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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis<br />
instituti<br />
<strong>kritika</strong><br />
<strong>№</strong> 2<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2007
edaqtori: manana kvaWantiraZe<br />
saredaqcio sabWo:<br />
lali avaliani<br />
Teimuraz doiaSvili<br />
Tamaz vasaZe<br />
ani kldiaSvili<br />
lela oCiauri<br />
irma ratiani<br />
maka joxaZe<br />
redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi, merab kostavas q. 5<br />
tel. 99-53-00; E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge<br />
2
arsebobs, magram... ar arsebobs<br />
1<br />
Tvalsazrisi<br />
nugzar muzaSvili<br />
qristes aqeT ager ukve ori aTasi weliwadi gavida da manamde kidev ramdeni iyo<br />
gasuli, eSmakma uwyis. mogexsenebaT, am drois ganmavlobaSi ra aRar moimoqmeda<br />
adamianma, aRmac iara da daRmac, zecaSic aiWra da zRvis ufskrulebic ganCxrika, magram<br />
im wyevlakrulvian kiTxvebs uxsovar droSi TviTonve rom dasva, jerjerobiT mainc<br />
veraferi mouxerxa. Zexorcieli ver ityvis, bolos da bolos arsebobs Tu ara RmerTi,<br />
saidan movdivarT, sad mivdivarT, ras niSnavs es yvelaferi da a. S.<br />
am gaugebar samyaroSi kvlav da kvlav bevri ram rCeba iseTi, brZenTa goneba rom<br />
vera da ver miwvdenia.<br />
etyoba amas aRaraferi eSveleba, magram am ZvelisZvel kiTxvebs CvenSi kidev erTi,<br />
specifikurad qarTuli, kiTxvac daemata, aSkarad gamoxatuli tendenciiT _<br />
maradiulad gadaiqces: arsebobs Tu ara saqarTveloSi <strong>kritika</strong>?<br />
sakiTxi, cxadia, laRadaa dayenebuli. zustad ise, maradiul kiTxvas rom Seefereba.<br />
dameTanxmeT, cota ar iyos, plebeuri iqneboda axla rom CavkirkitebodiT _ aba is ra<br />
movlenaa, aqamde <strong>kritika</strong>s rom vuwodebdiTo?<br />
raki asea, janic gavardes, ase iyos.<br />
maS, arsebobs Tu ar arsebobs?<br />
2<br />
warmoidgineT, me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi msoflioSi yvelaze patara mdinareebis<br />
napirebidan evropul sauniversiteto qalaqebSi gadaxvewil swavla-ganaTlebas<br />
mowyurebul Cveneburebs ramdeni ram gaaocebdaT. konstantine gamsaxurdias ki sxva bevr<br />
ramesTan erTad iqaur kalmosanTa marTlac gakvirvebis Rirsi sistematuroba da<br />
Sromismoyvareobac moxvedria TvalSi.<br />
balzakmao, werda mogvianebiT qarTuli arxeinobiT gulgawyalebuli mwerali,<br />
ormoci romanis daweris Semdegac rom veravis daamaxsovra Tavisi saxeli, gaaTkecebuli<br />
siSmagiT Seudga saqmes da ormocs kidev orasi wigni miamatao.<br />
xolo CvenSio, dananebiT ganagrZobs didostati, rogorRac miaxrCobs romelime<br />
arxeini genia erT-or wigns, merme miecema gancxromas, Tan yurebdacqvetili ayuradebs<br />
aqeT-iqiT, magram raki arsaidam xma, arsiT Zaxili ar miswvdeba mis gaalmasebul<br />
yurTasmenas, didad nawyeni awrialdeba _ rogor ar damafases, qveyana rogor ar SeiZra,<br />
dafnis gvirgvini rogor ar damadges Tavze, ara, ara, saqarTveloSi <strong>kritika</strong> ar arsebobs<br />
_ ai, sad marxia ZaRlis Tavio.<br />
3<br />
me Tu mkiTxavT, ZaRlis Tavi aq ki ara, sul sxvagan marxia, magram isic faqtia, rom<br />
Tuki, vTqvaT, RmerTis arseboba-ararsebobis wyevlakrulviani problema, mogexsenebaT,<br />
ZiriTadad mainc rwmenis sakiTxia _ gwams? e. i. arsebobs. ara gwams? maSasadame, ar<br />
3
arsebobs. _ saqarTveloSi kritikis arseboba-ararsebobis problema ase iolad mainc<br />
ver gadawydeba.<br />
saqme is gaxlavT, rom ganawyenebul kalmosanT ueWvelad gagonili eqnebaT ilia<br />
WavWavaZis, kita abaSiZis, geronti qiqoZis, otia paWkorias, nodar CxeiZis, guram<br />
asaTianis, akaki baqraZis, revaz TvaraZis... sxvaTa da sxvaTa, aw ukve ukeTes samyaroSi<br />
gardasulTa an jerac medgrad WirTamTmenTa, gamocdil an jerac gamoucdel<br />
kritikosTa saxelebi.<br />
es ki ara, darwmunebuli var, isic gagonili eqnebaT, rom adrec gamodioda da<br />
dResac gamodis Jurnali `<strong>kritika</strong>~.<br />
ufro metic, darwmunebuli gaxlavarT imaSic, rom axla Tu ara, jeelobaSi mainc<br />
CaukravT Tvali qarTul kritikul opusebSi, magram...<br />
magram amaod.<br />
rogorc Cans, maTze amas an veranairi, anda friad bundovani STabeWdileba<br />
mouxdenia. TiTqos kritikosebi arc adre arsebulan da arc dRes arseboben.<br />
TviTon fiqriT Tavi aRar SeuwuxebiaT, magram Tuki Cven mainc SevecdebiT, rogorc<br />
msjelobis moyvarulT sCveviaT, cota ufro Tanmimdevrulebi viyoT, friad saintereso<br />
paradoqss mivadgebiT: kritikosebi adrec arsebobdnen da dResac mravlad amZimeben<br />
dedamiwas, magram... magram <strong>kritika</strong> mainc ar arsebobs.<br />
Tavis droze lakoniaSi aseTi tipis azrebs gacilebiT sxartad gamoTqvamdnen.<br />
vTqvaT ase: arsebobs, magram ar arsebobs.<br />
warmoidgendiT, rom pativmoyvareobiT gawiwmatebuli arxeinoba saganTa bunebis<br />
arsSi Cadebul paradoqsulobas aseTi qebis Rirsi moxdenilobiT gamoxatavda?<br />
Tanmimdevrulobas marTlac saswaulebis moxdena SeuZlia.<br />
magram raRac kanonzomierebis gamoisobiT es paradoqsi didi xania gascda<br />
gajavrebul kalmosanTa kohortebs da TiTqmis moarul WeSmaritebad iqca. ramdenime<br />
msjelobis moyvarulis garda dRes am ideas sxvadasxva variaciebiT TiTqmis yvela<br />
imeorebs, WkuissakiTxavica da ukiTxavic, rac, cxadia, imaze migvaniSnebs, rom xsenebuli<br />
paradoqsis axsna, rogorc oden SurisZiebisa, sakmarisad ver CaiTvleba.<br />
aSkaraa, rom sakmaod vrceli msjelobebis gareSe fons ver gavalT. Zalianac kargi.<br />
qurds ra unda da bneli Rameo. Tqveni mona-morCilic xom amas velodi, radgan<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes amgvar Temebze gamarTul msjelobebze ufro mosawyeni,<br />
ufro amao, adamianTa udidesi umravlesobisTvis namdvilad araferia, ra vqna, Tuki<br />
msjelobis siyvaruli _ dRes ukve wylis nayvis sasacilo Cveuleba, _ siyrmiTgan CemiT<br />
Semyvarebia?<br />
aqa vdgavar da sxvagvarad ar ZalmiZs.<br />
4<br />
arsebobs, magram ar arsebobs.<br />
javrmoreuli kalmosnebis SurisZiebis mcdeloba marTla Zalian cotaa imis<br />
asaxsnelad, ratom moedo es `lakonizmi~ didsa da pataras.<br />
sakmarisi ver iqneba verc is garemoeba, rom guram asaTianis TqmiT, saqarTveloSi<br />
kritikoss daaxloebiT iseTi imuniteti unda hqondes, rogorc erT indoel kacs hqonia,<br />
romelic yvelaze saSineli qvewarmavlebis Sxams itanda, radgan emil zolas mtkicebiT,<br />
yovel diliT Turme cocxal gombeSos ylapavda...<br />
cotaa isic, rom profesiul <strong>kritika</strong>s saqarTveloSi, faqtobrivad, mxolod erTi<br />
saukunis istoria aqvs.<br />
sakmarisi ver iqneba verc is, rom CvenSi, faqtobrivad, yvela erTmaneTs icnobs, maT<br />
Soris, cxadia, kalmosnebic. mereda rao? swored am garemoebas Seuqmnia ganumeorebeli<br />
koloriti. ra aris gasakviri an miT umetes aRmaSfoTebeli imaSi, rom patara qveynis<br />
patara dedaqalaqis patara, magram gamorCeuli avtoritetis mqone ramdenime ubanSi<br />
erTad daqalebul-dakacebuli kalmosnebi erTad SequCdnen, waRmac da ukuRmac<br />
erTmaneTs mxari dauWiron da ase da amgvarad pativi moixveWon?<br />
4
marTalia, aristotelem platonTan megobrobaze maRla WeSmaritebis siyvaruli<br />
daayena, magram imas arc Cveneburi koloritisa gaegeboda rame da arc kacuri gagebisa,<br />
Tumca ki caSi da dedamiwaze gamoukvleveli araferi datova.<br />
oRond samarTlianoba moiTxovs isic iTqvas, rom es Cveneburi ganumeorebeli<br />
koloriti avyiaTa mier xasiaTdeba iseTi rusuli warmoSobis quCur-Jargonuli<br />
saZageli terminologiiT, rogoricaa, erTi mxriv, `kutoki~ (rogorc Cans, momdinareobs<br />
rusuli `кутёж~-idan, raica iTargmaneba rogorc `qeifi~, `Rreoba~) da `sastavi~<br />
(rusulad `состав~, qarTulad _ `Semadgenloba~).<br />
magram terminologia jandabas. avyiaTa mtkicebiT, CvenSi erTiani saliteraturo<br />
da inteleqtualuri sivrce fiqcia yofila da yvelaferi am avadgaJRerebul `kutoksastavebs~<br />
Soris daqucmacebula da erTmaneTisgan yru kedliT gamoyofila.<br />
Tumca yvelaze kargad avyiaTa Suriani buneba im braldebaSi Cans, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac `kutok-sastavi~, rogorc aseTi, iqneba ara msoflmxedvelobrivi,<br />
esTetikuri an sxva ram inteleqtualuri mosazrebebiT, rogorc es gulubryvilo<br />
dasavlel kalmosnebs sCveviaT, aramed, ase vTqvaT, geografiuli niSniT.<br />
kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba Cveneburi koloritisa is gaxlavT, rom<br />
TiToeul `kutok-sastavs~ Tavi ise uWiravs, TiTqos meore saerTodac ar arsebobdes<br />
qveynierebaze.<br />
dayrueba-dabrmaveba-damunjebis amgvari daxvewili xelovnebis sabralo<br />
msxverplni Cvena varTo, zecasa swvdeba avyiaTa moTqma-wuwuni. imisaTvis, rom caSi<br />
agiyvanon da xotba Segasxan an Tundac Zirs dagcen da Tavze nacari muWiT gayaron,<br />
marto ar unda iyoo, radgan marto myofi kaci, Tundac balzakiviT orasi wigni daweros,<br />
mainc ar arsebobs, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom veravin xedavs, <strong>kritika</strong> ratom unda iyos<br />
gamonaklisio.<br />
eh...<br />
etyoba, avyiebs pativmoyvareobam daaviwya erTi Zvirfasi Suasaukuneobrivi sibrZne<br />
_ raca vis ra RmerTman misces, dasjerdes da mas ubnobdeso. amitom arc TviTon<br />
isveneben da arc sxvebs aZleven mosvenebas. sul amaod ki, RmerTmani, radgan garda imisa,<br />
rom arca ZaRlis kudi gaswordebis odesme da arca kirCxibi iswavlis marTliad svlas, es<br />
wuwun-zuzuni verc imas agvixsnis amomwuravad, ratomaa, rom saqarTveloSi kritikosebi<br />
ki boginoben, magram kritikis arseboba mainc saeWvo gamxdara.<br />
5<br />
`es gulwrfeli wignia, mkiTxvelo...~ ase Tamamad daiwyo montenma Tavisi `cdebi~.<br />
ramdeni qarTuli wigni SeiZleboda dawyebuliyo aseTi sityvebiT? _ Tavis droze<br />
ritorikulad ikiTxa guram asaTianma.<br />
ramdeni qarTuli kritikuli opusia Tavisufali azris simxdalis, klanuri<br />
calmxrivobis, wvrilmani angarebisa da zerele pativmoyvareobisagan? _ kidev ufro<br />
gavzrdi ritorikis xarisxs Tqveni mona-morCili.<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT zemoxsenebul ubnur kolorits, ganumeorebel elfers rom<br />
aniWebda da aniWebs Cvens inteleqtualur cxovrebas da arc aw ukve gamqral, magram<br />
Tavis droze mrisxane sabWour cenzuras daviviwyebT, unda vaRiaroT, rom, saubedurod,<br />
gulwrfeloba didi fufuneba yofila CvenTvis. ra aris <strong>kritika</strong> gulwrfelobis gareSe?<br />
magram Tuki axla mainc viqnebiT SeZlebisdagvarad gulwrfelebi da vaRiarebT,<br />
rom arsebobda da dResac arsebobs erTgvari erovnuli cenzura, romelsac miuxedavad<br />
Tavisi araoficialuri, virtualuri xasiaTisa, yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli Zala da<br />
gavlena gaaCnda, wesiT axla is unda gagvikvirdes, Tu arsebobda, ra sawaulis ZaliT<br />
arsebobda da mainc ra movlena iyo is, rasac <strong>kritika</strong>s vuwodebdiT.<br />
5
6<br />
rogorRac ise moxda, rom dasavluri warmoSobis iseTi literaturaTmcodneobiTkulturologiuri<br />
terminebi, rogorebicaa, vTqvaT, klasicizmi, romantizmi, realizmi,<br />
modernizmi, ager Cvens Tvalwin postmodernizmi da sxva, CvenSi mravali gaugebrobisa<br />
Tu iluziis warmoqmnis mizezi xdeba xolme. cxadia, saqme sityvebSi ar aris. saqme<br />
SinaarsebSia. Sinaarsebi ki arc moduri terminebis gadmoRebiTa da arc viRacis keTili<br />
nebiT ar iqmneba. is, rasac, magaliTad, rolan barti gulisxmobda sityva `kritikis~<br />
warmoTqmisas, iseve Sors dgas im Sinaarsisgan, rac CvenSi amave sityviT gamoixateba<br />
xolme, rogorc ca da dedamiwa.<br />
rogor ggoniaT, moyolebuli me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan TiTqmis mTeli<br />
dasavluri elitaruli kultura SemTxveviT gaxda, ase vTqvaT, kritikuli?<br />
ratomRac masonebs gansakuTrebiT Cveni jini rom sWirT, es cnobili ambavia, magram<br />
nuTu isic maTi bralia, rom CvenSi kritikuli gansja, saerTod kritikuli azrovneba,<br />
didad deficituri ram gaxldaT da rac iyo, isic sul ufro metad emgvaneba wylis<br />
nayvas? nuTu isic masonuri xrikebis damsaxurebaa, rom yviTelma kulturam elvis<br />
siswrafiT gadafara yvela da yvelaferi da televizia Tavisi serialebiT, niusebiT,<br />
SouebiTa da reklamebiT sul ufro meti adamianis cxovrebas avsebs azriTa da<br />
mniSvnelobiT? am procesSi bevr rames Seaqvs Tavisi wvlili, magram qarTuli kritikis,<br />
ase vTqvaT, nulovani reitingis mizezebi yvelaze metad, cxadia, Tavad masSivea saZebari.<br />
mogexsenebaT, iseve rogorc sxva bevri ram, `<strong>kritika</strong>c~ berZnuli warmoSobis<br />
sityvaa da niSnavs gansjis xelovnebas. magram, Tuki, vTqvaT, Tavis droze, barti da Zmani<br />
misni imaze fiqrobdnen da msjelobdnen rogori unda iyos da ras unda cdilobdes<br />
gansjis xelovneba, CvenSi, faqtobrivad, dResac imaze mimdinareobs wverTagleja, risi<br />
gansja SeiZleba da risi ara.<br />
ai, sad marxia ZaRlis Tavi.<br />
marTalia, didi xnis win batoni imanuel kanti dabejiTebiT gvirCevda, kritikuli<br />
gansjisTvis dagveqvemdebarebina yvelaferi, magram mTeli me-20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi<br />
da dResac Cveni kulturuli sivrce savse iyo da aris akrZaluli zonebiT. anu<br />
arsebobda mTeli wyeba Temebisa, romelTa kritikuli analizi metad mavnebeli gaxldaT<br />
kritikosis janmrTelobisa da keTildReobisTvis. kacma rom Tqvas, asea dResac.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar hqonda imas, rom CvenSi, gansxvavebiT<br />
aristotelesagan, WeSmaritebaze metad Zmakacoba fasobda.<br />
Tqven warmoidgineT, arc imas, rom TiTqmis mTeli gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi<br />
qarTul <strong>kritika</strong>s urTierToba uwevda iseT ZalasTan, romelsac urCebisTvis an cimbiri<br />
hqonda momarjvebuli, anda cxra gramiani argumenti.<br />
am mxriv gadamwyveti mnisvnelobisa aRmoCnda is specifikuri diskursi, romelic<br />
qarTulma kulturam me-19 saukuneSi SeimuSava da romelmac me-20 saukuneSi<br />
araoficialuri, arsad deklarirebuli, TiTqmis gaucnobierebeli, magram amiT kidev<br />
ufro gansakuTrebuli Zalmosilebis mqone fenomenis Zala da mniSvneloba SeiZina.<br />
es gaxlavT e. w. `romantizebuli patriotizmi~, romelic yvelanairad cdilobs da<br />
axerxebs kidec adamianTa cnobierebaSi daCagruli samSoblos mimarT gansakuTrebuli<br />
emociuri kavSiri daamyaros. samSoblo aris satrfoTa-satrfo, samSoblo aris RvTaeba,<br />
romelsac yovelgvari pirobis gareSe unda Sewiro yvelaferi. es gaxlavT sruliad<br />
konkretuli sulieri mdgomareoba, romelic yovelive qarTulis mimarT gulisxmobs<br />
calsaxad apologetur, metismetad hiperbolizebul, pietetur damokidebulebas.<br />
rogor SeiZleba satrfos an RvTaebis civi gonebiT gansja? vis SeiZleba mouvides<br />
TavSi aseTi idea? mxolod mters, agents, masons, moRalates. raki aseTi iarliyis tareba<br />
arasdros aravis unda, yovelgvari racionalisturi ganCxreka, TviTrefleqsia<br />
gamoiricxa.<br />
amgvari viTareba kulturaSi sistematurad qmnis kerpebs, ase vTqvaT usazRvro<br />
siyvarulisa da sinazis obieqtebs istoriuli moRvaweebis, mwerlebis, poetebis,<br />
mecnierebis, msaxiobebisa da TviT literaturuli personaJebisganac ki, romlebiTac<br />
mxolod aRfrTovaneba SeiZleba da romlebsac mxolod Tayvani unda sce.<br />
6
Zvelad, roca omi xelCarTuli brZolebis gareSe ar xdeboda, windaxeduli<br />
sardlebi cdilobdnen gadamwyveti brZolis win raRac amgvari sulieri mdgomareoba<br />
SeeqmnaT meomrebisTvis.<br />
cdilobdnen da bevri axerxebda kidec amas, radgan rogorc Cans, mokle drois<br />
manZilze amgvari paTetikuri sulieri muxtis Seqmna da SenarCuneba maincdamainc<br />
saZnelo saqme ar unda yofiliyo.<br />
qarTuli kulturis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom man SeZlo ukanaskneli orasi wlis<br />
manZilze jer Seeqmna da mere ara marto SeenarCunebina, aramed maqsimalurad<br />
gaeZlierebina aseTi gansakuTrebuli sulieri daZabuloba, amgvari superemociuri<br />
muxti. man moinela ara marto mefis ruseTis opriCnikebi, aramed gauZlo TviT<br />
komunisturi totalitarizmis arnaxul wnexs da bolos misi mesaflavec ki gaxda, dRes<br />
ki xmalamoRebuli ebrZvis Cvenebur nihilizms.<br />
cxadia, amave diskursiT operirebda qarTuli kritikis is frTac, romelmac<br />
uamravi mkiTxveli gaiCina da Tavis droze gansakuTrebuli rolic Seasrula, risi<br />
dasturicaa is uzarmazari avtoriteti, romliTac 80-iani wlebis bolos kritikosi<br />
akaki baqraZe sargeblobda.<br />
magram...<br />
magram medals yovelTvis ori mxare aqvs.<br />
7<br />
iseTi kritikosi, rogoric gaxldaT guram asaTiani, jer kidev 50-ian wlebSi mixvda,<br />
rom kulturaSi gamefebuli aseTi superemociuri, narcisuli diskursi Zalze<br />
saxifaTod amcirebda racionaluri gansjis, saerTod, refleqsiis xvedriT wils. es<br />
azri man Zalze frTxilad gamoTqva Tavis `I dialogSi~, radgan erovnuli cenzuris<br />
TvalsazrisiT TviT aseTi azric ki RvTis gmobad aRiqmeboda.<br />
amis gageba SeiZleba.<br />
magram is, rac kargi Canda dapyrobil qveyanaSi, uvargisi aRmoCnda TavisufalSi. is,<br />
rac maSin mxolod gamWriaxTaTvis Canda, dRes gamoaSkaravda, kerZod, am diskursis<br />
sruliad ararealuri, iracionaluri, hiperbolizebuli xasiaTi. sakuTari kulturis<br />
mier gandidebuli xalxi 90-ian wlebSi moulodnelad srul politikur-ekonomikursocialur<br />
qaosSi aRmoCnda gaxlarTuli.<br />
gadamwyvet brZolaSi mimavali meomris paTosi sruliad SeuTavsebeli aRmoCnda<br />
Tavisufali qveynis normaluri funqcionirebisTvis.<br />
es garemoeba nihilizmis saxiT bumerangiviT miubrunda Tavad kulturasac.<br />
mimarTuleba, cxadia, sworia. romantizebuli patriotizmis mier Seqmnili miTebi da<br />
iluziebi dRes ara marto Zalze absurdulad gamoiyureba da sruliad veRar pasuxobs<br />
axali droebis saWiroebebs, ukve seriozul problemebsac qmnis mravali TvalsazrisiT.<br />
magram garda imisa, rom ukiduresobani yovelTvis ukiduresobebs Soben, rac aseT saqmes<br />
araferSi adgeba, iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom Cvenebur nihilistebs arasodes<br />
ukiTxavT arc vasil barnovis, arc konstantine gamsaxurdias an levan goTuas<br />
istoriuli romanebi, arc giorgi leoniZis an lado asaTianis patriotul lirikas<br />
auCqrolebia maTi gulebi, arc sandro axmetelis Teatrze smeniaT rame da arc<br />
saqarTvelos mTa-barSi xetialisas gadawydomian rodisme aw ukve miviwyebul taZris<br />
sevdian nangrevebs. mokled, maT uaryofaSi arc codna igrZnoba yovelive amisa da arc<br />
siyvarulis tkivilebi.<br />
amitom Tua, rom Cvenebur nihilistTa ultracivilizebuli cinizmi TiTqmis<br />
veranair STabeWdilebas ver axdens patriotTa Suasaukuneobrivi paTosiT aRsavse<br />
sulebze.<br />
piriqiT, kidev ufro aZlierebs mas.<br />
CvenSi vinc xmas iRebs, yvela absolutur WeSmaritebas RaRadebs. aseT zaTqsa da<br />
grialSi vis sWirdeba zomieri skepticizmisa Tu racionalizmis xma? da Tu es aravis<br />
sWirdeba, rogori <strong>kritika</strong> SeiZleba aseT sivrceSi arsebobdes?<br />
7
8<br />
am saqmis iseTi eqspertis Tanaxmad, rogoric rolan bartia, gagikvirdebaT, magram<br />
amas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia. <strong>kritika</strong> SeiZleba iyos pozitivisturi,<br />
fsiqoanalitikuri, egzistencialisturi, marqsistuli, erovnuli an Tundac<br />
marqsistul-leninuric ki. mokled, aTasgvari. tradiciuli demokratiis qveynebSi<br />
SesaZlebelia ramdenime maTgani erTdrouladac arsebobdes. magram es bevrs arafers<br />
niSnavs. bartis azriT, problema kritikis ideologiuroba ki ara, aramed am faqtis<br />
miCqmalvaa.<br />
saerTod, adamians ar SeuZlia romelime religiis, moZRvrebis, ideologiis, erTi<br />
sityviT, raRac sistemis gareSe samyaros aRqma da misi analizi. realurad, marTlac<br />
SeuZlebelia raRac filosofiuri wanamZRvrebis gareSe iolad gasvla. magram Tuki<br />
yvelanairi <strong>kritika</strong> aRiarebs sakuTar filosofiur an raRac sxva tipis wanamZRvrebis<br />
arsebobas, moxdeba WeSmaritebis flobaze monopoliuri uflebis gauqmeba. arc erT<br />
sistemas, arc erT ideologias ar SeuZlia bolomde srulad dainaxos da axsnas es<br />
mravalferovani da winaaRmdegobrivi samyaro. arc erT sistemas ar SeuZlia calmxrivi<br />
ar iyos. Sesabamisad, kritikis arss ar unda warmoadgendes misi ideologiuri arCevani<br />
anu kritikis daniSnuleba ar unda iyos `WeSmaritebis~ RaRadeba.<br />
magram es yvelaferi imdenad araadeqvaturia Cveni kulturuli sivrcisTvis, rom<br />
bartis ideebze saubris gagrZeleba sasaciloc ki xdeba. rogor unda imuSaos CvenSi<br />
postmodernistuli mgrZnobiarobidan Sobilma aseTma yovlismomcvelma prularizmma?<br />
qarTuli <strong>kritika</strong> yovelTvis `WeSmaritebas~ RaRadebda da, cxdia, arc dRes<br />
SeuZlia amaze uaris Tqma.<br />
magram es jandabas.<br />
rogorc Cans, CvenSi, ubralod, `WeSmaritebis~ Canacvleba unda moxdes _ Zvelma<br />
adgili unda dauTmos axals. da es Tu moxda, esec didi miRweva iqneba. oRond amis<br />
gakeTeba nihilisturi taS-fanduriT albaT ver moxerxdeba.<br />
jerjerobiT odnavadac ar igrZnoba, magram Tuki saerTod SesaZlebelia am<br />
qveyanaSi romantizebul-narcisulma diskursma adgili dauTmos odnav met<br />
racionalizms, odnav met TviTrefleqsias, yvelaze ukeT amas albaT Tavad cxovreba<br />
moaxerxebs. oRond es gacilebiT mtkivneuli procesi iqneba. realoba yovelTvis<br />
mtkivneulia.<br />
manamde ki, kritikosebs saerTod rom ar dagvaviwydes Cveni xelovneba, lukmapuris<br />
mosapoveblad gamarTuli vai-viSisagan Tavisufal wuTebSi iqneb xandaxan mainc<br />
gavixsenoT, rom odesRac msjeloba gviyvarda. isev erTmaneTisTvis, Torem sxvebisTvis,<br />
da ara marto arxeini kalmosnebisTvis, Tavad kritikis arseboba kvlav da kvlav rom<br />
saeWvo iqneba, me mgoni, amas araferi eSveleba.<br />
8
daviT CixlaZe<br />
demiTologizaciis fenomenis Semotana axal qarTul poeziaSi ∗<br />
4. enobrivi/literaturismiRmieri praqtikebi<br />
struqturalizmi poeziaSi, romlis precedentic saerTod win uswrebda<br />
postmodernizmis xanas, gvevlineba enobrivi poeziis upirobo safuZvlad uaxles<br />
qarTul poeziaSi. marTalia aq saxelebis iseT simravlesTan ara gvaqvs saqme, rogorc<br />
verlibris SemTxvevaSi, magram isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom modernizmis niadagze,<br />
kerZod ki postmodernizmis tradiciaSi arsebuli es puristuli mimarTuleba CvenSi,<br />
verlibrTan SedarebiT, arcTu ise didi xnis istoriis mqonea. pirveli seriozuli<br />
ganacxadi ekuTvnis poets da literaturaTmcodnes nino darbaisels; es iyo leqsi,<br />
pwkaredi da komentari, warmodgenili, rogorc erTiani poetikuri sxeuli. aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom es pirveli moculobiTi struqturalisturi prezentacia isev `literaturuli<br />
saqarTvelos" farglebSi moxda. aseve sayuradReboa nino darbaiselis leqsebis krebuli<br />
`axaldedebi", gamocemuli `meranis" mier.<br />
Semdeg am tradicias meTodurad da araerTi unikaluri kuTxiT poeti da<br />
filosofosi daTo barbaqaZe agrZelebs.<br />
verlibris Semotanis bunebrioba da kanonzomiereba am axali mimarTulebis<br />
sicocxlisunarianobamac daadastura, am ori poetis SemoqmedebiT rom aris<br />
gamoxatuli. Tundac is niuansic, rom orive es poeti verlibridan iRebs saTaves kidev<br />
erTi dadasturebaa sxva niadagze aseTi tradiciis ganuxorcieleblobisa<br />
(yovelSemTxvevaSi, sawyis etapze mainc, postmodernizmis konvenciuri leqsiT<br />
ekleqtikuri TamaSebis potenciur dawyebamde). mesame poeti, am tradiciasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli da aseve verlibrze dafuZnebuli poetikiT, uSangi gabitaSvilia. man<br />
mxolod erTi wignis gamocema moaswro, da isic sakmaod dagvianebiT. uSangi gabitaSvilis<br />
enobrioba ufro abstraqcionizms ikvlevs; misi poeziis saxiT qarTulma literaturam<br />
SeiZina abstraqcionistuli verlibri. manamde CvenSi abstraqcionistuli leqsi<br />
warmodgenili iyo tradiciulad, rogorc musikaluri leqsi, bgeris primatiT agebuli<br />
nawarmoebi, rac xSiri iyo galaktion tabiZesTan.<br />
80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi aseve SesamCnevi gaxda post-struqturalisturi<br />
tendenciebi. aseT gamovlinebebs SegviZlia krebiTad literaturismiRmieri praqtikebi<br />
vuwodoT, romelTa ramdenime reprezentacia sagamofeno darbazebSi ufro xdeboda,<br />
instalaciis an performansis saxiT. am mimarTulebis gaCena istoriulad dakavSirebuli<br />
iyo mxatvarTa transavangardistul jgufTan saxelwodebiT `meaTe sarTuli", romelic<br />
marjaniSvilis Teatris saxelosnoSo muSaobda da romelic mxatvarma mamuka cecxlaZem<br />
da xelovnebaTmcodnem karlo kaWaravam Camoayalibes. am jgufis interdisciplinaluri<br />
kredo SesaniSnav stimuls warmoadgenda saeqspozicio teqstisTvis, anu radikaluri<br />
semiotikuri eqsperimentebisTvis. meore mxriv, iyo niSnebi zepirmetyvelebiTi poeziis,<br />
an zepiri subkulturuli poeziis simulaciis. am rangis movlenad unda aRviqvaT karlo<br />
kaWaravas mudmivad ganaxlebadi yoveldRiuri terminebis leqsikoni, romelic<br />
bunebrivad imkvidrebda adgils xsenebuli jgufis mxatvrebis wreSi da dResac<br />
ganagrZobs arsebobas, rogorc mxatvarTa viwro wris uaRresad kulturuli, magram<br />
arastilizebuli Jargoni.<br />
amitomac, ukve xangrZlivi sagamofeno praqtikebis Semdeg, rodesac 1992 wels kote<br />
yubaneiSvilis gamokveTilad anti-literaturuli poezia gamoCnda, romelsac<br />
damoukidebeli mizezebi gaaCnda da ar iyo gamomdinare enobrivi poeziis Tu<br />
interdisciplinaluri mxatvrobis standartebidan, Tavidanve miipyro swored<br />
avangardist mxatvarTa auditoriis da ara literatorTa wreebis yuradReba. kote<br />
∗ gagrZeleba. dasawyisi ix. `<strong>kritika</strong>~, # 1, 2006.<br />
9
yubaneiSvilis poezia ufro totaluri negaciis matarebeli iyo, literaturis<br />
mobezrebis niSniT da raRaciT dakavSirebuli dadaistur reduqciasTan. (mxolod am<br />
ukanasknelSi jer kidev darCenili yovelgvari literaturuli seriozulobis<br />
ironizaciiT). Tumca zepirmetyvelebis subkulturul tendenciebs ar gaaCnda<br />
Teoriuli bazisi da analizi (rac kanonzomiericaa, radikaluri uaryofis tendenciidan<br />
gamomdinare) da arc gagrZeleba SeiZleboda hqonoda, rac swored mis erT-erT<br />
miTologiur xibls warmoadgens. aseTi nimuSebi erTjerad pop-movlenebad darCa (iqca),<br />
gansxvavebiT zemoTaRniSnuli enobrivi poeziisgan. Tumca, kote yubaneiSvilis (da<br />
irakli Carkvianis _ `reaqtiuli klubis" meore fuZemdeblis) literaturam xSirad<br />
pankis nacvlad palpis formebi miiRo.<br />
aqve Tavsdeba karlo kaWaravas, mamuka cecxlaZis, maia cecxlaZis da koka<br />
ramiSvilis leqsebis unikaluri publikacia Jurnal `iaxsarSi" 1989 wels. karlo<br />
kaWaravas Sesaxeb Cven ukve gvqonda mokle SeniSvnebi amaswindel werilSi `enobrivi<br />
poeziis dRevandeli mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi" (Jurnali `alternativa", marti, 2005).<br />
es iyo udaod saintereso leqsebi, Tvisobrivad uCveulo da pirveli publikaciisTvis<br />
aseve moulodnelad daxvewili (mag., koka ramiSvilis konceptualizmi, karlo kaWaravas<br />
pesimisturi socialisturi romantika, rac kargad warmoaCenda arte poveras ideebiT da<br />
egnate ninoSvilis stiliT gatacebas, maia cecxlaZis uxeSi eqspresionizmi _ aSkara iyo<br />
wminda samxatvro tendenciebis zemoqmedeba). unda aRiniSnos, rom rogorc<br />
saqarTveloSi, aseve dasavleTSi transavangardi da postmodernistuli xelovneba ar<br />
yofila maincdamainc loialuri saerTod Tanamedrove poeziis mimarT da mis mxolodRa<br />
istoriul Tanadroulobas argumentad ar Rebulobda (ix. siuzan sontagis `dumilis<br />
esTetika" da `Jil deliozis leqsikoni", bolo interviu Jil deliozTan).<br />
postmodernizmSi poezia darca eSelonis boloSi da iq axali mgrZnobelobis esTetika<br />
naklebad ganxorcielda im mizezebis gamo, rac ukavSirdeba am epoqis vizualuri<br />
azrovnebis primats, epoqisa, romelmac moitana televizia.<br />
5. dabruneba literaturasTan/samizdatis kultura<br />
mainc, miuxedavad literaturisTvis uCveulo semiotikuri Zvrebisa bolo<br />
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, cxadia, mwerlebis da poetebis umetesobas gaaCniaT<br />
bunebrivi moTxovnileba tradiciul sapublikacio garemoze. sxva saqmea is, rom maTi<br />
SemoqmedebiTi statusi SeiZleba jer ver Tavsdebodes akademiis farglebSi; an, meore<br />
mxriv, esTetikuri moTxovnilebebi ar aZlevdeT maT alternatiuli presis<br />
indiferentul miswrafebebTan gaigivebis uflebas.<br />
cota xniT adre, sanam alternatiuli presa gaCndeboda, am problemis sqema<br />
gacilebiT martivi iyo: ofocialuri presa _ samizdati. dRes ki, rodesac<br />
alternatiuli presa cdilobs Caenacvlos samizdats, sakuTar Tavze aiRos misi<br />
kulturologiuri statusi (da ara marto yofili ssrk-sTvis aris es siaxle),<br />
problemaSi garkveva SeiZleba met-naklebad garTulebuli gamoCndes.<br />
mwerali, rogori axalgazrdac ar unda iyos da naklebad gamocdili, mainc SeiZleba<br />
bunebrivad mivides mesame variantis povnis moTxovnilebasTan. amisTvis sakmarisia mas<br />
aRmoaCndes ramdenime ganmsazRvreli faqtori: rogorc aRvniSneT, unda iyos sakmaod<br />
axalgazrda akademiisTvis; unda gaaCndes mkafio esTetikuri samizneebi da<br />
moTxovnilebebi, raRac monaxazi mainc, risi ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobasac is ver<br />
dainaxavs alternatiuli presis indiferentul (rogorc demokratiulis sinonimi<br />
literaturis sociologiisTvis) politikaSi.<br />
aq gamonakliss SeiZleba warmoadgendes debiutanti mwerali, visTvisac nebismieri<br />
publikacia, cxadia, misasalmebeli iqneboda. da aqac, SeiZleba, zogisTvis es mxolod<br />
droebiTi iZulebiTi saSualeba iyos da ara maincdamainc mizani. sapublikacio eTikas<br />
uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom is uSualo gavlenas axdens<br />
mwerlis rogorc esTetikur, aseve eTikuri Rirebulebebis Camoyalibebaze.<br />
literaturuli samizdatis pirveli Jurnali iyo `iaxsari", romelic 1989 wels<br />
10
gamovida da mis SeqmnaSi monawileoba miiRes poetebma gela kikolaSvilma, omar<br />
Turmanaulma, lia bedoSvilma, daTo barbaqaZem, andro buaCiZem da sxv. radgan es<br />
Jurnali am winamdebare werilis avtorisa da badri guguSvilis TanaredaqtorobiT<br />
gamoicemoda (da Tan mis Sesaxeb araerTxel iqna aRniSnuli literaturul mimoxilvaSi),<br />
aucileblad ar migvaCnia masze SevaCeroT mkiTxvelis yuradReba da pirdapir momdevno<br />
gamocemebze gadavalT.<br />
mTeli Semdgomi istoriac da tradiciac, faqtiurad, `daTo barbaqaZis Jurnalma"<br />
Seqmna, romelic jer mxolod zepiri formiT arsebobda, mogvianebiT ki video-Jurnalis<br />
(arqivis) forma miiRo. `daTo barbaqaZis Jurnalma" SeZlo wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
yofiliyo mravali axali tendenciisa Tu axalgazrda mwerlis xelisSemwyobi da<br />
warmomCeni. samizdatis kulturaSi sxva msgavsi mniSvnelobis movlena arc yofila. am<br />
Jurnalis Sexvedrebi universitetis pirvel korpusSi ewyoboda da namdvilad did<br />
auditorias izidavda, rogorc mwerlebis, aseve mkiTxvelebis. swored iq wamoiWra da<br />
ganxilvis sagnad iqca sakiTxebi, romlebic dResac ki ar aris farTe diskusiis saxiT<br />
mocemuli alternatiuli Tu naxevrad-alternatiuli presis furclebze _<br />
formalizmis dialeqtikis aspeqtebi, karnavaluri inovaciebi (erT-erTi misi aseTi<br />
diskursi imdenad radikalurad iyo warmoCenili misi, uaRresad sasicocxlo,<br />
literaturuli Teoriebis, kritikis da eseebis wignis garekanze, rom me wigns yda<br />
movacale, rasac exla vnanob _ masze gamosaxuli iyo Tbilisis sazogadoebrivi<br />
tualetebis da maTi momsaxure personalis, aseve Tavad avtoris, maTTan erTad,<br />
fotoebi: es yvelaferi xom mxolod taqtiani miniSneba iyo pluralizmis realur<br />
semantikur problematikaze!). es monaxazebi moicavda uaxles semiotikur Teoriebs,<br />
interteqstis, dialogizmis, hiperteqstis diskursebis versiebs. daTo barbaqaZe iyo da<br />
rCeba wamyvan figurad rogorc literaturis TeoriaSi da aseve praqtikul aplikaciaSi.<br />
esTetikuri kuTxiT udaod mniSvnelovani iyo JurnalisaTvis zepiri formis micema,<br />
mogvianebiT ki video (arqivizaciis _ filosofemis gagebiT) formaSi gadasvla. am<br />
maxasiaTebels aucileblad unda hqonoda sakuTari gacnobierebuli Tu uneblie<br />
daniSnuleba, radgan daTo barbaqaZis yvela sakuTari wigni, lirikis Tu eseistikis, aseve<br />
samizdatis formaSia gamocemuli, magram _ gamocemuli da ara zepiri an video formiT.<br />
ar migvaCnia, rom es SeiZleba mxolod politikuri mizniT yofiliyo gamowveuli, raTa<br />
daumuSavebel masalebs ar miscemoda beWduri saxiT damkvidrebis saSualeba. aSkarad,<br />
ufro meore, diskusiis faqtori wamoiwevs win, cocxali diskusiis pirobebis Seqmnis, rac<br />
aranairad ar SeuZlia ganaxorcielos beWdurma Jurnalma, Tu ar CavTvliT e.w. mrgval<br />
magidebs mwerlebisa da redaqciis TanamSromlebis monawileobiT (aseTi SesaniSnavi<br />
wamowyebebi hqonda `ciskars" da `<strong>kritika</strong>s" 80-ian wlebSi).<br />
aseTi procesi, amave dros, bevri ramis koreqtirebis saSualebasac aZlevda<br />
mwerals, da ara Secdomebis gasworebis saxiT, aramed enaze, stilze muSaobis Cvevebis<br />
Camoyalibebis mniSvnelobiT. mwerals SeeZlo gascnoboda auditoriis reaqcias mis ama<br />
Tu im nawarmoebze. es hgavda amerikaSi gavrcelebul `fild riziarCis" Tanamedrove<br />
praqtikas, sadac xelovanebi erTmaneTs warudgenen damTavrebul Tu daumTavrebel<br />
namuSevrebs reaqciebis da SeniSvnebis gamosakvlevad.<br />
diskusiis aseTi maRali koeficientis gamo `daTo barbaqaZis Jurnali" ar SeiZleba<br />
miCneuli iqnas alternatiuli presis gaCenis winapirobad; da is TviT sakuTari<br />
winamorbedisagan, `iaxsarisaganac" pozitiurad gansxvavdeba, sadac esTetikis<br />
politikuri platforma (garda jer kidev difuziuri `Tavisuflebisa") maincdamainc<br />
gamoxatuli ar iyo (rac `iaxsaris" erT-erT minusadac SeiZleba miviCnioT).<br />
daTo barbaqaZem mogvianebiT gamosca sxva literaturuli periodikac. aqedan<br />
aRsaniSnavia, pirvel rigSi, Jurnali `polilogi" (romlis Sesaxebac gvqonda mimoxilva<br />
Jurnal `afraSi" da aq ganvrcobis uflebas veRar mivcemT Tavs) da gazeTi `+_<br />
literatura" (Jurnalist maia gogolaZesTan erTad).<br />
saintereso fenomenTan gvqonda saqme gazeT `Cven mwerlobasTan" dakavSirebiT<br />
(amJamad daxurulia), romelic oficialuri presis erTgvari damoukidebeli wamowyeba<br />
iyo, anu warmoadgenda axal, enTuziastur mxardaWeras pluralizmis pirobebSi CrdilSi<br />
moqceuli akademiis. am gazeTs redaqtorobda cnobili kritikosi rostom CxeiZe.<br />
11
marTlac, misi gaCena TiTqos akademiis frontis gaZlierebas mianiSnebda, Tu ar<br />
davinaxavT aseT movlenebs sxva prizmaSi, maT simptomatur xasiaTs, rac, piriqiT,<br />
mfarvelobis obieqtis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi _ akademiis, dasustebaze miuTiTebs pirvel<br />
rigSi.<br />
samizdatisTvis aseTive simptomi iyomisi mxardamWeri organizebuli presis gaCena<br />
90-ianebis dasawyisSi gazeTebis `rubikonis" ( redaqtori: poeti ioseb maWaraSvili) da<br />
`mesame gzis" (redaqtori: poeti ramin sajaia) saxiT, sadac farTe literaturuli<br />
diskursisa da gamokvlevis araerT met-naklebad warmatebul mcdelobas vxvdebiT ).<br />
manamde, 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi filosofosma elizbar elizbaraSvilma (poet<br />
giorgi bundovanTan TanaredaqtorobiT), gamosca Juranli `meore arsenali", rac<br />
samizdatis ganmeorebiT mcdelobad SeiZleba miviCnioT (jerjerobiT Jurnalis mxolod<br />
erTi nomeri arsebobs). Tumca formalurad samizdatis kategoriaSi Tavsdeba, sakuTari<br />
SinaarsiT is ucnaur precedents qmnis qarTul sapublikacio sistemaSi: mas ar gaaCnia<br />
esTetikuri platforma _ arc akademiuri (absolutisturi), arc alternatiuli<br />
(liberaluri) da arc andergraundis (eqsperimentuli), aramed ufro emsgavseba<br />
sakuTari xarjebiT gamocemuli wignebis praqtikas, romelsac namdvilad ar moeTxoveba<br />
kulturologiur an sociologiur ierarqiebSi sakuTari adgilis dakaveba. es ufro,<br />
gavimeorebT sicxadisaTvis, hgavs axalgazrda mweralTa erTi SemTxveviTi jgufis<br />
iZulebiT moqmedebas, romelTac aerTianebs saerTod nebismieri publikaciis<br />
uimedobamde misuli moTxovnileba, risi mizezic SeiZleba mravalgvari iyos. radgan<br />
andergraundze miniSneba, maTive esTetikuri poziciebidan gamomdinare, TiTqmis nols<br />
utoldeba, samizdatis arCeva, unda vigulisxmoT, imiT SeiZleba iyos gamowveuli, rom<br />
isini ubralod ver akmayofileben, cxadia, verc naxevar-akademias da verc<br />
alternatiuli literaturis moTxovnilebas _ `arilidan" `alternativamde" speqtrSi.<br />
an meore savaraudo mizezi SeiZleba iyos mxolodRa samegobro gaerTianeba, rogorc<br />
damoukideblobis erTgvari zeimi. mesame savaraudo mizezi SeiZleba iyos alternatiuli<br />
presis da samizdatis erTdrouli nivelirebis survili, rogorc perventiuli<br />
saprotesto aqti, sakuTar TavSi daurwmuneblobidan gamomdinare. Jurnalis profili<br />
aranairad ar amarTlebs misi redaqtoris ganacxadebs neokonservatizmis Sesaxeb (Tu ar<br />
CavTvliT missave statias fridrix nicSes filosofiuri problemebis Sesaxeb, rac<br />
marTlac neokonservatizmis bolomde dausabuTebeli mudmivi apelirebis Temaa).<br />
6. tonaloba/ganwyoba<br />
zemoTaRwerili praqtika wignebis gamocemis SemTxvevisaTvis ufro bunebrivia<br />
Tavisufali sazogadoebis pirobebSi. ase gamoica `anomaliuri poeziis" jgufis (SoTa<br />
iaTaSvili, giorgi bundovani, zurab rTveliaSvili) ramdenime wigni _ `sikvdilis<br />
frTebi", `rezidenti", `qronofagebi" da TviTon `anomaliuri poeziis krebuli". radgan<br />
am jgufs hqonda marTlac jgufuri, saprogramo xasiaTi (maT manifestic gamoaqveynes<br />
Sesabamidad), SegviZlia es gamocemebi presis politikis nawilad mainc moviazroT (Tumca<br />
maT ar gamouciaT sakuTari periodika). pirveli gamoxmaureba maTs programaze da<br />
poeziaze ekuTvnis poet daviT mWedlurs. sakuTar statiaSi, romelic 1993 wels<br />
daibeWda gazeT `7 dReSi", is ganixilavs `anomaliuri jgufis" programas, rogorc<br />
saerTo platformas maTi poetikis, magram Semdgom misi <strong>kritika</strong> danawevrebuli da<br />
gankerZoebuli xdeba, sadac individualurad afasebs yovel calkeul avtors. daviT<br />
mWedluri, Tumca ki TiTqos miesalmeba mocemul avtorTa vulgarul Temebsa da<br />
intonaciebs, rogorc realizmis adeqvatur formebs im mocemuli droisaTvis, imave<br />
dros am avtorTagan yvelaze zomierad (anu, logikurad, am programisTvis Seusabamod)<br />
SoTa iaTaSvils miiCnevs da mis aseT zomierebas literaturulobis upirobo<br />
kriteriumad warmoadgens (rogorc akademiis erT-erT prioritets), swored im niSniT,<br />
rom misi poezia, mainc, SedarebiT, naklebad vulgarulia da uxeSi _ TematikiT da<br />
metyvelebiT.<br />
misi kritikis es TiTqos SemTxveviTi winaaRmdegoba dekadis dagvianebiT<br />
12
dadasturda, rodesac `anomaliuri poeziis" darCenili ori wevri, giorgi bundovani da<br />
zurab rTveliaSvili mTlianad vulgarizmis realobaSi aRmoCnda. aq ki ukve<br />
familarulad iqca quCuri gineba avtoris poziciidan, daufaravi qedmaRloba,<br />
pretencionizmi, agresiuli aTeisturi pasaJebi (aTeizmi kidev daumsaxureblad maRali<br />
inteleqtualuri tonalobis Sefasebaa), rac ufro zurab rTveliaSvilis leqsebSi<br />
mJRavndeba da TiTqmis ucvlel ganwyobad gasdevs. giorgi bundovanTan ufro<br />
intonaciis monotonuroba Tu aSkara lobotomirebuli apaTiaa TvalSisacemi<br />
(lobotomireba saerTod dRevandeli Tanamedrove qarTuli poeziis simptomadac<br />
SeiZleba CaiTvalos, sadac aseTi tendenciebi ukve sayovelTaoa da umravlesobis<br />
diqtaturis formebs Rebulobs. amis magaliTia kote yubaneiSvilis bolodroindeli<br />
vulgaruli kupletebi, romlebic kvalsac aRar atareben misi adrindeli SesaniSnavi<br />
lirikuli mignebebis, perifrazSic rom inarCunebdnen sakuTr originalur sisadaves<br />
("sadac rusTaveli prospeqtia da WavWavaZe gamziri, muStaidi baRia da saakaZe moedani,<br />
baraTaSvili xidia da stalini sanapiro, irakli Carkviania da kote yubaneiSvili").<br />
aseve, "anomaliuri poetebisTvis" dRes xazgasmiT niSandoblivia maneruli<br />
politikuri saTqmelis eqspansia poetikuris sruli amowurvis fonze. es manerizacia<br />
mkveTrad Cans rTveliaSvilTan, Tundac misi sajaro gancxadebebSi e.w. anarqistuli<br />
poeziis Sesaxeb, radgan poezias ar gaaCnia winaswari politikuri platformebi, misi<br />
politika missave poetikaSi ikveTeba; da es, Tundac, ritorikuladac ki ar aris<br />
mocemuli mis leqsebSi.<br />
SoTa iaTaSvilTanac didia piradulis da saCivris, piradi angariSsworebis<br />
intonaciebi leqsebSi, rac misi, sxva mxriv Camoyalibebuli verlibris fonze aSkarad<br />
zedmetia. zurab rTveliaSvilis da giorgi bundovanis pirveli leqsebis imedismomcemi,<br />
an lirikulad damaintrigebeli mimarTuleba da udao xibli ki aSkarad<br />
lobotomirebulia (rac calkeuli mizezbiT SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli), Tumca<br />
SeiZleba jer kidev ar aris mTlianad dakarguli.<br />
`anomaliuri poeziis" jgufma scada asimilireba postmodernistul<br />
tendenciebTan, magram mxolod zedapirulad. garkveul etapze Seiqmna kidec mowinave<br />
eqsperimentul poeziasTan Tanaziarobis niSani, magram maTi moRvaweoba araTu<br />
Teoriuli orientaciebis, Tundac tradiciuli maiakovskiseuli `manufaqturis"<br />
mxrivadac aRar ganviTarebula (maT SeeZloT saintereso adgilebis migneba modernizmis<br />
samoqalaqo platformasa da postmodernizmis politikuri relativizmis gadakveTebze,<br />
rac sabolood mxolod Soreuli avangardis reminiscenciebis formiT gamomJRavnda).<br />
`anomaliuri poetebi" dRes, rogorc sakuTari publikaciebiT, aseve bolo dros<br />
gamocemuli wignebiT, ukve mTlianad `alternativasTan" arian asimilirebuli. aseTi<br />
intonaciebis da ganwyobilebebis sicocxlisunarianobas, misi koreqtirebis gzebs<br />
mxolod momavali literaturuli infrastruqtura da diskursebi gamoavlens.<br />
7. modernizmi/pastoraluri poezia<br />
modernizmi qarTul poeziaSi simbolisytebis jgufisgan, `cisferyanwelebidan"<br />
iRebs saTaves. saerTod, klasicisturi qarTuli leqsis Sesaxeb albaT gagviWirdeba<br />
saubari, radgan aseTi SeiZleba verc moviZioT, Tu pirobiTad ar aviRebT nikoloz<br />
baraTaSvilis romanticizms, an ilia WavWavaZis neoklasicistur maneras. SoTa<br />
rusTaveli da daviT guramiSvili klasicizmisTvis Zalze adreuli periodia (bodiSs<br />
vixdiT mkiTxvelTan aseTi primitiuli dazustebisTvis), xolo akaki wereTeli da vaJa<br />
fSavela isev modernizmis wina etapad unda ganvixiloT, rogorc primitivistebi an<br />
transcendentalistebi, Tu ukve mis sawyisebad ara.<br />
modernizmis areali ara mxolod warsulze, Cvens sinamdvilezec vrceldeba, TviT<br />
ioseb griSaSvilis, ioseb noneSvilis, muxran maWavarianis, murman lebaniZis, irakli<br />
abaSiZis, grigol abaSiZis, SoTa niSnianiZis, vaxtang javaxaZis da xuta berulavas<br />
CaTvliT, anu im poetebis, romlebic sabWoTa periodis klasikad iqna aRqmuli.<br />
is rac CvenSi klasikurobis saxeliT aris aRniSnuli sinamdvileSi modernistulisa<br />
13
da pastoraluri, fermweruli poeziis gadakveTaze mdebareobs. modernistebis<br />
umetesobas axasiaTebs maRali mgrZnobeloba konvenciuri formebis da maTi<br />
modificirebis mimarT, qalaqiseuli mgrZnobeloba rafinirebuli atributikis mimarT<br />
(Tu saerTod qalaqis motivebi ara).<br />
qalaqis Tavze wvimis lelia,<br />
qalaqis Tavze qari aqanebs wvimis Reroebs,<br />
cxovreba miT ufro mSvenieria,<br />
rom ar modis qveyanaze meored.<br />
vaxtang xarCilava<br />
meore mxriv, modernistuli xelweris poetebs axasiaTebT Zlieri pastoraluri<br />
aRwerebi da xedvebi, da esec, savaraudoa, swored maTi aRmatebuli yuradRebis niSania<br />
formis, feris mimarT; rogorc kompoziciis gamoxatuleba, istoricizmidan<br />
istoriulSi, konkretulSi gadasvlis survili, leqsis Sinagani vizualuri xarisxis,<br />
bunebis mSvenieris antiTezis xazgasma.<br />
Tanamedrove qalaqis axali (anu originaluri) mxatvrebi arian laSa nadareiSvili,<br />
omar Turmanauli, andro buaCiZe, daviT mWedluri. maTs poeziaSi Cans cocxali suraTebi<br />
qalaqis istoriuli gaelvebebis, saxlebis da parkebis Crdilebi, tonalobebi<br />
(gansakuTrebiT gigi sulakaurTan, gela kikolaSvilTan da badri guguSvilTan). qalaqi,<br />
rogorc sevdiani antiTeza bunebisa win aris wamoweuli elguja marRiasTan, mayvala<br />
gonaSvilTan, dalila bedianiZesTan. qalaqis axali simboluri saxeobriobis SesaniSnavi<br />
formebia givi alxaziSvilTan, ela goCiaSvilTan, lali ToTaZesTan. zaza TvaraZesTan<br />
ufro muqi ferebia, sadac ukanaskneli istoriuli periodia asaxuli, magram ara<br />
`anomaliurad" nihilisturad, piriqiT mwvave sevdiT aRbeWdili.<br />
yvela am zemoTxsenebul poets axasiaTebs pastoraluri Tematika, rac isev maTi<br />
qalaquri Tematikis aramanerulobas usvams xazs. rogorc erT-erTi ganuyofeli<br />
urbanistuli motivi, maTTan iSviaTi ar aris socialuri <strong>kritika</strong>, risi magalTic bevria,<br />
Cven mxolod moris focxiSvilis, gviani modernizmis am talRis pioneris erT leqss<br />
gavixsenebT.<br />
Seuvsebeli anketa<br />
- vin xar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
- saidan mobrZanebulxar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
- ras iqm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
- ras iTxov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
- rogor vlindebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
- ris imedi gaqvs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
- vis ras hpirdebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
- dRes riT suldgmulob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
- xval ra iqnebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
- vin giTavmdeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
- vis rad sWirdebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
- Tqvi, ras fiqroben Senze Citebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />
- Tu dagimowmebs erTgulebas erTi xe mainc . . . . .<br />
- o, erTxel mainc Tu dausxi sinaTle yvavils . .<br />
- Tu aRimaRle xma, rodesac rozgavdnen xarebs . .<br />
- Tu Seifare xetialiT daRlili mTvare . . . . . . . .<br />
- Tu daacale locva igi mRvimeSi mlocvels . . . . .<br />
- Tqvi da ubralod damSvidebis uflebas mogcem.<br />
modernizmi qarTul poeziaSi sakmaod kargad Camoyalibebuli akademiaa, romelic<br />
awonasworebs, rogorc quCuri vulgaruli nakadebis Semosvlas, aseve provoncialuri<br />
nacionalizmis populisturi okupaciebis mcdelobebs.<br />
14
9. politika/literatura<br />
da bolos, ramdenime politikuri SeniSvna: yvelasTvis kargad dasanaxia<br />
bolodroindeli politikiT dakavebuloba qarTuli literaturis. ufro ki poziciebi<br />
aseTia _ akademias sul ufro metad uxdeba Tavis dacva sxvadasxva araliteraturuli<br />
Setevebisgan da koniunqturebisgan, risTvisac, cxadia, isic iZulebuli xdeba<br />
politikuri iaraRebiT aRiWurvos. Cveni azriT, es ukve erTi kapitulaciaa mwerlobis<br />
enisa politikis enasTan. amiT samwerlo ena mxolod sekularizacias ganicdis da<br />
yoveldRiur Jurnalistikur-sainformacio statusSi gadadis, anu iRebs im formas,<br />
rasac is sakuTari politikuri poziciiT yovelTvis upirispirdeboda, rogorc<br />
infernalurs, meorexarisxovans, gamyalbebels, xelovnurs mxatvruli realobisTvis.<br />
mwerlobis politizeba komunisturi wyobis daSlis periodis tendenciaa. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi man nacionalizmis usazRvro populisturi talRisgan ganicada yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani zegavlenebi. Cven ar vakninebT samwerlo samoqalaqo eseistikis rols. es<br />
mimarTuleba modernistuli xelovnebis, rogorc qalaquri xedvis, uSualo prioriteti<br />
iyo, msgavsad, dRes, postmodernizmis `globaluri soflis" mzardi filosofiurreligiuri<br />
da kulturologiuri diskursebisa, da man am strategiis aRorZineba unda<br />
SeZlos.<br />
imedia, Cvens mier Catarebuli demiTologizaciis es mcdeloba axali qarTuli<br />
literaturis sakvlev leqsikons monaxazad mainc gamoadgeba, radgan gvgonia, rom<br />
literaturis TeoriisTvis mTavar Rirebulebas RirebulebaTa mudmivi diskursi<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
15
saubari mZinare adamianTan<br />
snobisturi refleqsiebi Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaze<br />
ivane amirxanaSvili<br />
poetur muzas sZinavs. imdeni leqsi, dRes rom iwereba, arasodes dawerila, magram<br />
faqtia, poezias sZinavs.<br />
leqsebi, rasac vkiTxulobT, aris metrulad organizebuli metyveleba, magram ar<br />
aris poezia; Tanamedrove leqsSi sizmareuli daRliloba ufro igrZnoba, vidre<br />
cocxali STagoneba.<br />
rCeba iseTi STabeWdileba, rom poetebi akeTeben imas, rac yvelaze cudad ician.<br />
xelosani bevria, xelovani cota.<br />
amitom leqsebze wera iseve uxerxulia, rogorc saubari mZinare adamianTan.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, vwer, ese igi, varsebob, krizisul situaciaSi vafiqsireb<br />
monawileobas Zilis mistikaSi, sadac Cemi sizmrebic TamaSdeba mosalodnel<br />
gamoRviZebamde.<br />
iq, sadac poezias sZinavs, mkiTxveli, ginda ar ginda, snobisti xdebi, zemodan uwyeb<br />
yurebas situacias, roca erTni weren TavisTvis — gulis dards gamoxataven, meoreni<br />
sxvisTvis _ dros gamoxataven, magram leqsisTvis aravin wers.<br />
didi xania, qarTuli leqsi Tavisi Tavis dublirebas eweva, Tavs ityuebs,<br />
mxatvrulobis simulaciebiT erToba, faqtiurad, es aris reproduqciuli manqana,<br />
romelic SeuCereblad awarmoebs avtomatizebul aslebs.<br />
qreba arasaxismetyvelebiTi anu azris poezia, tropebis siWarbe axrCobs leqss.<br />
goneba aRar miiCneva poeziis aucilebel Tvisebad.<br />
kacma rom Tqvas, ra aris poeziis mizani? _ xelmeored aRmoaCinos sagani, romelsac<br />
yvela xedavs. magram saqmec is aris, rom poeziam dakarga sagani, mgrZnobelobiTi veli,<br />
leqsi veRar axdens ideis aqtivizacias mgrZnobelobiTi xatebis meSveobiT.<br />
STagonebiT mosuli idea qaRaldze gadasvlas ver aswrebs, naTurasaviT gadaiwveba.<br />
Tanamedrove qarTuli poeziac es aris _ erT dros kaSkaSa naTuris gadamwvari<br />
volframi.<br />
uideobis Sedegia moWarbebuli zedmetobani: egocentrizmi, avtobiografizmi,<br />
warmavlobis motivebi, panegiriki, epigrama, heroizmi, publicisturi paTosi,<br />
Jurnalizmi.<br />
ar Cans sulis SigniTa mxare, kosmosi, sadac namdvilad varT da viqnebiT<br />
momavalSic.<br />
vin aris dRes poeti? _ egoistur fantomebad danawevrebuli `me~, romelic<br />
sakmaod TviTkmari mocemulobaa Tavis sicarieleSi.<br />
Cven jer kidev ver Segvidgams fexi msoflxedvis modelirebis regresul gzaze,<br />
romelic dasavlurma leqsma Riad da alalad ganvlo. iq jer buneba poetis gareT idga<br />
(goeTe), meoce saukunis dasawyisSi poetma buneba Tavis TavSi Semoiyvana (rilke), meocis<br />
bolos ki nawil-nawil gamoaqvs Tavisi Tavi am mTlianobidan (jon eSberi).<br />
meoce saukunis dasavluri poezia yvelanairad ecada, gaeuqmebina poeturi xatis<br />
ormagi mniSvneloba da daetovebina erTi mniSvneloba, saganSi gamoxatuli is erTaderTi<br />
azri, rac realobasTan akavSirebs am sagans. es imas niSnavs, rom poetma uari Tqva<br />
metaforaze da inteleqtualuri gamonaTebis imedad darCa. leqsSi saazrovno Sinaarsi<br />
SeiWra. sityvebis musika azris ritmma Secvala. daiwyo emociis inteleqtualizacia.<br />
poetebma Tavi anebes marcvlebisa da riTmebis Tvlas. leqsi gaxda proza, romelsac<br />
apoeturebs moulodneli, paradoqsuli azri, azrobrivma paradoqsma poeturi xatisa da<br />
metaforis adgili daikava. leqsis nacvlad miviReT `teqsti~ _ Tanamedrove<br />
informaciuli afeTqebis travmuli Sedegi.<br />
rogorc samecniero dakvirvebebi cxadyofs, adamians uWirs informaciuli nakadis<br />
aRqma, ris Sedegadac samyaros mimarT misi mgrZnobiaroba Clungdeba; igi gulrilad<br />
16
uyurebs displeis ekranze mqrolav niSanTa kaleidoskops da ar cdilobs Caswvdes<br />
niSanTa mniSvnelobas, saganTa siRrmes.<br />
aRqmis gamartivebuli meqanizmi gemovnebis zogad standarts ayalibebs. yvelaze<br />
masobrivi mkiTxveli hyavs `materialur~ sityvaTwyobebs filosofiuri an noveluri<br />
finaliT, sityvebisa da alogizmis arlekinur TamaSs. qreba antimateria anu metafizika,<br />
rac yvela droSi krizisisgan icavda leqss.<br />
bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi poeziis sazRvrebi yovelTvis araTanabrad iyo<br />
Cvens mier gaazrebuli, poets uSurvelad vuTmobdiT dros, misi iyo saukunec, epoqac,<br />
maradisobac, magram ar hqonda sivrce, _ saqarTvelos gareT ver gadioda.<br />
garRvevis mcdeloba `dafiqsirda~ gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, roca axalgazrda<br />
avangardistebma daiwyes konceptualizmis gadmonergva dasavluri poeziidan, magram<br />
axali nergi ver axares, riTac kidev erTxel davrwmundiT, rom avangardists aqvs<br />
gabeduleba, magram ar aqvs SesaZlebloba.<br />
Tanamedrove avangardistebs memkvidreobiT ergoT meoce saukunis dasawyisSi<br />
gancdili marcxi.<br />
Tavisuflad SeiZleba literaturaSi jgufurad moxvide, romelime mimdinareobas<br />
mohyve da Zalianac popularuli gaxde, magram sakuTar monetas mainc ver moWri, ver<br />
Seqmni imas, rac ginda rom Seni iyos, ver iqnebi individualuri, vinaidan koleqtiuri<br />
individualoba sxva araferia, Tu ara moda, romelsac sazogadoebrivi gemovnebis<br />
karikaturas uwodeben.<br />
gemovnebis deficiti _ krizisis niSani!<br />
dRes poetebi sxvisi eniT weren, anu weren erTmaneTis eniT.<br />
vinc sakuTari eniT wers, is uaryofilia da misi leqsebi konservirdeba droSi<br />
rogorc wiaRiseuli, romelsac momavalSi aRmoaCenen an ar aRmoaCenen.<br />
dro azartuli moTamaSea, daviwyebis zRvarze aTamaSebs poetebs, Tumca TviTon<br />
araferi aviwydeba.<br />
uaxlesi qarTuli poezia or periodad iyofa: galaktionis dros da galaktionis<br />
Semdeg.<br />
galaktionis Semdgomi poezia ZiriTadad galaktionis leqszea klonirebuli, Tumca<br />
yovelTvis iyo gavlenis daZlevis mcdelobebi. poetikuri saSualebebis ganaxlebis<br />
pretenziiT modis yvela nakadi: patriotuli (ana kalandaZe, muxran maWavariani, murman<br />
lebaniZe), egzistenciuri (oTar WilaZe), ironiul-parodiuli (tariel Wanturia,<br />
vaxtang javaxaZe), miTologiuri (SoTa niSnianiZe), klasikur-tradiciuli (arCil<br />
sulakauri, jansuR Carkviani, rezo amaSukeli, Tamaz WilaZe, emzar kvitaiSvili, givi<br />
gegeWkori, zaur bolqvaZe, iza orjonikiZe); siaxlis niSnad gvevlineba grZnobaTa<br />
axleburi disciplina da metaforis racionalizacia.<br />
Ziebis procesi gaaRrmava konvenciur-verlibristuli dapirispirebis talRam<br />
(besik xaranauli, mamuka wiklauri, lia sturua, jarji fxoveli) da tradiciuli leqsis<br />
musikisa da verlibristuli inteleqtualizmis Serwymis mcdelobam (givi alxaziSvili,<br />
geno kalandia, vaxtang xarCilava). amas garda gamoikveTa kidev ramdenime mimarTuleba:<br />
metaforizmi (Tamaz baZaRua, baTu danelia, gigi sulakauri, omar Turmanauli),<br />
socialuri Sifri (rene kalandia), neoakademizmi (manana CitiSvili, daTo maRraZe, lali<br />
gulisaSvivli, nino darbaiseli, andro buaCiZe), folkloruli modulaciebi (koba<br />
arabuli, eTer TaTaraiZe, ela goCiaSvili, baRaTur arabuli).<br />
bolo aTi-TxuTmeti weliwadi klasikuri krizisis periodia mTeli Tavisi jiuti<br />
ZiebebiTa da Tamami damarcxebebiT. eqsperimentatoroba da novatoroba imitaciebis<br />
vels ar gascdenia. gaurkveveli zaviT daamTavra blic-krigi drosTan<br />
ultraavangardistulma nakadma (daviT CixlaZe, zurab rTveliaSvili, SoTa iaTaSvili,<br />
daTo barbaqaZe).<br />
galaktionis mier dakanonebuli formismieri wesrigi verlibrma odnav Searyia.<br />
samocdaaTiani wlebis `harmoniul~ uZraobaSi Tavisufali leqsi SemoiWra rogorc<br />
gamowveva, rogorc konformistuli azrovnebis destruqciis saSualeba. egreT<br />
wodebuli gardaqmnis Semdeg, roca aSkara gaxda erovnuli ganxeTqilebis saSiSroeba,<br />
leqsma isev formalur harmonias mouxmo da `destruqciulma~ verlibrma ukana planze<br />
17
gadainacvla. konvenciuri leqsis samoqalaqo paTetikam kidev ufro daaCqara<br />
esTetizmis krizisi.<br />
ras warmoadgens Tanamedrove qarTuli leqsi? es aris kargad awyobili aparati,<br />
romlis meqanizmebi ar moZraoben.<br />
krizisuli situaciis niSania mimbaZvelobis suliskveTeba, romelic kidev erTxel<br />
adasturebs Zvel WeSmaritebas: mibaZviT SeiZleba genioss daemsgavso, mibaZviT SeiZleba<br />
genialuri leqsi `gaakeTo~, magram es aqcia TuTiyuSis efeqtze Sors ar midis.<br />
poets, misi metyvelebis stiqias, stilistikas, formis qmnadobis Sinagan wess<br />
mimbaZveloba an gavlena ki ara, sulisa da sityvis erTianoba ayalibebs. poezia ar<br />
arsebobs pirovnebis gareSe. rogori poststruqturalisturi saSleliTac ar unda<br />
waSalo avtori leqsidan, is mainc arsebobs da misi faqtori gadamwyvetia.<br />
pirovneba qmnis Semoqmedebas da ara Semoqmedeba — pirovnebas.<br />
saerTo kulturul garemosac erTeulebi qmnian.<br />
yovelTvis gvgonia, rom poeziaSi axali araferi moxdeba, Tu jer kulturaSi ar<br />
moxda raRac gansakuTrebuli, magram saukeTeso gamonaklisebi cxadyofs am<br />
Tvalsazrisis usafuZvlobas. magaliTad, ra kulturuli bumi uZRoda daviT<br />
guramiSvilis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis an galaktionis gamoCenas? aranairi. TiToeulma<br />
maTganma TviTon Seqmna axali kultura; yovelgvari jgufobriobis, deklaraciebisa da<br />
manifestebis gareSe Camoayalibes axali poeturi mimarTulebani.<br />
poeziis beds jgufebi da deklaraciebi ki ara, pirovnebebi wyveten.<br />
saiT unda wavides qarTuli leqsi? ra Tqma unda, sakuTari Zirebisaken,<br />
dasavleTisken, iqiT, saiTac yovelTvis midioda. dasavluri gza aris pirdapiri<br />
perspeqtiva im adgilisken, sadac SegiZlia Seni Tavi aRmoaCino, miagno axal xedvas, ipovo<br />
axali saSualebebi, ganaaxlo ena, aago poeturi metyvelebis axali sistema.<br />
es, rac Seexeba ideas.<br />
realoba ki is aris, rom Tanamedrove qarTuli leqsi yofierebas ar aRiarebs.<br />
yofiereba ki arcTu saxarbieloa, ena aujanyda poezias, Tanamedrove saleqso ena poezias<br />
aRar ekuTvnis. pol eluars rom davesesxoT, poezia kvdeba imiT, rom ar kvdeba...<br />
dabadebamde, axlis dabadebamde.<br />
18
gauxunari wlebi<br />
(daviT werediani. anarekli. 2005)<br />
veqtorebi<br />
emzar kvitaiSvili<br />
SeiZleba vinmes ucnaurad moeCvenos amis Tqma _ Cems garda dRes aravis exsomeba<br />
Tormeti wlis daTo werediani, nacrisferi svanuri qudi rom exura da merve vaJTa<br />
skolis darbazSi Tavis pirvel, sakmaod gamarTul leqsebs kiTxulobda saqarTveloze.<br />
oriveni veris ubanSi vcxovrobdiT. mamamisi mis dabadebas verc moeswro,ise gaaqres<br />
avbediT ocdaCvidmet wels. mamaCemi imierpolareTSi, vorkutaSi, tundrebis mxares<br />
gadaasaxles. martoxela dedebma ise, rom imxanad erTmaneTs ar Sexvedrian (amaze bolos<br />
vityvi), erT skolaSi migvabares. male davaxlovdiT. bevri gvqonda saerTo. erTad<br />
gvigemnia am wuTisoflis Wiri da lxini. ver warmogvedgina, Tu ase TamaS-TamaS, nelnelaobaSi,<br />
xelSi Cagvadneboda wlebi. ras izam, bunebis wesidan vis gadauxvevia. me mudam<br />
mxiblavda misi ukiduresad daxvewili gemovneba, sityvis gamZafrebuli grZnoba. ra<br />
idumali xveulebic ar unda hqondes, ragind CaxlarTulic iyos namdvili poetis<br />
dawerili leqsi, SeuZlebeli mgonia, daTo werediani ar Caxvdes avtoris Canafiqrs, ar<br />
amoicnos misi faruli svlebi, uRrmesi Sreebi.<br />
sityvaZviri, xmaurs garidebuli kacia. garegnulad ar gamoxatavs sakuTar<br />
gancdebs, magram sxvaTa satkivari mudam gulTan miaqvs. Cemda Tavad, masaviT axlobeli<br />
da TanamgrZnobi Zalze cota myavs. Tavisi Tavisadmi metismetad kritikulia da dRemde<br />
verafriT daviyolieT, rom sxvadasxva dros gamoqveynebuli brwyinvale leqsebi wignad<br />
gamoeca. literaturuli werilebis, saubrebisa da TargmanTa nimuSebis mSvenieri<br />
krebuli `anarekli~ wlinaxevris win gamosca (amisTvis didi madlobis Rirsia<br />
gamomcemloba `nekeris~ Tavkaci parmen margvelaSvili) da swored masze minda Tavi<br />
movuyaro Cems STabeWdilebebs. winaswar var Serigebuli imas, rom yvelafers ver<br />
aRvnusxav da Sevafaseb, werilis moculobis gamo, bevri ramisTvis momiwevs gverdis<br />
avla, magram gulwrfeli, piruTvneli uTuod viqnebi.<br />
* * *<br />
Zalze mniSvnelovania pirvelive, `vefxistyaosnis~ garSemo gamarTuli saubari,<br />
romelsac saTanado niadagi Seumzada marine reviSvilma da bunebrivadac warmarTa.<br />
daviT werediani Tavidanve acxadebs, rom igi rusTvelologi ar aris, magram misTvis<br />
imdenad axlobelia es ukvdavi qmnileba, ise Tavisuflad Wvrets mravalkecad gantotvil<br />
siuJetur xazebs, calkeul pasaJebs, rom meeWveba, Cvenma naficma rusTvelologebma<br />
msgavsi laRi da, amasTanave, damafiqrebeli wiaRsvlebi SemogvTavazon.<br />
samagaliToa prologis cnobili strofis (`ese ambavi sparsuli~...) gamowvlilviT<br />
garCeva, Tamami warmoCena imisa, Tu ra imaleba `mza qargis~ miRma, rogori Seumcdari<br />
alRoTi aris mignebuli `ormagi siuJeti mefis uZeobaze~, raTa amis Semdeg poets<br />
SefarviT, qaragmulad SesZleboda Tqma imisa, risi saaSkaraoze gamotanac Zalze<br />
saxifaTo gaxldaT.<br />
ukiduresad moqnili, utyuari da STambeWdavia poemis gmirTa daxasiaTeba. iqvea<br />
warmoCenili maTdami mosaubris damokidebulebac: `rusTavels oTxive qali, davars nu<br />
mivaTvliT, uzadod hyavs daxatuli, magram siyvaruliT mxolod nestani uyvars. poemis<br />
mTavar gmirad, es saTauridanac Cans, tarieli miaCnia, arada, avTandilis gverdiT yofna<br />
ufro eadvileba, masTan erTad mReris, masTan erTad loculobs, masTan erTad wers<br />
19
anderZis wigns, anu masTan erTad qmnis siuJetisaTvis `usargeblo~ lirikul wiaRsvlebs,<br />
albaT yvelaze ukeTess, `vefxistyaosanSi~ rac weria, magram TinaTini ara, nestani<br />
uyvars. fatmanic moswons, fatmanic Zalian moswons, misi gunebis qalia, gulanSaros<br />
umSvenieres pasaJebs fatmanis eSxi daatana, magram siyvaruliT mxolod nestani uyvars,<br />
`uwyalo viTa jiqia...~ (gv. 16).<br />
ioli misaxvedria es miniSneba da, amave dros, `gulanSaros umSvenieresi pasaJebi~<br />
tyuilad ar aris naxsenebi. im zRapruli, zRvispira mxaris samoTxiseuli sanaxebi da<br />
vaWrulad gadacmuli avTandilis Sesvla idumalebiT mocul qalaqSi yvelaze metad<br />
aRagznebs daviT weredianis warmosaxvas da iqedan daZrul ganwyobilebebze ramdenime<br />
iSviaTi sinatifis leqsic dawera.<br />
`vefxistyaosnis~ samagaliTod wamkiTxvelis mravali dakvirvebidan mxolod<br />
zogierTs gamovacalkeveb. zustad amocnobili da daurideblad gaSiSvlebulia giorgi<br />
mesamis oreulis, indoeTis mefe farsadanis saWiroebisamebr SeniRbuli saxe (ramdenad<br />
saxifaTo iyo am epizodebis mxatvrulad xorcSesxma `vefxistyaosnis~damwerisaTvis, es<br />
sruliad aSkaraa). bevris mTqmelia farsadanis Seubralebloba qajTa zne-wesebs<br />
naziarebi sakuTari disadmi da winamdebare dialogSi gxiblavs TiTqosda ioli, magram<br />
uaRresad maxvilgonivruli mixvedra: `...es uaxloesi naTesaoba... saxelSic ki gaxmianda<br />
_ `da var~. da var, romelsac sakuTari Zma wamebiT sikvdils mimzadebs, imgvar sikvdils,<br />
rom aqve, adgilzeve Tavis mokvla mirCevnia~. am daqaragmebul Sesityvebas manamde<br />
yuradReba miapyro poetma Tamar erisTamva, oRond igi ufliswul demnasa da Tamaris<br />
axlonaTesauri urTierTmimarTebis gamomxatvelad miiCnia. davaris TviTmkvlelobis<br />
Semzaravi suraTi, nestanis kidobanSi Casmis mere, dramatulobiT, dinamizmiT da<br />
warmoudgeneli moqnilobis sityvaTqmnadobasTan Sezavebuli bgeriTi SedgenilobiTac<br />
erT-erTi uZlieresi da waruSlelia, rac ki `vefxistyaosnis~ striqonebidan SegviZlia<br />
amovikiTxoT: `dana daica, mo-ca-kvda, daeca, gasisxlmdinarda...~ TvaldaTval ikveveba<br />
portreti fariseveli, cbieri monarqisa, vinc dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad aranairi<br />
danaSaulis Cadenas ar erideba, `davari mZvinvared sastikia, magram aranakleb mZvinvared<br />
sastikia farsadanic, Tavis sisxlsa da xorcs wamebiT moklavs, xeli ar auTrToldeba~<br />
(gv. 19).<br />
aqve unda movixmoT `vefxistyaosnis faruli Sreebidan gamomdinare erTi<br />
paralelic, daviT weredians sul erT winadadebaSi rom mouqcevia:<br />
`indoTa~ samefo kari mxolod da mxolod im codva-madlisgan iqsoveba, romelic<br />
saqarTvelos samefo karze trialebda~.<br />
sparsul ambad `vefxistyaosnis~ siuJetis gamocxadeba daaxloebiT imave tipis<br />
mistifikaciaa, rogorsac servantesi mimarTavs Tavis genialur romanSi, roca don<br />
kixotis faTerakebian Tavgadasavals asaRebs arabul ambad, romlis avtorad gamohyavs<br />
viTomda arabi istorikosi hemet benenxeli. TviT es cnobili xerxi, erTsa da meore<br />
SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebuli miznebiT, magram, sabolood, marTlacda saTqmelTa<br />
SesaniRbavad unda iyos gamoyenebuli.<br />
`vefxistyaosnis~ safuZvlian codnas emyareba da realur viTarebasac zustad<br />
gamoxatavs daviT weredianis es gamonaTqvami: `rusTavelis ena aki TiTqmis yvela<br />
qarTuli kuTxis kilokavs moicavs, rac saeWvoa, mwignobrobis gziT hqonoda<br />
SeTvisebuli~ (gv. 9).<br />
am dros, `vefxistaosnis~ teqstis damdgeni komisiis zogierTi smenamoClungebuli<br />
mesveuris daJinebiT (kidev kargi, mizezTa gamo, maTeuli `Casworeba~ ar gamoqveynebula)<br />
tarielis pirveli gamoCenis amsaxveli strofis virtuozulad datrialebul striqonSi<br />
(`Savi cxeni sadaviTa hyva lomsa da viTa gmirsa~) erTi sityva Zveli mwignobruli formiT<br />
unda Secvliliyo -`sadaviTa~-s Canacvleboda `sadeviTa~, xolo ras damarTebda am erTi<br />
bgeris gadakeTeba rusTavelis leqss, ioli sagrZnobia.<br />
mecxramete saukuneSi, rodesac qarTveliSviliseuli gamocema mzaddeboda,<br />
teqstis dadgenaSi nayofierad monawileobdnen saxelovani qarTveli mwerlebi (grigol<br />
orbeliani, ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli), rasac Sedegic sasurveli mohyva.<br />
momdevno xanebSi qarTveli mwerlebis, poetebis roli am saSviliSvilo saqmeSi<br />
mkveTrad SeizRuda, rac araerTi gaugebrobis sababi gaxda. magaliTad, 1966 wlis<br />
20
saiubileo gamocemaSi aRar iyo ubrwyinvalesi strofi, pirgamexebuli davaris mier<br />
nestan-darejanis kidobanSi Casmasa da gadakargvas rom exeba. sagulisxmoa, rom asmaTis<br />
monayolSi homerosiseuli saxe -`zRvis Wipi~ gakrTeba:<br />
ubrZana: `wadiT, dakargeT mun, saca zRvisa Wipia;<br />
wmidisa wylisa ver naxos myinvare, verca lipia~,<br />
maT gaexardes, xmamaRla iyivles: `ipi, ipia~,<br />
ese vnaxe da ar movkve, ara hgavs arca sipia.<br />
samwuxarod, imave saiubileo gamocemaSi myarad zis (da es aqamde grZeldeba)<br />
aSkarad nayalbevi, mdare strofi (1246) epizodisa, sadac avTandili vaWruli samoslis<br />
gareSe, Wabukurad Cacmuli midis fatmanTan. wina strofSi, garTobisa da arSiyobis<br />
moyvaruli sandomiani garegnobis qali amis gamo gakvirvebas, mowonebas gamoxatavs da<br />
gaxarebulicaa. xsenebuli, eWvmiutanlad Camatebuli, yalbi strofi ki, Tundac<br />
gaumarTaobis, ususurobis gamo, aSkarad zedmetia:<br />
fatman misa Svenebasa metis metad hkvirdeboda,<br />
man pasuxi ara gasca, Tavis wina Rimdeboda,<br />
`Segetyvebis,ar micnobso, egre viTa yovndeboda!~<br />
Tuca rasme iferebda, meti ara gahvidoda.<br />
sxvas yvelafers Tavi rom gavaneboT, yovlad SeuZlebelia, rusTavels strofSi<br />
aseTi ubadruki, katrenuli riTma Caetovebina: hkvirdeboda-Rimdeboda-yovndebodagahvidoda.<br />
am strofis mxatvrul ususurobaze, gariTmvis TvalSisacem xarvezze,<br />
arakeTilxmovanebaze velaparake sargis caiSvils, sajarodac gamovedi institutis erTerT<br />
sxdomaze, magram amas araviTari Sedegi ar mohyolia. mogvianebiT, Cemgan<br />
damoukideblad (es kidev ufro amagrebs rwmenas) motanili strofi, sxvamac nayalbevad<br />
miiCnia.<br />
daviT werediani da marine reviSvili, bunebrivia, saubroben antikuri samyaros<br />
moazrovneebTan da, kerZod, platonTan rusTavelis damokidebulebazec.<br />
`vefxistyaosnis~ damweri, cxadia, genialur moazrovneTa moZRvrebis, brZnuli<br />
gamonaTqvamebis ilustratori ar yofila,magram maTi naazrevi namdvilad areklilia<br />
poemaSi. am dialogis dros gamoqveynebuli ar iyo baCana bregvaZis uaRresad<br />
mniSvnelovani, bevr rameze Suqis momfeni naSromi `platoni da rusTaveli~, Torem<br />
dialogis monawileni mas gverds ar auvlidnen. me am fasdaudebeli gamokvlevis mxolod<br />
daskvniT, ramdenime Semajamebel striqons movixmob: `ukvdavi poemis oriode striqonSi,<br />
rogorc unatifes niJaraSi,platonuri sibrZnismetyvelebis boboqari zRva xmianebs da<br />
azris mfrTonavi talRebis Soreuli guguni Cagvesmis yurSi. formis zRvrulad<br />
SekumSul siviwroveSi, sulierebis am pawawina atomSi, didostaturi poeturi xelovnebis<br />
wyalobiT, kolosaluri inteleqtualuri energiaa moqceuli.<br />
antikuri sulis energia, qarTulad transformirebuli Cveni poeturi geniis mier~<br />
(baCana bregvaZe, dro da maradisoba, I, nekeri, 2006, gv. 455-456).<br />
marine reviSvilis mimarT, didi madlobis garda, araferi gveTqmis. friad<br />
sasurveli iqneba, Tu igi daviT weredians kidev erT saubarze daiTanxmebs, dialogze,<br />
romelSic mopasuxe `vefxistyaosnis~ mxatvrul simaRleebsa da siRrmeebze ityvis Tavis<br />
azrs. maSin ki, darwmunebuli unda viyoT, literaturis moyvarulTa winaSe axali, farTo<br />
horizontebi gadaiSleba da kidev ufro mimzidveli, grandiozuli suraTi daixateba.<br />
krebulSi erTi saukeTesoTagania ese `guramiSvilis portreti sami saxelis fonze~,<br />
romelzedac nawilobriv gamovTqvi Cemi azri daviT guramiSvilis dabadebis 300<br />
wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil saiubileo sesiaze (21.12.2005).<br />
arasodes gamxdara sakamaTo _ upirvelesi saxeli qarTul poeziaSi rusTavelia da<br />
Tavidan swored rusTavelis leqsis elvare Suqzea ganWvretili daviT guramiSvilis<br />
kolosaluri figura. miuxedavad didi winaprisadmi usazRvro erTgulebisa da mis<br />
mZlavr fesvebTan siaxlovisa, guramiSvilma pirvelma gaarRvia rusTavelis<br />
mravalsaukunovani, mimbaZvelad mqceveli, damTrgunveli gavlenis salte da<br />
TvalSemouwvdeneli garesamyaros, `orgemage sawuTros~ Tanamdevi satkivaris, aTasgzis<br />
naTqvami da mainc amouwuravi saTqmelisadmi Tvisobrivad axali, bunebriobiT<br />
gamorCeuli midgoma gamoavlina.<br />
21
xangrZlivi,awonil-dawonili gansjis nayofia Tamami, erTi SexedviT paradoqsad<br />
mosaCvenebeli Tvalsazrisi, rasac daviT werediani genialur SemoqmedTa, garkveuli<br />
kuTxiT, Sepirispirebis Sedegad gvTavazobs; yovel debulebas myari safuZveli aqvs,<br />
haerSi araferia gamokiduli:<br />
`daviT guramiSvili ZiriTadi niSnebiT rusTavelis skolas miekuTvneba, magram<br />
TiTqmis yvela es niSani garegnulia, Sinaganad igi, Tavisi midrekilebebiTa da poeturi<br />
bunebiT, rusTavelis lamis antipodad gvevlineba da niSandoblivia, rom yvelaze<br />
srulad es swored rusTvelur strofSia gamJRavnebuli.<br />
maTi poeturi samyaro ori sityviT rom daxasiaTdes, pirobiTad SeiZleba ase<br />
iTqvas — rusTaveli hiperbolaa, guramiSvili hiperbolis piruku movlena, litotesi...<br />
rusTavelis toni gamudmebiT aweulia, guramiSvili Tavs tonis awevis uflebas mxolod<br />
religiur sagaloblebSi aZlevs, isic xelmomWirne, mkvrivi, miwieri sityvebiT.<br />
rusTavels sagmiro da miTologizebuli samyaro xiblavs, guramiSvili swored magis<br />
mimarT aris yvelaze gulgrili. rusTavelis saxeobrivi sistema mTlianad tradiciis<br />
kuTvnilebaa, guramiSvili cdilobs mxolod sakuTari inventariT isargeblos, guTniT,<br />
farcxiT, bariTa da niCbiT, kevriT, arnadiT...<br />
garandul striqons gamoCorknili urCevnia, rac morRveul striqons srulebiTac<br />
ar niSnavs, ritmulad isic myaria, moqnili da moZravi, garandulze nakleb ostatobas ar<br />
moiTxovs, xolo poeturi alRo, SesaZloa, metic ki sWirdebodes, tradicia bevrSi<br />
araferSi wagadgeba~ (gv. 31).<br />
werilSi marjvedaa motanili oriode metyveli magaliTi imisa, `kliSed qceul<br />
motivebs~ (aseTia ZvelisZveli alegoria sikvdilisa, sadac celalesili ConCxis alags<br />
misi oreuli, `mWle kaci~ iWers) rogor udgams suls daviT guramiSvili — abibinebuli<br />
balaxiT gadamwvanebuli mindvris SegrZneba, `rakursis odnavi gadanacvleba~ ra<br />
saswauls axdens mis xelSi da isic TvalnaTliv aris naCvenebi, rom es gansacvifrebeli<br />
gardasaxva umaRles poeziasTan naziarebi `yofiTobiT, sityvis ubraloebiT~ aris<br />
miRweuli. aqac da sxvaganac sacnauria daviT weredianis erTi iSviaTi unari — ama Tu im<br />
mwerlis Semoqmedebaze dakvirvebisas mTavari tendenciebis, Tvisebebis, garkveul<br />
kanonzomierebaTa SemCneva, gamocalkeveba da Tavmoyra, dajgufeba, ganzogadebuli<br />
saxiT warmodgena.<br />
CemTvis moulodneli ar yofila,rom fransua viionis poeziis ubadlod<br />
mTargmnelma RvTiuri madliT cxebuli `Teologiis magistri~ misgan droiT sakmaod<br />
daSorebul, magram masaviT svegamwarebul, msoflWvretiTa da sulierad axlobels,<br />
`daviTianis~ Semqmnels daukavSira.<br />
SekumSulad, magram didi sicxadiTaa gaxsenebuli maTi mZime, xifaTiani cxovrebis<br />
calkeuli epizodebi da daujerebeli sulac ar gveCveneba daviT weredianis varaudi:<br />
`...poetur monacemTa naTesaoba, SesaZloa, xasiaTTa erTgvar naTesaobasac<br />
gulisxmobdes, guramiSvilis RvTismosaoba Zalian damabrkolebladac ar gamoiyureba<br />
mag saqmeSi. religiis sakiTxebze viionsac bevri aqvs nafiqri da mlocvelis poza arc<br />
misTvis ar aris ucxo~ (gv. 34).<br />
eses avtori sagangebod ar eZebs paralelebs, wina planze mxolod is gamoaqvs, risi<br />
SemCnevac TviT mkiTxvels ar gauWirdeba. es Riad, gacxadebulad aris naTqvami,<br />
`msgavebaTa CamoTvlas aq ar Sevudgebi, aRvniSnav mxolod imas, maT striqonSi yvelaze<br />
advilad dasanaxi rac aris _ kvimati ena da Tvali, TviTironia, yofaSi Caurevloba,<br />
lirikad Semotrialebuli tragikomizmi~ (iqve).<br />
saerTo motivebis Zieba TviTmiznad ar unda gavixadoT, magram vfiqrob, uTuod<br />
angariSgasawevia giorgi leoniZis mosazreba, rac man karga xnis win, daviT guramiSvilze<br />
daweril narkvevSi gamoTqva:<br />
`...guramiSvilis kacisa da sikvdilis `cilobam~ SeiZleba saxelgarTqmul frang<br />
poet fransua viionis (daib. 1431 w.) `anderZebsa~ da `baladebTan~ migviyvanos. anderZebi<br />
xom mbrZanebeli Janri iyo safrangeTis me-15 sauk. poeziisa.<br />
viionisa da guramiSvilis anderZebs Soris erTgvari naTesaoba arsebobs, rogorc<br />
didaqtikuri da satiruli, ise saerTo toniT. sikvdilis Tema orive poets aRizianebs,<br />
oriveni ironiuli toniT elaparakebian sikvdils, orives SesaniSnavad hyavs daxatuli.<br />
22
es ukve `axali adamianis~ Tamami tonia~ (qarTuli literaturis istoria, tomi II, (XII-XIII<br />
s.s.), Tbilisi, 1966, gv.580).<br />
aq dabejiTebiT aris naTqvami msgavsebaze, Tumca imxanad mkvlevarma Sesadarebeli<br />
adgilebis motana, paralelebze zusti miTiTeba saWirod ar CaTvala. is ki ar darCenia<br />
aRuniSnavi, rom guramiSvilma Suasaukuneobrivi misteriebisaTvis esoden<br />
damaxasiaTebeli dialoguri poema Seqmna. ise ki, giorgi leoniZiseul miniSnebaTa<br />
ugulebelyofa ar aris swori. masala imdeni da ise mimzidvelia, gulmodgine garjis mere<br />
didebuli wigni gamovidoda, xolo yvelaze ukeT amis gakeTebas isev da isev viionis<br />
mTargmneli SesZlebda.<br />
qarTul poeziaSi erTmaneTis gverdigverd ise xSirad aravis axseneben, rogorc<br />
guramiSvilsa da vaJa-fSavelas da SemTxveviTi sulac ar aris, rom eses bolo, mesame<br />
nakveTs epigrafad guramiSvilis landis win Tavmodrekili vaJas gulidan amoTqmuli<br />
striqoni uZRvis -`Sen Cemo winamorbedo...~<br />
vaJa-fSavelas aravisgan eswavleboda, Tu vin iyo misi sisxlismieri winapari da<br />
guramiSvilTan erTad rusTavelis aCrdilsac tyuilad rodi mouxmobs (`miSveleT Sen da<br />
SoTama, mgosnoba gamiZraxao...~).<br />
sapirispiro argumentebis Zebnas ar Sevudgebi, Tumca cotaTi gadametebuli<br />
meCveneba aseTi gancxadeba: `vaJa-fSavelas poezias guramiSvilis gavlenis aranairi<br />
kvali ar atyvia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, TvaldaTval namdvilad ar Cans~.<br />
mkvlevars aqvs safuZveli, ganazogados Semdegi dakvirveba: `vaJa distanciuria,<br />
guramiSvili, piriqiT, distancias aqrobs, sruli uSualobiT gvxiblavs, intimurobiT~.<br />
TumcaRa aqve SegviZlia imis Tqmac, rom vaJas satrfialo lirikidan SegviZlia<br />
gavixsenoT araerTi mSvenieri leqsi (`ram gagaCina, qalao~, `Tu mamklav, isev Sen mamklav~,<br />
`qals~, `samefo simRera~, `siyvaruli~ da sxvebi), romelTac uSualoba da intimuroba ar<br />
aklia.<br />
amis gverdiT gamoTqmulia sruliad ueWveli WeSmariteba riTmisadmi orive poetis<br />
mimarTebaze, rasac aseTive swori msjeloba mosdevs: `riTmisadmi damokidebuleba<br />
arsebiTad sityvisadmi damokidebulebasac asaxavs, sityvis dagemovneba guramiSvils<br />
ufro axasiaTebs. am mxriv, qarTul poeziaSi, vgoneb, badalic ar moepoveba, Tu<br />
rusTavels ar CavTvliT~ (gv.40).<br />
aseve damajerebelia momdevno striqonebi, sadac Tavidan naTqvamia, `...ramdeni da<br />
ra saxis gansxvavebac ar unda aRmovaCinoT vaJasa da guramiSvilis poetikaSi, Sinaganad<br />
mainc vgrZnobT, rom safaneli erTia. oriveni sruliad gankerZoebulad dganan qarTuli<br />
poeziis istoriaSi...~ Semdgom gankerZoebulobis mizezebi sworad aris dasaxelebuli,<br />
oRond erTob kategoriulia, mTlad sarwmunod ar meCveneba imis Tqma, rom vaJasa da<br />
guramiSvils `uSualo gamgrZeleblebi ar hyoliaT~...<br />
gavixsenoT, erT saprogramo leqsSi simon Ciqovani rogor Tamamad, deklaraciuli<br />
toniT acxadebda, `guramiSvilis da vaJas feri, maTi momdevno me var mesame~.<br />
simon Ciqovans uTuod aqvs Tavisi mravalferovani, yvelasgan gansxvavebuli<br />
poeturi samyaro, Tumca guramiSvilisa da vaJas uSualo memkvidred misi miCneva<br />
namdvilad gaZneldeba. amaze Tavs ver gamovideb. masTan dasapirispireblad ar vambob,<br />
magram igive ar iTqmis giorgi leoniZeze, vinc mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiTa da SemoqmedebiT<br />
cxadyo (saamisod araerTi leqsis damowmeba SeiZleba), rom sisxlxorceulad iyo<br />
dakavSirebuli daviT guramiSvilisa da vaJa-fSavelas wiaRTan, poetur stiqiasTan;<br />
mravali anTebuli striqoni uZRvna maT calk-calke da erTad, maTsaviT xalxuri poeziis<br />
macocxlebeli Zirebidan amozrdili, tyuilad rodi mimarTavda Zvirfas aCrdilebs<br />
esoden gulmduRared, sasoebiT:<br />
metkbobi, guramiSvilo,<br />
gendobi vaJas Conguro,<br />
gTxovT, winaprebo, miSveloT,<br />
saTqmeli gamilomguloT.<br />
xelukrTobeli rodi var,<br />
ityva maqvs gamokvanZili,<br />
Tqvens nagzaurze movdivar,<br />
23
didi gqoniaT manZili...<br />
SeuZlebelia dagaeWvos bolo nakveTis daskvniTma striqonebma, sadac daviT<br />
werediani vaJa-fSavelas yvelaze sanukvar, gulSi dafarul fiqrebs gadmogviSlis:<br />
`TviTon mas, rogorc mosalodnelia, guramiSvili Tavis winamorbedad, uwinares<br />
yovlisa, imis gamo esaxeboda, rom igi pirveli iyo, vinc erovnuli satkivari<br />
Semoqmedebis qvakuTxedad dado. magram aris kidev meore ram, rasac vaJa xmamaRla<br />
arasodes ityoda, qarTuli poeziis erovnuli suli, mag sityvis Zalian konkretuli<br />
mniSvnelobiT, yvelaze mkafiod am or SemoqmedSia gacxadebuli~ (gv. 40-41).<br />
daviT guramiSvilis poeturi memkvidreobis momavalma gamomcemlebma usaTuod<br />
unda gaiTvaliswinon am saucxoo eses principuli xasiaTis minaweri, romelSic cxadad<br />
aris naCvenebi, Tu rogor daamaxinja mTeli wignis arqiteqtonika epilogis (`wignis<br />
gamleqsavis saxelisa da gvaris gamocxadeba~) prologad gadatanam, rac adre poetis<br />
Warbi religiurobis miCqmalvis sababiT gakeTda. ajobebs, rac SeiZleba male aRdges<br />
`daviTianis~ avtoriseuli, anderZiviT wminda saxe.<br />
ocdaaTi weliwadia, akaki wereTlis poetur xelovnebas sagangebod vakvirdebi da<br />
ar SemiZlia dabejiTebiT vTqva _ yvelafers srulyofilad, bolomde Cavwvdi. akakis<br />
poezia bavSvobidanve imkvidrebs adgils Cvens cnobierebaSi, magram mis siRrmesa da<br />
sidiades mogvianebiT vigebT. daviT weredians Zirfesvianad aqvs SeTvisebuli,<br />
gaSinagnebuli yvela CvenTaganisaTvis esoden mSobliuri samyaro `saqarTvelos<br />
ugvirgvino mefisa~, risi TvalnaTlivi dasturic aris mcire, magram mravlismetyveli<br />
werili `cota ram akakis lirikaze~.<br />
Tavidanvea gacxadebuli RvTiuri madli `cicinaTelasa~ da `sulikos~ avtorisa,<br />
vinc uCveulo silaRe da sisadave SesZina romantikosTa xelSi ramdenadme gatlanqebul,<br />
damZimebul qarTul leqss. savsebiT samarTliania Tvalsazrisi, rom Sedevrad ar unda<br />
vacxadebdeT nawarmoebs, romelmac Tavis droze Tund mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula,<br />
magram amjerad `uSualo zemoqmedebas veRar axdens an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, saWiro ZaliT<br />
veRar axdens~. mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi, cxadia, is aris arsebiTi da faseuli, ramac dros<br />
gauZlo, pirvelqmnili momxiblaoba da idumaleba SeinarCuna. saerTodac, `cocxali<br />
rCeba is, rac ganumeorebelia~.<br />
mzesaviT, dResaviT naTel WeSmaritebas wvrilad CamoTvlili argumentebi da Tavis<br />
momabezrebeli mtkicebani ar esaWiroeba, ufro aseTi sasaubro, Zaldautanebeli toni<br />
Seferis:<br />
`akaki bedisa da muzis nebieri iyo. Tavisi xma, Tavisi poetika ipova imTaviTve,<br />
TiTqmis sruliad ymawvilma, xma da poetika, im droisaTvis savsebiT axali da<br />
moulodneli. STabeWdileba rCeba, sxvaTa gavlenebis Segirduli xana sulac ar gauvlia~<br />
(gv. 45).<br />
akaki wereTlis ganuxreli pirdapirobis, Seupovrobis, aRzevebul avtoritetebTan<br />
ardaridebis anu misi xasiaTis Rrma codnas avlens daviT werediani, rodesac aseve<br />
pirdapir wers: `erTaderTi poeti, saqarTveloSic da, rogorc Cans, dedamiwis zurgzec,<br />
visTanac araferi hqonda sadavo da uyoymanod aRiarebda, iyo SoTa rusTaveli. sxvebTan,<br />
ZvelebTanac da axlebTanac, Tavisi angariSebi hqonda da am angariSs dauRalavad<br />
asworebda. zogjer eWvic gamoTqmula, rom amas winaswar gamiznuli `avyiobiT~ sCadioda,<br />
magram es nakleb damajerebelia. vfiqrob, igi gulwrfeli iyo qebis drosac da Zagebis<br />
drosac. rusTaveli rom rusTavelia, isic ki gulwrfelad rom ar hyvareboda, uTuod<br />
arc mis saxels da avtoritets daerideboda~ (gv. 46).<br />
oficiozisa da xelisuflebis morCili kritikosebis mier wlobiT dakanonebul<br />
Sexedulebas upirispirdeba axali da akakis bunebidan gamomdinare Tvalsazrisi, rac<br />
araviTar eWvs ar unda iwvevdes: `misi swrafva sisadavisa da gamWvirvalobisken misi<br />
sulis da gulis, misi gemovnebis gamovlineba iyo da ara TergdaleulTa demokratizmis<br />
gamoxatuleba~ (gv. 47).<br />
xalxur metyvelebasTan, xalxur poeziasTan akakis umWidroes kavSirze bevri<br />
dawerila, magram daviT werediani sruliad marTalia, roca fiqrobs, rom aq bevri ram<br />
Sesaswavli da dasadgenia. marTalia isic, rom garda ramdenime sagangebo SemTxvevisa,<br />
`akakis leqssa da xalxur leqss Soris didi intonaciuri gansxvavebaa...~ dakvirvebul<br />
24
Tvals namdvilad ar gauWirdeba maTi erTmaneTisgan gamijvna, gancalkeveba. sabolood,<br />
es marTebuli azri moqnil, SekumSul formulad aris mowodebuli: `akakisTvis xalxurs<br />
miaxloebuli leqsi misi ZiriTadi metyvelebaa, sruliad individualuri da ara<br />
gaTamaSebuli~ (gv. 49).<br />
Zalze sainteresoa dakvirveba cnobil xalxur leqsze `xomaldSi Cavjeq, zRvas<br />
gavel~, romlisTvisac akakis sami imdeni daumatebia. TviT akaki werda, rom mas xelT<br />
hqonda `ia kargareTelis Segrovili sazepiroebi~. daviT werediani aRniSnavs, `aq<br />
xalxuri mxolod pirveli eqvsi striqonia, danarCeni ki, ocamde striqoni, mTlianad<br />
akakis kalams ekuTvnis~ (gv. 49). mainc mgonia, xalxuri odnav meti, rva striqonia da Tanac<br />
mxolod am saxiT axdens mTlianobis STabeWdilebas:<br />
xomaldSi Cavjeq, zRvas gavel,<br />
frangis qveynebi vnaxeo,<br />
sul daviare xmeleTi,<br />
ver vnaxe Seni saxeo;<br />
anTebul sanTels gamsgavse<br />
ciskris locvaze gnaxeo,<br />
xelSi geWira ymawvili,<br />
farsag ver daginaxeo.<br />
es leqsi, variantebTan Sejerebuli, ase, minarevis gareSea dabeWdili `qarTuli<br />
xalxuri poeziis meeqvse tomSi (1978), romlis redaqtori elene virsalaZe iyo. daviT<br />
weredianma Seumcdari alRoTi amoicno keTili ganzraxviT ganxorcielebuli akakiseuli<br />
mistifikacia. eqvsive damatebul strofSi (dawyebuli striqoniT _ `Sens loyas vardi<br />
hyvaoda...~ damTavrebuli _ `magreTsa, Sen rom gxlebia~) sacnauria `naTelas~ avtoris<br />
xelwera.<br />
xalxuri leqsis moSinaureba, gaTaviseba, gadaxarSva, akakis msgavsad, xelewifeboda<br />
vaJa-fSavelas (winamdebare werilSi gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom vaJas poeturi<br />
metyveleba akakisaze ufro uaxlovdeba xalxurs). xalxur taepebze sakuTari<br />
striqonebis, namReris bunebrivad gadabmis ostati iyo giorgi leoniZe (saamisod<br />
`cicaris~ gaxsenebac kmara), magram igi amas, akakis darad, ar niRbavda, daufaravad<br />
akeTebda.<br />
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs daviT weredianis Semdeg dakvirvebasac: `akakisTan gaqra<br />
gardamavali, niuansuri ferebi, ase uxvad rom aris baraTaSvilTan da darCa<br />
dapirispireba TeTrisa da Savisa, ramac ara mxolod sisadaves, aramed gaubraloebasac<br />
gauxsna gza rogorc formiT, aseve Sinaarseuladac da am gziT atara mecxramete<br />
saukunis mTeli meore naxevris poezia~ (gv.50).<br />
aq araferia sadavo, magram `dapirispireba TeTrisa da Savisa~, mkveTrad gamijnuli<br />
ori feris amarad darCena imanac ganapiroba, rom akakis poezias Tavidan bolomde<br />
msWvalavs kontrastis uZvelesi da bevr rameSi gamosadegi xerxi. garda amisa, Tavisi<br />
dabeCavebuli, boroti Zalis tyveobidan dasaxsneli samSoblos patrons, mTavari<br />
saTqmeli xSirad SiSvlad, poeturi samkaulebis gareSe unda eTqva. es azri ufro<br />
marjved, xatovnad aqvs gamoTqmuli TviT daviT weredians, visac ase xiblavs akakis<br />
leqsis melodia, kargad icis, rom igi `mxolod tkbil xmaTaTvis gamogzavna qveynad<br />
cama~, magram iqve dasZens _ `misi mrwamsi ki amgvari fufunebis nebas ar aZlevda~. swored<br />
es mrwamsi iyo mizezi, rom Tavis zogierT SedevrSic SedarebiT tlanq, publicisturi<br />
JReradobis strofebs urTavda.<br />
didad sayuradRebo, metad faseulia winamdebare werilis is adgilebi, sadac<br />
reliefuradaa warmoCenili akakisTan qarTuli leqsis Tvisobrivad ganmaaxlebelis,<br />
galaktion tabiZis damokidebuleba. sagulisxmoa, rom `artistuli yvavilebis~ avtori,<br />
qarTul poeziaSi sruliad axali gzebis gamkvalavi, mTeli cxovrebis manZilze<br />
eTayvaneboda akakis da es SemTxveviTi ar gaxldaT, raSic daviT weredianis gamWoli da,<br />
amave dros, gamWvirvale miniSnebac gvarwmunebs: `...galaktionma TviTon yvelaze ukeT<br />
icoda, ramdeni ramiT iyo misgan davalebuli, Tundac intonaciurad ramdeni ram hqonda<br />
misgan Sesisxlxorcebuli. zogjer is, rac wmindad galaktioniseuli gvgonia da<br />
dRevandeli poetis leqsSi yurs gvWris metismeti `galaktionizmiT~, sinamdvileSi<br />
25
akakis kuTvnilebaa. nimuSad mohyavT xolme `ocnebao, Cemo Zvelo~, da `samefoo<br />
ZvelisZvelo~, magram amgvari paralelebi bevrad metia,vidre erTi SexedviT Cans, radgan<br />
galaktionTan sxvagvarad aris orkestrirebuli, aki intonacia galaktionis leqsis<br />
mTavari qvakuTxedia~ (gv. 56).<br />
aqve zogadad minda vTqva erT, TiTqosda umniSvnelo movlenaze, leqsis musikas<br />
uSualod rom ukavSirdeba. is, rac sxva poetTa SemoqmedebaSi teqnikur wunad, Cavardnad<br />
aRiqmeba (araTanabari, magaliTad, ori da sammarcvlovani sityvebis erTmaneTTan<br />
gariTmva), akakisa da galaktionis leqss odnavadac ar aferxebs, araviTar dabrkolebas<br />
ar uqmnis da, eWvi ar unda gveparebodes, aseT SemTxvevaTa dros, maTi striqonebis laR,<br />
talRisebur mdinarebas maTive sulidan daZruli musika, harmoniis Tandayolili<br />
grZnoba, egzom iSviaTi niWi awesrigebs. es calke werilis Temaa da amjerad<br />
sailustracio masalis moxmobas moveridebi.<br />
aq ukve TandaTan, bunebrivad mivadeqiT Semdgom mijnas, romlis miRma sul sxva<br />
simaRleebi, sxvagvarad Seferili horizontebi ixsneba. vin ar icis, ramodena saxelia<br />
meoce saukunis, yvela drois qarTul poeziaSi galaktion tabiZe da iSviaTad wamikiTxavs<br />
misi mSfoTvare, `varskvlavebze uvrcesi sulis~ moZraobis gadmomcemi iseTi moxdenili<br />
portreti (saTauradac zedgamoWrilia verlenis striqoni `musika upirveles yovlisa~),<br />
daviT weredianma rom Seqmna. darwmunebuli var — misi araerTi dakvirveba da debuleba<br />
galaktionis momaval mkvlevarebs saxelmZRvanelod gamoadgebaT.<br />
Tavidanvea gacxadebuli is auwereli, maTrobela ltolva, rac uwverul Wabuks<br />
aReZra sitvis jadoqrisadmi da dRemde ar ganelebula. pirvelsave abzacebSi mJRavndeba<br />
wminda aCrdilis winaSe warmoTqmuli aRsareba Tu gandoba, mowiwebiT, siwrfeliT<br />
aRsavse:<br />
`galaktionis leqsis idumali musika _ pirveli da albaT yvelaze didi esTetikuri<br />
sixaruli, romelic ki odesme lirikisgan mimiRia. jer kidev ymawviliseuli gancda —<br />
eWvebis quraSic, janyis quraSic gamotarebuli — amitomac CemTvis miT ufro faseuli,<br />
ukve waruvali.<br />
saidan ibadeba es musika, es uCveulo xmovaneba? ra aCens am ucnaur rxevebsa da<br />
mimoqcevebs? aliteraciebi? bgeraTa SeTanxmeba? vCxrekT, viTvliT, vangariSobT, magram<br />
Sedegi aradamarwmunebelia. kargma aliteraciam, bgeraTa kargma SeTanxmebam SeiZleba<br />
JReradi striqoni dabados. magram JReradi striqoni, eg advilia, msgavsi musika amiT ar<br />
miiRweva~ (gv.58).<br />
musikaTmcodneebi, literatorebi xSirad imowmeben robert Sumanis xatovan<br />
gamonaTqvams, romelic ase esadageba galaktion tabiZis lirikis umTavres niSansa Tu<br />
Rirsebas: `musika is obolia, romlis ded-mamasac veravin asaxelebs. amdenad, SesaZloa,<br />
mTeli misi momxiblaoba da silamaze misive warmomavlobis idumalebaSia Camarxuli~.<br />
swored am idumalebis Tanmimdevrul wvdomas eZRvneba xsenebuli ese; daviT<br />
werediani TandaTan, nabij-nabij aviwroebs SesaZleblis ares, raTa mouxelTebels<br />
rogorme Tvali hkidos, miayurados, moxerxdeba, auxsnelis axsnas miuaxlovdes, magram<br />
gzadagza gvafrTxilebs, rom galaktionis leqsSi gacxadebuli saswaulis bolomde<br />
wvdoma gonebis Zalisxmevas aRemateba.<br />
yovelmxriv gamarTlebuli, Seumcdaria galaktionis lirikis mWidrod dakavSireba<br />
verlenis fenomenTan, leqsis weris im principTan, did frang simbolists erTaderT<br />
amosavalad rom esaxeboda. mSvenieri da damajerebelia maZiebeli fiqris mdinareba<br />
eWvebisa da winaaRmdegobaTa Znel gzaze, raTa mTavari gamoikveTos, mkrTalad mainc<br />
gamoCndes faruli wiaRi, romlis arsebobac poetis striqonTa uCveulo, manamde<br />
ganucdel mimoxras ganapirobebs. mcire monakveTebad moxazuli da dasrulebuli<br />
plastebi am Znelad dasaZlevi miznis miRwevas emsaxureba. davakvirdeT, ramdenad<br />
piruTvneli, frTxili da windaxedulia mkvlevari azris gamoTqmisas:<br />
`gveubnebian, rom es sulis musikaa, da marTlac asea. magram raRacas xom emyareba,<br />
materialurad gamoxatuls, ufro xelSesaxebs. formis srulyofilebaso, gvetyvian.<br />
diax, egec simarTlea, galaktionis formac xSirad uzadoa. magram ramdenjer<br />
SevxvedrivarT srulyofil formas, romelic ar gvizidavs, anda gvizidavs da sul sxva<br />
emociebi moaqvs, ara amgvari Sinagani musika. am saidumlos axsna albaT SeuZlebelia<br />
26
TiToeul konkretul SemTxvevaSi miT ufro. SesaZlebelia mxolod miaxloeba, zogierTi<br />
orientiris moniSvna, fiqri, varaudi...~ (gv. 59).<br />
aqve sworad aris naTqvami, rom literaturis Teoria zedmet yuradRebas aqcevs<br />
leqsis garegnul samkaulebs, magaliTad, aliteracias, rac `sulis musikaze~ ver axdens<br />
sasurvel, keTilmyofel gavlenas. ar unda iyos sakamaTo _ xazgasmuli, `saaSkaraoze<br />
gamotanili aliteracia xSir SemTxvevaSi, iqneb umetes SemTxvevaSic ki, Sinagani<br />
musikisaTvis xelisSemSleli meqanikuri xmauria. Sinagan musikas am samSvenisebze ufro,<br />
azrobriv-intonaciuri gradaciebi qmnian~ (gv. 60).<br />
aq Zalze droulad da marjved aris Semotanili verlenis erTi striqoni _<br />
`SemTvrali sizuste~ _ leqsis musikis misaRwevad esoden aucilebeli piroba.<br />
verleniseuli Sesityveba galaktionis lirikis araerT saidumlos fens naTels, misi<br />
poetikis erTgvar gasaRebadac SeiZleba gamogvadges. swored man misca biZgi daviT<br />
weredians, sxvebisgan gamorCeulad Seexeda galaktion tabiZis lirikisTvis, ganeWvrita<br />
`sityvis alqimiis~ miseuli saTave: `ganzraxisi, odnavi arasizuste sityvas axali<br />
waxnagiT Semoabrunebs xolme, saTqmels burusiT mosavs da uamrav asociacias aRZravs.<br />
oRond am asociaciaTa saWiro mxrisken warmarTvas uRrmesi intuitiuri wvdoma<br />
sWirdeba, es xerxi yvelas ar argia. galaktionidan Sesabamisi magaliTebis moyvana imas<br />
niSnavs, misi TiTqmis yvela Sedevri gadmowero~ (iqve, gv. 60).<br />
Znelia, ar daeTanxmo daviT weredians, rom eposi ar iyo galaktion tabiZis stiqia<br />
da jobda, bolo wlebis didZali energia, rac `mSvidobis wignis~ daweras Sealia, lirikas<br />
moxmareboda. CvenSi, cxadia, arsebobs sawinaaRmdego azric,magram misi WeSmariteba<br />
nakleb sarwmunoa; SiSvel emociebze dafuZnebuli araprofesionalTa daJineba namdvil<br />
suraTs ver Secvlis.<br />
minda movitano erTi magaliTi imisa, ramdenad zusti da uSualoa am eses avtori<br />
konkretuli analizisas. galaktionis cnobili Sedevris striqonebs (`totebs qarisas<br />
gadahyva marti, TeTr tansacmelSi me movirTvebi...~) mosdevs mravalmxriv sayuradRebo,<br />
uaRresad daxvewili gemovnebis maCvenebeli msjeloba, rac TviT poetis sulis<br />
moZraobaze Tvalis gadevnebas gavs, mis idumal samyaroSi gvaxedebs:<br />
`yovelTvis moxibluli viyavi am musikiT. mere pirveli dabeWdili varianti Semxvda,<br />
sadac `TeTris~ adgilas `Savi~ ewera da, Cemda gasaocrad, musika veRar vigrZeni. nuTu<br />
igi mxolod `TeTrisa~ da ~movirTvebis~ bgerobrivma gadaZaxilma gaaCina? ara,<br />
rasakvirvelia. es gadaZaxili amave dros Sinagania. `TeTri~ da ~movirTvebi~ harmoniuli<br />
wyvilia, `Savs~ disharmonia Semoaqvs, raRac avis molodiniT yuradRebas zedmetad<br />
ipyrobs da musikas axSobs. zogjer disharmoniuli wyvilic SeiZleba harmoniis<br />
Semadgenel nawilad iqces, magram aq ase ar xdeba. am Casworebis emociurma sizustem,<br />
maxsovs, Zalian gamakvirva, albaT megona, musika mxolod spontanurad ibadeboda da<br />
galaktioni cota sxva `TvaliT damanaxva~.<br />
daviT weredianma, leqsis Cinebulma ostatma kargad icis, rom musika striqonSi<br />
Sefaruli unda iyos, yursa da TvalSi ar unda geCrebodes, ise unda gitkbobdes smenas. es<br />
Sexeduleba myar dasayrdens poulobs galaktion tabiZis saukeTeso leqsebSi da aqac<br />
araerTgan gamosWvivis. yvela mniSvnelovani TvalTaxedvis aRnusxva da maTze<br />
gamoxmaureba gagviZneldeba, magram ramdenimes amowera mainc mogviwevs. magaliTad,<br />
xangrZlivi da bejiTi dakvirveba sWirdeboda aseTi ramis ganzogadebas: `sityvis<br />
JReradoba, Tqma ar unda, leqsSi mudmivad gasaTvaliswinebelia, magram Sinagani<br />
musikisaTvis mTavari mainc is SegrZnebebia, romlebsac sityva Tavisi azrobrivi<br />
mniSvnelobiT aRZravs~ (gv. 65).<br />
galaktion tabiZis ostatobis saidumlos, vfiqrob, yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba da<br />
misi poeturi azrovnebis maneraze, mwyobr sistemaze sakmaod naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis<br />
Semdeg abzacSi gaSlili msjeloba:<br />
`odiTganve icodnen, rom sityvebs Tav-TavianTi uCinari emociuri veli aqvT, raRac<br />
magnituri velisa Tu `auras~ msgavsi. sityvaTSexamebas sadac ki axseneben, ZiriTadad es<br />
movlena igulisxmeba. `auraTa~ gadakveTa saTqmels moulodnel Tu mosalodnel<br />
aTasgvar elfers aZlevs, civsa da Tbils, alersiansa da msusxavs, ironiulsa da<br />
paTetikurs, da ase dausrulebriv. da, raRa Tqma unda, harmoniulsa da disharmoniuls.<br />
27
galaktionis uaRresad Taviseburi, yvelasgan gamosarCevi Sinagani musika, rogorc Cans,<br />
am gadakveTaze ibadeba~ (iqve, gv. 65).<br />
fuZemdebluri, principuli xasiaTisaa mosazreba, romelsac daviT werediani erTerT<br />
bolo monakveTSi gamoTqvams. ara mgonia, am Sexedulebas mowinaaRmdege gamouCndes:<br />
`galaktionis Sedevrul leqsebSi Tu sityvebi maincdamainc Sifrebad gvinda<br />
warmovidginoT, isini mxolod SegrZnebaTa Sifrebia. galaktionis poezia daxurul<br />
sistemebs ar miekuTvneba. me ar vambob, rom misi aRqma advilia,magram igi arasodes<br />
hermetuli ar aris, gaxsnilia, emociurad yovelTvis gasagebia~ (gv. 69).<br />
amas mosdevs Tavdapirvelad mowvdili paraleli. teqstSi isev ilandeba verlenis<br />
nacnobi figura, visac `artistuli yvavilebis~ Semqmneli `daRupul mamad~ ixseniebda.<br />
sadao aqac araferia, yovel frazas zusti misamarTi aqvs:<br />
`xSirad amboben,- rom mas verlenis gavlena hqonda, rac araswori mgonia.<br />
galaktioni verlens rusuli TargmanebiT icnobda, sadac swored is nervia dakarguli,<br />
rac maT erTmaneTTan anaTesavebs. naTesaoba ki namdvilad arsebobs, magram es<br />
literaturul gavlenas naklebad miewereba. isini sulieri wyobiT hgavdnen erTmaneTs~<br />
(iqve, 69).<br />
CemTvis moulodneli ar yofila, rom amgvari didi STagonebiT daweril eses<br />
finalic aseTive mSvenieri eqneboda (manamde gaxsenebulia dabeCavebuli, `Tavisive Tavis<br />
umweo epigonad~ qceuli verleni) da zedmeti ar iqneba, WeSmariti poeziis damfaseblebs<br />
erTxel kidev movagonoT igi:<br />
`galaktionis cxovrebis Sua wlebmac sakmaod unayofod Caiara. magram verlenisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, ufro gvian, ukve siberisaken, mis dajijgnil, gaudaburebul sulSi<br />
sruliad axali musikaluri simi Seirxa, romelic aravis, maT Soris arc Zvel galaktions<br />
ar hgavda:<br />
o, fiqrebo, msvlelno taZrad,<br />
o, qceulno mtvrad da nacrad,<br />
rad mihyvebiT ase mkacrad<br />
Camaval mzes, Camavals...<br />
yovelgvari moiarebisa da mikibv-mokibvis gareSe SemiZlia vTqva — daviT weredianis<br />
TvaliT danaxuli, Sefasebuli da literaturul portretad Sekruli grigol<br />
orbeliani erTi saukeTesoTagania imaT Soris, rac `sadRegrZelos~ avtorze dRemde<br />
wamikiTxavs. (zedmetia imis aRniSvna, rom yovelma qarTvelma literatorma<br />
gansakuTrebuli madlierebis grZnobiT unda gaixsenos gansvenebuli akaki gawerelias<br />
brwyinvale kritikul-biografiuli narkvevi).<br />
aq saWiro iyo moxazva epoqisa, rodesac poets formiTac da suliskveTebiTac<br />
axleburi, Tumca jer kidev gauwafavi pirveli leqsebis wera uxdeboda, magram aSkarad<br />
gamoikveTa, rogor upirispirdeboda igi trafaretis Targze agebuli sityvieri<br />
samkaulebis xelovnur nakads, sicocxlisgan daclil, momabezreblad gaWianurebul<br />
inercias. daviT weredianma zedmiwevniT zustad aRadgina istoriuli foni, daxata misi<br />
werilis Sesaferi realuri suraTi:<br />
`grigol orbelianis SemoqmedebiTi gzis dasawyisi qarTuli poeziis yvelaze<br />
krizisul xanas daemTxva, roca ZiriTadad aSuRuri hangebi mZlavroben, _ ara odindeli<br />
maRali aRmosavleTi, aramed mxolod is, rac aRmosavlurSi banalobis zRvarzea, _<br />
usagno sasiyvarulo lamentaciebi, hiperbolizebuli usaxo Sedareba-metaforebi,<br />
riTmebis uazro da gamabezrebeli triali, muxambazis strofika da esTetika. azri, idea,<br />
cocxali gancda leqsSi iSviaTadRa Tu gakrTeba. gemovnebis rangSi ayvanili topizmebi<br />
namdvils, pirovnuls, originalurs CanasaxSive axSoben~ (gv. 71).<br />
vxedavT, rogori mosawyeni fonia. amis mere bunebrivia imis Tqma, Tu ra kvali<br />
gaavlo qarTuli romantizmis erT-erTma burjma Cvens poeziaSi, rogor hqonda<br />
gacnobierebuli sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi mrwamsi, ra Zalisxmevam gansazRvra misi<br />
gamorCeuli roli da adgili. aq isev mogviwevs amowera mozrdili citatisa, rac bevr<br />
rames Segvaxsenebs da aTvalsaCinoebs:<br />
`grigol orbeliani pirveli aRmoCnda, vinc aRar moiwadina Zveli gziT siaruli da<br />
scada, principulad gamijnoda tradiciul poetikas. misi yvelaze adreuli<br />
28
leqsebidanac, miuxedavad imisa, aris Sig raime siaxle Tu ar aris, aSkarad ikiTxeba, rom<br />
man kargad uwyoda imJamindeli qarTuli poeziis yvela zemoCamoTvlili nakli, misma<br />
Taobam ukve moaswro evropul kvalze cotaTi ufro adre Semdgari rusuli poeziis<br />
gacnoba da cali TvaliT dasavleTiskenac gaixeda. konkretuloba, individualuri<br />
sawyisi, axali Tematika, sityvebis pirveladi mniSvnelobiT xmareba, amas moiTxovs<br />
axalgazrda grigol orbeliani Tavisi leqsisgan, moiTxovs, magram jerxnobiT Znelad<br />
gamosdis~ (gv. 73).<br />
ioli ar gaxldaT es gza. `koWli riTma~ da mouxeSavi, zedmetad arqaizebuli<br />
striqonebi ucxo ar iyo misi adrindeli leqsebisaTvis, Tumca didma niWma Sesaferi<br />
nayofi SedarebiT adre gamoiRo. daviT weredianis poeturma alRom, utyuarma<br />
gemovnebam aqac iCina Tavi; man sagangebo yuradReba dauTmo `iaralis~ da Tqva, rom igi<br />
`...pirveli srulfasovani, maRalmxatvruli nawarmoebia Cvens axal literaturaSi~.<br />
gaxsenebac ki uxerxuli da daujerebelia imisa, rom gasuli saukunis ocian-ocdaaTian<br />
wlebSi totalitaruli reJimis msaxurni, uniWo da unamuso vulgarizatorebi am<br />
didebul leqss Wama-smis apologiad acxadebdnen.<br />
daviT werediani, citirebis moxmobisas, momWirneobas iCens xolme, mxolod<br />
aucilebeli striqonebi moaqvs, raTa Semdgom msjeloba gaSalos. xsenebuli leqsis<br />
pirveli strofi ki, sadac novgorodSi gadasaxlebuli da iZulebiT momsaxure poeti<br />
peterburgs myof ufros megobarsa da moZRvars iarali SanSiaSvils, samSoblosa da iq<br />
gatarebul ukeTes dReTa mosagondad sevdamoZalebuli mimarTavs, mTlianadaa<br />
motanili:<br />
Cemo iarali, netavi odes<br />
lxiniT aRvsilni vjdeT velsa mwvanes<br />
Cveneburada<br />
Zveleburada<br />
vsvamdeT,<br />
viZaxdeT,<br />
iari-arali!<br />
ioli SesagrZnobia, qarTuli garemosa da yofis gamosaxatavad, ra naRvelSereul<br />
silaRes asxivebs adresatis saxelTan (iarali) moxdenilad SeriTmuli ZvelisZveli<br />
SeZaxili — minamReri `iari-arali!~ (igive Cvens warmarTul RvTaebad miCneuli `harale~).<br />
am idiliur suraTs mosdevs kontrastebis mTeli wyeba. calkeul wvrilmanebs ver<br />
gamovedevnebiT. SezarxoSebul, kojris macocxlebel niavze SublmiSveril<br />
Tanameinaxeebs, cxadia, gauWirdebodaT mzes danatrebul mxareSi, sulisamomZrob<br />
siciveSi yofna, Zneli Sesaguebeli iqneboda `Rvinis wil-kvasi, mzisa wil-yinva!~<br />
mkvlevari ufro am detalebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, rac Zalze mniSvnelovan, faseul<br />
dakvirvebad gvesaxeba: `imJamindeli poeziis fonze gansakuTrebuli siaxlis elfers<br />
iZens dasasruls tonis uecari daweva, dRiur prozaSi gadanacvleba. yofiTi aqsesuarebi<br />
_ `yinva~, `kvasi~ _ poetis simartoves da sulier tkivils aranaklebi sicxadiT<br />
gvagrZnobineben, vidre amas namdvili godeba, soflis samduravebi, SeZlebda~ (gv. 82).<br />
aq, ZiriTadad, nagulisxmevia samSoblodan mowyvetili adamianebis usazRvro<br />
wuxili, mZafri drtvinva, erT-erTi uZlieresi, dramatizmiT aRsavse strofidan rom<br />
ismis:<br />
gardmoxvewilman Crdilos wyvdiadsa<br />
sadRa ixilos ca mSobliuri?<br />
Sen xar peterburRs- me novRorodsa,<br />
gareT mklavs yinva da Sin `ugari~.<br />
warsuli xSirad gvaxsenebs Tavs. im droidan saukunis mere, moskovSi xangrZlivi<br />
yofnis Jams, sabWoTa epoqis gamoCenil poets grigol abaSiZes (magondeba misi leqsi<br />
`svenwkis Cveneba~) CrdiloeTSi nacxovrebi da damiwebuli winaprebis saflavTa<br />
monaxulebis Semdeg, Zalze mwuxare gancda dauflebia, `rogorc gvian mosul<br />
Wirisufals~, grigol orbelianis kvaldakval, imave hangze dauCivlia:<br />
Cemo iarali,<br />
caSi muqariT,<br />
qari dabrunda yazarmobidan,<br />
29
gareT yinvaa da Sin ugari<br />
da isev TbilisSi gavla mominda.<br />
samSoblos monatrebis motivebi mwvaved aris gamoxatuli, jer kidev naklebad<br />
Seswavlil, qarTul emigrantul poeziaSi (gavixsenoT Tundac saqarTvelodan<br />
samudamod mowyvetili, ucxoobaSi daberebuli da iqve damarxvis momlodine daviT<br />
guramiSvilis mware samduravi: `me viyav erTi Tavadi, mosaxle goris-ubansa... muniT<br />
gamtyorcna sawuTrom, gardamacila yubansa...~). amjerad erT maTgans, presnaSi,<br />
qarTvelTa dasaxlebaSi, mcxovreb (moxucebuli da dauZlurebuli, igi moskovSive<br />
gardaicvala), meTvramete saukunis Zalze Tavisebur emigrant poets dimitri saakaZes<br />
davasaxeleb. gamarTuli rusTveluri SairiT gawyobili, sevdiani iumoriT<br />
ganmsWvaluli misi baraTebi mraval safiqrals aRZravs. grigol orbelianis leqsis<br />
ganwyobilebas ramdenadme enaTesaveba dimitri saakaZis erTi baraTi, romelsac igi Tavis<br />
keTilismyofels da umcros sexnias, qarTlis mefe iases SviliSvils, didad ganaTlebul<br />
poets, dimitri bagrations ugzavnis. es baraTic, danarCenebis msgavsad, uwyalo bedis,<br />
daundobeli sawuTros saCivrebiT aris mopirTavebuli, magram oriode strofis<br />
amowerac ikmarebs, raTa zemoT naTqvami cxadi gaxdes. davakvirdeT baraTis tons, frazis<br />
ostatur mimoxras, moqnilobas:<br />
veRar gaxlavar, batono, veRar vWam TqvenTan supebsa,<br />
aRarvin miwdevs tkbil Rvinos, arc midgmen sirCa-runkebsa,<br />
`kapustasa~ vkep, SeSas vWri- vizaxi epi-upebsa,<br />
siberiT dasustebuli, cremlsa vRvri Rapa-Rupebsa.<br />
. . . . . . . . . .<br />
ferxTac ar SemrCa, raRa vqna, Tqveni wyaloba nalebi,<br />
davxedav, Sovna ar ZalmiZs, cremliT mevseba Tvalebi,<br />
Culic ara maqvs sazamTrod, gulsa medeba alebi,<br />
naxeT, sofelman ra miyo, presnas mwunoben qalebi.<br />
sityvam moitana da vfiqrob, dimitri saakaZe uTuod Rirsia, mis cxovrebasa da<br />
Semoqmedebaze safuZvliani literaturuli narkvevi daiweros da sakuTari saxis mqone<br />
emigranti poetis memkvidreoba calke wignad gamoices.<br />
aq isev damWirdeba mcire gadaxveva. erTxel, karga xnis win, saubrisas daviT<br />
weredianma miTxra _ `daviTiani~ albaT moigebda, kidev ufro cocxali wigni iqneboda,<br />
biblias cota naklebi adgili rom daTmobodao. Znelia am Tvalsazrisis sisworem<br />
dagaeWvos, miTumetes, saucxoo pastoraluri poemis `mxiaruli zafxulis~ (`qacvia<br />
mwyemsis~) bolo Tavebs Tu gadavxedavT. grigol abaSiZis ukve damowmebul `svenwkis<br />
CvenebaSi~, sadac moskovs TavSefarebuli qarTuli saTvistomos cxovrebis suraTebia<br />
daxatuli da bunebrivad Semodis guramiSvilis Tema, daaxloebiT igivea naTqvami, oRond<br />
am leqsis avtori samSoblodan gadaxvewil vaxtang meeqvses alaparakebs:<br />
aris zmoba da gadaZaxili<br />
da majamebi Zmurad mijrili,<br />
Tvalebmwuxare da Tavdaxrili,<br />
karze modgeba guramiSvili.<br />
da mefe ityvis: `xedavT qoCoras,<br />
TiTqo ilocavs, Tvals viT inabavs,<br />
mTeli biblia leqsad moWora<br />
da Seejibra daviT winapars~.<br />
axla kvlav mivubrundebi Sewyvetils. vidre uSualod teqstze dakvirvebas<br />
Seudgeboda, daviT weredianma grigol orbelianis `iaralis~ gamo winaswar aRniSna: `am<br />
leqsma uzarmazari gavlena moaxdina qarTuli lirikis ganviTarebaze, gavlena ganitota<br />
da SeiZleba iTqvas, Cvens dromdec moaRwia~. es realobaa da srulebiTac ar gaxlavT<br />
efeqtis mosaxdenad gamiznuli gancxadeba. iarali, rogorc erTguli megobrobis<br />
simbolo, ukve Rrmadaa fesvgadgmuli qarTul poeziaSi. SegviZlia davasaxeloT tician<br />
tabiZis amave saxelwodebis leqsi (`iaralis~), romelic `cisferyanwelTa~ erT-erTma<br />
Tavkacma Tavis megobars miuZRvna da ase iwyeba:<br />
aRar gvyolia bedi gamwyrali —<br />
Cvenc gvyavs iarali,<br />
30
Zma, Zmaze ufro erTguli, sando,<br />
SanSiaSvili, Zvirfasi sandro.<br />
amaze adre, 1927 wels daiwera galaktion tabiZis erT-erTi ubrwyinvalesi leqsi<br />
`Cemo iarali!~, romelSic grigol orbelianis dauviwyari saxe ilandeba da sadac<br />
gamotirebulia romantiuli ferebiT daxatuli, dasangrevad ganwiruli Zveli Tbilisi.<br />
aTasnairi darbevebisa da qartexilebis gadamtan, fantastiuri warsulis qalaqs yoveli<br />
mxridan utevs da ucvlis iers uCveulo yofa, `axali sanaxavi~. am gasaocari leqsis<br />
striqonebSi marcvalTa ganzrax, Segnebulad darRveuli Tanafardoba iSviaTi sicxadiT<br />
gadmoscems ociani wlebis mRelvare ritms, mtexiarobas, TviT avtoris farul sevdas:<br />
`Cemo iarali!~ ase qadagebda<br />
yabaxis gmiri, msgavseba lomis<br />
orbeliani, romelic aqebda<br />
Rvinos da salomes.<br />
is dro wavida! Tbilisi Zveli<br />
miingr-moingra, scivaT kaxurebs<br />
da nariyala, cremlebiT sveli,<br />
matareblebis kivils gahyurebs.<br />
me vdgevar mTaze, me vdgevar marto,.<br />
damTvrali axal sanaxaviTa,<br />
riTi gagarTo, rogor gagarTo?<br />
Cemo iarali, is dro wavida.<br />
galaktionis es Sedevric grigol orbelianis leqsidan iSva, Tumca garemo,<br />
romelic masSia daxatuli, naklebad esadageba `yabaxis gmiris~ da misi ufrosi megobris<br />
droindel Tbiliss. ramdeni naRvelia Cagubebuli bolo striqonebSi: `riTi gagarTo,<br />
rogor gagarTo? Cemo iarali, is dro wavida~. aq poeti Tavis Tavsac dastiris. es iyo<br />
mcire xniT sulis moTqma. am leqsis da misi didi, `zarniSiani wignis~ Semdeg daiwyo<br />
xangrZlivi periodi, romlis manZilze galaktioni iZulebuli gaxda uari eTqva Tavisi<br />
lirikis uZvirfases, uidumales Taviseburebebze, alag-alag gaelvebul iSviaT<br />
gamonaklisTa da bolo wlebis garda, lamis industriuli epoqis mesayvired iqca.<br />
daviT werediani arsebiT, sakvanZo momentebs gamoyofs grigol orbelianis<br />
SemoqmedebaSi, rac yovelmxriv gamarTlebulia da Sedegic mudam sasurvelia. aseT<br />
SemTxvevebSi saeWvo an gadasasinji araferia. saamiso magaliTis damowmeba ar<br />
gagviWirdeba:<br />
`grigol orbelianis meore didi miRweva, romelsac `iaralisgan~ sami weli acilebs,<br />
aris `Cems das efemias~. am sami wlis manZilze poetis cxovrebaSi iseTi mniSvnelovani<br />
ambebi moxda, rom nawarmoebidan lamis sxva pirovneba gvelaparakeba. man sakuTari<br />
warsulidan bevri ram gadaafasa, rogorc politikurad, aseve pirovnulad, da<br />
gardatexis Zneli da mware wlebis gamocdilebam amjerad aRmsareblobiTi lirikis saxe<br />
miiRo, mxolod intimuri samyaroTi Semoifargla~ (gv. 83).<br />
intonaciurad, Zlieri poeturi saxeebiT mdidari, kompoziciurad Sekruli es<br />
metad Rrmaazrovani leqsi (arcTu uSeniSvnod) araerTi kuTxiT aris ganWvretili,<br />
daZebnilia paralelebi, literaturuli wyaroebi, ramac biZgi misca mis Seqmnas.<br />
werilSi calkea aRniSnuli isic, rom grigol orbelianis SemoqmedebaSi Taviseburi<br />
ieri aqvs aRmosavluri poeziisTvis esoden damaxasiaTebel `muxambazis kilos~. swored<br />
am tipis leqsebSi warmogvidgina man dabali fenebis warmomadgenelTa (beJana mkervali,<br />
dimitri onikaSvili, lopiana, `qudCakecili~ yaraCoRelebi...) dauviwyari saxeebi da<br />
sasiyvarulo lirikis ramdenime nimuSic dagvitova. daviT weredians zustad aqvs<br />
miTiTebuli, rom grigol orbelianma `...aRmosavluri poeturi masala dasavlur<br />
gemovnebas miusadaga~. amis magaliTad lopianas piriT warmoTqmul yvelaze STambeWdav<br />
`muxambazs~ (`gind meZinos...~) imowmebs, rasac ganmazogadebeli, yuradsaRebi daskvna<br />
mosdevs:<br />
31
`es SesaniSnavi leqsi qarTuli poeziis im nakads udebs saTaves, sadac muxambazurma<br />
sazomma klasikuri xmovaneba miiRo-`Tavo Cemo~, `naxevari cxovrebis gza...~, `ninowminda,<br />
palatebi mefeTa...~ (gv.92).<br />
aqve SegveZlo dagvematebina akakisave `aRmarT-aRmarT~, TumcaRa akakis<br />
lirikisadmi miZRvnil werilSi naTqvamia, rom `sulikos~ avtors grigol orbelianis<br />
poetikasTan Sexebis wertili Zalian cota hqonda~. es ki udavoa _ akakim `grigol<br />
orbelianisadmi sicocxlis bolomde mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba SeinarCuna~.<br />
mkiTxveli Tavad darwmundeba, Tu rogor piruTvnelad, profesiuli<br />
keTilsindisierebiT aqvs daviT weredians Sefasebuli grigol orbelianis sxva<br />
qmnilebebic (`saRamo gamosalmebisa~, poema `sadRegrZelo~), magram vfiqrob, samomavlod<br />
igi kvlav miubrundeba am narkvevs (poetis _ grigol orbelianze dawerili naSromi<br />
winamdebare wignSi Semoklebuladaa Setanili.<br />
Tanamedrove qarTvel mweralTagan erTaderTi jemal qarCxaZea, viszedac am wignSi<br />
daviT werediani Tavis azrs gamoTqvams. gardacvlili megobris literaturul saRamoze<br />
ramdenime wlis win warmoTqmuli sityva asea dasaTaurebuli _ `saTqmeli bevria~ _ da<br />
es imeds gvinergavs, misgan da sxvebisganac, momavalSi, gacilebiT mets unda velodoT<br />
uaRresad mniSvnelovan, ukompromiso Semoqmedze.<br />
jemal qarCxaZis Rrma simboloebiT gajerebuli proza (moTxrobebi, romanebi),<br />
metad gonivruli werilebi da saubrebi, qaoturi wlebis fxizlad amsaxveli mebrZoli<br />
suliskveTebis publicistika jer kidev ar aris jerovnad Seswavlili da Sefasebuli. mis<br />
ganumeorebel pirovnebaSi (es didi iSviaTobaa) bednierad iyo Sezavebuli poeturobis<br />
ufaqizesi gancda, zRvardaudebeli, frTebSeukvecavi fantazia, niadag maZiebeli buneba<br />
da samagaliTod zusti analitikuri azrovnebis unari.<br />
`adre wasuli kaci~ Tavisi siyrmis erTgul megobars daviT weredians Tavis yvelaze<br />
sando da gamgeb mkiTxvelad sTvlida da cocxlad darCenilma daamtkica, rom es<br />
marTlac asea.<br />
mravalmxriv sayradRebo da damafiqrebeli, bevri jiqur naTqvami simarTlis<br />
Semcvelia poet nino darbaiselTan gamarTuli saubari (`leqsSi es elvarebaa<br />
saTargmni~), romelic 2003 wels almanax `sjanis~ meoTxe nomerSi gamoqveynda da,<br />
ZiriTadad, poetur qmnilebaTa Targmnis problemebs exeba.<br />
mosaubris mier dasmuli kiTxvebis Semdeg daviT werediani ambobs:<br />
`erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi ar arsebobs~. piradi gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, iqve<br />
acxadebs: `uryevi dogmebi ara maqvs. Cemi zogi Targmani TiTqmis Tavisufalia, zogi<br />
TiTqmis sityvasityviTi~. Tumca moxmobili magaliTi gvimxels, rom igi sityvasityviTi<br />
Targmanis momxre naklebad gaxlavT. aq SedarebiT mozrdili amonaweri dagvWirdeba:<br />
`gikiTxaven Targmnil striqons, romelic emociurad ubadrukia. ar varga, eubnebi, unda<br />
Seicvalos. pasuxad gimtkiceben, rom konceptualurad zustia, Secvlas ar saWiroebs.<br />
arsebobs sizustis aseTi kriteriumic. dedanSi ki am adgilas sul sxvagvari striqoni<br />
weria, elvare, eqspresiuli. koncefciis dacva, Tu es marTla koncefciaa, mTargmnels,<br />
rasakvirvelia, evaleba, magram Cemi subieqturi SexedulebiT, avtors, roca igi am<br />
striqons ambobda, Tavisi saukeTeso koncefciac ver daakavebda, mihyoloda Sinagan<br />
Zaxils. leqsSi, Cemi TvalsazrisiT, upirvelesad es elvarebaa saTargmni, sityvasityviTi<br />
meoreulia~ (gv. 104).<br />
aRsaniSnavia _ roca ama Tu im poets Targmnis, daviT werediani leqsSi yovelTvis<br />
am `elvarebis~ gadmotanas eswrafvis da sasurvel warmatebasac aRwevs.<br />
aseve gulwrfelia igi, rodesac Riad, mokveTilad pasuxobs sakmaod rTul<br />
SekiTxvas sxvadasxva `izmebis~ urTierTmimarTebaze. momaqvs ramdenime nawyveti: `unda<br />
vaRiaro, rom Cemi ganwyoba yovelgvari `izmis mimarT savsebiT indiferentulia~ (gv. 106).<br />
momdevno gverdze vkiTxulobT: `literaturuli `izmebidan~ orad ori Cans namdvili da<br />
araefemeruli _ romantizmi da realizmi. es ori nakadi, romantikuli da realisturi,<br />
mudam arsebobda, manamdec, sanam me-19 saukuneSi terminologiurad gaformdeboda da<br />
literaturuli skolis statuss SeiZenda, da mas merec, roca es statusi dakarga. isini<br />
yvela mxatvrul nawarmoebSi Tanamonawileoben antikuri xanidan dRemde~. ara mgonia,<br />
32
vinmem saeWvod gaxados am pasuxis daskvniTi nawili, rac, sxvadasxva dros, manamdec<br />
araerTxel Tqmula:<br />
`arc erTi mniSvnelovani Semoqmedi Tavis `izmSi~ ar CarCenila, yovelTvis<br />
amsxvrevda mag artaxebs, anda seriozulad arc arasodes uyurebda~ (gv. 108). CemTvis es<br />
azri saorWofo arasodes yofila. saerTod ki, visac literaturasTan da xelovnebasTan<br />
aqvs raime Sexeba, yvelas unda axsovdes igor stravinskis SeZaxili: `frTxilad iyaviT!<br />
moda swrafad gadis~.<br />
Zalze sainteresoa, agreTve, saubari im saerToze (metaenaze), rac, gansakuTrebiT<br />
adreul safexurze, sxvadasxva qveynebis poetur nimuSebs erTmaneTs ase amsgavsebs: `es<br />
erTi poeturi ena, ase vTqvaT, metaena, sxvadasxva fonetikur da gramatikul sistemebSia<br />
Cawnexili. mTargmnelis movaleobaa, erTi enidan amoiRos da meoreSi Cawnixos~. metad<br />
faseuli dakvirvebaa, rasac Tamami, aranakleb mniSvnelovani da WeSmariti Tvalsazrisi<br />
mosdevs: `nuRar CamovTvliT, ra siZneleebs qmnis sxvadasxva enobrivi struqtura da<br />
sityvis sxvadasxvagvari JReradoba. da Tu poeziis Targmna mainc SesaZlebeli xdeba,<br />
swored mag metaenis wyalobiT xdeba SesaZlebeli~ (gv. 111).<br />
winamdebare saubris erT-erTi Tema literaturuli modis zereled ayola,<br />
epigonoba, brma mimbaZvelobaa da daviT werediani kvlav Cveul pirdapirobas iCens am<br />
arcTu saxarbielo movlenis mimarT, ar erideba `kritikosebis didi nawilis~<br />
gamaTraxebas, axlo warsulSi, saxelmoxveWili ucxoelebis mimbaZvelebs yovelnairad<br />
rom axalisebdnen, xolo qarTulis, `originaluris mimarT TiTqos daxSulni Candnen~<br />
(112). aq igi CemTvisac friad sasiamovno gamonakliss ixsenebs, `TavisTavadobis mZafri<br />
SegrZneba iyo, rac guram asaTians maTgan gamoarCevda, ara mxolod weris daxvewili<br />
stili. mas pirvelaRmomCenis alRo hqonda, gzamkvlevebs ar saWiroebda, arc Sinaursa da<br />
arc ucxos~.<br />
amis mowme Tavad vyofilvar. `ciskarSi~ Cemi muSaobis dros (prozis ganyofileba<br />
mebara) daibeWda giorgi baqaniZis saukeTeso, Sinagani mRelvarebiT aRsavse, dramatuli<br />
ganwyobilebis mozrdili moTxroba `ormoci dRe da ormoci Rame~. gurams Sevxvdi da<br />
vuTxari _ axalgazrda mwerlis, natanji kacis aseTi da aseTi moTxroba gamoqveynda,<br />
Sens garda imis sworad, kacurad Semfasebeli ar meguleba da gTxov waikiTxo-meTqi. ori<br />
kvirac ar gasula, rom imxanad sruliad ucnobi giorgi baqaniZis moTxrobaze guram<br />
asaTianma brwyinvale werili dawera. samwuxaro gaugebroba mgonia, rom igi mis<br />
oTxtomeulSi ar Seitanes.<br />
CemTvis savsebiT gasagebia da sadReisodac erTob drouli, sagangaSoa is<br />
guliswyroma Tu gulistkivili, rasac daviT werediani Tavisi pasuxis amave monakveTSi<br />
gamosTqvams: `niWierebi mudam ufro cotani iyvnen da dResac ufro cotani arian,<br />
SemaSfoTebeli araferia. oRond erTi ram aris sasurveli, epigonebma da diletantebma<br />
ase veRar iparpaSon da daqiravebuli kritikosebis xana damTavrdes, ZmabiWobac mag<br />
SemTxvevaSi igive daqiravebaa~ (gv. 112). verafriT aisxlitav, verc verafers daamateb,<br />
mware, damsusxavi simarTlea. am jiSisa da jilagis kritikosebi niWsa da namusze<br />
Tanabrad mwyralad arian da urigo ar iqneba, maTi nacodvilari, drodadro, saaSkaraoze<br />
gamovitanoT, kuTvnili mivagoT.<br />
aqtualuri da konkretuli xasiaTisaa nino darbaiselis bolo SekiTxva,<br />
ToTxmetmarcvliani sazomis momabezrebel sixSires rom exeba: `me meCveneba, rom<br />
TargmanebSi da Cvens poeziaSi misma intensiurma gamoyenebam Zalze gaaRariba qarTuli<br />
leqsis ritmuli repertuari, axali ritmebi TiTqmis ar iqmneba, an ki, aris kidev<br />
SesaZlebeli?~<br />
SekiTxvas mosdevs delikaturi, dinjad awonili pasuxi, rac, vfiqrob, SemkiTxvels<br />
daakmayofilebda, mis SeSfoTebas ramdenadme Seanelebda da zogierT eWvsac gafantavda.<br />
ai, am pasuxis mTavari nawili:<br />
`ramdenadac vxvdebi,ritms am SemTxvevaSi saleqso sazomis sinonimad xmarobT,<br />
saleqso sazomi ki, axalic rom moviZioT, erTferovnebisagan veranairad ver dagvixsnis,<br />
mTavaria ara sazomi, aramed is, sazomSigniT rac xdeba. sazomebi individualurma<br />
ritmebma unda gaavson, individualuri ritmi ki mxolod axal poetur informacias<br />
moaqvs, cxadia, yvelaze nakleb logikur informacias vgulisxmob. uamrav did poets,<br />
33
CvenSic da sxvaganac, amjerad rusTavelisa da vaJa-fSavelas saxelebiT<br />
davkmayofildeT, araviTari axali sazomi ar SemoutaniaT. galaktionmac ki Tavisi<br />
saukeTeso leqsebis udidesi nawili manamde arsebuli sazomebiT dawera, magram sruliad<br />
sxva JReradoba SesZina, aravisas rom ara hgavs~ (gv. 113).<br />
kerZod, `mcire besikur~ anu ToTxmetmarcvlian sazomze daviT werediani sruliad<br />
marTebulad ambobs, rom `Cvens lirikosebs yovelTvis uWirdaT misi modreka. pirvelma<br />
baraTaSvilma SeZlo sruli poeturi muxtiT aevso, rac xSiradac ar ganmeorebula~ (gv.<br />
114). bevrs, vinc kalams iRebs xelSi, ar awyenda daimaxsovros ToTxmetmarcvlian<br />
sazomTan dakavSirebuli daviT weredianis gafrTxileba Tu Segoneba, riTac es saubari<br />
mTavrdeba: `Zneli sazomia, mxolod didi eqspresiulobiT an Rrma meditaciurobiT<br />
xerxdeba xolme namdvil poeziamde misi azidva~ (iqve).<br />
cocxlad, sxartad iwyeba `nawyveti saubrisa Jurnal `omegasaTvis~, romelic marine<br />
reviSvils gaumarTavs:<br />
`_ Targmanis TeoriebTan ra damokidebuleba gaqvT?<br />
_ naklebad mainteresebs.<br />
_ arasaWiro saqmea?<br />
_ me es ar miTqvams, ubralod, praqtikul saqmianobaSi did daxmarebas ver gagiwevs~<br />
(gv. 115).<br />
es fraza rom haiharad ar aris wamosrolili, amas daviT weredianis mravalwliani,<br />
uaRresad nayofieri da poeziis WeSmarit damfasebelTa gamxarebeli mTargmnelobiTi<br />
moRvaweoba adasturebs.<br />
oTxgverdian nawyvetSic ki bevri mSvenieri, sasargeblo dakvirvebaa, magram aq<br />
mxolod bolo abzacis amoweras davjerdebiT, vinaidan igi TviTon mopasuxis uryevi<br />
mrwamsi gaxlavT:<br />
`erT-erTi umTavresi pirobaa, imas, rasac vTargmniT, kargad vgrZnobdeT. bloki<br />
ambobs, yoveli leqsi ramdenime sityvaze gadaWimuli karavia. sworad unda mivagnoT<br />
sayrden sityvebs, karvis gadaWimvisas ki garkveuli Tavisufleba Tu ar gamoviCineT,<br />
karavi Zalian ulamazo gamogviva. da es iqneba yvelaze didi araadekvaturoba. kargi<br />
leqsi, uwinares yovlisa, silamazes qmnis~ (gv. 118).<br />
aravisTvis ar unda yofiliyo gasakviri, rom fransua viionis poeziis ubadlod<br />
mTargmneli, misi cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Semomxazvel portretsac yvelaze ukeT<br />
mouvlida. mcire, magram uaRresad saxieri winasityvaoba, pirvelad 1986 wels gamocemul<br />
viionis leqsTa krebuls rom waumZRvara, yvelasaTvis kargad aris cnobili da mkiTxvels<br />
mxolod oriode, sakvarZo adgils Sevaxseneb:<br />
`viioni frangul literaturaSi qronologiurad pirvel did lirikosad miiCneva,<br />
lirikuli sityvis pirvel maRal ostatad. aq igulisxmeba ara sityvis, carieli sityvis<br />
damorCileba da virtuozulad gariTmva, aseTi ram bevrs SeeZlo, aramed TviTon<br />
saTqmelis damorCileba, sityvis sizuste da emociuri Zala, daZabvisa da keklucobis<br />
gareSe~ (gv. 128).<br />
ucnaur naRvels, nagvianevi sinanulis grZnobas aRZravs Rrma qveteqstis Semcveli,<br />
TavSekavebulad gamoTqmuli da faruli siamayiT ganaTebuli striqonebi, riTac es<br />
momxiblavi ese mTavrdeba: `patara sqolari~, romelic araTu `titanobas~ ar ibralebda,<br />
Tavis TavisaTvis poetic ki arasodes uwodebia, nela, magram daJinebiT ipyrobs im<br />
poetur sivrces, maRalfardovan `titanebsa~ da `zekacebs~ rom ekavaT. radgan<br />
literaturaSi sxva tendenciebma iZala. dRes ukve aRaravis eucxoeba, didi uwodos<br />
poets, romelic ubralo sagnebze ubralo sityvebiT laparakobs~ (gv. 131).<br />
mSvenieria `marginalia mTargmnelisagan~, romelic daviT weredianma, Tavis droze,<br />
pol valeris erT-erTi urTulesi leqsis `zRvis sasaflaos~ miseul, srulqmnil<br />
Targmans daurTo. aq gansacvifrebel STabeWdilebas axdens saubari im ucnaur<br />
damTxvevebze, rac mTargmnels baraTaSvilis adreul Sedevrsa (`fiqrni mtkvris piras~)<br />
da pol valeris `zRvis sasaflaos~ zogierTi adgilebis Sedarebisas aRmouCenia.<br />
Tavadac gakvirvebulia: `SeiZleba eWvic ki aRgviZras, rac, samwuxarod,<br />
safuZvelsmoklebulia, rom avtors baraTaSvili wakiTxuli hqonda. ara mxolod<br />
34
`fiqrni~, aramed agreTve `SemoRameba mTawmindazed~, romlis erTi meditaciuri pasaJi<br />
xelaRebiT miTvisebuli gegoneba~ (gv. 132).<br />
metad saintereso da damarwmunebeli wiaRsvlebis Semdgom `zRvis sasaflaos~<br />
mTargmneli da striqon-striqon gamrCevi dasZens:<br />
`aseTia am saxelganTqmuli leqsis sqematuri karkasi, baraTaSviliseuls rom<br />
TiTqmis srulad emTxveva. magram, cxadia, nawarmoebis siZlieres sqema, Tundac kargad<br />
agebuli,ver gansazRvravs. aq, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba<br />
sityvier qsovils eniWeba. niSandoblivia, rom pol valeri mxolod emociuri siaxlisken<br />
iswrafvis. azrebiT mdidarTa Soris mdidari kaci eTqmoda, magram maT igi prozad werda,<br />
leqsi misTvis xolod emociis samyaro da wminda sityvieri xelovneba iyo~ (gv. 135).<br />
simboluri Cans, rom wignis mesame, bolo ganyofilebis (TargmanTa nimuSebi)<br />
karibWesTan fransua viionis sami leqsi gvegebeba. raodeni silaRe, ucTomel<br />
intonaciaTa ra simdidre, rogori elviseburi moqniloba, daubrkolebeli mimoxraa<br />
Tundac xilad warmodgenil striqonebSi. ori nawyvetis motanac sakmarisia imis<br />
SesagrZnobad, ra uzado ostatobiTaa gadmoRebuli silamazis daWknobaze mgodebeli,<br />
sawuTros daundoblobis warmomsaxveli ganTqmuli `balada Zveli drois banovanebze~:<br />
romel mxareSi xarT gardasuli,<br />
xmaRa mimokrTis Tqveni maisis,<br />
sad aris flora, romis asuli?<br />
arqipiada? TeTri Taisi?<br />
nakadulebTan xmaSewyobili,<br />
tevrebisa da tyis binadari,<br />
sad ari eqo, maTi dobili?<br />
vaÁ, SarSandeli Tovli sad ari!<br />
. . . . . . .<br />
sad ari blanSi, sosani velTa,<br />
xmiT sirinozi,saxiT spekali?<br />
an beatrisa, alisa, berta,<br />
vin — dedofali, vin-sefeqali?<br />
sad ari Jana, mkvidri lorenis,<br />
ruans daflula visic Radari?<br />
caTa qalwulo, sad ars romeli?<br />
vaÁ, SarSandeli Tovli sad ari!<br />
wakiTxvis mere, pirveli, rasac gaifiqreb, is aris, rom daviT weredianis Targmnili<br />
viioni ar SeiZleba, raimeTi Camouvardebodes dedans (ar vgulisxmob sityvaTa TamaSze<br />
damyarebul, uTargmnel frTian gamoTqmebs). erTma adamianma, vis gemovnebasac<br />
TvaldaxuWuli vendobi, miTxra — fransua viioni qarTvelad rom dabadebuliyo, Tavis<br />
baladebs, mcire Tu did anderZebs mxolod ase dawerdao. aseTi Sefaseba yovelgvar<br />
recenzias aRemateba.<br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli, sxva kdemiT da sinaziT madlmofenili, camde, RmerTis<br />
sauflomde amaRlebulia didebuli `RvTismSoblis locva, dedisTvis SeTxzuli~.<br />
pirveli nakveTiT sacnauri da axlobeli xdeba sisadavesTan Sezavebuli idumaleba, rac<br />
xatad qceuli arsebis winaSe muxlmoyrili dedis vedrebas, mxurvale RaRadiss axlavs:<br />
miwis mfarvelo, qalbatono, cis dedofalo,<br />
meox meqmen da ganmaride codvaTa lias,<br />
rCeulTa gverdiT, sadac uflis Suqi mogalobs,<br />
momec adgili Sens ubralo qristian diacs,<br />
vinc Tavad uwyis, ra mcirea, rac sagzlad miaqvs...<br />
magram iseTi siyvaruli gadgas naTebad,<br />
iseTi kdemiT aRsavsea Seni xateba,<br />
vgrZnob, Seni gulic Seni naTlis Tanabaria<br />
da yvela codvas usasrulod aRemateba.<br />
minda am rwmeniT vicocxlo da movkvde, mariam.<br />
ocdaaTi weli mainc iqneba gasuli mas mere. maxsovs rogor melaparakeboda viionis<br />
poeziis intimur xasiaTze, sulierad eaxlobleboda, eTviseboda igi, xiblavda xuTi<br />
35
saukunis Sin ukvalod gamqrali poetis `kvimati Rimili~, makvilakoba. Zneli misaxvedri<br />
aRar iyo, mis saTargmnelad emzadeboda. marTlac, bevr drosac ar gauvlia, rom `mcire<br />
anderZi~ wamakiTxa. uzomod gaxarebuli, aRtacebuli davrCi. amas dabeWdvis meti<br />
araferi aklia-meTqi, vuTxari da meore dResve Targmani `ciskarSi~ gavaqane (jansuR<br />
Carkviani iyo redaqtori, mec iq vmuSaobdi), yvelam aRfrTovaneba gamoxata da `mcire<br />
anderZi~ uaxloes, saaxalwlo nomerSi gamoqveynda. Cems Taobas, umcrosebsac axsovT,<br />
raoden farTo gamoZaxili hqonda im fexbednier publikacias. `didi anderZic~ aseve<br />
didostaturad iTargmna. viioni calke wignad gamoica da qarTuli poeziis Zvirfasi<br />
kuTvnileba gaxda. xSirad mifiqria — iSviaTobaa, arasodes gamCenia survili, daviT<br />
weredianis Targmnil viionSi romelime fraza Tu striqoni sxvanairad aJRerebuliyo,<br />
Tund odnav Secvliliyo. srulyofileba, SemoqmedebiTi gardasaxva swored amas hqvia.<br />
wlebi gadis, igi goeTes grandiozul qmnilebas -`fausts~ aris SeWidebuli da<br />
warmoudgenlad Zneli amocana sanaxevrod ukve daZleuli aqvs. gansacvifrebeli<br />
ostatobiT, sizustiTa da siZlieriT Targmnili monakveTebi, rac sxvadasxva JurnalgazeTebSi<br />
gamoqveynda, rwmenas gvinergavs, rom roca es titanuri Sroma gasruldeba,<br />
xelT gveqneba qarTulad ametyvelebuli msoflio literaturis erT-erTi upirvelesi<br />
Sedevri, riTac Cvens kulturas SeeZleba yovelTvis iamayos. Tavs nu movityuebT _<br />
daviT werediani sadReisod erTaderTia, visac am saSviliSvilo saqmis dagvirgvineba ase<br />
unaklod xelewifeba da arc imis Tqmas moveridebiT, rom amisTvis safuZvliani<br />
finansuri daxmarebaa saWiro. Tanac yvelam viciT, am dros wignis bazari mdidrulad<br />
gamocemuli originaluri da Targmnili yovlad usaxuri makulaturiT aris gadaWedili,<br />
iseTiT, umetesobis gadaTvalierebac ar mogindeba.<br />
`anareklSi~ goeTes ori leqsia Setanili, `TxmelnarT-mefe~ da `mTvarisadmi~. ori<br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli lirikuli Sedevri sxvadasxva siZneleebis gadalaxvas moiTxovda<br />
mTargmnelisagan da sruliad ar gvikvirs, rom es siZneleebi Rirseulad aris daZleuli.<br />
orive SemTxvevaSi saucxood, unaklod aris gadmotanili ufaqizesi, momajadoebeli<br />
niuansebi, rac sagangebo dakvirvebis Rirsia, magram amjerad ar mogvixerxdeba.<br />
aseve mSvenieria zRapruli ieriTa da naxevartonebiT gawyobili hainrix haines<br />
usaTauro (`***cxovrobda beri xelmwife~), romlis wakiTxvac WeSmariti poeziis<br />
SemcnobT msubuq sevdasa da siamovnebas mohgvris.<br />
imis naTlad, mTeli siRrmiTa da sigrZe-siganiT warmosadgenad, Tu ra bednierebaa<br />
formis srulyofilad floba, aq dabeWdili pol verlenis erTaderTi sonetic<br />
ikmarebda. Tu raoden amaRlebulad da amasTanave sadad JRers igi qarTulad, amas bolo<br />
eqvsi striqonis mdinarebac gvagrZnobinebs:<br />
SuadRe rekavs. madam, wadiT, milula Tvali.<br />
saocaria akrefili fexisxma qalis<br />
ra mogugune eqod Casdevs martokacs mZinars.<br />
SuadRe rekavs, yvavilebi mimovrwye karTiT.<br />
iZine! kaJis namsxvrevebiT imedi brwyinavs.<br />
ax, kidev rodis ayvavdeba seqtembris vardi!<br />
Targmanebis ganyofilebaSi sakmaod srulad, fersavsed gamoiyureba artur rembo,<br />
vinac cxrameti wlisam xeli aiRo leqsebis weraze, Tumca Semdegdroindel evropul da<br />
msoflio poezias uRrmesi kvali daamCnia.<br />
arsad rembos iseTi siwmindisa da mSvenierebisTvis ar miuRwevia, rogorsac asxivebs<br />
misi unatifesi `ofelia~. es gamaognebeli leqsi, zogjer, Suasaukuneebis cixe-simagris<br />
qonguridan gadmozneqili ucxo yvavili mgonia. igi `hamletis~ meoTxe moqmedebidanaa<br />
amozrdili. TvalnaTliv vxedavT avbediT adgils da saSinelebis macnes _ wylis<br />
zvirTebSi totebCakidul Zewnas. rembos magiuri striqonebi gonebaSemRvreuli ofelias<br />
nawyvet-nawyveti simRerebisa da dedofal hertrudas sulisSemZvreli monayolis<br />
ucnauri nazavia _ cis usasrulobaSi nasrol varskvlavTa badesaviT aris gaSlili da<br />
aciagebuli. mTargmnels mTeli Tavisi ostatoba mouxmia, Tavi ar dauzogavs, raTa<br />
originalis pirvelqmnili silamaze da ubiwoeba SeenarCunebina. sxvagvarad SeuZlebeli<br />
iyo aseT simaRles daufleboda da ziareboda:<br />
iq, sadac Wavlze, Rameulze, varskvlavebs sZinavs,<br />
36
irweva TeTri ofelia, didi sosani,<br />
ridemosili wyals mihyveba _ sad? saiT mdinars?-<br />
tyeSi marekTa xmebi ismis, Sors-eqosaviT...<br />
aTasi weli gaxda ukve, moarwevs Cqeri,<br />
mReris mwuxare TeTri landi, irxeva fata,<br />
aTasi weli, da kvlav Tavis sigiJes mReris,<br />
mReris, dudunebs dabal xmaze da niavs atans.<br />
adgeba qari, yvaviliviT gadaxsnis rides,<br />
mkerds daukocnis da Jriali daivlis neli.<br />
mis TavTan Zewna totebs wyalSi tiriliT kidebs,<br />
mis meocnebe maRal Sublze ixreba leli.<br />
araamqveyniuri STagonebiT naqsovi goniswamrTmevi suraTi ramdenadme mainc rom<br />
Seikras, amas unda movadevnoT bolo, finaluri strofi, uromlisodac rembos Sedevrs<br />
is ciuri madli aRar eqneboda:<br />
mgosani ambobs, rom varskvlavTa Suqze lelians<br />
amoivli da yvavilebiT aivseb kalTas,<br />
hyveba, rom cxadliv dainaxa man ofelia,<br />
didi sosani Rameul da sizmreul wyalTa...<br />
sazomTa erTgvarobis miuxedavad, sruliad gansxvavebul esTetikas da poetikas<br />
warmoaCens, sxva Sinagani wyobisa da suliskveTebisaa leqsi `Tmis gamxilavni~, sadac<br />
rembos geniis axali waxnagi gamoCnda _ Cveulebrivi yofiTi wvrilmanis WeSmarit,<br />
amaRlebul poeziad qceva. ambavi yovlad arapoeturi, ubraloa _ `tanmaRali ori<br />
asuli, lamazi debi~ patara Zmis sawolTan Camomsxdaran da TmaSi Cabudebul mkbenars<br />
uxilaven. gancvifrebs TiTqmis mouxelTebel niuansTa, wamier ganwyobilebaTa elvare<br />
poetur saxeebSi gadatana:<br />
da surnelovan siCumeSi ismis faxuli<br />
maT Sav wamwamTa, da tkacani civi da wvrili,<br />
xma eleqtruli TiTebisa wverwamaxulis,<br />
samefo frCxilqveS ganesrula pawia tili.<br />
rembos yvelaze cnobili Sedevris, Tavbrudamxvevi xilvebiT aRsavse, poetis<br />
mouTokavi, sadavewarTmeuli ritmebiT datenili `mTvrali xomaldis~ Targmnas daviT<br />
weredianma didi dro da Zal-Rone Sealia, vidre winamdebare variants dasjerdeboda.<br />
movitan mxolod oriod strofs personificirebuli xomaldis TvalSeuvlebi siswrafiT<br />
monacvle monologidan, romelSic amdeni zaTqisa da mexTatexis Semdeg, peizaJi, foni<br />
mSviddeba, Tavs iCens poetis sayvareli, kontrastis universaluri xerxi:<br />
cremliT vtirodi! ho, mwarea naRveli dilis,<br />
ho, yvela mTvare _ cxroiani, yvela mze-cxare!<br />
trfobis balRamiT garumbuli, ugono qmnili,<br />
zed xerxemalSi gadavifSvna, davinTqa barem!<br />
da Tu evropa mainc minda, patara fSanSi,<br />
Savsa da civSi, surnelovan mimwuxrSi dgoma,<br />
sadac mowyeniT Camuxluli, tboris win, bavSvi<br />
maisis peplad mofarfates gauSvebs xomalds.<br />
krebulis aseTive mSvenebaa pol valeris gasaocrad Rrma, marTlac rom `rTulad<br />
aRsaqmeli~ uZlieresi leqsi `zRvis sasaflao~. Targmans odnavi bzaric arsad etyoba. aq<br />
erTmaneTs enacvleba ostatis gamocdili xeliT naWedi striqonebi: `dro brwyinvad iqca<br />
da Secnobad iqca zmaneba...~, `gars Cemi TeTri saflavebis gaSlila fara...~ `me var Sens<br />
SigniT idumali feriscvaleba...~<br />
mcireodeni dakvirvebac kmara, raTa virwmunoT daviT weredianis mosazrebis<br />
siswore, roca man ramdenime paralelze migvaniSna `zRvis sasaflaosa~ da baraTaSvilis<br />
leqsebs Soris. SegviZlia amoviweroT ramdenime adgili, ramac SeiZleba arc ise<br />
Soreulad gagvaxsenos nikoloz baraTaSvilis intonaciaTa sidinje, azrTa mwyobri<br />
mdinareba, calkeul suraTTa filosofiuri Wvreta:<br />
37
cav, mSveniero, cav marTalo, damxede, vqrebi...<br />
. . . . . .<br />
magram sad gaqrnen gulis maTis xmani da Tqmani,<br />
xeloba maTi, suli maTi, sxvis arvis mgvani?<br />
. . . . . .<br />
da rasac bolo gabrZolebiT TiTebi mownavs,<br />
miwad miiltvis yvelaferi, TamaSsve erTvis!<br />
. . . . . .<br />
magram vin aris, arad uCndes am arad qmnili,<br />
am gamoxruli Tavis qalis maradi RreWa!<br />
STabeWdilebaTa gasamTlianeblad, vfiqrob, zedmeti ar iqneba movixmoT am<br />
genialuri qmnilebis bolo strofi, sadac laRad, Zaldautaneblad vlindeba pol<br />
valeris yovlisdamZlevi poeturi xelovneba, marad maZiebeli, dauokebeli stiqiis<br />
leqsad gardamqmneli buneba:<br />
cxovreba vcadoT, qari adga, nu vzraxavT nuras!<br />
qarma miipyro wigni Cemi, furclavs da xuravs,<br />
Zals ikrebs talRa, kldes efSvneba da ixafreba!<br />
TeTro furclebo,brma farfatiT gafrindiT SoreTs,<br />
Smago talRebo, daamsxvrieT es wylebi mdore,<br />
wynari Tavani, katarReba, mfrTonav-afreba!<br />
daviT weredianis ZiriTadi principi, rom `leqsSi, upirvelesad elvarebaa<br />
saTargmni~ srulad ganxorcielda tragikulad daRupuli avstrieli poetis paul<br />
celanis leqsis _ `simRera udabnoSi~ _ Targmnisas, vinaidan celani erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
ufro Znelad dasaurvebeli avtoria da dednis teqstisadmi monuri morCileba,<br />
sityvasityviTi gadmoReba sasurvel nayofs ver gamoiRebda. pedantur kirkitsa da<br />
calkeuli saxeebis gaSifvras aq azri ara aqvs da leqsSi warmosaxuli ucnauri,<br />
zRapruli samyaros momxiblaoba, naRvliani idumaleba rom vigrZnoT, pirveli ori<br />
strofis amowera mainc mogviwevs:<br />
gvirgvini Talxi foTlebisa, ekliani qviSrobi akris.<br />
Semovabrune Cemi Savra da xmaldaxmal sikvdils Sevebi.<br />
miwis bnel naJurs davewafe, mware ferfli davlie akris.<br />
avixsen zuCi, nabij-nabij daviare cis nangrevebi.<br />
brma iyo RmerTi, mkvdari iyo angelozi, mfarveli akris.<br />
aravin Canda, mSvidi ZiliT dameZina, Camdgmoda fesvad.<br />
xmliT aCexili iyo mTvare, ferflisferi yvavili akris<br />
da ZeZvnarebad gawvdil TiTebs daJanguli beWdebi ecvaT.<br />
aseve didebulia meore uniWieresi avstrieli poetis (am qalbatons saucxoo<br />
prozauli qmnilebebic darCa) ingeborg baxmanis sevdiani tonalobis leqsi `nislis<br />
qveyana~, romelsac mTargmnelma zustad Seuxama Cveni xalxuri poeziis cxramarcvliani<br />
sazomi, `mTibluris~ saxeliT rom aris cnobili. aRsaniSnavia, rom ingeborg baxmanma,<br />
uaRresad daxvewili da mZafri SegrZnebebis Semoqmedma, paul celanis msgavsad, Tavad<br />
moiswrafa sicocxle. pirveli ori strofis amowerac dagvarwmunebs, momxiblavi<br />
aluziebisa da saSobao naZvisxis samkaulebiviT mocimcime metaforebis ra siuxve,<br />
rogori qaluri sinaze da gangebisi, esoden mimzidveli miamitoba gamokrTis ingeborg<br />
baxmanis metad Tavisebur poetur metyvelebaSi:<br />
zamTrobiT Cemi sayvareli<br />
tyeSi binadrobs tyierebTan,<br />
diliT Sin unda gamovbrunde,<br />
icis melam da ecineba.<br />
Rrublebic rogor CamomZimdnen!<br />
Tovlma Camacva jubaCebi,<br />
Wirxlma saxelo damiqarga.<br />
zamTrobiT Cemi sayvareli<br />
xea, yvavebiT daxunZluli,<br />
38
Savi yvavebiT, bedSavebiT,<br />
da xeTa Soris memaleba,<br />
icis, rom qari saRamoTi<br />
Seyinul kabas mounamqravs<br />
da me Sinisken gamomaqcevs.<br />
Targmanis ganyofilebas `iliadas~ pirveli simReris dasawyisi aboloebs, Tamami da<br />
ukve warmatebuli cda, rac TandaTan unda gamyardes, sasurvel gamocdilebad iqces.<br />
aq mcire gadaxveva momiwevs. karga xnis win, roca aristofanes `frinvelebs~<br />
vTargmnidi (Zveli berZnuli enis mcodneni mexmarebodnen), alag-alag, zogierT<br />
epizodSi, daqtiluri hegzametri unda gamomeyenebina da amis gamo damWirda<br />
homerosiseuli hegzametris Taviseburi imitacia, romelsac SeiZleboda Senacvleboda<br />
Cvidmeti, cxrameti, ocdaerTi marcvalic ki. hegzametri zedgamoWrilia (tyuilad<br />
hgoniaT, rom sazomsa da ritms erTmaneTTan kavSiri ara aqvs) amaRlebuli, gmiruli<br />
ganwyobilebis gadmosacemad, magram aristofanes komediebSi mas mkveTrad gamoxatuli<br />
parodiis ieri aqvs, riTac genialuri komediografi misTvis egzom aucilebel komediur<br />
efeqts qmnis.<br />
daviT weredianis gadawyvetileba _ homerosis `iliadas~ pirveli simReris<br />
dasawyisisTvis daqtilur hegzametrs mimgvanebuli sazomi Seefardebina, erTaderTi<br />
swori da yovelmxriv gamarTlebulia, vinaidan verc besikuri ToTxmeti marcvali, verc<br />
rusTveluri Sairi (dabali da maRali), verc ocmarcvliani fistikauri homerosis<br />
poemebis TiTqosda mdore, Sinaganad danaRmuli mdinarebis, farTod mRelvare ritmis<br />
gadmosatanad ver gamodgeboda. didi niWisa da gamocdilebis mTargmnelma mkacrad<br />
dasazRvruli Tvrameti marcvali amjobina, magram radganac qarTulSi grZeli da mokle<br />
marcvlebi ara gvaqvs, uzarmazari poemis manZilze mxolod erTi, uryevad SenarCunebuli<br />
sazomi monotonurobas gamoiwvevs da Tu igi am uZneles, wisqvilis qvis kodvasaviT<br />
momqancvel Sromas gaagrZelebs, albaT variaciebis gamoyenebac mouwevs. daviT<br />
weredianis uaRresad mgrZnobiare, gafaqizebul poetur smenaze metyvelebs isic, rom<br />
striqonTa absolutur umravlesobas ormarcvliani sityvebi xuravs, rac berZnuli<br />
spondeis iluzias, mokveTilad Tqmis STabeWdilebas qmnis.<br />
Targmanis tonaloba, dinji, epiuri sunTqva rom SevigrZnoT, saamisod oriode<br />
nawyvetis amowera mainc dagvWirdeba. jer vnaxoT, rogor udierad iSorebs agamemnoni<br />
saTxovnelad misul, gamosasyidis SemZlevel moxuc qurums, qrises, mSvenieri elenes<br />
mamas:<br />
ar daginaxo, berikaco, Rrmamuclovan xomaldTa axlos,<br />
aq aRarc xani daixano, arc meored gabedo mosvla,<br />
Torem eg Seni jiRa-kverTxic veRar gixsnis RmerTiseuli.<br />
qals ver waiyvan, tyveobaSi, mxevlobaSi daberdes unda,<br />
mameulTagan mowyvetili, saxlsa Cvensa, argosis mxares,<br />
jara maqoni mitrialos, ukan aRar moixedo,gamaswar mrTelma!<br />
pativmiugebeli, damcirebuli berikaci mrisxane agamemnonis `mzvaobar sityvas~,<br />
`brZanebas gorozs~ ki daemorCileba, ganSordeba iqaurobas, magram amquxarebuli zRvis<br />
napirs roca miadgeba, Semwed, Suris saZieblad aqavelebze Semomwyral apolons<br />
mimarTavs:<br />
mSvildvercxlovano, Sen romelic gareSemo evlebi qrisas<br />
da wminda kilas, Sen, romelic tenedosSi Zalsrulad sufev,<br />
sminTevs, rodisme Tu lamazad damiTagnavs bomoni Seni,<br />
damiwvavs SenTvis Txebisa da kuratebis barklebi lurTi,<br />
Zirs ar damigdo es vedreba, Semisrule, rasaca SegTxov,<br />
Seni isrebiT azRvevine aqavelebs moxucis cremli!<br />
Targmnil nawilSi myari,mudmivi epiTetebi, rac homerosis poemebs Tavidan<br />
bolomde gasdevs, marjvedaa SerCeuli (`aqilevsi fexmaliadi~, `vrcelmsufevi<br />
agamemnoni~, `cixe-qalaqs burj-galavnians~ da sxv.), oRond erTma sityvam _<br />
`mJuJvarebam~ _ cota ar iyos, yuri momWra, mexamuSa. marTalia, aseTi aRnagobis sityvebi<br />
ki gvaqvs qarTulSi (`mZulvareba~, `mWmunvareba~ da misTanani) da `iliadaSi~ sisxlis<br />
tborebi dgas, sisastike, mebrZolTa mier erTurTis daundoblad Jleta iq xSiria, magram<br />
39
zemoT naxsenebi forma (`mJuJvarebas vucqerde spaTa~) naklebad egueba saerTo qsovils,<br />
miTumetes, manamde, sxva striqonSi igive sityva savsebiT bunebrivad zis (`omi da Jami<br />
erTianad amogvJuJavs aqavels yvelas...~). kacma rom Tqvas, aseT wvrilmanebze arc Rirs<br />
laparaki.<br />
`anareklSi~ daviT weredianis ubadlo poeturi Targmanebis (Cems pirad azrad,<br />
gadaWarbebad nuravis moeCveneba amis Tqma) mxolod mciredi nawilia Setanili, magram<br />
amiTac naTeli warmodgena gveqmneba, raoden dasafasebeli da samagaliToa etalonis<br />
mniSvnelobis mqone misi mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba, rac me, unda vaRiaro,<br />
zedapirulad mimovixile. erTi ki uciloblad unda iTqvas _ imdenad farTo da<br />
mravalmxrivia misi kultura da ostatoba, STabeWdileba gvrCeba, nebismieri epoqisa da<br />
ragindara stilisa Tu xelweris poetTa Targmna ZaluZs.<br />
* * *<br />
dasasrul, zogi ram Cveni warsulidanac minda movigono. amdeni xnis axlobloba<br />
gvakavSirebs da erTmaneTis fasi, naklic da Rirsebac kargad viciT. mudam siamtkbiloba<br />
ar gvqonia. yofila SemTxvevebi, davmdurebulvarT, magram maleve vrigdebodiT.<br />
daurideblad mogaxlis xolme simarTles. laparakisas, SigadaSig, Tu rame SegeSala,<br />
mware-mware sityvebs gamourevs, Tumca ara iseTs, rom mogSxamos. ra dasamalia da arc me<br />
mcxia Tafli enaze, iolad vkargav wonasworobas da adamians SeiZleba vawyenino. masze<br />
erTguli da gamgebi aravin myavs. roca rame gamiWirdeba, pirvels mas vatyobineb. am<br />
sibereSi raRa drois damdureba da daubrebaa?! ras moxmarda Cveni cxovreba, sad wavida?!<br />
sananebeli bevri gvaqvs.<br />
aravisTan ise xSirad ar davdiodi, rogorc daTo weredianTan, janaSias 5-Si, sadac<br />
deda-Svili pirvel sarTulze cxovrobda, patara binaSi. deida ia usazRvrod keTili<br />
adamiani iyo, Svilis amxanagebze gadayolili. martoxelam gazarda daTo. ramdenadac<br />
SeeZlo, arafers aklebda erTaderT vaJs, yovelnairad xels uwyobda, im Znel<br />
cxovrebaSic man gaukafa gza da Svilis warmatebebi didad axarebda. samwuxarod, mis<br />
daojaxebas veRar moeswro.<br />
erTxel, zafxulSi, studentobisas, xels gadavyevi. universitetis ezoSi SoTa<br />
CantlaZesa da filipe beriZes Sevxvdi. cota xnis mere, meliqiSvilis quCaze, ludis sma<br />
daviwyeT da arayzec gadavediT. magrad nasvamebi, saRamos, filipesTan aRmovCndiT,<br />
Zveli Tbilisis ubanSi. didi erToTaxiani bina hqonda bambis rigze, meore sarTulze.<br />
fanjridan ganuwyvetliv Semodioda romeliRac saamqros daga-dugis xma da gvikvirda, iq<br />
filipe kiTxvas, muSaobas rogor axerxebda. universitetis biblioTekidan gamotanili<br />
robert bernsis veeberTela tomi edo magidaze da imas utrialebda, Targmnida. me arayi<br />
momekida da, taxtze miwolils, CameZina. SoTam da filipem, smaSi bevrad ufro<br />
gamobrZmedilebma, kartis TamaSi gaaCaRes. karga xnis gaTenebuli iyo,<br />
Tavatkiebuls,pirgamomSrals rom gamomeRviZa. SoTa da filipe isev karts<br />
atylaSunebdnen. davfeTdi, Sin araferi icodnen. saxeze wyali Sevisxi, gamovfxizldi da<br />
isini isev oTaxSi davtove, verisken gamoveSure.<br />
amasobaSi, aforiaqebul dedaCems Tavisi damarTnoda. mTeli Rame, sawyali,<br />
sadarbazos karebTan meloda. diliT daTosTan wasula, gaugia misi misamarTi. daTo<br />
momiyva _ Turme dedaCemi da deida ia universitetSi swavlisas amxanagobdnen.<br />
qmrebdapatimrebulebi, gaubedurebulebi, mere erTmaneTs aRar Sexvedrian. daaxloebiT<br />
erT bedqveS aRmoCndnen oriveni, axalgazrdobaSive ulmobeli cxovrebis pirispir<br />
martod darCenilebi, arc ise iolad aRsazrdeli, arapraqtikuli, saeWvo,<br />
ganusazRvreli momavlis mqone Svilebis Semyureni.<br />
Sexedes Tu ara patara ezoSi, dRis sinaTleze, erTmaneTs, erTdroulad<br />
wamouZaxniaT, _ goguca! _ ia! da atirebulebs erTmaneTi gadaukocniaT. ambebi<br />
gamoukiTxavT. warsuli gauxsenebiaT.<br />
daTo mixvda visTanac viqnebodi Senaxvedri da dedaCems SoTa CantlaZis binaSi<br />
gahyolia iqve, meliqiSvilis quCaze, Rvinis qarxnis win rom saxli dgas. dedaCemi mere<br />
gaRimebuli igonebda. SoTa, cxadia, Sin ar daxvedriaT, magram dedamiss, gasaocrad<br />
40
keTilSobil, moridebul adamians, deida elisos, imdenad mSvidi gamometyveleba hqonia<br />
(igi Seguebuli iyo SoTas bohemur gaWrebs), Cemi tanjuli mSobelic umal damSvidebula,<br />
gamobrunebula. mec saxlSi davxvdi. guli raze gamixeTqe, amdeni xalxi ratom<br />
Semawuxebineo, sayvedurebiT amavso. imis mere msgavsi raRac ar Camidenia. Tu<br />
damagviandeboda, winaswar vafrTxilebdi Cemianebs anda vurekavdi.<br />
daToc xSirad imyofeboda Cvens ojaxSi. Cveulebad aqvs _ roca Semova, karadidan<br />
an Tarodan romelime, misTvis sasurvel wigns gadmoiRebs da kiTxulobs, zogjer<br />
xmamaRlac. is Soreuli Semodgomis saRamo axlac Tvalwin midgas, arasodes ar<br />
gamkrTaldeba da gaxundeba. misi usayvarlesi puSkinis toms furclavda. Tvrameticxrameti<br />
wlisa Tu iqneboda maSin (me masze wliTa da sami TviT var ufrosi). male miagno<br />
usaTauros, romelic mudam aRelvebda da gamorCeulad mowonda. miuxedavad am leqsSi<br />
CaRvrili sevdiani ganwyobilebisa, ar bezrdeboda. TiTqos axlac Camesmis ymawvili kacis<br />
uRrublo casaviT kriala, RvTaebriv melodias, Tavbrudamxvev stansebs ayolili xma:<br />
Брожу лы я вдоль улиц шумных<br />
В хожу ль во многолюдный храм,<br />
Сижу ль меж юношей безумных<br />
Я предаюсь моим мечтам.<br />
Я говорю: промчатся годы,<br />
И сколько здесь не видно нас,<br />
Мы все сойдем под вечны своды-<br />
И чей-нибудь уж близок час...<br />
marTlac rogor swrafad gaiqroles wlebma. ukan moxedvac veRar movaswariT. is<br />
wamebi raRac saswauliT rom gacocxldebodes, ras ar davTmobdi. videokamera arc mas<br />
uyvars da arc me, televiziis ekransac gavurbivarT. dasanani kia, Cveni Sexvedrebi,<br />
saubrebi aRubeWdavi rom darCa, samudamod Caqanda JamTasvlis usasrulobaSi.<br />
ocdaaTi wlisam dawera Cavlilis daubruneblobaze damwuxrebulma puSkinma es<br />
mRelvare striqonebi da yvelgan ukve sikvdilis aCrdili elandeboda. rogor uyvarda<br />
drostareba, Tanameinaxe megobarTa SeCveuli wre, lalisferi RviniT galiclicebuli<br />
brolis Wiqebis wkriali da axla samudamo gansasveneblis bnel TaRebs Wvretda; Tavs<br />
imiTRa inugeSebda,rom akldamis karibWesTan axali sicocxlis damamkvidrebeli<br />
`gulgrili buneba~ `maradi sicocxliT ibrwyinebda~.<br />
vicodi, kontrastul suraTebze agebuli genialuri leqsi ama qveynis amaoebaze,<br />
sicocxlis mswrafl warmavlobaze erTi gabmuli oxvra iyo da azrs aRar mivyvebodi,<br />
mxolod Cemi megobris saamod mJRer, odnav naRvlian, wamRerebul xmas vismendi. Tan<br />
imasac vfiqrobdi, rom is netari, SedarebiT uzrunveli wuTebi aRarasodes<br />
ganmeordeboda, mere mosanatrebeli gamixdeboda da nagvianevi mogonebis garda,<br />
veRaraferi gamicocxlebda.<br />
41
interteqstualizaciisaTvis<br />
fragmentebi<br />
lali avaliani<br />
jer RmerTi mokvda (RmerTebis daisi), mere humanizmi (dehumanizacia), Semoqmedis<br />
roli dakninda, wminda STagonebas diskursi Caenacvla, teqstisa da avtoris<br />
daSoriSorebas teqstis gafetiSeba, `gadawera~ an, sulac, citirebis gareSe miTviseba<br />
mohyva.<br />
am utrirebuli, magram angariSgasawevi mosazrebis arsSi CawvdomisaTvis gTavazobT<br />
`opoziciur wyvils~ _ or citatas qarTuli mwerlobidan:<br />
`me mwams, rom msoflio RvTis qmnadia da xelovani misi TanaSemoqmedi~ (grigol<br />
robaqiZe, 1919 w.; ix. g. robaqiZe, `ori baraTi megobars~, gulbaT toraZis publikacia, gaz.<br />
`Tbilisi~, 1988 w., 219).<br />
`ratom unda gainteresebdes Seqspiri, roca gaqvs `mefe liri?~ _ amas aka<br />
morCilaZe `madaTovuri~ trilogiis pirveli wignis personaJ knut hamsuns aTqmevinebs<br />
(ix. `gadafrena madaTovze da ukan~, bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, Tb., 1998, gv. 112).<br />
orTave sazriss aqvs arsebobis ufleba: am gamonaTqvamTa Soris sxvaoba TiTqmis 80<br />
wels moiTvlis, magram isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom grigol robaqiZe `modernizmis<br />
qadagad~ da reformatorad aris Seracxuli, xolo aka morCilaZes qarTuli<br />
postmodernizmis avangardSi moiazreben.<br />
postmodernistuli interteqstualizaciis safanelia `teqsti TavisTavad~, sxvaTa<br />
teqstis sakuTari miznebisTvis gamoyeneba; rac, Zveli, nacadi xerxebisagan gansxvavebiT<br />
(aluzia, reminiscencia, kolaJi, parodia, mistifikacia...), ucxo teqstisadmi<br />
uceremonio, familarul, agresiul mimarTebas gulisxmobs.<br />
postmodernistuli interteqtualizaciis SemswavlelTa (terminis<br />
damamkvidrebeli kristeva, 1967 w.; barti, derida, eko, Jeneti, velSi, griveli...)<br />
Teoriuli mosazrebani TavisTavad Zalze sainteresoa, Tumca mxatvruli teqstis<br />
`praqtikosi~ mkvlevari iZulebulia zogjer iobis moTminebiT aRiWurvos da deteqtivis<br />
alRoc gaamJRavnos.<br />
umberto ekos mier deklarirebuli _ gonebaSi `interteqstualuri<br />
enciklopediis~ damaunjebeli mkiTxveli, _ unda gamogitydeT, utopiuri cneba mgonia.<br />
ra Tqma unda, `aris mkiTxveli mSvenier wignis da aris mxolod gadamkiTxveli~<br />
(galaktioni); `mkiTxvels~ galaktioniseuli gagebiT, rolan bartis epiTeti<br />
`aristokratulic~ miesadageba, ekos `sanimuSoc~ an vulfis `warmomsaxvelic~ (ix.<br />
Можейко М. А., `Интертекстуальность~, `Постмодернизм. Энциклопедия ~, Минск, 2001 г., стр. 335).<br />
rac ar unda `sanimuSo~ da `enciklopediuri~ iyos mkiTxveli, interteqstis wyaros<br />
migneba zogjer SeuZlebelia; xSirad ki `gadamweri~ sruliadac ar niRbavs `gadaweril~<br />
teqsts, piriqiT, _ sareklamod iyenebs: 2001 wels moskovis gamomcemloba `zaxarovma~<br />
gamosca fiodor mixailovis sqeli tomi _ `idioti~. is sxva araferia, Tu ara<br />
dostoevskis romanis `axleburi~ wakiTxva, ufro zustad _ sworxazovani, zedmiwevniTi<br />
dekonstruqcia (wignis garekansac `Sesabamisi~ naxati amkobs, _ ZaRlze amxedrebuli<br />
SiSveli biWuna). arada, verc gamomcemels da verc avtors (fsevdonimad dostoevskis<br />
saxeli da mamis saxeli rom aurCevia _ sakvirveli Tavmdablobaa!) Seedavebi, radgan<br />
anotaciaSive gvamcnoben: romani `idiotis~ postsabWoTa gadamRerebaa, zogi ram<br />
Secvlilia, magram dednis kompozicia daculiao. dostoevskis axladgamomcxvari<br />
`memkvidre~ abzac-abzac, monuri morCilebiT misdevs dedans, Tumca personaJebs<br />
postsabWoTa realobis gaTvaliswinebiT ucvlis saxes: Tavadi miSkini saSa gagarinia,<br />
amerikidan dabrunebuli, kosmonavtis Soreuli naTesavi, memkvidreobas amerikidan<br />
Rebulobs; nastasia filipovna — nadia baraSkova fotomodelia; rogoJini _ banditi<br />
barigini da a. S.<br />
42
aseT kuriozul interteqstualizacias saqmis codniT, mwvave sarkazmiT da<br />
emociurad gamoexmaura literaturaTmcodne samuil lurie: `Случай уголовный, но не<br />
страшный. Обыкновенный плагиат, разве что с необычайным оттенком цинизма. К тому же<br />
пострадавшая сторона практически отсутствует~. magram `dazaralebuli mxare~ de-iure<br />
dostoevski, de-faqto ki mravalmilioniani rusulenovani auditoriaa, romelsac,<br />
mikibv-mokibvis gareSe rom vTqva, _ waubilwes genialuri mwerlis genialuri romani.<br />
samwuxarod, postsabWoTa sivrceSi da, kerZod, saqarTveloSic, ucenzurobam bevri<br />
`fiodor mixailovis~ msgavsi cinikosi-postavangardisti gaalaRa.<br />
`Это грандиозный практический опыт пресловутой деконструкции~ _ askvnis samuil lurie<br />
(ix. Лурье Самуил, `Идиот под псевдонимом~, `Литературная газета~, 2001 г., <strong>№</strong> 11(5826).<br />
`fsevdonims amofarebuli idiotis~ (rogorc lurie uwodebs avtors) qmedeba<br />
sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli an plagiati rom ar aris (uniWoba, mkrexeloba, cinizmi da<br />
epataJi ar aris `dasjadi~ qmedebani), amas postmodernizmis klasikisadmi mimarTebac<br />
adasturebs: `warsulis Sedevri postmodernistul konteqstSi SeiZleba mowodebuli<br />
iqnas ironizirebuli formiT rogorc banaluri, yvelasaTvis misawvdomi da gasagebi<br />
esTetikuri faseuloba. ...postmodernis epoqaSi, amaRlebuli sulieri misiis nacvlad,<br />
Sedevrebi gansxvavebuli misiiT warmodgebian: maTze miTiTeba xdeba im mizniT, rom<br />
xazgasmuli iqnas raime amaRlebuli ideis amaoeba an, ubralod, ironiuli formiT<br />
naCvenebi iqnas yofieri ideebis realuroba da komfortuloba warsulis amaRlebul<br />
idealebTan SedarebiT~ (ix. wifuria bela, `postmodernizmi~, kreb. `literaturis<br />
Teoria. XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobani~, Tb.,<br />
2006 w., gv. 242).<br />
sxvisi (ara mxolod klasikosis) teqstis viTomda postmodernistul `gaTavisebas~<br />
zogjer marTlac mivyavarT plagiatamde.<br />
XX-XXI saukuneTa mijnaze espanur mwerlobaSi interteqstualizaciis niRbiT e. w.<br />
`plagiatorTa SeTqmuleba~ gamoaaSkaraves. amaze werda 2001 wels xuan kobo (madridis<br />
gazeTebi `el paisi~ da `el mundo~).<br />
nobelisa da servantesis premiaTa laureats, cocxal klasikoss kamilo xose seles,<br />
romelmac ara mxolod espanur, aramed mTels laTinoamerikul samyaroze moaxdina<br />
zegavlena, mxcovan asakSi mware gamocda eloda: 1994 wels, espanurma gamomcemloba<br />
`planetam~ mis romans `wminda andresis jvari~ premia mianiWa. imJamindeli konkursis<br />
erT-erTma monawilem karmen formoso lapidom ramdenime wlis Semdeg seles romanSi<br />
Tavisi sakonkurso Txzulebis _ `karmeni, karmela, karminia~ _ vrceli fragmentebi<br />
aRmoaCina; gasaocari iyo msgavseba fabulasa da zogierT personaJs Sorisac. mas Semdeg,<br />
rac klasikosma yurad ar iRo axalbeda mwerlis mokrZalebuli miTiTeba,<br />
Seuracxyofilma formosom seles sasamarTloSi uCivla. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, 85<br />
wlis klasikosisadmi pativiscema imdenad Zlieri aRmoCnda, rom sazogadoebrivi azri<br />
orad gaiyo: seles momxreni, rogorc maSvel rgols, ise CaeWidnen<br />
interteqstualizacias. male espanur presaSi diskusiac gaCaRda, sakmaod radikaluri<br />
deviziT, _ interteqstualizacia Tu plagiati? Turme nu ityviT, marto 2000 wels<br />
plagiatSi amxiles espaneTis ganaTlebisa da kulturis ministris moadgile,<br />
nacionaluri biblioTekis direqtori, cnobili filosofosi da sxv. magram, rogorc<br />
amboben, ZaRli yefs, qaravani midis... espaneTSi interteqstualizaciiT axla damwyebi<br />
avtorebic dainteresebulan (xuan kobos publikacia gamoqveynda moskovis gazeTSi `За<br />
Рубежом~, 2001 w.).<br />
bolos da bolos, ra aris interteqstualizacia? inteleqtualebis rTuli<br />
asociaciebiT dayursuli, miniSnebebiT da Rrma qveteqstebiT aRsavse, kodirebuli da<br />
daSifruli teqsti, Tu, xavsi _ wyalwaRebul da wyalwyala, cxovrebiseul<br />
masalaSemoleul, xelmocarul, medrove Tu zarmac avtorTaTvis? Tanamedroveobis<br />
avangardSi myofi mwerlis, `msoflio moqalaqis~, usamSoblo da mSobliuri fesvebis<br />
uarmyofi, kulturuli globalizaciis apologetis mier niWierad da unarianad<br />
gamoyenebuli xerxi Tu `xelmrude~, plagiatisadmi midrekil avtorTa ioli gamosavali?<br />
Cemi azriT, _ erTic da meorec.<br />
43
postmodernizmi, nagvianevad, magram didi siswrafiT rom gavrcelda CvenSi,<br />
TavisTavad, arc kargia da arc cudi: mTavaria, vin rogor gamoiyenebs mis arsenals da ra<br />
mizniT.<br />
qarTvel kritikosTa sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom isini seriozulad dainteresdnen<br />
postmodernizmiT zogadad, kerZod ki misi qarTuli nairsaxeobiT; xazgasasmelia maTi<br />
sagangebo yuradRebac interteqstualizaciisadmi, miT umetes, rom am mxriv<br />
Tanamedrove Tu axlo warsulis qarTul mwerlobaSi mdidari masalis moZieba SeiZleba<br />
(ix. andro buaCiZis, levan bregaZis, qeTevan TavdiSvilis, Tinano TevzaZis, lana<br />
kalandias, manana kvaWantiraZis, nodar ladarias, nugzar muzaSvilis, zurab qarumiZis,<br />
zaza SaTiriSvilis, bela wifurias, maia jaliaSvilis da sxvaTa naSromebi).<br />
ZiriTadad ori sazrisi dominirebs.<br />
andro buaCiZes miaCnia, rom postmodernizmi Tavis saukeTeso gamovlinebaSi ara<br />
mxolod `meoradi xedvaa~, aramed maRali xelovneba, romlis miReba qarTul kulturas<br />
jer ar ZaluZs: `...gadamwyveti sityva individs, avtors, Semoqmeds ekuTvnis. rogori<br />
gulgrilobiTac unda ekidebodes postmoderni avtorobis reputacias, sulerTia _<br />
avtori avtorad rCeba. postmodernuli kulturis avtoritets yvelaze metad swored<br />
originaluri da TviTmyofadi mwerlebi (borxesi, an igive nabokovi) inarCuneben.<br />
yovelive amas imitom vambob, rom am kulturis perspeqtiva Cvens qarTul poeziaSi,<br />
prozaSi da <strong>kritika</strong>Si jer kidev samomavloa. postmoderni Rrmad ganaTlebuli,<br />
daxvewili gemovnebis mqone, sxvadasxva kulturebSi orientirebuli adamianebis<br />
Zalisxmevas saWiroebs. yovelive amas ki garkveuli mimarTulebiT gaweuli xangrZlivi<br />
Sroma unda daedos safuZvlad~ (ix. buaCiZe andro, `literaturuli retrospeqtiva da<br />
dRevandelobis rakursi~, gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1998 w., 146-147). erTgvari<br />
radikalizmis miuxedavad, es mosazreba Rirssacnobad mimaCnia.<br />
mkvlevarTa umravlesoba qarTul postmodernizms ukve literaturul faqtad<br />
miiCnevs. amis sailustraciod SeiZleba movixmoT maia jaliaSvilis saintereso statia<br />
`idealebi yoveldRiurobis konteqstSi. laSa imedaSvilis moTxrobebi~ (ix. almanaxi<br />
`literatura da sxva~, Tb., 2005 w., agvisto) an qeTevan TavdiSvilis `postmodernistuli<br />
monaqroli~ (iqve). am ukanaskneli naSromis avtoris Seuval mtkicebas, rom `Tanamedrove<br />
qarTuli literaturuli procesis erT-erT mTavar sayrdens postmodernizmi<br />
warmoadgens~ (iqve, gv. 15) gazviadebulad vTvli, iseve rogorc meore ukiduresobas:<br />
`2001 wlis 11 seqtembers, manhetenze, saerTaSoriso savaWro centris caTambjenze<br />
teroristebis mier gatacebuli `boingis~ SejaxebiT dasrulda postmodernizmi~ (ix.<br />
qarumiZe zurab, `didi TamaSis dasasruli, anu godo akakunebs~, Jurn. `arili~, 2001 w., 18<br />
oqtomberi).<br />
qaosisa da formis im WidilSi, postsabWoTa qarTul literaturas rom axasiaTebs,<br />
piradad me Rirssacnobad nairgvari interteqstualizacia, misi `nacionaluri<br />
Taviseburebisa~ da wyaroTa gamovlena mimaCnia. yvelaze warmatebulad mesaxeba<br />
`moTamaSe~ avtorebi, romelTa Soris, upirvelesad, `alalad moTamaSe~ aka morCilaZes<br />
da mis `madaTovur~ cikls mivapyrob yuradRebas. pirvelive wigni uxvad aris gajerebuli<br />
interteqstiT (dawvrilebiT ix. avaliani lali, `gamoTxoveba Zvel TbilisTan, Zrwola<br />
axali Tbilisis winaSe~, wignSi _ `Wabua amirejibidan aka morCilaZemde~, Tb.,<br />
gamomcemloba `TeTri giorgi~, 2005 w., gv. 124-141), avtori sagangebo `SeniSvnebSi~ xSirad<br />
Tavad ganmartavs (arcTu didi sizustiT, zogjer tyuil-marTlis ganzavebiT an<br />
mistificirebiT) interteqstis wyaros.<br />
interteqstiT gatacebam, albaT, garkveuli uxerxuloba unda agrZnobinos mwerals<br />
(ragind warmatebulic ar unda iyos misi `enobrivi TamaSebi~). TavisTavadma, niWierma da<br />
ganaTlebulma avtorma, romelmac pirvel romanSi _ `gadafrena madaTovze da ukan~ _<br />
citaciis saSualebiT gamaogneblad harmoniuli disharmonia Seqmna (e. i. Rrma funqciuri<br />
datvirTva mianiWa interteqsts), uaRresad saxaliso boloTqma daurTo trilogiis<br />
meore romans _ `gaqrebi madaTovze~:<br />
`aRmosavluri bodiSi<br />
44
am wignis Txzvisas avtori malimal esesxeboda e. r. a. hofmanis, Carlz dikensis,<br />
aleqsandr puSkinis, anton Cexovis, gabriel sundukiancis, Wabua amirejibis da sxvaTa<br />
nawerebs.<br />
is alal bodiSsa da madlobas uZRvnis am mwerlebsa da maT gmirebs, Tu rogorc<br />
gadamweri, ver gaswvda maT gancdaTa siRrmeebs an, sulac, erTi SalaSini moargo yvelas<br />
(bil saiqss, gogi wulaZes da sxvaTa) ∗ . is asgzis mets `ukacravaT~-s ityvis, oRond ki,<br />
guls gaimagrebs imiT, rom misTvis wera saxaliso saqmianobaa da Wadrakis erT ubralo,<br />
salaRobo partiasa hgavs.<br />
amgvar partiaTa gaTamaSeba ki ar gaxlavs maincdamainc Wkvian kacTa saqme.<br />
mtveri baRdaduri qoSebisa,<br />
amis damweri~ (ix. morCilaZe aka, `gaqrebi madaTovze~, Tb., bakur sulakauris<br />
gamomcemloba, 2001 w., gv. 276).<br />
pedanturad SevniSnav, rom hofmani ernst Teodor amadeusia da ara `e. r. a~. aka<br />
morCilaZis oinebi rom vici, iqneb es Secdoma gangeb `gaapara~ wignis Wiebis gulis<br />
gasaxeTqad! sxvaTa Soris, amgvari oinebiT savsea wina romanis `komentarebic~ da<br />
ZiriTadi teqstic: `madam mari brose~, `giiom saganeli~ da sxv.<br />
ratom aqcia istorikosma da didma eruditma gio axvledianma mari brose qalad? ra<br />
Tqma unda, `saRadaod~. piradad me Cvens mas-mediaSi ramdenjerme Semxvda Zalian<br />
Tavisufali da `ganaTlebuli~ kalmosnebis mier moxseniebuli `qalbatoni mari brose~;<br />
tragikuli bedis poeti saganeli (saganeliZe), romelmac Tavisi gvaris Sesabamisad `gion~<br />
dairqva, avtoris mier ratomRac `giiomad~ gadakeTda. yovelive es wvrilmania, magram<br />
gasaTvaliswinebeli.<br />
aka morCilaZe, erTob nayofieri avtori, interteqsts ar afetiSebs. misi bevri<br />
saukeTeso Txzuleba (`mogzauroba yarabaRSi~, `faliaSvilis quCis ZaRlebi~, `agvistos<br />
pasiansi~, `cecxlismfrqveveli~ da sxv.) pirwmindad `avtoriseulia~.<br />
saerTodac, Tuki aka morCilaZes postmodernistad CavTvliT, ufro meti<br />
sabuTianoba gvmarTebs, marto interteqstualizacia ar ikmarebs.<br />
Tuki `postmodernizmis mier warmodgenil samyaros suraTSi saerTod ar moiazreba<br />
Tundac raime saxis araenobrivi yofiereba~ (ix. kvaWantiraZe manana, `enis semiologiuri<br />
kvlevis meTodologiisaTvis~, kreb. `literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis ZiriTadi<br />
meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi~, Tb., 2006 w., gv. 98), aka morCilaZes<br />
postmodernistad ver miviCnevT; misi nawerebi dRevandeli qarTuli yofis aqtualuri<br />
realiebiT aris gajerebuli, sulerTia, mimarTavs igi interteqsts, Tu ara.<br />
Tuki esTetikur da kulturul faseulobaTa gardasaxva materialur faseulobad<br />
(ix. wifuria bela, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 233) postmodernizmis ucilobeli<br />
atributia, arc am SemTxvevaSi memeteba aka morCilaZe postmodernizmisaTvis...<br />
Tuki, `postmodernistuli xelovneba yvela formasa da yvela ideas iRebs, magram<br />
ise, rom arafris aRar sjera~ (ix. iqve, gv. 229), am SemTxvevaSic msgavsi suliskveTebis<br />
erTgulebas aka morCilaZes ver davwamebT. misTvis ucxoa dehumanizaciac da<br />
radikaluri nihilizmic. sxva sakiTxia, rom misi zogierTi Txzuleba advilad Tavsdeba<br />
postmodernizmis sqematur CarCoSi.<br />
lev tolstois sityvebia: `Искусство писать хорошо для человека чувствительного и умного<br />
состоит не в том, чтобы знать, что писать, но в том, чтобы знать, чего не нужно писать~. aka<br />
morCilaZem (erT teleinterviuSi mozardebTan, romlebTanac ise grZnobda Tavs,<br />
rogorc Tevzi wyalSi, mwerali moulodnelad `gaixsna~, rac ar sCvevia, da, aRiara, _<br />
SeSliliviT vwero...) yovelTvis icis, raze ar unda daweros.<br />
tolstois brZnuli Segoneba rom gaeTvaliswinebina, erT niWier da ganaTlebul<br />
avtors saerTod ar unda daewera `trfoba wamebulTa~. es ukanaskneli Txzuleba<br />
zedmiwevniTi sizustiT gadmoscems postmodernizmis yvelaze bnel mxares — nihilizms,<br />
cinizmsa da mkrexelobas _ qarTvelTaTvis sakraluri religiuri da hagiografiuli<br />
teqstebis, vTqvaT pirdapir, amazrzeni parodirebiT.<br />
∗<br />
bil saiqsi Carlz dikensis `oliver tvistis~ personaJia, gogi wulaZe — Wabua amirejibis `daTa<br />
TuTaSxias~ erT-erTi gmiri.<br />
45
Tanamedrove rus TvalsaCino prozaikosTa erTi nawili, mag., iuri mamleevi,<br />
postmodernizms, mis yovlismomcvel, `samyaroul~ nihilizms, ironiasa da skepsiss, _<br />
miuReblad miiCnevs; is ki arada, amtkicebs, rom postmodernizmi CixSi moeqca da suls<br />
Rafavs. ase namdvilad ar aris; magram mamleevis erT-erT sayvedurs savsebiT viziareb:<br />
iqneb sakuTari TavisTvisac migepyroT ironiuli mzerao, _ sarkastulad mimarTavs igi<br />
postmodernizmis zedmetad sworxazovan mimdevrebs. is TviTironia da rbili iumori,<br />
rac gasaocar xibls sZens aka morCilaZis interteqstualur TamaSebs, zog qarTvel<br />
avtorTan, postmodernistad rom miiCnevs Tavs, _ saerTod ar gvxvdeba (samwuxarod!).<br />
am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa kote jandieris erT-erTi<br />
vrceli moTxroba `mayvliani~ (1992 w., gamoqveynda Jurnal `kldekarSi~), romelic<br />
`qarTlis moqcevis~ `apokrifad~ aris Cafiqrebuli. umberto ekos msgavsad, romelic<br />
ormagi kodirebis gziT aTanxmebs gasarTobs inteleqtualurTan, Zvel saukuneebs<br />
TanamedroveobasTan da mistikur eqstazs analitikurobasTan (ix. velSi volfgang,<br />
`postmoderni. erTi sakamaTo cnebis genealogia da mniSvneloba~, ix. kreb. `postmoderni<br />
rogorc aseTi~, Tb., `merani~, 1999 w.), kote jandieri, sruliad Segnebulad, nacad xerxs<br />
mimarTavs.<br />
sqematuri da TiTqos modelirebulia moTxrobis Sesavali-mistifikacia: avtors<br />
(savaraudod, safrangeTSi emigrirebuls) xelSi Cavardnia laTinuri nayalbevi<br />
xelnaweri, Sesrulebuli xelovnurad daZvelebul qaRaldze; rogorc Cans, is gviandeli<br />
laTinuri manuskriptebis imitaciaa. Txzulebis saTauri da avtori arcerT katalogSi<br />
ar moixsenieba: `elioz mcxeTelis vnebani~ _ aRwerili XI saukuneSi aTonis mTis beris,<br />
ilarion alaznelisagan da laTinurad naTargmanebi wminda samebis eklesiis mRvdlis,<br />
kalistrate epigeosis (miwadganrTxmulis) mier, 1209 wels qalaq tiross~ (jandieri<br />
kote, `mayvliani~, Jurn. `kldekari~, 1992, , gv. 4).<br />
`daeWvebis~ miuxedavad, avtors mainc saWirod miuCnevia gadmoqarTuleba<br />
Txzulebisa, romelic, `sxva ara iyos ra, garkveul adgils imsaxurebs literaturul<br />
ucnaurobaTa istoriaSi~ (iqve). aqedan daskvna: `qarTulidan Targmnili~ laTinuri<br />
xelnaweri albaT gviandeli imitaciaa, qarTveli avtori ki mxolod da mxolod xelaxali<br />
mTargmneli, _ teqstis amgvari `kodirebiT~ kote jandieri emijneba mas.<br />
xelnaweris Tavgadasavalic ganzrax gamartivebulia, imavdroulad, burusiT<br />
moculi: misi mflobeli vinme prokle Wkadua, romelmac inglisis gemiT gamoaRwia<br />
saqarTvelodan, 1921 wlis 29 Tebervals (netav marTla nakiani iyo is Savbneli<br />
Tebervali?) stambulis britanul sazRvao hospitalSi tifiT aResrula. gamiznuli<br />
trafareti: qarTvels Tan axlda iSviaTi silamazis Cerqezi qali, arc meti da arc<br />
naklebi, _ `madam falestra~ (ironiuli gadaZaxili robaqiZesTan), romelic iseTi<br />
jojoxeTuri franguliT metyvelebda, rom misi monaTxrobidan mxolod `Jolis~ (frang.<br />
_ lamazi) amocnoba SeZles. stambulSi dakrZaluli Wkaduas CanTa falestras gadasces.<br />
1928 wels, roca ucnobma qalma CanTa parizis qarTul saTvistomos Caabara, masSi<br />
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos bonebTan erTad laTinuri xelnaweric aRmoCnda (kvlav<br />
ironiuli miniSneba: bonebi xom gaufasurebulia da, arc es ucnauri xelnaweria didi<br />
bedena).<br />
radikaluri sxvaobaa (rogorc mosalodneli iyo) preambulasa da ZiriTad teqsts<br />
Soris.<br />
Txzulebis amosavalia `wminda ninos cxovrebis~ (Cvenamde moRweulia xuTi<br />
redaqcia, daTariRebuli IX-XIII ss.) erTi fragmenti, umniSvnelovanesi qarTuli<br />
qristianuli rwmenisaTvis: huriaTa Temis mier mcxeTeli ebraeli eliozis wargzavna<br />
ierusalims, macxovris jvarcmis xilva, uflis kvarTis mcxeTaSi Camotana, misi gadacema<br />
RvTismoSiSi disaTvis, sidoniasaTvis, romelmac `daidva mkerdsa~ kvarTi uflisa da iqve<br />
aResrula.<br />
`maSin sjulis mecnierTa maT gamoarCies elioz mRvdeli, kaci brZeni da mecnieri,<br />
da wargzavnes ierusalems.<br />
...da kvalad daÁ igi misi viTarca miscemda mokiTxvasa, hrqva:<br />
46
_ Zmao sasurvelo! Rirs iqmnebi Sen xilvasa kacisa mis marTlisasa, romelsa hqvian<br />
iesu. da netar xar Sen da gevedrebi me, raTa rasaca Sexebul iyvnen xelni misni wmidani,<br />
anu Tu samoselTa misTa Sexebul iyvnen, ukeTu moitano, netar viyvneT.<br />
...da viTarca miiwia ierusalems, Sekrebul iyo eri huriaTaÁ da daemtkica jvarcmad<br />
qristesi. xolo arasada eziara ganzraxvasa maTsa, aramed Sors dga igi.<br />
...xolo viTarca aResrula nefisiTi vnebaÁ macxovrisaÁ, mixvda wiliTa kvarTi<br />
uflisa CvenisaÁ eliozs, viTarca weril ars: `ganiyves samoseli Cemi da kvarTsa Cemsa<br />
zeda ganigdes wili~.<br />
...amissa Semdgomad warmovida elioz ierusalemiT saxed Tvisad. da daÁ igi misi<br />
miegeba da moexvia qedsa. xolo elioz gamoiRo kvarTi igi saufloÁ da misca mas da hrqva:<br />
_ aha, romlisa-igi gsuroda, miiRe kvarTi misi!<br />
xolo viTarca miiRo dedakacman man kvarTi igi uflisaÁ, rameTu Sekecil iyo igi, da<br />
imTxvia raÁ pirsa da daidva mkerdsa da xma yo cremliT da aRmouteva suli.<br />
...xolo elioz SiSiTa Sepyrobilman daÁ igi sayvareli da wmidaÁ kvarTiTurT<br />
dahkrZala miwasa Sina. da meyseulad aRmoxdes mis zeda xeni igi kviparozni da aRmoecena<br />
xesa mas qveSe yvavili mravalferi da sulneli~ (ucnobi avtori, `ninos cxovreba~, `Zveli<br />
qarTuli moTxroba~, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1979 w., gv. 180-181).<br />
am mcire epizodis vrceli apokrifia `mayvliani~ _ avtoris wignierebis,<br />
warmosaxvisa da unatifesi, STambeWdavi metyvelebiTi stilis nazavi. kote jandieri ar<br />
zRudavs fantazias, misi gmiris mravalwliani yaribobis tragikuli peripetiebi (Zlier<br />
rom gvagonebs Ze Secdomilis ganvrcobil Tavgadasavalsac da wmindanTa cdunebebsac),<br />
`zogadaRmosavluri~ anturaJi, didi codvilis didi simZimili, xorcis gvema da sulis<br />
usamano satanjveli, _ yovelive es mainc `qarTlis moqcevis~ zemoxsenebuli ambis<br />
CarCoSia moqceuli.<br />
zedmetad mimaCnia yvela im `Seusabamobis~ aRnusxva, riTac `mayvliani~ emijneba<br />
pirvelwyaros. mxolod zogierTs warmogidgenT sanimuSod: eliozi pativcemuli<br />
mRvdeli ki araa, romelsac mcxeTel huriaTa Temi sagangebod wargzavnis ierusalims<br />
mesiis saqmeTa gasagebad, aramed, vaWar zenonis Svilia, biZam (zebulonma) 17 wlis asakSi<br />
rom iSvila da ierusalims waiyvana samarTlis Sesaswavlad. zebulonis moSurne Svilebma<br />
misi Secdena da daRupva ganizraxes (Sdr. iosebi da Zmani misni), kapernaumeli mdidari<br />
qvrivis indoeli sebias meSveobiT (sebias silamazis aRwera eliozis mier `qebaTaqebas~<br />
gvagonebs, qalis monaTxrobi jataka _ Zvel indur igavebs); bavSvobis mogonebam _<br />
Caburduli mayvlianisa da sidonias mayvaliviT Savi Tvalebis anazdeulma xilvam _ ixsna<br />
eliozi mruSobisagan, magram gladiatorTa Serkinebaze biZaSvilebis mier ZaliT<br />
wayvanilma _ `Sesva mZvinvarebis Rvino, ...datkba codvis cqeriT~ da sul male<br />
memTvraleobasa da bilw cxovrebas mieca.<br />
`mayvlianis~ eliozi ara marto codvilia, aramed macxovris mier dawyevlili:<br />
`susti, nagvemi kaci, romelic Zlivs moaTrevda veeba jvars, ...gausworda Sua gzaSi<br />
ayudebul TvalCasisxlianebul eliozs, Sedga da sTxova gza daeTmo~... eliozis uars<br />
macxovris SeCveneba mohyveba: `...sikvdils inatreb, magram gageqceva sikvdili, sanam<br />
maRali xe ar atirdeba ukvdavebis cremlebiT da macocxlebeli mironi ar Camodindeba<br />
mis tanze, radgan sikvdilad mimavalma RvTis Svilma gza gTxova da Sen ar dauTme<br />
SeWirvebuls!..~ (`mayvliani~, gv. 22-23).<br />
eliozis sneuli suli, ZrwoliT Sepyrobili, amaod eZiebs Svebas: arc qristes<br />
moZRvrebis Semecneba, arc marxva-gvema da locva-vedreba aRmoCndeba sakmarisi<br />
SendobisaTvis. moZRvari eliakimi, mas, wyeul codvils, uflis kvarTs gadascems. amgvari<br />
qristianuli TanalmobiT SeZruli eliozi udabnoSi gandgomas irCevs. Tumc iSviaTi<br />
mgzavrebi mas wminda kacad miiCneven, eliozi kvlav locvasa da xorcis daTrgunvaSi<br />
atarebs wlebs.<br />
iseve rogorc erT dros sebiasagan mayvlianis zmanebiT daixsna Tavi, 90 wels<br />
mitanebul sneul meudabnoes mxsnelad kvlav mayvliani moevlineba: udabnos piras,<br />
mayvlianSi, gvelisgan monusxuli patara gogonas gadarCenis survili garindebidan<br />
gamoiyvans eliozs da codvasac Caadeninebs. gvelis mokvlis da gogonas xsnis sanacvlod<br />
(gogona sidonias sexnia aRmoCdeba), eliozs gonebis Tvali gaunaTdeba da pirvelad<br />
47
Caesaxeba imedi: `sidonia, sidonia~, tkbil-mware grZnobiT avsebda es saxeli. ...uceb<br />
mSvidi mtkvari gaaxsenda, iqauri mayvliani da sidonias mtkvariviT mSvidi, rbili xma. ...aq<br />
ra undoda? an risTvis movida? uwyalo RmerTisagan daviwyebuli, eWvebiT dasneulebuli<br />
da bnelSi myofi? ca ar indobda, iqneb mSobel miwas mainc ecxo salbuni misi sulisaTvis.<br />
...eliozi wamodga, mRvimeSi Sevida, uflis kvarTi moixvia welze da gzas gaudga. ra<br />
mihqonda Tan? kvarTi uflisa, romelic JamTasvlisagan gaxunebuliyo da alag-alag<br />
CrCilisgan gawyalebuliyo? swavleba, romelic masaviT SesaZloa aravin icoda da<br />
romlisac swamda Tu ara, TviTonac ver ityoda? is midioda gansja-daxSuli, mxolod<br />
gulis Zaxils ayolili da siyvarulis xmas mindobili~ (ix. `mayvliani~, gv. 32-33).<br />
finali emTxveva `ninos cxovrebis~ redaqciebs, gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom<br />
eliozi Sendobilia.<br />
`...sidonia mayvlianSi daasaflaves. meormoce dRes mis saflavze ucxo da<br />
Tvalwarmtaci xe aRmocenda. mis tans mironi sdioda, mironi kurnavda sneulT, sveti<br />
sicocxlis momniWebeli iyo, es iyo `sveti cxovlisa~. da eliozi mixvda, rom Sendobili<br />
iyo RvTisagan~ (`mayvliani~, gv. 35).<br />
kote jandieris damokidebuleba cnobili siuJetisadmi, yvelaze uwinares,<br />
`iosebisa da misi Zmebis~ avtoris, Tomas manis mbeWdavi qalis cnobil gamonaTqvams<br />
gvagonebs, _ Zlivs ar gavige, ra gardaxda Tavs ioseb mSvenierso!<br />
minda mkiTxvelis yuradReba mivapyro kote jandieris erT tendencias:<br />
eliozisaTvis, romelic diadi misiis mtvirTvelia, sarwmunoebaze upiratesia mSobeli<br />
miwa. mxolod samSobloSi dabruneba esalbuneba mis mtkivan suls, mxolod mcxeTaSi<br />
igrZno man `rogor uyvarda mTeli samyaro ganaTlebuli da gamTlianebuli siyvarulis<br />
usazRvro grZnobiT~ (`mayvliani~, gv. 35). eliozi ebraelia, magram, zaqaria WiWinaZis<br />
mosazrebiT, `saqarTvelos miwasa da niadagTan qarTveli ebraelic iseve iyo mikruli da<br />
miwebebuli, rogorc TviT qarTvelni~ (`qarTvelT israelni saqarTveloSi~, 1904 w.;<br />
citirebulia wignidan: sefiaSvili oTar, `xsovna~, niu-iorki, 2005 w., gv. 42).<br />
analogiuria korneli kekeliZis Sexeduleba `ninos cxovrebis~ avtoris<br />
tendenciurobaze: `wiTeli zoliviT gatarebulia avtoris erovnuli tendencia,<br />
romelic gamoixateba mSobliuri qveynis gandidebisa da misi erovnul-kulturuli<br />
damoukideblobis dacvis survilSi~ (kekeliZe k., `qarTuli literaturis istoria~, t. I,<br />
`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1960 w., gv. 532).<br />
`mayvlianis~ epigrafSi, romelic Seamzadebs mkiTxvels Txzulebis suliskveTebis<br />
ukeT aRsaqmelad, ganyenebul fiqrs da gansjas moyvasis msaxureba (am SemTxvevaSi, _<br />
gogonas gadarCena da Zmis momlodine sidoniasaTvis danapirebis aRsruleba) aRemateba.<br />
epigrafis avtoria vivekananda (1863-1902 ww., indoeli humanisti, religiis<br />
reformatori, iogi, adepti `universaluri religiisa~, romlis upirveles funqciad<br />
RatakTa daxmarebas miiCnevda):<br />
`...gadade vedantas kiTxva, gansja da fiqri momavali cxovrebisaTvis. axla ki, dae<br />
sxeuli Tqveni emsaxurebodes moyvass. maSin me vityvi, rom Tqven uqmad ar mosulxarT<br />
CemTan~.<br />
`mayvliani // mayvlovani // buCqi Seuwveli~, `Неополимая Купина~, bibliidan rom<br />
iRebs saTaves (ieRova almodebul mayvlianSi gamoecxadeba moses, saxarebaSi — is<br />
RvTismSoblis saxes ukavSirdeba) erT-erTi yvelaze STambeWdavi simboloa msoflio<br />
literaturaSi. kote jandieris teqstSi is siwmindis, ubiwoebis, saTnoebis, siyvarulis,<br />
samSoblos metaforuli gansxeulebaa. mosalondelic iyo, rom `qarTlis moqcevis~<br />
axlebur gadawera-wakiTxvaSi wminda ninos samyofels gansakuTrebuli funqcia<br />
dakisreboda (`xolo nino warvida mayvalTa maT Sina... eseviTariTa moRvawebiTa daadgra<br />
mayvalTa Sina eqvs wel~, ix. `ninos cxovreba~, gv. 175). aqve vityvi, rom mayvali, rogorc<br />
ubiwoebis Tu biwierebis mxilebis saxe-simbolo Cndeba kote jandieris Tanamedroveobis<br />
amsaxvel moTxrobaSi `saojaxo qronika~. sainteresoa, rom oTar WilaZis `godorSi~<br />
mayvliani damsjelis rolSi gvevlineba: aq is daundobeli ekliani buCqia biwieri<br />
qalisaTvis.<br />
kote jandieris `mayvliani~ postmodernizmis im elitarul frTas miekuTvneba,<br />
romelic erovnuli Tu zogadad, literaturuli tradiciisadmi `seriozul-ironiul~<br />
48
damokidebulebas avlens; xolo misi teqsti-`imitacia~, mimzidveli Txrobis garda,<br />
metyvelebiTi stiliTac sanimuSoa da misabaZi; garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, unikaluric<br />
aris, _ dRevandeli TiTqmis sayovelTaod dakninebul-damaxinjebuli qarTulis fonze.<br />
`qarTul~ interteqstualizaciaze SeiZleboda kidev bevri ram Tqmuliyo, magram<br />
jerjerobiT amas davjerdebi.<br />
49
tkivilis metafizika<br />
maia jaliaSvili<br />
(lia sturuas leqsebis krebulze `Ralatsac mxolod kefiT igrZnob~,<br />
Tb., 2005)<br />
`araviTari analizi! leqsi _ Seqmnis da SegrZnebis doneze,~_ wers lia sturua.<br />
leqsi, marTlac, kargavs Tavis mTlianobas, rodesac kritikosi anatomis gulgrilobiT<br />
kveTs da Cxreks misi unazesi qsovilis calkeul nawilebs. magram gana aseve ar eqceva<br />
xelovani realobas, rodesac fragmentebad Slis da ise amowers Tu gadawers<br />
striqonebad. leqsebi warmosaxuli realobebia, romelTa gasagebad damkvirvebeli, am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, kritikosi _ Tavisi umTavresi iaraRebiT _ TvaliT, guliT, suliTa da<br />
gonebiT xSirad aqucmacebs, raTa Semdeg ufro ganicados mTelis surneli, azri da<br />
musika. Cveni es werilic amgvari dakvirvebis mcdelobaa.<br />
lia sturuas leqsebis axali krebuli (`Ralatsac mxolod kefiT igrZnob~ (`merani~,<br />
2005) tkivilebiTaa gaJRenTili. poetis wuxili leqsidan leqsSi gadadis, itoteba,<br />
miarRvevs leqsisave sazRvars da mkiTxvelis gulsa, sulsa da gonebaSi miikvalavs gzas.<br />
es tkivili Tanabrad moicavs konkretulsa da sazogados, piraduls, erovnulsa Tu<br />
sakacobrios. krebuli saerTo paTosiT exmianeba guramiSvils: `vai, ra karga<br />
movsTqvemdi, metyodes vinme Tu bansa~. am SemTxvevaSi, bani mkiTxvelma unda misces, xma<br />
Seuwyos poetis fiqrebs, ocnebebs, survilebs, mis warsuls, awmyosa da momavals da maSin<br />
ukeT Seigrnobs poetis satkivars. es leqsebi natirlebia, ara tradiciuli<br />
folkloruli gagebiT, aramed SinaarsiTa da gznebiT.<br />
es yovlismomcveli tkivili da glova mkiTxvels wignis ydidanve SemoefeTeba,<br />
romelzedac frans mezereelis `jvarcmaa~ daxatuli. jvarze gakruli macxovari<br />
maRalsarTuliani Senobebis, e.i. qalaqis, simbolurad, Tanamedrove civilizaciis fonze<br />
moCans. es naxati krebulis epigrafiviTaa (`dideba moTminebasa Sensa ufalo ieso~).<br />
samyaroSi da, upirvelesad, adamianis gulSi maradis meordeba misteria qristes<br />
jvarcmisa. zogi pavlesaviT, yoveldRe kvdeba qristesTvis, zogi ki mas iudasaviT<br />
yoveldRe gascems da jvars acvams. e. i. wignis mTavari tkivili `madlis fonis~ dakargvaa,<br />
uromlisodac cxovrebis zRvaSi dainTqmebi. ydis naxatze gamokveTilad Cans qristes<br />
jvarze milursmuli xelisgulebidan rogor mowveTavs sisxli da rogor gadaesxmeba<br />
qalaqs. `sisxliT xarT nayidi~, xmianobs Soridan pavles qadageba, `bralobis sisxli<br />
Tavzeda SviliTurT gardinTxieso~ (guramiSvili). lia sturuac maTi STamomavalia da es<br />
`mocxebuli~ sisxli awuxebs, magram TviTon rogor cxovrobs? leqsebi xom swored misi<br />
sulis dRiurebia, maradisobisa da wuTisoflis anabeWdebiT:<br />
RmerTma damiZaxos TavisTan,<br />
daqucmacebuli xorci<br />
minanqris filebiT Semicvalos,<br />
Tavidan amawyos<br />
da Cemze, baRSi Caxatulze,<br />
miuTiTos samoTxis binadrebs:<br />
_ ai, qali, romelic<br />
dardma SeWama!<br />
poetic jvarcmulia, rogorc pol valeri ityoda: `Tavisive sxeulis jvarzea<br />
gakruli. uRonod dabla daxrili Tavi daCxvletili aqvs sakuTari azris eklebiT~. lia<br />
sturuas poezia savsea am ekalTa metaforuli aRweriT. erTi ekali krebulis<br />
saxelwodebaSivea gacxadebuli. es aris Ralati. `Senc, brutus!~ yovel wams SeuZlia<br />
wamoiZaxos sasowarkveTilma, radgan swored Ralatis Sekrul wreze trialebs da<br />
gamosavals ver poulobs. erTaderTi nugeSi leqsebia, sityvebad qceuli tkivilebi,<br />
romlebic tanjvas, marTalia, ver aviwyeben, magram mis silamazes SeagrZnobineben.<br />
dekarteseuli, vazrovneb, e.i. varsebob, poets SeiZleba Seecvala, mtkiva, maSasadame,<br />
50
varsebob. tkivilis gareSe ar Seiqmneboda lia sturuas es axali krebulic. amitom arc<br />
erT striqonSi ar gaismis tkivilidan gaqcevis wyurvili, Cans mxolod misi Secnobis<br />
wadili. vaJasaviT, masac urCevnia: `balaxi viyo saTibi, ara mwadian celoba, cxvradve<br />
mamyofa iseva, oRond amSordes mgeloba~. mTavaria, amqveynad `gacivebuli leSiviT~ ar<br />
iaros, rac imas niSnavs, rom gamudmebiT unda itanjebodes, sxva Tu araferi, `gonebas<br />
fiqri stanjavdes~ (vaJa-fSavela).<br />
mainc raze wuxs poeti?<br />
upirvelesad, adamianTa sulebis gauxeSebaze, rac mJRavndeba ara mxolod<br />
erTmaneTTan, aramed RmerTTan, bunebasTan, sulieri Rirebulebebis, xelovnebis mimarT<br />
urTierTobisas. es tkivili araxalia, magram gansakuTrebiT gamZafrebulia XX-XXI<br />
saukuneebSi. am tkivilis poetur saxeebSi moqceva da gamoxatva lia sturuas Cawers<br />
Tanamedroveobis mniSvnelovan qarTvel Tu ucxoel poetTa siaSi. Tu rogor aisaxa<br />
krizisuli epoqa sxvaTa sulebzec, amis sailustraciod ramdenime paralels gavavleb.<br />
amerikeli robert loueli:<br />
rogor gavuZloT am yvelafers?<br />
moyolebuli Teslidan bzemde<br />
tragediebs ar cnobs buneba.<br />
saidan modis es SeSliloba?<br />
albaT, awmyodan, ra Tqma unda,<br />
radgan Cven aq varT, awmyoSi, is ki<br />
warsuliT aris moSxamuli.<br />
(`Cven viyaviT samoTxeSi~, zviad ratianis Targmani.<br />
J. `arili~, 2,2001, gv.33).<br />
sparsi sohrab sefehri:<br />
meSinia,<br />
me saukunis movercxlili zedapiris meSinia.<br />
modi, rom ar SevuSindeT am qalaqebs, romelTa CaSavebuli miwa<br />
amweebis saZovrad qceula.<br />
gamaRe, rogorc kari,<br />
msxlis Camovardnis mxares_<br />
am foladis cad amaRlebis saukuneSi.<br />
(`TanamgzavrTa baRisken~, giorgi lobJaniZis Targmani.<br />
sohrab sefehris leqsebis wignidan `wylis fexis Cqami~, Tb.<br />
2003, gv. 29)<br />
amerikeli silvia plaTi:<br />
sivrce _ Sali gamoZenZili,<br />
civi mkvlelebi<br />
zed macviva qliavebiviT.<br />
(`niki da Sandali~, lela samniaSvilis Targmani, silvia<br />
plaTis leqsebi, Tb.1999, gv.25<br />
sparsi foruy faroxzadi:<br />
Cven miwaze sarevelebad amovediT<br />
da sarevelebiviT CavikrifebiT miwaSi.<br />
Cven gzad `araferi~ Semogveyara,<br />
Tavis JRal, fafaraSlil cxenze ijda<br />
da xelmwifesaviT migelavda...<br />
(`zafxulis mwvane wylebSi~. giorgi lobJaniZis Targmani,<br />
foruy faroxzadis leqsebi, `meored dabadeba~,Tb. 2005, gv. 63).<br />
am poetebs, romelTa sxva mravali saxelic SeiZleba daematos, aerTianebT ara<br />
mxolod sawuTrosa da maradisobis dapirispirebis tkivili, egreT wodebuli,<br />
egzistencialuri problemebi, aramed maTi gamoxatvis metaforulobac. lia sturuas,<br />
maT msgavsad, awuxebs harmoniulobis dakargva samyarodan da swored mas daeZebs<br />
warmosaxul saxeebSi.<br />
misi erT-erTi upirvelesi satkivari, ra Tqma unda, qarTuli kulturis mimarT<br />
gamJRavnebuli nihilizmia.<br />
51
momitaneT erTi porcia galaktioni,<br />
mduRare gogla leoniZe<br />
da CaiSi SaqariviT<br />
Cayrili besiki!<br />
poets swored amgvari nugbari enatreba, radgan am poetebs da maTi poeziis<br />
moyvarulebs `sulyvelas buldozeriT gadagviares~ (`nostalgia biblioTekis mimarT~).<br />
poeziis amgvari uaryofa araxalia, magram tkivili droSi ar cvdeba. jer kdev XX<br />
saukunis 20-ian wlebSi klasikosTa mimarT aseTive gulgril sisastikeze werda<br />
griSaSvili:<br />
qveviT, bazarze, kviradRiT, vanqTan,<br />
mtvrian quCebSi, dampals havaze.<br />
woniT viyide eqvsi girvanqa:<br />
SoTa, akaki da WavWavaZe.<br />
maSin Tu klasikosebis wignTa furclebSi sanovages axvevdnen, axla `buldozerebiT<br />
gadauares~, e.i Tanamedroveoba met sisastikes iCens, is mTlianad Zirkvavs poezias<br />
yofidan, radgan misi `gamoyeneba~ SeuZlebelia, arada, rasac praqtikuli gamoyeneba ara<br />
aqvs, is ver reklamirdeba da verc gaiyideba Tanamedrove pragmatul sazogadoebaSi.<br />
lia sturuas poeziis metaforuli ena natifi da gamWvirvalea. poeti samyaros<br />
mxolod imgvarad aRiqvams, rogorc leqsis striqonebSi xatavs. misTvis eleganturia<br />
seqtemberi, romelsac `oqros qinZisTavebiT Sekruli majebi, yelze beRurebis mZivebi~<br />
aqvs. `rogor uxdeba lpobis gacrecili xaverdi da ra tkbilad Sedis zamTarSi~.<br />
(`mSvenieri egoizmi~). aseTi mgrZnobiare, saTuTi aRqmiT gamoirCeva faroy faroxzadic:<br />
me gulmwuxare var...<br />
aivanze vdgavar<br />
da Ramis gadaWimul kans vexebi<br />
(`Citi mokvdavia~. giorgi lobJaniZis Targmani).<br />
lia sturuas poeziis Tavisebureba isaa, rom misi saTqmeli (Sexedulebebi, wuxili,<br />
sixaruli da sxva gancda) kodirebulia mxatvrul saxeebSi, yvelaze metad da xSirad ki<br />
metaforebSi. es kodebi mravalferovania da Sreobrivi. xandaxan erTi romelime saxis<br />
dekodireba ar gulisxmobs mis mTlian amoxsnas, gagebas, radgan erTi axsnili kodis<br />
miRma SeiZlebaaRmoCndes kidev sxva, romelic kvlav saWiroebs Sifris moZebnas.<br />
leqsis axsna, ganmarteba, gageba ramdenime doneze mis wakiTxvas gulisxmobs: 1. unda<br />
gaugo avtors, Tu ris Tqma surda. 2. unda gaugo lirikul gmirs. 3. unda gaugo mxatvrul<br />
saxesac. lia sturuas poeziis Tavisebureba swored am gagebis sirTulea, Tumca es imas<br />
ar gulisxmobs, rom misi poezia Zneli aRsaqmelia. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven vgulisxmobT<br />
inteleqtualuri gagebis siRrmeebs, Torem am poetis leqsebi imdenad damuxtulia<br />
emociiT da gajerebulia azriT, rom misi gancda da gageba nebismier mkiTxvels SeuZlia.<br />
zemoT naTqvams rom davubrundeT, gagebis pirvel doneze xdeba avtorisa da<br />
lirikuli gmiris erTgvari identifikacia. am SemTxvevaSi, leqsis striqonebSi ganfenili<br />
da warmoCenili (cxadi Tu kodirebuli) gancdebi, Sexedulebebi mTlianad miewereba<br />
avtors da igi gaiazreba swored mocemuli leqsis dro_sivrcul konteqstSi. am dros<br />
avtoriseuli `me~ monologebiT warmoCndeba, romelsac umTavresad aRsarebis,<br />
mkiTxvelTan gandobis funqcia eniWeba, Tumca, imavdroulad, avtori dialogs marTavs<br />
mkiTxvelTan, romelic am dialogSi mniSvnelovani figuraa da xSirad `diskusiis~<br />
warmmarTvelic.<br />
leqsis wakiTxvis meore doneze striqonebSi ganfenili emociebi da gansjani<br />
miewereba lirikul gmirs, avtoris Seqmnil axal personas, romelic gaucxoebulia<br />
Semqmnelisgan da mkiTxvelTan dialogSi Tavs avlens, rogorc `ucxo~, romelsac TiTqmis<br />
araferi (an cotaodeni) msgavseba aqvs avtorTan.<br />
leqsis wakiTxvis mesame done gulisxmobs inteleqtualur mkiTxvels, romelic<br />
unda Caswvdes mxatvrul saxes, moixilos misi siRrmeebi, zedapiri, am SemTxvevaSi<br />
mxolod safarvelia idumalisa, ufro zustad, saidumlosi, romelic leqsis siRrmeSi<br />
devs, e.i. striqonTa miRma igulisxmeba im qronotopSi, romelsac qmnis saxeobrivi<br />
sistema. es ukve gulisxmobs mxatvruli saxis avtonomiurobis aRiarebas. mkiTxveli<br />
swored masTan marTavs dialogs da samyaros poetis mier SemoTavazebuli axali<br />
52
akursebiT xedavs. mkiTxveli aqtiurad erTveba im TamaSSi, romelsac mxatvruli saxe<br />
warmarTavs, Tumca mkiTxvelis Tavisufleba ar izRudeba. TamaSi sworedac rom misi<br />
sulis, gulisa da gonebis Sesaferisad viTardeba.<br />
lia sturuas leqsebis analizisas Cven ZiriTadad vsargeblobT hermenevtikuli<br />
praqtikiT, romelic gaiazreba, rogorc nebismieri mxatvruli teqstis axsnisa da<br />
ganmartebis universaluri meTodi. am SemTxvevaSi, teqstsa da mkiTxvels Soris<br />
hermes_mediatorad gamodis kritikosi, interpretatori, romelsac poetis sityva ara<br />
mxolod miaqvs mkiTxvelTan, aramed ganumartavs kidec. ganmarteba ki lia sturuas<br />
poezias warmoaCens, rogorc mocemulobas, romelic sxvadasxva mkiTxvels nairnairi<br />
interpretaciis saSualebas aZlevs, radgan Zalian gaxsnili mxatvruli saxeebi aqvs<br />
imisTvis, rom mkiTxvels guluxvad umaspinZlos.<br />
poezia, sazogadod, yvelaze metad Seicavs araordinarul mxatvrul kodebs,<br />
romelTa gaSifvra warmoaCens leqsis siRrmes. rogorc cnobilia, hermenevtika<br />
homerosis eposisa da bibliuri teqstebis uZveles imnterpretaciebs gulisxmobda. igi<br />
iyo meTodologiuri Suamavali sakralur da arasakralur teqstebs Soris.<br />
hermenevtikis filosofiuri damfuZneblis, fridrix Slaimaxeris azriT,<br />
`interpretacia warmoadgens ukve Seqmnili produqciis Tavidan Seqmnas, anu kvlav<br />
Seqmnis mowesrgebul sistemas~ (irma ratiani, hermenevtika, wignSi `literaturis Teoria<br />
`XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi~, Tb.2006, gv. 103)<br />
lia sturuas poeziis Cveneuli analizisas leqsis saTqmelis rekonstruqciis<br />
safuZvelia intuicia. SeiZleba es interpretacia xandaxan absoluturad<br />
gansxvavdebodes poetis Canafiqrisgan, magram mTavari es cdaa, rogorc leqsis<br />
gacocxlebis saSualeba. sruliad seriozulad acxadebda tomas sternz elioti: `Cven<br />
imasac unda mivxvdeT, rasac TviTon Seqspiri ver xvdeboda~ (`hamleti~, wignSi: `ra aris<br />
klasika?~, Tb. 1996, gv. 15)<br />
poeti erT leqsSi wers:<br />
iqneb, marTlac, ufro advili<br />
sakuTari leqsebis mokvlaa,<br />
vidre yureba, rogor klaven,<br />
maT sxvebi .<br />
(`medea~)<br />
vfiqrob, am mkvlelobaSi, igulisxmeba mkiTxvelTan ukontaqtoba, rac nebismieri<br />
poetis yvelaze didi tkivilia. amasTan erTad, albaT, fiqri dawerili striqonebis<br />
araswori interpretaciisa. es ukanaskneli SiSi verasodes daiZleva da poets yovelTvis<br />
eqneba gancda xifaTisa, romelsac SeiZleba gadaeyaron Sinidan (gulidan) gareT,<br />
usulgulo sivrceSi gaSvebuli Svilebi (leqsebi). `bevrma wyalma unda Caiaros, sanam<br />
mwerali da mkiTxveli erTmaneTs ipovnian, erTi alTasaa, meore _ balTas, TiToeuli<br />
cal-calke ki martosulia~ (andre Jidi `stefan malarme~, wignSi `xelovnebis sazRvrebi~,<br />
Tb.1994, gv.83).<br />
krebulSi dabeWdili leqsebis umravlesobis lirikuli gmiri `mea~, romelic<br />
mkiTxvels esaubreba Tavis tkivilebze. es tkivili ganfenilia sxvadasxva opoziciur<br />
wyvils Soris, rogorebicaa: siyvaruli da siZulvili, tkivili da Sveba, erTguleba da<br />
Ralati, siTbo da sicive, sicocxle da sikvdili, Cveulebrivi da uCveulo adamianebi da<br />
sxva.<br />
rogorc zemoTac aRniSneT, upirvelesi tkivili jvarcmis xsovnaa, poetis<br />
cnobierebis mZlavri arqetipi, romelic zedapirze sxvadasxva mxatvrul saxed<br />
amotivtivdeba. swored jvarcmis gaunelebeli tkivili amarTlebs adamianis arsebobas,<br />
romelic erTgan amgvari metaforiT cxaddeba:<br />
sul atlasis broweulebi<br />
amoyara, simwifisgan<br />
rom ixliCebodnen,<br />
Cveni codvebis Camorecxvas<br />
lamobdnen,<br />
magram tkivilis gareSe<br />
SeiZleba gaRmerTeba?<br />
53
(`ukuRma mosayoli ambavi~)<br />
mravalmniSvnelovani kiTxvaa da im pasuxsac gulisxmobs, romelic istoriaSi<br />
sisxliani asoebiTaa Cawerili.<br />
adamiani martoobisTvisaa ganwiruli. es misi udidesi tkivilia. TviTon poeti amave<br />
wignis garekanze dabeWdil avtobiografiaSi SeniSnavs: `martosulobis sevdas xSirad<br />
paroqsizmamde mihyavxar. adamiani martoa tkivilSi, Semoqmedebis dros, sikvdilis<br />
pirispir, Tundac WirisufalTa jari ijdes mis panaSvidze da saerTo saflavidan<br />
amoRebul mocarts usmendes~.<br />
iqneb angelozebic imitom<br />
gamovigoneT, rom tkivili<br />
davZlieT, martooba _ ki vera.<br />
(*** `rogoria iq...~)<br />
am simartoves xandaxan arRvevdnen axloblebi, romlebic poets nel_nela<br />
Camoscildnen, zogi saiqioSi wavida, zogmac uRalata. poeti `dakargul~ adamianad<br />
miiCnevs Tavs:<br />
ramdenjer fexiT gadamiares,<br />
axla manqaniT?<br />
yvirils viwyeb,<br />
miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom erTi mesamedi<br />
baRi var,<br />
vdgavar da vyviri.<br />
(`dakarguli~)<br />
am saxem eduard munkis cnobili naxati `yvirili~ gamaxsena. orivegan<br />
sasowarkveTili Zaxilia `saerTo simSvidis~ fonze. da kvlav meordeba bneli<br />
sivrceebisken gatyorcnili: `vin gaigebs Sens Zaxils, Zaxils vin daijerebs? veravin<br />
ganugeSebs~ (galaktioni). saSineli da dauZleveli miusafroba poets realobidan kvlav<br />
poeziisken ubiZgebs. xSirad es aris musika, romelic, poetis azriT, RmerTma maSin<br />
Seqmna, rodesac samyaros aSeneba daamTavra, `xelT araviTari masala aRar hqonda da<br />
sevda daeufla. rogor mSvelis es metafizika~ (`poeturi licencia~) da mkiTxvelsac<br />
sTavazobs saSvels. `momenatreba musikis Tafli~ (***`Cemi bavSvobis zRapari...~). visac<br />
`silamazeze aqvs Tvali miwebebuli~, man `haerisgan unda gaikeTos cisferi Cai da svas<br />
sicocxlis bolomde~ (*** `ra vqeni...~), e.i. aramaterialuriT, warmosaxuliT isazrdoos.<br />
`Seval sakuTar TavSi da aRar davbrundebi~ (`matareblidan arsaiTken~), magram xandaxan<br />
mainc brundeba, raTa nanaxi da gaxsenebuli leqsebad aqcios. Svebas ki poulobs<br />
dedasTan, mamasTan, bebiasTan SexvedriT, romelTa saxeebs metaforebiT Zerwavs, raTa<br />
kvlav ganicados maTi siaxlovis sixaruli<br />
bavSvobis saxli,<br />
sadac adamianebs da sagnebs<br />
uyvardaT erTmaneTi.<br />
roiali da bebiaCemi<br />
mocartis vercxlisfer<br />
qonebas iyofdnen<br />
wveTebi da namcecebi<br />
Cemken cvioda,<br />
maT Suqze gavizarde<br />
(`lamazi mkvleloba~).<br />
deda `gaugebar saWmels momitanda,<br />
iqneb, sulac Saqarmoyril vardebs<br />
(*** `ramdenime qila rZis...~).<br />
axla igi samoTxeSi eguleba, `Tavidan fexebamde metaforaSia Cafluli~ (`SeiZleba,<br />
tkivili Sevitano samoTxeSi?~). iqneb es samoTxe poezia iyos, sadac metaforad qceuli<br />
deda maradiul sicocxles aziara TviTonve, RvTis wyalobiT, radgan swored misgan<br />
mieca niWi metaforis gziT sikvdilis sicocxled qcevisa.<br />
54
poeti erTmaneTisgan ganarCevs Cveulebriv da uCveulo adamianebs, am<br />
ukanasknelebs miekuTvnebian xelovanni. maT Soris, upirvelesad, isini, romlebic xSirad<br />
SemoiWrebian am leqsebSi: vaJa fSavela, galaktioni, besik gabaSvili, firosmani,<br />
mocarti, van gogi, gogeni... isini yvelani dro-sivrcul bariers daZleven da poeziaSi<br />
erTmaneTs xvdebian. poeti maTTan grZnobs Svebas da sicocxlis mSvenierebas. van<br />
gogisTvis mTavari iyo saxe:<br />
xis, mindvris, fexsacmelebis,<br />
romlebSic iebi amovidoda<br />
vaJa fSavelas gacnobis Semdeg saiqioSi...<br />
mzis upasuxobam mokla orive...<br />
Cven wneva mogvklavs,<br />
an infarqti, an romelime<br />
banaluri avadmyofoba,<br />
Cvens kvalze amova<br />
da amova xalxi,<br />
magram ara iebi.<br />
(*** `linzebi _ SuSis dedebi...~)<br />
poetma vaJa fSavela da van gogi erTmaneTs Seaxvedra saiqioSi. es aris ucnauri da<br />
originaluri dawyvileba, romelic ucnob, moulodnel gancdas badebs mkiTxvelSi da<br />
fiqrTa nakadebs warmoSobs. lia sturua ki Tavis poezias amdidrebs axali surneliT,<br />
xmebiTa da ferebiT.<br />
am uCveulo adamianebs `erTi fexi balaxSi aqvT, meore _ caSi~ (`naturmorti~).<br />
roca dReebi Cveulebrivad midian, poeziisa da mSvenierebis gareSe, maSin azri<br />
ekargeba cxovrebas, romelic `gZuls, rogorc parki Wias, romelic peplad veRar iqceva~<br />
(`orSabaTidan kviramde~). amgvari poeturi saxeebi amxelen poetis midrekilebas<br />
filosofiuri gansjisaken, konkretuli gancdis ganzogadebisaken. erTferovneba,<br />
moklebuli gradaciebsa da metamorfozebs, poetisTvis sulieri sikvdilis tolfasia.<br />
amitomac realur dro-sivrces is poeziiT gardaqmnis, yoveldRiurobas is poeziis<br />
nawilad aqcevs da am gziT iqmnis mravalferovnebis iluzias, sizmriseuli logikiT<br />
gadis yofiTobs sazRvrebidan da Tavs leqsebs Seafarebs.<br />
bodleri werda: `janmrTelma adamianma ori dRe SeiZleba gaZlos uWmelad,<br />
upoeziod ki ara~ (`romantikuli xelovneba~, Tb.1996, gv.13)<br />
lia sturuas poeziaSi uCveulo adamianebi metaforebad iqcevian, magaliTad, vaJa<br />
fSavela, romelsac ase mimarTavs poeti:<br />
miwaze dgaxar da balaxi gezrdeba<br />
fexebTan erTad,<br />
samelneSi iebis wveni asxia,<br />
iqidan amodixar kalmistariviT,<br />
gamxdari da weris mosurne...<br />
...da kvdebi universitetis auditoriaSi,<br />
TvalebSi ki<br />
mTebis misamarTebi giweria.<br />
(`vaJa fSavela~)<br />
ase moaqcevs mTel cxovrebas ramdenime striqonSi. aseTi poetebi varskvlavebad<br />
iqcnen. dRes ki `ca aRar aqvs qalaqs~, amitom adamianebi veRarc varskvlavebs xedaven, e.i.<br />
aRar ganicdian poezias, aRarafrad uRirT Zvirfasi saxelebi, es ki maT sulier<br />
gaRatakebasa da sikvdils iwvevs.<br />
isini, uCveulo adamianebi, cxovroben metaforaSi, romelic maTi TavSesafaria.<br />
galaktioni `welSi gatexa gamogonili cxenebis devnam da zambaxis simaRleze sworebam...~.<br />
...fanjridan gavida,<br />
ara TviTmkvlelobis mizniT,<br />
aramed imitom,<br />
rom fanjara ufro axlos iyo<br />
casTan, vidre karebi...<br />
(`guSin~)<br />
55
galaktionis sikvdilze bevri leqsi dawerila da kvlavac daiwereba. dawerilTagan<br />
ki, vfiqrob, es erT-erTi originaluri poeturi interpretaciaa. galaktioni fanjridan<br />
caSi gavida, laRad, umtkivneulod, ucodvelad. am metaforaSi SesaniSnavad warmoCnda<br />
galaktionisa da am leqsis avtoris sulieri naTesaoba.<br />
lia sturuas yvelaze sayvareli poetis, rogorc TviTon ambobs, galaktionis<br />
poezia misTvis Svebis saufloa, amitomac evedreba:<br />
SemiSvi Tovlis samSobloSi,<br />
gemudarebi,<br />
sadac mze ari, lurji ToSi,<br />
vercxlis zarebi...<br />
... sevdis kideze<br />
gaSendeba Cemi samyaro<br />
Sen Semiyvane<br />
mis siRrmeSi, qarebis mxridan<br />
da cota, mainc Semiyvare<br />
im Seni cidan.<br />
aqac igive wadili irekleba realobis sazRvrebis garRvevisa da poeziis saufloSi<br />
Sesvlisa, am SemTxvevaSi, es galaktionis samyaroa.<br />
ulamazesi leqsia da didia cduneba misi mTliani citirebisa.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom galaktionis xsovna poetisTvis niSnavs `saqarTvelos xsovnasac~,<br />
romelsac xSirad iviwyeben `axali qarTvelebi~:<br />
Cveulebrivi, zomierad<br />
mofiqrali Tavebi,<br />
TeTri sayelos TabaSiriT<br />
mxrebSi CaSenebuli~, maT gulze ver gadaivlis `cisferi atmebiT savse manqana~,<br />
isini Zlierebi arian, raTa gauZaliandnen `uxerxemlo meocnebeebs~ da<br />
`xelmeored moklan~ (`axali qarTvelebi~).<br />
ase iWreba am leqsebSi dRevandeloba, mkacri da uxeSi, eklebiani. poeti cxovrobs<br />
qalaqSi, sadac `xSirad ferTxaven Tavis adamianebad: ginda qvesknelSi Cavardi, ginda<br />
cisken aiRe gezi~ (`Tafli gamotova~); `XXI saukunea, kanalizaciis milebSi Catenili<br />
vardebi _ aliyuri poezias!~ ( `gaaCere dro~);<br />
saqmiani gaxda zarebi,<br />
sadRac geZaxian,<br />
raRacas gTxoven:<br />
intervius, leqsebs,<br />
nekrologs sakuTar Tavze.<br />
telefonis Zgididan ar Cans,<br />
rogori depresiis<br />
mduRareSi gidgas fexebi.<br />
(`TanagrZnoba~)<br />
sakuTar Tavze nekrologis daweris Txovna tragikomikuria da xandaxan amgvari<br />
ironiiTac aris gadalaxuli realobis uxeSoba da sisastike. poets es yovelive mainc ver<br />
gadaaCvevs, rom dainaxos: `gnolis frTebiT moSrialebs saRamo~, Tu Zalian gauWirdeba,<br />
samebis Crdilisken gaeSureba, `RvTaebrivi ariTmetikis monawile, sadac sami oTxze<br />
metia~ (`ucnauri ariTmetika~). Svebis wyaroa `yanCasaviT grZelkisera eklesia~.<br />
Tanamedroveoba RmerTs klavs nicSesaviT, magram ver auqmebs xilvas: `is qali, eklesiis<br />
CrdilSi TeTri fexebiT amosuli, romelic gaTenebas hgavs?~ (`es isev Tbilisia?~)<br />
alvis xeebic tyuilad ar magoneben eklesiebs,<br />
axal, cis lurji zari darekavs~ (`infarqti~),<br />
`ukvdavebsgan wuTisofeli<br />
gamogvidno RmerTma.<br />
(*** `vurev Cais kovzs...~)<br />
poeti ar erideba arc sakuTari uCveulobis xazgasmasa da gamomzeurobas:<br />
dabadebidan<br />
broweulis xeze ufro viyavi<br />
gamobmuli WiplariT.<br />
56
marTalia, wignebs `klonirebul dednebad~ aRiqvams, riTac mianiSnebs avtorisgan<br />
maT gaucxoebaze. dedani TviTon avtoria, romelic Tavis aslebs qmnis, magram suls ver<br />
STaberavs. am SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvels gadaeloceba es mniSvnelovani funqcia<br />
TanaSemoqmedebisa. man wakiTxvisas suli unda STaberos am klonirebul dednebs,<br />
romlebic yvelaze kargad Caenacvlebian cxovrebas, yoveldRiur erTferovnebas. mas<br />
`Seqspiris sonetebi umagrebs zurgs~ da `malarmes nisliani gamocanebi~, `tyuis<br />
akvareliviT fermkrTal leqsebs~ da `caxcaxebs sinatifisagan~ (`wertilis dasmis<br />
mcdeloba~).<br />
quCaSi ki dadian eliotiseuli futuro adamianebi da usulgulod angreven<br />
uCveulo adamianebis Seqmnil samyaroebs. poeti ocnebobs ucnauri biblioTekis<br />
aSenebaze, raTa `viaroT iq, rogorc eklesiaSi~ (`aramoduri mowodeba~). es gvaxsenebs<br />
babilonis biblioTekis borxesiseul utopias. `yvelaze didi mwerlebi, im wuTebSi, roca<br />
pirdapiri kavSiri ara aqvT gonebasTan, wignebis sazogadoebiT tkbebian. gana swored<br />
maTTvis ar iwereba es wignebi? gana maT ar gadauSlian win aTasgvar silamazes, romelic<br />
dafarulia Cveulebrivi adamianebisTvis?~ (marsel prusti, wignis kiTxva, Tb. 1993, gv. 65)<br />
lia sturua agrZelebs im uCveulo adamianTa tradicias, romlebic aRiarebdnen<br />
mSvenierebis, warmosaxvis aRmatebulobas realobaze. Tanadroul epoqaSi misi poezia is<br />
xidia, romelic mkiTxvels exmareba yvela im xelovanTan misvlaSi, romlebic saganTa<br />
miRma ixedebodnen.<br />
nu Seeguebi Cveulebriv dRes!<br />
xaxviT da kartofiliT gamaZRars,<br />
mogSivdeba, vardebi Cayare<br />
RvinoSi, gabede da ZaRlis<br />
magivrad, bulbulze Tqvi, yefso...~<br />
`...sxva Tu araferi SegiZlia,<br />
sikvdiliT SesZari<br />
Cveulebrivi uniWo dRe!<br />
(`Cveulebrivi dRe~)<br />
poets siyvaruli aZlierebs, swored misi ZaliT upirispirdeba im adamianebs,<br />
romelTac `sxvisi mwuxareba uxariaT~. poeti exmianeba `wamebul orbelians~, romelmac<br />
kargad icoda Suris fasi, Tumca leqsSi `Cems keTilismyofelebs~, poeti Surs niadags<br />
aclis, radgan:<br />
sikeTe aRar gamaCnia,<br />
rom vinme Sevawuxo,<br />
jobia, uxarodeT<br />
Cemi mowyenili saxis danaxva,<br />
jobia uxarodeT.<br />
es edareba qristianul mowyalebas mterTa dalocvisa. ase gardaiqmneba siZulvili<br />
siyvarulad.<br />
poets ar surs, `keTildReobis simartives dasjerdes~, radgan icis misi<br />
moCvenebiToba. TviTon ki:<br />
Tvalebis garda kefiTac xedav,<br />
Jruantelic aqedan givlis,<br />
Ralatsac, mxolod,<br />
kefiT igrZnob...<br />
(`ukuRmarTi fiqri~).<br />
poeti gamudmebiT warmoaCens sakuTar `mes~, ara mkiTxvelis winaSe sakeklucod,<br />
aramed TviTSemecnebisTvis. poeziiT surs gaxsnas sulis siRrmeebi da im labirinTebSi<br />
ixetialos mkiTxvelTan erTad. leqsSi `mokle avtobiografia~ Tavdapirvelad<br />
warmoCenilia bavSvobisdroindeli garemo, `xeebs maSin xmaurisgan Tavi ar stkiodaT~,<br />
mianiSnebs sakuTar gamorCeulobaze: `vaJa fSavelas Svili viyavi~, amitomac ver<br />
agebinebda bebias, `kurtuaziul poeziaze Seyvarebuls~, rom `pirSi Tu balaxi amogivida,<br />
veraviTari rZe da Tafli veRar giSvelis~. es exmianeba niko samadaSvilis striqonebs:<br />
`avadmyofoba egonaT, biWo, leqsebi, tanze gamonayari~.<br />
57
poeti izrdeboda metaforebiT, romlebic misi sasmel-saWmelic iyo, saxlic da<br />
TavSesafaric. izrdeboda da eTxoveboda yvelaze Zvirfass. xvdeboda, rom<br />
gubeSi fexis tyapuni<br />
caze siarulia, sanam<br />
gamougdiaT bavSvobidan,<br />
rogorc samoTxidan<br />
(`sanam~)<br />
mere ki `gavyide sityva, viyide laJvardi~ da sikvdilic metaforiT moiSinaura:<br />
cas gavusworeb Tvals,<br />
iqneb, kaba Camomigdon axali,<br />
bambissamxreebiani, saidanac<br />
ufro iolad amoviyvan frTebs<br />
(*** ~mtredi CamoiRvara...~)<br />
poeti ixsenebs erT-erT pirvel Sexvedras mistikasTan _ es iyo sityva<br />
`bunebismetyveleba~, romelic man ase gaigo: `e.i. nebadarTulia kaklis xis magidasTan<br />
laparaki~. mas Semdeg ki imasac mixvda, rom `ars ena ram saidumlo~, amitomac ase xSiria<br />
mis poeziaSi dialogebi bunebasTan: `dedaCemma sarevela balaxis piriT SemomiTvala, rom<br />
melodeba~ (~vin xar axla~)<br />
am krebulis leqsebi erTgvari dRiurebia, romlebSic, Cveni intuiciiT, Warbadaa<br />
avtobiografiuli (sulieri Tu fizikuri). marTalia, calkeul leqsebSi fragmentulad,<br />
magram mTlianobaSi warmoCndeba erTiani suraTi poetis `mesi~. am leqsebSi,<br />
upirvelesad, metaforebis gziT aRdgeba warsuli da poeti amgvarad moipovebs<br />
dakargul dros. es `aRsarebiTi lirikaa~. am leqsebSi aris `cnobierebis nakadebic~,<br />
dialogebi sakuTar TavTan da sxvebTan.<br />
Caviketebi sizmarSi,<br />
rogorc oTaxSi<br />
yvela Cemi mkvdari<br />
Tbili xdeba da rbili<br />
wvimis wyaliviT...<br />
(`sizmarSi cxovreba~)<br />
poeti amgvari `CaketviT~ Tavs aRwevs qaoss, romelic mis garSemoa da mJRavndeba<br />
saganTa da movlenaTa harmoniulobis rRvevaSi. `da qalaqma nel-nela damiwyo waSla~<br />
(`ocneba borjomis xeobaze~).<br />
amitomac mTliand miendoba warmosaxvas, `sigiJes umatebs~, rom igrZnos, `hars<br />
wvimaSi narbeni ZaRlis suni aqvs~. warmosaxuli samyaro realuri dro-sivrculi<br />
movlenebidan iqsoveba da poeti imdenad `Tvreba~ cxadSi dasizmrebuliT, rom<br />
aRmoxdeba: `RmerTo, ar minda amdeni silamaze! meSinia misi...~ (exmianeba nacnob<br />
paradoqsul sasowarkveTas: ~sjobs, rom ar gqondes sulac samSoblo, anda ar iyos ase<br />
lamazi~ _ ticiani). ai, erTi aseTi `saSineli~ silamaze:<br />
mucelgafatruli iaponeli<br />
ki zis da sakuTari nawlavebidan<br />
alublis wiTeli xe amohyavs<br />
Senc Tu dainaxav<br />
mis xanmokle yvavilobaSi<br />
jojoxeTis cxra garss<br />
da erT Tvalebgabrwyinebul samoTxes,<br />
iqneb, gaigo es esTetika<br />
(*** `sul sxvagvari cxovreba...~).<br />
am esTetikiTaa Seqmnili es leqsebi, sadac tanjva da sixaruli, siTbo da sicive,<br />
mSveniereba da simaxinje gamudmebiT msWvalavs erTmaneTs. leqsSi `warmosaxva~ poeti<br />
xatavs, rogor<br />
miaqvT WianWvelebs raRac lurji tvirTi<br />
Cemi perangis naxevi xom araa?<br />
romelsac soroSi cad daikideben<br />
da eziarebian metaforul azrovnebas...<br />
58
...sikvdilis mere WianWvelebis cad iqce,<br />
romeli warmosaxva gauZlebs amas.<br />
(`warmosaxva~)<br />
ase uCveulod da originalurad warmoidgens poeti aryofnaSi gadasvlas, sadac<br />
gaagrZelebs Tavis poetur misias, mSvenierebas aziaros yoveli suldgmuli. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, leqsis es saxe avtonomiurobas iZens da damoukidebel dialogs marTavs<br />
mkiTxvelTan, igi sikvdilis labirinTSi sanTeliviT miuZRveba mas, raTa iqauri<br />
jurRmulebi gaunaTos da idumalTan Seaxvedros. amgvari moulodneli poeturi<br />
saxeebiT lia sturua qmnis Tavis esTetikas, dRemde gamorCeuls qarTul poeziaSi.<br />
am leqsebSi xSirad warmoCndeba fiqri gardacvlil axloblebze, maT Soris,<br />
meuRleze, SesaniSnav xelovanze, elguja amaSukelze:<br />
vin xar axla?<br />
qari, romelsac Citebis Taiguli<br />
miaqvs RmerTTan?<br />
(`vin xar axla?~)<br />
lia sturuas Seqmnili da warmosaxuli samyaro, marTalia qaosis fragmentebisgan<br />
Sendeba, magram mxolod da mxolod harmoniis Sesaqmnelad. qaosi realobaa, harmonia ki<br />
sityvaTa feris, musikis, gemosa da azrisagan Seqmnili is nairferi mozaikaa, romelic<br />
yovel leqsSi gansxvavebul variaciebs qmnis da mudmivad mkiTxvelis molodinSia, raTa<br />
mis warmosaxvaSi ukve Seqmnilma mxatvrulma saxeebma axali feriscvaleba da am gziT<br />
axali sicocxle SeiZinon.<br />
59
gigi sulakauris proza qarTul Sidakulturul konteqstSi<br />
zaza gogia<br />
`ras ambob, Wama didi bednierebaa!~ _ meubneba amxanagi da mec gulwrfelad<br />
mecodeba sakuTari Tavi, ase martivad rom ver vxsni aseT martiv amocanebs~<br />
(`bedniereba~).<br />
gigi sulakauris am orwinadadebiani moTxroba — Canaxatis ironiuli samizne<br />
adamianis biologiuri kmayofilebis arsia.<br />
`dagZlie Tu ar!~ _ am sityvebiT ilias `gandegilSi~ xorci SehyiJinebs sulis<br />
uZlurebas.<br />
ufro adre ki platoni wers `fedrosSi~, rom suli sxeulSi moxvedris gamo iryvneba<br />
da ixreba uwesrigobisaken.<br />
magaliTebis gaxseneba usasrulod SeiZleba, vinaidan sulisa da xorcis, fsiqiurisa<br />
da biologiuris, qcevisa da antiqcevis problema samyarosaviT Zvelia, misi<br />
eqsperimentuli kvleva-Zieba ki SedarebiT axali. eTologiis (cxovelTa qcevis<br />
Semswavleli disciplinis) erT-erT burjs konrad lorencs eWvi ar epareboda, rom<br />
cxoveluri qcevis kanonzomierebani adamianisa da sazogadoebis cxovrebis sferoebzec<br />
vrceldeba. `fsiqologiur mocartad~ wodebul lev vigotskis ki sruliad realurad<br />
miaCnda biologiur da fizikur anomaliaTa fsiqologiur zemoqmedebaTa saSualebiT<br />
aRmofxvra (aRniSnul Tvalsazriss `tanjvisagan gaTavisuflebis~ uZvelesi<br />
aRmosavleTis filosofiur-religiuri swavlebebi da TviT qristianobis praqtika<br />
umagrebs zurgs). vigotskim anomaliur bavSvTa fsiqologiuri aRzrdis skolac ki<br />
daaarsa, romlis arseboba dRemokle aRmoCnda, vinaidan sabWouri aRzrdis mTavari<br />
principi klasobrivi Segnebis kultivireba iyo da ara _ jansaRi fsiqo-socialuri<br />
Segnebisa. amis Semdeg mecnierma cocxali eqsperimentebis sanacvlod dakvirvebis<br />
obieqtad niSani (sityva), ena, umTavresad ki literaturis, xelovnebis, kulturis ena<br />
aqcia. Cveni biosocialuri Tu fsiqologiuri aqtivobis yofiTi planidan metyvelebis<br />
aqtad transformireba enis apercefciulobas efuZneba, romelic gonivrulad<br />
reagirebs movlenisa, da, saerTod, kulturis, nebismier gamowvevaze. gardasaxvis am<br />
aqtSi Sida Tu garegamRizianebelTa energia signalebad gardaiqmneba. Tuki kulturis<br />
gabatonebuli forma moumzadebelia maT misaRebad, tranzaciis anu Zvelidan axalze<br />
evoluciuri gadasvlis procesi usaSvelod iweleba da uwyveti warumateblobis xasiaTs<br />
iZens _ WeSmaritad Rirebuli tradiciac irRveva da axali kulturuli sivrcis<br />
aTviseba-modernizaciac mZimed mimdinareobs. qaosisa da socialuri anomiis pirobebSi<br />
ena, sityva, mxatvruli teqsti garda imisa, rom Tavad ganicdis mZime ryevebs da icvlis<br />
funqciur-semantikur datvirTvas, kulturis teqstis utyuar indikatoradac iqceva.<br />
umberto ekos Tu davujerebT, babilonis enaTa aRrevis Semdeg kacobriobas dRemde ver<br />
upovia ena, romelic Semecnebis WeSmarit instrumentad iqceva. magram ena,<br />
gansakuTrebiT mxatvruli, mudmivad icvleba, amitom mwerlobis molodini axalTan<br />
Sesaxvedrad ZvelTan ganSorebisaTvis mzaobasac gulisxmobs. gigi sulakauris<br />
sityvebic, `maS, mSvidobiT da gamarjoba Cemo samyarov!~ _ am Tvalsazrisis emociuri<br />
demonstraciaa. orive ukiduresoba _ droSi CarCenac da mxolod Zvelis uaryofaze<br />
agebuli novaciac marcxisTvisaa ganwiruli. samwuxarod, dRevandeli cxovrebis TiTqmis<br />
yvela sferoSi es balansi darRveulia.<br />
ganaxlebis utopiuri modelis erovnuli kulturis Semaferxebel Zalad ukufena,<br />
dRes ukve krizisul realobad qceuli gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebidan<br />
iolad prognozirebadi iyo. krizisis mizezebi sakmarisze meti aRmoCnda. xalxsa da<br />
xelisuflebas, sazogadoebis fenebs Soris ndobaze dafuZnebuli saerTo orientirebis<br />
arseboba, politikuri cnobierebis koncentraciis xarjze kulturuli cnobierebis<br />
dekoncentracia, saSualo da ufrosi Taobebis inteleqtualuri potencialis<br />
praqtikuli gamouyenebloba, naklovani codnis mqone saxelismaZiebelTa arnaxuli<br />
60
aRzeveba, uwyebrivi cenziT zneobrivis utifari gadafarva, ucxoelTaTvis<br />
eqsteritoriuli uflebebis miniWebis paralelurad sakuTari xalxis abuCad agdeba,<br />
subkulturis produqtebis gauTavebeli Semoteva da mravali sxva. erTi sityviT,<br />
qarTveloba TvaldaxelSua TviTcnobadobis unars kargavs.<br />
`me da Cemi liza~ poet gigi sulakauris moTxrobebis pirveli krebulia, romelic<br />
Cveni kulturuli samkvidros ganadgurebiT gamowveul wylulebs gviSiSvlebs.<br />
kulturis ena ki mxolod azrTampyrobelia, diadi qmnilebebisa da qmedebebis ena araa.<br />
igi garemos enacaa, romelsac yvelgan SeiZleba SevxvdeT _ ubanSi, quCaSi, kafeSi,<br />
`spartakas saludeSi~, `tristanas duqansa~ Tu `asirieli alibegas~ daxlTan. yovelive<br />
amis gonebamde misatanad saWiroa: pirveli _ gamaxvilebuli periferiuli xedva da<br />
meore _ oficialuri kulturis bunebisaTvis aratipiur, artefaqtul movlenaTa<br />
miReba-aTvisebis unari.<br />
axali saniSneebis aRmoCenisas axalgazrda mwerlebSi `Zvelebi~ xSirad gaRizianebas<br />
iwveven. magaliTad, gorki amreziT ucqerda dostoevskis, romelic, misi azriT, rusuli<br />
sulis simaxinjes aSiSvlebda. Tumca, Tavdac aranaklebi sisatikiT uswordeboda<br />
rusuli cxovrebis maxinj gamovlinebebs. msgavsi pozicia erT dros ilias mimarTac<br />
gamovlinda. magram yvela Teziss aqvs antiTezisic.<br />
`Tu Cveni nawerebi ar mogwons, ukve kargia, e. i. raRac emociebi gamouwvevia SenSi _<br />
ase amixsna erTxel otiam~, _ ixsenebs gigi sulakauri. TaobaTa Soris dialogSi otia<br />
paWkorias koreqtuli, amasTanave, brZnulad gaTvlili strategiuli svla mxolod<br />
aRtacebas imsaxurebs.<br />
gigi sulakaurs arasodes izidavda istoriis mier motyuebuli mwerlis<br />
perspeqtiva, amitom drois gamowvevebze komunisturi mmarTvelobis wlebSic<br />
adeqvaturad reagirebda, roca poetis konfiguraciul kompoziciebsa Tu<br />
versifikaciuli kanonebis uaryofaSi tradiciebis Ralats xedavdnen. sinamdvileSi rig<br />
poetTa Tavisufali midgoma saleqso instrumentisadmi iyo ara tradiciebisagan, aramed<br />
kvaziesTetikuri Sablonisagan gandgomis daufaravi Jesti, qarTuli leqsis<br />
modernizaciisa da Ria saliteraturo sivrceSi gaRwevis wadili. mwerali movlenebze<br />
dResac adeqvaturad reagirebs, roca calmxrivad gagnebulma modernizaciam<br />
gardacvlil kulturas sasicocxlo tradiciebic Tan Caayola saflavSi.<br />
movlenaTa ukiduresi polarizacia damRupvelia. krizisuli drois Zlevis procesi<br />
SedarebiT umtkivneulod mimdinareobs da kulturac ufro efeqturad icavs Tavs, roca<br />
modernizebul da aprobirebul kulturul proeqtebs axal istoriul pirobebSi<br />
TviTgamJRavnebis Tanabari Sansi eZleva (uvargiss dro Tavad moicilebs). kulturis<br />
uwyvetobis arsic xom warsulis mudmivi swrafvaa momavalSi realizebisaken. warsulis<br />
faseulobaTa Zaladobrivi gamoZevebis gziT axali tipis urTierTobaTa xelovnuri<br />
Canacvlebis cdebi tradiciasa da novacias Soris Tanafardobis logikas arRvevs, ris<br />
gamoc Sidakulturuli narativebis niSa TandaTan carieldeba.<br />
am sakiTxs mogvianebiT davubrundebiT. axla ki oriode sityva erT konceptsa da mis<br />
literaturul gamovlinebaze.<br />
intencionaloba aris Semecnebis forma, roca subieqti obieqtis (sagnis)<br />
gavrcelebul mniSvnelobas sakuTari azriTa da poziciiT avsebs. es pozicia epoqis<br />
specifikis, subieqtis asakisa da inteleqtualuri simwifis kvaldakval icvleba.<br />
moTxrobaSi `beladebis marSi~ liftSi gaWedili avtoris oreuli virtualurad<br />
adreuli bavSvobis asakSi gadainacvlebs da `pirdapir mcxeTis sadguris mziTganaTebul<br />
baqanze~ aRmoCndeba.<br />
1961 weli. saqarTvelos xruSCovi da fidel kastro stumroben. rkinigzis<br />
sadgurebze pompezuri daxvedrebi, Taigulebi, misasalmebeli sityvebi da<br />
transparantebi, skolis merxebidan sadguris baqnebze ayrili mowafeebi. `arada, ra<br />
kargad iwyeba `zeimi~. garTobas da TamaSs aravin gviSlis, TeTr-wiTeli transparantebi<br />
Tvalsa da guls gvixarebs, beladebis veeberTela portretebi alersianad gviRimian,<br />
reproduqtoridan mxiaruli marSi iRvreba da Cvens guneba-ganwyobilebas (liftisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT) TavdaviwyebiT miaqanebs bolo sarTulisaken~.<br />
61
droTa ganmavlobaSi heroikuli Janruli pano farsad, Tavad zeimi ki zeimis<br />
imitaciad da karikaturul memkvidreobad iqca. verc `diadi beladis~, leninis, saxe<br />
darCa xsovnis naTel niSansvetad da oqtombrelis samkerde niSnidan momRimari<br />
oqroskululebiani `varskvlavbiWunac~ `brtyelTavian urCxulad~ gardaisaxa.<br />
winamorbedi epoqis niSnebSi axali Sinaarsis mikvleva-warmoCena warmatebis<br />
sawindrad im SemTxvevaSi iqceva, roca postkulturis produqcias damkveTi da<br />
momxmarebeli hyavs, ngrevisa da uaryofis garda, Senebisa da damkvidrebis unaric<br />
gaaCnia, roca sazogadoebas mxolod mimRebi kulturis damamcirebeli roli ar<br />
akmayofilebs da mzadaa ormxriv urTierTobebze gadasasvlelad, politikuri elita ki<br />
_ sazogadoebis nebis anu sakuTari movaleobebis pirnaTlad Sesasruleblad.<br />
Tuki xelisufleba yrua sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebisadmi da kulturis<br />
inteleqtualuri centris funqciasac TviTneburad iTavsebs, movlenaTa swori Sefaseba<br />
ferxdeba, ikargeba drois SegrZneba, igegmeba da xorcieldeba mdare epigonuri<br />
proeqtebi, romlebic reformebad inaTleba, kulturis subkulturiT gadafarva ki _<br />
liberalur RirebulebaTa aTvisebad. mzrunvelobas moklebuli literatura,<br />
xelovneba, mecnierebisa da kulturis sxva dargebi usaxsro, uuflebo da Rirsebaayrili<br />
inteleqtualuri elitis sameurveo xdeba da ara _ saxelmwifosi da mTeli<br />
sazogadoebisa. qvelmoqmedebis calkeuli gamovlinebebi sulieri siduxWiris suraTs<br />
naklebada cvlis, rac yofiTi cxovrebis sferozec mtkivneulad irekleba.<br />
osvald Spengleris azriT, adamianTa kulturuli sacxovrisis sulieri Tu<br />
materialuri samkvidros ambioni da sakraluri TavSesafari aris saxli. magram igi<br />
yovelTvis zedmiwevniT ar emTxveva Cveneburi fuZisa da keriis cnebas an ingliselTa<br />
`Cemi saxli Cemi cixe-simagreas~ princips. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTveli odiTganve<br />
ojaxis faseulobaTa erTguli damcveli iyo, igi Tanayofnis, korporaciuli cxovrebis<br />
wess aranakleb ufrTxildeboda, vidre _ individualurs anu `Cemi saxlisas~.<br />
Sesabamisad, saxlis cnebis istoriuli arsic mxolod Sidaojaxuri urTierTobebiT ar<br />
amoiwureboda. amis TvalsaCino dasturia Zveli Tbilisuri ezoebi (ratomRac italiurs<br />
rom vuwodebT), dasavleT saqarTvelos soflebis samezoblo RobeebSi gaWrili karebi,<br />
rac ucxoobisa da undoblobis elementebs aqrobda, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi<br />
urTierTmijrili qviTkiris saxlebi, mtris Semosevis dros saerTo saxlad, saerTo<br />
cixe-simagred rom iqceoda. yvela am komponentis gaerTianeba-aglomeracias didi<br />
saerTo saxlis, samSoblos ideasTan mivyavarT, romelic xSirad saxelmwifos ideis<br />
Tanafardi ar aris. samSoblo _ sistemur urTierTndobaze damyarebuli msgavsTa<br />
erTianobis princips efuZneba, saxelmwifo ki _ politikur Zalauflebaze damyarebuli<br />
gansxvavebulTa erTianobis princips. amitomacaa, rom saqarTvelo saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
dakargvis periodebSic qarTvelisa da mravali araqarTvelisTvisac samSoblod<br />
rCeboda. aRniSnuli `xarvezis~ amosavsebad jer absolutisturi, Semdgom komunisturi<br />
ruseTis zeobis periodSi saWiro gaxda am ideaTa gaerTmniSvnelianeba. Soreuli<br />
aRmosavleTisa da sxva nomadur tomTa asimilacia SedarebiT iolad xorcieldeboda,<br />
tradiciul kulturebsa da maT Soris saqarTveloSi _ gacilebiT mZimed. mglisa da<br />
cxvris bednieri Tanacxovrebis miTis gasamtkiceblad adamianze zrunvis imitacia<br />
namdvil zrunvas unda damsgavseboda. amitomac xruSCoviseuli `daTbobis~ wlebSi<br />
gaaTkecda `diadi aRmSeneblobis~ tempebi: `angrevdnen Zvels da aSenebdnen axals anu<br />
yvelafers: sacxovrebeli xruSCovka saxlebs, saavadmyofoebs, saministroebs, trestebs,<br />
komunizms. TviT adamiansac ki aSenebdnen. erTaderTi, rasac verafers uxerxebdnen,<br />
kapitalizmi iyo. Tumca iq, SigniT, Rrmad swamdaT, rom kacobriobis es uborotesi<br />
urCxuli TavisiT gamoiWrida yels da aSS-s zecac samudamod erTaderT WeSmarit fers —<br />
alisfers miiRebda~ (`iq, sadac gvelodebian...~).<br />
sabednierod, dros ver moatyueb, romelmac Cveni `patriot~-komunistebis<br />
socialisturi `samSoblo~ iliasa da vaJas `samSoblos~ binarul opoziciad aqcia.<br />
adamiani sakuTar biografiul garemoSi cxovrobs, qveyana ki kanonebiT, romlebic<br />
xSirad Seuwynarebelia sazogadoebis zogierTi wevris moTxovnilebisadmi. am dros<br />
adamianSi ormagi instinqti iRviZebs _ morigebisa da ganxeTqilebis. morigebas<br />
konformizmisaken mivyavarT, ganxeTqilebas _ protestis an amboxisaken.<br />
62
protestis erT-erTi forma sistemisadmi undoblobiT gamowveuli<br />
TviTizolaciis, sakuTar pirovnul da zneobriv ganawesTan ziarebis `evqaristuli~<br />
aqtia. `RmerTo, Sen Semqmeni, magram gavkadnierdebi da getyvi, me Cemi Tavi Tavad<br />
gamovigone, gavwrTveni da sakuTar Tavs sanavardod kari Tavad gavuRe~ (`vovas gamo~).<br />
sanavardod karis gaReba zogisTvis ganusjeli cxovreba da moemis `SejamebaSi~<br />
gacxadebuli ironiuli deviziT xelmZRvanelobaa — iaro survilisamebr, Tuki<br />
policieli ar giTvalTvalebs, zogisTvis ki — morCilebis inerciisagan Tavis daRwevis<br />
wyurvili. `me da Cems megobrebs galaktionis cnobili leqsis mxolod erTi striqoni<br />
gvWirdeba _ `wyevlisagan gaTavisufleba~ _ wers gigi sulakauri. `wyevlisagan<br />
gaTavisufleba~ movaleobebisagan ar gaTavisuflebs. piriqiT, igi Seni arsebobis<br />
gamarTlebas gaZebninebs, romelic yvela epoqis Rirseul Svils Taviseburad<br />
warmoudgenia.<br />
is, rac erTi kulturis an epoqisaTvis misaRebia, miuRebelia meorisaTvis. am azris<br />
Sesamowmeblad droebiT dantes, leonardos, miqelanjelos, paolo toskanelis, piko<br />
dela mirandolas, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis arnaxuli ayvavebis xanis itialiaSi<br />
gadavinacvloT. magram italia amave dros iyo Cezare borjas, franCesko sforcas,<br />
gaumaZRari mediCebis, sibilwiT ganTqmuli papebis samSobloc, samefoebad, saqalaqo<br />
respublikebad, sahercogoebad daqucmacebuli sxeuli.<br />
ai, ras wers makiaveli `mTavarSi~, roca fizikur da materialur ZalTa mobilizeba<br />
gaxda saWiro dafleTili erovnuli sxeulis gasamTlianeblad. citatas mcire<br />
SemoklebiT baCana bregvaZis Targmanidan SemogTavazebT: `rac ufro guluxvi xar, miT<br />
ufro naklebi SesaZlebloba grCeba momavalSic guluxvobis gamosaCenad: gaRatakdebi da<br />
zizRis Rirsi gaxdebi. am sircxvilis asacileblad ki mtaceblobas unda mihyo xeli da<br />
yvelasaTvis saZulveli Seiqmne. amitom ufro gonivrulia, Seurigde Zunwis saxels,<br />
romelic iwvevs sircxvils siZulvilis gareSe, vidre mieltvode guluxvis saxels da<br />
Zalauneburad mtaceblad iqce, rac Tavs dagatexs sircxvilsac da siZulvilsac~.<br />
axla XII saukunis saqarTvelosac gadavxedoT _ erTianobis, sulieri da<br />
materialuri Zlierebis epoqas. Sendeboda gzebi, monastrebi, kulturis axali kerebi,<br />
iwereboda `vefxistyaosani~. siuxve iyo ara mxolod samefo darbazebis, mTeli<br />
kulturuli sistemis niSani da Sinaarsi. swored am dros wers rusTaveli: `rasaca gascem<br />
Senia, ras ara _ dakargulia~.<br />
am ori kulturisa da maTi lozungebis Sedareba gvarwmunebs, rom arc politikurekonomikuri<br />
krizisia mecnierebisa da xelovnebis uZlurebis maCvenebeli da arc<br />
guluxvoba _ invariantuli Rirebuleba.<br />
rac Seexeba cud dros, is SeiZleba xelovnebis stimulatoric iyos da mesaflavec.<br />
XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi, roca saqarTvelo suls Rafavda, gansakuTrebuli mondomebiT<br />
iTxzveboda `vefxistyaosnis~ gagrZelebebi da ubadruki sadevgmiro poemebi, romelTa<br />
gmirebi qveynebs azanzarebdnen. am dros ki Cveni qveynis mesveurTagan zogi renegatobda,<br />
zogic ki dampyrobTa mier samadlod gadmogdebul Zvlebsa xravda (romaul<br />
saturnaliebsa Tu qarTul `yeenobaSi~ mefis monad da masxrad gardasaxvis rituali aq<br />
realuri cxovrebis doneze xorcieldeboda).<br />
magram amave epoqaSi moRvaweobdnen Teimurazi, arCili, sulxan-saba, guramiSvili _<br />
politikurad Tu vera, SemoqmedebiTad realizebuli figurebi.<br />
dro warmavalia, xelovneba _ maradiuli, romelsac ar uyvars diskretuloba da<br />
xangrZlivi Seferxebebi. sabednierod, Zveli sqemebi dResac moqmedebs da uvargisi dro<br />
mwerlebis uvargisobaze ar metyvelebs. sabolood arc erTguli mkiTxveli<br />
gadaSenebula. gigi sulakauris Cinebuli moTxrobebic, romlebSic Cveni arc Tu<br />
dalxinebuli cxovrebis codva-madli irekleba, imedis naperkals gvitovebs, rom wigni<br />
mxolod profesionalTa atributad ar iqceva.<br />
gigi sulakauris xedva yovelTvis efeqturi da esTeturia, Tavad cxovrebis<br />
araesTetiur mxareTa gamovlinebebSic ki. misTvis ar arsebobs meorexarisxovani<br />
personaJi, ulamazo qali, `manqana, romelic fuliT imarTeba~ (gobsekis sityvebia); ar<br />
icis, ra aris ulmobloba, sarkazmi — mxolod iumori da TanamgrZnobi ironia, xSirad _<br />
TviTironia; uyvars qalaquri cxovrebis wesi, ubani, quCa, megobrebi, uyvars sma, Zalian<br />
63
uyvars wigni, gansakuTrebiT egziuperis `patara ufliswuli~, ver mounelebia mamis,<br />
otias, biZinas dakargva; ar uyvars pirferebi, medidurebi, arc ufrosi Taobis `narcisi<br />
bumberazebi~ da arc momavali `uniWieresi narcisebi~, ar uyvars vales samxedro nawilSi<br />
gatarebuli `sborebi~, oficeri manvelovi, ar uyvars `zerkalnaia bolezni~, roca<br />
Ripiani mamakacebi sakuTari sxeulis intimur nawilebs mxolod sarkeSi xedaven, ar<br />
uyvars mZime dekoraciebi da uxvi figuruli kompoziciebi, magram arc sicariele uyvars.<br />
farTsa da sivrces nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebs _ mTavaria adamianebiT iyos Sevsebuli,<br />
umjobesia _ TanamoazreebiT spartakas reliktur ludxanaSi mwerali da `daniela uria~<br />
erTi xelismosmiT imaze rTul sakacobrio mniSvnelobis problemebs wyveten,<br />
`jadosnuri mTis~ gmirebma Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi rom ver moabes Tavi.<br />
mxedvelobidan gamomrCa, rom g. sulkaurs poetebidan gansakuTrebiT galaktioni<br />
(gala) uyvars, amitom nawyvets movitan g. tabiZis leqsidan, romelic unisonSia mwerlis<br />
erT patara moTxrobasTan:<br />
aris mkiTxveli mSvenier wignis<br />
da aris mxolod gadamkiTxveli...<br />
Tavad moTxrobas ki `biblioTeka~ hqvia:<br />
`roca ucxo sapirfareSoSi, Taroze, sxva wignebs Soris sakuTari leqsebis krebuls<br />
waawydebi, amaze didi saCuqari ra unda iyos WeSmariti SemoqmedisaTvis?! Sen xom Seni<br />
leqsebiT erTiorad uzrdi da uxaliseb im siamovnebas, rasac bunebrivi moTxovnilebebis<br />
dakmayofilebs aniWebs janmrTel, normalur adamians?!~<br />
mwerlis erTi Tvisebac gamoikveTa _ adamianis bednierebaze zrunva. xumroba iqiT<br />
iyos da msgavsi `gadamkiTxvelebi~ fiziologiuri da sulieri yabzobis SeuRlebis<br />
nayofni arian (Tumca zogierTi paraliteraturuli nayalbevi ukeTess xvedrsa da<br />
adgils arc imsaxurebs, rasac ver davabralebT gigi sulakauris Txzulebebs,<br />
romlebSic fiqri yovelTvis win uswrebs moqmedebas).<br />
saqarTveloSi mtrisa Tu moyvaris saxeliT mosuls yvelaze mkafio kvali Tbilisze<br />
dautovebia, radgan igi iyo zogadkavkasiuri kulturuli da politikuri centric,<br />
mniSvnelovani savaWro qalaqic, ltolvilTa saimedo TavSesafaric da, Sesabamisad,<br />
gauTavebeli agresiis obieqtic. amaze metyvelebs misi demografiuli siWrele, narevi<br />
leqsika, qalaquri koloriti, ubanTa istoriuli saxelebi da mravali sxva faqtori.<br />
aseTia Cveni obieqturi realoba. realobis Semecnebis saukeTeso instrumenti ki<br />
aleqsandr florenskis azriT, aris sityvaTa erToblioba (ena) ara rogorc mxolod<br />
sistema, aramed, rogorc stiqiac. mecnieri gadasaxlebidan qaliSvils wers, rom<br />
mxatvruli ena qaRaldze gadmotanil niSnebs garda aqtualizebul, cocxal bgerebsac<br />
gulisxmobs, amitom am teqstebis xmamaRla wakiTxvas urCevs mas. florenski axdens ori<br />
Tvalsazrisis Sewyvilebas: erTi mxriv, fosleris mimdevrebisas, romlebic mxatvrul<br />
enaSi cocxali metyvelebis aqts aniWeben upiratesobas da, meore mxriv, sosiuris<br />
mimdevrebisas, romlebic mxatvrul enas niSanTa sistemis konteqstSi ganixilaven.<br />
Tbilisuri `ena~ orive TvalsazrisiT gaaqtiurebulia gigi sulakauris prozaSi<br />
slengebi, Jargonebi, barbarizmebi, ucnauri sityvaTSeTanxmebebi semantikuri da<br />
leqsikologiuri TvalsazrisiTac sayuradReboa, rac Cveni dedaqalaqis sasaubro<br />
garemos garkveuli endemuri nakrZalis mniSvnelobas aniWebs. levan bregaZis JargonTa<br />
leqsikonis `repertuaric~ xom umTavresad Tbilisuri warmoSobisaa.<br />
gigi sulakaurTan qarTveli, rusi, somexi, ebraeli Tu asirieli erTi `tomis~<br />
adamianebi arian da mtyuan-marTalic zneobrivi niSniT ganikiTxeba da ara _ erovnuli<br />
Tu kuTxuri warmomavlobiT (sulakauris moTxrobis `iq, sadac gvelodebian...~ gmiri<br />
Tav-pirs uerTianebs skolis darajs, romelic moswavleebs cems). yovelive<br />
zemoTqmuliT arc quCuri cxovrebis momxibvlelobas vqadageb, arc _ Zaladobas kults.<br />
ubralod, samwuxaroa, rom Tbilisis ezoebi, quCebi Tu e. w. `birJebi~ dRiTidRe kargaven<br />
`safixvnos~ funqcias, sadac samarTlianobisa da urTierTTanadgomis pricipi ufro<br />
metad batonobda, vidre _ usamarTlobisa da Zaladobis.<br />
sityvas imiT davasruleb, rom arCil da gigi sulakaurebma Tbilisuri yofis<br />
suraTebSi uZvelesi droidan arsebuli Tu mogvianebiT Semotanili da gaSinaurebuli<br />
enobrivi masaliT zogadqarTuli samyaros ulamazesi mozaika aawyves.<br />
64
Taobis portreti bnel interierSi<br />
(laSa buRaZe, `bolo zari~)<br />
inga milorava<br />
Tanamedrove saliteraturo procesi Zalian rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi da<br />
mravalferovania. iseve, rogorc Cveni cxovrebis sxva sferoebSi, aqac mravali faruli<br />
Tu aSkara dineba erwymis erTmaneTs da yalibdeba erT nakadad, romlis sabolood<br />
Secnoba, SesaZloa, amocnoba, Zalian Znelia. literatura, mwerloba zustad mihyveba da<br />
aireklavs im viTarebas, rac Tanamedrove adamianis irgvliv SekumSul drosa da<br />
sivrceSia gacxadebuli. es exeba rogorc materialur, ise sulier sferos. da radganac<br />
mwerloba, sabednierod, jerjerobiT isev rCeba sulieri intensivobis gamovlenis erTerT<br />
umTavres saSualebad, Zalze mniSvnelovania droulad da piruTvnelad Sefasdes an,<br />
ubralod, sworad da gulisyuriT wakiTxuli iyos yvela (an SeZlebisdagvarad yvela)<br />
nawarmoebi, romelic garkveul adgils ikavebs saliteraturo procesSi da Tavisi<br />
gamokveTili saxe da saTqmeli gaaCnia, swored am TvalsazrisiTaa sayuradRebo laSa<br />
buRaZis romani `bolo zari~.<br />
romani aireklavs Tanamedroveobis umwvaves problemebs da mxatvrul qsovilSi,<br />
mxatvrul sistemaSi aqcevs `aq~ da `axla~ momxdars, nanaxs, gancdilsa da gaazrebuls. es<br />
teqsti upiratesad Tanamedrove da axalgazrda mkiTxvelzea orientirebuli, SedarebiT<br />
farTo masaze da upirveles yovlisa, misgan moelis reaqcias, magram, vfiqrob, rogorc<br />
nebismier art-qmnilebas sWirdeba sxvagvari Sefasebac, rac mniSvnelovani unda iyos<br />
rogorc mwerlisTvis, ise misi mkiTxvelisTvis. es ki ukve safrTxilo, SeiZleba,<br />
sariskoc kia da isevdaisev Cveni Tanadrouli cxovrebis da masze `damagrebuli~<br />
literaturuli viTarebidan gamomdinare.<br />
Cven, yvelani, mTeli sazogadoeba, mivubrundiT gvarovnul-Temur wyobilebas, ise,<br />
rom kapitalizmi ki ara (romelic arc ganviTarebula Cvens qveyanaSi), erT dros<br />
ayvavebuli feodaluri institutebic ki ukan movitoveT. postkomunisturi saqarTvelo<br />
erTianad gadaeSva gvarovnul-Temuri urTierTobebis morevSi, sadac sxvadasxva jgufi<br />
(Zalian ar minda gamoviyeno uazro politikur debatebSi gacveTili da<br />
mniSvnelobadaviwroebuli sityva _ klani), xan koreqtulad da xanac daufaravad da<br />
gaafTrebiT ebrZvis erTmaneTs gavlenisaTvis, Zalauflebisa da amqveyniuri<br />
netarebisaTvis. es exeba cxovrebis yvela sferos da maT Soris xelovnebasa da<br />
literaturasac. es ar aris mxolod im bedkruli erebisa Tu qveynebis problema,<br />
romelTac komunisturi qariSxlebiT gadaqelil sivrceze mouwiaT arseboba da kargad<br />
axsovT `samTavrobo~ literatura. sxva formiT da sxvanairi niRbiT msgavsi ram<br />
araeTrgzis e. w. Tavisufal samyaroSic Sobila. es bunebrivicaa, radgan literatura da<br />
xelovneba, rogori distanciac ar unda daiWiros realobisagan, mainc sabolood am<br />
realobazea dafuZnebuli da TviT yvelaze ganyenebul, abstraqtul saxeebsa Tu<br />
striqonebSic ki qvecnobieri (mis zemoT ki yofiT) doneze SeWrilia Tanadrouli da<br />
Tanaarsebuli garesamyaro.<br />
dRes, am Cvens realobaSi literaturuli Temebi, jgufebi erTmaneTis gverdigverd<br />
moqmedeben da Tanaarseboben, zogi _ Zlieri da zogic _ susti da uCinari. iseve,<br />
rogorc sazogadoebis cxovrebis sxva sferoebSi, sxva profesiul Tu araprofesiul<br />
dajgufebebSi, aqac didi mravalferovnebaa, sxvadasxvaa materialuri safuZveli,<br />
sulieri Tu xorcieli niadagi, romelic maT kvebavs. magram aSkaraa, rom qiSpi, xan<br />
faruli, xanac aSkara, aris da Zalebic xSirad (isevdaisev sruliad araliteraturuli<br />
da arasaxelovnebo winapirobebisa da saZirkvel-safuZvelTa gamo) araTanabaria. Zalian<br />
kargi iqneboda, idealuri, rom, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, mwerlobaSi mainc yvela Temi<br />
gaerTianebuliyo da cxvarsa da mgels erTad moeZova. magram es utopiaa da aravin<br />
moityuebs Tavs iluziiT, rom amgvari ram an CvenTan an sadme SesaZlebelia, magram<br />
viTareba mainc sakmaod arasasurveli da daZabulia, rac arc saliteraturo process<br />
waadgeba, arc mTlianad sazogadoebas da arc calkeul adamians, miT umetes, Semoqmeds.<br />
65
ac mTavaria, aseTi Sekavebuli, mudmivad qariSxlis momlodine, drtvinvaSegubebuli<br />
sulieri mdgomareoba arTulebs ase Tu ise mainc gaTavisuflebuli saliteraturo<br />
procesisa da movlenebisadmi damokidebulebis _ aseve Tavisufalis, uSiSaris,<br />
gulwrfelis _ gamoxatvas. amgvari sirTule iCens Tavs roman `bolo zaris~<br />
SemTxvevaSic.<br />
dRes arsebobs literaturuli wre, jgufi, romelsac SeiZleba mediajgufic<br />
vuwodoT. maT winaSe iolad iReba bevri iseTi kari, romelic, SesaZloa, sxvisTvis<br />
samudamod daxSulia. isini mudmivad sxvadasxva saSualebebis meSveobiT Cndebian<br />
sazogadoebis winaSe da saxelmoxveWilnic arian. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba `bolo zaris~<br />
avtoric. TavisTavad amaSi araferia cudi, piriqiT, Zalian kargia Tu mwerals asparezi<br />
miecema da mkiTxvelTan misasvleli gza eklebisgan gauTavisufldeba. mediasaxe da<br />
mediamwerali bunebrivad moitana drom. arc imas CavuRrmavdebiT ra meqanizmebiT<br />
xorcieldeba amgvari aRzeveba (miT umetes, rom pasuxi winaswar cnobilia _ kargad vwer,<br />
mkiTxvels vuyvarvar da imitomo), magram rTuli da, albaT, samwuxaro isaa, rom Cndeba am<br />
adamianebis xelSeuxeblobis gancda. daueWveblad unda miiRos yvelam is, rasac isini<br />
Seqmnian da iRaRadeben. meore mxriv, aris jgufebi, romelTac sxvadasxva mizezis gamo<br />
(politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu piradi kavSirurTierTobebidan gamomdinare)<br />
dResdReobiT naklebad gaumarTlaT, Tu am SemTxvevaSi marTebulia sityva `gamarTleba~,<br />
magram mainc myarad dganan TavianT poziciaze da mediamwerloba an mediamwerlis sruli<br />
miuRebloba dastexiaT Tavs. Sedegad Tu mediamwerlis naazrevs ver miiRebs an mkacrad<br />
Seafasebs literaturaTmcodneoba, am mwerlebis guliswyromas daimsaxurebs da<br />
xelSeuxebelis xelSexebas itvirTavs aqedan gamomdinare SedegebiT. Tu moiwonebs rames<br />
maT teqstSi, racionalurs, mxatvrulad Rirebuls dainaxavs, meore mxares aRanTebs<br />
risxviT. da aris ase <strong>kritika</strong> SuaSi gaWyletili. arada, mediamwerlobasac unda<br />
ainteresebdes diTirambebisgan gantvirTuli, wrfeli azri, bolosdabolos mwerals xom<br />
sWirdeba mis samyaroSi erTxel mainc interesiT namogzaurebi adamianis STabeWdileba<br />
da arc meore, mesame an meaTe mxares unda aRizianebdes misTvis Tundac yovlad<br />
usimpaTio an mis poziciasTan ideur-mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT SeuTavsebeli<br />
saliteraturo procesis mier Sobili faqti, romelsac aucileblad sWirdeba Tavisi<br />
adgilis miCena, misi mniSvnelobis gamokveTa. dasanania, rom arsebuli viTareba aiZulebs<br />
kritikoss da mwerals, zogjer mkiTxvelsac, martoxela tramalis mglobaze daadebinos<br />
Tavi. miT umetes, rom zogjer yvelaferi qaris wisqvilebTan brZolas emsgavseba da isic<br />
unda iTqvas, rom am brZolaSi (Tumca arsebiTad aravin aravis arc ebrZvis, piriqiT,<br />
grZnobiT, gancdiT da literaturis Rrma pativiscemiT mimarTavs) damtvreuls erTi<br />
sanCo pansac ar gamouCndeba, rom suli moaTqmevinos da Wriloba Seuxvios. arsebul<br />
viTarebaze zeddarTuli sanCo pansas fsiqotipidan gamomdinare, dRevandeli sanCoebi<br />
garkveul TemSi iqnebian ukve Sesuli da Sefarebuli, sakuTar tyavs moufrTxildebian<br />
da amqveyniuri Tbili budidan daakvirdebian ra moxdeba.<br />
SesaZloa, mkiTxvels gaWianurebulad da gadaWarbebulad moeCvenos rac vTqviT,<br />
magram yvela adamians Tavisi xedvis rakursi aqvs da Tavisi gamocdilebisa da fiqris<br />
Sedegad garkveuli Sexeduleba uyalibdeba. azrTa sxvadasxvaoba saqmes arafers avnebs,<br />
ufro _ piriqiT. imaSic Rrmada var darwmunebuli, rom am romanis da sxva monaTesave<br />
teqstebis ganxilva da Sefasebac ufro ukeTesi da Sedegiani iqneba maSin, roca dro<br />
Tavis saqmes Seasrulebs, procesebi Seicvleba, sxva viTareba Seiqmneba, roca yvelasTvis<br />
cnobili bunebrivi mizeziT, romelsac jerjerobiT veraferma, verc ekonomikurma<br />
Zlevamosilebam da verc sasargeblo kavSirurTierTobebma mouxerxa veraferi, roca am<br />
bunebrivi da zogjer Svebismomgvreli mizeziT aRarc mwerali iqneba am codvil miwaze<br />
da aRarc misi Tanamedrove Semfasebeli, maSin yvelafers ufro zusti da droSi<br />
gamowrTobili sityva miesadageba. Tanac mjera, laSa buRaZis romani `bolo zari~ im<br />
rangis nawarmoebia, romelic mxolod drois erT monakveTs ar ekuTvnis da iq ar CarCeba.<br />
is sicocxlisunariania da rogorc Tavisi epoqis erTi mniSvnelovani mxatvruli<br />
anabeWdi SemdegSiac miipyrobs yuradRebas. arada, arc am teqstis gaazrebis da Secnobis<br />
gadadeba iqneba marTebuli, vinaidan is mimdinare saliteraturo procesis ganuyofeli<br />
nawilia, Tanadroulobis umwvaves problemebs exeba da Taviseburad gamoxatavs am<br />
66
samyaros ganWvretisas aRZrul tkivils. isRa dagvrCenia warmovidginoT, rom yvela<br />
saliteraturo Tu arasaliteraturo nakadi Cavlilia an aRar arsebobs, yvelanairi<br />
pirovnuli Tu profesiuli ambicia (yvela mxris) damcxralia. movaxdinoT droSi<br />
distancireba da ase SevxedoT da moridebiT SevexoT ufaqizes struqturas, romelsac<br />
mxatvruli teqsti ewodeba da namdvilad sul erTia visi Seqmnilia.<br />
laSa buRaZe Zalian niWieri mweralia, romelic flobs sityvas, frazas. is<br />
Tavisuflad da laRad qmnis mxatvrul qsovils. araviTari Zaldataneba, araviTari<br />
uadgilo yoymani an pauza. Txroba mTliani, savse da harmoniulia da erT uwyvet nakadad<br />
miedineba. mkiTxvelisTvis Txrobis amgvari ritmi iolad aRsaqmeli da xelmisawvdomia da<br />
es kargia, radgan ubraloebaSi aris Rirseba da simarTle _ oRond mwerliseuli<br />
simarTle. es teqsti gasagebi da axlobelia maTTvis, visac ZiriTadad mimarTavs avtori<br />
_ mozardebisTvis da maTTvisac, visTvisac moTxrobili ambavi erTi SexedviT droSi an<br />
sivrceSi Soria, magram mainc aseve gasagebi da amasTan mtkivneulic. mwerali mkafiod<br />
ambobs Tavis saTqmels. es misi simarTle da misi saTqmelia da sxva sakiTxia, vin rogor<br />
uyurebs da aRiqvams aq aRwerilis msgavs movlenebs an qmedebas. romanSi mxatvruli<br />
amocana srulyofiladaa Sesrulebuli _ mocemulia reliefuri, cocxali,<br />
fsiqologiurad damuSavebuli, socialur CarCoebSi zustad Casmuli, motivirebuli<br />
qmedebiT da fiqrebiT datvirTuli xasiTebi, urTierTobebi. iZerweba mkveTri,<br />
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli mxatvruli saxeebi. daxatulia samyaro, romelic mwerlis<br />
individualobiTaa aRbeWdili da amasTan sayovelTao tkivilsac acocxlebs da<br />
amZafrebs.<br />
am teqstSi yvela personaJi TiTqmis Tanabrad mniSvnelovania. isini, yvelani, wina<br />
planze, zedapirze, samoqmedo scenis piras arian gamoyvanili da ukan, farulad,<br />
amosacnobad aRarc aRaraferia datovebuli. erTi SexedviT mTavari gmiri TiTqos<br />
demuria, misi pirveli siyvaruli da cxovrebis maxinj realobasTan (TviTon ki ver<br />
acnobirebs rom maxinjia, verc bavSvobaSi da verc mere) Sejaxebaa Txrobis impulsis<br />
aRmZvreli, magram mainc demuri ar aris am mikrosamyaros centri. danarCeni<br />
personaJebic isea mowodebuli, rom Tanabrad aRmoCndes datvirTuli rogorc qmedebiT,<br />
ise garesamyaros miseuli aRqmiT.<br />
Tavisi sacxovrebeli adgilis (aravake), saxelis gamo mogvrili arasrulfasovnebis<br />
kompleqsiT Sewuxebuli, saTakilod gadaqceul wignTan urTierTobiT daTrgunuli,<br />
verSemdgari Zveli biWobiT da gauziarebeli, damamcirebeli pirveli siyvaruliT<br />
TiTqmis sasomixdili demuri garSemortymulia aranakleb STambeWdavi, gauazreblad<br />
sasowarkveTili da, ra guldasawyvetic ar unda iyos bavSvebis misamarTiT am sityvis<br />
moxmoba, amazrzeni TanatolebiT, TavianTi dauwereli maxinji kanonebiT, qcevis<br />
kodeqsiT da gamoSignuli leqsikiT es mozardebi daundoblad, gaSiSvlebulni<br />
warsdgebian mkiTxvelis winaSe. maTi urTierTobebi zedmiwevniT realisturad, metic,<br />
naturalisturadaa daxatuli. demurze aranakleb mniSvnelovania ninCos xasiaTi,<br />
romelic Tanamedrove popularuli gogona-kerpis ganzogadebul saxed warmosdgeba.<br />
Tavis mxriv ninCo, rogorc erTgvari avtoriteti, Tavisi garesamyarosadmi<br />
damokidebulebiT gasagebs xdis ra aris am patara sazogadoebaSi faseuli. ninCos<br />
miswrafeba kriminalisa da estradis groteskuli momRerlisadmi naTlad uCvenebs axali<br />
kerpebis warmoSobis gzas. am mozardebis viTomgrZnobebi srul sicarielesa da<br />
frustraciis pirobebSi warmoiqmneba. amasTan mweralma `Caidina~, ase vTqvaT, yvelaze<br />
`saSineli~ ram: adamianebs gamoacla zneobrivi xerxemali da mkiTxvelis Tvalwin,<br />
avanscenaze `gamoagdo~ amorfuli, lorwovani, darbilebuli, daclili sxeulebi,<br />
Segnebulad diskreditirebuli mozardebi.<br />
Semzaravia saxedakarguli nadrikuCa, romelic erTdroulad kriminalicaa da<br />
tragikuli bedis adamianic, Tumca mwerals misi tragikulobisTvis didi dro ar<br />
dauTmia. albaT arc iyo misi mizani am adamianis da arc sxva adamianebis qmedebis<br />
saZirkvelSi Caxedva, arsSi garkveva. motivebi naCvenebia, Zireuli sababi _ ara da,<br />
vfiqrob, Segnebuladac. mwerali Tavisi romaniT cdilobs mxolod sinamdvilis anabeWdi<br />
Seqmnas. sinamdviles ki igi ase xedavs da, rac mTavaria, swored ase da amgvarad surs<br />
gamoxatos.<br />
67
ierarqam, romelic am mcirewlovanTa sabavSvo, mozardul Tu e. w. Tineijerul<br />
TemSi arsebobs, momagona maimunebis jgufis SigniT arsebul ZalTa gadanawileba. iqac<br />
aris gabatonebuli mamri, gabatonebuli mdedri da uuflebo Cagruli mamr-mdedrebis<br />
mTeli dasta, romelsac arc sasiyvarulo urTierTobebze miuwvdeba xeli da<br />
nasufraliTac kmayofili unda iyos. am teqstis zneobrivxerxemalgamoclil adamianebs<br />
(mozardebsac da zrdasrulTac) erTi nabiji ukliaT maimunobamde, cxovelobamde. da<br />
imis iqiT ki, vai da, iqneb, darvinis Teoriis mtkicebasac ki gamovkraT xeli. darvini am<br />
romanSi arsadaa naxsenebi, magram Tu reperis `religiur~ erTob `momxiblav~ repertuars<br />
da mRvdlis saxes gaviTvaliswinebT, didi manZilic ar aris iqamde. yovelgvari sulieri<br />
momzadebis, SeiZleba iTqvas, rwmenis gareSe maswavlebeli raRac ucnaur, farisevlur<br />
kavSirs ayalibebs mozardebsa da mRvdels Soris. aRsareba SeiZleba `kupalnikis~ Cacmaze<br />
kurTxevis miRebis problemas daukavSirdes, mRvdelma diskoTeka akurTxos da mere,<br />
yvelafris gvirgvinad, sponsorebs uxados madloba televiziiT. ra Tqma unda, aseTi<br />
ambebi xdeba. farisevluri da aragulwrfeli damokidebuleba religiisadmi<br />
sazogadoebis erT-erTi senia, magram am nawarmoebSi imdenad bevri ramaa groteskuli,<br />
sarkastuli, skeptikuri da cinikuric ki, rom mRvdlis ase warmoCena zedmetia, es<br />
sabolood angrevs yvelafers. maraTlia, mwerals surda ar daetovebina arc erTi<br />
mankieri mxare cxovrebisa, yvelaferi sulmouTqmelad amoexapa lafidan da<br />
talaxSeuSrobeli daelagebina gaognebuli mayureblis Tvalwin, magram raRac<br />
xelmosaWidi xom mainc unda darCeniliyo. Tanac sasuliero pirebis amgvarad warmoCenis<br />
sakmaod vrceli da mdidari praqtika aqvs sabWour mwerlobas da, ara mgonia, didad<br />
misabaZi iyos. magram es ukve mwerlis xedvis rakursis da metic, msoflmxedvelobrivi<br />
problemaa: am nawarmoebSi ar aris arc erTi naTeli adgili, erTi patara sxivi, erTi<br />
xavsmokidebuli totic ki, romelsac amdeni wyalwaRebulidan erTi mainc SeiZleba<br />
moeWidos. mwerali namdvilad gulwrfelia, roca aseT samyaros qmnis, yovel striqonSi<br />
igrZnoba, rom mas stkiva da awuxebs is, rasac xedavs, razec wers, rac dabada misma<br />
warmosaxvam realobaze dayrdnobiT. es misi xedvaa, misi aRqmaa (da ara dakveTa, risi<br />
mowmec komunisturi epoqis mkTxveli iyo).<br />
rogorc yoveli individualuri saxe, misi mxatvruli samyaroc pativiscemas,<br />
rogorme Sewynarebas da SeZlebisdagvarad gagebas moiTxovs. magram aris amaSi cinizmis<br />
didi dozac. arc erTi Taoba am nawarmoebSi zogadkacobriuli da maradiuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT ar imsaxurebs adamianis saxels. rogorc Cans, mxatvruli amocanac es<br />
aris: naturalisturi xerxebiT daxatuli saxeebiT SeZras, zizRis, SiSis da uZlurebis<br />
grZnoba aRuZras mkiTxvels. magram Semoqmeds, mwerals, rogorc wesi, Tan dayolili aqvs<br />
Suq-Crdilis SegrZneba. Tu anabeWds qmni, zusts da naturalisturs, ki unda grZnobde,<br />
rom iq, sadac Savia, TeTricaa, sadac bnelia, iq sxivic kiafobs _ susti mainc, kari Tu<br />
ixureba, sadRac fanjara iReba, roca erTi mSobeli mxolod qarebs uSvebs, meore<br />
mSobeli baptistebs emsaxureba (lukma-purisTvis, ra Tqma unda), mesames wikebi sWirs,<br />
maswavlebels wesierad gaTxoveba ver mouxerxebia da skolis daraj qmars ingliseli<br />
qali arTmevs, roca skola TiTqmis sapyrobilea, sityva dafleTili, wigni abuCad<br />
agdebuli da `dagoimebuli~ nivTi, siyvaruli ekuTvnis kriminalebs, wrfeli grZnobebi —<br />
sasaciloa, yvela faseuloba _ gamrudebuli; roca mweralma, wignis Semoqmedma,<br />
SeigrZno da zustad gamoxata es `lokaluri apokalifsi~, roca Caamsxvria sarke da<br />
namsxvrevebidan gamoaxeda uzneo gmirebi, maxinjebi da ubedurebi (TviTon rom arc ician<br />
es ambavi, ise) xom bolomde ganicada es yvelaferi. TviTon xom mianiWa Tavis Tavs am<br />
yvelafris ganmsjelis da mkacri gamkicxvelis (amis faruli da xSirad arafaruli<br />
pretenzia sul igrZnoba romanSi) funqcia; roca ase moiqca, ratom aRar ifiqra Suq-<br />
Crdilze, ratom ver igrZno, rom Tundac misi _ ase zeaRmatebulis da<br />
yovlisganmsjelis _ msgavsi erTi naTeli, msubuqi Strixi romanis Sidasamyarosac<br />
sWirdeboda. Torem iq sruli sibnelea. siyvaruli Cawixlulia da beberi qalis vnebiT<br />
Canacvlebuli, mRvdeli _ uWkuo da, mgoni, arc mTlad morwmune. maswavlebeli _<br />
ubadruki, mSobeli _ kidev uaresi da am bnel `interierSi~ Casresili mozardebis<br />
portretebi rialeben Tvalwin. mozardebi _ aTasgvari snoburi tkiviliT da vnebiT<br />
Sepyrobili usaxuri, `cocxlad mkvdari~ didobisTvis ganwiruli naxevaradamianebi. aq<br />
68
namdvilad sruli sibnele da siSavea. arc erTi feri, da raki ar aris dapirispireba,<br />
Tundac mkraTali naTelis uzarmazar Sav saburvelze gaelveba, maSin mxatvruli<br />
amocanac ganze darCeba: es mxileba ki aRar iqneba, aramed simaxinjiT garToba da xalisi.<br />
arada, ZiriTadad interesiT mainc mozardebi kiTxuloben am nawarmoebs da mwerals<br />
namdvilad aravin sTxovs arc didaqtikosobas da arc moralistobas, misi pozicia isedac<br />
gasagebia, magram zneobrivi da, rac mTavaria, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT mainc,<br />
aucilebeli iyo im naTeli wertilis, sxivis arseboba, mxolod mkiTxvels gaagebinebs,<br />
rom rasac xedavs, bnelia, mxolod ukuni sibnele. imisTvis mainc, rom wamkiTxvelisTvis<br />
mTeli teqsti mxolod gasarTobad ar iqces, ar ixalisos, ar icinos, cotaTi SeezizRos,<br />
aRSfoTdes kidec, uares SemTxvevaSi, saerTod sicocxle mosZuldes, magram daaviwydes,<br />
rom sinaTlec arsebobs. SeiZleba Seeguos kidec, rogorc gardauvals da<br />
gamousworebels, im daumarcxebel sibneles, romelic daisadgurebs, roca Caqreba mze.<br />
asea, Tu ar Cans da ar ici da ar xedav mzis sxivs, sibnele misaRebi da bunebrivi gaxdeba.<br />
sibnele da... sikvdili. teqsti ki iqceva patara eSmakebiT dasaxlebul jojoxeTad.<br />
sikeTisa da sinaTlis gareSe mxolod jojoxeTia. da, sabednierod, es cxovreba (raki<br />
cxovrebis zusti anabeWdis Seqmnazea aqcenti gakeTebuli, amitom vambobT) jer ar<br />
gadaqceula srul jojoxeTad. aqve isic sakiTxavia, realurad yvela mozardi Tavisi<br />
axloblebiana aseTi saxedakargulia Tu ara. Tumca sabolood mainc ver SevedavebiT<br />
mwerals. es misi msoflxedvaa. moswons vinmes Tu ara, misi danaxuli samyaroa, misi<br />
mxatvruli Canafiqris amgvari xorcSesxma da Sxamiani nayofia. sjobs davijeroT, rom<br />
gamofxizleba da sarkeSi, Tundac mis namsxvrevebSi mkiTxvelis Caxedva iyo misi mizani.<br />
rogor moaxerxa da ra Sedegi miiRo, es sxva sakiTxia. Cemi azriT ki, Sedegi saSiSia.<br />
Zalianac saSiSi. gansakuTrebiT drois mocemul etapze. am wuTas. rom es ar iqces<br />
piriqiT, kidev erT impulsad imisTvis, rom adamians saerTod SesZuldes yvelaferi,<br />
impulsad nihilizmis da sakuTar meobaze uaris Tqmis, imis SegrZnebis, rom `axla~ da `aq~<br />
ra sazizRaria yvela, rogor imsaxurebs dacinvas da ginebas, TamaS-TamaSiT Caqolvas,<br />
rom aseT adamianebs arafris miRweva ar SeuZliaT da arc arafris Rirsni arian, rom<br />
Cixia, mxolod Cixi da veravin ipovis pasuxs kiTxvaze: ra vqnaT? arc aqvT pasuxi, verc<br />
eqnebaT da arc aqvT ufleba hqondeT. imis iqiT ki TviTganadgureba an garedan wamosul<br />
gamanadgurebel talRebTan morCili Seguebaa. aqamde SeiZleba mivides keTili<br />
survilebiT dawyebuli sityvebiT TamaSi. miT umetes, roca mwerali ase laRad flobs<br />
sityvas da moqnilobas, sicocxles aniWebs teqsts.<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom nawarmoebis mxatvruli samyaro `brtyelia~, anu<br />
aRweriTi... mizezi isev mwerlis CanafiqrSia. mas miznad ar dausaxavs movlenaTa siRrmeSi<br />
SeRweva. mxolod faqtebi gaSala zedapirze. arada, cudi ar iqneboda (is mxolod<br />
survilia), Tu aq datrialebuli vnebebis safuZvelsac moiZiebda. bolosdabolos<br />
yvelafris saTave aq mainc snobizmia, romelic laitmotivad gasdevs mTel romans.<br />
yoveli qmedeba snobizmidanaa amozrdili. samoqmedo areali, lokali, sadac viTardeba<br />
movlenebi, zustad aqvs SerCeuli mwerals da pirdapir miuTiTebs am snobizmis<br />
warmoSobis adgilsa da fsevdokulturul sivrceze (qarTul variantSi). vakis, rogorc<br />
fsevdoelituri garemos fenomeni ar aris xelwamosakravi da es nawarmoebSic Cans. is ara<br />
marto Tbiliss, mTel saqarTvelos gadaswvda da garkveuli wvlili miuZRvis mraval<br />
procesSi. kargia, rom mwerali imaze wers, rasac kargad icnobs. SesaZloa, misTvis<br />
nacnobi da mniSvnelovani rom yofiliyo sxva garemoSi gazrdili mozardebis (Tu<br />
didebis) fsiqologia, sul sxva mxatvruli realobis Seqmnamde misuliyo. Tu ucnobi<br />
viTarebis gamoxatvas Seecdeboda, aseT emociur vels da STambeWdav saxeebs veRar<br />
Seqmnida. amjerad ki yvelaferi mxatvrulad damajerebelia. am romanSi<br />
postkomunisturi mozardi Taobis cxovrebaa aRwerili. sakuTari gamocdilebidan<br />
gamomdinare danamdvilebiT SemiZlia vTqva, rom mwerali zustia da amasTan did<br />
gansxvavebas ver dainaxavT sabWoeTis miwurulis vakis norCi mosaxleobis<br />
msoflgancdasa da `bolo zaris~ gmirebis Sinagan samyaros Soris. ra Tqma unda,<br />
Secvlilia dekoraciebi, anturaJi, leqsika, nawilobriv problemebic, magram<br />
garesamyarosadmi damokidebuleba igive darCa. es xom im soflidan Camosaxlebuli<br />
(yvelaze ar aris saubari, ZiriTadad), sakuTari provincializmiT (cudi gagebiT)<br />
69
Sepyrobili da misi damalvis mcdelobaSi gardasuli adamianebis mesame da meoTxe<br />
Taobaa, romelic uceb movida xelisuflebaSi an xelisuflebasTan axlo myofma gaikafa<br />
gza inteleqtualur sarbielze da garkveul ubanSi dasaxlda rogorc `axali<br />
aristokratia~. am `axali aristokratiis~ didma nawilma ki qedmaRlobiT da sxvisi<br />
Rirsebis damcrobiT mihyo xeli sakuTari warmomavlobis miCqmalvas. maTma<br />
STamomavlobam es procesi gaamwvava da ufro maRal rangSi aiyvana. verc danarCenma<br />
mosaxleobam ivarga da daicva Tavi da Seiqmna, axla ukve SeiZleba vTqvaT, e. w. vakis<br />
kulturul-fsiqologiuri fenomeni, Tavisi snoburi wanazardebiT, socialuri<br />
mankierebiT. es movlena airekla romanSi. ar iyo aucilebeli istoriul-socialurekonomikuri<br />
da fsiqologiuri kvleva-Zieba Caetarebina mwerals, magram, vfiqrob,<br />
teqsts Rirebulebas SesZenda ufro siRrmiseuli wvdoma movlenaTa arsSi, am sakiTxis da<br />
fenomenis an sulac sxva (teqstSi bevri satkivaria miniSnebuli: kriminali, estrada)<br />
fenomenebis namdvili Sinaarsis warmoCena da sakmaod xatovani, magram mainc `brtyeli~<br />
zedapiris qveS dafena.<br />
rac Seexeba ukve ybadaRebul skabrezul gamonaTqvamebs an orazrovan scenebs<br />
(magaliTad, demuri da misi megobrebis TviTsiamovnebis suraTi, codvis suniT<br />
gajerebuli da a. S.), isini xSirad aRizianebs mkiTxvels, yuradRebas ufantavs. amgvari<br />
sityvebi, ra uxeSadac ar unda JRerdnen, sruliad bunebrivia amgvari teqstisTvis.<br />
mwerali lamis miwaze gacxadebul jojoxeTs gvixatavs da iq kazmulsityvaobis<br />
molodini, rbilad rom vTqvaT, uazrobaa da arc mxatvrulad damajerebeli iqneboda. Tu<br />
adamiani gadaSlis am wigns da maincdamainc am samyaroSi wava samogzaurod (kiTxva ki<br />
mogzaurobaa), misi binadrebis Sesaferis metyvelebasac unda Seeguos. isic meeWveba,<br />
rogorc xSirad amboben (vgoneb, arc avtorebi unda uaryofdnen bolomde amas), rom es<br />
gamoTqmebi epataJis an skandalurobis efeqtis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneba. aSkaraa, rom<br />
amgvari msoflgancdis, amgvari mxatvruli mizandasaxulobis mqone teqstebSi<br />
Zaldautaneblad aRmocendeba aseTi `mSveneba~ da `margalitebi~. visac es teqstebi<br />
izidavs da xiblavs, keTili unda inebos da esec Seitkbos. asec xdeba. sxva sakiTxia,<br />
mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebulia Tu ara am gamoTqmebis amgvari didi doziT<br />
moxmareba. SesaZloa, skabrezuli nakadi simZafres ukargavdes da auferulebdes kidec<br />
saTqmels. erTi-ori `bilwi sityviT~ dartyma ufro mtkivneulia. Tu mwerlis amocana<br />
mxilebaa, albaT, esec gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tu sicocxlis, adamianis, sakuTari Tavis da<br />
garesamyaros sabolood SeZuleba, nihilizmis da cinizmis WaobSi sabolood CanTqma —<br />
maSin ra Tqma unda, ara!<br />
rogorc yovelTvis Semoqmedebis procesSi, `bolo zarSic~ mwerlis fiqrebis,<br />
tkivilebis da gancdebis sxvisTvis xelmisawvdom saxeebad `Targmaneba~ ganxorcielda.<br />
Seiqmna, kidev erTi axali samyaro, Tavisi adgiliT, saxiT da roliT. sabolood ki<br />
teqstis sicocxle mkiTxvelzea damokidebuli. Tu teqsti da mkiTxveli Sexvdebian,<br />
miiReben da gaugeben erTmaneTs, es samyaro gacocxldeba, amoZravdeba, bnelic<br />
ganaTdeba. es Sexvedra yovelTvis individualuria, SezRudva _ aranairi,<br />
pasuxismgebloba _ orive mxridan Zalian didi.<br />
70
miranda tyeSelaSvili<br />
besik xaranaulis `epigrafebi daviwyebuli sizmrebisaTvis~<br />
poeti wers prozas. literaturaSi, Cvens, qarTul literaturaSic, es ambavi arc<br />
axalia da arc iSviaTi. saTqmelma, romelic lirikulma gancdam, emociam ver daitia,<br />
vrceli, epikuri Txroba moiTxova.<br />
pirveli romani yovelTvis debiutia, ragind saxelmoxveWili poetic unda iyos misi<br />
avtori. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom mas ukve hyavs mkiTxveli, romelsac cnobili<br />
avtoris es siaxle ainteresebs da izidavs; meore mxriv, ucnob avtors mkiTxvelis<br />
molodini naklebs avaldebulebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, misgan pasuxismgeblobasac<br />
naklebs moiTxovs.<br />
besik xaranaulis SemTxveva gansakuTrebulia. misi poezia TiTqos nel-nela midioda<br />
am pirveli romanisaken, is TandaTan, logikurad gardaiqmna prozad.<br />
Tavis droze, poetma poeziad aqcia yofiTi, sametyvelo ena, poeziis sagnad ki _<br />
erTi SexedviT yvelaze Cveulebrivi, yofiTi movlenebi (`kartofilis amoReba~,<br />
`mikarnaxe angelina~...)<br />
Semdeg procesi nawilobriv Sebrunda. misi prozis sagnad iqca adamianis Sinagani<br />
arsi, gancdebi, is, rac, Cveulebriv, poeziis sagnad iTvleba.<br />
besik xaranaulis pirveli romanis _ `epigrafebi daviwyebuli sizmrebisaTvis~<br />
uSualo winamorbedia oriode wliT adre dabeWdili `wigni amba besarionisa~, poema<br />
(Janris gansazRvra, vfiqrob, Zalze pirobiTia), vrceli prozauli CanarTebiT.<br />
kritikosi Teimuraz doiaSvili ar daeTanxma im mkiTxvels, vinc `wigni~ xaranaulis<br />
poeziis mwvervalad miiCnia, mTeli adrindeli Semoqmedeba _ oden erTgvar poetur<br />
gansja-samzadisad `wignis~ Sesaqmnelad. misi azriT, `wigni amba besarionisa~ kidev erTi<br />
maRali qedia, romelic poetma mkiTxvelTan erTad gadaiara, mwvervali ki win aris.<br />
kritikosis simarTle `epigrafebma~ daadastura, romlisTvisac swored `wigni~ aRmoCnda<br />
mosamzadebeli samuSao.<br />
Tavis mxriv, imis gansjisas, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba `epigrafebis~ miCneva mwerlis<br />
Semoqmedebis mwvervalad, besik xaranaulis mierve erT interviuSi, galaktionis<br />
sidiadis Sesaxeb naTqvami maxsendeba:<br />
`sanam cocxalia ena, veravin gansazRvravs winaswar, ra nayofebisaTvis, rogor<br />
ixarebs igi da sanam sadme akvanSi iwveba bavSvi, veravin iqneba didi am qveyanaze~. igives<br />
imeorebs romanSic, homerosTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
misive azris perifrazirebas rom mivmarToT, sanam cocxalia da SemoqmedebiTad<br />
aqtiuri mwerali, veravin ityvis, rom esa Tu is nawarmoebi misi Semoqmedebis mwvervalia,<br />
yvelaferi, rac aqamde iyo, mxolod am teqstis mosamzadebel samuSaos warmoadgenda.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, `epigrafebi miviwyebuli sizmrebisaTvis~ besik xaranaulis<br />
Semoqmedebis mwvervalad unda miviCnioT, ara imdenad Sedevris, avtoris saukeTeso<br />
nawarmoebis gagebiT, ramdenadac erTgvari Semajamebeli teqstis mniSvnelobiT.<br />
bavSvoba, deda, winaprebi, TianeTi _ realuri da warmosaxuli, anu iseTi,<br />
rogoradac mis xsovnaSi iqca, iq mcxovrebi adamianebi, yvelani erTad am wignSi<br />
moTavsdnen da, rogorc mkiTxvels, iseTi gancda miCndeba, mwerals gauWirdeba maTTan<br />
mibruneba. TiTqos yvelaferi iTqva, gamomzeurda, gacxadda. amieridan igi did<br />
sakacobrio saTqmels, romelsac am viwro geografiul arealSi aqcevda da SesaniSnavad<br />
axerxebda Tbilissa da TianeTs Soris, erTi kacis cxovrebis istoriaSi mTeli<br />
kacobriobis modeli gadmoeca, sxva kalapots mouZebnis, sxva cxovrebiseul<br />
gamocdilebas. amgvar fiqrs Tavad mweralic midasturebs: `am suyvelafers rom davwer,<br />
mere unda gamovnaxo gza, saSualeba, rom amisgan gamovaRwio... dasruldeba ukusvla<br />
pirvelyofili wiaRisaken, CaiSleba gza dedis saSvilosken... saxlSi viyavi mSvidad,<br />
dedaCemisa da beboCemis garemoSi, sadac aRarasodes davbrundebi~...<br />
71
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, qarTul literaturaSi<br />
postmodernis xana dgas. postmodernistuli TamaSebi, interteqstualoba, konteqsti,<br />
romelic winaaRmdegobaSi modis teqstTan...<br />
2005 wels dastambuli `epigrafebi~ postmodernistul epoqaSi Seqmnili<br />
gansxvavebuli teqstia. postmodernistuli nawarmoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli araerTi<br />
garegnuli niSnis miuxedavad (asociaciebi, aSkara da faruli citacia, aluziebi), am<br />
wignSi, pirvel rigSi, ar igrZnoba postmodernistuli ganwyoba _ ironistulnihilisturi,<br />
damcinavi, mkiTxvelTan moTamaSe; ironia, Tuki mainc aris, upirvelesad,<br />
sakuTari Taviskenaa mimarTuli da ara mkiTxvelisken. Tavdapirvelad, aq TiTqos<br />
saerTodac ar Cans mkiTxveli. adamianma Seagrova Tavisi cxovrebis yvela furceli,<br />
gonebaSi CarCenili yvela mogoneba erT wignad Sekra, kompaqturi saxe misca da Zvirfasi<br />
saunje Seqmna upirvelesad, sakuTari TavisTvis. TiTqos fsiqoTerapiuli seansebis<br />
Sedegia, sadac xSirad adamianebs dRiurebis, mogonebebis weras urCeven, cxovrebis<br />
tvirTisgan gasaTavisufleblad, marto TavisTvis wasakiTxi wignis Seqmnas. Cveulebrivi<br />
mokvdavni am davalebis Sesrulebas albaT, iSviaTad axerxeben, mwerlis xelidan<br />
gamosuli aRsareba ki erTi kacis kuTvnileba aRaraa, mxatvrul teqstad gardaisaxeba.<br />
Tanac, mwerali imitomac aris Semoqmedi, ise, TavisTvis arafers wers. es wignic<br />
sruldeba, arc meti, arc naklebi, msoflio premiiT dajildoebis ceremonialze<br />
warmosaTqmeli sityviT, romlisTvisac, avtors Tu davujerebT, yvela mwerali pirveli<br />
gaumarTavi striqonis dawerisTanave emzadeba da romelic ukve 40 welia mzad teqstobs<br />
masSic. (Zneli misaxvedri ar aris, romel msfolio premias gulisxmobs mwerali. isic,<br />
saTqmelia, rom `epigrafebma~ Tu msoflio ara, Tavisi qveynis upirvelesi premia<br />
namdvilad moutana).<br />
besik xaranaulis `epigrafebi daviwyebuli sizmrebisaTvis~ biografiuli romania,<br />
oRond, iseTi, romelsac herman hese `sulis biografiebs~ uwodebda:<br />
`TiTqmis yvela Cemi prozauli nawarmoebi, rac damiweria, sulis biografiebia. saqme<br />
exeba ara ambebs, siuJetebs, personaJebs da a.S. isini, ZiriTadad, monologebia,<br />
romlebSic ganxilulia erTaderTi pirovneba, mis samyarosTan, mis sakuTar me-sTan<br />
mimarTebaSi~.<br />
igive azria gamoxatuli xaranaulis romanis am fragmentSic: `yvelaferi<br />
dasruldeba, ambavic, Tavgadasavalic, omic, mSvidobac, qveyanac da samyaroc ki, magram<br />
arasodes dasruldeba erTi adamiani, diax, erTi! amitom vmReri me erT adamianze, radgan<br />
me es mergo, erTi adamiani da is unda gamovTqva. me ar mergo arc ambavi, arc<br />
Tavgadasavali, arc qveyana, arc xalxi da isini ar unda gamovTqva. me mergo erTi adamiani,<br />
erTs _ erTi.~<br />
besik xaranaulis SemTxvevaSi, `sulis biografia~ SeiZleba `leqsebis biografiiT~<br />
Seicvalos, radgan mis leqsebSi (poemebSi) avtoris mTeli cxovrebaa asaxuli, vinc mis<br />
manamdel Semoqmedebas icnobs, romanis wakiTxva ukve nacnob teqstTan xelaxali<br />
mibrunebis gancdas gauCens uTuod; leqsebSi gamoxatuli emociebi sinamdvilis<br />
simboloebia, metaforebiT daSifruli.<br />
raki es teqsti romanis saxeliT mogvewodeba, is im literaturuli nakadis<br />
gagrZelebad SeiZleba miviCnioT, romlis Sesaxebac XX saukunis meore naxevridan<br />
werdnen literaturis Teoretikosebi da kritikosebi:<br />
Tanamedrove romanSi sruliad aSkaraa subieqturi sawyisis momZlavreba da<br />
lirikuli potencialis zrdis tendencia. aseTi romani asaxavs samyaros mTxrobelis<br />
cnobierebaSi da ara samyaros TavisTavad. Tanamedrove romani introversiisadmia<br />
midrekili da mTeli yuradReba erTi personaJis sulier cxovrebazea mipyrobili.<br />
moqmedebas aq xSirad fiqrebi da saubrebi cvlis, gamoxatuli ara dialogis, aramed<br />
monologis formiT. aseT romanSi sityvaa qceuli individualobis gaxsnis universalur<br />
saSualebad da masSi yvelaze bunebrivad gaSiSvlebulia emocia, fiqri, gansja.<br />
da main, `epigrafebi~ is teqstia, romlis ase martivad gansazRvra, literaturis<br />
Teoriis moSveliebiT, arc ise iolia. iseve, rogorc guram asaTiani, erT dros, besik<br />
xaranaulisave poemis _ `xeibari Tojina~-s Sesaxeb ambobda: `am poemaSi Cans is, rac<br />
literaturis arc erT Teorias ar eqvemdebareba~. aki eWvis Wia ar mSordeba, _ aris ki<br />
72
`epigrafebi~ romani? internetSi, litforumze, fsevdonimsamofarebuli mkiTxvelis<br />
Sefasebasac moviSvelieb: `xaranaulis `epigrafebi~ erTdroulad aris erT-erTi<br />
ugenialuresi qarTuli romani, erT-erTi ugenialuresi qarTuli poema, erT-erTi<br />
ugenialuresi qarTuli winadadeba, or aseul gverdze gaWimuli~. ugenialuresi, cota ar<br />
iyos yurs Wris. forumze advilia msgavsi maqsimalizmis gamoCena, Cem SemTxvevaSi ki,<br />
aseTi aRmatebiTi epiTetebis gamoyeneba ise, ubralod, ar Rirs, Tuki dawer, unda<br />
daamtkico kidec, rac, ara mgonia, SevZlo, Tumca, gulaxdilad vityvi, am teqstma<br />
(vfiqrob, yvelaze kargi gansazRvreba mainc esaa, teqsti xom yvelaferi SeiZleba iyos,<br />
dawerilic da isic, risi daWera da sityvebSi gamomwyvdevac ver movaxerxeT) maiZula<br />
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme mivbrunebodi da ver SevZeli wignisTvis Taroze<br />
adgilis miCena.<br />
nawarmoebis mTavari siaxle, mTavari Tavisebureba isaa, rom mas erTdroulad hyavs<br />
sami avtori da sami gmiri. Tanac, es sami erTia, erTarseba sameba. adamiani, romelic<br />
SeZlebs sakuTar TavSi ganasaxieros sameba da mkrexeli ar aris, SeiZleba iyos mxolod<br />
mwerali, romelSic erTdroulad cxovrobs 8-10 wlis, 14-15 wlis da cxovrebis<br />
naxevargzaganvlili adamiani. mwerlis erTi mTavari Rirseba kargi mexsiereba, marto<br />
faqtebisa da movlenebis ki ara, gancdebisa da grZnobebis zusti aRdgenaa. ramac 8-10-sas<br />
cremli, SiSi an sixaruli mohgvara, zustad imave gancdiT gaxseneba dResac. Tumca, aq<br />
mwerali imasac acnobierebs, rom `Seusabamoni arian axali sityvebi Zveli grZnobebis<br />
gadmosacemad, SeWideba ki gardauvalia~...<br />
samasakovani gmiri lirikuli gmiria, avtorica da personaJic erTdroulad, radgan<br />
ar arsebobs principuli sazRvrebi avtorsa da gmirs Soris. avtori, rogorc<br />
nawarmoebSi realizebuli mTlianoba, mis mierve Seqmnili samyaros imanenturia, sakuTar<br />
TavSi moicavs asaxul, aw ukve `gmiris kuTvnil~ subieqtur formebs _ avtor mTxrobels,<br />
sakuTriv avtors, lirikul me-s da lirikul gmirs.<br />
amasTan, gmiris cxovreba sworxazovnad, mis qronologiur TanmimdevrobaSi rodia<br />
warmodgenili, aramed im Sinagani aucileblobis Sesabamisad, romelsac gansazRvravs<br />
saTqmelis mTavari RerZisadmi am cxovrebis mimarTeba.<br />
erTi-meores enacvleba xan 8-10-sas, xan 14-15-sas, xanac srulasakovani personaJis<br />
ambebi. 8-10-sas da 14-15-isas Tavgadasavlebi mesame pirSia gadmocemuli, srulasakovani<br />
pirvel pirSi mogviTxrobs, rac imis dasturia, rom mTlianobis miuxedavad, mwerali<br />
identifikacias zrdasrul personaJTan axdens. srulasakovanTan mTavari<br />
TviTrefleqsiaa, sakuTar TavSi CaRrmaveba, sakuTari raobis garkvevis survili.<br />
saboloo jamSi, sakmaod Tamam aRsarebas viRebT. kritikos Teimuraz doiaSvilis<br />
marTebuli SeniSvniT, besik xaranaulis Semoqmedebis tendencia adamianSi<br />
reducirebuli qve-mes reabilitaciaa, `misi protagonisti aris ara iseTi, rogoric<br />
sxvebs, garemos surs iyos, aramed iseTia, rogoric aris, rogoradac uwevs gaZleba~.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, mwerali sakmaod mtkivneulad iWreba Tavisi arsebobis uRrmes<br />
SreebSi, raTa mkiTxvels maqsimalurad SesaZlo gulaxdilobiT mouTxros SecdomebiT,<br />
codvebiTa da marcxiT aRsavse, magram mainc winsvlaze orientirebuli, didi adamianuri<br />
potenciiT aRsavse sakuTari cxovrebis Sesaxeb.<br />
SigadaSig, msjeloba sWarbobs, filologiur-filosofiuri gansjani; drodadro,<br />
is safrTxec mosCans, romlis Sesaxebac erT bolodroindel leqsSi sakuTar Tavs<br />
afrTxilebs avtori:<br />
Sen ukve iseT zRurblze gadaxvedi<br />
da ukve iseT droSi Seabije,<br />
roca giCndeba axali xifaTi:<br />
yoveli Seni sityva anderZs ar emsgavsos...<br />
rom viTom Sen gindoda,<br />
viTom Sen migaCnda, viTom Sen giyvarda,<br />
gZulda, anda winaswarmetyvelebdi...<br />
(`anderZi~)<br />
73
`14-15-isa `aRsarebas~ moridebia da Tavi uborialebia namdvilsa da gamogonils<br />
Soris. an ki, am xnis arsebas aRsarebas ra aTqmevinebs! xom Camoiqca zeca, xom<br />
gadatrialda cxovreba...~<br />
8-10-sam pirvelad waikiTxa sadRac sityva `aRsareba~, swored am droidan iwyes masSi<br />
modena ucxo literaturulma sityvebma da frazebma. dedas hkiTxa da daaxloebiT gaigo,<br />
rom `aRsareba~ aris imis xmamaRla Tqma, rac gulSi icis kacma da malavs. am ganmartebam<br />
moxibla, rogorc namdvilma Tavgadasavalma, SemoqmedebiTi impulsi misca da weris<br />
dawyebisken ubiZga, axladaRmoCenili sityva SiSTan daakavSira da im ambebis Cawera<br />
daiwyo, risic an visic eSinoda.<br />
Tavad avtoris TqmiT, `dabadebidan sikvdilamde adamiani erTi arsebaa. ara aqvs<br />
mniSvneloba, sxvadasxva asakSi rom sxvadasxvaa~; sabolood, XXI saukuneSi<br />
gadmobijebuli srulasakovani avtoris aRsarebas viRebT, bavSvobis mogonebebiT<br />
gajerebuls, raSic mas 8-10-sas da 14-15-sas nawerebic Zalian daxmarebia.<br />
`epigrafebi daviwyebuli sizmrebisaTvis~ erTi adamianis ambavia, sadac araferia<br />
mogonili, idealuri. es aris namdvili, cocxali adamianis ambavi.<br />
pirobiTad, wigni oTx nawilad (Tavad) aris dayofili, Tumca TiToeuli maTgani<br />
uamravi mozrdili da mcire fragmentisgan Sedgeba. amitom `epigrafebis~ nebismieri<br />
adgilidan wakiTxva SeiZleba, raki, rogorc zemoTac vTqviT, arc qronologiuri<br />
Tanmimdevrobaa daculi da arc sxva raime kanonzomiereba.<br />
fragmentuloba avtoris arCevania:<br />
`_ modi, fragmentebs SevaCvioT Cveni mkiTxveli. sinamdvileSi gabmulad araferi<br />
xdeba. yvelaferi fragmentebad mimdinareobs. modi, SevayvaroT, modi, SevaCvioT, modi<br />
davarwmunoT fragmentebSi~. samjer gameorebac, mkiTxvelze zemoqmedebisaTvis, Cveuli<br />
xerxia xaranaulis Semoqmedebisa.<br />
es darwmuneba teqstidan teqstamde grZeldeba, radagan fragmentuloba, fiqrTa<br />
asociaciuri mdinareba, Sinagani monologis principi is saerTo maxasiaTeblebia, rac<br />
besik xaranaulis poemebsa da romans aerTianebs.<br />
fragmentulobis miuxedavad, `epigrafebi daviwyebuli sizmrebisaTvis~ erTi<br />
mTliani ambavia, Tavad mkiTxvelis mier awyobili da gamTlianebuli im mozaikis<br />
natexebidan, mweralma rom daulaga win. saerTod, besik xaranaulis teqstebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvels mzamzareulad arasodes araferi eZleva, isini Tanamonawileobas,<br />
Tanamoazrovneobas iTxoven misgan.<br />
Tumca, garkveuli kanonzomiereba ukve devs romanis dasawyisad 14-15 wlisas<br />
qalaqSi, did poetTan Sesaxvedrad wasvlis epizodis SerCevaSi, radgan gmiris cxovrebas,<br />
mis manamdel da Semdgom arsebobas azri am momentidan eZleva. Tu papisa da<br />
dedisZmisaTvis, sizmrebSi rom moudian asuls da das, misi amqveynad movlinebaa ukve<br />
cxovrebis azri, 14-15-isas marto ojaxis gagrZelebis movaleoba ar akmayofilebs.<br />
katastrofa sWirdeba, didi tragedia, yvelaferi sikvdilis anu imis garda, rac<br />
Semoqmedebas samudamod SeaCerebs. da ra SeiZleba iyos am asakSi yvelaze didi tragedia,<br />
Tu ara siyvarulSi imedgacrueba.<br />
amitom midis qalaqSi, iqauri Seyvarebulis sanaxavad da didi poetisaTvis<br />
sakuTari, dedis kaligrafiuli xeliT gadawerili leqsebis rveulis saCveneblad; gulSi<br />
imediT, rom siyvaruli uRalatebs, did poets misi leqsebi ar moewoneba. ver<br />
warmoidgens, `risTvisRa SeiZleba icocxlos adamianma, Tu uyvars imas, viszec aris<br />
Seyvarebuli?... Tuki imas miaRwia, rom misi leqsebi moswonT?...~ unda moklas yvelaferi<br />
wakiTxuli da yvela sityvac, rac ki manamde arsebobda, unda moklas sakuTari cxovrebac,<br />
rom Tavidan daibados.<br />
didi cvlileba esaWiroeboda 14-15-sas, radgan swamda, rom `risi dawerac ar<br />
SeiZleba, imis arc yureba Rirs da arc codna: vaJa-fSavelas Semdeg bunebaze wera<br />
Tavmoyvareobis uqonlobaa, `Cxikvic~ ki ar unda Tqvas patiosanma mesityvem, araTu<br />
`Svlis nukri~, 14-15-sas ki or saqmeSi undoda ufleba egrZno, siyvarulSi da poeziaSi...<br />
buneba 14-15-samde uTvalavis xelSi iyo gamovlili da warsuls ekuTvnoda... poeziasac,<br />
Tu ar unda warsulad iqces, bunebas ar unda emsgavsos.~ gacilebiT gvian, galaktionTan<br />
dakavSirebul interviuSic igives gaimeorebs: `Tu gavlenaze midgeba saqme, adreuli,<br />
74
tradiciuli leqsebi ufro savse mqonda misiT (galaktioniT), magram me es ar<br />
makmayofilebda. raRac sxva mindoda, is, rasac ver vpoulobdi imaSi, rac ukve Seqmnili<br />
damxvda.~<br />
da es moaxerxa kidec, Tu maSin vera, mTeli Semdgomi SemoqmedebiT; besik xaranauli<br />
ise Semovida qarTul poeziaSi, TiTqos iq aravin daxvedrodao, werda mis Sesaxeb guram<br />
asaTiani. man sakuTari eniT, sakuTari leqsiT daimkvidra Tavi da mTeli Taobis, XX<br />
saukunis 70-ianelTa winamZRolad iqca.<br />
gavlenis SiSisagan Tavis daRwevaSi, romelic mTel mis Semoqmedebas sdevda Tan,<br />
mwerals daexmara postmodernistuli xerxebis mTeli arsenalic, romlebsac, rogorc<br />
zemoT aRvniSneT, arcTu iSviaTad mimarTavs romanSi. kritikosi lali avaliani SeniSnavs:<br />
`besik xaranaulis poezia, bolo dromde (roca sruliad Segnebulad dainteresda<br />
interteqstualizaciiT) TiTqmis sul Tavisufali iyo aramcTu literaturuli<br />
zegavlenisagan, mis leqsebSi aluziebisa Tu literaturuli reminiscenciebis mikvlevac<br />
ki iSviaTi gamonaklisi gaxldaT~.<br />
fragmentulobis miuxedavad, romanSi epoqis saxe ixateba. 8-10 wlis avtorisa da<br />
misi ojaxisaTvis, aseve garSemo soflebisaTvis, miwazec, caSic, cxovrebaSic sami sityva<br />
anu sami grZnoba iyo upirvelesi da usaSinelesi: SiSi, SimSili, SeSa. misi ambebic,<br />
ZiriTadad, am sami grZnobis irgvliv trialebs; 14-15-isasaTvis am sami sityva-grZnobidan<br />
mxolod erTi, SiSi, darCa ucvleli da gasagebi, radgan gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebidan<br />
mTel sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze cxovreba sagrZnoblad gamosworda. magram marto<br />
SiSi ar warmarTavda cxovrebas, misi fiqri da sinamdvile erTmaneTs saimedo<br />
TavSesafrobas uwevdnen. `saerTod ki, ra sinamdvile hqonda, rom advilad ver gahqceoda<br />
da ra fiqrebi, rom ver gamohqceoda.~<br />
`epigrafebSi~ warmodgenili TianeTi, garkveulwilad, iqneb, warmosaxulic aris,<br />
magram ara iseTi, rogoric makondo an ioknapatofa. geografiuli da istoriuleTnografiuli<br />
eqskursic saqarTvelos aRmosavleT mTianeTis am nawilSi sruliad<br />
realuria. TianeTi da misi mcxovrebni, _ qito papa, xevsuri bewina, deida ola, qarTulis<br />
maswavlebeli da misi gadasaxlebidan dabrunebuli Zma, 8-10-sas da 14-15-sas megobari<br />
WiWia, misi rus-ukraineli, imperialisturi ideebiT Sepyrobili mama, valiko<br />
baduraSvili, dikvnianT ojaxi... mwerlis bavSvobis cocxali personaJebi arian. isini sxva<br />
qarTveli poetis prozaul teqstSi, `natvris xeSi~ daxatul sofel patarZeulsa da<br />
patarZeulelebs ufro hgvanan. es paraleli sakmaod gamWvirvaled ikiTxeba lamazi da<br />
Tavisufali znis mqone amoraZis qalebis, amoraZeebis mTeli ubnis aRwerisas, romlebic,<br />
`aSkara iyo, qals an patarZals RalatisaTvis virze ukuRma ar Sesvamdnen~ (gvaris<br />
semantika amoraluris asociacias aCens, magram raki amoraZeebis amoraluroba mxolod<br />
satrfialo TavgadasavlebiTaa gamowveuli da mas ukavSirdeba, espanuri sityva _ amor,<br />
siyvarulic amotivtivdeba). mTavari gansxvaveba am ori teqstis gmirebs Soris is aris,<br />
rom `natvris xis~ personaJebi TavisTavad arseboben mwerlis yrmobis samyofelSi,<br />
Sexvedrian mas, damaxsovrebian; avtoric maT Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, mxolod maT ambebs da<br />
ara sakuTar kavSirebs, urTierTobebs TiToeul maTganTan; gansxvavebiT besik<br />
xaranaulisgan, vis TiToeul personaJsac garkveuli kvali daumCnevia 8-10-sas Tu 14-15sas<br />
cxovrebaze. maTgan umTavresi avtoris dedaa, ara marto romanis, misi poeziis<br />
upirvelesi personaJic. misgan gaqceva da masTan dabruneba mTeli Semoqmedebis<br />
ZiriTadi Temaa.<br />
realurTan miaxlovebulia wignSi daxatuli saiqioc, radgan qarTuli folklorisa<br />
da eTnografiis kargad mcodne mwerals is swored am tipis masalis mixedviT aqvs<br />
aRwerili, eTnografiul CanawerebSi ki `xevsuris suleTs saaqaos feri da mimarTuleba<br />
etyoba~.<br />
xalxuri andrezebi, Selocvebi, romelic uxvad aris gamoyenebuli romanSi, mTis<br />
salocavebisadmi mimarTuli savedrebeli leqsebic, xalxur kiloze Tavad avtoris mier<br />
gamarTuli, erTgvar CarCos uqmnian ZiriTad teqsts.<br />
teqstis dasasruls, `devebis naburTalad~ wodebuli maRali goridan, Segulebuli<br />
oqrosferi lodi, srulasakovan personaJs, 8-10-sas da 14-15-sas erTad CamoaqvT,<br />
sakuTari xerxisa da Ronis SeerTebiT da dedis saflavze deben. besik xaranaulis romani<br />
75
_ `epigrafebi daviwyebuli sizmrebisaTvis,~ vfiqrob, swored dedis saflavze dadebuli<br />
am lodis metaforuli gamoxatulebaa, dedis xsovnisadmi miZRvnili Zeglia. Zegli,<br />
romlsac epigrafad misive leqsis fragmenti waewereba:<br />
nu tiri, rom raRac dasrulda,<br />
gaiRime,<br />
radgan es iyo.<br />
76
identifikaciis problema Tanamedrove qarTul mwerlobaSi<br />
ada nemsaZe<br />
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebi Cvens qveyanaSi metismetad datvirTuli iyo<br />
mniSvnelovani social-politikuri movlenebiTa Tu ekonomikuri ZvrebiT. sagrZnoblad<br />
Seicvala sabWoTa wyobilebidan TavdaRweuli sazogadoebis cnobiereba da Sexedulebani<br />
calkeul sakiTxze. azrovnebaSi Semovida pirovnuli da erovnuli Tavisuflebis maRali<br />
xarisxi.<br />
am periodSi Seqmnili literatura exeba Tanamedroveobis mwvave problemebs, Tumc<br />
momxdar movlenaTa masStaburoba da mniSvneloba maTsave mxatvrul damuSavebas ar<br />
Seesabameba. miuxedavad amisa, Cvens xelT arsebuli literaturuli produqcia<br />
metnaklebad mainc iZleva imis saSualebas, rom SevZloT masSi epoqisa da sazogadoebis<br />
mtkivneul problemaTa wakiTxva da analizi.<br />
XX-XXI saukuneTa mijnis qarTuli sazogadoebis winaSe arsebul konkretul<br />
social-politikur Tu ekonomikur problemebs daerTo sxva, ufro globaluri xasiaTis<br />
problemebic. Cvens sazogadoebaSi bolo xans momxdarma mniSvnelovanma cvlilebebma<br />
aqtualuri gaxada identobis kvleva, rac dRemde, ZiriTadad, dasavluri sociologiisa<br />
da fsiqologiis interesis sagans Seadgenda.<br />
identoba esaa adamianis fsiqologiuri warmodgena sakuTar me-ze, romelic<br />
xasiaTdeba individualuri TviTgaigivebisa da mTlianobis subieqturi grZnobiT. igi<br />
farTo koncefciaa da moicavs yvela pirovnul Tvisebas, rac umeteswilad<br />
ganpirobebulia biologiuri, fsiqologiuri, socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebiT.<br />
ratom gaxda aseTi mniSvnelovani am problemis kvleva Cvens droSi? ratom<br />
vamaxvilebT ase daJinebiT masze yuradRebas? saqme isaa, rom adamianis jansaRi<br />
identobis dadgena da formireba aris pirovnebis ganviTarebis RerZi, safuZveli.<br />
pirovnebis fsiqikuri ganviTareba ori faqtoriT ganisazRvreba: vinikotis azriT, es<br />
aris is biologiuri safuZveli, riTac bavSvi ibadeba, anu `memkvidreobiT miRebuli<br />
potenciali~; pavlova ki Tvlis, rom amasTan erTad mniSvnelovania socialuri situacia<br />
da mSobelTa mzrunveloba, romelSic aRmoCndeba bavSvi (Павлова О. Идентичность: история<br />
формирования взглядов и её структурные особенности. Москва, 2001). Tavis mxriv, jansaRi<br />
sazogadoebis formirebaSi, rac eris arsebobis aucilebeli sasicocxlo pirobaa,<br />
umniSvnelovanes rols calkeul pirovnebaTa mier pozitiuri identobis mopoveba<br />
asrulebs. swored amitom iqca igi Tanamedroveobis erTerT mTavar gansaxilvel<br />
sakiTxad.<br />
identoba normirdeba socialuri procesebiT. is socialuri procesebi, romlebic<br />
identobis formirebasa da SenarCunebas ukavSirdeba, Tavis mxriv, determinirebulia<br />
socialuri struqturis mier da piriqiT, identoba, romelic Seqmnilia organizmis,<br />
individualuri cnobierebisa da socialuri struqturis urTierTqmedebis wyalobiT,<br />
reagirebs mocemul socialur struqturaze — inaxavs, modificirebas uwevs da mis<br />
xelaxal formirebasac ki axdens. sazogadoeba qmnis istorias da am procesSi<br />
aRmocendeba specifikuri identobebi, Tumc es istoria iqmneba adamianTa mier,<br />
romelTac sakuTari specifikuri identobebi ukve gaaCniaT (Бокап Б. Социальное<br />
конструирование реальности. Москва, 2002). aqedan naTelia, rom identifikaciis procesSi<br />
sociumsa da pirovnebas Soris urTierTkavSiri ormxrivia.<br />
identobis saxeebSi erTerTi mTavaria socialuri identoba. mis SinaarsSi moiazreba<br />
kulturis Taviseburebani, jgufis eTnikuri maxasiaTeblebi, zne-Cveulebani, adaTwesebi,<br />
religia, zneobrivi imperativebi, materialur-ekonimikuri moRvaweobis<br />
specifika, romlebic gaerTianebulia cnebaSi — jgufis gamocdilebis organizaciis<br />
meTodebi. swored es `koleqtiuri mTlianobis rezervuari~, romlidanac individi iRebs<br />
Tavis socialur rols, gansazRvravs misi socializaciis Sinaarss da pirovnebis<br />
etapobriv formirebas.<br />
77
winamdebare werilSi Cven SevecdebiT, visaubroT mocemuli problemis asaxvis<br />
masStabebze Tanamedrove qarTul literaturaSi. amisTvis mogvyavs ramdenime mwerlis<br />
Semoqmedeba, sadac SedarebiT ukeT ikveTeba es sakiTxi (aqve SevniSnavT, rom amjerad<br />
Segnebulad ar vexebiT aka morCilaZis Semoqmedebas, radgan vTvliT, rom igi sakmaod did<br />
masalas iZleva am mxriv, rac calke saubris sagania).<br />
identifikaciis ganxorcielebas xSirad win uZRvis krizisuli periodi, roca ver<br />
xerxdeba igiveobis dadgena sakuTarsa da sazogadoebriv cnobierebas Soris, roca<br />
adamians, ZiriTadad axalgazrdas, uWirs sakuTari Tavis mikuTvnebuloba ama Tu im<br />
socialur jgufTan. aseTi SemTxveva sociologiaSi socialuri identobis krizisis<br />
saxeliTaa cnobili. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba identobis am saxis kriziss ganicdis<br />
umetesad, rac aisaxa kidevac literaturaSi.<br />
socialuri identifikaciis krizisze miTiTeba nawarmoebTa saTaurebidanve iwyeba.<br />
eka RaRaniZis moTxrobaSi `ajafsandali~ cxovreba qvabis Zirze mimwvar ajafsandals<br />
damsgavsebia. ajafsandali _ adamianur arssmowyvetili, azrdakarguli cxovrebis<br />
metaforaa, romlis uaryofiT Sinaarss aZlierebs epiTeti _ qvabis Zirze mimwvari. igive<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas beso xvedeliZis axal romanze _ `uzarmazari bazari~. bazaric da<br />
ajafsandalic asociaciurad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul movlenebze miTiTebaa,<br />
aurzauri, anarqia da uwesrigoba. identobis krizisis periodSi, roca myari adamianuri,<br />
kulturuli Tu zneobrivi faseulobebi iSleba, bunebrivia aseTi azrdakarguli<br />
cxovrebiseuli realoba. avtorTa mTavari saTqmelic esaa.<br />
adamianuri urTierTobani imdenad gamofituli da arafrismTqmelia, rom erTi<br />
Taobis Svilebic ki veRar eguebian da ugeben erTmaneTs. ufskruli pirovnebaTa Soris,<br />
ufskruli ojaxis wevrTa Soris ara marto TaobebSi (ded-mama da Svili), aramed erTi<br />
Taobis warmomadgenlebs Sorisac ki gaCenila (da da Zma, coli da qmari). es miT ufro<br />
sagangaSoa, rom ojaxi socialurad yvelaze ufro myari struqturuli erTeulia da misi<br />
rRveva sazogadoebisaTvis umniSvnelo safrTxe namdvilad ar aris. katos saxlidan<br />
wasvla aRar aRelvebs Zmas, metic, erTi kviris Tavze amCnevs am `axal~ ambavs, isic<br />
SemTxveviT (`ajafsandali~). ufskruli Cndeba erT dros siyvaruliT gagiJebul colqmars,<br />
androsa da nanas Soris. TiTqos yvelaferi isev isea, rogorc adre, urTierToba ki<br />
dRiTidRe iZabeba. qmari ver mimxvdara mizezs, arc ojaxis dangreva surs: `ngreviT ra<br />
gamova?~ _ kiTxulobs igi (`uzarmazari bazari~). adamianuri urTierTobebisaTvis<br />
uaRresad SemaSfoTebeli es faqtebi realur krizisSi myofi sazogadoebisTvis ukve<br />
karga xania, erTerT damaxasiaTebel niSnad qceula.<br />
Taobebs Soris gaucxoebis problema yvela droSi iyo da, albaT, metnaklebad<br />
yovelTvis iqneba kidec, es bunebrivia. cxovrebis winsvla gulisxmobs siaxleebis<br />
damkvidrebas SexedulebebSi, azrovnebaSi, rasac axalgazrdoba umal aitacebs xolme.<br />
Zveli TaobisTvis es siaxleebi yovelTvis gasagebi da misaRebi ar aris, rac maT<br />
dapirispirebas ganapirobebs. XX saukunis bolos am dapirispirebam TiTqmis kriziss<br />
miaRwia, radganac mama-Svils Soris Seucnobeli ufskruli gaCnda. zurab samadaSvilis<br />
roman `xmauriani dReebis~ personaJ givis ukvirs, rom Svils saerTod ver ugebs,<br />
sakuTari Svilis cxovrebiseuli pozicia mamisTvis auxsnelia. es ufro imitom ukvirs,<br />
rom isic `moZvelbiWo~ tipia Tavad da ara konservatiulad moazrovne mama. `verasodes<br />
vifiqrebdi, me Tu SvilTan saerTo enis gamonaxva gamiWirdeboda... saerTod ar mesmis am<br />
Taobis~ (samadaSvili z. xmauriani dReebi. Tbilisi, `saari~, 2006, 193), _ aRiarebs igi.<br />
uaRresad mniSvnelovania pirovnebaTa fsiqosocialuri portretebi, romlebic<br />
aSkarad miuTiTeben identifikaciis am saxis krizisze. kulturologiis enciklopedia<br />
amas Semdegnairad ganmartavs: `fsiqosocialuri identoba imdenad xarisxi an<br />
mdgomareoba ar aris, ramdenadac yvela axali fsiqosocialuri maxasiaTeblis SeZenis<br />
uwyveti procesi, romelTagan TiToeuli xorcieldeba sakvanZo sasicocxlo ciklis<br />
gansazRvrul etapze, Seaqvs ra Tavisi wvlili pirovnuli igiveobis formirebaSi~. TviT<br />
identobis Teoretikosebi aRiareben, rom es aris mudmivad mimdinare procesi, romelmac<br />
dasasruls cxovrebaSi SesaZloa ramdenjerme miaRwios da kvlav dairRves. amas wyvetil<br />
identobas uwodeben. am gagebiT, identoba ar gvevlineba myar mdgomareobad, romlis<br />
erTxel miRweva sakmarisi iqneboda. Cven nawilobriv veTanxmebiT am mosazrebas, radgan<br />
78
cxovrebaSi, da Sesabamisad, literaturaSic, gvxvdebian adamianebi, romlebic Ziebis<br />
procesSi didxans imyofebian, Tumc es movlena ar aris farTo masStabis mqone. umetes<br />
SemTxvevebSi krizisi erTjeradia da igi sruldeba pozitiurad an negatiurad.<br />
identobis krizisi pirdapir kavSirSia literaturaSi xelaxla gaCenil socialur tip<br />
nakacarTan. metad mniSvnelovania, rom gasuli saukunis dasawyisis qarTul<br />
literaturaSi ase fexmokidebuli socialuri tipi _ nakacari _ Tanamedrove<br />
literaturaSi isev Cndeba. nakacari aris kacobasTan, kacobis cnebasTan Seuferebeli<br />
tipi. maT mimarT kiTxulobda ilia, kacia-adamianio? igi Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs<br />
fsiqosocialur, religiur da RirebulebiT kriziss. eka RaRaniZis moTxrobaSi<br />
`ajafsandali~ gvxvdeba XXI saukunis Teimuraz xevisTavi, `wignebidan amokiTxuli<br />
frazebis deklamatori mamuka~: `WkuadaxSuli, dabeCavebuli nakacari odindeli<br />
udabnosaviT Cakunculi isusneba mamikoebis nasufrals. Tanac madlieri...~ (rCeuli.<br />
Tbilisi, `marsi~, 2003, 200). ikveTeba axali niSani, rac XX saukunis nakacars ar<br />
axasiaTebda: mdidari mamikos nasufraliT sazrdooba da aranairi protesti sakuTari<br />
ususurobis gamo. axali nakacaric, Zvelis msgavsad, brZolisuunaroa, praqtikul<br />
alRosaa moklebuli, oRond Tavisi winaprisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom TviTkmayofilia,<br />
nasufralic yofnis, sakuTari Zalebis mosinjvas ar cdilobs. aris kidev erTi<br />
sayuradRebo da ufro sagangaSo faqti: Tuki XX saukunis dasawyisSi nakacarebi cotani<br />
iyvnen, dRes (anu saukuneTa mijnaze) isini sakmaod momravlebulan sazogadoebaSi.<br />
Teimuraz xevisTavi Tu bondo WilaZe tragikulad aRiqvamen TavianT uunarobas da<br />
cdiloben misgan Tavis daRwevas. es, garkveulwilad, iZleva Sedegs Tu ara, imeds mainc.<br />
axali drois nakacarebi ki arafris Secvlas ar apireben: `nasufraliT ikvebebian~ da<br />
`Tanac madlierni~ arian. mwerlis es SeniSvna mdgomareobis ukeTesobisaken svlaze<br />
namdvilad ar migviTiTebs. dRevandeli dRis nakacaroba pirovnebis fsiqosocialuri<br />
identobis krizisis erT-erTi niSania, rac gamoixateba naklebad gamovlenili<br />
pirovnuli individualobiT, susti TviTiniciativiTa da moClungebuli siyvarulis<br />
grZnobiT. nakacari pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba da uaryofs identobis ganxorcielebas.<br />
habermasi wers: `me, rogorc avtonomiurad moqmedi da sruliad individualizebuli<br />
arseba, SeiZleba myari viyo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu me miviReb damtkicebas da<br />
aRiarebas rogorc saerTod pirovneba da rogorc individualuri pirovneba~. amrigad,<br />
pirovnebis CamoyalibebisaTvis aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi, amisTvis brZola, xolo<br />
Semdeg am brZolis Sedegis aRiareba sazogadoebis mxridan. Cveni drois nakacarebi ki ar<br />
cdiloben pirvels da Sesabamisad, verc meores aRweven.<br />
eka RaRaniZis moTxrobaSi `me, neka TiTi~ yuradRebas iqcevs 90-ianelTa<br />
mwerliseuli `naTloba~ _ `kibeebis Taoba~. es, erTi SexedviT, TiTqosda martivi<br />
sintagma sakmaod didi da tragikuli Sinaarsis Semcveli daxasiaTebaa mTeli Taobisa,<br />
romelsac ganaCeni swored am `kibeebma~ gamoutana. maT 89 wlis areulobam skolis<br />
merxTan miuswro da aaglija mas, Tbilisis omma studentobas moswyvita, axladSeqmnili<br />
ojaxi afxazeTis omma daatovebina, xolo uimedo ekonomiurma viTarebam, kulturuli da<br />
pirovnuli identobis ganuxorcieleblobam qveynis gareT gaaqcia gadarCenisa da<br />
TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis gzebis saZebnelad. aseTia eka RaRaniZis xsenebuli moTxrobis<br />
`me, neka TiTis~ personaJi leve, `kibeebis Taobis~ saxe.<br />
mniSvnelovani aq is aris, rom Taobis davaJkaceba xdeba ara merxTan, ara codniT, ara<br />
warsulis gamocdilebis kritikuli aTvisebiTa da Secdomis gonivruli gaanalizebiT,<br />
rac momavalSi naklebi Secdomis daSvebisa da fsiqosocialuri identobis<br />
ganxorcielebis winapirobaa, aramed _ quCiT. quCa ar aris cnobieri patriotizmis<br />
maswavlebeli, igi grZnobismieri, emociuri patriotizmis momcemia da im quCas da ubans<br />
ar scildeba, pataraa da umasStabo. Sesabamisad, aseT grZnobas simyarec naklebi aqvs.<br />
kibeze gaCenili patriotuli grZnoba momavalSi eris koleqtiur cnobierebaSi Tuki ar<br />
gamyarda, Tuki safuZveli ar SeiZina, isev quCaSi SeiZleba Caikargos. `kibeebis Taobasac~<br />
ase daemarTa da moTxrobis personaJ levesaviT ucxoeTis sxvadasxva qveynebSi<br />
mimoifanta fizikuri arsebobis SesanarCuneblad. eri dacotavda, bevri axladSeqmnili<br />
ojaxi ukacod darCa, bevri Svili umamod gaizarda, rac pirdapir da erTmniSvnelovnad<br />
momavali Taobis fsiqosocialuri identobis krizisis mizezi gaxda. damaxinjda TaobaTa<br />
79
Soris arsebuli kanonzomiereba: awmyo _ warsulis Svili da momavlis mSobeli.<br />
identifikaciisTvis aucilebeli mamis rolic dedas daekisra. qalisTvis mxolod<br />
martoobac Zneli tvirTia, miT umetes, Tu amas zed Svilis damoukideblad aRzrda da<br />
pirovnebad Camoyalibebac emateba rTul socialur da zneobriv atmosferoSi. am<br />
yvelafris Sedegad ki miviReT XX-XXI saukuneTa mijnis kidev erTi tragedia:<br />
sazRvargareT Tavis damkvidrebisTvis wasuli da dakarguli mama, mamis ardabrunebiT<br />
gabrazebuli da saxlidan gaqceuli deda da yvelaze mZime Sedegi — mitovebuli Svili,<br />
fsiqosocialuri identobis krizisisTvis ganwiruli kidev erTi Taoba, romelsac aqedan<br />
gamosasvlelad mxolod sakuTari Tavis imedi unda hqondes.<br />
Secvlil sazogadoebaSi krizisi daudga faseulobebsac. fsiqosocialuri<br />
identobis ganxorcielebis aucilebeli piroba myar zneobriv-moralur faseulobaTa<br />
qonaa. Tu adre vaJkacoba da samarTlianoba wesieri da patiosani adamianis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi iyo, axla isini `ganabis~ sinonomad miaCnia Caiqrolas (zurab<br />
samadaSvili, `xmauriani dReebi~). uwin qarTveli mamakaci qalis Seuracxyofas aravis<br />
apatiebda, magram dRes, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, isini amaze Tvals xuWaven. ra unda iyos<br />
vaJkacuri Tvisebebis aseTi gadagvarebis mizezi? mamakacebi xom ara marto qalTa,<br />
aramed, zogadad, sazogadoebis pativiscemas swored am TvisebaTa gamo imsaxureben! am<br />
fonze abesalomis SeniSvna, `adamianis sxeuli mis sulze bevrad sufTa da mimzidveliao~,<br />
sruliadac aRar migvaCnia religiur mkrexelobad, radgan es Cveni drois realobaa.<br />
rogorc Cans, XX saukunis adamiani imdenad gaRaribda da Tan dabinZurda sulierad, rom<br />
es `samSvivneli sxeulisa~ axla `codvil WurWelze~ usufTao gaxda.<br />
zurab samadaSvilis romani `xmauriani dReebi~ sxva problemebTan erTad am<br />
satkivarsac exeba. arqivis amerikeli menejeri `ramodenime nabijiT uaxlovdeba CrdilSi<br />
msxdom qalebs da xis grZel skams fexs urtyams. skami yiravdeba, erTmaneTze<br />
CabRauWebuli qalebi ki miwaze danarcxebisagan gaWirvebiT ikaveben Tavs~ (samadaSvili,<br />
130). iqve mdgari qarTveli mamakacebi, arqivis TanamSromlebi, uxerxulad iRimebian da<br />
arafers amboben. es movlena TavisTavad damakninebelia maTi mamakacuri bunebisaTvis,<br />
magram faqti erTiorad mniSvnelovani xdeba imiT, rom amas axalgazrdebi uyureben.<br />
`mamebis~ saqcielidan gamomdinare imedgacruebac maSinve ibadeba: `vifiqre, cemiT suls<br />
amoxdian-meTqi, eseni ki icinian~. aq aris `mamebis~ yvelaze didi Secdoma, roca isini ver<br />
acnobiereben sakuTar rols Svilebis pirovnebad Camoyalibebis procesSi.<br />
fsiqosocialuri identobis mopovebisas mTavari swored mamis mier micemuli magaliTia,<br />
Tanac saqmiT micemuls gacilebiT didi gavlena aqvs am SemTxvevaSi, vidre sityviT<br />
naTqvams. am arasasiamovno faqts erTi sasiamovno moulodneloba cvlis. Seuracxyofis<br />
scenas Seswrebuli biWi (Svili) ufro gamoxatavs ukmayofilebas, garegnulad mainc, Tu<br />
saqcieliT ara: `Cemi biWi dabRverili miyrdnobia manqanas, iyureba braziani TvalebiT...<br />
mivxvdi, ar moewona belis saqcieli~ (iqve, 131), ukmayofilebas ufro mwvaved gamoxatavs<br />
biWis megobari: `Caiqrola simwrisagan facxis Wers cxrilavs... igineba~ (iqve, 141). Znelia<br />
imis Tqma, axalgazrduli sisxlis bralia es Tu `SvilebSi~ WeSmariti mamakacuri<br />
Tvisebebi iwyebs Camoyalibebas. yovel SemTxvevaSi, imedismomcemia maTi protesti,<br />
radgan sakuTari pirovnebis povna, fsiqosocialuri identobis mopoveba SeuZlebelia<br />
pasiuri mdgomareobiT, aq saWiroa qmedeba, brZola, Tu saWiro gaxda, stereotipis<br />
ngrevac ki. swored amas gulisxmobs eriksoni, roca identobis kriziss ganmartavs. mis<br />
neofsiqoanalitikur koncefciaSi `esaa drois periodi, roca axalgazrda daZabuli<br />
gadaWris iseT kiTxvebs, rogorebicaa `ras warmovadgen me?~ `saiT mivdivar?~ axalgazrda<br />
adamians, vinc mtkivneulad ganicdis identobis kriziss, xSirad ara aqvs naTeli<br />
warmodgena sakuTar socialur rolze da isini ageben warmodgenebs imaze, romeli roli<br />
SeesabamebaT maT mocemul situaciaSi~ (Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д. Теории личности. Санкт-Петербург,<br />
Москва, Харьков, Минск, 2000, 237).<br />
zurab samadaSvilis romani am mxriv arcTu uimedo suraTs iZleva. ekonomikurma<br />
krizisma, masobrivma umuSevrobam, qaosma, gaWirvebam adrianad `daamamla~ (oTar WilaZis<br />
`martis mamlis~ analogiiT), XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis axalgazrdoba. `Cemi asakis<br />
gadamkidem ukve bevri ramis miviwyeba movaswari, magram is mainc maxsovs, ro Tu ZaRls Wam<br />
_ ZaRli xar, Tu degenerati gyavs moadgiled _ degenerati xar, Tu nexvis suns iynosav<br />
80
_ nexvi xar, amitom, roca garemo ar mogwons, unda adge da waxvide iq, sadac Tavs ukeT<br />
igrZnob, aseT SemTxvevaSi Sen TavisTavad ukeTesi xdebi~, _ ambobs romanis axalgazrda<br />
gmiri, romelsac ubralod biWi hqvia. es biWi erT-erTia im uamravi biWidan, romelTac<br />
bevri sazizRrobisa da damcirebis naxva, bevri uRirsebo adamianis gverdiT cxovreba<br />
mouxdaT sul raRac 17-18 wlis asakSi da cxovrebam adrianad daakaca kidec. isini<br />
garkveulwilad gvanan oTar WilaZis `martis mamlis~ personaJ nikos. Tumc istoriulad<br />
sxvadasxva droSi cxovroben, TiTqmis sami aTeuli weli aSorebT erTmaneTs, magram maT<br />
Soris msgavsebac SesamCnevia: orives gamocdili aqvs omis saSineleba da aqedan<br />
momdinare borotebis aRzeveba. Tuki nikos mama uZluria da ver exmareba Svils, biWs mama<br />
hyavs, magram verc es `moZvelbiWo~ mamaa orientiri cxovrebis gzis gakvalvisas. esoden<br />
mniSvnelovani mamis roli aqac daTrgunulia. rogorc nawarmoebidan Cans, Svilebi Tavad<br />
ukeT uReben alRos drois mier motanil problemebs, vidre _ ufrosebi. maT gacilebiT<br />
uWirT TanamedroveobasTan Segueba, vidre maT Svilebs, radgan mamebi sxvagvar<br />
sociokulturul sivrceSi aRizardnen da Camoyalibdnen pirovnebebad. rTul droSi<br />
dabadebul Svilebs ki TiTqos Tan dahyvaT am sirTuleebTan brZolis iaraRic. marTalia,<br />
es iaraRi xSirad sisastike da ulmoblobaa, magram im urTules xanaSi, romelSic<br />
aRmoCnda bavSvobis asaks axladgadabijebuli Taoba, mxolod tkbili, Tbili da<br />
Tavaziani sityviT Tavis damkvidreba SeuZlebeli iyo. cxovreba Tavis mkacr kanonebs<br />
karnaxobda da isinic iRebdnen mas survilis miuxedavad. eriksonis Teoriis mixedviT,<br />
`fsiqosocialuri identobis ingredientTa formireba oTnogenezSi mimdinareobs<br />
mniSvnelobis matarebel sxvebTan identifikaciis meSveobiT, romelTa wrec farTovdeba<br />
individis zrdasTan erTad. amas emateba sazogadoebis xasiaTic~. 90-ianelebsac swored<br />
sazogadoebaSi sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebisaTvis mouxdaT `brZola~, romelic,<br />
SesaZloa, yovelTvis mosawoni xerxiT da formiT ar mimdinareobda, magram mTavari aq<br />
Sedegi iyo — fsiqosocialuri identobis ganxorcieleba.<br />
amrigad XX saukunis miwurulisa da XXI saukunis dasawyisis qarTul realobaSi<br />
gamoikveTa socialuri da fsiqosocialuri identobis krizisis ramdenime saxe:<br />
1) krizisi Taobebs Soris (mamebi da Svilebi);<br />
2) krizisi Taobis SigniT;<br />
3) krizisi erTi ojaxis sxvadasxva Taobas Soris (ded-mama da Svilebi);<br />
4) krizisi erTi ojaxis erTi Taobis SigniT (da da Zma, coli da qmari).<br />
sazogadoebaSi gamefebul socialuri identifikaciis kriziss adamianis funqciis<br />
dakargvasTan mivyavarT. es procesebi kargad Cans zurab samadaSvilis romanSi<br />
`xmauriani dReebi~. umiznod da usaqmod darCenili adamiani kargavs sakuTar<br />
daniSnulebas, risi gamoxatulebacaa sportuli skolis ezoSi erTad Sekrebili loTebi<br />
da mTvrali sportmsmeni. `sportuli skolis ezoSi socialuri Tanasworoba sufevs,<br />
profesional loTebs smaSi partniorobas xSirad eqimebi, maswavleblebi, msaxiobebi<br />
uweven xolme... exla ki mTvral kalaTburTels gadaveyare. mainteresebs, raze saubroben<br />
qeifis dros, an ra mizniT iwyeben erTad smas es sxvadasxva juris adamianebi!~ (gv. 61);<br />
`firmis xelmZRvaneloba ra mwerlis saqmea!~ (gv. 85). ras mivyavarT daniSnulebis<br />
krizisTan? qveyanaSi arsebulma sayovelTao socialurma gaWirvebam adamians arCevanis<br />
Tavisufleba waarTva, aiZula igi, nebismier samuSaos daTanxmdes fizikuri<br />
gadarCenisaTvis. gaCnda ormagi da sammagi standarti. cxovrebiseuli miznis uqonloba<br />
da sakuTari daniSnulebis Seucnobloba aris imis mizezi, rom `xmauriani dReebis~ erTerTi<br />
personaJi rezo erTdroulad narkomanicaa, `ganabic~, eklesiasac aSenebs da<br />
samSoblos dasacavadac midis omSi. aseTivea `uzarmazari bazris~ personaJi kalec:<br />
viRac ucnobi `buxoi biZis~ gadasarCenad tansacmliani daufiqreblad xteba wyalSi,<br />
Tumc, amavdroulad, narkotikuli saSualebebis erT-erTi cnobili `wyaroa~ qalaqSi.<br />
sakuTar cxovrebiseul rolSi gaurkvevloba gaorebasa da paradoqsulobas iwvevs, rasac<br />
amCnevs ufrosi Taobis gamocdili Tvali: `banditoba, gvardieloba da aRmSenebloba<br />
erTad ar SeiZleba, an erTi unda iyo, an meore, an mesame~ (samadaSvili, 109).<br />
mniSvnelobaTa dakargvisa da kulturul-zneobrivi krizisis pirobebSi yvelafrisadmi,<br />
TviT xelovnebisa da rwmenisadmic ki, momxmarebluri damokidebuleba uCndeba adamians.<br />
materialuri keTildReoba xdeba prioriteti da am azrs eqvemdebareba garSemo<br />
81
yvelaferi. `klaviSs vin uyurebs, koka... mTavaria TeTri feri... ar ici, sada vcxovrobT?<br />
viRas unda dasakravad roiali...~ (xvedeliZe b. uzarmazari bazari. Tbilisi, `palitra ~,<br />
2006: 8), _ ambobs romanis gmiri, xolo iqve gverdiT, uflis mier boZebul uflebas<br />
uRvTod swiravs mRvdelic: `gaparsuli-gauparsavi yvela gamoZalvazea~ (iqve: 84).<br />
identobis zemoganxiluli saxeebi mWidro kavSirSi arian da, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
uSualod gamomdinareoben erovnuli identobis problemidan. oraswlianma monobam ers<br />
erovnuli TviTigiveobis problema gauCina. amitom misi gadaWra amdeni xnis Semdeg<br />
sakmaod Zneli aRmoCnda. dakarguli rom ipovo, jer misi dakargva unda gaiTaviso, mere ki<br />
dasabrunebeli gza eZebo. amis moxerxeba ukve naxevari saqmis gakeTebis tolfasia. XX<br />
saukunis 90-ianelebi pirvelebi mixvdnen am tragedias: `asanTis kolofis zomad daWrili<br />
formatisagan erovnul droSebs akeTebdnen yofili komkavSirlebis iniciativiT da<br />
gulze ibnevdnen~ (RaRaniZe e. moTxrobebi. Tbilisi, `merani~, 2001: 25). protestis<br />
gamoxatvis mizniT mTavrobis sasaxlis kibeebze dajdoma mxolod sawyisi etapisTvis Tu<br />
iyo gamarTlebuli. axla gzis moZieba iyo saqme.<br />
eka RaRaniZis moTxrobaSi `me, neka TiTi~ kargad Cans, rom brZolis Sedegi<br />
sasurveli ar aRmoCnda. rodesac ilia WavWavaZe Tavis cnobil werilSi `eri da istoria~<br />
qarTvelTa istoriul xvedrs da gadarCenis mizezebs aanalizebs, wers: drois Sesaferisi<br />
sikeTe vicodiT da aman gadagvarCinao, exla sisxlis Rvris omi ki aRar aris, oflis Rvris<br />
omis droao. XX saukunis qarTvelobas kidev erTxel daemarTa is, rac mravaljer<br />
damarTnia — warsulis mware gamocdileba verc amjerad gamoviyeneT da `drois<br />
Sesaferisi sikeTe~ ver SevarCieT. droisaTvis Seuferebeli xerxiT brZolaze<br />
araorazrovnad miuTiTebs TviT mwerali: `Tofis lulaSi mobinadre oboba, SeuCveveli<br />
ryeviT Sewuxebuli, Tavissave naqsov qselSi exveoda~ (iqve: 26) _ lelT Runias `uxmar<br />
satevars~ Jangi ukve dasdeboda. amas isev mamebis Taoba mixvda da daJangebul iaraRs<br />
kuTvnili adgili miuCina: `gekos~ Tofi xaliCaze dakida xanjlebis gverdiT~ (iqve: 26).<br />
(gavixsenoT uxeiros kedelSi garWobili Subi, romelic asevea funqciadakarguli da<br />
bavSvis safenebis gasaSrobad gamoiyeneba, oTar WilaZis romanidan `gzaze erTi kaci<br />
midioda~.)<br />
identobaSi gaurkvevlobis dasturia kidev erTi didi tkivili _ afxazeTis omi _<br />
rac srulebiT gamoucdelma da omisucodinarma Taobam iwvnia sakuTar Tavze. `kibeebis<br />
Taobas~ Tavisi misia jer ar daesrulebina. gmirobis ZebnaSi afxazeTis oms miaSures~, _<br />
ambobs mwerali. moTxrobaSi naTlad Cans, sadamde mihyavs `kibeebze davaJkacebuli~<br />
Taoba im saqmes, ris Sesaxeb warmodgenac ki ar aqvT da ideas, romlis miRmac daudgeneli<br />
da Tavsmoxveuli politikuri interesebi ilandeba.<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, fsiqosocialuri identifikaciisaTvis esoden aucilebeli<br />
mamis roli 90-ianelTa mamebma kargad ver Seasrules, Secvlil sociokulturul<br />
sivrceSi Svilebs gzis gakvalvaSi ver daexmarnen. gzaabneulma axalma Taobam TviTonve<br />
scada gzis povna. Ziebis procesma ki isini iqiT waiyvana, saiTac saamisod ufro mokle gza<br />
dainaxes. brZoliT imis miRweva gacilebiT mokle droSi gaxda SesaZlebeli, rasac sxva<br />
viTarebaSi wlebi dasWirdeboda. amitom ambobs roman `xmauriani dReebis~ erT-erTi<br />
personaJi abesalomi: `kompleqsebi aomebT, iol gamosavals eZeben, advilia, xo ici,<br />
gamohkari TiTi da morCa, ukve kaci xar, viRacas SeaSineb, viRacas moerevi~ (samadaSvili,<br />
164). esaa sabrZolo tradiciebis araswori aRqma. Zaladoba kacur arsTan miaxloebis<br />
iluziuri gzaa. amrigad, 90-ianelTa TaobisTvis Tavis damkvidrebis erT-erT<br />
saSualebad afxazeTis omic iqca. mainc ra iyo es omi? kompleqsebis moxsnis saSualeba Tu<br />
patriotuli grZnobis gamovlenis asparezi? an iqneb vaJkacisa da uSiSaris saxelis<br />
damkvidrebis gza? rogorc Cans, zogisTvis erTi, zogisTvis meore da zogisTvisac<br />
mesame. biWs afxazeTSi wasvla qalaqis mZime atmosferodan gaqcevis gamo unda (`waval<br />
afxazeTSi, movcildebi am gaugebrobas, aRar unda amas bevri fiqri~), rezos ki amas<br />
cxovrebiseuli miznis uqonloba aiZulebs (`xmauriani dReebi~).<br />
Tanamedrove literaturam Cveni Taobis kidev erTi mwvave, tragediad qceuli<br />
problema wamoswia win: iaraRma brZolis survili gaaRviZa, magram radganac is mteri<br />
arsad Canda, visac am iaraRiT SevebrZolebodiT, isev sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg<br />
mivmarTeT igi. afxazeTis omis wagebiT gamowveulma imedgacruebam da Tanamdevma<br />
82
agresiam mxolod ziani moutana ers. iaraRma am situaciaSi gmiruli, patriotuli<br />
suliskveTeba ki ar aRZra, aramed _ piriqiT, samarcxvino grZnobebi wamoswia win.<br />
`iaraRis JRaruniT moseirne gazviadebuli ymawvilebi didxans daeZebdnen mters<br />
Tbilisis quCebSi. mere adgnen da erTmaneTs daerivnen. vis visi Jini hqonda, sul<br />
erTianad iyara~ (RaRaniZe, 27). marTvis gareSe darCenili Zala veRar moiToka da uamravi<br />
sicocxlec Seiwira.<br />
im uaRresad tragikuli viTarebis miuxedavad, rasac Tanamedrove mwerloba<br />
aRwers, (uimedoba da sasowarkveTa, socialuri, fsiqosocialuri Tu erovnuli<br />
identobis krizisi), mainc ikveTeba imediani mermisis rwmena. identifikaciis krizisis<br />
warmatebiT dasrulebisaken migvaniSnebs roman `xmauriani dReebis~ finalic: misi<br />
asakisaTvis sakmaod bevris mnaxveli, uamrav gansacdel da tkivilgadatanili, jer kidev<br />
bavSvobis sazRvarTan mdgari biWi Zmis saflavisken midis. daRupuli Zma misTvis, asakis<br />
miuxedavad, yovelTvis didsulovnebis gansaxiereba iyo. nel-nela, maRla da maRla<br />
miiwevs Zma Zmis saflavisaken, ikvreba CaSlili genetikuri jaWvi da Tan sakuTar<br />
WeSmarit gzasac poulobs, romlis gavlamac identifikaciis dadebiTad<br />
ganxorcielebasTan unda miiyvanos adrianad `damamlebuli~ biWi.<br />
momavlis usazRvro rwmeniT mTavrdeba moTxroba `me, neka TiTic~: `vuyureb TiTebs.<br />
vSli. isini Sori-Sors miiweven. movmuWav, erTad arian. gavSli, Sordebian. movmuWav,<br />
erTad arian... sul gaSlili an sul momuWuli xom ver iqnebian? ai, es aris saxlobanas<br />
TamaSis saidumlo~. bednieri momavlis suraTs xatavs dedis, mamis da babuisgan<br />
mitovebuli patara gogona, romlis gulSiac imedi uaxloesi xuTi adamianis kvlav erTad<br />
Seyrisa mis patara xelisgulze gacilebiT Zlieria.<br />
83
`vizioneri, romlis gamgebic jerjerobiT aravinaa...~<br />
kritikis <strong>kritika</strong><br />
manana kvataia<br />
es fraza nobeliant mweral niko kazanZakiss `Cemi francisk asizelis” gr.<br />
robaqiZisadmi miZRvnil egzemplarze wauweria da amouxsnel vizionerSi robaqiZe<br />
ugulisxmia. nikolaus zomberti ki grigolze aseTi azrisa yofila: `dRes bevri<br />
laparakobs miTebze. aq, germaniaSi, iyo erTi vinme, visac marTla gaegeboda miTisa... Tu<br />
vinme imsaxurebda poetis saxels, es kaci gaxlavT, egzotikosi”... es Sefasebani ucxoeli<br />
mkvlevris Tomas hoizermanis axlaxan gamocemuli wignidanaa (ix. T. hoizerman. Amor fati<br />
(bedisweris siyvaruli) (londa-kardu-malStremi-lamara). gamomcemeli: fondi<br />
`Tanamedroveoba da memkvidreoba”, Tbilisi, 2006 weli. mTargmnelebi: lamara<br />
narouSvili, lamara ramiSvili. redaqtori: nino ramiSvili). wignSi Setanilia rogorc<br />
gamokvlevis Targmani, ise avtoriseuli germanuli teqsti. n. kazanZakisis grigol<br />
robaqiZisadmi mimarTuli sityvebi dResac aqtualuria, radgan, samwuxarod, verc<br />
qarTveli, verc ucxoeli mkvlevrebi jerjerobiT sruli saxiT ver floben da ver<br />
aanalizeben bolo xanebamde tabudadebuli gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebiT memkvidreobas<br />
(erTgvari gamonaklisi akaki baqraZe gaxlavT). es, sxva mizezebTan erTad, imiTacaa<br />
ganpirobebuli, rom dRemde ar arsebobs mwerlis TxzulebaTa Tundac arasruli<br />
mecnieruli gamocema, dakargulia misi arqivi... mecnierTa nawili globalizaciis<br />
epoqaSi robaqiZis naazreviT gatacebas erTgvar `CamorCenilobadac” Tvlis.<br />
Tomas hoizermani erT-erTi pirveli ucxoeli mkvlevari gaxlavT, visac Cven droSi<br />
grigol robaqiZis memkvidreobis safuZvliani Seswavla ganuzraxavs (TviT avtoris<br />
biografiul monacemebs wigni ar gvTavazobs).. amaSi misma robaqiZisadmi miZRvnilma<br />
satelevizio saubarmac dagvarwmuna, romelic `imedis” telearxma SemogvTavaza 2006<br />
wlis 18 dekembers. ucxoeli mkvlevris gr. robaqiZis SemoqmedebiT daintereseba<br />
imiTacaa sayuradRebo, rom CvenSi swored germanulenovani masalebis garkveuli<br />
deficitia, masalebisa, romlebic naTels mohfens mwerlis ucxoeTSi moRvaweobis Tu<br />
biografiis ucnob mxareebs. vfiqrobT, amgvari kvleva-Zieba momavalSic bevr saintereso<br />
aRmoCenas gvpirdeba.<br />
cnobili germanisti nodar kakabaZe miuTiTebs: `bolo wlebis dasavlur,<br />
upiratesad, germanulenovan, enciklopediebsa da leqsikonebSi, agreTve, msoflio<br />
istoriis kursebSi, rogorc wesi, upiratesad SexvdebiT or qarTvel mwerals, SoTa<br />
rusTavelsa da grigol robaqiZes, aris SemTxvevebi, roca rusTaveli gamotovebulia,<br />
darCenilia mxolod robaqiZe” (ix. `literaturuli saqarTvelo”, 1988 wlis 25 noemberi,<br />
gv. 10). am faqts kakabaZe mwerlis Semoqmedebis didi nawilis germanulenovnebiT xsnis.<br />
Sesabamisad, dRes gr. robaqiZis naazreviT ucxoelTa daintereseba sruliad bunebrivia,<br />
Tumca mTlad gasaziarebeli ar gaxlavT T. hoizermanis mosazreba, misi naSromis<br />
pirvelive gverdze rom vxvdebiT: `dRes mas aRaravin kiTxulobs. zogjer Tu<br />
gadafurclavs vinme mis wignebs, visac gasCenia survili meti Seityos saqarTvelos<br />
Sesaxeb”. vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi Tavad gr. robaqiZe arafer SuaSia. albaT aq is<br />
“Tanamedrove mkiTxveli” ufro igulisxmeba, romelic aseve naklebad kiTxulobs<br />
homeross, Seqspirs, goeTes, rusTavels... amgvar nihilizms mwerlis literaturuli<br />
memkvidreobis safuZvliani kvlevis deficitic unda ganapirobebdes.<br />
T. hoizermanis wigns simboluri saTauri aqvs: Amor fati (bedisweris siyvaruli) _<br />
nicSeseuli fraza, misi moZRvrebis msgavsad, meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris<br />
msofliosaTvis marTlac garduval bediswerad rom iqca. fr. nicSes jer kidev 1887 wels<br />
84
uTqvams: `Tanamedrove evropas warmodgena ara aqvs, Tu ramdenad did problemebis<br />
borbalze var mijaWvuli da ra did katastrofas Sevicav me evropisaTvis”... Ecce Homo-Si<br />
ki miuTiTebia: `me vici, Cems saxelTan dakavSirebuli iqneba saSineli ram, uSvelebeli<br />
krizisi, romlis msgavsi miwas ar enaxos” (ix. k. gamsaxurdia. tragediis warmoSoba<br />
mistikis sulidan. gaz. `lomisi”, 1922 wlis 10 dekemberi). am sityvebiT genialuri<br />
filosofosis utyuari intuicia metyvelebda: Amor fati-s niSniT gaxldaT aRbeWdili gr.<br />
robaqiZis Tanamedrove bevri cnobili pirovneba, romelTac radikalurad Secvales<br />
kacobriobis istoria da romelTa erTi nawilis SesaniSnavi fsiqologiuri portretebi<br />
robaqiZis Semoqmedebamac Semogvinaxa. aRniSnul niSans axalgazrdobaSive atarebda<br />
Tavad grigoli, rasac misi 1917 wlis enkenisTviT daTariRebuli leqsi `avtomedalioni<br />
(pasuxad paolos)” mowmobs:<br />
heladis Svili var erTguli me `amor fatis”,<br />
savnebo msxverplad gamzadili, viT savse Tasi.<br />
msxverpliseuli mzadyofna leqsis sxva striqonebSicaa:<br />
Tasze Tass vamsxvrev, rom avmarTo kidev aTasi,<br />
TavaRebuli me sarke var yvela Tvalebis<br />
da maska Cemi qerqi aris mxolod cvalebis.<br />
Amor fati gr. robaqiZis naazrevis erT-erTi centraluri ideac gaxldaT.<br />
Tomas hoizermanis naSromSi xazgasmulia kvlevis mizani: grigol robaqiZis<br />
SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis fundamenturi SeswavlisaTvis wignis avtors germanul<br />
TxzulebebTan erTad mwerlis qarTulenovani nawarmoebebis gacnobac ganuzraxavs<br />
(rogorc gadmogvces, is flobs qarTul enas). naSromSi vkiTxulobT: `bevri safuZveli<br />
arsebobs robaqiZis qarTulenovani Semoqmedebis safuZvliani SeswavlisaTvis. erT-erTi<br />
maTgania misi mniSvneloba qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebisaTvis meoce saukuneSi.<br />
TavisTavad cxadia, rom grigol robaqiZis qarTuli Txzulebebis gacnoba dagvexmareba<br />
ufro Rrmad CavwvdeT germanul enaze gamoqveynebul mis nawarmoebebs”. mkvlevris<br />
Seswavlis arealSi amjerad robaqiZis dramatuli nawarmoebebi moxvedrila, radgan,<br />
hoizermanis samarTliani SeniSvniT, `bevri ram, rac Semdgom mis romanebSi Sevida, jer<br />
mis dramebSia gamokveTili. Cveni interesis saganic isinia. me maT Sesaxeb giambobT. ufro<br />
Rrma gansja ki momavlisTvis mimindvia”. gvinda SevniSnoT, rom gr. robaqiZis Semoqmedeba<br />
amgvari TvalsazrisiT jer Seswavlili ar gaxlavT.<br />
warmodgenili wignidan Cans, rom T. hoizermani safuZvlianad icnobs da iyenebs<br />
mraval qarTul gamokvlevas, gr. robaqiZis dramebis teqstebs, gvTavazobs maT<br />
Sefasebas, maTi scenaze dadgmis istorias da sxva. amasTan, unda SevniSnoT, rom naSromSi<br />
naklebi adgili eTmoba TviT dramaTa analizs, struqturas, mxatvrul saxeTa sistemas,<br />
maT mimarTebas klasikuri Tu imdroindeli msoflio dramaturgiis nimuSebTan,<br />
robaqiZiseul gamomsaxvelobiT novaciebs, saxismetyvelebiT problemebs da sxva<br />
kardinalur sakiTxebs. Tumca yovelive es wignisadmi interess ar anelebs.<br />
Tomas hoizermani kvlevis tradiciul meTods iyenebs da didi siyvaruliTa da<br />
rudunebiT eZebs grigol robaqiZesTan dakavSirebul yvela masalas. arsebuli<br />
samecniero literaturis gacnobasTan erTad mas, rogorc Cans, daxmarebisaTvis<br />
qarTveli specialistebisTvisac miumarTavs, rac mis naSromze sasargeblod asaxula.<br />
wignis dasawyisSi mocemulia oTxi sxvadasxva Sefaseba, romelTagan TvalSi<br />
gvxvdeba 1947 wels galaktionis mier sabWoTa suk-Si naTqvami sityvebi: `grigol robaqiZe<br />
Cveni maswavlebeli iyo da misi erTaderTi danaSauli is aris, rom yvela boTls ar<br />
ergeboda”. T. hoizermani mimoixilavs mwerlis adreul Semoqmedebas, xazs usvams mis<br />
Rvawlsa da mniSvnelobas imdroindeli qarTuli literaturisa da azrovnebisaTvis, iqve<br />
mocemulia mokle cnobebi gr. robaqiZis biografiidan, aRdgenilia garemo, sadac<br />
mweralma bavSvobis wlebi gaatara da romelmac mTel mis Semdgom Semoqmedebas daasva<br />
daRi. `im zne-Cvevebsa da miTosur warmodgenebs, romlebic qmnidnen imereTis soflis<br />
saxes, igi arasodes gamosTxovebia. es unda gvedgas Tvalwin misi Txzulebebis kiTxvisas<br />
_ ara egzotika, aramed bavSvobis gamocdileba.. erT pirovnebaSi moqceulia<br />
aborigenica da eTnologic, bavSvobaSi nanaxsa da gancdils igi erTmaneTTan akavSirebda<br />
85
da maTSi eZebda dro-Jams daumorCilebel arqetipul msoflxatebs”, vkiTxulobT<br />
gamokvlevaSi.<br />
mwerlis mxatvruli meTodisa da calkeuli qmnilebis SemoqmedebiTi saTaveebis<br />
Ziebisas T. hoizermani aqtiurad iyenebs TviT gr. robaqiZis aRniSnuli<br />
problematikisadmi miZRvnil Txzulebebs. am mxriv sainteresoa wignSi moxmobili<br />
fragmenti `Cemi cxovrebidan”, sadac naCvenebia mwerliseuli Semecnebis rTuli procesi<br />
goeTes Taurfenomenidan, nicSes zekacis ideidan, romlis dadastureba grigol<br />
robaqiZes dostoevskisTanac unaxavs, aRmosavlur filosofiamde. `saqarTvelo,<br />
rogorc aRmosavleTis raRac natexi, SesaZlebelia bolomde ganisazRvros mxolod da<br />
mxolod simbolizmis xazebSi”, werda gr. robaqiZe. sayuradReboa am fragmentis<br />
hoizermaniseuli komentari: `am arsebiTi gagebiT, robaqiZe simboluri meTodis<br />
erTguli darCa mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. miuxedavad imisa, rom man, mogvianebiT,<br />
simbolistur midgomaSi Secdomac aRmoaCina: zedmetad gadaWarbebuli warmodgena<br />
sagnisa, rogorc simbolosi, mTavrdeba `sagnis” ganadgurebiT da amis Sedegad<br />
`simbolos” sqematizeba mosdevs. es meTodi man ganavrco im mxriv, rom sagnis simbolod<br />
qcevis Zneli saqmidan gadavida ufro Znel saqmeze _ ambavis miTosad qcevaze”. T.<br />
hoizermanis dakvirvebiT, amgvari SemoqmedebiTi gardasaxva grigol robaqiZem<br />
Tavdapirvelad dramatul TxzulebebSi SeZlo.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, 1916 wels robaqiZe Tavisi cxovrebis Semobrunebis wertilad<br />
Tvlida, radgan, rogorc samxedro moxele, sparseTSi moxvda da hqonda SegrZneba, rom<br />
istoriuli qaldeis miwaze Tavisi odindeli samSoblo aRmoaCina. iranuli mZafri<br />
gancdebisa da STabeWdilebebis mxatvruli xorcSesxmisaTvis mwerals Tavdapirvelad<br />
dramis JanrisaTvis miumarTavs, oRond ara tradiciuli formiT: `Tavisufali riTma<br />
avirCie, iseTi, aRmosavleTis magiur teqstebSi rom waawydeba kaci”, vkiTxulobT “Cem<br />
cxovrebaSi”. ase dauweria mwerals `londa”, `kardu”, `lamara”. Tomas hoizermani<br />
mkiTxvels acnobs aRniSnul piesaTa Sinaarss, maTi inscenirebis istorias da, rac<br />
sayuradReboa, eZebs gr. robaqiZis piesebsa da Txzulebebs (gansakuTrebiT,<br />
germanulenovan romanebs) Soris arsebul paralelebs. sxvaTa Soris, londasa da Tamazis<br />
samsxverplo mzadyofnasa da sikvdilSi mkvlevari im Amor fati-s xedavs, gr. robaqiZisa da<br />
saqarTvelosaTvis ase rom organulad eCveneba.<br />
TavSi `robaqiZe da qarTuli Teatri” T. hoizermani Cerdeba gr. robaqiZis dramaTa<br />
qarTul scenaze damdgmel reJisorebze: kote marjaniSvilsa da sandro axmetelze da<br />
mokled axasiaTebs maT SemoqmedebiT principebsa da Rvawls. aqve motanilia fragmenti<br />
kote marjaniSvilis grigolisadmi miZRvnili werilidan “Svilebi mzisa da misi qurumi”.<br />
mzis qurumad didi reJisori robaqiZes Tvlida, `londas” Sesaxeb ki miuTiTebda: “londa<br />
aris namdvili dabruneba mzesTan. yvelaferi masSi aris mzisgan, sicocxle da sixaruli,<br />
sicocxle da sikvdili, es aris namdvili misteria mzisa, TviT arqiteqtonika piesisa aris<br />
mziuri”. sagulisxmoa, rom mkvlevari, sruliad marTebulad, gr. robaqiZis, rogorc<br />
qarTuli Teatris reformatoris, Teatraluri Rvawlis Sefasebas momavlis saqmed<br />
Tvlis.<br />
Tomas hoizermani miuTiTebs, rom oskar uaildis `salomeas” robaqiZiseuli<br />
Targmani jer kidev 1919 wels daibeWda, 1922 wels ki Tbilisis konservatoriis darbazSi<br />
mweralma waikiTxa leqcia Temaze `Teatri, rogorc ritmi”, sadac, mkvlevris SeniSvniT,<br />
gr. robaqiZem `filosofiurad ganamtkica marjaniSvilis Teatraluri praqtika”.<br />
naSromis avtoris kvlevis arealSia aseve robaqiZis ori drama: `jvari vazisa” da<br />
`kardu”, romelTa mxolod nawyvetebia SemorCenili (qorali `miwis sjuli” _ `jvari<br />
vazisas” nawyveti _ 1922 wels daibeWda, `kentavrebi” _ `kardus” nawyveti ki _ 1924<br />
wels. es Temur lengis monologi gaxlavT). T. hoizermani am dramaTa pasaJebis<br />
gamoZaxils mwerlis sxva TxzulebebSi eZebs. amasTan, mkiTxvels acnobs `kardus”<br />
robaqiZiseul gagebas.<br />
wignSi didi adgili eTmoba gr. robaqiZis 1923 wels Seqmnil fantasmagoria<br />
`malStrems”, romlis Canasaxi, hoizermanis miTiTebiT, gvxvdeba apokalipsuri ganwyobis<br />
leqsSi `qalaqi fenomeni” (1923 w.). ufro metic, am leqsSi metaforulad Casmul<br />
filosofiur cnebebs mkvlevari xedavs robaqiZis germanulenovani esseebis krebulSi:<br />
86
`demoni da miTosi”. sainteresoa avtoriseuli Zieba leqsSi naxsenebi istoriuli piris,<br />
azefis dadgenisaTvis, romelic realurad social-revolucionerTa partiis samxedro<br />
ganyofilebis ufrosi gaxldaT, Tavad ebraeli, amavdroulad, Sinagan saqmeTa ministris,<br />
lpeves (mefis oxrankis) agenti. 1908 wels is ormag agentobaSi umxeliaT. am saxels<br />
gaiazrebs hoizermani `malStremis” meeqvse suraTSi, azefulis saxeSi. TviT dramis<br />
Sesaxeb mkvlevari wers: `malStremi” aRar scnobs nimuSad antikur tragedias. didi<br />
drois momcveli epikuri Teatri qmnis masStabur simboloebs imdroindeli viTarebisa,<br />
yovlis wamlekavi moreviviT rom brunavs da ufro gamanadgurebelia, vidre edgar alan<br />
pos amave saTauris moTxrobaSi”. aqve mimoxilulia `malStremis” suraTebis Sinaarsi da<br />
Sedgeniloba. es drama 1925 wels romen rolans arc ise moswonebia. amis miuxedavad, T.<br />
hoizermani Tvlis, rom is `saqarTvelos xanmokle periodis dokumenticaa, roca<br />
saqarTvelo Tavs Tvlida msoflios nawilad, qarTvel mwerlebs ki mTeli msoflio<br />
daufiqreblad miaCndaT TavianT TxzulebaTa asparezad”. avtoris azriT, amis<br />
gamoxatulebaa m. javaxiSvilis `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe”, k. gamsaxurdias `dionisos Rimili”,<br />
gr. robaqiZis `falestra”. sayuradReboa isic, rom mkvlevari “malStremis” Tematur<br />
gagrZelebad Tvlis 1932 wels ukve emigraciaSi daweril `Caklul suls”, xolo<br />
stilisturi da Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT is `gvelis perangis” winamorbediao. T.<br />
hoizermani `malStremis” sasceno warmodgenasac exeba. is dawerisTanave, 1924-1925<br />
wlebis sezonze daudgams kote marjaniSvils, visac eZRvneba es piesa. amasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, sruliad marTebulia hoizermanis SeniSvna: `ra gambedavi unda iyo kaci,<br />
rom komunisturi okupaciis sami wlis Tavze, klasobrivi brZolis nacvlad, siyvarulis<br />
`propaganda” gaswio”. Tumca avtori iqve miuTiTebs, rom amgvari gambedaoba 1930-ian<br />
wlebSi Zvirad daujdaT kote marjaniSvilsa da sandro axmetels. am ukanasknelisaTvis<br />
mis winaaRmdeg gamarTul sasamarTlo procesze klasobrivi brZolidan gadaxvevis<br />
garda, mTavari braldeba swored siyvarulis gaRmerTebis idea yofila.<br />
Tomas hoizermanis wignSi saTanado adgili eTmoba piesa `lamaras”, romelic<br />
mwerals 1924 wels k. marjaniSvilis STagonebiT Seuqmnia (aq gamoyenebulia gr. robaqiZis<br />
1954 wels daweril Txzuleba: `lamara. mokle biografia”). sainteresoa T. hoizermanis<br />
daskvna: `lamaras dadgmiT robaqiZem, marjaniSvilma da axmetelma, romelmac<br />
marjaniSvilis avadmyofobis gamo TviTon daasrula dadgma, SeZles zustad miegnoT<br />
erisa da epoqis ritmisaTvis”. `lamara” scenaze 1926 wlis 29 ianvars warmoudgeniaT. `igi<br />
gadaiqca kavkasiis TviTmyofadobis manifestad sabWoTa Zaladobis winaaRmdeg,<br />
romelmac Tavisi sisxlismsmeli saxe gamoamJRavna im masobrivi daxvretiT, rac amboxebis<br />
CaxSobas mohyva”, wers naSromis avtori. aq 1924 wlis agvistos sisxliani tragedia<br />
igulisxmeba. miuxedavad piesis didi warmatebisa, komunistur presas robaqiZisaTvis<br />
brali “biologiur nacionalizmSi” daudvia, dadgmebi ki SeuCerebiaT.<br />
wignSi moxseniebulia is mizezebi, robaqiZe ucxoeTSi emigrirebamde rom miiyvana.<br />
amasTan, isic cxadi xdeba, rom ucxoeTSi darCena Tavad mwerlisTvis sasurveli ar<br />
gaxldaT. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa emigraciaSi yofnis cxra Tvis Tavze gr<br />
robaqiZis mier germaniidan mixeil javaxiSvilisadmi gamogzavnili werilis fragmenti:<br />
`aq didi krizisia. mdgomareoba TandaTan uaresdeba, gansakuTrebiT, literaturul<br />
frontze... nuravin ifiqrebs, rom evropis sarbielze gasvla (amJamad) mwerlisaTvis<br />
mainca da mainc saxarbielo iyos. mSobeli miwa da misi Tbili wiaRi yvelaferia”.<br />
sainteresoa T. hoizermanis dakvirveba: `es qveynebi: 1931-1945 wlebis germania da<br />
1945-1962 wlebis Sveicaria, sadac is gardaicvala kidec, ar asaxula robaqiZis<br />
SemoqmedebaSi. warmoidgineT, Tu ra Zneli iqneboda... sakuTar TavSi xeluxleblad<br />
Semoenaxa kardus samzeo. miseburad esec gaxldaT xsenebuli brZolis erT-erTi forma.”<br />
marTlac, 1931-1962 wlebSi ucxoeTis miwaze Seqmnili gr. robaqiZis rogorc germanuli,<br />
ise qarTulenovani Txzulebebi am sityvebis sruli dadasturebaa. TviT iseT<br />
teqstebSic ki, rogorebicaa `adolf hitleri” da `musolini”, mwerali axerxebs, adgili<br />
dauTmos qarTul realiebs, rom araferi vTqvaT mis sxva nawarmoebebze.<br />
dasasrul, gvinda vifiqroT, rom Tomas hoizermanis udavod sayuradRebo wigns<br />
interesiT gaecnoba rogorc qarTveli, ise ucxoeli mkiTxveli, visTvisac Zvirfasia<br />
yoveli didi moazrovnis Rvawli, imis miuxedavad, Tu uflis nebiT sad da romel epoqaSi<br />
87
mouxda mas moRvaweoba. amasTan, vimedovnebT, rom rogorc T. hoizermanis, ise qarTveli<br />
Tu ucxoeli avtorebis sxva uaxlesi gamokvlevebi xels Seuwyobs grigol robaqiZis<br />
vrceli da rTuli literaturuli memkvidreobis Rrma, mravalmxriv gaazrebas, raTa<br />
mwerali kvlav ar darCes `vizionerad, romlis gamgebic jerjerobiT aravinaa”...<br />
88
qristianuli narativis apologia<br />
gaga lomiZe<br />
rogorc kulturis Teoretikosebi amtkiceben, kulturis paradigmaTa cvlis da<br />
axali msoflmxedvelobebis Tu mimarTulebebis Camoyalibeba yvelaze cxadad vizualur<br />
xelovnebaSi, kerZod, arqiteqturaSi vlindeba. swored am azrs aviTarebda<br />
postmodernizmis mkvlevari Jan fransua liotari. da radganac postmoderni vaxseneT,<br />
SegviZlia am mimarTulebis erT-erT mTavar postulats _ poziciebis pluralurobasac<br />
movuxmoT. amitomac, pirobiTad, arqiteqturis cneba gavafarTovoT, is wignis<br />
agebulebis mimarT gamoviyenoT da am TvalsazrisiT ganvixiloT zaza SaTiriSvilis<br />
naSromi `narativis apologia”.<br />
wigni sami nawilisgan Sedgeba (Tu ar CavTvliT winaTqmas): literaturuli narativi,<br />
nacionaluri narativi da avtobiografiuli narativi. rogorc avtori aRniSnavs<br />
winaTqmaSi: `pirveli nakveTi _ literaturuli narativi _ literaturuli teqstebisa<br />
da TviTon literaturis fenomenis gaazrebis cdaa. aq narativi, ZiriTadad,<br />
`xdomilebaTa gadmocemas” niSnavs... meore nakveTSi _ nacionaluri narativi _ narativi<br />
niSnavs rogorc `xdomilebaTa gadmocemas”, ise `maT axsnasa da gagebas”. mesame nakveTSi<br />
ki _ avtobiografiuli narativi _ avtori Tavad xdeba mTxrobeli anu naratori”.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom avtobiografiuli narativi, romelSic avtori<br />
analepsisisa da prolepsisis saSualebiT droSi mogzaurobs, wignis koncefciis, anu<br />
“uaryofiTi gamocdilebis” mniSvnelobis erTgvar gasaRebs iZleva. magram modiT, jer<br />
mxolod garegani TvalsazrisiT SevxedoT mesame Tavs _ wignis konceptualur nawils.<br />
Tuki am nakveTs `arqiteqturuli” TvalTaxedviT davakvirdebiT, aSkara gaxdeba erTi<br />
mxriv abzacebis e.w. dasavluri ganlageba, rodesac abzacebi erTmaneTisgan mcire<br />
manZiliTaa daSorebuli, xolo meore mxriv, CvenSi gavrcelebuli ganlageba, anu,<br />
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, rodesac abzacebi first line-is sistemiTaa agebuli. yovelive es ki<br />
TiTqos imaze migviTiTebs, rom avtoris am naSromSi erTmaneTTan Sejerebulia, erTi<br />
mxriv, berklis Tu stenfordis universitetebis, da, meore mxriv, Tbilisis<br />
universitetis, anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dasavluri da qarTuli (an gnebavT,<br />
sabWoTa gamocdileba; Tan, avtori sakuTar Tavs erTgan TviTironiiT xom `Zvel sabWoTa<br />
inteligents” uwodebs) gamocdileba. magram es oden metafora da imis mcdelobaa, rom<br />
wignis bazisi (am terminis aramarqsistuli gagebiT) ganvsazRvroT.<br />
naSromSi zaza SaTiriSvili axali drois narativTa erTgvar ternarul sistemas<br />
gvTavazobs: `XVIII saukunidan moyolebuli SeiZleba gamoiyos sami axali narativi:<br />
`liberaluri”, `ezoterikuli” da `revoluciuri”. axal droSi, rodesac prioriteti<br />
eniWeba burJuazias, eris, naciis cneba upirispirdeba monarqs, sakuTreba Rirsebaze win<br />
dgas, Tanasworoba ierarqias cvlis da adamianis uflebebi pirovnebis qristianul<br />
movaleobebze aRmatebulad miiCneva. Tavis mxriv, `ezoterikuli” da `revoluciuri”<br />
narativebi, romlebic saTaves `liberaluri” naratividan iReben, faSistur da<br />
komunistur narativebad gardaiqmna. magram ra aris Tanamedrove “liberaluri”<br />
narativi, romelic jeimsoniseul sistemaSi `progresistul” narativs Seesabameba?<br />
albaT, swored am sakiTxis dasmaa (Tu garkveva) am naSromis erT-erTi mizani. Tumca<br />
manamde ganvsazRvroT, ra Sedegi moitana axali drois narativebma. amisTvis TviT avtors<br />
movusminoT: `dRes Cvens Tvalwin erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ara gansxvavebuli<br />
civilizaciebi (rogorc es hantingtons hgonia), an modernuli da aramodernuli<br />
(`CamorCenili”) samyaroebi (rogorc fukuiama fiqrobs) da arc `imperialisturi<br />
dasavleTi” da `postkoloniuri aRmosavleTi” (rogorc amas Cagvagonebda eduard saidi),<br />
aramed `adamianis uflebebi” _ XVIII saukuneSi Camoyalibebuli politikuri koncepti _<br />
da TviTon adamiani, romelic ufro metia, vidre misi uflebebi”. maSasadame, axali drois<br />
narativebis (erTi mxriv, `ezoterikuli” da meore mxriv, `revoluciuri”) wyalobiT,<br />
erTaderTi WeSmaritebis aRiareba totalitaruli azrovnebis niSnad gamocxadda da<br />
postmodernulma mravalmniSvnelovnebam erTaderTi WeSmaritebis idea CixSi moaqcia. da<br />
89
Tuki II msoflio omamde, met-naklebad, `literatura saskolo da sauniversiteto<br />
kurikulumis centraluri nawili iyo”, II msoflio omis Semdeg, nacizmis da faSizmis<br />
wyalobiT, literaturam privilegirebuli mdgomareoba dakarga da humanitaruli<br />
mecnierebebis adgili politikurma da sazogadoebrivma mecnierebebma daikaves, anu<br />
avtoris sityvebiT, `literatura dRes aris `oden literatura”... anu dRes literatura<br />
dakavebulia mxolod sakuTari TaviT”. Tumca avtoris mier dasaxelebul am mizezebTan<br />
erTad, am yvelaferSi albaT mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana dehumanizaciis procesma,<br />
teqnikis ganviTarebam, masobrivi kvlavwarmoebis xanaSi individualobis dakargvam _<br />
masobrivi tipis adamianis sasargeblod, razec `frankfurtis skolis” warmomadgenlebi<br />
_ beniamini, adorno Tu horkhaimeri miuTiTebdnen. TanamedroveobaSi literaturis<br />
arsis definiciisTvis zaza SaTiriSvili Zalian moxdenil formulirebas gvTavazobs:<br />
`sicrue sibrZnisa”, romelmac `sibrZne sicruisa” Secvala, sadac `sicrue” _ fiqcia,<br />
gamonagoni, literaturaa.<br />
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, zaza SaTiriSvili interpretaciis cvlilebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, msoflmxedvelobrivi cvlilebis kvalad, `vefxistyaosnis”, rogorc<br />
qarTuli literaturis `kanonikuri” teqstis recefciis cvlilebebis analizs<br />
gvTavazobs. Tu XIX saukunemde `vefxistyaosani” ganixileboda, rogorc, erTi mxriv,<br />
saero fiqciuri narativi (`zRapari”) da meore mxriv, saero da imavdroulad `saRvTo”<br />
narativi, `Tergdaleulebis” xanidan poemas nacionalur narativad ganixilaven.<br />
modernistulis Semdgom xanaSi ki, vinaidan `dRevandeli dRe, nacionaluri narativis<br />
nacvlad, sxva politikur Tu kuluturul koniunqturas gvTavazobs. amitomac,<br />
rusTavelis poema Cvens Tvalwin oden literaturul teqstad iqca”.<br />
zaza SaTiriSvilis wignSi am ZiriTadi Temebis garda kidev bevr sakiTxzea saubari<br />
_ iqneba es tfilisuri kulturis, anu `muxambazis kilos” da tradiciuli kulturis,<br />
anu `rusTavelis kilos” dapirispireba, galaktion tabiZis lirika, qarTuli<br />
modernistuli proza, `kavkasiis”, rogorc cnebis recefcia rusul romantizmSi Tu<br />
inteligentisa da inteleqtualis cnebaTa gamijvna. erTi sityviT, `narativis<br />
apologiaSi” araerTi sakiTxia dasmuli, romlebic SeiZleba damoukidebeli Temebis<br />
saxiT gaiSalos da sruliad axali naSromebi miviRoT. STambeWdavia `avtobiografiuli<br />
narativiseuli” uSualo ena, miniSnebis saSualebiT azris gamoTqma (Tundac delikaturi<br />
miTiTeba `gebeSniki” rad Rirs!) Tu konceptualuri `saidumlo Tavi”, romelic SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, mxolod mravalwertilebis nakrebia Tu mravalmniSvnelovani dumilis<br />
gamoxatuleba. sagulisxmoa wignis bolos darTuli mcire naratologiuri leqsikoni da<br />
saxelTa saZiebeli, rac wignis mniSvnelobas kidev ufro zrdis.<br />
bolos isev `avtobiografiul narativs” da winaTqmis masTan dakavSirebul frazas<br />
davubrundebi, sadac zaza SaTiriSvili amtkicebs, rom misi mizani `humanitaruli<br />
kulturis” narativTa dacva ki ara, maTi `ontologiuri SezRudulobis” Cveneba iyo.<br />
magram ramdenime striqonis Semdeg wers: `arsebobs iseTi naratiuli instancia,<br />
romelsac Tavad ZaluZs nebismieri drois, ambisa Tu mTxrobelis gansja da gamosyidva”.<br />
iqneb `uaryofiTi gamocdileba” swored dasavluri demokratiis krizisis gacnobierebas<br />
ukavSirdeba? iqneb `narativis apologia” _ es qristianuli narativis gasamarTleblad<br />
gamarTuli samsjavroa? bolos da bolos, eqsatologiur molodinSi xom yvelaferi<br />
moCvenebad iqceva, rac aqamde Rirebuli gvegona. yvelaferi oden “sizmris sizmars”<br />
emsgavseba da uferuldeba im `erTaderTi WeSmaritebis” winaSe, romelsac Cveni<br />
multikulturuli da pluralisturi xana ugulvebelyofs. yvelaferi da maT Soris,<br />
Tqven warmoidgineT, xelovnebac ki, jorjones `sami filosofosis” CaTvliT, romelic<br />
`narativis apologiis” garekanzea gamosaxuli.<br />
erTi SexedviT, jorjones es namuSevari SegviZlia TviT wignis metaforadac<br />
miviCnioT da esa Tu is sakiTxi xelovnebis im kritikosebis kvalad varkvioT, romlebic<br />
tiloze gamosaxuli filosofosebis vinaobis Sesaxebac ver Tanxmdebodnen da erTni<br />
maTSi TviT jorjones, bosxis da leonardos metaforas xedavdnen; meoreni<br />
gamoqvabulis metaforaze dayrdnobiT da jorjones namuSevarSi Suq-CrdilTa<br />
gardatexis safuZvelze, mas platonis `saxelmwifoTi” STagonebad Tvlidnen... sxvebi ki<br />
90
amtkicebdnen, rom tiloze hermes trismegistusi, platoni da marsilio fiCino arian<br />
gamosaxuli. Tumca, amas axla raRa mniSvneloba aqvs....<br />
91
Jurnalistika<br />
manana SamiliSvili<br />
qarTuli Jurnalizmi globaluri sainformacio-kreatiuli<br />
procesebis sistemaSi<br />
informaciul sazogadoebaSi gadasvlis pirobebisdagvarad masobrivi<br />
informirebis saSualebebic icvleba.am dros uamravi faqtori iCens Tavs, romelTa<br />
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, media araTu ver SeZlebda srulfasovan funqcionirebas, xSir<br />
SemTxvevaSi, mis arsebobasac Seeqmneboda safrTxe. globalizaciisa da sabazro<br />
ekonomikis pirobebSi masmediis regulirebis problema, saxelmwifos mxridan misi<br />
ekonomikuri kontrolis formebis, masmediis kanonmdeblobis, dasavlur demokratiebSi<br />
misi saxelisuflebo sam ganStoebasTan damokidebulebis principebi da formebi,<br />
erovnuli kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebisas dasavluri gamocdilebis gaziareba, _ ai, im<br />
problematikis arasruli nusxa, romliTac dRevandeli Jurnalistikamcodneoba<br />
interesdeba.<br />
`vinc moqmedebs, yovelTvis usindisoa, sindisi aqvs mxolod mayurebels”,_goeTes<br />
es gauxunari sityvebi Tanamedrove mediisTvisac iseve marTebulia, rogorc misi<br />
pirdapiri adresatis_ xelisuflebisTvis. magram TviT cxovrebaa aseTi da ara misi<br />
pirmSo kerZo pirovneba. saWiroa drois gageba, im epoqisa, romelSic moRvaweob. mxolod<br />
am SemTxvevaSi SeZleb Wvrito da dadge zedapirze, gabatonebul azrze maRla, Seqmna<br />
kvlevis sistema, sazomi, raTa momavlis gadmosaxedidan Seafaso da dainaxo realoba, misi<br />
namdvili raoba. magram, vgoneb, sasurvelis sinamdviled warmoCenis survils emsgavseba<br />
es azrebi. am moTxovnebis Sesruleba, poetisa ar iyos, gulidan sisxlis wveTebs<br />
moiTxovs da erTi konkretuli drois monakveTisTvis misi wayeneba, miT ufro,<br />
axalgazrda demokratiis pirobebSi, rodesac medias `gardatexis asakidan” gamoyolili<br />
kompleqsebisgan Tavis daRweva ase uWirs, samarTlianad ar CaiTvleba. mwyobri kvleviTi<br />
sistemis Camoyalibebas Tanmimdevruli Rvwa da xani sWirdeba. xolo, pirvel yovlisa,<br />
mecniereba Jurnalistikis Sesaxeb Seswavlis obieqtis dinamiurobas, ganviTarebadobas<br />
unda iTvaliswinebdes. mxolod am konteqstSia SesaZlebeli kvlevis swori mimarTulebis<br />
povna (presa xom sawuTrosaviT umdgradia, _ mudmiv cvalebadobaSia).<br />
presis Tavisuflebaze da masze, rogorc saxelisuflebo instrumentze,<br />
politikur iaraRze saubari dRes ar dawyebula. igi didi xania qceula araerTi<br />
moazrovnis fiqris sagnad. TiTqmis saukunis win daiwera germaneli filosofosis<br />
osvald Spengleris `politikis filosofia” da sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze masobrivi<br />
sainformacio saSualebebis gavlenis Sesaxeb masSi gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi dResac<br />
inarCunebs aqtualobas. ase gansajeT, drois aqsesuari rom CamogveSorebina,<br />
dRevandelobis analogias miviRebdiT. misi azriT, rogorc antikurma qveyanam, romis<br />
forumis saxiT, gamonaxa saSualeba masaze zemoqmedebisaTvis, ise Tanadroulma (cxadia,<br />
filosofosis epoqa igulisxmeba) evropa-amerikis politikam, presis saxiT, gavlenis<br />
iseTi are ipova, `romlis sulieri da fuladi Zliereba msoflio yvela kuTxemde<br />
swvdeba, romelSiac Sebmulia yvela da yoveli da iZulebulia ise ifiqros, ise<br />
iazrovnos, ise imoqmedos, rogorc es sadRac Sors myof pirovnebas mizanSewonilad<br />
miaCnia.” 1<br />
Spengleris azriT, dRevandeli presa (ucvlelad vtovebT rva aTeuli wlis<br />
winandel drois msazRvrels, Cvens SemTxvevaSi mxolod informirebis saSualebebi<br />
izrdeba _ m.S.) udidesi armiaa da mas saukeTeso organizacia aqvs. Jurnalisti oficeria,<br />
1 osvald Spengleri, «politikis filosofia”, Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 29.<br />
92
jariskaci ki- mkiTxveli da `aq is xdeba, rac yvela armiaSi: jariskaci brmad<br />
ijerebs...mkiTxvelma ar icis, Tu ra surT gaakeTon misi xeliT da arc movalea es<br />
icodes...amaze ufro saSineli satira azrovnebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb swored aRar<br />
SeiZleba arsebobdes. Zvelad Tavisufali azrovneba ar iyo nebadarTuli. dRes mxolod<br />
imis azrovneba SeiZleba, rac usaTuod unda iazrovno da swored es aris Seni<br />
Tavisufleba”. am Tavisuflebis meore mxare is gaxlavT, rom yvelas aqvs ufleba<br />
ilaparakos, rac surs, magram swored presis saqmea, gauweven amas angariSs Tu ara: `presas<br />
SeuZlia yovelive `WeSmaritebas” sikvdili miusajos, is ar isurvebs `WeSmaritebis”<br />
gavrcelebas da es siCumis saSineli cenzura imdenad Zlieria, ramdenadac gazeTis<br />
mkiTxveli mona verafers igebs mis Sesaxeb.” 2<br />
aseTia `evropis mzis Casvenebis” avtoris mier danaxuli presis Tavisufleba<br />
Tanamedrove samyaros politikur anturaJSi. es meoce saukunis stilia, magram<br />
ocdameerTec ase iwyeba. filosofosma ara mxolod Tavisi Tanadrouloba gaiazra,<br />
aramed momavlis perspeqtivac gansazRvra. misive naTqvamis perifrazs Tu movaxdenT,<br />
mediis dRevandel mdgomareobas `siCumis diqtaturas” sworedac zedmiwevniT<br />
mivusadagebT. marTalia, yovelive aq monaTxrobi Cvens saTqmels asociaciuri<br />
paralelizmis principiT ukavSirdeba, magram msgavsi CaRrmavebani sxva masStabis kvlevis<br />
sferoa da metad aRar davyovndebiT.<br />
dRes qarTuli masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi, avad Tu kargad, CarTulia,<br />
rogorc globaluri sainformacio _ kreatiuli (laT. creacio-Seqmna) procesebis<br />
sistemaSi, ise cxovrebiseul procesTa transformirebis dinamikaSi. ufro metic,<br />
masmedia Tavad warmoadgens rTulad organizebul sistemas, romelic funqcionirebs<br />
saerTo da specifikuri, mxolod misTvis niSneuli kanonebiT. mxolod am TaviseburebaTa<br />
kvleva mogvcems saSualebas, ganvsazRvroT mediis roli da adgili ocdameerTe saukunis<br />
dasawyisis saqarTveloSi.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnieruli Jurnalistikis araerT aspeqtze metad<br />
sayuradRebo kvlevebi, zogierTi sakiTxis novaciurad gaazrebis mcdelobebi arsebobs,<br />
dRevandel qarTul Jurnalistikamcodneobas sasurvelamde jer bevri aqvs misaRwevi. es<br />
ki mxolod am mimarTulebiT uaxles samecniero kvlevebsa da dasavluri da rusuli<br />
mecnieruli Jurnalistikis TeoretikosTa TvalTaxedvebze dayrdnobiT, maTTan<br />
SesabamisobaSi qarTuli mecnieruli azris miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiTaa SesaZlebeli.<br />
swored Rrma mecnieruli analizi, problemaTa mTlianobaSi aRqma, sakiTxTa<br />
kompleqsurad Seswavla iqneboda saukeTeso saSualeba, rogorc qarTuli<br />
Jurnalistikis dRevandeli mdgomareobis asasaxad, aseve im SecdomaTa<br />
gamosasworeblad, Cveni media yoveldRiurad rom scodavs (amis sailustraciod<br />
Tundac zemoT moxmobili filosofiuri teqsti gamodgeboda). am gziT SevZlebdiT im<br />
damsaxurebuli Tu daumsaxurebeli undoblobis, skefsisis gaqarwylebas, ase xSirad rom<br />
gvesmis qarTuli masmediis misamarTiT.<br />
JurnalistikamcodneobiT problemebze yuradRebis gadatana, dasavluri kvleviTi<br />
gamocdilebis gaziareba metad aqtualuri gveCveneba samkvlevro tradiciebis<br />
gadasinjvisa da maTi praqtikaSi ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiTac. es gansakuTrebulad<br />
Rirebulia swored Tanamedrove etapze, rodesac sazogadoebrivi azris SeqmnaSi,<br />
gadamwyvets Tu ara, erT-erT mTavar rols Jurnalizmi asrulebs, rac xSirad<br />
fundamenturi Rirebulebebis, erovnuli cnobierebis rRvevis faruli, zogjer ki<br />
aSkara zraxviTaa ganpirobebuli da, arc Tu iSviaTad, politikur-ideologiuri<br />
dakveTis Sedegia.<br />
am konteqstSi did mniSvnelobas iZens masmediis TviTregulirebis sakiTxi. sul<br />
axlaxan dasavluri Jurnalistikis eTikur normaTa gaTvaliswinebiT SemuSavebuli<br />
JurnalistTa profesiuli eTikuri kodeqsi (masTan dakavSirebuli presis sabWoebis,<br />
ombudsmenebis moRvaweoba da a.S.), rogorc Sinagani kontrolis forma JurnalistikaSi,<br />
CvenSiac cxare kamaTis Tema gaxldaT.<br />
2 osvald Spengleri, dasax. naSr., gv. 31.<br />
93
masmediis moRvaweobis, dRes ase aSkarad gamokveTili, negatiuri<br />
tendenciebiT(zneobrivi safuZvlebis ngrevis xelSewyoba, araobieqturoba realur<br />
movlenaTa asaxvisas gansazRvrul socialur ZalTa sasargeblod, sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
sasicocxlod aucilebeli mdgomareobebis Sesaxeb informaciis dafarva,<br />
winaswarganzraxuli dezinformacia, insinuacia da a.S.) ara mxolod Jurnalizmis<br />
mkvlevrebi interesdebian, es problemebi literatorTa gansjis saganic xdeba.<br />
maTi SefasebiT, _ `mwerloba mkiTxvelis Rrma Sinagan struqturebze, fsiqikis<br />
aracnobier plastebze da warmosaxvaze zemoqmedebs, anu pirovnebis fsiqoemociuri da<br />
kulturul-inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis ufro Rrma dones Seesityveba, Jurnalistika<br />
ki mxolod da mxolod masobrivi informaciis Sevsebisa da gacvlis zedapirul<br />
komunikaciur procesebSi monawileobs.” 3 xolo mwerlobaze usafuZvlod moieriSeTa<br />
samarTliani kritikisas, `leqsTmwerTa” gverdiT Jurnalistebsac moixsenieben da<br />
Semoqmedebis am, erTgvarad gameorexarisxovnebul, sferoSi moRvaweobis<br />
ganmsazRvrelad da msoflioSi erT-erTi uZvelesi profesiis sinonimebad<br />
`..zedapirulobas, naucbaTeobas, gaubraloebas, erTad ki _ arasafuZvlianobas”<br />
asaxeleben. 4<br />
samwuxarod, amgvar `epiTetebs” dRevandeli masmedia namdvilad imsaxurebs.<br />
marTlac, profesiuli teqnologiebis unificirebis Tanamedrove pirobebSi xSirad<br />
swored individualuri da TviTmyofadi sawyisi saWurisdeba; cxovrebiseul movlenaTa<br />
gaSuqebisas ikargeba originaloba da arastandartuli midgoma. magram xom ar SeiZleba<br />
es ganwyoba mTel Jurnalistur Semoqmedebaze gavavrceloT? gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisis<br />
sapirwoned Tundac qarTveli mwerlebis brwyinvale publicisturi gamosvlebi,<br />
literaturuli perioduli gamocemebi, Jurnalisturi tradiciebis gamgrZelebeli,<br />
`oqros Sualedis” maZiebeli Jurnal-gazeTebi ikmarebda, romlebic yoveldRiurad<br />
bewvis xidze gavlis, politkoniunqturis `cxavSi” gatarebisa Tu sxva aTasi, Sina da gare<br />
faqtorebis zemoqmedebisda miuxedavad, WeSmarit faseulobaTa dacvasa da SenarCunebas<br />
cdiloben.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, xom ar ikveTeba, ase vTqvaT, orsaxovneba, e.w. `Savi” da<br />
`marTali” Jurnalistika da romeli faqtori _ subieqturi Tu obieqturi ganapirobebs<br />
`kargi” Jurnalistikis aRmocenebas? es kiTxvebi Tanamedrove politikis konteqstSi<br />
kidev ufro aqtualurdeba. amgvari Jurnalizmis deficitis pirobebSi sazogadoebas<br />
profesiuli da moqalaqeobrivi valis patiosnad aRmsrulebeli, piruTvneli<br />
Jurnalistebisadmi gansakuTrebuli moTxovnileba uCndeba.<br />
am moTxovnilebis Sesasruleblad mravali winapiroba arsebobs. pirvel yovlisa,<br />
prioritetebi unda ganvsazRvroT,_ ra aris CvenTvis mniSvnelovani: dromoWmulis<br />
sarCuliT warsuli gamocdilebis upirobo negacia da ZiriTad RirebulebaTa<br />
devalvaciis am yovlismomcvel procesSi CarTul, iliaseul moZRvrebaze dafuZnebuli,<br />
tradiciuli Jurnalisturi moRvaweobis maignorirebel da ucxouris gamfetiSebel<br />
JurnalistTa axalTaobisaTvis sadaveebis gadabareba Tu gonivrulad gaazrebul,<br />
warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis erTurTisagan mkveTrad gaumijnav meTodologiur<br />
sistemaze dafuZnebuli Jurnalisturi skolis Seqmna?<br />
kargad gvesmis, rom Cvens mier warmodgenili modeli idealurTanaa miaxloebuli<br />
da oponentTaTvis friad momgebian, sakamaTo niuansebsac Seicavs, magram Tvalsazriss<br />
mdidari istoriuli gamocdileba gvimyarebs. warsuli is Zafia, saidanac dausruleblad<br />
vqsovT axal ideebs. saWiroa sifrTxiliT, rogorc ilia ityoda, `TviTmsjelobiT”<br />
gadavSaloT axali furceli; istoriis uZiro Widan sibrZne vwritoT, raTa<br />
gagviadvildes ZneladmisaRebi siaxlis SeTviseba. am miznis misaRwevad didi Zalisxmeva,<br />
Tavdauzogavi Rvwa da, rac mTavaria, droa saWiro. `marTali” Jurnalistika<br />
sazogadoebis moTxovnileba gaxlavT da adre Tu gvian mainc mogviwevs misken svla,<br />
ragind rTuladac ar unda gveCvenebodes.<br />
3 m. kvaWantiraZe, `gameoreba”, “erovnuli mwerloba”, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 31.<br />
4 iqve, gv. 35.<br />
94
saTqmeli ufro TvalnaTliv rom gamoikveTos, analogiisTvis moazrovnis<br />
sityvebsac moviSveliebT: `axlis Sesaqmnelad muxlCauxreli Sromaa saWiro, Zveli ki<br />
TavisTavad ganagrZobs arsebobas da Cveulebis yavarjnebs myarad eyrdnoba. axali unda<br />
vikvlioT; is Sinagan Sromas, msxverplSewirvas iTxovs; Zvels uanalizod viRebT, is mzaa,<br />
_ udidesi uflebaa adamianTa TvalSi; axals undoblad uyureben, radgan misi nakvTebi<br />
ymawviluria, xolo daZabunebul Zvels ise mieCvivnen, rom maradiulad eCvenebaT.” 5<br />
marTlac, stereotipebis msxvrevis, `rjulze umtkicesisgan” ganTavisuflebis<br />
procesi Zalze mtkivneulia. axali rTulad mkvidrdeba, nabij-nabij ikvlevs gzas. es<br />
krizisic misi Tanamdevi movlenaa, magram, rogorc amboben, `wyalni wavlen da wamovlen,<br />
qviSani darCebian”.. dro tarossac dawmends da yovelives kuTvnil adgils miuCens. aq<br />
gadamwyveti sityva masmediis adresats _ sazogadoebas ekuTvnis, man unda gaakeTos<br />
swori arCevani, raSic Teoriul mecnierebebs gzamkvlevis, maorientireblis roli<br />
eniWeba. ra Tqma unda, mza `receptebs” veravin SemogvTavazebs, magram Teoria praqtikis<br />
SedegTa aTvisebaSi dagvexmareba.<br />
mkiTxvelis gemovnebis daxvewisa da dRevandeli `Jurnalizmis bumSi” misi sworad<br />
orientirebisaTvis garda Jurnalisturisa, literaturaTmcodneobiTi mecnierebebis<br />
saWiroebac naTlad ikveTeba. publicisturi gamosvla mxolod popularizatoris<br />
funqciis morgebas rodi niSnavs, igi mxatvruli saxeebiT azrovnebasac gulisxmobs.<br />
publicistika mxatvrul literaturas teqstis enobrivi organizebis araerTi<br />
parametriT enaTesaveba, upirveles yovlisa, emociur-eqspresiul struqturaTa<br />
siWarbiT.<br />
saerTodac, mxatvruli literaturisa da Jurnalistikis Tanaarseboba metad<br />
mravalmxrivia. isini erTmaneTs avseben da aZliereben. erT-erTis srulyofilad<br />
Seswavla meoris TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebasac gulisxmobs. Cveni muSaobac am mxriv<br />
unda warimarTos. kerZod, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos literaturisa da<br />
Jurnalizmis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebs, literaturuli mimarTulebebisa da<br />
mimdinareobebis (beletristika, eseistika, paraliteratura), literaturuli<br />
manifestebisa da SemoqmedebiTi praqtikis, Tanamedrove literaturis problemebis<br />
Seswavlas; metadre literaturis <strong>kritika</strong>s, rogorc mecnierebis, sityvis xelovnebisa da<br />
publicistikis sinTezs.<br />
literaturuli <strong>kritika</strong> publicisturi Semoqmedebis saxeobad unda ganvixiloT.<br />
literaturuli kritikis erT-erTi saintereso da metad gavrcelebuli forma _<br />
sagazeTo kritikuli gamosvla, masze morgebuli analitikuri da satiruli<br />
publicisturi Janrebi, Zalze qmediTi iaraRia Tanamedrove Jurnalistis xelSi. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, literaturuli <strong>kritika</strong>, rogorc publicisturi ideis matarebeli<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualeba (obieqtur sinamdvileze zemoqmedebis mxatvruli xerxi),<br />
uSualodaa CarTuli Jurnalisturi moRvaweobis social-politikur aspeqtSi. magram,<br />
unda gvaxsovdes, rom igi, rogorc erTiani ideur-esTetikuri fenomeni, gansazRvrul<br />
movlenaTa da sazogadoebis mier maTi aRqmis procesTa socialur-eTikuri regulaciis<br />
saSualeba gaxlavT da ara `sityviT damcirebis” gamiznuli, efeqturi ideologiuri<br />
iaraRi (rac Tanamedrove literaturuli perioduli gamocemebis magaliTebiT<br />
SesaniSnavad ilustrirdeba)..<br />
unda gvaxsovdes, rom Jurnalisturi Semoqmedeba sociokulturuli da<br />
profesiuli fenomenis unikaluri da mravalsaxovani gamovlinebaa da, Sesabamisad,<br />
mniSvnelovania vikvlioT SemoqmedebiTi komponentis identuroba, warsuli da<br />
Tanamedrove, samamulo Tu ucxouri Jurnalistikis kreatiuli gamocdileba, raTa is<br />
praqtikul, qmediT instrumentad gardavqmnaT.<br />
Jurnalisturi moRvaweobis specifika imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is, erTi mxriv,<br />
integrirebulia SemoqmedebiTi gamovlinebebis saerTo sistemasTan, xolo, meores mxriv,<br />
_ socialur sferoSi. swored amitom axasiaTebs mas samyarosadmi SemoqmedebiTi<br />
5 Герцен А. И., «Избранные философские сочинения», Москва, 1999 г., gv. 154.<br />
95
damokidebuleba, qmna da gardaqmna, SemoqmedebiTi TviTmyofoba, l. svitiCis TqmiT, 6<br />
zogjer “SemoqmedebiT ganukiTxaobamde” misuli gaxsniloba.<br />
amasTan, Jurnalistur saqmianobas praqtikuli (funqciuri) organizaciis sakmaod<br />
uxeSi formebi axasiaTebs. am sferoSi warmatebis miRweva saTanado, winaswari momzadebis<br />
gareSe Znelia. aucilebelia muSaobis xerxebisa da meTodebis teqnologiur kompleqsTa<br />
safuZvliani aTviseba. Tumca, dagveTanxmebiT, rom yoveli Jurnalisti warmatebas,<br />
praqtikul efeqts, uwinaresad, Tavisi Sinagani Tvisebebis, piradi Zalisxmevis wyalobiT<br />
aRwevs.<br />
problemebi, romliTac unda interesdebodes Tanamedrove qarTuli<br />
Jurnalistikamcodneoba, mravalSenakadiania. maTi CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda.<br />
aqtualuri Tematikis grZeli nusxidan aqcentirebas mxolod ramdenime, metad<br />
mniSvnelovan sakiTxze gavakeTebT, _ iqneba es auditoriaze informaciuli<br />
zemoqmedebis meTodebi da formebi, dasavluri Jurnalistikis Janrebi, Jurnalisturi<br />
Semoqmedebis tipizacia (realobis adeqvaturi asaxva, sazogadoebis cxovrebis<br />
paraleluri, virtualuri modelis Seqmna. amisda mixedviT, Jurnalistur teqstebSi<br />
faqtebis prezentaciis meTodebisa da xerxebis cvalebadoba.. 7 ); masmediis Tanamedrove<br />
Teoriebze postmodernizmis filosofiisa da informaciuli sazogadoebis Teoriis<br />
gavlena; evropeli da Crdiloamerikeli mecnierebis Teoriuli koncefciebi Tu<br />
qarTuli sinamdvilis aqtualuri problemebi, gamowveuli misi politikuri,<br />
ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli sferoebis transformaciiTa da RirebulebaTa<br />
sistemaSi cvlilebebiT.<br />
gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa imis garkveva, Tu ra amocanebi dgas Jurnalistikis<br />
winaSe globaluri da erovnuli problematikis Semecnebis, Seswavlisa da gadawyvetis<br />
procesSi; rogoria masmediis realuri praqtika _ JurnalistTa socialuri<br />
pasuxismgebloba da kompetenturoba, rac, Tavis mxriv, masmediaSi Tanamedroveobis<br />
aqtualuri problemebis adeqvaturad asaxvisa da maT gadaWraSi Jurnalistikis realuri<br />
monawileobisaTvis umTavresi xelSemwyobi faqtorebia.<br />
magram upirvelesi mainc sakuTari, erovnuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebaa da<br />
ara yovelgvari ucxouris gauazreblad morgeba, Tugind Zalze efeqturi da daxvewili<br />
iyos. amitom qarTulma mecnierulma Jurnalistikam unda SeZlos, Tavi gaarTvas<br />
miukerZoeblobis poziciidan mWvretis urTules amocanas da obieqturad Seafasos<br />
Cveni realobis Tanamdevi is mtkivneuli procesebi, sakuTar TvalTaxedvas<br />
damaSvraliviT rom iTxovs.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa `vardebis revoluciisa” da presis<br />
urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxi; Tu ra gavlena moaxdina aRniSnulma movlenam<br />
qarTul Jurnalistikaze, rogor Secvala presis saarsebo sivrce, ramdenad gansazRvra<br />
periodul gamocemaTa bedi, maTi xasiaTi da mimarTuleba. revoluciis robespieriseul<br />
Sefasebas Tu gaviazrebT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes koconis adgils didi siCume ikavebs,<br />
_ aqedan gamomdinare TviTcenzuriT, TviTlikvidaciiT, TviTdasaWurisebiT anu<br />
nebayoflobiTi iZulebebiT.<br />
mocemul periods pirobiTad `xotbidan-ganxiblvamde” SeiZleba ewodos, sadac<br />
mediaze TvalmidevnebiT Cveni uaxlesi istoria ikiTxeba. procesi Zalze naTlad<br />
ikveTeba _ revoluciis mebairaxtre gazeTebis umetesoba noembris dReebSive<br />
opoziciur Seferilobas iZens.. xolo am feriscvalebis mizezebis garkvevas Tu<br />
SevecdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom dRes gansakuTrebiT presas uWirs, romlis mimarTac<br />
xelisuflebam `arafrad Cagdebis” politika airCia. aSkarad Cans revoluciis Semdgomi<br />
tendencia _ gaCnda prosaxelisuflo da radikalurad opoziciuri gazeTebi, xolo<br />
`oqros Sualedis” maZiebelma, seriozulma gamocemebma asparezi daTmes an kidev<br />
daaTmobines..<br />
dasasrul, vityviT, rom Jurnalistikas mwerlobis Canacvleba marTlac ar SeuZlia<br />
da verc mis sulier da kulturul misias itvirTebs. maT swored rom araferi aqvT<br />
6 Свитич Л.Г, ,,Феномен журнализма,, , М., 2000. gv. 213.<br />
7 ,,Методология прессы ,, изд-во С.-Петербург. ун-та, 2003. gv. 157.<br />
96
gasayofi, piriqiT, urTierTs unda avsebdnen da aZlierebdnen, ise, rogorc ilia<br />
gvmoZRvravda. Jurnalistika mwerlobasTan unda Tanaarsebobdes, rogorc misi<br />
Semadgeneli, misgan mosazrdoe, ganuyofeli nawili. xolo krizisi, razedac araerTgzis<br />
mivaniSneT, sxva araferia, Tu ar droebiTi, ucilobeli dayovneba axlis Ziebis,<br />
inovaciaTa gonivruli (da ara ukritiko!) aTvisebis xangrZliv procesSi.<br />
97
qarTuli kino dakarguli dros ZiebaSi<br />
kideze<br />
xelovneba<br />
lela oCiauri<br />
bolo 15-17 wlis ganmavlobaSi, kinematografistebisa da kinokritikosebis rigebSi<br />
mimdinareobda kamaTi `romelic sxvadasxva intensivobiT kvlav iCens xolme Tavs~ _<br />
mokvda Tu ar mokvda qarTuli kino, krizis Jami dadga Tu yvelaferi dasrulebulia da<br />
xelovnebis es dargi saqarTveloSi ukve aRarasodes (yovel SemTxvevaSi, uaxloes droSi)<br />
aRar aRorZindeba. aseT eWvebs safuZveli aqvs da isic bunebrivia, rom reJisorebi,<br />
romlebsac <strong>kritika</strong> `dastiris~, ~romlebic gulis siRrmeSi Tavadac orWofoben _<br />
cocxalia maTi nawarmoebebi Tu mkvdari` TavianT `uflebebs~ icaven da amtkiceben, rom<br />
maTi yvela ubedureba ekonomikuri krizisidan gamomdinareobs, SemoqmedebiTi<br />
TvalsazrisiT ki yvelaferi wesrigSia da maT namuSevrebSi, am kuTxiT, dacemis kvalic ki<br />
ar arsebobs.<br />
erTi mxriv, es pozicia simarTlis marcvlebs Seicavs. bolo wlebSi filmebis<br />
gadaRebebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, wlobiT grZeldeboda, rac dabali procentiT,<br />
dafinansebidan an ufro xSirad, aseTis saerTod arqonidan, saxelmwifos mxridan kinos<br />
sruli ignorirebidan momdinareobda. xolo filmwarmoebis axal formebze gadasvla<br />
qarTvelma kinematografistebma, garkveul dromde, ver moaxerxes.<br />
procesebma, romlebsac adgili hqondaT sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, yofil<br />
sabWoeTis respublikebSi axali kanonebi da normebi moitana, rogorc yovelTvis da<br />
yvelgan xdeba, rodesac erTi formacia emxoba da mis nacvlad axlis Seneba iwyeba. am<br />
siaxlem axali kriteriumebi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi danerga _ rogorc politikasa da<br />
Tu ekonomikaSi, aseve kulturaSi. da ~aRmosavleTis frontze~ cvlilebebi daiwyo _<br />
erTi `mTavari~ mimarTulebiT — ukeTesobisken, da meore, samwuxarod, uaresobisaken.<br />
daingra, rac iyo da gardatexis etapis krizisma zemoqmedeba moaxdina yvelaferze, maT<br />
Soris, kinosa da kinematografistebze.<br />
Semdeg yvelaferi kidev ufro garTulda. kinematografistebis gasamarTleblad<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xelovnebisTvis saqarTveloSi aRaravis ecala _ arc Tavad<br />
reJisorebs, arc saxelmwifos da arc xalxs. qveyanam erTimeoris miyolebiT gadaitana<br />
politikuri `afeTqebebi~, omebi (samoqalaqo da afxazeTis), teritoriebis dakargva...<br />
yovelive amisa da kidev mravali sxva mizeziT, qveyana gaRatakda. amas sazogadoebis<br />
sayovelTao sulieri krizisi daemata, ramac arc reJisorebis udides nawils auara<br />
gverdi.<br />
meore mxriv, ar viqnebi marTali, Tu vityvi, rom am wlebSi araferi Seqmnila.<br />
arsebuli krizisebis miuxedavad aRmoCnda, rom 90-ian wlebSi gadaRebuli filmebis<br />
raodenoba ramdenime aTeuls aRwevs. Tumca sxvadasxva Taobis reJisorebis am<br />
namuSevrebSi raime gamorCeulad Rirebulis, raime axali, specifikuri tendenciis<br />
damadastureblis, saerTo suraTis Semqmnelis, Tundac, indvidualuris _ gamoyofa<br />
Znelia.<br />
gamococxleba mxolod bolo sami welia daiwyo da erTi meoris miyolebiT gamoCnda<br />
filmebi, romlebsac, Tavis mxriv, Tayvanismcemelic gamouCnda, romlebmac<br />
saerTaSoriso festivalebze, konkursebze aRiarebisa da prizebis mopoveba daiwyes da<br />
romlebmac aiZules <strong>kritika</strong> `gamotexiliyo~, rom yvelaze uaresi ukanaa.<br />
rodesac saubaria Tanamedrove filmwarmoebis procesze da misi formebis Zieba<br />
mimdinareobs, bunebrivad Cndeba sxva qveynebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebis survili<br />
98
da azri or wyaros Soris meryeobs _ saxelmwifo da kerZo dafinansebas Soris. is, rasac<br />
saxelmwifo kinosTvis yovelwliurad gamohyofs, kinowarmoebis srulyofilad<br />
warmarTvisTvis sakmarisi araa. magaliTad, bolo periodSi erovnuli kinocentri<br />
saxelmwifos meSveobiT weliwadSi erTi srul da ramdenime moklemetraJiani,<br />
dokumenturi Tu animaciuri filmis dafinansebas axerxebs (isic sakmaod SezRuduli<br />
TanxiT), xolo biujetis 25% proeqtis avtorma TavisiT unda moipovos.<br />
am procentebis gadanawilebis garda aris meore gzac _ kerZo investiciebis<br />
mozidva, Tumca qarTveli biznesmenebi araTu mTlian, aramed nawilobriv dafinansebazec<br />
ZiriTadad uars amboben da arc erT da arc meore SemTxvevaSi kinoSi fulis Cadebas<br />
maincdamainc ar Cqaroben. es, erTi SexedviT, bunebrivicaa, radgan ar arsebobs kanoni<br />
qvelmoqmedebisa da sposorobis Sesaxeb, rac biznesmenebs sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs<br />
miscemda da amdenad, Seagulianebda kidec.<br />
Tumca, isic faqtia, rom saxelmwifom weliwadSi ori srulmetraJiani filmis<br />
dafinanseba, albaT, mainc unda SeZlos. Tu yvelafers kerZo pirebs gadavabarebT, erT<br />
mSvenier dRes, SeiZleba, viRac gakotrdes, viRacas fuli aRar hqondes da xom ar<br />
SeiZleba, qarTuli kinos bedi mxolod sxvis imedad davtovoT.<br />
cxadia, mTavari aqcenti damoukidebeli studiebis arsebobaze (ramdenime ukve<br />
arsebobs) unda gakeTdes, es sistemac ufro unda Camoyalibdes da Tu yovel wels<br />
saqarTvelo xuTi-eqvs films mainc gadaiRebs srulfasovan samuSao pirobebSi, savsebiT<br />
sakmarisi iqneba.<br />
filmwarmoebis bolo da aranakleb mniSvnelovani etapi _ filmis gayidvaa.<br />
saerTod, msoflio kinoindustriaSi mTeli kontraqtebi, faqtobrivad, scenaris doneze<br />
ideba. sanam gadaRebebi dasruldeba, manamde ukve garkveulia, sad unda gavides igi,<br />
romelma televiziam unda iyidos da a.S.<br />
Cveni mdgomareoba gansxvavebulia. SeiZleba qarTuli scenari Zalian moewonoT,<br />
magram, radgan boloxans imdenad dakarguli iyo ndoba saqarTvelos kinematografis<br />
mimarT, rom sityvaze aravin dagvijerebs. jer ucxoel partniorebs unda gauCndeT<br />
rwmena, rom qarTvelebs marTlac SeuZliaT kargi filmebis Seqmna.<br />
am etapisTvis yvela am mimarTulebiT arsebiTi gzis Tu ara, bilikis gakvalva mainc<br />
daiwyo. swori sadistribucio politika da kidev sxva siaxleebi, magaliTad, ucxoelebis<br />
gadamRebi jgufebis mowveva axal kinostudiebsa Tu laboratoriebSi, morigi safexuri<br />
iqneba qarTuli kinowarmoebis normalurad asamuSaveblad. SesaZloa, bolo 2-3<br />
weliwadSi Seqmnili da axal saorganizacio, sadistribucio Tu komerciuli normebis<br />
farglebSi Seqmnili qarTul-franguli `13Tzameti~-c da qarTuli `gaseirneba<br />
yarabaRSic~, `Tbilisi-Tbilisic~ da qarTul-franguli `memkviderobac~ araerT<br />
warmatebas kidev moipovebs da erovnul kinematografs Selaxul reputacias aRudgens.<br />
mogzauroba yarabaRSi da ukan<br />
`mogzauroba yarabaRSi~ aka morCilaZis metad popularuli moTxrobaa, meoce<br />
saukunis qarTuli prozis gamorCeuli nimuSi da TiTqos im sivrcis pirveli garRveva, im<br />
movlenebTan pirveli cocxali Sexmianeba, romlebsac adgili hqondaT saqarTveloSi<br />
meoce saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, maTze Tanamedrove adamianis _ xelovanis reaqcia imaze,<br />
rac kinom, samwuxarod, yuradRebisa da interesis miRma datova. vgulisxmobT qveyanaSi<br />
viTarebis Secvalas da garefaqtorebis zemoqmedebidan gamomdinare, sazogadoebis<br />
udides nawilSi sulieri krizisi dawyebas.<br />
albaT, moTxrobaSi devs iseTi ram, iseTi maradiuli marcvali, rac mis, rogorc<br />
literaturuli nawarmoebis popularobas apirobebs. am SemTxvevaSi saqme rom iaffasian<br />
literaturasa da aqedan gamomdinare, interesebis masobriobasTan, iaffasian<br />
sakiTxavTan ara gvaqvs, piradad CemTvis, udavoa.<br />
im problemebs, rac nawarmoebis gmirebs, sazogadod, qveyanas awuxebs da rac yvelas<br />
Taviseburad esmis, bunebrivia, gansxvavebuli adamianebi gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen da es<br />
midgomis mravalferovnebasac gansazRvravs. albaT, amiTaa gapirobebuli filmis mimarT<br />
99
interesic, romelic levan TuTberiZem moTxrobis gamoqveynebidan 10 wlis Semdeg<br />
gadaRo da romlis pirvelma Cvenebebma saqarTvelos kinoTeatrebis ekranebze erT TveSi<br />
masSi Cadebuli Tanxis 20-30% amoiRo.<br />
`yarabaRSi~ erT-erT mniSvnelovani momenti swored droSi ambis ganviTarebaa,<br />
erTgvari `qronikaloba~, TiTqmis istoriuli sizustiT aRwerili realuri foni,<br />
romlis garemocvaSic mTavari ambavi viTardeba. aqve unda iTqvas, rom mwerlis<br />
Semoqmedebis erT-erTi mTavari da arsebiTi Tavisebureba isaa, rom es yvelaferi<br />
ganzogadebis umaRles xarisxSia ayvanili da aramxolod qarTul, aramed<br />
zogasakacobrio, aramxolod erT, Tumca ki metad mniSvnelovan drois monakveTs, aramed<br />
maradiul problemebs da dRevandelobasac exmianeba.<br />
saerTod, konkretizaciidan modis Semdeg ukve raRac idea, romelic `muSaobs~<br />
arakonkretul situacaSi, amitom kinos gansakuTrebiT uyvars konkretuli ambavi.<br />
filmSi ambavi unda xdebodes, unda iyos Txroba. esaa, ubralod, forma, rom Sen<br />
mayurebelTan kontaqti daamyaro da raRac saTqmeli uTxra. filmSi aRebulia Cveni<br />
cxovrebis erTi periodi, drois patara monakveTi da aqedan xdeba im ideis mowodeba,<br />
romelzec SeiZleba adamiani Cafiqrdes.<br />
rodesac reJisori aseT nawarmoebs hkidebs xels, is garkveuli riskis winaSe dgeba.<br />
arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom moxdes acdena, daikargos literaturuli safuZvlis<br />
Rirsebebi, suli, mniSvnelovaneba, faseuloba, riTac esa Tu is teqsti xasiaTdeba da<br />
amdenad, misi ekranuli versiis Seqmna rTulia da iSviaTadaa warmatebuli.<br />
aka morCilaZem mwerlobaSi Tavisi stili Semoitana. misi dialogebi martivi da<br />
sadaa. personaJebi Zalian sainteresoa da aranakleb sainteresodaa aRwerili<br />
movlenebic. siuJetebi yovelTvis saintereso da TxrobiTia. mwerals metad Taviseburi,<br />
kinematografiuli xedva aqvs, Zalian kargad `xedavs~ da gviCvenebs imas, rasac wers. misi<br />
nawarmoebebi TiTqos ukve gamzadebuli scenarebia da albaT, SemTxveviTi marTlac araa,<br />
rom ramdenime ukve gamoqveynebuli romanidan Tu moTxrobidan levan TuTberiZem<br />
swored ~mogzaurobis~ gadaReba ganizraxa da isic didi xnis SemoqmedebiTi pauzis<br />
Semdeg.<br />
levan TuTberiZem scenaris avtorebTan _ aka morCilaZesa da irakli<br />
solomanaSvilTan erTad moTxrobis yvela arsebiTi Tviseba, xasiaTi, arsi SeinarCuna da<br />
amave dros, Seqmna misi kinematografiuli xati, TavisTavadi xelweriTa da avtoriseuli<br />
xedviT gamsWvaluli, kinoenaze ametyvelebuli, araerTi TvalsazrisiT<br />
mravlismomcveli namuSevari.<br />
filmi kinostudiebis `aisisa~ da `remkas~ produqciaa, pirveli damoukidebeli<br />
saprodusero proeqti, pirveli qarTuli filmi, romelic damoukidebel studiaSi,<br />
kerZo dafinansebiT Seiqmna. amave dros esaa ara komerciuli, aramed SemoqmedebiTi<br />
koproduqcia, rolis SemoqmedebiT jgufs qarTveli, azerbaijaneli, somexi da rusi<br />
msaxiobebi, qarTveli mxatvrebi _ gogi tatiSvili, kote jafariZe, kompozitori nukri<br />
abaSiZe, memontaJe niko tarielaSvili, amerikeli operatori goran paviCeviCi, Cexi xmis<br />
reJisori mixail houdeki da memontaJe boris maCitka Seadgenen.<br />
ambavi, romelic mkiTxvelis Tvalwin viTardeba, mTavari gmiris _ gios<br />
monaTxrobia. teqsti pirvel pirSia dawerili, misi mogonebebia, sulieri mogzauroba Tu<br />
mogzauroba sulSi, erTgvari aRsareba Sendobis gareSe, finalis gareSe, romelic<br />
TanadaTan kvlav Txrobis sawyiss, anu im dros ubrundeba, rodesac ambavi daiwyo,<br />
rodesac gio ukve Sinaa da mogzaurobac dasrulebulia, magram misi Sedgebi, winapiroba,<br />
gamoZaxili grZeldeba da sinamdvileSi araferi icvleba. swored esaa arsebiTi da<br />
mTavari.<br />
aka morCilaZisTvis saerTodaa damaxasiaTebeli siuJetis aseTi restrospeqtuli<br />
ageba _ ambavi ara TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis procesSi gadmoicema, aramed ukusvliT,<br />
rac erTgvar pirobiT Sres, romeliRac `ganzomilebas~ qmnis da arsebiTad, axal<br />
realobasac, Tundac is metad pirobiTi iyos, rogorc, vTqvaT, `Sen TavgadasavalSi~ an<br />
~agvistos pasiansSi~ gvxvdeba, sadac realoba da irealoba erTnairi TanafardobiT<br />
arsebobs, orive `sinamdvilea~ da savsebiT `misaRebia~.<br />
100
levan TuTberiZe, romelic, faqtobrivad, ar arRvevs moTxrobis struqturas, ambis<br />
Txrobas teqstisgan gansxvavebul formaSi aqcevs. magram is, rac moTxrobaSia Cadebuli<br />
da rac mis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mTavar, generalur xazs warmoadgens, filmSic,<br />
faqtobrivad, SenarCunebulia miuxedavad imisa, rom teqsti ufro rTuli<br />
konstruqciisaa da garkveul `saidumloebebsac~ Seicavs, risi ekranze gadatanac ar, an<br />
ver moxerxda reJisoris individualuri xedvidan, movlenebis mimarT gansxvavebuli<br />
damokidebulebidan da isev da isev drois faqtoridan gamomdinare.<br />
es bunebrivia, radgan am SemTxvevaSi kinonawarmoebTan da literaturuli<br />
pirvelwyaros Tavisebur aRqmasTan gvaqvs saqme. masze dayrdnobiT Tu masSi gavliT<br />
reJisori sakuTar saTqmels gamoxatavs. filmi miseuli, aramxolod moTxrobis, aramed<br />
sazogadod cxovrebiseuli, Tundac pirovnul-moqalaqeobrivi xedvisa da SemoqmedebiTi<br />
xelweris matarebelia. amave dros, filmi kinosTvis specifikuri gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
xerxebis meSveobiTaa Seqmnili da ara, vTqvaT, Sinagani monologebisa Tu fiqrebis<br />
`gaxmovanebiT~.<br />
TviT saTauris ufro seriozuli `mogzaurobis~ Secvla ufro msubuqiT _<br />
`gaseirnebiT~, axali drois, ara filmis moqmedebis, aramed misi Seqmnis drois niSania,<br />
Tumca viRacisTvis es gaseirneba sabedisweroa, viRacisTvis ki _ silaRisa da sixarulis<br />
momtani. yarabaRSi fizikuri tyveoba giosTvis sulierze ufro ioli aRmoCndeba,<br />
goglikosTvis ki Tavisufleba yvelganaa da mas Tamamad SeuZlia iyos iq, sadac moswons.<br />
vfiqrob, finalis Secvlac, erTi mxriv, filmis mTliani struqturidan<br />
gamomdinareobs da iqidanac, rom is sxva droSia Seqmnili, rodesac samyaros xedva aRaraa<br />
iseTi bindiTmosili, rogorc 10-15 wlis win iyo. amas filmis komerciuli mxarec<br />
apirobebs. magram garkveuli silaRisa da sivrceSi gaxsnilobis miuxedavad, finali mainc<br />
sevdiania da damafiqrebeli. moTxrobaSi ambavi dramaturgiuladaa sxvagvarad awyobili.<br />
reJisoris CanafiqriT ki, romelic filmis stilistikas, problemebze saubars,<br />
literaturuli teqstis siRrmesTan SedarebiT, msubuqi formiT warmarTavs, Zalian<br />
datvirTuli da damZimebuli dasasruli films sxva intonaciebs mianiWebda.<br />
filmSi moqmedeba mayureblis Tvalwin, Tavidan bolomde, garkveuli<br />
qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT iSleba _ ambavi iwyeba, viTardeba da sruldeba.<br />
bunebrivia, am SemTxvevaSi, aqcenti ambis, siuJetis ganviTarebaze, movlenaTa jaWvzea<br />
awyobili da ufro qmediTia, vidre TxrobiTi, anu kinematografiulia.<br />
TavisTavad moqmedebac, ZiriTadad, mTavari gmiris anu giosgan damoukideblad<br />
viTardeba. is ki ar yveba, aramed mis Sesaxeb gviyvebian da amdenad, xdeba aqcentebis<br />
bunebrivi gadaadgileba, Sinagani monologebi, fiqrebi Tu emocia moulodnelad<br />
~gacocxlebul~ suraTad iqceva da am kompoziciaSi fragmentebis saxiT is tkiviliani<br />
epizodebi Semodis, romlebic gmirs yarabaRSi yofnis periodSi agondeba. amiT filmis<br />
struqtura moTxrobis formas erTgvarad uaxlovdeba, winamorbed istorias da misi<br />
gancdis mizezebs gvauwyebs da `yarabRul~, `Tanamedrove~ epizodebTan monacvleobs.<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi TiTqos zedapirze amodis da saSualebas gvaZlevs qveteqsti<br />
Tundac erT gamoxedvaSi, erT frazaSi amovikiTxoT, oRond ise, rom mis siRrmeebSi<br />
Casvlis kidev erTi mcdeloba movaxdinoT. Tumca mainc rCeba is, rac sulSia, rac saxis _<br />
niRbis miRma arsebobs. es sakmaod seriozuli Cafiqrebis pirobas qmnis, ramdenadac<br />
rTulia imis garkveva, Tu ra xdeba am axalgazrda kacis Sinagan samyaroSi, ra awuxebs mas,<br />
ras ganicdis; axalgazrdisa, romlis msgavsic bevria, romelsac arsebobis, siyvarulis,<br />
arCevanis gakeTebis ufleba waarTves da Tavisufleba SeuzRudes. am yvelafris mimarT<br />
mayurebels, iseve, rogorc mkiTxvels, araerTgvarovani Tu arasworxazovani<br />
damokidebuleba uCndeba.<br />
filmSi zustadaa aRdgenili meoce saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisis Tbilisis<br />
atmosfero, samoqalaqo omis periodi. Seqmnilia sazogadoebriv-politikuri da<br />
yoveldRiuri yofis amsaxveli metyveli suraTi. amave dros, is scildeba konkretul<br />
CarCoebs da ganzogadebas ganicdis rogorc saTqmelis ganvrcobis, aseve wamoWrili<br />
problemebis mxrivac.<br />
filmis TiToeul personaJSi nacnobi konkretuli pirovnebis saxe SeiZleba<br />
amovikiTxoT, magram amave dros, isini krebiTi saxeebia, tipaJi, romelzec yofam,<br />
101
qveyanaSi arsebulma viTarebam, Zaladobisa da ganukiTxaobis sindromma Zlieri<br />
zegavlena moaxdina. isini im sazogadoebis saerTo mdgomareobis metaforebad<br />
warmosdgebian, romlis nawils adamianuri Rirsebebi daukargavs, nawils ki _ ZaliT<br />
akargvineben.<br />
am fonze axalgazrdebis erTi jgufis, TiTqosda, piradi cxovrebis ambavi iSleba _<br />
maTi miusafrobis, Tavsmoxveul yalb moralTan da damkvidrebul kanonebTan<br />
Seugueblobis ambavi. maT arCevani unda gaakeTon zneobasa da uzneobas, Seugueblobasa<br />
da morCilebas Soris. maT surT ibrZolon da Tavi daaRwion im marwuxebs, riTac<br />
sazogadoebas maTi damoneba surs.<br />
Semdeg wre kidev ufro viwrovdeba da movlenebi ori ymawvilis _ giosa (levan<br />
doborjginiZe) da goglikos (miSa mesxis) Tavgadasavlamde dadis, mas Semdeg, rac isini<br />
azerbaijanSi narkotikebis sayidlad midian. bediswera maT yarabaRis konfliqtis zonaSi<br />
axvedrebs, sadac tyved uvardebian or dapirispirebul mxares _ azerbaijanelebsa da<br />
somxebs. mTeli kavkasia omSia Cabmuli da Zaladobis es realuri suraTi filmSi<br />
Zaladobis metyvel metaforad iqceva, Zaladobisa, romelic TiToeuli adamianis bedze<br />
airekleba.<br />
omSi mTeli kavkasiaa CaTreuli, saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo omi mimdinareobs,<br />
somxebi da azerbaijanelebi teritoriebis gayofisTvis ibrZvian, CeCneTis omamde ki<br />
ramdenime Tvea darCenili. garSemomrtymel rkalad ki ruseTia, romelic kavkasiis<br />
oTxive respublikaSi Tavis interesebs axorcielebs da situacias aqtiurad warmarTavs.<br />
am viTarebidan gaqceviT (TviT yarabaRSi wasvlis mizezi _ narkotikebis SeZena _<br />
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, raRacisgan gaTavisuflebis metaforaa), iSleba ori<br />
axalgazrdis svla Zaladobis erTi mxaridan Zaladobis meore mxareSi, magram es odisea<br />
sabolood saxlSi dabrunebas mainc ar niSnavs. marTalia, dabruneba fizikurad xdeba,<br />
magram es ar niSnavs suliers, anu imas, riskenac adamianebi iswrafian, radgan iq viRac<br />
mouTmenlad elodebaT. giosTvis Sindabrunebis es aqti arafers niSnavs, radgan icis,<br />
rom araferi Seicvleba, radgan yvelaze mTavari da mniSvnelovani, rac am cariel<br />
samyarosTan akavSirebda da sicocxis wyurvils matebda _ sayvareli gogona da bavSvi,<br />
romelsac dabadeba ar ewera (kidev erTi metafora) _ mas sxvisma Carevam daakargvina.<br />
yarabaRSi mogzauroba esaa ori axalgazrdis svla sakuTari Tavis, cxovrebis<br />
Sesacnobad, magram amave dros, sazogadod, adamianis sulisa da samyaros rTul<br />
labirinTebSi gasarkvevad. filmi adamianis Tavisuflebasa da Sinagan tyveobazea. im<br />
konfliqtebis Sesaxebaa, romlebic amqveynad mudam arsebobda, magram eqstremalur<br />
situaciaSi gansakuTrebuli ZaliT iCenda Tavs; im Sinagan winaaRmdegobaze, romelic<br />
pirovnebis nebas zRudavda da uxilavi tyveobis xlarTebSi xvevda mas. yarabaRSi<br />
moxvedrili axalgazrdebis xvedri sulieri patimrobis kidev erTi metaforaa. gios<br />
protesti, amboxi da gaqceva, tyveebis daxsna da megobris gaTavisuflebisken swrafva<br />
aramxolod fizikuri Tavisuflebis mopovebis mcdelobaa, aramed, pirvel rigSi,<br />
Sinaganis.<br />
`gaseirneba yarabaRSi~ am Taobis adamianebis, yvela CvenTaganis tkivilze da imazea,<br />
rom es tkivili ar aris romelime konkretuli drois, adamianebis jgufis an eris<br />
warmomadgenlis xvedri. is masStaburia. Tavisuflebisaken swrafva, TavisuflebisaTvis<br />
brZola adamians dabadebidan Tan dahyveba. esaa filmi sulier Tavisuflebaze, imaze, Tu<br />
ra aris is, risTvisac ibrZvi, sworia misken swrafva, Tu ar aris swori.<br />
sworia Tu ara filmis mTavari gmiri, rodesac TavisuflebisTvis ibrZvis da aris<br />
Tu ara es Tavisufleba (an iqneb, is ufro sworia, rasac mamamisi eubneba da megobrebi<br />
urCeven? Tu globalurad SevxedavT, es sakiTxebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas, magram<br />
ZiriTadad mainc, esaa filmi Sinagani, sulieri Tavisuflebisken swrafvaze da sevdaze,<br />
tkivilze, gaurkvevlobaze, gaorebaze, romelic yvelganaa: gioSi, mis megobrebSi, mamaSi,<br />
yvela adamianSi. rodesac mama, magaliTad, Tavis pozicias amarTlebs (rac giosTvis,<br />
sazogadoebisTvis an saerTod, zneobriobis TvalsazrisiT miuRebelia), SeiZleba,<br />
Tundac Zilis win, isic fiqrobs, sworia Tu ara, rasac akeTebs.<br />
sworia Tu ara is, rasac somxebi da azerbaijanelebi akeTeben da aris Tu ara maTi<br />
dapirispireba brZola TavisuflebisTvis; Tu esaa omi sxvis dasamoneblad, sxvisi<br />
102
teritoriebis dasapyrobad, gnebavT, sakuTaris dasabruneblad; iyo Tu ara is omi,<br />
romelsac saqarTveloSi adgili hqonda, samarTliani; ras fiqrobdnen amis Taobaze<br />
isini, vinc maSin ibrZoda da ras fiqroben drois gasvlis Semdeg isini, vinc gadarCa.<br />
`gaseirneba yarabaRSi~ esaa filmi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor iqcevian an moiqceodnen<br />
adamianebi konkretul viTarebaSi, anda maSin, rodesac maT cxovreba sxva pirobebis, sxva<br />
gansacdelis, sxva arCevanis winaSe daayenebda.<br />
filmi mravali urTierTgadamkveTi da paraleluri xazisgan Sedgeba, ambavi<br />
dinamikurad, cocxal tempo-ritmSi viTardeba da mayurebels wamiTac ar aZlevs<br />
modunebis, inertulobis saSualebas. movlenebi ramdenime mimarTulebiT iSleba da<br />
sabolood, erT wertilSi iyris Tavs. dramatizmiT gamsWvalul scenebs lirikuli da<br />
msubuqi iumoriT gajerebuli epizodebi enacvleba. amave dros, mTel films Tan sdevs<br />
iumori da Txrobis zomieri silaRe, rac misi mTliani xasiaTis ganmsazRvrelia da rac,<br />
sabolood mayurebels im Tavisuflebis gancdas aniWebs, riskenac filmis gmirebi<br />
iswrafodnen.<br />
dRes, rodesac qarTuli kinos krizisis Sesaxebaa saubari, ris mizezadac<br />
kinosamyaro saxelmwifo dafinansebis arqonas asaxelebs, saqarTveloSi gamoCndnen<br />
adamianebi, romlebmac saxelmwifo mowyalebis lodins, problemis gadawyvetis sakuTari<br />
gza arCies da erovnuli kinowarmoeba axal etapze aiyvanes.<br />
maT daamtkices, rom sworad gaTvlilma finansurma Tu sawarmoo, gegmazomierma<br />
procesma SemoqmedebiTi ideebis, Canafiqris realizebasa da Sesabamisad, warmatebas<br />
SeiZleba Seuwyos xeli. safiqrebelia, rom films finansuri warmatebac eqneba, radgan is<br />
im iSviaT gamonakliss warmoadgens, rodesac mxatvruli Rirebuleba komerciul<br />
mxaresTanaa Serwymuli da masTan mSvidobianad da harmoniulad Tanaarsebobs.<br />
~gaseirneba yarabaRSi~ pirveli qarTuli filmia, romelic ucxourma `seil<br />
agenturam~ sadistribuciod aiRo. ~yarabaRi~ mxolod amis Semdeg SeZlebs mis Seqmnaze<br />
daxarjuli Tanxebis TandaTan ~dabrunebas~. Tumca, filmi saqarTveloSi or ekranze<br />
gadioda da erT TveSi Cadebuli Tanxis 20-30% amoiRo.<br />
SeiZleba iqvas, rom levan TuTberiZem `miTi~ qarTuli kinos gardacvalebis Sesaxeb<br />
erTi xelis mosmiT daangria da sazogadoebas xmamaRla auwya misi xelmeored dabadebis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
CaawyveT rigSi ~13Tzameti~ tyvia<br />
yovelgvari gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom filmi, romelic aqtiurad<br />
monawileobs qarTuli kinos daRupvis miTis ngrevis procesSi da seriozuli<br />
saerTaSoriso miRwevebic aqvs, axalgazrda reJisoris gela babluanis qarTulfranguli<br />
filmi `13Tzameti~-a. filmi, romelic frangul studiaSi LES FILMS la STRADA-<br />
Sia Seqmnili da romelmac ukve moswro msoflios erT-erTi prestiJuli da<br />
mniSvnelovani festivalis _ veneciis dapyroba, saukeTeso debiutisTvis `oqros<br />
lomisa~ da `fipresis~ prizis, luiji de laurentisis saxelobis premiis miReba, amerikis<br />
saerTaSoriso, mTavar festival `sandensze~ `gran prisa~ da Tbilisis saerTaSoriso<br />
kinofestivalze `vercxlis promeTes~ mopoveba.<br />
ukve miRweuli warmatebebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom didi xania, aravis<br />
usaubria qarTveli reJisoris filmze imdeni, ramdenic `13Tzameti~-ze, da vinc is naxa,<br />
advilad mixvdeboda, Tu ratom `moigo~ gela babluanma amdeni ~brZola~. Tumca, isic<br />
unda iTqvas, rom sazogadoebis yuradRebas gela babluani imiTac izidavs, rom igi<br />
cnobili reJisoris, 80-ianelTa Taobis da Tanamedrove qarTuli kinos erT-erTi<br />
lideris Temur babluanis Svilia. bunebrivia, rodesac reJisors aseTi mama hyavs, is<br />
interesis obieqti TavisTavad xdeba, rac Svils, amave dros, garkveul<br />
pasuxismgeblobasac akisrebs. rogorc amboben, `kvici gvarze xtis~, magram es `kvici~,<br />
sruliad `axali sisxlis~, sxva ~Seferilobisaa~, radgan sruliad axal kinos qmnis. igi<br />
samyaros mamisgan gansxvavebulad xedavs da saxavs, Tumca is energetika, is muxti,<br />
romelic Temur babluanis SemoqmedebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, gela babluanis<br />
103
filmSic aSkaraa da mZlavr nakadad vlindeba. am muxtis matarebelia (oRond sxva<br />
asapeqtSi) Temur babluanis meore Svili da gela babluanis umcrosi Zma giorgi<br />
babluanic, romelic `13~-Si mTavar, fsiqologiurad urTules, mraval umcires niuansze<br />
awyobil saxes qmnis da, faqtobrivad, mTeli procesi mihyavs.<br />
rom vTqva, rom gela babluanis ~13~ kargi filmia, igivea, araferi vTqva. albaT, arc<br />
imis Tqma iqneba sakmarisi, rom, rogorc reJisorebs uyvarT xolme axsna, `es kinoa~. imis<br />
gansazRvrac Znelia, Tu romel JanrSia is gadawyvetili, radgan aq yvelaferia _ yofiTi<br />
dramac, romelic TiTqos deteqtivSi gadaizrdeba TrilerTan `miqsSi~, da tragediac,<br />
rac filmis msvlelobisas TandaTan mZafrdeba mTavari gmiris `ukanasknel<br />
amosunTqvamde.~<br />
aq mniSvnelovania da `muSaobs~ yvelaferi _ siuJetic, romelsac reJisori saocari<br />
ostatobiT Slis da romelic sruliad moulodnel viraJebs akeTebs; atmosfero,<br />
romelSic moqmedeba viTardeba da romelic gansakuTrebuli damuxtulobiT gamoirCeva;<br />
Sav-TeTri firi, rac films Tavisebur faqturasa da gamomsaxvelobas aniWebs; siCume<br />
(umusikoba), romelsac mxolod realuri xmebi avsebs da saerTo atmosferos aqtiurad<br />
ajerebs; msaxiobebi da maT mier Seqmnili saxe-tipaJi, gansakuTrebiT ki giorgi babluanis<br />
gmiris mier, drois xanmokle monakveTSi srul gardasxvamde ganvlili gza.<br />
gaocebas iwvevs is faqtic, Tu rogori simsubuqiT, laRad da TiTqos marTla erTi<br />
amosunTqviTaa Seqmnili urTulesi siuJetur-problemuri xazis Semcveli filmi, sadac<br />
arc erTi zedmeti kadri ar aris, sadac yoveli detali erTian, daxvewil mTlianobas<br />
qmnis _ qmediT gamosaxulebas realurisa da zerealuris, movlenaTa ganviTarebis, aseve<br />
filmis montaJuri gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT. filmi mayurebels pirveli kadrebidanve,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, ukiduresad daZabul mdgomareobaSi amyofebs, magram is, rac Semdgom<br />
xdeba, yovelgvar `normas~ scildeba da mas seriozul stress ayenebs.<br />
filmi evropuli, ~ufro ki 60-iani wlebis franguli da qarTuli kinos saukeTeso<br />
tradiciebiTaa gadaRebuli, rac, SeiZleba iqvas, TviT evropaSic da, miT ufro,<br />
saqarTveloSi, ukve aRar arsebobs. amave dros is gamorCeuli saavtoro individulobiTa<br />
da mkveTrad gamoxatuli, umaRlesi klasis sareJisoro xelweriT gamoirCeva.<br />
rogorc SemoqmedebiTi jgufis Semadgenlobis, aseve wminda SemoqmedebiTi<br />
gadawyvetidan gamomdinare, filmi qarTul-frangulia. `13~ gela babluanma sakuTari<br />
scenariT gadaiRo. operatoria frangi qarTveli tariel meliava, romlis rolic filmis<br />
gamosaxveli faqturis SeqmnaSi ganuzomelia, memonataJea noemo moro, xmis reJisori _<br />
didie lozahi.<br />
reJisori mayurebels araerT xafangs ugebs da araerT naRms ufeTqebs cxvirwin.<br />
mTavari gmiri _ muSa sebastiani Camongreuli Weris napralidan danaxul ucnaur<br />
garemoebaTa uneblie mowme da Semdeg am garemoebaTa monawilec xdeba. Tumca, ramdenad<br />
xdeba imis gacnobiereba da dagegmva, swori da utyuari gadawyvetilebebis miReba maSin,<br />
rodesac saqmeSi bediswera ereva?!<br />
narkomani saxlis mepatronisgan ucnauri memkvidreobis miRebis Semdeg iwyeba<br />
axalgazrda kacis Tanamedrove odisea _ ucnauri, saxifaTo Tavgadasavali sabediswero<br />
adgilamde, sadac bedma sazogadoebisgan ganwirul 13 adamians mouyara Tavi. am xafangSi<br />
12 sakuTari nebiT Sedis da erTi _ sebastiani _ 13 nomriT moTamaSe uneblied xdeba igi<br />
TiTqos iRbliani (rac gamorCeulad Zvirad fasobs), `rusuli ruletkis~ principiT<br />
TamaSSi mogebuli sabolood mainc ver imarjvebs.<br />
moqmedeba safrangeTSi viTardeba, magram es araa is safrangeTi, romelsac mTeli<br />
samyaro icnobs Tu cnobs. ambavi, romelic filmSi xdeba, SeiZleba moxdes yvelan, sadac<br />
adamiani saxlobs da sadac sazogadoeba uimedodaa avad. gela babluani sadRac,<br />
safrangeTis provinciaSi, tyis siRrmeSi Cakargul saxls da masSi ganviTarebul<br />
movlenebs samyaros mikromodelad warmoadgens. is Sors cdeba mxolod erTi Tu 13<br />
adamianis cxovrebis erTi monakveTis Sesaxeb Txrobas, anu im garemos farglebs, sadac<br />
moqmedeba viTardeba. scildeba igi im Temis farglebsac, romelic, pirveli<br />
STabeWdilebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gvegonos, rom films safuZvlad udevs.<br />
am saxlSi anu samyaroSi _ mtrulad ganwyobil garemoSi, sadac yoveli wami,<br />
naTuris anTebasTan erTad sikvdilTan miaxloeba da masTan TamaSia _ Znelia<br />
104
gansazRvro, sad gadis zRvari sikvdilsa da sicocxles Soris. aq, faqtobrivad,<br />
SeuZlebeli xdeba imis garCeva, sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba adamianoba, zneoba, morali,<br />
danaSauli Tu udanaSauloba, radgan esaa Caketili wre, sadac adamianebs bediswera<br />
axvedrebs da saidanac gamosavali, maSinac ki, rodesac es wre odnav ixsneba, ar arsebobs.<br />
`13~ realobis saxieri anareklia. Caketili sivrce qmnis sulieri Caketilobis<br />
mtanjvel SegrZnebas rogorc sebastianisTvis, aseve mayureblisaTvis. esaa Tanamedrove<br />
adamianis tragedia, romelic samyaroSi gamefebuli ukanonobis, Zaladobis, uzneobisa<br />
da sxvisi bedis mimarT sruli gulgrilobis msverpli xdeba. mis Tavisuflebas bevri<br />
garemoeba zRudavs da cxovrebaSi radikaluri cvlilebebisken ubiZgebs.<br />
sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze balansireba, isedac wonasworobadarRveul<br />
samyaroSi, rTulia da is gansakuTrebiT rTuli xdeba im axalgazrda kacisTvis,<br />
romelmac yofis yvela simZime sakuTar Tavze gamoscada, visac arsebobisTvis mravali<br />
winaaRmegobis daZleva uwevs, magram adamianis saxe, adamianuri Tvisebebi SenarCunebuli<br />
aqvs.<br />
adamianis sicocxle erTdroulad Zviradac fasobs da fasic ara aqvs, imis mixedviT,<br />
RmerTi vis ra beds argunebs. TamaSi bediswerasa da did fulzea. Tanxa, romelsac<br />
moTamaSeebi Camodian, katastroful masStabebs iRebs. laparaki milionebzea da<br />
sikvdil-sicocxliT vaWrobaze. fsonze 13 adamianis sicocxle devs, 13 gansxvavebuli<br />
bedis adamianis, romlebic am TamaSSi sxvadasxva garemoebam moaxvedra.<br />
`CaawyveT tyviebi, daatrialeT `barabani~, gaCerdiT, naTuras uyureT, rodesac<br />
ainTeba, Caxmaxs gamohkariT!~ _ avismomaswaveblad gaismis ~msajis~ es sityvebi<br />
TiToeuli moTamaSisaTvis da mayureblisaTvis. es procesi dausruleblad geCveneba.<br />
TamaSi Tavisi gziT midis, ufro da ufro rTuldeba, iZabeba, wre viwrovdeba, mizani<br />
axloa da Serkinebac finals uaxlovdeba. Tanamedrove `gladiatorebi~<br />
sisxlissunnagemebi brbos winaSe, Tavadac am brbos nawili, magram amjerad arenaze<br />
barieris meore mxares, gamosuli da iqve samudamod darCenili, radgan kidev erTxel da<br />
ukanasknelad ar gaumarTlaT.<br />
samagierod, gagvimarTla Cven, vinc qarTuli kinoTi odesRac ganebivrebulebi<br />
viyaviT da visac is gviyvarda, radgan `13Tzameti~, mravali dartymisa da mizanSi zustad<br />
moxvedrili gasrolis Semdeg, momavlis imeds gvaZlevs.<br />
ra memkvidreoba gadasca Temur babluanma gela babluans da ra aris maTi<br />
`memkvidreoba~?<br />
70-iani wlebis bolodan da 80-ianebis dasawyisidan moyolebuli, mas Semdeg, rac<br />
sazogadoebam pirvelad ixila `beRurebis gadafrena~ da moinusxa, igi yovelTvis<br />
elodeba Temur babluanis filmebs da yovelTvis umarTlebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
reJisori Tayvanismcemlebs maincdamainc xSirad ar an ver anebivrebs da molodinic<br />
Zalze iweleba, yoveli morigi filmi esaa Sexvedra. nacnob babluanTan, magram, amave<br />
dros, sruliad axal, Secvlil da axal simaRleze asul mis xelovnebasTan.<br />
rodesac 21-e saukunis saqarTveloSi gela babluanis `13Tzameti~ uCvenes,<br />
mayureblis reaqcia iseTive iyo, rogorc ukve Soreul 70-80-ianebis mijnaze. maSin<br />
`beRurebma~ naRmis gavardnis efeqti gamoiwvia. meore naRmi meore babluanma Tavisi<br />
Sokuri `13~-iT aafeTqa da axla ukve mesame afeTqebis dro dadga _ Temur da gela<br />
babluanebma, Temur babluanis scenaris mixedviT, erTad gadaiRes filmi`memkvidreoba~.<br />
jer kidev cota xnis win, rodesac babluanze viwyebdiT xolme saubars, gasagebi iyo,<br />
rom igi Temur babluans Seexeboda. dRes, rodesac am gvars axseneb, ukve saWiroa<br />
daazisto _ mamaa is Tu Svili, xolo Tu am gvaris kidev erT warmomadgenelze<br />
visaubrebT, romelmac jer kidev `13Tzameti~-dan moxibla yvela gamorCeuli samsaxiobo<br />
monacemebiT, daxvewili saSemsruleblo maneriTa da aranakleb daxewili, keTilSobili<br />
garegnobiT, kidev erTi dakonkreteba mogviwevs _ giorgi babluani. msaxiobia Temur<br />
105
abluanis meuRlec _ lia babluani da qaliSvili olikoc, Tumca igi olga legrani<br />
gaxda meuRlis, aseve msaxiobisa da aseve babluanebis filmebis monawilis, gvaris<br />
mixedviT. amdenad, babluanebi bevrni arian da am SemTxvevaSi, raodenoba xarisxsac<br />
gansazRvravs.<br />
am xarisxis demonstrirebaa `memkvidreobac~, romelic safrangeTis studiebSi _<br />
NK2 da iseve, rogorc `13~, LES FILMS la STRADA-Sia gadaRebuli, qarTuli warmoSobis<br />
frangi operatoris tariel meliavas mier, qarTveli da frangi msaxiobebis<br />
monawileobiT.<br />
ambavi, romelsac Temur da gela babluanebi TavianT axal da pirvel erTobliv<br />
filmSi gviamboben, erTi mxriv uCveuloa da meore mxriv, kargad nacnobi maTTvis, vinc<br />
saqarTvelos mTianeTis tradiciebs icavs.<br />
saqarTveloSi stumrad myofi sami frangi da erTic, saqarTveloSi dasaxlebuli<br />
maTi Tanamemamule _ qarTuli enis specialisti, svaneTSi sisxlis aRebis wesis metad<br />
ucnauri faqtis momswreni xdebian. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom Temur babluanis mier<br />
SeTxzuli, Tumca, SesaZloa, realur istoriaze dafuZnebuli ambavi, qarTveli, saqmeSi<br />
met-naklebad Caxeduli, mayureblisTvisac ki Zrwolismomgvrelia. gansakuTrebiT<br />
imitom, rom gamorCeul kinematografiul nimuSTan gvaqvs Sexeba, sadac es yvelaferi<br />
Zalian maRali xarisxis mxatvrul ganzogadebas ganicdis da daxvewili gamosaxveli<br />
xerxebiTa da stiluri formebiTaa Seqmili.<br />
danjRreuli, adgilobrivi mcxovreblebiT savse avtobusiT svaneTisken mimaval<br />
frang stumrebs xandazmuli mamakaci da axalgazrda daemgzavrebian, ucnauri tvirTiT,<br />
ucnaurad mdumareni. aRmoCndeba, rom es tvirTi kuboa papisTvis, romelic `xval~ unda<br />
moklan, radgan maT ojaxs sisxli marTebs. imisTvis, rom msxverpli ojaxis romelime<br />
axalgazrda wevri ar gaxdes, moxuci gadawyvets, Tavad iqces vendetis obieqtad. Semdeg,<br />
erT-erT svanur sofelSi iaraRmomarjvebuli, mosisxleebisken mimavali kaci uecrad<br />
bunebrivi sikvdiliT kvdeba da mis nacvlad SviliSvils klaven.<br />
mTeli filmis ganmavlobaSi reJisorebi mayurebels daZabuli molodinis<br />
mdgomareobaSi amyofeben da es daZabuloba sxvadasxva detaliT, sxvadasxva miniSnebiT,<br />
movlenaTa ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapiT miiRweva. rodesac kulminacia dgeba,<br />
rodesac TiTqos ukve yvelaferi moxda, filmi axal mimarTulebas Rebulobs. ~eqSenis~<br />
Janri jer momxdaris gamoZiebis, adamianTa qmedebis asaxsnelada gamiznuli, Semdeg ki<br />
maTi urTierTobebis, damokidebulebebis axali waxnagebis gamosavlenad. am yvelafers<br />
fonad saqarTvelos dRevandeli realoba, qaosi, danaSaulisa da sasjelis<br />
ukontroloba, qurdoba, iaraRiT ukanono vaWroba da tradiciebis `erTguleba~ udevs.<br />
filmis TiToeuli personaJis _ jalaTis, msxverplisa da maTi istoriis uneblie<br />
monawilis _ cxovrebaSi TiTqos raRac icvleba, raRac xdeba maTs Sinagan samyaroSi.<br />
isini, da maTTan erTad mayurebelic, acnobiereben, rom is, rac erTi SexedviT egzotikaa,<br />
rac, erTi SexedviT lokaluri movlenaa, iseve exeba saqarTvelos am kuTxes, rogorc<br />
mTlianad saqarTvelos, iseve exeba erT konkretul adamians, rogorc mTlianad<br />
sazogadoebas. sadac ar unda arsebobdes is, romelic gaumarTlebeli `Tundac<br />
keTilSobili mizniT _ memkvidreobiT miRebuli SuRlis dasasruleblad iyos<br />
Cafiqrebuli~ saqcieliT Zaladobis gamwvavebas uwyobs xels da udanaSaulo msxverpls<br />
swiravs.<br />
mogzauroba arsaiT grZeldeba<br />
imis kidev erTi imedi, rom qarTulma kinom axali da swori kursi aiRo da Cveni<br />
droisa da sinamdvilis kidev erTi mxatvruli asaxva moaxdina, gaCnda levan<br />
zaqareiSvilis bolo filmSic `Tbilisi-Tbilisi~. is marTlac bolo aRmoCnda am<br />
reJisorisTvis, romelic 2006 wlis zafxulSi moulodnelad gardaicvala. filmis<br />
gadaRebebi 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda ara reJisoris axirebis, aramed im<br />
zemoxsenebuli mizezebis gamo, rac sazogadod Tanamedrove qarTuli kulturisa da, maT<br />
Soris, kinematografis ganviTarebis erT-erT Semaferxeblad iqca. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
`Tbilisi-Tbilisis~ Tematikis safuZvelSi Caido is garemoebebi, romlebSic levan<br />
106
zaqareiSvilsa da mis kolegebs uxdebodaT muSaoba da rac filmSi qarTuli kinos<br />
mdgomareobis amsaxvel suraTad Camoyalibda.<br />
filmis mTavari gmiri _ daTo reJisoria. igi imisTvis, rom SimSilisa da<br />
siRatakisgan Tavi gadairCinos, sakuTari saxlis erT sarTuls aqiravebs. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom xelovneba aravis sWirdeba, daTo mainc ver cvlis xelovnebas xelosnobaze.<br />
dro masSi ver klavs Semoqmedis aqtiur suls, profesiuli kinokameris nacvlad<br />
videokameras iRebs da misi meSveobiT cxovrebaze dakvirvebas iwyebs. masalis ZiebaSi<br />
daTo SemTxveviT bazrobis teritoriaze xvdeba. rasac igi iRebs, misi obieqtivis<br />
sazRvrebidan gamodis da mayureblis Tvalwin ekranze aisaxeba. amgvari gadawyveta<br />
zaqareiSvilis mier realobis warmosaCenad gamoyenebul erT-erT sareJisoro xerxs<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
garSemo WuWyi da nacrisferi, usaxuri atmosferoa. aseTad aRiqvams daTo da<br />
.cxadia, reJisoric, cxovrebas. did bazrobadqceuli qalaqi da Sesabamisad, qveyana,<br />
romlis mikromodelsac reJisori Cveni sinamdvilis am `aqtualuri~ metaforiT qmnis,<br />
masze damTrgunvelad moqmedebs. daTo swored bazrobaze gadaeyreba Tavis leqtors,<br />
baton oTars, romelic daxlTan vaWrobs. SeZrwunebuli axalgazrda kaci saxlSi<br />
brundeba da momaval filmze iwyebs fiqrs.<br />
daTo bazrobaze yoveldRe dadis da realuri cxovrebis epizodebs akvirdeba. aq<br />
sxvadasxva asakis, socialuri fenis adamianebi erTad cxovroben, erTnair saqmianobas<br />
ewevian, magram bedis erTgvarovnebis miuxedavad, daundobelni, Seuwynarebelni arian<br />
erTmaneTis mimarT. Ria cisqveS patara miwis naglejisTvis maT SeuZliaT Tavs<br />
absoluturad yvelafris ufleba miscen.<br />
mravalwliani pauza levan zaqareiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi da reJisorebis `gulgrili<br />
dumili~ Tanamedrove cxovrebisa da arsebuli problematikis mimarT, mkveTr<br />
metaforad iqca da TiTqos gadaZaxili hpova aleko cabaZis filmebTan, romlebic<br />
mosalodnel `xifaTze~ ufro adre gvafrTxilebdnen.<br />
aq yvela erTi jaWviTaa gadabmuli. yru-munji nona Tavs mxolod imitom ar iklavs,<br />
rom Zma amqveynad marto ar datovos. maT sacxovrebels matareblis Zveli vagoni<br />
warmoadgens da d-Zma darwmunebulia, rom swored es vagoni daabrunebs maT afxazeTSi.<br />
jibgiri besos da sxeuliT vaWrobs, misi muStrebi ki policielebi arian bazrobidan.<br />
policia danaSaulebrivi samyaros erT-erTi rgolia.<br />
yofili profesori da Tavis mxriv, filmis gmiric movlenebs akvirdebian, Tumca,<br />
bunebrivia, arafris Secvla ar SeuZliaT. cxovreba am adamianebisTvis im winaaRmdegobas<br />
warmoadgens, romelic unda gadailaxos. Cven iseTebi varT, rogorsac realoba gvqmnis<br />
da Tu Cvens beds mTlianobis detals SevadarebT, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom samyaro<br />
swored aseTi detalebisagan Sedgeba.<br />
levan zaqareiSvilma Tavisi gmirebi erT did xafangSi moaqcia. isini kedlebs<br />
exlebian, magram gareT gamosvlas ver axerxeben. wre Caketilia. qaosi batonobs. qaosis<br />
dros ki gadarCena rTulia. daTos es esmis da amdenad, mis scenarSi realuri cxovrebis<br />
personaJi _ Temo iRupeba, bazrobaze xelaxla moxvedrili reJisori ki Semzarav ambavs<br />
igebs _ Cxubis dros Temo sakuTar danas wamoego da marTlac mokvda.<br />
ase gadaejaWva erTmaneTs erT mTlianobaSi sinamdvile da gamonagoni, Tumca daTos<br />
scenars realuri safuZveli aqvs da am realobam, masze dakvirvebam, misi asaxvis<br />
survilma filmis mTavari gmiri CixSi Seiyvana.<br />
igi bevrisgan gansxvavebiT, konformisti araa. fulad garigebebze ar midis, ibrZvis<br />
adamianuri saxis SenarCunebisaTvis, cdilobs, ar iqces brbos nawilad, ar icxovros<br />
garedan Tavsmoxveuli normebiT. yofa mis cnobierebaze ar moqmedebs _ esec Cveni<br />
realobaa, romelic konkretulis sazRvrebs arRvevs da zogadsakacobrio faseulobaTa<br />
orbitaze gadinacvlebs.<br />
garemomcveli samyaro daTosTvis, erTi mxriv, dramatuli da, meore mxriv,<br />
SemecnebiTi aRmoCnda. swored aman misca SesaZlebloba CaRrmaveboda problemebs,<br />
Caswvdomoda maT da rogorRac gaerkvia is, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba.<br />
qarTveli eris cnobiereba seriozulada Seirya da dazianda, man dakarga brZolis<br />
unari da Tviseba _ gaumklavdes Zalebs, romlebic upirispirdebian sazogadoebis<br />
107
survils Tu miswrafebas, Tavidan aicilos katastrofa da samSvidobos gavides. amdenad,<br />
miznis misaRwevad mas bevri winaaRmdegoba eRobeba.<br />
grZnobebis, harmoniis dakargva, gamocdilebis daviwyeba, cxovrebis cocxali<br />
SegrZnebis gaqroba, niadagis gamocla, maradiul moralur-zneobriv safuZvelTan<br />
kavSiris unaris amowurva, rasac ase aqtiurad upirispirdeboda 60-70-iani wlebis<br />
kinematografi, iqca im krizisis mizezad, romelmac erTianad moicva Tanamedrove<br />
qarTuli kino.<br />
swored is faqti, rom mravali dramatuli, tragikuli movlenis Semdeg, rac<br />
saqarTveloSi ganviTarda, Tanamedrove qarTveli reJisorebi am problematikiT, am<br />
sakiTxebiT ar interesdebodnen, umoqmedobaSi maTi braldebis safuZvlad iqca.<br />
istoriis es gakveTili mexsierebas jer kidev SemorCa, magram es mxolod mexsierebaa<br />
da nostalgia imaze, rac ukve iyo, magram aRar ganmeordeba. nostalgia droze, ganSoreba<br />
sulier samyarosTan, iluziebTan. kacobriobis istoriaSi aseTi ramac araerTxel<br />
momxdara da xelovnebas msvleloba, ganviTareba droebiT Seuwyvetia. qarTul<br />
xelovnebaSic arsebobs amgvari `TeTri laqebi~, magram am jerze es gamoTxoveba Zalian<br />
didxans gagrZelda da lodinis procesi droSi usasrulod gaiWima. 10-15 weli<br />
istoriisTvis araferia, adamianisTvis, xelovanisTvis, kulturisTvis ki aTwleulebs<br />
udris.<br />
is, rac moxda, Tavis filmebSi iwinaswarmetyvela aleqsandre rexviaSvilma. man<br />
TiTqos gansazRvra, ra moxdeboda samyaroSi da Tavis filmebSi igavis formiT asaxa is<br />
viTareba, Zaladobis is suraTi, rac 70-iani wlebis saqarTvelosTvis iyo damaxsiaTebeli<br />
da amiT XXI saukuneSi gamefebuli sulieri krizisis winaswarmetyveluri metaforuli<br />
xati Seqmna.<br />
dRes axali realoba dadga. rac arsebobda, ver daibruneb, amitom win unda gaixedo<br />
da swored iq moZebno sayrdeni wertili. samyaroSi harmoniis mopoveba, albaT,<br />
warmoudgenelia, magram imis Sansi, rom ar daece, yovelTvis arsebobs.<br />
levan zaqareiSvilis `Tbilisi-TbilisiT~, iseve, rogorc `gaseirnebiT~, `13~-iT da<br />
`memkvidreobiT~ TiTqos am danaSaulis gamosyidva moxda da isini iqcnen im ~Semdgar~<br />
Tanamedrove nawarmoebebad, romlebmac qarTuli kinos Cixidan gamoyvana daiwyes.<br />
marTalia, iluziebis srul axdenamde, ndobis mTlianad aRdgenamde jer kidev Soria da<br />
amisTvis kidev bevria gasakeTebeli. matarebeli mxolod axla daiZra da saiT miemarTeba,<br />
ucnobia.<br />
Cven kidev erTxel unda gadavxedoT warsuls, CavuRrmavdeT mas da Semdeg<br />
momavlisken gavixedoT _ iq bevri, jer kidev aRmouCeneli sabado gvelodeba.<br />
108
dakarguli sivrcis ZiebaSi<br />
qeTi jiSiaSvili<br />
tradiciulad, qalaqis filosofiaze saubari arqiteqturis stilis aRwerasa da<br />
analizs eyrdnoba, rac gulisxmobs ara mxolod sxvadasxva samSeneblo stilis<br />
monacvleobas, aramed gamoxatavs ,,epoqis suls”, ama Tu im epoqis xilul<br />
msoflmxedvelobas.<br />
Tuki am mimarTulebiT ganvixilavT Cvens dedaqalaqs, TvalSisacemi xdeba misi<br />
saxecvlileba bolo aTwleulebis manZilze, rac sabWouri epoqis rRvevasa da axali<br />
formaciisaken swrafvas daemTxva. istoriuli warsulis yoveli politikurekonomikuri<br />
formacia sakuTar ,,qalaqs” qmnida. gviani kapitalizmisTvis qalaqis<br />
organuli forma megapolisia _ sarke, sadac Tanamedroveobis yvela paradigma mkafiod<br />
irekleba. aq gansakuTrebiT iCens Tavs inividisa da qalaqis obieqturi garemos<br />
urTierTobis sakiTxi, swored individisa da qalaqis dinamiuri urTierTproeqcia<br />
warmoqmnis im rTul sociokulturul kvanZs, romlis meSveobiTac qalaqis metafizikuri<br />
saxe ikveTeba.<br />
aRniSnuli garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT davakvirdeT Tbiliss: sabWoTa sistema,<br />
erTi mxriv, Tavis Tavze iRebda qalaqis ganaSenianebas: axali nagebobebi erTiani gegmis<br />
nawils warmoadgenda, meore mxriv ki Tavadve aregulirebda mis ganviTarebas.<br />
dedaqalaqi sistemis funqcionirebis gamWvirvale saxes warmoadgenda, misi kulturul-<br />
socialur funqcionirebis asparezs. sistema agvarebda qalaqis yvela socialuri<br />
sakiTxs, ganagebda misi TiToeuli elamentis arsebobas, anu zRvari sistemasa da qalaqis<br />
socialur-kulturul arsebobas Soris TiTqmis ar arsebobda. igi qalaqis yvela SreSi<br />
aRwevda, amitomac sabWoTa epoqis dasrulebasTan erTad qalaqs gamoecala sistemis<br />
mdgradi substancia da avtonomiuri ganviTarebis realuri Sansi mieca.<br />
Tuki dRes qalaqis saxecvlilebis masStabs ganvixilavT, naTeli gaxdeba, rom<br />
qalaqi ufro damoukidebeli, avtonomiuri organizmi gaxda, romelic jer isev<br />
avtoidentifikaciis procesSia da sakuTari saxisa da potenciis gamovlenadamkvidrebisaken<br />
iswrafvis. ramdenad warmatebulia es procesi, ramdenad esTetur an<br />
marTebul formebs qmnis qalaqi, es calke Temaa. axali SesaZleblobebis Zieba, garkveuli<br />
geografiuli zonebis aqcentireba, centrebis gadanacvleba, axali funqciuri<br />
nagebobebis mSenebloba, sxvadasxva arqiteqturul stilTa SeWra.qalaqs mudmiv<br />
fluqtuaciur substanciad aqcevs, romelic damoukidebeli TviTregulirebiT<br />
xasiaTdeba. es procesebi mimdinareobs kapitalizmis danergvis fonze, rac, bunebrivia,<br />
ganapirobebs qalaqis saxecvlilebis veqtorsac. dedaqalaqi erTaderTi aRmoCnda,<br />
romelmac sakuTar Tavze aiRo axali moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis funqcia. axali saxis<br />
ekonomikuri urTierTobebi, rac sruliad ucxo da umniSvnelo iyo socialisturi<br />
reJimisdroindeli TbilisisTvis, qalaqis cxovrebis dominantad da sasicocxlo<br />
impulsad iqca. am SemTxvevaSi vgulisxmob ara zogadad dedaqalaqis rols qveynis an<br />
saerTaSoriso masStabiT, aramed kapitalistur urTierTobis mTel speqtrs, romelmac<br />
mTlianad daikava socialur urTierTobebSi rRvevis dros warmoqmnili vakuumi.<br />
sabazro ekonomikis formebi, romlebic ukve myarad damkvidrebuli da gamocdili iyo<br />
sabWouri sivrcis miRma, mtkivneulad misaRebi, da me vityodi, xSirad uxerxulic ki<br />
gamodga arsebuli socialuri garemosaTvis. miuxedavad rigi mkafiod gansazRvruli<br />
orientaciisa da socialur- ekonomikuri urTerTmimarTebisa Soris, qalaqsa da<br />
individs Soris es urTierToba jer kidev mouwesrigebeli da bundovania. ,,im wuTidan,<br />
rac sazogadoeba gaCnda, nebismieri, rasac igi iyenebs, misi moxmarebis niSnad iqceva” _<br />
ambobs barti.(Elementi di Semiologia.cit.,II.I.4) arqiteqtura yvelaze funqciuri xelovnebaa,<br />
misi funqciis damkveTi ki sociumia.. arqiteqtura am sociumis ,,Sinagani moZraobis”<br />
niSanTa saukeTeso mauwyebelia da imavdroulad gardaqmnisaken ubiZgebs missave damkveT<br />
sociums. amgvari urTierTgavlenebi Znelad gasamijnia, rac kidev ufro arTulebs maT<br />
diferencirebul analizs. magaliTad, Tuki CavTvliT, rom socialur garemoSi dRes<br />
109
dominanturi adgili savaWro urTierTobebs uWiravT, maT Sesatyvis arqiteqturul<br />
movlenad SegviZlia miviCnioT qalaqis sivrceSi SemoWrili iseTi zonebi, rogorebicaa<br />
bazrobebi, maRaziebi, xSirad istoriul-kulturuli daniSnulebis SenobaTa gaqiravebagayidva<br />
kvebis obieqtebsa da sxva saxis savaWro dawesebulebebze. aseve gare vaWroba,<br />
sxvadaxva sareklamo abrebi. arqiteqtura, romelic socialurad yvelaze ,,gulaxdili”<br />
xelovnebaa, araorazrovnad mogviTxrobs qalaqis, anu sazogadoebis kulturul-<br />
istoriuli Rirebulebebis ukana planze gadasvlasa da mis adgilas axali<br />
prioritetebis aRmocenebaze. qalaqi ki, rogorc zearqiteqturuli substancia, am<br />
garegnuli niSnebiT Cveni yofis raobas ki ar asaxavs mxolod, aramed stimulis saxiT<br />
zemoqmedebs Cvenze. Tu ki stimuls ganvsazRvravT, rogorc SegrZnebaTa kompleqss,<br />
arsebuli arqiteqturis zegavlenas individze(ukuqmedeba Cvens mier ganxorcielebul<br />
cvlilebebze) Semdeg saxes miiRebs: Tblisis arqiteqturuli komunikacia metwilad<br />
samomxmareblo datvirTvis matarebelia, nagebobaTa kulturuli komunikacia ukana<br />
planze gadadis, rogorc ufro susti, naklebagresiuli. maSinac ki, rodesac<br />
kulturuli komunikaciis damyarebas cdilobs, igi saurTierTod iyenebs<br />
,,arakulturul” enas, iqneba es koncertis afiSa Tu speqtaklis reklama. rogorc wesi,<br />
igi damfinansebel kompaniaTa ramodenime logos mainc Seicavs, rac misi mTavari mesijis<br />
garda, garkveul finansur urTierTobasa da valdebulebaze gvatyobinebs. ase rom,<br />
kulturuli plasti, romelic qalaqis metafizikuri saxis mniSvnelovani nawili iyo,<br />
TandaTan sagrZnoblad sustdeba. am movlenas paul Seerbarti memdegnairad ganixilavs:<br />
,,Cveni kultura garkveulad Cvenive arqiteqturis nayofia. Tuki gvsurs, rom Cveni<br />
kultura ufro maRal safexurze aviyvanoT, iZulebuli viqnebiT _ rogorc ar unda<br />
SevewinaaRmdegoT amas, _ SevcvaloT Cveni arqiteqtura. aseTi transformaciis<br />
ganxorcielebas ki mxolod maSin SevZlebT, roca SevewinaaRmdegebiT im Caketil<br />
sivrces, romelSiac vcxovrobT.” (http://magazines.russ.ru/logos?2002/3/fris.html).<br />
Tuki SevTanxmdebiT, rom qalaqi ar aris mxolod materialuri realoba, rasac Cven<br />
vxedavT, aramed misi arsi mdgomareobs im funqciebsa da gavlenebSi, romelsac igi<br />
saxelmwifosa da individze axdens, maSin SesaZlebeli gaxdeba zogierTi movlena swored<br />
am gavlenebis fonze ganvixiloT. Tbilisi mimzidveli gaxda, rogorc inteleqtualur-<br />
savaWro SesaZleblobaTa asparezi, ramac gamoiwvia mosaxleobis intensiuri dineba<br />
centrisken, Sedegad ki gaizarda sivrciT erTeulze individTa koncentracia. aq<br />
vgulisxmobT ara mxolod raodenobriv maCvenebels, aramed komunikaciis<br />
mravalferovnebasa da sixSiresac. momxmarebelze orientirebuli axali kapitalisturi<br />
sabazro principebis damkvidreba imTaviTve Seicavs miswrafebas masaTa amgvari<br />
,,dagrovebisaken”, maqsimaluri materialuri mogebis mizniT. amitomac didi qalaqebi,<br />
didi fuladi meurneobiT, sadac mosaxleobis msiydvelobiTi unari ufro maRalia,<br />
vidre patara qalaqebSi, masaTa amgvari akumulaciis erTgvar kerebs warmoqmnian.<br />
zemoT ukve aRvniSne, rom qalaqis arqiteqtura da yofa mTlianad daemorCila<br />
kapitalizmis principebs, amitom verc im fsiqologiur gavlenebs avicilebT Tavidan,<br />
romelic am wyobilebis samagaliTo gamovlinebisaTvis- megapolisisaTvisaa<br />
damaxasiaTebeli. gazviadebuli iqneboda Cveni dedaqalaqis Sedareba evropul an<br />
amerikul megapolisebTan, sadac qalaquri cxovrebis nebismieri aspeqti _ komerciuli<br />
urTierTobebi, dasaqmebis bazari, teqnikur- inteleqtualuri moRvaweoba _<br />
Seudareblad maRal intensivobas aRwevs da Sesabamisad, bevrad mZafr gavlenas axdens<br />
individis fsiqikur mdgomareobaze, magram isic cxadia, rom ganviTarebis axal<br />
veqtorTan erTad, Tavs iCens megapolisisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi faqtorebi,<br />
romelTa erTobliobac TandaTan cvlis qalaqis aRqmas da ubiZgebs individs meti<br />
izolaciisa da Caketilobisaken. amis yvelze TvalsaCino da advilad SesagrZnob<br />
magaliTs droisa da sivrcis axleburi aRqma warmoadgens. axal mSeneblobaTa simravlem<br />
sagrZnoblad Secvala Tbilisis bevri ubnis iersaxe. qalaqis ganaSenianebis axali talRis<br />
masStabi molodinis logikur zRvars scdeba da yvela SesaZlebeli Tu SeuZlebeli<br />
mimarTulebiT edeba qalaqs. stilisturad gansxvavebul mravalsarTulian SenobebTan<br />
erTad iqmneba axali mikroubnebi, axali socialuri datvirTviT, rac socialuri<br />
aqcentebis axlbur gadanawilebas iwvevs. stilTa SeuTavseblobisa da xazgasmuli<br />
110
kontrastebis gamo sivrcis aRqmaSi garkveuli fragmentuloba Semodis. erTiani sivrce,<br />
rac erTian arqiteqturul xats ganapirobebda, nawilebad iSleba da aRqmaSiac kargavs<br />
mTlianobas, calkeul fragmentebad aRiqmebian sxvadasxva gareubnebic da centric,<br />
romelTac axali gadanawilebisas socialuri datvirTvac SeecvalaT. vinaidan sivrcis<br />
aTviseba yovelgvari winaswari gegmis gareSe, mxolod bazris moTxovna- miwodebis<br />
principiT mimdinareobs. individi wydeba misTvis nacnob sivrces. aseTi swrafi da<br />
qaotur saxecvlilebebis gamo, ver aswrebs axal formasTan adaptirebas da ver grZnobs<br />
Tavs am, TiTqos ,,TavisTavadi” procesis monawiled, rac iwvevs mis gaucxovebas,<br />
daSorebas sakuTari qalaqis arqiteqturuli sivrcisagan.<br />
aranakleb mtkivneulad aisaxa qalaqis ritmis sagrZnobi aCqareba individis sulier<br />
cxovrebazec. qalaqis ritmi garkveul movlenaTa ganmeorebis intensiurobaa qalaqis<br />
SigniT. garda piradi sulieri gamocdilebisa, romelic aseve qalaqis xats atarebs Tavis<br />
TavSi _ individis yoveldRiur yofas metwilad swored ,,qalaquri movlenebis”<br />
erToblioba gansazRvravs. sityva ,,movlena” dRevandel realobaSi, ra Tqma unda, aRar<br />
atarebs Zvel mniSvnelobas da miTumetes adrindel xarisxs. movlena SegviZlia<br />
miviCnioT nebismier im ,,gamaRizianeblad,” rasac kapitalisturi manqana sakuTari<br />
miznisTvis, kerZod ki _ fuladi mogebis maqsimaluri gazrdisTvis iyenebs, magram am<br />
SemTxvevaSi arsebul miznebsa da mizezebs naklebi mniSvneloba aqvT, radgan gadamwyveti<br />
mxolod is fsiqologiuri Sedegia, rac amgvar daCqarebul temps axlavs Tan. garkveuli<br />
sixSiriT monacvle emociuri gamaRizianeblebi adekvatur reaqcias iwveven subieqtis<br />
mxridan. xSiri nerviuli aRznebis Sedegad ki subieqti ,,amoswuravs”, cveTs emociaTa<br />
marags da aRar reagirebs gamaRizianeblebze, rac misgan energiis uazro xarjvas<br />
moiTxovs. gulgrili, civi damokidebuleba nebismieri faqtis mimarT adamianis erTgvari<br />
sapasuxo TavdacviTi reaqciaa, erTaderTi iaraRi moZalebuli obieqturi realobis<br />
winaaRmdeg. rac metad agresiuli xdeba qalaqis obieqturi realoba, miT meti<br />
izolaciisa da avtonomiurobisaken iswrafvis subieqti. igi cdilobs Seqmnas kultura,<br />
riTac sapasuxo gavlenas moaxdens qalaqis obieqtur realobaze, cdilobs sakuTari<br />
originlobis damkvidrebiT xazi gausvas subieqtur uflebebs. yovelive zemoTqmuli<br />
iwvevs ,,individualuri kulturis” hipertrofias, risi mizezic devid frisbis azriT am<br />
orive obieqturi kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli avtonomiurobisaken swrafvaa.<br />
amasTan, obieqturi kultura erTiani da TviTkmaria, subieqturi kultura ki<br />
,,Tanamedroveobis subieqtivizmis” pirmSoa da amitomac ,,disociaciiTa” da obieqturi<br />
kulturisgan ganze dgomiT xasiaTdeba. (Дэвид Фрисби. Разрушение города: Социальная<br />
теория, мегаполис и экспрессионизм1 http://magazines.russ.ru/logos/2002/3/).<br />
qalaqis damTrgunveli zemoqmedebis valdakval, adamiani TavdacviT sulier<br />
formebTan erTad ,,materialuri TavSesafris” Zebnasac iwyebs. impulsi, romelsac<br />
qalaqis arqiteqturuli realoba gvaZlevs, subieqts iseTi sivrceebis Ziebisaken<br />
ubiZgebs, sadac igi daZabulobisa da yovlismomcveli nevrozulobis gancdisagan<br />
ganTavisuflebas SeZlebs. alternatiuli sivrce erTaderT moTxovnas unda<br />
akmayofilebdes _ iyos didi qalaqisagan gansxvavebuli, radgan mxolod<br />
gansxvavebulobis dafiqsirebis safuZvelze gascems tvini ,,modunebis” signals. sivrce,<br />
romelic yvelaze metad akmayofilebs Cvens am moTxovnas, qalaqis Zveli ubnebia. amas<br />
mowmobs is gazrdidili yuradReba, rac am bolo dros Tbilisis evropuli da<br />
aRmosavluri nawilis mimarT gaCnda. uecrad da sagrZnoblad gazrdili fasebi am,<br />
dangrevis piras misul ubnebSi, mxolod maTi ,,prestiJuli” momavlis mauwyebelia.<br />
qalaqis am nawilebis kulturul-istoriuli Rirebuleba yovlTvis saTanadod iyo<br />
dafasebuli. gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT Zveli Tbilisis xis arqiteqturas<br />
epyrobodnen, romelic sabWour periodSi erTxmad aRiares qarTuli qalaquri yofisa da<br />
kulturis saxed, Tbilisis savizito baraTad. magram, vfiqrob, dRevandel viTarebaSi<br />
qalaqis am ubndebis win wamoweva mxolod maTi istoriul- kulturuli Rirebulebis gamo<br />
ki ar xdeba, aramed im faqtorebis gamo, romelTa gamokveTasac swored Tbilisis<br />
axleburma ganviTarebam Seuwyo xeli.<br />
is, razec pirvel rigSi Rirs yuradRebis SeCereba, es is stiluri erTianobaa,<br />
romelic Zvel ubnebs axasiaTebT. TavisTavad cxadia, rom aq ar vgulisxmobT stilur<br />
111
igiveobas xis arqiteqturasa da evropul nagebobebs Soris (es msgavseba mxolod<br />
danarCeni qalaqisgan ,,gansxvavebulobis” safuZvelze myardeba), aramed am zonaTa<br />
daunawevrebel, xelSeuxebel landSafts, romlis sivrceSic jer kidev sustad igrZnoba<br />
mzardi qalaqis metastazebi. arqiteqturuli sivrcis araerTgvarovani qsovilsa da<br />
ulogiko fluqtuacias, didi qalaqisgan gansxvavebiT, aq ar vxvdebiT. sololakis,<br />
plexanovisa da Zveli Tblisis zonebSi axali mravalsarTuliani Senobebi iSviaTad<br />
gvxvdeba. arqiteqturuli peizaJi erTiania, mTliani da daurRveveli. sxva sakiTxia,<br />
ramdenad misaRebia moralurad an esTetikurad dabzaruli da naxevrad Camongreuli<br />
saxlebi, magram erTerTi Zireuli gansxvaveba Zvel da axal qalaqs Soris aq aSkarad<br />
vlindeba: es aris naklebad ekleqturi arqiteqtura, rac sivrcis erTiani aRqmis<br />
saSualebas iZleva. stabilurobis gancda, romelic am ubnebSi gadaadgilebisas<br />
gveufleba, erTgvari ,,vizualur modunebulobas” badebs. danarCen qalaqsa da Zvel<br />
ubnebs Soris arqiteqturul formaTa gansxvavebuli stiluri niSnebic aq axleburi<br />
konteqstiT Semodian subieqtis aRqmaSi. funqciuri stilis egzaltireba, romlic<br />
qalaqis cxovrebis yvela SreSi vlindeba, naklebad sagrZnobia Tbilisis im nawilebSi,<br />
sadac evropuli arqiteqtura Warbobs. Tuki Tqven qalaqis am nawilSi moxvdebiT,<br />
aucileblad SeamCnevT saguldagulod Semkul nagebobebs, fasadebis dekoratiul<br />
danawevrebas, xSirad _ modernistul motivebs, larnakebs, morTul fasadebs. am<br />
detalebis gamoyeneba didi xania aRar Tanamedrove esTetikuri Rirebulebebis gamo,<br />
agreTve maTi maTi siZvirisa da ,,ufunqciobis” mizeziT. amitomac es dekori kidev<br />
erTxel gvaxsenebs, rom Cven gansxvavebul sivrceSi varT, im sivrceSi, sadac<br />
,,ufunqcioc” SeiZleba iyos Rirebuli. rac Seexeba xis arqiteqturas, aq Zveli qalaqi<br />
sxvagvarad Semodis dialogSi. gamWvirvale arqiteqturuli sqemebi Ria kibeebiTa da xis<br />
rikulebiani aivnebiT Riaa uSualo komunikaciisaTvis. arqiteqturis amgvari<br />
dagegmareba axlo yofiT urTierTobebzea gaTvlili, rogorc nagebobaTa SigniT<br />
macxovreblebisaTvis, aseve mis gareT aRmoCenilTaTvisac. TiToeuli arqiteqturuli<br />
detali (Эко Умберто. Отсутствующая структура Введение в семиологию;ТОО ТК “ Петрополис“,<br />
1998 г.- 432с. v.207. arsebuli situaciisas ukve kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli, rom amgvari<br />
komunikacia misTvis ukve SeuZlebeli da ulogikoa. qvis kedlisa da rkinis karebebs<br />
miRma cxovreba erTaderTi saSualebaa gamijno sakuTari individualoba qalaqis<br />
realobisagan. interieris, dizainis bumi swored amiT aris ganpirobebuli, sakuTar<br />
samyaros adamiani xom swored binaSi qmnis. yofis imgvari forma ki, rasac xis<br />
arqiteqturaSi vxvdebiT, mxolod fantomia, romlis xilvac ukve muzeumad qceul<br />
nagebobebSi TuRa SeiZleba.<br />
igive iTqmis am quCebis drosivrcul komunikaciaze. sasruli sivrce viwro quCebiT<br />
subieqts droisa da sivrcis daubrkolebeli daZlevis Sesaxeb atyobinebs da xsnis im<br />
kompleqss, rac transportiT gadaadgilebas da amasTan dakavSirebul uazro droiT<br />
danakargs axlavs Tan. qalaqis dadgenili marSutis daZabulobis alternativad Zveli<br />
quCebi individs umizno, ,,daugegmav” seirnobas sTavazobs.<br />
swored amgvari alternatiuli sivrce, romlis Rirebulebac<br />
pirdapirproporciulia danarCen qalaqTan arsebuli gansxvavebisa, TandaTan ufro<br />
avtonomiuri xdeba. igi TiTiqos TandaTan emijneba saxelmwifos funqcionalur centr-<br />
dedaqalaqs da sakuTar Tavs sTavazobs gadaRlil adamians. igi arqiteqturas iyenebs,<br />
rogorc samarko niSans da TavdajerebiT gamodis ,,bazarze” _ sTavazobs daTrgunul<br />
individs: fragmentuli sivrcis nacvlad _ erTian arqiteqturul landSafts;<br />
yovlismomcveli mSrali funqciurobis sanacvlod _ dekoratiul ornamentsa da<br />
elitarul cxovrebis wess; Caketili, ganmartoebuli yofis magivrad Zveli ubani saerTo<br />
ezoebsa da aivnebs gamofens; nevrozuli siCqare aq SeiZleba nebieri, auCqarebeli<br />
xetialiT Seicvalos.<br />
SemTxveviTi ar aris Zvel TbilisSi galereaTa siuxve. xelovneba alternativaa,<br />
sadac subieqti qalaqis agrasiisagan cdilobs Tavis daxsnas da sakuTari<br />
individualobis gamvlenas, amitomac xelovanTaTvis amgvari sivrce axlobelia da<br />
misaRebi. maT ki, visac mxolod moduneba surT, SeuZliaT Zvel TbilisSi gaxsnil kafeebs<br />
ewvion, sadac yvelaze metad igrZnoba, rom qalaqs ,,miRma” xar, samyaroSi, romelsac<br />
112
saerTo araferi aqvs arc kapitalistur msoflmxedvelobasTan da, miTumetes, sabWour<br />
xedvasTan. misTvis ucxoa am orive sistemis funqcionirebis kanonebi, Zveli qalaqi<br />
sistemis miRma arsebobs.<br />
113
axali wignebi, 2006 weli<br />
Teimuraz doiaSvili. `orni erT navSi (RaRaniZis knini wigni da recenzenti kiknaZe)~.<br />
`saari~, Tb., 2006, 127 gv.<br />
naSromSi gamowvlilviT aris gaanalizebuli m. RaRaniZis `sinamdvile da warmosaxva<br />
daviT guramiSvilis `mxiarul zafxulSi~ (`lomisi~, Tb., 2002), warmoCenilia naSromis<br />
meTodologiuri safuZvlebis mcdaroba, konkretuli analizisas, teqstis<br />
interpretaciisas daSvebuli uxeSi Secdomebi, `daviTianis~ teqstis ganzrax Tu<br />
uneblieT gayalbebis SemTxvevebi.<br />
T. doiaSvilis azriT, m. RaRaniZis mcdeloba, daviT guramiSvilis poema `mxiaruli<br />
zafxuli~ esqatologiur Txzulebad warmoedgina, sruli kraxiT, kuriozuli SedegebiT<br />
damTavrda. avtoris daskvniT, `RaRaniZis wigni nimuSia imisa, Tu ra da rogor ar unda<br />
iwerebodes literaturaze, miT ufro — klasikosebze~.<br />
zaza gogia. saukuneTa gzagasayarze (literaturuli narvevebi),<br />
Tb., gamomcemloba `zekari~, 2006.<br />
wigni moicavs literaturul narkvevebs, portretebs, recenziebs, eseistur<br />
werilebs XX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis Sesaxeb. `vecade, TiToeuli Taobis roli<br />
dinamikaSi, literaturuli cxovrebis mTliani konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
meCvenebina~, _ vkiTxulobT winasityvaSi. marTlac, avtori TaobaTa mxatvruli<br />
Semoqmedebis farTo speqtrs gviCvenebs. aq saubaria n. lorTqifaniZis, o. CxeiZis, p.<br />
WilaZis, a. sulakauris, j. Carkvianis, r. inaniSvilis, T. bibiluris, v. javaxaZis, g.<br />
doCanaSvilis, g. gegeSiZis, j. qarCxaZis, g. Coxelis, g. lomaZis, m. joxaZis, n. gelaSvilis,<br />
z. samadaSvilis, b. WoxoneliZis, m. aleqsiZis, j. TofuriZis, T. Calauris, m. abaSiZis, k.<br />
jandieris, T. Carkvianis, r. amaRlobelis SemoqmedebiTi ostatobis saintereso<br />
detalebze.<br />
mniSvnelovania 80-iani wlebis qarTuli prozis literaturuli suraTi. zaza gogia<br />
mianiSnebs calkeuli avtoris SemoqmedebiTi individualobis Sesaxeb, mkiTxvels<br />
garkveul warmodgenas uqmnis XX saukunis bolo aTwleulebis kulturulliteraturul<br />
cxovrebaze, calkeul SemTxvevaSi zomierad kritikulia.<br />
werili `kritikosi da literaturis problemebi~, uTuod siamovnebiT gaaxsenebs<br />
mkiTxvels guram asaTians, rogorc mkvlevars, kritikoss, pirovnebas.<br />
maia jaliaSvili. `sicocxlis saidumlo~. `wyarosTvali~, Tb., 2006, 256 gv.<br />
gamovida maia jaliaSvilis axali wigni `sicocxlis saidumlo~, romelSic bolo<br />
ramdenime wlis manZilze sxvadasxva Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli literaturuli<br />
werilebia Tavmoyrili. wigni sakmaod mravalferovania. SemoTavazebulia XIX-XX<br />
saukunis qarTvel klasikosTa calkeuli nawarmoebebis axleburi wakiTxva da<br />
interpretacia. wignSi didi adgili eTmoba Tanamedrove mweralTa Semoqmedebis<br />
ganxilvas: jemal qarCxaZe, ana kalandaZe, oTar WilaZe, oTar CxeiZe, maka joxaZe, naira<br />
gelaSvili, Tamaz xmalaZe, giorgi lobJaniZe _ es arasruli siaa im avtorebisa,<br />
romlebzec wers maia jaliaSvili. wignSi Sesulia ramdenime werilic sazRvargareTul<br />
literaturazec, kerZod, nikos kazanZakisis, franc kafkas, herman heses da jon qiTsis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
114
maia jaliaSvili. `qarTuli modernistuli romani~, `wyarosTvali~, Tb., 2006, 256 gv.<br />
wignSi gaanalizebulia 20-iani wlebis axali tipis romanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
niSnebi da Taviseburebani. kvleva mimdinareobs evropuli modernizmis WrilSi da<br />
gamokveTilia is msgavseba-gansxvavebani, rac qarTul modernistul romans axasiaTebs<br />
evropulTan SedarebiT. saTanado yuradReba eTmoba miTosis mxatvruli funqciis,<br />
qarTuli modernistuli romanis struqturisa da problematikis analizs. avtori<br />
yuradRebas amaxvilebs modernizmis mxatvrul Taviseburebebzec, rac prozis<br />
ritmulobasa da feris mxatvruli funqciis gaazrebaSi mdgomareobs. sainteresodaa<br />
ganxiluli tropuli metyvelebis Taviseburebani.<br />
naSroms erTvis daskvnebi, damowmebuli literaturis sia da reziume inglisur da<br />
rusul enebze.<br />
irma ratiani. `qronotopi ilia zavzavaZis prozaSi~ (xuTi Txzulebis analizi).<br />
gamomcemloba `universali~, Tb., 2006.<br />
wignSi ilia WavWavaZis xuTi nawarmoebis (`mgzavris werilebi~, `oTaraanT qvrivi~,<br />
`kacia-adamiani?!~, `glaxis naambobi~, `sarCobelazed~) analizis safuZvelze<br />
warmoCenilia qronotopis Taviseburebani. gaanalizebulia avtoriseuli dro-sivrce,<br />
rogorc mxatvruli dro-sivrcis erT-erTi ZiriTadi pozicia; Txrobis dro-sivrculi<br />
struqtura, mxatvruli, anu siuJeturi dro da sivrce. warmoCenilia mxatvruli drois<br />
zogadi struqtura da misi realizebis formebi, daxasiaTebulia ilias prozisTvis<br />
niSandoblivi ZiriTadi sivrculi modelebi _ gza, sofeli, kar-midamo, saxli, qalaqi,<br />
duqani, saydari da peizaJuri foni. gaanalizebulia mxatvruli qronotopuli sistemis<br />
calkeuli komponentebi, maT Soris, personaJTa individualuri qronotopi, gzisa da<br />
Sexvedris qronotopi, perceptualuri dro da sivrce, mkiTxveliseuli qronotopi.<br />
cisana genZexaZe. `mamulis Tavisuflebaze meocnebeni~ (XX saukunis 60-ianelTa axali<br />
lirikuli poema)~, Tb., `zekari~, 2006, 150 gv.<br />
mkiTxvelma miiRo cisana genZexaZis statiebis krebuli `mamulis Tavisuflebaze<br />
meocnebeni~, romelSic Tavmoyrilia wignis avtoris recepciebi me-20 saukunis 60ianelTa<br />
ganaxlebul lirikul poemaze. poemis konceptualuri da saxeobrivi<br />
Taviseburebebi, problematika da misi gadawyvetis gzebi ganxilulia o. WilaZis, j.<br />
Carkvianis, t. Wanturias, g. gegeWkoris, e. kvitaiSvilisa da v. javaxaZis lirikuli<br />
poemebis magaliTze.<br />
zoia cxadaia. `XX saukunis qarTuli lirikis istoriidan~, `merani~,.Tb., 2005 w.,<br />
232 gv.<br />
wigni warmoadgens qarTuli lirikis istoriis ori, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani<br />
etapis _ 30-40-iani da 70-80-iani wlebis _ mecnierul-kritikul Sefasebas.<br />
Tanamedroveobis Tvalsawieridan avtori kargad xedavs qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebis<br />
procesis rig Taviseburebebs. im sirTuleebs, romelTa daZlevac uxdebodaT qarTvel<br />
poetebs am winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse ideologiur-kulturuli epoqis mTel droiT<br />
WrilSi.<br />
wignSi Sesulia calkeuli werilebi da recenziebi me-20 saukunis sxvadasxva Taobis<br />
qarTvel lirikosebze: SoTa CantlaZeze, niko samadaSvilze, gigi sulakaurze da sxv.<br />
115
Tvalsazrisi<br />
sarCevi<br />
nugzar muzaSvili<br />
arsebobs, magram... ar arsebobs..................................................................................................3<br />
daviT CixlaZe<br />
demiTologizaciis fenomenis Semotana axal qarTul poeziaSi......................................9<br />
ivane amirxanaSvili<br />
saubari mZinare adamianTan (snobisturi refleqsiebi Tanamedrove<br />
qarTul poeziaze) ......................................................................................................................16<br />
eqtorebi<br />
emzar kvitaiSvili<br />
gauxunari wlebi...........................................................................................................................19<br />
lali avaliani<br />
interteqstualizaciisaTvis (fragmentebi) .......................................................................42<br />
maia jaliaSvili<br />
tkivilis metafizika....................................................................................................................50<br />
zaza gogia<br />
gigi sulakauris proza qarTul Sidakulturul konteqstSi........................................60<br />
inga milorava<br />
Taobis portreti bnel interierSi.........................................................................................65<br />
miranda tyeSelaSvili<br />
besik xaranaulis `epigrafebi daviwyebuli sizmrebisaTvis~.......................................71.<br />
ada nemsaZe<br />
identifikaciis problema Tanamedrove qarTul mwerlobaSi.........................................77<br />
kritikis <strong>kritika</strong><br />
manana kvataia<br />
`vizioneri, romlis gamgebic jerjerobiT aravinaa...” ...................................................84<br />
gaga lomiZe<br />
qristianuli narativis apologia............................................................................................89<br />
Jurnalistika<br />
manana SamiliSvili<br />
qarTuli Jurnalizmi globaluri sainformacio-kreatiuli<br />
procesebis sistemaSi...................................................................................................................92<br />
xelovneba<br />
lela oCiauri<br />
qarTuli kino dakarguli dros ZiebaSi ... (da)... .................................................................98<br />
qeTi jiSiaSvili<br />
dakarguli sivrcis ZiebaSi........................................................................................................109<br />
axali wignebi, 2006 weli.............................................................................................................114<br />
116
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