CaCnelTa brZolas iCqeriis tyeSi voroncovis winaaRmdeg 1845<br />

wels. yazbegi ar asaxelebs am eqspediciis saxels, magram es aris cnobili `darRos eqspedicia~<br />

(cnobili meore saxeliTac (`Сухарная экспедиция~). saerTod es epizodi sworad aris aRwerili.<br />

mogonilia mxolod ambavi, TiTqos voroncovis gasaWiri tyeSi gen. freitags acnoba vinme<br />

Cerqezma aTayuJom. aRweraSi moipoveba geografiuli Secdomebic, magram epizodis zogadi<br />

momentebi SedarebiT sworad aris gadmocemuli~ (gawerelia 1962: 574).<br />

brZolebSi, romelsac kavkasia awarmoebda rusi dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg me-19 saukunis<br />

30-40-ian wlebSi, al. yazbegis SefasebiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani qarTvelebis pozicia<br />

iyo.<br />

rogorc mkvlevari avT. nikoleiSvili aRniSnavs: `al. yazbegs principulad ar moswonda<br />

is faqti, rom Samilis winaaRmdeg rusebis mier ganxorcielebul saomar operaciebSi<br />

qarTvelebic iRebdnen monawileobas. mis udides ukmay<strong>of</strong>ilebas am SemTxvevaSi pirvel yovlisa<br />

is garemoeba iwvevda, rom amiT Cveni Tanamemamuleni nebsiT Tu uneblied Cvenive mtris<br />

samsaxurSi dgebodnen da sakuTar ersac ayenebdnen vnebas~ (nikoleiSvili 2002: 18).<br />

qarTvel mTielTa warmomadgenlebis —iagos, kobas da efxias Samilis razmSi CarTviT al.<br />

yazbegma mizanmimarTulad scada am istoriuli Secdomis gamosworeba. es rom namdvilad asea<br />

da mwerlis es pozicia kargad gaazrebul-gacnobierebuli TvalTaxedvis nay<strong>of</strong>ia,<br />

araorazrovnad dasturdeba im saubrebiT, romlebic qarTvel moxalise mebrZolebsa da CeCen<br />

patriotebs Soris imarTeba: `rai gindaT rai? ...raisTvis uCvenebT gzebs?~<br />

maTTvis sruliad gaugebaria, ratom sCadian maTi moZme qarTvelebi amas. CeCnebi,<br />

marTalia, metad TavSekavebiT, magram mainc aSkarad debdnen qarTvelebs brals imaSi, rom maTi<br />

qveynis dapyrobas giaurebi (rusebi) swored qarTvelebis daxmarebiT axerxebdnen.<br />

amis Sesaxeb Samilic guldawyvetilia. `mamis mkvlelis~ mixedviT, vidre koba da misi<br />

megobrebi Samils Sexvdebodnen, imamis karavSi naibebis TaTbiri mimdinareobda. rusTa<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis Semdeg, Samili gansakuTrebulad<br />

SeSfoTda, radgan gaigo, rom maT Soris qarTvelebic mravlad iyvnen:<br />

89

`_ qarTvelebi bevria?<br />

_ Zalian bevri, Zalian!<br />

Samili cota xans gaCumda da mere miubrunda naibebs:<br />

sakvirvelia magaTi saqme! magaT raRa undaT Cvengan? _ da moubrunda ambis momtans:<br />

osebi?<br />

_ osebic bevria, Cerqezebic, magram qarTvelebi yvelaze metia.<br />

Camovarda kidev siCume, romlis drosac Samils saxe ramdenjerme Seecvala: sCanda, imis<br />

goneba raRacazedac muSaobda. is miubrunda naibebs:<br />

_ ecadeT, rac SeiZleba erideniT qarTvelebs da Cerqezebs~... (yazbegi 1948: 331).<br />

aq Cans al. yazbegis didi survili qarTvelebisa da kavkasiel mTielTa erTobisa. Samili,<br />

romelic aravis ar indobs brZolaSi, Tavis xalxs mouwodebs, eridon qarTvelebsa da<br />

Cerqezebs.<br />

Tumca, al. froneli qarTvelTa monawileobas Crdilo kavkasielebis winaaRmdeg<br />

mimarTul brZolebSi aseT gamarTlebas uZebnis: `saTqmeli isicaa, rom didi politikuri<br />

gulTamxilaoba mainc da mainc verc mTam gamoiCina. mTeli meTvramete saukune ise dasrulda,<br />

rom erTi dRe bednieri ar unaxavs lekTagan qarTvelobas. rusoba rom dabinavda CvenSi,<br />

maSinac ki Tavze xel-aRebulni brboni daRestnisa Tamamad daTareSobdnen qarTl-kaxeTis velmindorze<br />

da xSirad imereTsac ki uwevdnen xolme. gamodis, rom roca Samilma Seigno Zala<br />

erTobisa da friad saWiroebda saqarTvelos megobrul ganwyobilebas, cota ar iyves<br />

dagvianebuli aRmoCnda aseTi Segneba, radgan Catexili xidis gamTeleba gaWirvebis dros arc<br />

Tu agre advilia~ (froneli 1914: 12).<br />

_ kaxeTis sisxli aviReo, _ wers gr. orbeliani yaflan orbelians 1857 w. 10 seqtembers<br />

salaTaviidan, rodesac 24 ivnisis brZolis warmatebebze uambobs.<br />

qarTvelebis dgoma rusebis mxardamxar, Crdilo kavkasiel mTielTa winaprebis mier<br />

saqarTvelos mimarT daSvebulma Secdomam rom ganapiroba —amaze Samili ar dafiqrebula.<br />

magram yazbegis azriT, Samili mainc istoriis cnobieri Semoqmedia, warsul Secdomaze is<br />

ar laparakobs, oRond cdilobs, Tavad ar gaimeoros winaparTa Secdoma.<br />

qarTul samxedro-feodalur aristokratias es brZola miaCnda patriotuli saqmianobis<br />

nawilad. Svilebis Taobam ar CauTvala mamebs es Rvawli damsaxurebad.<br />

al. yazbegi Tavis SemoqmedebaSi Samilis saomar razmSi qarTvelebis gaerTianebiT<br />

cdilobs ramdenadme mainc gamoasworos es mdgomareoba. am mizniT daukavSira Samils<br />

qarTveli personaJebi: iago, koba da efxia.<br />

am faqts al. yazbegi udides politikur mniSvnelobas sZens. amis amsaxvelia Samilis da<br />

qarTvel mTielTa Sexvedris scena, rodesac jariaxelma farCom masTan ukve ZmadSeficuli<br />

qarTveli stumrebi warudgina Samils: `Semovida farCo, romelsac Semohyvnen mTieli<br />

qarTvelebi. imaT Semosvlazed Samili wamoudga fexzed, miegeba karebTan da miesalma:<br />

_ gaumarjos ganTqmuls mTielebs! me mixarian, rom Cems sawyals qoxSi stumrad gxedavT.<br />

_ giSvelos ufalma! _ upasuxa iagom: _ CvenTvis bednierebaa Seni xilva...~ Semdeg ki al.<br />

yazbegma maT erTad y<strong>of</strong>nis da Tanadgomis fici daadebina: `_ Cvenc vficulobT zeiT RmerTs,<br />

qveS dedamiwas, vficamT Cvens jvar-angelozebs, vficamT vaJkacis saxels, rom SenTvis Tavi<br />

gadavdoT, SenTvis Tavi ar SeviSuroT! Samil! Cven mTielni varT, Cveni ho-ho aris da ara-ara!<br />

Samili wamodga mxiarulis saxiT da mTielni rigrigad Caikra gulSi. imas esmoda, rom<br />

mTielis sityvebi gulwrfeli iyo da gamowveuli namdvilis grZnobiT. ... Samili afasebda am<br />

xalxis megobrobas, iman icoda, rom am dRidgan isini marTlac Tavs aRar SeiSurvebdnen<br />

imisTvis da Tavgadadebuli vaJkaci ki imisTvis Zvirada Rirda~ (yazbegi 1948: 334).<br />

aleqsandre yazbegi `didi TanagrZnobiT wers Samilis Sesaxeb, _ aRniSnavs mkvlevari T.<br />

kenkebaSvili, _ Secdomad miaCnia qarTveli generlebisa da <strong>of</strong>icrebis brZola dampyrobeli<br />

ruseTis armiis mxardamxar Crdilo kavkasielTa winaaRmdeg. misi romanis gmiri iago<br />

sxvagvarad iqceva. igi CeCneT-daRestanSi gadadis da Samilis laSqris rigebSi dgeba~<br />

(kenkebaSvili 1999: 12)<br />

al. yazbegma Tavis nawarmoebebSi `mamebs~ maT mier Cadenili udidesi Secdoma daanaxva. am<br />

Secdomis aRiarebamde `elgujasa~ da `mamis mkvlelis~ wakiTxvam gr. orbeliani kidev erTxel<br />

miiyvana (cnobilia misi minawerebi `droebis~ arSiebze `elgujas~ wakiTxvis Semdeg: `kargia~,<br />

`Zalian kargia~, `mSveniereba aris~ `didad miama~, `ufalo moCxubariZev, gixarodes, Sen xar<br />

pirveli mwerali dramatiki saqarTveloSi... jer qarTuls enazed mzgavsi ara dawerila ra~.<br />

Semonaxulia agreTve `droebis~ egzemplari grigol orbelianis cnobili minaweriT `mamis<br />

mkvlelze~: `qarTvelebis omiros aris, SabaS~!), kidev erTxel, radgan ukve 1880 wels gr.<br />

orbelians aseTi daskvna gamoaqvs im politikuri sistemis mimarT, romlis damkvidrebasac<br />

TiTqmis mTeli Tavisi sicocxle Seswira:<br />

`Мы погибнем, но пусть знают, что нас не заменят, ни татарские беки, ни пришлые Персо-Турецкие<br />

Армяне, наполнившие Грузию и здесь разбогатевшие, ни даже Русское чиновничество, неподражаемое в<br />

умении вселять к себе ненависть народов~ (werili niko WavWavaZisadmi tabaxmelidan, 155)<br />

amaze ufro mkacri ganaCeni aravis gamoutania sakuTari gvarisa da Tavisi drois Sesaxeb<br />

me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi.<br />

90

1859 wlis 25 agvistos aiRes Samilis ukanaskneli cixe-simagre Runibi da amiT dasrulda<br />

CrdiloeT kavkasiis dasapyrobad warmoebuli mravalwliani omis kidev erTi etapi.<br />

`mamis mkvlelSi~ al. yazbegi didi TanagrZnobiT wers: `Samilma Tu sul ara, naxevrad<br />

mainc Seasrula Tavisi dapireba: iman naxevrad gaaCanaga iq my<strong>of</strong>i rusebis Zala, magram axali<br />

jari, mosuli ruseTidgan, xelaxlad iWerda daklebulebis adgils da xelaxlad moibrZoda<br />

win.<br />

Samilma ver moaswro yvela wvrili sazogadoebis erTmaneTTan SeerTeba, sanam rusis Zala<br />

xelaxlad Tavs moiyrida da xelaxlad daiwyebda imis winaaRmdeg moqmedebas~ (yazbegi 1948: 345).<br />

mwerali SamilSi xedavda mTel im sikeTesa da moralur Zalas, romelic kavkasiel xalxs<br />

tradiciulad hqonda. aRfrTovanebuli al. yazbegi leqsiTac mimarTavs mas:<br />

Samil! Sens aCrdils, mowiwebiTa<br />

ugzavni salams _ TanagrZnobiTa,<br />

Sen Seasrule daniSnuloba<br />

da daamtkice mTisa Sviloba.<br />

Sen daamtkice, rom mTis Svilebi<br />

sxvis brZanebasa ver xerxdebian,<br />

yovelgvar Zalis datanebasa<br />

uSiSrad wina aRudgebian.<br />

yvela, vinc ginda _ Tund bavSvi iyos,<br />

saWiro dResa galomdebian,<br />

Tavis mamulis saxelisaTvis<br />

sixaruliTa ixocebian” (yazbegi 1949: 82).<br />

rogorc d. benaSvili aRniSnavs: al. yazbegs `sigiJemde uyvarda samSoblos<br />

interesebisaTvis Tavganwiruli individi, ver iTmenda Ralats da mzad iyo sakuTari xeliT<br />

gasworeboda moRalates. `xma RvTisa da xma erisao~ _ es iyo yazbegis moraluri kanoni da igi<br />

aZlevda mas sulier Zalas. igive moraluri kanoni miaCnda yazbegs kavkasieli da gansakuTrebiT<br />

mTieli xalxis cxovrebis saZirkvlad. swored am azriT uyvarda yazbegs daRestnis<br />

saxelganTqmuli imami Samili. d. RuduSauri [ al. yazbgis Tanamedrove dimitri RuduSauri _<br />

n.k.] gadmogvcems, rom yazbegs Zlier hyvarebia ambebis moyola Samilis piradi cxovrebidan. ...<br />

yazbegma kargad icoda, rom xalxs bevrjr gadaurCenia Samili sikvdilisagan xelCarTul<br />

brZolaSi. Samilsac uyvarda Tavisi xalxi; man alagma Tavgasuli xanebi da begebi. amiT man<br />

xalxi ixsna aTasgvari damcirebisa da wamebisagan. xalxic afasebda Samils da usazRvro pativs<br />

scemda Tavis meTaurs. xalxi da beladi cxovrobdnen erTi sicocxliT _ Tavisi qveynis miwawyalze,<br />

magram didxans ar gagrZelebula es mSvidobiani cxovreba. ucxo Zalis Carevam mospo<br />

kavkasieli xalxis Tavisuflebis ukanaskneli simagre~ (benaSvili 1978: 24).<br />

im dros, roca al. yazbegis nawarmoebebi iwereboda, Samilic didi xnis damarcxebuli iyo<br />

da kavkasiel xalxTa erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli brZolebis cecxlic minavlebuli, magram am<br />

istoriuli movlenisadmi imJamindel qarTvel mamuliSvilTa didi nawilis mcdari<br />

damokidebulebis mxilebiT mwerali cdilobda samomavlod mainc meti gonierebiT<br />

gangvesazRvra is orientirebi, romlebic rusuli kolonializmidan Cveni qveynis<br />

ganTavisuflebas unda dasdeboda safuZvlad.<br />

rogorc mkvlevari T. kenkebaSvili aRniSnavs: `mwerlis [al. yazbegis _ n.k.] nawerebis<br />

mTlianobaSi gaazrebas im daskvnamde mivyavarT, rom mwerali arc xevSi iyo Caketili da arc<br />

mTlianad saqarTveloSi. al. yazbegi kavkasielTa erTobis, maTi Zmoba-megobrobis mqadagebeli<br />

iyo. miaCnda, rom kavkasiel xalxebs erTad unda ebrZolaT saerTo mCagvreli Zalis _ ruseTis<br />

carizmis winaaRmdeg. aseTi TvalsazrisiTa da poziciiT igi agrZelebda aleqsandre<br />

batoniSvilis gzas~... (kenkebaSvili 1999: 12).<br />

al. yazbegis Samili samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebuli gmiris idealuri magaliTia. Samilis<br />

mxatvruli saxis amdagvari formiT gamokveTis umTavresi mizani, pirvel yovlisa, imaSi<br />

mdgomareobda, rom mwerals ewada Tavisi drois qarTvelebSic gaeRvivebina samSoblosaTvis<br />

rainduli Tavganwirvis msgavsi suliskveTeba.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

abaSiZe 1970: abaSiZe k. etiudebi XIX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> Sesaxeb. Tb.: gamomcemloba ”sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo”, 1970.<br />

asaTiani 1974: asaTiani g. <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> istoria. t. IV Tb.: gamomcemloba “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”,<br />

1974.<br />

benaSvili 1978: benaSvili d. aleqsandre yazbegi. Tb.: gamomcemloba “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, 1978.<br />

gawerelia 1962: gawerelia ak. rCeuli nawerebi. t. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba ”sabWoTa mwerali”, 1962.<br />

kenkebaSvili 1999: kenkebaSvili T. al. yazbegis saistorio Sexedulebani. Tb.: gamomcemloba “Tbilisis<br />

universiteti”, 1999.<br />

nikoleiSvili 2002: nikoleiSvili a. al. yazbegi da kavkasiis mTieli xalxebi, J. `inteleqti~ (gelaTis mecn.<br />

akademiis Jurnali), 3, 2002.<br />

91

orbeliani 1937: orbeliani gr. werilebi. t. II, Tb.: gamomcemloba ”saxelgami”, 1937.<br />

orbeliani 1991: orbeliani i. rva Tve Samilis tyveobaSi. Tb.: 1991.<br />

froneli 1914: froneli al. mTis arwivi Samil., Tb.: 1914.<br />

yazbegi 1948: yazbegi al. Txzulebani. t. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba ”sabWoTa mwerali”, 1948.<br />

yazbegi 1949: yazbegi al. Txzulebani. t. III, Tb.: gamomcemloba ”sabWoTa mwerali”, 1949.<br />

CiCagova 1997a: CiCagova m. Samili kavkasiasa da ruseTSi. J. “ganTiadi”, 11-12, 1997.<br />

CiCagova 1997b: CiCagova m. Samili kavkasiasa da ruseTSi. J. “ganTiadi”, 9-10, 1997.<br />

Crdilo... 1978: Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebi, Tb.: gamomcemloba ”mecniereba” 1978.<br />

xanTaZe 1961: xanTaZe S. masalebi aleqsandre batoniSvilis biografiisaTvis. J. s. janaSias saxelobis<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XXII, 1961.<br />

Symbol <strong>of</strong> “Freedom <strong>of</strong> Mountain” in Aleksandre Kazbegi’s Creative Work<br />

Summary<br />

Nino Kakhashvili<br />

When you look through the creative work <strong>of</strong> Al. Kazbegi, from the first looking it becomes clear, that his<br />

sympathy is directed to Shamili and the mountaineer people ’ s who fought for freedom.<br />

The work makes clear that Al. Kazbegi represents us ideally the face <strong>of</strong> Shamily. For him Shamili is the<br />

symbol, personification <strong>of</strong> the action, where the fighting ideals <strong>of</strong> the writer found its most distinct realization.<br />

The lines dedicated for Shamili wrote by realistic style, in spite <strong>of</strong> determined tendency <strong>of</strong> the author.<br />

This work also makes clear that appearance <strong>of</strong> Imami described by the author is nearly complete into<br />

consideration to the description <strong>of</strong> Shamili – described by the eyewitness.<br />

In addition, in the article the speaking is about how gentle spirited person was Shamili described by Al.<br />

kazbegi and the strictness that had been expressing by him was necessary for the country’s prosperity. He<br />

attracted people not only by his appearance but also by his inner culture and perfect manners. There are indicated<br />

lots <strong>of</strong> facts for it’s ascertain as from the writer’s work also from the historical sources.<br />

It is in an acceptable for Al. Kazbegi Georgians’ participation in the battle that had been producing by<br />

Russia for invading the Caucasus.<br />

Al. Kazbegy tried to correct this historical mistake by the insertion <strong>of</strong> Shamili in the detached force <strong>of</strong> the<br />

representatives <strong>of</strong> Georgian Mountaineers – Koba and Ephkhia. The fact that it is true and the writer’s position is<br />

the result <strong>of</strong> well – interpreted and thanked, it asserted unambiguously by the conservation that takes place<br />

between the Georgian volunteer fights and Chechen patriots.<br />

When the literary work wrote, by this time, Shamili, had been already defeated, and the Caucasian<br />

People’s National – liberation fires had been already finished. However, the writer tried to determine for us<br />

correctly this orienteer, what would be the basis <strong>of</strong> Georgia’s liberation, and the writer done it by exposing the<br />

wrong dependence <strong>of</strong> the Georgian patriots <strong>of</strong> the time.<br />

Shamili, in Al. Kazbegy work is the ideal example <strong>of</strong> devoted heroes for Georgia. The main <strong>of</strong> expressing<br />

Shamili’s artistic face by such form, it is that the writer wanted to awoke the same aspiration for the knightly<br />

selflessness in the Georgians <strong>of</strong> this period.<br />

92

ilia _ 170<br />

ilia WavWavaZis `osmalos saqarTvelo~:<br />

erovnuli erTianobis koncefcia<br />

ilia WavWavaZis biografiaSi (1914) grigol yifSiZe (1856-1921) wers:<br />

merab RaRaniZe<br />

lazistanis interesi ki maSin amtydarma rus-osmalos omma gamoiwvia. am omma sxva<br />

imedebic aRZra, magram bolos im “imedisa didisa~ Zirs didi aRara darCa-ra.<br />

saintereso iyo JurnalSi [igulisxmeba: `iveria~] werilebi TviT iliasi. erTs maT<br />

Soris TviTonac gaixsenebda xolme aTasSi erTxel. iq gamoTqmulia, sxvaTa Soris, is azri,<br />

romelic Semdeg, sami-oTxi wlis ukan renanma ganmarta Tavis wignakSi: [`]ra aris eri[~].<br />

werili gul-Tbilad aris dawerili, gaxsenebulia warsuli, roca mesxni da tao-klarjni<br />

CvenTan iyvnen Zmurad erTs ferxulSi Cabmulni da mesveurobdnen, pirvelobdnen kidec<br />

saqarTvelos kulturis aRorZinebaSi~ (yifSiZe 1987: 69).<br />

amis mohyveba mozrdili amonaweri xsenebuli werilidan, ris Semdegac ilias pirveli<br />

biografi ganagrZobs:<br />

`renanis wignakis deda-azric es iyo. eris damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba arc erT tomobaa,<br />

arc erT sarwmunoeba, arc erT enianobao. erTis eris erad Semqmneli, erT erad gardamqcevi<br />

saerTo warsulia, im warsulSi gamovlili Wiri da lxiniao~ (yifSiZe 1987: 70).<br />

rogorc grigol yifSiZis mier moyvanili citatidan dasturdeba, avtori gulisxmobs<br />

publicistur werils “osmalos saqarTvelo”, romelic anonimurad gamoqveynda 1877 wels<br />

yovelkvireuli “iveriis” me-9 nomerSi (cenzuris nebarTva gacemulia im wlis 28 aprils).<br />

pirvel yovlisa, unda ganisazRvros, ra uwyebas gvawvdis ilias biografi am teqstis<br />

Sesaxeb?<br />

a) atribucia: anonimurad gamoqveynebuli teqstis avtoria ilia WavWavaZe 1 ;<br />

b) istoriuli garemo: teqsti ganapiroba ruseT-TurqeTis omma (1877-1878) da masTan<br />

dakavSirebulma imedebma qarTvelTa Soris, rac gulisxmobs osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi my<strong>of</strong><br />

qarTul miwaTa dabrunebas 2 ;<br />

g) avtorismieri damokidebuleba: sakuTar teqsts ilia gamoarCevda _ “gaixsenebda<br />

xolme”, e. i. mniSvnelovnad miaCnda da daimowmebda;<br />

d) Sinaarsi: samcxisa da tao-klarjeTis mkvidr qarTvelTa monawileoba mTliani<br />

qarTvelobis adrindel istoriul, saxelmwifoebriv da kulturul cxovrebaSi, romlebic<br />

erT dros “pirvelobdnen kidec kulturis aRorZinebaSi”;<br />

e) koncefcia: eris (= erovnuli mTlianobis) ganmsazRvreli niSani araa arc<br />

tomobrivoba, arc sarwmunoeba da arc ena, aramed istoriis erToba;<br />

v) evropuli inteleqtualuri konteqsti: teqstis koncefcia enaTesaveba ernest<br />

renanis Semdgomdroindel koncefcias eris Sesaxeb.<br />

ra Tqma unda, werilis arsis gasagebad yvelaze mniSvnelovani am CamonaTvalidan ilias<br />

koncefciis yifSiZiseuli interpretaciaa (renanTan mimarTebaSi), magram mis gasaazreblad da<br />

misi adekvaturobis Sesafaseblad, pirvel yovlisa, im citatis wakiTxvaa aucilebeli,<br />

romelic biografs mohyavs. es citata amgvaria 3 :<br />

`yoveli eri Tvisis istoriiT suldgmulobs. igia saganZe, saca eri poulobs Tvisis<br />

sulis Rones, Tvisis sulis bgeras, Tvis zneobiTs da gonebiTs aRmatebulebas, Tvis<br />

1 saxelwodebiT `osmalos saqarTvelo~ im xanebSi `iveriaSi~ cxra teqsti gamoqveynda, magram teqstologebi<br />

iliaseulad mxolod am erT maTgans miiCneven. teqstis atribuciis Sesaxeb ix. WavWavaZe 1955: 395-397; WavWavaZe<br />

1997: 616-617.<br />

2 ilias damokidebulebis Sesaxeb ruseT-TurqeTis omis, masSi qarTvelTa monawileobisa da misi meSveobiT<br />

qarTul miwaTa dabrunebis mimarT ix. ingoroyva 1957: 128-133.<br />

3 teqsti mogvyavs ilias akademiuri octomeulis mixedviT, radgan yifSiZiseuli damowmeba oriod adgilas<br />

ramdenadme gansxvavdeba misgan metad arsebiTi cnebebis mowodebisas: `yoveli eri Tvisis istoriiT<br />

suldgmulobs. igia saganZe, saca eri poulobs Tvisis sulis Rones, Tvisis gulis bgeras, Tvisis zneobiTs da<br />

gonebiTs aRmatebulebas, Tvis vinaobas, Tvis TviTebas. Cvenis fiqriT, arc erToba enisa, arc erToba<br />

sarwmunoebisa da gvartomobisa ise ar SeamsWvalebs xolme adamianT erTmaneTTan, rogorc erToba istoriisa.<br />

eri erTis Rvawlis damdebi, erTs istoriuls uRelSi bmuli, erTad mebrZoli, erTsa da imave Wirsa da lxinSi<br />

gamotarebuli erTsulobiT, erTgulobiT, Zlieria~ (yifSiZe 1987: 70-71, _ gansxvavebani xazgasmulia; Sdr.<br />

WavWavaZe 1955: 9)<br />

93

vinaobas, Tvis Tvisebas. Cvenis fiqriT, arc erToba enisa, arc erToba sarwmunoebisa da gvartomobisa<br />

ise ar SeamsWvalebs xolme adamians erTmaneTTan, rogorc erToba istoriisa. eri,<br />

erTis Rvawlis damdebi, erTs istoriuls uRelSi bmuli, erTad mebrZoli, erTsa da imave<br />

Wirsa da lxinSi gamotarebuli _ erTsulobiT, erTgulobiT, Zlieria~ (WavWavaZe 1997: 56).<br />

yifSiZis mier am monakveTis moyvana savsebiT bunebrivia: is ara marto iwyebs iliaseul<br />

werils, aramed mis mTavar saTqmelsac gamoxatavs.<br />

mainc ra aris es saTqmeli?<br />

ilias miaCnia, rom Tavisi istoria ers aniWebs:<br />

a) `sulis Rones~: sulier Zalas, gamZleobas, moqmedebis unars;<br />

b) `sulis bgeras~: Sinagan tonalobas, cxovrebis Sidastils, Sinagan gancdas;<br />

g) `zneobiTs da gonebiTs aRmatebulebas~: moraluri da inteleqtualuri zrdis,<br />

ganviTarebis, amaRlebis unars;<br />

d) `vinaobas~: identurobas, TviTobas, erovnul meobas, _ imas, rac mas sxva erebisagan<br />

gamoarCevs;<br />

e) `Tvisebas~: erovnul xasiaTs, Taviseburebebs, znes.<br />

yvela am niSnis Camoyalibebas eris gamoxatulebaSi ganapirobebs istoria, xolo am<br />

niSnebis erToblioba anu is saganZuri, saidanac eri Tavisi cxovrebiseuli ganviTarebisas<br />

sazrdoobs, istoriaa. rogorc ilias miaCnia, eris erTianobisaTvis saerTo istoriis<br />

mniSvnelobas ver Seedreba verc enis, verc sarwmunoebis, verc gvartomobis (= sisxlismieri)<br />

erToba. adamianebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs _ da erad kravs! _ swored erTad gavlili<br />

istoria Tavisi WiriTa da lxiniT, Tavisi damarcxebebiTa da warmatebebiT. ilias azriT,<br />

veraferi CamonakvTavs ise adamianTa kavSirs erad, rogorc istoria.<br />

da kidev: marTalia, eris darRveul nawilTa Soris mainc yovelTvis arsebobs<br />

makavSirebeli iracionaluri swrafva (`idumali SemsWvaluleba, idumali mimzidveloba”),<br />

magram erTianobis Sesustebuli grZnobis gasaRviveblad isev aucilebelia, `raTa ifeTqos,<br />

iWeqos daZinebulma istoriam~ (56) ∗ .<br />

amgvari SemTxvevebi dros moaqvs da erT amgvar SemTxvevad ilias osmalos saqarTvelos<br />

mTlian saqarTvelosTan SeerTebis SesaZlebloba miaCnia (rac ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris 1877<br />

wels gaCaRebulma omma moitana), xolo am garemoebaSi ki kidev erTxel gansakuTrebuli<br />

mniSvneloba eniWeba istoriul erTobas, Tumca arc sisxlismieri da arc enismieri erTobaa<br />

daviwyebuli (`garda imisa, rom Cven varT erTis sisxlisa da xorcisani, erTisa da imave eniT<br />

molaparakeni, erTi istoriaca gvqonia~ _ 56). teqstSi aq pirveladaa dadasturebuli erTi<br />

eris am orad gaxleCili nawilis sisxlisa da enis erToba, xolo ramdenime striqonis Semdeg<br />

naxsenebi iqneba sarwmunoebac, oRond ara rogorc erTianobis erT-erTi safuZveli (rac<br />

SeuZlebeli iyo, radgan osmalos saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi Tanamemamuleni, ilias cnobiT,<br />

imjerad erTianad muslimebi iyvnen, rasac teqstis bolo nawilSi daeTmoba yuradReba), aramed<br />

rogorc adreuli nimuSi istoriuli erTobisa: sazRvarsaqeTa Tu sazRvarsiqiTa qarTvelebi<br />

erT dros, sxva RirebebulebTan (swavla-ganaTleba, erTmmarTveloba) Tanabrad,<br />

sarwmunoebisaTvisac _ qristianuli sarwmunoebisaTvis _ mxardamxar da erTad ibrZodnen:<br />

`is saqarTvelos nawili, romelic dRes osmalos xelSia, medgrad ibrZoda Cvenis sarwmunoebis,<br />

ganaTlebis, erT-mTavrobis dadginebisaTvis~ (57).<br />

qristianobis Tema Semdgom isev Cndeba teqstSi, rogorc qveynis saerTo istoriaSi<br />

samxreT saqarTvelos pirvelobisa da mewinaveobis niSani: `pirvelad qristianobam iq, samcxeklarjeTSi<br />

moikida fexi andria mociqulis moZRvrebiTa, maSin rodesac qarTl-kaxeTSi jer<br />

kidev kerpmsaxureba sufevda~ (57). imJamindeli dapirispirebac qarTlsa da samcxe-klarjeTs<br />

Soris mxolod sarwmunoebrivi y<strong>of</strong>ila: kerpTayvanismcemelma mefe aderkim `saSineli brZola<br />

autexa samcxe-klarjeTs, magram samcxe-klarjeTSi qristianoba aramc Tu moispo, piriqiT<br />

ufro gavrcelda da damkvidrda jer isev wminda ninos mosvlamde~ (57). amdenad, Tu qarTlSi<br />

qristianobis gavrceleba wmida ninos saxels ukavSirdeba, samcxesa da klarjeTSi axal<br />

sarwmunoebas _ saukuneebiT adre _ wmida andria mociquli udebs saTaves.<br />

sxvaTa Soris, RirsSesaniSnavia, rom Tavis am werilSi ilia saqarTvelos warsulis<br />

mimoxilvas, faqtobrivad, qveyanaSi qristianobis SemosvliT iwyebs (amjerad yuradRebis<br />

miRma davtovoT ilias am istoriuli mimoxilvis sizuste da wyaroebi, rac imdroindeli<br />

saistorio codniTaa ganpirobebuli, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom Tundac mwerlis istoriuli<br />

koncefcia, Tundac mis mier mowodebuli faqtobrivi cnobebi didad sakamaTod arc<br />

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan Cans).<br />

yuradsaRebia, agreTve, rom erovnuli erTianobis wadilis gamovlinebad da miRwevad<br />

ilia miiCnevs 586 wels qarTveli (da ukve aRara berZeni) kaTalikozis aRsaydrebas da qarTul<br />

miwebze misi samRvdelmTavaro uzenaesobis aRiarebas, Tumca mwerals es faqti amgvari<br />

swrafvis mainc paliativur formad miaCnia: `amgvarad mTelis saqarTvelos erTobis wadils<br />

cotad Tu bevrad kmay<strong>of</strong>ileba mieca, sulierad mainc, Tu ar xorcielad~ (57). erovnuli<br />

∗ Semdgom gverdebi miTiTebulia wignis dausaxeleblad, _ igulisxmeba Semdegi gamocema: WavWavaZe 1997.<br />

94

erTobis gadamwyvet gamovlinebad ufro metad qarTul mxareTa saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

gaerTianebaa miCneuli, rac nel-nela xorcieldeboda kidec, gansakuTrebiT, artanujeli<br />

bagrationebis meTaveobiT. erTianobis impulsi isev klarjeTidan modioda! aq ilia kidev<br />

erTxel ixsenebs qristianobis dacvisaTvis samxrel qarTvelTa Rvawls: roca arabebis mier<br />

qarTul miwaTa dapyrobis Semdeg dampyroblebi qarTvelTa Soris islamis gavrcelebas<br />

cdilobdnen, `exlandeli osmaleTis saqarTvelo qristianobisaTvis iRwvoda bagrationebis<br />

meTaurobiTa da winamZRomelobiTa~ (58). am konteqstidan ar mJRavndeba, niSnavs Tu ara am<br />

SemTxvevaSi qristianobisaTvis brZola qarTvelobis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolas (rac XIX<br />

saukunis meore naxevris <strong>qarTuli</strong> sazogadoebrivi cnobierebisaTvis sruliad bunebrivad<br />

Cans!): Tu am gabrZolebas religiuri Sinaarsi hqonda, maSin ramdenime saukunis Semdeg isev<br />

amgvari Semoteva _ amjerad ara arabebis, aramed osmaloTa mxriv _ iqaur qarTvelTa Soris<br />

qristianobis damarcxebiT damTavrebula (radgan im mxareSi swored islamma gaimarjva), xolo<br />

Tu es iyo brZola qarTvelobis SesanarCuneblad, maSin osmalos qarTvelebs, sarwmunoebis<br />

dakargvis miuxedavad, qarTveloba mainc mtkiced SeunarCunebiaT, rasac ilia amave teqstSi _<br />

oriod gverdis Semdeg _ ueWvelobiT aRniSnavs da adasturebs.<br />

Semdgom ilia mimoixilavs am mxaris Rvawls <strong>qarTuli</strong> qristianuli kulturis<br />

CamoyalibebaSi, raSic igi gulisxmobs mis mier moxseniebul qristianuli arqiteqturuli<br />

Zeglebis aRmSeneblobas, swavla-ganaTlebas, qristianuli <strong>literaturis</strong> Targmnas 1 . amas garda,<br />

Rirebuladaa miCneuli saganmanaTleblo urTierTobani saberZneTTan da isev araa<br />

daviwyebuli samxrel qarTvelTa Rvawli qristianobis dasacavad da gasaZliereblad, oRond<br />

amjerad ara brZolis velze, aramed sulier keraTa meSveobiT: `qristianobis<br />

ganmtkicebisaTvis awesebdnen monastrebs~, magram iqve, sagangebodaa aRniSnuli am monastrebis<br />

saero-samoqalaqo daniSnulebac: `romlebSic ymawvilebisaTvis saswavlebelT marTavdnen~<br />

(58). amave dros, naCvenebia ori religiis dapirispireba inteleqtualur asparezze (`rodesac<br />

tfilissa da garSemo adgilebSi arabebi mahmadianobis gavrcelebas mecadineobdnen Tavisi<br />

arabulis wignebis meSveobiTa~... _ 58) da amjeradac qarTvel qristianTa sulierinteleqtualuri<br />

saqmianobis sarbieli isev samcxe-klarjeTia.<br />

ilia, agreTve, yuradRebas uTmobs samcxis saero kulturas, ris erTaderT, magram<br />

mTavar dasturadac igi moixseniebs `vefxistyaosnis~ avtors, romelic, mwerlis<br />

TvalsazrisiT (da tradiciuli SexedulebiT), `im mxris kaci iyo~ (58), radgan `rusTavis daba,<br />

romelsac Tavis samSoblod ixseniebs rusTaveli, samcxe-saaTabagoSia~ (58). <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

cnobierebis, erovnuli tradiciisa da kulturis centraluri teqstic 2 am mxareSi<br />

warmoSobila!<br />

ilias miaCnia, rom rac ki Zvel saqarTveloSi Rirebulad miCneula adamianuri<br />

moRvaweobis mxriv _ `swavla, ganaTleba, mamulisaTvis Tavgametebuli siyvaruli~ (58) _ misi<br />

akvanic da samarec samxreT saqarTveloSi y<strong>of</strong>ila. amdenad, kulturuli erToba (sakuTari<br />

qveynisadmi emociuri damokidebulebis gverdiT) erovnuli erTianobis erTi umTavresi<br />

gamovlinebaa, _ saxelmwifoebriv, religiur, strategiul erTobasTan erTad, rac<br />

mTlianobaSi qmnis swored erovnuli erTianobisaTvis gadamwyvet da ganmapirobebel istoriis<br />

erTobas.<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi daSlisa da samxreT saqarTvelos calke gamoy<strong>of</strong>is<br />

Semdeg SesamCnevi bzari gauCnda am saukunovan erovnul erTianobas, magram karga xans mainc<br />

SenarCunebuli iyo sarwmunoebrivi erToba, radgan es kuTxe jer isev qristianobis myar<br />

simagred rCeboda: `1625 wlamde samcxe-saaTabagos mTavrebs mtkiced epyraT qristianoba~ (59),<br />

da am SemTxvevaSi sarwmunoebis erTguleba erovnuli TviTobis erTgulebis Tanabrad<br />

warmoCindeba: `osmalebma ver daakles ra verc sarwmunoebasa, verc qarTvelobis<br />

gvartomobasa~ (59), Tumca teqstis am monakveTSi sarwmunoeba da erovneba mkafiodaa<br />

gamijnuli erTmaneTisagan.<br />

raki samcxe-saaTabagos saxelmwifoebrivad calke gamoy<strong>of</strong>is Semdegac iqauri<br />

qarTvelebi, rogorc aRiniSna, isev inarCuneben qarTvelobas, es imas metyvelebs, rom<br />

saxelmwifoebrivi erTobis daSla ver Slis erovnuli erTianobis Segnebas.<br />

magram momdevno xanaSi iwyeba sarwmunoebrivi erTobis daSlac, _ iwyeba samcxesaaTabagos<br />

TandaTanobiTi gamuslimebis procesi: `iq darCenilTa miaRebines mahmadianoba,<br />

zogs ZaldatanebiTa, zogs motyuebiTa da macdurobiTa~ (59). iqaurobis imJamindeli saerTo<br />

religiuri suraTi ki ilias mier amgvaradaa daxatuli: `samRvdeloni da episkopozni<br />

moswyvites, saydrebi dasZarcves, da yoveli samRTo-saero wignebi cecxls mihsces. Cveni moZme<br />

qristiani xalxi darCa uwinamZRvrod, umoZRvrod, ueklesiod da sasowarkveTili, mwared<br />

daCagruli, uwyalod devnuli da ganadgurebuli, nel-nelad mieca mahmadianobasa~ (59).<br />

1 sxvaTa Soris, ilia aRniSnavs, rom `samcxe-klarjeTis qarTvelni samRTo da saero wignebs qristianobisas<br />

hsTargmnidnen~ (58), rac imas metyvelebs, rom ilia qristianul literaturaSi CarTavs rogorc sakraluri<br />

Sinaarsis teqstebs, ise saero, oRond qristianuli mimarTulebis, qristianuli suliskveTebis teqstebs,<br />

magram maT, amave dros, erTmaneTisagan mijnavs kidec, rac _ erTica da meorec _ meTodologiurad sruliad<br />

gamarTlebuli da, albaT, gacnobierebuli midgomaa.<br />

2 Sdr. `glaxis naambobi~: `es wigni aris qarTvelebis gulis saunje~ (WavWavaZe 1988: 160).<br />

95

Tumca ilias cnobiT, zog samxrel qarTvels mainc SeunarCunebia farulad qristianoba,<br />

da xandaxan imasac ki axerxeben, rom Svilebi mosanaTlavad qarTlSi gadmoiyvanon, anda isev<br />

idumalad jvari daiweron (59). (rogorc Cans, arc iliam da arc qarTvelma sazogadoebam<br />

imJamad jer ar icoda, rom marTalia, samcxeSi gauCinarda aRmosavlur-bizantiuri eklesiis<br />

kvali, magram osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCenil samxreT saqarTvelos miwebze mcxovrebTa<br />

didi wili mtkiced inarCunebda kaTolikur sarwmunoebas da adgilobriv, Tavis samkvidroSi,<br />

wesisamebr misdevda saeklesio cxovrebas 1 .)<br />

magram metad mniSvnelovania, rom aq teqstSi gamoCndeba Tema istoriuli xsovnisa, rac<br />

Taobebs Soris, winaprebTan, tradiciasTan kavSirs ganapirobebs da rac mexsierebismieri<br />

aqtualobis saxiT jer isev arsebobs. am xsovnas ki ueWveli Rirebuleba aqvs, radgan is<br />

erovnuli erTianobis ara marto warsuli sayrdenia, aramed momavali mTlianobis SesaZlo<br />

saZirkvelic. Tu realur sinamdvileSi sarwmunoebrivi tradiciis wyveta Tvalxilulia,<br />

istoriul xsovnaSi _ rogorc xelmisawvdomi faqti _ is isev cocxlad arsebobs. amis Sesaxeb<br />

ilia ase wers: `dResac ician iqaurma qarTvelebma, rom zogis deda, zogis mama, papa jer kidev<br />

maTs xsovnaSi qristianebi y<strong>of</strong>ilan~ (59).<br />

raki aRmoCnda, rom, saxelmwifoebrivi daSorebis garda, osmalos saqarTveloSi<br />

mcxovrebTa udidesi nawili sarwmunoebrivadac dascilda danarCen saqarTveloSi mcxovrebT,<br />

bunebrivia, wamoiWreba sakiTxi: SeZlebs Tu ara eris es ori gay<strong>of</strong>ili nawili _ erTmaneTTan<br />

xelaxali SeerTebis Semdeg _ erovnuli erTianobis safuZvlis mopovebas? am sakiTxs ilia<br />

mkafiod upasuxebs, da es pasuxi dadebiTia!<br />

es dasayrdeni ki, ilias TvalsazrisiT, saerTo istoriaa, istoriuli erToba, _<br />

erovnuli cnobierebis is xsovnismieri memkvidreoba, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

sazRvarsaqeTa da sazRvarsiqiTa qarTvelnic iyvnen `erTad sisxlis mRvrelni, erTad Rvawlis<br />

damdebni, erTad tanjulni da erTad molxineni~ (60).<br />

rac Seexeba eris or nawils Soris sarwmunoebriv gansxvavebas, aris da iqneba Tu ara is<br />

xelisSemSleli dabrkoleba erovnuli erTianobisaTvis? SeZlebs Tu ara qarTvelobis<br />

qristiani umravlesoba qarTvelobis im nawilis SeTavsebas, romelic islams aRiarebs? sakiTxi<br />

mwvavea da XIX-XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi analogiurma mdgomareobam ms<strong>of</strong>lios sxvadasxva<br />

mxareSi araTu erovnuli erTianoba, aramed mravali gadauWreli da sisxliani konfliqti<br />

warmoSva (saxeldaxelod gasaxseneblad indoeT-pakistanis damokidebulebis magaliTic kmara:<br />

muslimi indoelebi emijnebian indoeTs da brZoliT qmnian TavianT saxelmwifos _ pakistans,<br />

romelic aTwleulebis manZilze mtrul urTierTobaSia Tavis dedasamSoblosTan; anda<br />

SeuZlebelia imis daviwyeba, Tu saqarTvelosTvis ufro axlos, bizantiur samyaroSi, rogor<br />

gaemijnen balkaneli muslimi bosnielebi qristian serbebsa da xorvatebs).<br />

ilias miaCnia, rom sarwmunoebrivi gansxvaveba araviTar saSiSroebas ar warmoadgens<br />

erovnuli erTianobisaTvis, da misi argumentebi isev istoriulia: `sarwmunoebis<br />

sxvadasxvaoba Cven ar gvaSinebs. qarTvelma, Tavisis sarwmunoebisaTvis jvarcmulma 2 , icis<br />

pativi sxvis sarwmunoebisac. amitomac Cvens istoriaSi ar aris magaliTi, rom qarTvels<br />

survebiyos odesme sxvisa sarwmunoebis daCagvra da devna~ (60), magaliTad ki ilia<br />

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb gansxvavebuli konfesiis mimdevrebs _ somxebs, ebraelebsa da<br />

muslimebs imowmebs, romlebic, saukuneebis manZilze swored saqarTveloSi poulobdnen,<br />

mwerliseuli gamoTqmiT, `sinidisis Tavisuflebasa~ (60).<br />

swored am `sinidisis~ xelSeuxeblobas anu srul konfesiur SeuzRudvelobas pirdeba<br />

ilia qarTveli sazogadoebis saxeliT muslim Zmebs, `oRond movides kvlav is bednieri dRe,<br />

rom Cven erTmaneTs kidev SevuerTdeT, erTmaneTi viZmoT~ (60).<br />

ra daskvnebi SegviZlia da unda gavakeToT am mcire zomis, magram umniSvnelovanesi<br />

teqstidan, sadac ilia mkafiod ayalibebs erovnuli erTianobis sakuTar koncefcias? rogorc<br />

naTlad Cans, ilia am erTianobis safuZvels istoriul erTobaSi xedavs da TviT im<br />

SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki erovnuli mTlianoba nawilebad daiSala, xolo es nawilebi moswyda<br />

erTmaneTs da maT Soris aRar arsebobs aRarc saxelmwifoebrivi, aRarc enobrivi, aRarc<br />

sarwmunoebrivi erToba, maSinac ki is duRabi, rac eris TviT am gaxleCil nawilebsac aerTebs,<br />

aris istoriis saerTo grZnoba. xolo Tu am erToblivi istoriuli msvlelobis Jams am<br />

nawilebs erTnairi, erTi sarwmunoeba hqoniaT, es xelisSemwyobi safanelia saerTo istoriis<br />

gancdisaTvis, magram Semdgomi xanis mier motanili sarwmunoebrivi gansxvaveba aramc da aramc<br />

ar iqceva xelisSemSlel dabrkolebad erovnuli erTianobis SesanarCuneblad. amdenad,<br />

sarwmunoebrivi erTobis ganmsazRvreli Zala danaxulia isev istoriuli da ara religiuri<br />

Tvalsawieridan.<br />

ilias amgvari pozicia uCveulod ar Cans, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, erTi mxriv, epoqisa da<br />

garemos sekularul damokidebulebas sarwmunoebis mimarT (sxvaTa Soris, isic aRsaniSnavia,<br />

1 zaqaria WiWinaZis mravali narkvevi am Temaze mxolod 1890-iani wlebidan ibeWdeba, xolo fundamenturi<br />

wyaroebi samxreT saqarTveloSi kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb kidev ufro mogvianebiT<br />

gamoqveynda (TamaraSvili 1902: 410 Smd.; Sdr. lomsaZe 1979).<br />

2 Sdr. `aCrdili~: `qarTvlis samkvidrov, [...] jvarcmulis RvTisTvis TviT jvarcmulo da wamebulo~ (WavWavaZe<br />

1987: 193).<br />

96

om qveynis istoriis mokle mimoxilvisas qristianuli saqarTvelos istoriuli movlenebic<br />

ilias mier umTavresad sekularuli poziciidan aris mowodebuli) 1 , xolo, meore mxriv,<br />

aRmosavluri saqristianosaTvis damaxasiaTebel sarwmunoebisa da erovnebis faqtobriv<br />

identifikacias, sadac erovnuli Rirebulebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi Znelad Tu imijneba<br />

sarwmunoebrivi Rirebulebebisagan. ilias TvalsazrisiT, sarwmunoebisa da erovnebis amgvari<br />

ganuy<strong>of</strong>lobaa Senaxuli eris istoriul mexsierebaSi, xolo istoriuli mexsierebis swored es<br />

saganZuri warmoadgens erovnuli erTianobis balavars. erTmaneTisagan saxelmwifoebrivad<br />

gaxleCili qarTvelobis odindel saerTo istoriaSi, im istoriuli erTobis saunjeSi, rac,<br />

ilias azriT, erovnuli erTianobis ganmapirobebeli safuZvelia, sarwmunoebrivi erTobac<br />

moipoveba, Tumca am konteqstSi qristianoba aRqmulia ara rogorc cocxali sinamdvile,<br />

aramed rogorc istoriuli memkvidreobis wauSleli da gauuqmebeli Semadgeneli nawili.<br />

isic unda iTqvas, rom marTalia, `osmalos saqarTveloSi~ erovnuli erTianobis<br />

upirates safuZvlad ilia erTmniSvnelovnad istoriis erTobas miiCnevs da, Tu ar<br />

gamoricxavs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nakleb Rirebulebas aniWebs enasac, sarwmunoebasac,<br />

sisxlismier naTesaobasac (`arc erToba enisa, arc erToba sarwmunoebisa da gvartomobisa ise<br />

ar SeamsWvalebs xolme adamians erTmaneTTan, rogorc erToba istoriisa~ _ 56), magram mis sxva<br />

teqstebSi Zireuli mniSvneloba eniWeba enas. magaliTad, 1881 wlis martis `Sinaur<br />

mimoxilvaSi~ igi wers: `arsebiTi niSani erovnebisa, misi guli da suli enaa~ (WavWavaZe 1997:<br />

452) 2 .<br />

Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom amave mimoxilvaSi ilia erTmaneTisagan mijnavs eris erTianobis<br />

sakiTxs mravalerovani saxelmwifos erTianobis sakiTxisagan, xolo am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi<br />

mas miaCnia, rom araTu sarwmunoeba, TviT enac ki ar warmoadgens saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobis<br />

arc dasayrdens da arc aucileblobas:<br />

`iyo dro, roca fiqrobdnen, rom iq, saca erTi da imave saxelmwifos erni sxvadasxva<br />

wesiT adideben RmerTsa, erToba saxelmwifosi ver ixeirebso da dairRvevao. reformaciam<br />

daamtkica, rom eg azri marto umecrebis nay<strong>of</strong>ia [...] mova dro, da gvgonia _ didi xnis<br />

lodinic ar mogvindes, rom enis Sesaxebac imas ityvian, rasac exla rjulis Sesaxeb brmanica<br />

da Tvalxilulnic amboben erTad~ (WavWavaZe 1997: 453).<br />

rogorc cxadad Cans, arc mravalerovani saxelmwifos erTianobisaTvis, arc erTi eris<br />

erTianobisaTvis ilia gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas ar aniWebda sarwmunoebriv erTobas<br />

(mravalenovani saxelmwifos axlo momavlis perspeqtivaSi ki _ arc enobriv erTobas).<br />

xom ar upirispirdeba erovnuli erTianobis iliaseuli es koncefcia, _ Camoyalibebuli<br />

Tundac 1877 wlis `osmalos saqarTveloSi~, Tundac 1881 wlis “Sinaur mimoxilvaSi”, _<br />

erovnul faseulobaTa dResdReobiT farTod cnobil im samwevrian nusxas, romelic mweralma<br />

Tavis adreul kritikul gamoxmaurebaSi SesTavaza mkiTxvels?<br />

1860 wels Tavis pirvel nabeWd werilSi `oriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis<br />

kazlovidgan `SeSlilis~Targmanzeda~ 23 wlis ilia WavWavaZe werda:<br />

`sami RvTaebrivi saunje dagvrCa mama-papaTagan: mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba. Tu amaTac<br />

ar vupatroneT, ra kacebi viqnebiT, ra pasuxs gavscemT STamomavlobas?~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 31).<br />

magram es sameuli mas araTu ar ganuxilavs, aRarasodes aRarc mihbrunebia mas Tavis<br />

mravalricxovan nawerebSi da, miT umetes, arasodes uqcevia is an sakuTar, an qveynisa da eris<br />

samoqmedo lozungad 3 . sayuradReboa, rom am samerTiani CamonaTvalisaTvis gansakuTrebuli<br />

mniSvnelobis miniWeba azrad ar mosvlia ilias arc erT Tanamedroves, arc erT mis<br />

Tanamoazres, arc erT mis biografs 4 ! am ueWvel sinamdviles mkafiod adasturebs “iveriis”<br />

redaqtoris iseTi axlo TanamSromelic, rogoric iyo grigol yifSiZe, romelic ilias Tavis<br />

vrcel biografiaSi erTxelac arsad axsenebs am sameuls.<br />

1 Sdr. zurab kiknaZe: `TavisTavad rwmena, rasac ilia sarwmunoebas uwodebda, rogorc wminda religiuri gancda,<br />

yvelaze naklebad iyo misTvis aqtualuri, mis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi naklebad CarTuli. sarwmunoeba<br />

misTvis iyo istoriuli kategoria, rogorc ganviTarebis erT-erTi faqtori, magram ara egzistencialuri<br />

momenti adamianTa da eris cxovrebaSi~ (kiknaZe 2006: 50).<br />

2 iakob mansvetaSvilic Tavis mogonebebSi ase gadmoscems ilias sityvebs, sadac gansakuTrebiT aRiniSneba enis<br />

mniSvneloba swored erovnul erTianobasTan dakavSirebiT: `ena aris deda boZi saqarTvelos erTianobisa,<br />

mTlianobisa da Tu es deda boZi gamovacaleT, [...] Cveni mSobeli qveyana, Cveni saqarTvelo ganadgurdeba,<br />

ganiavdeba deda-miwis zurgzeo~(mansvetaSvili 1985: 74).<br />

3 Sdr. zurab kiknaZe: `es triada erTaderTxel gaaxmiana sruliad axalgazrda ilia WavWavaZem da SemdgomSi igi<br />

aRarasodes gaumeorebia. garda amisa, gavixsenoT konteqsti [...]. avtori aq ar saubrobs arc sazogadoebis<br />

mowyobaze da arc garkveul droze gaTvlil (an, miT umetes, zedroul, yvela epoqaSi gamosadeg) samoqmedo<br />

programaze. es aris, ubralod, qarTvelobis gamaerTianebeli faseulobebis CamonaTvali. ase rom, [...] ar unda<br />

vifiqroT, TiTqos igi iliasaTvis uryev princips an samoqmedo gegmas warmoadgenda~ (diskusia 2006: 17; Sdr.<br />

kiknaZe 2006: 28-52).<br />

4 ix. Tundac iona meunargias sityvebi ilias Sesaxeb: `mas Canergoda gulSi mamulisa da enis siyvaruli~<br />

(meunargia 1987: 490).<br />

97

ilias arasodes auxsnia, Tu ras gulisxmobda, roca ymawvilkacobis droindel werilSi<br />

erovnul RirebulebaTa Soris gamoy<strong>of</strong>da `sam RvTaebriv saunjes~: mamuls, enasa da<br />

sarwmunoebas 1 , _ ra Sinaarssa da mniSvnelobas aniWebda maT an cal-calke an erTad, _ magram<br />

man mogvianebiT vrclad daasabuTa Tvalsazrisi, rom erovnuli erTianobis saZirkvels<br />

istoriuli erToba warmoadgens, xolo rac Seexeba sarwmunoebriv gansxvavebas, man is<br />

xelisSemSlel dabrkolebad ar miiCnia arc erovnuli da, miT umetes, arc saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

erTianobisaTvis.<br />

rogorc Cans, erovnuli erTianobis met-naklebad msgavs koncefcias iziarebda iakob<br />

gogebaSvilic: Tavis fundamentur teqstSi `burji erovnebisa~ (1890) mas ara imdenad<br />

sarwmunoeba, ramdenadac ena da erovneba (= erovnuli TviTSegneba) miaCnda erovnuli<br />

TviTobis ganmsazRvrel maxasiaTeblad. sxvaTa Soris, konteqsti, sadac igi Tavis am<br />

Tvalsazriss gamoTqvams, igivea, rac iliaseul `osmalos saqarTveloSi~, _ sakiTxi isev<br />

samxrel muslim qarTvelebs Seexeba:<br />

`marTalia, aWarelebmac sarwmunoeba Seicvales, magram enasa da erovnebas ar<br />

uRalates da TaviT fexebamdis darCnen qarTvelebad~ (gogebaSvili 1990: 35).<br />

gogebaSvili mkafiod acxadebs, rom aWarlebi sruli qarTvelebi arian rame danaklisis<br />

gareSe, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini im sarwmunoebas ar misdeven, romelsac qarTvelobis<br />

umravlesoba aRiarebs. amave dros, mniSvnelovania, rom igi maTgan ganasxvavebs SavSelebsa da<br />

eruSelebs, romlebmac<br />

`Zala-uneburad uRalates erovnebas da deda-enas, gascvales igi osmalurs enazed da<br />

Cveulebazed~ (gogebaSvili 1990: 34).<br />

es gamonaTqvami konceptualurad didad ar gansxvavdeba zemore moyvanili<br />

gamonaTqvamisagan (_ aWarelTa Sesaxeb), magram, rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi erovnul Tvisebas<br />

(da mis dakargvas!), gogebaSvilis azriT, gansazRvravs ena da tradicia (`Cveuleba~).<br />

ilia WavWavaZis `osmalos saqarTvelos~ daweridan Svidi aTeuli wlis Semdeg, roca XX<br />

saukunis SuaxanebSi meore ms<strong>of</strong>lio omis damTavrebis Sedegad gaCenili politikuri<br />

koniunqtura warmoSobs TurqeTis saqarTvelos (zemo qarTlis) teritoriebis saqarTvelos<br />

sabWoTa respublikisaTvis SemoerTebis imedebs, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi<br />

kalistrate cincaZe mimarTavs tao-klarjeTis qarTvel mcxovrebT (`saqarTvelos<br />

sakaTalikozos zemo qarTlis eparqiebisaTvis~) 2 , moemzadon dedasamSoblosTan Sesarwymelad,<br />

`raTa sisxliTa da xorciT SekavSirebulma adamianebma moiyaron Tavi mSobliur miwa-wyalze~<br />

(vardosaniZe 2001: 193). saqarTvelos sapatriarqos meTauri qarTvelobis gaxleCil nawilTa<br />

erTianobis safuZvlad kulturul erTobas miiCnevs da yuradRebas miapyobs, rom TurqeTis<br />

saqarTvelo `is mxarea, sadac dairwa <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis akvani~ da, `Tu raime mogvagonebs im<br />

qarTvelobas, es didebul taZarTa nangrevebia...~ (iqve). mimarTva mTavrdeba dapirebiT, rom<br />

saqarTvelosTan gaerTianebis Semdeg aravin Seexeba muslim qarTvelTa sarwmunoebas da aravin<br />

aiZulebs maT, uaryon islami (iqve) 3 .<br />

sxvaTa Soris, am ori teqstis TiTo konkretuli monakveTis stilisturi siaxlove, _<br />

gacnobierebuli Tu gaucnobierebeli gamoxmaureba, _ amZafrebs istoriul-faqtobriv<br />

kontrasts:<br />

`osmalos saqarTvelo~: [samxrel qarTvelebs] “miaRebines mahmadianoba, zogs<br />

ZaldatanebiTa, zogs motyuebiTa da macdurobiTa” (WavWavaZe 1997: 59);<br />

kaTolikos-patriarqis mimarTva: `Cven aRTqmas vdebT: gabriyvebiT, mzakvrobiTa da<br />

cdunebiT arcerTi muslimani ar iqneba gaqristianebuli~ (vardosaniZe 2001: 193).<br />

patriarqis mimarTvis teqsti adasturebs ara oden iliaseuli ideuri<br />

memkvidreobiTobis SenarCunebasa da erTgulebas TviT komunisturi reJimis pirobebSi, aramed<br />

kidev erTxel imasac, rom Tavad saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelic ki,<br />

ilias erovnuli erTianobis koncefciis kalapotSi, erovnuli mTlianobis ideidan<br />

gamoricxavs sarwmunoebriv erTobas, xolo erovnuli erTianobis _ rogorc Cans _ erTaderT<br />

safuZvels igi kulturis erTobaSi xedavs.<br />

1 Sdr. ivane abxazis sityvebi, gadmocemuli grigol orbelianis CanawerebSi `mgzavroba Cemi tfilisidam<br />

peterbuRamdis~: `Tavadni da aznaurni, romelTaca uyvardaT mamuli, sarwmunoeba, mefe...~ (orbeliani 1959:<br />

172).<br />

2 Sdr. papuaSvili 1986: 105.<br />

3 Sdr. `osmalos saqarTvelo~: `qarTveli, Cvenda sasiqadulod, kvlav daumtkicebs qveyanasa, rom igi ar erCis<br />

adamianis sinidiss~ (60).<br />

98

dabolos: ra akavSirebs erovnuli erTianobis ilia WavWavaZiseul koncefcias ernest<br />

renanis erT gviandel naSromTan, romelTanac `osmalos saqarTvelos~ arapirdapir<br />

gadaZaxils miapyrobs yurs grigol yifSiZe.<br />

frangi pozitivisti filos<strong>of</strong>osisa da religiaTa istorikosis, erT dros metad<br />

saxelmoxveWili da sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ernest renanis (1823-1892) naSromi `ra aris eri?~<br />

(`Qu’est-ce qu’une nation?~) faqtobrivad misi sajaro leqciaa, romelic man sorbonis<br />

universitetSi waikiTxa 1882 wlis 11 marts 1 (sxvaTa Soris, renans ekuTvnis XIX saukuneSi<br />

daumsaxureblad farTod gavrcelebuli wigni `iesos cxovreba~, romelic mimarTulia<br />

qristianobis arsis winaaRmdeg da romelic pozitivisturi poziciidan afasebs ieso qristes<br />

pirovnebas, misiasa da moZRvrebas).<br />

renans miaCnia, rom `eris arsia, individuumebs hqondeT bevri saerTo bevri ramis<br />

dasaviwyeblad~ (92), magram ras SeiZleba efuZnebodes es erTianoba? istoriulad eris<br />

erTianoba warmoiSoboda an dinastiis safuZvelze, an provinciaTa uSualo surviliT, an<br />

saerTo suliskveTebiT, daemarcxebinaT feodalizmis axirebebi (93), magram mainc, XVIII<br />

saukunemde erebis warmoSobis mTavari mamoZravebel-makavSirebeli muxti iyo dinastia.<br />

Tanamedrove xanaSi ki erovnuli TviToba SesaZloa eyrdnobodes:<br />

a) an rasas (magram renani ar iziarebs im Tvalsazriss, rom myari da mudmivi mxolod<br />

adamianTa rasebia da rom rasis ufleba pirveladia; mas amgvari Sexeduleba miuRebladac<br />

miaCnia da saxifaTodac, radgan Tanamedrove erebi TavisTavad arc erTgvarovanni arian da Tan<br />

rasis cnebas sxvadasxva Sinaarss aniWeben, erTi mxriv, anTropologebi da fiziologebi,<br />

romlebic sisxlismier naTesaobas gulisxmoben, xolo, meore mxriv, istorikosebi da<br />

filologebi, romelTaTvisac niSneulia enobrivi naTesaoba, _ ase nairgvarad gamijnuli<br />

rasobrivi dajgufebani ki ar emTxveva erTmaneTs; Sesabamisad, rasa nel-nela kargavs Tavis<br />

mniSvnelobas);<br />

b) an enas (Tumca renans miaCnia, rom adamianSi aris raRac, rac enaze maRla dgas: Tavad<br />

adamianis swrafva; xolo erovnuli politikis dafuZneba enaze niSnavs damokidebulebas<br />

filologiaze, iseve rogorc dafuZneba rasaze niSnavs damokidebulebas eTnografiaze; misi<br />

azriT, enasTan SedarebiT ufro mniSvnelovania kultura, radgan `adamiani gonieri da<br />

zneobrivi arsebaa... da igi sakuTar Tavs ama Tu im kulturas miakuTvnebs~ _ 98);<br />

g) an religias (magram, renanis azriT, religias ara aqvs sakmarisi safuZveli<br />

Tanamedrove erovnebaTa dasafuZneblad da ver SeakavSirebs erovnul mTlianobas, radgan<br />

`Cven aRar gvyavs masebi, romelTac erTnairad swamT, _ yovels swams Taviseburad, rogorc<br />

SeuZlia, rogorc unda~, ris Sedegadac `religia gaxda sruliad individualuri~ _ 99);<br />

d) an interesTa erTobas (romelic frang filos<strong>of</strong>oss aseve ar miaCnia sakmaris pirobad<br />

eris Sesaqmnelad);<br />

e) an geografias (Tumca, renanis sityvebiT, `teritoria, iseve rogorc rasa, ar qmnis<br />

erebs~ da `eri sulieri sawyisia, istoriis Rrma garTulebaTa Sedegi, sulieri ojaxi da ara<br />

jgufi, romelic ganpirobebulia zedapiris formiT~ _ 100).<br />

erovnuli erTianobis Sesaxeb am TvalsazrisTa ganxilvisa da miuReblobis Semdeg renani<br />

ayalibebs sakuTar koncefcias. mas miaCnia, rom ers mTlianobad warsuli da momavali kravs:<br />

`Tu pirveli maTgani mogonebaTa mdidari memkvidreobis erToblivi flobaa, meore aris<br />

saerTo SeTanxmeba, survili, erToblivad icxovron, erToblivad gaagrZelon wilad xvdomili<br />

daunawilebeli memkvidreobiT sargebloba~ (100); `erovnebebi, rogorc individuumebi, Sedegia<br />

xangrZlivi Zalisxmevisa, msxverplisa da TviTSezRudvisa~ (100); `winaparTa kulti yvelaze<br />

kanonieria yvela kults Soris, _ Cven winaprebma gagvxades imgvarni, rogorebic amJamad varT~<br />

(100); `gmiruli warsuli, didi adamianebi, dideba (magram namdvili) _ ai, mTavari kapitali,<br />

romelsac efuZneba erovnuli idea~ (100); `saerTo didebis qona warsulSi, saerTo swrafvani<br />

momavalSi diad qmedebaTa erTad Casadenad, maTi survili momavalSi _ ai, mTavari pirobebi<br />

erad y<strong>of</strong>nisaTvis~ (100); `amdenad, eri diadi solidarobaa, damyarebuli msxverplis grZnobaze,<br />

romelic ukve gaRebulia da romlis gaRebasac apireben momavalSi. eri gulisxmobs warsuls,<br />

magram awmyoSi is Sejamdeba xelSesaxebi faqtiT: esaa aSkarad gamoxatuli survili,<br />

gagrZeldes erToblivi cxovreba~ (101); `Cven gavaZeveT politikidan metafizikuri da<br />

Teologiuri abstraqciebi. ra rCeba amis Semdeg? rCeba adamiani, misi swrafvani, misi<br />

moTxovnilebani~ (101); `diadi Sejgufeba adamianebisa saRi azriTa da mgznebare guliT qmnis<br />

moralur cnobierebas, romelsac ewodeba eri~ (102).<br />

advilad ver vityviT, rom eris renaniseuli koncefcia, romelic gamoiTqva (an, ufro<br />

sworad, _ warmoiTqva) ilias teqstis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, _ ernest renanis `ra aris eri?~<br />

xuTi wliT CamorCeba ilia WavWavaZis `osmalos saqarTvelos~, _ mTlianad emTxveodes<br />

erovnuli erTianobis iliaseul koncefcias, Tumca msgavsebanic SesamCnevia. gansakuTrebiT es<br />

iTqmis im poziciaze, sadac sisxlismieri naTesaobac (ese igi gvartomoba), enac da<br />

sarwmunoebac gamoricxulia eris warmomSob niSanTa wyebidan. magram SesamCnevia, rom ilia,<br />

1 teqstis gverdebs wignis dausaxeleblad Semdgom mivuTiTebT im gamocemis mixedviT, romelsac, savaradod,<br />

icnobda da eyrdnoboda grigol yifSiZe (ix. renani 1902: 87-101).<br />

99

enanisagan gansxvavebiT, nakleb yuradRebas miapyrobs momavals rogorc eris erTianobis<br />

ganmsazRvrel niSans. mTavari mainc isaa, rom iq, sadac renani msjelobs erisaTvis saerTo<br />

istoriuli warsulis ganmapirobebeli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, orive moazrovnis naTesaoba<br />

ueWvelia.<br />

ilias Tanamoazresa da mis pirvel biografs, grigol yifSiZes, uTuod hqonda safuZveli,<br />

amgvar naTesaobaze elaparaka, rac mis dakvirvebul da gamWriax mzeraze metyvelebs.<br />

sruliad bunebrivia, rom ilias publicisturi memkvidreobidan igi gansakuTrebiT<br />

gamoarCevs `osmalos saqarTvelos~; sruliad bunebrivia am mcire moculobis werilis mwerlis<br />

erT-erT fundamentur teqstad miCneva, sadac koncefcia erovnuli erTianobis Sesaxeb ase<br />

mkafiodaa Camoyalibebuli.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

gogebaSvili 1990: gogebaSvili i. rCeuli Txzulebani xuT tomad. t. II, Tb.: ganaTleba, 1990.<br />

diskusia 2006: `mamuli ena sarwmunoeba~: diskusia _ 17 dekemberi, 2002, saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa<br />

gasayarze. Tb.: arete, 2006.<br />

vardosaniZe 2001: vardosaniZe s. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia 1917-1952 wlebSi.<br />

Tb.: mecniereba, 2001.<br />

TamaraSvili 1902: TamaraSvili m. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris. tf.: 1902.<br />

ingoroyva 1957: ingoroyva p. ilia WavWavaZe: narkvevi. Tb.: saxelmw. gam-ba, 1957.<br />

kiknaZe 2006: kiknaZe z. ilias mamuli. saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa gasayarze. Tb.: arete, 2006.<br />

lomsaZe 1979: lomsaZe S. gviani Suasakuneebis saqarTvelos istoriidan; axalcixuri qronikebi. Tb.:<br />

mecniereba, 1979.<br />

mansvetaSvili 1985: mansvetaSvili i. mogonebebi: naxuli da gagonili. Tb.: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1985.<br />

meunargia 1987: meunargia i. [ilia WavWavaZe., ilia: mogonebebi gardasul dReTa. Tb.: merani, 1987.<br />

orbeliani 1959: orbeliani g. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb.: sabWoTa mwerali, 1959.<br />

papuaSvili 1986: papuaSvili n. k. m. cincaZis cxovreba da mecnieruli memkvidreoba. mravalTavi:<br />

filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani, XIII, Tb.: mecniereba, 1986.<br />

renani 1902: Ренан Э. Собрание сочинений в 12-ти томах. Т.6. Киев, 1902.<br />

yifSiZe 1987: yifSiZe g. ilia WavWavaZe 1837-1907 (biografia). ilia: mogonebebi gardasul dReTa. Tb.:<br />

merani, 1987.<br />

WavWavaZe 1955: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. 4, Tb.: saxelmw. gam-ba, 1957.<br />

WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. tomi I, Tb.: mecniereba, 1987.<br />

WavWavaZe 1988: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. tomi II, Tb.: mecniereba, 1988.<br />

WavWavaZe 1997: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. tomi VI, Tb.: mecniereba, 1997.<br />

"Ottoman Georgia" by Ilia Chavchavadze:<br />

The Conseption <strong>of</strong> the National Unity<br />

Merab Ghaghanidze<br />

The sociopolitical article "Ottoman Georgia" (1877) has a great importance among the literary heritage<br />

<strong>of</strong> Ilia Chavchavadze. It reflexes the hopes which appeared among the Georgian society during the Russo-<br />

Turkish War and which were connected with the perspectives <strong>of</strong> returning the Georgian territories incorporated<br />

earlier in Ottoman Empire.<br />

Ilia Chavchavadze discusses in his article the problem <strong>of</strong> the national unity, very actual and acute in that<br />

period, as so much that the Georgians, living in Ottoman Empire, were Muslims. For Chavchavadze the religion<br />

difference is not the obstacle for the national unity. He considers that the dimension <strong>of</strong> the greatest importance<br />

for the national unity, first <strong>of</strong> all, is the historical unity.<br />

Ilia Chavchavadze’s view was shared by Iakob Gogebashvili and Kalistraté Tsintsadze who later also<br />

wrote on Georgian Muslims.<br />

Grigol Kipshidze, Chavchavadze’s first biografer, finds a lot in common between the conception <strong>of</strong> the<br />

national unity by Ilia Chavchavadze and conception <strong>of</strong> the nation by Ernest Renan. The study <strong>of</strong> the sources<br />

really shows the similarity between them in spite <strong>of</strong> that Renan’s article "What Is the Nation" was published five<br />

years later than Ilia Chavchavadze’s “Ottoman Georgia”.<br />

poema `aCrdilis~ SemoqmedebiTi istoriisaTvis<br />

rusudan kusraSvili<br />

100

didi ilias poemebi ricxobrivad arc ise bevria _ sul xuTi poema dawera, magram<br />

TiToeuli maTgani klasikur nawarmoebs warmoadgens da <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis Sedevrad<br />

CaiTvleba.<br />

ilia WavWavaZe dinji poeti iyo. werda nela da auCqareblad. iqamde nela, rom TiToeul<br />

poemas erTi wlidan ramdenime wels andomebda. Tanac yvela poema dawyebulia peterburgSi<br />

cxovrebis dros (1857-1861), garda poema `gandegilisa~, romelic saqarTveloSi Seiqmna (1883<br />

w.), `ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis cxovrebidam~ (mkiTxveli mas mokled `kako yaCaRs~<br />

uwodebs) daiwera peterburgSi 1860 wels. danarCeni sami poema poetma daiwyo peterburgSi da<br />

daamTavra saqarTveloSi: `aCrdils~ werda 13 weli (1859-1872), xolo masze muSaobda 1892<br />

wlamde. `qarTvlis dedas~ werda 11 weli (1860-1871), `dimitri Tavdadebulze~ ki muSaobas 17-18<br />

weli moandoma (1860-1877, 1878).<br />

ilias poemebi teqstologiuri TvalsazrisiT metad saintereso suraTs iZleva.<br />

sainteresoa, rogor werda avtori am poemebs, rogor cvlida teqsts da rogor amuSavebda maT.<br />

saarqivo masalebisa da ilias sicocxlisdroindeli gamoqveynebuli wyaroebis Seswavlam<br />

gviCvena, rom ilia TiToeul poemaze Zalian bevrs fiqrobda, bevrs muSaobda. amis dasturia,<br />

pirvelyovlisa, is gadaxazuli sityvebi, str<strong>of</strong>ebi da mTeli rigi adgilebi, maTze an maT<br />

gverdiT miwerili sanacvlo sityvebi, str<strong>of</strong>ebi, romliTac dafarulia avtografebi. gvxvdeba<br />

sufTad gadawerili avtografebic, dasabeWdad gamzadebuli, es meordeboda gamoqveynebul<br />

teqstzedac. dabeWdvidan meored dabeWdvamde kvlav midioda muSaoba teqstis Secvlaze da a.<br />

S. am mxriv urTulesi Sroma aqvs Catarebuli poets poema `aCrdilze~. aq ar SevudgebiT maT<br />

Teoriul analizs, amJamad es Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens. vityviT mxolod, rom es<br />

filos<strong>of</strong>iuri azrisa da Sinaarsis poema sxva poemebisagan gansxvavebiT damuxtulia erovnuli<br />

Tu patriotuli Zlieri emociebiT, rac gamorCeuls xdis mas qarTul poeziaSi.<br />

`aCrdils~ ori redaqcia da 23 variantuli wyaro aqvs (igulisxmeba xelnaweri da nabeWdi<br />

wyaroebi). pirveli redaqcia srulia. aqvs Tavisi Sesavali da dasasruli. swored am redaqciiT<br />

daiwyo iliam poemis wera da daamTavra, rogorc TviTon wers, `26 ianvars, 1859-sa w.~.<br />

redaqcias, arcerTi Tavi ar aklia gansxvavebiT meore redaqciisagan, saTauris _ `aCrdili~ _<br />

qveS weria `ZRvna~, `ZRvnis~ teqstis bolos ki xelmoweraa `ilia WavWavaZe~. masSi Cans avtoris<br />

damokidebuleba poemisadmi, romelsac Tavis pirmSos uwodebs da mkiTxvels sTxovs, Seiyvaros<br />

igi, romelSic samSoblos sevdiT gamowveuli poetis didi tkivilia Caqsovili:<br />

ZRvna<br />

miiReT, Cemo megobrebo, pirmSo Ze Cemi,<br />

axlad Sobili, nugeSis da imedT momcemi!<br />

igi mogiTxrobT Cemsa tanjvas da Cemsa fiqrsa,<br />

ra mamis cremli zed atyvia loyebzed Svilsa.<br />

miiReT ZRvnaTa Tqven megobris laRi tirili,<br />

TamamaT moTqma misi, romelic aSinebs sxvasa;<br />

miiTviseT da SeiyvareT Cemi `aCrdili~,<br />

eg mogagonebsT, megobrebo, Cem gulis wvasa.<br />

(WavWavaZe)<br />

amas Semdeg mosdevs isev saTauri `aCrdili~ da iwyeba poema, romelsac wamZRvarebuli<br />

aqvs epigrafi `wm. daviTis fsalmunidam~: `aRsdeq ufalo, RmerTo Cemo da aRmarTe xeli Seni da<br />

nu daiviwyeb glaxakTa SenTa sruliad!..~ bolos, poemas uweria _ `dasrulda~ da TariRi,<br />

Tumca mas Semdeg mosdevs ilias oTxstr<strong>of</strong>iani mimarTva saTauriT `qarTvalebisadmi~, rac<br />

bolo, meore redaqciaSi ar meordeba. igi ase iwyeba:<br />

aha, gaTavda!.. qarTvelno, micnobT<br />

am leqsSi mwuxars da mtirals qarTvels!<br />

SoriT, ruseTiT Zma Zmebs mogiTxrobT<br />

mas, rac ar uSrobs namdvil Svilsa cremls.<br />

am dros peterburgSi mcxovrebi axalgazrda poeti warmoudgenlad ganicdis Tavis<br />

`tkbili mamulis~ beds, RmerTs SesTxovs Seisminos misi vedreba da gadaarCinos igi, elis am<br />

bnel RameSi `damxsneli varskvlavis~ gamobrwyinebas da momavlis imedi ar uqreba gulSi.<br />

mimarTva ase mTavrdeba:<br />

Tu Cems cremls, exla furclebze SemSrals,<br />

Tqveni cremlica moemateba,<br />

maSin vficav im Cvens damxsnel varskvlavs, -<br />

igi, rac gvinda, aRgvisruldeba!<br />

101

ilia poemas didxans werda da amuSavebda, sanam bolo, meore redaqciamde, bolo nebamde<br />

mividoda. `am `aCrdilma~ tyavi gamaZro. istoriul nawilzed virsaviT Sevdeq da erTi biji win<br />

veRar wavdgi. ar vici, ra vqna. vambob, am `aCrdils~ Tavi davanebo-meTqi. eg oxeri Cveni<br />

istoria... marto omebisa da mefebiis istoriaa, eri arsad Cans, me ki aseTis agebulobis adamiani<br />

var, rom mefeebis da omebis saxe ar mizidavs xolme, saqme xalxia da xalxi ki Cvens istoriaSi<br />

ara Cans. vwuxvar da vdrtvinav da ganmkiTxavi arsaiT ari~, _ wers ilia d. erisTavs. albaT,<br />

swored es iyo mizezi, rom iliam poemas Semdgom sruli saxe ver misca da vera da ver dawera<br />

poemis bolo redaqciis 22-e da 23-e Tavebi, romlebSic qarTveli xalxis istoria unda<br />

asaxuliyo.<br />

rogorc aRvniSneT, ilia `aCrdilis~ teqstSi cvlida yvelafers, ris Secvlac SeeZlo<br />

(str<strong>of</strong>ebs, sityvebs, Tavebs). maTi Cveneba Zalian Sors wagviyvanda, rac mkiTxvels daabnevda<br />

kidec. aq SegviZlia mxolod is vTqvaT, rom ilia muSaobis procesSi Zalian kritikuli iyo ara<br />

marto teqstisadmi, aramed Tavisi Tavis mimarTac. igi Tavs uflebas ar aZlevda, mieyuradebina<br />

misi beWdvis procesic da nabij-nabij misdevda mas. `Zmao kirile, _ swerda igi kirile<br />

lorTqifaniZes, _ umikovs (petre umikaSvils — r. k.), Cemi `aCrdili` aqvs axladgadakeTebuli.<br />

iqidan VII, VIII da IX Tavebi dabeWde im saTauriT, rogorc adre iyo dabeWdili `krebulSi~. am<br />

patara amonaridiTac naTeli dasturia Cveni naTqvamisa. yovelive amiT xazs vusvamT imas, rom<br />

ilias gareSe, mis sicocxleSi SeuZlebeli iyo romelime gamomcemlis an redaqtoris<br />

TviTneburi Careva, garda cenzurisa.<br />

cnobilia, rogor mZvinvarebda mefis cenzura da qarTvel mwerlebs gasaqans ar aZlevda<br />

Tavisuflad weraSi da azrovnebaSi, rasac mwvaved ganicdidnen mwerlebi, maT Soris ilia<br />

WavWavaZec. amaze metyvelebs misi araerTi werili kerZo pirebisadmi. igi yovelmxriv<br />

cdilobda Tavidan aecdina misi gamWoli mzera da brjyalebi. amitom ilia Zalian frTxilobda<br />

da maqmisalurad cdilobda Tavi aeridebina misTvis.<br />

pirvel redaqcias Tavisi variantebi aqvs xelnawerebis saxiT: kir. lorTqifniZis, p.<br />

umikaSvilis da ucnobi piris mier gadawerili. Cveni yuradReba miipyro ucnobi piris mier<br />

gadawerilma teqstma (daculia xelnawerTa institutSi). igi calke wignakad aris Sekruli da<br />

momzadebulia dasabeWdad. amave dros sxvaTa gadawerilisagan gansxvavebiT, sruli teqstia.<br />

xelraweris Seswavlisas im daskvnamde mivediT, rom es ucnobi, sakmaod Secvlili teqsti<br />

ekuTvnis ilias, gadamweri TviT ilia unda iyos. rasakvirvelia, ase ilias dros teqsts veravin<br />

Secvlida, Tu ara TviTon ilia. kaligrafiac, Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, iliaseulia. amas erTvis<br />

iseTi minawerebi teqstze, romlebic SeiZleba mxolod avtors gaekeTebina; magaliTad, II Tavze<br />

fanqriT aweria: `es wignSi ar aris~, III Tavis bolos miwerilia: `es metia bolomde~, aseve V Tavis<br />

bolo or striqonze miwerilia: `es aris meti~. es striqonebi fanqriT vertikalurad aris<br />

gverdiT Camoxazuli da gadatanilia meeqvse Tavis dasawyis striqonebad, e. i. VI Tavi am<br />

striqonebiT iwyeba: `magram sakuTrad arca aragvma, arca Tergma, arc tyem da arca mTama...~).<br />

amitom am xelnawerze Cven visaubrebT, rogorc avtografze (daTariRebulia 1860 wliT). igi<br />

variantulad aris damuSavebuli, rac imis dasturia, rom poets didxans umuSavia da ufiqria<br />

TiToeul sityvaze, TiToeul str<strong>of</strong>ze. Tavebi gadaadgilebulia (I redaqcia sul 32 Tavisagan<br />

Sedgeba) da day<strong>of</strong>ili. magaliTad, 28-e Tavi or Tavad aris day<strong>of</strong>ili 29-e da 30-ed da a. S. am<br />

xelnawerSi Cndeba axali warwera saTauris qveS: `ivane poltorackis da ilia winamZRvriSvils~,<br />

saidanac irkveva, rom poema avtorma uZRvna Tavis siyrmis megobars ivane poltorackis (1836-<br />

1852) da cnobil sazogado moRvawes, literators, pedagogs da s<strong>of</strong>. winamZRvrianTkarSi<br />

sas<strong>of</strong>lo-sameurneo saswavleblis damfuZnebels ilia winamZRvriSvils (1848-1918).<br />

avtografSi CvenTvis cnobili epigrafis qveS weria aforizmi (`ra vardman Tvisi yvavili~...). am<br />

avtografs qronologiurad win unda uswrebdes eskizi. igi calkea daculi literaturul<br />

muzeumSi. misi saTauria: `aCrdili yazbegzed anu Cangi moxucisa~; saTauris qveS aRniSnulia:<br />

`I~. Cans, teqsti avtors poemis variantis I Tavad hqonia navaraudevi, magram Semdeg aseTi<br />

dasawyisi poemisa gadaufiqrebia. qvemoT vbeWdavT am eskizis teqsts, radganac aseTi saxiT (e. i.<br />

avtoriseuli saxiT) igi mxolod ilias octomeulis I tomSi davbeWdeT, romelSic pirvelad<br />

zustad mivdevT avtografs:<br />

mze dahyurebda kavkazs mRviZare,<br />

ganabrwyinebda mas TeTrTmiani,<br />

da miT uryevi, mZlavri, myinvare<br />

xevda haersa laJvardovansa.<br />

mowmendil cazed gZlaT gawolilni<br />

Rrubels, viT bolsa, is mTebi xevdnen,<br />

da Sors ciagad mTani Secvlilni<br />

uzomo sivrces ikargebodnen,<br />

Tavni ebjinaT cisa kamaras.<br />

didxans ugdebdi yursa im Cangsa<br />

TrToliT Sevxede yazbegsa mZlavrsa<br />

102

da RvTiur sxiviT gabrwyinebuli<br />

kvlav davinaxe moxucebuli.<br />

cisken aReRo mas TrToliT xelni<br />

da moedrikna muxlni Zlierni,<br />

Turme moxuci is loculobda<br />

da RmerTsa esreT evedreboda.<br />

amis Semdeg midis moxucis locva or str<strong>of</strong>ad. teqsts wamZRvarebuli aqvs epigrafi:<br />

`aRsdeq, ufalo RmerTo...~.<br />

1864 wels peterburgSi kir. lorTqifaniZem Seadgina da gamosca krebuli `Conguri ~,<br />

romelSic gamoqveynda poemis V Tavi saTauriT `aragvi~.<br />

gavida mTeli rva weli da es didebuli poema aRar gamoCenila presis furclebze, Tumca<br />

misi avtori kvlav ganagrZobda poemaze muSaobas. 1972 wlisTvis iqmneba poemis ganaxlebuli<br />

teqsti (II redaqcia), I-sa da Semdeg II redaqciis variantulad Secvlili nawyvetebi ilias<br />

sicocxleSi (1907 wlamde) 17-jer daibZeWda. magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, am poemas 1872 wlis<br />

Semdeg ZiriTadi, redaqciuli cvlileba aRar ganucdia. amitom 1872 weli II redaqciis<br />

savaraudo TariRia (daibeWda 1872 wlis `krebulSi~). poemis bolo teqsti I redaqciisagan<br />

mkveTrad gansxvavdeba, iliam igi TiTqmis xelaxla dawera, romelic ukve uaxlovdeba CvenTvis<br />

cnobil ZiriTad teqsts (poetis bolo nebas).<br />

pirveli redaqciis IX Tavs (`marad da yvelgan SenTan viyav, tkbilo qveyenav~...) saTaurad<br />

aqvs `erTi monologi `aCrdilidam~. es IX Tavi II redaqciaSi VII Tavad midis, amave dros ufro<br />

poeturad gamarTuli dasawyisiT: `marad da yvelgan, saqarTvelov, me var SenTana~. saTauri ki<br />

pirvel redaqciaSi asea Secvlili: jer ewera `monologi~, Semdeg `erTi adgili `aCrdilidam~,<br />

sabolood am saTaurma miiRo aseTi saxe: `erTi monologi `aCrdilidam~.<br />

meore axali redaqcia mxolod 27 Tavs Seicavs (teqsti daculia quTaisis n.<br />

berZeniSvilis istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi). me-20 Tavi, romelic cifriT miuniSnebia<br />

avtors, xelnawerSi aRar dauweria. am wyaroSi teqsti mTlianad gadmogvcems Tanmimdevrulad<br />

Sinaarss, miuxedavad Tavebis gadaadgilebisa. meore redaqciis saboloo saxe Camoyalibebulia<br />

1872-1873 wlebis Jurn. `krebulis~ nomrebSi, calkeul Tavebad.<br />

1873 wlis `krebulSi~ ( 2) daibeWda `aCrdilis~ me-11-14 Tavebi. am dros ilia werils swers<br />

cnobil sazogado moRvawesa da mwerals niko nikolaZes: `Cemi `aCrdilis~ pirvel nawils<br />

gigzavni. Tu mogewonos, srulad dabeWde. vici, rom XVI xanis ukanasknel oTx striqons<br />

cenzori amoSlis. isev isa hsjobia, Cven winadve davaswroT, rom sxvaze mainc ar aReldes~.<br />

marTlac, Jurnal `krebulSi~ daibeWda Cveni teqstis XVI Tavi (igi JurnalSi XI Tavad midis),<br />

romelSic gamotovebulia ilias mier miTiTebuli str<strong>of</strong>i:<br />

grZnobas oqros fasad hyidian,<br />

mTvaris Rimilze — patiosnebas<br />

da gaJangebul borkilzed scvlian<br />

Tavis mamulis Tavisuflebas.<br />

n. nikolaZem, rogorc Cans, gaiTvaliswina ilias Txovna da es str<strong>of</strong>i amoiRo, Tumca p.<br />

ingoroyvas azriT, igi amoSala cenzuram `krebulSi~ dabeWdili teqstidano.<br />

amave wlis `krebulis~ 5-6-Si am bolo redaqciis me-17 Tavi, rac CvenTvis cnobili<br />

teqstis (t. I, 1987 w.) me-11 Tavs misdevs, ganicdis mTel rig cvlilebebs. `aCrdilis~ meore<br />

redaqcia variantulad kvlav gadamuSavebuli, Tavidan bolomde gamoqveynda 1881 wlis<br />

`iveriaSi~, Tumca mas cenzoris xelic atyvia. amoRebulia sityvebi, str<strong>of</strong>ebi, striqonebi.<br />

magaliTad, amoRebulia Semdegi str<strong>of</strong>ebi:<br />

vsTqvi, Tu sad ca egre mWvirvalebs,<br />

Rame eseTis diliT Tendeba,<br />

sadc mzis naTeli egre brwyinvalebs<br />

da ZaluZs kacsa bedniereba.<br />

an kidev: TvalT CemT ganSorda TiTqo sibnele,<br />

xedvaT ucnaurs saxilvelisa,<br />

moexsna yurTa TiTqo sibnele,<br />

smenad bunebis metyvelebisa.<br />

am teqstSi ar Cans 22-e da 25-e Tavebi. sabolood mainc darCa 22-e da 23-e Tavebi carieli.<br />

vfiqrobT, ilia bolomde ver moeria am umZimes tvirTs da poemas saboloo saxe ver misca. p.<br />

ingoroyvas gansxvavebuli azri aqvs. misi fiqriT, es Tavebi iliam dawera, magram cenzuram<br />

amoagdo da daikarga, xolo giorgi jiblaZe Tvlis, rom es Tavebi ilias saerTod ar dauweria.<br />

103

Cvenc, rasakvirvelia, viziarebT am bolo mosazrebas. ilias surda qarTveli xalxis istoriis<br />

warmoCena, magram mouclelobis Tu sxvaTa mizezis gamo survTili surviladve darCa.<br />

1892 wels `qarTvelTa amxanagobis~ mier gamovida ilias TxzulebaTa I tomi, uSualod<br />

ilias meTvalyureobiT da monawileobiT. tomSi daibWda `aCrdilic~, Tumca kvlav<br />

variantulad Secvlili, vidre 1881 wels gamoqveynebuli. masSi ZiriTadad aRdgenilia is<br />

adgilebi, romlebic gamotovebulia `iveriaSi~. 1892 wlis Semdeg poemas saxe ar ucvlia da xan<br />

mTlianad, xan nawyvetebis saxiT ibeWdeboda sxvadasxva dros. kerZod, kreb. `CangSi~ daibeWda<br />

poemis V Tavi usaTaurod (1892); 1898 wels `poemebis krebulSi~ daibeWda mTeli poema,<br />

uTariRod da xelmoweriT: `ilia WavWavaZe~. 1904 wels calke wignad gamovida `leqsebi T. ilia<br />

WavWavaZisa~. masSi daibWda `aCrdilidan~. sxvadasxva nawyveti, saTauriT `locva (aCrdilidan)~,<br />

aseve, sxvadasxva Tavi sxvadasxva saTauriT: `aragvi~ (V Tavi), `marad da yvelgan saqarTvelov~<br />

(VII Tavi) da sxva. 1904 wels gamodis krebulebi `Canguri~ da `qnari~, romlebSic aseve ibeWdeba<br />

nawyvetebi `aCrdilidan~. 1907 wels gamodis `ilia WavWavaZis rCeuli leqsebi~; aseve, `Cveni<br />

mwerloba.. 1. mgosnebi~, romelSic `aCrdilis~ mTliani teqstia warmodgenili, mcireodeni<br />

SemoklebiT. yvelaferi, rac zemoT mogaxseneT ilias sicocxlisdroindel periods exeba,<br />

amitom es wyaroebi sando da sarwmunoa ufro metad, vidre poetis sikvdilis<br />

Semdegdroindeli nabeWdebis (vgulisxmobT, 1914, 1925- 1937 da 1951 wlebis gamocemebs). ilias<br />

sikvdilis Semdegdroindel am gamocemebSi aSkaraa redaqtor-gamomcemlebis TviTneburi<br />

Carevebi da teqstebSi Setanili sworebebi (maT Soris `aCrdilis~ teqstisac), rac yovlad<br />

dauSvebelia akademiur gamocemebSi.<br />

rac Seexeba poemis daTariRebas, mas vaZlevT farTo TariRs, e. i. poemis I redaqcia<br />

daiwera peterburgSi 1859 wlis 26 ianvars. bolo redaqcia ki saqarTveloSi, duSTSi. radganac<br />

misi avtoriseuli TariRi ucnobia, TariRad viRebT mis pirvel publikacias (1872 w.). amrigad,<br />

poemis TariRia: 26 ianvars, 18549-sa w. peterburgi, _ [1872 w., duSeTi].<br />

damowmebani:<br />

arqivi: ilia WavWavaZis arqivi. daculi k. kekeliZis xelnawerTa institutSi.<br />

WavWavaZe 1951-1961: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. t. I, t. X, p. ingoroyvas redaqciiT, Tb.: 1951-1961.<br />

WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani oc tomad. t. I, Tb.: 1987.<br />

jiblaZe 1966: jiblaZe g. ilia WavWavaZe. Tb.: 1966.<br />

For the Creative History <strong>of</strong> the Narrative Poem "The Phantom"<br />

Summary<br />

Rusudan Kusrashvili<br />

Ilia Chavchavadze worked for a long time on tha narrative poem "the Phantom". The poem has two<br />

editions (which sharply differ from each other) and 23 variations (manuscripts and printed). The first edition<br />

includes 32 chiefs and the second one has 27 chiefs.<br />

The first edition has been given author's date (1859, 26 January), the second edition is without date and<br />

therefore conditionally we date it according to the first publication (1872).<br />

Ilia worked much on the poem. He always changed the text during the repeated works on it; he changed<br />

the words, lines, verses, and even chiefs. These changes confirm a difficult and long way to the perfection <strong>of</strong><br />

this poem. The author began working on it in 1859 and finished it in 1872, though the work was continued till<br />

1892, when the first volume <strong>of</strong> Ilia's selected works was printed peculiarly with Ilia Chavchavadze's taking part<br />

in.<br />

Being the necessary conditions for the academical edition <strong>of</strong> the works Ilia Chavchavadze's lifetime<br />

sources are considered in the given article.<br />

Tanamedrove samoqalaqo faseulobebi ilia WavWavaZis<br />

publicistur teqstebSi<br />

qeTevan niniZe<br />

samocianelTa literaturul moRvaweobas mniSvnelovan konceptualur qveteqstad<br />

udevs erovnuli, samoqalaqo identobis problema. romantikosebis periodSi ideologiuri<br />

brZolisaTvis gankuTvnili energia, ZiriTadad, ruseTisadmi erovnuli dapirispirebis zogad<br />

104

_ literaturul-romantikul xasiaTs atarebda (maTi brZolis meTodebi iyo ruseTisadmi,<br />

umetesad verbaluri omisa da ajanyebebis saxiT gamoxatuli). realistebma ruseTTan<br />

dapirispireba daiwyes axali ideologiis SeqmniTa da misi praqtikulad danergviT.<br />

samocianelTaTvis literatura ideologiuri iaraRia ruseTis winaaRmdeg aramxolod<br />

zogadi damokidebulebebis dafiqsirebis doneze, aramed konkretuli, realuri faseulobebis<br />

Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT. maTTvis mwerloba, kerZoT, poetoba, socialuri statusia, romelic<br />

sazogadoebriv RirebulebaTa sistemas qmnis da moralurad marTavs mas: `RmerTTan misTvis<br />

vlaparakob, / rom warvuZRve wina ersa~ _ acxadebs ilia WavWavaZe. a. wereTlis azriTac poeti<br />

mediumia zecasa da miwas Soris, e. i. igi amkvidrebs humanur Rirebulebebs xalxSi.<br />

realistur diskursSi ideologia mZlavrobs esTetikur TviTkmarobas, ramdenadac<br />

literaturas aqvs konkretuli amocana, sazogadoebis aRzrda. analizis doneze<br />

mniSvnelovania mwerlis samoqalaqo poziciis Seswavla, im publicistikis gaTvaliswineba,<br />

romelsac igi garkveuli `SiSveli~ ideologiis saxiT iZleva da axdens mis mxatvrul<br />

reprezentacias literaturaSi.<br />

ilia WavWavaZe, eweoda ra didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Jurnalistur saqmianobas,<br />

informaciulad CarTuli iyo ms<strong>of</strong>lios politikuri da kulturuli tendenciebis procesSi.<br />

Sesabamisad, igi cdilobda, daemkvidrebina is samoqalaqo eTika, rasac socialuri da, agreTve,<br />

politikuri TvalsazrisiT dasavleTi, evro-amerikuli sivrce, amkvidrebda. ilia swrafad<br />

exmianeboda ms<strong>of</strong>lio politikur procesebs rogorc publicistikis, aseve mxatvruli<br />

teqstebis saSualebiT. cnobilia misi araerTi beWdviTi gamoxmaureba ms<strong>of</strong>lio siaxleebis<br />

Sesaxeb (werilebi kunZul kretis ajanyebaze, stambolis konferenciasa da germania-avstriis<br />

imperatorTa Sexvedraze. gladstonisa da bismarkis moRvaweobaze da a.S.) cnobilia misi<br />

leqsebi juzepe garibaldis italiis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisa (`mesmis, mesmis<br />

sanatreli / xalxT borkilis xma mtvrevisa...~) da safrangeTis demokratiuli revoluciis<br />

Sesaxeb (`tvirTmZimeT da maSvralT mxsneli / didi droSa daiSala / kvlav qveynisa mCagrav<br />

Zalam / igi droSa dasca dabla~ _ parizis komunis dacemis dRisadmi miZRvnili leqsi).<br />

demokratia, politologTa da sociologTa ganmartebiT, ar niSnavs mxolod xalxis,<br />

umravlesobis mmarTvelobis politikur reJims. misi leqsikuri mniSvneloba (demos _ xalxi<br />

da kratos _ marTva) upirvelesad `marTvas~, e.i. politikur wyobas aRniSnavs, magram<br />

demokratia aris, agreTve, ideologia, faseulobaTa sistema da samoqalaqo azrovnebis wesi<br />

(seni 1999).<br />

demokratiis idea aTenis skolaSi Camoyalibda misi pirveli ideologebis: platonisa da<br />

aristoteles Teoriebis safuZvelze. Tumca demokratiis es Canasaxebi sabolood ver atarebs<br />

im mniSvnelobas, rasac Cven Tanamedrove demokratiaSi vgulisxmobT. mis ganviTarebaSi<br />

mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis amerikul demokratias, romelic ikveTeba 1776 wlis amerikis<br />

damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi (amerikis... 1776); viTardeba koloniuri periodis<br />

dasrulebisa da gansakuTrebiT, samoqalaqo omis Semdeg. 1860-70-ian wlebSi evropasa da<br />

amerikaSi mimdinareobs brZola demokratiuli mmarTvelobisa da Rirebulebebis<br />

damkvidrebisaTvis. es procesi ms<strong>of</strong>lio omebma mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa. Tanamedrove<br />

demokratiuli Rirebulebebi gulisxmobs gansazRvrul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs,<br />

samoqalaqo Tanasworobas da kanonmorCilebas. demokratiis klasikuri Teoriis mixedviT,<br />

saxelmw<strong>of</strong>os qmnis kanonmorCili xalxi, romelTac aerTianebT erTiani samoqalaqo<br />

Rirebulebebi.<br />

ilia WavWavaZis azrovnebasa da, Sesabamisad, literaturul produqciaSic<br />

fokusirebulia xalxi, TiToeuli moqalaqe ganurCevlad wodebisa, eTnikuri warmomavlobis<br />

Tu religiuri aRmsareblobisa da sqesisa. igi emijneba `mamaTa~ Taobas, romelTa Soris am<br />

kuTxiT sazogadoebis day<strong>of</strong>is tendencias xedavs, mwerlobas arTmevs elitarulobis niSans da<br />

masobrivs, `xalxurs~ xdis mas. am mizniT ilia WavWavaZe ewinaaRmdegeba samwerlobo enis<br />

stilurad day<strong>of</strong>as da aaxloebs mas salaparako, yoveldRiur, enasTan. igi cdilobs,<br />

ganaTlebis ufleba moupovos yvela wodebisa da SesaZleblobis axalgazrdas da mimarTavs<br />

bevr sxva RonisZiebas.<br />

ilia WavWavaZis publicistika gamoavlens mis damokidebulebebs im konkretuli<br />

sakiTxebis mimarT, rac dResdReobiTac did aqtualurobas inarCunebs Tanamedrove<br />

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

erT-erTi problemis, religiuri da eTnikuri Semwynareblobis sakiTxze ilia<br />

yuradRebas amaxvilebs werilSi `daviT aRmaSenebeli~: `igi, Tavgadadebuli moyvare Tavis<br />

erovnobisa da marTlmadidebelis sarwmunoebisa, didi pativismcemeli iyo sxvis erovnobisac<br />

da sarwmunoebisa... amisTana sxva eris Rirsebis Tayvanismcemeli im droSi, roca kaci kacs<br />

SesaWmeladac ara hzogavda... nuTu sakvirveli da saocari magaliTi ar aris meTormete<br />

saukunis kacisagan!~ (WavWavaZe 2007 b: 64).<br />

sagangebo werils uZRvnis ilia antisemituri moZraobis ms<strong>of</strong>lio problemasac. `es<br />

ramdeni xania evropaSi arsebobs egreTwodebuli antisemitiuri ese igi ebraelTa<br />

mowinaaRmdege moZraoba, romelic scdilobs rac SeiZleba metad Seaviwrovos da dasCagros<br />

ebraelni...~ _ wers ilia. misi azriT, `ganaTlebuls sazogadoebas didi gavlena aqvs evropis<br />

105

y<strong>of</strong>a-cxovrebaze. am nawils sazogadoebisas SeuZlian Tavisi kvali daaCnios ebraelTa bedsa da<br />

ubedobas~ (WavWavaZe 2007 b: 226-228).<br />

ilia miiCnevs, `gautanloba imis gamo, rom Sen sxva Teslisa xar da me sxva Teslisa da<br />

erTad ver gvecxovrebao, marto briyvis da uvicis moZRvrebaa da samarTlianad gasakicxi<br />

yovel patiosan da gonebagaxsnil kacisagan~.<br />

samoqalaqo cnobierebis erTerTi niSania kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba da kanonmorCileba.<br />

iliaseuli gageba Tavisuflebisa da, agreTve, Tanasworobisa eyrdnoba swored<br />

kanonmorCilebis princips. vnaxoT, ras wers ilia WavWavaZe amis Sesaxeb: `Tavisufleba igi<br />

y<strong>of</strong>a-mdgomareobaa adamianisao, ambobs bossueti Tavis ms<strong>of</strong>lio istoriaSi, saca yoveli<br />

emorCileba marto kanonsa da saca kanoni uZlieresia yovel calke kaczedao... es WeSmariti da<br />

zedmiwevnili mniSvneloba Tavisufalebisa exlac cnobilia da aRiarebuli exlandel<br />

mecnierTa da saxelmwifoTagan. WeSmariti, rigiani agebuleba da wyobileba kacTa<br />

sazogadoebisa swored am qvakuTxedzed unda iyos amoyvanili. saca eg ar aris, im kacTa<br />

sazogadoeburi cxovreba, romelic erTmaneTzed damoukideblad da gadubmelad SeuZlebelia,<br />

marto Zalmomreobaa, erTmaneTis Telvaa, erTmaneTis Cagvra da Zarcva-gleja. maSin y<strong>of</strong>a<br />

adamianisa nadirT y<strong>of</strong>aa da adamiani, eg kerZi RvTisa, nadirad gadaqceulia~ (WavWavaZe 2007 a:<br />

441). gavixsenoT ilias leqsi `guTnisdeda~, sadac gmiris y<strong>of</strong>a cxovelis, konkretul<br />

SemTxvevaSi, xaris, mdgmomareobasTanaa gaigivebuli (`erT bedqveSa varT, labav, me da Sen /<br />

wilad gvargunes Savi miwa Cven~). sabWoTa periodSi am leqsis interpretaciisas aqcenti<br />

mxolod glexTa da dabali socialuri wris muSaTa Cagvraze keTdeboda. ilias zemoT<br />

moyvanili sityvebidan gamomdinare, aq swored arasamoqalaqo da araciviluri sazogadebrivi<br />

mdgomareoba unda igulisxmebodes, romelic ilias, rogorc ganaTlebul, moazrovne da am<br />

sakiTxis mcodne adamians, ar akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebs.<br />

moqalaqeobrivi cnobierebis ganviTarebasTan da kanonmorCilebasTanaa dakavSirebuli<br />

samoqalaqo Rirsebis SegrZnebac. ilias publicistikaSi am Temas mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba.<br />

erT-erT werilSi mwerali gviambobs breslaveli mdidari sovdagris ambavs, romelic sami<br />

maneTisa da erTi Sauris usamarTlo jarimis gamo adgilobriv moxeleebs uCivis uzenaes<br />

sasamarTloSi. `sasaciloa gana, mkiTxvelo, aseTi davidaraba erTis manaTis gulisaTvis, mere<br />

visgan? mdidaris sovdagarisagan. Cveneburi kaci maSinve amoiRebda qisidam erTs manaTs da<br />

maSinve daamwyralebda policias... ra aris erTi manaTi sovdagarisaTvis, xelis WuWyia, mtveria<br />

da sxva araferi. magram, aba, axla Sig CaixedeT am saqmeSi... maSin sicilis magier grZnoba pativiscemisa<br />

migaxedebT am sovdagarzed. cxadia, mdidars sovdagars is ki ar anaRvlebs, rom erTi<br />

manaTi erTmeva, aramed is, rom, misis azriT, kanoni da samarTali irRveva da kanoni da<br />

samarTali kidev misis Tavisuflebis cixe-samagre imodenad Zvirfasia, rom ganurCevlad,<br />

ganukiTxvelad xels aravis axlebinebs. ai, namdvili, WeSmariti moqalaqobrivi Tavgamodeba, ai<br />

WeSmariti qveloba kacTa sazogadoebis wevrisa...~ (WavWavaZe 2007a: 443) es istoria mogvagonebs<br />

`oTaraanT qvrvis~ erT-erT epizods, sadac gziris mier Cadenili usamarTlobis gamo qvrivi<br />

gubernatorTan iCivlebs. igi yovelTvis mzadaa, rom rkinis qalamnebiTa da rkinis joxiT<br />

aRWurvilma daicvas ara privatuli interesebi, aramed samoqalaqo faseulobebi. SemTxveviTi<br />

ar aris arc `kacuri kacobis~ xseneba, am sintagmas ilia, garda zemoT moyvanili teqstisa,<br />

publicistikaSi farTod, terminologiurad amkvidrebs. kacuri kacoba, identuri unda iyos<br />

cnebisa `Tavisufali moqalaqe~/`Rirseuli moqalaqe~.<br />

ilias idealuri gmirebi: oTaraanT qvrivi, giorgi, moZRvari da sxvebi XIX saukunis<br />

qarTul sazogadoebas aZlevs samoqalaqo cnobierebis magaliTs, `kacuri kacobis~ nimuSs. maT<br />

upirispirdeba luarsabisa da misi garemocvis, an oTaraanT qvrivis Tanas<strong>of</strong>lelebis<br />

ideologia, rac imTaviTve warmoadgens Zveli sazogadoebrivi sistemis narCenebs. isini ar<br />

qmnian sazogadoebas, am formiT ar arian axali sociumis srulfasovani wevrebi, amitomac<br />

iliam eWvqveS daayena am `adamianebis~ `kacuri kacobis~, anu moqalaqeobrivi Rirebulebis<br />

sakiTxi.<br />

termin `kacobas~ ilia sagangebo msjelobas uTmobs erT-erT publicistur werilSi. misi<br />

azriT, es is fenomenia, romelic ganurCevlad aerTianebs mamakacsa da dedakacs, romelic<br />

Tanazomier sibrtyeze moiazrebs maT. moqalaqeobrivi Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiTac ilias<br />

azriT mniSvnelobas kargavs genderuli sxvadasxvaoba. kritikosebma oTaraanT qvrivis<br />

uemocio, fsiqologiurad atipiur portretSi dainaxes qaluri arasrulfasovneba;<br />

`gamamlebis~ precedenti (kiziria: 1992). Cveni azriT, moqalaqeobrivi TvalsazrisiT oTaraanT<br />

qvrivis mxolod Rirsebaze miuTiTebs is, rom igi Tavisuflad iTavsebs mamakacis funqciebs.<br />

misi saxis genderuli niSnisagan gantvirTvis saSualebiT ilia WavWavaZe gvaZlevs Rirseuli<br />

moqalaqis, rogorc aseTis, saxes. nimuSs imisa, rom qali SeiZleba iyos sazogadoebis<br />

srulfasovani wevri, Tavisufali da gansxvavebuli azris mqone (sociologiuri kuTxiT) da,<br />

amasTanave, damoukidebeli, TavisTavadi, fsiqologiurad mdgradi, Zlieri subieqti.<br />

am Temas ilia publicistikaSic amuSavebs. ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi qalTa emansipaciis procesebze<br />

saubrisas igi mimoixilavs qalTa sazogadoebriv-politikuri gaaqtiurebis SemTxvevebs da<br />

survils gamoTqvams, rom `Cvenma qalebmac yuri aTxovon amisTana magaliTebs da xalisi<br />

moipovon amisTana moRvaweobisa da moqmedebisaTvis~ (WavWavaZe 2007 b: 282).<br />

106

socialuri uTanasworobis problema ilias msjelobis sagani xdeba publicistikaSic da<br />

mxatvrul teqstebSic. igi wers: `qveyanazed marto im ers gauZlia, marto im ers gamoutania<br />

Tavi aTasgvar gansacdelisagan, marto im ers warumatnia da gaZlierebula, romelsac Tavis<br />

drozed Seutyvia da miugnia, rom erTis romelisame wodebis win waweva arafris maqnisia, Tu<br />

danarCeni eric win ar waweula, piriqiT, erTis wodebis win wawevas danarCenis ukan daweva<br />

mohyolia.~ (WavWavaZe 2007 b: 371). wodebrivi uTanasworobis sakiTxi ilias moTxrobebis erTerTi<br />

mTavari Temaa. `oTaraanT qvrivis~, `glaxis naambobis~, `kacia-adamianis~ problemuri<br />

RerZia amgvari uTanasworoba. ilia cdilobs, daamyaros socialuri balansi, amitom Tavis<br />

teqstebSi Tanabar asparezs uTmobs glexs, Tavads, mRvdels da a.S. dadebiT da uary<strong>of</strong>iT<br />

elementebs warmoaCens yoveli jgufidan (gavixsenoT lamaziseuli, omaraanT mojamagire,<br />

arCilis mejinibe; meore mxriv ki _ arCili, rogorc humanuri Rirebulebebis damcveli<br />

Tavadis saxe).<br />

demokratiis umTavresi Rirebuleba, sityvisa da azrovnebis Tavisufleba, ilia<br />

WavWavaZes Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan monapovrad miaCnia. ruseTis politikis<br />

sisusteebs ilia xedavs beWdviTi organoebis (maT Soris periodikisa da mxatvruli<br />

<strong>literaturis</strong>) SezRudvaSi, romelic vrceldeboda ara mxolod aneqsirebul teritoriaze,<br />

aramed sakuTriv ruseTSic. `mwerlobas mospobili aqvs yoveli gza da saxsari gacxovelebisa...<br />

Tavisuflad Tavis azrisa da Sexedulobis gamoTqmisa~, `sxva qveynebSi, sadac ki beWdvis<br />

sityvis, Jurnal-gazeTebisa da sazogadoT <strong>literaturis</strong> didi mniSvneloba cotaTi mainc<br />

esmisT, rac unda ubralo gazeTis korrespondenti da TanamSromeli iyos, Tavs evlebian,<br />

xelze atareben, efufunebian...~ (WavWavaZe 2007g: 80). aRniSavs ilia da daamatebs, rom medias<br />

sazogadoebrivi azris warmarTva xelewifeba. amdenad mas, `wminda misia~ akisria, rac<br />

gansakuTrebul pasuxismgeblobasac aniWebs. `didi movaleoba presisa, misi Rvawli, glexisa da<br />

Tavad-aznauris, an mdidrisa da Raribis erTmaneTze miseva ki ar aris, Suakacobaa, Sua Cadgomaa<br />

maT Soris, mSvidobianobis Camogdebaa... ~ (WavWavaZe 2007g: 80).<br />

ilia WavWavaZe sazogadoebas gaiazrebs, rogorc erT mTlianobas. gaTiTokacebis<br />

problemas (rogorc `oTaraanT qvrivSi~, am SemTxvevaSi, glexebi eubnebian Tavadebs: `Cemo<br />

raovo~) igi afasebs, rogorc Zveli sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis gadmonaSTs. agreTve miiCnevs,<br />

rom saxelmwifos, ers qmnian ara avtoritetebi, aramed TiToeuli moqalaqe. amiT ilia<br />

WavWavaZe emijneba mamaTa Taobis elitarul Sexedulebebsa da damokidebulebebs. amkvidrebs<br />

Tanasworobas, rogorc erT-erT mTavar faseulobas da uflebebisa da, amasTanave,<br />

pasuxismgeblobebis koncentraciis centri gadaaqvs ara mefeze, an raime saxis xelisuflebaze,<br />

aramed Tavad moqalaqeebze.<br />

is humanuri Rirebulebebi, romlebic Tanamedrove samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvisaa<br />

aucilebeli, upirvelesad asocirdeba qristianobasTan. amitom uwodebs ilia WavWavaZe<br />

safrangeTis demokratiul revolucias `tvirTmZimeTa da maSvralT mxsnel~ moZraobas (Sdr.<br />

`movediT Cemda yovelni maSvralni da tvirT-mZimeni, da me gangisueno Tquen~. maTe 11,28).<br />

Zvelisa da axlis dapirispireba am SemTxvevaSic ukavSirdeba monobisa da Tavisuflebis<br />

cnebebs. ilias SemoqmedebaSi Zveli sazogadoebis gmirebi: luarsabi, petre `glaxis<br />

naambobidan~ da sxvebi atareben gaunaTlebeli, uswavleli adamianis `uRels~,<br />

arasrulfasovnebis kompleqss da apriori sjeraT, rom ver Secvlian mocemulobas. luarsab<br />

TaTqariZis Sesaxeb samecniero literturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom igi Zveli aRTqmis<br />

sistemis warmomadgenelia. arsebuli mocemulobebisadmi sruli indiferentuloba,<br />

uwignuroba, cru faseulobebi is niSnebia, romelic luarsabs Tanamedrove moqalaqis<br />

cnebisagan aSorebs. amasve unda ukavSirdeebodes `kacisa~ da `adamianis~ cnebebis gaazreba. es<br />

opozicia, ilias terminologiuri sistemidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba moviazroT, rogorc<br />

cnebebi Homo-socialis (kaci) da Homo-vegetalis (adamiani).<br />

Cven visaubreT im Rirebulebebze, romelic Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Seqmnis sakiTxSi<br />

principul mniSvnelobas iZens. ilia WavWavaZe, rasakvirvelia, mamaTa TaobasTan erTad<br />

cdilobda, ers gaZRoloda Tavisufali da erTiani qveynis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi, Tumca ilias<br />

mamaTa Taobis umravlesobis xedvisagan gansxvavebiT gaaCnda konkretuli modeli saxelmwifos<br />

ganviTarebisa.<br />

ilia WavWavaZis mier danergili ideologia da sazogadoebrivi procesebi, romelic im<br />

periodis evroamerikuli procesebis adekvaturi iyo, Seaferxa sabWoTa wyobilebam, romelmac<br />

Tavdapirvelad uaryo, xolo SemdgomSi moaxdina ilia WavWavaZis, (rogorc glexTa interesebis<br />

damcvelisa da batonymuri wyobilebis kritikosis) saxelis reabilitacia. sabWour periodSi,<br />

ZiriTadad, ilias saxeli asocirdeboda patriotul lirikasa da batonymobis gmobasTan.<br />

am etapze Cveni samecniero kvlevis mizani iyo ilia WavWavaZis, rogorc ideologis,<br />

demokratiuli Sexedulebebis zogadi suraTis warmoCena. uaxlesma akademiurma gamocemam<br />

mogvca mdidari masala, rac sruly<strong>of</strong>ilad gamoavlens mwerlis jer kidev Seuswavlel<br />

mxareebs. ilias publicistikasa da mxatvrul teqstebSi Tanamedrove moqalaqeobrivi<br />

faseulobebis problematika literaturaTmcodneTa da sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis<br />

warmomadgenelTa mniSvnelovani samomavlo siRrmiseuli da diskursiuli kvlevebis<br />

safuZveli gaxdeba.<br />

107

damowmebani:<br />

amerikis... 1776: amerikis damoukideblobis deklaracia: on-lain gverdze ganTavsebulia indianas<br />

universitetis samarTalmcodneobis departamentis mier. mis. :<br />

www.iaw.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/declaration.html.<br />

kiziria 1992: kiziria d. oTaraanT qvrivi _ qarTveli qalis zneobrivi ideali. gaz. `literaturuli<br />

saqarTvelo~, 27 noemberi, 1992.<br />

seni 1999: seni a. demokratia, rogorc universaluri faseuloba. demokratiis Jurnali 10.3 (1999) 3-17.<br />

mis. www.muse.jhu.edu/demo/jod/10.3sen.html .<br />

WavWavaZe 2007 a: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. t. 9, Tb.: gamomcemloba `ilias fondi~, 2007.<br />

WavWavaZe 2007 b: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. t. 10. Tb.: gamomcemloba `ilias fondi~, 2007.<br />

WavWavaZe 2007 g: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. t. 15, Tb.: gamomcemloba `ilias fondi~, 2007.<br />

Contemporary Civil Values in Ilia Chavchavadze's Publicity<br />

Summary<br />

Ketevan Ninidze<br />

The scientific article deals with the democratic values in Ilia Chavchavadze's publicity and some literary<br />

texts ("The Widow <strong>of</strong> Otarashvili", "Is he a Man, a Human?!" and "The Ploughman"). It reviews development <strong>of</strong><br />

democratic ideas from Athen School to American democracy in general, suggests how the generation <strong>of</strong> 60-ies<br />

comprehended Georgian democracy and how this ideology is presented in Ilia's publicity. The scientific work<br />

cites passages from Chavchavadze's texts about such values as freedom <strong>of</strong> thinking and speech, social equality,<br />

gender equality, religious and ethnical tolerance.<br />

The author analyses such words from conceptual and terminological vocabulary <strong>of</strong> the writer as: "man",<br />

"manly", "human", "humanity" and comes to the idea that the way, how Chavchavadze perceives Christianity is<br />

in close relation with democratic perception.<br />

Scientific direction <strong>of</strong> the research work is rather new in the study <strong>of</strong> Ilia Cavchavadze's and his contemporaries'<br />

texts.<br />

108

XX saukunis mwerloba<br />

musika, rogorc galaktionis ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedveloba<br />

venera kavTiaSvili<br />

galaktionisaTvis musika iyo ara marto melodia, armed ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobac. misi poezia<br />

rom melodiuria, amis Sesaxeb bevri Tqmula. igi poezias TiTqmis musikaluri xelovnebis<br />

erTgvar saxeobad aRiqvamda. aki ambobda kidec: `yovel sagans gaaCnia Tavisi musika. namdvili<br />

poeti swored am musikas eZebs da Tu aRmoaCina, maSin leqsi yovelTvis mSvenieri gamova. visac<br />

es Tviseba ar gaaCnia, igi ar aris Semoqmedi... gansakuTrebiT leqsis weris dros var simReris<br />

xasiaTze. leqss jer gonebaSi gavmarTav musikalurad, CemTvis davamRereb kidec da Semdeg<br />

gadamaqvs qaRaldze~ (ciskari 1967:144). igi garkveul naTesaobas grZnobda germanel<br />

romantikos mweral Jan pol rixterTan, romelic Tavis SemoqmedebaSi daxatul bunebis<br />

suraTebs `musikalur suraTebs~ uwodebda. rixteris azriT, es aris sityvebis enaze gadatana<br />

imisa, rac bgerebiT unda gamoiTqvas. galaktions Salva radianTan saubarSi gauxsenebia<br />

rixteris sityvebi: `rodesac Sepyrobili var mRelvarebiT da msurs misi gadmocema, me veZeb<br />

ara sityvebs, aramed bgerebs... gareSe samyarodan, Tavisufali bunebidan Cems sulSi Semodian<br />

harmoniebi da melodiebi... isini TavianTi musikalobiT ara mSordebian~ (ciskari 1967:114). am<br />

SemTxvevaSi musika gagebulia, rogorc melodiuroba, rogorc leqsis forma, rogorc<br />

upirvelesi samkauli. xelovnebis sxva dargebs Soris musikis primats, rogorc yvelaze<br />

ganyenebulsa da SeuzRudvels, romelic adamianis warmosaxvis winaSe Slis usazRvro sivrces,<br />

jer kidev 1915 wels aRiarebda galaktioni, rodesac werda:<br />

musika igi! hoi, mgosnebo,<br />

marTali aris igi Tqmuleba,<br />

rom ufro didi da saocnebo,<br />

ufro maRali daniSnuleba<br />

ar aris, rogorc ganwmendis xmaSi,<br />

viT cecxlis alSi daacxro vneba,<br />

rasac ar hqvia riTmiT TamaSi<br />

da gancdiT tanjva _ mSveniereba.<br />

(`miyvarda hangi grZnobiT gamTbari~)<br />

pirvelad Sopenhauerma miiCnia musika y<strong>of</strong>ierebis arsSi, mis ZirisZirSi wvdomis<br />

saSualebad da igi xelovnebis yvela dargze, maT Soris poeziaze, maRla daayena. Tavis<br />

umTavres SromaSi `samyaro, viTarca neba da warmodgena~ igi sruliad ugulvebely<strong>of</strong>s (ignoriert<br />

sie schlechthin) samyaros, rogorc movlenas, rogorc warmodgenas. misi azriT, musika `nebis<br />

uSualo obieqtivaciaa~ (Abbild des Willens), nebis asaxvaa da ara ideebisa. igi uSualod nebaze e. i.<br />

arsze (Wesen) laparakobs da ara am arsis obieqtivaciaze e. i. Crdilze, amitom `Man könnte<br />

demnach die Welt ebenso wohl verkörperte Musik, als verkörperte Willen nennen~ (samyarosaTvis SeiZleboda<br />

gvewodebina ara marto xorcSesxmuli neba, aramed xorcSesxmuli musikac) (Sopenhaueri 1873:<br />

310). musika, rogorc samyaros saidumloebis anu miRmuri, adamianis gonebisaTvis miuwvdomlis,<br />

transcendentulis wvdomis saSualeba, iqca modernistebis Semoqmedebis umTavres azrad da<br />

arsad. swored imitom iTvleba modernistuli xelovneba da kerZod, mwerloba elitur<br />

xelovnebad, rom igi Tavisi bundovanebiT, kodirebiT, hermetulobiTa da enigmurobiT<br />

inteleqtualuri sazogadoebisaTvis, elitisaTvis xdeba gasagebica da esTetikuri tkbobis<br />

saganic. sabWoTa narativi ar scnobda elitur xelovnebas, Tanac misi ideologiuri manqana<br />

iseTi mZlavr wnexSi aqcevda yvelas (uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda), rom TviT disidenturad<br />

moazrovne inteleqtualebic gaucnobiereblad ganicdidnen mis zegavlenas. amisi cxadi<br />

magaliTia galaktionis Semoqmedebis gaazreba. gasagebia, rom am didi poetis ena, misi leqsebis<br />

forma, esTetikuri mxare, anu is, rac zedapirze SeuniRbavad devs, imdenad mimzidvelia, rom<br />

erTnairad ipyrobs masisa da elitis guls, magram dafaruli kodi, anu is, rac mis poezias<br />

eliturad aqcevs, miRmuri, imdenad gaucnobierebeli rCeboda, rom nafici elitaruli<br />

mkiTxvelic, romlisTvisac arc me-19 saukunis filos<strong>of</strong>ia da arc literaturuli procesebi<br />

ara Tu ucxo ar iyo, aramed sakmaod Rrmadac hqondaT gaazrebuli, galaktionis poeziaSi<br />

naklebad eZebdnen im kods, romelic misi Semoqmedebis axsnisaTvis gamodgeboda da TviT<br />

socializmis wiaRSi nacionaluri narativis momwifebis periodSic ki aseT rCevas iZleodnen:<br />

"...bralia, codvaa galaktionis leqsis gaanalizeba. visTvisac amis niWi miucia RmerTs, rom ase<br />

mTlianobaSi ganicados misi leqsebi, analizs raRas aqnevs, ras SesZens axals? xolo Tu ar<br />

miucia, analizi ras waadgeba?~... (TvaraZe 1972: 102).<br />

109

ufro mogvianebiTac: `zogjer misTvis (galaktionisaTvis v.k.) sityvebi saerTod kargaven<br />

mniSvnelobas da erTmaneTis gverdiT Tavs mxolod imiT grZnoben idealur harmoniaSi, rom<br />

ulamazes da unatifes musikas qmnian" (baramiZe 2003: 161).<br />

gadaWriT vityvi: galaktioni imitom aris genialuri, rom misi leqsi mxatvruli<br />

aqsesuarebiT da azrobrivad isea urTierTze gadaWdobil-gadamdnari, rom esTetikur<br />

siamovnebasTan erTad gonebis did daZabvasac saWiroebs bolomde aRsaqmelad. samarTlianad<br />

ambobs hugo huperti: `saqarTveloSi aris poeti, romlis msgavsi evropam ar iciso~. amdenad,<br />

misi poeziis calmxrivi (an marto mxatvrul-emociuri, an Sinaarsobrivi) gaazreba aseve<br />

calmxriv warmodgenas Seuqmnis mkiTxvels. rac Seexeba musikas, Sopenhaueris azriT,<br />

yovelgvari xelovnebis xarisxi izomeba imiT, Tu ramdenad vlindeba masSi musika, radgan<br />

musika yovelgvari xelovnebis sulia. musikas erTeuli sagnebis sferodan gavyavarT zogadis,<br />

maradiulisaken. amdenad, musikis amgvari gageba iZleva samyaros saidumloebis gaxsnis<br />

Tavisebur gzas. amis Cvenebas Seecdeba Tavis SemoqmedebaSi SopenhaueriT gatacebuli rihard<br />

vagneri ∗ . Tavad vagneris musika ki Wabuki nicSesaTvis iqca samyaros tragikul ZirTan misvlis<br />

saSualebad.<br />

galaktioni rom specialurad amuSavebda Sopenhaueris Sromas `samyaro, viTarca neba da<br />

warmodgena~, amaze miuTiTebs mis pirad arqivSi daculi masala (TvaraZe 1972: 158). swored<br />

ZirisZirSi, samyaros arsSi wvdomis Sopenhaueriseuli azria gamoTqmuli galaktionis leqsSi<br />

`musika~:<br />

o, zeciero, erTaderTo mZlavro musika,<br />

o, usxeulo, efemerul RrubliT nagebi<br />

Seni qaria, mwvervali rom gadauzniqa<br />

yvelafers, rac ki axsnilia da gasagebi.<br />

aq musika aRar ganixileba, rogorc leqsis melodiuri samkauli, aq ukve cxadad aris<br />

saubari, rom musika aris saSualeba Cveni Tvalsawieris miRma arsebulis, Seucnoblis,<br />

transcendentulis Sesacnobad. davukvirdeT, ras ambobs poeti ufro adre:<br />

frTebi rom mqondes, gavswevdi<br />

im mwvervals zRvarad dadebuls.<br />

`zRvarad dadebuli~ mwvervali swored is sazRvaria, romelTanac mTavrdeba adamianis<br />

Semecnebis SesaZlebloba da imis iqiT aris, kantis termini rom vixmaroT, `sagani TavisTavad~,<br />

anu is, risi wvdoma da Secnoba adamians ar ZaluZs — WeSmariteba, romlis mxolod `lands~<br />

(platoni) vWvretT. wina citataSi (leqsidan `musika~) ki ukve sauabaria imaze, rom musikam<br />

`mwvervali gadauzniqa~ anu ganze gaswia da CvenTvis gasagebi gaxada is, rac Seucnobeli iyo.<br />

Sopenhaueris azriT, musika, raki Tavisufalia cnebebisagan da Sesabamisad<br />

msjelobisagan, romelic CarCoSi aqcevs adamianis grZnobebs, warmoadgens emociuri<br />

TviTgamoxatvis idealur formas. es ganapirobebs frangi simbolistebis dainteresebas<br />

Sopenhaueris filos<strong>of</strong>iiT da maT swrafvas, poeziaSic mieRwiaT azris gamoxatvis iseTi<br />

manerisaTvis, romelic adamianis sulis `saidumlo musikas~ gamoscemda msgavsadve, malarmes<br />

sityvebi anri kazalisisadmi gagzavnili werilidan: `axal enas vigonebo~ (malarme 1979: 187) da<br />

galaktionis leqsic, romelSic Cveulebrivi sityvebiT WeSmaritebis wvdomis SeuZleblobazea<br />

laparaki:<br />

ar minda sityva, ar minda sityva,<br />

rodesac sityva daibadeba,<br />

simarTlis ali, rogorc burusi,<br />

isev irRveva da ifanteba.<br />

(`dRiuri proza~)<br />

swored Sopenhaueris filos<strong>of</strong>ias miiCneven rihard vagneris Semoqmedebis safuZvlad da<br />

amboben: `vagneris musika aris Sopenhaueris filos<strong>of</strong>ia gardaTqmuli musikis enazeo~ (kakabaZe<br />

1967: 98). amas Tavad vagneric adasturebda. aqedan modis modernistebis mier vagneris<br />

gaRmerTeba, rasac mohyva araerTi leqsis, esses, werilis miZRvna vagnerisadmi da frangi<br />

simbolistebis Jurnalis saxelad `rihapd vagneris~ darqmeva. amasve ukavSirdeba galaktionis<br />

miZRvna — leqsi `vagneri~:<br />

∗ vagnerianobis sakiTxze galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi calke Sroma gvaqvs gamoqveynebuli (“literaturuli<br />

Ziebani” t. XXI, 2000 w.), amitom aq masze aRar gveqneba msjeloba.<br />

110

me mxiblavs es qandakeba, zRva _ aRmafreniT tyveqmnili _<br />

vagneri, wminda, viT zeca da bneli, rogorc qveskneli.<br />

vagneri, disonansebis mSvenierebad Semqmneli,<br />

neli-nel matyvevebeli, amRelvebeli, mvnebeli.<br />

swored am leqsSi gaamJRavna galaktionma mosazreba, rom samyaros arsis Secnoba mxolod<br />

musikaluri bgerebis saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli. misi azriT, samyaro pirvelqmnili<br />

qaosisagan Seiqmna. igi poeturi intuiciiT cdilobs kidec yuri mohkras saxeTa im pirvelqmnis<br />

`wynar Srials~, gaigos misi sunTqva da Caswvdes arsTa sazriss:<br />

me mesmis wynari SrialiT qaosi qveynis Seqmnis dros<br />

da aRmafrena Semqmnelis, rom ze-STamgonel wams uswros...<br />

aseTive gancdis Sedegia leqsi `fesvebis simfonia~, romelSic bunebis ganRmrTobis da<br />

amave dros siRrmiseul movlenebSi wvdomis, Seucnoblis Secnobis da uxilavis xilvis wadilia<br />

gacxadebuli:<br />

Tu daemxobi miwaze rwmeniT<br />

da yurs daugdeb arsT yovnis sios,<br />

mudam moismen maxvili smeniT<br />

Seudarebel am simfonias.<br />

ase bunebas ver hkiTxav: ratom?<br />

sadac mravali da Tanatomi<br />

exmaureba atomi atoms<br />

da uerTdeba atomi atoms.<br />

aq ukve ikveTeba mTeli universumis qmnadoba. igi erTgvarad exmianeba piTagorelebis<br />

`tetraqtidis~ princips, romelTa mier 10-is yoveli Semadgeneli wevri gaigivebuli iyo<br />

romelime kosmiur sferosTan an sxeulTan (garda 1-isa, romelic mTel universums gamoxatavs).<br />

am sxeulTa simetriuli ganlageba kosmosSi warmoqmnis kosmiur musikas anu `sferoTa<br />

harmonias~. igi ganpirobebulia ara mxolod sxeulTa daSorebis simetriiT, rasac Seesabameba<br />

musikaluri intervalebi (tercia, kvarta, kvinta, seqsta da a. S.), aramed misi siswrafis<br />

xarisxiTac, romliTac ciuri sxeuli moZraobs kosmiur sivrceSi. Tumca piTagorelebs musika<br />

ainteresebdaT da ganxiluli hqondaT im aspeqtSi, rom isini qadagebdnen asketizms am sityvis<br />

antikuri gagebiT, rac jansaR sxeulSi jansaR suls gulisxmobda. amis miRwevas ki, maTi azriT,<br />

sWirdeba mudmivi musikaluri zemoqmedeba (medicinasTan erTad). Tumca sul sxva mizniT,<br />

magram, Cans, musikisadmi Sopenhaueris midgomas mainc biZgi piTagorelebma misces. aki misTvis<br />

musika `sulis maTematika~ iyo, xolo maTematika _ `gonebis musika~. galaktionmac, Cans, arc<br />

Tu SemTxveviT daarqva Tavis cnobil leqss `kosmiuri orkestri~. misi azriT, adamianis<br />

erTianoba samyarosTan harmoniulia. samyarosac da adamiansac marTavs kosmiuri musika.<br />

swored am musikiTaa gamsWvaluli yovelive _ zeciuri sferoebiT dawyebuli, adamianis<br />

CaTvliT:<br />

gafiTrebuli gailandnen siluetebi,<br />

ara vagneri, arc mocarti da aRarc grigi.<br />

o, kosmiuro, erTaderTo mZlavro musika!<br />

o, usxeulo, exla sxeulamonagebo,<br />

am qaosidan moevlina axali muza<br />

yvelafers, rac ki axsnilia da gasagebi.<br />

galaktioni SemTxveviT arafers akeTebda da musikaSic Tavisi kerpebi<br />

Rrmadgaazrebulad hyavda SerCeuli. mocarti, beThoveni, vagneri _ es is triadaa, romelTa<br />

qmnilebebSi ara marto germanuli sulia musikalur enasTan Serwymuli, aramed is maradiulic,<br />

romelic zogadkacobriuli SaravandediT mosili formiT gadmosces. marTalia medea<br />

cqifuriSvili, rodesac wers: `galaktionis poeziaSi xSirad irekleba xolme ama Tu im<br />

SemoqmedTan dakavSirebuli asociaciuri plani, magram es yovelive gamiznulad xdeba da<br />

yovelTvis galaktioniseulia da poets an keTilxmovanebis, wminda bgeradobis TvalsazrisiT<br />

sWirdeba, an ama Tu im Semoqmedis SemoyvaniT saWiro ganwyobilebas qmnis, metwilad ki orive<br />

erTadaa xolme miRweuli~ (cqifuriSvili 1994: 115). imisaTvis, rom ama Tu im kompozitoris<br />

SemoyvaniT galaktions saWiro ganwyobileba Seeqmna, saWiro iyo misi Semoqmedebis mTeli<br />

siRrmiT gaazreba. es momenti ki mis leqsebSi filigranuli sizustiT igrZnoba da es xdeba<br />

imitom, rom musika marto gataceba ki ar iyo misTvis, aramed mTeli misi poeturi Semoqmedebis<br />

arsi. igi musikalurad aRiqvamda garemos da zogadad samyaros mravalferovnebasa da<br />

111

yovladobas. aki werda kidec: `msurda yovelSi da yvelaferSi musika, grZnoba da silamazeo~.<br />

swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli musikalobis dominanti mis leqsebSi:<br />

rogorc zvirTTa qafiani modeba,<br />

fagotebis mitacebda godeba,<br />

maocebda umZlavresi musika,<br />

Tmas miwewda qaris gaboroteba.<br />

galaktionis musikaluri virtuozuloba garda imisa, rom Tandayolili niWia, nakvebia<br />

Tavisi drois filos<strong>of</strong>iiTac, modernistebis poeziiTac, klasikuri da xalxuri musikis<br />

codniTac. 1946 wels gamarjvebisadmi miZRvnili poema Caufiqrebia, garkveuli monaxazic<br />

gaukeTebia. es monaxazi simfoniis libretos ufro hgavs, vidre poemisas. es monaxazic iseve,<br />

rogorc simfoniis klasikuri forma, oTxnawiliania. ai isic: `pirveli nawili: centraluri<br />

nawili uWiravs samgloviaro marSs, anu, ukeT rom vTqvaT, omis msxverplTa reqviems... Soridan<br />

moismis Tema omisa; meore nawili: metismetad lirikuli skerco. aq mogonebebia raRac<br />

sasiamovno epizodebze. yovelive es Semosilia sevdisa da ocnebis msubuqi burusiT; mesame<br />

nawili: paTetikuri... raRacnairi gataceba sicocxliT, Tayvaniscema da mowiweba bunebisadmi.<br />

igi Seuwyvetlad gadadis meoTxeSi; meoTxe nawili: mokle Sesavali. Semdeg iwyeba meore Tema<br />

aweuli, dResaswaulebrivi xasiaTisa. igia apoTeozi mTeli ambebis. damSvidebiTa da<br />

darwmunebiT viTardeba apoTeozi da gadaizrdeba did da grandiozul xmovanebaSi” (javaxaZe<br />

1996: 408-409s). riT ar hgavs es beThovenis mesame _ “gmiruli simfoniis” libretos, oRond im<br />

gansxvavebiT, rom beThovenis aRniSnul simfoniaSi samgloviaro scenas - `samgloviaro marSs~,<br />

romelsac sxva .adgilas igonebs kidec galaktioni _ `samgloviaro man Seqmna marSi, rom<br />

wyevla-krulva eTqva RmerTisTvis~ _ meore nawili eTmoba, xolo galaktionis poemis meore<br />

nawili (sasiamovno epizodebze mogonebebi) beThovenTan pirvel nawilSia mocemuli.<br />

beThovenisave meSvide simfoniis mosmenisas ki (1936 wlis 24 ivliss) aseTi Canaweri gaukeTebia:<br />

`beThoveni. meSvide simfonia... iwyeba nela. Semdeg misi eqo. ramdeni nazi siyvarulia _ xmebSi...<br />

izrdeba hangebi. neli piano... rakrakebs nakaduli. uerTdeba mas meore nakadi. uceb orive<br />

Sewyda, TiTqmis miwaSi daikarga da amovida isev neli piano-sagan. bulbulebis gaxmaureba. neli<br />

qari izrdeba, izrdeba da ai, forte...~ da a. S. bolomde (tabiZe 1975: 343).<br />

beThovenis qariSxliani musika gansakuTrebiT xiblavda galaktions. bevri<br />

kompozitoris saxeli gaielvebs mis SemoqmedebaSi, magram poetze musikaluri zemoqmedebis<br />

ZaliT mainc beThoveni gamoirCeva. amas TviTonac adasturebs:<br />

bevrni arian xmaTa mToveni,<br />

magram sul sxvaa aq beThoveni,<br />

ganmeorebiT, ase mgonia<br />

imis mecxre _ Rrma simfonia.<br />

(`sxva beThoveni~)<br />

beThovenis mecxre simfoniis mosmenam ki galaktions aTqmevina:<br />

sad zRvis Wavlebia<br />

yvavilTa mToveli,<br />

kvlav vxvdebiT erTmaneTs<br />

me da beThoveni.<br />

ocneba mgonia<br />

sizmari mgonia...<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> motivi _<br />

mecxre simfonia.<br />

mniSvnelovani ambavi an movlena sazogadoebisaTvis umalve gansjis sagnad iqceva, magram<br />

igive sagani Tu movlena xelovanis xelSi sul sxva ganzomilebebsa da masStabebSi vlindeba.<br />

yvelam kargad viciT, Tu rogor daiwera galaktionis `qebaTa qeba nikorwmindas~. taZris<br />

CuqurTmaSi, mis cadatyorcnil svetebSi mgosanma dainaxa mSobeli xalxis udidesi niWi,<br />

unatifesi gemovneba da titanuri Zala. es Zegli misTvis <strong>qarTuli</strong> sulis aRmafrenis<br />

simbolod iqca da swored am aRmafrenas uZRvna didebuli himni.<br />

msgavsi ganwyobilebis gamomxatvelia beThovenis mecxre simfonia. igi germanuli sulis,<br />

niWis, gemovnebis gamomxatvelia. misi Seqmnis wyarodac garegani impulsi, kerZod, Sileris oda<br />

`sixarulis himni~ iqca, amitom am simfoniasac `sixarulis simfonia~ ewodeba. SemTxveviTi ar<br />

aris, rom galaktionma Tavisi `qebaTa qebis~ daweridan sul mcire droSi dawera es leqsi<br />

(`mecxre simfonia~). masSi mravlismetyvelia frazebi: `me da beThoveni~ da `<strong>qarTuli</strong> motivi _<br />

mecxre simfonia~. rasakvirvelia, mecxre simfoniaSi wminda musikaluri TvalsazrisiT<br />

aranairi <strong>qarTuli</strong> motivi ar arsebobs. aq laparakia ideaTa, miswrafebaTa msgavsebaze,<br />

romliTac gamsWvalulia ara marto germaneli da qarTveli xalxi, aramed mTeli kacobrioba<br />

112

da Tu es miswrafeba germaniaSi beThovenma yvelaze sruly<strong>of</strong>ilad mecxre simfoniiT gamoxata,<br />

galaktionma Tavisi leqsiT _ sityvieri simfoniiT (`qebaTa qeba nikorwmindas~) ugaloba<br />

niWierebas, gmirul Sromasa da misi nay<strong>of</strong>iT mogvril sixaruls. amitomac daukavSira Tavisi<br />

lirikuli gmiri _ `me~ beThovens.<br />

`sworTan sworis kidev erTi Tvalis gasworebaa~ galaktionis leqsi `Serigeba~. am leqsiT<br />

igi erTsa da imave dros mxarsac ubams genialur kompozitors _ mocarts da amave dros<br />

araCveulebrivad sxart daxasiaTebasac aZlevs mis Semoqmedebas. aqedan, bunebrivia, Tavis<br />

Semoqmedebasac:<br />

totebs qarisas gadahyva marti,<br />

TeTr tansacmelSi me movirTvebi<br />

da waval qarSi, rogorc mocarti,<br />

gulSi simReris msubuq zvirTebiT.<br />

visac mocartis musika mousmenia da SeugrZvnia, ar SeiZleba, aRtacebuli ar<br />

darCeniliyo misi melodiuri saxis mSvenierebiTa da gamomsaxvelobiT. TviT ubralo<br />

harmoniebi mis xelSi warmtac melodiebad gardaiTqmebian da ocnebaTa sauflosaken<br />

waritaceben msmenels, radgan mudam naTel, gamWvirvale da faqiz faqturazea igi<br />

dafuZnebuli. swored aqedan warmodga mocartis `simReris msubuqi zvirTebi~, rogorc mas<br />

uwodebs galaktioni. xolo Tu yvelafer amas poetur enaze gardavTqvamT, magaliTebad<br />

leqsebs: `mzeo TibaTvisa~, `silaJvarde anu vardi silaSi~, `meri~ da sxva amisTanebs<br />

davasaxelebT. swored aqedan momdinareobs obieqturad dasabuTebuli Sedareba: `da waval<br />

qarSi, rogorc mocarti~. amave frazaSi sxva Sinaarsic irekleba. kerZod, cnobilia, rom<br />

mocartis dakrZalvis dRes buneba boboqrobda, saSineli qari qroda. albaT, amiT unda iyos<br />

gamowveuli leqsSi qarze aqcentireba: `totebs qarisas~, `me waval qarSi~. mis fenomenalur<br />

niWze amaxvilebs galaktioni yuradRebas Tavis` saubarSi lirikis Sesaxeb~. niWze, romelic<br />

sul mcire asakSi gamovalina mocartma, aRtacebaSi moiyvana msmeneli da aqedan mokidebuli<br />

dideba da msmenelis ovacia ar mohklebia:<br />

mozardi _ igiv mocartia!<br />

mudam mosavda Tanabrad zvavi<br />

qariSxalTa<br />

da mimozaTa!<br />

rogorc vxedavT, galaktioni lirikul leqsSi erTi-ori ubralo StrixiT an miniSnebiT<br />

iseT zust da amomwurav daxasiaTebas aZlevvs ama Tu im Semoqmedis naRvaws, rom SeiZleba<br />

specialurad dawerilma mTelma tomma ver gagrZnobinoT igi. amdenad, galaktionis leqsebi<br />

metyveleben ara marto avtoris genialur niWze, aramed mis uaRresad did ganaTlebaze, misi<br />

Tvalsawieris sifarToveze; pirovnebaze, romelic naziarebia mTel sakacobrio kulturas da<br />

Sesisxlxorcebuli aqvs igi.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

baramiZe 2003: baramiZe s. y<strong>of</strong>iereba da dro galaktionis poeziaSi. krebuli galaktionologia. t. II, Tb.:<br />

2003.<br />

TvaraZe 1972: TvaraZe r. galaktioni. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~,1972.<br />

kakabaZe 1967: kakabaZe n. Tomas mani. Tb.: universitetis gamomcemloba, 1967.<br />

malarme 1979: malarme st. leqsebi da proza. quTaisi: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1979.<br />

tabiZe 1975: tabiZe g. Txzulebebis akademiuri gamocema 12 tomad. t. XII, Tb: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo~, 1975.<br />

Sopenhaueri 1873: Schopenhauer A. Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellug. Leipzig: 1873.<br />

ciskari 1967: Jurn. ciskari. 1967, 1.<br />

cqifuriSvili 1994: cqifuriSvili m. galaktioni. Tb.: 1994.<br />

javaxaZe 1996: javaxaZe v. ucnobi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1996.<br />

Music as Galaktion's Weltanschauung<br />

Summary<br />

Venera Kavtiashvili<br />

Much has been said and written on the melodiousness <strong>of</strong> Galaktion Tabidze's poetry as a poetic<br />

adornment and aesthetic side <strong>of</strong> the verse. In the present work, emphasis is put on music as poet's world outlook,<br />

the essence <strong>of</strong> being as a means for penetration into the deepest core. for this, a brief review <strong>of</strong> A.<br />

113

Schopenhauer's main work, "The World as Will and Representation" is done because it is in this creation that<br />

music is rated as a specific way <strong>of</strong> opening the mystery <strong>of</strong> the world which determined an immense authority and<br />

influence <strong>of</strong> this philosopher on modernists generally and, especially on symbolists. Of Galaktion's creative<br />

works that material has been analyzed, in which A. Schopenhauer's aesthetic thinking is unquestionably traced.<br />

Not only A. Schopenjauer but Richard Wagner's influence is evidenced which is revealed in striving to the<br />

synthesis <strong>of</strong> separate art forms and revival <strong>of</strong> mythology. Galaktion's appeal to Beethoven and Mozart's music is<br />

also represented here because it is just in their creations that the merging <strong>of</strong> German spirit with musical language<br />

is expressed and eternal values enveloped with the light <strong>of</strong> humankind are rendered. At the end appropriate<br />

conclusions have been made.<br />

mzis paradigma ana kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi<br />

Tea beriZe<br />

ana kalandaZis Semoqmedeba mdidaria religiuri TematikiT. poeti xSirad mimarTavs<br />

bibliur siuJetebsa Tu fsalmunebidan amonaridebs. ,,misi leqsebi ufro religiur himnebs<br />

hgavs, vidre pirad lirikul aRsarebas”, _ ase afasebda geronti qiqoZe ana kalandaZis poezias.<br />

es aris mizezi imisa, rom ana kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi uxvad aris religiuri simbolo _<br />

xSirad ideur-mxatvruli saxe Sefarulia. mistificireba erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli niSania misi<br />

leqsebisa. calke gvsurs gamovyoT mzis saxe. mzis paradigmis kvlevisas mivmarTavT<br />

hermenevtikas. am meTodis filos<strong>of</strong>iuri da Teologiri koncefcia bibliuri teqstebis<br />

analizis konteqstSi warmoCndeba. CvenTvis saintereso Temis interpretacias SevecdebiT<br />

`kvlav-Seqmnis~ meSveobiT, sadac intuicias Zalian didi adgili uWiravs. ana kalandaZis<br />

leqsebis krebulis kiTxvisas SeuZlebelia TvalSi ar mogvxvdes erTi Tavisebureba _ mzisa da<br />

yvavilebis siuxve. CanawerebSi poeti TviTonve aRniSnavs: `...qebas vityvi gazafxulisas,<br />

radganac didi sinaTle modis dedamiwaze, sinaTle da masTan _ imedi!<br />

yovelTvis miyvarda mze: fantazia ufro laRia da ukidegano, yvelaferi idumali da<br />

`fiqrTa aRmZvreli~ mzeSi! miyvars amomavali da Camavali mzis ferebi _ Zowisferi, mewamuli...~<br />

(kalandaZe 1996: 81).<br />

me vTbebi mzeze, viT udabnos mwiri... 1<br />

(`Tqvi, Wiamaria!~ )<br />

mze sinaTlis da cxovelmy<strong>of</strong>eli energiis simboloa. miTebi mogviTxroben heliosis<br />

Sesaxeb, romelic cecxlisa da sinaTlis RmerTia. astrologiaSi mze mamakacuri, aqtiuri,<br />

cxeli `planetaa~. aRniSnuli ciuri sxeuli adamianebTan mimarTebaSi sulier birTvs, _<br />

TviTSemecnebasa da ganviTarebis Zalas gulisxmobs. amas garda, is aris cxovrebis umaRlesi<br />

idealisa da ZiriTadi warmatebis simbolo, romliskenac adamiani maradiulad iswrafvis.<br />

astrologiaSi mzis simbolo loms ukavSirdeba, mzisa da lomis saxis erToblioba gvxvdeba ana<br />

kalandaZis erT leqsSi:<br />

SemorCenili svetis Tavebze<br />

mrisxane lomi<br />

mzis gulze Tbeba.<br />

ana kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi mzes sxvadasxvanairi gamovlinebiT vxvdebiT. SevecdebiT,<br />

gamovyoT ramdenime maTgani.<br />

a)mzis saxe-simbolos qristianuli gaazreba<br />

mze aris personificirebuli WeSmaritebis atributi, radganac mis SuqSi yvelaferi<br />

gasagebi xdeba. mze, mTvare da varskvlavebi dabadebaSi meoTxe dRes Seiqmna. iakobis Svilma,<br />

iosebma, naxa sizmari, romelSic mze da mTvare mas Tayvans scemdnen. mze da mTvare gamosaxulia<br />

qristes jvarcmis scenaSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso saxes vxvdebiT ana kalandaZis<br />

leqsSi `isev gaxseni guli Cemi~:<br />

isev gaxseni guli Cemi<br />

mze-mTvarisaTvis<br />

da damifare, viT walkotSi<br />

yvavils ifarav! (`isev gaxseni guli Cemi~ )<br />

1 ana kalandaZis teqstebi damowmebulia poetis ortomeulidan.<br />

114

qristianul taZrebSi xSirad vxvdebiT jvris gamosaxulebas, romlis centrSi mzea<br />

moqceuli, xolo mis qveS _ namgliseburi mTvare. tradiciulad, es sami saxe ase<br />

iSifreba: jvari _ rwmena, mze _ siyvaruli, mTvare — imedi; magram xSirad xdeba, aseve,<br />

am triadis Semdegnairi axsna: mTvare _ rogorc mTeli miwieri samyaros dabadeba,<br />

jvari _ qristes sikvdili xorcieli, xolo mze _ aRdgoma. mze-mTvare erT<br />

semantikur erTeulad aRiqmeba mxolod qristianobasTan mimarTebaSi. Tu mocemul<br />

WrilSi ganvixilavT, maSin anaseuli mze-mTvare gaiSifreba, rogorc gulis gaxsna<br />

siyvaruli-imedisTvis, an meore variants Tu mivmarTavT, maSin amqveyniuridanimqveyniurSi<br />

gadasvla unda vigulisxmoT. poetisgan SemoTavazebuli es saxe, garda<br />

imisa, rom azrobrivad Zalian sainteresoa, amavdroulad, originaluria da ucxo. aqve<br />

aRvniSnavT, rom qristianul moZRvrebaSi mTvarisa da mzis jvarcmasTan erTad gamosaxva,<br />

qristes orbunebovnebis mauwyebelia.<br />

qristianul mcnebaSi, aRmosavleTidan amomavali mze aris ukvdavebis da mkvdreTiT<br />

aRdgomis simbolo. aseve, radganac qriste aris drois gamgebeli, mzis mixedviT dRis<br />

xangrZlivobis dadgenas masTan akavSireben, rac xSirad aisaxeba romanul xelovnebaSi. ana<br />

kalandaZis leqsebSi RmerTi _ mze erT sibrtyezea:<br />

Sen, sinaTlis mefev,<br />

ganuwyvetel mzis xar...<br />

o, Senc qebaT qebis<br />

`Rirs xar,<br />

Rirs xar, Rirs xar!~ (`Sen, sinaTlis mefev~)<br />

gamovyoT kidev erTi Tavisebureba: garda imisa rom mze, rogorc mnaTobi, dedamiwamde<br />

aRwevs sxivebis, sinaTlis, siTbos saxiT, aseve, miwieri samyaro ganuwyvetliv miiswrafvis<br />

mzisken, anu xdeba mudmivi gardasaxva erTidan meoreSi.<br />

oSkis mZle taZaro, aTasi welia,<br />

dgaxar da RaRadeb...<br />

kvlav anTeb CiraRdans, kvlav mzemde maRldebi...<br />

(,,oSkis mZle taZaro”)<br />

taZari maRldeba mzemde, anu RmerTamde. taZari uflis saxlia da iq Catarebuli<br />

gulwrfeli wirva-locva ufals unda miswvdes.<br />

edmund huserlis dauweria, rom adamianis cxovreba sxva araferia, Tu ar RmerTisadmi<br />

gza. am gamonaTqvamis dadastureba cnobil ruminel religiaTmcodnes mirCa eliadesac<br />

SeuZlia im ideiT, rom misTvis nebismieri pirovneba aris religiuri adamiani. eliades<br />

religiis istoriaSi mTavari adgili uWiravs koncefcias homo Religious, romelic gaazrebulia,<br />

rogorc swavleba religiuri apriorebisa adamianis cnobierebaSi. Tavisi meTodi eliadem<br />

religiis Sida wesebis Seswavlas daafuZna. religiis istorikosis yuradReba, misi azriT,<br />

erTdroulad, miqceuli unda iyos, rogorc religiur faqtze, aseve mis istoriaze. eliade<br />

gvTavazobs Tavisebur religiur struqturas, gamoy<strong>of</strong>s ZiriTad kategoriebs _ modelebs _<br />

`paternebs~. aseT modelebad gvevlineba sxvadasxva kosmiuri kategoria da maTTan<br />

dakavSirebuli kultebi (mze, mTvare, ms<strong>of</strong>lio xe, wyali, Suqi, nay<strong>of</strong>ierebis kultebi, zeca da<br />

a.S); religiis aseTi danawevreba gamarTlebulia, imiT rom am `danawevrebulad~ aRweril<br />

fenomenebs, SesaZloa, davayrdnoT garkveuli religiuri sistema, romelic Tavisufali iqneba<br />

evoluciis ideisgan.<br />

ana kalandaZisTvis mze rom ubralo ciuri sxeuli ar aris, es faqtia. Tumca, am<br />

SemTxvevaSi Cven gvainteresebs qveteqsti amovikiTxoT da davinaxoT miRmuri azri, idea. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi semiotikur meTods unda mivmarToT. Carlz pirsis mixedviT, `niSani axdens sagnis<br />

reprezentacias da enacvleba mas cnobierebaSi~ (doiaSvili 2006: 85); am SemTxvevaSi niSani _<br />

ciuri sxeuli _ mzea, romelic reprezintirebulia sxvadasxva aspeqtSi da cnobierebaSi<br />

gardaisaxeba saintereso saxe-simbolod. interpretacia warmoadgens ganmartebas,<br />

`Targmanebas~, adamianis reaqcias pirvelad niSanze, romelic badebs interpretacias da es<br />

procesi usasruloa.<br />

leqsSi `Tvalno, SavTvalno~ aseTi striqonia: `rodesac gulSi mze ari~, mze Tu RmerTis<br />

simboloa, RmerTi _ siyvarulia, siyvarulis navsayudeli ki gulia. `axlda mTovare idumals<br />

saydars, mze mohyveboda sinaTlis mfenad~. magaliTisTvis kidev erT leqss moviyvan, Tumca<br />

magaliTi marTlac mravladaa:<br />

guls damfenia<br />

mzei cxoveli<br />

ukeTurebiT<br />

115

kvalad xsnisaTvis,<br />

sinaTlis Cemis gaZlierebad<br />

miwyiv, ukuniT<br />

ukunisamde! (`guls damfenia~)<br />

mocemul taepSic mze gulSi ivanebs. guli xom rwmenis sacavia! swored guliT unda<br />

swamdes WeSmarit qristians da ara goniT. rwmena ki sinaTlea. gulSi umzeoba wyvdiadTan<br />

asocirdeba ana axmatovasTvis:<br />

память о солнце в сердце слабеет<br />

Что это? Тьма?<br />

Может быть! (ana axmatova, `память о солнце в сердце слабеет~)<br />

rusi mwerali vasili lenski erT-erT interviuSi saubrobs Sinagan mzeze, romelsac<br />

warmogvidgens formiT ,,guli-mze”: ,,Zvel xalxs uTqvams, rom adamiani _ mikrokosmosia.<br />

ramdenadac didia gare kosmosi, imdenadve grandiozulia Sinagani kosmosi. Tumca, TiToeuli<br />

TqvenganisTvis Sida samyaro jer uxilavia. saidumloebiTaa moculi da miuRwevadia es<br />

samyaro. sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebiT SuqiT ivseba Sida kosmosi da mas saxilvels qmnis. guli _<br />

es Sinagani mzea, is `anaTebs~ SigniT. guli-mze sisxls mTels organizmSi anawilebs, TiToeul<br />

nawilTan Tavisi sxivi gadaaqvs, sxeulis yvela monakveTi grZnobs am sxivur pulsacias. iq,<br />

sadac Sinagani mze da Suqia, maradiuli gazafxuli da axalgazrdoba ivanebs~ (perminaite 1999)<br />

mze _ araamqveyniuria, radganac miuwvdomelia (siwminde yovelTvis gamoy<strong>of</strong>ilia),<br />

Tumca xilulia (gansxvavebiT, qristianuli warmodgenebisgan sxva samyaroze). igi moZraobs<br />

ucvleli gziT: ucvleli _ sxva samyaros maniSnebelia. mzes Tavisuflad ver Sexedav (siwmide<br />

daSorebulia). igi sicocxlis momcemia, maszea damokidebuli sicocxle da sikvdili. kidev<br />

erT Sedarebas moviSveliebT da gavixsenebT amonarids maqsim gorkis zRapar-poemidan `gogona<br />

da sikvdili~:<br />

Михаиле!- говорит Иуда,-<br />

Знаю, что я Каина грешнее,<br />

Потому что предал подлой Смерти<br />

Светлое, как солнце, божье сердце!<br />

b) Camavali mzis saxe-simbolo<br />

skviTur kalendarSi axali weliwadi iwyeboda zamTrSi (22 dekembers), yvelaze grZel<br />

Rames, maTi warmosaxviT, am dros `kvdeboda~ Zveli mze da `ibadeboda~ axali.<br />

rodesac mze Caesveneboda horizonts miRma, iTvleboda rom igi midioda miwisqveSa<br />

samyaroSi, an mas sibnelis boroti Zala Wamda. amgvari warmodgenebi TiTqmis yvela uZveles<br />

xalxs hqonda. magaliTad, yovel Rames, mzis RmerTi, ra (Zveli egvipte) micuravda miwisqveSa<br />

nilosiT dedamiwis siRrmeSi, sadac ebrZoda gvel apops, dilisTvis imarjvebda, raTa momaval<br />

Rames kvlav SebrZoleboda. qarTul zepirsityvierebaSic gvxvdeba mzesTan mebrZoli<br />

gveleSapi. anu mudmivi cvalebdoba dRisa da Ramis, erTgvari simboloa, rogorc sikvdilisa da<br />

aRdgomisa, aseve borotisa da keTilis mudmiv Widilisa.<br />

ukudga bneli,<br />

mixila mzeman...<br />

aRniSnul leqsSi igulisxmeba sikeTis anu naTelis, RvTiuris gamarjveba borotebas,<br />

demonur sawyissa da bnelze. mze rom ar moiazreba mxolod planetad, migvaniSnebs leqsis<br />

forma. religiuri plastebiT gajerebuli leqsebi datvirTulia (ara gadatvirTuli),<br />

ZiriTadad arqauli sityvebiT, winadadebis wyobiTa da, saerTod, emociuri ganwyobadatvirTviT.<br />

fsalmuniviT dinjad sakiTxavia.<br />

da maRalis mzis amoxdoma<br />

kvlav meuwyeba...<br />

am maRal RamiT sixaruli<br />

zeimobs Cemi.<br />

am konkretul striqonSi Rame iseve, rogorc mze _ maRalia. axsna, SesaZloa, aseTia:<br />

samyaro ganuy<strong>of</strong>elia dRiTa da RamiT, anu Tu Ramea, Cven viciT, rom mze ar qreba, is uxilvelia<br />

CvenTvis, iseve, rogorc RmerTi, xolo am sruli samyaros meufe sasufevelSia da ganagebs<br />

yovels. gaoreba, rwmenis Seryeva, xSirad misi dakargvac (nicSeseuli RmerTis sikvdili) ar<br />

aris ucxo morwmunisaTvis. pirovnebis mTavari dilemaa _ airCios RvTis gza da iyo srulad<br />

mindobili RmerTze, an, piriqiT, airCios urwmunoeba da arafris SiSi ar hqondes. dausjelobis<br />

SiSis arqona yvelaze didi problemaa, rogorc zogadad, ise dRevandel y<strong>of</strong>a-cxovrebaSi. `SiSi<br />

Seiqms siyvarulsa~.<br />

116

daamxes Cemi sakurTxevlebi<br />

mzisa wil... Rames aRiareben.<br />

(`sxivebi Seni~)<br />

rwmenis Seryeva ana kalandaZis lirikuli gmirisTvis ucxoa. Tumca leqsSi `var marad<br />

varskvlavTa mWvreteli~ avtori isev upirispirebs erTmaneTs sinaTles da sibneles, da maTs<br />

mudmiv Widils, rogorc samyaroSi, ise pirovnebis sulSi, magram Sveba aris: boroti unda<br />

iZlios.<br />

suls xSirad eaxlis ukuni,<br />

mzec momefineba xSiradve...<br />

`o, RmerTo, o, RmerTo sabaoT,<br />

sinaTle, sinaTle, sinaTle!~<br />

(`var marad varskvlavTa mWvreteli~)<br />

mze rwmenisTvis wamebulTa simboloa. is yvelgan sikeTes Tesavs, patiosani da keTili<br />

qristianis simbolod gvevlineba. martvilis anu mzis cxovreba yovelTvis iqneba misabaZi<br />

magaliTi maTTvis, vinc midis RvTis gziT.<br />

g) mze uZveles xalxTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi<br />

winareqristianul epoqaSi gavrcelebuli iyo mosazreba, rom mze uSualod<br />

dakavSirebulia araamqveyniur, RvTaebebis, winaprebis, Zlier da mrisxane samyarosTan. mzes,<br />

dRis manaTobels, bunebrivia, pirveli adgili ukavia ciur sxeulTa Soris. bevri religia<br />

ukavSirebs mzes RmerTis cnebas; mzis RmerTs xSirad `gamanadgureblis~ saxeli aqvs.<br />

zogierT xalxTan, TviTon mzes miegeboda pativi, rogorc RvTaebas. Cveulebriv, aseTi<br />

warmodgena gavrcelebuli iyo maSin, rodesac mefis pirovneba gansakuTrebiT pativdebuli<br />

iyo da wmindanad iTvleboda. Zveli xeTebis (mcire azia) mefe sakuTar Tavs uwodebda `Cemi<br />

mziuri RvTaeba~ da Tavis samflobelos, mzis msgavsad, aRmosavleTidan dasavleTiT<br />

Semoivlida xolme. samxreT amerikaSi, inkebis imperiis mefeebi Tavs RmerTis Svilebad<br />

Tvlidnen. iaponia _ `amomavali mzis qveyana~, imperatori _ mzis Svili. ludovik meToTxmete<br />

(safrangeTi, me-17-e saukune) iwodeboda _ `mefe mzed~. Zvel rusul wignebSi, mefis<br />

(mbrZaneblis) Sedareba mzesTan sruliad Cveulebrivia, xolo misi Casvla an dabneleba mefis<br />

avadmy<strong>of</strong>obasTan, damarcxebasTan brZolaSi an sikvdils ukavSirdeba.<br />

ana kalandaZiseul mzes, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, gadavyavarT uZveles xalxebTan.<br />

magaliTad, leqsSi `maT balkaneTSi poves sadguri~ poeti gvTavazobs mzis aseT variacias `maT<br />

Zlier sxeuls swvavda Cveni mzei qalduri~. sainteresoa kidev erTi saxe leqsidan: `romi, genua,<br />

piza, verona~, sadac mze mxolod ciuri sxeulia `kolizeumi Zvlebs iTbobs mzeze~, magram saxe<br />

TavisTavad STambeWdavia. leqsSi `moxuci indieli~ mze religiur aspeqts ubrundeba: `o, Sen<br />

iloceb mzis amosvlis win~...<br />

uzarmazari mze brialebs<br />

piramidebTan...<br />

...wvanan aqlemni<br />

da amon-ras ganadideben.<br />

(`luqsoris gzaze~)<br />

rogorc Zveli egviptis religiis istoriidan gvaxsovs, swored mzis RvTaebas mianiWa<br />

upiratesoba amenxotep IV-em, daarRvia RmerTTa uzarmazari panTeoni da amarnis peroidSi<br />

monoTeizmis gabatoneba scada. egviptesTan mimarTebaSi kidev erTi striqoni gavixsenoT ana<br />

kalandaZis poeziidan, leqsi `pawawina eklesiaSi~ ase sruldeba `mzis qorwilia, Sen xar<br />

Tamada~, marTalia, egviptidan Sors aris dawerili aRniSnuli leqsi, magram paolo iaSvilis<br />

darianul cikls ki gagvaxsenebs:<br />

iq, sadac sduman piramidebi,<br />

mzis qorwilis dros, me davwvebi mzisfer silaze...<br />

(paolo iaSvili, `piramidebSi~)<br />

umetes tradiciebSi, mze _ sayovelTao mamaa, mTvare _ deda. es ar exeba amerikis<br />

indielebis, maoris, tevtonebis da iaponiis xalxebs, sadac mTvare warmoadgens mamakacurs,<br />

xolo mze _ qalur sawyiss. mze da wvima _ umniSvnelovanesi Zalebia nay<strong>of</strong>ierebisTvis, amis<br />

gamo, siZe asocirdeba mzesTan, xolo patarZali _ mTvaris RmerTqalTan da deda-miwasTan,<br />

rac Seexeba qarTul zepirsityvierebas, mzes qaluri sawyisi aqvs, mTvares _ mamakacuri:<br />

mze dedaa Cemi,<br />

mTvare mama Cemi...<br />

117

mze mamakacur sawyisad Tu moviazreT, igi ufro advili dasakavSirebeli iqneba umaRles<br />

idealTan. albaT, amitomac aqvs umetes qveynebis kulturebSi mzes mamakacuri sqesi, Tumca ana<br />

kalandaZis poeziaSi ar iCens Tavs aseTi gamijvna. erTi kia, rom poet qals mzesTan<br />

asocirebuli aqvs Zveli xalxebis religiuri adaT-wesebi:<br />

muxlebs moviyri nawarmarTevi<br />

(raRac unebur iRviZebs CemSi),<br />

ros ava caze mzis aRmarTebiT<br />

da mzis oqrosfer, did salocvelSi<br />

kocons daagznebs qurumi cisa...<br />

(`mzis salocvelSi~)<br />

d) mze _ ciuri sxeuli<br />

ana kalandaZis poeziaSi mzes ara mxolod simboluri datvirTva aqvs. Zalian xSirad<br />

poeti iyenebs am ciur sxeuls, Tavisi bunebrivi gamovlinebebis mixedviT y<strong>of</strong>iT sinamdvileSi:<br />

`mTis mze ara gwvavs mSvenier saxes?~ (`xevsur qaliviT~), `brWyvialebs mzeze aWaris qedi~...<br />

saxe-simbolos garda, mze, ubralod, poeturi xerxicaa misTvis, rogorc Tavad wers:<br />

`ramdenime ucvleli saxe _ qari, mze, kaSkaSa varskvlavi~, es `simboluri jaWvi~ umTavresad<br />

`poeturi qvecnobierebis siRrmeSia~, magram maT Segnebuladac mivmarTav, rogorc am dros<br />

Cemeul ganwyobilebaTa ukeTes `gamgebT~ da `gamziarebelT~ _ mxolod varskvlavTa,<br />

TanamavalTa, vamcno gulisa me saidumlo!~ (kalandaZe 1996: 83)<br />

ana kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi mze macocxlebeli Zalaa. poeti mzisa da miwis kavSirs<br />

xSirad mcenareebis meSveobiT gvixatavs, miT umetes, rom xeebs da yvavilebs ara naklebi<br />

simboluri Tu mistikuri datvirTva aqvs mis poeziaSi. yvavili uflis simbolod iseve<br />

aRiqmeba, rogorc mze:<br />

ar var mbrwyinavi<br />

mis sxivTa qveSe<br />

da mzis yvavili<br />

daWkneba CemSi...<br />

es mcire moculobis (4 taepiani) leqsi Rrmaazrovania: vubrundebiT zemoTqmuls, rom<br />

yvavili iseve moiazreba qristianobaSi, rogorc mze. aRniSnul variantSi _ mzis yvavili _ ara<br />

aris ra, Tu ara rwmena. misi daWknoba ki rwmenis gaqrobaa, anda Sesusteba, Tumca pirvel or<br />

striqons Tu guldasmiT wavikiTxavT, SesaZloa, momdevno or striqonSi _ Tavmdabloba,<br />

Tavis dadrekac davinaxoT. ufro dazustebiT, SiSi rwmenis simyaris gamo.<br />

ana kalandaZe mzis saxis ucnaur xedvas gvTavazobs. iSviaTi da lamazi metaforebi:<br />

`daoblda baRi mzis foTlebiT CamoTovlili~ (magram...amaod...) `mzis baRebSi nuSis Tovlia~<br />

(`mxmobs varskvlavebis TeTri RvTaeba~). mxolod erTs aRvniSnav, baRi _ xom ar moiazreba<br />

samoTxis baRad? leqsSi `karSi gamo, Wia-Wiamaria!~ Zalian lamazi saxe da ganwyobaa`mze icinis,<br />

vardfurclobis daria~. momRimari mze gvxvdeba aseve leqsSi `Soria Tamar~ _ `mzis Rimili<br />

aRaCina caman~.<br />

v) mzis feri<br />

sosiuris azriT, `niSani warmoadgens mTlianobas, romelic gvevlineba aRmniSvnelis<br />

(akustikuri xati) da aRsaniSnis (azri, warmodgena) asociaciis nay<strong>of</strong>ad~ (doiaSvili 2006:87)<br />

asociacia subieqturia. am SemTxvevaSi Cven gvainteresebs poetis asociacia arsebul niSanze.<br />

tradiciuli gagebiT, mzes miesadageba yviTeli, wiTeli, rogorc TviTon poeti<br />

SeniSnavs, `mewamuli”, an stafilosferi...<br />

lurji mze iyo, lurji _<br />

sayviTlia da wyavi...<br />

...da mze Cavida lurjad...<br />

(`gamartebaze~)<br />

pirvelive striqonSi poeti daJinebiT gvimeorebs mzis Seferilobas. lurji _ zecis da<br />

wylis feria. simaRlisa da siRrmis simboloa. sruly<strong>of</strong>ilebas, mSvidobas, maradiulobasa da<br />

erTgulebas ukavSirdeba. qristianobaSi aRniSnuli feri RvTismosaobas, gulwrfelobas da<br />

keTilgonierebas ganasaxovnebs. ana kalandaZis lurji mze zRvaSi eSveba, SesaZloa, amitomac<br />

asocirda am ferTan. lurji mze lurj wyalSi _ wyali marad ganaxlebadia, kvalad aRdgomas<br />

gulisxmobs. lurji mze iseTive saintereso monapovaria ana kalandaZis Semoqmedebisa, rogorc<br />

meterlinkis `lurji frinveli~.<br />

mzis madidebel poetad iTvleba konstantin balmonti _ `Я в этот мир пришел, чтоб видеть<br />

солнце~, misi mzis feri sruli antipodia aRniSnuli ferebisa:<br />

118

Я увижу Солнце, Солнце, Солнце, красное, как кровь.<br />

sxadasxva Seferilobis garda, ana kalandaZis mzes surnelic axlavs.<br />

nazi forToxlis, nazi forToxlis<br />

surneli dahkravs<br />

mzes narinjisfers...<br />

sruliad gansxvavebuli xedvaa. Tumca aqac ar iqneba uadgilo gavixsenoT isev<br />

konstantin balmontis leqsi saTauriT: `Аромат Солнца~.<br />

Запах Солнца? Что за вздор!<br />

Нет, не вздор.<br />

... Солнце пахнет травами,<br />

... И смолистою сосной...<br />

aqve aRvniSnavT erT niuanss: ana kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi gvxvdeba mzisferi, samzeos<br />

mwuxri, mzismokleoba, cxraTvala mze da sxva mravali variacia...<br />

mze uxilavia CvenTvis, radganac Zalian didia Cveni SemecnebisTvis. mzis gavlena<br />

bundovania da gamokveTili sazRvrebi ar aqvs. wina Taobebma ukve ganicades misi gavlena, xolo<br />

Taobebi, romlebic momavalSi gaCndebian, datkbebian am gavleniT. amgvarad, mze TiTqos<br />

uxilavia CvenTvis da amave dros, ganuy<strong>of</strong>eli Cveni arsebobisaTvis:<br />

nu momeSalos<br />

me Seni Tavi<br />

da mzisa xilva!<br />

mze _ umaRlesi kosmosuri Zalis simboloa. yvelafris momcveli RvTaeba. mzea -<br />

Zalaufleba, uZravi arseba, kosmosis guli, y<strong>of</strong>isa da intuitiuri codnis centri, ms<strong>of</strong>lios<br />

Tvali, dRis Tvali, is daumorCilebelia, diadi.<br />

arsebobs tradiciuli gansxvaveba xilulsa da uxilavs, Sida da gare mzes Soris. ana<br />

kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi mze erTgvari atributia, xilulia, romlis meSveobiTac mkiTxvelma<br />

unda Seimecnos uxilavi, Sida mze.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

doiaSvili 2006: doiaSvili T., ratiani i. (redaqtorebi). <strong>literaturis</strong> Teoriis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri<br />

koncefciebi da mimdinareobani. Tb.: 2006.<br />

kalandaZe 1995: kalandaZe a. ortomeuli. Tb.: gamomcemloba ,,saqarTvelo”, 1995.<br />

mixelsoni 2002: mixelsoni. mirCa eliades religiis istoria da axali humanizmi [on-lain statia] (moskovi:<br />

Jurnali religiaTmcodneoba, 4, 2002) mis.: http://eliade.upelsinka.com/cr4.htm; Internet.<br />

perminaite 1999: vasili lenski ,,guli-Sinagani mze” [on-lain interviu] mis.:<br />

http://ariom.narod.ru/Literatura/Lenskij/lenskij-06.htm; Internet.<br />

The Paradigm <strong>of</strong> Sun in Ana Kalandadze's Creative Works<br />

Summary<br />

Tea Beridze<br />

This article is an overview <strong>of</strong> Anna Kalandadze’s artistic approach to “the Sun Paradigm”, its poetical and<br />

stylistic function. Characterization <strong>of</strong> Anna Kalandadze’s can be seen in interposition <strong>of</strong> vision and style in her<br />

poetry. She manages separate series with different “voice” and aligns verses in it to same semantics and metrics.<br />

Verses containing religious themes are aligned like psalms. So, some rhythm in such verses can be found, but<br />

these still being read as free verse. Verses from some series are mostly hetero syllabic; they <strong>of</strong>ten contain<br />

archaisms and citation from New Testament, so, we paid significant attention to Christian realization <strong>of</strong> sun’s<br />

symbolic face. Hermeneutic and semiotic approaches were used when analyzing Anna Kalandadze’s verses.<br />

The Sun, as sign, is being represented in various ways. Letter is divided into sub-paragraphs:<br />

a) Christian approach to the Sun face-symbol;<br />

b) Symbol <strong>of</strong> descending sun;<br />

c) The Sun in ancient human’s religions;<br />

d) The Sun – as astral object;<br />

e) Color <strong>of</strong> the Sun.<br />

119

During researches <strong>of</strong> Anna Kalandadze’s Sun paradigm, concept developed by famous Romanian religion<br />

specialist, Mircha Eliade was used, this conception bases on studies <strong>of</strong> religious a priories in human’s selfdefinition.<br />

Article analyses The Sun’s place in Georgian and worldwide epic poems, where it holds dominant<br />

position. This symbol is still important in the 20th century poetry.<br />

During research <strong>of</strong> Anna Kalandadze’s Sun paradigm, parallels were discovered in poetry <strong>of</strong> famous<br />

poets, such as – Anna Akhmatova, Maksim Gorky and “the Sun poet” – Konstanin Balmont.<br />

`iuloni~ _ saxarebiseuli STagonebiT nasazrdoebi piesa<br />

TinaTin gavaSeli<br />

`iuloni~ guram rCeuliSvilis sulieri amaRlebis gamovlinebaa, ramac ganapiroba<br />

Znelad aRsaqmeli “tragediis” arseboba. es iyo mweralSi dawyebuli aRmasvla, romlis<br />

TiToeuli safexuri literaturul faqtad iqca. avtorma Seucdomlad SeigrZno gza xsnisa,<br />

romelsac TavisTavad daadgnen piesis gmirebi.<br />

mweralma miagno arsebobis miseul formas _ moyvasisTvis Tavdadebas, ramac fizikurad<br />

Seiwira kidec. piesidan: `aman SeiZleba damRupos me, aman SeiZleba dagvRupos Cven yvela,<br />

dagvRupos sxva formis Ziebam, magram is, romelic naxavs Tavis namdvil arss, is imdenad<br />

namdvili iqneba, rom arc erTi Cvengani ar inanebs, rom iyo misi gzis uneblie msxverpli~<br />

(rCeuliSvili 1994: 40).<br />

avtoris CaTvliT piesis yvela personaJi `uneblie msxverplad~ iqca. erTi amosunTqviT<br />

dawerili tragedia savsea calkeuli, erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli azrebiT, SexedulebebiT,<br />

magram saerTo Ziebis paTosiT.<br />

rac Seexeba `iulonis~ siuJets, Temas da ideas Tavad mwerali svams kiTxvas da TviTonve<br />

scems gansxvavebul, Tavisebur pasuxs: `pirdapir moyola Znelia, imdenad ubralo Temaa _<br />

ojaxuri tragedia~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 50).<br />

ambavi Zvelia, aTasjer gameorebuli... ZmaTa Soris Surma da dapirispirebam daudo<br />

dasabami kacis kvlas. sisxli pirvelad Zmebs Soris daiRvara. gaCnda damRupveli codva: `TavSi<br />

ki is patara eSmaki zis, is misvams qucquciT tvinze da xiTxiTebs: xi, xi, xi, me mindoda meZia<br />

Suri, romelic Cems Zmaze gaWris yvelaze metad~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 65).<br />

rCeuliSvili xazgasmis gareSe uTiTebs, boroteba iq Cndeba, sadac sikeTis naklebobaa.<br />

mitovebulad cxovrebam, usiyvarulo y<strong>of</strong>am qvecnobierad daupirispira Teziko (piesis<br />

personaJi) erTaderT naTesavs. rac Seexeba ideas: “Cemi azriT, piesa, Tundac romani, arasodes<br />

ar emsaxureba raime ideas, ufro farTo gagebiT humanur ideasac ki, miuxedavad imisa, rom karg<br />

did nawarmoebSi ueWvelad kacTmoyvareobazea aRebuli ZiriTadi xazi, igive SeiZleba iTqvas<br />

cud nawarmoebzec.<br />

_ irakli: `hoda, eg y<strong>of</strong>ila misi dedaazri~.<br />

_ gurami: `egre SeiZleba arc dagewera araferi, cxovrebis dedaazria saerTod<br />

gamoxatuli literaturul formaSi _ icxovro Sen axlobelTan da Seiyvaro is, rogorc Seni<br />

Tavi~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 52).<br />

am frazaSia gacxadebuli avtoris cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis warmmarTveli Zala _<br />

udidesi sisustec da Zalmosilebac, mcneba, romelzec dafuZnebulia qristianuli moZRvreba:<br />

`_moZRuar, romeli mcnebai ufrois ars sjulsa Sina?~<br />

`_xolo ieso hrqua mas: Seiyuaro RmerTi Seni yovliTa guliTa SeniTa da yovliTa<br />

suliTa SeniTa da yovliTa gonebiTa SeniTa. ese ars didi da pirveli mcnebai da meore, msgavsi<br />

amisi: Seiyuaro moyvasi Seni viTarca Tavi Tvisi~ (maTe, 22,36).<br />

saxarebiseuli STagonebiTaa nasazrdoebi piesa. personaJebs SeuZliaT igrZnon, amoicnon<br />

da Seiyvaron suliT naTesavi:<br />

`SemiZlia ase amovicno qveSecneulad Cemi naTesavi sxeuliT, misi didi gagebiT da mTeli<br />

arsebiT Seviyvaro is, Tundac marto erTi saaTiT, oRond mainc mTeli arsebiT~ (iqve,gv.31); an<br />

kidev: `gigrZeni, rogorc... Cemi naTesavi sxeuliT, ai amitom genacvale, ai amitom SemiZlia<br />

davece Sen win muxlebze, eniT avloko is miwa, romelic Sen garSemoa da Tavi ar davimciro; es,<br />

xom gesmis! me SemiZlia gavakeTo es Seni gulisTvis~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 31).<br />

mkvlelobas mosdevs sasamarTlo. erTdroulad gaCnda ganaCenis, pasuxis moTxovnis,<br />

TavismarTlebis, dacvis, axsna-ganmartebis mosmenis aucilebloba. amovlinda avtorSi<br />

mimdinare erTi mTliani, Seuqcevadi procesi: `am tragediaSi yvela daiwyebs Tavis Zebnas, aq ki<br />

mxolod erTi gmiria da is gmiri me var~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 151).<br />

120

frazaSi TiTqos qveSecneulad gacxadda piesis unari _ daganaxos sakuTari Tavi, gaxde<br />

sxvisi Cadenili codvebis monawile, maTTan da maTi gavleniT eZio gamosavali, erTdroulad<br />

iyo mkvlelic, msajulic, damcvelic. sakuTar arsebaSi moiZio, moikribo arsebuli, aqamde<br />

gaumxeleli SegrZnebebi. irwmuno, rom ar arsebobs codva, romlis Cadenac adamians<br />

potenciurad ar SeeZlos da, amave dros, ar arsebobs codva, romelic ar Seindoba.<br />

mTavaria, piesis gmirebiviT mogindes “siyvarulis axsna” da mxolod es unari SegSurdes:<br />

`ai, rom giyureb, Tbili SuriT mevseba guli, siyvarulis SuriT: rogor SegiZlia ase<br />

ganurCevlad giyvardes yvela, Tanac ise, rom ar gecodebodes aravin; amasTanave, Sen Tavze ise<br />

laparakobde, rogorc sxvaze; isic giyvardes da am dros ar iyo frCxilis odena egoistic ki~<br />

(rCeuliSvili 1994: 26).<br />

yovlismomcveli siyvaruli gadaarCenT maSin, rodesac mkvlelobis faqtis winaSe<br />

xvdebian, rom yvelafris patiebas SeZleben.<br />

mkvlelobiT mweralma zogadad codvis arsis momakvdineblobaze miuTiTa.<br />

sasamarTloze braldebulis pirvelive fraziT gvaCvena xsnis gzac: `me Tavs ar vimarTleb~<br />

(rCeuliSvili 1994: 88). albaT, aman gadaarCina iulonis suli daRupvas.<br />

guram rCeuliSvilis personaJebs aqvT unari, Tavi daidanaSaulon Caudenel danaSaulSi,<br />

tragediis gancda bednierebad miiCnion. grZnoben, rom tanjviT miRebul siamovnebas aRqma<br />

sWirdeba. logikurad TiTqmis gaugebaria, ratom unda eZebo tragedia daJinebiT. Ziebis<br />

mizezi, albaT, mis arsebobaSia:<br />

`Cemi buneba eZebda, eZebda da man ipova udidesi usamarTloba, udidesi boroteba<br />

Cadenili sxvis mier da is iqca Cem tragediad, radgan is, rac SeuZlia gaakeTos erTma adamianma,<br />

SeuZlia gaakeTos yvelam uklebliv, swored amitomac sxvac iseve agebs im usamarTlobisTvis<br />

pasuxs, rogorc TviTon Camdeni~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 89).<br />

esaa piesis erT-erTi umTavresi saTqmeli. aq yvela Tanabrad idanaSaulebs Tavs da<br />

zustad aRiqvams Semdgomi moqmedebis mizezs:<br />

_`Cven mkvlelobas ar vamarTlebT, Cven vamarTlebT cocxlad darCenil sicocxles.”<br />

_ `Cven aq yvelani Zmebi varT ,kaco~.<br />

_ `yvelafriT Zmebi” (rCeuliSvili 1994: 136).<br />

piesaSi sxvadasxva siRrme gviTrevs. periodulad Cndeba SegrZneba, rom mivageniT<br />

mTavar saTqmels. Semdeg gveufleba gancda, rom yvelaferi gagvisxlta xelidan da ase<br />

dausruleblad. `iuloni~ wrea, sadac `arafrisTvis araferi ar arsebobs. TviT arasaWiro<br />

sikvdilic ki~.<br />

grZnoba, romelic warmarTavs piesas, masSi dafaruls da gacxadebuls, amosacnobs da<br />

Sesacnobs kidev erTxel dasaxeldeba bolo fardis daSvebisas:<br />

`dauSviT ufro didi farda... (eSveba ufro didi farda) erTi wamic! (gamodis ufro didi<br />

fardis win).<br />

ai, me gurami, vdgavar Tqvens win, namdvili gurami, gurami, romelsac uyvarxarT Tqven<br />

siyvarulTa Soris yvelaze didi siyvaruliT yvelafrisadmi, artistuli siyvaruliT, romlis<br />

SegrZnebac RmerTobamde adis, is aris yvelafris gamgebi, yvelafris mpatiebeli...<br />

me vici, ra aris udidesi yvela grZnobaTa Soris, es icodiT Tqvenc, amitom moxvediT TeatrSi:<br />

ai, Cemi aq dgomis maqsimumi: scenaze y<strong>of</strong>na es aris udidesi siyvaruli~ (rCeuliSvili<br />

1994: 143).<br />

dasasruliT TiTqos Tavidan iwyeba yvelaferi, radgan gadmogvedo RmerTobamde asuli<br />

siyvarulis niWi. xelmeored varkvevT, ra moxda sinamdvileSi, an ra iyo sinamdvile? romel<br />

realobaSi Caidines mkvleloba piesis gmirebma da ratom moawyves es tragedia. Tavadac amas<br />

eZieben: `maSin haerSi vrCebiT Cven yvelani, aba, Tqven TviTona TqviT ra tragedia iqneboda, rom<br />

kaci ar momkvdariyo, an vin daijerebda, rom es tragediaa? is ki ara, Tezikoc mecotaveba<br />

tragediisaTvis, SeiZleba es nawarmoebi dramaSi CamiTvalon, Tqven TviTona TqviT,<br />

sinamdvileSi iyo Tu ara es tragedia.<br />

biWebi:<br />

meti, meti iyo!<br />

...mainc gavacocxloT, iqneba aRar iyos tragedia saWiro.<br />

gurami:<br />

es sikvdili sisxlis gamoSvebaa da Tqven umagisod naxeT ra iqneboda namdvili tragedia,<br />

romelsac veravin tragediis Serqmevasac ki ver gaubedavda~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 142).<br />

avtors surs mkvleloba tragediad iqnas aRqmuli. iqneb, amasac gulisxmobdes frazaSi:<br />

`me mxolod mwerali var, amitom mixaria kacis sikvdili, mere davwer amis Sesaxeb~<br />

(rCeuliSvili 1994: 114). am gancdas iwvevs ara mkvleloba, aramed misi uary<strong>of</strong>is SesaZlebloba.<br />

mweralSi Sinaganad Zlieria kaenTan mosaubre ganrisxebuli RvTis xma. amitomac idanaSaulebs<br />

Tavs mxatvrul realobasa da irealobas Soris momxdar mkvlelobaSi.<br />

siyvarulis uecari Semotevisas erT-erTi personaJi _ sulxani ambobs:<br />

`SeiZleba zedmeti vTqvi, sadRac damZlia artistulobam, magram ranairi SegrZneba<br />

mqonda, iciT? Zalian nacnobi yvelasaTvis. ai, ase xo dgas xolme wre, Sekruli wre da dabal<br />

taSs ukravs, sacekvao taSs, wris guli ki carielia da mocekvaves elis, raRacnairad vigrZeni,<br />

121

mTeli kunTebi dameWima, ai, saxezec ki wamomaxura, ai, egre, ase ideqiT Cems gonebaSi Tqven,<br />

rogorc axla dgaxarT wred da ukravdiT dabal taSs, me sadRac uknidan, mTel tanSi mtvreviT<br />

wamovedi, gamovarRvie rkali welSi moxrilma, TavdaRunulma, oRond savsem gamarTvis<br />

surviliT... me vigrZeni sakuTari xerxemlis, moRunuli xerxemlis dauokebeli survili da<br />

ucbad avardnil taSTan erTad gavimarTe... uvneblad da alalad da yovlisSemZled...~<br />

(rCeuliSvili 1994: .27).<br />

RmerTobamde asuls gwams, rom RmerTi siyvarulia. es rwmena aRar gaZlevs uflebas<br />

gaasamarTlo vinme, brali dasdo ise, rom pirvel rigSi, Tavi ar daidanaSaulo, masTan erTad<br />

ar iqce msjavrdebulad. damZimebuli suli mxolod sinanulma, siyvarulma da rwmenam SeiZleba<br />

ixsnas.<br />

avtoriseuli gageba _ `Zmebi varT yvelaferSi~, upirvelesad, codvaSi Tanaziarobas<br />

gulisxmobs. am aRiarebas moaqvs Sveba, romelic gveufleba piesis bolos: `me vtirivar...~, `me<br />

minda mxolod vitiro Sens cxedarze~, `ai, vin aris mTavari damnaSave _ es me var da me yvelaze<br />

meti cremlebi mmarTebs~, `Sen gmarTebs yvelaze meti cremlebi, me ki Senze mets vitireb~<br />

(rCeuliSvili 1994: 137).<br />

sayovelTao glovam moicva personaJebi, eziarnen sinanulis udides WeSmaritebas,<br />

romlis saukeTeso gamovlineba da ganwmendis winapiroba cremlia. `me ganviwminde da<br />

Tqvendami ufro keTili var~,_ ambobs gurami piesaSi...<br />

`cremli da godeba erT-erTi qristianuli siqvelea. cremli da mwuxareba sinanuls da<br />

sindisis qenjnas niSnavs, imis Rrma SegnebiT aRZruls, rom Sescode~ (farulava 2003: 10).<br />

saxarebiseuli sityvebi _ `netar iyvnen mgloviareni guliTa, rameTu igini nugeSinis–<br />

cemul iqmnen~ (maTe, 5,4) _ piesis bolos auxdebaT tragediis monawileebs. nugeSad da<br />

momavlis imedad euflebaT RvTisgan boZebuli urTierTsiyvarulis gancda. manamde ki<br />

braldeba mzadaa. maTi `mizania ganvsajoT TviT Soreuli sulieri kunWulebi sulieri<br />

danaSaulisa~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 79).<br />

am ganwyobidan modis iulonis fraza: `yovel SemTxvevaSi, is, rac me Cemi xeliT ar<br />

miqnia, mainc ar iTvleba kacobriobis winaSe Cems danaSaulad (is mxolod codvad awveba mas,<br />

TiToeuls)~ (iqve,109).<br />

amitomaa tragediis gaziareba aucilebeli: `iulon, Zmao, mapatie, mindoda Seni<br />

danaSaulis ganawileba Cems Tavze da ver SevZeli~ (iqve,123). amasve ambobs Tavad iuloni: `xolo<br />

sxvisi codvebis mxrebiT tareba me ver SevZeli~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 109).<br />

mTavari, albaT, mainc survilia, mogindes sxvisi jvari zido, Torem gulwrfeli<br />

aRiareba rom ver SeZeli, ufro Rirsebaa, vidre _ nakli. msgavsi ram mxolod iesos<br />

RvTaebrivma bunebam itvirTa da, swored aq gamovlinda misi kacobrivi mxarec: `ilocvida da<br />

ityoda: mamao Cemo, ukeTu SesaZlebel ars, Tana warmxedin Cemgan sasumeli ese~ (maTe,26,39).<br />

am SemTxvevaSi, mxolod survilic dasturia adamianSi RvTiuri xatis arsebobisa. esaa<br />

WeSmariti naTeli, romliTac garemoculebi arian piesis gmirebi da romelsac Seswevs Zala<br />

gaanaTos yvela: `Tu odesme rameze vocnebob, es aris scena: viyo scenaze xalxiT savse darbazSi<br />

da viyo didi artisti, uzarmazar koJrian mtevanSi meWiros Sandali anTebuli sanTliT da<br />

nela sul nela vmarTavde moxril xels, sanam ar miaRwevs usasrulobas Cemi mtevnis SemweobiT<br />

da sanam es sinaTle ar gaanaTebs yvelas~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 39).<br />

guram rCeuliSvilma “iulonSi” kidev erTxel gamoavlina adamianis erT-erTi umTavresi<br />

Rirseba _ Sendobis unari. dagvanaxa Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT savse, amaRlebamde urTulesi<br />

gza.<br />

sxvasTan Tanaziarobis gancda gamudmebiT sdevs avtors. mas SeuZlia sxvisTvis<br />

icxovros, sxvisi kargi miiCnios Tavisad, yovelgvari Suris da ambiciis gareSe aRiaros<br />

moyvasi. amiT ki sakuTar arsebobas Sematos cxovrebis stimuli. mniSvnelovania mwerlis erTi<br />

Canaweri:<br />

`saintereso damTxvevaa~. g. rCeuliSvili:<br />

dedao RvTisa, mzeo mariam,<br />

rogorc nawvimar silaSi vardi<br />

Cemi cxovrebis gza sizmaria<br />

da Soreuli cis silaJvarde.<br />

1957 weli. 28 maisi, guram rCeuliSvili.<br />

davwere damoukideblad galaktion tabiZisa~ (rCeuliSvili 2004: 364-365).<br />

fraza _ `davwere damoukideblad galaktion tabiZisa~ - sxvisi niWiT aRfrTovanebis,<br />

sxvisi gakeTebuli kargi saqmis Tavisad miCneviT gancdili gulwrfeli sixarulia.<br />

amgvarad, misxal-misxal, magram mtkiced da monoliTurad ikveTeba adamiani, romelmac<br />

`yviriliT~ dawera `iuloni~. Rrmad dafaruli vnebebi, Secdomebi amozida da saaSkaraoze<br />

gamoitana.<br />

upirvelesad, sakuTari Tavis winaSe xmamaRla aRiara, rom Seswevs Zala urTules sulier<br />

Zvrebs gauZlos da Sesabamisi forma mounaxos, sakuTar tragedias aziaros mkiTxveli.<br />

albaT,amitom wers: `TviTon gurami ara yviroda, Wkviani yvelaze, rogorc TviTon icis gulSi<br />

122

yviroda, gaSlili, maRla aweuli xelebiT: weris dros me, ai, ase minda viyviro au, auuu<br />

bususebmac ki damayara~, an kidev: `me isev vyvirivar, radganac minda, rom TviTon SevigrZno es<br />

udidesi wami SegrZnebebisa~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 133).<br />

...da es `gulSi yvirili~ mimdinareobda srul siCumeSi: `TiTqmis mTeli TviT Seiketa<br />

Tavis ufanjro oTaxSi, romelic SuSabandidan Semavali SuqiT naTdeboda. saaTobiT ijda<br />

xolme is Tavis lomberis magidasTan da srul siCumeSi avsebda Tabaxisa da Tormetfurcliani<br />

rveulis furclebs. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi gurami arc erTxel ar gasula Sinidan, arc<br />

aravin miuRia stumrad. is iyo saocrad Cumi, usityvo, TiTqos yovelgvari aRgznebis da<br />

SemarTebis gareSe, mxrebze mamis TbilqurTukwamoxuruli~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 144).<br />

albaT, weris es garegnuli procesi gulisxmobda Sinagan sapirispiro mdgomareobas.<br />

`TiTqos yovelgvari aRgznebis da SemarTebis gareSe~ iwereboda RvTis da xalxis winaSe didi<br />

xnis nagrovebi, filtvebidan amoxeTqili simarTle. sadRac gulis siRrmeSi mimdinare<br />

tkivilma fizikuri jamrTelobac ki Seuryia. `arqivSi inaxeba bloknotidan amoxeul<br />

furcelze `aramiancis~ saavadmy<strong>of</strong>oSi gakeTebuli Canaweri, `iulonis~ damTavrebidan sul<br />

ramdenime kviris Semdeg: `vzivar pr<strong>of</strong>esoris kabinetSi. mtkiva yvelaferi. ra sazizRrobaa<br />

fizikuri tkivili... 21 ianvari 1959 weli~(rCeuliSvili 1994: 145).<br />

es faqti mwerlis gulwrfelobis kidev erTi dadasturebaa... fizikurma mdgomareobam<br />

airekla udidesi Sinagani simarTle. piesis Sesaxeb q-ni marine rCeuliSvili wers: “TiToeuli<br />

adamianis daumTavreblobidan, winaswar ganusazRvrelobidan, winaswargansazRvrul formaTa<br />

rRvevidan modis `iulonis~ dausrulebeli, TiTqmis amouwuravi siRrme, romlis<br />

gaobieqtureba mTlianad ar SeiZleba. ramdenadac siRrmeSi Sedixar, miT meti siRrme iSleba<br />

kidev. am mxriv is TiTqos cocxal organizmsa hgavs, romelic SeiZleba gaaanalizo, Seiswavlo...<br />

magram mainc ver daiWiro misi cocxlobis momenti; dausrulebliv gageqces xelidan,<br />

dausrulebliv sul Tavidan da Tavidan moiTxovos axsna da yvela axsnidan erTaderTi swori<br />

iqneba, rom misi cocxloba igrZno intuiciiT, sityvebis gareSe~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 159).<br />

ise, rogorc piesis gmirebi akeTeben amas. `iuloni~, albaT, ufro aRqmis da grZnobis<br />

sferos ganekuTvneba, vidre _ gonebrivi gaazrebisas. axsna isev avtoris sulier<br />

SesaZleblobebSia: `iciT risi bralia: raRacnairad zedmetad vgrZnob imas, rac unda meTqva~<br />

(iqve,24).<br />

`zedmetad vgrZnob~ ganapirobebs piesaSi axal-axal aRmoCenebs. Caketil oTaxSi zogjer<br />

mTlianad ikargeba miwierebis, realurobis gancda: `iseTi STabeWdileba iyo, TiTqos marTla<br />

scenaze xdeba yvelaferi, Cems gonebaSi sinamdviles Ziri gamoecala~(rCeuliSvili 1994: 44).<br />

msgavsi ganwyobebi ubiZgebs sayovelTao aRmasvlas, romlis gareSe piesis gmirebi ver<br />

miaRwevdnen swor gadawyetilebamde. miwierebisgan daclili, zecas naziarebi mwerali `aiwia,<br />

aiwia da TiTqos Rrublebs miebjina~ _ qmnis `iulonis~ mravlismTqmel, momnusxvel imediT<br />

savse samyaros, rom `albaT aris wuTebi, roca Cven yvelani erTnairad vxedavT sagnebs~<br />

(rCeuliSvili 1994: 45).<br />

`iuloni~ erT-erTi umniSvnelovnesi etapia mwerlis siRrmiseulad gasaazreblad.<br />

bevrismTqmelia adamianis codvili bunebis miseuli aRqma, `adamianSi mouwesrigebeli sindisis<br />

saqmeebis` gamovlena da gasigrZeganeba. q-ni marine rCeuliSvilis TqmiT: `tragediis<br />

daweriT, tragediis gamovleniT, Tavisi tragikuli danaSaulis aRiarebiT man miaRwia<br />

ganwmendas, kaTarziss~ (rCeuliSvili 1994: 159) .<br />

...da Cven am didi sulieri zeimis maradiul monawiled gvaqcia.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

axali aRTqumai 1963: axali aRTqumai. Tb.: sakaTalikoso sabWos gamocema, 1963 .<br />

rCeuliSvili 1994: rCeuliSvili g. iuloni. Tb.:`guram rCeuliSvilis sazogadoebis gamomcemloba~,1994<br />

rCeuliSvili 2004: rCeuliSvili g. moTxrobebi. t.III, Tb.: gamomcemloba `saari~, 2004.<br />

farulava 2003: farulava g. hagiografia _ xelovneba xelovnebis Sesaxeb. gaz. `Cveni mwerloba ~, XII, 2003.<br />

"Iuloni" - Play Inspired by Gospel<br />

Summary<br />

Tinatin Gavasheli<br />

Writer Guram Rcheulishvili in his play – "Iuloni" showed up the greatest dignity <strong>of</strong> human being the<br />

ability to forgive and made us to see the hardest way <strong>of</strong> asention one more time. In the play appears the author,<br />

who managed to pull up the biggest mistakes and passions <strong>of</strong> man and took them out on day light.<br />

The play turned out to be the way up and every step <strong>of</strong> it has transformed as a literatural fact. Writer has<br />

found his own form <strong>of</strong> existence – devote himself for others. As it is said in new statement: "you shall love your<br />

neighbour as yourself". This is the phrase which inspires the hall play.<br />

123

The play – "Iuloni" is one <strong>of</strong> the most important stage for the further interpretation <strong>of</strong> Guram<br />

Rcheulishvili's creations.<br />

124

miTosi. rituali. simbolo<br />

zRapris mTavar gmirTa (a)moraluri saxe<br />

ufliswulisa da mzeTunaxavis Svidi momakvdinebeli codva<br />

zaza kvercxiSvili<br />

saWiroa Tavidanve aRiniSnos, es statia ufro polemikur-publicisturi xasiaTis aris,<br />

vidre samecniero, Tumca es mxolod mis stils Seexeba da ara Sinaarss: statiaSi moyvanili<br />

faqtebi arc gamogonilia da arc raRac miznis Sesabamisad deformirebuli. ubralod, wminda<br />

mecnieruli msjeloba ufro mSvid tonalobas da ironiis nakleb dozas moiTxovda.<br />

gavrcelebulia azri, rom jadosnuri zRapris mTavari personaJebi _ rogorc vaJi<br />

(`ufliswuli~), ise qali (`mzeTunaxavi~) _ erTgulebis, keTilSobilebis, simamacis da,<br />

saerTod, yvela pozitiuri zneobrivi Tvisebis xorcSesxmas warmoadgenen.<br />

imis sailustraciod, Tu ramdenad kategoriuli formiT batonobs es azri, mxolod ori<br />

avtoris (TumcaRa, uaRresad metyvel) citatebs moviyvan. pirveli maTgani XX saukunis<br />

dasawyisis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani qarTveli mweralia, xolo meore _ amave saukunis<br />

miwurulis, Cemi azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani qarTveli folkloris mkvlevari.<br />

vasil barnovis TxzulebaTa X tomSi dabeWdilia 1919 wliT daTariRebuli `<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

sityvierebis istoriis gakveTilebi~, romelic mTlianad xalxuri sityvierebisadmi aris<br />

miZRvnili da romlis garkveuli nawili zRaprebs eTmoba. avtori, Sinaarsis mixedviT,<br />

zRaprebs oTx jgufad y<strong>of</strong>s: `miTismagvarni~, `sazneobo anu samoZRvro~, `pirutyvTa Sesaxeb~<br />

da `sagamocano~. igi mokled axasiaTebs TiToeul am jgufs da maTi TiTo nimuSic mohyavs<br />

(barnovi 1964: 244-259). marTalia, ukve amgvar klasifikaciaSic, zRaprebis jgufTa<br />

daxasiaTebaSic da TviT nimuSebSic ki bevri ram aris sadavo da saeWvo, magram didi mwerlis<br />

folkloristul SexedulebaTa Tundac zerele analizi am statiaSi gansaxilavi Temis<br />

sazRvrebSi ver moeqceva. sakmarisia, mxolod aRiniSnos, rom klasTa gamijvna ar aris mkafio:<br />

magaliTad, jadosnur zRaprebs (dReisaTvis sayovelTaod miRebul-damkvidrebuli terminia)<br />

Seesabameba misi klasifikaciis `miTismagvarni~, magram `sagamocanos~ daxasiaTebis garkveuli<br />

nawili da `pirutyvTa Sesaxeb~ zRapris nimuSad SerCeuli magaliTi (dRevandeli<br />

folkloristikis TvalsazrisiT) aseve jadosnuri zRaprebis klasSi eqceva.<br />

ai, ras wers avtori `miTismagvari~ (anu jadosnuri) zRaprebis Sesaxeb (swored am jgufis<br />

zRaprebis personaJebi arian CvenTvis amjerad saintereso `ufliswuli~ da `mzeTunaxavi~):<br />

isini `exebian da xataven Cveni eris ZvelisZvel sarwmunoebas Tu ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobas.<br />

qarTvelni im TaviTve naTlis Tayvanismcemelni viyaviT. Cven winaparTa rwmeniT, naTeli<br />

RmerTi keTili ebrZoda bnel RmerTs borots. naTeli RmerTis mxriT brZolas awarmoebdnen:<br />

keTilni uxorconi qmnilebani mravalsaxeni; sulni gansvenebulTa marTalTani; SemmarTebelni<br />

bumberazni mZlevelni, metadre umcrosni vaJni; keTilni kacTa Soris da yoveli keTili arseba<br />

qveyanaze. bneli RmerTis mxriT brZolas awarmoebdnen: borotni qmnilebani uxorconi<br />

mravalsaxeni; sulni gansvenebulTa codvilTani; sazareli tanisa da saxis devni da<br />

gveleSapni; grZneulni Tu borotni kacTa Soris da yoveli boroti arseba qveyanaze. miTiur<br />

zRaprebSi es rwmenaa gamotanili da dasuraTebuli. ibrZvian keTilni da borotni erTmaneTSi<br />

saSineli brZoliT. bnelis Svilni borotni scdiloben mospon qveyanaze sinaTle, siTbo,<br />

simSveniere da yoveli keTili. maTni mowinaaRmdegeni, naTlis Svilni keTilni, ifaraven<br />

qveynierebas amgvari ubedurebisagan. brZola sastikia, mTlad daundobeli. bevrjer bneli<br />

boroti gaimarjvebs keTilze. es gamarjveba mainc Jamieria: bolos naTeli gandevnis bnels,<br />

keTili sZlevs borots. bolo keTilia, dasasruli am mkacri brZolisa. Cven miTiur zRaprebSi<br />

naTeli xSirad aris asaxuli mzeTunaxav qalad. mSvenieri asuli xelmwifisa aq aris simbolo<br />

anu emblema naTlisa. am simSvenieris garSemo swarmoebs saSineli brZola. borotni scdiloben<br />

daeuflon mas da mospon igi; keTilni iRvwian ixsnan igi gansacdelisgan, brZola umravles<br />

SemTxvevaSi mTavrdeba didebuli qorwiliT mzeTunaxavisa da naTeli gmiris Soris~ (barnovi<br />

1964: 245-246).<br />

da Tumca am monakveTSi warmodgenili qarTvelTa preistoriuli religiis suraTi iseve<br />

saeWvoa, rogorc <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRaprebis genezisSi garkvevis cda, CvenTvis saintereso<br />

personaJebi _ vaJi da qali _ erTob STambeWdavad arian daxasiaTebulni. vaJi gmiri<br />

(`ufliswuli~) naTeli RmerTis mxareze ibrZvis, ereva bnelis Svil borotebs, ifaravs<br />

qveynierebas ubedurebisagan _ sinaTlis, siTbos, simSvenierisa da yoveli keTilis<br />

mospobisgan. xolo qali gmiri (`mzeTunaxavi~) Tavad xorcSesxmuli naTelia.<br />

am STambeWdavi daxasiaTebis garda, Cveni TemisTvis mniSvnelovania, kidev, zneobasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli monakveTi. marTalia, avtori zneobaze zRaprebis sxva klasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

msjelobs, magram, jer erTi, rogorc iTqva, sazRvrebi zRaprebis klasTa Soris pirobiTia, ar<br />

125

aris xisti; da meorec, rac mTavaria, TviT azri, TiTqos zRaprebs axasiaTebdes moralureTikuri<br />

xasiaTis Rirsebebi, bevrad ufro Zvelia (SedarebisTvis erTi magaliTi odnav qvemoT<br />

iqneba moyvanili) da igi zogadad zRaprebs Seexeba.<br />

`sazneobo anu samoZRvro zRapari xatavs xalxis cxovrebas, mis znes, Cveulebebs, mis<br />

miswrafebebs da ocnebebs. es zRaprebi gviCveneben, risadmi ufro miiltvis qarTveli, ra ufro<br />

moswons mas. am zRaprebSi moqmed pirebad gamodian erTi mxriT isini, visac SeTvisebuli aqvs<br />

xalxisgan kargad miCneuli zneoba da im kvalze dadis cxovrebaSi, romelic xalxs moswons;<br />

meore mxriT, gamodian samoqmedod iseTi pirni, romelnic ewinaaRmdegebian xalxisgan<br />

sakeTilod miCneul Cveulebebs da miswrafebebs. gamarjvebulni rCebian xalxis sayvareli<br />

gmirebi, xolo maTi mowinaaRmdegeni Sercxvenilebi rCebian bolos an iRupebian~ (barnovi 1964:<br />

246).<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom jer kidev ori saukuniT adre Sarl pero Tavisi zRaprebis saqveynod<br />

saxelganTqmuli krebulis (1697w.) winasityvaobaSi swored moralur momentebze amaxvilebda<br />

yuradRebas: man jer antikuri zRaprebi daiwuna moralis TvalsazrisiT, romelic, Turme,<br />

`mTavaria yvela ambavSi da romlis gamoc unda SeiTxzas ambavi~, xolo Semdeg mSobliur<br />

frangul folklorze gadavida: `sul sxvagvaria Cveni zRaprebi (umoralo antikur ambebTan<br />

SedarebiT, _ z. kv.), romlebic Cvenma winaprebma TavianTi SvilebisTvis SeTxzes. maTi<br />

Txrobisas isini im graciisa da sinatifis gareSe gadiodnen fons, romlebsac berZnebi da<br />

romaelebi TavianT monaTxrobs aniWebdnen, magram isini gamudmebiT amJRavnebdnen did<br />

mzrunvelobas, raTa TavianT zRaprebSi CaedoT saqebari da dammoZRvravi morali.<br />

keTilSobileba maTSi yovelTvis jildovdeba, xolo mankiereba isjeba. yvela maTgani aRsavsea<br />

swrafviT gvaCvenos is sikeTeebi, romlebsac patiosani, momTmeni, gonieri, Sromismoyvare<br />

adamiani moipovebs da ra ziani moaqvs am TvisebaTa arqonas~.<br />

(zRaprebis gmirebis mier teqstebSi realurad gamovlenil TvisebaTa fonze, rac qvemoT<br />

iqneba naCvenebi, rogorc v. barnovis, ise S. peros Sefasebebi TavisTavad iZens sarkastul,<br />

groteskul JReradobas ise, rom ferTa aranairi sagangebo gamkveTreba ar aris saWiro. xolo<br />

me ver gavbedav gavcde msubuqi ironiis sazRvrebs: Sarl peros zneobrivi paTosi mibiZgebs<br />

gamovTqva imedi da rwmena, rom, misi winaprebisgan gansxvavebiT, Cveni winaprebi sulac ar<br />

fiqrobdnen im moralis mixedviT ezardaT TavianTi Svilebi, romlis gamotana <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

zRaprebis qvemoT moyvanili epizodebidan SeiZleba, _ sxva Tu araferi, vin moindomebs,<br />

saxlSi urCxuli hyavdes?! _ xolo vasil barnovis azric Tu gavixsene: imis warmodgenac ki<br />

mzaravs, TiTqos aq naCvenebi iyos _ `risadmi ufro miiltvoda qarTveli, ra ufro moswonda<br />

mas~.)<br />

1980-ian wlebSi zurab kiknaZem zRaprebs miuZRvna ori statia. avtoris mTavari idea, _<br />

rom zRapris qorwili esqatologiuri Sinaarsis movlenaa, _ axali da sayuradrebo<br />

Tvalsazrisia ara mxolod saqarTvelos masStabiT (misi siaxlis Sesafaseblad sakmarisi iqneba<br />

warmovidginoT es idea dargis erTi aRiarebuli specialistis mier aRniSnul sakiTxTan<br />

dakavSirebiT daxatul fonze; ix. e. meletinskis statia "Женитьба в волшебной сказке - её функция<br />

и место в сюжетной структуре") da savsebiT imsaxurebs myarad daimkvidros adgili ideaTa<br />

saerTaSoriso mimoqcevaSi, ramdenadac zRapris mTeli struqturis axali donidan danaxvis<br />

saSualebas iZleva. CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxisadmi ki (zRapris mTavari personaJebis<br />

`moraluri saxe~) avtoris midgoma savsebiT tradiciulia, igi winamorbedTa Tvalsazriss<br />

imeorebs.<br />

statiaSi `bedi gmirisa~ (1983w.) zRapris gmiri inteleqtualurad da zneobrivad unaklo<br />

arsebad aris warmodgenili: `is gadis wuTis<strong>of</strong>elSi yovelgvari winaswari momzadebisa da<br />

wvrTnis gareSe. cdaSi ixveWs, ufro sworad cdaSi cxaddeba misi, SesaZloa, Tandayolili<br />

sibrZne, romelic TiTqos safuariviT izrdeba masSi. sruliad gaucnobierebeli sibrZne,<br />

mimxvduroba gmirisa gadaadgmevinebs erTaderT swor nabijs, Caadeninebs erTaderT swor<br />

saqciels (xolo mTeli misi gza saqcielTagan Sedgeba), apovninebs swor pasuxs sabediswero<br />

kiTxvebze. es sibrZne, ara ubralod codna, aramed zneobrivi aqtebis (xazi yvelgan Cemia _ z.<br />

kv.) Camagonebeli biZgi, uZlieresi iaraRia gmirisaTvis wuTis<strong>of</strong>lis gzaze sawuTros<br />

daZlevaSi, radgan is ar gamoirCeva sagmiro eposis gmiris goliaTuri RoniT. zRapris gmiri<br />

imarjvebs im sibrZniT, romelic gzadagza acxadebs Tavs saukeTeso admianur TvisebebSi, ise<br />

rom zRaprul samyaroSi dasaxlebuli yoveli arsi, misdami madlierebiT aRsavse, mzad aris<br />

Tavi dasdos misTvis. is gvxiblavs Tavisi uangaro xelgaSlilobiT. is ukanasknel groSs<br />

gascems, ukanasknel perangs gaixdis, uyoymanod gaimetebs TviT udidesi gansacdeliT<br />

mopovebuls, mizans Tavisi xetialisas wuTis<strong>of</strong>elSi~ (kiknaZe 2001: 252-253).<br />

z. kiknaZis meore statiaSi, _ `zRapris esqatologia~ (1989 w.) _ zRapris gmiri<br />

(ufliswuli) iseTi Sedarebis Rirsi gaxda, rom mas, albaT, ukve zneobrivad da<br />

inteleqtualurad yvelaze ufro sruly<strong>of</strong>il adamianadac ki veRar miviCnevT da savsebiT<br />

imsaxurebs, angelozTa romelsame dasSi gadavanacvloT: `ufliswuli brundeba ukan, rogorc<br />

`Ze kacisa~ modis `Zveli dReTas~ taxtTan, raTa mieces mas `mefoba da Ãelmwifeba~ (danieli<br />

7:27); is gamarjvebulia da misi gamarjveba absoluturia~ (kiknaZe 2001: 262). es nawyveti,<br />

vfiqrob, yvelasTvis gasgebia, magram mkiTxvels mainc Sevaxseneb: `Zveli dReTa~ samebis<br />

126

pirveli ipostasi, mama RmerTia, xolo `Ze kacisa~ _ misive gankacebuli meore ipostasi, ieso<br />

qriste.<br />

da bolos, z. kiknaZem 2006 wels gamosca wigni (saxelmZRvanelo) `<strong>qarTuli</strong> folklori~,<br />

romelSic vkiTxulobT: `da, sabolood, Tu vikiTxavT, riT imarjvebs zRapris gmiri, pasuxi<br />

aseTi iqneba: is imarjvebs im usazRvro sikeTiT, TvinierebiT, morCilebiT, udrtvinvelobiT,<br />

yvela am arapraqtikuli Tandayolili TvisebebiT, romlebic saxlidan gamohyveba mas. maTi<br />

ZaliT misken mimarTuli yoveli boroteba saikeTod Semoubrundeba~ (kiknaZe 2006: 41).<br />

aseTia erTmaneTs eqvsi aTwleuliT da metiT daSorebuli (v. barnovi 1919w.; z. kiknaZe<br />

1983, 1989 da 2006 wlebi) gamonaTqvamebi, romlebSic, SefasebiTi TvalsazrisiT, zRapris<br />

gmirisadmi TiTqmis erTi da igive damokidebuleba aris gamomJRavnebuli (sxvaoba mxolod<br />

aRfrTovanebis gamoxatvis xarisxSia). xolo Tu didi frangi mezRapris zemoT moyvanil<br />

sityvebsac gavixsenebT, SeiZleba iTqvas: es damokidebuleba mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis<br />

gareSe gadadis epoqidan epoqaSi.<br />

amas, ueWvelia, safuZvlad raRac mniSvnelovani mizezi unda hqondes. da, unda vaRiaro,<br />

axlac ki, roca qvemoT moyvanili uaRresad STambeWdavi faqtebi, sapirispiros ubralod ki ar<br />

meubneba, SeiZleba iTqvas, RaRadebs, zRaprebis kiTxvisgan (ara maTi Seswavlis, _<br />

danawevrebisa da dakvirvebis, _ aramed swored kiTxisgan) miRebuli saerTo STabeWdileba<br />

TiTqmis iseve warmomidgeba, rogorc es zemoT citirebul fragmentebSi aris mocemuli.<br />

oRond, mdgomareoba maSinve diametrulad icvleba, rogorc ki saqme am saerTo STabeWdilebis<br />

konkretuli zRaprebis mixedviT Semowmebaze midgeba: zRapris gmiris saqcieli Zalian xSirad<br />

aris saeWvo, xSirad _ miuRebeli, xolo zogjer _ sazizRari da amazrzeni. ase rom, saerTo<br />

STabeWdilebis Sedegad gaCenili xibli konkretikasTan Sejaxebisas ukvalod qreba.<br />

qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebi sruliad ueWvelad mowmobs, rom zRapris gmiri drodadro<br />

Tavs acxadebs yvelaze uaresi adamianuri TvisebebiT da, ufro metic, yvelaze araadamianuri<br />

TvisebebiT.<br />

***<br />

vidre zRapris mTavar personaJTa `(a)moraluri saxis~ daxasiaTebaze gadavidode,<br />

aucilebelia, davazusto: qvemoT zRaprebis sul erTaderTi krebulidan moxmobili uaRresad<br />

STambeWdavi masala sulac ar niSnavs, TiTqos zRapris gmiri saerTod, yvela zRaparSi (an,<br />

Tundac, mxolod am krebulis zRaparTa umetesobaSi) aucileblad amoraluri unda iyos. es<br />

masala naTels hfens sul sxva gamaognebel faqts: zRaprisTvis aranairi mniSvneloba ara aqvs<br />

zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT rogori pirovnebaa misi gmiri (ufro sworad, ra saqciels sCadis,<br />

rogor iqceva igi, radgan `zRapris gmiris pirovnebaze~ uaRresad pirobiTadac ki Znelia<br />

saubari _ misi mTavari niSani swored sruli uTviseboba da pirovnebis arqonaa), marTlac<br />

angelozTa romelsame dasSi Sesaracxi, xasiaTSi (saqcielSi) yovelgvar naklovan minarevTagan<br />

ganwmendili xorcSesxmuli keTilSobileba da zekacia igi, Tu paTologiuri gaxrwnilebis<br />

Camdeni arakaci, _ sul erTia, amiT araferi icvleba arc ufliswulis bedSi da arc zRapris<br />

damokidebulebaSi misdami. magaliTad, zRapari nekr<strong>of</strong>ili ufliswulis Sesaxeb (romlis<br />

`pikanturi~ epizodi qvemoT iqneba moyvanili) gvxvdeba yovelgvari paTologiisgan<br />

Tavisufali, sruliad umanko da `maRalzneobrivi~ variantis saxiTac, ase rom seqsualuri<br />

garyvnilebis Semcveli varianti, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, damaxinjebad, gaugebrobad an, sulac,<br />

aRmaSfoTebel mkrexelobad migveCnia, magram Cveni TemisTvis mniSvnelovania is, rom iqneba Tu<br />

ara ufliswuli nekr<strong>of</strong>ili (an laCari, an Tundac moRalate, romelic sxva personaJs Tavisi<br />

sayvareli colis xmliT Suaze gakveTaSi exmareba), amiT araferi icvleba: orsave SemTxvevaSi<br />

igi Tanabrad rCeba bednierebis mompovebel an mis mimniWebel absolutur Rirebulebad,<br />

romlis bednierebiT msmenelTa gaxareba jadosnuri zRapris Txrobis mTavari daniSnulebaa.<br />

(aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom personaJTa `zneobrivi saxisadmi~ swored zRapari, rogorc<br />

narativis tipi, aris gulgrili da ara mTxrobeli! calkeuli mTxrobeli (an Camweri, an<br />

publikatori) SeiZleba zneobrivi momentebisadmi didad mgrZnobiare iyos da zRapris<br />

Txrobisas (an Cawerisas, an gamoqveynebisas) teqstSi zneobrivi koreqtivebi Seitanos _ zog<br />

variants aSkarad etyoba amgvari `zrunvis~ kvali. Tumca, es calke Temaa da sagangebo kvlevas<br />

moiTxovs.)<br />

qvemoT moviyvan zRapris mTavar personaJTa amoraluri qcevis sul ramdenime nimuSs.<br />

rogorc vTqvi, isini erTaderT wignSi _ petre umikaSvili, `xalxuri sityviereba~, t. III, Tb.,<br />

1964 _ aris daZebnili (simarTle rom vTqva, didi Zebnac ar dasWirebia).<br />

amgvarad, zRapris mTavari personaJi _ ufliswuli _ savsebiT SesaZlebelia iyos:<br />

(1) laCari<br />

mkiTxvels, romelsac axsovs, rom zRapris mTavari gmiri (mamakaci), rogorc wesi, avlens<br />

zeadamianur simamaces, Zlierebas da brZolisunarianobas, albaT, usamarTlo Tu ara,<br />

moulodneli mainc moeCveneba misTvis laCrobis miwera; magaram, sinamdvileSi, simamace sulac<br />

ar aris mTavari gmiris ase erTniSnad aucilebeli Tviseba: simamaceca da laCrobac mTavari<br />

127

gmiris funqciurad ganpirobebuli Tvisebebia, da ara misi pirovnuli Tvisebebi, da igi<br />

Tanabari `mzady<strong>of</strong>niT~ avlens orives.<br />

ras vgulisxmob? zRaparTa umetesobaSi ZiriTadi (sasicocxlo) miznisken (mzeTunaxavis<br />

mopovebisken) mimaval zRapris gmirs zogadadamianurze aRmatebuli (zekacuri) Zalis,<br />

simamacisa da brZolisunarianobis gamovlena sWirdeba gzaze gverdauvlel dabrkolebad<br />

aRmarTuli devebis dasamarcxeblad da igi imdenad `guluxvad~ avlens yvelafer amas, rom,<br />

savsebiT SesaZlebelia, simamace, Roniereba da brZolisunarianoba mis adamianur, pirovnul<br />

Tvisebebad migveCnia. magram es mcdari STabeWdilebaa.<br />

zogierT zRaparSi dabrkolebis daZlevis amocana ekisreba ara mTavar gmirs, aramed mis<br />

Semwe personaJs. da aseT zRaprebSi mTavari gmiri iseve `gulmodgined~ da urcxvad avlens ukve<br />

zogadadamianurze naklul (qvekacur) Tvisebebs, kerZod ki hipertr<strong>of</strong>irebul laCrobas da<br />

uZlurebas, rogorc pirveli jgufis zRaprebSi avlenda zekacurs.<br />

magaliTisTvis SeiZleba gavixsenoT zRapari `xmeli qurani~ (umikaSvili 1964: 30-34). aq<br />

mTavari gmiri _ xelmwifis Svili _ mxolod im dromde aris aqtiuri (vezirebs `aqeT iqiT<br />

gaisvris~ da Seamtvrevs im oTaxis kars, sadac mzeTunaxavis suraTia damaluli), vidre<br />

moipovebdes Semwes _ goliaTs, romelsac xmeli qurani hqvia. xolo amis Semdeg sakuTari<br />

fexiT (da cxeniT) siarulsac ki Sewyvets _ xmel qurans dahyavs ubeSi Casmuli.<br />

mzeTunaxavisken mimaval gzaze xmeli qurani ori devis saxls miadgeba da iq, ai, ra xdeba<br />

(am statiaSi, vecdebi, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia mTlianad moviyvano epizodebi, raTa<br />

raimegvari `montaJis~ gamo, personaJis saqcielTan dakavSirebuli STabeWdilebis<br />

deformireba gamoiricxos):<br />

brZola pirvel devTan: `mivida devis kars (xmeli qurani; ufliswuli ubeSi hyavs Casmuli<br />

_ z. kv.). gamovida devis coli: vaime, ra kargi ymawvili brZandebi, mova is sulZaRli devi da<br />

SegWamso. xmelma quranma uTxra: cota sauzme maWame, Sen nu geSinia, romels gzaze mova,<br />

maswavleo. aswavla devis colma: ama da am bogirze gamovao. wavida xmeli qurani, Cahkra<br />

bogirTan wixli da dedamiwa Caangria, Casva Sig xemwifis Svili da TiTon dajda bogiris qveS.<br />

saRamos movida devi. raSma daifTqvina bogirze: Se oxero, risa geSinian, erTs alagas aqeben<br />

xmels qurans, jer ar movidoda aq, da Tu movidoda _ ras mizamso, SesZaxa devma. gamovida<br />

xmeli qurani: me gaxlavar da gadmobrZandio. gamovida devi da daitaknen. moeria xmeli qurani,<br />

mokla devi, Seagdo raSs sadave da gaagdo saxlSi. amoiyvana xemwifis Svili, Zriel SeSinebuli,<br />

wausva ukvdavebis xelsaxoci da moabruna. wavida, mivida devis colTan da Rame gaaTia~ (iqve:<br />

30-31).<br />

ufliswuli aseve xmeli quranis wixliT Cangreul ormoSi mjdomi uyurebs misTvis colis<br />

mosapoveblad Semwis mier meore devTan gamarTul brZolas da aseve efeqturad misdis guli.<br />

brZola meore devTan: `gaswia xmelma quranma da mivida meore devis colTan. gamovida<br />

devis coli da uTxra: vaime, ra kai ymawvili bZandebi, mova is sulZaRli devi da SegWamso. Sen nu<br />

geSinia, _ uTxra xmelma quranma, _ cota sauzme maWame da maswavle, romeli gziT movao.<br />

aswavla devis colma: ama da am bogirze movao. wavida xmeli qurani, Cahkra wixli, Caangria dedamiwa,<br />

Casva Sig xemwifis Svili da TiTon Cajda bogiris qveS. movida devi. daifTqvina raSma: Se<br />

oxero, risa geSiniao, SesZaxa devma, erT alagas aqeben xmel qurans, jer ar movidoda, Tu<br />

movida da, ras mizamso. gamovida xmeli qurani: gadmobZandi, me gaxlavaro. gamovida devi,<br />

daiWidnen. moeria xmeli qurani da mokla devi, miCex-moCexa, Seagdo raSs sadave da gaagdo<br />

saxlSi. amoiyvana xemwifis Svili, SiSiT Sewuxebuli, wausva ukvdavebis xelsaxoci da moabruna.<br />

wavida devis colTan~ (iqve: 31).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, ufliswuli, faqtobrivad, SiSisgan mokvda. ramdenime epizodis Semdeg,<br />

roca Semwe garkveuli xniT miatovebs mas, ufliswuls xels daavlebs devkaJi, miwaze<br />

daanarcxebs da suls gaanTxevinebs, xolo xmeli qurani amave ukvdavebis xelsaxocis meSveobiT<br />

gaacocxlebs. nu daviviwyebT: zRaparma ase, SiSiT sikvdilisTvis, romeliRac<br />

meorexarisxovani personaJi ki ara, mTavari gmiri _ Sinidan mzeTunaxavis mosapoveblad<br />

wasuli ufliswuli `gaimeta~!<br />

mkiTxveli, albaT, fiqrobs, rom, marTalia, ufliswuli `lamazad ver moiqca~, magram man<br />

mainc mxolod `misatevebeli sisuste~ gamoiCina da ara namdvili naZiraloba _ vin icis, ra<br />

vaJkacobas gamoamJRavnebda TiToeuli Cvengani, mis sicocxles rom safrTxe damuqrebodao.<br />

ho magram, amave zRapris finalSi ufliswuli, roca mis sicocxles aranairi safrTxe ar<br />

emuqreba, ukve `misatevebel sisustes~ ki ar amJRavnebs, aramed iqceva swored rogorc yvelaze<br />

ufro amazrzeni naZirala, romlis sulmdablobis donis warmodgenac ki Wirs. maS ase,<br />

ufliswuli SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod laCari, aramed agreTve warmoudgenlad sulmdabali<br />

(2) moRalate<br />

jadosnuri zRapris kompoziciuri safuZvelica da arsobrivi gulisgulic mTavari<br />

gmiris (`ufliswulis~) mier mzeTunaxavis mopoveba, masTan qorwinebaa. am ZiriTadi amocaniT<br />

aris gansazRvruli zRapris siuJetica da misi yvela struqturuli elementic.<br />

128

evr zRaparSi mTavari gmiri dasawyisSive Seityobs qalis silamazis ambavs (vinme etyvis<br />

an suraTs naxavs), ris Semdegac mas am qalis colad moyvana eqceva umTavres (ufro metic,<br />

erTaderT) sasicocxlo (saarsebo, eqsistenciur) amocanad (`xmel quranSic~ swored es xdeba).<br />

raki mzeTunaxavis colad moyvana gmiris erTaderTi sasicocxlo daniSnuleba da<br />

amocanaa, bunebrivi iqneboda gvevarauda, rom am qalisadmi erTguleba aucileblad unda iyos<br />

mTavari gmiris pirovnuli Tviseba _ man SeiZleba mravalgvari qvekacuri sulmokleoba<br />

gamoamJRavnos an TviT sulmdablobac ki Caidinos, oRond, rac mTavaria, araviTar SemTxvevaSi<br />

ar unda daTmos qali, radgan am qalis daTmoba sakuTari arsebobis ZiriTad (ufro metic,<br />

erTaderT) arsze da mizanze uaris Tqma iqneboda.<br />

ragind ucnauric unda geCvenoT, arc es varaudi marTldeba: ufliswuli daujereblad<br />

advilad Tmobs mzeTunaxavs. zogierT zRaparSi aucilebelia Semwis mier mTavari gmiris<br />

sacolis (an colis) ganwmenda, radgan es qali faruli potenciuri borotebis matarebelia.<br />

yvelaze saintereso is aris, rogor iqceva aseT viTarebaSi ufliswuli, romelmac Semwis<br />

zraxvebis Sesaxeb araferi icis da darwmunebulia, rom qali unda daiRupos.<br />

`xmel quranSi~ ufliswuli da misi Tanamgzavrebi (coli, colisdebi da Semwe _ xmeli<br />

qurani) mividnen im mindorze, sadac ufliswulma pirvelad naxa Semwe. aq xmelma quranma<br />

`uTxra xemwifis Svils: modi, Zmao, rac viSoveT da vipoveT, Suaze gaviyoTo. Sewuxda xemwifis<br />

Svili da uTxra: oRonc am qals nu gavy<strong>of</strong>T, sxva sul Seni iyoso. xmelma quranma uTxra: ar<br />

iqneba, unda gavyoT suyvelaferio. aiRo xmali xmelma quranma. mohkide xeli qals, _ uTxra<br />

ymawvils. mohkida xeli ymawvilma. dauqnia xmali, amoagdebina mis cols muclidan arwivi.<br />

mohkles. dauqnia meored, _ amoagdebina arwivi, isic mohkles. xmelma quranma uTxra xemwifis<br />

Svils: me, Zmao, raT mindoda qali. gaiwminda, Torem Sens saxemwifoSi daibadebodnen es arwivebi<br />

da SesWamdnen Sens saxemwifoso~ (iqve: 33-34).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, ufliswulma mxolod arwivebis daxocvis Semdeg Seityo xmeli quranis<br />

namdvili ganzraxva. ase rom, am epizodSi igi marTlac `uyoymanod gaimetebs TviT udidesi<br />

gansacdeliT mopovebuls, mizans Tavisi xetialisa wuTis<strong>of</strong>elSi~, magram aris ki es sikeTe?<br />

aq Tu vinmes sikeTeze SeiZleba laparaki, mxolod Semwisa, romelmac kargad icis, ras da<br />

ra mizniT akeTebs. magram ra gamarTleba aqvs ufliswulis saqciels, romelic ara mxolod<br />

eTanxmeba (Tundac masze udidesi amagis mqone kacis) ganzraxvas, _ orad gaCexos misTvis<br />

sicocxleze ufro Zvirfasi (misi sicocxlisTvis erTaderTi Sinaarsis mimcemi) coli, _<br />

aramed monawileobasac iRebs am ganzraxvis ganxorcielebaSi _ `mosaxerxebel pozaSi~ akavebs<br />

qals, raTa man, RmerTi ar gauwyres da, moqneuli xmali ar aicdinos?<br />

marTalia, rogorc wesi, mTavari gmirisadmi madlierebas amJRavnebs `zRaprul samyaroSi<br />

dasaxlebuli yoveli arsi~, magram, modiT, erTi konkretuli zRapris magaliTze vnaxoT, ris<br />

gamo amJRavneben isini madlierebas da maSin aucileblad gagviCndeba kiTxva (jerjerobiT<br />

mxolod kiTxva da eWvi), xom ar aris es Cveni ufliswuli, yvela sxva sikeTesTan erTad, agreTve<br />

(3) sadisti(?)<br />

zRaparSi `devis sayvareli da amisi Svili~ (umikaSvili 1964: 38-43) deda sakuTari Svilis<br />

daRupvas gadawyvets da Tavis sayvarels, devs, sTxovs: mirCie, es saqme rogor Sevasruloo (am<br />

mravalmxriv sayuradRebo dedakacs male sagangebod mivubrundebiT).<br />

`devma aswavla: uTxari, _ erT adgilas arwivs faSkunji Svilebs uWams; Tu im arwivis<br />

gul-RviZls mamitan, xom movrCebi, Tu ara da movkvdebio. mosTxova es dedam Svils. wavida<br />

Svili da mivida arwivis bartyebTan. wamovida faSkunji bartyebis SesaWmelad. hkra biWma<br />

Svild-isari da mohkla faSkunji. daiRala da daeZina. Cam<strong>of</strong>rindnen arwivis bartyebi da<br />

frTebiT dauCeroves. movida arwivi. gaeRviZa biWs. hkra Svild-isari da mohkla arwivi. amoiRo<br />

gul-RviZli, es bartyebic wamoiyvana da wamovida. movida dedasTan da uTxra: aha, dedaCemo,<br />

gul-RviZls ambobdi da me bartyebic mogiyvaneo~ (iqve: 41).<br />

albaT, fiqrobT, rom es arwivis bartyebi, romlebic mTavarma gmirma, marTalia, sikvdils<br />

gadaarCina, magram Semdeg deda moukla, maT Tvalwin gafatra, gul RviZli amoacala da<br />

Sinisken mimavalma deda arwivis Signeuli mTeli gza mis marTveebTan erTad atara, raTa Tavisi<br />

dedisTvis yelis Casakozlokineblad mierTmia, diax, albaT fiqrobT, rom bartyebi, romelTa<br />

Tvalwin yvela es saSineleba datrialda araviTar SemTxvevaSi mTavari gmiris madlierni ar<br />

iqnebian. savsebiT gasagebi da bunebrivi varaudia, magram _ mcdari: bartyebi misi madliernic<br />

arian da erTgulnic.<br />

Semdeg cdaze ufliswulis dedam nawilobriv miaRwia mizans, _ marTalia, Svili ver<br />

mokla, magram daabrmava mainc igi. dabrmavebuli biWi `dajda. modian Calvadrebi gzaSi. kacis<br />

xma rom gaigona, es biWi Seexvewa: mec wamiyvaneTo. imaT uTxres: ra Seni javri gvaqvs, mtrisa<br />

gveSinia, Cqara mivdivarTo. adga es brma, gamoudga imaT fexis xmas da midis. dauRamdaT. Seiqna<br />

SuaRame. daesxa mteri. dauZaxa am brmam Tavis bartyebs: aba, bartyebo! wamocvivdnen es<br />

bartyebi, daerTnen mters da gawyvites sula~ (iqve: 42).<br />

aq ar davsvam kiTxvas: Tu ase yoCaRni iyvnen es bartyebi, rom mters musri gaavles, `frTa<br />

frTas ratom ar daakares~, roca kaci, romelsac isini uCerovebdnen da gamoZinebaSi<br />

129

daexmarnen, dasvenebuli da janze mosuli, dedas Tvalwin uklavda da ufatravda? _ es sakiTxi<br />

zRapris meore planis personaJTa (a)moralur saxes Seexeba da ara misi mTavari gmirebisas.<br />

axla, umjobesia, cota xniT saerTod mivatovoT jadosnuri zRapris mTavari gmiri,<br />

ufliswuli, da visaubroT mis meore mniSvnelovan personaJze, mzeTunaxavze, romelsac,<br />

vTqvaT, zRaparSi `monadiris Svili~ (umikaSvili 1964: 34-38) imdenad ucnauri `hobi~ aqvs, rom<br />

arwivis mkvleli ufliswulisgan gansxvavebiT (romlis `zneobrivi~ orientaciis sakiTxi mainc<br />

kiTxvis niSnis qveS davtove) sruliad uyoymanod SeiZleba ewodos<br />

(3a)sadisti(!)<br />

vezirebi monadiris Svilis daRupvas ganizraxaven da xelmwifisTvis TeTr zRvasa da<br />

wiTel zRvas Sua mjdomi mzeTunaxavis mosayvanad gagzavnian. miva biWi am or zRvas Sua da iq<br />

didad ucnauri arseba daxvdeba:<br />

`mivida biWi im zRvasTan, sadac es mzeTunaxavi iyo, sTqva: ra vqna, ra movaxerxo, T<strong>of</strong>i<br />

vesrolo, mohkvdeba da zRvaSi Cavardebao. gadmosZaxa mzeTunaxavma: risTvis mosulxaro?<br />

biWma uTxra: Sens wasayvanad var mosulio. uTxra mzeTunaxavma: samjer unda damemalo ise, rom<br />

me ver daginaxovo; Tu ver damemale, Tavs gagagdebineb, sami saxli sul kacis TavebiT maqvs<br />

aSenebuli, erTi Tavi makliao~ (iqve:36).<br />

es personaJi axerxebs, Tavis `personaSi~ gaaerTianos ori ram Znelad SesaTavsebeli _<br />

mzeTunaxavis `pr<strong>of</strong>esia~ (funqcia) da jalaTis `hobi~. Tanac, aSkarad ise Cans, rom<br />

mzeTunaxavis daniSnulebis Sesrulebas, _ colad gahyves mTavar gmirs, _ urCevnia, jalaTis<br />

saqmianoba ganagrZos, albaT, mis sulier wyurvils es ufro akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebs.<br />

monadiris Svilma moaxerxa ise damalvoda mzeTunaxavs, rom man verc caze, verc wyalSi da<br />

verc miwaze jadosnuri sarkiT biWis povna ver moaxerxa: `Caixeda sarkeSi, gaixeda ciT, _ ver<br />

dainaxa; gaixeda xmeleTiT, _ ver dainaxa, gaixeda zRviT, _ ver dainaxa. moswia sarkes, gatexa,<br />

amoiRo meore sarke. gaixeda kide, _ ver dainaxa. gatexa isic. amoiRo mesame, gaixeda da ver<br />

dainaxa. moswia isic, unda gaetexa, magram moaxlem uTxra: nu stexam magas, eg aris Cveni<br />

cxovreba, mieci RvTis ficio~ (iqve: 37).<br />

y<strong>of</strong>iTi logika moiTxovs, daisvas kiTxvebi (roca zRapris gmirebis moralur Sefasebas<br />

viwyebT da vlaparakobT maT `usazRvro da uangaro~ sikeTeze an, vTqvaT, borotebaze, Cven<br />

swored y<strong>of</strong>iTi logikis mixedviT vmsjelobT da ara zRapris kompoziciuri kanonebis<br />

mixedviT): ra asakidan daiwyo mzeTunaxavma saqmroebis xocva? ra zomis, rogori sigrZe siganis<br />

da simaRlis iyo mis mier adamianTa TavebiT nagebi saxlebi (metismetad patara qoxebs, albaT,<br />

ar ikadrebda)? erTpirad iyo dawyobili kanibaluri `agurebi~ Tu orad an metad (calfa<br />

kedeli myari ver iqneboda)? daaxloebiT ramdeni Tavi iqneboda samsave saxlSi? rogori<br />

aromati da aura unda vivaraudoT maTSi? raSi sWirdeboda es saxlebi? rogori intervaliT<br />

xocavda saqmroebs? (im oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi, roca monadiris biWi damalvas cdilobda,<br />

qalis siaxloves aravin gamoCenila, ase rom TiTo Tavis mosapoveblad saWiro drois minimumad<br />

daaxloebiT es dro unda vivaraudoT.) ramdeni aTwleuli dasWirdeboda sami saxlisTvis<br />

aucilebeli raodenobis `agurebis~ mogrovebas? da bolos, rogorRa iyo amdeni adamianis<br />

damxocavi qali vinmesTvis sasurveli? ratom moedineboda misken uwyvet nakadad sakuTari<br />

fexiT `saSeni masala~?<br />

sxvaTa Soris, mzeTunaxavma im erTi `aguris~ danaklisi male ainazRaura: roca biWma igi<br />

xelmwifes miuyvana, qalma masac SesTavaza samjer damalva. xelmwifem es ver moaxerxa. qalma ki<br />

`Semohkra xmali, gaagdebina Tavi. nazir-veziri moaba Zuaze raSs da daaglejina~ (iqve: 38).<br />

am zRapridan isic kargad Cans, uyvars Tu ara mzeTunaxavs mTavari gmiri, romelsac<br />

colad mihyveba: sarkeebis mtvreva aris isteriuli reaqcia imaze, rom biWi ver ipovna, Tavi ver<br />

mohkveTa da axla iZulebulia colobis piroba misces.<br />

SesaZloa, mkiTxveli fiqrobs, rom yvelaferi am monakveTSi moTxrobili mzeTunaxavis<br />

qaliSvilobisdroindeli `sicelqeebia~, xolo gaTxovebis da, miT ufro, Svilis Sobis Semdeg<br />

igi aucileblad gamoswordeba da msgavss aRarafers ikadrebs. mec ase vfiqrobdi, vidre erTi<br />

zemoT naxsenebi personaJis Tavgadasavali damarwmunebda, rom mas Semdegac ki, rac xelmwifis<br />

Svilze gaTxovdeba da oqrosqoCrian vaJs Sobs, mzeTunaxavi SeiZleba iyos<br />

(4)kaxpa<br />

da Tanac iseTi znedacemuli kaxpa, romelic yvelafers kadrulobs, raTa, uRirsi, Zabuni<br />

da moRalate kuros gulisTvis, moklas erTguli, morCili da Zlieri Svili.<br />

isev mivubrundebi zRapars `devis sayvareli da amisi Svili~ (umikaSvili 1964: 38-43),<br />

oRond, amjerad ukve dedas, romelic sakuTari Svilis daRupvas gadawyvets da am saqmeSi<br />

daxmarebas Tavis sayvarels sTxovs. es qali viRac vigindara ar gegonoT; sakmarisia,<br />

gavixsenoT misi biografia, raTa davrwmundeT: is namdvili da savsebiT `kanonieri~<br />

mzeTunaxavia, da Tanac mzeTunaxavTa im rCeuli `qvesaxeobis~ warmomadgeneli, romlisganac<br />

amoraluri qceva TiTqmis gamoricxulia (`or zRvas Sua mjdomi~ zogi Tavqariani arsebisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT), xolo maRalzneobriobas, maT Soris `usazRvro sikeTesac~, zRapris<br />

130

struqturaSi misi mdgomareoba aiZulebs: is aris Sinidan gagdebuli oboli, romelic<br />

xelmwifis vaJs gahyva colad da oqrosqoCriani vaJi Sva. ai, am qalis Tavgadasavali:<br />

dediT daoblebuli sami qaliSvili mamam, Tavisi meore colis iZulebiT, tyeSi waiyvana,<br />

motyuebiT ormoSi Cayara da datova. ufrosi dis mecadineobiT (inatra, erTi xeli barad<br />

meqces, meore _ niCbado; natvra ausrulda da miwis Txra daiwyo) debi qvesknelSi moxvdnen da<br />

erT beberTan dabinavdnen.<br />

`gaigo erTma xemwifis Svilma, _ erTi bebrisas sami mzeTunaxaviao. mivida, naxa qalebi da<br />

hkiTxa: ra xeloba iciTo? ufrosma uTxra: me movqsov imisTana xaliCas, rom Seni saxemwifo zed<br />

dasxa, naxevari kidev morCeso. SuaTanam uTxra: kvercxis xeWeWSi imisTana saWmels gavakeTeb,<br />

Seni saxelmwifo rom dapatiJo, naxevari kidev morCeso. uncrosma uTxra: batono, me verafers<br />

getyvio. xemwifis Svili ar dasjerda: ar iqneba, unda sTqvao. maSin uTxra am uncrosma: me ara<br />

vici ra, mxolod vinc SemirTavs, rom davorsuldebi, vaJi iqneba Tu qali, oqrosqoCriani<br />

iqnebao. gaexarda xemwifis Svils da daiwera amaze jvari. waiyvana samTave debi.<br />

wavida am xemwifis Svili omSi, dastova coli orsulad da saxlSi daubara: Cems cols rac<br />

eyolos, momwereTo. eyola qals oqros qoCriani vaJi. misweres am debma: Sensa ia CaxaTunsa<br />

ZaRlis lekvi eyolao. xemwifis Svilma moiwera iqidan: manam me movidode, deda da Svili ToneSi<br />

daswviTo. ver gaimetes nazir-vezirebma dasawvavad, waiyvanes erT mTaSi da iq gauSves. Semdeg<br />

gaaxures Tone, Caagdes Sig Rori da daaxvedres xemwifes. gaizarda mTaSi es ymawvili~ (iqve, 39-<br />

40).<br />

biWi rom wamoizarda mSvildi iTxova. dedam xelmwifesTan (misi qmari ukve ase<br />

moixsenieba) beWedi gaatana. man beWedi xelmwifes Seugzavna da sanacvlod mSvild-isari miiRo.<br />

biWs swrafad emateboda Rone da male am mSvildma aRar argo. kidev gaatana xelmwifesTan<br />

dedam beWedi da biWma sxva mSvildi moitana, magram male ukve aRarc am meore mSvildma argo.<br />

mesamedac miadga xelmwifes, romelmac brZana mWedelTan waiyvaneTo. mWedelma jer samfuTiani<br />

mSvildi gaukeTa, romelic biWma `miswi-moswia da daantvria~, mere _ eqvsfuTiani `miswi moswia<br />

da cota daRmiWa. aiRo da wavida~ (iqve: 40).<br />

mTavari mainc amis Semdeg moxda. zRaparSi ar Cans, sad cxovrobdnen sasaxlidan<br />

gamogdebis Semdeg biWi da dedamisi. eqvsfuTianma mSvildma ki biWs male saxli apovnina: `wavida<br />

kide biWi sanadirod, gaisrola Svild-isari. wavida es Svild isari da Caeco cxra Zma devis<br />

saxlSi. ufrosma devma uTxra uncross: modi, biWo, da es Svild isari gadaagdeo. mohkida xeli<br />

uncrosma, magram ver gaanZria, adgnen devebi, cxrave, _ verc erTma ver amoiRo. gadacvivdnen<br />

SiSiT devebi, _ marto erTi darCa, oTaxSi daimala. mivida es biWi, daavlo xeli Svild-isars da<br />

nekiT amoaZro. miixed moixeda, moewona saxli, wamovida, uTxra dedas: erT alagas kargi saxli<br />

vnaxe, iq wavideTo. miiyvana deda devebis saxlSi da iq dasaxlda~ (iqve: 40-41).<br />

dasaxlda Tu ara am saxlSi oqrosqoCriani vaJis mSobeli oboli mzeTunaxavi, igi<br />

elviseburi siswrafiT gaxda devis sayvareli da, mkiTxvelma gansajos, `suliTxorcamde<br />

Seicvala~ maSinve Tu Tavisi `namdvili buneba gamoaCina~ _ amis Semdeg mis ZiriTad miznad<br />

swored oqrosqoCriani vaJis nebismieri saSualebiT Tavidan moSoreba iqca:<br />

`wavida biWi kidev sanadirod. gamoCnda damaluli devi da am biWis deda Seiyvara. erT<br />

dRes dedakacma uTxra devs: Cems Svils movuxerxoT rame, Torem gagvigebso. devma uTxra magas<br />

nu gamimxel, igi Zalian Ronieria, imis momkvleli aravin ariso. dedakacma ar daiSala: Sen<br />

gecodineba rameo. mere aswavla devma: moiavanty<strong>of</strong>e Tavi da uTxari, _ erT adgilas erTi<br />

taxia, Tu imis gul-RviZls mamitan, movrCebi, Tu arada movkvdebio. is taxi imas mohklavso.<br />

movida Svili, naxa, deda avad aris, hkiTxa: raTa xar avado? Svilo, _ uTxra dedam, _ erT<br />

adgilas erT taxs aqeben, Tu imis gul-RviZls momitan movrCebi, Tu ara _ movkvdebio. oRond,<br />

deda, kargad iyav da movkvdebi Tu movrCebi, mogitano, uTxra Svilma. wavida biWi im mTaSi, saca<br />

is Rori iyo. Semoutia Rorma, hkra Svild-isari, gaapo Suaze, amoiRo gul-RviZli, mosWra<br />

Tavic da wamoiRo, Sin rom movida, uTxra dedas: aha, dedaCemo, gul-RviZls ambobdi da me Tavic<br />

mogitaneo<br />

wavida kide sanadirod. dedakacma uTxra devs: movuxerxoT rame Cems Svilso. devma<br />

uTxra: Tavi damanebe, ar gamigos, Torem mec mamklamso. aRar moeSva dedakaci, _ gecodineba<br />

rameo. maSin devma aswavla: uTxari, erT adgilas arwivs faSkunji Svilebs uWams...~ (iqve: 41).<br />

zemoT ukve moviyvane zRapris momdevno fragmenti, sadac moTxrobilia, rogor mokla<br />

biWma jer faskunji, mere TviT arwivic, amoacala gulRviZli, xels wamoayola arwivis<br />

bartyebi, mivida dedasTan da uTxra: `aha, dedaCemo, gul-RviZls ambobdi da me bartyebic<br />

mogiyvaneo~. albaT xvdebiT, rom am axurebulma dedakacma, romelsac aSkarad eSmaki hyavda<br />

Semjdari, amis Semdegac arc TviTon moisvena da arc Tavisi ubeduri kuro moasvena:<br />

`wavida kide biWi sanadirod. uTxra dedakacma devs: veraferi movuxerxeTo? devma uTxra:<br />

erT adgilas erTi Tavissabani miwa aris, rogorc miva iqa da moTxris, dabrmavdebao. Svili rom<br />

movida, dedam uTxra: ama da am alagas Tavis sabani miwa aris, Tu imas mamitan, Tu ara _<br />

movkvdebio. wavida biWi, waiyvana Tan arwivis bartyebi. mivida im miwasTan, dauwyo Txra<br />

Camouvida <strong>of</strong>li da dabrmavda. dajda. modian Calvadrebi gzaSi~ (iqve: 42).<br />

zemoT is monakveTic iyo moyvanili, sadac moTxrobilia, rogor gahyva dabrmavebuli<br />

vaJi Calvadrebis fexis xmas. Calvadrebma biWi erT qalaqSi Caiyvanes, sadac man jer xelmwifis<br />

131

asuli moiyvana colad, Semdeg TvalisCinic daibruna (Cveni TemisTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Tu<br />

rogor moxda es) da gadawyvita Tavisi dabrmavebis gamo Suri eZia.<br />

ucnauria, magram nawarmoebis finalidan naTlad Cans, rom zRapris gmirisTvis da,<br />

rogorc Cans, mTxrobelisTvisac mTels am ambavSi erTaderTi damnaSave devia; yovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi, dedis danaSauls isini araviTar yuradRebas ar aqceven. arada, vfiqrob, devis<br />

mTavari danaSauli mainc is iyo, rom `am biWis deda Seiyvara~ _ amis Semdeg, marTlac rom,<br />

yvelaferi axia masze: am zomiT gaTaxsirebuli kaxpa ram Seayvara?! Tumca, vnaxoT, ra moxda<br />

finalSi:<br />

`iyida am biWma sawvrimalo da wavida dedasTan. mivida da daiZaxa: sawvrimalo ar<br />

gindaTo? dauZaxa dedam, Seiyvana, aiRo sawvrimalo. biWma uTxra: ramdenic ginda aiRe, oRonc a<br />

is rkina mameciT, mand ro gdiao. dedakacma uTxra: waiRe, Tuki moerevi; erTi Svili myavda, imis<br />

danatovariao. aiRo biWma is Svild-isari da daiZaxa: xarsa Tu fursao? devma uTxra: xars ras<br />

erCi _ fursao. hkra biWma isari devs da waawyvita kiseri. waiyvana deda, miiyvana Tavis<br />

simamrTan da cxovrobdnen erTad~ (iqve: 42-43).<br />

riT aixsneba mTavari gmiris mier dedisadmi gamovlenili aseTi mimtevebloba? albaT, is<br />

(da, cxadia, mTxrobelic) fiqroben, rom am qalis esoden dacema-gaTaxsireba Tavidan bolomde<br />

misi sayvarlis, devis, bralia. Tumca, Tu am zRapars yuradRebiT wavikiTxavT, aucileblad<br />

gagviCndeba kiTxva, xom ar iyo oboli mzeTunaxavi jer kidev dacema-gaTaxsirebamde, marTalia,<br />

mxolod potenciuri, magram mainc<br />

(5)kanibali(?)<br />

mivubrundeT zRapris dasawyiss, romelic zemoT erTi winadadebiT iyo gadmocemuli:<br />

`dediT daoblebuli sami qaliSvili mamam, Tavisi meore colis iZulebiT, tyeSi waiyvana,<br />

motyuebiT ormoSi Cayara da datova~. vnaxoT, ra xdeboda ormoSi im dromde, vidre oblebi<br />

(ufrosi dis mecadineobiT) qvesknelSi aRmoCndebodnen:<br />

`moSivdaT xaroSi qalebs. Tqves: modiT, debo, nekebi daviWraT, romlisac tkbili iyves is<br />

SevWamoTo. daiWres samTavebma nekebi, naxes gemoTi da erTmaneTSi ver gamoarCies~ (iqve: 39).<br />

amis Semdeg ufrosma dam inatra: cali xeli barad meqces, meore _ niCbado, miwa Txara-Txara da<br />

qvesknelSi Cavida.<br />

am epizodSi sisastikis imdenad absurduli gamovlinebaa mocemuli, rom misi gaazrebac<br />

ki Znelia: SimSilisgan debs TiTqos ise waerTvaT cnobiereba, rom mzad arian erT-erTi<br />

TavianTTagani SesaWmelad gaimeton, magram, amave dros, `piris gemoze~ fiqric ar aviwydebaT<br />

_ neka TiTebs daiWrian, raTa, visac ufro gemrieli xorci aRmoaCndeba, is SeWamon. da mxolod<br />

samive xorcis Tanabari kulinaruli Rirsebebi gadaafiqrebinebs maT kanibalur Rreobas.<br />

albaT, aRmoCndebian mkiTxvelebi, romlebic ityvian, rom kanibaloba metismetad mZime<br />

braldebaa saimisod, raTa igi zRapris personaJebs mxolod ganzraxvisa da (Tundac sakuTari<br />

debis) moWrili nekebiT waxemsebis gamo daumtkicdeT; rom saamisod bevrad ufro<br />

damajerebeli faqtebis moyvana aris saWiro. ki batono, moviyvan wyali rom ar gauva iseT<br />

mtkicebulebas, rom zRaparSi personaJTa umetesoba (rogorc `kargebi~, ise `cudebi~) savsebiT<br />

SesaZlebelia iyos (ufro sworad, iqceodes), rogorc<br />

(5a)kanibali(!)<br />

amjerad ukve gzadagza Carevebis gareSe moviyvan sakmaod vrcel monakveTs erTi zRapris<br />

dasawyisidan, radgan es uaRresad metyveli masala, faqtobrivad, aranair komentars ar<br />

saWiroebs. es zRaparia `mzis pirisnabani~ (umikaSvili: 1964: 183-188).<br />

`iyo da ara iyo ra, iyo sami Zma kaci, samive colianebi. ise gaizardnen es kacebi, rom ar<br />

icodnen xvna da Tesva. arc sxva raime xeloba, _ mxolod icodnen nadiroba. adgebodnen<br />

dilazed, gadaigdebdnen T<strong>of</strong>s mxarzed, iRliaSi _ mSvildisars da gaudgebodnen tyisken<br />

gzasa. wavidodnen, inadirebdnen, moitandnen saxlSi da imiT inaxamden col-Svilsac da TavianT<br />

Tavsac.<br />

erTxel dilazed adre adgnen samive Zmebi, wavidnen sanadirod. iares, bevri iares, mTa da<br />

bari moiares, magram veraferi ver inadires. mTeli erTi kvira ise iares, rom erTi Citic ver<br />

inadires; erTi kvira TviTonac mSieri kvdeboden da Sinac col-Svili SimSiliT ukvdebodaT.<br />

erT Rames SimSilisgan moqanculebi mividnen erTi xis qveS da daanTes cecxli, moitanes<br />

balaxi, daiges qveS da dawvnen cecxlis piras. SuaRamis dros SemoakldaT SeSa da CauqraT<br />

cecxli. adga umcrosi Zma, gavida tyeSi SeSisaTvis, dauwyo SeSas Zebna da radgan RameSi<br />

veraferi dainaxa, amitom xelebiT miwazed aTvalierebda. am dros rbilaT raRaca moxvda<br />

xelSi. SaeSinda monadires, dabrunda ukan, movida ZmebTan da es ambavi Tqva, Zmebi wamodgnen<br />

gaxarebulebi, _ iqneb nadiri iyos ramevo; moukides mkvars, wauZRvaT umfrosi Zma da miiyvana<br />

im alagas, saca is rbili raRac enaxa. mividnen, naxes, rom mkvdari kaci agdia, romlisTvisac<br />

yvavebs Tvalebi amouWamiaT. aiRes es mkvdari kaci, moitanes TavianT binazed da cecxlispiras<br />

daasvenes. dasxdnen samive Zmebi, SimSiliT gadayruebulebi, ufrosma Tqva: mainc xom mSivrebi<br />

vkvdebiT da jandabas Cveni Tavi, movWraT mkvdars erTi samwvade da SevWamoTo. _ movWraTo,<br />

132

ac iqnes, iqneso, _ sTqva meorem. Zalian kargio, _ sTqva mesamem. gamosWres samwvade, Seswves<br />

da SesWames. vax, ra gemrieli y<strong>of</strong>ilao. _ daiZaxa samivem erTad. misdgnen am kacsa da sul<br />

erTianaT SeWames. umcrosma Zmam erTi mwvadis naWeri jibeSi Caidva da Tqva, amas Cems cols<br />

CumaT mivutano.<br />

adgnen Zmebi dilazed da dabrundnen Sinisaken. movidnen saxlSi. colebma hkiTxes: sad<br />

iyaviT erTi kvirao? sad viqnebodiTo, _ imaT uTxres, _ mTa da bari moviareT, veraferi ver<br />

vinadireT da carielebi saxlSi ver movidodiTo. aiRo umcrosma Zmam da Tavis cols sxvis<br />

unaxavad misca mwvadis naWeri. qalma cota Wama da Tqva: dedav, ra gemrieli ariso! Caacivda<br />

Tavis qmars, _ risa iyo es xorci, rom amisTana gemrieli Cems dReSi ar miWamiavo. qmarma ar<br />

uTxra, magram qali ufro gadaekida, _ risa iyo da risao, Tu ar miTxari, ar SeiZlebao. maS<br />

karqi, Semomfice, rom aravis uTxra, da getyvio. colma daifica, aravis vetyvio. maSin uTxra<br />

qmarma, kacis xorci iyovo, da rogorc iyo, suyvelafers mouyva. qalma mwvadi cota TiTon<br />

SeWama da sxva mazlis colebs aWama. viS, ra gemrieliao! _ wamoiZaxes imaTac, da hkiTxes: vin<br />

mogca da an risa aris asTe gemrielio? _ Caacivdnen. qalma veRar moiTmina uTqmeloba da Tqva:<br />

ase y<strong>of</strong>ila saqme da Cemma qmarma mamitana cotaodenio. deda, ra gemrieli y<strong>of</strong>ila kacis<br />

xorcio! _ Tqves qalebma da ganizraxes TavianTi qmrebis mokvla.<br />

dilaze adgnen Zmebi da daemzadnen sanadirod wasasvlelad. umfrosi Zma da saSualo<br />

male daemzadnen da wavidnen, _ umcros Zmas uTxres, nela wavalT da Senc male mogvewievo.<br />

isini wavidnen, umcrosi ki TavCaRebuli qalamnis Tasmas imagrebda. am dros uecrad qalebma<br />

najaxi dahkres Sig TavSi da iqve suli daalevines, dasCexes, dahkuwes, moxarSesa da SeWames.<br />

Zmebi ki gzaSi midian da fiqroben: raT daigviana amdeni xanio? memre Tqves: iqneba ar SeuZlian<br />

da aRar wamovidavo. imaT ganagrZes TavianTi gza, saRamomde inadires da saRamoze dabrundnen<br />

saxlSi. movidnen da ikiTxes: sad aris Cveni Zmavo? aki wamovidao! gangebisaT gaioca imisma<br />

colma. maS Tqven ar ginaxamTo? aravo, _ sTqves Zmebma, _ Cven saxlSi gvegonavo. ara,<br />

wamovidao, _ tiriliT eubneboda umcrosi Zmis coli~ (iqve: 183-185).<br />

siuJetis mTeli Semdgomi ganviTareba mogviTxrobs imaze, Tu rogor midis qveynierebis<br />

dasalieramde erTi kanibali mamakaci (ufrosi Zma), raTa gaigos, ra bedi ewia meore kanibal<br />

mamakacs (mis umcros Zmasa da kanibaluri nadimis Tanameinaxes). igi mzis sabinadromde<br />

miaRwevs, yvelafers Seityobs, umcros kanibals gaacocxlebs, mniSvnelovanwilad misi<br />

wyalobiT gakanibalebul qalebs ki Zmebis daxmarebiT umowyalod daxocavs: `gamoabes TiTo<br />

qali TiTo cxenis kudze, gavidnen mindorSi, gaaWen-gamoaWenes cxenebi da sul lukma-lukmad<br />

daaglejies TavianTi colebi cxenebs~ (iqve: 188). ase mTavrdeba zRapari, imarjvebs sikeTe da<br />

marcxdeba boroteba.<br />

Tu romelime emociebmoWarbebuli feministi moisurvebs jadosnuri zRapris gmirSi<br />

genderuli moZalade da qalebis uflebebis fexqveS gamTelavi amoicnos, mzad var Zaladobis<br />

kidev erTi SiSveli (am sityvis pirdapiri da gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT) nimuSi mivawodo. saqme<br />

isaa, rom, rac unda moulodneli geCvenoT, zRaprebis sabavSvo xasiaTis Sesaxeb farTod<br />

gavrcelebuli azridan gamomdinare, aris zRaprebi, sadac ufliswuli pirdapir seqsualuri<br />

Zaladobis da, kidev uaresi, garyvnilebis faqtzea waswrebuli. magaliTad, `xmel quranSi~<br />

ufliswuli, romelic iseTi laCaria, rom, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, orTabrZolis Semxedvares<br />

guli misdis, mxolod erT ambavSi iCens gabedulebas: qals, romlis suraTis danaxvisas man<br />

zRapris dasawyisSi grZnoba dahkarga, rogorc ki pirvelad Sexvdeba, vidre gaicnobdes da erT<br />

sityvas mainc etyodes, gakoWils da miwaze pirqve dabmuls uSiSrad da vaJkacurad<br />

aupatiurebs (sxvaTa Soris, igi qalis damorCilebazec ki ar xarjavs Zalas; Semwe am mxrivac<br />

lamis yvelafers mis nacvlad akeTebs _ moxerxebul mdgomareobaSi daubams msxverpls).<br />

Tumca umjobesia, es epizodi moviyvano da advilad darwmundebiT, rom zRapris gmiri savsebiT<br />

SesaZlebelia iyos<br />

(6)seqsualuri moZalade<br />

ufliswuli da Semwe, xmeli qurani, miadgnen mzeTunaxavis samy<strong>of</strong>els. `gaswia xmelma<br />

quranma, mivida qalis saxlSi. qali guldaRma wevs. aiRo rkinis paloebi, cxra nawnaviT daakra,<br />

dahkra muWi paloebs da dedamiwaSi gaarbina, qals mklavebi daukra da fexebic. miiyvana<br />

xemwifis Svili da uTxra: aba amoiRe Seni suraTio. amoiRo ymawvilma. kidev es qali sjobia am<br />

suraTso, imdeni xani exvie da kocne, _ Sen xma ar gasce, _ manam Cemi saxeli ar axsenoso, me<br />

davelaparakebi magas. mivida ymawvili, exvia da kocna. roca iyo, qalma gamoiRviZa, SeinZra,<br />

gaanZria paloebi. uTxra ymawvils: Sen CemTan ver moxvidodi, _ erT alagas aqeben xmel qurans,<br />

Tu mogiyvanda, is mogiyvandao, momicia, maRla RmerTi, Zirs dedamiwa, me Sen ar gimtyunoo~<br />

(iqve: 32).<br />

zogi mkiTxveli, viszec gansakuTrebuli ZaliT moqmedebs jadosnuri zRaprebis<br />

ufliswulis jer kidev bavSvobidan gamoyolili da Teoriuli SromebiT ZalSematebuli xibli,<br />

albaT ityvis, rom am personaJis saqcielSi veraferi saZraxisi ver dainaxa, rom igi mxolod<br />

umankod kocnida saocnebo qals, romlis suraTs ubiT daatarebda, da rom am ucodvel scenaSi<br />

raRac ukuRmarTobis aRmoCena mxolod Cems garyvnil fantazias unda mieweros. mokled,<br />

gamoCndebian patiosani mkiTxvelebi, vinc jadosnuri zRapris gmirsac TavianTsaviT patiosan<br />

133

adamianad CaTvlian da darwmunebulni iqnebian, rom igi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daamyarebda<br />

sayvarel arsebasTan sqesobriv kavSirs qalis survilis gareSe da, yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />

gakoWilsa da mZinares mainc ar gaaupatiurebda mas.<br />

aseT mkiTxvels imedi unda gavucruo: ganagrZeT kiTxva da darwmundebiT, rom zog<br />

SemTxvevaSi ufliswuli sayvarel qals, araTu mZinares, mkvdarsac ki aupatiurebs. zRapari<br />

`xemwifis coli da moRalate Zalua~ yovelgvari eWvis gamomricxavi utyuarobiT adasturebs,<br />

rom CvenTvis saintereso personaJi, gamoricxuli ar aris, iyos<br />

(7) nekr<strong>of</strong>ili<br />

erTma ufliswulma jvari daiwera Raribi col-qmris Svil mzeTunaxav qalze, romlis<br />

pirisnabani oqro-vercxlad iqceoda da sasaxleSi waiyvana igi. qals Zalua gahyva da,<br />

dasasveneblad rom SeCerdnen, ded<strong>of</strong>ali tyeSi Seityua, Tvalebi dasTxara da upatronod<br />

datova, ufliswuls ki colad Tavisi uSno asuli Seatyua. TvalebdaTxrili qali ijda da<br />

tiroda. gaivso iqauroba oqro-vercxliT. gamoiara viRac berikacma da brma qali Tavisi<br />

Zvirfaseulobianad waiyvana Sin. ukupiurebod moviyvan fragments, romelSic moTxrobilia, ra<br />

xdeba amis Semdeg:<br />

`uTxra qalma berikacs: me male movkvdebi. roca movkvde, ar dammarxo. mSvenieri kubo<br />

gamikeTe, Camasvene Sig da ama da am mTaze amitane da damdgio. mokvda qali. am berikacma gaukeTa<br />

mSvenieri kubo, Casvena da romel mTazec uTxra, iq aitana da dadga.<br />

xemwifem naxa Tavis coli, rom arc ise mSvenieria, arc, pirs rom daibans, misi nabani<br />

oqrod da vercxlad ar iqceva. glovobs xemwife Tavisi ded-mamiT, aris erT mwuxarebaSi da<br />

fiqrSi.<br />

sTxova xemwifes Tavis dedam: agre dardianaT xar, Svilo da wadi sanadiroTo. wavida<br />

xemwife sanadiroT Tavisi nazir-veziriT, avida erTs mTazed da dainaxa, rom meore mTaze<br />

raRac brWyvinavs. gaukvirda, magram ver gabeda, rom gasuliyo da enaxa. movida Sin da uTxra<br />

ded-mamas: erTs mTaSi amisTana raRac davinaxe da ver gavbede misvla da naxvao. wadio, _ uTxra<br />

ded-mamam, _ Zriel bevri nazir-veziri waiyvane da naxeo; ra iqneba magisTana, rom Sen<br />

SeSinebulxaro. wavida xemwife meore dRes da naxa kubo. axada kubos, Caxeda da naxa, rom<br />

mSvenieri qali asvenia. daiTxova Tavis nazir vezirebi da darCa im qalTan im Rames. meore dRes<br />

Camovida saxlSi da uTxra ded-mamas: qali y<strong>of</strong>ilao, kuboTi dgas mTaSio.<br />

gamovida ramdenime xani. kide wavida es xemwife im kubosTan, axada Tavi da naxa, rom vaJi<br />

miscemia micvalebul qals da swovs ZuZus~ (iqve: 49).<br />

statiis moculoba ar iZleva saSualebas, zedapirulad mainc SevCerde masalebze,<br />

romlebic Tundac mxolod zRaprisTvis esoden moulodneli nekr<strong>of</strong>iliis faqtis<br />

sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciis gzebs migvaniSnebda.<br />

amitom iZulebuli var mokle SeniSvniT Semovifarglo: erTi mxriv, Cvens zRaparSi<br />

mkvdari qalis daorsuleba da mis mier bavSvis Soba aSkarad mogvagonebs osirisisa da isidas<br />

miTs (im gansxvavebiT, rom iq cocxali qalRmerTi daorsuldeba micvalebulisgan), rac aCens<br />

sulieri da ritualuri interpretaciis SesaZleblobas _ e.w. `sulieri dabadebis~ Wreli da<br />

mravalricxovani faqtebiT warmoqmnil farTo konteqsts.<br />

meore mxriv, garkveul Sedegebs iZleva agreTve am zRapris monacemebis gaazreba<br />

pirwmindad kriminaluri fsiqopaTologiuri faqtebis fonze. magaliTad, visac axsovs erix<br />

fromis SromaSi, `nekr<strong>of</strong>ilebi da adolf hitleri~, pirvelsave TavSi moyvanili amazrzeni<br />

faqtebi, dameTanxmeba, rom sruliad usafuZvlo ar iqneba, ufliswulis SiSi, Sors mTaze<br />

moelvare kubos danaxvis gamo, isteriul-seqsualuri safuZvelis mqoned CavTvaloT da<br />

zRapris gmiris hipertr<strong>of</strong>irebul laCrobaSi, fromis sityviT rom vTqvaT, `nekr<strong>of</strong>iluri<br />

vnebis pirveli simptomi~ davinaxoT _ SeSinebul ufliswuli miviCnioT ZrwoliT Sepyrobil<br />

nekr<strong>of</strong>ilad, romelmac mbrWyvinav saganSi TavisTvis sasurveli obieqti amoicno da cdilobs,<br />

rogorme gaeridos mis mizidulobas, radgan icis, rom Tu kuboSi mdebare sxeuli dainaxa<br />

survili daimonebs.<br />

(vfiqrob, am magaliTze naTlad Cans, ramdenad arasandoa monacemebis zedapiruli<br />

msgavsebis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvnebi: Tuki aseTi ganmartebis realobas virwmunebdiT,<br />

yovelgvari fsiqologizmisgan Tavisufal zRaparSi mxolod paTologiuri Seferilobis<br />

faqtebisTvis unda dagveSva fsiqikuri safuZveli.)<br />

axla ki droa, mokled SevajamoT jadosnuri zRapris mTavar gmirTa moralur saxeze<br />

dakvirvebis<br />

Sedegebi<br />

amasTan ar unda daviviwyoT, rom `Tu miviRebT vl. propis debulebas, rom yvela zRapari<br />

Tavisi wyobiT erTi tipisaa, isic unda miviRoT, yvela zRapris mTavari gmiri erTia~ (kiknaZe<br />

2006: 43; xazi avtorisaa _ z. kv.).<br />

rogor gamoiyureba, moyvanili faqtebidan gamomdinare es gmiri?<br />

134

ufliswuli aris saocrad laCari: SiSiT caxcaxebs Sors mobrWyviale kubos danaxvisas;<br />

ormoSi Camaluli uyurebs misi mizeziT gamarTul orTabrZolas da SiSisgan guli misdis. is<br />

aris moRalate: mondomebiT exmareba adamians, romelic Suaze Cexavs mis usayvarles cols.<br />

aris sadisti: bartyebs, romlebsac misTvis sikeTis meti araferi gaukeTebiaT, uklavs da<br />

Tvalwin ufatravs dedas. aris sqesobrivi TvalsazrisiT uzneo: saocnebo qals mZinaresa da<br />

gakoWils aupatiurebs. mas gansakuTrebiT izidavs TvalebdaTxrili gvamebi: erT maTgans<br />

samwvades aWris da madianad Seeqceva, meores aranaklebi madiT aupatiurebs kuboSi.<br />

aseT fonze nakleb STambeWdavad gamoiyureba mzeTunaxavi, romelic cuds arafers<br />

akeTebs garda imisa, rom gaTxovebamde ganuwyvetliv da xalisiT xocavs saqmroebs da maTi<br />

TavebiT iSenebs saxlebs, xolo mas Semdeg, rac Txovdeba da deda xdeba, energias ar iSurebs,<br />

raTa moklas erTaderTi Svili da guldamSvidebiT ibozos kurosTan.<br />

mkiTxveli, romelsac metismetad moeCveneba erTi gmirisTvis miwerili uary<strong>of</strong>iTi<br />

Tvisebebis aseTi Taiguli, ueWvelad ifiqrebs, rom me saguldagulod amovkribe zRaprebidan<br />

am tipis fragmentebi, raTa ufliswulisa da mzeTunaxavisTvis Tavs lafi damesxa, xolo,<br />

sinamdvileSi, zRaprebSi amgvari faqtebi imdenad iSviaTia, rom dasaSvebia, maT Teoriul<br />

gamokvlevebSi yuradReba saerTod ar mieqces. me ki, gulwrfelad vityvi: jadosnuri zRapris<br />

mTavar gmirTa<br />

makromprometirebeli faqtebi sagangebod ar miZebnia.<br />

amas advilad damijerebT (xolo vinc Seamowmebs, darwmundeba kidec), roca gaigebT, rom<br />

ufliswulisa da mzeTunaxavis Svidive momakvdinebeli codva umikaSvilis cnobil krebulSi<br />

erTmaneTis miyolebiT dabeWdil xuTad xuT, _ faqtobrivad, pirvelsave xuT _ zRaparSi<br />

dadasturda (ufro zustad _ 2-6 zRaprebSi; 1 zRaparSi mTavari gmiris qcevaSi cudi veraferi<br />

aRmovaCine, xolo iseTi umniSvnelo sicelqe, rogoric colisZmebis daxocvaa, yuradRebis<br />

Rirsad ar miviCnie, Tanac, mere acocxlebs kidec). mxolod kanibalizmis saboloo<br />

damtkicebisTvis (nimuSi 5a) gaxda saWiro 32 zRapari _ erTaderTi masala, romelic movixme<br />

xuTi zRaprisgan Semdgari da SemTxvevisa Tu Semdgenlis (yovel SemTxvevaSi, ara Cemi) nebiT<br />

wignis TavSi moqceuli am mcire jgufis garedan.<br />

(kidev ufro efeqturi iqneboda, saqme ase rom warmogvedgina: viRac Warbi simorcxviTa<br />

da patiosnebiT gamorCeulma mkvlevarma gadawyvita, umikaSvilis krebulze dayrdnobiT,<br />

jadosnuri zRapris mTavar gmirTa moraluri saxe Seeswavla. SemTxveviTobis elementis<br />

minimumamde dasayvanad, man gamoricxa krebulis pirveli da bolo zRaprebi da, amitom, kvleva<br />

pirdapir meore zRapridan daiwyo. 6 zRaparSi igi nekr<strong>of</strong>ilobis imdenad utifar nimuSs<br />

waawyda, rom metismetma simorcxvem saSualeba aRar misca, cali TvaliT mainc Caexeda 7, 8, 9 da<br />

Semdgom zRaprebSi. man alalbedze gadaSala wigni da 32 zRaparSi kanibalur nadimze aRmoCnda.)<br />

da bolos<br />

niSnavs Tu ara, ufliswulisa da mzeTunaxavis uRirsi, araadamianuri qcevis<br />

dokumenturad damadasturebeli yvela zemoT moyvanili faqti, rom Cveni bavSvobis es<br />

usayvarlesi personaJebi, romlebisganac amdeni sixaruli gvaxsovs, sinamdvileSi ase uimedod<br />

gaxrwnilebi arian?<br />

da aq, mTeli am masalis gacnobis Semdeg, albaT, moulodneli, magram uyoymano pasuxi<br />

iqneba: ara, es marTlac rom STambeWdavi masala msgavss arafers niSnavs.<br />

ufliswulisa da mzeTunaxavis dadanaSauleba uzneobaSi niSnavs, mivaweroT maT raRac<br />

iseTi, rac zRapris personaJebs sinamdvileSi ar gaaCniaT, kerZod _ zneobrivi da, ufro<br />

farTod, pirovnuli Tvisebebi da Taviseburebebi; niSnavs mivaweroT maT pirovneba, persona,<br />

romelsac isini imdenad arian moklebulni, rom, Tu sakiTxs metismetad mkacrad mivudgebiT,<br />

personaJebadac ki ar unda movixsenioT, raTa personaze yovelgvari miniSneba gamoiricxos.<br />

am statiis mizani swored imis Cveneba iyo, ra absurdul mdgomareobamde mivdivarT, roca<br />

zRapris gmirebs, saqcielTa erTi jgufis gamo, garkveul pirovnul Tvisebebs, _ vTqvaT,<br />

sikeTes, uangarobas, Tavmdablobas, _ mivawerT, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi sruli ufleba<br />

gveZleva, saqcielTa sxva jgufis gamo vilaparakoT maT sadistobaze, kanibalobaze,<br />

nekr<strong>of</strong>ilobaze da a.S. (nu daviviwyebT, saubaria ara sxvadasxva zRapris ramdenime<br />

sxvadasxvagvar ufliswulsa da mzeTunaxavze, aramed, sworedac rom, jadosnuri zRaprebis<br />

erT saerTo ufliswulsa da mzeTunaxavze).<br />

rac Seexeba qcevis zemoT moyvanil anomaliebs, zogi maTganis warmoSoba mainc Zalian<br />

advili asaxsnelia jadosnuri zRapris yvela elementis ganmapirobebeli erTi mZleTamZle<br />

komponentis _ misi kompozicisa da am kompoziciaSi personaJis funqciis meSveobiT. momdevno,<br />

ufro seriozuli da mSvidi tonalobiT daweril statiaSi, ukve ara eqvsi, aramed erTaderTi<br />

zRapris magaliTze, Sevecdebi vaCveno, rogor warmoqmnis jadosnuri zRapris struqturaSi<br />

raRac mizeziT gaCenili darRveva zog zemoT moyvanil araadamianur gadaxras personaJis<br />

saqcielSi; mokled, Sevecdebi, TvalsaCino gavxado zRapris gmiris xasiaTis sruli ararseboba<br />

da struqturis yovlisganmsazRvreli roli.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

135

arnovi 1964: barnovi v. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. tomi X. Tb.: gamomcemloba `literatura da<br />

xelovneba~, 1964.<br />

kiknaZe 2001: kiknaZe z. avTandilis anderZi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 2001.<br />

kiknaZe 2006: kiknaZe z. <strong>qarTuli</strong> folklori. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2006.<br />

umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba oTx tomad. tomi III. Tb.: gamomcemloba `literatura<br />

da xelovneba~, 1964.<br />

The Amoral Image <strong>of</strong> Fairy Tale Main Characters<br />

Summary<br />

Zaza Kvertskhishvili<br />

Some researchers <strong>of</strong> the Georgian folklore take it without any doubt that the main characters <strong>of</strong> the fairy<br />

tales (conventionally, “prince’ and ‘the beauty’) are the carriers <strong>of</strong> kindness, bravery, unselfishness, and<br />

generally all positive moral features. This view appeared long time ago and ever since that it has been passing<br />

almost unchangeable from generation to generation. It is based on general impression obtained from the tales<br />

(particularly, from the editions <strong>of</strong> their literary treatment). However, the analysis <strong>of</strong> main characters behavior<br />

gives quite different picture (especially, based on the editions <strong>of</strong> folklore records literary treatment). If we use<br />

the terms borrowed from social sciences, main characters frequently manifest the worst human traits –<br />

cowardice, sadism, cannibalism, necrophilia, - that has influence neither on their plot (they are not punished) nor<br />

on their values for the semantic structure <strong>of</strong> the tale. This very fact shows that it is not valid to estimate the fairy<br />

tale heroes using ethical and mental terms (both positive and negative) as the fairy tale hero has no moral or<br />

characteristic features. His action is completely conditioned by compositional function and can be diametrically<br />

changed as soon as this function somehow changes.<br />

saxeli, mamis saxeli da heliosis kultis ugulebely<strong>of</strong>a<br />

(solaruli kultis naSTebi homerosis `odiseaSi~)<br />

nestan ratiani<br />

homerosis `odiseas~ mravaljeradi wakiTxvis Semdeg mkiTxveli odisevsis monaTxrobSi<br />

bevr Seusabamobas SeniSnavs. magram dakvirvebuli Tvali aRmoaCens, rom amis mizezi odisevsis<br />

bunebaa, misi xasiaTis erTi Tviseba, romelsac zogjer moxerxebulobas, cbierebas,<br />

oinbazobas da zogjer gonierebas ukavSireben. erTi ZiriTadi tyuili, romelsac gmiri<br />

araerTgzis mimarTavs, esaa mis mier sxvebisTvis Tavisi sakuTari saxelis damalva. Cven ar<br />

viciT, daumala Tu ara odisevsma saxeli kikonebs (troadan wamosuli xomaldis SeCerebis<br />

pirveli punqti), lot<strong>of</strong>agebs (meore punqti) an nimfa kalifsos, radgan teqstSi saerTod<br />

araferia moTxrobili maTi pirveli Sexvedris Sesaxeb, Tumca viciT, rom odisevsis saxeli<br />

ician eolosma (saidan icis man es saxeli arc amis Sesaxeb arafers gvamcnobs nawarmoebi),<br />

kirkem (man Tavad icno vaJkaci) da hadesis mkvidrebma (sisxlis dalevis Semdeg, rodesac maT<br />

mexsiereba ubrundebaT). odisevss saxelis gamxela ar sWirdeba sirenebisTvis, skilasa da<br />

qaribdisisTvis da arc kunZul Trinakiaze, sadac mxolod heliosis naxiri binadrobs<br />

(teqstSi maTi mwyemsebi ar Canan kunZulze, Tumca isini arseboben. amis Taobaze kirkem amcno<br />

odisevss kunZul Trinakiaze misvlamde da kunZulidan wamosvlis Semdegac nimfa kalifsom<br />

mouyva, rom odisevsis megzurTa ugvani saqcielis Sesaxeb mama-helioss Tavad lampetem uambo.<br />

lampete ki erT-erTi nimfaa, romelic mwyemsavs mamis naxirs). danarCen or kunZulze,<br />

kiklopTan da feakebTan odisevsi Tavis namdvil saxels sruliad gacnobierebulad malavs _<br />

erT SemTxvevaSi sruliad sxva saxels irqmevs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi saxelis gamJRavnebas<br />

dro dasWirdeba. aseve ar amxels odisevsi saxels iTakaze dabrunebuli, maSinac, rodesac<br />

saxeSecvlili aTena gamoecxadeba, maSinac, rodesac erTgul meRore evmaioss da misTvis<br />

Tavdadebul msaxurebs xvdeba da, raoden ucnauric ar unda iyos, maSinac, rodesac<br />

monatrebul penelopes naxavs. odisevsisTvis bavSvobaSi saxelis Serqmevis ambavs da am<br />

saxelSi Cadebul mniSvnelobas ki mxolod me-19 simReraSi vigebT (homerosi 19. 429-466). ∗<br />

∗ wamoiSalnen sanadirod swrafi ZaRlebi,<br />

avtolikosi SvilebiTurT da odisevsi,<br />

da miaSures mdumare tyiT daburul parnass...<br />

veeba taxi xSir buCqnarSi gawoliliyo,<br />

136

saxelis argamJRavnebis erTi mizezi odisevsis sifrTxilea; yvelanairad gasagebia, rom<br />

mas ar unda, sasiZoebma Seityon misi dabrunebis ambavi. sasiZoebis mzakvrobaSi daeWvebul<br />

gmirs es eWvi frTxils xdis iTakelebTan urTierTobisas. Tumca mas Semdegac, rac odisevsi<br />

Seityobs, rom meRore evmaiosi, amdeni xnis unaxavi meuRle penelope mis gacemas ar<br />

Seecdebian, is mainc ar Ralatobs arCeul taqtikas. qalRmerT aTenas SemTxvevaSi ki saerTod<br />

gaugebaria, ratom cruobs gmiri. aTena Wabuki mwyemsis saxiT ecxadeba Tavis rCeuls. odisevsi<br />

srulebiTac araa mis winaSe valdebuli, angariSi Caabaros sakuTari warmomavlobis Sesaxeb,<br />

miT ufro, rom biografiul cnobebsac sakmaod detalurad hyveba (ra Tqma unda, gamogonils).<br />

yvelaze saintereso ki odisevsis mier kiklopisTvis gamxelili saxelia. ramdenadac<br />

odisevsis monaTxrobidan xdeba CvenTvis (ufro sworad, feakebisTvis, radganac odisevsi<br />

Tavis aTwlian faTerakebiT aRsavse mogzaurobas kunZul sqeriaze feakebs uyveba mefe<br />

alkinoes sasaxleSi) cnobili, odisevsi kiklopebTan lot<strong>of</strong>agebis Semdeg xvdeba. misi<br />

aRweriT, kiklopebi ewevian mesaqonleobas, erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebiT karCeketilni<br />

cxovroben TavianT ojaxebTan erTad da maT ara aqvT kanonebi (bunebrivia, amis Sesaxeb<br />

odisevsma post faktum Seityo, mas Semdeg, rac sakuTar Tavze iwvnia is safrTxe, rac SeiZleba,<br />

adamians gadaxdes qveyanaSi, sadac ar aris kanoni, anu veranairad ver gaaprotesteb im<br />

usamarTlobas, rac SeiZleba Tavs gadagxdes). odisevsis mier imis aRniSvna, rom kiklopebs ara<br />

aqvT kanonebi, dRevandel dRes SemiZlia Sevadaro iseT saxelmwifos, sadac araa ganTavsebuli<br />

Casuli stumris saelCo. bunebrivia, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi mogzaurma Tavis Tavs unda<br />

daabralos nebismieri ram, rac mas Tavs gadaxdeba. Tumca, dRevandel dRes, rodesac<br />

mogzaurobisTvis mxares virCevT, Cven mis Sesaxeb vcdilobT informaciis mopovebas da ar<br />

gavriskavT iseT qveyanaSi wasvlas (rac ar unda gaxsnili savizo reJimi iyos iq), sadac araa<br />

Cveni qveynis konsuli Tu ara, romelime saerTaSoriso organizacia mainc, romelsac<br />

gaWirvebis SemTxvevaSi mivmarTavT. Cvengan gansxvavebiT, odisevsi, romelic Tavisi nebiT ar<br />

irCevs mxareebs gasaCerebel punqtebad, erTi SexedviT ver mixvdeba, ramdenad<br />

samarTlebrivad awyobil qveyanaSi moxvda, miT umetes, rom Tvalis erTi gadavlebiT,<br />

geografiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinare, am mxareSi (sc. kiklopTa kunZuli) yvelaferi<br />

mowesrigebuli Canda. is, rom kiklopebs ar hqondaT kanoni, es odisevsma Seityo ara iqidan,<br />

rom kunZulze Sesabamisi arqiteqtoruli nageboba an saxalxo krebis Casatarebeli moedani<br />

ver aRmoaCina, aramed mxolod mas Semdeg, rac Tavad ganicada sastiki usamarTloba.<br />

rodesac odisevsi megzurebTan erTad kunZulze moxvdeba, isini sakmaod kargad<br />

moinadireben, radgan adgilebi gareuli Txebis simravliT gamoirCeoda. iTakelebs SeuZliaT<br />

maragi Seavson xomaldze da gaecalon kunZuls, magram odisevsi interess gamoiCens da erTi<br />

xomaldiT ramdenime amxanagTan erTad meore kunZulze ∗ gadava, iq, sadac kiklopebi<br />

binadroben. ai, swored am kunZulze daxvdeba mas kiklopi polifemosis gamoqvabuli. odisevsi,<br />

rbilad rom vTqvaT, cudad iqceva daupatiJebeli stumris rolSi. mosulebi ara marto<br />

kiklopis momzadebul yvels daagemovneben, aramed karga blomadac aiReben maragidan da<br />

xomaldze wasaRebadac gaamzadeben. amis Semdeg odisevsi megobrebs auxirdeba, rom maspinZlis<br />

naxva swadia. rogor ar emudarebian mxleblebi, gaecalon gamoqvabuls, magram jiuti iTakeli<br />

Tavisas ar iSlis da elodeba polifemosis dabrunebas. aqve SevniSnav, rom odisevss ara marto<br />

imis interesi aqvs, naxos is arseba, visi sacxovrebelic daarbia an madloba mainc gadauxados,<br />

rom mis naxelavs gemo gausinjes, aramed maspinZlisgan dasaCuqrebas elis da amas pirdapir,<br />

yovelgvari zedmeti mikib-mokibvis gareSe aRniSnavs. arada, saxlSi mobrunebul kiklops<br />

ratom unda gaexardes damrbevebis danaxva, Tanac ise Zalian, rom maTi dasaCuqrebac ki<br />

moundes, cota gaugebaria.<br />

male polifemosic dabrundeba. ∗∗ Tavdapirvelad igi arc ise Zalian ganrisxdeba<br />

daupatiJebeli ucxoebis danaxvaze, magram, rogorc ki odisevsi miuTiTebs mas, Tu rogor<br />

unda moeqces zevsisgan movlenil stumrebs zustad daicvas ra stumarTmoyvareobis wesebi,<br />

mas verc Zlieri qaris qrolva Seawuxebda,<br />

verc mzis sxivebi Caswvdeboda mcxunvare, mwveli,<br />

verc wvimis wveTi SeakrTobda im xSir buCqnarSi.<br />

da ra moesma kacis xma da ZaRlebis yefa,<br />

ze wamoiWra, gamovarda TavSesafridan.<br />

win gadaudga odisevsi dauyovnebliv<br />

da grZeli Subi moimarjva mis gasagmirad,<br />

magram daaswro imas taxma, fexSi eZgera<br />

da basri eSviT gamoglija xorci muxls zemoT...<br />

∗ aqve SevniSnav, rom homerosi kunZuls xmarobs ara mxolod im gagebiT, ra mniSvnelobasac Cven vdebT dRes am<br />

sityvaSi. kunZuls homerosi uwodebs naxevarkunZulsac da im teritoriasac, romelic nawilobriv mainc aris<br />

SemosazRvruli wyliT.<br />

∗∗ am epizodSi Zalian kargad ixsneba polifemosis mowesrigebuli xasiaTi, jer erTi, gamoqvabulSi mas<br />

yvelaferi idealur wesrigSi aqvs: winaswar gamzadebuli mowvelili rZis Sesanaxi WurWeli, SratCasxmuli<br />

varclebi yvelis amosayvanad, mownuli kalaTebi produqtis Sesanaxad; mis saqonelsac adgilebi<br />

gansazRvruli wesiTa aqvs miCenili, mozrdilni calke, nagvianevni calke, sul axlad mogebulebi, romlebic<br />

jer kidev jiqans ar moSorebian, dedebTan erTad.<br />

137

kiklopis moTminebis fiala aivseba, erT mgzavrs dastacebs xels da gadasanslavs, Tanac ise,<br />

rom misgan Zvlebsac ki ar datovebs. zogierTi mkvlevari varaudobs, rom manamde kiklopi ar<br />

y<strong>of</strong>ila kanibali, piriqiT, cxovrebis wesidan gamomdinare, is mxolod rZis produqtebs<br />

miirTmevs. ∗ maS, ratom arRvevs Cveul racions da ratom sanslavs es ucnauri arseba adamians?<br />

dameTanxmebiT, rom aseTi uecari gaxeleba erTi frazis gamo (SegaxsenebT, rom odisevsi<br />

kiklops miuTiTebs, Tu rogor unda moiqces igi stumarmaspinZlobis wesebis Sesabamisad) da<br />

Tanac am uecari gaxelebis amgvari formiT gamoxatva, nametania. kiklops SeeZlo Tavisi<br />

fizikuri upiratesobis damtkiceba gadasansvlasTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro humanuri gziT<br />

da am meTodiT mosulTaTvis Wkuis swavleba. magram, ara! kiklopi gamaognebel da<br />

araadekvatur gzas irCevs, miT ufro, Tuki igi manamde xorcs ar miirTmevda. maS rasTan gvaqvs<br />

saqme, riT SeiZleba calTvalas gamarTleba? egeb kiklopi mosulebis yvelanair kvals Slis?<br />

oden mokvliT an waxemsebis Semdeg darCeba Zvlebi. Zvlebis datoveba ki bunebrivad<br />

gulisxmobs momavalSi saflavis gaCenasac. saflavis arsebobam ki raRac drois Semdeg<br />

saZebnelad (da saflavis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli, savaldebulo ritualebis<br />

Sesasruleblad) wamosuli naTesavis gamoCenac SeiZleba gamoiwvios, mxareSi ki aSkarad ar<br />

uyvarT mosulebi da polifemossac ar unda, rom mosulebs momavalSi `kudebi~ mohyvnen.<br />

detalebs aRar CavuRrmavdeT da isev odisevsis mier saxelis gamxelis faqts<br />

mivubrundeT. gacnobis meore dRes, mxolod mas Semdeg, rac kiklopi SeWams ramdenime mgzavrs,<br />

daagemovnebs odisevsis mirTmeul Rvinos da moiwonebs sasmels, maspinZeli dainteresdeba<br />

stumris (Tanac mxolod winamZRolis saxeliT). odisevsi kiklops etyvis gamogonil saxels,<br />

romelic berZnulad aris `utis~. es sityva berZnuli enidan qarTulad iTargmneba rogorc<br />

`aravin~. Zalian ucnauria, odisevss, maSin rodesac amgvar gamogonil saxels eubneboda<br />

kiklops, ganesazRvra, rom es fsevdonimi ase gamoadgeboda SemdgomSi. mas Semdeg, rac igi<br />

polifemoss amouSanTavs erTaderT Tvals, aRrialebul kiklopTan SeSfoTebuli mezoblebi<br />

mocvivdebian da SekiTxvaze, vin awyenina, miiReben uwyinar pasuxs. pasuxi aris odisevsis<br />

mogonili saxeli, anu tkivilisgan gamwarebuli dabrmavebuli kiklopi dasaxmareblad mosul<br />

mezoblebs pasuxobs, rom mas awyenina aravin. Tavisi sazrianobiT gamarjvebuli odisevsi<br />

xarobs gulSi, magram am sixaruls ukve xmamaRla gamoxatavs mas Semdeg, rac kiklopis<br />

gamoqvabuls Tavs bolomde daaRwevs: gemze asuli ukanasknel Zal-Rones moikrebs da siamayis<br />

grZnobiT aRvsili gasZaxebs (Tanac icis, rom am SeZaxilma, SeiZleba gaSmagebuli polifemosis<br />

nasrol lodebs ver gadaarCinos), rom misi saxeli odisevsia da ara utisi (e. i. aravin) da misma<br />

moxerxebulobam daajabnina mZlavri kiklopi. odisevsis es moqmedeba kargad gvaCvenebs im<br />

veeberTela siamovnebas, romelic saxelis gamarTlebas ukavSirdeba. odisevss rom Seercxvina<br />

sakuTari saxeli, ver daemtkicebina is Tvisebebi, rac am saxelis mqone gmiris mTavari<br />

maxasiaTebelia, veWvob, rom mas saerTod mondomeboda saxelis gamxela.<br />

axla ganvmartoT, Tu rogor ixsneba odisevsis epizoduri fsevdonimi. es sityva<br />

ornawiliania, `u~ da `tis~, sadac `u~ aris uary<strong>of</strong>is gamomxatveli nawilaki, xolo `tis~<br />

nacvalsaxelia (zustad asevea qarTulSi, sadac sityva `aravin~ ori nawilisgan Sedgeba,<br />

nawilakisa da nacvalsaxelisgan). Tuki gavixsenebT, rom berZnul enaSi uary<strong>of</strong>iTi nawilaki usTan<br />

erTad aris me-c (iseve rogorc qarTulSi `nu~) da sityva `utisSi~ am u-s me-s<br />

CavanacvlebT, miviRebT sityva “metiss”, rac qarTulad gadmoiTargmneba rogorc `nuravin~.<br />

Tumca imavdroulad, Tuki am sityvas mTavruli asoTi davwerT, saxelis warmoTqmisas ki<br />

gansxvaveba araa, pirveli aso mTavruliT iwereba Tu ara, miviRebT miniSnebas erT-erT<br />

∗ cxadia, rom odisevsi kiklopis sacxovrebelSi naxulobs mxolod rZis produqts. mas Semdegac, rac kiklopi Sin<br />

dabrundeba, igi gamowvelis cxovelebs, gaamzadebs yvels, nawils Seinaxavs da danarCens vaxSmisaTvis<br />

gadadebs. ai, sul es aris rasac teqstidan kiklopis menius Sesaxeb vigebT. Sesabamisad, Cven ar SegviZlia imis<br />

Tqma gadaWriT, kidev ris mirTmevas apirebda vaxSamze es ucnauri arseba. amdenad, iyo Tu ara kiklopi<br />

kaciWamia manamde da saerTod arian Tu ara kiklopebi kaciWamiebi, Cven ar viciT, iseve, rogorc es ar icis<br />

manamde (sc. megobris gadasansvlamde) odisevsma. radgan am ambis moyolisas, odisevsi ar aRniSnavs, Tu rogor<br />

SeSinda an is an misi romelime megobari mas Semdeg, rac mixvdnen, rom Tavi kiklopis gamoqvabulSi amoyves.<br />

Tanac aqve isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom odisevsi aranair bunebriv gaocebas ar gamoxatavs im faqtiT, rom aseTi<br />

ucnauri garegnobis maspinZels Sexvda (misTvis saocari is ufroa, rom kiklopi mTasaviT axovania), TiTqos es<br />

iseTive Cveulebrivi ambavi iyos, rogorc qeraTmianebis an paWuacxvirian adamianTa qveyanaSi moxvedra. arada,<br />

udavoa, rom odisevssac da mis megzurebsac pirvel rigSi es unda gaukvirdeT. es kiklopi namdvilad<br />

miTologiuri kiklopia Tu mxolod calTvala arseba, Cven ver vxvdebiT. radganac miTologiurad kiklopebis<br />

geneologia da polifemosis warmomavloba erTmaneTs ar Seesatyviseba. aq kiklopi poseidonis Svilia, xolo<br />

sxva wyaroebSi kiklopebis gaCena TiTqmis samyaros Seqmnis Tanadroulia. arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom<br />

samyaros Seqmnis dasawyisSi gaCenili kiklopi samia da maTi saxelebic cnobilia. isini arafriT gansxvavdebian<br />

RmerTebisgan, mxolod erTi didi mrgvali Tvali aqvT Sublze, ris mixedviTac warmodgeba maTi saxeli.<br />

ai, aseTia sqema (Sedgenilia hesiodes `Teogoniis~ mixedviT, romelic kiklopebis gaCenas ukavSirdeba:<br />

gea ↔ uranosi<br />

↓<br />

brontesi steropesi argesi<br />

138

RvTaebaze. metisi ∗ zevsis Tavidan Sobili qalRmerT aTenas deda iyo, romelic gonierebisa da<br />

sazrianobis nimuSs warmoadgenda da swored dedis mxridan amgvari naTesaobis gamo iyo, rom<br />

momdevno saukuneebSi qalRmerT aTenasa da mamamis zevsis Sesaxeb berZnebi xSirad xumrobdnen<br />

kidec, rom erTaderTi naTeli azri, romelic zevsis Tavidan iSva, aTena iyo.<br />

bolo punqti, sadac odisevsi iZulebiT SeCerdeba iTakaSi Casvlamde, sqeriaa. aq feakebi<br />

saxloben da maTi cxovrebis wesi naosnobaa, Zalian swraflmavali xomaldebi hyavT da,<br />

rogorc Cans, teqnikis sxva miRwevebsac icnoben (magaliTad, maTi mefis sasaxles meqanikuri<br />

ZaRlebi (robotebi?) icaven, romlebic hefestos naxelavia). am kunZulze stumari ar uyvarT,<br />

magram odisevss sakmaod kargad Sexvdebian. stumari feakebs Tavis saxels ar umxels.<br />

SesaZloa, igi frTxilobs, radgan ar icis, ra kunZulze moaxvedra bedma. xom SeiZleba, aq<br />

troelTa mokavSireebi binadroben da ar gaexardeT troas damaqcevlis miReba? magram<br />

odisevsi Tavis saxels arc mas Semdeg amxels, rac gaigebs, rom feakebi usmenen aeds, romelic<br />

troas dangrevis sagmiro ambebs umReris, e. i. aq simpatia unda hqondeT berZnebis mimarT. da<br />

ai, mxolod maSin (da es `maSin~ mesame dRes dadgeba), rodesac odisevsi sabolood<br />

darwmundeba, rom amarTlebs Tavis saxels (sc. gmiris saxels), igi amJRavnebs, rom odisevsia da<br />

Tavisi Tavgadasavlis moTxrobas iwyebs. es Tavgadasavali, ra Tqma unda, msmenels ise<br />

miewodeba, rom odisevsi Seudarebeli gmiri aRmoCndes, Torem unda SevniSnoT, rom<br />

dakvirvebuli Tvali am monaTxrobSi Zalian bevr tyuilsa da Seusabamobas aRmoaCens. amis<br />

aRmoCena feakebs ar SeuZliaT gasagebi mizezebis gamo, isini xom monaTxrobs erTxel ismenen<br />

da sruliad moxiblulni arian odisevsis oratoruli niWiTa da lamazad moyolis unariT.<br />

rogorc davrwmundiT, odisevsi saxels malavs araerTxel. mainc raSi sWirdeboda<br />

odisevss saxelis damalva amdenjer? albaT, imitom, rom saxels mopoveba da Semdeg am<br />

mopovebul saxels gamarTleba unda. sanam odisevsi bolomde ar rwmundeba, rom igi Rirsia,<br />

Tqvas Tavisi saxeli, imsaxurebs am saxels da ar arcxvens, manamde ar amxels vinaobas. mxolod<br />

mas Semdeg, rac, misi azriT, yvela winapirobaa Seqmnili imisTvis, rom sakuTari saxeli<br />

`odisevsi~ ar Sercxves, am saxelis patroni aRiarebs, rom Tavadaa odisevsi.<br />

meore xazi, rac `odiseas~ teqstSi SeiniSneba, esaa mamis saxelis gamarTleba. teqstSi<br />

telemaqosis iTakidan gamgzavreba TiTqos sruliad gaumarTlebelia. raSi dasWirda aTwliani<br />

lodinis Semdeg odisevsis vaJs am mgzavrobis wamowyeba? magram ukve dasawyisSi RmerTebis<br />

saubridan irkveva, rom orestem, agamemnonis Zem, Suri iZia mamis mkvlelobis gamo. aseve<br />

orestes saqciels ixseneben gmirebi nestorTan saubarSic. cxadi xdeba, rom orestem mamis<br />

saxeli gaamarTla, rasac jer ver vityviT telemaqosze. telemaqoss isic ver daudgenia,<br />

namdvilad odisevsis Svilia, Tu _ ara. aba, ras unda niSnavdes misi pasuxi aTenasadmi,<br />

rodesac is ambobs, rom, rogorc mas deda eubneba, is odisevsis vaJi unda iyos, sxva utyuari<br />

sabuTi ki ar arsebobs.<br />

aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania elenes mier telemaqosis cnobis epizodi. mas Semdeg, rac<br />

spartaSi menelaosTan Casuli telemaqosi sasaxleSi Sexvdeba Zlevamosil atrids, mas<br />

ekiTxebian saxels da warmomavlobas. is-is iyo, telemaqosma daapira Tavisi vinaobis gamxela,<br />

rom darbazSi mSvenieri elene Semodis. igi dainteresdeba mosulTa vinaobiT da, sanam pasuxs<br />

moismendes, aRniSnavs, rom stumari mas telemaqoss axsenebs (homerosi 1979: 4. 143-144). ∗∗ es ki,<br />

anu elenes mier telemaqosis cnoba, aris imdenad ucnauri ram, rom absurdulic ki SemiZlia<br />

vuwodo. aba, saidan unda gaaxsenos stumris garegnobam elenes telemaqosi, rodesac mas, romc<br />

hyoloda adre Wabuki nanaxi, telemaqosi ToTo bavSvi Tu iqneboda. ver SemewinaaRmdegebiT,<br />

rom namdvilad sasaciloa, ocwliani pauzis Semdeg vinmes amocnoba, miT ufro, rom es oci<br />

weli ToTo bavSvs sagrZnoblad Secvlida. magram elenes mier telemaqosis amocnoba,<br />

Sesabamisad menelaosis da manamde nestoris mier telemaqosis aRiareba odisevsis vaJad<br />

(homerosi 1979: 3. 122-123), ∗∗∗ teqstSi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia. Tanac, Tuki imasac<br />

gavixsenebT, rom manamde telemaqoss seriozulad aravin aRiqvams (homerosi 1979: 1. 270, 323-<br />

325), ∗∗∗∗ TviT penelopec, mSobeli dedac ki. maS, ras unda niSnavdes penelopes gaoceba,<br />

rodesac telemaqosma pirvelad gabeda da SeewinaaRmdega dedas, rodesac man momRerlebs<br />

∗<br />

metisi okeanosisa da Tetisis asulia. igi zevsis pirveli coli iyo. man daumzada zevss is jadosnuri nayeni,<br />

romlis dalevis Semdegac kronosma ukan amoiRo gadaylapuli Svilebi, zevsis da-Zmani. magram uzenaesi<br />

RmerTis pirveli qorwineba ar aRmoCnda xangrZlivi. vinaidan am qorwinebis Sedegad panTeons mxolod dedis<br />

msgavsi gonieri RmerTebi Seemateboda, xolo erTi vaJiSvili mamaze aRmatebulic ki gaxdeboda da Sesabamisad<br />

mis adgilsac daikavebda, zevss urCies, coli Tavidan moeSorebina. da radgan zevss winaparTa xvedris<br />

gaziareba ar surda, ar undoda, rom TaobaTa brZolaSi misTvis Svils eZlia, orsulad my<strong>of</strong>i meuRle<br />

gadaylapa da amiT erTgvarad mainc daemsgavsa winapars.<br />

∗∗<br />

saxelovani odisevsis Svils esden hgavs,<br />

yrma telemaqes, Sin rom darCa axladSobili.<br />

∗∗∗<br />

namdvilad Svili unda iyo im kargi mamis,<br />

ramdens giyureb, kidev ufro metad vrwmundebi.<br />

∗∗∗∗<br />

gzas xifaTians igi marto xom ver moivlis;<br />

...mas dascinodnen da hkilavdnen dauzogavad...<br />

139

dedis sawinaaRmdegod simReris gagrZeleba mosTxova (homerosi 1979: 1. 346-361). ∗ an ras unda<br />

niSnavdes iTakeli xalxis is gaoceba (da, SesaZloa, sixarulic), rodesac ocwliani Sesvenebis<br />

Semdeg telemaqosi aTenas STagonebiT gabedavs da krebas moiwvevs. am krebis Taobaze, ver<br />

vityviT, rom is warmatebuli aRmoCnda telemaqosisTvis, Tumca erTi funqcia ki Seasrula:<br />

telemaqosma pirvelad ganacxada (ra Tqma unda, ara Riad), rom igia sruluflebiani memkvidre<br />

da, Sesabamisad, mamis saxelsac veravin Seecileba(homerosi 1979: 2. 10-145).<br />

amdenad, rogorc mokle mimoxilvidan vnaxeT, homerosis `odiseaSi~ mniSvnelovania ara<br />

marto sakuTari saxelis, aramed mamis saxelis mopovebac. da amis ganxorcieleba, rac TiTqos<br />

aranair problemasTan ar unda iyos dakavSirebuli, arc ise advilia. odisevsi mudmivad<br />

frTxilia Tavisi saxelis gamJRavnebisas; telemaqosis SemTxvevaSi ki, saxeli cnobilia,<br />

mosapovebeli araferi ar aris, magram sirTules warmoadgens mamis saxelis SenarCuneba.<br />

marto dedis naTqvami, rom mama aris odisevsi, aSkarad ar kmara. mamis megobrebi ki swored<br />

isini arian, visac amis dadasturebac da uary<strong>of</strong>ac SeuZliaT.<br />

da bolos, sanam vityode, Tu risTvis damWirda mkiTxvelisTvis yovelive amis Sexseneba,<br />

Sevexebi erT, Cemi azriT, umniSvnelovanes moments.<br />

teqstSi odisevsis monaTxrobidan vigebT, rom igi ewvia iseT regionebs, sadac heliosis,<br />

mzis kulti arsebobda. aseTia pirvel rigSi kirkes kunZuli aiaia. vrcel epizodSi, Tumca<br />

pirdapir araferia naTqvami kunZulze kultis arsebobaze, magram CvenTvis cnobili xdeba,<br />

rom kirke aris heliosis asuli da, Sesabamisad, am kunZulze gabatonebuli iqneboda<br />

solaruli kulti (am sakiTxze vrclad vsaubrob statiaSi `sad cxovrobda kirke~,<br />

`literaturuli Ziebani~, 2006). Tanac, meTormete simRera iwyeba kunZulis aRweriT, saidanac<br />

cxadi xdeba, rom aq eoss aqvs bina da heliosis sacekvaoc y<strong>of</strong>ila.<br />

aseve solaruli kultis niSnebs vxedav kunZul sqeriaze, naosnobaSi daxelovnebuli<br />

feakebis kunZulze. aq, Tumca arsad ar aris saubari mzis Tayvaniscemaze, magram alkinoes<br />

baRebis aRwera Zalian waagavs heliosis baRebs (sxva eTnokulturul tradiciebSi swored<br />

amgvaria mzis RvTaebis baRebi). esaa saocari baRi, sadac xexili ucnauri TanmimdevrobiT<br />

isxams nay<strong>of</strong>s: maSin, rodesac erTi jiSis xea daxunZluli, meore yvavilobs, xolo mesame ki<br />

ileva. aseve solaruli kultis naSTebs vxedav am kunZulze arsebul TamaSebSic. odisevss<br />

maspinZlebi burTiT Sesrulebul cekvas uCveneben, romelic mosdevs Sesabamis himns. es himni<br />

mogviTxrobs heliosze, romelsac, sxva RmerTebisgan gansxvavebiT, verafers gamoapareben<br />

verc mokvdavebi da verc ukvdavebi. burTi ki, romelsac TamaSis dros iyeneben, mewamulia da,<br />

Cemi varaudiT, mzes waagavs da ukavSirdeba kidec (is faqti, rom kulti TamaSSi gadavida, eWvs<br />

ar iwvevs da amis Sesaxeb vrclad vmsjelob sxvadasxva statiaSi).<br />

mesame da yvelaze mniSvnelovani kunZuli, romelic helioss ukavSirdeba, Trinakiaa. aq<br />

binadrobs heliosis naxiri. miuxedavad umkacresi gafrTxilebisa, rom xeli ar axlon naxirs,<br />

odisevsis megobrebi yurad ar iReben gafrTxilebas da Wamen maT mier moklul saqonels. amis<br />

gamo isini isjebian, vercerTi maTgani sikvdils ver gadaurCeba. Tumca, sanam heliosis naxiris<br />

amoxocvas daiwyeben, odisevsis Tanamgzavrebi pirobas iZlevian, rom samSobloSi dabrunebis<br />

Semdeg RmerTs taZars augeben. bunebrivia, am danapirebs ver aasrulebdnen, radgan arcerTi<br />

maTgani cocxali ar gadarCenila. magram cocxali gadarCa odisevsi. mas `vali~ hqonda<br />

heliosis, iseve rogorc masze gamexebuli poseidonis.<br />

sainteresoa da, albaT, arcTu ise umniSvnelo, rom nawarmoebis dasawyisSi jer heliosis<br />

ganawyenebazea saubari, xolo Semdeg poseidonis mrisxanebaze (homerosi 1979: 1. 7-8; 20-21).<br />

sainteresoa, ratom aviwydeba amis Sesaxeb odisevss da samSobloSi dabrunebuli ar fiqrobs<br />

heliosisTvis araTu taZris agebaze, aramed msxverplis Sewirvaze mainc. poseidonis<br />

pativiscema imiT gamoixateba, rom, rogorc ki mSobliur mxareSi areul saqmebs moagvarebs,<br />

daibrunebs Zalauflebas, unda gaemarTos Soreul mxareSi misiiT da wertili dausvas<br />

poseidonis mrisxanebas: iq, sadac zRvis niCabi ar unaxavT, xalxs amcnos am RmerTis arsebobisa<br />

da Zlevamosilebis Sesaxeb, msxverpli Seswiros zRvis RmerTs da sabolood moilmobieros.<br />

∗ Zvirfaso deda, ratom uSli am tkbil momRerals<br />

imReros, raic mis guls unda, gana amaSi<br />

damnaSavea is, maRalma zevsma STahbera<br />

adamianebs utkbilesi galobis niWi.<br />

maS, xels nu uSli danaelTa dabrunebaze<br />

imReros, xalxic mas adidebs, vinac sevdian<br />

galobiT kacTa smenas amod moajadoebs,<br />

guli da suli ganimtkice mis mosasmenad,<br />

odisevss garda troas omSi my<strong>of</strong> vaJkacTagan<br />

mravali sxvac xom daiRupa, veRar dabrunda?<br />

sjobs Sens oTaxSi Sexvide da mixedo saqmes,<br />

sarTav-saqsovsa, Tanac mxevlebs maTi saferi<br />

xelsaqme miec. laparaki kacs ufro Svenis,<br />

me, vin vbrZaneblob ama WerqveS, momande ega.<br />

140

atom iviwyebs odisevsi helioss, ratom ar miiCnevs mas imdenad Zlevamosil RmerTad,<br />

rom saWirod cnos misTvisac saTanado pativis migeba? arada, TiTqos sxvadasxva regionebSi<br />

mogzaurobisas igi unda darwmunebuliyo am RmerTis siZliereSi.<br />

ai, aq minda, gavixseno saxelisa da mamis saxelis Ziebis mniSvnelovani faqti, romelzedac<br />

manamde mqonda saubari. ramdenadac viciT, heliosi berZnuli panTeonis RmerTebis pirvel<br />

Taobas ganekuTvneba. esaa e. w. usaxelo (termini Cemia) RmerTebis Taoba. am Taobis RmerTebs<br />

sakuTari saxeli ar gaaCniaT, uranosi patara asoTi caa, mTavruliT ki RmerTi, gea patara<br />

asoTi dedamiwaa, mTavruliT ki qalRmerTi. asevea heliosic, igi erTdroulad sagansac<br />

aRniSnavs da sakuTari saxelicaa. meore Taobis RmerTebs ukve sakuTari saxelebi gaaCniaT da<br />

amiTac gamoirCevian wina Taobis RmerTebisagan. ai, mesame Taobis RmerTebs, romelTa rigSic<br />

aris poseidoni, ukve sakuTar saxelTan erTad mamis saxelic aqvT.<br />

egeb sakuTari saxelisa da mamis saxelis arqonis gamoa, rom helioss odisevsi jerovan<br />

pativs ar miagebs. egeb berZenisaTvis saxelica da mamis saxelic imdenad bevrs niSnavda, rom<br />

maTi RmerTebis panTeoni orjer icvleba, iqamde, sanam ar daemkvidrnen RmerTebi, romelTac<br />

TavianT sakuTar saxelTan erTad mamis sakuTari saxelic hqondaT.<br />

amdenad, homerosis `odiseas~ detaluri kvleva cxady<strong>of</strong>s, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

odisevsi mogzaurobis dros araerTxel darwmunda mzis, rogorc RvTaebis siZliereSi, naxa<br />

bevri iseTi qveyana, sadac mzes saTanado pativs miagebdnen, man samSobloSi CamosvlisTanave<br />

`daiviwya~ es RvTaeba. sanam am sakiTxs gavarkvevdi, piradad me, ramdenjerac wavikiTxavdi<br />

poemas, sul mqonda imis molodini, rom iTakaSi mravalnaxul odisevss axali kulti unda<br />

Caetana. imis nacvlad, rom odisevss araTu kulti daearsebina, aramed msxverpli mainc Seewira<br />

heliosisaTvis, mas saerTodac ar gaxsenebia is vali, rac aucileblad unda gadaexada<br />

samSobloSi dabrunebuls.<br />

homerosis poemebSi yvela kiTxvas pasuxi moeZebneba, yvela sakiTxi gadawyvetilia da<br />

avtori arafers ar tovebs Rias. am TvalsazrisiT, TiTqos amovardnaa is faqti, rom dasawyisSi<br />

naxsenebi heliosis gawyroma boloSi araa molmobierebuli. magram, Cemi azriT, poeti am<br />

kiTxvas pasuxs scems mTeli poemis manZilze, mxolod es pasuxi araa pirdapir gacemuli, igi<br />

mTel poemaSi sxvadasxva saxiTaa gabneuli. da es pasuxi heliosis warmomavlobaSi unda<br />

veZeboT.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

berZnuli miTebis samyaro 1998: berZnuli miTebis samyaro. didi zeciuri RmerTebi. Txroba n.<br />

toniasi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `logosi~, 1998.<br />

ebelingi 1885: Ebeling H. Lexicon Homericum. Leipzig: in edibus B. G. Teubneri, 1885.<br />

roSeri 1884-1937: Roscher W. H. Ausfuhrliches Lexicon der Griechischen und Romischen Mythologie. Leipzig, 1884-<br />

1937.<br />

homerosi 1884: Homer, Odyssey. with introduction, notes, etc. by W. W. Merry, Oxford: 1958-1961.<br />

homerosi 1979: homerosi. odisea. Targmani p. beriZisa. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,<br />

1979.<br />

Proper Name, Patronymic and Rejection <strong>of</strong> the Cult <strong>of</strong> Helios<br />

(Remnants <strong>of</strong> the Solar Cult in Homer`s “Odyssey”)<br />

Summary<br />

Nestan Ratiani<br />

The careful research <strong>of</strong> Homer`s “Odyssey” makes clear that even after understanding the power <strong>of</strong> the<br />

Helios by Odysseus during his trip, even after seeing many countries where the God-Helios was worshiped, he<br />

(sc. Odysseus) forgets this deity as soon as he returns to his motherland. Reading the poem I always had the<br />

feeling that in the end <strong>of</strong> his trip, after successful return, the main character, at least, would make sacrifices to the<br />

God-Helios. But Odysseus never remembers his promises to this God and never does the sacrifice. Why does it<br />

happen so? It seems to me, that the answer is dispersed through the whole poem and its research we should start<br />

only after researching the genealogy <strong>of</strong> the God-Helios. I hypothesize, that Helios cannot be really respected by<br />

Odysseus, as the God has not his own proper name. The word “Helios” can be translated from Greek as “the<br />

Sun” and at the same time it is the proper name <strong>of</strong> the God. The same problem appears while speaking about the<br />

whole generation <strong>of</strong> the gods (the first generation) who are created together with Helios. The third generation <strong>of</strong><br />

the Gods have not only their proper names but they also have parents, who have their proper names too. This<br />

generation (the third generation) <strong>of</strong> the gods could become the most respectful among all the other gods from the<br />

Greek pantheon.<br />

141

kidev erTxel `nacarqeqias~ Sesaxeb<br />

dalila bedianiZe<br />

`nacarqeqia~ popularuli <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri say<strong>of</strong>acxovrebo zRaparia. popularulia<br />

igi ara mxolod qarTul folklorSi, aramed sxva qveynebis xalxTa folklorSiac. misi<br />

tipologiuri paralelebi gvxvdeba adiReur, Turqul, ubixur, rusul, tajikur zRaprebs<br />

Soris. am sakiTxs Cven mivuZRveniT specialuri werili `nacarqeqia~ (tipologiuri<br />

paralelebi)~. (bedianiZe 2006: 4) amjerad Cveni yuradReba SevaCereT `nacarqeqias~ im<br />

tipologiur paralelebze, romelTac cnobili qarTveli folkloristi m. Ciqovani asaxelebs<br />

Tavis naSromSi `gonebis Zala~. (Ciqovani 1979:9) es aris afxazuri `TaWkumi~, osuri `nacarqeqia<br />

asagi~, somxuri `guladi nazari~, balyarul-yaraCauli `rogor aRmoCnda biWi goliaTebze<br />

gonieri~, Cerqezuli `sacodavi mawanwala erTi dartymiT aTasze mets klavs~, germanuli<br />

`guladi mkervali~, adiReuri `qaCali da goliaTebi~ («Куйжий и великаны») da kidev CeCnuri<br />

varianti, romlis Seswavlsac momavlisaTvis vapirebT.<br />

m. Ciqovanisgan damoukideblad, Cven mivediT igive daskvnamde, rodesac gavecaniT<br />

adiReur zRapars `qaCali da goliaTebi~ («Куйжий и великаны») da am sakiTxs SevexeT Cvens<br />

zemoxsenebul naSromSi, amitom aq adiReur zRaparTan `nacarqeqias~ msgavsebaze aRar<br />

vimsjelebT. amdenad, qarTul `nacarqeqiasTan~ Sesadareblad Cven aq gvrCeba afxazuri, osuri,<br />

somxuri, balyarul-yaraCauli da Cerqezuli zRaprebi, romelTa Sesaxebac m. Ciqovani wers,<br />

rom isini `nacarqeqias~ tipologiur paralelebs warmoadgenen, ganixilavs ra maT Zmebi<br />

grimebis mier gamoqveynebul zRapar `gulad mkervalTan~ mimarTebaSi. igi mxolod asaxelebs<br />

msgavsebis faqts da zRaprebis Sedarebas ar gvaZlevs (rogorc Cans, es sakiTxi mas saTanadod<br />

ar ukvlevia, garda `gulad mkervalTan~ Sedarebisa). amdenad, Cven saSualeba mogveca,<br />

Cagvetarebina kvleva-Sedareba dasaxelebul zRaprebs Soris.<br />

`nacarqeqias~ personam literaturaSic iCina Tavi _ mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs polikarpe<br />

kakabaZis piesa `yvaryvare TuTaberi~ da somexi mwerlis derenik demirWianis piesa `guladi<br />

nazari~, romelic somxuri xalxuri zRapris `guladi nazaris~ mixedviT aris Seqmnili. es orive<br />

piesa dawerilia gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, mZafri politikuri kataklizmebis dros da<br />

Sesabamisad mTavari personaJis saxes politikuri elferi dahkravs. rogor aqcia<br />

SemTxveviTobam nacarqeqia gmirad, somxur zRaprebSi mefedac ki dawvrilebiT aris naCvenebi<br />

orive zemoxsenebul piesaSi. (kakabaZe 1959: 5; demirWiani 1940: 15)<br />

m. Ciqovani orientirad iRebs Zmebi grimebis mier gamoqveynebul zRapars `guladi<br />

mkervali~ (grimebi 1949:14) adarebs ra mas `nacarqeqias~, igi wers: `germanul-<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

siuJeturi Sexvedrebidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT Semdegi: a) orive zRapris gmiri fizikurad<br />

sustia da mSiSara; b. orives brZola uxdeba bumberazTan, devTan, saSineli fizikuri Zalis<br />

gansaxierebasTan; g) orives yveli miaqvs sagzlad; d) Ronieris da uRonos Sejibris piroba<br />

Zalis kults emyareba; e) germanuli zRapris goliaTi qvas wyals gamoadens, TerZi ki<br />

nacarqeqiasaviT yvelis naWers wuravs~ (Ciqovani 1979: 87). mixeil Ciqovanis mier zemoT<br />

CamoTvlili msgavsebis faqtebidan yvelaze realuri aris b) da e) punqtebi, romelnic Zneli<br />

saTqmelia, rogor moxvdnen germanuli zRapris konteqstSi. sxvafriv `guladi mkervali~ ufro<br />

met msgavsebas iCens ara qarTul `nacarqeqiasTan~, aramed qarTul zRaprebTan `mZleTamZle~,<br />

`me gaxlavar sasia, movkali asia~, `fasias zRapari~ da azerbaijanuli `usTajan ahmedTan~.<br />

rogorc Cvens mier Catarebulma kvlevam gviCvena, <strong>qarTuli</strong> `nacarqeqia~ calke dgas zRaprebis<br />

im jgufTan, romelnic metad mkrTal naTesaobas amJRavneben masTan da mas saerTaSoriso<br />

siuJetebis katalogSi calke nomeri ekuTvnis, ara is, romelic aqvs (AA _ 1060, 1049, 11155,<br />

1640 da sxva).<br />

rac Seexeba Cvens mier Sedarebul zRaprebs, `nacarqeqiasTan~ metad axlos dgas ara<br />

osuri `nacarqeqia asagi~, aramed osuri zRapari `nacarqeqia~. somxuri `guladi nazari~<br />

zemoxsenebul germanul zRapars mihyveba. `nacarqeqiasTan~ ufro axlos dgas afxazuri<br />

zRapari `TaWkumi~, aseve _ balyarul-yaraCauli zRapari `rogor aRmoCnda biWi goliaTebze<br />

gonieri~, xolo Cerqezuli zRapari `sacodavi mawanwala erTi dartymiT aTasze mets klavs~<br />

kvlav `gulad mkervals~ uaxlovdeba da Sesabamisad _ <strong>qarTuli</strong> `mZleTamZles~ tipis<br />

zRaprebTan dgas axlos.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, Sedarebisas Tavi iCina zRaprebis orma tipma: 1. `nacarqeqias~ adiReur,<br />

Turqul da tajikur variantebTan axlos mdgomi zRaprebi da II. `guladi mkervalis~ tipis<br />

zRaprebi. ganvixiloT jer pirveli tipis zRaprebi. daviwyoT osuri `nacarqeqiaTi~:<br />

iyo erTi nacarqeqia. saxlidan gareT ar gadioda. misma orma colma moilaparaka da is<br />

saxlidan gaagdo. nacarqeqiam colebs Wyinti yveli da sadgisi gamoarTva da gzas gaudga. gzad<br />

wyalgaRma devi dainaxa. devma qva aiRo, xeli moWira da wyali gaadina. nacarqeqiam Wyint yvels<br />

gaadina Srati. devs yveli riyis qva egona da gaukvirda. nacarqeqiam devs ubrZana, Sens saxlSi<br />

wamiyvaneo da zurgze moajda. devma uTxra, ra msubuqi y<strong>of</strong>ilxaro. amas mosdevs epizodi, Tu<br />

rogor daaWira nacarqeqiam devs kiserze sadgisi da devma sTxova, isev cas moeWideo. devma<br />

142

nacarqeqia Sin miiyvana Tavis Svid ZmasTan da gaacno maT, rogorc uZlieresi kaci. devebi<br />

mdidrebi iyvnen, ludiT savse kasrebi edgaT da daxocili irmebi Sin eyaraT. daiwyes vaxSami.<br />

nacarqeqia Tavis wil luds da xorcs gverdiT my<strong>of</strong> xaroSi uSvebda, radgan devebiviT Wama ar<br />

SeeZlo. vaxSamis Semdeg devebma igi daaZines da moilaparakes, mSvild-isriT moeklaT.<br />

nacarqeqiam yvelaferi gaigona, Tavis magier loginSi kvaris kona Caido, TviTon ki kunWulSi<br />

daimala _ ase gadaurCa sikvdils da diliT devebs uTxra, wuxel rwyilebma ar momasveneso.<br />

devebi SeSindnen, isris Cxvleta rwyilis kbenad eCveneba, amas ras davaklebTo. meore dRes isev<br />

iqeifes. nacarqeqia Wamis dros isev ise iqceoda. devebma im Rames nacarqeqias damduRvra<br />

gadawyvites. nacarqeqia maT Cumad yurs ugdebda, Tavis nacvlad muTaqa Cado loginSi, TviTon<br />

kuTxeSi daimala da ase gadarCa, diliT ki devebs uTxra, wuxel Zalian cxeloda, <strong>of</strong>lic<br />

movidineo. devebs ufro metad SeeSindaT da uTxres, oRond Sin dabrundi, rasac ginda,<br />

mogarTmevTo. nacarqeqia daeTanxma. devebma mozveris tiki auvses fuliT da im devma,<br />

romelmac moiyvana, aikida tiki da saxlamde miacila. nacarqeqia Sin Sevarda, fulebi<br />

gadmoyara, tiki gabera da colebs uTxra _ axla stumars Semoviyvan da sadils mogTxovT,<br />

Tqven ki am tiks fexi amohkariT da daiyvireT: `sad iyavi aqamde? ra sadili, ris sadili-Tqo!~<br />

qalebi asec moiqcnen. SeSinebuli devi Sin gaiqca da Zmebs uambo yvelaferi _ nacarqeqias<br />

Tavisze Zlieri colebi hyoliao. devebi SeSindnen da saxlidan gadaixvewnen. nacarqeqiam<br />

waiyvana Tavisi mamali, Txa da goWi da devebis saxlSi Casaxlda. erT dRes erTma devma gabeda<br />

Tavisi saxlis naxva. nacarqeqias goWi miwas Txrida, mamali yioda, Txa ki nekers kvnetda. devs<br />

SeeSinda maT danaxvaze, gaiqca da Zmebs uTxra _ nacarqeqias sami uZlieresi mcveli hyavs _<br />

erTi RmerTs Sehyviris, meore _ qvesknels, mesame tyeSi gveZebso. devebi ufro Sors<br />

gadaixvewnen. darCa nacarqeqias maTi sacxovrebeli. dResac cxovrobs da xvalac kargad<br />

icxovrebs. (osuri 1957: 71-74).<br />

axla vnaxoT afxazuri `TaWkumi~: iyo erTi zarmaci da crupentela moxuci kaci, saxelad<br />

TaWkumi. igi tyuili trabaxis gamo colma saxlidan gaagdo da gaatana Zveli, moTelili nabadi,<br />

gudiT maxaTi, Wyinti yveli da cota fqvili. TaWkumma gzad erTi didi mdinaris gaRma devi<br />

dainaxa. devma dauZaxa, gaRma gamiyvaneo. TaWkumma uTxra, Sen TviTon gamiyvaneo. devs guli<br />

mouvida, riyis qva aiRo da wyali gaadina _ ase gagacxebineb sulso. mec suls gagacxebineb, Tu<br />

gaRma ar gamiyvano _ dauZaxa TaWkumma da Wyint yvels wyali gaadina. devma qva dafSvna xeliT<br />

da gamosZaxa, ase mtvrad gaqcev, Tu gaRma ar gamiyvano. TaWkumma fqvili moboWa da uTxra, mec<br />

aseve mtvrad gaqcevo. devma TaWkumi mxarze Seisva da Sua mdinareSi gaRma gayvanisas SeniSna, ra<br />

msubuqi y<strong>of</strong>ilxaro. me cas var moWidebuli da imitomo, uTxra TaWkumma. aba, cas xeli gauSvio,<br />

sTxova devma. moxucma devs beWSi sadgisi CaurWo. isev cas moeWideo, daiRriala devma. gaRma<br />

rom gavidnen, devma uTxra TaWkums, tyeSi Sedi da Cemsken nadiri gamoreke, me daviWer da sauzme<br />

movamzadoTo. TaWkums eSinoda, magram uaris Tqmisa ufro SeeSinda, tyeSi Sevida da yviriliT<br />

nadiri daafrTxo. devma bevri cxoveli daiWira, gaatyava da xeebze Camohkida. TaWkumi rom<br />

dabrunda, devma hkiTxa, ratom meti ar gamoreke, es ras gvey<strong>of</strong>ao? aman upasuxa, mSiSara nadiri<br />

Semxvda da gaifantao. maSin devi TviTon Sevida tyeSi nadiris gamosarekad, raTa axla TaWkums<br />

daexoca isini. erTi uzarmazari taxi pirdapir TaWkumisken gamoqanda, magram aman moaswro da<br />

xis totze Camoekida, taxi ki xes eSvebiT daeZgera da daeba. moxucma am dros xis fuRuroSi<br />

patara Citi dainaxa, aiyvana xelSi da devs daeloda. devi dabrunda da hkiTxa, Cemi gamorekili<br />

nadiri sad ariso? moxucma taxze da Citze miuTiTa devi gabrazda, magram araferi uTqvams,<br />

aikida nanadirevi da TaWkumi Tavis saxlSi waiyvana. sauzmis momzadebisas SeSa dasWirdaT da<br />

devma stumari gagzavna SeSisTvis. TaWkumma gareuli vazis ramdenime Ziri moTxara da<br />

axlomaxlo xeebs Semoaxvia. devs lodini mobezrda da TaWkums miakiTxa. aman uTxra, xeebs<br />

vkrav, rom erTad movglijo da wamoviRoo. devi abuzRunda, didi xe moglija da waiRo. sauzme<br />

mindorSi hqondaT. devma moxucs win iremi daudo SesaWmelad. mindvris bolos xrami iyo da<br />

moxucma morCenili xorci iq ise gadayara, devs ar SeumCnevia. RamiT moxucs eSinoda devTan<br />

erT WerqveS Ramis gaTevisa da gareT daiZina. devma misi damduRvra gadawyvita, magram TaWkumi<br />

miuxvda ganzraxvas da Tavis nacvlad mori dado nabadqveS, TviTon ki xes amoefara. RamiT<br />

devma mori damduRra. diliT TaWkumi Sevida devTan da uTxra, wuxel Zalian damcxa da cudi<br />

sizmrebic vnaxeo. devi gaocda, cocxali rom dainaxa da gadawyvita, rkinis SanTs gavaxureb da<br />

mZinare TaWkums gavuyrio. meore Rames TaWkumi isev ise moiqca da devma SanTi nabadwaxurul<br />

mors gauyara. diliT moxucma devs uTxra, wuxel rwyili mkbenda da ar damaZinao. devma<br />

mwuxarebiT amoioxra da misi piridan amosulma haeris talRam moxuci WerSi aisrola. igi Zels<br />

daekida. devi gaocda, mand ras akeTebo? SimSili mklavs, kbilis simagres visinjav, rom<br />

SegWamoo, upasuxa TaWkumma. devma igi Zirs Camoiyvana da sasauzmod miiwvia, magram TaWkums<br />

SiSisgan kriWa hqonda Sekruli da devs uTxra _ nanadirevi mombezrda, devis xorci minda<br />

gavsinjoo. devs SeeSinda da tyeSi gaiqca. TaWkumma devis fara wamoasxa, magram mwyemsad ver<br />

ivarga, cxvrebi gzaSi daefanta, Sin mxolod erTi cxvari miiyvana, isic daukoWlda da mxriT<br />

aTria.<br />

yvela am gansacdelis Semdeg TaWkumma Tavi daaneba sicruesa da trabaxs, magram misgan<br />

kargi muSa mainc er dadga. (afxazuri 1956: 82-86)<br />

143

alyarul-yaraCaul zRaparSi `rogor aRmoCnda biWi goliaTebze gonieri~ mTavari<br />

moqmedi gmiri ukve ara moxuci, aramed erTi s<strong>of</strong>leli biWia. igi qvrivi qalis erTaderTi Svili<br />

iyo, fizikurad arc Tu ise Zlieri, magram metad moxerxebuli da gonieri. mis auls emegenebi<br />

(goliaTebi) SemosCveodnen da aCanagebdnen. bevri mamaci meomari Seewira maTTan brZolas.<br />

biWma gadawyvita, bedi ecada, erT saRamos dedas gamoarTva erTi Tavi yveli da mawvniT savse<br />

tiki da gaudga gzas. erTi mdinaris napiras dainaxa emegeni, SeSinda, magram ar SeimCnia, emegenma<br />

ki ise daiyvira, irgvliv eqo gaisma. emegenma biWs uTxra, erTmaneTi ZalaSi gamovcadoTo, mere<br />

ki Cems ZmebTan wagiyvano. biWi daeTanxma erTi pirobiT _ vinc damarcxdeba, gamarjvebuls<br />

yvela survili unda Seusruloso. jer miwidan karaqi unda gamoedinaT. emegenma miwa zila<br />

fexebiT, magram karaqi ver gamoadina. biWma mis SeumCnevlad fexqveS gaigdo mawvniani tiki da<br />

emegens daRvrili mawoni karaqi egona. igi gancvifrda biWis ZaliT. Semdeg biWma SesTavaza, qva<br />

dafSveni da wveni gamoadineo. emegenma verc es ver SeZlo, biWma ki yvels xeli mouWira, Tan<br />

dafSvna da Tan wyali gamoadina. emegenma uTxra, Cemze Zlieri y<strong>of</strong>ilxar, mibrZane, ra<br />

gavakeToo. biWma uTxra, zurgze Semisvi da gaRma gamiyvane, mterTan mivdivar, rom Cvens aulze<br />

Tavdasxmas gadavaCvioo. emegenma mxarze Seisva biWi da gaRma gaiyvana. danarCen emegenebs<br />

gauxardaT biWis danaxva, kargi vaxSamia CvenTviso, magram Zmam SeSinebulma uTxra maT _ biWis<br />

tanadobas nu uyurebT, is Cvenze Zlieria, ar gaabrazoT, Torem dagverevao. emegenebma biWi<br />

sapatio stumariviT miiRes, sayonaRoSi moasvenes, gemriel kerZebs umzadebdnen, pativs<br />

scemdnen, magram Tan gadawyvites misi ZalaSi gamocda. misces kameCis tyavis uzarmazari tiki<br />

da daavales, amiT wyali moitane, Cven es ar SegviZliao. biWma waiRo tiki, Cavida mdinareSi,<br />

gabera igi da ukan rom modioda, Tavsxma wvima wamovida. carieli tikiT rom gamoecxada,<br />

emegenebma hkiTxes, wyali sad ariso? biWma uTxra, gaixedeT da dainaxavTo. emegenebma<br />

gamoqvabulidan gaixedes, wvima biWis motanili wyali egonaT da Zalian SeSindnen, gadawyvites<br />

`Ronieri~ biWis mokvla, roca is daiZinebda. biWs kargi nabadi hqonda, gamoexvia imaSi da<br />

daiZina, emegenebma ki sakvamuridan sayonaRoSi mduRare wyali Caasxes mis dasamduRrad,<br />

egonaT, biWi movkaliTo, magram aman meore diliT Tqva, wuxel cota rwyilebi mawuxebdneno,<br />

meore Rames emegenebma qvebi Cauyares sayonaRos sakvamuridan, magram nabadSi gaxveul biWs<br />

veraferi daakles (biWma orivejer icoda, ras upirebdnen), mixvdnen emegenebi, rom biWs ver<br />

moklavdnen da misvlis mizezi hkiTxes (mTielTa Cveulebis Tanaxmad, stumars sami dRe ar<br />

ekiTxebodnen misvlis mizezs). biWma uTxra, Tqven Cveni auli bevrjer gagiZarcvavT, jogebi<br />

wagiyvaniaT. me minda, rac wagvarTviT, ukan dagvibrunoTo. jogebi SevWameTo, uTxres<br />

emegenebma. maSin biWma erTi tomara oqro moiTxova da miiRo kidevac tomara mZime iyo. biWma<br />

Tqva, me am tomris Treva ar mekadrebao da tomris mTrevelad da gamcileblad wilisyriT is<br />

emegeni gahyva Sin, romelmac miiyvana. saxls rom miuaxlovdnen, biWma emegens uTxra, aq<br />

damelode, dedaCems gavafrTxileb, Rirseulad daxvdes stumarso. dedam biWis darigebisamebr<br />

Svils xmamaRla uTxra, Sin araferi gvaqvs emegenis fexis garda da imas Sevwvavo. emegenma es<br />

gaigona, SiSiT acaxcaxebuli gaiqca, tomara adgilze datova, miirbina Tavis ZmebTan da uambo,<br />

eg deda-Svili emegenebs Wameno. aiyara emegenebis tomi SiSisgan da im xeobidan gadaikarga. mas<br />

Semdeg iq emegenebi aRar arian. biWma emegenebis oqro Raribebs dauriga da im aulSi xalxma<br />

mSvidad iwyo cxovreba. (balyaruli 1971: 125-130)<br />

zemoT moyvanili zRaprebi axlos dgas rogorc qarTul `nacarqeqiasTan~, aseve<br />

erTmaneTTan. gansakuTrebul siaxloves qarTul zRaparTan iCenen osuri `nacarqeqia~ da<br />

afxazuri `TaWkumSi~. aq saxezea rogorc yvelidan wylis gamodena qvis nacvlad mdinaris<br />

napirze, aseve _ sadgisis gamoyeneba mTavari gmiris mier da WerSi avardnis scena, roca devi<br />

daaceminebs Tu amoioxrebs. aris erTi metad mniSvnelovani sxvaobac _ Sesadarebel zRaprebSi<br />

mTavari personaJi arsad ar ukavSirdeba nacars, kerias. es mxolod qarTul zRaparSi xdeba.<br />

aseve _ sxvaobaa isic, rom TaWkumi dajildoebuli da gamdidrebuli ar brundeba mdinaris<br />

gaRma mxridan, rogorc es am tipis sxva zRaprebSi xdeba. am faqts da im faqts, rom nacarqeqias<br />

saxlidan agdeben uqnarobisaTvis, sagmiro saqmeebis Casadenad igi Tavisi nebiT ar midis<br />

saxlidan, mTavari personaJis saxis gagebisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. ai, ras wers amis<br />

Sesaxeb mkvlevari r. ColoyaSvili: `Cvens novelistur zRaprebSic xom agdeben nacarqeqias<br />

micvalebulTa samyaroSi _ mdinaris iqiT, devebis saufloSi, saidanac mTeli iqauri sikeTiT<br />

daxunZluli brundeba... novelisturi zRapris metad popularuli gmiri nacarqeqia<br />

jadosnuri zRapris mTavari gmiris msgavsad, mokvdavi da mkvdreTiT aRdgomadi RvTaebis<br />

miTosuri saxidan iRebs saTaves da genetikurad mis erT-erT saxesxvaobas qmnis~ (ColoyaSvili<br />

2004: 165-166)<br />

axla vnaxoT `guladi mkervalis~, `mZleTamZles~ tipis zRaprebi. jer CavxedoT TviTon am<br />

germanul zRapars. masSi moTxrobilia, Tu rogor iyida erTma mkeravma muraba, rogor wausva<br />

purze, rogor Seesivnen am purs buzebi da rogor daxoca isini mkeravma erTi dartymiT.<br />

daTvala da Svidi gamovida. mas mounda, misi `gmirobis~ Sesaxeb mTel qalaqs gaego, gaikeTa<br />

qamari, romelzec daawera `erTi dartymiT Svidi movkal~ da daiwyo qveynierebaze amayad<br />

siaruli, radgan Cadenili `gmirobis~ Semdeg mkeravoba eTakileboda. wavida da Tan waiyola<br />

Zveli yvelis erTi Tavi da Citi, romelic buCqebSi iyo gaxlarTuli da jibeSi Caisva. gzam erT<br />

maRlobze miiyvana, romelzec ijda goliaTi da irgvliv wynarad iyureboda. mkeravma goliaTs<br />

144

daZmobileba SesTavaza da uCvena Tavisi qamari. goliaTma ifiqra, rom mas erTi dartymiT Svidi<br />

kaci hyavda mokluli, magram mainc moindoma misi gamocda. aq modis epizodi, Tu rogor<br />

gamoadina qvas wyali goliaTma da rogor gamoadina yvels wveni mkeravma. Semdeg isini qvis<br />

srolaSi Seejibrnen erTmaneTs. goliaTma qva Zalian Sors isrola, xolo mkeravma Tavisi Citi<br />

Sestyorcna cas, romelic imwamsve daikarga Tvalidan (borot ZalasTan Sejibris dros qvis<br />

nacvlad Citis srolis epizodi gvxvdeba baskur xalxur zRaparSic `cru~. WeliZe 1975) Semdeg<br />

simZimis awevaSi Seejibrnen erTmaneTs. goliaTma didi muxa moigdo mxrebze, xolo mkeravi,<br />

romelmac goliaTs moatyua, me ukanidan agiwev xeso, moTavsda muxis totze da goliaTs aekida.<br />

male goliaTma daagdo tvirTi ise, rom araferi SeumCnevia da mkeravma igi gakicxa, xis Treva<br />

ar SegiZliao. amis Semdeg erTad ganagrZes gza. SexvdaT alublis xe, romelic goliaTma<br />

modrika da mkeravs kenwero misca xelSi mwife alublis saWmelad, magram mkeravma ver SeZlo<br />

xis Sekaveba, xem igi jer zemoT aagdo, mere ki Zirs moadenina zRarTani. man goliaTis winaSe<br />

Tavi imarTla, xes gadavaxti da aba, Sen Tu gadaaxtebio. goliaTi alublis xes ver gadaaxta da<br />

damarcxda. amis Semdeg man mkeravi Tavis gamoqvabulSi waiyvana, sadac goliaTebi isxdnen<br />

cecxlis irgvliv da Semwvar cxvrebs Wamdnen. RamiT goliaTma mZinare mkeravs mokvla<br />

moundoma da sawols didi Zalayini dascxo. sawoli mkeravisTvis Zalian didi iyo, is erT<br />

kuTxeSi miiyuJa da ase gadarCa. aman goliaTebi SeaSina, ar dagvxocoso da sadRac gadaikargnen.<br />

mkeravma gza ganagrZo. didxans iara da mivida mefis sasaxlis ezoSi, sadac daiZina. aq igi xalxma<br />

SeniSna da waikiTxa warwera mis qamarze `erTi dartymiT Svidi movkal~. yvelaferi mefes<br />

moaxsenes. mkeravi didi gmiri egonaT. mefem igi Tavis samsaxurSi miiRo. aman mefis meomrebi<br />

gaaRiziana da maT mefisgan wasvla moindomes. mefem maTi wasvlis mizezi rom gaigo, gadawyvita,<br />

mkeravi gaeSva, magram SiSiT verafers eubneboda _ ar momklaso. adga da misca aseTi davaleba<br />

_ erTi tyeSi ori goliaTi cxovrobda, xalxs arbevda da Tu mkeravi imaT daxocavda, Tavis<br />

erTaderT asuls miscemda colad, mziTvad ki _ naxevar saxelmwifos. Tan gaayolebda as<br />

meomars, raTa goliaTebs SebrZoleboda. mkeravma winadadeba miiRo. goliaTebis dasaxocad igi<br />

marto Sevida tyeSi, miadga mZinare goliaTebs, jibeSi qvebi Caiwyo, erT xeze aZvra da iqidan<br />

amaT qvebs esroda. TiToeul goliaTs egona, rom meore esroda am qvebs. maT gaiRviZes, Cxubi<br />

mouvidaT da erTmaneTi daxoces. mkeravi xidan Camoxta, Tavisi maxvili saTiTaod aZgera gulSi<br />

goliaTebs da Semdeg ki TanamxlebT ganucxada, rom goliaTebi daxoca. mefem axla meore<br />

davaleba misca _ martorqis daWera. mkeravma Toki da najaxi waiRo da tyeSi wavida. man<br />

martorqa ase daiWira: roca mxeci misken gaeqana, igi xes amoefara da martorqas rqa xeSi<br />

CaerWo. mkeravma martorqas najaxiT mohkveTa rqa, Toki Caaba da mefes mihgvara. mefem axla<br />

mesame davaleba misca _ daeWira veluri taxi, romelic tyes anadgurebda, am saqmeSi ki mkeravs<br />

egerebi daexmarebodnen. mkeravma Tqva, es CemTvis bavSvuri TamaSiao, egerebi Tan ar wauyvania,<br />

ise daiWira veluri taxi. es ki ase moxda: taxma mkeravi dainaxa da misken gaeqana, magram mkeravi<br />

iqve mdgar samlocveloSi Sevarda da mis fanjridan gadaxta. taxi Tan Sehyva, mkeravma ki kari<br />

miuketa da igi daatyveva _ taxi didi iyo da fanjaraSi ver gaeteoda. Semdeg daWerili taxi<br />

mkeravma egerebs aCvena. mefes Zalianac ar undoda, magram piroba Seasrula, misca Tavisi<br />

qaliSvili da naxevari saxelmwifo. erTxelac mefis asulma mZinare qmris bodva gaigona da<br />

mixvda, rom misi qmari ubralo mkeravi iyo. man sTxova mamas, gaeTavisuflebina aseTi qmrisagan.<br />

xelmwife mas dapirda, amaRam Cemi xalxi mas mZinares SeboWavs, xomaldze gadaiyvans da Soreul<br />

qveyanaSi waiyvanso. maTi laparaki moismina mefe-mkeravis erTgulma saWurvelTmtvirTvelma<br />

da mkeravs moaxsena amis Sesaxeb. mkeravma Wkua ixmara, RamiT Tavi moimZinara da viTom bodavda,<br />

wamoiZaxa _ erTi dartymiT Svidi movkal, ori goliaTi movkal, tyidan martorqa moviyvane,<br />

veluri taxi daviWire da ratom unda meSinodes imaTi, vinc karsukan dganano! gaigones<br />

msaxurebma, Tu ras ambobda mkeravi, SeSindnen, gaiqcnen da mas Semdeg aRaravis gaubedavs,<br />

mkeravs Sexeboda. rogorc mkeravi mefe gaxda, aseve mefed darCa mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi (grimebi 1989: 80-87).<br />

zemoxsenebuli zRapari siuJetur msgavsebas iCens qarTul xalxur zRaprebTan:<br />

`mZleTamZle~. `me gaxlavar sasia, movkali asia~, da `fasias zRapari~. msgavsia igi agreTve<br />

azerbaijanuli say<strong>of</strong>acxovrebo zRaprisa `usTajan ahmedi~ (azerbaijanuli 1973). zRapris<br />

gmiri yvelgan erTi cariel-tarieli, zogjer uqnara kacia, romelmac buzebi daxoca da<br />

sakuTar Tavze didi warmodgena Seeqmna. azerbaijanul zRaparSi man ormoci buzi da ori<br />

wruwuna mokla da mWedels rkinis zuCi gaakeTebina warweriT _ `me var usTajan ahmedi _ erTi<br />

SemokvriT ormoci gveleSapisa da erTi qviT ori niangis momkvleli!~ qarTul zRaprebSi<br />

buzebis daxocvis Semdeg zarmacma kacma mWedels xmali gaakeTebina. erT zRaparSi xmalze<br />

ewera `mZleTamZle~, meoreSi _ `me gaxlavar sasia, movkali asia~, xolo mesameSi _ `me var gmiri<br />

fasia, erTi moqneviT movkal asia~. am zRaprebis mTavari personaJebi buzebis daxocvis Semdeg<br />

uneblie gmirobebs sCadian da SemTxveviTobis Tu bedis wyalobiT, yvelgan imarjveben. maTi<br />

gmirobebi sxvadasxva zRaparSi sxvadasxvaa, Tumca gmirobis faqtebi yvelgan dasturdeba.<br />

`fasias zRapari~ moklea, masSi mxolod erTi gmirobis Sesaxebaa moTxrobili _ Tu rogor<br />

daiWira qveynis amomgdebi veluri taxi fasiam: SeSinebuli xidan Camovarda da sasikvdilod<br />

daWril taxs zurgze daeca. amisaTvis mefem daajildova. aseve, mZleTamZles ori gmirobidan<br />

erT-erTi _ pirveli gmiroba gareuli Roris daWeraa, romelsac mSiSara kaci xidan daeca<br />

145

zurgze da romelic yaCaRebma mokles. amis Semdeg mZleTamZlem, igive C<strong>of</strong>anom mtruli<br />

saxelmwifos falavani orTabrZolisas mokla SemTxveviT, risTvisac Tavisi qveynis mefem imave<br />

dRes jvari daswera Tavis qaliSvilze da taxtic dauloca (rogorc vxedavT, germanuli<br />

zRapris detalebi dasturdeba). iseve, rogorc `gulad mkervalSi~ gmiris xasiaTs etyoba<br />

Zlieri komizmi, es xasiaTi iseTivea, rogoric nacarqeqiasi, SemTxveviToba TamaSobs masSi<br />

gadamwyvet rols, magram zemoxsenebul qarTul da azerbaijanul zRaprebSi arsad Canan devebi<br />

an goliaTebi, arc maTTan Sejibria aRwerili.<br />

am tipis zRaprebs ganekuTvneba Cerqezuli zRapari `sacodavi mawanwala erTi dartymiT<br />

aTasze mets klavs~. misi mokle Sinaarsi aseTia: erTi mawanwala gzaze midioda, sicxisagan<br />

daiRala da mdinareSi banaoba moindoma. Tavisi joxi miwaSi CaarWo da wyalSi Sevida. erTma<br />

mxedarma am dros iq gaiara, naxa es joxi, kacic dainaxa, romelic mdinaris napirze ijda da<br />

tilebs xocavda, gadawyvita, am kacisTvis daecina da mis joxs waawera: `mawanwala gmiri erTi<br />

dartymiT 1080-s klavs~. kacs araferi gaugia, gamovida mdinaridan, Tavisi joxi aiRo da gzas<br />

gaudga, warwerisTvis yuradReba ar miuqcevia. moSivda. bedad usazRvro stepSi erTi TeTri<br />

saxli SeniSna da iq Sevida. am saxlSi mas daxvda Svidi Zmis ulamazesi erTaderTi da, romelmac<br />

moxuci miiRo, aWama da gaumaspinZlda. Zmebi rom dabrundnen, moxucze gabrazdnen, aq rogor<br />

movidao, magram mis joxze warwera rom waikiTxes, gadawyvites, es didi gmiriao da kargad<br />

Sexvdnen. meore dRes Zmebi stumars gamoemSvidobnen da saomrad wavidnen. Zmebis uCumrad dac<br />

wavida omSi, mteri daamarcxa da Sin wamosvlas apirebda, roca Zmebma is SeniSnes, rogorc<br />

ucnobi mxedari. erT-erTma isriT mklavSi daWra qali. igi Sin rom dabrunda, mklavi kargad<br />

Seixvia da moxuc stumars makratliT gauWra igive mklavi. Zmebma mklavgaWrili Raribi kaci<br />

rom naxes, gadawyvites, es uTuod is gmiria, mteri rom daamarcxao da TavianTi da misces<br />

colad. cxovrobda kaci bednierad. colisZmebma mas saqveynod gauTqves saxeli. xalxi ambobda<br />

`bzege-batiri erTi dartymiT 1080-s xocavso~ da misi eSinoda. erTxel, s<strong>of</strong>els mteri<br />

Semoesia. s<strong>of</strong>elma elCebis daxmarebiT Svidi Zmis siZes sTxova Svela. kaci da Zmebi saomrad<br />

wavidnen. dam Zmebi daariga, rasac Cemi qmari izams, Tqvenc is qeniTo. mterTan Setakebis win<br />

Wames, mere bzege-batirma gaixada tansacmeli da tilebis xocva daiwyo. Zmebmac mas mibaZes.<br />

Semdeg bzege-batiri titveli Sejda cxenze da gaqusla. sxvebmac igive moimoqmedes. bzegebatirs<br />

cxenidan Camovardnisa eSinoda da xis tots moeWida, toti xelSi SerCa. sxva mxedrebmac<br />

motexes totebi da ase `SeiaraRebulni~ mtris banakSi Secvivdnen. mterma es saocari<br />

Tavdamsxmelebi rom dainaxa, ifiqra, raRac samxedro xerxiao da gaiqca. ase gaaTavisufla<br />

bzege-batirma s<strong>of</strong>eli. igi didi triumfiT waiyvanes saxlSi.<br />

cota xnis Semdeg sxva aulidan bzege-batirs elCebi miuvidnen, gareuli taxi gvaCanagebs<br />

da iqneb Sen moklao, sTxoves colis piriT. bzege-batiri mxedarTa didi partiiT wavida da am<br />

aulSi im adgilas mivida, saidanac taxi xalxs Tavs esxmoda. taxma igi rom dainaxa, eca, magram<br />

bzege-batiri taxs moxerxebulad zurgze moeqca, aWena da bolos qancgamoleuli colis<br />

micemuli daniT mokla. amis Semdeg didi pativiT dabrunda saxlSi. xalxma mas Tavadoba mianiWa.<br />

cxovrobda mdidrulad da mSvidad, xalxSi ki ar wydeboda misi dideba _ ambobdnen: `bzegebatiri<br />

erTi dartymiT aTasze mets klavso!~ (masalaTa krebuli: 190-196).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, popularuli epizodi taxis mokvlisa, aqac gvxvdeba. aseve _ gvxvdeba<br />

warweris epizodi, romelic am tipis zRaprebSi yvelgan fiqsirdeba.<br />

amave tipis zRaprebs ganekuTvneba somxuri xalxuri say<strong>of</strong>acxovrebo zRapari `guladi<br />

nazari~, romelsac somxurSi variantebic moeZeveba. igi aseTia: iyo erTi Rarib ikaci, saxelad<br />

nazari... metad mSiSara iyo, colis gareSe saxlidan ar gamodioda. erT mTvarian Rames man cols<br />

uTxra, iseTi Ramea, rom siamovnebiT davesxmodi Tavs indostanidan momavali Sahis qaravanso.<br />

colma dascina. mouvidaT Cxubi. coli Sin Sevarda da kari Cauketa, nazari Sin aRar SeuSva.<br />

nazari SiSiT kinaRam gagiJda, saxlis kedels mieyrdno da Rame ase gaaTena. zafxuli iyo, buzebi<br />

daesivnen saxeze. nazarma xeli Semoirtya da buzebi daxoca. daxocili buzebi ver daTvala,<br />

gadawyvita, rom isini iyvnen aTasze meti. nazari gaamayda da mRvdelTan mivida, Cemi<br />

gamarjvebebi aRwereo. mRvdelma xumrobiT dawera Cvarze: `Zlierma nazarma, SiSis armcodnem<br />

erTi dartymiT aTasi mokla~ da misca nazars es Cvari. nazarma Cvari mxariRliv gadaikra,<br />

sadRac napovni Jangiani maxvili xelSi daiWira, Sejda mezoblis virze da gzas gaudga. gzad<br />

nazari SiSisagan yviroda. tyeSi misi yvirili erTma glexma gaigona, mas nazari yaCaRi egona da<br />

gaiqca, cxeni miatova. nazari viridan cxenze gadajda. mivida igi erT s<strong>of</strong>elSi, xalxma Cvarze<br />

warwera waikiTxa da mis mimarT pativiscema gamoavlina, uwoda mas guladi nazari. Semdeg<br />

nazari moxvda sam Zma goliaTTan, romelTac smenodaT misi dideba. amaT igi Sin waiyvanes da<br />

imdeni aqes, rom maT erTaderT das Seuyvarda nazari. goliaTebi eymnen nazars da misi<br />

eSinodaT. im mxareSi saidanRac vefxvi gamoCnda, SeSinebulma xalxma mxsnelad nazari miiCnia.<br />

nazari tyeSi xeze aZvra, rom vefxvs damalvoda, vefxvi ki swored im xis Ziras dawva. nazars<br />

SiSiT guli Seuwuxda da vefxvs daeca zurgze, romelic SeSinebuli gaiqca. xalxma dainaxa,<br />

rogor miqroda vefxvze amxedrebuli nazari, isini Tavs daesxnen vefxvs da mokles, nazarma ki<br />

Tqva _ me vefxvze Semjdars mindoda mevlo, rad mokaliT vefxvio (es vefxvis epizodi<br />

Seesatyviseba am tipis zRaprebSi taxis mokvlas Tu daWeras). xalxi adidebda nazars da igi<br />

daaqorwines Svidi goliaTis mzeTunaxav erTaderT daze. am qalze daqorwineba didi xania,<br />

146

undoda mezobeli qveynis mefes. misi gaTxovebis ambavi rom gaigo, Sekriba jari da gaagzavna<br />

Svidi Zmis winaaRmdeg. Svid Zmas nazaris imedi hqonda, magram nazarma SiSisagan Tavis s<strong>of</strong>elSi<br />

gaqceva moindoma. xalxs egona, nazari pirdapir mters unda ekveToso da marto ar datoves.<br />

goliaTebiT garSemortymuli nazari mtris pirispir aRmoCnda. am dros cxenma gaitaca. man<br />

gzad xis tots scada xeli, toti xelSi SerCa. mtris jarSi xma dairxa, nazari Cvenze moglejili<br />

xeebiT modiso. mterma iaraRi dayara da nazars qveSevrdomoba aRuTqva. nazari dabrunda Sin.<br />

xalxma triumfaluri Sexvedra mouwyo, mere ki igi taxtze dasves da mefedac gamoacxades.<br />

es zRapari variants iCens meore somxuri zRapris `dijikos~ saxiT. aq av cols gaqceulma<br />

dijikom erTi dartymiT Svidi buzi mokla, mRvdels qaRaldze daawerina `erTi dartymiT Svidi<br />

movkalo~ da es qaRaldi Zroxis rqebs Soris moaTavsa. `dijiko~ yvela punqtSi emTxveva `gulad<br />

nazars~ (somxuri 1933: 342-352; 55-59).<br />

mixeil Ciqovani `nacarqeqias~ tipis zRaprebs Soris ganixilavs osur zRapars `nacarqeqia<br />

asagi~, magram am zRapars arc qarTul `nacarqeqiasTan aqvs saerTo da arc `guladi mkervalis~<br />

tipis zRaprebTan. eg aris, rom asags uyvars nacris qeqva, igi arc saxlidan midis da arc<br />

gagdebulia. am zRapris siuJeti jadosnuri zRaprebis siuJetebidan aris nasesxebi: asagi sam<br />

dRes imorigevebs axladgardacvlili mamis saflavze, daxocavs iq sam devs da maTi cxenebi mas<br />

darCeba. misma orma ufrosma Zmam amis Sesaxeb araferi icis. Semdeg asagi samjer scdis, koSkSi<br />

mjdom mefis asuls beWedi da cxvirsaxoci waarTvas xelidan, mesame cdaze amas SeZlebs, cxeniT<br />

axteba koSkamde da mefis asulis xels moipovebs. mxolod amis Semdeg gaumxels dedas da Zmebs<br />

yvelafers da mefis asulzec iqorwinebs.<br />

amrigad, <strong>qarTuli</strong> `nacarqeqia~ mTavari personaJis xasiaTiT da saerTo StrixebiT<br />

tipologiur msgavsebas iCens osur `nacarqeqiasTan~, afxazur da balyarul-yaraCaul<br />

zemoxsenebul zRaprebTan, xolo germanuli, somxuri, Cerqezuli, azerbaijanuli<br />

zemoxsenebuli zRaprebi misgan gansxvavdebian, msgavsebis faqtebi ar aris sakmarisi, rom<br />

variantebze vimsjeloT. es gansxvavebuli zRaprebi ara `nacarqeqias~ tipisa, aramed misi<br />

ciklisad SeiZleba miviCnioT. isini ufro enaTesavebian <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRapris `mZleTamZles~ tipis<br />

zRaprebs.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

azerbaijanuli 1973: azerbaijanuli zRaprebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1973.<br />

afxazuri 1956: afxazuri zRaprebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sablitgami~, 1956.<br />

balyaruli 1971: Балкарские и Карачаевские сказки. М.: "Детская литература", 1971.<br />

bedianiZe 2006: bedianiZe d. nacarqeqia (tipologiuri paralelebi). <strong>qarTuli</strong> folklori. 3 (XIX), Tb.: 2006.<br />

grimebi 1949: Братья Гримм. Сказки. М.: 1949.<br />

grimebi 1989: Братья Гримм. Сказки. М.: `Правда~, 1989.<br />

demirWiani 1940: Демирчян Дереник. Храбрый Назар. М.-Л.: "Искусство", 1940.<br />

kakabaZe 1959: kakabaZe p. yvaryvare TuTaberi. ix. dramatuli Txzulebebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo~, 1959.<br />

masalaTa krebuli: Сборник материалов для описания местностей и племён Кавказа, т. ХХI, стр. 190-196 - "Желкий<br />

бродега одним махом побивает больше тысячи".<br />

megruli 1994: megruli zRaprebi da miTebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1994.<br />

osuri 1957: osuri zRaprebi da legendebi. staliniri: 1957.<br />

somxuri 1933: Армянские сказки. M.: Академiа, 1933.<br />

umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba. t. IV, Tb.: 1964.<br />

Ciqovani 1979: Ciqovani m. gonebis Zala (`nacarqeqias~ zRapris SeswavlisaTvis). <strong>qarTuli</strong> folklori, 9, Tb.:<br />

1979.<br />

ColoyaSvili 2004: ColoyaSvili r. uZveles rwmena-warmodgenaTa kvali xalxur zRaprul eposSi. Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2004.<br />

WeliZe 1974: WeliZe g. erTi baskuri zRapris gamo. `axalgazrda komunisti~, 1 agvisto, 1974.<br />

xalxuri 1964: xalxuri sibrZne. t. III, Tb.: gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1964.<br />

Once Again About "Lazy-bones"<br />

Summary<br />

Dalila Bedianidze<br />

The work <strong>of</strong> Dalila Bedianidze "Once again about the "Lazy-bones" is about Georgian Folk tale " Lazybones"<br />

typological parallels.<br />

The character <strong>of</strong> the main hero and the common details <strong>of</strong> the plot <strong>of</strong> Georgian "Lazy-bones" show the<br />

typological likness according to the same theme as it is given in the Osethian, Abkhazian and Balkar-Karachaen<br />

tales, but the German, Armenian, Cherkezian, Azerbaijanian tales created on the same theme are different from<br />

the Georgian tale.<br />

147

These different tales do not belong to the Georgian "Lazy-bones" type, but they belong to its cycle. They<br />

are more typological connected with the Georgian tale "All-triumphant".<br />

zRapari, igavi da mxatvruli teqsti<br />

Tamar gogolaZe<br />

s.s. orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisas~ teqsti TiTqmis or saukuneze metia miCneulia igavarakebis<br />

krebulad, Tumca aqve (ZiriTadad mkvlevarTa mier) miniSnebulia is garemoebac, rom<br />

masSi zRapruli ambavi, zRaparia gadmocemuli, igive sicrue, rac, Tavis mxriv, Seicavs bevrs<br />

zneobrivs, damrigeblurs, Wkuis saswavlebels. es ki sibrZnea. aqedan ganmartebac nawarmoebis<br />

saTaurisa _ sicruis formiT gadmocemuli sibrZne.<br />

saba orbelianma rom Tavisi zRaprebi daswera, sibrZne-sicruis wigni daarqva. me xSirad<br />

Cavfiqrebivar am ucnaurs saxels wignisas. marTlac, sadac sibrZnea, iq sicrues ra xeli aqvs?<br />

sibrZnesTan sicrue ra mosatania? ra sityvis masalaa? ra ugavT erTmaneTs? saba orbeliani _<br />

es brZeni, darbaiseli kaci, raT ikadrebda sibrZneSi gaeria sicrue? an ra saxarbielo saxelia<br />

sicrue?<br />

me vfiqrob, rom saba orbelians amis Tqma undoda: me zRapars geubnebi da sibrZnes ki _<br />

gamcnebo. zRapari mogonili ambavia, aramarTali, maSasadame, sicruea. am azriT wigni saba<br />

orbelianisa sicruea.<br />

saba orbelianis sicrue zRaparia, igavia, arakia. igavi, araki, zRapari amisTana saxea,<br />

fonia azrisa, romelic saWkuo da sazneo WeSmaritebas zedmiwevniT gvixatavs xorcSesxmulad,<br />

Wkuas gvaswavlis, gvarigebs, znes gviwvrTnis, avsa da kargs gvaniSnebs erTmaneTSi gasarCevad.<br />

saba orbelianis sicrue erTob ucodvelia, umwikvloa, uborotoa, ubryviloa. igi namusiania,<br />

arc aravisa mtrobs, arc aravis hgmobs. amaze metsac vityviT, igi madliania im azriT, rom<br />

azris amxsnelia, mauwyebeli, gagebis gza da xidi, cocxali xatia, xelqmnili didis<br />

grZneulebiT (WavWavaZe 1986: 364-368).<br />

ilia WavWavaZis am saintereso miniSnebis citireba Cven dagvWirda imisaTvis, ramdenadac<br />

aqac da Semdgomi epoqebis mkvlevarTa mier zRapari da igavi gaTanabrebulia, TiTqmis<br />

igveobrivi. orive sicrue, mogonili da orive Wkuis saswavlebeli.<br />

rodesac zRapris klasifikacias warmogvidgens, folkloristi Teimuraz qurdovaniZe<br />

asaxelebs mis sam saxeobas: zRaprebi cxovelebis Sesaxeb, jadosnuri anu fantastikuri<br />

zRaprebi da say<strong>of</strong>acxovrebo zRaprebi da novelebi (anekdotebi) (qurdovaniZe 2001a: 156).<br />

manamde m. Ciqovanic, q. sixaruliZec ar asaxeleben zRapris klasifikaciisas igavs.<br />

mxolod aleqsandre xaxanaSvils (1904w.) zRaprebi arakebTan gauigivebia da aseTi klasifikacia<br />

warmoudgenia: <strong>qarTuli</strong> arakebi SeiZleba sam jgufad gavyoT: 1. zRaprebi miTiuri SinaarsiT,<br />

romelnic saswaulebrivi an fantaziuri elferiT arian Semosilni; 2. zRaprebi say<strong>of</strong>aqceoni,<br />

sadac kacis zneobiTi Rirsebaa dafasebuli; 3. zRaprebi pirutyvis monawileobiT Sevsebulni.<br />

(xaxanaSvili 1904: 69).<br />

maS aq, piriqiT, ase gvaqvs saqme: araki igive zRapari. v. propi, ixilavs ra zRapris<br />

klasifikaciis sxvadasxva nimuSebs, mohyavs v. vundtis day<strong>of</strong>a (1. miTologiuri zRapar-igavebi;<br />

2. sakuTriv jadosnuri zRaprebi, 3. miTologiuri zRaprebi da igavebi, 4. sakuTriv cxovelTa<br />

igavebi, 5. zRaprebi `warmoSobis Sesaxeb~, 6. saxumaro zRaprebi da igavebi, 7. zneobrivi igavebi)<br />

da Tvlis mas Rrma da Sinaarsian day<strong>of</strong>ad, Tumca mainc ramdenadme sakamaTodac: igavi<br />

(romelic xuTjer gvxvdeba Svid TanrigSi) formaluri kategoriaa. ras gulisxmobda vundti am<br />

terminSi, gaurkvevelia. termini `saxumaro~ saerTod miuRebelia, radgan igive zRapari<br />

SeiZleba axsnili iqnas, rogorc sagmiro, an komikuri (propi 1984: 52).<br />

Cven ar SevCerdebiT aRniSnuli sakiTxis kvlevis gagrZelebaze (ramdenadac igi scildeba<br />

mocemuli statiis farglebs), aramed SevecdebiT swored s.s. orbelianis gansazRvrebidan<br />

gamomdinare, gamovyoT zRapari da igavi erTmaneTisagan:<br />

zRapari (3,23 baruq) ars mogonebuli tyuili, ambavad SemWevrebuli da ara qmnili<br />

my<strong>of</strong>obiT (orbeliani 1965a: 295)<br />

igavi (+13,24 maTe Z) (+araki B) ese ars sityviT magaliTi, gina saCvenebeli, gina<br />

mosaniSnavi ZAB<br />

. . .<br />

n. araki, eigava, vigaobd, vigaobdi, migviebiTi, naigavebi, saigao (orbeliani 1965: 326).<br />

araki somxurad igavs hqvian ZABC.<br />

igavs aqvian somxurad AB. igavi, araki somxurad igavs ewodebis, Cvendaca sahmar ars da<br />

(+didad C ab) tkbil C (orbeliani 1965b: 64).<br />

148

maS s.s. orbelianiT igavi da araki erTi da imaves aRniSnavs, oRond araki somxuria,<br />

qarTulad _ igavi. da igi warmoadgens zneobiTs, samagaliTos, saCvenebels.<br />

xolo zRapari aris mogonili tyuili, ambad Sekruli da ararealuri anu fantastiuri.<br />

zRapris es gageba metad esadageba saerTaSorisod miRebul gansazRvrasac:<br />

zRapari zepiri moTxrobaa, dafuZnebuli Segnebul mxatvrul gamonagonze (qurdovaniZe<br />

2001b: 156).<br />

ra siuJetur qargas efuZneba s.s. orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisas~ teqsti? upirvelesad<br />

igi mxatvruli teqstia, hyavs avtori da moRweulia dawerili saxiT. magram, Tu siuJetur<br />

qargas davukvirdebiT, SevniSnavT: iyo xelmwife erTi, romlisa saqmeni arvisgan moigonebian<br />

(orbeliani 1986a: 25).<br />

mefes hyavs erTguli veziri sedraqi da mrCeveli ruqa, magram, miuxedavad didi<br />

simdidrisa, gulisxmierebisa da uZlevelobisa, ar hyavs vaJi. saboZvaris gacemiT finezs<br />

RmrTisagan survili usruldeba, SeeZineba vaJi, romelsac saxelad jumberi daarqva.<br />

magram aq dgeba problemac, vin unda aRzardos momavali taxtis memkvidre?<br />

mefes sizmrad moevlineba mSvenieri Wabuki, romelic xelSi Tavis gamosaxulebian etrats<br />

gadascems.<br />

mefe sagonebelSia Cavardnili da ai, nadirobis dros, ipovis igi Wabuks, romelsac<br />

sizmarSi naxuls miamsgavsebs da mcireodeni Semowmeba-gamocdis Semdeg miandobs Svilis<br />

aRzrdas. miuxedavad ruqas boroti dasmenisa, leonic da jumberic gonebiT umtkiceben finezs<br />

gadawyvetilebis siswores, da bolos, paeqroba finezs, sedraqs, ruqas, leonsa da jumbers<br />

Soris, mefisave brZanebiT, morigebiT sruldeba.<br />

`finez mefis ambavs tipuri formula aqvs: `iyo xelmwife erTi~ anu, v. propis<br />

gansazRvriT, warmodgenilia ojaxis Semadgenloba nomenklaturis da mdgomareobis mixedviT,<br />

Semdeg mosdevs mas `uSviloba~, vedreba vaJiSvilis SeZenaze, vedrebis formac da motivirebac.<br />

warmodgenilia momavali gmiri, Tumca arc mTlad gmiri (radgan amaze ar maxvildeba yuradReba<br />

nawarmoebSi). mTavari mainc misi aRmzrdelis moZiebaa da aq ereva sizmari-acxadebuli (jer<br />

etrati SerCeba xelSi gamoRviZebul mefes), Semdeg mefe Tavad maZieblis rolSia da poulobs<br />

kidec nadirobisas sizmarSi naxul Wabuks, romelic verc warmoSobiT daikvexnis, verc<br />

gamzrdelebiT, verc-qonebiT. codna praqtikuli gamocdilebiT aqvs SeZenili. e.i. leoni araa<br />

momxiblavi gmiri, igi mxolod aRmzrdelia, magram aRizianebs misi Wkua da misive aRzrdis<br />

nay<strong>of</strong>i ruqas. faqtiurad, siuJeti ar Seicavs arc raime jadosnuri sagnis mopovebisaTvis<br />

brZolas, arc mSvenieri mzeTunaxavis mosapoveblad warmoebul bataliebs, arc qorwiliT<br />

mTavrdeba...<br />

mTavari `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ aRzrdis procesia da misi utyuarobis daxasiaTeba. amitom,<br />

erTi SexedviT, TiTqos zRapris formiT gadmocemul ambavs avtori didaqtikurdamrigeblobiT<br />

datvirTvas aZlevs, Tumca ara igavuri formiT. igavebi Tavad personaJebis<br />

mier moTxrobili ambebia sakuTari azris dasabuTebisaTvis, an sxvis gasabaTileblad.<br />

siuJeti arc zRaparia da arc igavi. igi realuri miznobrivi datvirTviT viTardeba,<br />

magram zRapruli elementebis gamoyenebiT — amitom `sibrZne sicruisas~ siuJeti Tavad<br />

mxatvruli teqstia, romelSic avtorma Segnebulad gamoiyena zRapari.<br />

vxvdebiT Tu ara zRapars Tavad krebulSi? vxvdebiT ramdenimegan, magram gansakuTrebiT<br />

Cveni yuradReba miiqcia erTma zRaparma, romelic leons matyuarebis qveyanaSi uambes.<br />

mivel qveyanasa, romelsac aqvian dia keTili da kargi Temi, mara mas Temsa simarTle da<br />

marTali sityva ar iTqmis. yvelani, didni da mcireni, matyuarni arian.<br />

mefesTan mimiyvanes. mun viyav, marTals vervin ityoda, didi sircxvili iyo (orbeliani<br />

1986b: 126).<br />

didebulebi yvebian zRaprebs: `Sevardeni da wero~, `brma avazi~, `Tavtafianni~ da sxva.<br />

amjerad davinteresdiT matyuarebis qveynis vaziris moTxrobili zRapriT (`bneleTisa pirsa<br />

msaxlobeli kaci~). mocemul ambavs ramdenadme aqvs damrigeblobiTi xasiaTis dasasruli,<br />

Tumca Tavidan bolomde igi zRaparia da Tavad vaziris piriT gadmocemuli istoria. zRapari<br />

moklea, magram sakmaod saintereso da masSi gadmocemulia ambavi kacisa, romelic siRaribiT<br />

itanjeboda. mindvrad seirnobisas man SeniSna mgeli, romelsac pirSi bavSvi eWira. kacma<br />

SeuZaxa, mgeli gaiqca, bavSvi ki daagdo. es yrma qajis Svili aRmoCnda. am ukanasknelma madlobis<br />

niSnad daariga kaci, Tu ra moeTxova misi mSoblebisaTvis. marTlac gamoCndnen qajebi,<br />

romlebic Svils eZebdnen da kacs didZali qoneba SesTavazes. magram am ukanasknelma, yrmis<br />

darigebiT, mosTxova marnis klite, romelic Zalian emZimaT mSoblebs, Tumca dasTanxmdnen.<br />

aqedan iwyeba kldis iqiT, gamoqvabulSi damaluli oqrosmyreli viris, saWmel-sasmlis gamCeni<br />

xelsafqvavis da gogris istoria. kaci TandaTan hkargavs, Tavisi Tavgamodebis wyalobiT,<br />

virsac da xelsafqvavsac. bolos gamwarebuli, gogriT xelSi, inatrebs, rom aseTi<br />

ugergilobisaTvis kargi mityepa mouxdeba. da, marTlac, asec moxdeba. swored gogris SigniT<br />

damaluli kacebis meSveobiT daibrunebs yvelafers da gadawyvets iqaurobis mitovebas. magram<br />

kaci Tavisi coliT qariSxalSi moxvdeba, yvelafers dakargavs da Tavad am matyuarebis<br />

qveyanaSi aRmoCndeba.<br />

149

zRaparSi jadosnurobac xdeba da jadosnuri sagnebic figurirebs: oqrosmyreli viri,<br />

xelsafqvavi, gogra. mCuqebeli aq qajia, mamxilebeli ki — sakuTari sindisi. Tumca am ambavs ar<br />

aqvs tradiciuli zRapruli formula-dasawyisi da dasasruli. aqac zRaparia gadamuSavebuli<br />

mwerlis mier literaturuli formiT. magram arsebobs aRniSnuli zRapris metad Soreuli da<br />

ramdenadme gansxvavebuli varianti, romelic XIX saukuneSi qarTlSi Cauweria Tedo<br />

razikaSvils. am zRapars ewodeba `eSmakis lagami~, Semdeg Sevida ana RviniaSvilis mier<br />

momzadebul `<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri zRaprebis~ krebulSi (daibeWda 1952 wels), Semdgom ki<br />

`xalxuri sibrZnis~ II tomSi _ 1964 wels.<br />

zRaparSi gadmocemulia erTi Zunwi kacis ambavi, romelmac mgels piridan gamostaca<br />

eSmakis Svili da, misive rCeviT, mSoblebs sikeTis samagierod, maTi qoneba gamosTxova, rac<br />

eSmakis lagami gamodga, romelic Zunws piridan gadmoagdebina. Zunwi azrze movida, mixvda<br />

Tavisi siZunwis Sedegebs, gaujavrda sakuTar Tavs da saxlSi sxva kacad gadaiqca.<br />

amrigad, imis qoneba eSmakebs aRar darCaT da TviTon moixmara (<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri<br />

zRaprebi 1952: 102).<br />

aqac kaci figurirebs, mdidari, magram Zunwi. aqac itacebs (qajis) eSmakis Svils da kaci<br />

gadaarCens. gasamrjelos moTxovna aqac eZnelebaT (qajis) eSmakis mSoblebs, magram dasasruli<br />

aq ufro igavuria, damrigeblobiTi, vidre — zRapruli.<br />

zRaparSi figurirebs `marnis klitis~ magier `eSmakis lagami~.<br />

`sibrZne sicruisas” zRapris gmiris Tavgadasavali qonebis dabrunebiTa da isev<br />

dakargviT sruldeba (`qaris motanils qarive waiRebso~), `eSmakis lagamSi~ ki, piriqiT, gmiri<br />

gam<strong>of</strong>xizldeba, siZunwes zurgs aqcevs da bednierad acxovrebs Tavisianebs.<br />

aSkaraa: `bneleTisa pirsa msaxlobeli kacis~ erTi variantia `eSmakis lagami~, oRond<br />

mxatvrulad gadamuSavebuli da leonis ambebSi moxerxebulad CarTuli.<br />

leonis monaTxrobi ambebidan zogierTi maTgani zRaparia (bunebrivia, literaturulad<br />

gadamuSavebuli), zogi ki mogvagonebs raspes baron miunhauzenis Tavgadasavlebs.<br />

raspemac (1737-1794) gadaamuSava mxatvrulad germanuli folklori da mogvca erTgvari<br />

say<strong>of</strong>iero saxumaro zRaprebi `baron miunhauzenis Tavgadasavlis” saxiT. saintereso<br />

paralelebi SeiZleba daiZebnos s.s orbelianis or ambavsa(`Tavtafianni~, `maTraxiani xoxobi~)<br />

da `baron miunhauzenis TavgadasavalSi” moTxrobil istoriaSi `araCveulebrivi iremi~, rac<br />

Semdgomi tipologiuri kvlevis nawils warmoadgens.<br />

leonis ambis (matyuarebis qveyanaSi) win moTxrobilia igavebi: `lodis damgorebeli~,<br />

`ori puriT maspinZloba~ da `jizi-gurgen~. `ori puriT maspinZloba~ mogviTxrobs leonze,<br />

romelsac orma kacma puri SesTavazes, magram ar eyoT sams ori puri, auxirdnen stumars da<br />

nacemi daabes da miatoves.<br />

am dros movida vinme kaci erTi mowyale: mkiTxa Cemi ambavi.me yovelive movaxsene. man<br />

miTxra: Zmao, xuT swavlas gamcneb da daimarxeo.<br />

umecarsa kacsa guliT nu miendobi,<br />

Seumcnebels ususurad nu eCvenebi;<br />

yovel Jams frTxilad iyav, Seni saxlic iyos;<br />

mSiers stumrad nu ewvevi;<br />

glaxakisgan Cuqeba nu ginda! (orbeliani 1986g: 123)<br />

igavi damrigeblobiTia, TvalsaCino, magram daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg mas<br />

galeqsavs muSa poeti ioseb daviTaSvili (1852-1887). misi rCeuli leqsebis krebulSi (tfilisi,<br />

`Sroma~ 1927) Sesulia leqsi, saxelwodebiT `xuTi swavla~. samstr<strong>of</strong>iani leqsis TiToeuli<br />

str<strong>of</strong>i TiTqos mihyveba s.s. orbelianis igavis `ori puriT maspinZloba~ prozaul striqonebs:<br />

Zmao, xuT swavlas gaswavli,<br />

gaxsovdes da nu Secdebi:<br />

umecarsa da ugbilsa<br />

nurasodes miendobi;<br />

Seumcnebels gaufTxildi,<br />

ususurad ar eCveno;<br />

mswavluli xar — cuds ar mihyve,<br />

cru gverdiT ar miiyeno.<br />

ar daiviwyo, gaxsovdes,<br />

mSiers stumrad ar ewvio,<br />

glaxakisgan Cuqebasac<br />

arasodes daeCvio (daviTaSvili 1927a: 13)<br />

magram ramdenamde gansxvavebulad XIX saukunis poets aq daumatebia umecarTan ugbilic,<br />

anu `Tavis Wkuazed daJinebuli~, axirebuli. mesame swavlaSi s.s. orbeliani sifrTxilisaken<br />

150

mouwodebs adamians, Tundac sakuTar saxlSi. es fraza, etyoba, ramdenadme gaugebari aRmoCnda<br />

i. daviTaSvilisaTvis da ar gauleqsavs. amitom CarTulia `mswavlulis~, anu mecnieri,<br />

ganaTlebuli kacisaTvis darigeba: cru da matyuara kacTan ar iamxanagos. sxvaobac teqstebiT<br />

ase warmogvidgeba:<br />

yovel Jams frTxilad iyav, Seni saxlic iyos.<br />

(orbeliani 1986d:123)<br />

mswavluli xar-cuds ar mihyve, cru gverdiT ar miiyeno.<br />

(daviTaSvili 1927b :13)<br />

TavisTavad sayuradReboa XIX saukunis dasasrulis poetis `sibrZne-sicruisas~<br />

galeqsvisaken swrfvac, ris nimuSadac warmogvadgeba leqsi `xuTi swavla~.<br />

s.s. orbelianis `sibrZne-sicruisa~ aSkarad mianiSnebs samomavlod mwerals, rogor unda<br />

moxdes folkloruli masalis mxatvruli gamoyeneba teqstSi. amave dros, man erTgvarad<br />

Semogvinaxa <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRapris uZvelesi teqstebis variantebi transformirebuli saxiT.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

daviTaSvili 1927: daviTaSvili i. rCeuli leqsebi. tf. : gamomcemloba `Sroma~, 1927.<br />

propi 1984: propi v. zRapris morfologia. Tb. : gamomcemloba`mecniereba~, 1984.<br />

qurdovaniZe 2001: qurdovaniZe T. <strong>qarTuli</strong> folklori. Tb. : gamomcemloba `merani~, 2001.<br />

WavWavaZe 1986: WavWavaZe i. rCeuli nawarmoebebi. III. Tb. : gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1986.<br />

xaxanaSvili 1904: xaxanaSvili a. <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvierebis istoria. Tb. : gamomcemloba qSwkgsi, 1904.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> ... 1952: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri zRaprebi. Tb. : gamomcemloba `sablitgami~, 1952.<br />

orbeliani 1965: orbeliani s. s. leqsikoni <strong>qarTuli</strong>. Txzulebani oTx tomad. t.IV. Tb. :<br />

gamomcemloba ~sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1965.<br />

orbeliani 1986: orbeliani s.s. sibrZne sicruisa. Tb.: gamomcemloba Tsu, 1986.<br />

Fairy-tale, Fable and Literary Text<br />

Summary<br />

Tamar Gogoladze<br />

For a long time Sulkhan Saba Orbeliani’s “Wisdom <strong>of</strong> Lies”(“Sibrdzne Sitsruisa”) has been considered by<br />

scholars as the work <strong>of</strong> tables. But some scientists (S.Avalishvili, S.Iordanishvili) notice in them fairy-tales as<br />

well. And indeed in his creative activity we can distinguish the tables from the fairy-tales, with their fantastic<br />

stories and plots.<br />

The aim <strong>of</strong> this work is to find out the close relation <strong>of</strong> the plot <strong>of</strong> his stories with fairy-tales or with<br />

fables. Here are given the episodes with the elements <strong>of</strong> fairy-tales which are close to the 19 th century Georgian<br />

folk stories (T. Razikashvili).<br />

The fairy-tale in Orbeliani’s works is represented as the complete and perfect literary text.<br />

151

poetikuri kvlevani<br />

Tamar barbaqaZe<br />

leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebi me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebis presaSi<br />

me-20 saukunis ukanaskneli aTwleuli mZime gamocda aRmoCnda Cveni qveynisaTvis.<br />

erovnuli cnobierebis mkveTri gam<strong>of</strong>xizlebisa da aqtiuri qmedebisaken krizisulma svlam<br />

sabediswero damRa daasva qarTveli xalxis y<strong>of</strong>as. krizisi met-naklebad daetyo Cveni eris<br />

kulturasa da xelovnebas, mecnierebis TiTqmis yvela dargs.<br />

albaT, imitom, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsi WirTan brZolas arasodes SeSinebia, misi Semswavleli<br />

dargic araTu dakninda 90-ian wlebSi, piriqiT, gafarTovda da fundamenturi naSromebiT<br />

Seivso. marto gansaxilvel aTwleulSi gamocemuli <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebisadmi<br />

miZRvnili wignebis dasaxelebac ikmarebda, Tu raoden seriozuli da Rrma kvleva<br />

grZeldeboda erovnuli versifikaciis problemebisa:<br />

1990 wels daistamba: akaki xinTibiZis `cezura qarTul leqsSi da guramiSvilis<br />

versifikacia~, n. TargamaZis `sparsuli da <strong>qarTuli</strong> myari saleqso formebi~.<br />

1992 wels <strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> saxelobis <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> institutSi Catarda<br />

galaktionis dabadebis 110-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecniero sesia. gamoica wignebi: ak.<br />

xinTibiZe, `<strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsmcodneoba. leqciebis Semoklebuli kursi~, `galaktioni Tu<br />

cisferyanwelebi. <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis uaxlesi reforma~; ap. silagaZe, `unikaluri arabuli<br />

saleqso formis Sesaxeb~; e. dadunaSvili, `<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri leqsis kompiuteruli analizisa<br />

da klasifikaciis Teoriuli safuZvlebi~.<br />

1993 wels gamovida T. barbaqaZis `<strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsmcodneobis anotirebuli bibliografia,<br />

nakveTi pirveli (1731-1930)~ da `aTi werili qarTul leqsze~.<br />

1995 wels Teimuraz doiaSvilma filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xarisxi<br />

moipova naSromiT: `galaktion tabiZis saxeobrivi azrovneba~; amave wels gamoica krebuli<br />

`leqsi, mxolod erTi leqsi~.<br />

1996 wels <strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> saxelobis <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> institutSi Catarda<br />

leqsmcodneobis pirveli respublikuri konferencia, miZRvnili `WaSnikis~ 265-e<br />

wlisTavisadmi. daistamba nino nakudaSvilis `himnografiuli teqstis struqtura~.<br />

1997 weli <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsmcodneobis istoriaSi aRiniSna saetapo naSromiT: ap. silagaZis<br />

`Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsi da <strong>qarTuli</strong> poeziis uZvelesi safexuris problema~; aseve, daibeWda ap.<br />

silagaZis `sasuliero poeziis ritmuli organizaciis zogierTi sakiTxi~; gamovida T.<br />

bolqvaZis `paralelizmi `vefxistyaosanSi~.<br />

1998 wels mix. qurdianma daicva disertacia Temaze: `saerTo qarTveluri<br />

versifikaciuli sistema da leqswyobis zogadlingvisturi Teoria~. amave wels moipova<br />

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxi T. barbaqaZem naSromiT: `soneti qarTul<br />

mwerlobaSi~; meore _ Sevsebuli da Sesworebuli gamocema gamovida akaki xinTibiZis wignisa<br />

`iakob Semoqmedeli _ me-18 s. mwerali da sazogado moRvawe~; didi xnis mere xelmeored<br />

gamoica redaqtirebuli, komentarebiTurT, nikola bualos `poeturi xelovneba~, axali<br />

winasityvaobiT.<br />

1999 wels daistamba Teimuraz doiaSvilis `versifikaciuli portretebi (baraTaSvili,<br />

ilia)~; gr. robaqiZis `13 soneti~ _ ak. xinTibiZisa da T. barbaqaZis gamokvlevebiT; t. tabiZis<br />

TxzulebaTa krebuli gamokvlevebiTurT `Sexvedra~, ir. kenWoSvilis `galaktion tabiZis<br />

samyaroSi~ da a.S.<br />

me-20 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebze gamoqveynebuli werilebisa da<br />

gamokvlevebis ricxvi erT aseuls aWarbebs, romelTac Tematurad vajgufebT:<br />

a) literaturamdeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis problema; <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsmcodneobis kvlevis<br />

istoriisa da meTodologiis sakiTxebi;<br />

b) galaktionis poetika;<br />

g) `vefxistyaosnis~ leqswyoba;<br />

d) myari saleqso formebis poetika.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili gamokvlevebi moviZieT, garda<br />

tradiciuli gamocemebisa: gazeTebi: `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, `axalgazrda iverieli~,<br />

`Tbilisi~, `saqarTvelos respublika~, `alternativa~, `7 dRe~, `rubikoni~; Jurnalebisa:<br />

`macne~, `ciskari~, `mnaTobi~, agreTve, axalaRorZinebul periodikaSi: `literaturuli<br />

Ziebani~, `saqarTvelos literaturaTmcodneobis akademiis Sromebi~, `literatura da<br />

xelovneba~, `kldekari~, `axali paradigmebi~, `afra~, `arili~, gaz. `rubikoni, `kalmasoba~, ` ±<br />

literatura~ da sxv.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis cnobil mkvlevarT Seemata saxeli zaza SaTiriSvilisa.<br />

152

amjerad gTavazobT naSromis or qveTavs:<br />

a) literaturamdeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis problema; <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsmcodneobis kvlevis<br />

istoriisa da meTodologiis sakiTxebi;<br />

b) galaktionis poetika.<br />

a) literaturamdeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis problema; <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsmcodneobis kvlevis<br />

istoriisa da meTodologiis sakiTxebi<br />

gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebi <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsmcodneobis istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebiT<br />

mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda im zemoxsenebuli, saetapo mniSvnelobis wignebis gamocemis gamo,<br />

romelTa Sefaseba Tanadroulad verc ki moxerxda presaSi, albaT, isev maTi siRrmisa da<br />

problemaTa seriozulobis gamo.<br />

upirveles yovlisa, vgulisxmobT apolon silagaZis 1997 wels gamocemul naSroms `Zveli<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsi da <strong>qarTuli</strong> poeziis uZvelesi safexuris problema~ (silagaZe 1997).<br />

mogvianebiT, xuTi wlis Semdeg Teimuraz doiaSvili werilSi ~hipoTezidan Teoriamde~<br />

(doiaSvili 2002-2003: 4-5) savsebiT samarTlianad gamoTqvams gaocebas im faqtis gamo, rom es,<br />

Tanamedrove <strong>literaturis</strong>mcodneobis umaRlesi standartebis doneze Sesrulebuli<br />

naSromi... ar iqca mecnieruli gansjis sagnad da miaCnia, rom amieridan mainc unda mieces<br />

dasabami apolon silagaZis am saetapo wignis ganxilvas. TviTon recenzentisaTvis ki<br />

sruliadac ar aris saeWvo, rom ap. silagaZis zemoxsenebuli naSromi `radikalurad cvlis<br />

<strong>literaturis</strong>mcodneobaSi damkvidrebul Tvalsazriss <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqswyobisa da, ufro<br />

farTod, <strong>qarTuli</strong> poeziis istoriaze. pavle ingoroyvas wamoyenebuli hipoTeza, romlis<br />

Tanaxmad, umdidresi tradiciebis mqone warmarTuli saero literatura, am wignSi<br />

mecnierulad dasabuTebuli, logikur-fsiqologiurad argumentirebuli Teoriis saxes<br />

iRebs~.<br />

SeuZlebelia, ar daeTanxmo T. doiaSvilis mier gamoTqmul amgvar maRal Sefasebas<br />

zemoaRniSnuli wignis Taobaze, miT ufro, rom ap. silagaZis Tvalsazrisi <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis<br />

uZvelesi safexuris problemis gadaWris Sesaxeb karga xania iqcevs <strong>qarTuli</strong> versifikaciis<br />

mkvlevarTa yuradRebas.<br />

jer kidev 1987 wels Camoayaliba ap. silagaZem sakuTari Teoria <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqswyobis<br />

Taobaze wignSi: `leqsmcodneobiTi analizis principebi~ (silagaZe 1987). mkvlevarma jer<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis uZvelesi safexuris rekonstruqcia SeZlo, risTvisac <strong>literaturis</strong><br />

istoriis, rogorc sistemis, gaazreba iyo aucilebeli.<br />

k. kekeliZis Tvalsazriss: `himnografiaSi embrionaluri saxiT arsebobda is<br />

versifikaciuli nimuSebi, romelTac evoluciis gziT mogvces kristaluri saero leqsi~, -<br />

dResac bevri iziarebs; SedarebiT naklebi momxre hyavs pavle ingroyvas principulad<br />

sawinaaRmdego mosazrebas, rom Zveli saero mwerlobis saboloo aRm<strong>of</strong>xvra ver SeZlo ukve<br />

gvian xanaSi gadmonergilma qristianulma mwerlobam.<br />

1997 wels gamocemuli zemoxsenebuli wigni p. ingoroyvas xsovnas eZRvneba da didi<br />

mecnieris hipoTezas mwyobri samecniero Teoriis saxiT warmogvidgens.<br />

ap. silagaZis Teoria gaiziara mix. qurdianmac, sul male, 1998 wels.<br />

1998 wels mix. qurdianma enaTmecnierebis Teoriis, istoriisa da <strong>literaturis</strong> Teoriis<br />

erToblivi SifriT daicva sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze: `saerTo qarTveluri<br />

versifikaciuli sistema da leqswyobis zogadlingvisturi Teoria~.<br />

mix. qurdianis naSromis aqtualobas bevri mniSvnelovani momenti gansazRvravs zogadi<br />

lingvistikis, zogadi literaturaTmcodneobisa da zogadi leqsmcodneobis poziciebidan da,<br />

maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT problematuria: kerZo _ qarTveluri enebis folklorul<br />

leqswyobaTa komparativistuli kvlevis gziT saerTo-qarTveluri versifikaciuli sistemis<br />

rekonstruqcia da zogadi _ leqswyobis zogadlingvisturi Teoriis dafuZneba leqsis,<br />

rogorc metyvelebis markirebuli formis gagebaze Sesabamisi (universaluri) markerebis<br />

gamoy<strong>of</strong>iT. kvlevis obieqtSi mocemulia <strong>qarTuli</strong>, zanuri, svanuri leqsi da, agreTve,<br />

sxvadasxva enobrivi ojaxisa Tu jgufis leqsic, romelic Sedarebulia erTmaneTTan<br />

tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT.<br />

mix. qurdianis naSromis samecniero siaxleTagan CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />

saerTo-qarTveluri leqsis Janrobrivi modelebisa da maTi formaluri arqetipebis<br />

rekonstruqcia, sxvadasxva sistemis leqswyobaTaTvis sinqroniaSi gamovlenili leqsis<br />

ritmuli da kompoziciuri organizaciis struqturaSi arsebuli paralelebi; fuZe-enaSi<br />

maxvilis adgilis gansazRvra leqswyobis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />

zemodasaxelebul sadisertacio naSromSi, ZiriTadad, gaziarebulia ap. silagaZis wignSi<br />

`leqsmcodneobiTi analizis principebis Sesaxeb~ (silagaZe 1987) Camoyalibebuli Teoria,<br />

romlis Tanaxmad, qarTul ritmul leqsSi moqmedi mTavari struqturuli faqtoria ritmuli<br />

gasayari, romelic, kerZod, ganapirobebs <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis universalur princips _ binarul<br />

gakveTas. Tu ap. silagaZem moaxdina rekonstruireba im sawyisi, literaturulad<br />

arafiqsirebuli safexurisa, sadac orwevredSi realizebuli iyo ori toli Semadgenlis<br />

153

principi, mix. qurdiani axdens rekonstruqcias im safexurisas, roca leqsSi jer kidev ar<br />

moqmedebs ori toli Semadgenlis principi, magram aseTi tendencia ukve Tavs iCens.<br />

mix. qurdianis azriT, orstriqoneds leqsad aqcevs sariTmo klauzula da swored riTmaa<br />

orstriqonedis ritmuli organizaciis relevanturi struqturuli elementi.<br />

sadoqtoro disertaciaSi warmodgenili Teoria, dadgenili modelebi da<br />

rekonstruirebuli sistema uaxlesi sityva iyo leqsmcodneobis TeoriaSi, rasac adasturebs<br />

is swrafi reagireba, rac am naSromebs mohyva. `literaturuli Ziebanis~ aRdgenili, me-19 tomi,<br />

1998 wels, ixsneba jondo bardaveliZis weriliT `literaturamdeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsi~.<br />

j. bardaveliZe ar eTanxmeba mix. qurdianis sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferatSi<br />

gamoTqmul uary<strong>of</strong>iT Tvalsazriss xelovnebis sinTetikuri formebis arsebobis Sesaxeb.<br />

mix. qurdianis azriT, leqsi arasodes y<strong>of</strong>ila simReris organuli nawili da leqsi,<br />

rogorc saTqmeli, aseve sasimRero (epikurica da lirikulic) yovelTvis, yvelgan,<br />

ugamonaklisod, ukve leqsi iyo leqswyobis TvalsazrisiT _ simRera ki ar daiSala leqsad da<br />

musikad, piriqiT, versifikaciul models miusadaga akompanimenti; simReris Seqmnisas mza<br />

versifikaciuli modelis arseboba ufro ueWvelia, vidre melodiis warmmarTveli roli.<br />

mix. qurdiani ar eTanxmeba j. bardaveliZes, romlis azriT, `sametapiani str<strong>of</strong>ebi da<br />

leqsebi xalxurSi SemTxveviT xasiaTs atareben, isini an fragmentebia, an poeturi defeqtebi~.<br />

mix. qurdiani fiqrobs, rom samstriqoniani leqsebi sruliad kanonzomieri movlenaa.<br />

erTmaneTs Tanxvdeba orive mecnieris Tvalsazrisi lirikul (lapidarul) leqsSi ritmis<br />

mravalferovnebis, xolo epikur (naratiul) leqsSi erTferovani riTmis arsebobis Sesaxeb.<br />

Tumca j. bardaveliZe ver iziarebs mix. qurdianis Tvalsazriss lirikuli (lapidaruli)<br />

leqsis dasabamidanve riTmianobis Sesaxeb.<br />

mix. qurdianis azriT, aucileblad gadasinjvas moiTxovs debulebebi riTmis genezisisa<br />

da evoluciis Taobaze (v. Jirmunski, v. bieri, j. driperi) da xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom riTma<br />

lirikul da epikur leqsSi sxvadasxva warmoSobisaa.<br />

j. bardaveliZe cdilobs, Tavisi werilis specifikidan gamomdinare, polemika ar<br />

warmarTos mix. qurdianis TvalsazrisTa gamo, magram ramdenime maTgans mainc exeba: pirveli da<br />

umTavresi, romelic ukve aRvniSneT zemoT, aris me-19 saukuneSi al. veselovskis mier<br />

SemuSavebuli sinkretizmis Teoria. qarTul mecnierebaSi kargad aris cnobili niko maris azri<br />

kavkasiuri poeziis mniSvnelobaze ms<strong>of</strong>lio literaturaSi da panteleimon beraZis cdebi<br />

berZnuli daqtiluri hegzametris genezisis dadgenisas <strong>qarTuli</strong> cekvis, simRerisa da<br />

leqswyobis daqtiluri bunebis gaTvaliswinebis Taobaze.<br />

j. bardaveliZis azriT, uZvelesi <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis adreuli formebis Sesaswavlad<br />

saukeTeso masalas iZleva Cveni simReris refrenebi. mix. qurdianis azriT ki, ar SeiZleba es<br />

sakmarisi sabuTi iyos: simReris dros refreni, misamRerebi, Sorisdebuli, glosalebi<br />

sityvebsac ki xleCen SuaSi, maSin, rodesac leqsSi isini gadamwyvet rols ver asruleben:<br />

leqsis teqsti ufro stabiluri formaa, xolo simReris teqsti _ labiluri konstruqcia.<br />

j. bardaveliZes saeWvod miaCnia, agreTve, im qarTveluri enebis folklorSi daculi<br />

orstriqonedebis arqauloba, romlebsac mix. qurdiani imowmebs da maTgan umravlesoba me-19me-20<br />

saukuneebis nimuSebad miaCnia da, saerTod, j. bardaveliZe Tvlis, rom mix. qurdianis<br />

mier damowmebuli <strong>qarTuli</strong>, megruli da svanuri leqsebis teqstebi arcTu Zvelia da<br />

literaturamdeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis nimuSebad ver gamodgeba.<br />

ak. SaniZis azriT, <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis uZvelesobas misi uriTmoba adasturebs.<br />

literaturamdeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis problemis ganxilvisas j. bardaveliZe dawvrilebiT<br />

exeba p. ingoroyvas Tvalsazriss ritmuli poeziis Taobaze, romelic Tavis droze ar<br />

gaiziares k. kekeliZem da ak. gawereliam.<br />

j. bardaveliZe wers: `... folkloristebs am sakiTxze aqamde Tavis mosazreba ar<br />

gamouTqvamT... p. ingoroyvas mier leqsad miCneuli nimuSebSi ki saleqso ritmis an metris<br />

aranairi nasaxic ar Cans~ (bardaveliZe 1998: 14-15).<br />

vfiqrobT, am azris gamoTqmisas avtors aucileblad unda gaeTvaliswinebina nino<br />

nakudaSvilis naSromi `himnografiuli leqsis struqtura~ da ap. silagaZis `Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

leqsi da <strong>qarTuli</strong> poeziis uZvelesi safexuris problema~, sadac sruliad axleburad aris<br />

Sefasebuli pavle ingoroyvas hipoTeza. nino nakudaSvilma himnografiuli teqsti, marTalia,<br />

poeturad, magram mainc sazomebis gareSe daweril Txzulebad CaTvala, sagaloblebis<br />

poeturobis safuZveli ki, misi azriT, aris saxeTa paralelizmi, romlis Seswavlis istoriac<br />

swored p. ingoroyvas saxels ukavSirdeba qarTul leqsmcodneobaSi.<br />

Cveni azriT, saxeTa paralelizmi unda iyos safuZveli `giorgi merCuleSi~ moxmobili<br />

`folkloruli Zeglebis~ poeturobisa. mkvlevari, ZiriTadad, eyrdnoba amJamad ukve miRweul,<br />

mniSvnelovan daskvnas himnografiuli teqstis struqturis kvlevisas: `... paradigmatuli<br />

struqtura da ganmeorebadoba, romlebic troparis str<strong>of</strong>ad Camoyalibebisaken miswrafebas<br />

Tavidanve dahyva da, rac aqcentirebulia iseTi kompoziciuri xerxebiT, rogoricaa anafora<br />

da sintaqsuri paralelizmi, savsebiT sakmarisi aRmoCnda sagalobelTa poeturi metyvelebis<br />

nimuSebad aRqmisaTvis, xolo str<strong>of</strong>uli paralelizmi, romelsac xSirad iyenebs himnografia,<br />

xazgasmulia anaforuli kompoziciiTa da troparebis sintaqsuri konstruqciiT~<br />

154

(nakudaSvili 1996: 116). am daskvnis gaTvaliswineba aucileblad dasWirdebaT folkloruli<br />

leqsis mkvlevarebsac.<br />

j. bardaveliZe ganixilavs uZveles qarTul saleqso formebs: Sairs, fistikaurs,<br />

`sadideblebs~, `didebans~, iSveliebs dav. gogoWurisa da roland beriZis mosazrebebs maTi<br />

analizis Taobaze da did adgils uTmobs saleqso sazomebsa da terfebze msjelobas, rac,<br />

erTgvarad, aSorebs mkvlevars werilis ZiriTad sakiTxs da polemikuri paTosic mix.<br />

qurdianis naSromis mimarT, nawilobriv, neldeba.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi j. bardaveliZem werili gamoaqveyna<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri leqsis specifikis Taobaze (bardaveliZe 1996: 27-28).<br />

avtoris azriT, <strong>qarTuli</strong> saliteraturo leqsic ki ver Tavsdeba mkacrad gansazRvrul<br />

romelime saleqso sistemaSi, miT ufro Znelia xalxuri leqsis moqceva silabur an silaburtonur<br />

sistemaSi.<br />

j. bardaveliZe ganixilavs megruli, guruli, xevsuruli da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva<br />

kuTxisaTvis damaxasiaTebel saleqso sazoms, Sairs da miuTiTebs: `Sairi saqarTvelos yvela<br />

kuTxisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. is aSkarad dominanti metria. miuxedavad amisa, igi yvelgan<br />

erTnairad ar warmoiTqmis~ (bardaveliZe 1996: 33).<br />

j. bardaveliZe miiCnevs, rom dav. gogoWuri da r. beriZe, xevsuruli leqsisa da<br />

mTibluris analizis dros, `erTgvarad Seborkili arian leqsmcodneobaSi damkvidrebuli<br />

`terfebis~ analizis meTodologiiT. isini xalxur leqss iseve aanalizeben, rogorc<br />

literaturuls... leqsi, romelsac sazomi gaaCnia, ukve aRar emorCileba musikis ritms~.<br />

avtoris dakvirvebiT: `maRalganviTarebuli polifoniuri musika leqswyobaze<br />

uary<strong>of</strong>iT gavlenas axdens (guruli leqsis magaliTi), xolo primitiuli musikis garemoSi<br />

leqsi ufro Tavisuflad viTardeba da maqsimalurad ixveweba (xvvsuruli musikisa da leqsis<br />

magaliTi)~ (bardaveliZe 1996: 27-28).<br />

j. bardaveliZe aRniSnavs, rom mas sakiTxis srulad gaSuqebis pretenzia ara aqvs, misi<br />

mizania sakiTxis dasma da leqsmcodneTa yuradRebis miqceva aRZrul problemaze.<br />

daskvna j. bardaveliZis werilisa amgvaria: leqss literaturamdel periodSi hqonda<br />

ZiriTadi komponentebi: ritmi da sazomi. sxva danarCeni man SeiZina ganviTarebis Semdgom<br />

etapze, literaturul leqsTan urTierTobaSi.<br />

sadavod gveCveneba leqsis formis Semqmnel komponentTagan ritmisa da sazomis<br />

gancalkevebulad warmodgena. samwuxarod, polemikis dros j. bardaveliZes sruliadac ar<br />

gauTvaliswinebia ap. silagaZis zemoxsenebuli wigni, Torem aucileblad Secvlida Tavis<br />

zogierT mosazrebas. ap. silagaZis wignis `Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsi da <strong>qarTuli</strong> poeziis uZvelesi<br />

safexuris problema~ xuTi wlis Semdeg daweril erTaderT recenziaSi gansakuTrebiT<br />

faseulad migvaCnia: 1) Teimuraz doiaSvilis mier sarecenzio wignSi aqcentirebuli daskvna:<br />

sasuliero teqstebSi SemCneuli sazomebi Canasaxi ki araa, aramed paralelurad moqmedi<br />

erovnuli leqswyobis kvali; 2) mkvlevaris mier gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis mipyroba<br />

naTargmn prozaSi CarTuli leqsiT nimuSebze; 3) ap. silagaZis mier msjelobaSi Semotanili<br />

cnebis literaturamdeli kanonis SemzRudavi normis Taobaze: sasuliero mwerloba,<br />

ZiriTadad, eyrdnoba iambikos, magram specifikur SemTxvevebSi, Tu arasasuliero SinaarsTan<br />

uxdeba kontaqti, sxva versifikaciuli formis gamoyenebis ufleba aqvs.<br />

90-iani wlebis damdegs presaSi gamoqveynebul werilTagan leqsmcodneobis kvlevis<br />

meTodebze gansakuTrebiT faseulia ap. silagaZis `reproduqciis Tviseba da leqsmcodneobis<br />

kvlevis masalis SerCeva~ (silagaZe 1992: 75-81).<br />

mecnieris azriT, leqsmcodneobiTi kvleva gulisxmobs or fundamentur amocanas:<br />

mocemuli leqswyobis kanonzomieri sistemisa da misi ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaTa<br />

gansazRvras. am saerTo amocanisaTvis amosavalia Semdegi ori postulati: 1. leqswyobis<br />

sistemis ganviTareba kanonzomieria iseve, rogorc leqswyobis sistema; 2. ganviTarebis<br />

kanonzomierebebi Seesabamebian an miemarTebian sistemis kanonzomierebebs; aseT SemTxvevaSi,<br />

ap. silagaZis azriT, kvlevis zogad meTods unda warmoadgendes struqturuli da istoriul -<br />

SedarebiTi analizis gaerTianeba, rasac mkvlevari sistemuri midgomis saerTo saxelwodebiT<br />

aRniSnavs. amgvari kvlevisas erT-erTi rTuli sakiTxia masalis SerCevis problema.<br />

masalis SerCevisaTvis ap. silagaZe ayalibebs Semdeg wess: leqswyobis sistemisaTvis<br />

markirebul tipur ritmul agebulebad iTvleba ganviTarebis mocemul safexurze,<br />

realizebuli iseTi forma, romelic uSualod momdevno safexurze da ara<br />

safexurgamotovebiT - amJRavnebs reproduqciis unars.<br />

ap. silagaZe daaskvnis: saleqso formam, novaciiT Seqmnilma, SesaZloa, ar gamoavlinos<br />

reproduqciis Tviseba, magram, amave dros, novaciis raRac garkveul elements, garkveuli<br />

wesis saxiT, SeiZleba aRmoaCndes reproduqciis unari - masze damyarebiT, ganviTarebis raRac<br />

safexurze, SeiZleba Seiqmnas iseTi forma an formaTa mTeli sistema, romelic markirebuli<br />

gaxdeba leqswyobisaTvis.<br />

Teimuraz doiaSvili `sjanis~ meoTxe nomerSi gamoqveynebul werilSi: `sistema _<br />

procesi _ norma~, romelSic recenzirebulia ap. silagaZis bolo wigni `<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

<strong>literaturis</strong> istoria, rogorc sistema da literaturuli normebis sakiTxi~ (2000),<br />

155

aRniSnavs: `ap. silagaZis am wignSi, iseve rogorc mis sxva naSromebSi, aSkaraa<br />

literaturaTmcodneobiTi analizis Tvisebrivad axal stadiaze gadasvla, rodesac oden<br />

faqtebis aRnusxvasa da gamxoloebul analizs enacvleba sistemis mTlianobisa da misi<br />

ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebis gansazRvra.<br />

Tanamedrove lingvistikis fundamenturi ideebis analogiiT, faqtebi ganixileba<br />

kanonzomieri sistemisa (sinqroniis) da kanonzomieri procesis (diaqroniis) konteqstSi, rac<br />

maT daxasiaTebasac gulisxmobs da mimarTebis dadgenasac winmaval da momdevno faqtebTan~<br />

(doiaSvili 2003: 96).<br />

interdisciplinaruli kvlevis aucilebloba 90-ian wlebSi qarTvel leqsmcodneebs<br />

sadavod ar miuCneviaT, magram mwvave diskusiis sagnad ki iqca meTodTa mimarTeba <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

leqsis bunebis garkvevisas. maTematikos guram TevzaZis mier SemoTavazebuli modeli<br />

kvlevisa, romelic Camoyalibebulia mis wignebSi: `<strong>qarTuli</strong> poeziis fenomeni. tipologiuri<br />

da versifikaciuli problemebis gadawyveta. sinergetikuli midgoma~ (TevzaZe 1993), xolo<br />

mogvianebiT wignSi: `<strong>qarTuli</strong> leqswyobis kompiuteruli kvlevis saTaveebTan~ (TevzaZe 1997);<br />

ufro adre leqsis kompiuteruli analizis Taobaze broSura gamosca elguja dadunaSvilma:<br />

`<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri leqsis kompiuteruli analizisa da klasifikaciis Teoriis safuZvlebi~.<br />

(dadunaSvili 1992), sadac avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs folkloris kompiuteruli<br />

saZieblis zogad saxesa da misi funqcionirebis ZiriTadi principebis gansazRvrasTan<br />

dakavSirebul sakiTxebze.<br />

avtoris azriT, <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri leqsis ZiriTad elementTagan kompiuteruli analizis<br />

wess eqvemdebareba marcvalTa raodenoba, metri da riTma.<br />

SemTxveviTi ar iyo, albaT, rom g. TevzaZis wigns `<strong>qarTuli</strong> poeziis fenomens~ erT-erTi<br />

pirveli swored e. dadunaSvili gamoexmaura. recenzentis azriT, g. TevzaZe, nacvlad leqsis<br />

Txzvis kanonebis aRwera _ dadgenisa, versifikaciuli problemis gadasawyvetad saWirod<br />

Tvlis am wesebisa da kanonebis erT sistemaSi moyvanas. `leqsis maTematikuri meTodebiT<br />

kvlevis safuZvelze naSromSi gamoTqmulia saTanado daskvna, romlis Tanaxmadac, <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

leqswyobis ganviTarebaSi dominantur mimarTulebad aRiarebulia silaburoba~ (dadunaSvili<br />

1994: 4).<br />

el. dadunaSvilis recenziis arakompetenturobasa da arapr<strong>of</strong>esionalizmSi eWvis<br />

Setanas xels uwyobs iseTi bundovani Sexedulebani, rogorebic aris: `sainteresoa msjeloba<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> leqswyobis istoriaSi SeniSnuli leqswyobis formebis ganviTarebis (!)<br />

ganmapirobebeli faqtorebis (sistemis) ganviTarebis bifurkaciuli gza, da aRniSnuli<br />

ganviTarebis meqanizmis Taobaze (fluqtaciebis gaZliereba, mmarTveli parametrebis<br />

cvlileba, mdgomareobis parametrTa raodenobis zrda)~ (dadunaSvili 1994: 4). Cven, piradad,<br />

gviWirs raime `sainteresos~ SemCneva recenzentis bundovan da gaugebar azrTa mdinarebaSi.<br />

gvgonia, rom TviTon el. dadunaSvilsac didad ar esmis da arc sjera `sistemis ganviTarebis<br />

bifurkaciuli gzisa~ an `fluqtaciebis gaZlierebisa~.<br />

ufro patiosnad moiqca g. TevzaZis meore wignis `<strong>qarTuli</strong> leqswyobis kompiuteruli<br />

kvlevis saTaveebTan~ (Tb., 1996) recenzenti o. goliaZe, romelmac `Tavmdablad~ aRniSna, rom<br />

`g. TevzaZis naSromebi... axali etapia ara mxolod <strong>qarTuli</strong> sinamdvilisaTvis, aramed rusul -<br />

evropuli masStabiTac. yovel SemTxvevaSi, CvenTvis ucnobia am tipis gamokvlevebi~.<br />

Znelia, am recenziis kiTxvisas daijero, rom mis avtors <strong>qarTuli</strong> riTmis istoriisa da<br />

Teoriis sakiTxebze didxans ufiqria da amitomac gaxarebia TevzaZis naSromSi mignebuli<br />

kvlevis meTodis siaxle: `g. TevzaZis mier SemoTavazebulia <strong>qarTuli</strong> riTmis axali,<br />

arsebulisagan gansxvavebuli klasifikacia (!), romelic eyrdnoba simravleTa klasifikaciis<br />

ZiriTad principebs (??): mkvlevarma Seadgina leqsis metruli struqturis maTematikuri<br />

modeli, xolo manqanuri algoriTmis dawerilia beisikis saprogramo enaze~ (goliaZe 1996: 16).<br />

raoden saocaric unda iyos, apolon silagaZis Teoria <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis kvlevisa, misi<br />

`leqsmcodneobiTi analizis principebi~, `Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsi da <strong>qarTuli</strong> poeziis uZvelesi<br />

safexuris problema~, `sasuliero poeziis ritmuli organizaciis zogierTi sakiTxi~ Cvens<br />

presaSi 90-ian wlebSi SeumCneveli da Seufasebeli darCa; rom ara TviT g. TevzaZis werili<br />

`usamarTlobis atana moTminebiT~ (TevzaZe 1999: 5), albaT, didxans iqneboda Sefaruli da<br />

miCqmaluli ap. silagaZis samecniero aRmoCena.<br />

monografiaSi `Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsi da <strong>qarTuli</strong> poeziis uZvelesi safexuris problema~<br />

(1997) avtorma recenzia uZRvna g. TevzaZis wigns `<strong>qarTuli</strong> poeziis fenomeni~, sadac amxila<br />

maTematikis mecnierebaTa kandidati leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebis uvicobasa da sakiTxis<br />

kvlevis arapr<strong>of</strong>esionalizmSi.<br />

swored am recenzias upasuxa g. TevzaZe, romelmac farTod gaaxmaura kerZo<br />

mniSvnelobis, mxolod specialistebisaTvis dawerili, mkacri SeniSvnebiT aRsavse werili ap.<br />

silagaZisa, romelic amxelda g. TevzaZes, rogorc misi `leqsmcodneobiTi analizis<br />

principebis~ interpretators: `... avtors aRebuli aqvs Cvengan Tavisi gamokvlevis mTavari<br />

daskvna... es aris <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqswyobis Cveni modeli... yvelafer amas mosdevs gamokvleva,<br />

romelsac safuZvlad edeba Cveni sistema, misi warmomqmneli faqtori, Cveni terminebi... igive<br />

`orwevrebi~, cnebebi da meTodologia...~<br />

156

g. TevzaZe sapasuxo werilSi `Tavs icavs~: `... <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqswyobis Cemi modeli ar aris<br />

misi leqswyobis interpretacia, arc am interpretaciis cda, da, amdenad, arc misi modeli...<br />

silagaZis `modeli~ warmoadgens erT-erT qvesimravles Cems modelSi, kerZod, struqturaTa<br />

Teoriis enaze rom vTqvaT, esaa mudmivi =2 modelis mqone 4-doniani ierarqiuli qvestruqtura<br />

binaruli erTeuliT. ufro metic, principuli msjelobisas ap. silagaZis `modeli~ saerTod<br />

ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc zogadad <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis modeli, risi pretenziac<br />

avtors gaaCnia... Cveni modelebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba saerTod ar SeiZleba~.<br />

TavisTavad, amgvari pasuxi `recenziisa~ gamaRizianebeli iyo, rasac Tan daerTo ambavi<br />

imis Taobaze, rom g. TevzaZe sadoqtoro disertaciis dacvas apirebda leqsmcodneobis<br />

kvlevis axal meTodologiaze, amitom ap. silagaZem saWirod CaTvala, mkacri werili daebeWda<br />

gaz. `literaturul saqarTveloSi~, sadac Camoayaliba is ZiriTadi punqtebi, ris arcodnac<br />

bralad edeboda g. TevzaZes:<br />

`ar icis TevzaZem:<br />

ra principuli gansxvavebaa leqswyobasa da poezias Soris;<br />

ar icis, ra gansxvavebaa ritmsa da leqswyobas Soris;<br />

... ar icis, ra aris izosilabizmi;<br />

ar icis, ra aris struqturuli niSani;<br />

ar icis, ra gansxvavebaa sityvaTmaxvilsa da saleqso maxvils Soris da a.S da a.S... mas surs,<br />

yvelam aRiaros, rom man miaRwia axal, jer arnaxul Sedegebs, rom universaluria da<br />

gamosadegi nebismieri erovnuli leqswyobisaTvis... da igi amas bedavs!~ (silagaZe 1999: 7).<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom ap. silagaZe am e.w. diskusiis damTavrebas am weriliT apirebda, ase<br />

ar moxda. gaz. `literaturul saqarTvelos~ momdevno nomerSi daibeWda g. TevzaZis sapasuxo<br />

statia: `egre ar aris, Tayao...~.<br />

g. TevzaZe aRniSnavs: `ap. silagaZes Tavisi `universaluri~ modelis dacva unda, magram<br />

imdeni ki esmis, rom ase Tqma ar SeiZleba, amitom ganazogada man Tavisi problema mxolod<br />

qarTul filologiaze~ (TevzaZe 1999: 24-31. 12; 7).<br />

rva punqtad Camoyalibebuli g. TevzaZis `pasuxebi~, arsebiTad, ver abaTilebs ap.<br />

silagaZis mier wamoyenebul verc erT braldebas diletantobisa da arapr<strong>of</strong>esionalizmis<br />

gamo.<br />

`diskusia~ iZulebiT gaagrZela da daasrula kidec ap. silagaZem, romelmac<br />

zemoxsenebuli `pasuxis~ gamo aRniSna: `g. TevzaZis statia yvelafers Seicavda, pasuxis garda -<br />

avtori aramarto ar uary<strong>of</strong>da, aramed arc cdilobda uareyo Cemi arc erTi pretenzia misi,<br />

rogorc mecnieris, mimarT~ (silagaZe 2000: 7-14. 1; 12).<br />

Jurn. `axal paradigmebSi~ 1999 wels, xolo mogvianebiT 2001 wels gaz. `literaturul<br />

saqarTveloSi~ (7-13. 12, 15-16) kvlav gaagrZela g. TevzaZem Tavisi `mecnieruli aRmoCenebis~<br />

gamomzeureba statiiT: `leqsmcodneobiT analizis axali teqnologia~. avtors saWirod<br />

miaCnia, leqsmcodneobaSi dainergos kompiuteruli kvleva, rasac, misi azriT, `win unda<br />

uswrebdes <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis Teoriuli analizi da misi maTematikuri modelis Seqmna~.<br />

saocaria, magram faqtia, rom g. TevzaZe ver scildeba ap. silagaZis Teorias da saWirod<br />

miiCnevs, rom leqswyobis sistemaTa principuli daxasiaTeba sam fundamentur gamokvlevas<br />

daemyaros: sistemis struqturul analizs, diaqroniis analizs da sistemis kvalifikacias. am<br />

Tanmimdevrobis avtors, ap. silagaZes, igi keTilsindisierad imowmebs.<br />

ap. silagaZesa da g. TevzaZes Soris gamarTuli diskusiis dros, ra Tqma unda, savsebiT<br />

mkafiod gamoikveTa sakiTxis WeSmariti arsi, magram sabolood misi Sefaseba mainc<br />

mogvianebiT, 2002-2003 wlebis presaSi moxda gazeT `axali epoqis. Cveni mwerlobisa~ da kr.<br />

`sjanis~ furclebze. Teimuraz doiaSvilis werilze ~hipoTezidan _ Teoriamde~ am Tavis<br />

dasawyisSi visaubreT, aseve aRvniSneT amave avtoris werili `sistema _ procesi _ norma~,<br />

sadac ap. silagaZis naSromebi saTanadod aris Sefasebuli: `Teoriul _ meTodologiuri<br />

postulati, romelsac mkvlevari eyrdnoba, mecnierulad Rirebul, damajerebel Sedegebs<br />

iZleva~.<br />

diskusiis Sesajameblad garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs, agreTve, kr. `sjanis~ me-2 nomerSi<br />

gamoqveynebul werils ..ra aris sinergetika~, romlis avtoria nino darbaiseli.<br />

g. TevzaZis wigns ..<strong>qarTuli</strong> poeziis fenomeni~ saTaurSive axlda miTiTeba _ dazusteba<br />

_`sinergetikuli midgoma~. <strong>qarTuli</strong> poeziis fenomenis amocnobas, misi problemebis gadaWras<br />

avtori sinergetikuli meTodiT gvTavazobda. amgvari midgoma versifikaciisadmi CvenSi im<br />

dros sruliad ucnobi iyo da, bunebrivia, didi interesis gamomwvevic: `winamdebare naSromSi<br />

poeziisa, da, kerZod, aRniSnul problemaTa (<strong>qarTuli</strong> leqswyobis sistemisaTvis adgilis<br />

miCena tipologiuri klasifikaciis cxrilSi, leqswyobis ritmuli struqturis bunebis<br />

dadgena _ T.b) mimarT ganxorcielebulia swored struqturuli midgomiT. sinergetikuli<br />

principebis poziciebidan. es ukanaskneli warmoadgens yvelaze Tanamedrove da swrafad<br />

ganviTarebad mecnierul Teorias zogadi bunebis evoluciur sistemaTa ganviTarebis<br />

kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb~ (TevzaZe 1993: 7).<br />

am winaTqmas mohyveba `problemis azris dazusteba~, sadac avtori ganmartavs<br />

sinergetikas, romelic `Seiswavlis Tvisebrivad sruliad gansxvavebuli bunebis (fizikuri,<br />

157

iologiuri, qimiuri, sociologiuri, kosmologiuri da sxv.) simravleTa qaosidan wesrigSi<br />

TviTgadasvlis kanonzomierebas. am mecnierebis mier ukve dadgenilia, rom es<br />

kanonzomierebebi erTi da igive cocxali da aracocxali bunebis TviTorganizebad dalagebul<br />

struqturaTa warmoqmnis, ganviTarebisa da daSlis procesebisaTvis~ (TevzaZe 1993: 11).<br />

g. TevzaZe fiqrobs, rom `poetur formaTa ganviTarebac iseTsave zogad<br />

kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba, rogorsac, sazogadod, yvela TviTorganizebadi<br />

struqtura~, amitom sinergetikac, SesaZloa, saukeTeso meTodi aRmoCndes problemaTa<br />

gadasaWrelad.<br />

nino darbaiselis zemoxsenebul werilSi dawvrilebiT aris saubari sinergetikis<br />

Taobaze da damajerebeli daskvniT mTavrdeba: sinergetika svams kiTxvebs da amomwuravad ver<br />

(an _ jer ver) pasuxobs. ufro zustad, ayenebs uamrav problemas da am problemaTa mcire<br />

nawilze gvTavazobs SesaZlo axsnas. jansaRi sinergetika ar gamodis erTaderTi swori pasuxis<br />

gacemis pretenziiT. arsiT igi polilogurobis, polikonceptualobis momxrea.<br />

`... bunebrivad gaifanteba iluzoruli warmodgena, rom maSin, rodesac sxvadasxva<br />

mecnierebebi ama Tu im problemis garSemo gasaRebs eZebdnen, uceb gamoCnda axali mecniereba,<br />

romelmac ipova erTaderTi gasaRebi da gaxsna is zanduki, sadac yvela gasaRebi inaxeboda.<br />

(darbaiseli 2001: 34-35).<br />

... daaxloebiT aTi weliwadi dasWirda <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqswyobis umTavresi problemis<br />

gadasaWrelad momarjvebuli axali midgomis `aRmoCenad~ aRiarebis srul da saboloo<br />

uary<strong>of</strong>as.<br />

b) galaktionis poetika<br />

1998 wels 100 weli Sesrulda galaktion tabiZis `artistuli yvavilebis~ gamocemidan.<br />

`artistuli yvavilebis~ xana _ `1915-1919 wlebi _ oqros xanaa me-20 saukunis qarTul<br />

poeziaSi~, - am sityvebiT amTavrebs ak. xinTibiZe gaz. `literaturul saqarTveloSi~<br />

gamoqveynebul werils saTauriT `mTeli xana wignisa: Crane aux fleurs...~<br />

werilSi savsebiT sworad aris gaazrebuli da danaxuli amgvari poeturi krebulis<br />

Tematur-Sinaarsobrivi Sedgenis principi, romelic pirvelidan (`Semodgoma umanko Casaxebis<br />

mamaTa savaneSi~) ukanasknel (`domino~) leqsamde, ganisazRvreba erTi mTliani wignis agebis<br />

surviliT, sadac erTmaneTs miyolebuli leqsebi urTierTmisadagebulia TemebiT,<br />

ganwyobilebebiT, ritmuli xveulebiT. wigns aqvs erTiani kompozicia _ logikuri dasawyisiTa<br />

da dasasruliT.<br />

ak. xinTibiZis es dakvirveba uTuod yuradsaRebia: evropuli poeziis gamocdilebas<br />

naziarebi qarTveli poetebi me-20 s. 10-iani wlebidan iwyeben amgvari krebulebis gamocemas<br />

(mag. i. griSaSvili, `ocnebis kocna~; al. abaSeli, `mzis sicili~; val. gafrindaSvili, `daisebi~<br />

da sxv.). `leqsebi ki aRar aweria garekanze, aramed gansazRvruli saTauri aqvs, romelic<br />

ciklebad aerTianebs leqsebs da xels uwyobs emociur - mxatvruli centrebis fiqsireba _<br />

akumulirebas. nebismieri Sinaarsis leqsebis Setana ukve aRar xdeboda 10-20-iani wlebis<br />

qarTvel poetTa krebulebSi. swored am principiT ar Seitana galaktionma `artistul<br />

yvavilebSi~: `droSebi Cqara~, `mzeo TibaTvisa~.<br />

ak. xinTibiZe am werilSi sagangebod aRniSnavs akakis SemoqmedebiTs rolsa da<br />

avtoritets galaktionis poeziaSi, xolo Semdeg miuTiTebs, rom `artistulma yvavilebma~<br />

saTave daudo ramdenime motivs qarTul poeziaSi, romlebic Semdeg saerTo-qarTul motivebad<br />

iqca. kerZod, meris motivi, atmis yvavilebis simbolika, lurja cxenebis motivi... (xinTibiZe<br />

1998: 20-29. 11; 4).<br />

ak. xinTibiZe, saiubileo werilis specifikidan gamomdinare, SedarebiT nakleb adgils<br />

uTmobs `artistuli yvavilebis~ versifikaciaze msjelobas, magram imas ki aRniSnavs, rom es<br />

wigni, rogorc axali sityva, mniSvnelovanwilad, Tavisi versifikaciiT Sevida <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

poeziis istoriaSi. aqve mkvlevari axsenebs mkiTxvels: 1974 wels mis mier ganxorcielebuli<br />

`artistuli yvavilebis~ aRdgenil gamocemas, romelic, faqtobrivad, vaxtangiseuli<br />

~vefxistyaosnis~ aRdgeniTi gamocemis Semdeg, pirveli SemTxveva iyo <strong>qarTuli</strong> wignis<br />

istoriaSi; `artistuli yvavilebis~ 1974 wlis aRdgeniT gamocemas darTuli hqonda riTmebis<br />

leqsikoni, Tavisi saZieblebiTa da leqsebis metruli maCvenebeli, rac mkvlevars saSualebas<br />

aZlevs, konkretuli dakvirveba SeZlos am wignis leqswyobaze.<br />

ak. xinTibiZem moxseneba: `galaktionis poezia dimitri benaSvilis TvalTaxedviT~ 1997<br />

wels dimitri benaSvilis xsovnisadmi miZRvnil samecniero sesiaze waikiTxa, xolo Semdeg gaz.<br />

`kalmasobis~ 1998 wlis meaTe nomerSi dabeWda.<br />

ak. xinTibiZis am werilSi gamokveTilia dimitri benaSvilis Sexeduleba galaktionis<br />

poeziaze, galaktionis mimarTebaze nik. baraTaSvilis poeziasTan, romelic axali StrixebiT<br />

gaamdidra cnobilma qarTvelma mkvlevarma; sagulisxmoa dimitri benaSvilis mier galaktionis<br />

SemoqmedebiTi meTodis gansazRvra, romelic romantikuli realizmiT aris saxeldebuli<br />

mkvlevaris mier. sanimuSod igi `meris~ asaxelebs, romelSic romantizebulia obieqturi<br />

sinamdvile da `realuri grZnoba romantikuli elferiT imoseba~.<br />

158

ak. xinTibiZis werili mTavrdeba dim. benaSvilis sityvebiT: `... yoveli axali Taoba<br />

galaktionis lirikaSi ipovis esTetikuri siamovnebis keTilSobil wyaros~.<br />

90-iani wlebis qarTul periodikaSi gamorCeul adgils imkvidrebs poetikis mkvlevarTa<br />

axali Taobis warmomadgeneli zaza SaTiriSvili, romlis werilebma `saxeli gala k /qtioni~<br />

(SaTiriSvili 1998: 54-67) da `epitafiis poetika da skulpturuli miTi~ (g. tabiZis `<strong>of</strong>orti~)<br />

(SaTiriSvili 1998: 45-55) specialistTa sagangebo yuradReba daimsaxura.<br />

zaza SaTiriSvili interteqstualuri kvlevis meTodis momarjvebiT sagulisxmo<br />

Sedegebs gvTavazobs galaktionis poetikis zogierT sakiTxze:<br />

1) 1995 wels iqmneba galaktionis teqstebis mTeli seria, romelic warmogviCens, rom<br />

akakisa da baraTaSvilis (nawilobriv, ilias) efebosidan g. tabiZe iqca `sxva~ poetad;<br />

2) avtocitacia da avtointerteqstualoba galaktionis narcisuli ritorikis<br />

araerTaderTi strategiaa. `mkvdari mamis~ tropi, kontaqtis SeuZlebloba, rogorc<br />

erTaderTi unikaluri sxeuli, amave ritorikis mkacr instrumentaliebs ayalibebs;<br />

3) mkvdari mamis toposi ganapirobebs imasac, rom moyolebuli `mTawmindis mTvaridan~<br />

sikvdili da teqstis producireba (Tanatosi da poezia _ poiesisi) gaigivebulia<br />

erTimeoresTan _ poezia muSaobs sikvdilis reJimSi;<br />

4) moxsna xorcieldeba garkveuli teqnikiT, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT<br />

Tanatopoiesisi _ kvdomwera. misi meSveobiT xorcieldeba romantikuli diskusiisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli opoziciebis moxsna, rogorebicaa mamuli (mSobliuri landSafti) da sxva,<br />

ucxo landSafti, winaparTa saflavebi (ucxo mxare).<br />

sagulisxmoa zaza SaTiriSvilis daskvna: `galaktionis~ `Zlier poetad~ qceva<br />

ganxorcielda Tanatopoiesis meSveobiT. `mkvdari mamis~ toposi da tropi, kontaqtis<br />

SeuZlebloba an/da `kontaqti SeuZlebel obieqtTan~, `siSoris siaxlove~ ayalibebs `namdvil~<br />

galaktions da 1915-1925 wlebis poezias.<br />

1925 wlis Semdeg iwyeba is, rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT Tanatopoiesis `waSla~. galaktioni<br />

iwyebs `meored dabadebas~, romelic, erTdroulad, gulisxmobs rogorc `axal realobasTan~<br />

kontaqtis damyarebas, ise `mkvdari mamis~ toposisagan gaTavisuflebas.<br />

rac Seexeba `galaktionSi~ q-s k-Ti Casworebis operacias, mkvlevari ase xsnis:<br />

`galaktioni~ aris ara imdenad sakuTari, ramdenadac erTaderTi da unikaluri saxeli,<br />

romelsac ganumeoreblobis sakuTari wesi aqvs... q-s waSla da gadawera, k-s mier misi<br />

Canacvleba unda wavikiTxoT, rogorc kontaqtis SeuZlebloba, rogorc mkvdari mamis toposSi<br />

Sesvla... akaki SeiZleba wavikiTxoT, rogorc mkvdari mamis saxeli~ (SaTiriSvili 1998: 62).<br />

akaki wereTlis poetur teqstebTan galaktionis leqsebis semantikuri mimarTebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT saintereso Tanxvedras aqvs adgili. g. tabiZis `<strong>of</strong>ortsa~ da akaki wereTlis<br />

`epitafias~ Soris. zaza SaTiriSvili damajereblad warmogvidgens orive leqsis konotaciur<br />

velebs: `<strong>of</strong>ortis~ SemTxvevaSi es aris goiasa da kalos, bodlerisa da h<strong>of</strong>manis, xolo<br />

`epitafiis~ dros `monumentis aRmarTvis serias~ (horaciusi _ derJavini, puSkini) ukavSirebs<br />

igi.<br />

`<strong>of</strong>ortis~ interteqstualuri analizisas gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebod migvaCnia<br />

mkvlevaris daskvna: `warwerisa da Zeglis ontologiuri `simagris~ nacvlad rCeba totaluri<br />

Tovlwera; epitafiis poetikisa da prezentaciis nacvlad, gameorebis ritorika... Tovlwera<br />

anacvlebs warweras, xolo rasac galaktioni samSoblos uwodebs - aris Tovli~.<br />

zaza SaTiriSvilis es mniSvnelovani daskvna, Cveni azriT, aramarto galaktionisa da<br />

akakis zemoxsenebuli poeturi teqstebis analizisas aris marTebuli, aramed aseve miemarTeba<br />

igi vaJa-fSavelas `baxtrionis~ gmirs. kviria sanaTas ase uxasiaTebs Tavis `sxva~ samSobloSi,<br />

TuSeTSi y<strong>of</strong>nis 20 weliwads:<br />

... sabarod gadmomavalTa<br />

ambavs vkiTxavdi weroTa.<br />

ra werilobas gagviwevs<br />

Tovlze ambavi vweroTa?!<br />

zaza SaTiriSvilis termini `Tovlwera~ aqac zustad imave sazrisiT SeiZleba<br />

gamoviyenoT, rogorc galaktionis `<strong>of</strong>ortSi~. ufro metic, aseve iyenebs mas giorgi leoniZe<br />

Tavis leqsSi `weros Tovli~, romelic poeziaSi vaJa-fSavelas naTlobiT Semovida.<br />

60-iani wlebis qarTul <strong>literaturis</strong>mcodneobaSi erT-erTma pirvelma guram asaTianma<br />

miuTiTa imis Taobaze, rom galaktionis poeziaSi mTavaria sityvebis ara mxolod garegnuli<br />

`Tanabgereba~, aramed Sinagani, simbolisturi koncefciiT gamarTlebuli, idumali Sexmianeba,<br />

e.w. ezoTeruli Tanxmovaneba. am idumalebis amocnobas bevri cnobili galaktionologi<br />

cdilobs. sasiamovnoa, rom maTs ricxvs zaza SaTiriSvilic Seemata Tavisi farTo<br />

literaturmcodneobiTi TvalsawieriT, utyuari alRoTi da gemovnebiT.<br />

galaktion tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi arcTu xSirad, magram mainc gvxvdeba myari saleqso<br />

formebi: aRmosavluri Tu evropuli. Tu aqamde cnobili iyo galaktionis poeziaSi: tercina,<br />

soneti, rondo, vilaneli, oqtava, franguli balada, aRmosavluri murabahi, yoSma Tu yazali,<br />

roland beriZis werilis `galaktion tabiZis trioletebis~ (beriZe 1998) Semdeg maTs ricxvs<br />

159

Seemateba galaktionis `alazanTan~, romelic qarTul poeziaSi gavrcelebuli trioletebis<br />

sapirispirod, 14-marcvliani (5/4/5) sazomiT ki ar aris dawerili, aramed, aTmarcvlediT (5/5)<br />

da igi Cveulebrivi trioleti ki ar aris, aramed _ ormagi. galaktionis `alazanTan~ r.<br />

beriZemde aravis CauTvlia trioletad, radgan mas, TviTon poetis nebiT, trioletis<br />

garegnuli iersaxe dakarguli hqonda. leqsis gamocdil mkvlevaris Tvals ar gamohparvia es<br />

grafikuli Tavisufleba _ ori rvataepedis SeerTeba. r. beriZe aqve ganixilavs galaktionis<br />

erT rvataepian leqss, romelsac `trioletebi~ hqvia. igi arakanonieri trioletia: meore<br />

taepi _ merve taepad rom unda gadaadgildes, aq meSvide striqonad meordeba, aseve damwyebi<br />

sarefreno ortaepedi:<br />

me momaqvs, me momaqvs yviTeli sanTlebi,<br />

yviTeli vardebis livlivi elvare _<br />

striqonTa Sebrunebuli rigiT gadadis leqsis bolos:<br />

me momaqvs yviTeli vardebi elvare,<br />

me momaqvs, me momaqvs yviTeli vardebi!<br />

savsebiT safuZvlianad migvaCnia mkvlevaris varaudi, rom es trioleti poetis mier<br />

saTanadod damuSavebuli ar y<strong>of</strong>ila, leqsis dasaTaureba `trioletebic~ saeWvoa, radgan igi<br />

mxolod erTi, rvastriqonia leqsia, amdenad, unda iyos `trioleti~.<br />

albaT, isev r. beriZis varauds unda vendoT da davelodoT im dros, rodesac<br />

galaktionis ucnob nawerebSi, adre Tu gvian, gamoCndeba `trioletebis~ varianti.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

bardaveliZe 1996: bardaveliZe j. calkeul kuTxeTa roli <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri leqsis TaviseburebaTa<br />

CamoyalibebaSi. qarTveluri memkvidreoba. I. quTaisuri saubrebi. simpoziumis masalebi.<br />

quTaisis ak. wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti. dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi<br />

<strong>instituti</strong>. quTaisi, 1996.<br />

bardaveliZe 1998: bardaveliZe j. literaturamdeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsi. kr. literaturuli Ziebani, XIX, Tb.:<br />

1998.<br />

beriZe 198: beriZe r. galaktion tabiZis trioletebi. gaz. kalmasoba, 5, 1998.<br />

goliaZe 1996: goliaZe o. versifikaciuli kvlevis originaluri gza. gaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo, №<br />

49, 1996.<br />

dadunaSvili 1994: dadunaSvili el. siaxle qarTul leqsmcodneobaSi. gaz, literaturuli saqarTvelo,<br />

19 agvisto, 1994.<br />

darbaiseli 2001: darbaiseli n. ra aris sinergetika, kr. sjani, II, Tb.: 2001.<br />

doiaSvili 2003: doiaSvili T. sistema - procesi — norma. kr. sjani, IV, Tb.: 2003.<br />

doiaSvili 2002-2003: hipoTezidan Teoriamde. gaz. axali epoqa. Cveni mwerloba, 17.12.2002- 09.01.2003.<br />

TevzaZe 1999: TevzaZe g. <strong>qarTuli</strong> poeziis fenomeni. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1993.<br />

TevzaZe 1999: TevzaZe g. usamarTlobis atana moTminebiT. gaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo, 30.IV, 1999.<br />

TevzaZe 1999: TevzaZe g. egre ar aris, Tayao... gaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo, 24.12.1999.<br />

nakudaSvili 1996: nakudaSvili n. himnografiuli teqstis struqtura. Tb.|: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~,<br />

1996.<br />

silagaZe 1992: silagaZe ap. reproduqciis Tviseba da leqsmcodneobiTi kvlevis masalis SerCeva. J. macne,<br />

3, 1992.<br />

silagaZe 1999: silagaZe ap. filologias saqarTveloSi dacva sWirdeba. gaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo,<br />

10. 12. 1999.<br />

SaTiriSvili 1998: SaTiriSvili z. saxeli gala k /qtioni. J. afra, 3, 1998.<br />

SaTiriSvili 1998: SaTiriSvili z. epitafiis poetika da skulpturuli miTi (g. tabiZis `<strong>of</strong>orti~). Jurn.<br />

axali paradigmebi, 1, 1998.<br />

xinTibiZe 1998: xinTibiZe ak. mTeli xana wignisa: Crane aux fleurs... gaz. literaturul saqarTvelo, 20.27.XI,<br />

1998.<br />

Prosody Issues in Periodicals in 1990-ies<br />

Summary<br />

Tamar Barbakadze<br />

In the article shown, that despite <strong>of</strong> the social-political crises in Georgia in 1990-ies, Georgian prosody<br />

development was impressionable. In last 10 years <strong>of</strong> the past century research area <strong>of</strong> national versification<br />

dilated and supplemented with fundamental works.<br />

160

In the article author analyzed more than one hundred articles and reviews, which have been published in<br />

Georgian periodicals in 1990-ies. This works presents by forth thematic groups: a) Problem <strong>of</strong> pre-literature<br />

Georgian verse; issues <strong>of</strong> researches <strong>of</strong> Georgian verse’s history and theory; b) Galaktioni’s Poetic; c)<br />

Versification problems <strong>of</strong> “Vepkhistkaosani” (“Knight in The Panther’s Skin”); d) Poetry <strong>of</strong> hard verses.<br />

At this time we are publishing first and second chapters.<br />

The first chapter: Problem <strong>of</strong> pre-literature Georgian verse; issues <strong>of</strong> researches <strong>of</strong> Georgian verse’s<br />

history and theory dedicated to overview opinions (T. Doiashvili, M. Kurdiani, J. Bardavelidze) about important<br />

works <strong>of</strong> Apolon Silagadze: “Analyze Principals <strong>of</strong> Prosody” (Tbilisi, 1987) and “The Old Georgian Verse and<br />

Oldest Stage Problems <strong>of</strong> Georgian Poetry” and polemics about this books.<br />

This discussion clarified that in 90-ies <strong>of</strong> 20th century Apolon Silagadze’s hypotheses about Georgian<br />

versification and geneses <strong>of</strong> Georgian verses gained the victory. Apolon Silagadze gave this hypotheses<br />

scientific basis and asserted that Christian literature couldn’t exterminate oldest secular literature. Most valuable<br />

finding <strong>of</strong> Apolon Silagadze was opinion that in borders <strong>of</strong> one work used all metric and form <strong>of</strong> Georgian verse.<br />

Alopon Silagadze’s theory was shared by Mikheil Kurdiani at the end <strong>of</strong> 20th century and he presented common-<br />

Georgian genre’s models and made its formal reconstruction.<br />

In second chapter: “Galaktioni’s poetic” author analyzed new visions (<strong>of</strong> A. Khintibidze, T. Doiashvili, It.<br />

Kentsoshvili, Z. Shatirishvili and others) <strong>of</strong> Galaktioni’ poetic in context <strong>of</strong> European verse which was expressed<br />

in articles published in 100-years anniversary <strong>of</strong> “Artistuli Kvavilebi” (“Artistic Flowers”).<br />

Also there are new visions about poetic <strong>of</strong> Galaktioni’s hard form verses (sonnet, triolet) (R. Beridze, T.<br />

Barbakadze).<br />

In article represents, that at the end <strong>of</strong> 20th century in Georgian prosody inculcated inter-textual research<br />

method <strong>of</strong> Galaktioni’s poetic.<br />

161

literaturuli meridianebi<br />

naTela Citauri<br />

dakvirvebani XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> emigrantuli mwerlobis<br />

Taviseburebebze<br />

XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> emigrantuli mwerloba erovnuli memkvidreobis ganuy<strong>of</strong>eli<br />

nawilia, Tumca am mwerlobis gacnobam, zogierT sakiTxze muSaobam gagviCina survili da<br />

mogvca SesaZlebloba gvemsjela misTvis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebze (SesaZloa, biZgi am<br />

Taviseburebebis gamosavlenad moeca romelime Teoriul naSromsac zogadad emigrantuli<br />

mwerlobis Sesaxeb, magram amgvari literatura CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi ar aRmoCnda).<br />

visaubroT uSualod am Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb.<br />

1. emigrant moRvaweTa Semoqmedeba aRadgens ucnob istoriul monakveTs. cnobilia, rom<br />

emigrantul memkvidreobas Tavi mouyara batonma guram SaraZem <strong>qarTuli</strong> emigraciis muzeumSi,<br />

wignebsa da werilebSi. emigrantuli istoriisa da mwerlobis Sesaxeb saintereso gamokvlevebi<br />

gamoaqveynes manana kvataiam, rusudan niSnianiZem, rusudan dauSvilma.<br />

XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> emigrantuli samyaros gacnobam, masalebis moZiebam da Seswavlam<br />

bevri ram axleburad dagvanaxa. aRmoCnda, rom es mwerloba bevri siaxlisa da Ziebis Semcvelia<br />

Tundac imis gamo, rom is koniunqturisagan Tavisufali azrovnebaa, problemebis SedarebiT<br />

Tavisufali xedvaa. emgranti moRvaweebi wlebis manZilze realurad da Zaldautaneblad<br />

afasebdnen ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi da, gansakuTrebiT, samSobloSi mimdinare movlenebs da aravin uwyis,<br />

isini iyvnen emigrantebi Tu aq, saqarTveloSi darCenili adamianebi. es faqti, albaT,<br />

mniSvnelovania da sxva elfers sZens XX saukunis qarTvel emigrant moRvaweTa Semoqmedebas.<br />

metad sainteresoa emigrantuli samyaros gadasaxedidan danaxuli XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literatura, kritikuli azrovneba, istoriuli faqtebi. gavixsenoT Tundac qarTvel<br />

emigrantTa moRvaweobis sakiTxi II ms<strong>of</strong>lio omSi. realoba iyo is, rom zogierTi qarTveli<br />

emigranti erovnulma suliskveTebam `faSistad~ aqcia anu isini Seecadnen ucxouri Zalis<br />

gamoyenebiT aRedginaT saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, gaeTavisuflebinaT samSoblo<br />

bolSevikuri terorisagan. es didi tragedia iyo saqarTvelos istoriaSi; metad faqizi Temaa<br />

(saakaZis sindromi). XX saukunis qarTvel emigrantTa nawerebma Semogvinaxa am yovelives<br />

maTeuli, umetesad realuri Sefasebani. am SefasebebSi Warbobs pozitiuri momentebi, rac<br />

dRes ukve sadavo aRar aris: saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis agitacia-propaganda,<br />

brZola qarTvel tyveTa problemebis mosagvareblad, germaniaSi <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jurnal-gazeTebis<br />

beWdva. faSistis farajaSi Cacmulma viqtor nozaZem berlinSi gamosca Jurnali `qarTveli<br />

eri~. am Jurnal-gazeTebSi qarTulad beWdvis saSualeba mieca grigol robaqiZes, aqve<br />

SesaniSnav werilebs aqveynebdnen gaioz maRlakeliZe, mixako wereTeli, Tamar da akaki papavebi.<br />

faqtia, es e. w. `faSisturi~ <strong>qarTuli</strong> presa dRes metad mniSvnelovania (Semdgom bevrma<br />

qarTvelma emigrantma azri Seicvala; mixvdnen, rom amaod eZebdnen ucxo ZalaSi maSvels.<br />

`Cvenive Tavi Cvenadve gveyudnes~ _ es devizi sabolood damkvidrda bevri emigrantis<br />

cnobierebaSi).<br />

2. XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> emigraciisaTvis gasagebi mizezebis gamo damaxasiaTebelia<br />

politizirebuli azrovneba, mwerloba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs socialur<br />

sakiTxebs, am SemTxvevaSi sakmao gavlenas axdens evropuli TvalTaxedvac. cnobilia, rom<br />

qarTvelma emigrantebma Seqmnes ramdenime partia, TiToeul maTgans Tavisi programa da<br />

miznebi hqonda. SesaZloa, swored amitomac emigrantuli memkvidreobis did nawils presa,<br />

publicistika, dokumenturi proza, epistoluri mimowera warmoadgens. dokumenturi proza<br />

<strong>literaturis</strong> saintereso Janria. miT umetes emigraciasTan dakavSirebiT is metad<br />

mniSvnelovani xdeba: avtobiografiebi, memuaruli xasiaTis Sromebi, mogonebebi sruliad<br />

warmoaCens movlenebs. sayuradRebo da sakvlevia emigrantuli presa, maTi redaqtorgamomcemelTa<br />

moRvaweoba (viqtor nozaZe da misi `mamuli~, misive `qarTveli eri~, spiridon<br />

kedia da misi `TeTri giorgi~, giorgi gvazava da misi `saqarTvelo~, revaz gabaSvili da misi<br />

`mamuliSvili~, al. asaTiani da misi `samSoblo~, leo kereseliZe da misi `TeTri giorgi~...).<br />

werilebs mravali fsevdonimiT werda, zogierTi avtoris vinaoba cnobilia, zogierTis _ ara.<br />

am presaSi gamoqveynebulia ara erTi da ori ucnobi mecnieruli gamokvleva (Tundac eqvTime<br />

TayaiSvilis naSromebi), saintereso werilebi <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> Sesaxeb (noe Jordanias,<br />

al. manveliSvilis, giorgi gvazavas, Salva amirejibis, samson fircxalavas da sxvaTa werilebi).<br />

am naSromebSi (mecnierulsa Tu literaturulSi) gamoTqmul mosazrebebs SeiZleba<br />

daveTanxmoT an ar daveTanxmoT, magram faqtia: maT gverds ver auvlis dRevandeli mkvlevari.<br />

epistoluri memkvidreoba SemoqmedebiTi procesis gansakuTrebuli sferoa. piradi<br />

baraTi, sul mcire Canaweric ki gasagebi mizezebis gamo ufro metad izidavs mkiTxvels, vidre<br />

162

omelime cnobili nawarmoebi. TavisTavad am unikalur dokumentur masalas gansakuTrebuli<br />

roli ekisreba emigrantuli memkvidreobis kvlevisas.<br />

emigrantuli mimoweris gacnoba gamokveTs dRevandelobisaTvisac saintereso ramdenime<br />

zogad Taviseburebas (sevda, monatreba, wuxili... es TavisTavad): Cans avtorTa didi<br />

gulistkivili urTierTdapirispirebulobis gamo, Tumca igrZnoba urTierTdaxmarebis<br />

survilic. albaT, ucxoeTSi qarTvelebs isev siyvaruli aZlebinebdaT. isic cxadia, rom<br />

emigrnt moRvaweebs gaazrebuli hqondaT Rone sulierisa da Rone xorcielis erTianobis<br />

saWiroeba, magram xSirad amas ver axerxebdnen, Tumca grZnobdnen, rom ucxoeTSi ufro<br />

sWirdebodaT Rirsebis SenarCuneba.<br />

pirad werilebSi mkveTradaa gamoxatuli antikomunisturi propaganda. dRes, albaT,<br />

yvelaze sainteresoa emigrant moRvaweTa pirad baraTebSi areklili da Sefasebuli<br />

imdroindeli sabWoTa saqarTvelo: misi yoveldRiuri politikuri Tu kulturuli cxovreba.<br />

Tu XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> emigraciis istorias gavixsenebT, bunebrivad aRviqvamT maT<br />

siZulvils bolSevikebis, komunisturi mTavrobis mimarT, Tumca am piradi baraTebis wakiTxvis<br />

Semdeg Cemi, rogorc erT-erTi rigiTi mkiTxvelis, STabeWdileba aseTic SeiZleba iyos: samans<br />

iqiT darCenilT axarebT aqeT my<strong>of</strong> TanamemaleTa yoveli warmateba, nebismier sferoSi<br />

momxdari erisaTvis sasikeTo cvlileba, Tuki SemCnevda maTi saocrad kritikulad<br />

dadarajebuli Tvali. sxvagan sad da am pirad baraTebSi gamJRavnebuli grZnobebi xom<br />

gulwrefelia...<br />

3. XX saukunis qarTvel emigrantTa SemoqmedebaSi SeiniSneba qarTul xasiaTze msjelobis<br />

tendencia. albaT, es arc aris gasakviri. istoriis Znelbedobis gamo samSoblos sxeuls<br />

iZulebiT moglejil adamianebs gaumZafrdebodaT fiqri qarTveli kacis bunebaze, misi<br />

xasiaTis Taviseburebebze, gaawvalebdaT kiTxvebi: saidan movdivarT, saiT wavediT, ra gvelis,<br />

rogorebi varT, Cven, qarTvelebi, ratom dagvemarTa ase? cxadia, qarTveli emigranti<br />

moRvaweebi cdilobdnen evropelis TvaliTac SeefasebinaT qarTveli kacis buneba. rogorc<br />

Cans, evropelebi aRniSnavdnen <strong>qarTuli</strong> xasiaTis mkveTrad gamoxatul optimizms, sicocxlis<br />

did siyvaruls, megobrobis, naTesauri urTierTobis usazRvro survilsa da unars,<br />

mSvidobisaken swrafvas da amave dros mudmiv mzady<strong>of</strong>nas omisaTvis, did mxedrul niWs,<br />

brZolisunarianobas, patriotizms da a. S. niSandoblivia, rom qarTveli kacis bunebis<br />

dasaxasiaTeblad viqtor nozaZem gamoiyena evropuli termini `esTetiuri upasuxismgebloba~<br />

(nozaZe 1948: 26). rogorc mkvlevari ganmartavs, es termini aaSkaravebs <strong>qarTuli</strong> bunebis erT<br />

Taviseburebas: qarTveli eri xSirad daupyriaT, qarTveli xalxi damorCilebia kidevac ucxo<br />

Zalas, magram am batonobisaTvis mas seriozulad arasodes Seuxedavs. esaa qarTveli kacis<br />

upasuxismgebloba. rodesac am batonobas bolo eReboda (da yovelTvis ase xdeboda), qarTveli<br />

xalxi Tavisi xasiaTiT iseTive rCeboda, rogoric uwin iyo. SesaZloa, Sinaganad ufro Zlieric<br />

ki. esaa misi esTetizmi. amasve SeniSnavda grigol robaqiZec: nicSes sityva _ rac ver mZlevs,<br />

mxdis ufro Zliers _ saqarTveloze Tua gamoWrili. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom sainteresoa grigol<br />

robaqiZis dakvirvebani qarTul xasiaTze. igi fiqrobda, rom qarTvelisaTvis y<strong>of</strong>iereba<br />

lxenaa, zeimia. <strong>qarTuli</strong> bunebis `mTavari xrtili~, grigol robaqiZis azriT, aris `gaaxare —<br />

gaixare~ (robaqiZe 1989: 41). qarTveli aRmerTebs sicocxles, rogorc cecxlis moTayvane<br />

warmarTi. Semoqmedi ar xedavda dapirispirebas qarTul warmarTobasa da qristianobas Soris<br />

(robaqiZe 1917: 2). mas Tanabrad xiblavda warmarTobis xorcieleba da qristianobis suliereba,<br />

qarTvelisaTvis mze da RmerTi erTi da igivea: sicocxlis, bednierebis, sixarulis wyaroa da a.<br />

S. es Sexedulebani gabneulia gr. robaqiZis romanebsa da werilebSi. grigol robaqiZis<br />

mosazrebani qarTul xasiaTze mimoixila akaki baqraZem (baqraZe 1999: 94-95).<br />

sainteresod da realurad migvaCnia emigrant moRvaweTa dakvirvebani qarTveli kacis<br />

zogierT uary<strong>of</strong>iT Tvisebaze: zedmeti fantazioroba, gulmaviwyoba, upasuxismgebloba,<br />

xvalindel dReze uzrunveloba, TviTkmay<strong>of</strong>ileba, mflangveloba, Zalauflebismoyvareoba,<br />

ampartavneba, pirvelobis survili anu `<strong>qarTuli</strong> didkacobis fsiqologia~ da a. S. rac<br />

mTavaria, am uary<strong>of</strong>iT TvisebaTa mizezebi TviTon qarTveli kacis bunebis TaviseburebebSia<br />

mikvleuli.<br />

4. emigrant moRvaweTa kvlevis areali gafarToebulia. cxadia, maTTvis xelmisawvdomi<br />

iyo gacilebiT meti literatura, Sesabamisad izrdeboda interesebis sferoc. magaliTad,<br />

emigrantuli rusTvelologia (viqtor nozaZe, giorgi gvazava da sxv.). TiTqmis yvela<br />

SemTxvevaSi iyenebs evropul literaturas. am mxriv gamoirCeva viqtor nozaZis naSromebi.<br />

mkvlevari xsnis poemis TiToeuli frazis mniSvnelobas. axsnis procesSi moixmars yvela<br />

saWiro wigns: biblias, leqsikonebs, samedicino krebulebs da a. S. maT Soris Zalian bevr<br />

ucxour wyaros. umravles SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia am sityvebis Targmanebic sxvadasxva<br />

enaze, am TargmanTa moSveliebiTacaa axsnili sityvaTa warmomavloba. kvlevis aseTi farTo<br />

speqtri TavisTavad sasurveli da aucilebelia mecnieruli keTilsindisierebisaTvis. amave<br />

dros mas gaaCnia konkretuli Sedegebic. yovelive amis safuZvelze warmodgenilia<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis is axsna-ganmartebani, romelnic poemis zogierTi sityvisa Tu<br />

gamoTqmis dReisaTvisac metad saintereso ineterpretacias iZleva, amave dros warmoaCens<br />

nawarmoebis mxatvrul SesaZleblobebs, warmogvidgens, Tu rogor xdeba poemaSi Cveulebrivi<br />

163

sityvebis (Tavi, kiseri, Txemi, mxari, qedi, guli) mxatvruli funqciiT, poeturi SinaarsiT<br />

datvirTva. viqtor nozaZe afiqsirebs, rom, magaliTad, sityva `guli~ da misgan nawarmoebi<br />

kompozitebi poemaSi 305 da metjeraa naxmari. teqstidan gamomdinare, mkvlevari gveubneba,<br />

rom sityva `guli~ nawarmoebSi arsad araa naxmari fizikuri, fiziologiuri mniSvnelobiT, es<br />

sityva poemaSi gamoxatavs adamianis `yovlis Sinagan~, subieqtur mxares, is `fsiqiur<br />

moqmedebaTa budea~ (nozaZe 1968: 17). masSi moazrebulia rogorc fsiqikur-zneobrivi<br />

ganwyobilebebi (xalxuri gageba), aseve gonierebac, cnobierebac (bibliuri Sinaarsi). amdenad<br />

guli moiazreba subieqtad, TiTqos `meore pirovnebadac~ adamianSi, amitomac gvxvdeba<br />

rusTavelTan frazebi: `ugulo guli~, `guli tiris~. `guli~-s subieqtad qcevis Sedegad poeti<br />

qmnis axal fsiqologiur cnebebs, magaliTad `sibrZne gulisa~, `gulis sityva~, rac niSnavs<br />

fiqrs, azrs, usityvo, uxmauro sjas Tavis TavSi, `gonebiT laparaks~, Rrma azrovnebas,<br />

sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebas, sakuTari sulier-gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gaazrebas,<br />

grZnobebis dafarvas. amitomac, _ gveubneba viqtor nozaZe, _ poemaSic da SemdgomSic sityva<br />

`guli~ da maTTan dakavSirebuli komponentebi <strong>qarTuli</strong> metyvelebisa da azrovnebis<br />

ganuy<strong>of</strong>eli nawilia. cxadia, yovelive amis gamo emigrantul rusTvelologiaSi mocemulia<br />

poemis zogierTi eTikur-zneobrivi sakiTxis gansxvavebuli, originaluri xedva.<br />

5. XX saukunis qarTul emigrantul literaturul-kritikul azrovnebaSi SeiniSneba<br />

teqstze meti dakvirveba, romelime sakiTxze msjelobisas Tu literaturuli personaJis<br />

xasiaTis gaazrebisas, fsiqologiuri niuansebis wvdomisas yuradReba eqceva zogjer erTi<br />

SexedviT umniSvnelo frazebs, TiTqosda arafrismTqmel sityvebs, ubralo y<strong>of</strong>iT detalebs.<br />

es faqti gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa `vefxistyaosnis~ kvlevisas. viqtor nozaZis, giorgi<br />

gvazavas, zurab avaliSvilis, al. manveliSvilis da sxvaTa naazrevis mixedviT,<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ zogadsakaciobrio faseulobani gamJRavnebulia iseT frazebsa da<br />

gamoTqmebSi, romelnic gamoxataven personaJTa emociebs mocemul momentSi. teqstis amgvari<br />

`Cxreka~ (termini viqtor nozaZisaa) yuradRebas migvapyrobinebs Cveulebrivi adamianuri<br />

urTierTobis amsaxveli im epizodebisa da frazebisaken, personaJTa yoveldRiuri qcevis<br />

wesebisaken, romelnic `vefxistyaosnis~ mkiTxvels da mkvlevarsac poemis maRalideuri,<br />

zogadsakaciobrio problematikis gaazrebis procesSi, SesaZloa, SeumCneveli darCes. swored<br />

amgvari kvlevis Sedegia viqtor nozaZis vrceli naSromebi `vefxistyaosnis~ Sesaxeb~ (e. w.<br />

`metyvelebani~).<br />

nawarmoebis teqsti gaazrebulia zogjer evropuli <strong>literaturis</strong> kvaldakval anu<br />

gavlebulia paraleli, warmoCenilia msgavseba an gansxvaveba. faqtia, rom teqstis<br />

siRrmiseuli Seswavla, frazeologiaze meti dakvirveba zogjer imasac gvimJRavnebs, rac<br />

avtoris undoda eTqva. viqtor nozaZis naSromebSi amgvaradaa ganxiluli: `mokiTxvis wesi~<br />

poemaSi, patronymuri urTierTobis amsaxveli epizodebi (`gulis monazidoba~, `sruli<br />

TanagrZnoba~, `sruli keTilganwyoba~), erTgulebis, sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebis (TviTflobis),<br />

RmerTisa da kacis urTierTobis sakiTxebi, `sruli kacis~ cneba da a. S.<br />

magaliTad, viqtor nozaZe gveubneba, rom `gulis monazidoba~ patronymur yrTierTobaSi<br />

aucileblad gulisxmobs sifaqizes, urTierTanaziarobas, sulier siaxloves, znekeTilobas,<br />

`srul TanagrZnobas~ ara garegani Zalebisagan warmoSobils, aramed gulSi dabadebuls.<br />

mkvlevari teqstis `Cxrekis~, Sedegebis erTierTSejerebis safuZvelze gvawvdis <strong>rusTavelis</strong><br />

TiTqosda dafarul azrs: patronymur urTierTobaSi patrons ufro evaleba siyvarulis<br />

gaRviveba, gamomJRavneba, vidre ymas, radgan Zliers meti pasuxismgebloba akisria (am<br />

SemTxvevaSi urTierTobis procesSi) (nozaZe 1968: 44-47).<br />

aseve: viqtor nozaZe gvixsnis, ras niSnavs rusTavelTan `sruli kaci~ da ratomaa am<br />

fraziT daxasiaTebuli avTandili (nozaZe 1981: 93-116). teqstis dawvrilebiTi analizidan<br />

gamomdinare, mkiTxvelisaTvis aSkaraa, rom `sruli kaci~ ar niSnavs miwierebisagan,<br />

realobisagan mowyvetas, individualuri bunebis Secvlas. `sruli kacoba~ niSnavs swrafvas<br />

sisrulisaken, ganRmrTobisaken. `srul kacad~ iwodeba avTandili. es gmiri fizikuri da<br />

sulieri TvisebebiT sworedac rom iswrafvis sruly<strong>of</strong>ilebisaken, rac mTavaria, es swrafva<br />

mkiTxvelisaTvis dinamiuria, sagrZnobia da, upirveles yovlisa, igi avTandilis mier samyaros<br />

Secnobisa da ufro metad TviTSemecnebis, sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebis mudmivad ganaxlebad<br />

procesSi aisaxeba. gmiri sul ZiebaSia, gaucnobiereblad gulTanac ki uxdeba brZola, swored<br />

misTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli TviTfloba, pirovnuli Tavisuflebis SegrZneba. yovelive amis<br />

gamo uwoda rusTvelma mas `sruli kaci~ (e. i. am SemTxvevaSi zogadad adamianisa da sakuTari<br />

Tavis raobis moZiebis procesia mTavari. amasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso iqneba WaSnagiris<br />

mokvlis epizodis Sefaseba, avTandilis pirovnebaSi realurisa da idealuris Tanaarsebobis<br />

sakiTxze msjeloba).<br />

kvlevis amgvar procesSi mosalodnelia ufro konkretuli da faseuli Sedegebi.<br />

rogorc iTqva, zogierTi sityvisa da gamoTqmis axleburi interpretacia, sakiTxebis<br />

gansxvavebuli xedva da axali problemebis wamoWra, ZiebaTa gzebis gamravalferovneba da a. S.<br />

vfiqrobT, am dros mkvlevari eyrdnoba ara winaswar SemuSavebul sqemebs, aramed cocxal<br />

enobriv masalas da frazeologias, iTvaliswinebs mkiTxvelis did rols da Tanamonawileobas<br />

teqstis aRqmis procesSi. am dros didi mniSvneloba eniWeba swored mxatvrul enas, rogorc<br />

164

personaJis fsiqologiis asaxvis, misi xasiaTis arazedapiruli, uxilavi Sreebis warmoCenis,<br />

aracnobieris gamomJRvnebis saSualebas. am dros mkvlevari enobrivi niuansebidan midis<br />

ideur-mxatvrul analizamde, mxatvruli enis Taviseburebani ubiZgebs mas nawarmoebis<br />

problematikis gaazrerbisaken.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi gamoikveTeba mkiTxvelisa da literaturuli personaJis mWidro<br />

urTierToba. TiTqos qreba distancia maT Soris. varaudis saxiT gvinda SevniSnoT: aq, sabWoTa<br />

saqarTveloSi, tardeboda pompezuri iubileebi, saRamoebi. mwerali TiTqos Sordeboda<br />

mkiTxvels, ucxovdeboda literaturuli personaJic. amitomac Sefasebanic sqematuri,<br />

arafsiqologuri, Sablonuri, zogjer arabunebrivi da zedapiruli iyo. emigrantuli<br />

kritikuli azrovnebis gacnoba iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs, rom mwerlis pirovnebisa da<br />

Semoqmedebis xedva gansxvavebulia: distancia gamqralia. TiTqos axlobelTa simciris gamo,<br />

fizikuri da moraluri gadarCenis mizniT, literaturuli personaJi ufro gaTavisebulia.<br />

emigrantuli mwerlobis erTi Tavisebureba, Tu SeiZleba amas Tavisebureba vuwodoT,<br />

esaa gamokveTili interesi imdroindeli saqarTvelos, gansakuTrebiT, saqarTveloSi<br />

mimdinare literaturuli procesebis mimarT (samSoblosTan dakavSireba Zalian Zneli iyo,<br />

amisaTvis aTasnair konspiraciul xerxs mimarTavdnen).<br />

asea Tu ise, qarTveli emigrantebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo saqarTveloSi gamocemuli<br />

axali wignebis Sefaseba. Zalian sainteresoa emigrantul presaSi gamoqveynebuli viqtor<br />

nozaZis, vladimer baqraZis, isidore manwkavas, Salva amirejibis, aleqsandre manveliSvilis,<br />

noe Jordanias, giorgi gvazavas, zurab avaliSvilis da sxvaTa literaturul-kritikuli<br />

werilebi (magaliTad, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqcia im dros axaldabeWdili `jayos<br />

xiznebis~ garSemo Jurnal `kavkasionis~ furclebze gamarTulma kamaTma. javaxiSvilis es<br />

romani daibeWda 1924 wels `mnaTobSi~ da, rogorc irkveva, Jurnali im welsve miiRo parizSi<br />

vladimer baqraZem).<br />

mxatvruli <strong>literaturis</strong> Sefasebis procesSi emigranti filologebisaTvis kvlav da<br />

kvlav amosavalia teqsti da ara raime winaswar arsebuli da SemuSavebuli sqema.<br />

cxadia, XX saukunis qarTul emigrantul literaturaTmcodneobaze garkveul gavlenas<br />

axdenda evropuli azrovneba, Tumca gviZneldeba romelime literaturuli mimdinareobis,<br />

kvlevis romelime meTodis gavlenaze konkretulad msjeloba. ufro is SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom<br />

iq, ucxoeTSi, qarTveli mwerali mTeli ZalebiT, Tundac inerciiT cdilobda tradiciebis<br />

SenarCunebas, erovnuli faseulobebis gafrTxilebas, amitom ar aris moulodneli, rom<br />

aqtiurad ar aeba mxari axali mecnierul-literaturuli procesebisaTvis, Tundac ase vTqvaT,<br />

`SeSineboda~ werisa da kvlevis sxvadasxva, ucxo stilis morgebisa; samSobloSi, Tuki<br />

saSualeba eqneboda, ufro gabedulad SeiTvisebda siaxles.<br />

6. XX saukunis qarTulma emigraciam ucxoeTSi Tan gaiyola <strong>qarTuli</strong> sulierebis<br />

Rirebuli faseulobani, didi inteleqtualuri potenciali. Tumca TviTon bevri qarTveli<br />

emigranti miiCnevda, rom samSoblos gareSe cxovrebam maT bevri daakargvina, mSobliur<br />

fesvebs mowyvetilebma ise ver iRvawes, rogorc SeeZloT. lavrenti kvaracxelias (Jurnal<br />

`kavkasionis~ erT-erTi damaarsebeli) werilSi gaJRerebulia amgvari fraza: `arsebobs<br />

erTnairi bunebis kanoni, romelsac ver gadauxval. Semoqmedeba samSoblos wiaRis gareSe ver<br />

gaiSleba~ (nozaZe 1964: 4; 1950-70). (werilis avtors aqve mohyavs grigol robaqiZis,<br />

bulgakovis, viaCeslav ivanovis magaliTebi, romelTac, misi azriT, veraferi faseuli Seqmnes<br />

emigrantul periodSi).<br />

es Tvalsazrisi, SesaZloa, yvelaze metad mxatvrul literaturas exebodes, radgan mas<br />

ufro metad sWirdeba erovnuli fesvebi, enis Zirebi, romelTa gaxmobis saSiSroeba ucxoeTSi<br />

namdvilad arsebobda. isic yuradsaRebia, rom dResdReobiT arsebobs erTgvari nihilisturi<br />

damokidebuleba XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> emigrantuli mxatvruli <strong>literaturis</strong> mimarT. es<br />

sakiTxebi sakamaToa Tundac is TvalsazrisiT, rom niWierebas, RvTisagan momadlebul unars<br />

win veraferi (maT Soris samSoblosagan mowyveta da emigrantoba) daudgeba (gavixsenoT daviT<br />

guramiSvili), Tumca isic ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mSobliuri garemo `aTamamebs~ Semoqmeds,<br />

`aiZulebs~ Seqmnas ufro faseuli da Rirebuli anu bolomde gamoiyenos Tavisi<br />

inteleqtualuri potenciali.<br />

aqve erTic unda SevniSnoT: XX saukunis qarTul emigrantul mwerlobaSi bevria werili<br />

Tu naSromi, romlebic gankuTvnilia uSualod evropeli mkiTxvelisaTvis saqarTvelos<br />

istoriis, kulturis, <strong>literaturis</strong>, qarTveli kacis bunebis gacnobis mizniT.<br />

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> emigrantuli<br />

mwerlobis TaviseburebaTa Zieba, Cveni azriT, gamokveTs, erTi mxriv, mis tradiciulobas (anu<br />

imas, rom es mwerloba erovnuli memkvidreobas organuli, ganuy<strong>of</strong>eli nawilia), meore mxriv,<br />

evropuli azrovnebis gavlenasac.<br />

am TaviseburebaTa gamovlena da gaazreba metad mniSvnelovnad da aucilebladac<br />

migvaCnia, Tundac dRevandelobidan gamomdinare. vfiqrobT, dRes am sakiTxebis Sefaseba<br />

praqtikuli Rirebulebisaa: amJamad xom saqarTvelodan ucxoeTSi kvlav mniSvnelovani Zala<br />

gaedineba. albaT, sasurvelia, ganisazRvros: ras SesZleben samSoblodan wasuli qarTvelebi,<br />

165

mSobliur fesvebs mowyvetilni Tu moaxdenen an rogor moaxdenen TavianTi SesaZleblobebis<br />

realizebas.<br />

yovelive zemoTqmulSi, SesaZloa, bevri ram iyos sakamaTo, Tundac miuRebeli, magram es<br />

aris mxolod Cveni dakvirvebani XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> emigrantuli mwerlobis zogierT<br />

Taviseburebaze, survili zogadad emigrantuli Semoqmedebis xasiaTis Secnobisa. garda amisa,<br />

aRniSnuli memkvidreobis didi nawili Seuswavlelia. kvlevis Semdgomi procesi, albaT, bevr<br />

problemas axleburad warmoaCens da Seafasebs.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

baqraZe 1999: baqraZe a. kardu. grigol robaqiZis cxovreba da Rvawli. Tb.: 1999.<br />

niSnianiZe 2005: niSnianiZe r. saqarTvelo samans aqeT da samans iqiT. wigni I da II. Tb.: gamomcemloba<br />

`merani~, 2005.<br />

nozaZe 1948: nozaZe v. <strong>qarTuli</strong> modgma da xasiaTi. qarTveli kaci. nawili vrceli naSromisa - gardasul<br />

JamTa saqmeni da ambavni. wigni IV. xelnaweri (avtografi). <strong>qarTuli</strong> emigraciis muzeumi. 1948.<br />

nozaZe 1968: nozaZe v. `vefxistyaosnis~ gulTametyveleba. xelnaweri (avtografi). <strong>qarTuli</strong> emigraciis<br />

muzeumi. 1968.<br />

nozaZe 1950-70: nozaZe v. viqtor nozaZis epistoluri memkvidreoba. <strong>qarTuli</strong> emigraciis muzeumi. t. III,<br />

1950-70.<br />

nozaZe 1981: nozaZe v. kaci var adamiani `vefxistyaosnis~ mixedviT. Jurnali kavkasioni, № XX, Tb.: 1981.<br />

robaqiZe 1917: robaqiZe gr. rainduli saqarTvelo. gaz. literaturuli saqarTvelo, № 52, Tb.: 1917.<br />

robaqiZe 1989: robaqiZe gr. gvelis perangi. falestra. Tb.: 1989.<br />

SaraZe 1991-1993: SaraZe g. ucxoeTis cis qveS. t. I, II, III. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1991-1993.<br />

SaraZe 2001-2006: SaraZe g. <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jurnalistikis istoria. t. I-VIII, Tb.: 2001-2006.<br />

Tendencies <strong>of</strong> XX century Georgian Emigrant Writing<br />

Summary<br />

Natela Chitauri<br />

Georgian Emigrant writing <strong>of</strong> XX century reestablishes unknown historical periods.<br />

Politicized thinking is typical for it. The fundamental conception <strong>of</strong> this writing is presented by publicism<br />

and documentary prose.<br />

In Emigrant creations, constant research <strong>of</strong> Georgian temper is observed. The area <strong>of</strong> research is wide,<br />

results are specific. In literal-critical thinking the main focus is made on text. The researcher leans not upon<br />

preliminarily worked out schemes, but upon vivid lingual materials and phraseology.<br />

Georgia emigrant writing’s originalities reveal on the one hand traditional nature, on the other – impact <strong>of</strong><br />

European thinking.<br />

166

polemika<br />

somxuri lapidaruli warwerebi saqarTveloSi<br />

bondo arvelaZe<br />

Jurnal `noraSenis~ № 3 (2006) gamoqveynebulia gisane ovsepianis (fsevdonimi Tu ar aris)<br />

statia _ `somxuri lapidaruli warwerebi saqarTveloSi~. somxebi saqarTveloSi kargaxania<br />

cxovrobdnen da amdenad somxuri epigrafikis arseboba moulodneli sulac ar aris. arc<br />

dRemde ucnobi somxuri warweris povnaa gamoricxuli. am imediT Sevudeqi am naSromis kiTxvas.<br />

vfiqrobdi, iqneb ananuris taZarze raime ucnobi somxuri warwera ipovna-meTqi. magram<br />

movtyuvdi, arc axali warwera unaxavs, arc axleburad aqvs gaazrebuli adre gamoqveynebuli<br />

ananuris taZris Sesaxeb arsebuli samecniero masala. STabeWdileba iseTia, TiTqos mis avtors<br />

erTi mizani amoZravebs _ ananuris taZris xuroTmoZRvrad vinme somexi grigori gamoacxados<br />

da popularizacia gauwios mas. aris ki ase? marTla somexi iyo ananuris taZris mSenebeli _<br />

xuroTmoZRvari? gadavxedoT am taZris istorias da ise ganvsajoT.<br />

ananuris taZari aaSena barZim erisTavma. amas misi qtitoruli warwera gvamcnobs. masSi<br />

qarTvel xelosnebTan erTad monawileoba miuRia somex qvismTlelebs. amas adasturebs<br />

warwerebTan erTad qvismTlelTa niSnebi gumbaTis yelis perantis qvebze. es niSnebi marto<br />

gumbaTis yelzea gamoyenebuli. <strong>qarTuli</strong> aso (niSani) gamoyenebulia ocdaorjer, somxuri ki<br />

samjer. es Sefardeba naTlad cxady<strong>of</strong>s xelosanTa erovnul suraTs. aq gasarkvevia es somexi<br />

xelosnebi adgilobrivebi iyvnen Tu somxeTidan Camosulebi. amis garkveva Znelia, magram erTi<br />

kia _ isini somxeTidan Camosulebi rom y<strong>of</strong>iliyvnen ananuris taZarSi specifikuri somxuri<br />

raRac iqneboda. aq SeiZleba davasaxeloT am periodis somxeTSi agebuli rogorc gumbaTovani,<br />

ise ugumbaTo Zeglebi _ `xor-virapi (1666 w.), muRani (1669 w.), SoRakaT (1694 w.), am Zeglebis arc<br />

saerTo gadawyveta, arc fasadebis morTuloba da arc CuqurTmis detalebi ar iZleva ananuris<br />

ZeglTan mcireodeni Sedarebis saSualebasac ki~ (akad. p. zaqaraia _ <strong>qarTuli</strong> centralurgumbaTovani<br />

arqiteqtura, gv. 800). akad. p. zaqaraiam mxatvrul-arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT<br />

Seudara ananuris taZars <strong>qarTuli</strong> sakulto nagebobani _ sveticxoveli, samTavisi, Tbilisis<br />

sioni, algeTis xeobaSi mdebare tbisis eklesia da sxv. xolo pr<strong>of</strong>. Smerlincma am taZris<br />

morTulobaze dakvirvebis safuZvelze daaskvna, _ ananuris taZris wiboebis damuSavebis<br />

daaxloebiT aseTsave saxes vxvdebiT algeTis xeobaSi mdebare tbisis (1683 w.) eklesiazec. amave<br />

dros pr<strong>of</strong>. r. Smerlinci ananurisa da `gigos saydris! (qarelis raioni, s<strong>of</strong>. yinwvisi)<br />

gamosxulebaTa SedarebaTa ganxilvisas aRniSnavs _ `maTi Sedareba oriveTa gamosaxulebaTa<br />

araTu ubralo stilistikuri erTianobaa, aramed srul igiveobas mowmobs. msgavseba orive<br />

kompozicias Soris didia da SeiZleba _ vigulisxmoT, rom misi (`gigos saydris~) reliefi<br />

Sesrulebulia oatatebis imave amqris mier, romelmac kveTil saxeebiT Seamko ananuris taZris<br />

kedlebi (XVII saukunis dekoratiuli Semoqmedebis nimuSi _ gigos saydari s<strong>of</strong>. yinwvisSi,<br />

saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akad. `moambe~, 1949 w., X, № 9, gv. 70, 564).<br />

motanili samecniero da faqtobrivi masalis analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamovitanoT<br />

daskvna _ ananuris taZari arc ariteqturuli da arc mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, arc Sinagani<br />

da arc garegnuli gaformebis msgavsebas ar amJRavnebs rogorc saerTod, ise kerZod<br />

gvianfeodalur xanaSi aRniSnul somxur eklesiebTan, radgan igi zustad jdeba <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

arqiteqturuli Zeglebis xsenebul ansamblSi. kidev SeiZleba analogiuri paralelebis<br />

motana, imis naTelsay<strong>of</strong>ad, rom ananuris taZari aris wminda erovnuli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

arqiteqturuli azrovnebis nay<strong>of</strong>i da originaluri sakulto Zegli.<br />

ananuris ansamblis mTavar taZars samxreT fasadis marcxena nawilSi vrceli warwera<br />

aqvs. es aris cxrastriqoniani mxedruli kargad Senaxuli qtitoruli warwera. am warweris<br />

mixedviT taZris mSenebeli y<strong>of</strong>ila qaixosro baRasaraSvili: `... yovlad wmidao mariam, mSobelo<br />

evmanoelisao, romelman nebiTa, SewevniTa SeniTa xel hyo erisTavis Svilman mdivanbegman<br />

patronman barZim Tvisisa sasaflaosa amis ananurisa; mRTis mSoblisa safuZveliTurT Senebad,<br />

mravalca (sic) arian welni cxovrebisa misisani da me winamdgomeli Tvisi baRasaraSvili<br />

boqaulTuxeces qaixosrovma (sic) damadgina (sic) wmidasa amasa monastersa zedan sarqarada.<br />

uwyis RmerTamn, rac SeiZleba mqonoda dRiv da Ram mousveneblad vSromobdi (sic), ar vec Zili<br />

TvalTa CemTa vidremdis gansrulebdnen monastersa amas...~ aq erTi detalia saintereso.<br />

,arZimi xazs usvams ananuris eklesias `safuZvliTurT~ agebs da ara romelime Zveli sakulto<br />

nagebobis gadakeTeba-aRdgenas eweva. akad. p. zaqaraia SeniSnavs _ `TavisTavad am warweraSi<br />

sarqaris ase vrclad moxsenieba eWvs badebs, baRasaraSvili mxolod zedamxedveli iyo Tu<br />

Semoqmedic~ (dasax. naSr. gv. 242). p. zaqaraias es safuZvliani varaudi qaixosro baRasaraSvili<br />

ananuris taZris mSeneblobis aramarto samuSaos zedamxedveli iyo, aramed misi Semoqmedi<br />

167

(xuroTmoZRvari) adre daafiqsira akad. v. beriZem da sruliad samarTlianad Seitana Tavis<br />

wignSi _ `Zveli qarTveli ostatebi~ (1967, gv. 37).<br />

es kia ase, magram sxvagvarad fiqrobs pr<strong>of</strong>. p. muradiani (Sesabamisad g. ovsesianic),<br />

romelmac arc aciva da arc acxela da qaixosro baRasaraSvili gamoacxada marto ananuris<br />

mSeneblobis zedamxedvelad da mis xuroTmoZRvrad gamoCxrika vinme `grigori~. `grigorin~,<br />

romelic qarTulad ikiTxeba `grigors~. aq ar Cans vis gulisxmobda ostati. marTalia<br />

warwerisaTvis adgilia datovebuli, magram am rva asos garda sxva warwera aq ar aris. aqve<br />

vityvi ananuris aRmosavleT fasadze xuTi somxuri asoTi mocemulia eklesiis agebis TariRi.<br />

igi emTxveva samxreT fasadze qarTulad mocemul TariRs. ai, es `grigorin~ miaCnia pr<strong>of</strong>. p.<br />

muradians ananuris xuroTmoZRvrad. mxolod imitom. rom igi amokveTilia samxreT fasadis<br />

ornamentirebuli jvris qveS (somxuri epigrafika saqarTveloSi. qarTli da kaxeTi, 1985, gv.<br />

145). es mosazreba pr<strong>of</strong>. p. muradianma kidev ufro mkveTrad gadmoca statiaSi _ mcire<br />

somxuri enciklopediaSi (t. I, 1990, gv. 188, somx. emaze). am eklesiis istoria SedarebiT<br />

obieqturad aris warmodgenili _ sabWoTa somxur enciklopediaSi (t. I, 1974, gv. 336. somx.<br />

enaze). rogorc vxedavT `grigors~ araviTari zedwodeba ar uZRvis da arc arasdros hqonia.<br />

maSin gamodis es aris SemTxveviTi minaweri vinme somexi xelosnisa. Tu marTlac iyo vinme<br />

xuroTmoZRvari ananuris taZrisa ar moerideboda Tavis Rvawlis aRniSvnas. am saqmeSi somexi<br />

xuroTmoZRvrebi gansxvavebiT Zveli qarTveli arqiteqtorebisa, romelnic vinaobas ar<br />

werdnen TavianT Semoqmedebis, ar gamoirCevian mokrZalebiT da utovebdnen TavianT saxels<br />

STamomavlobas.<br />

pr<strong>of</strong>. p. muradiani grZnobs Tavis mosazrebis sisustes da cdilobs Seamagros aseTi<br />

argumenti _ TiTqos vanis tbis somxuri eklesiis axTamaris (XII s.) morTulobis gavleba<br />

igrZnobodes ananuris <strong>qarTuli</strong> eklesiis ornamentebSi. TiTqos grZnobda, amgvar pretenzias<br />

wamoayenebdnen somexi mecnierebi da akad. p. zaqaraiam winaswar gasca pasuxi akad p. muradians<br />

_ `ananuris Zegli mdidaria ornamentebiT. am xanSi sxva Zegli ara gvaqvs ananuris eklesiis<br />

sididisa da, rac mTavaria, ase mravalferovnad morTuli, magram TavisTavad ornamentTa<br />

marto simravle da mravalferovneba ar gansazRvravs mis xarisxs. ananuris ornamentaciis<br />

Sesrulebis manera swored gvianfeodaluri xanisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli~ (dasax. naSr., gv. 263).<br />

radgan pr<strong>of</strong>. muradianma Sesabamisad ver warmoadgina sarwmuno faqtebi da argumentebi<br />

TavianTi mosazrebis dasamtkiceblad ananuris didi taZris xuroTmoZRvrad isev qaixosro<br />

baRasaraSvili rCeba da ara vinme somexi xelosani `grigorin~.<br />

Armenian Lapidar Inscriptions in Georgia<br />

Summary<br />

Bondo Arveladze<br />

According to Georgian Building inscription the architect <strong>of</strong> the Ananuri Big Monastery was Kaichosro<br />

Bagasarashvili. P. Muradiani and G. Ovsesian confirm Grigoriani to be the architect. This Armenian inscription<br />

<strong>of</strong> an Armenian name "Grigoriani", which has no identity <strong>of</strong> person on this inscription, cannot be supported. So,<br />

the architect <strong>of</strong> Ananuri Big Monastery is still accepted to be Kaichosro Bagasarashvili.<br />

168

amagdarni<br />

sulis tkivili<br />

gamoTxoveba oTar CxeiZesTan<br />

maia jaliaSvili<br />

`eWvic amao y<strong>of</strong>ila, ueWvelobaca, yvelaferi ro<br />

amao y<strong>of</strong>ila. mainca sjobian: Sen Sensas ecado, sxvas ras<br />

gaawyob amaoebasTana!..~<br />

oTar CxeiZe `TeTri daTvi~<br />

2007 wlis 13 dekembris susxian dilas gardaicvala oTar CxeiZe.<br />

mwuxarebisa da glovis gamosaxatavad uZluria yovelgvari sityva da epiTeti.<br />

zeciur saqarTvelos SeuerTda misi Saravandmosili suli.<br />

oTar CxeiZisnair adamianebs eris ukvdav sulTan aigiveben.<br />

sikvdili maTTvis maradiuli sicocxlis dasawyisia.<br />

isini simboloebi xdebian _ simboloebi eris niWierebisa, sindisisa da ukvdavebisa!<br />

oTar CxeiZe sicocxleSive aRiares <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> klasikosad!<br />

masze verasodes vilaparakebT warsulSi, radgan man ukvdaveba sityviT moipova.<br />

is aris XX saukunis saqarTvelos piruTvneli mematiane.<br />

misi kalmis namoRvawaria ocze meti romani, moTxrobebi, dramebi, eseebi, Targmanebi,<br />

publicisturi werilebi.<br />

Tavisi mwerluri da sazogadoebrivi RvawliT is iyo ilia WavWavaZisa da mixeil<br />

javaxiSvilis memkvidre. upirvelesad swored am mwerlebs enaTesaveboda. man gaamdidra maTi<br />

realisturi meTodi, gaamravalferovna.<br />

oTar CxeiZe Tavisi stiliT sruliad calke dgas qarTul literaturaSi.<br />

misi mxatvruli ena gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac Zvelad Tu dRes iqmneboda da iqmneba. mis<br />

enaSi cocxlobs da sazrdoobs <strong>qarTuli</strong> suli.<br />

oTar CxeiZe eris moZRvaria.<br />

mis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze aqamdec bevri dawerila da kvlavac daiwereba, radgan<br />

man daxata mTliani saqarTvelo, Tavisi warsuliT, awmyoTi da momavliT. am TvalsazrisiT, is<br />

vizioneri mweralia. gasaocaria misi azrovnebis siRrme, sizuste, sinaTle, eqspresiuloba da<br />

sicxovele.<br />

is iyo mTawmindelTa gzis gamgrZelebelic. misi aToni xan xmauriani Tbilisis bina iyo,<br />

xan ki mSvidi yelqceulis sagvareulo saxli.<br />

dRevandelobas misi kalami moakldeba.<br />

169

is fexdafex mihyveboda cxovrebas da epoqis ritmsa da sunTqvas mxatvrul sityvaSi<br />

Seudarebeli ostatobiT aRbeWdavda. misi romanebi _ `boriayi~, `tinis xidi~, `cxrawyaro~,<br />

`jebiri~, `burusi~, `cTomilni~, `meCeCi~, `aRmarT-daRmarTi~, `kvernaqi~, `nakrZali~,<br />

`landebi~, `gamocxadebai~, `veneciuri WaRi~, `Cemi savane~, `mTagrexili~, `amaRleba~,<br />

`artistuli gadatrialeba~, `TeTri daTvi~, `2001 weli~, `bermudis samkuTxedi~, `morCili~,<br />

`lazerSou~ _ amisi dasturia.<br />

mis SemoqmedebaSi ikiTxeba ara mxolod qarTveli eris, aramed kacobriobis warsuli da<br />

momavali.<br />

oTar CxeiZe dRes ukve miTia.<br />

bolo dros senisgan dauZlurebul mwerals Svilebi rom CasZiebian, mama, ra gawuxebs, ra<br />

gtkivao:<br />

suli mtkivao, suli! _ ase upasuxia.<br />

mis SemoqmedebaSic mTavari swored esaa: sulis tkivili.<br />

da mainc:<br />

igi bednieria RvTis gadasaxedidan, radgan:<br />

patiosnad ganvlo wuTis<strong>of</strong>eli. sityviTa da saqmiT emsaxura ufalsa da ers. `Rvawli<br />

keTili moiRvawa~. eris sulieri saganZuri gaamdidra Tavisi wignebiT.<br />

igi bednieria adamianuri gadasaxedidan:<br />

radgan SesaniSnavi Svilebi aRzarda: nato da rostom CxeiZeebi.<br />

da uamravi mkiTxveli, `mowafe~, romelTaTvis is iyo da iqneba `xati Rirsebisa~.<br />

ai, ras werdnen masze:<br />

zviad gamsaxurdia: `Cven jer sad viyaviT, roca oTar CxeiZe martodmarto Seeba ruseTis<br />

imperias~.<br />

geronti qiqoZe: `is aris namdvili mxatvari da moazrovne publicisti~.<br />

guram asaTiani: `oTar CxeiZe didi mxatvaria, namdvili ostati, moazrovne, Semoqmedi...<br />

`boriayis~ saxiT Cven winaa Tanamedrove <strong>qarTuli</strong> prozis namdvili mwerali~.<br />

aleqsandre manveliSvili (emigranti): `saqarTvelosac Tavisi pasternaki gamouCnda. es<br />

aris mwerali oTar CxeiZe~.<br />

akaki baqraZe: `roca mixeil javaxiSvili `dampatiJes~ werda, igi riskze midioda. rac<br />

Rirda es riski, misma cxovrebam aCvena, magram mwerluri patiosneba ukarnaxebda eTqva<br />

simarTle da mweralmac ukan ar daixia.<br />

oTar CxeiZemac icoda, ra Rirda `burusis~ simarTle, magram aqac patiosneba<br />

gansazRvravda mwerlis saqciels~.<br />

Tamaz bibiluri: `visac <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis gzisTvis Tvali gulisyuriT udevnebia, man<br />

ar SeiZlba ar icodes, ra rTul da Znel wlebSi SeZlo oTar CxeiZem uaRresad mZafri,<br />

ukompromiso da bolomde utyuari tiloebis Seqmna~.<br />

naira gelaSvili: `mxolod saqarTveloTi rom SemovifargloT da Tundac mxolod 37<br />

wlis Semdgomi periodiT, roca, albaT, kidev ufro gaZnelda simarTlis Tqma, radgan ukve<br />

Tvalwin hqondaT, ra sasjeli SeiZleba Tavs dastexoda simarTlis trfials, marto didebuli<br />

mwerlis oTar CxeiZis dasaxelebac sakmarisi iqneboda. mwerlisa, romelsac arc Tvali<br />

dauxuWavs rameze da arc arafriT motyuebula~.<br />

tariel Wanturia: `oTar CxeiZe wmindanis cxovrebiT cxovrobs, beriviT dayudebula<br />

Tavis yelqceulSi _ Tavis senakSi _ da aqvs kidevac ufleba, aswavlos Tavis xalxs, mouwodos,<br />

daanaxvos, urCios!~ `oTar CxeiZis Semoqmedeba esaa uzarmazari panorama romelsac, sxvas rom<br />

yvelafers Tavi davaneboT, moculobis, masStabis TvalsazrisiT qarTul mwerlobaSi analogi<br />

ar gaaCnia~.<br />

koba imedaSvili: `SeeZlo oTar CxeiZes eTqva simarTle maSin (1953 wlidan moyolebuli)<br />

da dRes am simarTlis Tqma axalgazrda kacs uWirs~.<br />

giorgi gaCeCilaZe: `meoce saukunis sami udidesi <strong>qarTuli</strong> romani: mixeil javaxiSvilis<br />

`jayos xiznebi~, konstantine gamsaxurdias `mTvaris motaceba~ da oTar CxeiZis `boriayi~.<br />

ahmad Samlu: `CemTvis axla ukve naTelia, sabWoTa urCxuls Tavi rogor daaRwieT. Tqven<br />

xom oTar CxeiZis dari mwerali gyoliaT~.<br />

maka joxaZe: `oTar CxeiZis prozaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mis dialogebSi, sityvis meSveobiT<br />

araCveulebrivi siRrmiseuli ganzomilebebiT warmoCndeba raRac uaRresad Soreuli,<br />

tradiciuli da Zveli, Zveli, ara arqauli, samuzeumo eqsponatad qceuli, aramed rogorc<br />

marad moqmedi, marad cocxali, marad arsebuli~.<br />

givi alxaziSvili: `oTar CxeiZem Seqmna vrceli panorama, mxatvrul-dokumenturi<br />

samyaro uaxlesi saqarTvelos istoriisa. igi Tanabradaa JamTaaRmwereli da mwerali. am ori<br />

Janris SerwymiT ki axali gza gakvala qarTul literaturaSi~.<br />

giorgi lobJaniZe: `oTar CxeiZis proza ms<strong>of</strong>lio masStabis movlenaa da ms<strong>of</strong>lio<br />

masStabisaa imitom, rom upirvelesad Zalian <strong>qarTuli</strong>a~.<br />

oTar CxeiZes mamxilebeli simarTlis gamo ar mohklebia xelisufalTa Tu `karis<br />

xelovanTa~ mxridan devna, ciliswameba da kritika, Tavis realur personaJTagan `lafis<br />

srola~, magram erTxel arCeul gzas mtkiced da Seuryevlad mihyveboda, misi ganzraxva wminda<br />

170

iyo da Tumca Zraxavdnen, is mainc saqarTvelos beds eZiebda. briyvebs ar ugdebda yurs da<br />

sjeroda kargi gulisa, romelic mis nawerebSi grZnobda did mamuliSvilur siyvaruls.<br />

Cveni sulis tkivilsac veraferi daayuCebs.<br />

mis wignebSi kvlav SevxvdebiT oTar CxeiZes, romelic Cveuli siyvaruliT Segvegebeba da<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> sityviT uxvad gvimaspinZlebs.<br />

171

axali wignebi<br />

ilia WavWavaZe _ 170<br />

saiubileo krebuli<br />

<strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> <strong>instituti</strong>, 2007<br />

saiubileo krebulSi `ilia WavWavZe_170~ gaanalizebulia 21-e saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> saazrovno<br />

sivrcis damokidebuleba ilias pirovnebis mimarT. krebuli Sinaarsobrivad mravalferovnia da<br />

ilia WavWavZis mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis sxvadsxva aspeqts moicavs. aRsaniSnavia masSi<br />

warmodgenil avtorTa maRali pr<strong>of</strong>esionalizmi. krebulis didi Rirsebaa rCeuli anotirebuli<br />

bibliografia, sadac mocemulia ilia WavWavaZis Sesaxeb Seqmnili yvela mniSvnelovani monografia<br />

da gamokvleva.<br />

amiran arabuli, eTer TaTaraiZe<br />

`SendobiT momixsenieT~<br />

gamomcemloba `bakmi~, 2007.<br />

saqarTveloSi kargaxania mimdinareobs epigrafikuli Zeglebis moZieba da kvalificiuri<br />

kvleva. miuxedavad amisa, arcTu ise didi aRmoCnda cnobil mecnierTa Tu xelovnebis aRiarebul<br />

muSakTa mier mikvleuli da aRnusxuli, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT unikaluri saflavis qvebis<br />

raodenoba.<br />

am xarvezisa Tu sicarielis Sevsebis Zalze mokrZalebul cdad SeiZleba CaiTvalos<br />

winamdebare wigni, romelic aerTianebs 360 ferad fotosuraTs, daaxloebiT amdensave epitafias,<br />

narkvevebs saerTo saxelwodebiT `vin iyo qvaTa amaTa mkveTi~, nawyvetebsa da amonaridebs erovnuli<br />

mwerlobis 100-mde TvalsaCino nimuSidan, xalxuri poeziidan.<br />

yovelive es sruliad garkveul warmodgenas Seuqmnis mkiTxvels <strong>qarTuli</strong> memorialuri kulturis<br />

ZeglTa erovnul Taviseburebebze, maT istoriul-SemecnebiT mniSvnelobaze.<br />

amiran arabuli<br />

samgloviaro poezia<br />

gamomcemloba `zekari~, 2006.<br />

monografiis mizania <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri samgloviaro poeziis ZiriTadi sakiTxebisa da<br />

arsebiTi Taviseburebebis xazgasma, gansja da mecnieruli kvalifikacia.<br />

poeturi folkloris ukidegano samyaroSi sruliad saCino, gamorCeuli adgili ukavia xmiT<br />

natirlebs, mosagonrebsa da saflavis qvaTa lakoniur warwerebs anu epitafiebs.<br />

mwuxarebis xmasa da intonaciaze ametyvelebul zepirsityvier nimuSebSi saucxoo sicxdaiT<br />

cnaurdeba adamianis saamqveyno daniSnulebisa da sikvdil-sicocxlis xalxuri koncefciebi.<br />

avtori imedovnebs, rom sakiTxTa farTo speqtri, romelic winamdebare naSromSia<br />

warmoCenili, ueWvelad moeqceva naivuri folkloruli SemoqmedebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa<br />

aqtiuri yuradRebis areSi.<br />

zaza abzianiZe, qeTevan elaSvili<br />

`simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopedia~<br />

tomi II, Tbilisi, gam-ba `bakmi~, 2007 w.<br />

pirveli gamocema.<br />

`simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopediis~ ortomeuli anbanuri principiTaa agebuli da,<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, meore tomSi ganTavsebulia masala `n-aridan~ _ `h-oemde~.<br />

rogorc Txrobis manera saenciklopedio statiebisa, aseve, uxvi sailustracio masala,<br />

zustad gasdevs pirveli tomis stilistur kalapots da vizualuri masalis SerCevis principebs.<br />

ukve TavisTavad is faqti, rom enciklopediis am tomSi Sesul 351 termins 328 ilustacia<br />

axlavs, mowmobs, rom gamocema am TvalsazrisiT ukve unikaluria.<br />

Txrobis eseistur manerasTan esoden mdidari sailustracio masalis Sexameba enciklopediis<br />

II tomSi analogiuria pirveli tomisa, romelic ukve aRiniSna `parnasis~ I xarisxis premiiT<br />

nominaciaSi _ `wlis saukeTeso wigni~.<br />

172

`Suqn sad ar mivlen mzisani~<br />

jondo bardaveliZisadmi miZRvnili krebuli<br />

`meridiani~, 2007 w.<br />

wignSi Tavmoyrilia j. bardaveliZis mniSvnelovani samecniero werilebi, literaturuli<br />

narkvevebi, eseebi, bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli samecniero<br />

statiebi da memuarebi.<br />

ZiriTadi Tematika: folklori _ abesalom da eTeri, literaturuli <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri<br />

leqsis forma, folkloruli Canawerebi, arsenas leqsi.<br />

aseve a. yazbegi, g. leoniZe, r, inaniSvili da a. S.<br />

wignSi Sesulia mogonebebi j. bardaveliZeze nodar tabiZis, devid hantis, eTer TaTaraiZis,<br />

rusudan ColoyaSvilis, irma yvelaSvilis, goCa kuWuxiZis da sxvaTa.<br />

wignis redaqtori da winasityvaobis avtori lia wereTeli.<br />

misani qalebi da idumali niSnebi.<br />

crumorwmeneobis teqstebi saqarTvelodan, Sedgenili, Targmnili da komentirebuli elguja<br />

dadunaSvilisa da agnes kornis mier, raixertis gamomcemloba, visbadeni 2007 (germanul enaze).<br />

wigni warmodgens calkeul publikaciebsa da saarqivo masalebSi gabneuli tabus, niSnebisa da<br />

magiuri rCevebis sistematizaciis pirvel cdas. wignSi nimuSebi warmodgenilia saqarTvelos<br />

TiTqmis yvela kuTxidan, rac saSualebas iZleva Tvali gavadevnoT <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis<br />

mravalferovnebas. wigns darTuli aqvs Sesavali werili, sadac ganxilulia tabus, niSnebisa da<br />

magiuri rCevebis Janruli Taviseburebebi da maTi adgili erTian kulturul konteqstSi.<br />

elguja dadunaSvili<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> jadosnuri zRapris tipologia<br />

Snaideris gamomcemloba 2007 (germanul enaze).<br />

wignis mizania ganixilos <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRapris adgili evropisa da aziis kulturaTa<br />

mimarTebaSi da moaxdinos <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRaparTmcodneobis evropulTan integracia. wignSi<br />

gamoyenebuli kvantitaturi kvlevis meTodi eyrdnoba Sesaderebeli sidideebis reprezentulobas.<br />

aseTia teqstebis erToblioba, romelic SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri<br />

zRapruli repertuaris reprezentati. kvleva emyareba umetesad saarqivo Canawerebs, kvlevis<br />

Zlier instruments warmoadgens <strong>qarTuli</strong> folkloris monacemTa eleqtronuli baza. wigni<br />

originaluria im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi warmoadgens eleqtronuli da beWduri mediis sinTezis<br />

Sedegs.<br />

zoia cxadaia<br />

XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> lirikis istoriidan<br />

gamomcemloba `merani~, Tb. 2006.<br />

zoia cxadaias samecniero eseebis krebulSi Sesuli naSromebi 2000-2005 wlebSi gamoqveynda<br />

sxvadasxva literaturul da samecniero Jurnal-gazeTebSi. maTSi 30-40-iani wlebis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

lirika ganxilulia epoqiseuli recepciebis fonze, xolo <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis ganaxlebasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT msjeloba grZeldeba 70-80-iani wlebis lirikiT, verlibris damkvidrebiTa da misi<br />

roliT <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis versifikaciuli siaxliT. calkeuli werilebi eZRvneba XX saukunis<br />

sxvadasxva Taobis qarTvel lirikosebs.<br />

wigni gankuTvnilia specialistebisTvi, studentebisa da poeziis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli<br />

mkiTxvelisTvis.<br />

soso sigua<br />

mxatvruli azrovneba: genezisi da struqtura<br />

gamomcemloba `mwerlis gazeTi~, Tb. 2007<br />

soso siguas am wignSi warmodgenilia SemoqmedebiTi procesis sruli meqanika ganviTarebis<br />

kanonebisa da kanonzomierebebis aspeqtSi; avtoris msjeloba mimarTulia ms<strong>of</strong>lio <strong>literaturis</strong><br />

ontologiis warmoCenisken, romelSic <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> mxatvruli saxeebi da simbolika<br />

organulad aris CarTuli da misi defragmentaciis mcdelobas warmoadgens.<br />

173

saSviliSilo mokavSire — dimitri yifiani, masalebi XIX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> sazogadoebrivi azris<br />

istoriisaTvis<br />

redaqtori rostom CxeiZe, mxatvari karlo faCulia.<br />

gamomcemloba `zekari~, Tb. 2007.<br />

krebuli dabeWdilia aleqsandre orbelianis sazogadoebis egidiT, sadac Tavmoyrilia<br />

memuaruli xasiaTis teqstebi rogorc dimitri yifianis cxovreba-moRvaweobis, aseve XIX saukunis<br />

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Zireuli movlenebis Sesaxeb, romelSic dimitri yifiani iRebda aqtiur<br />

monawileobas.<br />

wigni samtomeuli krebulis II tomia, romelic Seadgina, rusuli teqstebi Targmna,<br />

gamosacemad moamzada, winasityva, bibliografiuli SeniSvnebi, komentarebi da saZieblebi daurTo<br />

Tamaz jologuam.<br />

rostom CxeiZe<br />

burji erovnebisa<br />

aleqsandre orbelianis sazogadoeba, 2007.<br />

iakob gogebaSvilis cxovrebis yaida TvalnaTlivi da saukeTeso nimuSia, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />

erTma pirovnebam orTabrZolaSi gamoiwvios imperia da es uTanasworo Serkineba saswaulebrivi<br />

gamarjvebiT daasrulos.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> skolis Seqmna ukiduresad mkacri da mizandasaxuli rusifikatoruli reJimis<br />

pirobebSi sxva araferia, Tu ara heroikuli Rvawli, saswaulebrivi elviT gasxivosnebuli.<br />

es yovelive xelisgulze Zevs rostom CxeiZis axal biografiul romanSi, romelSic<br />

literaturuli, istoriuli da fsiqologiuri siRrmiTaa gadaxsnili `deda enis~ Semoqmedis<br />

pirovnuli xasiaTic, cxovrebis Sinagani dramatizmica da epoqis sulic.<br />

etiudebi kulturaTa mijnaze<br />

krebulis redaqtori pr<strong>of</strong>. mariam filina<br />

gamomcemloba `universali~, Tb. 2007.<br />

krebuli dabeWdilia Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis, saqarTvelos polonelTa<br />

kulturul-saganmanaTleblo kavSiris - `polonia~ da saqarTveloSi poloneTis respublikis<br />

saelCos egidiT, raSic Sesulia literatorebis, istorikosebis, eTnografebisa da<br />

xelovnebaTmcodneebis statiebi. maTi ZiriTadi nawili eZRvneba polonur-qarTul samecniero<br />

kontaqtebs, agreTve, rusul-qarTul urTierTobebsac. tomSi Sevida ori saerTaSoriso samecniero<br />

konferenciis masalebis nawili, romlebic Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Catarda 2005 wels<br />

(`etiudebi kulturaTa mijnaze~ da `a. mickeviCis xsovnis aRsaniSnavad~)<br />

Tomas a. Smitci<br />

Tanamedrove <strong>literaturis</strong> Teoria da antikuri teqstebi<br />

Moderne Literaturtheorie und Antike Texte<br />

Eine Einführung (Hardcover) by Thomas A. Schmitz (Author).<br />

rogor aris gadmocemuli klasikur literaturul teqstebSi Txzulebis dedaazri? vin<br />

axdens mis interpretacias? rogor ukavSirdeba teqstis mTavari saTqmeli istoriul,<br />

socialur, politikur Tu pirovnul problemebs? _ Tomas Smitcis wigni megzurobas gauwevs<br />

am sakiTxebiT dainteresebul studentebsa da mecnierebs. avtori cdilobs, Tanamedrove<br />

ms<strong>of</strong>lio literaturaTmcodneobis kuTxiT gaaSuqos erTi SexedviT iseTi tradiciuli<br />

sakiTxebi, rogoricaa rusuli formalizmi, struqturalizmi, genderuli problemebi,<br />

dekonstruqtivizmi, axali istorizmi, magaliTebi ki moxmobilia klasikuri teqstebidan. wigni<br />

aRWurvilia vrceli bibliografiiTa da indeqsebiT.<br />

174

<strong>SoTa</strong> <strong>rusTavelis</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> <strong>instituti</strong>s<br />

samecniero publikaciebis stili<br />

1. <strong>literaturis</strong> <strong>instituti</strong>s periodul gamocemebSi ibeWdeba naSromebi, romlebic moicavs<br />

Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobisaTvis aqtualur Temebsa da problemebs,<br />

mniSvnelovan gamokvlevaTa jer gamouqveynebel Sedegebs.<br />

2. naSromi warmodgenili unda iyos or calad (eleqtronuli versiiT, disketze _ floppy A:)<br />

da Tan axldes:<br />

Tavfurceli, romelSic miTiTebuli iqneba avtoris saxeli, gvari, statusi da<br />

sakontaqto koordinatebi;<br />

anotacia qarTul da inglisur enaze (1 nabeWdi gverdi).<br />

3. damowmebani (damowmebuli <strong>literaturis</strong> nusxa) statias unda erTvodes boloSi.<br />

4. naSromi moculobiT unda iyos kompiuterze nabeWdi ara umetes TxuTmeti da aranakleb<br />

xuTi gverdisa.<br />

5. naSromi dabeWdili da gaformebuli unda iyos A4 formatis TeTr qaRaldze Semdegnairad:<br />

a) naSromis saTauri (iwereba SuaSi);<br />

b) naSromis teqsti;<br />

g) damowmebani (damowmebuli <strong>literaturis</strong> nusxa);<br />

d) anotacia;<br />

e) oTxive mxriv datovebuli mindori 25 mm;<br />

v) nabeWdi teqstis Srifti — Lit.Nusx 11, intervali _ 1;<br />

6. JurnalSi miRebulia evropuli standartebis Sesabamisad SemuSavebuli citirebisa da<br />

miTiTebis wesi `<strong>literaturis</strong> <strong>instituti</strong>s stili~ (list).<br />

misi moTxovnebia:<br />

a) motanili citata ZiriTadi teqstisgan gamoiy<strong>of</strong>a brWyalebiT (` ~). citirebis<br />

dasasruls, mrgval frCxilebSi, daismis indeqsi, romelSic aRniSnulia citirebuli<br />

teqstis avtoris gvari, teqstis gamoqveynebis weli, Semdeg _ orwertili da gverdi.<br />

magaliTad: (abaSiZe 1970:25). (ix. danarTSi warmodgenili nimuSi).<br />

b) saleqso str<strong>of</strong>is (da ara striqonis) citirebis SemTxvevaSi, motanili citata<br />

gamoiy<strong>of</strong>a teqstisagan da citatis fontis (Sriftis) zoma mcirdeba erTi<br />

intervaliT (mag.: Tu teqstis fontis zomaa Lit.Nusx 11, maSin citatis zoma iqneba<br />

Lit.Nusx 10).<br />

g) me-6 punqtis moTxovna ar exeba rubrikebs `gamoxmaureba, recenzia~ da `axali wignebi~,<br />

sadac Sriftis zomebia:<br />

ZiriTadi teqsti _ Lit.Nusx 10,<br />

ganmarteba-SeniSvnebi (sqolioSi CataniT) _ Lit.Nusx 9.<br />

7. damowmebani (damowmebuli <strong>literaturis</strong> nusxa) unda dalagdes indeqsis mixedviT, anbanuri<br />

rigiT da daibeWdos garkveuli wesiT (dawvrilebiT ix. danarTis cxrili).<br />

8. a) statiis avtoris vrceli ganmartebani inomreba da inacvlebs teqstis bolos<br />

anotaciis win;<br />

b) statiis avtoris mcire SeniSvnebi aRiniSneba varskvlaviT da Caitaneba gverdis bolos,<br />

sqolioSi.<br />

9. avtori pasuxismgebelia dasabeWdad warmodgenili naSromis literaturul stilsa da<br />

marTlweraze.<br />

10. Semosuli statia sarecenziod gadaecema anonimur eqsperts.<br />

11. Semosuli masalebis ganxilvis Semdeg, damatebiTi miTiTebebisaTvis, redaqcia<br />

daukavSirdeba dasabeWdad SerCeul naSromTa avtorebs.<br />

12. avtors, gansazRvruli vadiT (ara umetes sami dRisa), koreqturisaTvis eZleva ukve<br />

dakabadonebuli naSromi. Tu dadgenil vadaSi statia ar iqneba dabrunebuli, redaqcia<br />

uflebas itovebs SeaCeros igi an dabeWdos avtoris vizis gareSe.<br />

175

cxrili<br />

monacemis tipi<br />

wigni,<br />

erTi avtori<br />

Book, one authors<br />

wigni,<br />

ori, an meti avtori<br />

Book, two authors<br />

yovelTviuri<br />

Jurnalis an sxva<br />

tipis perioduli<br />

gamocemis statia<br />

Article in a journal or<br />

magazine published<br />

monthly<br />

wigni, avtoris<br />

gareSe<br />

Book, no author given<br />

dawesebuleba,<br />

asociacia da<br />

misTanani, avtoris<br />

poziciiT<br />

Institution, association,<br />

or the like, as "author"<br />

citirebis, miTiTebisa da bibliografiis formis nimuSi<br />

nimuSi:<br />

Jenetis amocanaa prustis mxatvruli maneris TaviseburebaTa gamokvleva da imis<br />

dasabuTeba, rom `metafora da metonimia SeuTavsebeli antagonistebi rodi arian. isini<br />

ganamtkiceben da msWvalaven urTierTs, meore maTganis jerovani Sefaseba sulac ar<br />

niSnavs metonimiaTa erTgvari nusxis (romelic konkurencias gauwevs metaforaTa nusxas)<br />

Sedgenas, aramed — imis gamovlenas, Tu rogor monawileoben da funqcionireben analogiis<br />

mimarTebaTa farglebSi `Tanaarsebobis” mimarTebebi. amgvarad, unda gamoaSkaravdes<br />

metonimiis roli metaforaSi~ (Jeneti 1998: 37). ratom SearCia Jenetma analizis sagnad<br />

swored prustis Semoqmedeba? imitom, aRniSnavs mecnieri, rom TviT prustis esTetikur<br />

TeoriaSi, iseve, rogorc praqtikaSi, metaforul (analogiaze damyarebul) mimarTebebs<br />

Zalze arsebiTi roli ganekuTvneba, imdenad arsebiTi, rom maTi mniSvneloba da roli, sxva<br />

semantikur mimarTebebTan SedarebiT, Zalze gazviadebulia.<br />

damowmebuli <strong>literaturis</strong> nusxis (damowmebani­s) forma<br />

indeqsis mixedviT<br />

Bibliography Form<br />

abaSiZe 1970: abaSiZe k. etiudebi XIX s.-is <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> Sesaxeb. Tbilisi:<br />

gamomcemloba `merani~, 1970.<br />

vaisi 1962: Weiss, Daniel A. Oedipus in Nottingham: D.H. Lawrence. Seattle: University <strong>of</strong> Washington<br />

Press, 1962.<br />

kekeliZe ... 1975: kekeliZe k., baramiZe a. Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>literaturis</strong> istoria. Tbilisi:<br />

gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1975.<br />

naTaZe ... 1994: naTaZe k., petriaSvili v., nakaSiZe b. qarTul-rusuli literaturuli<br />

urTierTobis istoriidan. quTaisi: gamomcemloba `ganTiadi~, 1994.<br />

hiutoni ... 1959: Houghton, Walter E., and G. Robert Strange. Victorian Poetry and Poetics. Cambridge:<br />

Harvard University Press, 1959.<br />

aleqsiZe 1992: aleqsiZe z. `qarTvel ebraelTa~ saRmrTo misia saqarTvelos samociqulo<br />

eklesiis TvalTaxedviT. J. iveria. qarTul-evropuli <strong>instituti</strong>s<br />

Jurnali, 1, 1992.<br />

someri 1988: Sommer, Robert. The Personality <strong>of</strong> Vegetables: Botanical Metaphors for Human<br />

Characteristics. Journal <strong>of</strong> Personality 56, no. 4 (December) 1988.<br />

sabiblioTeko ... 1989: sabiblioTeko saqmis organizacia da marTva. baTumi:<br />

gamomcemloba `aWara~, 1989.<br />

cxovrebis ... 1976: New Life Options: The Working Women's Resource Book. New York: McGraw-Hill,<br />

1976.<br />

amerikis ... 1995: amerikis biblioTekaTa asociacia. organizaciis saxelmZRvanelo<br />

cnobari da 1995/1996 wlis wevrTa cnobari. Cikago: amerikis<br />

biblioTekaTa asociacia, 1995.<br />

amerikis ... 1995: American Library Association. ALA Handbook <strong>of</strong> Organization and 1995/1996<br />

Membership Directory. Chicago: American Library Association, 1995.<br />

176

edaqtori, an<br />

kompilatori,<br />

avtoris poziciiT<br />

Editor or compiler as<br />

"author"<br />

eleqtronuli<br />

dokumenti<br />

internetidan<br />

Electronic document:<br />

From Internet<br />

enciklopedia,<br />

leqsikoni<br />

Encyclopedia,<br />

Dictionary<br />

interviu<br />

(gamouqveynebeli)<br />

saavtoro<br />

xelnaweri<br />

Interview (unpublished)<br />

by writer <strong>of</strong> paper<br />

sagazeTo statia<br />

Newspaper article<br />

yovelkvireuli<br />

Jurnalis statia<br />

Article in a magazine<br />

publis<br />

hed weekly (or <strong>of</strong><br />

general interest)<br />

Tezisebi, an<br />

sadisertacio<br />

naSromis daskvnebi<br />

(debulebebi)<br />

Thesis or dissertation<br />

duduCava 1975: duduCava m. (redaqtori). <strong>literaturis</strong> Teoriis mcire leqsikoni. Tb.:<br />

gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1975.<br />

hendersoni 1950: Henderson, J.N.D. (editor). The World's Religions. London: Inter-Varsity Fellowship,<br />

1950.<br />

mitCeli 1995: mitCeli, uiliam j. bitebis qalaqi: sivrce, adgili da sainformacio<br />

nakadi [on-lain wigni] (kembriji: gamomc.: MIT Press, 1995, ganTavsebulia 29<br />

seqtembridan, 1995); mis.: http://www-mitpress.mit.edu:80/<br />

City_<strong>of</strong>_Bits/Pulling_Glass/ index.html; Internet.<br />

mitCeli 1995: Mitchell, William J. City <strong>of</strong> Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn [book on- line].<br />

Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, accessed 29 September 1995; available from<br />

http://www-mitpress. mit.edu:80/City_<strong>of</strong>_Bits/Pulling_Glass/ index.html; Internet.<br />

vebsteri 1961: vebsteris axali sauniversiteto leqsikoni. springfildi: MA: G. и C.<br />

Merriam, 1961<br />

vebsteri 1961: Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield: MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1961.<br />

morganisi 1996: morganisi, nensi d. interviu avtorTan, 16 ivlisi 1996, fol riviera,<br />

masaCusetsi, Canaweri<br />

morganisi 1996: Morganis, Nancy D. Interview by author, 16 July 1996, Fall River, MA. Tape recording.<br />

niu iork taimsi 1990: `mariotis korporaciis pr<strong>of</strong>ili~, gaz. niu iork taimsi, 21 ianvari<br />

1990, Can. III, gv. 5.<br />

niu iork taimsi 1990: "Pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> Marriott Corp." New York Times, 21 January 1990, sec. III, p. 5.<br />

naiTi 1990: naiTi r. poloneTis Sinaomebi. J. aSS-is siaxleni da ms<strong>of</strong>lios cnobebi, 10-17<br />

seqtemberi, 1990.<br />

naiTi 1990: Knight R. Poland's Feud in the Family. U.S. News and World Report, 10-17 September, 1990.<br />

filipsi 1962: filipsi, o. ovidiusis zegavlena lucianis zepur sazogadoebaze.<br />

sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 1962.<br />

filipsi 1962: Phillips, O. The Influence <strong>of</strong> Ovid on Lucan's Bellum Civile. Ph.D. diss., University <strong>of</strong><br />

Chicago, 1962.<br />

*erTsa da imave wels gamocemuli ramdenime naSromi (calke an TanaavtorobiT) an erTi da igive<br />

naSromi (gagrZelebebiT) ramdenime nomerSi mieTiTeba anbanuri rigiT. magaliTad: (abaSiZe<br />

1987a: 21), (abaSiZe 1987b: 87).<br />

177

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