Book of Proceedings I PetFeeding

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16 a) Minimal Requirement - defined as the minimal concentration or amount of a bioavailable nutrient that will support a defined physiological state. b) Adequate Intake - defined as the concentration in the diet or amount required by the animal of a nutrient that is presumed to sustain a given life stage when no Minimal Requirement has been demonstrated. c) Recommended Allowance - defined as the concentration or amount of a nutrient in a diet formulated to support a given physiological state. The Recommended Allowance is based on the Minimal Requirement and, where applicable, includes a bioavailability factor (~+20%) to account for individual variation in nutrient absorption and metabolism If no Minimal Requirement is available, the Recommended Allowance is based on the Adequate Intake. Last, data for Safe Upper Limit, or the maximal concentration or amount of a nutrient that has not been associated with adverse effects, are presented. European Pet Food Industry Federation (FEDIAF) Many of the NRC minimum nutrient requirements are based on research with purified diets and/or highly bioavailable nutrient sources that are not practical to use in commercial dog and cat foods. That is why the European pet food industry, in close cooperation with a Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of independent nutritional scientists from European countries, have adapted the scientific recommendations for nutrient levels into guidelines for manufacturing of pet food, herewith ensuring that the latest research results are transferred into the practical guidelines. The FEDIAF nutritional guidelines include minimum and maximum recommended nutrient levels for dogs and cats in separate tables. The guidelines for all the life stages (maintenance, growth and reproduction) are presented in clear tables. The nutritional tables provide nutrient allowances in “units/100g dry matter (DM)”, “units/1000kcal ME” and “units/MJ ME” and also, in annex, in “units/kg of metabolic weight”. The recommended nutrient levels reflect the minimum requirement plus a safety margin for differences in availability between individual animals and for nutrient interactions. In practice this would be translated as the levels of essential nutrients that healthy individuals should consume over time to ensure adequate and safe nutrition. The legal maxima that are stated in the tables are based on EU legislation, and are expressed on 12% moisture content and do not account for energy density. Therefore, in these guidelines the legal maxima are only provided on a dry matter basis. The guidelines assume a protein digestibility of ≥ 80% and if that cannot be guaranteed, it is recommended to increase the essential amino acid levels by a minimum of 10%. The guidelines also assume an energy density of 16.7kJ (4.0kcal) ME/g DM. For foods with energy densities different from this value, the recommendations should be corrected for energy density. The document gives guidance on how to correct for differences in energy density as well. Besides nutrient recommendations, the document also presents practical calculations for daily
17 metabolizable energy requirements for cats and dogs in different life stages. The FEDIAF nutritional guidelines also include other related useful information relating to nutrition of dogs and cats. These guidelines, and some other documents (e.g. nutritional guidelines for rabbits), are published online and freely available in http://www.fediaf.org/self-regulation/nutrition.html Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) The AAFCO is a voluntary membership association of local, state and federal agencies in the United States of America, which are charged by law to regulate the sale and distribution of animal feeds and animal drug remedies. One of its goals is to safeguard the health of animals and humans, and as such AAFCO developed, among others, a document of nutritional guidelines for dogs and cats. The AAFCO dog and cats nutrient profiles are published in an official report that can be purchased as a book or an online version. These guidelines can be considered the American equivalent of the FEDIAF guidelines, and were designed to establish practical minimum and some maximum nutrient concentrations for dog and cat foods. The AAFCO official report, containing the nutrient profiles for cats and dogs, can be purchased through the AAFCO website htttp://www.aafco.org. Other Books Apart from the above mentioned documents, there are several books available that relate to dog and cat nutrition in general and to nutritional requirements in particular. Below a short overview of books is given that can be considered a trustworthy source of nutritional information. Case, L. P., Daristotle, L., Hayek, M. G., & Raasch, M. F. (eds.) 2010. Canine and Feline Nutrition: A Resource for Companion Animal Professionals. Elsevier Health Sciences, UK. Fascetti, A. J., and Delaney, S. J. (eds.). 2012. Applied veterinary clinical nutrition. John Wiley & Sons, New Yersey, USA. Hand, M.S., Thatcher, C.D., Remillard, R.L., Roudebush, P., and Novotny, B.J. (eds.) 2010. Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (5th ed). Mark Morris Institute, Topeka, KS, USA. McDonald, P., Greenhalgh, J.F.D. , Morgan, C.A. et al. (eds.). 2011. Animal Nutrition (7th ed.). Pearson Education Limited, London, UK. Encyclopedia of Feline Clinical Nutrition. Pascale P, Biourge V, Elliott D, (eds.) 2008. Aimargues: Aniwa SAS Ltd. Encyclopedia of Canine Clinical Nutrition. Pascale P, Biourge V, Elliott D, (eds.) 2006. Aimargues: Aniwa SAS Ltd.
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