bjd; Mg;hpf;fh ehl;oy; KUf tHpghLk; jkpH; bkhHpa[k;

jd; Mg;hpf;fh ehl;oy;
KUf tHpghLk; jkpH; bkhHpa[k;
(Tamil Language and Murukan Worship in South Africa by S.Subramanian)
\yf; fl;Liu M';fpyj;jpy; : v!;. Rg;gpukz;ad;
jkpH; bkhHp bgau;g;g[ : rhe;jpg;gpupah ( nrj_1945@yahoo.com )
xUtUila ngr;Rk; \r;Rk; bray;ghLfSk; mtuth;fs; ngRk;
bkhHpf;nfw;g mike;J tpLfpd;wJ. irifapdhnyh my;yJ tha;
bkhHp \ynkhjhd; fUj;Jf;fs; gupkhwpf; bfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. xU
bkhHpf;F ( mjhtJ mth;fs; rhh;e;Js;s ,dk; ) fpilf;Fk; kupahijf;
Tl mijg; ngRgth;fs; gpd;gw;wp tUk; bja;tPf thH;f;if Kiwf;F
Vw;gnt mike;J cs;sJ. bja;t ek;gpf;if vd;gJ ve;j mst[
xUtdplk; Cwp cs;snjh/ me;j mstpw;F mJ mt]d rKjhaj;jpy;
Kd;ndwt[k;/ nkd;ikahd r\f fyhrhu cwt[fSld; thH;e;J
bfhz;L ,Uf;ft[k; cjt[fpd;wJ vd;whYk; mjd; bgUikf;Ff; \y
fhuzkhf ,Ug;gJ mtd; ngRk; bkhHpjhd;. xU bkhHpna m]dj;Jj;
bjhlh;g[f;fSf;Fk; xU ghykhf mikfpd;wJ.
… vz;qk; vGj;Jk; fz;bzdj; jFk; … vd;gJ xU jkpH;
gHbkhHp. mjhtJ vGj;Jf;fspd; bkhj;j vz;zpf;ifa[k; mjd;
tot';fSnk kf;fspd; ,U fz;fs; vd;W Twg;gLfpd;wJ;. mth;fSila ,iw tzf;fKk;
,d;bdhd;W. thh;j;ijfspd; xypna gpUk;kd; vd;gjhy; rkp!;fpUj bkhHpapy; ml;ruj;ij
gpUk;kd; vd;W TWthh;fs;. btspehLfspy; trpf;Fk; kf;fs; v';fpUe;jhYk; md;whl thH;tpy;;
mth;fs; tHf;fj;jpy; cgnahfg;gLj;jpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; jha;bkhHpna mth;fSf;F bja;tPfj;ij
Kw;wpYk; g[upe;J bfhs;s cjt[k;. mjdhy;jhd; bkhHpna bja;tk; vdt[k;/ bja;tnk xU bkhHp
vdt[k; ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. Mf xUtu; cgnahfpf;Fk; bkhHpna rKjhaj;jpd; m]dj;J
bray;ghLfspYk; xU bjhlh;g[ rhjdkhf mike;J tpLfpd;wJ.
,e;jpa kf;f]sg; bghWj;jtiu mth;fs; tsh;e;J tUk; ehfuPf cyfpy; thH;e;J bfhz;L
,Ue;jhYk; bja;tPfj;jpy; mth;fs; bfhz;Ls;s

fhuzkhf ,Ug;gjpy;]y r\jhaj;jpy; mth;fSf;Fs;s kjpg;g[k; mHpe;J nghf mJ tHp
tFj;JtpLk; … vd;W Twpdhh;.
bjd; Mg;upf;f
ehl;oy; Fonawpa jkpHu;fs; tuyhW
bjd; Mg;upf;f ehl;oy; cs;s elhy; vd;w efuj;jpy; ,Ue;j M';fpnya Kjyhspfspd;
Mjpf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j fUk;gh]yfspy; gzp g[upa ,e;jpa tk;rhtspapduhd bjd; ,e;jpah;fs; 1860
Kjy; 1911 Mk; Mz;L tiu m';F miHj;J tug;gl;ldh;;. elhypy; te;J Fonawpath;fspy;
\d;W gpuptpdh; ,Ue;jdh;. jkpH; bkhHp ngr kl;Lnk bjupe;j fPH;ep]yj; bjhHpyhspfs;;/ Fjpiu
bfhl;ls';fspYk;/ tpLjpfs;/ beL";rh]yfspy; cs;s czt[ tpLjpfs;/ mYtyf';fs; kw;Wk;
v$khdh;fspd; tPLfspy; gzp / kw;Wk; fhg;gf';fspy; gzpg[upa te;j ,uz;lhk; gpuptpdh;fs;.
mth;fSf;F jkpH; bkhHpapy; vGjt[k; gof;ft[k; bjupa[k; vd;gJ kl;Lk; my;y jLkhwpago rpy
M';fpy brhw;f]sg; gad;gLj;jf; Toath;fs;. jkpHpy;; ey;y g[yik bgw;wth;fs;/ M';fpyKk;
ed;F mwpe;jth;fs; vd;w \d;whtJg; gpuptpdh;fs;;. mth;fs m';F te;j tzpfh;fs;. mth;fs;
m';F te;J Fonawpa ,e;jpa tk;rhtspapdUf;F cjtpathWk; mth;fSf;Fs; rKjha/ fyhrhu/
,d ey;ypzj;jp]da[k; bgUf;fp te;jdh;.
Kjy; ,uz;L gpuptp[]dr; rhh;e;j kf;fs; jha; bkhHpapy; fy;tp bgwhjjpdhy; j';fSila
thupRfSf;F m';F te;J Fonawpa ,e;jpa kf;fspy; ,Ue;j ey;y fw;wwpe;j Mrpupah; \yk;
fy;tp mwpt[ g[fl;odh;. mth;f]s thj;jpahh; vd;w bgaupy; miHj;J ( FU) bfsutpj;jdh;. me;j
thj;jpahh;fs; \ynk ,uz;lhtJ kw;Wk; \d;whtJ tk;rhtspfs; jkpH; bkhHpiaf; fw;wupe;J
jkpH; rKjha fyhrhuj;ij g[upe;J bfhs;Sk; tifapy; fy;tp mwpt[ bgw;wdh;. mjw;F nty;
KUfnd ( tHpghL) xU khh;fkhf ,Ue;jhh;. mjw;Fj; njitahf ,Ue;jJ xU nty; kl;Lnk.
me;j fhy fl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd rpy Myaj;jpy; nty; tHpghL bra;J Koj;jg; gpd; m';F
thj;jpahh;fs; vd;gth;fs; fy;tp fw;Wf; bfhLf;f mth;fs; brhy; ntj thf;fhf ,Ue;jJ. 1868
Mk; Mz;oy; nghu;l; lh;gd; vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;j fpnsh; v!;nll;oy;jhd; ,g;gog;gl;l
ghlKiwj; Jt';fpaJ. btspehl;oy; brd;W Fo g[Fe;jth;fs; gy;ntW f#;l';f]s
mDgtpj;jgo rpW rpW X]yf; Foirfspy; nfhtpy;f]s mikj;J fy;tp fw;f ntz;o ,Ue;jJ.
r\f kj tHpghl;L Kiw
jkpHh;fs; j';fs; tk;rhtspfs; bjhlu;e;J bra;J bfhz;L ,Ue;j Kiwapy; jdp egh; bja;t
tHpghL/ FLk;g njtij tHpghL/ fpuhkpaf; flt[s; tHpghL kw;Wk; cah; ep]y flt[s; tHpghL
- mjhtJ rptd;/ rf;jp. ehuhazh;/ bgUkhs; kw;Wk; KUfd; nghd;w flt[l;f]s tHpgLtJ -
vd m]dj;ija[k; filgpoj;J te;jdh;. Kjypy; Twg;gl;l \d;W tHp[ghl;o]d

j';fSilakdjpw;F njhd;wpatz;zk; bra;J bfhz;oUf;ifapy;/ ehd;fhtJ tHpghl;L
Kiwahd cah; ep]y flt[s; tHpghL Jtf;fg;gl;lg; gpd;dh;jhd; mth;fSf;F elhy; kw;Wk; gpw
,l';fspy; ,Ue;j ,e;jpah;fs; kj;jpapy; bfsutk; fpilj;jJ. Mf mjd; gpd;dh; bjd;
,e;jpau;fs; jh';fs; tpUk;gpago rptd;/ tp#;q kw;Wk; KUf tHpghl;il filg; gpof;f
Koe;jJ. mnj neuj;jpy; fPH;ep]yapy; ,Ue;j bjhHpyhspfs; KUf tHpghl;il bgupJk;
tpUk;gpdh; vd;gjpd; fhuzk; mth;fSf;F me;j tHpghl;L Kiw vspjhft[k; mth;fSf;F
g[upa[k;goahd Kiwapy; mike;J ,Ue;jJ. nkYk; Mya jpUtpHhf;fspy; ,ut[ 9 kzp Kjy;
tpoaw;fh]y 5 kzp tiu mg;gog;gl;l tHpghl;L Kiwf]s vLj;Jf; TWk; tifapy; ele;njwpa
fpuhkpa epfH;r;rpfs;/ ghly;fs; \yKk; mth;fs; mij mwpe;J bfhs;s Koe;jpUe;jJ. me;j
epfH;r;rpfspy; bgUk;ghYk; ts;spj; jpUkzk;/ Nurk;Qhuk; nghd;w ehlf';fs; ele;njwpd.
eilbgWk; mg;gog;gl;l epfH;r;rpf]s ,ut[ KGtJk; fz; tpHpj;Jf; bfhz;L ghh;j;Jf; bfhz;L
,Ug;gJ xU tpjj;jpy; tpujk; ,Ug;gijg; nghd;wnj vdt[k;/ mjd; gydhf flt[spd;
mDf;fpufk; j';fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; vdt[k; jkpHh;fs; ek;gpdh;. gH';fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j jkpH;Fo
kf;fs; flt[splk; jkf;F ,Ue;j gf;jpg; bgUf;fpd; fhuzkhf mg;gog;gl;l f]y epfH;r;rpfspy;
jtwhJ fye;J bfhz;lJ kl;Lk; my;yhky;/ j';fSf;F ,Ue;j mw;g[jkhd ep]dthw;wyhy;;
jk;Kila mLj;j thupRfSf;F jh';fs; fz;lija[k; nfl;lija[k; tha;bkhHpr; bra;jpahf
tpsf;fpf; Twp te;jjpd; gadhf mLj;jLj;J te;J bfhz;oUe;j re;jjpapdh; m]dtUk; mtw;iw
bjhpe;J bfhs;s Koe;jJ.
giHa fhyj;jpy; KUf]df; Fwpf;Fk; nty; xd;iw ve;j ,lj;jpyhtJ gpujp#;il bra;jg;
gpd; jkf;Fj; bjupe;j bja;tPfg; ghly;f]sg; ghoatz;zk; g{i$ bra;J mij tHpgl;ldh;.
,Uk;g[f; fk;gpf]sf; bfhz;Lk; X]yf]sg; gpd;dpa[k; fl;lg;gl;l Foirfspy; Mya';fs;
!;jhgpf;fg;gl;ld. 1865 Kjy; 1949 Mk; Mz;Ltiu ed;F fw;wupe;j thj;jpahh;fs; m';F
g{$hupfshf ,Ue;J bfhz;L mtw;iw epu;thfpf;fj; Jt';fpaJk; m]dtUk; KUf]df; Fwpf;Fk;
rpd;dnk nty; vd;w fUj;ij Vw;fyhapdh;.
nty; vd;gJ KUf]df; Fwpf;Fk; rpd;dk; vd;gjpdhy; gz;ilaj; jkpHh;fs; vg;bghGbjy;yhk;
j';fSf;F Fiwfs; njhd;wpdnth mg;bghGbjy;yhk; me;j nt]y KUfdhf ghtpj;J
tz';fpdh;. mJ nghynt kd;dh;fSk; jh';fs; nghUf;Fg; g[wg;gl;Lg; nghFk; Kd;dh; KUf]d
nty; cUtj;jpy; tz';fp Mrp bgw;wdh;. ( ew;wp]z 244/ FWe;bjhif 263 ). Mf r';f
fhyj;jpnyna nty; tHpghL vd;gJ ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ vdj; bjupfpd;wJ.
1875 Mk; Mz;Ltiu fpuhkpag; ghly;f]sg; ghoatz;zk; m';F ,Ue;jth;fSf;Fj;
bjupe;j rpy Fwpg;gpl;l tHp Kiwfspy;; ele;J bfhz;oUe;j KUf tHpghL/ m';F
mt;tg;bghGJ jw;fhypfkhf tp$ak; bra;aj; Jt';fpa ahj;jpuPfh;fspdhy;; rw;W khw;wk; bgwj;
Jt';fpaJ. mg;gog;gl;l ahj;hPfh;fs; KUf]dg; gw;wpa ghly; g[j;jf';fs;/ ,yf;fpa';fs;/
fhtpa';fs; kw;Wk; gy tpjkhd g[j;jf';f]sa[k; vLj;J tuj;Jt';f KUf gf;jp ,af;fk; ,d;Dk;
jPtpukile;jJ. 1878 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ehlhypy; ahj;hPfh;fSk; j';fs; Ch;fSf;Fr; brd;w
bjhHpyhspfSk; KUfdpd; rp]yf]sa[k;/ gl';f]sa[k; vLj;J tuj; Jt';fpdh;.

hkpahLjy;
gf;jh;fs; kPJ rhkp VWjy;; vd;gJ KUf tHpghl;oy; Kf;fpa mk;rkhf tps';fpaJ. rhkp Vwpa
gf;jh;f]sf; fz;l kw;w gf;jh;fSila kdjpy; ga czh;r;rp njhd;wp mth;f]s jPa tHpKiwfspy;
bry;y tplhky; jLj;J epWj;jpaJ. mJ kl;Lk; ,d;wp mth;fSila bts;]sf;fhu Jiufs;
kw;Wk; nkyjpfhupfspd; \yk; jpdKk; mth;fs; gl;l bfhLikfspy; ,Ue;J jg;gpf;ft[k;; tHp
tFj;jJ. rhkp Vwpa KUf gf;jh;fspd; kd ep]yikfs; ,d;bdhU cyfj;jpw;F brd;W
tpLfpd;wJ. fhtoiaj; Jhf;fpatz;zk; nghFk; bghGJ ghlg;gLk; ghly;fspd; rf;jpapdhy;
rpyh; rhkpahlj; Jt';fp tpLfpd;wdh;. me;j neu';fspy; KUf gf;jh;fshd mth;fs; btspf;
fhl;Lk; cly; gyk;/ jkpHpy; TWk; bra;jpfs;/ me;j neu';fspy; mth;fsplk; nfl;fg;gLk;
nfs;tpfSf;F rhkpahLk; gf;jh;fs; jUk; gjpy; nghd;wtw;iwf; ghu;f;Fk; kw;w gf;jh;fs; kdjpy;
fpyp gpoj;J mth;f]s gaj;jpy; MH;j;jptpLk;. eLf; flypy; jj;jspf;Fk; fg;gy; gj;jpukhf fiu
te;J nrh;tJ nghy me;j neu';fspy; mth;fs; kdf; f#;l';fs; ,y;yhky; Jau';fspd; ep]dg;gpy;
,Ue;J tpLj]yg; bgw;W epd;wdh;. rhkp Vwptpl;l gf;jh;fsplk; xUth; nfs;tp nfl;f/ mjw;fhd
gjp]yj; jUk; rhkp Vwpa gf;jh;fs; mth;fSf;F Vw;gl;l f#;l';fSf;fhd fhuzj;ija[k;/ me;j
f#;l';fs; jPu ntz;Lk; vdpy; vd;d bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;gd nghd;wtw;iw Jha jkpH;
bkhHpapy; tpsf;fpf; Twj; Jt';f Muk;gpj;jJk; mJtiu jh';fs; ,ufrpakhf itj;Jf; bfhz;L
,Ue;j tp#a';fs; mk;gyk; MFk; bghGJ me;j tp#a';fs; rhkp Vwptpl;l gf;jh;fSf;F vg;go;
bjhpe;jd vd gae;J ngha; epw;ghu;fs;.
gyUf;Fk; mtuth;fSila gpur;r]dfs; jPu me;j rhkp Vwpa gf;jh;fs;; tHpKiwf]f; TWtJ
cz;L. mtw;wpy; gyUk; Kd;dh; jh';fs; ntz;of; bfhz;ltw;iw bra;ahky; kwe;J nghdit/
gpuhu;j]df]s epiwntw;whky; ,Ug;gJ/ Mya';fSf;F brYj;j ntz;oa neh;j;jpf; fld;fs;/
fhzpf;iffs; vd m]dj;Jk; ml';fp ,Uf;Fk;. mJ kl;Lk; my;yhky; rhkp Vwptpl;l neu';fspy;
j';f]sf; bfhLikg;gLj;Jk; nkyjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; Kjyhspfspd; ,ufrpa';f]sa[k; Twj; Jt';fp
tpLthh;fs;. mjdhy; gae;J ngha; KUf gf;jh;f]sa[k; rhkpahLgth;f]sa[k; mth;fs; nkYk;
bfhLikg;gLj;Jtijj; jtph;j;J tpLthh;fs;. mnj rkak; rhkpahLk; gf;jh;fsplk; mth;fSila
KjyhspfSf;Fk; nkyjpfhupfSf;Fk; jkf;F Vw;gl;Ls;s gpur;r]dfSf;Fk; jPh;t[ nfl;ghh;fs;.
mjdhy; me;j gf;jh;fspd; KUf gf;jp ,d;dKk; jPtpuk; miltJz;L. rhkp Vwpath;fshy;
Twg;gLk; m]dj;Jk; jkpH; bkhHpapy;jhd; ,Uf;Fnk xHpa M';fpyj;jpy; ngRtjpy;]y;. fhdhtpd;
( Ghana ); brh';nf ( Songhay ) vd;w Qt[!;fh ( Haouka ) ,d k]ythH; kf;fs; gpw ,l';fspy;
brd;W Fo mkh;e;j bghGJ/ jh';fs; Fonawpa ehl;od; NH;ep]yf;F Vw;g j';f]s; khwpf; bfhs;s
vg;go rhkpahoath;fs; cjtpia ehodh; vd;w bra;jpg; glj;ij gpuhd;!; ehl;L jpiu
cyfj;ijr; nrh;e;jthuhd $Pd; ug; ( Jean rough ) vd;gtu; jahupj;jpUe;jhh;. mJ nghynt Mg;upf;f
ehl;oy; te;J Fonawpa jkpHh;fSk; me;j NH;ep]yf;F Vw;g j';f]s khw;wpf; bfhs;s rhkp
te;jth;fspd; J]zia ehodh;.
m';fpUf;Fk; Ie;jhk; tk;rhtspapdhUf;F fhto vd;why; vd;d vd;Wk; jkpH;g; ghly;fspd;
mh;j;j';fSk; g[upe;jhYk;/ Inuhg;gpa fyhrhuj;jpy; ka';fp tpl;ljpdhy; j';fSila
r\fj;jpdiua[k;/ tajhd bghpath;f]sa[k; rw;Wk; kjpf;fhky; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. Inuhg;gpa fyhrhu

kaf;fKk;;/ jkpH; bkhHpia fw;gjpy; Vw;fdnt cs;s re;jh;g;gf; Fiwt[fSk; nrh;e;J bfhs;s
jha;bkhHpahd jkpiH mth;fs; Kw;wpYk;; g[wf;fzpj;J tpLfpd;wdh;. mnj rkaj;jpy; KUfg;
bgUkhdplk; mth;fSf;F ,aw;ifnyna mike;J cs;s gf;jpapy; ce;jg;gl;L m';F
eilbgWk; fyhr;rhu epfH;r;rpfspy; fye;J bfhs;fpd;wdh;. rhkp Vwpa gf;jh;fs; TWk; bra;jpfs;
Jhaj; jkpHpy; cs;sjpdhy mg;gog;gl;l ,]s"h;fSf;F mij M';fpyj;jpy; bkhHp bgah;j;Jf;
Tw ntz;o cs;sJ.
Kjy; fl;lkhf 1860 Kjy; 1899 Mk; Mz;L tiu kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ fl;lkhf 1900
Kjy; 1949 Mk; Mz;L tiuapYk; vGg;gg;gl;l Mya';fspy; rptd; nfhtpy;/ rptRg;gpukzpah;
nfhtpy;/ kw;Wk; Rg;gpukzpah; nfhtpy; nghd;wit ml';Fk;. mit m]dj;Jk; m';F Fonawp
j';f]s ey;y ep]yikf;F Mshf;fpf; bfhz;L tpl;l bjd; ,e;jpa kf;fshy; fl;lg;gl;lit.
me;jf; nfhtpy;fspy; rptd;/ rf;jp/ tpdhafh;/ KUfd;/ jpUkhy; nghd;wth;fSf;Fk; rp]yfs;
itf;fg;gl;L ,Ug;gjhy; m';F tUk; gf;jh;fs; mtutu;fSf;F tpUg;gkhd bja;tj;ij tHpgl
Kofpd;wJ.
fhtoj; jpUtpHht[k; gf;jpa[k;
1900 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1949 tiuapyhd fhyfl;lj;jpy; elhypy; ,Ue;J bjd;
,e;jpahtpw;F mof;fo fg;gypy; gazk; bra;J bfhz;L ,Ue;j kf;fs; j';fSila Ke;ija
gHf;f tHf;f';fspd;go g{i$ Kiwf]sj; bjhlu Koe;jJ. KUf tHpghl;ow;F fhto vLg;gJ
Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. me;j jpUtpHhtpy; fye;J bfhz;l gf;jh;fs; jkpH;ehl;oy;
eilbgWtijg; nghynt vspikahd thH;f;if Kiwf]sf; fil gpoj;J tpuj';fs;/
ntz;Ljy;fs; nghd;wtw;iw nkw;bfhz;ldh;. m';Fs;s Myaj;jpw;F FLk;gj;jpdUld; brd;W
KUfg; bgUkhd; kPJ gf;jpg; ghly;f]sg; ghodh;.
Mdhy; mg;gog;gl;l gHf;f';fs; ,g;nghJ bky;y khwj; Jt';fptpl;ld. ,g;bghGbjy;yhk;
rpwpa rl';Ff]s bra;tjpy; kl;Lnk gyUk; Mh;tkhf cs;sdh;.; Mya';fspy; g{$hupfshf ,Uf;f
gyUk tpUk;g[fpd;wdh;. ,iw tHpghLfspy; m';Fs;s rpy thj;jpahh;fSk; g{$hupfSk; KG
mstpyhd njh;r;rp bgwhtpoYk;; me;j Mya';fSf;F tUk; gf;jh;fSf;F tHpfhl;Lgth;fshf
,Ug;gjhy; gf;jh;fs; ,ilna bgUk; kupahija[k; kjpg;g[k; mth;fSf;F cs;sJ. me;j g{$hupfs;
fhtoapy; ghlg;gLk; ghly;f]sf; Tl rpwpajhf khw;wpj; je;J bfhz;L ,Ue;j bghGjpYk;
mija[k; gf;jh;fs; KG kdJld; Vw;Wf; bfhz;L tpl;ldh;. kf;fspilna mth;fs; bgUk;
khpahijg; bgw;wpUg;gija[k; mth;fs; brhy;Yf;F fl;Lg;gl;L epw;Fk; kf;fs; Tl;lj;ija[k;
ghh;f;Fk; bghGJ Kjypy; me;j g{$hupfSf;F fhtog; ghly;/ rpe;J/ fpypf;fzp nghd;w ,irg;
ghly;fspYk;/ thh;j;ij cgnahf';fspYk; jf;f gapw;rp mspf;fg;;gl;lhy;jhd; jha;bkhHp tsh;r;rp
mila[k; vd;gJ bjupfpd;wJ. 1993 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; fhtoj; jpUtpHh vg;go eil
bgWfpd;wJ > ,g;bghGbjy;yhk; xyp ehlhf;fs; \yk; Mya gz;ojh;fshy; xyp gug;gg;gLk;
ghly; ,iriaf; nfl;ltz;zk; fhtoia j';fSila njhs;fs; kPJ itj;Jf; bfhz;L
gf;jh;fs; nfhtp]y Rw;wp tpl;L te;J tpLfpd;wdh;. ,g;bghGbjy;yhk; nfhtp]y \d;W Kiw
gpujh;#zk; bra;a[k; bghGJ Tl fhto vLg;gth;fs; me;j ghly;f]s jh';fSk; nrh;e;J
bfhz;L ghLtjpy;]y. mg;go ghLkhW vtUk; mth;fSf;F mwpt[iw bfhLg;gJk; ,y;]y.

flikf;fhf elj;jg;gLk; xU rl';F nghy me;j tpHh khwptpl;lJ. gyUf;Fk; fhto vd;why;
vd;d vd;nw bjupahJ. m';F tUgth;fSila ,jaj;jpy; gf;jp cs;sJ. Mdhy; mth;f]s
rupahd khh;fj;jpy; miHj;jr; bry;ynth/ jha; bkhHpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp vLj;Jf;
Twnth/ gpuhu;j]dfspd; Kf;fpaj;jtj;ijg; gw;wpnah vtUk; mth;fSf;F vLj;Jiug;gJ ,y;]y.
Myaj;jpy; cs;s gz;ojh;fs; mth;fs; gzpg[upa[k; Myaj;jpw;F bgUk; mstpyhd
ed;bfhilf]s tNypg;gjpy; kl;Lnk Mh;tkhf j';f]s

tutHpj;J mth;f]s rpy Mya';fSf;F mDg;gp itj;J/ m';F elf;Fk; rl';Ff]s Kiwg;go
elj;jpj; jUkhW Twp Mya';fspy; ele;J te;j rl';Ff]s xG';Fg;gLj;jpdhh;.
jkpH;/ rk!;fpujk;/ fyhrhuk; kw;Wk; tuyhw;W cz;ikfs; vita[nk bjupahjth;fs; Mya
epu;thfpfshf ,Ue;J tUtjhy; gf;jh;f]s fhtog; ghly;f]sg; ghLk;go eph;ge;jpf;fhkYk;/ mjw;F
tpsf;f ciu jUk; tifapy; Md;kPf ciufs; jUk; epfH;r;rpf]sa[k; elj;jhkYk; ehfuPf thH;f;if
Kiwf;F Vw;g/ mDgtk; ,y;yhj gz;ojh;f]sf; bfhz;L tpahghuj;jdkhf m]dj;J epfH;r;rpf]sa[k;
elj;jp tpLtjpdhy; jha;bkhHp m';F tsh;r;rp bgwtpy;]y vd;gJ kl;Lk; ,y;yhky; gy
gf;jh;fSila Md;kPf rk;ke;jg;gl;l re;njf';fSf;Fk;; tpilfs; fpilg;gJ ,y;]y. gf;jh;fs jha;
bkhHpiag; gad;gLj;jp j';fs; g';fp]d brYj;j mDkjpf;f ntz;Lk;;. mUzfpupehjh;/ mUzhry
ftpuhahpd; fhtor; rpe;J/ fe;j r#;o ftrk;/ ghk;gd; !;thkpfspd; rutz ftrk; nghd;wtw;iwg;
gz;ojh;fs; goj;J mjw;F tpsf;f ciuj;; je;J gf;jh;f]s Cf;Ftpf;f ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; mit
vJt[nk | y';fhtpy; ,Ue;J te;Js;s gy gz;ojh;fSf;Fj; bjhpahjit.
bjd; Mg;upf;fhtpy; Myaj;jpy; cs;s gz;ojh;fs; jha; bkhHpahd jkpiH ed;F fw;wwpe;J
bfhz;L mjpy; cs;s Md;kPf ,yf;fpa';f]sa[k; mij vGjpath;f]sg; gw;wpa[k; ed;F fw;wwpa
ntz;Lk;. mUzfpupehjh;/ ghk;gd; !;thkpfs; kw;Wk; FkhuFUguu; nghd;wth;f]sg; gw;wpnah/ mth;fs;
,aw;wpa ghkh]yf]sg; gw;wpnah m';Fs;s gz;ojh;fs; epfH;j;Jk; brhw;bghHpt[fspy; Fwpg;gpLtJ
,y;]y. mg;gog;gl;l Ehy;f]snah/ mjpy; vGjg;gl;oUg;gitf]snah goj;J mwpe;J ,Uf;fhj Mya
epu;thfpfSk; | y';fhtpy; ,Ue;J te;Js;s g[nuhfpjh;fs; kPJk;; g{$hupf]ana KGtJk; ek;gpf;
bfhz;L ,Uf;f ntz;o cs;sJ. rkPgj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l Mya';fspy; ,Uf;Fk; Mya epu;thfpfs;
jkpH; ehl;oy; ,Ue;J kpff; Fiwthd khj rk;gsj;jpy; ( rk;gsk; 700 uz;l; vd;w bjd; Mg;upf;f ehzak;.
,J muR CHpahpd; filrp ep]yapy; cs;sth;fspd; rk;gsj;jpy; ghjp Tlf; fpilahJ ); nt]y bra;a rk;kjpf;Fk;
jkpH; gz;ojh;f]s m';F miHj;J tUfpd;wdh;. jkpH; ehl;oy; cs;s bgUik tha;e;j rpthya
kl';fs; elhypy; cs;s Mya epu;thfpfSlDk; ,J Fwpj;Jg; ngrp ,g;go epyt[k; mty ep]yia
khw;wp mikf;f ntz;Lk;. mg;go xU';fp]ze;J bray;gl;lhy; kl;Lnk elhypy; epyt[k; rPu;nflhd
ep]yia khw;wp jha;bkhHpahd jkpiHa[k;/ fyhrhuk; kw;Wk; gz;ghLf]s tsh;f;f Koa[k;.
\d;whk; fl;lj;jpy; (1950 Kjy; 1993 Mk; Mz;Lfspy;) mjhtJ 1949 w;F xU tUlj;jpw;F
Kd;g[ bjd; Mg;hpf;fhtpy; ele;j epwbtwpf; fytuj;jpy; ,e;jpah;fs; bgUk; ghjpg;gpw;F cs;shapdh;.
M';fpUe;j ,e;jpa kf;fspd;; thH;f;ifia rPu;F]yf;f kjbtwp gpoj;j bts;]sah; Mjpf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j
murh';fk; K]de;j bghGJ ,z;onfh vd;w gj;jpupif 1998 Mk; M;z;L jdJ mf;nlhgh; khj
,jHpy; vGjpaJ …… 1949 Mk; Mz;oy; epfH;e;j kjf;fytuj;ij Jhz;o tpl;lth;fs;
bts;]sah;fsjhd;;. mjd; \yk; ,e;jpah;fSf;Fk; me;j ehl;oy; ,Ue;j fWg;gh;fSf;Fk; ,ilna
gpsit Vw;gLj;j Kad;wdh;. me;j fytuj;jpdhy; ,e;jpa kf;fs; kdf; FHg;gk; mile;J me;j
ehl;L murpaypy; ,Ue;J tpyfp epw;fyhapdh;. ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fspy; ,Ue;j ijuparhypfshd rpyh;
,d;Dk; jPtPukhf epwbtwpia vjpu;j;J ele;j nghuhl;lj;jpy;

Mf Mz;fshdhYk; rup bgz;fs; mdhYk; rup/ bjd; ,e;jpa kf;fs; m]dtUk; fz;og;ghf
M';fpyj;ij kl;Lnk fw;Wf;bfhs;s ntz;oajhapw;W.
1950k; Mz;oYk; 1992 Mk; Mz;oYk; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;j epwbtwp bts;]sah;fspd;
murh';fj;Jld; Vw;gl;l nkhjypd; tp]sthf ,e;jpa murh';fk; jdpikg;gl;lJ. mjw;F Kd;
m';fpUe;j jkpHh;fs; bgUk; JaUf;F Mshfp j';fSila FLk;gk;/ FHe;ijfspd; gog;g[ kw;Wk;
bjhHpy; vd m]dj;ija[k; Muk;gk; Kjy; kPz;Lk; g[Jg;gpf;f ntz;oajhapw;W. mj;j]df;
f#;l';f]sa[k; Vw;Wf; bfhz;l mth;fs; 1980 Mz;L thf;fpy; jh';fs; ,He;j m]dj;ija[k; -
nfhtpy;fs; cl;gl fy;tp Kiwtiu m]dj;ija[k; - jpUk;gg; g[Jg;gpj;jdh;.
gf;jp
jw;fhyj;jpy; cs;s kf;fs; nfhtpYf;F g{/ gH';fs;/ ghy;/ btw;wp]y/ nj';fha;/ kw;Wk; njd;/
japu; nghd;wtw;iwf; bfhz;L nghdg; gpd; mij g{$hup flt[Sf;F ietpj;jpak; bra;a
mJnt gf;jp vd;W ep]df;fpd;wdh;. gf;jp vd;why; vd;d vd;gij gyUk; g[upe;J bfhs;stpy;]y
vd;w ep]yapy; gz;ojh;fSk; mtutUf;Fj; njhd;wpa tpsf;f';f]s mjw;Fj; je;J tUfpd;wdh;.
mJ nghy ed;F goj;jth;fs; Tl fyhrhuk; vd;gJ vd;d vd;gij gw;wp g[upe;J
bfhs;stpy;]y. kh;yd; gilahr;rp vd;w bjd; Mg;hpf;f ,e;jpah; TWfpd;whh; …… fyhrhuk; vd;gjpd;
cz;ikahd jj;Jthh;j;jkhd mh;j;jj;ijg; g[upe;J bfhs;shky;/ xt;xU; ,dj;jtUk;
filgpoj;J tUk; gHf;f tHf;f';fns fyhr;rhuk; vd;W ep]dj;Jf; bfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
mjhtJ ,e;J Kiwapy; eilbgWk; jpUkz';fs;/ ,e;jpa ,irfs;/ ,e;jpahpd; gHf;f
tHf;f';fs;/ kw;Wk; mjd; Kf;fpakhd bkhHpfns fyhr;rhuj;ij gpujpgypg;gjhf fUjpdh;;.
Mdhy; mit ,e;jpah;fs; vd;W xUt]d milahsk; kl;Lnk fhl;l cjtpdnt jtpw
kw;wgo mth;fSila bghJ thH;f;if Kiwnah Inuhg;gpa gHf;f tHf;f';fns gpd;dpg;
gp]ze;nj ,Ue;jJ ……
jkpH; ,yf;fpa';fspy; Twg;gl;L cs;sJ nghy gf;jp vd;gJ md;ng rptk; vd;gJ nghy
,jaj;jpy; ,Ue;J gf;jpia btspg;gLj;j ntz;Lk; vd;gij vtUk; nghjpg;gJ ,y;]y. gy
Kdpth;fs; vg;go jk;Kila thH;tpy; gf;jpia bgUf;fpf; bfhz;L ey;y gz;g[fSld;
thH;e;jpUe;jdh; vd;gij vtUk; bjupe;J bfhs;s tpUk;g[tJ ,y;]y. gyUf;Fk; fpUghde;j
thupahh;fs; nghd;wth;fs; bra;Js;s ey;y fhupa';f]sg; gw;wpj; bjhpahJ. jw;fhyj;jpnyh
m';Fs;sth;fs; Inuhg;gpa ghzpapy; fhtof]s Rke;J bfhz;L bry;ynt tpUk;g[fpd;wdh;.
nfhtpYf;F tUk; tUkhdk; Fiwe;J tplf;TlhJ vd;w vz;zj;jpdhy;; mj;jifath;f]s
jpUj;jp/ fhto vd;gij Kiwg;go vg;go vLf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W fw;Wf; bfhLf;f Kayhky;
Mya mjpfhupfs; mtw;iwf; fz;L bfhs;shky; tpl;L tpLfpd;wdh;.
……gy Mya mjpfhupfSk; gz;ojh;fSk; me;j gf;jh;fsplk; ,Ue;J
bgWk; bgUk; ed;bfhilf]s kl;Lk; kdjpy; itj;Jf; bfhz;L …
gf;jh;fSf;F Mu;tk; kl;Lk; nghJk; vd;W fUjp bksdkhf
,Ue;J tpLfpwhh;fs;. mjd; \yk; kjj;jpd; mog;gil
cz;ikf]s me;j gf;jh;fs; mwpe;J bfhs;s ,ayhky; ,Ug;gjw;F

mth;fSk; xU fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpd;wdh; ( jh;gd; oiug{d; bQuhy;l;/
25.10.98) ……
jkpHf Jjpg; ghly;fSk; ehl;Lg; ghly;fSk; monahL kwf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld. mij kPz;Lk;
btspf; bfhz;L tUk; bghWg;g[ Mya epu;thfj;jplnk cs;sJ. rk;ke;jUk;/ ehad;khh;fSk;
ghly; bewp vd;gJ vd;d vd;gijg; gw;wp tpsf;fpf; Twp cs;sdh;. KUf tHpghl;od; xt;xU
tpHhf;fspYk; gy;ntW KUfd; ghly;f]s xyp gug;gp mjd; mh;j;jj;ija[k; tpsf;f ntz;Lk;.
mg;go bra;tjpd; \ynk xt;xUtUf;Fk; gf;jp czh;t[ bgUFk;.
Mz;fSk; bgz;fSk;
1950 Kjy; 1993 Mk; Mz;Lfspd; \d;whk; gFjpapy; bjd; Mg;hpf;fhtpy;; j';fSila
FLk;g';f]sf; fhg;ghw;w mYtyf';fspy; gzp g[upe;J bfhz;L ,Ue;jg; bgz;fs; r\fj;jpYk;
murpaypYk; Kd;ndwj; Jt';fpdh;. me;jg; bgz;fs; Inuhg;gpa fyhr;rhu';fspYk;/ M';fpyj;jpYk;
ey;y jpwikg; bgw;W ,Ue;jhYk; jkpH; fyhr;rhu';f]s bjhlh;tjpy; jPtPukhf ,Ue;jdh;. Mdhy;
Inuhg;gpa fyhr;rhu';fspy; \H;fptpl;l gy Mz;fs; jkpH; fyhr;rhu';f]s iftpl;L tpl;ldh;.
goj;jg; bgz;fnsh Inuhg;gpaf; fyhr;rhuj;jpy; gy KiwnfLfs; cs;sijf; fz;L ijhpakhf
j';fs; ehl;Lf; fyhr;rhuj;ija[k; gf;jpiaa[k; bjhlh;e;J filgpoj;J tuyhapdh; (1993-1998).
Mya jpUtpHhf;fs;/ gz;oif jpd';fs;/ thuhe;jpu tHpghl;L jpd';fspy; Mz;f]s tpl
bgz;fns; mjpf mstpy; g';nfw;wijf; fhz Koe;jJ. elhypy; Mz;f]s tpl bgz;fs;jhd;
jha; bkhHpia cgnahfpg;gjpYk;/ jkpH; fyhr;rhuj;ij filgpog;gjpYk; Mh;tkhf ,Ue;jdh;
vd;gjpdhy; bgUk;ghyhd r\f tpHhf;fspy; bgz;fns Kjd;ikg; bgw;W te;jjija[k;; fhz
Koe;jJ.
Mya';fs;
btspehLfspy; ,Ue;J miHj;J te;J epakpf;fg;gLk; gz;ojh;fs; Myaj;jpy; kpff; Fiwe;j
mstpyhd rk;gsj;jpy; epakpf;fg;ggLtjhy; j';fSila tUkhdj;ijg; bgUf;fpf; bfhs;s
mth;fs; g[nuhfpjh;fshf khwp tpLfpd;wdh;. gzk; rk;ghjpf;f mth;fs; gytpjkhd KiwnfLfspy;

ek;Kila g[uhjhd kj';fspd; bgUikf]s kPz;Lk; btspf;
bfhz;L tu Kayntz;Lk;. ( jh;gd; oiug{d; bQuhy;l;/ 25.10.98)
Mya';fs; jkpH; ghly;f]s xyp gug;gpdhy; mjd; \yk; cz;ikahd gf;jp bfhz;lth;fs;
jha;bkhHpahd jkpiH g[upe;J bfhz;L mijf; fw;f Mty; bfhs;s tHp tFf;Fk;. kfhd;fspd;
thH;f;ifr; rupj;jpu';f]sa[k;/ xypgug;gg;gLk; ghly;fspd; mh;j;j';f]sa[k; tpsf;fpf; TWk; jpwik
kpf;f brhw;bghHpthsh;f]s miHf;f Myaj;jpdh; Kd;tu ntz;Lk;.
ek; flik
1996 Mk; Mz;oy; bjd; Mg;hpf;f ehl;oy; vLf;;fg;gl;l $dj;bjhif
fzf;fpd;go me;j ehl;oy; ,Ue;jth;fs; 40.58 kpy;ypad; kf;fs;. mjpy;
f;th$%Yh elhypy; (Kwa-Zulu Natal ) kl;Lk; ,Ue;jth;fs; 8.4
kpy;ypad; kf;fs;/ mjhtJ bkhj;j $dj;bjhifapy; 21 rjtpfpjk;
,Ue;jdh;. bjd; Mg;hpf;fhtpy; ,Ue;j xU yl;r ,e;jpah;fspy; Rkhh; 76
rjtpfpj kf;fs; f;th$%Yh elhypy; ,Ue;jdh;. mjpy; 97 rjtpfpj kf;fs;
efh;g[w';fspy; trpf;fpd;wdh;. mtw;wpYk; 94 rjtpfpj kf;fs;
M';fpybkhHpna ngRfpd;wdh;. ( yPlh;/ mf;nlhgu; khj ,jH; /1998 )
m]dj;J kf;fspd; tpfpjhrhuk;
Mg;hpf;f ehl;odh; ,e;jpah;fs; bts;]sah;fs; kw;w epwj;jth;fs;
82% 9% 8% 1%
fy;tp mwpt[ bgw;w ,e;jpah;fspd; vz;zpf;if
Kg;gJ tajpw;Fk; Fiwthdth;fs;
,e;jpah;fs; Mg;upf;f ehl;L fWg;gh;fs; kw;w epwj;jth;fs; bts;]sah;fs;
57% 65% 61% 45%
gs;sp
bry;yhjth;fs;
Kjy; ep]yg;
gs;sp
,uz;lhk; ep]yg;
gs;sp
gj;jhtJ tFg;g[
goj;jth;fs;
gs;spg; gog;gpw;F nky;
gog;g[
7% 13% 4% 30% 10%
,e;j bra;jpiaf; ghu;f;Fk; bghGJ Mya eph;thfpfSk;/ jkpHh; r';f';fSk; jha;bkhHpahd
jkpH;bkhHpia fw;gjpd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;fp/ mjd; gz;g[kpf;f fyhr;rhuj;ijg; gug;g Kd;
tuntz;oajpd; mtrpaj;ijg; g[upe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. elhypy; 60 rjtpfpjk; kf;fshf
,e;jpah;fs;; cs;sjpdhy; jkpH;ehl;oy; cs;s kl';fs;/ kw;Wk; gpw ika';fSlDk; bjhlh;g;g[

itj;Jf; bfhz;L/ bjd; Mg;gpf;fhtpy; cs;s gy;ntW kj/ ,dg; gpupt[fspy; cs;s jkpHh;fspd;
njitfSf;nfw;g mth;fSf;F cjtp bra;a ntz;Lk;. me;j tp#aj;jpy; jkpHf muRk; bjd;
Mg;hpf;f ehl;L jkpHh;fSf;F cjtp bra;at[k;/ mth;fspilna jha;bkhHpahd jkpH;bkhHp tsh;r;rp
bgwt[k;/ jkpH; fyhr;rhuk; g[j;Japu; bgwt[k; j';fshy; Koe;j cjtpia bra;a ntz;Lk;.
jkpHh;fSf;F cjt[k; tifapy; jkpHf ehl;Lg; ghly;fSk;/ KUfd; gf;jp fPj';fSk; m';F
epiwa tpdpnahfpf;fg;gl m';Fs;s ey;byz;zk; bfhz;l trjp gilj;njhh; Kd;tu ntz;Lk;.
jkpHu;fs; gpuhu;j]df]s jha;bkhHpapy; bra;jthW ,Ue;J bfhz;oUf;ft[k;/ mh;r;r]df]s kl;Lk;
gz;ojh;fs;tpUk;g[k; Kiwapy; bra;a[khW ep]yikia cUthf;f ntz;Lk;. jw;fhy ,]s"h;fs;
jha;bkhHpapy;

cs;s Mya jpUtpHhf;fSf;F mDg;gp bghJ epfH;r;rpfspy; fye;J bfhs;Sk; jkpHh;fs; m]dtUk;
mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; tifapy; mtw;iw xyp gug;gr; bra;J cjt ntz;Lk;. KUf tHpghl;od;
cz;ikia bjd; Mg;hpf;f ehl;oy; cs;sth;fSk; mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; tifapy; xyp gug;gp
te;jhy; bjd; Mg;hpf;f ehl;ow;Fk; jpuhtpl gz;ghl;ow;Fk; ve;j mst[ xw;Wik ,Ue;J
te;Js;sJ vd;gJ ed;F g[upa[k;. mJ m]dtUila xw;Wikf;Fk; fUtpahf ,Ue;J
bja;tPfj;ijg; gug;gp jkpHh;fspd; eyDf;Fk; ghij mikf;Fk;.