Book of Proceedings I PetFeeding

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24 can suppress growth. In puppies, a protein content ranging from 25-30% on a dry matter basis is often recommended, as this is the amount of protein present in the bitch’s milk. However, many of the commercially offered puppy diets contain much more protein. This is mainly due to the fact that puppy owners prefer to feed a high amount of protein, as they consider the dog to be a carnivorous animal. The surpluses of protein that are fed in this way pose no health problems to the puppy, but also do not contribute to better / healthier / more balanced growth. Fat Fat is important as an energy-bearing substance, as a supplier of essential fatty acids and fatsoluble vitamins, but also for delivering building blocks to the body. Adequate fat in the diet, with sufficient essential fatty acids, is of importance. On the other hand, a too high fat content in the diet may lead to overconsumption of energy, which predisposes to development of obesity later in life. With regard to the need for essential fatty acids, the need for linoleic acid of growing puppies is estimated to be 250 mg/kg body weight per day, corresponding to a nutritional content of 1.3 g linoleic acid/100g dry matter (NRC, 2006). With a level of 5 to 10% fat in the diet, this need is already met, provided that the fat source is of good quality. When commercial diets are fed to puppies, linoleic acid deficiencies are rarely observed. Calcium and phosphorus Special reference should be made with regard to the need for calcium and phosphorus, especially in fast growing dog breeds. The calcium and phosphorus content of the diet should be well balanced (minimum ratio of Ca: P of 1: 1, maximum 1.6: 1 to 1.8: 1 for the larger and smaller breeds, resp.) and the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the diet should not exceed. 1.2% and 1.1% DM for calcium and phosphorus (or 0.96 g Ca / MJ ME), especially when feeding large- and giant breed puppies. Research has shown that an excessive calcium intake and an unbalanced calcium-to-phosphorous ratio during the growth phase can lead to orthopedic problems (Schoenmakers et al., 2000). The additional supplementation of calcium and phosphorus to a complete and balanced diet should be discouraged at all times. Foods with extra attention to be paid with regard to calcium and phosphorus levels are commercially offered fresh meat foods, home-made foods (BARF or self-cooking / elimination diets), high protein dry foods (> 35% DM) for puppy's, and adult dog foods fed to puppies. Feeding management With regard to feeding management, portion-controlled feeding is recommended for growing puppy's. In this way, the growth rate can best be controlled. It is recommended to divide the daily ration over at least 3 (preferably 4) servings per day, especially in younger puppies (
25 Further reading Adkins, Y., Lepine, A.J., and Lönnerdal, B., 2001. Changes in protein and nutrient composition of milk throughout lactation in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 62(8): 1266-1272. DeBraekeleer, J., Gross, K.L., and Zicker, S.C. 2010. Feeding growing puppies: Postweaning to adulthood. In: Small Animal Clinical Nutrition, 5 th edition. Eds. Hand, M.S., et al. Mark Morris Institute, Topeka, Kansas, USA, 311-319. Hedhammar, A., Wu, F.M., Krook, L., et al., 1974. Overnutrition and skeletal disease. An experimental study in growing Great Dane dogs. Cornell Vet. 64 (Suppl):1-160. Kealy, R.D., Olsson, S.E., Monti, K.L., et al., 1992. Effects of limited food consumption on the incidence of hip dysplasia in growing dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 201: 857–863. Kealy, R.D., Lawler, D.F., Ballam, J.M., et al. 1999. Five-year longitudinal study on limited food consumption and development of osteoarthritis in coxofemoral joints of dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 210: 222–225. Kealy, R.D., Lawler, D.F., Ballam, J.M., et al. 2002. Evaluation of the effect of limited food consumption on radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 217: 1678– 1680. NRC. 2006. Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., U.S. Riser, W.H., Cohen, D., Lindqvist, S., et al. 1964. Influence of early rapid growth and weight gain on hip dysplasia in the German Shepherd dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 145: 661–668. Schoenmakers, I., Hazewinkel, H. A., Voorhout, G., et al., 2000. Effects of diets with different calcium and phosphorus contents on the skeletal development and blood chemistry of growing great danes. Vet Rec 147(23): 652-660.
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