Book of Proceedings I PetFeeding

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40 paper-based litter is ideal. If few other toys are available, the kittens will play in the litter, so adequate space to play, toys to play with and socialization with other pets or humans should be provided. Puppies are harder to keep clean. When they are large enough and stable on their legs, frequent trips out are best. A pee pad is easiest, but they may play with and ingest the plastic lining, so newspaper, a safer solution. In case of onset of diarrhea, rule out, overfeeding, too rich formula or weaning diet, and intestinal microbial imbalance or parasites (toxocara, ascarids, helicobacter, spirochetes, trichomonas, coccidia and toxoplasma). Other feeding complications may include lack of suckling reflex, aspiration pneumonia, lack of adequate weight gain, constipation (no bowel movement for 2 days), failure to thrive, and infections, such as herpesvirus and panleukopenia. This constituted a brief summary of most important consideration in rearing orphan puppies and kittens from birth to weaning. Additional information on feeding orphan kittens and puppies is readily available (Iben, 1994; Abrams-Ogg, 2006; Hoskins, 2001; Johnston, 2001; NKC, 2017).
41 References Abrams-Ogg, A. (2006). Hand-rearing newborn puppies and kittens. In K. Mathews, Veterinary emergency and critical care manual. Guelph, Ontario: Lifelearn. Adkins, Y. Z. (1997). Changes in nutrient and protein composition of cat milk during lactation. Am. J. Vet. Res, 58:370–375. Boluyt, N. v. (2006). Neurodevelopment after neonatal hypoglycemia: a systematic review and design of an optimal future study. Pediatrics , 117:2231-2243. Corbee, R. J. (2012). Composition and use of puppy milk replacers in German Shepherd puppies in the Netherlands. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 96: 395–402. doi:10.1111/j.14 Davidson, A. (2014). Neonatal resuscitation: Improving the outcome. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract , 44:191-204. Day, M. (2007). Immune system development in the dog and cat. J Comp Pathol , 137(Suppl 1):S10- 15. Debraekeleer, J. ( 1998). Comparative analysis of milk replacers for puppies and kittens. . Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 80: 185–193. doi:10.1111/j.1439- 0396.1998.tb00525.x Frankel, D. J. (2001). Malnutrition-induced cataracts in an orphaned kitten. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 42(8), 653–654. Ghosh, A. B. (2013). Mortality in Kittens Is Associated with a Shift in Ileum Mucosa-Associated Enterococci from Enterococcus hirae to Biofilm-Forming Enterococcus faecalis and Adherent Escherichia coli. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 51(11), 3567–3578. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00481-13 Heinze, C. R. (2014). Comparison of the nutrient composition of commercial dog milk replacers with that of dog milk. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 244(12): 1413– 1422. Hoskins, J. (1995). Fluid therapy in the puppy and kitten. In R. Kirk, Current Veterinary Therapy XII (pp. 34-37). Philadelphia: Saunders. Hoskins, J. (2001). Nutrition and nutritional problems. In J. Hoskins, Veterinary pediatrics: dogs and cats from birth to six months. St. Louis: Saunders/Elsevier. Iben, C. e. (1994). Handrearing of orphaned puppies and kittens. J Nutr. Jacobsen, K. D. (2004). Influences of stage of lactation, teat position and sequential milk sampling on the composition of domestic cat milk (Felis catus) . J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 88:46–58. Johnston, S. R. (2001). The neonate: from birth to weaning. In S. R. Johnston, Canine and feline theriogenology. St Louis: Saunders/Elsevier. Lange, R. R.-F. (2017). Cataracts and strabismus associated with hand rearing using artificial milk formulas in Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris spp tigris) cubs. Open Veter. Lee, J. C. (2015, February ). Pediatric Critical Care, Part 2—Monitoring & Treatment. Retrieved from cliniciansbrief.com:
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