Book of Proceedings I PetFeeding

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30 concentration in the diet, the lower amount of food needed to be ingested to provide the same amount of energy. Overweight or neutered kittens might require lower levels of fat than their lean counterparts. The alpha-linoleic and arachidonic omega 6 fatty acids and the long chain omega 3 fatty acids are also essential for kittens. In particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 20:6 3), a fatty acid from the omega 3 series, is essential for normal neuronal, retinal and auditory development in kittens (Pawlosky et al., 1997). The inclusion of DHA in puppies diet’s improved trainability and learning ability (Kelley et al., 2004), and although not researched in kittens, the same might apply. Calcium and phosphorus In kittens, calcium:phosphorus imbalances are not so dramatically associated with orthopedic diseases as is seen in puppies (Gross et al., 2010c). Nevertheless, dietary calcium interferes with other minerals absorption, thus, it is recommended that the calcium content of the diet is sufficient to fulfill the needs of the growing kitten, but in balance with other mineral like phosphorus and magnesium. Calcium deficiencies, when found, are usually seen in kittens fed all meat diets. Feeding management Free-choice or ad libitum feeding allows for small and frequent meals and is a more suitable feeding strategy to feed kittens. Not only because the ingestion of small frequent meals reflects their natural feeding pattern, but also because their stomach is relatively small and their energy requirements are relatively high. Also the digestibility of some nutrients, namely fat, is lower around the weaning period, although it gradually increases till 24 weeks of age (Harper & Turner, 2000). Meal feeding is also possible and sometimes preferred due to owner convenience, or due to energy restriction need. In this case, minimums of 4 meals before 6 months of age and 2 meals after, is recommended. Water Fresh and clean water should be provided at different locations and be available at all times. Other Treats are unnecessary but when fed by the owner it should be in small quantities (
31 References Bradshaw JW, 2006. The evolutionary basis for the feeding behavior of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus). Journal of Nutrition, 136:1927S – 1931S. Casal ML, Jezyk PF, Giger U, 1996. Transfer of colostral antibodies from queens to their kittens. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57:1653 – 1658. Earle KE, Smith PM, 1994. The taurine requirement of the kitten fed canned foods. The Journal of nutrition. Journal of Nutrition, 124:2552S – 2554S FEDIAF (Fédération européenne de l’industrie des aliments pour animaux familiers), 2017. Nutritional Guidelines for Complete and Complementary Pet Food for Cats and Dogs. www.fediaf.org/selfregulation/nutrition) Flynn MF, Hardie EM Armstrong PJ, 1996. Effect of ovariohysterectomy on maintenance energy requirement in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209: 1572 – 1581. Gross KL, Yamka RM, Khoo C, Freisen KG, Jewell DE, Schoener WD, Debraekeleer J, Zicker SC. 2010a. Macronutrients, micronutrients: minerals and vitamins. In: Hand MS, ed. Small Animal Clinical Nutrition, 5th Ed. Topeka, Kan: Mark Morris Institute, pp 49 – 148. Gross KL, Becvarova I and Debraekeleer J. 2010b. Feeding Nursing and Orphaned Kittens from Birth to Weaning. In: Hand MS, Thatcher CD, Remillard RL, et al (eds). Small animal clinical nutrition. Topeka, KS: Mark Morris Institute, pp 415 – 427. Gross KL, Becvarova I and Debraekeleer J. 2010c. Feeding growing kittens: postweaning to adulthood . In: Hand MS, Thatcher CD, Remillard RL, et al (eds). Small animal clinical nutrition. Topeka, KS: Mark Morris Institute, pp 429 – 436. Harper EJ, Turner CL, 2000. Age-related changes in apparent digestibility in growing kittens Reproduction Nutrition Development 40: 249 – 226. Kienzle E, 1993. Carbohydrate metabolism of the cat. 4. Activity of maltase, isomaltase, sucrase and lactase in the gastrointestinal tract in relation to age and diet. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 70: 89 – 96. Laflamme D, 1997. Development and validation of a body condition score system for cats: A clinical tool. Feline Practice 25: 13-18. Lawler DF, Bebiak DM, 1986. Nutrition and management of reproduction in the cat. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice 16: 495 – 519. Morris JG, 2002. Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptations. Nutrition Research Reviews 15: 153 – 168. Morris JG, Trudell J, Pencovic T, 1993. Carbohydrate digestion by domestic cat (Felis Catus). British Journal of Nutrition 37: 365–73. NRC, 2006. Chapter 15: Nutrient requirements and dietary nutrient concentrations. In: Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA, pp 354 – 370. Root MV, 1995. Early spay – neuter in the cat: effect on development of obesity and metabolic rate. Veterinary Clinical Nutrition 2: 132 – 134. Scarlett JM, Donoghue S, Saidla J, Wills J, 1994. Overweight cats: prevalence and risk factors. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 18:S22 – 8.
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