üÊfÊ¢¡Á‹•Ê¡ËflŸ ŒÍà ∑§Ë ÷ÍÁ◊∑§Ê ◊apple¥÷‹apple „UË ©Uã„UÊapple¥Ÿapple •¬ŸË Á¡¢ŒªË ∑§Ê •Áœ∑§Ê¢‡Ê Á„US‚Ê •◊appleÁ⁄U∑§Ê ◊apple¥ Á’ÃÊÿÊ,‹appleÁ∑§Ÿ ŒÊ‡Ê¸ÁŸ∑§-‹appleπ∑§ ⁄UÊ¡Ê ⁄UÊfl ∑§èÊË •¬ŸË ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ¬ÎDÔU÷ÍÁ◊ ∑§ÊappleŸ„UË¥ ÷Í‹ ¬Ê∞U •ÊÒ⁄U flapple „U◊apple‡ÊÊ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ Œ‡Ê¸Ÿ ∞fl¢ ÁfløÊ⁄UœÊ⁄UÊ ∑apple§¤Ê¢«UÊ’⁄UŒÊ⁄U ’Ÿapple ⁄U„appleU–““◊Ò¥ ªÊÒ⁄UflÊÁãflà ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ „Í¢U– ÿ„U ◊apple⁄appleU ∑§◊¸∑§Ê »§‹ „ÒU Á∑§ ◊ȤÊapple ß‚ ¬Íáÿ÷ÍÁ◊ ‚apple ’Ê„U⁄U•¬ŸË Á¡¢ŒªË ∑§Ê •Êœapple ‚apple •Áœ∑§ Á„US‚ʪȡÊ⁄UŸÊ ¬«∏UÊ „ÒU– ÷Ê⁄Uà flÊSÃfl ◊apple¥ •◊ÍÀÿ ÷ÍÁ◊„ÒU– ÿ„U ‚ìÊÊ߸ „ÒU– •Ã— „U◊ ß‚◊apple¥ Áfl‡flÊ‚⁄UπÃapple „ÈU∞ ‚àÿ◊applefl ¡ÿÃapple ∑§Ê ©UŒ˜ÔÉÊÊapple· ∑§⁄UÃapple„Ò¢U–””⁄UÊ¡Ê ⁄UÊfl Ÿapple 1998 ◊apple¥ ÿ„U ∑§„UÊ ÕÊ– ÿapple‡ÊéŒ Ÿ Á‚»¸§ ©UŸ∑apple§ ¡ËflŸ Œ‡Ê¸Ÿ ◊apple¥ ¤Ê‹∑§Ãapple„Ò¥U, ’ÁÀ∑§ ©UŸ∑§Ë ‚ÊÁ„UÁàÿ∑§ ∑ΧÁÃÿÊapple¥ ◊apple¥ ÷Ë–¡’ ≈appleUÄ‚Ê‚ ∑apple§ •ÊÚÁS≈UŸ ÁSÕà •¬ŸappleÉÊ⁄U ◊apple¥ 8 ¡È‹Ê߸, 2006 ∑§Êapple ©Uã„UÊapple¥Ÿapple •¢ÁÃ◊ ‚Ê¢‚‹Ë, ÃÊapple ŒÈÁŸÿÊ ∞∑§ ŒÊ‡Ê¸ÁŸ∑§-‹appleπ∑§ •ÊÒ⁄U÷Ê⁄Uà ∞∑§ ∞apple‚apple ŒÍà ‚apple fl¢Áøà „UÊapple ªÿÊ ¡Êapple •¬ŸË⁄UøŸÊ•Êapple¥ ∑apple§ ¡Á⁄U∞ Á„UãŒÍflÊŒË ÁfløÊ⁄UœÊ⁄UÊ•Êapple¥∑§Ê ¬˝‚Ê⁄U ∑§⁄UÃÊ ÕÊ–ŒÁˇÊáÊ ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑apple§ ◊Ò‚Í⁄U ¬˝Ê¢Ã ◊apple¥ „UÊ‚Ÿ ◊apple¥8 Ÿfl¢’⁄U, 1908 ∑§Êapple ¡ã◊apple ⁄UÊ¡Ê ⁄UÊfl •¬Ÿapple ŸÊÒ÷Ê߸-’„UŸÊapple¥ ◊apple¥ ‚’‚apple ’«∏appleU Õapple–øÍ¢Á∑§ ©UŸ∑apple§ Á¬ÃÊ Ãà∑§Ê‹ËŸ „ÒUŒ⁄UÊ’ÊŒÁ⁄UÿÊ‚Ã ∑apple§ ÁŸ¡Êê‚ ∑§ÊÚ‹apple¡ ◊apple¥ ∑§ãŸ«∏U ¬…∏UÊÿÊ∑§⁄UÃapple Õapple, ⁄UÊ¡Ê ⁄UÊfl ¬˝Ê⁄¢UÁ÷∑§ Á‡ÊˇÊÊ ∑apple§ Á‹∞fl„UÊ¢ ø‹apple ª∞–Á∑§ÿÊ– flapple •¬ŸË ∑§ˇÊÊ ◊apple¥ ∞∑§◊ÊòÊ Á„UãŒÍ¿UÊòÊ Õapple– ’ÊŒ ◊apple¥ ©Uã„UÊapple¥Ÿapple •‹Ëª…∏U ◊ÈÁS‹◊Áfl‡flÁfllÊ‹ÿ ◊apple¥ •äÿÿŸ Á∑§ÿÊ– ÿ„UË¥ ©UŸ∑apple§•¢Œ⁄U ‚ÊÁ„UÁàÿ∑§ ¬˝apple◊ ¬Ÿ¬Ê– ’ÊŒ ◊apple¥ ©Uã„UÊ¢appleŸappleÿÊŒ ∑§⁄UÃapple „ÈU∞ Á‹πÊ ÕÊ, ““’ÊŒ ◊apple¥ ¡’ ◊Ò¥flʬ‚ „ÒUŒ⁄UÊ’ÊŒ ªÿÊ ÃÊapple ‚ÊÁ„Uàÿ ◊apple¥ ◊apple⁄UË‚Á∑˝§ÿÃÊ ’⁄U∑§⁄UÊ⁄U ⁄U„UË– ß‚Ë ’Ëø ∞∑§ ŸË‹appleÁ‹»§Ê»apple§ ◊apple¥ ∞∑§ ¬òÊ •ÊÿÊ (•Ê¡ ÷Ë ◊ȤÊapple ÿÊŒ„ÒU), Á¡‚apple ‚⁄U ¬ÒÁ≈˛U∑§ ªapple«˜UUÔ‚ Ÿapple ÷apple¡Ê ÕÊ– ß‚¬òÊ ◊apple¥ ’ÃÊÿÊ ªÿÊ ÕÊ Á∑§ ©Uã„UÊapple¥Ÿapple ◊ÊÚã≈U¬appleÁ‹ÿ⁄U◊apple¥ ∞∑§ •¢Ã⁄UʸCÔ˛UËÿ ∑§ÊÚ‹apple¡ ∑§Ë SÕʬŸÊ ∑§Ë „ÒU–øÍ¢Á∑§ ©Uã„apple¥U ©UŸ∑§Ê ‹appleπŸ ¬‚¢Œ „ÒU, ß‚Á‹∞ÄÿÊapple¥ Ÿ flapple fl„UÊ¢ •Ê ¡ÊÃapple „Ò¥U–”” ß‚Á‹∞ ◊º˝Ê‚Áfl‡flÁfllÊ‹ÿ ∑apple§ •¢Ãª¸Ã ÁŸ¡Êê‚ ∑§ÊÚ‹apple¡ ‚apple1929 ◊apple¥ SŸÊÃ∑§ ∑§⁄UŸapple ∑apple§ ’ÊŒ ⁄UÊfl „ÒUŒ⁄UÊ’ÊŒ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U ∑§Ë ¿UÊòÊflÎÁûÊ ¬⁄U ©UìÊ •äÿÿŸ ∑apple§Á‹∞ »˝§Ê¢‚ ø‹apple ª∞–1931 ◊apple¥ ©Uã„UÊapple¥Ÿapple •∑§ÊŒÁ◊∑§ ¬ÎDÔU÷ÍÁ◊flÊ‹Ë »apple˝¢§ø ŸÊªÁ⁄U∑§ ∑Ò§Á◊‹Ë ◊Ê©U‹Ë ‚apple ‡ÊÊŒË∑§⁄U ‹Ë– »˝apple¥§ø ¬ÁòÊ∑§Ê ◊Äÿ͸⁄U «Ë »˝§Ê¢‚ ∑apple§‚¢¬ÊŒ∑§Ëÿ ’Êapple«¸U ◊apple¥ ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ „UÊappleŸapple ∑apple§ ’Êfl¡ÍŒ©Uã„UÊapple¥Ÿapple Á’˝Á≈U‡Ê ‚ûÊÊ ∑apple§ Áπ‹Ê»§ •Á„¢U‚Êà◊∑§⁄UÊ¡Ê ⁄UÊfl(1908-2006)•Ê¢ŒÊapple‹Ÿ ¬⁄U ªÊ¢œË ∑apple§ ‚¢Œapple‡Ê ∑apple§ •‚⁄U ∑apple§Áflfl⁄UáÊ flÊ‹apple ’apple„UŒ ‚⁄UÊ„UŸËÿ “∑¢§ÕʬÈ⁄UÊ” ∑apple§Á‹∞ Ÿ Á‚»¸§ ∑§Ê◊ Á∑§ÿÊ,’ÁÀ∑§ ©U‚∑§Ê¬˝∑§Ê‡ÊŸ ÷Ë Á∑§ÿÊ–1939 ◊apple¢ ©UŸ∑§Ë flÒflÊÁ„U∑§ Á¡¢ŒªË Á’π⁄UªÿË Á¡‚∑§Ê fláʸŸ ©Uã„UÊapple¥Ÿapple •¬ŸË ¬˝Á‚f •f¸-•Êà◊∑§ÕÊà◊∑§ ⁄UøŸÊ ÁŒ ‚U¬appleZ≈U ∞¢«U ⁄UÊapple¬(1960) ◊apple¥ Á∑§ÿÊ– ’ÊŒ ◊apple¥ flapple ÷Ê⁄Uà ‹ÊÒ≈appleU–•¬Ÿapple Á¬ÃÊ ∑apple§ ÁŸœŸ ∑apple§ ’ÊŒ ⁄UÊfl ‚appleflʪ˝Ê◊ ◊apple¥◊„UÊà◊Ê ªÊ¢œË ∑apple§ •ÊüÊ◊ ◊apple¥ ⁄U„appleU •ÊÒ⁄U ©Uã„UÊapple¥Ÿapple÷Ê⁄Uà ¿UÊapple«∏UÊapple •Ê¢ŒÊapple‹Ÿ ◊apple¥ ‚Á∑˝§ÿ ÷ʪ Á‹ÿÊ–1944 ◊apple¥ ◊apple¥ ©UŸ∑§Ê ‹ÉÊÈ ∑§ÕÊ ‚¢ª˝„U ÁŒ∑§Ê©U ∞¢«U ÁŒ ’apple⁄UË∑apple§«ŨÔ‚ ¬˝∑§ÊÁ‡Êà „ÈU•Ê Á¡‚◊apple¥ªÊ¢œËflÊŒË ÁfløÊ⁄UœÊ⁄UÊ ∑§Ê ¬È≈U ÕÊ–ÿÈf ∑apple§ ’ÊŒ ⁄UÊfl Ÿapple •¬ŸÊ •Áœ∑§Ê¢‡ÊflÄà »˝§Ê¢‚ ◊apple¥ Á’ÃÊÿÊ •ÊÒ⁄U ¬Í⁄UË ŒÈÁŸÿÊ ∑§ËÿÊòÊÊ ∑§Ë– 1950 ◊apple¥ flapple •◊appleÁ⁄U∑§Ê ª∞ •ÊÒ⁄U ’ÊŒ◊apple¥ ©Uã„UÊapple¥Ÿapple ÕÊapple«∏UÊ •ÊÒ⁄U flÄà •ÊüÊ◊ ◊apple¥ Á’ÃÊÿÊ–1965 ◊apple¥ •ÊäÿÊÁà◊∑§ ∑§ÊÚ◊apple«UË ÁŒ ∑Ò§≈U∞¢«U ‡ÊappleÄ‚Á¬ÿ⁄U ¬˝∑§ÊÁ‡Êà „ÈU߸ •ÊÒ⁄U ©U‚Ë ‚Ê‹©Uã„UÊ¢appleŸapple ∞∑§ •◊appleÁ⁄U∑§Ë •Á÷ŸappleòÊË ∑Ò§ÕÁ⁄UŸ ¡Êappleã‚‚apple ‡ÊÊŒË ∑§⁄U ‹Ë–∞∑§ ‚Ê‹ ’ÊŒ ©Uã„UÊapple¥Ÿapple ≈appleUÄ‚Ê‚Áfl‡flÁfllÊ‹ÿ ◊apple¥ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ Œ‡Ê¸Ÿ‡ÊÊSòÊ ¬…∏UʟʇÊÈM§ Á∑§ÿÊ •ÊÒ⁄U 1980 ◊apple¥ ‚appleflÊÁŸflÎà „UÊappleŸapple Ã∑§ÿ„U ¡Ê⁄UË ⁄U„UÊ–1986 ◊apple¥ ∑Ò§ÕÁ⁄UŸ ‚apple ËÊ∑§ ∑apple§ ’ÊŒ ⁄UÊflŸapple ‚È‚ÊŸ ‚apple ‡ÊÊŒË ∑§Ë– ⁄UÊfl ‚apple ‚È‚ÊŸ ∑§Ë◊È‹Ê∑§Êà Ò „ÈU߸ ÕË ¡’ 1970 ∑apple§ Œ‡Ê∑§ ◊apple¥‚È‚ÊŸ ≈UappleUÄ‚Ê‚ fl‡flÁfllÊ‹ÿ ∑§Ë ¿UÊòÊÊ „ÈU•Ê∑§⁄UÃË ÕË– ©UŸ∑§Ê ‹appleπŸ ∑§Êÿ¸ ß‚ ’Ëø ¡Ê⁄UË⁄U„UÊ– 1976 ◊apple¥ ©Uã„UÊ¢appleŸapple ∑§ÊÚ◊⁄appleU«U Á∑§⁄UË‹ÊappleflŸÊ◊∑§ ¬ÈSÃ∑§ Á‹πË ÃÊapple 1978 ◊apple¥ “ÁŒ¬ÈÁ‹‚◊ÒŸ ∞¢«U ÁŒ ⁄UÊapple¡— S≈UÊapple⁄UË¡” Á‹πË– ÁŒøapple‚◊ÊS≈U⁄U ∞¢«U Á„U¡ ◊Í√‚ (1988), ÁŒª¢ªÊÉÊÊ≈U (1989) ∞fl¢ ÁŸ’¢œ ‚¢ª˝„U ÁŒ ◊ËÁŸ¢ª•ÊÚ»§ ߢÁ«UÿÊ (1996) ¡Ò‚Ë Á∑§ÃÊ’apple¥ ÷ËÁ‹πË¥–1998 ◊apple¥ ŒÈÁŸÿÊ ∑§Êapple ©UŸ∑apple§ mÊ⁄UÊ Á‹π˪ÿË ◊„UÊà◊Ê ªÊ¢œË ∑§Ë ¡ËflŸË “∞ ª˝apple≈U ߢÁ«UÿŸflapple— ∞ ‹Êß»§ •ÊÚ»§ ◊„UÊà◊Ê ªÊ¢œË” ¬…∏UŸapple ∑§ÊappleÁ◊‹Ë– ÿ„UÊ¢ Ã∑§ Á∑§ ⁄UÊ¡Ê ⁄UÊfl ∑apple§ ÁŸœŸ ∑apple§’ÊŒ ÷Ë ©UŸ∑§Ë ⁄UøŸÊà◊∑§ Áfl⁄UÊ‚Ã ¡ËÁflÃ⁄U„appleUªË •ÊÒ⁄U øapple‚◊ÊS≈U⁄U òÊÿË ∑apple§ ŒÍ‚⁄appleU •ÊÒ⁄U ÃË‚⁄appleUπ¢«U ¬˝∑§ÊÁ‡Êà „UÊapple¥ªapple–©UŸ∑§Ë ‹¢’Ë •ÊÒ⁄U ‹éœ ¬˝ÁÃÁDÔUà Á¡¢ŒªË∑apple§ ŒÊÒ⁄UÊŸ ©Uã„apple¥U ÷Ê⁄Uà ∑§Ê ŒÍ‚⁄UÊ ‚flʸÁœ∑§¬˝ÁÃÁDÔUà ŸÊªÁ⁄U∑§ ‚ê◊ÊŸ ¬Œ˜Ô◊ Áfl÷Í·áÊ,ŸÊÚS≈Ò«U •¢Ã⁄UʸCÔ˛UËÿ ‚ÊÁ„Uàÿ ¬È⁄US∑§Ê⁄U •ÊÒ⁄U‚ÊÁ„Uàÿ •∑§ÊŒ◊Ë »apple§‹ÊappleÁ‡Ê¬ ‚Á„Uà ∑§ß¸¬˝ÁÃÁc∆Uà ¬È⁄US∑§Ê⁄U Á◊‹apple–©UŸ∑§Ë ¬àŸË ∑apple§ ◊ÈÃÊÁ’∑§ ÷‹apple „UË ⁄UÊfl•ÊÚÁS≈UŸ ◊apple¥ ⁄U„appleU, ‹appleÁ∑§Ÿ flapple ÷Ê⁄Uà ‚apple ∑§÷Ë ŒÍ⁄UŸ„UË¥ „ÈU∞– ©UŸ∑§Ë Á¡¢ŒªË ∑§Êapple ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ Œ‡Ê¸Ÿ•ÊÒ⁄U ©U‚∑apple§ •Õ¸ ∑§Ë ‚ÃÃ Ã‹Ê‡Ê ∑§„UÊ ¡Ê‚∑§ÃÊ „ÒU–©Uã„UÊ¢appleŸapple ∞∑§ ’Ê⁄U ∞∑§ ‚ÊˇÊÊà∑§Ê⁄U∑§Ãʸ ‚apple∑§„UÊ ÕÊ, ““◊apple⁄appleU ŒÊŒÊ Ÿapple ◊ȤÊapple •ãflapple·áÊ ∑apple§ Á‹∞¬˝appleÁ⁄Uà Á∑§ÿÊ ÕÊ–””““ŒÊ‡Ê¸ÁŸ∑§ πÊapple¡ ÁŸ¡Ë ‚¢¬∑¸§ „ÒU, ◊„U¡ŒÊ‡Ê¸ÁŸ∑§ Áø¢ÃŸ Ÿ„UË¥– ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ Œ‡Ê¸Ÿ ∑§Êapple¬Á‡ø◊ ◊apple¥ ⁄U„USÿflÊŒË ‚◊¤ÊÊ ¡ÊÃÊ ⁄U„UÊ „ÒU¡’Á∑§ flÊSÃfl ◊apple¥ ÿ„U ÃÊÁ∑¸§∑§ ∞fl¢•ÊäÿÊÁà◊∑§ „ÒU–””!10 ¬˝flÊ‚Ë ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ Á‚â’⁄U wÆÆ{
Ãâÿ•Ê¬˝flÊ‚Ÿ •ÊÒ⁄U •Ê¬•Ê¬˝flÊ‚Ÿ ¬⁄U •Ä‚⁄U ¬Í¿appleU ¡ÊŸapple flÊ‹apple ‚flÊ‹Êapple¥ ‚apple ‚¢’f üÊ΢π‹Ê ∑§Ê ÿ„U ŒÍ‚⁄UÊ ÷ʪ ¬Ê‚¬Êapple≈¸U ¬⁄U ߸‚Ë•Ê⁄U•ÊÒ⁄U ߸‚Ë∞Ÿ•Ê⁄U ◊È„U⁄UÊapple¥ ¬⁄U ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê «UÊ‹ÃÊ „ÒU–߸‚Ë•Ê⁄U üÊappleáÊË ÄÿÊ „ÒU?∞apple‚apple ‹ÊappleªÊapple¥ ∑§Ë üÊappleáÊË Á¡Ÿ∑apple§ ¬Ê‚¬Êapple≈¸U ∑§Êapple ˇÊappleòÊËÿ ¬Ê‚¬Êapple≈¸U ∑§Êÿʸ‹ÿ mÊ⁄UÊ ß¸‚Ë•Ê⁄U(•Ê¬˝flÊ‚Ÿ ¡Ê¢ø •ÁŸflÊÿ¸) ∑apple§ ÃÊÒ⁄U ¬⁄U •ŸÈ◊ÊappleÁŒÃ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „Êapple, •ª⁄U flapple ªÒ⁄U-⁄UÊapple¡ªÊ⁄U ©Ugapple‡ÿÊapple¥ ‚apple ÁflŒapple‡Ê ¡ÊŸÊ øÊ„UÃapple „Ò¥U, ∑apple§ Á‹∞ •Ê¬˝flÊ‚Ÿ •ŸÈ◊Áà ∑§Ë •ÁŸflÊÿ¸ÃÊ‚apple “¿ÍU≈U” „UÊÁ¢‚‹ ∑§⁄UŸÊ ¡M§⁄UË „ÒU– ¿UÍ≈U ∑§Ë ◊Ê¢ª ∑§⁄UŸapple flÊ‹apple ‹ÊappleªÊapple¥ ∑apple§ Á‹∞ Ãÿ ¬˝ÊM§¬flÊ‹Ê •ÊflappleŒŸ ¬òÊ ¡◊Ê ∑§⁄UŸÊ, flʬ‚Ë Á≈U∑§≈U •ÊÒ⁄U ªÒ⁄U-⁄UÊapple¡ªÊ⁄U flË¡Ê ÿÈÄà ¬Ê‚¬Êapple≈¸U¬apple‡Ê ∑§⁄UŸÊ ¡M§⁄UË „ÒU– ß‚Ë Ã⁄U„U, ©Uã„apple¥U ÁflŒapple‡Ê ÿÊòÊÊ ∑apple§ Á‹∞ •Ê¬˝flÊ‚Ÿ •ŸÈ◊Áà ‹appleŸÊ¡M§⁄UË „ÒU– ÿ„ “¿ÍU≈” ÿÊ •ŸÈ◊Áà •Ê∆U ¬Ë•Êapple߸ ∑§Êÿʸ‹ÿÊapple¥ •ÊÒ⁄U 16 •Áœ∑Χà ¬Ê‚¬Êapple≈¸U∑§Êÿʸ‹ÿÊapple¥ mÊ⁄UÊ ŒË ¡ÊÃË „Ò– •¢Ã⁄UʸCÔ˛UËÿ „UflÊ߸ •aÔUÊapple¥ ¬⁄U ÃÒŸÊà •Ê¬˝flÊ‚Ÿ •Áœ∑§Ê⁄UË∑ȧ¿U πÊ‚ ◊Ê◊‹Êapple¥ ◊apple¥ “¿ÍU≈” Œapple ‚∑§Ãapple „Ò¢U– ∞apple‚apple ‹Êappleª ¡Êapple ¬ÿ¸≈U∑§Êapple¥ ∑§Ë „ÒÁ‚ÿà ‚appleÿÊòÊÊ ∑§⁄UÃapple „Ò¥U •ÊÒ⁄U Á¡Ÿ∑§ ¬Ê‚¬Êapple≈¸U ¬⁄U ߸‚Ë•Ê⁄U ∑§Ê •ŸÈ◊ÊappleŒŸ „ÊappleÃÊ „ÒU ©Uã„apple¥U ÿapple “¿ÍU≈”Á◊‹ÃË „Ò¥U–߸‚Ë∞Ÿ•Ê⁄U üÊappleáÊË ÄÿÊ „ÒU?•Ê¬˝flÊ‚Ÿ ∑§ÊŸÍŸ 1983 ∑§Ë œÊ⁄UÊ 22 ◊apple¥ ÿ„U ¬˝ÊflœÊŸ „ÒU Á∑§ ∑§Êapple߸ ÷Ë ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿŸÊªÁ⁄U∑§ Ã’ Ã∑§ ÁflŒapple‡Ê Ÿ„UË¥ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ ¡’ Ã∑§ fl„U ‚¢’f ¬Ë•Êapple߸ ‚apple •Ê¬˝flÊ‚Ÿ•ŸÈ◊Áà Ÿ ‹apple ‹apple– flÒ‚apple ∑§Ê◊ªÊ⁄UÊapple¥ ∑apple§ •Ê¬˝flÊ‚Ÿ ∑§Êapple ‚Ȫ◊ ’ŸÊŸapple ∑apple§ ©Ugapple‡ÿ ‚apple 14üÊappleÁáÊÿÊapple¥ ∑apple§ ‹ÊappleªÊapple¥ ∑§Êapple ß‚ •ÁŸflÊÿ¸ÃÊ ‚apple ¿ÍU≈U Œapple ŒË ªÿË •ÊÒ⁄U ©Uã„apple¥U ߸‚Ë∞Ÿ•Ê⁄U üÊappleáÊË◊apple¥ ⁄UπÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU– ∞apple‚apple ‹ÊappleªÊapple¥ ∑apple§ ¬Ê‚¬Êapple≈¸U ¬⁄U ÿÊ ÃÊapple Á∑§‚Ë •ŸÈ◊ÊappleŒŸ ∑§Ë ¡M§⁄Uà Ÿ„UË¥„ÒU (Ÿß¸ ¬˝áÊÊ‹Ë) ÿÊ ß‚ ¬⁄U ˇÊappleòÊËÿ ¬Ê‚¬Êapple≈¸U ∑§Êÿʸ‹ÿÊapple¥ ∑§Ê •ŸÈ◊ÊappleŒŸ „UÊappleÃÊ „ÒU– ∞apple‚apple‹ÊappleªÊapple¥ ∑apple§ Á‹∞ ÁflŒapple‡ÊÊapple¥ ◊apple¥ ŸÊÒ∑§⁄UË „UÊÁ‚‹ ∑§⁄UŸapple ‚apple ¬„U‹apple ¬Ë•Êapple߸ ∑§Êÿʸ‹ÿÊapple¥ ‚apple•Ê¬˝flÊ‚Ÿ •ŸÈ◊Áà „UÊÁ‚‹ ∑§⁄UŸÊ ÿÊ ªÒ⁄U-⁄UÊapple¡ªÊ⁄U ©Ugapple‡ÿ ‚apple ÁflŒapple‡Ê ¡ÊŸapple ∑apple§ Á‹∞߸‚Ë•Ê⁄U ¿ÍU≈U „UÊÁ‚‹ ∑§⁄UŸÊ ¡M§⁄UË Ÿ„UË „ÒU–∑§ÊÒŸ ∞apple‚apple Œapple‡Ê „Ò¥U Á¡Ÿ∑apple§ Á‹∞ •Ê¬˝flÊ‚Ÿ •ŸÈ◊Áà ¡M§⁄UË Ÿ„UË¥ „ÒU?•Ê¬˝flÊ‚Ÿ •ŸÈ◊Áà ∞apple‚apple ‹ÊappleªÊapple¥ ∑apple§ Á‹∞ ¡M§⁄UË Ÿ„UË¥ „ÒU,¡Êapple ÁŸêŸÁ‹Áπà Œapple‡ÊÊapple¥ ∑§ËÿÊòÊÊ ¬⁄U ¡ÊÃapple „Ò¥U—-∞apple‚apple ‹Êappleª ¡Êapple •ÀÊ’ÊÁŸÿÊ, •ÊS≈˛appleUÁ‹ÿÊ, •ÊÁS≈˛UÿÊ, ’„UÊ◊Ê‚, ’ʢNjʌapple‡Ê,’appleÁÀ¡ÿ◊, ÷Í≈UÊŸ, ’ÈÀʪÊÁ⁄UÿÊ, ∑§ŸÊ«UÊ, ‚Ê߬˝‚, øapple∑§ ªáÊ⁄UÊÖÿ, «appleUŸ◊Ê∑¸§, ßS≈UÊappleÁŸÿÊ,Á»§Ÿ‹Ò¥«U, »˝§Ê¢‚, ¡◊¸ŸË, Á¡’˝ÊÀ≈U⁄U, ÿÍŸÊŸ, ª˝ËŸ‹Ò¥«U, „¢Uª⁄UË, •Êÿ⁄U‹Ò¥«U, •Êß‚‹Ò¥«U,ß≈U‹Ë, ¡Ê¬ÊŸ, ‹ÊÁàflÿÊ, Á‹ø≈¢appleÁS≈UŸ, Á‹ÕÈ•ÊÁŸÿÊ, ‹Ç¡◊’ª¸U, ◊ÊÀ≈UÊ, ◊ÒÁÄ‚∑§Êapple,◊ÊappleŸÊ∑§Êapple, Ÿapple¬Ê‹, ŸËŒ⁄U‹Ò¥«U, ãÿÍ¡Ë‹Ò¥«U, ŸÊflapple¸, ¬ÊÁ∑§SÃÊŸ, ¬Êapple‹Ò¥«U, ¬ÈøªÊ‹, ⁄UÊapple◊ÊÁŸÿÊ,‚ÒŸ ◊appleÁ⁄UŸÊapple, Á‚¢ªÊ¬È⁄U, S‹ÊappleflÊ∑§ ªáÊ⁄UÊÖÿ, ŒÁˇÊáÊ •»˝§Ë∑§Ê, S¬appleŸ, SflË«UŸ,SflË≈U¡⁄U‹Ò¥«U, Œ „UÊÚ‹Ë ‚Ë, ÃÈ∑§Ë¸, •◊appleÁ⁄U∑§Ê, Á’˝≈appleUŸ, ’appleÁ≈U∑§Ÿ Á‚≈UË •ÊÒ⁄U ÿȪÊappleS‹ÊÁflÿÊ¡ÊÃapple „Ò¥U–∞apple‚apple ÃËâʸÿÊòÊË ¡Êapple ‚§ŒË •⁄U’ ◊apple¥ „U¡ ∞fl¢ ©U◊⁄UÊ ∑apple§ Á‹∞ ¡ÊÃapple „Ò¥U •ÊÒ⁄U ∞apple‚appleÃËÕ¸ÿÊòÊË ¡Êapple ‚§ŒË •⁄U’U, ‚ËÁ⁄UÿÊ, ߸⁄UÊŸ, ß⁄UÊ∑§, ¡ÊÚ«¸UŸ, Á◊d •ÊÒ⁄U ÿapple◊Ÿ ◊apple¥ Á¡•Ê⁄UÃ∑§apple ©Ugapple‡ÿ ‚apple ¡ÊÃapple „Ò¥U, “•Ê¬˝flÊ‚Ÿ ¡Ê¢ø •ÁŸflÊÿ¸ÃÊ” ‚apple ¿ÍU≈U ∑§Ë •ÁŸflÊÿ¸ÃÊ ‚apple ◊ÈÄÄÒU–߸‚Ë∞Ÿ•Ê⁄U ◊È„U⁄U ∑apple§ „U∑§ŒÊ⁄U „UÊÒŸ „ÒÒ¥U?ÁŸêŸÊ¢Á∑§Ã √ÿÁÄà ߸‚Ë∞Ÿ•Ê⁄U ◊È„U⁄U ∑apple§ „U∑§ŒÊ⁄U „Ò¥U—-1) ⁄UÊ¡ŸÁÿ∑§ fl •ÊÁœ∑§ÊÁ⁄U∑§ ¬Ê‚¬Êapple≈¸U ∑apple§ ‚÷Ë œÊ⁄U∑§2) ‚÷Ë ⁄UÊ¡¬ÁòÊà ŸÊÒ∑§⁄U‡ÊÊ„U3) ‚÷Ë •Êÿ∑§⁄U ¬˝ŒÊÃÊ (∑ΧÁ· •Êÿ∑§⁄U ¬˝ŒÊÃÊ ‚Á„UÃ) ÁŸ¡Ë ÃÊÒ⁄U ¬⁄U ß‚∑apple§„U∑§ŒÊ⁄U „Ò¥U–4) ‚÷Ë ¬apple‡Êapplefl⁄U Á«Uª˝Ë œÊ⁄U∑§ ◊‚‹Ÿ ∞◊’Ë’Ë∞‚ Á«Uª˝Ë ‚apple ‹Ò‚ «UÊÚÄ≈U⁄U, •ÊÿÈflapple¸ŒÿÊ „UÊappleêÿÊapple¬ÒÕË ◊apple¥ Á«Uª˝ËœÊ⁄U∑§, ◊ÊãÿÃÊ ¬˝Ê# ¬òÊ∑§Ê⁄U, ߢ¡ËÁŸÿ⁄U, øÊ≈¸U«¸U∞∑§Ê©U¢≈apple¥U≈U, ‹appleÄø⁄U⁄U, Á‡ÊˇÊ∑§, flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§ •ÊÒ⁄U fl∑§Ë‹ •ÊÁŒ–5) üÊappleáÊË (2) ‚apple (4)U ◊apple¥ ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ ‹ÊappleªÊapple¥ ∑apple •ÊÁüÊà ’ìÊapple •ÊÒ⁄U ¬Áà fl ¬àŸË–6) ∞apple‚apple ‹Êappleª ¡Êapple 10+2 ÿÊ ß‚‚apple •Áœ∑§ ©UìÊÃ⁄U ‡ÊÒˇÊÁáÊ∑§ ÿÊappleÇÿÃÊ ‚apple ‹Ò‚ „Ò¥U–(•ª⁄U •¢ÁÃ◊ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ ¬òÊ ©U¬‹éœ Ÿ„UË¥ „ÒU ÃÊapple •ÊÒ¬’¢Áœ∑§ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ ¬òÊ ∑apple§ ‚ÊÕ•¢∑§ ¬òÊ ‚¢‹ÇŸ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊŸÊ øÊÁ„U∞–)7) ∞apple‚apple ‚◊Ⱥ˝Ë∑§◊˸ Á¡Ÿ∑apple§ ¬Ê‚ ‚Ë«UË‚Ë „UÒU ÿÊ ¡Êapple ‚Ë ∑apple§«appleU≈U „Ò¥U– «appleU∑§ ∑apple§«appleU≈U(i) Á¡ã„UÊ¢appleŸapple ◊Èê’߸ ÁSÕà ≈UË.∞‚ øÊáÊÄÿÊ ◊¢apple ÃËŸ fl·Ë¸ÿ ’Ë∞‚‚Ë ŸÚÊÁ≈U∑§‹‚Êߢ‚ ∑§Êapple‚¸ ∑§Ë •¢ÁÃ◊ ¬⁄ˡÊÊ ©UûÊËáʸ ∑§Ë „ÒU, •ÊÒ⁄ U(ii) Á¡ã„UÊapple¥Ÿapple ◊È¢’߸ ÁSÕÃ≈UË.∞‚ øÊáÊÄÿÊ, ≈UË. ∞‚ ⁄U„U◊ÊŸ, ≈UË. ∞‚. ¡flÊ„U⁄U, ∞◊≈UË•Ê߸ U(∞‚‚Ë•ÊßZ)•ÊÒ⁄U øappleãŸß¸ ÁSÕà ∞Ÿ•Ê߸∞◊¬Ë ¡Ò‚apple Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄UË ◊ÊãÿÃÊ ¬˝Ê# ¬˝Á‡ÊˇÊáÊ‚¢SÕÊŸÊapple ◊¢apple ‚apple Á∑§‚Ë ∞∑§ ◊¢apple ÃËŸ ◊„UËŸapple ∑§Ê ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄UË ∑§Êÿ¸-¬Ífl¸ ¬˝Á‡ÊˇÊáÊ„UÊÁ‚‹ Á∑§ÿÊ „Êapple– ∞apple‚apple ‹ÊappleªÊapple¥ ∑§Ê ŒÊÁπ‹Ê ◊Èê’߸, ∑§Êapple‹∑§ÊÃÊ ÿÊ øappleãŸß¸ ◊¢apple‡ÊËÁ¬¢ª ◊ÊS≈U⁄U mÊ⁄UÊ ¡Ê⁄UË ¬„UøÊŸ ¬òÊÊapple¥ ∑apple§ •ÊœÊ⁄U ¬⁄U „ÈU•Ê „UÊappleU–8) ∞apple‚apple ◊ÊÃÊ-Á¬ÃÊ ∑apple§ •ÊÁüÊà ’ìÊapple Á¡Ÿ∑apple§ ¬Ê‚¬Êapple≈¸U ∑§Êapple ߸‚Ë∞Ÿ•Ê⁄U ∑apple§ M§¬ ◊¢appleflªË¸∑Χà Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „ÒU– ∞apple‚apple ’ìÊÊapple¥ ∑apple§ ‚¢Œ÷¸ ◊¢apple ߸‚Ë∞Ÿ•Ê⁄U flªË¸∑§⁄UáÊ ∑§ËÃ’ Ã∑§ ¿ÍU≈U Ÿ„UË¥ „ÒU ¡’ Ã∑§ ÿapple ’ìÊapple 24 fl·¸ ∑apple§ Ÿ„ËU¥ „UÊapple ¡ÊÃapple–9) SÕÊÿË •Ê¬˝flÊ‚Ÿ flË¡Ê œÊ⁄U∑§ ◊‚‹Ÿ, Á’˝≈appleUŸ, •◊appleÁ⁄U∑§Ê •ÊÒ⁄U •ÊS≈˛appleUÁ‹ÿÊ¡Ò‚apple Œapple‡ÊÊapple¥ ∑apple§ flË¡Ê ‚apple ‹Ò‚ ‹Êappleª–10) ∞apple‚apple ‹Êappleª ¡Êapple Ÿapple‡ÊŸ‹ ∑§Ê©¢UÁ‚‹ »§ÊÚ⁄U flÊapple∑apple§‡ÊŸ‹ ≈apple˛UÁŸ¢ª (∞Ÿ‚ËflË≈UË) ÿÊS≈appleU≈U ∑§Ê©¢UÁ‚‹ •ÊÚ»§ flÊapple∑apple§‡ÊŸ‹ ≈˛appleUÁŸ¢ª (∞‚‚ËflË≈UË) mÊ⁄UÊ ◊ÊãÿÃÊ ¬˝Ê#Á∑§‚Ë ‚¢SÕÊŸ ∑apple§ ŒÊapple fl·Ë¸ÿ Á«Uå‹Êapple◊Ê ‚apple ‹Ò‚ „UÊapple¥ ÿÊ ∞apple‚apple ‹Êappleª ¡Êapple ∑apple§ãº˝ ÿÊ⁄UÊÖÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄ mÊ⁄UÊ ◊ÊãÿÃÊ ¬˝Ê# ¬ÊÚ‹Ë≈appleUÁÄŸ∑§ ¡Ò‚apple ‚¢SÕÊŸÊapple¥ ∑apple§ ÃËŸ fl·Ë¸ÿÁ«Uå‹Êapple◊Ê ÿÊ ‚◊ÃÈÀÿ Á«Uª˝Ë ‚apple ‹Ò‚ „UÊapple¥–11) ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ŸÁ‚Zª ¬Á⁄U·Œ ∑§ÊŸÍŸ, 1947 ∑apple§ ÄUà ◊Êãÿ •„¸UÃÊ•Êapple¥ ‚apple ‹Ò‚ Ÿ‚appleZ––12) 50 fl·¸ ‚apple •Áœ∑§ ©U◊˝ ∑apple§ ‚÷Ë ‹Êappleª–13) ∞apple‚apple ‚èÊË √ÿÁÄà ¡Êapple ÃËŸ ‚Ê‹ ‚apple •Áœ∑§ ‚◊ÿ ‚apple ÁflŒapple‡Ê ◊¢apple ⁄U„appleU ⁄U„apple¥U „ÒU(ÃËŸ fl·Êapple¸ ∑§Ë •flÁœ ‚Ãà ÿÊ π¢Á«Uà „UÊapple ‚∑§ÃË „Ò)U •ÊÒ⁄U ©UŸ∑apple§ ¡ËflŸ‚ÊÕË fl ∞apple‚apple ‹ÊappleªÊapple¥ ∑apple§ 24 fl·¸ Ã∑§ ∑apple§ ’ìÊapple–14) 18 fl·¸ ‚apple ∑§◊ ©U◊˝ ∑apple§ ’ìÊapple, ’‡ÊÃapple¸ Á∑§ ©UŸ∑apple§ ‚ÊÕ ©UŸ∑apple§ ◊ÊÃÊ-Á¬ÃÊ ÿÊߟ◊apple¥ ‚apple ∑§Êapple߸ ∞∑§ „UÊapple–U(•ª‹apple •¢∑§ ◊apple¥ — •Ê¬˝flÊ‚Ÿ ∑apple§ Á‹∞ ¡M§⁄UË ŒSÃÊflapple¡Êapple¥ ∑§Ê Áflfl⁄UáÊ)¬˝flÊ‚Ë ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ Á‚â’⁄U wÆÆ{11